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BY AUTHORITY.

LANSING:
W. S. GEORGE & CO., STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS,

1881,

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY

OF THE

MICHIGAN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GRAND Raprps, Michigan, December 31, 1880.
To Davin H. Jerome, Governor of the State of Michigan:
I have the honor to submit herewith, in compliance with legal requisition,
the accompanying Report of 1880, with supplementary papers.
Respectfully yours,
CHAS. W. GARFIELD,
Secretary of the Michigan State Horticultural Society.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

MEMBERS_OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE,

OFFICERS OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,

OFFICERS OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING AT HILLSDALE,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE JUNE MEETING AT BATTLE CREEK,

STATE Farr oF 1880,

HORTICULTURE, ITS BENEFITS AND WHAT IT TEACHES, .

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING AT ANN ARBOR,

History OF MICHIGAN HORTICULTURE,
REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES,

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO, .

MICHIGAN FLORA, .
LIBRARIAN’S REPORT,

List OF ANNUAL AND LIFE MEMBERS,

COMPLETE INDEX,

INDEX TO VOLUME FOR 1880,

LIBRARY

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STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

PRESIDENT—Hon. HEZEKIAH G. WELLS, of Kalamazoo.
VICE PRESIDENT—HON. J. WEBSTER CHILDS, of Ypsilanti.
Hon. GEORGE W. PHILLIPS, of Romeo.

Hon. FRANKLIN WELLS, of Constantine.

Hon. T. D. DEWEY, of Owosso.

Hon. HENRY G. REYNOLDS, of Old Mission.

DAVID H. JEROME, GOVERNOR OF THE STATE,
THEOPHILUS C, ABBOT, PRESIDENT OF THE COLLEGE,
SECRETARY—ROBERT G. BAIRD.
TREASURER—EPHRAIM LONGYEAR, of Lansing.

te Officio.

OFFICERS OF THE MICHIGAN STATE AGRI-
CULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE YEAR 1881.

PRESIDENT—G. W. PHILLIPS, Romeo.
SECRETARY—J. C. STERLING, Monroe.
TREASURER—A,. J. DEAN, Adrian.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Terms expire December 31, 1851.
ABEL ANGEL, Bradley, Allegan Co.
D. W. HOWARD, Pentwater, Oceana Co.
H. O. HANFORD, Plymouth, Wayne Co.
F, M. MANNING, Albion, Calhoun Co.
A. F. WOOD, Mason, Ingham Co.

F. V. SMITH, Coldwater, Branch Co.

C. A. HARRISON, Paw Paw, Van Buren
County.

J.Q. A. BURRINGTON, Vassar, Tuscola
County.

JOHN McKAY, Cheboygan County.

JOHN GILBERT, Ypsilanti, Washtenaw
County.

Terms expire December 31, 1882.
JOS. M. STERLING, Monroe, Monroe Co
I. H. BUTTERFIELD, St. Clair Co.
E. W. RISING, Davison Station, Genesee
County.
WM. BALL, Hamburg, Livingston Co.
JOHN LESSITER, Jersey, Oakland Co.
W.H. COBB, Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo Co.
HENRY FRALICK, Grand Rapids, Kent
County.
A. O. HYDE, Marshall, Calhoun Co.
WM. CHAMBERLAIN, Berrien Co.
PHILO PARSONS, Detroit, Wayne Co.

OFFICERS OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY FOR 1881.

PRESIDENT—T. T. LYON, South Haven.
SECRETARY—CHAS, W. GARFIELD, Grand Rapids.
TREASURER—S. M. PEARSALL, Grand Rapids.
LIBRARIAN—F. W. KING, Lansing.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

W. K. GIBSON, Jackson, 3 years. C. R. CORYELL, Jonesville, 1 year.
E. F. GUILD, Saginaw, 3 years. JAS. SATTERLEH, Greenville, 2 years.
S. B. MANN, Adrian, i year. N. CHILSON, Battle Creek, 2 years.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

On Fruir CATALOGUE—T. T. LYON, South Haven, Chairman; GEORGE PAR-
MELEE, Old Mission, for Northern Lake Shore; W. A. BROWN, Stevensville, for
Southern Lake Shore; H. DALE ADAMS, Galesburg, for Central Michigan; I. E.

ILGENFRITZ, Monroe, for Eastern Michigan; B. W. STEERE, Adrian, for South-
ern Michigan.

On New Fruir—T. T. LYON, President; G. H. LAFLEUR, Allegan; GEO. C.
McCLATCHEE, Ludington; C. ENGLE, Paw Paw: Dr. A. CONKLIN, Manchester.

On FINANCE—N. CHILSON, E. F. GUILD, S. B. MANN.
On EnNTOMOLOGY—ALBERT J. COOK, Lansing.
ON LANDSCAPE GARDENING—R. HAIGH, JR., Chairman.

ON VEGETABLE GARDEN—PRor. W. W. TRACY, Chairman.

i

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

VICE PRESIDENTS.

A. O. WINCHESTER, Berrien Co.
B. G. BUELL, Cass Co.

CHAS. W. SHELDON, St. Joseph Co.
J.D. W. FISK, Branch Co.

Cc. R. CORYELL, Hillsdale Co.
Dr. W. OWEN, Lenawee Co.

W.C. STERLING, Monroe Co.
JOSEPH LANNIN, Van Buren Co.
E. BUELL, Kalamazoo Co.
ALOYS BILZ, Ottawa Co.

WM. ROWE, Kent Co.

W.D. ARNOLD, Ionia Co.

8. S. WALKER, Clinton Co.

A.S. PARTRIDGE, Genesee Co.
WM. L. ARMSTRONG, Huron Co.
S$. B. PECK, Muskegon Co.

JAMES SATTERLEE, Montcalm Co.

W.O. FRITZ, Gratiot Co.

WM. L. WEBBER, Saginaw Co.
J.Q. A. BURRINGTON, Tuscola Co.
C. A. SESSIONS, Oceana Co.

Mrs. H. B. SHEPARD, Calhoun Co.
H. W. DONEY, Jackson Co.

S. W. DORR, Washtenaw Co.

E. W. COTTRELL, Wayne Co.

G. H. LAFLEUR, Allegan Co.

A.C. TOWN, Barry Co.

EZRA JONES, Ingham Co.
KENDRICK SEXTON, Livingston Co.
C. K. CARPENTER, Oakland Co.

D. B. BRIGGS, Macomb Co.

F. J. DOWLAND, Mason, Co.

S. W. FOWLER, Manistee Co.

J.J. HUBBELL, Benzie Co.

J.G. RAMSDELL, Grand Traverse Co.
WM. MEBERT, Leelanaw Co.

G. E. STEELE, Antrim Co.

B. F. PARTRIDGE, Bay Co.
SHEPARD 'TIBBIT'TS, Newaygo Co.
H, E. HOARD, Iosco Co.

C. P. REYNOLDS, Alcona Co.

E. A. LANDPHERE, Emmet Co.

CONSTITUTION

OF THE

MICHIGAN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

ARTICLE I.—NAME, TERRITORY, AND OBJECTS.

‘The name of the society shall be the Michigan State Horticultural Society ;
and its territory shall be the State of Michigan. Its objects shall be the
development of an adequate appreciation of the peculiar adaptation of the soils
and climate of the State to the pursuit of horticulture in all its branches; and
the collection and dissemination of information bearing upon the theory and
practice of the same, as well as upon the arts and sciences directly or indirectly
associated therewith, or calculated to elevate or improve the practice thereof.

ARTICLE II.—OFFICERS AND MODE OF ELECTION.

The officers of the society shall be a President, a Vice President in and for
each county of the State, as far as shall be found necessary and practicable; a
Secretary and a Treasurer, together with an Executive Board of six members,
aside from the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, who shall be ez officio
members of said board. The officers shall be elected by ballot.

ARTICLE III.—A QUORUM.

Four members of the Executive Board shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business at any meeting of said board: Provided, That each of
the members thereof shall have been notified, in the usual manner, of the time,
place and object of such meeting.

ARTICLE 1¥Y.—ANNUAL MEETING AND ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The annual meeting of the society, for the election of the officers specified in
Article I1., shall occur on the first Wednesday of December in each year, and
the officers then elected shall enter upon the discharge of their duties as such,
on the first day of January next ensuing; but in case of a failure to elect at
that time, such election may be held at a subsequent time, at an adjourned
meeting, or at a meeting of the society called for that purpose, in the usual
manner.

xii STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ARTICLE V.—TERMS OF OFFICE,

The officers specified in Article II. shall hold their offices till the thirty-first
day of December of the year for which they were elected, and thereafter until
their successors shal! have been elected, and shall have signified to the Secre-
tary their acceptance: Provided, That the terms of office of the six members
of the Executive Board shall be so arranged that but two regular vacancies
shall occur in each year.

ARTICLE VI.—ANNUAL AND LIFE MEMBERS.

Any person may become a member of the society for one year by paying to
the Treasurer the sum of one dollar; but all annual memberships shall expire
on the thirty-first day of December of the year for which they were taken,
except as may be provided by the by-laws. Any person may become a life
member by the payment at any one time of the sum of ten dollars into the
treasury of the society.

ARTICLE VII.—AMOUNT OR LIMIT OF PROPERTY.

The society may hold real and personal estate to an amount not exceeding
twenty thousand dollars.

ARTICLE VIII.—BY-LAWS.

By-laws for the government of the society shall be framed, and when need-
ful, amended by the Executive Board; but changes thereof may be at any
time proposed by the society in general meeting.

ARTICLE IX.—AMENDMENTS.

This constitution may be amended at any regular meeting of the society by
a vote, by ballot, of two-thirds of all the members present, and voting: P70-
vided, That notice of such proposed amendment, specifying its purport, shall
have been given at the last previous regular meeting.

BY-LAWS OF THE MICHIGAN STATE HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

I.—THE PRESIDENT.

1st. The President shall be the executive officer of the society, and of the
Executive Board; and it shall be his duty to see that the rules and regulations
of the society, and of the Executive Board, are duly enforced and obeyed.

2d. He may, in his discretion, and in the lack of needful rules, during the
recesses of the society and of the board, prescribe rules for the management of
the interests or business of the society, such rules to continue in force till the
next session of the Executive Board, and until by its action they shall have
become no longer necessary.

3d. He shall act in conjunction with the Secretary in the preparation of pro-

BY - LAWS. xili

grammes, or orders of business for the sessions of the society; and in the
devising of plans and processes for the maintenance of its interests.

4th. He shall have the best interests of the society at heart, and shall lead
in forwarding any and all enterprises calculated to add to its permanency, or to
increase its usefulness, and establish it more firmly in the public confidence.

II.—VICE PRESIDENTS.

Ist. The President may, at any time, call upon any one of the Vice Presi-
dents to occupy the chair and conduct the exercises of the meeting.

2d. In the absence of the President, any Vice President may assume the
chair and conduct the exercises of the sessions.

3d. It shall be the duty of the Vice Presidents, according to the best of their
ability and opportunity, to aid in increasing the membership of the society in
their several lucalities, and in bringing its objects and interests home to the
apprehension of their people.

III.—THE SECRETARY.

Ist. The Secretary shall be the recording, corresponding, and accounting
officer of the society, and he stall also be, jointly with the business committee,
its financial and auditing officer.

2d. He shall incur no expenditure of a large or doubtful character, except
with the sanction of the Executive Board, or of the business committee.

3d. He shall submit all bills or claims against the society to the business
committee for approval, and endorsement to that effect, before drawing his
order upon the Treasurer for the payment of the same.

4th. He shall attend all meetings of the society, and of the Executive Board,
and shall keep a faithful record of their proceedings.

5th. He shall sign all certificates of membership, and all diplomas and cer-
tificates of merit awarded by the society.

6th. He shall have charge of the society’s books and papers, excepting only
such as by the advice or direction of the Executive Board shall be placed in
charge of the Librarian, and he shall be responsible to the Board for the safe
keeping of the property placed in his charge.

7th. He shall be the custodian of the seal of the society, and shall have
authority to affix the same to documents when needful.

8th. He shall seek, by all suitable means, to secure the fullest announce-
ment of the meetings of the society in this State, as well as in adjacent States,
when such shall be found desirable.

9th. He shall, as far as practicable, cause the transactions of the society, to-
gether with such valuable or interesting papers as shall be read at its sessions,
to be properly published, and thus placed within reach of the people of the
State.

10th. It shall also be his duty, yearly, to prepare for publication the annual
report of the society, together with such other matter as he shall deem proper,
—-he being aided in the selection of such matter by an advisory committee of
the Executive Board.

IV.—THE TREASURER.

Ist. All the funds of the society shall be paid into the hands of the
Treasurer.

Xiv STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

2d. He shall disburse the moneys of the society that shall come into his
hands only upon the order of the Secretary, countersigned by the President.

3d. He shall keep the moneys received by the society for Jife memberships
as a distinct fund, and shall invest the same under the advice and direction of
the Executive Board, applying only the interest accruing thereon to the pur-
poses of the general fund.

4th. Immediately upon assuming his office, and before entering upon its
duties, he shall execute to the socicty an official bond with sufficient sureties,
conditioned for the safe keeping and disbursement of the moneys of the society,
and for the proper discharge of the farther duties of his office, in such sum as
shall be specified by the Executive Board. Such bond shall receive the
approval of the President, and shall be deposited with the Secretary.

5th. He shall, at the close of each year, report to the Executive Board the
amount of money that shall have come into his hands during the year, the
sourees from which it has been derived, and the disposition made of the same.

V.—THE LIBRARIAN.

ist. The Librarian shall have the custody of the library of the society. He
‘shall be appointed by the Hxecutive Board, and may be displaced at its
pleasure.

2d. He shall act jointly with the Secretary in the care and arrangement of
the same, and in the reception, custody, and disposal of the volumes of trans-
-actions annualiy supplied to the society by the State.

3d. He shall have the custody of the rooms assigned to the society at the
State capitol, together with such books and other property as the society or the
board shall direct to be deposited therein.

Ath. Ficshall report annually, at the close of the year, to the Executive
Board the amount and condition of the property in his hands.

VI.—THE EXECUTIVE BOARD.

Ist. The Executive Board shall enact all rules and regulations for the man-
-agement of the affairs of the society, determine the salaries of its officers, and
assume the control and management of its exhibitions.

2d. It shall have power to displace any officer of the society for neglect of
duty or abuse of position, and to fill all vacancies by appointment, to continue
till the next annual election.

3d. The Board shall hold four regular sessions during the year, to occur at
the times and places for the regular meetings of the society.

4th. Other meetings may be called by the Secretary, under the advice or
direction of the President, or of a majority of its members, at such times and
places as may be deemed most convenient; but in all such cases, each member
must be notified of the time, place, and object of such meeting.

5th. It shall be the duty of the Board to carefully guard the general inter-
ests of the society, to watch over its finances, and to provide for its necessities
as they shall arise.

6th. All important measures shall be submitted to this Board, but they may
by the Board be re-submitted to the society with recommendations.

7th, The Board shall at the annual meeting submit through the Secretary,
in connection with the the reports of officers, such farther report upon the con-
dition, interests, and prospects of the society as it shall judge necessary or
expedient.

BY -LAWS. XV

8th. Two members of the Executive Board are to be elected each year, to
hold the office for three years, but if any such member shall absent himself
from two or more consecutive meetings of the society, and of the Board,
without reason satisfactory to the Board, the said Board may, in its discretion,
consider the office vacant, and proceed to fill such vacancy by appointment, to
continue till the next annual election.

VII.—THE BUSINESS COMMITTEE.

Ist. It shall be the duty of the Executive Board, annually, upon entering
upon the duties of the new year, to appoint, from their own number, three
members, who shall constitute a Business Committee for the year.

2nd. All accounts or claims against the society, when presented to the Sec-
retary for payment, shall, before payment, receive the sanction and endorse-
ment of the Business Committee.

3rd. Such claims shall be submitted to this Committee and approved in
duplicate; one copy to remain with the Secretary as his warrant for the pay-
ment of the same, and the other to be transmitted by him to the President,
along with his order upon the Treasurer, as his warrant for countersigning the
same.

Ath. It shall be the duty of the Business Committee, upon application of
the Secretary, during the recess of the Executive Board, to advise with him as
to the expediency of making any contemplated but questionable expenditure
for which occasion may arise during such recess.

VIII.— STANDING COMMITTEES.

Ist. There shall be a standing Committee on Revision of the Catalogue, to
be composed of one member from each of the five districts into which the
State is, for this purpose, divided, with one member chosen from the State at
large, who shall be the chairman of the Committee.

2nd. Each member of said Committee (except the chairman) is empowered
and expected to choose a sub-committee for his district, of which he shall be
chairman,

3rd. It shall be the duty of each sub-committee to collect and report, each
year, to the general chairman, such facts respecting fruit culture in the dis-
trict as shall promise to be of value in the revision of the catalogue.

4th. There shall be a standing Committee on New Fruits, to consist.of a
chairman, with as many associates as such chairman shall find it desirable to
appoint.

5th. Such other standing committees may, from time to time, be appointed
by the executive board as, in its discretion, it shall deem desirable or necessary.

6th. All standing committees are expected to report at the annual meeting
in December any information of value to the society or its members that may
have come to their knowledge during the year, as well as any scientific theories,
deductions or facts that, in their opinion, may be useful in advancing the
objects for which the society is laboring.

IX.—LIFE MEMBERSHIP FUND.

1st. All moneys coming into the treasury of the society in payment for life
memberships shail constitute a perpetual fund, to be known as the life mem-
bership fund.

xvi STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

2d. The principal of this fund shall be invested by the treasurer under the
advice and direction of the executive board.

3d. All interest accruing upon any portion of said fund shall constitute and
become part of the fund of the society devoted to the payment of its ordinary
expenses.

X.—MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY.

Ist. The society shall hold its first regular meeting for the year during the
month of January or February for the inauguration or the officers chosen at
the annual meeting held the previous December, as provided in Article IV. of
the constitution, and also to arrange its plan of operations for the year.

2d. Its second regular meeting shall be held in the month of June at such
date as shall best accommodate an exhibit of the early summer fruits.

3d. Its third regular meeting shall be at its annual exhibit of autumn and
winter fruits, in the month of September or October.

4th. Its fourth regular meeting shall occur in connection with its annual
election of officers, on the first Wednesday of December, as provided in Article
IV. of the constitution.

5th. The times and places for the occurrence of these regular meetings,
(excepting only the ¢ime of the annual meeting) shall be determined by the
executive board.

6th. Other meetings may be called by the secretary, under the advice or
direction of the members of the executive board, at times and places by them
deemed expedient.

%th. In case of the calling of a special meeting for the election of officers of
the society, in consequence of any failure to elect at the annual meeting, as
provided in Section IV. of the constitution, all persons entitled as members to
yote at such annual meeting shall be considered as retaining such membership
for such purpose until such election and until such officers so elected shall have
been inducted into office.

XI.—RULES FOR DISCUSSIONS, ETC.

Ist. The deliberations and discussions of the society shall be conducted in
accordance with ordinary parliamentary usage.

XII.—AUXILIARY SOCIETIES.

ist. The society shall in all reasonable and proper ways encourage the forma-
tion of local horticultural or pomological societies auxiliary to this society in
all such counties or other municipalities of this State as shall afford a reason-
able prospect that they will be able, effectively, to maintain the same.

2d. It shall be the policy of this society in supervising the organization of
such local auxiliaries to secure an identity of constitutional provisions through-
out, and in so doing to ensure harmony among them; but at the same time it
will not discourage the including by them of special or local objects in cases in
which such shall be found desirable, so long as the introduction of the requisite
provisions therefor into the constitution and by-laws of the auxiliary society
shall not be deemed likely to interfere with the harmonious working of the
whole.

5rd. Any person may become a full member of an auxiliary society, for one
year, by paying into its treasury the sum of one dollar; and a compliance with

BY-LAWS. xvii

the provisions of clause fifth of these by-laws shall constitute him also a mem-
ber of this society, for the same term.

Ath. The wife, and the resident, single or unmarried daughters of any full
member, may also become members of such auxiliary society upon the pay-
ment of fifty cents each: Provided, that in such case, such entire family
shall become entitled to a single copy, only, of the current volume of the
transactions of this society.

5th. On receipt of the names of such members, with the required fees, the
Secretary shall immediately transmit their names and postoffice addresses,
together with half the membership fee of each, to the Secretary of this
society, who shall record the same and pay the money into the treasury for
the benefit of the general fund.

6th. It shall be the duty of the Secretary, on receipt of such remittance,
with list of members, to supply such auxiliary society with a certificate of
membership in this society for one year, together with a copy of the current
volume of transactions for each full member so remitted for.

7th. The proceedings of such auxiliary societies shall, at the close of the
year, be forwarded, in succinct form, to the Secretary of this society, to be by
him incorporated into the annual volume of transactions, accompanied by a
list of its members for the year. '

8th. The auxiliary societies shall, as far as practicable, be made the medium
for the distribution of the annual volumes of the transactions of the society ;
the nuclei for its meetings, and the means of creating interest therein, as well
as the means of collecting such facts or other information or material as shall,
from time to time, become needful or desirable in tie conducting of its various
operations.

XIII.—AMENDMENTS, ADDITIONS, SUSPENSIONS.

1st. Amendments or additions to these by-laws may be made, by a majority
vote of the Executive Board, at any meeting; but if obiection shall be made
the same shall “‘lie upon the table’’ till the next regular meeting of the
Board.

2nd. These by-laws, or any one or more of them, may be suspended for the
time, by order of a majority of all the members of the society present and
voting.

3rd. A proposition, in the general meeting of the society, for an amendment
or addition to these by-laws shall be referred to the Executive Board for con-
sideration and decision; but the society may submit therewith its advice or
request.

4th. All amendments of the constitutions and by-laws of auxiliary societies
shall, before they shall take effect, be submitted to the Executive Board of
this society, by whom their approval or rejection shall be considered upon the
principle provided in section XII., clause 2nd, and the determination of said
Executive Board shall be final and binding upon the auxiliary society.

A

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING,

HELD IN HILLSDALE, FEBRUARY 11TH, 12TH, 13TH, 1880.

At Hillsdale, in the month of February of each year, a farmers’ institute is
held, under the auspices «f the county agricultural society. The executive
committee of that society extended an invitation to the State Pomological So-
ciety to hold its winter meeting in connection with this institute.

In acceptance of this invitation the joint session of the two societies was
called at Underwood’s Hall, in the city of Hillsdale, February 11th, 1880.
The members of the State Pomological Society were the guests of the County
Agricultural Society. The meeting opened on Wednesday afternoon, February
11th, at two o’clock, with President Lyon in the chair.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Under the head of correspondence the Secretary read Ictters from a number
of prominent horticulturists regretting their inability to be present. One from
Hon. Emmons Buell, of Kalamazoo, had in it the following characteristic

sentence:

“Tam not alittle amused sometimes when persons come to me tu get information
in regard to trees, fruits, and their management. hey want I should give them
information that will save them hundreds of dollars in their future selection and
management of fruit; and when I offer them all I know, and a hundred fold more,
in a volume of the transactions of our Society, for the mere pittance of one dollar,
they have the graceless impudence to reply that they cannot afford it.”

A letter from Mr. Nathan Shotwell, of Concord, Jackson county, embodied

some very sensible thoughts, which are reproduced here, on the
CARE OF THE ORCHARD,

The successful cultivation of fruit in Michigan has a greater retinue of
obstacles to surmount than that of any other department of labor that requires
the cultivation of the soil. The simple possession of land in a good state of
cultivation, and the putting of it out to fruit trees, is but the beginning of the
cares and anxieties, and the labor and expense necessary to make the enter-
prise result in the most successful investments. How often do we observe
unskilled people in the business, setting out young trees in meadows and old
pastures, and digging holes in the sod just sufficient to inclose the roots, and
then after a year or two wonder why so many of their trees have died, and that
the balance are so unthrifty. And eyen others, who have cultivated the soil,
mulched and pruned the trees, and have a fine, thrifty orchard, and have made

2 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

a good selection of those varieties that are the most profuse bearers, fine size,
and the most enticing colors for market purposes, yet so large a per cent of
the fruit is wholly or partially ruined by insects that the market value of the
productions of the orchard is very materially reduced.

This last enemy of the fruit grower is the most difficult obstacle he has to
surmount. ‘The migratory habits of the moths, and the dilatory habits of the
farmers generally toward their destruction, make it quite difficult for those
that are anxious and willing to rid their orchards of these pests to accomplish
very valuable results, as the moths are so ready to migrate from the neglected
orchards of their neighbors. Concert of action and persistent, unyielding pur-
pose throughout a neighborhood is the most feasible plan that can be adopted
to save our fruit from such wholesale waste as the people of Michigan are now
sustaining. Nearly one-half of our apple fruit is more or less injured (much
of it entirely unfit for use), in consequence of allowing the codling moth free
access to our orchards. Shall we not organize a more thorough and systematic
warfare against this most potent enemy of the fruit problem than has hereto-
fore been organized in Southern Michigan, and saye at least a much larger
proportion than we now do, of as fine and delicious fruit as the world produces.

Civilization proves nearly as uncongenial to the feathered tribe as it does to
the Indians of the forest; both largely disappear before its approach; and as
these insects, so destructive to the farmers ov fruit growers’ interest, were
designed to increase and develop as food for the bird, unless some other agen-
cies are adopted for their destruction, horticulturists must continue to sustain
serious losses by their destructive habits. Some kinds of apples are much less
liable to injury from the works of the moth than others, and much might be
gained by raising such varieties as are least liable to injury from that source.
The Golden Russet is usually quite free from injury from this source, while the
Roxbury Russet is usually one of the most liable to injury. The Baldwin is
much less liable than the Swaar, though it is by no means exempt.

With all the failings of the orchard, a little cultivation, pruning and mulch-
ing, and fighting the worms as best we can, will usually reward the husband-
man as well as capital invested in any other enterprise.

The paper of the afternoon was given by Alexander Hewett of Hillsdale.
The topic was scarcely a horticultural one, but its treatment and the discus-
sion which followed it brought in so many items of horticultural import, that
the essay is appropriately given a place in these transactions.

HOW TO ENHANCE.THE VALUE OF A FARM TO SELL OR TO KEEP.

The committee in arranging the programme for this meeting have assigned
to me the topic, ‘‘ How best to enhance the value of a farm to hold or to sell.’
The things necessary to be done in order to give an increased value to farm
property depends very much upon the situation and condition of the farm.
In my opinion, the secret of success in an undertaking of this kind is not so
much in telling what ought to be done and how it should be done, as in induc-
ing our people to do what they already know would be conducive to the object
sought. However, I will suggest a few things that will apply as a means of
improyement upon some of the farms in our locality.

If the buildings are not comfortable and convenient, well arranged and in
good repair, they should be made so; if new ones are needed, those ef a sub-
stantial character should be erected, always having in view their proper site
in connection with other buildings, the highway, and various surroundings.

WINTER MEETING, 1880. 3

The old rail fences that have served their time should be replaced to the extent
actually needed by a straight post and board fence. Four ordinary fence
boards with a two by four piece spiked upon the tops of the posts make a fence
that appears well and is not easily broken by cattle or horses. Where stone
are plenty they can be used in establishing permanent fences. But we never
expect to see the farms of Michigan fenced into as small enclosures again after
the rails now in use become worthless, and really we hardly think it desirable.
In many instances it would be an improvement to remove them entirely and
destroy the weeds and thistles and briars that have been allowed to grow along-
side of them.

Another very important matter that demands our attention is a well con-
ducted system of underdraining. I am confident that many farmers do not
realize the necessity of such a work. It should not be overlooked in our
endeavors to render our lands more fruitful and productive.

An abundant supply of good water is another consideration never to be over-
looked. If there be not springs and brooks on the premises which neyer fail,
wells should be sunk and facilities provided for raising the water and conduct-
ing it into tanks arranged for that purpose.

A healthy location is always desirable. This should be secured by providing
for man and beast, as far as possible, pure air and clean water. Hence no
stagnant pools should be allowed to stand in the neighborhood impregnating
the air with their foul evaporations, or to be used as drink for the beasts of the
field. It is a mistake to expect good butter, good beef, and good health where
such nuisances are allowed, and the water from such places should be drained
off underground. Another matter that is worthy of recognition in connection
with other things that go to enhance the yalue of farm property, is a good sup-
ply of timber. In this State, as in other timbered countries, the labor of pio-
neer life was chiefly devoted to removing the timber from the land. With the
great anxiety to get rid of the dense forests and make improvements, we
scarcely stopped for a moment to consider the effect of our work. We now
realize the fact that great climatic changes have come over the country, and
that timber is becoming scarce where with a little more care there might have
been a plenty; and still this work of destruction is now going on in the newer
portions of the State. We sometimes feel like interfering a little, and saying
to the axman, ‘‘Hold on; spare some of those noble forest trees”? But I am
digressing; I started to say that every farm should have a timbered lot, either
of natural forest trees or from transplanting such varieties as are congenial to
it and would be the most valuable when grown up.

Belts of timber composed of deciduous trees, interspersed with evergreens,
so arranged as to break the prevailing winds, would be a thing of beauty, of
comfort, and eventually of profit. Trees along the roadside for shade also add
to the good appearance of a country. A limited number of ornamental trees,
both of evergreen and deciduous varieties, properly arranged in the vicinity of
farm buildings, together with shrubs and flowers in near proximity to the
dwelling, give an air of cheerfulness and beauty to the place which tends to
make such a home desirable and attractive. Governor Bagley did a noble act
when he set apart one day of the centennial year to be devoted to tree planting,
and I hope other eminent men will renew the proclamation, and that the inhabi-
tants will fall in with the enterprise so that the people of the next centennial
may see living witnesses of the industry of their forefathers. All kinds of
fruit trees that are adapted to our soil and climate should have a place on every
farm. Plant liberally, especially of cherries, for the boys and the birds.

4 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Teach the former never to destroy or intimidate the latter, but rather to
encourage them to make their homes in our midst. Birds are among our best
friends; they cheer us with their enlivening songs and aid us in the destruc-
tion of thousands of insects that are ready to destroy our grain and fruit.
Not only farmers and pomologists, but every one that has an opportunity
ought to encourage the birds in their work by giving them undisturbed resting
places in forests and ornamental trees.

In Hillsdale county the apple is the principal fruit grown for shipping pur-
poses. As a source of profit aside from home consumption every farm should
have a good apple orchard. If not already provided it should be attended to:
without delay; it will enhance the value of the premises as readily as anything
that can be done.

Do not be afraid of overdoing the fruit business; there are several large
cities and a vast extent of country that look to Michigan for their apples. In
planting an orchard be careful to select the proper place; subsoil and enrich
the ground, and do not set out too many different kinds. A few of the early
and fall apples only are needed ; half a dozen varieties of the best winter and
good keeping sorts are enough. Study the reports of the Michigan Pomo-
logical Society and practice their precepts and success is sure.

Farmers in a comparatively new country, especially where the land is natu-
rally fertile, sometimes seem to forget that there is danger of exhausting the
soil of its grain producing qualities until the fact becomes apparent from the
scanty and diminished yield. How can land in this condition be brought back
and its fertility restored and at the same time give some profit to its owner?
I answer by an entire change of system. Let the grain business be secondary
for afew years, and assume that grass is king. Use red clover with plaster
applied; timothy and red-top with a liberal dressing of barnyard manure, or
anything that will make grass grow, remembering not to feed down to closely.
These will eventually give a good supply of green clover with an abundance of
roots, or a closely matted turf, which in due time can be turned under with the
plow, and the productive elements to a certain degree restored. Some good
stock may be kept at a profit to consume the hay and coarse grain and roots
which should all be fed out on the premises. Follow this system for a few
years, keeping in mind the grand object of attainment, and success will crown
your efforts by a rich remuneration of abundant haryests.

Perhaps there are some in our midst that delay from time to time the plant-
ing of trees or the making of other improvements, the benefit of which seems
to be in the distant future, that excuse themselves upon the ground that they
cannot afford to wait so long for the result. Now it is a part of the vocation
of pomologists and farmers generally ¢o wait. It takes time to grow trees, and
time to develop their fruit. The grain and stock of the farm require time to
bring them to maturity and profit. We must wait; and yet this is not an idle
waiting. When the necessary work in connection with the production of these
things is done, we can turn our attention to other matters. Time will be filled,
so really it costs nothing to wait, and it is hardly fair to make it a pretext for
neglect,

With some of us, in our desire to increase the extent of our farms, we oyver-
look the fact that better cultivation of what we already possess would be much
more to our advantage. Work should be thoroughly done and in proper sea-
son, remembering the adage that ‘‘ Whatever is worth doing, is worth doing
well;’? and also, ‘‘ Never put off till to-morrow what should be done to-day.’’
Usually the different kinds of work on a farm follow each other in regular suc-

WINTER MEETING, 1880. 5

cession. With a little forethought and calculation, the permanent improve-
ments needed can be made at intervals of time without interfering with the
regular routine of business.

From year to year the pursuit of agriculture is gaining respectability. The
cultivation of the soil is no longer looked upon as a low and degrading busi-
ness, but is taking rank among the noblest professions of the age. The appear-
ance of our buildings with their surroundings; our orchards and woodlands;
our beautiful fields and well-bred stock, should always be evidence of our hay-
ing lived in an age of improvement.

There are many other things that enhance the value of farm property, a few of
which are good roads, postal routes, markets, railroads, manufacturing estab-
lishments, schoolhouses with well conducted schools, churches and religious
privileges, neighborhoods made up of steady peaceable, industrious inhabitants,
interested in carrying forward the respective industries of the country. These
things should be encouraged and maintained in connection with temperance
and frugality, and the farmers as well as men of other professions will be
rewarded accordingly.

President Smith of the county agricultural society took issue with the essay-
ist upon the question of timber enhancing the value of a farm. As a matter
of beauty in connection with the farm, the timber lot is all right; as affecting
the climate, we know very little; but as a matter of economy in our part of
the State, the crop which can be grown upon the timber lot from year to year
will purchase the fuel and timber required and yield a handsome profit beside.
There is a good deal of sentiment in this wood-lot business,—more sentiment
than money.

Mr. Hewett.—The profit of a wood-lot is not alone in the timber, wood, and
lumber which it will annually furnish, but in the protection which it furnishes
the country. If all should follow Mr. Smith’s advice, we would have cyclones
in the place of our pleasant breezes, and tornadoes as a substitute for our
timely rains.

Question.—Do you think railroads wholly a benefit?

Hr. Hewett.—There is a limit, to be sure, beyond which, if the building of
railroads should reach, they would be no longer a benefit; but railroads cer-
tainly have a large share in the work of enhancing the value of our farms.

C. R. Coryell, Jonesville.—I do not think we need save timber lots to aid us
in fencing when so simple and tasty a fence can be made of barbed wire.
But, on the other hand, trees along the line of fences make good posts to
which the wire can be attached, and act as shelter belts as well.

J. Austin Scott, Ann Arbor.—I have been a fruit grower and estimate very
highly the advantages accruing from haying a good orchard interest connected
with each farm, and can fully endorse the sentiment of the paper in this
regard. But I do believe if the farmers of Michigan should act upon the sug-
gestion of there being more money in the crops that could be grown on the
timber lots than there is in the timber, our fruit interests would be greatly
jeopardized.

J. Webster Childs, Ypsilanti.—I shall cast my lot with the men who will
preserve a goodly amount of timber. As most farmers are situated in the
southern part of our State, there is as much money and as much comfort taken
out of the forty-acre timber lot as out of the adjoining forty acres of cleared
land, provided there is proper management. Then if you take into considera-
tion the fact that without the timber you cannot have the birds, and without

6 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the birds you will be eaten up with insects, I have no hesitancy in saying the
wood lots are the most profitable adjuncts of the farm.

President Lyon.—What proportion of land would you devote to a wood lot?

Mr. Childs.—That would depend on the size of the farm. Perhaps, generally
speaking, twenty per cent would be a good proportion.

A voice.—Then you would save eight acres out of a forty for timber?

Mr. Childs.—If I had but forty acres I would duy a wood lot.

Pres. Smith.—One acre in wheat will pay better than ten in wood.

J. Austin Scott.—I doubt it very much, for it is generally conceded that on
rich oak lands ten cords of wood per acre each year would not exaggerate the
growth.

Mr. E. W. Cottrell, Detroit.—If all should cut the wood off and sow wheat
would not the result be disastrous?

Mr. Smith.—Yes, but there is no danger of this. In my estimates I was
simply looking at the immediate annual profit.

Mr. Campbell, of Washtenaw, cited a number of instances in his own expe-
rience where timber saved had not been in any way profitable.

The discussion of Mr. Hewitt’s paper extended to good roads, shade trees,
good buildings, etc., and was carried on by Messrs. 8. N. Betts of Adams, W.
H. Reynolds of Hillsdale, Parshall and Baldwin of Washtenaw, Willets of
Cambria and others.

REVISION OF CONSTITUTION,

A committee, which was appointed to draft a new constitution and new by-
laws for the Pomological Society at the Allegan meeting, reported drafts of
constitution, and by-laws, and the question of changing the name from Pomo-
logical Society to Horticultural Society, was discussed informally. And as a
matter of curiosity a vote was taken on the change of name thus proposed,
which vote resulted in favor of the change—only the members of the Pomo-
logical Society voting—nineteen voting for the change and five against.

The Secretary was instructed to give the requisite notice of the submission
of the constitution and by-laws to next meeting.

Wednesday Evening Session.

At the evening session there was an attendance of about 125 and a good deal
of interest manifested in the papers and addresses. Excellent music was fur-
nished to give variety to the exercises, which was appreciated by the audience
in sundry demonstrations of enjoyment.

President Smith, of the County Agricultural Society, occupied the chair.

COMMITTEES AND INVITATIONS.

President Lyon announced the committees as follows:

On Exhibit—J.S. Woodward, Lockport, N. Y.; H. P. Hanford, Bristol, Indiana; HK.
W. Cottrell, Detroit, Michigan. -

On Resolutions—J. W. Childs, Ypsilanti; W. N. Cook, Grand Rapids; J. D. Bald-
win, Ann Arbor.

Invitations were received from South Haven and from Ann Arbor for the
holding of the next meeting of the Pomological Society at those places. These
invitations were referred to the Executive Committee.

WINTER MEETING, 1880. 7%

Next came the welcome address by Mayor Whelan, who spoke substantially
as follows:

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Pomological Society :

I am requested to bid you welcome on behalf of Hillsdale County Agricul-
tural Society. I bid you welcome on behalf of the citizens of this city, and of
the county. It is pleasant to welcome you here, because of the good you have
done to the State, and because of the interest that we have in the objects of
your society. Our great progenitor was a pomologist. ;

Your society has its effect even outside of Michigan. I see your reports
quoted in the far New England States, in New York, and Canada, besides in
all of the adjoining States. I believe that this society has more than quad-
rupled the pomological products of this State. It is the pride of agriculture.

You have developed the fact that you can grow a better fruit in our State
than can be grown in any other part of the country. It is only a few years
ago that the fruit districts of Michigan were only a narrow belt along the shore
of Lake Michigan.

Dr. Whelan spoke of the elevation of Hillsdale county, and of the effect of
the thousand and one lakelets in the county, which furnish the requisite mois-
ture to the air, making Hillsdale county adapted to fruit culture.

We have found that we can produce even peaches in this county, and peaches
too that compare favorably with those grown on the lake shore.

Your society has done much good in its ten or twelve years of existence, in
its reports of failures as well as in its reports of successes. It is equally essen-
tial that failures as well as successes should be reported, for failures are just as
good educators as successes.

We welcome you here that you may induce a greater interest here in your
objects. We hope that when you come here a few years hence you will see a
marked improvement in pomological interests.

President Lyon of the Pomological Society responded as follows:

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Hillsdale County Agricultural Society:

We were hardly human were we not flattered by the manner in which you
have welcomed us. We confess that we are flattered. I can remember that
when Michigan was being settled and developed there was an impression that
Michigan could not grow fruit successfully. It took years to disabuse us of
that thought, although many of us came from the fruit districts of Western
New York with our taste for fruit.

It is only a few years ago that it was discovered that the St. Joe country
would grow good peaches, and. then we were under the impression that the
fruit district was limited to a very small belt, and it took a long time to
disabuse our minds of that impression.

We used to think that we must plant our orchards in low places that they
might be protected from the severe storms by the hills surrounding. But after
a long time and through progressive steps we have become disabused of that
idea, and now we plant them on the highest ground. ‘There is only a small
portion, comparatively, of our whole country that is adapted to fruit culture,
and especially to peach growing, and it seems that Michigan is peculiarly
adapted to fruit growing. ‘This is owing to the physical geography of the
State and to the adaptability of’the climate. There are no varieties that are
equally adapted to the whole country, or even to the whole State. These vary
in adaptability as the different local influences. We came here hoping to cre-
ate enthusiasm in horticultural subjects.

8 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Upon my first visit to Hillsdale about two years ago, at the time of your
annual fair, I must confess that I was very much surprised. I found a very fine
show of fruit,—much finer than I had expected. You need have no fears of
success in fruit growing in Hillsdale county if you will take the ordinary
precautions. As in ordinary farming, so in fruit growing it requires good cul-
tivation to get good results.

The practice of planting trees and leaving them there, or in cropping the
ground and expecting the tree to grow, and to get a full crop of grain at the
same time is being done away with. Soil is just as essential to trees as to
crops.

We have other things to contend with, and among these is the question of
varieties. I have seen those who were planting an orchard go to a nursery and
there select varieties that they knew to be nearly worthless, simply because the
trees looked finer. Some varieties are not fine-looking trees in the nursery
because they grow slowly, while they may be the very best to plant in orchard.
When we have educated the masses so that they may select a dozen or two
varieties properly, we have accomplished an important mission.

Following these addresses, the audience listened to an excellent address on

THE BEST MEANS TO PERPETUATE THE GROWTH OF THE SOCIETY,

by W. K. Gibson of Jackson.

It is not enough that this society should have an existence secured by every
guaranty which can make such existence permanent: existence is necessary,
and permanence is indispensable to enable it to accomplish the object of its
organization; yet both may be secured, and the society nevertheless fail in
securing fully the end for which it exists.

The field of our work is a most inviting one. With greater variety of soil
and climate than most States possess, almost inciosed by the great northern
lakes, with a population of more than ordinary culture and intelligence, horti-
culture and pomology should receive the highest attention. Our apples already
seek a market in Europe, and our peaches and smaller fruits find their way to
Chicago, and thence to the far west. The fruit crop ranks next to the grain
crop, and every year testifies to its growing importance.

Notwithstanding all this, at every meeting of the society, the fact is brought
fully to our realization that but very few of our people, indeed of fruit-growers
themselves, are really interested in the work of the society. I should not be
much out of the way were I to say that there is less intelligent labor devoted
to fruit culture than to any of the branches 6f business in which our people are
engaged. It seems to be a common idea that a fruit tree, because it is a tree,
will grow anywhere, and anyhow, and bear good fruit. If nature was not more
kind than man, our orchards all over the land would refuse to yield their rich
harvests of fruit, and be of no more value than the wild crab which grows by
our roadside. What is the reason of all this? The answer is because the
importance of the subject is not realized. When our people come to under-
stand the results which always follow intelligent fruit culture,—when trees and
plants come to be regarded as living organisms, dependent upon the conditions
of soil, and susceptible as animals to location and climatic changes, then we may
hope that horticulture will be studied and intelligently practiced all over the
land. ‘To secure this, is the object and aim of this society; and just so far as
we fail in this, our work is incomplete.

How can we best awaken such an interest,—how best challenge attention to

WINTER MEETING, 1880. 9

the subject? It is far easier to point out defects than to provide remedies, and
it is easier, even to suggest remedies, than to put them into practical and suc-
cessful operation.

We must admit, however, that there are serious defects in our present sys-
tem. Holding only four or five meetings a year open for mutual exchange of
opinion and discussion, the society is unable to reach the masses of the people,
except by means of its published annual reports. ‘These books, though of
great value, result in no concerted and united efforts in the different localities
in the interests of horticulture, and while it is true that here and there indi-
vidual attention is awakened, still the progress made is too slow to meet the
needs of the society. Some way must be provided for bringing tie society in
nearer relation to the masses of the people. It should have an active, perma-
nent existence everywhere in the State. Its membership should be enlarged
and extended, local operations and results should be more fully gathered up
and preserved, and frequent meetings should be held in every county where
horticultural experiments can be discussed and results ascertained. The State
society cannot do the work for each county.

First. Because it has no machinery by which to do it.

Second. Because the work is purely local in its character, and if done at all,
must be done by those who have a thorough knowledge of local interests and
operations, and yet the State society is of little value unless it can gather up
the results of all the different localities. No system can be a good one which
shall attempt to impart horticultural information to the whole State, unless it
is based upon accurate knowledge of the conditions of soil and climate in each
locality.

These defects in our present system seem to me to suggest a remedy, and I
submit to the society the outline of a plan for its consideration which is not
free from defects in its details, nor from difficulties in its execution, but better,
I am persuaded, than our present system. It is, briefly, this:

That there be appointed, and paid by this society, some competent person,
whose duty it shall be to visit every county interested in fruit culture, and
establish, wherever advisable, a local society which shall be a branch of the
State society, such local societies to be governed by a common constitution
and be supported by voluntary assessments of its members, who shall also be
members of this society upon the payment of a membership fee, a portion of
which shall go to the local branch, and the balance to the State society. ‘These
local branches shall hold regular meetings, make regular reports to the State
society, and send delegates to its meetings, and each member shall be entitled
to receive a copy of the annual report. It shall be the duty of the person
organizing such branch to visit them from time to time, encourage their
growth, see that their meetings are kept up, and that they are in good work-
ing condition.

I have only indicated the general features of the plan, leaving the details to
be filled out as your wisdom may suggest. I believe it can be made successful
only by employing some one interested in the work, who will give it his whole
time, and see that the various branches are encouraged and kept up. It is
only a question of work. It can be made successful, and it remains for us to
say whether it shall be done.

By this plan we make the State society a local society in every county, we
extend our membership, and establish communication with every locality in
the State. We increase the value of our annual printed reports, and secure
for them a more satisfactory circulation.

10 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The value of information on horticulture and fruit raising, derived from the
different localities in the State, depends upon its accuracy derived from a
comparison of extended results and experiments.

Heretofore it has often been the case that the reports made from the differ-
ent sections have contained individual opinions, and not results obtained from
a comparison of many experiments. By this plan, also, greater interest is
awakened upon the subject of fruit culture, which will lead naturally to good
results.

But it is not necessary to point out all the benefits which would resulf from
the establishment and maintenance of the local brauches of the State society,
and it is not my object now to discuss the plan in all its bearings, or to attempt
to measure its effects. I submit it for your consideration, hoping that if it
may not be adopted, it may lead to the suggestion of some plan which may be
more productive of good than the present system under which we are now ope-
rating.

Mr. Gibson supplemented his paper with a very earnest tribute to the men
who had by means of individual exertions built up the society, and given it the
high character for which it is noted abroad. He said it was time that the
people put their shoulders to the burden and helped by their earnest support
to continue the usefulness of the society.

Following Mr. Gibson’s address, Mr. Lyon opened the discussion on

EVERGREENS FOR THE FARM.

He said that unquestionably the evergreens were the most suitable of any
trees to plant upon the farm for protection. Very few deciduous trees can
approximate in value the better evergreens for this purpose. The appreciation
of this protection comes at a time when the trees cannot be planted out, and
at the times when the planting should be done the necessity is not felt. Like
the fiddler under the leaky roof,—when it was fair weather he cared not for
the leaks, and when it rained he could not fix them; so he continued on with
no change for the better. In the same way our farms go without the protec-
tion that might be easily given in the proper time by the planting of a few
trees.

There is no question but that the judicious planting of a few evergreens will
add very largely to the value of our farms either to sell or to keep.

The more heat that is required to keep up the vitality of animals, the more
food must be given them; hence the value of warm barns in winter. It is far
cheaper to grow evergreens than to spend so much in keeping up tight barns;
besides, the protection given by evergreen screens does not impair the health
of animals by checking ventilation as is the case ina close barn. If any of
you have ever traveled over a bleak district, as 1 have oftentimes done on
severe days, and come upon the grateful protection of Norway spruces, you
can form some estimate of their value as a screen.

Every man who has a garden knows how difficult it is to preserve some
things over winter and through the spring on account of the severe blasts of
wind, and again, how planting must be deferred because of an occasional blast.
that will come even after the warm days of spring have opened. A screen of
evergreens to protect a garden from these winds can be planted at a very slight.
expense, and can be maintained at actually no cost thereafter. ‘These western
and northwestern winds are perilous to vegetation in spring oftentimes even
when they are not freezing cold. What a satisfaction to have a row of spruce,

WINTER MEETING, 1880. ig

cedar, or hemlock to stand guard in these emergencies. In relation to the
orchard, the evergreens as a protective agency perform a very important part.
There are men here who can point to instances in their own experience where
a slight protection given by a screen of evergreens might have saved trees from
destruction.

WHAT EVERGREENS TO USE.

There is a wide range of evergreens to choose from, and some of the very
best are those that can be obtained the most easily and at the least expense. I
would mention first the white pine. Its great value as a timber tree is too well
understood to require consideration, especially since it would be foreign to our
present purpose. Accustomed, as we are, to see this as grown in its native
habitat, with tall, naked trunk, and a few vigorous branches at the top only,
we need to study it in younger specimens, as they may be frequently seen in
fields or open spaces, under the full play of air and sunlight, if we would
properly comprehend its value for the purposes under consideration. Grown
thus it maintains fully the vigor of its lower branches, and remains clothed
with foliage to the ground. Its foliage is finer and softer than that of any of
the other pines usually seen in our climate, and has a somewhat glaucous
appearance. Like all the other pines, it does not readily respond to the use
of the knife and shears, and it is therefore better adapted to tall, open screens,
where there will be little necessity for their use. If planted as a single speci-
men, it demands a wide space in which properly to develop and display its ma-
tured beauties. Under such circumstances it will be found to have few if any
superiors, even as a lawn tree, although we cannot feel sure that, when of
large size and mature age, it will not, even here, vindicate its long indulged
habit of dwarfing and casting off its lower clothing.

The Austrian pine is a beautiful, tall, round-headed tree, which seems to be
entirely hardy in our climate, as indeed it is throughout the northern States.
Its stout, vigorous shoots, and its long and comparatively rigid foliage, main-
taining its color unchanged throughout the winter, render it a desirable tree,
whether for screen or shade. It can hardly be commended for close planting,
to be subjected to shearing or cutting in, to produce dense growth, since at
the best it yields very reluctantly to such treatment. In fact, if a shoot is cut
away, oreven a leading bud destroyed, it often requires a long time to supply
the deficiency from the side growths. This tree, therefore, while it is quite
effective as a single specimen upon the lawn, will be found most effective for
the purposes now under consideration, when employed for tall, open screens or
windbreaks, in which, as a rule, pruning will not become necessary.

The Scotch pine, although not a native, seems to take very kindly to our
climates and soils. Probably its vigorous habit, and the ease and safety of
removal, may have something to do with its popularity; still, it is a very rapid
grower, even too much so to become fully effective for the purposes we are
considering, since its very vigor creates a loose, open habit of the tree, whether
young or old. We doubt if any system of pruning or shearing can be made to
fully remedy this tendency, although frequent removal or judicious root-
pruning, while young, might suffice for the purpose, as it no doubt would with
any and all the pines already noticed. Such a process, however, must prove
@ serious drawback to its longevity, and for that reason objectionable. The
only other remedy to be implicitly relied upon is to plant in double or even
tripple rows, and, in so doing substitute breadth for density, a process involy-
ing an increase in the number of trees to be planted, as well as in the amount

12 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

of land occupied, one, however, that may find a recompense in a surplus
growth, which may ultimately be cut away and devoted to economical purposes.

The balsam fir, or Canada balsam, is a common native tree, which, while
young, is exceedingly beautiful, and on some accounts would upon short
acquaintance seem well adapted to use for screens; but unfortunately its beauty
is very short lived. As it acquires age and size it soon loses its lower branches,
and leaves only a few vigorous healthy ones near the top, while its general
appearance becomes scraggy and unsightly, rendering it quite unsuitable for
this purpose.

The hemlock of our Michigan forests needs no introduction to the people of
the Peninsular State. Indeed the fact that it is so common a tree among us
would seem to be the chief obstacle to its general adoption for the purpose
under consideration. Josiah Hoopes, the author of a valuable book on ever-
greens, characterizes it as the most beautiful of all evergreens, whether native
or foreign, an estimate in which we most fully and heartily concur. Indeed,
with the single exception of its lack of value as a timber tree, I see little reason
why it should rank lower than any other, whether for ornamental or utilitarian
purposes.

The hemlock has acquired the reputation of being impatient of removal, and
this is doubtless true when taken directly from the forest to the open ground ;
but when gradually hardened to exposure, and repeatedly transplanted, as is
the case when nursery grown, this difficulty to a great extent disappears and
the tree becomes supplied with an abundance of fibrous roots near the trunk,
rendering the process of removal comparatively easy and safe. Under fayora-
ble circumstances the hemlock grows to the largest size. In open exposures
it will rarely lose its lower branches, but will prove as effective as can be
desired when planted as a single tree, while it is perfectly at home under the
shears when planted in the screen, and equally so in open rows as a wind-break,
where, if the sides are open to the sun and air, it will remain clothed to the
very base. In no place, however, so far as I have observed, does it develop a
higher type of beauty than in a compact screen. Jor this purpose it may be
planted quite close (if immediate effect is sought) and sheared to a regular
conical or half oval form of the desired height; if to shut out a view, eight or
ten feet in height will generally suffice, and when the young twigs commence
their growth the entire screen will put on the appearance, to the casual
observer, of an immense bouquet of yellow, white and green, with the several
sprays drooping the one over the other in the most graceful manner imagina-
ble. As the sprays lengthen with the advancing season they of course lose
this variety of color, and put on the plain lively green peculiar to this tree ;
but the sprays retain their graceful drooping habit throughout the year, I
can in no way more effectively convey my idea of the beauty and desirableness
of this tree than by saying, if unfortunately I were for any reason compelled
to content myself with a single evergreen, and to shut my eyes forever upon all
others, I would with little hesitation say give us the hemlock.

The Norway spruce, although not ‘‘to the manor born,”’ has been long
enough a denizen of our soil and climate to have fully established a reputation
as an American tree. Perfectly hardy under all circumstances in which har-
diness may reasonably be expected, its great vigor and longevity, as well as the
persistence with which it holds its foliage and remains clothed with branches
to its base, together with the great size it will acquire under favorable circum-
stances have long since constituted it the evergreen for the million. When of
the needful size and age, the younger side shoots usually assume a half droop-

WINTER MEETING, 1880. 13

ing character, that taken in connection with the tall spire-like habit of the
tree render it, even when planted singly, an object of great beauty. It some-
times browns in exposed positions in winter, but it regains its bright color
promptly with the opening of spring, and may be pruned or sheared into almost
any desired form with impunity. On this account it proves a very satisfactory
plant for close screens, even when they are to be kept at only a moderate
height.

I however wish to be distinctly understood as disliking the practice of shear-
ing single trees of this or any other evergreen; although there may be excep-
tional cases in which it would be admissible. I even more thoroughly repre-
hend the practice of cutting away the lower branches, which is sometimes,
however, felt to be necessary for the reason that the space assigned has come
to be too limited. If a Norway spruce is expected to develop its full beauty as
a mature tree, it should haye a clear space of twenty or twenty-five feet in all
directions from the trunk.

The Arbor Vite is called hardy, although occasionally it has been known to
suffer. Jt has not the beauty of the hemlock, but transplants more easily.
In winter the great objection to it is the brown color it assumes, which in win-
ter detracts seriously from its beauty.

WHERE TO OBTAIN TREES.

The more common process is to go to the forest, select such young trees as
seem adapted to the purpose, dig them by cutting off all the roots at a few
inches distance from the trunk, thus cutting away probably nine-tenths of the
entire root system; remove them from the shade and shelter of other trees,
and probably transfer them to the open ground, when they, while yet enfeebled
by the process, must be subjected to the full power of the summer’s sun and
wind. This is doubtless many times done as a matter of economy, although
after such trees have died, and been several times replaced, with the loss of
several years time, as is usually the case, there would seem to be abundant
reason to doubt the wisdom and even the economy of this process.

Nursery trees are usually thickly grown in the seed bed, and when but one
or two years old are taken up, the roots cut back and the seedlings thickly
planted in rows, where they are allowed to stand till they demand more space,
when they are again transplanted, and as a necessity the roots are again short-
ened and they are given a wider space for growth. ‘Trees grown in this man-
ner are invariably found to have a dense mass of fibrous roots, and hence can
be transplanted with greater certainty, and will, moreover, recover from the
shock of remoyal with far greater promptness. Such trees are also more fully
hardened by exposure to the sun, a fact which adds greatly to their ability to
bear the shock of removal.

WHERE TO PLANT THEM.

It is by no means uncommon to see a fine residence with suitable outbuild-
ings, standing exposed to the full force of westerly and northerly winds, even
where the farm appointments otherwise unmistakably indicate an owner in
easy circumstances and abundantly able to supply the needful protection. On
such a place they should, beyond doubt, be planted so as to shelter the house
and lawns, and the yards occupied by the farm stock, not merely as a matter
of comfort to man and animals, but also as an economical investment to save
the stock of fuel, and to economize the food consumed by stock in the process
of generating animal heat. This object subserved, I would next, if still need-

14 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ful, plant a low screen (but one that will grow to be ten or twelve feet high)
‘along the exposed side or sides of the kitchen garden, and in so doing provide
the needful shelter for early vegetables, as well as a nook for the location of a
hot-bed and cold frames. Having provided for these needs, attention may
next be given to the screening of the orchards from westerly or northerly
winds. Iam not unaware that some intelligent orchardists doubt the adyan-
tage of such protection, but I fancy that after a man shall haye lost, or nearly
lost, for year after year, the one-fourth or one-half of his crop of fruit from
the effect of high winds, just before the picking season, a slight effort of the
imagination might convince him that less wind and more fruit might have been
for his advantage.

There are, doubtless, reasons why a screen for the protection of an orchard,
especially if it contains cherries, plums, peaches, or even pears, should be open
enough to impede but not fully arrest the circulation of the air, but this I
regard as more important with reference to the effect in summer in preventing
extreme heat, or in spring and fall in preventing frost, and in dissipating the
moisture sometimes supposed to occasion the rotting of the fruit; while in
winter we hardly think there can be danger of any kind from the influence of
a screen, no matter how dense. The next and best general use to be made of
screens should be as windbreaks for the shelter of exposed farms. ‘There can
be little need in our climate of screens or windbreaks upon the south or east;
and there is, even upon the north, far less need than upon the west; although
some of our coldest and most trying winter winds come from the northwest.
The great need of protection is, therefore, upon the west; and it is doubtless
here that the strongest and tallest windbreaks are required. So much must
depend upon the contour of the land that it hardly seems practicable to devise
any rule for the location of screens for its protection, beyond the statement that
the object should be to prevent the direct impact of strong currents of wind
upon the surface.

There remains to be noticed the locating of screens (generally about the res-
idence) for the purpose of shutting out disagreeable or undesirable views, as
for instance, the hiding from view of offensive buildings, or the cutting off
from the parlor views of the farm yards and stock. For such purpose the
finer evergreens only should be employed, and those only allowed to reach the
height actually necessary for the purpose.

HOW TO CARE FOR THEM.

The last question I was to answer concerning evergreens was ‘‘ how to care
for them.’’ I could answer shortly by saying, give them the same attention
that should be given an orchard tree. Do not dig a little hole in the sod and
stick the tree into it, expecting soon to see wonderful developments in leaf and
branch, but put them in with great care and give them culture. There is
nothing like stirring the earth to keep an evergreen growing. It will not do
to stop the cultivator as soon as new growth appears, but continue it through
the season; not only this, but, to secure the best results, it is wise to cultivate
the second and even the third year. Mulching is advocated by many, but I
prefer good culture to the best of mulch.

Never shear a tree which you wish to develop into the best form of natu-
ral beauty. ‘Too many seem to wish to mend nature by shearing into artificial
forms, but the natural habit of the evergreens I have named, when exposed
fully to the light, cannot be improved. Plenty of room should be given to the
strong growing sorts, and the lower branches should be preserved from injury.

WINTER MEETING 1880. 15

The removal of the lower limbs of an evergreen destroys its beauty for all time.
In planting close screens for hedges it is necessary to shear the foliage, but
then the cutting should be so managed as to give a natural form to the trees;

The square shearing is too artificial to be beautiful, and is to be avoided.

J. Austin Scott.—I believe in shearing, and think if I could transport the
gentlemen here to my place they would see beauty that had been developed in
evergreens by the severe use of knife and shears. I do not like white pine as
well as Austrian or Scotch. I heartily indorse Mr. Lyon’s tribute to the hem-
lock; it certainly is the most beautiful of the evergreens. I have found the
Norway spruce to stand shearing even better than the arbor vite.

J. Lannin, South Haven.—I wish to say a word in criticism of the employ-
ment of evergreens as a screen to the orchard. The question of whether this
is a good practice may turn upon locality. We at the west shore do not want
protection from the west winds. ‘They are our safest breezes. As regards the
protection to the fruit when nearly grown, I doubt if a screen of evergreens
would be of much benefit, especially if we take the advice of the best fruit men
and plant on the reliefs of ground. In my own case a screen of this kind
would be worse than useless.

Mr. Lyon.—In Mr. Lannin’s case he may be correct, since no screen on either
the west or the north sides of his orchard could, at least for many years, shel-
ter the trees to any great extent, if planted on the border of the orchard, for
the reason that such borders are on lower ground; so that screens must be
grown toa very considerable height before they become effective. I know that
many men at the lake shore have so much faith in the lake as a protection
that they prefer a full exposure to the lake breezes. The two severe winters
of the last decade, however, gave at least some of these gentlemen the idea that
it may even be possible to have too much of a good thing. Some of them lost
peach trees by the hundred, clearly in consequence of full westerly and north-
erly exposure, with long continued cold. In fact, we have in mind a peach
orchard, directly upon the bluff, to which the orchard committee of 1873
awarded a first premium, but which, during the next winter, was killed out-
right by the severe and long continued cold, with the exception of a few of the
trees standing upon the east side, inclined from the lake. A neighboring
orchard, similarly situated, but sheltered from lake winds by a belt of trees,
came through the same winter uninjured.

George Taylor, Kalamazoo.—I am in favor ef screens for protection, and my
opinion has been formed from a long experience in this country and in Scot-
land.

F. M. Holloway, Hillsdale.—It seems to me we should look to this matter
of screens for protection to home and stock, not only from a humanitarian
standpoint, but as a question of pecuniary interest. I am satisfied that I save
twenty-five per cent in feed to my stock in winter because of a screen of white
and yellow oak that protects my barn and yard. We want to give stock exer-
cise and recreation, but in order to do this it is not necessary to have it so bleak
about the barn that they have to wear half their flesh off to kecp warm. A
windbreak of oaks on the east and west of my orchard I count as a great bene-
fit in the way that Mr. Lyon suggests. But I do beg to differ with him in the
matter of shearing. I would not make the evergreens assume monstrous forms,
but I consider the free use of the knife as important in shaping them to pro-
duce the most satisfactory effect.

Mr. Healy, South Hayen.—I wish to enter my protest against screens in

16 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

connection with peach orchards on the lake shore, for I am satisfied it increases
the tendency to affliction with the yellows.

Thursday Morning Session.

The session was opened with prayer by Rey. V. L. Lockwood.
The Secretary read a communication from Jacob Ganzhorn, Secretary of
the Ann Arbor Pomological Society, on

THE WHITE ANN ARBOR GRAPE.

About twelve years ago Mr. Charles H. Woodruff, of Ann Arbor, engaged
himself in the cultivation of the grape. He planted and cultivated carefully
all the varieties that were then known and grown by the general public, and
has since kept on planting and testing every new, promising grape as soon as
introduced. He is known in our city and throughout the county as one of our
most intelligent and experienced grape growers, and fully enjoys the confidence
of our people.

Mr. Woodruff has had unusual success in the raising of seedling grapes, but
he is too modest to come forward and make known to the general public the
fruits of his labors in this direction, and I have therefore volunteered to say a
few words for him and his seedling grape called White Ann Arbor. I haye
had occasion to speak of this grape at one of our pomological meetings here,
and what I then said is recorded in the State Pomological report for 1878,
page 230.

ITS HISTORY.

In the spring of 1870 Mr. Woodruff planted a small lot of Concord seeds.
From these a good number came up and made plants. The following spring
he removed these seedlings from the nursery bed for the purpose of giving
them more room to develop. One of these bore fruit in 1873, which proved to
be a white grape and of excellent quality and appearance. The rest of the
seedlings, as they came into bearing, proved worthless. Specimen bunches of
this white grape were shown at the county fair in the same year (1873) and
received a special premium. At the same exhibition were White Nice grapes,
grown under glass in the grapery of C. H. Millan, with which Mr. Millan’s
gardener mixed some bunches of this new white grape in the absence of Mr.
Woodruff, and when the latter returned to his exhibit he was asked to pick out
his white grape with these White Nice, but both being so near alike he was
unable to pick out his own. I mention this to show that the vine has a strong
constitution or it could not have borne any good sized clusters in its first bear-
ing, but three years old and transplanted once in this period. The next year
the fruit was destroyed by fire. In 1875 it bore again, and was awarded the
first premium as the best grape on exhibition, competing with all the popular
varieties at that time, including the best of Rogers’ hybrids. 'That year was a
trying season for the grape, as many varieties had failed to hold the leaves till
the fruit was ripe. I admired the vine of this grape very much in that year,
as I saw many of the popular varieties all around this one give way to mildew,
but this stood without flinching, and proved an equal match with its parent,
the concord. New, when we consider the rugged constitution of this vine,
thereby prepared by nature to resist diseases and severe cold weather in the

WINTER MEETING, 1880. 1%

winter, bearing white grapes of good, clear fruit of best quality, bunches of
handsome appearance and good size, it is worthy of our attention.

Subsequent to the year 1875 Mr. Woodruff removed the original vine to his
new home, and although the vine was transplanted, it has borne some fruit
every year since. Ile has now a few hundred vines coming into bearing, and
will likely be prepared to exhibit the fruit in the future State fairs and in
large quantities. By this means the public will have an opportunity to become
acquainted more fully with its merits.

The leaves of the vine do not average large, but are thick and downy under-
neath, indicating a strong constitution. In appearance the leaves look like
its parent, the Concord, and it would require an expert to detect any difference
between this and the foliage of that variety. The vine is easily propagated.
Two eye cuttings of the smallest well ripened wood make good plants with fair
culture. The vine, like its parent, takes hold with a will after transplanting
from the nursery bed, and is quickly established into bearing size.

HOW NEW VARIETIES ARE ORIGINATED.

The discussion of the wbove topic was opened by the reading of a letter from
Chas. A. Greene of Clifton, N. Y., addressed to the Secretary :

DEAR S1rR:—Pressing duties prevent me from the pleasure of attending
your meetings. Casual observations have inclined me to the belief that the
impregnation of the blossoms of fruits is not entirely dissimilar to that occur-
ring with animals, and if we follow the analogy we may be warranted in accept-
ing many of the well-tested theories concerning the improvements of sheep,
swine, cattle, and horses, as applicable to the breeding of improved strawber-
ries, grapes, apples, pears, etc. We breed stock for color, beauty of form, size,
and endurance, as well as for the quality of their productions, crossing certain
breeds expecting to attain certain results—why not so with fruits, and not rely
on chance, as has been the case so largely in the past? We can trace Negro
blood in our own race for generations; we can trace foreign blood (even a slight
tincture) in the grape; blood will tell—like produces like. Van Mons held
that the effect of the stock on the graft should be avoided in efforts to improve
varieties. If your Bartlett pear is grafted on an inferior stock (as it is gene-
rally) of course the seed from that tree will be affected somewhat by the infe-
rior stock, and should not be used, but seed from the Bartlett on its own roots
instead. That there is truth in this theory is indicated from the fact that the
Wager peach reproduces itself from its seed if on its own roots; but when
budded on the other roots it will not.

Recent experiments in the northwest indicate that the seeds of the apple
produce varieties maturing at the same season as the variety from which they
are taken, regardless of the variety with which the cross is made. With grapes,
the two varieties selected for crossing are often grown in an isolated location,
protected by netting from fertilization by insects, and the vines are permitted
to twine together, thus securing certainty of parentage. With the strawberry
I should cross a pistilate variety with an hermaphrodite, as the latter might
fertilize itself, and could not be relied upon. Our Mr. H. HE. Hooker holds:
that it is not possible to improve varieties of fruits; that if we improve the
size or quality, the variety loses correspondingly in other respects, as, for
instance, in vigor and hardiness.

CHARLES A. GREEN.
3

18 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

P. 8.—It is a noteworthy fact that seeds of fruits produced in a cold climate
are apt to produce hardier trees or plants than those of milder localities; also
that seedlings are, in other rerpects, often especially adapted to the sections
where they originate.

PROF. W. J. BEAL’S VIEW.

Prof. Beal followed with some remarks upon the same topic, of which the
following is an abstract:

To clearly explain this process it is necessary to go a little into the science
of botany. What is a variety? Before explaining this we should consider
what constitutes species.

Among well known wild plants we have white oak, white ash, blue ash, black
ash, sugar maple, red maple, white clover, red clover, red raspberry and black
raspberry. Among animals we have the red squirrel, robin, brown thrush, cat
bird, bluebird. In each case of the plants named the seeds produce new plants,
like or much like the parent plants. ‘The animals named are good examples of
species.

Linnees said, ‘‘ A species is a@ perennial succession of individuals.’? Maéut
and Decaisne say that ‘‘ All individuals which resemble each other as much as
they do their parents or their posterity belong to the same species.”” Gray
says, ‘‘ Species is the type or original of each sort of plant represented in time
by a succession of similar individuals.”

The characteristics of species are thought to be somewhat firmly fixed; yet,
the seedlings from a lot of seeds from one plant or pod are to a greater or less
extent unlike each other. If they vary a little, as they often do, each may be
considered a variety. Ifa lot of seeds from one plant are widely separated and
planted under different conditions of soil, climate, etc., the young plants will
be more likely to vary shan they would if planted in the same place where the
parent grew.

Some species are much more prone to vary than others. In the nursery
row we often see Norway spruces which came from the same lot of seeds look
so unlike each other that any one but an expert would be inclined to say they
were different species. Some are stout, dark green, with rigid limbs; some
are slender with long drooping limbs. Between these extremes we find all
gradations. <A lot of tulip trees or whitewoods vary but little. Most of the
varieties are selected from a lot of seedlings for some striking or interesting
peculiarity which they possess. Mr. Wier went through his long rows of silver
maple seedlings, and among them was a single tree which had leaves much
incised or deeply cut. ‘This he propagates by budding or grafting and names it
Wier’s cut-leaved maple.

Some of our varieties came from bud varieties or sporting. In this case, for
some reason not known, a single limb or branch of a plant is produced which
is unlike any of the rest. Some of our varieties of garden and greenhouse
plants originated in this way. Of this kind we have the chameleon coleus. The
hoop willow is one of this kind of variety. The hoop willow was a branch of
a weeping willow tree on which the leaves each rolled into a ring or hoop,
although there was no sign of disease.

The varieties which come from sports are likely to bcar branches which
wholly or partially revert to the parent stock. ‘Their peculiarities are not well
fixed.

All of our varieties in cultivation are multiplied by budding, grafting, lay-
ering, suckers, runners, stolons, offsets, and the like. Our varieties of apples,

WINTER MEETING, 1880. 19

pears, peaches, quinces, gooseberries, grapes, currants, raspberries, strawber-
ries, are all multiplied by one of the processes named above.

Our Peachblow, Early Rose and all potatoes are multiplied in a similar man-
ner. We plant the tubers which are thick underground stems covered with
buds or eyes, which make branches. In the greenhouse we propagate bouvar-
dias by cutting up pieces of the roots which produce buds freely. Varieties of
the geranium, coleus, heliotrope, verbena and rose are propagated by cuttings.

RACES.

If we plant the seed of a variety by itself and continue to select seed from
plants of certain styles or types, we shall after a time induce the variety to
reproduce itself true from seed. ‘This selection and raising by seed has already
been done with our so-called varieties of squashes, cucumbers, melons, seed
onions, beets, turnips, cabbages, lettuce, beans, carrots, corn, radishes,
tomatoes, and many others. Among plants cultivated for their flowers we
have asters, zinnias, and certain colors of phlox Drummondii. In field crops
we have wheat, oats, rye, sorghum, etc. In time there is no doubt but what
we could multiply Rhode Island Greening trees by seeds as certainly as we
now do our squashes and cucumbers. It would take several generations of
trees, we do not know how many, to change a variety to arace. We use the
term ‘‘race’’ to designate a variety which has become permanent or so fixed
that we can raise other plants from the seed. Some peaches have already
become, or are fast becoming, races; we can almost multiply them true by
seed,

A HYBRID.

This term is quite loosely used by many horticulturists and farmers. If two
varieties of one species, are united or crossed we get a variety-hybrid; if two
species of one genus are crossed, we get a species-hybrid; if two species of dif-
ferent genera are crossed, we get a genus-hybrid.

Probably the author of the question upon which I am talking wanted to
know how to cross or hybridize flowers to produce improved new sorts. On
this topic I read a paper which begins on page 51 of the report of our State
Pomological Society for 1878. My last two reports printed in volumes of the
Michigan Board of Agriculture also contain something upon this matter.
Those who want further information on the subject of crossing are referred
to these articles. In my papers before the society I am expected to avoid repe-
titions, yet I often find an old story is better than a new one, because our
reports are not numerous enough for all the reading public.

In that article I notice that in this matter of crossing plants lies the richest
field for discovery in horticulture.

{ Here professor Beal went somewhat into detail explaining the structure and
uses of the different parts of the flower of the peach, cherry, apple, strawberry,
gooseberry, corn, wheat, melons, and other plants. |

Our students are all taught how to cross and hybridize plants.

What is to guide us in selecting the parents for our crosses in plants? <Au-
thors or experimenters are not fully agreed on this point. ‘lo make an
improvement we usually select two parents which possess good qualities and
defects in different directions. To aid in producing variation we sometimes
_ place the seed producing plant under unnatural conditions by extra cultivation,
change of soil or climate.

He who wishes to become a successful breeder of plants will do well to

2 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

study the principles of stock-breeding. All who have given attention to the
subject agree that we have as good a chance to use thought in breeding plants
as we have in breeding animals. In many respects the same rules will apply
to animals and to plants. To insure good results the breeder or improver of
wheat will likely do best to make his experiments on soil and in a climate
where wheat thrives well. The same rule applies to attempts to improve pota-
toes, strawberries, pears, cherries, etc. 'To experiment with reference to find-
ing iron-clad apples, I should go to Minnesota or northern Iowa. For the best
“‘luck’’ in originating new potatoes I should look to some cool climate and
not to the Southern States.

As we recognize the feeding and care of animals as the leading factor in
improving them, so we look to feed, care and climate to help us in improving
plants by crossing.

Stock breeders recognize the similarity of rules which apply to breeding or
crossing animals and crossing plants.

A year or more ago I published some experiments on crossing plants. The
article was copied in the American Live Stock Journal with comments similar
to the one I have already made as to the similarity of most of this kind in the
animal and plant world.

Pres. Lyon.—Who shall decide between the pistilate and hermaphrodite plants
when, as in the Crescent Seedling strawberry, there occasionally seems to be
some good anthers?

Prof. Beal.—We find all gradations, from perfect flowers in which both sets
of organs are present to those in which there is but one set of organs. I have
noted that the strongest growing plants are those which have imperfect flowers.

Pres. Lyon.—Will Prof. Beal explain why the Cresent Seedling is so prolific?
» Prof. Beal.—I was not aware that this variety was notably more prolific than
some others. The Green Prolific variety produces a great abundance of fruit
if planted with another variety which has plenty of stamens. It has been
observed that varieties differ in productiveness even if the flowers are perfect.
It is pretty hard to account for these peculiarities in many cases.

J. Austin Scott.—Why do we have so many choice varieties of apples, and
how do they originate?

Prof. Beal.—Mr. Scott knows that if the seeds of a Northern Spy apple be
planted and the trees grown from them, it is a chance if a single tree will bear
fruit the same as the parent. Many of these sorts will be worthless, but there
may be some excellent ones, which if given extra care will prove to be acquisi-
tions.

J. Lannin.—How can we breed a variety to suit certain conditions? For
instance, it would be a great thing to have a good peach to follow immediately
after Hale’s. How shall we get it?

Prof. Beal.—I should take an earlier, distinct, well-marked variety and cross
with a later one, and plant the pits.

J. S. Woodward, Lockport.—Will the professor tell us if in his opinion in
such a cross as he mentions, the quality of the new sort would take after the
variety from which the pollen was used?

Prof. Beal.—In this, as a good many other things, the ‘‘ doctors disagree.’’
There are instances where men have experimented with a great many plants
and reached opposite conclusions. As yet no law has been found which seems
to govern this matter.

Mr. Baldwin.—It seems to me if I were going to experiment in crossing I
would take varieties which will reproduce themselves from the pit. It occurs

WINTER MEETING, 1880. 21

to me that these sorts would have their characters more indelibly stamped.
In other words, I would breed from ‘‘ thorough-breds.”’

Prof. Beal.—I think the gentleman is correct in this. Mr. Hathaway in
Cass county has a kind of corn which has been grown for a long time on his
farm, and by selection he has secured a corn that is good to breed from. I
have been using it for this purpose.

Question.—Do you think there is any way out of the yellows difficulty in
peaches through the breeding of a more healthy kind of peaches.

Prof. Beal.—I believe the most promising way out of this scourge is through
the growing of seedlings and selection therefrom.

This discussion was cut short to give place to the topic,

HOW TO GROW APPLES FOR PROFIT.

by J. Webster Childs of Ypsilanti.

We think the time has arrived when no one, in Michigan, at least, need fail
to make a handsome profit in raising apples for the market. So much infor-
mation upon this department of farm production has within the past few years
been disseminated, both through the press, which has gathered up and given
to the reading public the views of our most experienced as well as our most
scientific pomologists, and also by the exhibitions of fruit at our county, dis-
trict and state fairs, where the results of skill and good culture are so beauti-
fully displayed, encouraging effort and exciting emulation in the beholder,
and more especially through the very able and practical discussions of our
local and State Pomological Societies and their published reports, that even
the inexperienced need make no very great mistakes, either in the selection of
varieties or in the manner of cultivating them.

In growing an orchard for profit simply, the first thing to be considered is,
what and how many varieties to plant.

The answer to the first question will depend somewhat upon the soil and
the locality, as some of our most approved and popular varieties seem to be
better adapted to some kinds of soil, and to flourish better in certain localities
than in others. Valuable information upon this point may be readily obtained
from the best fruit-growers in the vicinity where it is proposed to plant an
orchard. From a list of perhaps a dozen of the very best market varieties we
would then select not to exceed four or five, having reference in the selection
to the natural characteristics of the tree for vigorous growth, hardiness, and
prolific bearing, and to the popularity of the apples in the market in which
they would be the most likely to be offered for sale. Planting those of the
same variety in contiguous rows will not only add much to the symmetry and
beauty of the orchard (as they can be easily trained to look very much alike),
but will also add somewhat to the convenience of gathering and preparing for
market.

For the first ten years, at least, after planting, as vigorous and rapid growth
should be obtained as will be consistent with the health of the tree. In order
to accomplish this, none but the most perfect and healthy trees are desirable
for planting.

The ground where it is proposed to plant an orchard should, in all cases, be
heavily manured from the barnyard, and plowed as deeply as possible for a year
or two before setting the trees; and also under-drained, if necessary.

The spring is, I think, the preferable time for setting the trees, and I would
put them not less than thirty-six feet apart each way, except Wageners, which

22 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

if I set at all, I would put in an orchard entirely by themselves, on account of
their early and very prolific bearing, and small size of top, and I would set
them not more than twenty or twenty-four feet apart.

In setting trees it is labor well expended, and will pay, to dig the holes at
least three feet across and a foot and one half deep; then fill nearly to the
surface with top soil, as in no case would I plant the tree much, if any, deeper
than it stood in the nursery. The holes being thus dug and filled, together
with the fact of the land having been manured and plowed very deeply pre-
viously, will result in the lateral roots striking lower than they otherwise
would, thus being more out of the way of after cultivation.

On account of the great prevalence of west and southwest winds in this State,
great loss is sustained from many of the trees getting to lean to the east and
northeast, and becoming dead upon the west or southwest side,—a result almost
sure to follow through the effect, I think, of the rays of the sun striking per-
pendicularly upon the side of the tree thus exposed when the wood is frozen.
This may all be easily avoided by staking the tree for the first few years, driy-
ing the stake upon the southwest side, and confining the tree to it.

After an orchard is thus set, I would manure it from the barnyard every
second or third year, and cultivate it with some hoed crop rowed both ways,
so that the ground can be very thoroughly and often cultivated, which I con-
sider far preferable to mulching and no cultivation. By continuing this cul-
tivation during the first half of summer, a vigorous growth of the trees will
be secured in the early part of the season, and by not stirring the ground in
the last half of summer the new wood will have a better opportunity to ripen
up for winter.

In an orchard of originally healthy trees, thus carefully set, very few will be
lost by the transplanting, and thus cared for few will fail to come to maturity,
unless destroyed by accident.

A very important matter connected with making orcharding profitable is the
pruning; and while it is true, as a general rule, that the skillful orchardist
may give his trees about such shape as he pleases, still the pruning should be
done with a thorough knowledge of the natural characteristics of growth of
different varieties of trees. For instance, no well posted fruit grower should,
or will attempt to give a like shaped top to a Northern Spy and a Rhode Island
Greening. The pruning should never be done in a ‘‘hap-hazard’’ way, but
with an intelligent idea of what form of tree is desirable, and the reasons for
the same. The extremes of too compact or too open a top should be carefully
avoided. With all varieties the skillful pruner will be able to secure a hand-
some, well-rounded top, sufficiently compact to give the proper shade to both
trunk and main limbs, and at the same time sufficiently open to admit the
amount of light and air necessary to perfect the fruit of the more central por-
tions of the tree. The pruning should be commenced when the trees are set
out, and continued regularly every year as long as the orchard lasts.

At the time of transplanting, as the tree has lost so many of its roots, the
top should be cut back, and some of the branches should be entirely removed,
if it has too many, leaving such as will start a top in the desired form; and
then, by careful pruning every year, it will be a long time before anything
except the pruning knife will have to be used; and rarely will it become nec-
essary to cut off a Jimb more than an inch in diameter until the tree becomes
old, and begins to lose some of its limbs by decay. I think it is very desirable
to avoid cutting large limbs from the trees as long as possible. Judicious

WINTER MEETING, 1880. 23

pruning year by year—cutting out small branches where the same are too thick
and keeping the bodies and main limbs free from sprouts—has much to do
with the production of a greater proportion of perfect fruit, large in size and
fine in quality.

From my own experience, as well as observation, I am of the opinion that
the profits of the orchard are augmented by heading the trees low. On such
varieties as the Rhode Island Greening and some others whose branches incline
to a more lateral growth, thus giving a very spreading top, I would start the
top about four feet from the ground, while to the Northern Spy and such
varieties as naturally make a more upright growth, I would endeavor to give
not over three feet of trunk. Trees with their tops formed thus low will be
more easily kept erect, will have less of their fruit shaken off by the wind, and
the expense of gathering will be quite a per cent less than from those allowed
to grow much taller.

As to the best time in the year to trim an orchard much has been said and
written, and considerable difference of opinion and practice prevails, And
while I believe the time of trimming of less importance than the manner, still
I think that it can be most successfully and properly done when the trees are
free both from fruit and leaves, and that all things considered, perhaps no
time is better adapted to this important work than the month of March and
the first part of April.

Shall we plow and cultivate our orchards, is a question of much impor-
tance; and in reply I would say, ‘‘ Yes; but it should be done with the utmost
care.’ I think that not only young trees are far less likely to suffer and have
their growth retarded by drouth where the land is planted to a hoed crop and
often stirred with a cultivator than where it is in grass ora sowed crop, but
that also, as the trees come into bearing, we get finer fruit and more of it from
an orchard that is well fertilized and thoroughly cultivated. But as the trees
advance in size and the roots become extended, the plowing should be very shal-
low, and at no time should it be deeply plowed near the trees.

I have an orchard that has been set twenty-two years, with which I have
been very successful, and which has borne a large amount of very fine fruit,
which I have plowed and cropped’ nearly every year, and most of the trees are
stillin fine thrifty condition, making a good growth every year, and but few have
died out. As the trees have now become very large, and being headed pretty
low, it is very inconvenient to plow it, 1 have therefore seeded it to grass,
and fertilize by spreading a liberal coating of coarse manure upon the surface,
which I consider the next best way of keeping up the production of fine fruit,
and a large amount of it.

Ashes, either unleached or leached, are of great value to the orchard, and
there is little danger of using too many,—spread broadcast over the ground.

While it is evident that by very heavy and constant manuring it is possible
to stimulate a too rapid growth of the orchard, resulting probably in its being
shorter lived, still my observation has led me to conclude that where there is
one thus injured, there are scores in which more manuring and better care
would add largely to the profit to be derived from them.

No intelligent farmer would expect to get a remunerative crop of grain of
any one given kind from the same piece of ground for twenty or twenty-five
yeurs in succession, without a constant effort to keep up the fertility of the
soil; and even with such effort a rotation of crops is the far wiser course to
pursue. But with the orchard there is no chance for ‘rotation. When the

24 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

trees are once planted, it is for a generation, and year after year the same draft
is made upon the soil, only increasing as the trees grow larger, until every
square foot of the soil is filled with a net-work of roots; hence the greater
necessity that there should be regularly returned to the soil such fertilizers as
will best meet and supply the draft made upon it.

After an orchard has become so large that it is inconvenient to plow it, and
it is seeded down, I think it is better for the trees and more profitable to feed
-off what grass grows upon it than to mow it, and I know of no better way than
to pasture with hogs and calves, until the windfalls begin to be of value answer-
ing the double purpose of saving what grass there may be, and also destroying
to some extent the codling moth.

The fall growth of grass may perhaps be profitably left as a protection to
the roots of the trees against freezing in the winter.

The profit to be derived from the sale of a crop of apples well grown depends
very much upon the manner and care with which they are gathered and prepared
for the market. Ihave found a bag hung upon the left shoulder as convenient as
any thing to pick into, and after picking those that can be reached from the
ground, gather the others by means of light ladders of different lengths made
broad at the bottom and very narrow at the top. Carefully empty the apples
into baskets and from thence sort into barrels, putting in only those of first
quality, leaving the inferior ones in piles under the trees, to be afterwards
gathered up, again sorted, and the best of them, together with the most per-
fect of the dropped apples, barrelled up and marked and disposed of as second
quality fruit.

In this way the reputation of our apples can, not only be maintained, but
steadily increased, and the highest price obtained for our fruit, and much more
profit made than by mixing a few not strictly prime apples in each barrel of
first quality ones.

At what time in the fall will it be most profitable to gather our winter fruit,
is a question that will depend upon circumstances that we can neither foresee
nor control. If we pick in the last part of September and the month of
October is as warm as it was this last season, we may find it difficult to dispose
-of our apples early (if we desire to do so) at a remunerative price ; and if we keep
them for a late market, we may lose from decay, unless very great care is taken
to prevent it. On the other hand, if we delay gathering them, waiting for the
warm weather to pass by, until the middle or last of October, a sudden change
of weather and heavy frosts may very materially injure the keeping quality of
the fruit; and severe winds may shake off large quantities of it, rendering the
same comparatively worthless.

It is generally conceded that winter apples gathered as early as the middle
of September in this latitude are less liable to decay than those that remain
upon the trees a month later. At the same time they may lack something of
the fine flavor that those will possess that are more perfectly matured by
remaining longer upon the tree. On the whole, as a matter of profit, I believe
it best to commence gathering winter market apples as early as the 20th of
September, finishing such gathering if possible by the 1st of October.

Jf the early market is good and it is desired to sell at once they should be
carefully packed, the bottom head nicely set with two courses of average apples
placed with the stems down. As the barrel is being filled it should be several
times lightly shaken so that the apples may lay as compact as possible, and
when so filled the head should be very firmly pressed in so as to prevent any

WINTER MEETING, 1880. 25

shaking of the apples while being carried to market, head-lined and marked
with the name of the variety and also with the name of the grower before leay-
ing the orchard. I think the general reputation of Michigan apples for keep-
ing has suffered very materially from the fact that so large a portion of them
are drawn to market Joose in lumber wagons over our rough roads, which can-
not be done without more or less injury to the fruit. It would be far better if
all our winter market apples could be packed ‘in the orchard.

If for any reason it is desired to keep them for a late fall market, or over
winter, pack them as before except that the barrel should not be filled so full
as to need much if any pressure to put in the head. When headed up, and
without head-lining the end that has been opened, mark with the name of the
variety and place the barrels so filled at once under the trees or in some shed
or barn where they will be entirely out of the way of the sun, leaving them
there, if it is proposed to keep them for spring market, as late as they can
safely remain without freezing. When taken to the cellar they should still be
kept in as low a temperature as possible without danger of frost. If sold late
in the fall, being thus headed up they can be easily examined, and if for any
cause they are found to have decayed to any extent they should be repacked.
If not needing repacking, a few more apples may be put into each barrel, the
head properly pressed in and head-lined and they are ready for market.

I haye thus given what appears to me, judging from what experience I have
had in the matter, one of the good ways (not supposing it to be the only one)
of raising and handling apples for profit.

In closing I would say that only those who take pleasure in planting and
caring for an orchard would I advise to engage in the business of raising apples
for the market, for only such will be likely to make it profitable.

The question of the proper time to trim the apple orchard having been
brought up, Mr. Scott said that he thought the best time to trim late in the
season, as then the water sprouts were less likely to grow. He also thought it
advisable to put rails or scantling on the ground when the apples were picked
and headed up in the barrels and then turn the barrels down on the side on
them, thus giving a free circulation of air all around the barrel.

Prof. A. J. Cook, of the Agricultural College, occupied the next half hour
with an account of some of the most approved methods of

INSECT WARFARE.

The address was given in connection with blackboard drawings and an ab-
‘stract must necessarily convey a very imperfect idea of its details.

He believed in fighting most of the insect enemies of the orchard the one
thing most needed was concert of action. Insects are migratory, and if battled
in one field will seek a more peaceful domain in which to prosecute their work of
‘devastation; and they are so very prolific that even although their field may
be quite restricted they will develop in such quantities as to make a great deal
of trouble to every one.

Prof Cook here described the codling moth, its history and habits, illus-
trating with crayon the different stages of growth, and by band, tacks and
hammer the most approved method of catching the larve, all of whiel has
appeared in previous volumes of our transactions.

He said by concert of action in a neighborhood the expense of fighting the
moth would be very much lessened, as a bright boy could care for a number of
orchards, and if the neighborhood was somewhat isolated the beneficial results

26 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

would be very noticeable at once. He recommended that the State Pomologi-
eal Society stimulate exertion in this direction by offering a prize to the locality
which would do the most efficient concerted work of this kind. 'The work
should be vouched for in such a way that no mistake would be made in the
award, and he had no doubt but the result would be very satisfactory to the
society, and each neighborhood competing would receive a great deal of benefit
even if the prize was not secured.

Prof. Cook next said it was quite important that we understand how nature
was helping us in our insect warfare, and explained the work of parasites upon
potato beetles, Hessian fly, canker worm, and even upcen bark lice. He next
reviewed the history of the canker worm in Michigan, illustrating upon the
blackboard the difference between male and female, and deseribed the two
most approved methods of warfare, to wit: the sticky bands and the use of a
poison in solution. He thought the latter method the best for us to employ.
He would use London purple in solution, and apply with a force pump. He
had used Whitman’s fountain pump with good success.

The question was asked if this plan of fighting insects with liquid poison was
successful with other insects also. Prof. Cook said he had employed it very
successfully with leaf-rollers, and on the lake shore they had fought rose
chafers with it.

J. S. Woodward of Lockport, N. Y., said that he would use Paris green to
destroy the codling moth, as that was the cheapest way, and quite as effective.

Prof. Cook said that was new to him, but he saw no objection to it. He
thought, however, that there would have to be several applications during the
season. Mr. Woodward replied that one application was sufficient in all ordi-
nary cases, and said that he would apply it when the fruit was just formed.

The next subject considered was,

FERTILIZERS FOR THE ORCHARD AND FARM.

Col. F. M. Holloway opened the subject with a paper as follows:

I have been requested to prepare a paper on fertilizers,—as stated in our pro-
gramme,—what best for the orchard and what best for the farm.

The question as put implies discrimination in the use of fertilizers as between
the orchard and the farm, or in other words what would be good for one, bring-
ing the best results, would be hardly an appreciable quantity or quality for
the other. In this light we propose to treat this double subject, before this
double audience, made up of fruit-growerg and crop-producers, and with many
combining the two together.

We will, with your permission, consider the wants of the orchard first. And
by it we include the different fruit-bearing trees that are adapted to our soil
and climate, and which have been in the past or are now more or less culti-
vated. In the early raising of fruit in the State we could hardly introduce the
young stock to the soil before it would spring forth with a vigor unprecedented
to us who had been cultivators in the eastern States, and before we were pre-
pared to look for it our baskets and cellars were filled with the most beautiful,
the most luscious fruits, God’s best gift to man; and there is no doubt as to
many of Michigan’s sons being ready in the past to justify our great first
ancestors in partaking of the fruit, reasoning @ priori that it was the first
growth of a new country.

Change is written in indellible lines over the broad expanse of earth. Ani-
mate and inanimate, mineral and vegetable, all pass the ordeal alike; and the

WINTER MEETING 1880, 27

careful observer will note the rapidity of this change. The philologist and
scientist will study the forces at work, and give you the reasons therefor. The
skilled physician will carefully diagnose his case before he prescribes for the
same. In like manner should the careful horticulturist understand all the
wants of tree life before he may deal wisely with the tree itself. Close obser-
vation, careful watching, will be important factors in guiding him to action.

The mysteries of plant growth, the knowledge of the combined forces that
propel it, have been (I am sorry to say it) a sealed book to a majority of the
farmers of our land. ‘They plant and sow regardless of surroundings. Har-
yest or no harvest, it is the hand of Providence that has done it. If there is
a truth on God’s footstool that needs to be inscribed upon the door posts of
every tiller of the soil, proclaimed from the house tops the whole length and
breadth of the land, it is the one that asserts the importance and. necessity of
skilled, scientific labor in cultivation. The rules of trade, the law of supply
and demand, our individual identity, all demand of us thought; demand of us
to produce more, to produce better, and to produce cheaper than ever before.

With these preliminaries let us consider our interests in horticulture, for we
are all more or less engaged in it or some of its branches. The apple orchard
first demands our attention; are our trees as vigorous and healthy as we would
desire, as when we first planted them out, as in their early years of cultiva-
tion; if any is so favored, he is one of the few who through a train of cir-
cumstances have been favored above the mass. We may assert without suc-
cessful contradiction that a majority of the apple orchards in this part of the
State are not what they should be; either in health, which means thriftiness,
or in profit, which means fruit.

What are their wants to restore them to these two essential conditions. To
determine clearly this important question will call for knowledge that but few
of the farmers of our land are in possession of.

We of course have reference to botany or vegetable physiology, by which we
may know the forces which act upon matter in the inception and formation of
the tree, the relation that one member bears to the other to make a perfect
whole, and the wants of that whole to perpetuate life and profit. We need also
to be well versed in agricultural chemistry, that we may the better understand
the principle of assisting nature in restoring the wasted or absorbed elements
of plant growth.

I have many times wondered why it was that so many of the farmers of the
State have shown such marked hostility to our Agricultural College, instituted
for the benefit of their sons, endowed free of cost to them,—the only institu-
tion within reach where these sons could be educated, combining both theory
and practice in all of the yocations of a farmer's calling. J am glad to know
that these prejudices are dying out, and that this country is measurably free
from them.

It has been an old saying that soil counted good wheat land is fully adapted
to the apple. ‘This may be true in part and in part not true. Much depends
on the sub-stratum. ‘The one plant is an annual, the other a centennarian or
more. The one feeds from the surface mostly, the other digs deep, and with
outstretched arms cries give. Both want light and heat with sufficient and
suitable nutriment. ‘The grasping powers of the one are very contracted ; its
food must be brought nearly in contact with it, while the other in its long
reaches stands exposed to a lingering, slow death from many causes, often too
much water or hydrogen. Its roots are poisoned ; they no longer perform their
proper functions in reach for new substances on which tofeed. Gradually but

28 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

surely this poison ascends to the lungs—the leayes—and from these to the
bark, and by this returned to the root to be again impregnated. With its
channels thus impeded is it any wonder that it casts its fruit, that its leaves
grow yellow, wither and fall. In all such cases, and they are numerous, there ©
is but one fertilizer that will be efficient; that one is under-draining, deep and
efficient. Give those roots a chance to go as they please dry shod, sweeten up
the soil with a good coat of lime now and then until the wood and bark assume
their wonted vigor.

It is a fact patent to every scientific horticulturist and pomologist that many,
very many, of the orchards in the State are losing their pristine vigor and
dwindling away from other causes than drowning, some by sheer neglect or
vile treatment, but a large proportion from want of proper food. When we
go back and view the shrub in its native jungle, shaded from the parching suns
of summer and the bleakness of an arctic winter, and compare that protection
with what it gets in our latitude after undergoing the transforming process
from the native crab to what it now is, is it any wonder that its susceptibilities
have been increased. That it demands the best of care at our hands if we
expect to make it a source of profit. Does it get it? How are the majority of
orchards treated from year to year? In most cases it is plow and crop; some-
times pasture, sometimes fertilize, with little regard to the quality of soil and
less for the kind of manure used.

To treat an orchard successfully for growth and profit, commercial fertilizers
are out of the question. They would cost too much money for the doubtful
value there is in them, and were they as good as claimed their nature would be
too stimulating and short-lived. You would see its effect in the tree but not
in the fruit.

To those who believe their orchards would be ruined did they not plow them
every year we would recommend cropping with peas in preference to any other
grain, using Jiberally of plaster, two or three hundred pounds to the acre,
sowed before the seed is drilled in, and in addition thereto, if obtainable, a
good dressing of ashes (unleached much preferable), not omitting the lye wash
as often as once a year, and be sare to let the hogs do the harvesting. Con-
tinue this treatment a few years and you will find a new vigor to the tree, a
brilliant complexion to the fruit, and in size and quality you will not be dis-
appointed provided you keep all other crops off the ground.

Another and a very successful way of fertilizing an orchard for apples is, as
soon as the trees become well established and begin to bear fruit to seed down
the land and mulch the trees, not by piling a little coarse stuff around the
trunk, but by covering the ground substantially as far as the limbs extend so
thickly that but little grass will grow. As soon as this is rotted renew the
mulch, pasture with hogs or sheep, the former preferable if secured against
rooting. We consider this the preferable way to treat the orchard, giving it
yearly the indispensable dressing of ashes or the lye wash.

Treated in this way we have no complaint from the owners that their Bald-
wins are tinctured with bitter rot, their Spys scabby or specked, their Bell-
flowers and Swaars knotty and one-sided. Indeed, this method comes nearer to
the native habit of the trees than anyother. It gives no forced stimulation to
the root by extra heat from a summer’s sun, but keeps the soil moist, permea-
ble and sufficiently cool at all times, and adds value asa protection against
frosts in winter. One of the best orchards in this county for vigor of tree,
firmness of fruit and profit to the owner has been treated in this way for twen-
ty-five years. It makes a place for your ashes at forty cents a bushel that you

WINTER MEETING, 1580. 29

now sell to the soap-maker at eight cents. It makes a place for your straw-
stacks and corn-buts that you so frequently burn up to get them out of the
way, and it will make a place for those luxurient crops of rag-weed which fre-
quently spring up in pastures and on stubble-fields—provided you cut it before
it goes to seed. :

To one so disposed, abundant and cheap material may be found on the farm
for this purpose without breaking in upon the more valuable contents of the
barnyard.

THE PEAR ORCHARD.

From all we have read and our observations for the last twenty-five years,
we would treat it very much like the apple orchard in sod; we would be care-
ful to add every year, if possible, a good dressing under the tree of iron filings
or sweepings from around the blacksmith’s anvil, or the iron finisher’s bench,
the tendency of which is to thicken the sap, harden the wood, and give strength
to the fibre of the bark. Of

THE PEACH ORCHARD,

we hardly dare speak. Observation confirms our belief that it needs thorough
cultivation, and if planted closely, it is crop enough of itself for the
land it covers. That it is a heavy feeder upon the soil, there is no question ;
neither is there any question as to much greater climatic influences upon it,
than on more hardy fruits; therefore great caution should be used in fertil-
izers. In my judgment ashes, thoroughly rotted manure, iron pyrites, spent
tan-bork, and light dressings of salt are the best,—such as will give strength
to the sap and firmness to the wood without forcing an extra growth. For the

QUINCE

a well-drained subsoil with a heayy mulch of chip manure and plenty of salt.
Of the numerous

SMALL FRUITS,

we may say that each has its peculiarity,—each needs special treatment, and
the observing cultivator soon learns how to help his soil if necessary to bring
the best results. Oftener than otherwise he will find mulch profitable. The
orchard is, inshort, a field for much study. Soils vary; each variation form-
ing the foundation, suggests a different treatment. Horticulture is coeval with
the creation. The ancients had their courts of Pomona, and discussed the
best methods of raising fruit. These have not been handed down to us, there-
fore we must be content with the light and knowledge gained by experience.

We come now to consider the best fertilizers for the farm. In doing so, we
shall be brief, as we have heretofore in different ways, given our views on this
important subject; and allow us to include in the term best, any and every
thing convertible into a fertilizer that is produced on the farm, for it cannot
be supposed by any one conversant with cropping in Michigan and the small
profits derived therefrom that anybody in the business would be so hasty for
big crops as to at once resort to guano, or invest largely in the phosphates or
superphosphates at the prices asked for them. We will then consider the
question amended, and to run in this form: How shall we increase the fertil-
ity of our farms from the resources of the same? Submit this question to
twenty of the best farmers in this audience, and I haye no doubt but what we
would have twenty different answers.

It is this Yankee method of asking questions and eliciting answers that

30 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

keeps us on the highway of progress, and where one makes a failure by cling-
ing to preconceived notions or theories, a dozen perhaps will make a success of
the same thing by having that failure as a warning for them to shun.

One man would graze and feed exclusively, relying on this as a sure means—
@ very good one provided lie has land as natural for this purpose as the blue
grass regions of Kentucky. I apprehend such are scarce in Michigan. Another
would cover his farm with sheep, believing the constant tread and the richness
of their droppings will certainly produce the desired fertility. To my mind no
greater mistake could be made. ‘Their noses are so small that they drop into
every little crack; their bite so close as to take the crown from every bulb of
grass in the field before you are aware of it. This is death to every plant that
does not perpetuate itself from the joints in the root like our June grass. And
as to their droppings, highly concentrated as they are with ammonia, their best
value soon passes in thin air unless put under ground.

Another would raise corn and clover and rely on swine to do the work—a
very slow process. A man would want to begin young and live to be old before
he would get a farm, large or small, very fertile. ‘The reason for this lies in
the fact that his swine want the adaptability of converting the whole product
into fertilizers. They are masters of the corn grain and some green clover
when it has but little fertilizing power in it.

Others would discard all stock and rely on wheat and clover to do the work.
Here, too, we apprehend, is a mistake. While the two work well together
they are both subject to failure. If one fails and the other stands you have a
break in the succession which will discomfit your plans and render a part of your
work lost, and the system is so costly in labor few will adopt it if they can find
a better.

A better and more successful practice is to combine these several plans in
one, making what we call mixed farming, with a regular system of rotation
and thorough cultivation, with this one thought predominating, how much
manure may [ manufacture this year.

To carry out this thought successfully many things must be taken into con-
sideration. The barnyard and stables should be so constructed that nothing
can run to waste. ‘The supply of material should be the entire vegetable
growth of the farm, and additional if it can be obtained without robbing your
neighbor. The stock should be chosen for their ability to manufacture the
materials you have to work up, probably a percentage of each kind. You
must have cattle to handle the coarse, bulky material on hand. Your coarse
grains naturally go with it, and all should pass first to the stable, then to the
yard, and there met by the swine, who will take it in hand, turn it and return
it, mix it and manipulate it so as to make it fit for use for your corn and oat
crop. While your animals are thus working to further your purposes you will
have au eye open to the gathering of the ashes and garbage from the city or
village, worth to you doubie their cost if not too distant to haul them. Per-
haps your soil is porous and the surface uneven and you find the minute par-
ticles of decayed fibre run into a depression of the surface, forming a swamp
or marsh, making it a waste because of its adaptability to hold water. Seek
an outlet for the water and use diligence in removing these washed and made
particles back to their proper place. And last, uot least, be liberal in the use
of plaster, lime and salt. ‘These are all cheap and their value in production
is beyond question. Plaster for the barnyard to hold the ammonia and pre-
vent fire faug or burning; plaster for your clover, corn, oats, barley and peas,
put broadcast on the soil as soon as plowed, then worked in by further fitting

WINTER MEETING, 1880. al

or in drilling; plaster for your pastures, if dry land, and plaster for your
wheat, drilled in with the seed, if the soil is light or has been overcropped.

Lime on your low lands where vegetable muck abounds, if not overcharged
with water. If wet and springy you can only help them by thorough draining.
Lime on all sandy lands that show evidences of leaching.

Salt on wheat and timothy, meadows or pasture, anywhere from one to two
barrels per acre. Besides being a worm destroyer it acts directly on the
root of the plant, giving tone and increased vigor, which is carried to the stalk
and seed, making a heavier grain and an increase in quality and quantity.

It being time for recess, the discussion on fertilizers was postponed to be
taken up later in the meeting.

Thursday Afternoon Session.

The exercises of the afternoon were opened by two excellent essays, the one
by Mrs. Thomas Hutchins, on “the problem of life and how to solve it;”’
the second by Miss Emily Benedict of Litchfield on ‘‘the hand, the head, and
the heart.’? Both of the papers were listened to with a great deal of interest
by the audience and added more than their share to the success of the meeting
We regret that the topics touched upon were not such as to come within the
scope of a horticultural report.

Mr. J. 8. Woodward of Lockport, N. Y., delegate from the Western New
York Horticultural Society, next answered in the following paper the question

HOW CAN ASUPPLY OF GRAPES FORA FARMER’S HOME BE CHEAPLY
AND SUCCESSFULLY GROWN?

Nestled among the earliest recollections of my childhood, is the memory of
a picture. ‘Two strong men were bearing a staff on their shoulders, from which
depended a magnificent cluster of grapes. My mouth often watered as I gazed
on the picture, but I somehow got the impression that only in the promised
land of the blessed should we be allowed to taste such delicious fruit, and it
was with much pleasure in maturer years I learned how easily it could be grown,
—if not in such monstrous clusters, at least in equal goodness, as pictured by
the fancy of my childhood.

That your farmers have not each already a full supply, is to be explained
only that while they gaze on the beautiful fruit at the fairs or in the market,
and long for it, they, like the Israelites of old, Jack the courage, and would
rather go back to the flesh-pots than put forth the little exertion necessary to
possess it. ‘They have not yet come to realize what is their due as cultivators of
the soil and commissaries of mankind; nor are they yet aware of the enormous
loads of refreshing fruit the grape will give in payment for the little care and
labor demanded, or the value of this fruit to them and their families.

If in my attempt to answer the important question, I shall arouse their
attention and cause them to investigate, my desire will be gratified.

To secure the desirable supply, certain conditions must be observed, and
though few and simple, like all of nature’s rules, they musé¢ be heeded if we
would win success.

You would not expect to gather a crop of corn, or wheat, or any other pro-
duce, where you had not prepared the soil with great labor, and tended the
growing crop carefully and well, amid the heat of midday as well as the early
and the later dews. You would not expect a lamb, calf or colt to grow into a

32 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

valuable animal unless you take the pains to nurture and care for it three hun-
dred and sixty-five days in each year; neither must you expect to “‘ gather
grapes of thorns,’’ or to fully enjoy this great blessing unless you are willing
to give the little care and attention necessary.

The importance of the subject might justify me in pausing here to dilate
upon the medicinal qualities of the grape and its great value as a restorative
food; but I shall take it for granted that all are awake to these important
points, and I shall only endeavor to answer the question ‘‘ how a supply can be
cheaply and successfully obtained.’’

To tell how a farmer can secure a full supply is to tell how a grape grower
can obtain the best results in a vineyard, for what is good treatment for a
single vine is good treatment for a hundred or thousand. ‘To set a few vines
and let them run wild will only end in disappointment; so if my instructions
smack of the professional, remember that ‘‘ what is worth doing at all is worth
doing well.’’ In all our operations as fruit growers we should ‘‘ drink deep, or
touch not the Pierian spring;’’? but much of the attention needed to secure the
best results can be given by the wife or daughters, and be both healthful and
pleasant. :

In answering the question let us consider the necessary conditions under the
following heads: soil, situation, culture, training, varieties.

SOIL.

That your beautiful State, resting in the bosom of the great lakes, has a
soil and climate congenial to the growth of the grape, needs no other proof
than the tangled masses of wild vines that line the banks of her rivers and run
rampant over the tops of the trees. In selecting a location on the farm of
course there is a choice. ‘The grape, to show the best results, should have a
soil with more or less clay; but they do fairly well on almost any soil, af 2 is
dry. Remember the grape is nearly as sensitive as the peach to haying wet
feet. Unless your soil is naturally dry, see to it that it is made so by a few
deep surface ditches, or what is better, underdrains put deep. Vines will
do well for a few years and then gradually fail. In all such cases you will find
their roots have reached so deep into the soil as to be permanently wet, and
there is no remedy but to drain stilldeeper. A little surface moisture in the
winter or spring, or a good deal even, does them no harm providing it soon
runs off and the subsoil is porous and dry. Select a piece of dry, moderately
rich, clayey, gravelly or sandy soil, preferable in the order named.

SITUATION.

In selecting a site for your vineyard remember the grape is a child of the
sunshine. You could no more expect it to do well and be healthy, bearing
full crops of its best fruit in the best condition deprived of the sunshine than
to expect the cheeks of your daughters to be rosy, their steps elastic, and they
to be merry, bubbling over with life and spirits, deprived of the same genial
influence. A few vines placed on the south, east or west sides of your build-
ings will give a good report of themselves; but for the main supply better
place them where the vines shall have full exposure to sun and wind. Place
the rows north and south if possible so the sun shall have full effect on both
sides the vines and also on the ground, as nothing so quickly destroys fungus
and disease in plants or men as sunshine.

CULTURE.
The grape does not demand any extra treatment. As I have said before, be

WINTER MEETING, 1880. Sis)

sure the soil is naturally dry or made so; and if not as rich as good corn land,
make it so by applying well-rotted manure from the stables, and also some fine
bones and plenty of wood ashes. Set the plants an inch or two lower than they
grew in the nursery, on a deeply plowed or worked plat. Give good corn or
potato culture the first two or three years, keeping the ground entirely free
from weeds, so as to get a strong growth, suitable for full fruiting. After this,
and when the vines are in bearing, I should advise cultivating the soil well
until the middle of August each year. From that time out let the ground
alone, cutting any weeds that may grow with scythe or grass hook. This tends
to ripen the fruit earlier, and also prevents that late succulent growth of wood
that causes the vines to be so sensitive to the severe cold of winter. Late in
the fall when the leaves have mostly fallen, plow lightly towards the vines, to
cover and hold the leaves and to bury and kill any insect that may have taken
quarters among them.

TRAINING.

Here we come upon disputed ground, especially in your State, some advo-
cating stakes, some low trellises and close planting, some setting as much as
fifty feet apart, and some very high trellises. But while we know the grape
will adapt itself to almost any system of training and give very good results, I
should recommend for Concord, Hartford, Moore’s Early, Niagara, or any
of the strong growers, setting in rows north and south ten feet apart, with
vines twelve feet apart in the rows, the second year erecting a trellis that can
be made six feet high, with the lower wire not far from two feet above the
ground. The first year, put a lath or other light support close by the vine,
and train to a single stem, pinching all laterals at one leaf from the vine.
Cut this back in fall, if of good growth, to eighteen inches, and by all means
lay it down, and cover with a mound of earth, as well to prevent too hard
freezing of the young and tender roots as of the wood.

Right here we must decide on some system of training. Although there are
as many almost as grape growers, I shall describe but one, and that the one
which will require the least time to learn and the least labor to carry out in
practice; the one which the women of the household can easily execute, and
which will give the maximum of fruit with the minimum of labor.

Second spring, put two wires on trellis; let two eyes start from the top of
the cane; train one each way, pinching laterals to a single leaf each. Some
now become impatient, and want a full crop of fruit the third year, which
would be very apt to permanently enfeeble the plant. The better way is to
have patience, and prune each cane to only three eyes. The object each time
in letting three eyes remain when we want only two canes to grow, is to insure
having the two canes,

Third spring, let only two canes grow from each arm or spur. Train one to
the lower wire, and let the other take the second. Now you need not pinch
laterals, unless some one is disposed to run rampant, in which case head it off.
If the plant is a strong one, you may let each of the four canes growing the
third year bear one, two, or three clusters, which will be all the fruit prudent
to attempt this year. Your vine now should be strong enough to bear a fair
crop, aud we must prune with reference to that. Cut back the cane growing
on upper wire to three eyes again; but leave the lower cane four feet long for
fruiting.

The spring of fourth year, fill the trellis with wires; tie the long cane to

5

34 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

lower wire, training the shoots that grow from it perpendicularly, tying to upper
wires, and heading off just above the top wire. Don’t let the laterals grow
more than two leaves. Let the two canes that grow from the spur run along
the upper wires of the trellis.

In the fall of the fourth year cut the bearing vine entirely out, back to the
arm from whence it grew; cut the best cane from the spur five feet long for
bearing cane next season, and cut the other back for a spur to produce wood
for the sixth year. Thus go on each year, cutting out the bearing vine of that
year and bending down in its place the best one grown from the spur the pre-
vious year, and cutting the other to form a spur again for the next.

In the spring of each year tie the bearing cane to lower wire, and rub out all
shoots that do not show fruit buds. You may also let each shoot or cane
grown from the spurs bear fruit each year. To those who have never grown
grapes, this may seem a good deal of labor, but when you come to know just
how to do it, you will find it but very little trouble, and the fruit produced will
be fine and abundant, and you will never regret it; and remember this is part
of the price that nature requires us to pay for good fruit.

This is only one of the many systems of training, but it is the one now
mostly followed at Vine Valley in our State, and which seems to require the
least skill and patience. And I have always noticed, among those growing for
home use, the best success where they most closely follow this system; but
whatever system you adopt, be sure you do not let them overbear or grow so
rampant as to become only a mass of tangled unproductive canes. Remember
one good healthy leaf is worth a dozen half grown. ‘To produce the best results
in fruit, we must have the fullest development of healthy leaves.

VARIETIES.

The farmer don’t need to care whether a vine belongs to the Labdrusca, the
Cordifolia, the Vinifera, or any other family, so long as it gives him a bounti-
ful supply of good fruit for his family’s use. He would also prefer a bushel
of fairly good fruit to a few clusters of exquisitely flavored exotics that can
only be grown in very limited quantities by the greatest care and patience. He
has the mouths of the youngsters to fill, and when once they have tasted, their
demand is not so much the fine quality as the Jarge quantity. I do not wish to
say aught against quality, but quality is not everything. What’s the good of
quality without grapes? and every grape that is put out and recommended for
quality alone will disappoint the people. Witness the hundreds of varieties
that have been put upon the market with great pomp and high sounding names
whose chief recommendation was quality, and not one has outlived its infancy.
For farmer’s use especially, we want certainty. If he plants a grape vine he
wishes to grow grapes, and he has aright to demand them, taking the older
varieties that are well known. Luckily we have some that are fairly good in
quality and at the same time have the certainty of bearing large and regular
crops of fruit.

The first thing to be looked at in selecting a vine is its leaves. These are
more important than all else combined. It is the /eaves that take the crude
material furnished by the roots, and digesting it and holding it up to the
influence of sun and air, in their fine network of veins, prepares food for the
nourishment and growth of every part of the vine, as weil the roots and stems
as the beautiful, well ripened, melting fruit. So really the leaf is mother of
the whole plant, and we want this strong, healthy and able to withstand the

WINTER MEETING, 1880. 35

attacks of both insects and diseases. Next see that the vine is a strong grower.
But if it have large, thick and persistent leaves it can hardly fail in this
respect. See also that it fruits well and that the fruit is good.

The farmer should not fall into the common error of buying too many yarie-
ties. Two or three that are known to produce yearly and well are much better
than a dozen uncertain ones. My advice would be select first the Concord.
But, says one, ‘‘ Fuller says the ‘Delaware is the highest flavored of all native
grapes,’ while Concord is third, or at best only second rate.’’ But in answer, I
have known the Delaware year after year to produce a fine crop of fruit, to drop
every leaf just as the berries were beginning to color and before fit to eat, thus
**keeping the promise to the eye but breaking it to the taste”’ Notso the
Concord by its side. It would hold its leaves, thoroughly ripening every berry.
I know the Concord is not of the highest quality, and that we all laughed at
the award of the Greeley prize to it, but to-day it is the most popular grape
grown. In proof of this please search the transactions of your own society.
Next put Hartford Prolific. Again you are surprised and say ‘‘it drops its
fruit.’ The certainty to bear is here, with the early ripening; the dropping of
fruit depends almost entirely upon its situation and manner of training. In
those favored locations where the Delaware holds its leaves and grows fair I
would say include that. Catawba, where it will ripen, will give you fruit that,
with proper care, will keep fairly well until March. But after all each must
choose for his own locality, as not all grapes do equally well in all places, and
no advice, however good, could be followed under all circumstances. Only I
would again say, be very careful not to get too many varieties, and only those
that are sure in your neighborhood to give a good and regular supply of fruit.
As to the many new grapes just now seeking notice, among which are the
Moore’s Early, Brighton and Vergennes among the black and red; the Niagara,
Prentiss, Duchess Pocklington, Lady and Lady Washington among the white ;
I can only say it will be a wonder if nine out of ten, or at least four out of
five, do not prove, like the hundreds of others that have been heralded quite as
loudly, and whose chief merit was their goodness, that they have too much of
the foreign element, or are like the many good little children we sometimes
read about, entirely too good and too frail for earth. Yet I am glad to say
there are some that have all the constitution and vigor, with better leaves and
quality of fruit, and more certain to produce large crops than that old reliable
favorite, the Concord.

On this one point I think all societies interested in pomology should be very
careful, namely, to tell the people clearly the characteristics of each new grape
as it comes before them. Instead of classing all as hardy grapes, they should
class them as native or hybrid, so all may know what they are planting and
be prepared to treat each as it requires. Because a vine is a hybrid it is not
necessarily worthless, but it requires different treatment from a native. Some
of Rogers’ hybrids, and the Brighton even, have been fairly successful, and I
believe a large share of that success has been due to the fact that the people
were told they were hybrid, and to treat them different from pure natives.
Nor are all natiyes equally hardy and productive, as all know who grow grapes.
While some are so delicate as to tantalize us with their goodness and frailty,
others have the vigor and constitution of iron.

Being connected with a company that have one of the new white grapes in
charge, and who will in due time offer it to the public, you can hardly expect
it of me to say which are the most promising of the new grapes. ‘They are so
little known, and believing there is ample room for all good fruits, and as I

36 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

would do no injustice to any, let me only urge your representative men to yisit
each at its home, and see for themselves and report to you. They are men of
intelligence, honesty, and experience, and you can safely rely upon their judg-
ment. It would even be much better for your society to pay them for going
than to let its members take the risk of buying all untried.

In this way you can easily find out whether they are strong, healthy growers
and abundant and regular bearers of beautiful and good fruit, resisting all
attacks of insects and disease, or are weakly, of slow growth, delicate of vine
and leaf, and so subject to disease that they have to be continually doctored
and dosed to ‘keep what little life they have,’’ until a too confiding public
shall buy enough to line the pockets of the trembling owners. On their rep-
resentations you can safely rely, and your society shall haye accomplished one
of the greatest reforms needed in this age of humbug.

DISEASES AND INSECTS.

With the proper selection of varieties you should have no trouble in your
State with diseases. If you find any variety subject to their attacks, the best
remedy is the hoe, shovel, and ax; cut down, dig them out, and plant a strong
grower in their place,—heroic treatment, but quickest and most effectual—
sure to cure.

Phylloxera will give very little trouble with strong growing natives.

The steel beetle can easily be kept in check by watchfulness, catching and
killing ail you can find.

Thrips is the most troublesome of all insects, but I should think easily
handled with your remedy of tarred paper.

Birds.—What shall I say of birds? Raise enough grapes for them and you;
but if you find them so bad you must needs kill, remember they are your friends,
and kill as few and kill them as easily as possible. But when the white grape
comes, as come it will, as hardy, strong, and productive as Concord, by all means
place that first on the list and set it largely, for birds have never yet troubled the
white grapes, and I doubt if they ever will, and we shall thus be rid of the ne-
cessity of killing our best friends.

In conclusion let me urge farmers, and all others who haye ground, to plant
grapes. Select suitable varieties; give them the modicum of care, culture
and training, and each autumn they will reward your efforts and bless you
with such abundant crops of beautiful, refreshing, health-giving fruit, ripen-
ing and mellowing in the autumn sun, as you haye never dreamed of; that
shall make glad the hearts of your whole family, and shall be worth more in
preserving and restoring health than all the medicine in the universe, and how
much more agreeable to take.

Standing by the vine, bending ’neath its load,
Tasting of the fruit, melting, sweet and good;
Seeing the children, dancing with delight,
Feasting on the grapes morning, noon and night,
You will not regret your time, care or labor,

And ought not forget your friend or your neighbor,
Nor should you neglect the thanks that are due

The giver of good who gave them to you.

In continuance of the discussion of the grape question a letter was read from
Mr. Edward Bradfield, of Ada, Kent county, Michigan, who, regretting . his
inability to be present and take a part in the discussion, sent a communication.

WINTER MEETING, 1850. 3%

MR. BRADFIELD’S OPINION.

ApA, February 9th, 1880.

‘‘How can a supply of grapes for a farmer’s home be cheaply grown?’
This is an important question, and for myself quite a difficult one to answer
intelligently without a blackboard. Ignoring quality of fruit, neatness, etc,
I shall confine myself to the two points in the question, cheapness and supply.
It is amusing to hear persons who can do almost anything else say “I am very
fond of grapes, but I don’t know how to grow them.’’ As there is sometimes
more truth than poetry in this remark, and to show how not to grow grapes, I
will state two or three facts. Some fourteen years ago I induced one of those
persons to try. He bought half a dozen vines, costing him $d; after the
ground was fitted the writer planted them and told him how to treat them,
and to keep them as clean as he would a hill of corn. They all started well,
and two years after, when my vines planted at the same time were bearing a
light first crop of grapes, I visited him and inquired about the vines. He said
he guessed they were all right, but had not seen them lately. We went out to
where they were planted, and he began kicking away the weeds, which were
about two or three feet high. After searching for some time he asked with
amazement, “ Was it not about here where the vines were planted?” adding, “I
told you I didn’t know how to grow grapes.’’ Was his failure a want of
knowledge, or for not practicing what he knew?

Another planted $8 worth where the turkeys and chickens could have access
to them. He was told he must keep them away. ‘‘ Yes, he would,’ but in
the fall there was not a vine left.

A recent case.—A party planted a lot of cuttings three years ago. Most of
them grew, and from occasional letters I inferred he would have a supply of
grapes the coming season. Going into the garden while on a visit there this
fall, I could see no grape vines; corn, cabbage, potatoes, etc., had been kept
clean. Past experience induced me to go to a large bed of weeds from three to
four feet high; walking around the outside and peering in, not a vine was to
be seen. On asking the lady of the house where the grape vines were, she
referred me to the bed of weeds. There are none there, I said. She rather
indignantly replied, “I know I saw one or two there before the weeds got so
high.” How soon will such people have a supply of grapes? The question is,
how can it be done?

Prepare the ground by spreading a good coat of rotten stable manure on the
surface, plow deep, and fit it as for corn. Make a trellis by setting posts eight
feet apart along the row, and standing about seven feet out of the ground;
use strips two and one-half or three inches wide and sixteen feet long. Nail
one to the post twelve to fifteen inches from the ground and another at the
top of the post, and the third one an equal distance between.

If you are a granger, join with your brothers and buy vines by the hundred. If
not, go to the nursery yourself, and buy one or more dozen as you need ; protect
their roots from the sun and wind; plant four feet apart in the rows, with the
view of taking out every alternate vine the fourth or fifth year. This will give
you twice as many grapes for two or three seasons, or until the vines intended
to be eight feet apart, about fill the trellis. Vines are cheap, and if the alter-
nate ones are thrown away at that time, they will have more than paid the
cost and trouble. Ishould plant the common hardy kinds,—Concord, Hart-
ford, some Delaware, and for a variety a few Marthas. ‘Two or three year old
vines will bear soonest. Plant carefully, but not too deep; spread the roots

38 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

out evenly, cover three to four inches deep, and if the weather is dry mulch
with rotten manure.

Time is money; hence the easiest and best method of pruning and training
for the farmer is the arm and spur. Allow but one shoot to grow the first
season, pulling off the rest when the best one is secured to a stake. Keep the
laterals or side shoots pinched off to one leaf through the season. In the fall
cut this shoot down to the top of the lowest trellis bar, bend it down on the
ground carefully and cover with earth; tie it up to the bar in the spring and
let the three upper shoots grow, treating those as the former one, by pinch-
ing off the laterals. In the fall cut the two outside shoots back to three feet
each, and the center one to the top of the middle trellis bar; bend the two
outside shoots carefully down to the top of the lower trellis bar, and fasten
them there by tying with string.

We have now two arms on the lower bar each two feet long. If they
have been handled carefully, each bud will produce a shoot two or three inches
apart. As this will be too close for the bearing canes, the under buds except
the end one, should be rubbed off after they start to grow, leaving the bearing
canes from six to eight inches apart. If any of the upper buds fail to grow,
the yacancy can be filled by a lower one. If three tiers of arms are wanted,
three shoots are grown from the upper buds of the central shoot that extends
to the top of the middle bar. These are to be treated as those were below,
and in the fall the outside ones cut back to two feet, and the center one cut off
at the upper bar. The canes on the lower arm are to be cut back to within
two buds of the arm, except the end ones, which are cut back to two feet and
laid down to complete the arm, and are to be treated as the first part was when
laid down. ‘The next pruning season there will be spurs with two canes, and
to keep those spurs short the upper cane should be cut off below its base, and
two buds left on the lower one. ‘The two arms on the lower bar are now in
what is called full bearing, having spurs producing two bearing canes each ;
and a continuation of the process above described will soon complete the arms
above. ‘The trellis will then be full, the vine will be in full bearing, and noth-
ing is required but the simple annual pruning.

There is nothing new about this system, but it has some advantages. There
is no danger from overbearing, and it can be quickly pruned. We do not haye
to stop and look to see which to cut away and which to leave. One tier of arms
fifty feet long can be pruned in half an hour with small shears. There are many
other systems of training, pruning, and caring for vines, and it is gratifying
to the writer to know that several gentlemen will be at the meeting who have
had more experience, and whose descriptive powers, with the aid of a black-
board, will leave those who hear them, and do not grow a supply of grapes,
without excuse.

I ought to have stated before, if a yine makes two or three shoots the second
season seven or eight feet long, they can be cut back to four feet and laid
down for arms, thus filling the trellis in half the time. The trellis can be
extended indefinitely, and one or two tiers of arms grown instead of three. I
think either of the former preferable where there is plenty of room.

To conclude, it is about as easy for a farmer to grow a supply of grapes as a
supply of corn, and far easier than a supply of plums. Let any farmer plant
twenty-five or fifty, two or three year old, hardy grape vines, give them the
same attention the first two years he does a row of corn after planting it and
he will haye grapes in spite of any neglect afterward. He may train the trellis,
let them run oyer a rail fence, or plant four feet apart each way and tie two

WINTER MEETING, 1580. 39:

or three canes up to stakes four or five feet high. In either case he will have:
grapes. But if he has to mow down the weeds the first and second fall after
planting to find the vines, he “‘speaks the truth and lies not’? when he says:
he can’t grow grapes.

Mr. H. B. Tucker, of Hillsdale, followed Mr. Bradfield’s letter with an essay
upon the same topic.

MR. TUCKER’S METHOD.

I am requested to state to our farmers how a supply of grapes for a farmer’s
home can be cheaply grown.

Before doing this let me ask you to take the position of a ‘‘ Tight Barnacle,”’
and learn ‘‘how not to do it.’? Don’t begin by contracting with a stranger
for vines who proposes to furnish new and yery rare varieties—possibly a late
importation of a famed old variety from California—an offspring of the big
vine which was produced by planting the whip which the Mexican woman used
in driving her cows from her old home in Mexico. When the vines come to
hand, don’t select a spot in the front yard, where the grass has been growing
for twenty or more years, and with the grub-hoe cut holes through the turf
just large enough to crowd the roots in and cover out of sight. ‘Then don’t
spend ten or twenty dollars for a nice trellis or arbor for them to run on, for
they will never run very far; so your time and money will be wasted. Nor
don’t plant them close up by the side of the garden fence, where you can’t
plow or cultivate with a horse on both sides of them. If the grape is not there
already it will be very soon, as you will always be too busy to cultivate them
with the hand hoe; so this will be little or no better than the front yard.

A good plan, and one that will be pretty sure to result satisfactorily, is to
select a place in the garden so far from the fence that they can be plowed and
cultivated each way; make the land as rich and mellow as for a good garden;
then plow one or more furrows about ten inches deep and eight feet apart.
The land being ready for the vines, go to a reliable nurseryman or vineyardist
as near home as may be, and purchase from twenty-five to fifty vines, accord-
ing to the number in the family; about three-quarters of them Concords, or
some other good hardy native variety, and the other quarter Delawares. ‘The
vines should be from two to four years old, with a good supply of small roots.
As soon as possible after removal from the nursery place them in the furrows,
about eight feet apart each way; spread the roots as much as possible, and
cover them with fine surface earth, Cultivate the ground thoroughly, keeping
it mellow and clean of weeds and grass. This should be done every year. It
is quite as difficult to raise good grapes without good, thorough culture as to
raise good corn without it.

We now have the vines in the ground with directions for the proper culture
to insure their growth.

We now come to the most important part of the whole business, which is prun-
ing. On the knowledge and proper exercise of this act depends the question
of success or failure in the production of fruit. Thousands of vines have been
purchased and set by the farmers of this county which have not produced fruit
enough to repay the purchase money. They have been set out and left to run
in what has been called a ‘‘common-sense way;’’ that is, as they could. A
good system of pruning is what is known among vineyardists as ‘‘ renewal,”
which consists of cutting away all the old canes, and raising the fruit on those
of the previous year’s growth. Before setting the vines cut away all the canes
except two, and leave two buds on each of them. The next November, or

40 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

after the leaves fall off, cut back again in the same way, leaving two canes
with two buds on each. The second fall, if the vines have made a good strong
growth, save two canes with about a dozen buds on each and three others with
two buds on each, from which canes will grow for the next year’s fruit. Up
to this time the vines have needed no stakes. In the following spring set a
stake and tie up the vines with wool twine or other suitable string. The next
or third fall save three of the largest canes, about three feet long, for fruit,
and two others with two buds on each to grow canes from for the following
year. At this pruning cut away the old canes which bore the fruit, and con-
tinue to do so each fall afterwards.

After four years of good culture and proper pruning the vines may be fully
established and capable of bearing a full crop of fruit, so that from four to six
canes, four feet long, may be saved each year to bear fruit, and they will require
two stakes to each root, one for the fruit bearing canes and one for the new
canes, which will now require to be tied up so that the land can be cultivated.
I prefer to use stakes instead of trellis. They are cheaper and allow a thorough
culture of the ground with horse and plow.

If the plan be faithfully followed any farmer may expect an abundant sup-
ply of good fruit every year.

I recommend the Concord and Delaware for the reason that they both
bear very good fruit, nearly or quite as good as any other native variety;
especially on account of the vines proving perfectly hardy in our climate. I
haye not found it necessary to cover either of them in the coldest winter, and
have not failed to get a good crop of fruit every year.

Mr. E. M. Potter of Kalamazoo followed with a short article.

MR. POTTER’S METHOD.

Iam very glad that this subject is on the list for this meeting. It is a
lamentable fact that a larger share of homes are either entirely destitute or
but poorly supplied with this health-giving fruit, so rich in its refreshing nec-
tar, its abundant supply of sugar, ablumen, starch, etc., which combine to
make it when well ripened, the par excellence of all fruits; and which can be
grown in a greater variety of soils and locations than any we can name,

No matter how small the plat of the cottager, give the vine a good foothold
and it will climb up to his chamber window, and offer him a wholesome tonic
with the dawn of the September morning. Its rich clusters will impart new
vigor when he takes his hour of rest and refreshment at mid-day, and adorn
the tea-table or side-board after the labors of the day are done.

The most common mistake is made in planting varieties which will not do
well except under the most favorable conditions, and very likely not succeed at
all in this climate. After testing fifteen or more varieties, we are ready to say
that if we were to plant only one-half dozen vines, or be confined to one vari-
ety alone, it would be the Concord. When well ripened it will suit the masses
whose tastes have not been perverted by prejudice or educated in accordance
with amateur notions. It can be cheaply put up in large jugs or stone jars for
winter use, so as to be very excellent and please the most fastidious tastes,
if one knows just how to do it.

For those who want a greater variety and will give them proper care, we
would recommend for a list of twenty-five vines the following: T'wo each of
Brighton, Delaware, Iona, Agawam and Salem, and fifteen Concord.

Select well-rooted two-year plants, and dry warm soil of moderate fertility,
but if compact, work in coal and wood ashes, old bones, and rakings from the

WINTER MEETING, 1880. 41

yard. Plant eight feet apart, and train to a stake, or wire trellis, rmmning
north and south, or if only a single row, the direction may be east and west
with vines trained upon the south side of the trellis, which is best made of
good posts set firmly twenty-four feet apart, with three fence wires stretched
horizontally two and one-half feet, four fect, and five and one-half feet from
the ground. The Concord will succeed quite well when trained on an arbor,
provided it extends north and south, and a combination of spur and cane prun-
ing be adopted. In no case should the roots be allowed to get dry during the
process of transplanting. When ready to plant, take the vine, or several of
them, in the left hand, drawing the roots partially through the hand, and cut
them all off at one stroke with a sharp knife, leaving them about six or eight
inches long, and when placed in the hole the roots should descend a little each
way from the center. Press the soil firmly about the roots, especially at the
ends where severed. Cut all the top off except the strongest or center cane,
and that to two or three buds, and when they are well started rub off all except
the strongest; or if there seems to be no difference, leave the one nearest the
ground, allowing but one cane to grow the first season. If that be strong, say
one-half inch in diameter at the base, the following November cut back to
three buds, allowing two canes to grow the second season. The next Novem-
ber cut off the strongest cane to four and one half or five feet, and the other
back to three buds, and lay down the long cane and throw on a spade full of
earth to hold it down for winter protection. The next, or third spring, after
the buds begin to swell, tie up the long cane to the stake or trellis, and allow
two new canes to grow from the spur at the base, and they also should be tied
to the trellis as they extend their growth. The next November cut back the
single bearing cane to three buds and two new canes four and a half or five
feet long and lay them down as before for winter protection. The general
principle to be adopted is to cut out the old wood and allow the new wood to
start as near the ground as possible, increasing the number of bearing canes
each year according to the strengtn of the vine. The essentials are, good
healthy vines of suitable varieties to start with, dry soil, not too rich in vegeta-
ble deposits; cultivate shallow and often during the summer months; yearly
pruning, plenty of leaves, but not too much wood; free circulation of air and
sunshine, and lots of children to eat the grapes.

Pres. Smith.—I would like to ask Mr. Woodward why my grapes did not
ripen? There was a great abundance of leaves and I cut them away a good
deal to allow the sun to reach the bunches.

Mr. Woodward.—You are a farmer and I will use a farm illustration. You
can as well expect a calf to live and thrive and mature if you cut out his
stomach as to expect grapes to grow and ripen when you remove the leaves.

Mr. Lannin.—It is all wrong to remove the leaves, but I find it necessary
oftentimes to head in the shoots that grow rampant.

Mr. Holloway.—Save the leaves but pinch in the tips of the long shoots,

Some one asked about the Croton as a grape for the farmer.

Mr. Lyon.—The Croton is a light grape of excellent quality, but the foreign
blood in it renders it liable to milldew, and it will prove very unsatisfactory as
a grape for the farmer. I wish while I am up to say that the management of
grapes in Mr. Woodward’s location or upon the lake shore will hardly do as a
model for farmers in the interior of our State, for while we have no necessity
for laying down in winter the ordinary native varieties to secure the best results,
inland this is quite necessary.

42 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
STORING WINTER APPLES.

Mr. S. W. Dorr, of Manchester, Washtenaw county, next gave an essay on
the above topic.

In speaking for a few moments briefly upon the best method of storing winter
apples, I desire to make a few suggestions in regard to the best manner of
picking, packing and handling winter fruit, as it must be apparent to all that
in order to succeed in keeping we should spare no pains in having our fruit
come into winter quarters in the very best possible condition. It matters not
so much what quantity we are able to produce in our orchards, but it is a
matter of great importance how much of the crop we have been able to secure
for future use upon our tables or for the market; or, in other words, has the
product of our orchard supplied our families with a plenty of fresh fruit five-
sixths of the year, and also materially replenished the conterts of our pocket-
books during the same length of time.

In picking, first provide yourself with nimble hands, convenient ladders,
suitable baskets, holding not over one-third of a bushel, with a bail turning
down and a wire hook attached. Ascend the ladder with the basket on the
left arm, grasp the fruit firmly, at the same time turning the hand so as to
sever it from the tree; lay it in the basket. When filled pass it to a person on
the ground to sort, making two grades—good and extra—rejecting all inferior
fruit. Fill the barrel by putting the filled basket inside, not pouring from the
top. The barrel should stand on a board and be shaken often while being
filled to obviate too severe pressing.

Expert picking and careful handling is a very important part of the process.
But the time of picking is of much more importance. In my opinion apples
should be picked as soon as fully grown. When matured the sooner severed
from the tree the better, although perhaps perfect ripening may not follow in
weeks, or even months. It is a fact worthy of notice that we as farmers allow
our fall apples to ripen on the tree and become mellow, fall to the ground,
become sunburnt or otherwise unfit for use or to be devoured by pigs. Thus,
after years of toil and care in raising a choice fruit, and when just within our
grasp, we permit it to be snatched away and come to naught. Consequently,
for the next two or three months perhaps we have no fruit fit for family
use or inviting toafriend. Yet, had this same fruit been picked at a proper
time and placed in a cool cellar we should have had a plenty of ripe apples at
Christmas. Again, our principal varieties of winter apples in this locality
usually are matured by the first of October and should be picked immediately.
Yet it often occurs that these are not gathered until after severe frosts, or even
our first falls of snow. If apples are allowed to become over ripe the tissues of
the fruit are broken down, and if such fruit comes in close proximity or con-
tact with other fruit, mark the progress of decay. specially in warm, damp
cellars does the poisonous fungus soon germinate.

Here, then, lies the great difficulty in the way of the farmer becoming a
successful orchardist. By the pressure of farm work we too often neglect to
pick our apples until one-third are on the ground, and the remaining two-
thirds are worthless, or nearly so, for keeping any length of time.

The old practice of shaking and clubbing fruit from the tree—long ago dis-
carded by all good orchardists—is unworthy of our notice; so also the practice
of carrying apples to market long distances loose in a lumber wagon proves
nearly as disastrous to the fruit, and quite as much so to the farmer’s pocket.

This brings us to notice the first clause of the question, the best method of

WINTER MEETING, 1880. 43

storing. Before heading the barrels, bring the fruit from the orchard, place
it in a store-house or shed, there to remain two or three weeks for the purpose
of passing through what is called the sweating process. Allow the doors to
remain open to admit a free circulation of air in fine weather, but close on
damp or rainy days. Here at leisure the apples may be pressed, headed,
marked, and turned down on the side to allow the pressure to become uniform
in every part of the barrel. We prefer to let them remain as late as possible
in this condition without too much risk of freezing, although the weather may
be cold, bearing in mind the fact that warmth and moisture are the only nec-
essary agents to bring forward ripening and mellowing, and produce the spores
of fungi which cause mildew and ultimate decay.

As winter approaches, the inquiry forces itself upon our minds, how can we
keep our apples in sound condition from December to May? Storing in the
ordinary manner in the farmer’s cellar, or even in a frost-proof building, does
not accomplish the purpose. The failure, undoubtedly, is in a great measure
due to the want of proper ventilation and a sufficiently low and uniform tem-
perature. For a number of years past the orchardists of our State have felt a
pressing need of a suitable store-house for winter apples, pears, and other
fruits. In seasons of great abundance, like that of ’78, when thousands of
bushels of fine fruit were left ungathered in our orchards, while every availa-
ble market was glutted with fruit, and the prices so low as to leave no profit to
the grower, we often heard it remarked by the farmer, ‘‘ Our apple orchard is
the most unprofitable part of our farm;’’ and in many cases the following
winter the axe is lain at the root of the tree, and it is no longer permitted to
encumber the ground. Yet, with all the discouraging experience of the past,
it is a well-known fact that there is always a demand in spring for good sound
apples in our large city markets, and at remunerative prices. Hence the ques-
tion, is it profitable for Hillsdale orchardists to store for spring sales? We
have it in a nut shell; I would say, ‘‘ Yes; if we have the facilities for keep-
ing them sound.’’

Various kinds of fruit houses and refrigerators have been constructed wherein
ice is used as a cooler, and chemicals for absorbing moisture. Most of these
haye proved objectionable on account of the fruit not sustaining its keeping
qualities when exposed to the air in spring, or the action of the chemicals used
materially injuring the flavor of the fruit; also, such houses have been found
too expensive to be of practical value to the farmer,

In order to preserve our fruit in the condition as near as possible as when
plucked from the tree, the principle requisite seems to be that it be placed in
air of very low temperature,—near freezing point,—with draught sufficient to
carry off surplus moisture and purify the room. The fruit may then remain
in the same condition for an indefinite length of time.

Perhaps no plan as yet has been devised whereby all the requisite conditions
are perfectly secured; yet by untiring diligence and perseverance, and the
ingenuity of man scientifically applied, we may soon hope to be able to obtain
the desired result.

Pres. Smith.—I have a thousand-barrel cellar that is adapted to the keeping
of fruit; still, my experience has been that there is more profit in the sale of
the apples soon after plucking from the tree.

J. D. Baldwin.—Apples to bring the best price must be as far removed from
the glut of other fruits as possible, and because they can be preserved, there is
profit in growing them. To get the most money out of the apple crop, there

Ad STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

must be some means of storing for spring sales. The great want now is a
method that shall eliminate the losses by decay which we are now subject to in
our ordinary cellars.

H. P. Hanford, Bristol, Indiana.—I have seen apples sold for seventy cents
a barrel,—good nice apples. One might as well give them away and have done
with it, if this is a necessity; but there is no need of this, if we will take proper
steps to save our fruit until the rush is over. JI can keep apples as well as
potatoes with as little percentage of loss,—will use no ice, but substitute strong
common sense. My house is known as a Cope house. We use lots of saw-dust,
but noice. A building suitable for this purpose can be erected for four hun-
dred dollars, large enough to store three thousand bushels,—will require no
watching, and save the apples perfectly. The plan is to save the cold air in
the building when it is warm outside, and maintain an even temperature when
it is very cold outside.

Mr. Bryan.—Almost everything depends on the time of picking. If the
apples are too ripe, or it is too warm when they are packed, no system in the
world will make good keeping fruit of them.

WN. Bogue, Batavia, N. Y.—We had no choice in weather last fall; it was
hot all the time until the fruit fell to the ground, and there was no cool place
to store our packages, so a large proportion was lost.

Mr. Dorr spoke of varieties changing. The Rhode Island Greening used to
be called a winter apple, but with him it had ahabit of maturing in the fall.

Mr. Lyon.—This depends on locality; on our west shore there is no ques-
tion but that it is a winter apple.

DISCUSSION ON FERTILIZERS.

The discussion of manures was next brought up, and this discussion was
principally confined to salt. At the request of Mr. Holloway, Mr. Cottrell
related an instance in which by mistake one ton of salt was applied to each
acre of a ten-acre wheat field which had been sown to timothy seed. This
occurred near Detroit a few years ago, and the owner expected that his wheat
and timothy were both ruined, but to his great surprise the wheat was not
injured, and the timothy grew too large to be first quality. The next year
and each year since the timothy crop has been a good one, and no manure has
been applied since.

Mr. Cottrell said he used salt among his small fruits. He said he should be
cautious about applying salt in the spring or when the ground was wet. Prof.
Beal regards salt as an excellent manure. Mr. Guild, of Saginaw, said that
there was no difference in the quality of refuse salt and good salt, only in the
dirt. Mr. Gook, of Grand Rapids, said that too much salt should not be
applied to fruit trees, although a limited quantity was perhaps noinjury. Mr.
Campbell, of Ypsilanti, said that as he understood it the salt was only benefi-
cial as it helped to liberate the manurial qualities of the soil. Mr. Satterlee
haying been called upon, stated that salt, like plaster, as he understood it,
was of little good in itself, but that it was very useful in liberating manurial
qualities from the soil.

The discussion upon this topic lasted until time to take the recess for tea, ©

and it was discussed by several others who substantially agreed with those above
quoted.

WINTER MEETING, 1880. 45
Thursday Hvening Session.

The evening session was upon an entirely new plan. It was largely of a
sociai nature, and there were short responses to topics by prominent members
of the society, friends from abroad, and citizens of Hillsdale, interspersed
with delightful music. The instrumental music was furnished by the Knights
Templar band and all of the pieces were delightfully rendered. The vocal
music was composed of charming ballads, duets, and a medley by Misses
Weir, Cutler and Allen, accompanied by Mrs. Lancaster, who presided at the
piano.

The topics and list of those who responded to them were as follows:

“Ornamental effects of woodlands left for timber,’’ James Satterlee, Green-
ville; ‘‘ Hygiene of small fruits for the farmer’s home,’? Dr. Whelan, Hills-
dale; ‘‘ Western New York, the cradle of Michigan horticulture,’ J. S.
Woodward, Lockport, N. Y.; ‘‘ Window gardening,’’ Miss Van Valkenburg ;
**Lawn making and lawn mending,’’ E. L. Koon, Hillsdale; ‘‘ Common
mistakes in fruit culture on the farm,’’ Dr. Underwood, Hillsdale; ‘‘Birds
and berries,’? H. P. Hanford, Bristol; ‘‘ Horticulture and homes,’’ the Hon.
Henry Waldron; ‘‘ Farm study of flowers and insects,’’ Prof. Beal; ‘‘ Using
surplus fruit. S. B. Mann, Adrian; ‘‘ Vegetables and health,’? E. F. Guild,
Hast Saginaw; ‘‘ Horticulture a factor in home life,”’ the Rey. V. L. Lock-
wood, Hillsdale; ‘‘ Horticultural humbugs,’’? Geo. A. Smith, president of the
agricultural society; ‘‘Apple is king in pomology,’’ Col. F. M. Holloway,
Hillsdale.

The attendance in the evening was very large, every available seat in the
hall being occupied and the new feature proved to be a decided success. Too
much credit cannot be given, however, to those who were in charge of the
music, for this was the inspiration which brought out the admirable responses
to the topics.

Friday Morning Session.

The third day’s session was opened at 9 o’clock with President Lyon: in the
chair. The attendance was large, notwithstanding the earliness of the hour.

Prayer was offered by Rey. Levi Tarr, of Hillsdale, after which the society
listened to the

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON EXHIBIT.

Your Committee on Exhibit would respectfully report as follows:

There is not so large an exhibition of fruit as we would enjoy looking over,
but the quality of that shown is very fine, and the varieties have been well kept.

Fruits are shown by the following exhibitors:

P. F. Chambard, Fulton Co., O., 7 plates apples; John Stoddard, Hillsdale,
8 plates apples; S. M. Pearsall, Grand Rapids, 1 plate apples; E. Buell, Kal-
amazoo, 4 plates apples; John Quackenbush, Hillsdale, 4 plates apples; S.
W. Dorr, Manchester, 1 plate apples; H. McCowan, Hillsdale, 1 plate apples ;
Mrs. T. Hutchins, Hillsdale, 2 plates apples; Chas. R. Coryell, Hillsdale, 6
plates apples: A. Hewett, Hillsdale, 5 plates apples; F. M. Holloway, Hills-
dale, 4 plates apples; John Chilson, Hillsdale, 14 plates apples; A. Hewett,
Hillsdale, 2 varieties potatoes; A. Dunton, Hillsdale, 3 varieties potatoes.

46 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Several varieties of corn are on exhibition, including one ear sent up from
the Indiana Horticultural Society, which contains over 1,500 kernels, said to
be the most ever grown on a single ear.

There is on the table also a bunch of Minnesota cane seed.

The flowers shown are very fine. Two plants by Mrs. T. Hutchins, and the
remainder, a beautiful exhibit, by W. Hughes, a florist of Hillsdale. The
plants are healthy and very deftly arranged for effect.

We wish also to mention a box of growing wheat, showing the germination
and growth at various depths from half an inch to eight inches, shown by Mr.
S. N. Betts of Hillsdale. It cannot fail to be of great interest to farmers.

The four plates of apples shown by Mr. Buell were Northern Spies—twenty
specimens—large and luscious of this grand old variety. It is a common
interrogation, ‘‘How does Mr. Buell succeed in getting such beautiful speci-
mens?’ J. S. WOODWARD,

EK. W. COTTRELL,
H. P. HANFORD,
Commuttee.

Report accepted and adopted.

There was now opportunity given for questions to be sent in. About thirty
were sent to the Secretary’s desk, but a few of which could be considered for
want of time.

1. Are angle worms injurious to pot plants?

Answer by Prof. Beal.—It is the safest way to keep all the animal life out
of the pots. The use of lime water is recommended to rid the soi]. of the
worms.

2. How many hours should we work in the day?

This question was answered by a number of gentlemen and one lady, the
uniyersal opinion being that farmers, and particularly farmers’ wives, take too
little recreation, put in too many hours of work, and do not generally take
care of themselves well enough.

3. What papers should we take for family reading?

Several responses. One gentleman, Mr. Campbell, believed in having the
home tables covered with recent papers, so that the family could all be sup-
plied according to their individual tastes. He thought papers a good substi-
tute for amusements that are more expensive and less lasting, that are in many
households taken away from home. Mr. Hewitt could see that in many homes
it would be impossible to have many papers, but thought it important to have
reading matter enough to post the family in the political, religious, farm and
household intelligence of the day. Some one suggested that in some of our
family papers, like the Detroit Tribune, New York Tribune, Post and World,
Rural New Yorker, and Country Gentleman we had in one paper the entire
field covered, giving in each especial importance to one feature, which could be
selected according to desire.

4, What kind of peach trees shall we plant in Hillsdale county, and how far
apart?

Answer.—Any of the leading varieties, beginning with the earliest and mak-
ing a succession, only not planting a later variety than Hill’s Chili. They
should be planted 16 feet apart.

5. What kind of apples for market?

The querist was referred to the fruit catalogue of the society for an answer.

6. Is the Crescent strawberry worthy of cultivation for market or home use,
and is the Sharpless good for market?

WINTER MEETING 1880, 4%

Answer.—Crescent is a strong grower, healthy, and is taking quite a promi-
nent place as a market sort. The Sharpless, as far as it has been tried in
Michigan, does very well, but for market is proving pretty soft. There is no
danger of its superseding the Wilson.

7%. Which is the best of the new colored grapes?

Several gentlemen of experience named the Brighton.

8. Which is the most promising of the new white grapes?

Mr. Woodward was asked to give his preference outside of the Niagara
(which was known to be his own grape), and he replied ‘‘ unquestionably the
Prentiss.’? Quite a discussion upon this topic brought out the champions for
several of the later white varieties, including the Lady.

9. What is the best evergreen for ornamental hedges, and how expensive is
it by the hundred?

Answer.—The hemlock. Good hedge plants can be purchased for $12.00
per hundred, and of small size for a good deal less.

10. Shall we grow the Russian apples in this climate for profit?

Mr. Coryell—No. We have better varieties that can be grown easily, and
why waste time on the Russians. They are, without doubt, great acquisitions
in the North and northwest, but we can do better with our climatic adyan-
tages.

Mr. Lyon mentioned the Red Astrachan, Duchess and Alexander as apples
that were types among the Russians and had been made profitable with us, but
in general agreed with Mr. Coryell.

A general discussion upon birds followed, after which Mr. Baldwin gave, by
request, the following list of peaches to plant: Alexander, Hale’s, Troth’s,
Crawford’s Karly and Late, Old Mixon, Hill’s Chili, and Smock.

The hour of adjournment having nearly arrived, the committee on resolu-
tions made the following report, which was adopted by a rising vote:

The committee on resolutions would respectfully report the following reso-
lutions, and recommend their passage :

Resolved, That the thanks of the Michigan State Pomological Society are hereby
returned to the officers and members of the Hillsdale County Agricultural Society
for their kind invitation to us to hold this our winter meeting in connection with
their farmers’ institute; for the free use of this commodious hall; for their generous
hospitality in making our society, and our many friends from a distance, their guests,
and for the constant efforts on the part of the officers of said agricultural society to
make our entire session both pleasant and profitable. ,

Resolved, That our thanks be also returned to those who have added interest to
our meeting by the exhibition of fruits and flowers and products of the farm; to the
professors of the Agricultural College, who have favored us with their presence, and
added much to the value of our session by their able scientific addresses; to the sev-
eral ladies who have furnished essays; to Mrs. Lancaster and her quartette of vocal-
ists for their acceptable rendering of several songs; to the Knights Templar Band for
their excellent music; to the representatives of the press for attendance upon our
deliberations, and so full reports of our proceedings; to the excellent hotels of Hills-
dale for their generous reduction of rates for our entertainment; to the officers of
our own society, especially to our venerable and much respected President, and our
faithful and most efficient Secretary and Treasurer, for their unceasing efforts to
build up the interests of our society, and to make all its meetings of the greatest
possible advantage to the pomological and horticultural interests of our noble State.

J. WEBSTER CHILDS,

W. N. COOK,

J. D. BALDWIN,
Committee.

The Secretary then announced that the June meeting would be held in Bat«

48 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

tle Creek, and that the new constitution would come up for final action at that
meeting.
Adjourned.

Among the prominent horticulturists present at this meeting from abroad,
were T’. T. Lyon, J. Lannin, A. D. Healy, and F. Linderman, South Haven;
W. N. Cook, 8. M. Pearsall, Chas. W. Garfield, Grand Rapids; W. H. Schuy-
ler, Chicago; 8. B. Mann, Peter Collar, and Dr. W. Owen, Adrian; Prof. W.
J. Beal, Prof. A. J. Cook, Lansing; J. D. Baldwin, J. Austin Scott, J. J.
Parshall, Ann Arbor; J. W. Childs, Robert Campbell, Ypsilanti; H. W.
Doney, W. K. Gibson, Jackson; H. F. Guild, East Saginaw; S. W. Dorr,
Manchester; Geo. D. Kies, Clinton; George Taylor, Kalamazoo; E. W. Cot-
trell, R. F. Johnstone, Detroit; Mr. and Mrs. N. Chilson, Battle Creek;
James Satterlee, Greenville; J. S. Woodward, Lockport, N. Y.; N. Bogue
and Brother, Batavia, N. Y.; H. P. Hanford, Bristol, Indiana.

The following newspapers from outside of Hillsdale were represented: Post
and Tribune, Michigan Farmer, Michigan Homestead, Saginaw Herald, Indi-
ana Farmer, Grange Visitor, Adrian Times, Rural New Yorker.

THE SUMMER MEETING.

HELD IN THE CITY OF BATTLE CREEK JUNE 16,17 AND 18. RECORD
OF DISCUSSIONS AND FULL TEXT OF LEADING PAPERS.

Early in the year a letter of invitation numerously signed, came before the
Executive Committee of the State Pomological Society from the people of
Battle Creek, cordially inviting the Society to hold its Strawberry Meeting in
their city. The invitation was accepted, and the programme announced for
the 16th, 17th and 18th of June, to open with an evening session on the first
day.

ae the afternoon previous to the opening of the meeting, quite a large
number of fruit growers gathered in and about Stewart’s Hall, and discussed
informally the horticultural promises for the year, and all agreed that never in
the history of the State had there been an indication of a greater abundance
of fruit of all kinds.

Wednesday Evening Session.

At the proper hour President Lyon took the chair and called the convention
to order. Rey. D. R. Shoope, of Hastings, Barry county, conducted appro-
priate devotional exercises, and a choir from Pennfield Grange, led by Mr.
Poole, furnished an abundance of excellent music to enliven the exercises of
the evening.

Secretary Garfield read a communication from J. S Comings, of St. Joseph,
as follows:

Chas W. Garfield, Secretary, etc.:

My Dear Sir :—Please present the following receipt for saving fruit from curcu-
lio, at your June meeting:

Two pounds of whale oil soap boiled in water enough to fully dissolve it; add
while hot, 1 pound of tar, stirring it in; mix with 15 gallons water, and with syringe
shower it over the trees thoroughly. Repeat after every rain storm.

This will save plums or peaches from the cureulio. It will also drive away the
cabbage worm and the squash bug. It is well worth trying by the plum growers of
Michigan.

I wish you would also present the following question for consideration:

In growing grapes upon wire trellises, why not let the permanent arms be trained
upon the upper wire, letting the fruit and new growth hang down, and not tie it?

This will save five to eight dollars per acre for tying, as usually done, by having
the arms upon the lower wires, and tying the new growth to the upper wires.

Yours, truly, J. S. COMINGS
«Ne p ee

50 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

President Lyon said he had little faith in any remedy for the cureulio, unless
its resultant was the death of the insect. ‘The one suggested by Mr. Comings,
perhaps, was as good as any of its class, but the immediate aim of driving off
the curculio by means of something offensive to it was not conclusive enough
in its results.

Mr. E. J. Shirts said in their country, after a good deal of experience, they
had settled down to the jarring process as the only available means of fighting
the curculio.

A member remarked jocularly: ‘‘Idid not know before that you had the
curculio in Oceana county. ‘This is the first time it has been admitted in a
meeting of our society.’’

Mr. W. A. Brown of Stevensville spoke in terms of commendation of the
plan of tying grape arms to the upper wire of the trellis, and spoke of in-
stances in which the plan had been successfuly employed in large vineyards.

A communication was read from Mr. N. A. Beecher of Flushing, Genesee
county, inquiring if it was desirable to ventilate barrels of apples intended for
market.

Mr. Baldwin, Ann Arbor—The answer to this question will depend almost
entirely upon the condition of the apples when placed in the barrels. If the
fruit has gone through with the sweating process and is packed dry, no
ventilation will be needed. If otherwise, air must be given.

A. C. Glidden, Paw Paw—Harly apples need ventilating on account of the
time of year and consequent condition of the weather. Winter apples shipped
in cool weather must be put up tight. The closer the better.

Mr. Lyon—There are two classes of winter apples that are marketed: Ist,
the Russets, which will not bear ventilation; 2d, apples like Spitzenberg,
Baldwin, Red Canada, Bellflower, etc., that will bear an open barrel, but I
have always doubted if they were any better for it.

“MORRIS RED.”

At the February meeting of the State Pomological Society held at Hills-
dale. B. W. Steere, S. B. Mann and D. G. Edmiston were appointed to name
or not, at their discretion, the apple locally known in parts of Lenawee county,
also in Fulton county, Ohio, as ‘‘Steele’s Red,” or ‘‘Steele’s Red Winter,’”
and report to the June meeting, also to the Lenawee County Farmers’ Club.

A communication was read from Mr. Steere as follows:

Chas. W. Garfield, Secretary, etc.:

My DEAR Sir:—The committee met at the office of S. B. Mann and resolved that
said apple be hereafter known as the * Morris Red,’ and that B. W. Steere be a com-
mittee of one to report action to the Farmers’ club, also to the June meeting of the
State Pomological Society, with history and description. It is very desirable that
the confusion existing in regard to the name * Steele’s Red” be cleared up, and we call
upon all who would aid in this good work to adopt the new name at once, and would
especially urge the necessity of nurserymen and dealers invariably labeling trees and
barrels: “* Morris Red.’ As I was unable to procure good specimens, an accurate
description must be deferred, but hope to send it to yourself or I’. Tl’. Lyon in time
for next catalogue. The history of Morris Red, as 1 learn it from Mr. Morris, is this:
The original tree grew—or may still grow—in Connecticut. ‘T'wo“sprouts” dug from
its roots were brought by a Mr. Childs to Madison county, N. Y., fifty or sixty years
ago, and planted near Mr. Morris’ former home. From these trees Mr. Morris brought
cions to Fulton county, Ohio, and from there to this county. He informs me that on
revisiting Madison county a few years since, he found the two trees in vigorous
health, bearing good crops, and large and strong enough to support a heavy swing
pole reaching from one to the other. Of course I cannot fully indorse an apple on
such short acquaintance, especially as to character of tree, uniform productiveness,

SUMMER MEETING, 1880. 51

and the thousand and one things that make a really valuable fruit, but may safely say
I believe it may be put on further trial with those that promise well. 1 think it as
handsome as Red Canada or Baldwin, will average as large as the latter, appears to
keep as well, and looks somewhat like it, but more closely resembles a fine colored
Hubbardston Nonsuch. In quality it will probably rate as “very good.” I still some-
times think it may prove anold named sort, but my confidence in Mr. Morris and his
straightforward story make such a supposition, to say the least, extremely doubtful.
B. W. STEERK.

The Secretary also read a letter from Prof. 8. M. Tracy, Secretary of the
Mississippi Valley Horticultural Society, concerning the autumn fair of that
association, urging Michigan to make an exhibit there.

On motion the matter was referred to the Executive Committee.

The next exercise was a paper read by Dr. D. U. Hawxhurst of Battle
Creek on

THE USE OF THE MICROSCOPE BY FRUIT GROWERS,

in which the writer took strong ground in favor of the microscope as an effi-
cient assistant to the careful fruit-grower. Several communications were also
read on this subject from other parties, some opposed and others strongly in
favor of microscopical research to aid the labors of the pomologist.

[The full text of the paper will probably be given in Secretary’s Portfolio.
—SeEc’y. ]

Following Dr. Hawxhurst’s address, the meeting adjourned.

Thursday Morning Session.

The Society convened at an early hour, and while the audience were gath-
ering, fruit-growers were called upon to report from their various localities
upon any matter of special interest.

Mr. Emmons Buell reported for Kalamazoo:

Strawberries, a good crop. The market is well supplied at from 5 cents to
Scents per quart. Raspberries and blackberries promise a good supply.
Currants and gooseberries are doing their best to supply the sharp demand for
these fruits. Grapes indicate afair crop. Cherries, sour, a good crop, especially
Harly Richmond. Sweet cherries somewhat variable. Hardly an average crop.
Napoleon, fair. Plums, where receiving proper attention, are doing well.
Peaches never looked better. Every tree is loaded with rich promises of this
luscious fruit. Apples, so far as my observation extends, indicate an average
crop. All plants, vines, bushes and trees appear to be healthy and making a
vigorous growth.

Chas. R. Coryell reported for Hillsdale:

We have apples usually when there are any, and this season we shall have a
grand crop. Peaches wherever there is a tree have set full. They are grow-
ing in some places where they were never known to before. Cherries have
blighted somewhat, and the same may be said of raspberries and pears. In
truth our pear trees are going rapidly before this fell destroyer.

Mr, W. A. Brown spoke for Berrien county:

The apple trees blossomed full, but the promise then given will not be fully
realized. ‘The crop will be below the average. Of peaches the less said for
our county the better. They are nearly gone, and many of us feel that if not
a tree were left as a prey for the yellows we would sooner reach that point
when we could grow again this luscious fruit.

or
2

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Raspberries are with us, perhaps, one third of a crop. Blackberries will
fruit heavily, and grapes were never better.

Geo. W. Bridgman, from same county, spoke of some of the difficulties that
harassed the fruit grower in their vicinity, Said he: ‘‘The rust upon our
berry vines and bushes is getting to be a terrible scourge. It is not confined
to raspberries and blackberries, but many varieties of strawberries are about
destroyed by it. I would like to propose the following questions? Does kind
of soil make any difference with rust? Does not season influence it?”’

In reply to the question, ‘‘ What variety of strawberries is most exempt from
rust in Berrien county???’ W. A. Brown said that the Crescent was the only
variety which appeared wholly free from rust, and was proving the most pro-
lific berry grown, but was not as good in quality as the Wilson, and is too soft
for Chicago market.

Van Buren reported a fair crop of apples and plums in prospect, and good
crops of strawberries and cherries; black raspberries make a poor showing ;
grapes good on high ground, but poor on low; peaches had not been damaged
so much by the curculio as usual.

The audience having gathered in, the first topic for discussion was taken up,
to wit:

GUMPTION IN HORTICULTURAL OPERATIONS.

Mr. H. Dale Adams, of Galesburg, opened the discussion by asking some
one to give a definition of gumption. He hadn’t consulted a lexicon and was
not prepared to proceed without a proper understanding of the term.

W. W. Tracy, Detroit, said he supposed that the term, in this connection,
referred to that quality of mind which would seize upon any new ideas and
contrivances that promise good results, and "practically employ them in the
business of horticulture. Asan illustration he exhibited a home-made seed
sower. It consisted of a tin tube about 4 feet long, and ? inch diameter, on
the top of which was soldered a funnel, into which the seed is dropped by the
fingers of the right hand. A small tin box, to hold the seed, is attached to
the funnel, and a brace or crutch extends from the seed box to the arm
pit. Mr. Tracy could drop seed as fast as the most elaborate drill, and was
sure of distributing the right quantity. It was not a patent implement, and
received the hearty commendation of all present.

Mr. E. M. Potter, of Kalamazoo, wanted to know of some practicable
method of destroying moles, and wished that some one would bring their
gumption to bear upon it.

Mr. Bridgman thought it a grave question whether this was a proper channel
to develop gumption in. He was not certain that moles were altogether a
nuisance.

Mr. H. Marvin, of Ovid, said moles did some injury, but more good in
catching insects, and hoped no one would even suggest a good plan of catching
them.

W. A. Brown thought ‘‘gumption’’ and close habits of observation of great
importance to fruit growers, but the causes of our most destructive diseases
remain undiscovered. The commercial interests of the fruit grower in Michi-
gan were of vast extent, and the State should employ the most eminent scien-
tists and entomologists to assist the fruit grower in learning the causes and
remedies of such inscrutable and destructive diseases as the pear blight, peach
yellows, and small fruit rust.

SUMMER MEETING, 1580. aa

W. K. Gibson defined ‘‘gumption’’ as that faculty which leads a man to seize
upon the advantages that come with emergencies. It is a power in reserve,
which some men hold more than others. He had seen this illustrated in all
phases of life, in horticulture, in marketing, as truly as in seeding and har-
vesting.

Mr. Adams now presented to the meeting a simple plan of using the garden
line, saying that many gardeners worked at a great disadvantage because they
allowed the line to be always in the way. His method was to simply draw the
line taut, and by passing the blade of a hoe over the line an impression is
made that will stand quite a storm. He exhibited the ‘‘Eureka’’ post-hole
digger, saying his use for it was in the removal of small plants like straw-
berries. He had had as good success by using this in transplanting young
strawberries as by the use of pot-grown plants. He asked for that mole trap
that his friend Potter had called for.

Mr. W. A. Brown said the most effective trap he knew of was a faithful boy
to watch and throw them out of their burrows as they traveled along. This
could be done most satifactorily in the evening or early morning.

Mr. Bridgman advocated that the mole be saved, that the strawberries
might be saved from the ravages of the May beetle and cut worm. These
pests formed the main living of the mole, and we could afford to lose a few
plants by moles and have the remainder sayed from worms.

Mr. Potter objected to Mr. Adams’ use of the hoe upon the garden line,
saying that very soon it would spoil a hoe for use. He practiced snapping the
line as the carpenter does a chalk-line.

Mr. Gibson spoke of the value of straight rows, not only as a matter of
economy, but as an indication of thrift.

Mr. I. W. Marsh, of South Haven, exhibited a whiffletree guard. This
guard is a simple but very practical device consisting of a metal strip, forming
a smooth connection with the tug and extending past the hook and end of the
whiffletrees, so as to prevent their rubbing or even touching the trees, allowing
them to slip smoothly by without injury. It is also useful to prevent whiffle-
trees from catching in fences, gates, posts, etc., or breaking over standing
corn, cane and cotton.

Mr. Jeremiah Brown, of Battle Creek, had used salt to kill cut worms upon
asparagus and strawberries with a large measure of success.

Mr. Marvin believed in salt and freezing to kill cut worms.

Mr. W. A. Brown thought it required a goodly amount of ‘‘gumption”’ to
employ salt discreetly and with the best effects. He thought we should use it
with great caution until we knew more about the results,

Mr. Bridgman argued that salt was a specific and not a general fertilizer,
and when we knew just when it was needed it would be a great aid to horti-
culture.

W. W. Tracy explained Mr. Crawford’s plan of setting out an orchard.
(This will appear in full in the secretary’s portfolio).

A general discussion ensued, which was taken part in by Messrs. Lyon,
Tracy, Baldwin and Adams, on the best method of surmounting the difficulty
of getting straight rows over a hill, following which the conyention listened to
a paper by Mr. Jeremiah Brown on

54 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
SMALL FRUITS FOR THE FARMERS’ HOMES.

My chief aim in this article will be to show how small fruits, for family use,
may be successfully grown with little care, in good garden soil. For

STRAWBERRIES,

the first and great requisite is a good, deep, rich sandy loam; if the soil is of a
clayey nature, it must be well drained, or success in growing fine large berries
must not be expected. On sandy or gravelly soil a fair crop may be obtained
in favorable seasons, but such soils are not the natural home for them, and
should be avoided if possible. The strawberry may be increased almost indef-
initely by runners. For summer planting I would advise the use of two-inch
flower pots; sink them in the ground up to the rim, fill with good soil, and lay
the end of the runner on it and place on it a small stone to keep it down; in ten
days or two weeks it will be rooted and may be transplanted at any time, even
in hot dry weather, tf properly watered and shaded. Al\l runners must be cut
off as fast as they appear, as each one will rob the plant of one fruit bud, and
as a matter of course will lessen the crop to that extent the following year.
With such management I have succeeded in raising a large crop of extra fine
berries the following year. A cheaper way is to plant last year’s runners as
early in the spring as the ground can be worked.

For garden culture, plant in rows two feet apart; set the plants at the dis-
tance of 12 inches; cut off all the blossoms and runners as fast as they appear ;
as soon as the plants begin to grow, stir the ground often, and do not suffer a
weed to grow.

In the fall, after the ground is frozen, mulch with clean straw or marsh
hay, two inches deep—more may smother the plants in a mild winter; in the
spring uncover the plants; let the mulch lay between the rows until the fruit-
ing season is over—but a better way is to take off the mulching entirely, dig
the soil over with a garden fork, but do not disturb the roots of the plants,
then replace the mulch—it will help to keep the ground cool and moist, both
very essential during flower and fruit season. Let me repeat, that the straw-
berry delights in arich, friable soil, made so by the use of manure, leaves, ashes,
and muck. A compost of these should be worked over two or three times
during the summer, and after the ground is prepared the compost may be put
on and then you are ready to plant. A good crop will be your reward if the
spring frosts do not destroy your fondest hopes.

For field culture, the rows should be three feet apart, and the plants set 12
inches apart in the row. A large part of the after work may be done with the
cultivator; in other respects the treatment should be the same as in garden
culture. For spring planting I would advise shortening the roots one-fourth ;
this will increase the number of rootlets and give vigor to the plant.

Few farmers raise the strawberry, and fewer still raise enough for a full
supply for family use. Such neglect is a burning shame, for they of all oth-
ers may and should enjoy to the fullest extent this health-giving luxury.

RED AND BLACK RASPBERRIES

succeed the strawberry, and as they add greatly to the health and pleasure of
the family, when freely used, they, too, should be grown by every farmer.
The Red Raspberry likes a cool and rather shady location and a rich soil.

SUMMER MEETING, 1880. 55

The ground should be worked early in the spring, and a heavy mulching
placed around each hill. It will be found very beneficial in a dry season.

I have found that three or four canes, for bearing fruit the following year,
are better than a greater number. When three feet high the top should be
pinched out; but, if not done at that time, it will be best to leave it until
spring, and then shorten in one-third, and the laterals also. All suckers
should be destroyed as fast as they appear.

Both the Red and Black Raspberry may be planted either in the spring or
fall; but as the buds start early, I prefer fall planting. A shovelful of ma-
nure will be advantageously placed on each plant after setting.

THE BLACK RASPBERRY,

with similar soil and treatment, will do well. In pruning, however, the canes
may be left four feet high and the laterals from twelve to sixteen inches
long.

BLACKBERRIES

require the same soil as the raspberry. Six feet apart each way is the best dis-
tance for field culture; for garden culture, four feet each way willdo. They
will stand the drouth better than the raspberries, and do not really re-
quire as rich soil. The ground should be worked up to the time of fruiting.
From three to four canes in a hill is sufficient, and when five feet high should
be headed in. The laterals should be stopped when twelve to eighteen inches
long.

‘he Lawton is, unquestionably, the best blackberry under cultivation, when
Sully ripe—possessing all the good qualities of that family. It is only half
hardy, and requires protection through the winter. For family use I prefer it.
to all others after a trial of nearly all the known varieties.

The Snyder is perfectly hardy. It has stood the severity of the weather at
twenty-six degrees below zero.

THE GRAPE

is, perhaps, the oldest fruit mentioned in ancient history (except the apple
eaten by Eve). It certainly is one of the best of all the fruits, and may well
be_classed as one of the healthiest, and no farmer should feel satisfied with his
home without a full supply for family use. With a proper selection of varie-
ties we can enjoy this delicacy eight months in the year.

The grape succeeds best in a deep, rich, warm soil, and does not like clay
even when well-drained. ‘To secure a crop each year in this locality it should
be pruned in the fall, and the vines laid down and covered with soil two or
three inches deep. I have had good success by keeping the vines down with
cord-wood.

CURRANTS

are so generally grown throughout the country that, I presume, all farmers
know, or think they know, just how to grow them. ‘The fact, however, is that
after planting, the only attention they get is the plucking of their fruit, and
I may safely say poor fruit at that. When properly pruned, manured, and the
soil worked in the spring and weeds destroyed through the summer, the fruit
will be doubled in size, and the quality will be found to be very much improved.

ob STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

In conclusion, allow me to say that farmers generally do not appreciate fully
the importance of a full supply of all small fruits for family use.

Mr. Bridgman asked if six feet was enough distance apart for blackberries?

Mr. J. Brown—Yes, ample with me.

Mr. Baldwin—Would you recommend the Lawton?

Mr. J. Brown—Yes, always for eating, where hardy. It is the best berry
ever eaten. For hardiness, with little regard to quality, the Snyder is prefer-
able.

Mr. W. A. Brown spoke highly of the Lawton as a market berry for Berrien
county.

Mr. Chilson spoke of the rust destroying the Lawton about Battle Creek.

The discussion now turned toward insects, and Mr. J. D. Baldwin, said he
had used coal-ashes about his currant bushes extensively with the best of re-
sults; he had never been troubled with the currant worm.

Mr. Guild corroborated this statement in the experience of people of his
acquaintance.

Mr. E. W. Cottrell, of Wayne county, said his currants and gooseberries had
never suffered from the worm, and he had also used ashes and salt around his
pear trees, which so far had never been troubled with the blight. His trees,
however were yet young, and that might have something to do with it.

Mr. Gibson believed there were certain elements in salt as it was made for
fertilizing purposes, that were valuable in plant growth, but hinted that in all
probability the influence of the salt was mainly in getting other elements in
shape to be used by the plant.

President Lyon announced the following committees:

On Articles Exhibited.i—W. W. Tracy and E. W. Cottrell, Detroit; Rey. D.
R. Swoop, Hastings, and G. H. La Fleur, Allegan.

On Resolutions—W. K. Gibson, Jackson; C. R. Coryell, Jonesville, and
J. D. Baldwin, Ann Arbor.

The meeting then took a recess till 1:30 P. M.

Thursday Afternoon Session.

The first paper of the afternoon was given by Mr. E. M. Potter, of Kala-
amazoo.

BOYS, BIRDS AND BERRIES.

Three Bs! What shall I say about this interesting trio? Shall I tell you
that after quite an extended observation I am fully convinced that boys are a
very important factor in the problem of human existence? They will start
out in business with less capital than any full grown man would dare venture
with, and very soon accumulate a stock in trade which the shrewdest mer-
chant of long experience could not sell in years.

Did you ever see a sharp, wide awake boy empty his pockets when trying to
make a trade? First comes a broken jack-knife, then a peg top, two fish lines,
a skate strap, a bean snapper, a bag of gravel stones, an old gun lock, a pair
of bullet molds, a box of fish hooks, a few short slate pencils, a piece of red
chalk, a circus show bill, a kite string, a dime song book, a whip lash, and
about two quarts of marbles. I once heard of a man who took a great amount
of pride in his three smart boys. The old man said they worked industriously

SUMMER MEETING, 1880. 57

in good weather, and when it rained they would borrow his jack-knife and go
out to the barn and trade that old knife among themselves until they had
made fifty cents apiece and then come and give him back his knife.

It has always been a great consolation to me to know that the greatest and
best men were once nothing but boys. And it should be a source of the
greatest encouragement to the youth that this life is full of the grandest
possibilities, and they should ever remember that the best and most useful
men that the world has ever known, started out from this same stand-point.
We can hardly realize the great change which may take place in a few years,
either in their mental or physical characteristics, while passing from youth to
manhood. We can look around us and often see persons of wonderful magni-
tude, who it seems incredible were ever held out at arm’s length as they were
admired by a fond and doting mother. But is it not asad and fearful thought
that the little innocent prattler in its mother’s arms, or the rosy-cheeked lad in
all the exuberance of youthful vigor, may yet be a curse to society, and possibly
close his worse than useless life in a felon’s cell? I believe that the surest way
to ruin a boy is to give him plenty of money and nothing to do, and my impres-
sions are that many, very many boys at school would turn out better in life if they
were kept steady at work until they could more fully appreciate and improve their
school advantages. While it may be truly said that ‘‘idleness is the mother
of crime,’’ it is also the imperative duty of parents and guardians to see that
boys haye not only proper recreation at the proper time, but also a good, moral
training to influence their thoughts and conduct. I am acquainted with a good
Christian mother who once was teaching her little boy to repeat the following:
‘* A wise son maketh a glad father.’ ‘The little fellow went about his play,
and after a little while his mother overheard him saying, ‘“‘A wise father
maketh a glad son.’”’ ‘‘A wise father maketh a glad son,’’ and my convictions

sare that this new proverb deserves a place in every parent’s heart. It is well
to encourage the children in earning money, and instruct them how to use it
in such a way as will be of some real benefit to them. Pay them the same as
you do other berry pickers, and let them buy their own school books,
articles of clothing, etc.; it teaches them to be industrious, and to rely upon
their own resources. I know aman whose acres far exceed his moral influ-
ences, who in the magnanimity and solicitude of a father’s heart, gave his only
son, a bright, intelligent boy, too much leisure, too much pocket-money, a
pony to ride to the village school, and afterwards to the ‘‘business college,’”
and how do you think he graduated? He “‘finished up’’ a short time ago in a
‘‘pet,’? just when his indulgent parents had anticipated solace and help from
him in their declining years, and I venture to say that the ‘‘end” is not yet.
Now this is not a solitary picture by any means. I presume, however, some
of you are wondering what place a dissertation of this character has in a
meeting of fruit growers.

I will tell you! Keep the youth employed about something useful, and one
of the most ready means for its accomplishment may be found in the increase
of berry plantations. When I see a boy wandering around aimlessly and
wantonly, throwing stones at every little harmless bird, I feel that the future
career of that boy is fraught with the direst consequences. Fire arms of every
description are too cheap and plenty for the good of the boys or the safety of
the community.

I cannot believe that the fruit grower and the birds should be enemies to
each other. Supposing we could not hear a robin or brown thrasher for five

oo
is 9)

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

or ten years; at the end of that time how many berries would we be glad to
give if we could only for once more listen to such a grand chorus as comes to
our ears with the dawn of every spring or summer morning?

Shall I tell you that the birds give us the greatest variety of music, can get
up the largest and best concerts on the shortest possible notice, will favor the
most promiscuous company of listeners without regard to either age, caste or
color, and no reserved seats, will begin their entertainments promptly at day-
break with their grandest songs and no diminution in the interest of the pro-
gramme until evening twilight?

Birds seem to give sweetest expressions of gratitude to their Creator, while
man alone often remains unmindful of the many blessings which come on the
wings of each new morning.

My impressions are that the birds do us more good than harm, still I give
the robin credit for being able to tell a good cherry from a bad one. ‘The other
day my little four-year-old boy came in saying that the robins scolded and
scolded him when he tried to get a few early cherries, but said he, ‘*1 guess
they want them for their ltttle baby birds,’ and he seemed perfectly recon-
ciled.

Who can compute the number of harmful insects which the birds destroy
for us every twenty-four hours, and much of this valuable service is rendered
for us long before we begin our day’s work?

Yes! I say let everybody who has even a garden patch tne berries. et.
there be enough grown for all, including the boys and birds. But the all
absorbing question and which meets us everywhere is, ‘‘What shall we plant?’
I apprehend that the most common mistake is made in planting too many
varieties.

Because some one can sell us a new and wonderful sort at a marvellous
price, it is not always that we can ‘‘go and do likewise.’’ I know some who
invested in the ‘*‘ Mexican everbearing strawberry,’’ at three (3) dollars for a
dozen plants, and yet who shrink from discussing their merits but are ever
ready to ‘‘cuss’’ the man who ‘‘sold ’em.’

I was not one of the lucky ones, but I have got a new raspberry which I
might be induced to sell at cost if they don’t ‘exceed my expectations this
season. ‘he name even is costly, but I give it to you freely with all the
attachments, ‘‘ Pride of the Cornwall,’’ ‘‘ Three for a dollar.”? I know it
has been said that the Wilson’s Albany is the ‘‘lazy man’s strawberry,’’ but I
happen to be acquainted with several who grow them, and this is all the
evidence I ever had of their laziness.

The safest way for a new planter is to inquire of fruit growers in their own
locality, regarding the best and most profitable varieties and plant only three
or four of the best and well tried sorts.

Plant new sorts sparingly. ‘Chey may do well in other localities with special
treatment and come to you well recommended, and possibly after more ex-
tended trial prove really valuable, but there are very, very few varieties of any
kind of fruit which will succeed well with such treatment as they will receive
by the masses.

Another common error is made in planting on soils destitute of the neces-
sary plant food. A soil rich in vegetable deposit, with a opie of
salt and wood-ashes, may be used to good advantage.

I will not attempt with my limited knowledge and experience to give a list
of the best and most reliable varieties, but will merely say that the most com-

SUMMER MEETING, 1880. 59

mon error is in lack of system and in attempting to do more than we can do
well.

Mrs. H. Dale Adams said she was friendly to birds in general, but no one
with her experience with cherries would take a great deal of stock in the robin
or cherry bird.

Mr. Marvin said the little yellow birds had done a great amount of mischief
for him. They evidently picked the strawberry to get the seeds, but in so
doing destroyed the pulp. He had declared war upon them.

Mr. Baldwin used to shoot birds that took his fruit, but late years had
decided that it was profitable to raise fruit for the birds as a premium on their
valuable services.

Mr. J. Brown spoke very humorously of the discussion from year to year on
the Wilson strawberry. He earnestly desired that the tastes of people could be
educated to a higher standard than the little sour Wilson, and closed with an
eulogy upon the Sharpless.

The discussion gradually drifted into a talk upon the relative merits of varie-
ties, and the Rev. Mr. Shoop took exception to the maligning of the Wilson,
saying that the majority of people would choose that berry in preference to any
other when they were full and of good size, and if it was not for the deteriora-
tion of the Wilson towards the close of the season it would be the berry for him
(the speaker) at least. Reference was made to the practice of killing birds on
the farm, and the speaker did not approve of it as they were almost a necessity,
and the amount of fruit destroyed was of small consequence to the good derived
from their services in exterminating insects.

W. A. Brown thought that several varieties might be preferable to the Wil-
son for amateur and epicure cultivation, and for village markets. ‘The grow-
ers for the Chicago market had tested every new variety, but all had been
‘found Jacking in one or more of the good qualities of the Wilson. The Wilson
was the only berry which would bear re-shipping long distances from Chicago,
and, though not so fine in flavor as some other varieties, no lover of the straw-
berry would refuse to eat strawberry short-cake made of good Wilson berries.

Mr. Jeremiah Brown stated that the Wilson berry sold for six cents in the
Battle Creek market, while he sold the Crescent seedling for eight to ten cents,
and the Sharpless for twenty cents. He did not see the use of cultivating
cheap berries.

Mr. Marvin, of Ovid, said the society was one of progress as he understood
it, and he did not intend to confine himself to the Wilson berry or any other;
he wanted a better one and intended to have it, and, in his belief, any one cul-
tivating the above mentioned berry for market would grow poor.

Mr. W. N. Cook, of Grand Rapids, wished to make a single statement in the
discussion. When he left home the Shirts was selling on the street for 125
cents per quart and the Wilson for 4c. and dc. per quart.

Mr. Shirts said all he had to say of his own berry was that after carefully
testing it along with other berries he had plowed up all the others and saved
only the Shirts for market.

Mr. Lawton.—The plane of the Wilson is a good place to start for improve-
ment. I like it, but have no prejudices in its favor. When we do get a better
berry for all purposes the Wilson will drop out. Iam waiting for the signs of
the times.

Mr. George Bridgman stated that to judge of the Wilson berry it must be
compared with berries that ripened at the same timeitdid. Could the Wilson
be placed on the market in ripest condition it would be the favorite berry in

60 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the world. But the time was coming when the people would demand a better
berry than the Wilson, and when we have to send them to Chicago and sell
them for five cents a quart, it was time to cultivate a better variety.

Mr. W. A. Brown, of Stevensville, said that in regard to berries for the
western market, no variety was as good as the Wilson. ‘There were several
thousand acres in his county in berries, and almost all were the Wilson berry.
In regard to the deterioration of the berry late in the season it was due to the
continued use of the ground year after year without replanting.

Mr. Haigh, of South Haven, asked if the Marvin, Shirts and Sharpless had
succeeded in Michigan in field culture, and was answered in the affirmative by
several gentlemen.

Mr. Bridgman said that where one man might cultivate a berry in one place
successfully some other man would fail in another place. Specimens of the
Sharpless grown in Battle Creek were compared to some grown in Berrien
county, the latter being much smaller and less perfect, in order to illustrate
the fact.

The second paper of the afternoon was by Mr. F. 8. Kedzie, of Lansing,
upon the topic,

SCIENCE IN FRUIT-CANNING AND JELLY-MAKING.

The science of to-day furnishes reasons for the operations of yesterday.
Men plowed, sowed and reaped without the slightest consideration for the con-
ditions of nitrification, the chemical reactions taking place in the germination
of the seed or the changes which occur during the ripening of the grain.

Although these reasons as furnished by science may not in every instance or
in the majority of instances assist in the successful performance of these
various operations, they show why the operation is necessary and answer ques-
tions which our ancestor may haye puzzled his brain over as he followed the
drag or hilled his potatoes.

In the topic assigned I shall endeavor to keep myself entirely on the
scientific side of the question; leaving the other side in all its practical bear-
ings to those whose education and acquirements make them at home over a hot
stove; to whom the snap of a cracking can is music, and who consider the
sizzling and smoke of ‘‘ sugar on the stove’’ as a proper oblation to the house-
hold gods.

To preserve fruit in a condition fit for the table two things ries be secured.
First, the aroma or peculiar flowing property must to a certain extent be
retained. Second, and still more important, fermentation must be prevented.
The aroma or flavor of most fruits is sufficiently retained by the sugar used in
canning, and it is upon this that we rely. Many fruits owe their palatability,
however, not to their aroma so much as to a certain fresh taste or demulcent
property which they possess. This property has never been successfully
retained by canning, as the cooking necessary for the preservation of the fruit
destroys it, as for instance canned strawberries.

Fermentation, the friend of the housewife in raising bread and making vin-
egar; her deadliest foe in souring milk and working her tomatoes put away for
the winter, has attracted the attention of chemists and microscopists more
than any other subject during the past few years. They have discovered that
fermentation can only commence in the presence of atmospheric air or the free
oxygen which it contains; that a certain degree of heat must be maintained,
and lastly and most important, the presence of an organic germ by its growth

SUMMER MEETING, 1880. 61

and development to act as the ferment. Since we know the conditions for fer-
mentation we must in our canning processes aim to destroy as completely as
possible these conditions. ‘That is, exclude the free oxygen of air and either
remove or destroy the vitality of the germs of destruction.

It is apparent that these essentials for protection against fermentation haye
been complied with by every housewife in all the successful canning that has
ever been done, and that every failure can be traced to some neglect in fulfil-
ling the conditions for preservation, such as the can leaking air, bubbles of air
held between the pieces of fruit, or the temperature of the fruit before
canning not being raised sufficiently to destroy the germs.

Science, while it has succeeded in pointing ont the causes of both success
and failure, has not given any great assistance nor improved the methods which
have been in use for years.

Many preparations have been manufactured for the preservation of fruit in
its natural state, and without the use of heat. One of these, Spear’s Pre-
gervyative Fluid, consists of one ounce of bi-sulphite of sodadissolved in a pint
of water, and sold for one dollar and a half. It is claimed that one table-
spoonful of this fluid will preserve a pint of fruit. The salt used in this solu-
tion, bi-sulphite of soda, acts in two ways—it destroys the fermentation germs
and also absorbs the free oxygen of any air which may be present in the can
and is thus converted from the bi-sulphite of soda, which is a comparatively
neutral substance, into the bi-sulphate of soda, which has a cathartic action
similar to Glauber’s-salts. A solution of boracic acid has also been used with
considerable success. ‘This material acts only on the germs, preventing their
growth and reproduction throughout the fluid.

Aside from these chemicals other methods have been used for excluding the
germs floating in the atmosphere. The white of eggs has been kept for days
in a fresh condition by placing in a bottle in which the air had previously been
heated to a temperature sufficient to destroy the germs present and then plug-
ging up the mouth of the bottle by a piece of cotton batting. The same
principle is used by housekeepers in pasting paper over the top of jelly tum-
blers and jars of jam, to prevent their moulding.

JELLY MAKING.

As the green fruit approaches maturity a certain insoluble substance which
gives to green fruit its hardness becomes by the combined action of heat, air
and light, soluble, and the fruit is then considered ripe. In the ripening of
fruits and the cooking of green and hard fruit, the conversion of the insoluble
substance into the soluble explains the peculiar softening by which fruits of
stony hardness become soft and melting, for instance peaches and pears.

If the ripening process be carried on until the fruit is over-ripe this soluble
material is converted into an acid which is not capable of being gelatinized,
being frequently the cause of trouble in making currant jelly. If the soluble
substance, which is present in ripe fruit and caused by the chemist’s pectine, be
removed from the fruit and boiled for a short time the heat converts it into
another entirely different substance which is insoluble in cold water and which
sets upon cooling into a gelatinous mass and forms ordinary fruit jelly.

In boiling this expressed juice it has been converted from a compartively
neutral substance into an acid called pectic acid. By continuing to boil this
acid it loses its gelatinous consistency, becomes soluble in water, and still more
strongly acid; it is then called perapectic acid ; boiling still more, this becomes
converted into a stronger acid still,—the metapectic acid.

62 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

It will be seen then that, aside from the necessity of having sugar present in
jelly to act as a preventive, it is also essential to counteract the taste of the acid
which has been developed in the process of coagulating the juice of the fruit, and
that by continuing to cook the jelly after the first transformation of the soluble
juice into the insoluble jelly, we convert it again into a soluble substance
which we can never again gelatinize, and also set free a still stronger acid.

Most persons in making jelly or canning fruit place the sugar in the kettle
with the fruit or juice, and then boil the whole until the fruit is ready to can
or the jelly seems ready toset. Right here a little science helps prevent this waste.
Ordinary cane sugar by the combined action of heat and a free acid is rapidly
and easily converted into grape or uncrystallizable sugar which has only 2-5ths
the sweetening properties of cane sugar. ‘To illustrate this fact, I took one
hundred parts of ripe gooseberries, placed them in a porcelain stew-pan,
added sufficient water to cover them, then placed twenty-five parts of sugar in
the dish and stewed the whole until the gooseberries were cooked. In another
dish I placed one hundred parts of the same sample of gooseberries, covered
them with an equal amount of water and stewed them an equal length of
time with the first sample, but neglected to add the sugar until the cooking
had been completed and the stew comparatively cool, when I then added
twenty-five parts of sugar to this sample. After the sugar had completely
dissolved in the second dish I analyzed both samples, and found that in the
first sample in which I had cooked the sugar with the fruit, half of the cane
sugar had been converted into grape sugar, while in the second sample where
the sugar was not added until the cooking of the fruit had been completed,
only one-tenth of the cane sugar was converted into uncrystallizable variety or
glucose ; that is in the cooking of the sugar with the fruit there was a loss in
the sweetening power of 30 per cent, while by adding the sugar at the end of
the cooking process there was a loss of only 6 per cent from the conversion of
the sugar. Another fact in this connection: by prolonged cooking of fruit
with sugar not only is there a loss of sweetening power and flavor of the fruit,
but, as already explained, the gelatinous substance is destroyed and this gela-
tinous material which serves to mask the taste of very sour fruits being
destroyed the acid of the fruit is brought out to its fullest extent.

Many varieties of the plum contain as much acid as the cherry, but from
the presence of the larger amount of the jelly-making principles in the plum,
its acidity is not so apparent as in the cherry. Let the plums be cooked for
a long time, thus destroying the gelatinous principle and the acid effect is at
once brought out. By prolonged cooking with very acid fruits cane sugar can be
converted entirely into grape sugar, involving a loss of 60 per cent of the
sweetening power.

In conclusion allow me to suggest that although experiments in regard to
the length of time necessary to cook fruit to insure its preservation, the use
of both bi-sulphite of soda and boracic acid as preservatives, are subjects upon
which little investigation has been employed, they are still subjects worthy of
attention from pomologists.

Because the topic elaborated by Mr. Kedzie was so intimately connected with
another upon the programme, discussion was withheld, and Mrs, Perry Mayo
of Marshall read an essay upon

SUMMER MEETING, 1880. 63
THE PRACTICE OF CANNING FRUIT AND MAKING JELLY.

With the era of canning fruit there came to the housewife a great luxury, and
much hard, hot work, also a good deal of anxiety.

I well remember the many questions asked as to its feasibility: “Is it pos-
sible?’ ‘‘ Fruit as good as fresh all winter?’ ‘‘ How do you do it?’ “I
want to know,’’? when some kindly soul on blessings bent would regale to
her friends of the tea party where she had eaten it, how it looked, and how it
tasted, and the manner of preparing it. Hach tea partian went home full of
the project. ‘‘John should buy her a can (you see they went carefully, for
it was quite a new thing). and she would try and see if they could not have
fresh fruit this winter. The said can was purchased, and another with it, the
man being more provident than his wife. In the putting up process one can
was broken, and in the course of a week there was a fizzing and bubbling of
the other as fermentation began, and the housewife declared ‘‘she had no
faith in the canning fruit business, for she had tried it and it was all a hoax.”’
Another neighbor tried and succeeded; and did you ever know one woman to
be outdone by another? Number one tried again and succeeded, and to-day
her shelves are filled with all manner of fruits, after its kind.

It has taken several years to bring the canning fruit process to where it is
to-day. And shall I tell you why? So few of us housekeepers understand the
simple science of our own work. Cans would break, fruit would mould and
ferment, some would be flat and insipid, and some like Hamlet’s offense, rank,
and smelt to heaven. But now quite a degree of success has been achieved.
Whether it is destined to meet with greater success in the future, time will
tell, or whether these improved patent dryers will eventually supercede it or
not, I do not know.

Fruit that is gathered for canning purposes is frequently picked before it is
matured. I think fruit should be fully ripe before it is canned, excepting
peaches and pears, and these should be just as ripe as will bear handling.
Berries of all kinds should be fully ripe, not-over ripe—passed into the first
stages of decay. ‘They should be picked just as early in the day as the dew
will allow; first, for comfort in picking; second, for success in canning.

As to the cooking, various are the ways that have been devised for this. One
way that I have found very successful, is to put the fruit in shallow pans on
the top of the stove, and only put enough in each pan that the fruit may not
crush.

Another way that I frequently try with berries, is to fill my cans full of
fruit and sugar, aud cook in the cans in kettles of hot water. This is a very
nice way, but slow and tedious, and somewhat disastrous to the cans, and quite
as much so to your temper should your cans break in the water. The best plan
I know of i3 steaming, not in a common steamer over a kettle of water, but
in one of those patent steamers sold by nearly all our hardware merchants.
These you can fill with your fruit and sugar, no water is needed, and when done
you have plenty of rich juice. Your fruit will be as whole as before cooking.
You can do a large or small quantity. It only occupies a small portion of
your stove. The fruit retains its full flavor, none passing off in the strain as
each compartment shuts tight. I think the greatest care should be exercised
in canning to have the fruit perfectly healthful. J am sure a great deal of
fruit is put upon the table that is not fit to be eaten. Fruit that has had an
inch or two of mould upon the top, or, as it is termed, has ‘‘ turned,’’ such
fruit is by no means wholesome.

64 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

I have been on the Viewing Committee at our County Fair for several years,
and in the canned fruit department. While there I had a good chance to learn
how this is done. I find most of the fruit there is not sweetened at all, and
but imperfectly cooked in order to have it keep whole, and make a good show.
Last year several cans bubbled over, and had to be removed, and on examina-
tion they were found to be not cooked at all, just put into cold water just for
the occasion. Several years ago there was vended about the country solutions
(of what I do not know), that were warranted to keep fruit without excluding
the air or sealing. I remember only one of them by name, and that -was
Spear’s Solution. I think I tasted some once that was preserved in this way,
and though the fruit was whole and well kept, still the taste of the chemicals
(for such I think it must have been) was to me very unpleasant.

I really wish there was more fruit canned, not just enough for company, but
enough that it might be put upon the table three timesin aday. Put it up
for yourselves, for your boys and your girls. I think children have a natural
craving for fruit. I have seen boys that would eat a good hearty breakfast in
the winter time, then go to the cellar, get three or four apples, eat these before
school time, then with a good generous supply of dinner, fill every pocket full
of apples, take one in each hand, and start for school with a reluctant look at
the fruit dish as though sorry they could carry no more. « Better furnish them
fruit than pay doctor’s bills; better give them the fruit than have them steal it,
for have it they will if it grows.

I wish there were more blackberries raised. You hear much in regard to
strawberries, raspberries, and grapes, but so little said in regard to blackber-
ries. You may ride for miles through this country and you will not find one
farmer in twenty that raises enough for his own use. ‘The beech and maple
lands, the home of the blackberry, are getting every year farther and farther
in the rear. To be sure along our highways you will tind a few brambles, but
not enough for a taste. I think them one of our best berries, and I am sure
in some cases of sickness they are a good medicine, and I have hardly known
a well person to refuse them. When the country was much newer than it is
now, when Battle Creek contained only as many houses as you could easily
count upon your fingers, when malaria, fever and ague, diarrhea, and such
diseases ran riot, the ripened blackberry was hailed as a panacea for all such
ills. Ihave heard my dear grandmother say that during what she termed the
“*sickly year,’’? when the squaws would bring the ripe blackberries, she always
felt that they brought healing in their luscious sweetness. Raise blackberries,
raise all kinds of berries. There is no excuse for any person who owns or
rents enough ground for what can be called a yard, in not having fruit enough
for his family.

Fill your cans, do it well, exercise the greatest care in preparing your fruit,
have plenty of it; let it not trouble you that the fire is hot and the day still
hotter. This is what brings the fruit to perfection. None of these luxuries
come to us without work, and hard work, too. If not your labor, it represents
some one’s. ‘Take care of the fruit that He who showers the rich blessings of
His love upon us has given. With a variety of all kinds of fruit in our cel-
lars, we may set a royal table all through the winter season.

Jellies! Does not the very name carry one back to childhood’s days? To
the glorious summer days when the yery skies seemed golden? When our feet
were bare and our cheeks were brown, and our hearts as light as the eider’s
down? Jellies! Who cannot taste the scrapings of the preserving kettle,
smell the aromatic breath of fruits and spices that came from mother’s kitchen?

SUMMER MEETING, 1880. 65

Jellies from the ruby currant, the pale, transparent apple to the Ethiopic
blackberry or grape? Who cannot remember the generous slice of bread with
its liberal supply of jelly that was always given us when we were good? Ihave
always thought jelly to be the combination of all that was good to eat. Fruit
and sugar blended and moulded into one very toothsome whole. All that is
not pleasant taken out, such as peelings and seeds, and only the life blood of
the fruit left. It’s beautiful to the eye and pleasant to the taste. Its very
manufacture is delightful. The straining, skimming, simmering, bubbling,
all tell of a peculiar pleasure, and when it jellies that is a pleasure known only to
the practical housewife.

The quicker the jelly is made, the lighter will be its color and the better its
flavor. The ripeness of the fruit has much to do with this. I have known
over-ripe fruit, or even ripe fruit, to persistently refuse to jelly at all. It
would be a beautiful syrup, but not a fine jelly.

Only the best sugar should be used; still I have heard old people say, to
whom making jelly was a work of fifty years ago, that better jelly was made
with maple sugar and the sun, than could now be made with granulated sugar
and the best evaporators.

I have been astonished at our county fair to see what beautiful pale jellies
could be made from our dark fruits, grapes for instance. One glass in partic-
ular that I noticed was labeled black grape jelly; it was as white as the whitest
syrup, and almost as transparent as water. On inquiring of the lady who
manufactured, she said it was made from a black grape, its proper name she
did not know, and when asked how she made it so light colored, ‘* Why,”’ said
she, ‘‘I squirted ’em.’’ She had pressed the pulp from the skin and the result
was a most beautiful transparent jelly. The word she used to tell me how it
was done was more expressive than elegant; at any rate I learned by it exactly
how she did it. Ido not know that there is any kind of fruit that will not
jelly unless it may be cherries.. I have tried them, and though I could not
make a firm jelly still the flavor was most delicious. I have known excellent
jelly to be made from dried apples, though I never tried it.

If there is one thing I am thankful for it is that my home is in Michigan.
We raise all manner of cereals and raise them to perfection. Ride now along
our country roads and you will proudly say, ‘‘ Michigan, my Michigan.”” And
in all kinds of fruits that are adapted to this climate, that are pleasant to the eye
or sweet to the taste, we run riot. Then, when the summer days are long,
when the sun, rain, and air bring us fruits of all kinds, let us take care of them.
Let us can, dry, and jelly them, that when winter comes we may carry the
most beautiful part of the summer into the frost, snow, and sleet, for fruit
speaks loudly to us of glorious summer days, bright with sun and beautiful with
birds and flowers.

Mr. E. M. Potter said many people thought grapes could not be successfully
canned, but he had done it and gave the recipe as follows:

To begin with, prepare a kettle of wax made of seven or eight parts by
weight of rosin (according to climate) and one of tallow, melted and well
mixed.

Take vive grapes, Concords are certainly the best for this purpose, pulp
them and boil the pulps until the seeds can be removed with a sieve or colan-
der. After which cook the pulps and skins together from one-half to three-
quarters of an hour, or until the skins are tender, adding sugar to suit the
taste. Use ordinary stone jars well glazed on the inside, or wide mouthed jugs.

9

66 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Fill full and then wax the top edge of the jar and stretch over it cotton sheet-
ing, tying tight by winding cord around. the jar several times about an inch
below the top. Then cover the cloth on the top completely with a thin layer
of the hot wax, and soon as cool set away in a cold dark place and they will
keep well.

For jelly the grapes should not be quite ripe.

Mr. W. A. Brown offered a resolution condemning the practice of putting
up fruits in water for exhibition at fairs. This meeting with opposition which
tended to provoke prolonged discussion the resolution was consequently with-
drawn.

The next question was led by R. Haigh, Jr., of South Haven.

ORNAMENTING COUNTRY SCHOOL GROUNDS.

It requires but little observation to convince any ove that there is much
need of improvement in the management of our country school grounds, but
I will not weary you with a tirade of reproach at the manifest neglect. We
do not come here to criticize what is bad so much as to discuss and suggest
methods of improvement.

That the subject has received careful thought and study from some of the
best minds, the abundant matter in the last report of this Society bears con-
clusive proof, and the many excellent ideas there advanced I heartily com-
mend to the consideration of all.

But it seems to me we should first consider the relation of this Society to
the subject, and its duty and work. ‘The relation and duty of the State De-
partment of Education, the duty also of local societies, and our duty as indi-
viduals.

While the main work of the Society is the advancement of the material
interests of horticulture in the State, it is also interested in whatever will ad-
vance the general welfare and the esthetic and intellectual development as
well as add to the pecuniary value.

While the ornamenting of grounds is directly a branch of horticulture be-
cause dealing with ground and plants, it may be made indirectly so an aid in
education, that the relation of the State Department of Education becomes
plainly obvious.

Local societies bear the same relation as the State Society only in a more
limited sense, and we must not forget, as individuals, we stand on the same
ground. The relationship is the same in all cases differing only in degree.
Hence it becomes our duty as individuals, as societies, and as a State, to foster
this as well as other means for our elevation, refinement and enjoyment, and
I believe the first work of this Society is the suggestion and discussion of
methods that shall tend to some practical result.

In beginning a building or the improvement of a piece of ground, the first
work is usually the removal of obstacles, but it often happens that obstacles
are found a good way below the surface and keep turning up all the time. So
in this work of the Society, we must expect to meet obstacles all the way
through.

The main obstacles in the way are the general apathy and indifference
regarding it; the ignorance as to its value and the prejudice against it by many
in authority.

Our first work, then, is to educate public sentiment; to bring the subject
before the people, and excite general interest by papers and discussions.

SUMMER MEETING, 1880. 67

This was so grandly inaugurated last year, that it needs no further mention
here, except to urge a persistent continuance.

It is just here that we invoke the aid of the State Department of Education,
and where its assistance may be almost invaluable. Our teachers need rousing
to a proper appreciation of the subject, and I appeal to them to lend their
influence. They have not lived up to their duty and privileges in this matter.

Local societies should take up the subject where the larger organizations
leave it and in the same way carry it on and spread it abroad, and lastly
individual effort should be unceasing in extending, emphasizing, and carrying
out the suggestions of the societies.

If the State Department of Education will adopt a plan whereby our teach-
ers will be instructed and stimulated ; if this Society will continue its labors in
the right way, seconded by the local societies and aided by earnest individual
effort, a weight of influence will be exerted that will be simply irresistible. It
seems to me, however, that this Society can go a step further in this matter.
I believe a well-regulated system of prizes would be of great assistance in stim-
ulating to active effort and the production of definite results. Papers and dis-
cussions serve to awaken interest, but without action no definite results are
reached. I have no detailed plan to suggest for asystem of prizes; that would
be properly the work of a committee. But I think it would be a move in the
right direction. Thomas, the doubter, has many representatives with whom
no amount of argument prevails, and almost every one is better pleased with a
practical demonstration. If we cau adopt some plan whereby one school yard
in a township will be properly ornamented, the end, so far as that section is
concerned, is practically reached. If we can give these doubters an actual
experience of the benefit and value of this sort of work, further argument will
be unnecessary.

I trust I shall not be too wearisome if I venture a word of detail in the
management of ground. All work should be done in accordance with a plan
made and adopted before any work is begun. I do not make this assertion
because making plans is part of my work, but because both observation and
experience haye taght me that best results cannot be otherwise obtained. While
I would not say a word against voluntary labor and the ornamenting of
grounds with as little outlay of money as possible, yet, I believe it a wise
economy to incur some expense. As a rule, things are valued at what they
cost, and if that is nothing, the thing is apt to be neglected, while an expense
sufficient to put the grounds into a good condition at once will be respected and
the work considered worth preserving. The plan should be made and work
Superintended by one who has some taste in that direction and who can give
the matter some thought and study. The teacher ought to have ability in
this direction.

In making a plan convenience should be first considered, after that whatever
variety is compatible with simplicity and harmony. Walks can generally be
brought from the street to the building by an easy curve, that shall not vary
from a straight line enough to materially effect the distance, and a group of
trees at the curve will make it appear necessary. Another group of trees may
partially conceal the entrance and the two groups connected by a few specimen
trees and plants. Only necessary walks should be made, and I would confine
the ornamenting mainly to the front of the lot, leaving the sides and rear for
play ground—wanting them only for shade. ‘The play ground should receive
some attention. I believe it may be made a source of instruction as much as

68 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

any part of the school. A little attention given to providing amusement here,
will solve the question, how to preserve the ornamental grounds, much better
than the attempted enforcement of such rules, though in this matter we do not
give the scholars due credit for the observance of ruies. I know in some recent
work in Grand Rapids we have all been very agreeably surprised at the readi-
ness with which the scholars accepted the new order of things, although it
deprived them of a large portion of their play ground.

One of the main objections made against this sort of work is that it will not
pay, and cannot be afforded, but considered in the right way as an influence
in mental development, to say nothing of the purifying and refining influence,
I believe it will pay largely, and should be considered a necessary expense as
much as any other part of the school.

H. Dale Adams—Land is very scarce in our county. There is so little of it
that only four or five people of my acquaintance in our immediate neighbor-
hood think that more than one-tenth of an acre can be spared for school
purposes. Here is where we must begin in the discussion of the subject of
school ground ornamentation. We must get more land to be appropriated for
school purposes. No school yard should contain less than an acre. Let this
Society send out its fiat that at least an acre of ground in each district shall be
devoted to the children, and I would like to see a great deal more. I would
enjoy haying the school yard the most attractive place in the neighborhood,
and will ever stand ready to help make it such.

J. D. Baldwin said he had offered to give evergreens to school districts that
would take the trouble to simply dig them up and transplant them, but no
applications came.

S. M. Pearsall—The children are our hope, and we live for them—certainly
we should not hesitate to grant them anything in this line that will be for
their highest good.

EK. M. Potter—When in a large number of school districts they only hold
sessions of school long enough to draw public money, we have pretty poor
material to work upon in order to secure the embellishment of the school
yard. I confess I am not very enthusiastic, notwithstanding I see the crying
need of effective work in this direction.

D. R. Shoop—I am wholly in accord with the spirit of Mr. Haigh’s paper,
and rejoice that our Society is taking hold of this matter earnestly. I should
advocate even more territory for grounds than suggested by our friend Mr.
Adams. ‘Two acres is little enough to ornament and reserve a good play
ground. Every school should have its gymnasium, and, in order to avoid
gross errors, I would have the grounds laid out by a landscape gardener, that
by and by, when the trees are grown up and the shrubbery fully developed, it
will exhibit a prophetic eye in the arrangement. I hardly think it advisable
to bring very many flowers or fruits in the yard, but let there be a wealth and
diversity of evergreens and deciduous trees and shrubs.

Geo. W. Bridgman—I wish to put in a good word for the flowers. I believe
they may be employed with excellent effect, not only for the outward adorn-
ment of the grounds but for inner embellishment of the school room, and
there is nothing that can be used in the school room with better effect to
awaken observation and develop analytic power in the young minds.

Mr. Haigh pleaded for some definite action by which there should result
some influence with the educational department of the State. :

Prof. Lawton—We cannot expect much from people who take no pains to
ornament theirown homes. Any good results in this direction must arise from

SUMMER MEETING, 1880. 69

a wholesome public opinion. We must manufacture that. I know a district
in which a very few interested people had to take advantage of a big horse race,
when a majority of tax-payers were away, to get even a decent school house.

Mrs. H. Dale Adams urged that people go home from such meetings with a
will to do something. She had a good deal of faith in the influence of eyen
one person who was thoroughly in earnest.

Prof. Holmes spoke in general terms of praise of the action the Society was

taking in this matter, and said the only way to succeed was to stick to it and

never give it up. We have rare advantages in our State for developing orna-
mental grounds, and all are living below their possibilities. The school should
be the center of public improvements and an example for private work of this
character.

Secretary Garfleid was called out and hastily ran over the history of the agi-
tation of the subject in our Society, and advocated aggressive measures in the
direction of our educators. He said not one-tenth of the teachers knew the
names of the commonest trees used in ornamenting grounds, and not one in a
hundred had a distinct idea of any proper method of ‘beautifying a school yard.
He had addressed a circular to a number of the leading educators in the State,
inquiring their opinion upon methods of adorning school grounds, and with
singular unanimity they agreed that they had no experience or opinions.

President Lyon thought that some work of education in this direction should
emanate from the Normal School. They pretend to make teachers there who
are to be models, who will build up model schools, and certainly this important
part of their instruction should not be neglected. He strongly supported the
view that aggressive measures were needed, and that we should keep the mat-
ter before the public.

On motion of H. Dale Adams a committee was selected to take the matter
into consideration and report a resolution looking toward definite action on
Friday. President named as such committee Messrs. H. Dale Adams, Gales-
burg; C. D. Lawton, Lawton; W. W. Tracy, Detroit.

The topic of

FAIRS FOR AMUSEMENT AND INSTRUCTION

was to have been led by Mr. J. P. Thompson, of the Post and Tribune, but
the serious illness of that gentleman prevented his attendance, and Mr. A. C.
Glidden was called upon for remarks.

Mr. Glidden said that in the matter of fairs we were not up to the highest
standard yet, although they were accomplishing a good work, still oftentimes
the definite object of making them instructive was often lost sight of by the
managers,

R. I. Johnstone said that the first thing to be considered was a sound finan-
cial basis. ‘The indifference of many towards horticultural displays at fairs
was deplored, and the necessity of educating the people by the same careful
display year after year suggested. The fair was particularly beneficial in view
of the opportunities for “competitive comparison in fruits, and careful con-
sideration should be given to the subject.

Mr. Tracy spoke of ex-Secretary J. P. Thompson, of Detroit, who was suf-
fering from a severe illness and unable to be present, althongh deeply inter-
ested in the welfare of the society.

Mr. R. F. Johnstone moved that in view of Mr. Thompson’s services to the
Society a memorial resolution be prepared to express the gratitude of the asso-

70 STATE POMOLOGICATL SOCIETY.

ciation, which was unanimously adopted, and a committee was appointed to
draw up the resolution, consisting of Prof. Holmes and Prof. W. W. Tracy,
of Detroit, and Mr. R. F. Johnstone. The meeting then took a recess until
R00 Pai

Thursday Evening Session.

A choir led by Prof. J. E. White opened the exercises with delightful music
and rendered a number of fine selections during the evening.

The committee to whom was referred the matter of decorating school
grounds reported as follows:

REPORT OF SCHOOL GROUND COMMITTEE. °

In view of the neglect of school grounds throughout the state, and of the
educational value of flowers, foliage, and general horticultural ornamentation,
as well also with the view to secure the increased comfort of our children, the
State Pomological Society earnestly suggests to its members, and to all good
citizens of the state, that they endeavor to awaken public attention to this
matter, and improve every reasonable opportunity to reform public sentiment
to the extent that in due time our desolate, neglected school yards shall become
places of beauty; shaded and ornamented with trees and flowers. And with
the view of securing the active labor of teachers to this subject, we invite the
attention of the officers of the University, Agricultural College, Normal
School, Superintendent of Public Instruction, State Board of Education, and
all other educational institutions, especially those engaged, wholly or in part,
in training teachers for our elementary public schools, to the important subject
of ornamenting school grounds, and respectfully ask that they codperate, and
unite their efforts with the efforts of this society, to secure public attention
to the matter, and the proper public sentiment in its favor.

C. D. Lawton,
H. Date Apams, + Committee.
W. W. Tracy, {

President Lyon was next called upon to address the society on the subject:
A FEW APPLES THAT ARE GOOD TO EAT, AND WHY.

A few days since a missive from our sometimes facetious secretary reached
me, containing certain matter, out of which, as he announced, he proposed to
evolve the programme for this meeting. Among these was the rather cabal-
istic expression placed at the head of this paper, with the accompanying
request that we would prepare a short paper to introduce tie discussion. Such
a request from this source, as we understand, is to be construed as a command,
and we, asin duty bound, sat down with Downing, Thomas, Barry, and a long
array of nurserymen’s catalogues. Commencing at the head of the alphabet-
ical list, we came first upon the noted Russian, Alexander; but as this is hardly
eatable till well cooked and seasoned, and as few of the consecutive varieties
seemed any better adapted to the requirement, it seemed necessary to start on
another tack.

Reconsidering the matter, our next thought was to select in the order of
maturing. This brought us first to consider the Karly Harvest, and to our
apprehension, it would pass muster as ‘‘ good to eat;’’ but, reflecting that some
people condemn it, and that this may be assumed as a reason for distrusting

SUMMER MEETING, 1880. am

our subject, ‘‘Why?’ We were thus brought to consider what we had
undertaken todo. We would find it comparatively easy to give a tangible
reason why an apple is or is not good for market; or why it is or is not good to
put aside for winter; or even why it is or is not good to cook; but to tell why
we consider it good, bad or indifferent to eat seems quite another matter. We
have occasionally heard our worthy secretary say he thinks a great deal of his
wife, and I doubt not he really does so, and with the best of reason; but we
doubt if he would not find himself at a Joss to give reasons why his preference
ran just in that view rather than any other. But, humor aside, our likes and
dislikes are a matter of taste or fancy rather than reason; hence the best and
only real reason we are able to give why apples are goud to eat is that we like
them; and since tastes will differ, each variety must stand or fall by the gen-
eral verdict; or rather, perhaps, by the verdict of experts. Moreover, with
the differences of individual preferences, and the varying tastes of the same
person under change of circumstances, it will hardly suffice to supply a set of
consecutive varieties, such that but one variety shall be in season at the same
time. The taste demands and should have a choice of varieties, as far as
practicable at any and all times.

Judged upon the basis thus laid down, the Early Harvest must be accepted
as one of the apples ‘‘good to eat’’—if for no other reason, because it stands
almost alone in its season; so that, for a time at least, it is that or nothing.

Carolina Red June follows the above very closely, and continues for some
time later than the preceding. It will, also, sometimes mature a few fruits in
advance of the Karly Harvest; and, were it not generally so small, imperfect
and scabby in this, its northern limit, it might very: possibly even take prece-
dence of that old favorite, to which it is decidedly superior in flavor.

Karly Strawberry, which follows closely upon the disappearance of Early
Harvest is one of the most beautiful of early amateur apples; and, although
the flesh is not very tender, its high piquant flavor and abundant juice, together
with its long continuance in season render it exceedingly desirable.

Summer Rose is nearly of the same season with the preceding; but is
quite its counterpart in both the habit of the tree, and the appearance and
quality of the fruit. It is really good enough either to look at or to eat.

Primate follows Early Harvest quite closely, and covers the entire season of
the last two. ‘Tree strong, productive and hardy, but sometimes water-cored
when overgrown. It ripens in succession. ‘The flavor is rather too mild for
some tastes, but rich and very pleasant.

Early Joe, among apples, is nearly what the Seckel is among pears, of the
standard of excellence. Much like Summer Rose in size, form and beauty of
appearance, it quite excels it in quality, texture and flavor. Its season in
Southern Michigan is early September. ‘The tree must have high culture.

If sweet apples are to haye a place in this connection, we may name the Large
Yellow Bough, which will possibly come in just before the Early Joe. It is
the best very early sweet apple although lacking productiveness.

Garden Royal follows Early Joe very closely. It is one of the ‘‘ apples that
are good to eat,’’ because all that taste it, like it. The flavor is mild but rich;
much like that of American Summer Pearmain, though possibly alittle richer.
The fruits are always perfect and very even sized ; tree small; should be better
known.

American Summer Pearmain is a mid-September apple, exceedingly beauti-
ful and excellent when perfect; and so tender and crisp that it frequently
our own conclusions; we find ourselves face to face with the latter clause of

«2 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

breaks open when falling from the tree. Fruit often scabs and cracks on old
trees.

Summer Sweet Paradise, is one of the finest of the large sweet apples; in
season during the most of September. Lacks productiveness.

Scarlet Pearmain is one of the richest and most beautiful of September
apples. Lack of productiveness is almost its only defect. No amateur’s
orchard should be without it.

Mexico is similar in season with the preceding and is fully its equal in every
gustatory quality; although, in both flavor and coloring, as unlike it as possi-
ble. Both are alike excellent, although this excels in productiveness.

Gravenstein is almost too well known to require mention. Its rich, beauti-
ful red color, and high flavor, are exceedingly taking to the observer; and it
only lacks productiveness to render it popular even as a market fruit. As it
is, it holds an intermediate place between market and amateur varieties. For
the dessert it is too acid until fully ripe.

Chenango Strawberry is one of the finest and most delicate in texture of the
larger mid-September apples; and its great beauty, juiciness and mildness give
it a high rank among even dessert apples. Although less rich, it is even
preferable to Late Strawberry.

Hawley has no superior in flavor among the very large mid-September
apples. Its exceeding delicacy of texture unfits it for marketing abroad; but
during its very short season, it can hardly be excelled as a dessert apple.

Jefferis is a medium, striped, bright colored and excellent dessert apple, for
the latter part of September and early October. Boys are unerring judges of
quality in fruits; and they award this the meed of excellence.

Jersey Sweet, as an early sweet apple, is hardly equalled by any other in
high, rich flavor.

Dyer (Pomme Royal), as an early October apple, can hardly be called very
attractive in appearance, but in consideration of its texture and high flavor, it
must be accorded very high rank as a dessert fruit.

Newtown Spitzenburgh, sometimes known as New York Vandeyere, is one of
the very finest of early and mid-winter apples, when grown in perfection; but it
often becomes scabby and imperfect on old trees.

Fall Pippin cannot yet be ignored as an amateur fruit, as nothing has yet
arisen to take its place. Among the very large fruits it still stands first in
quality; although sometimes scabby and imperfect, as well as deficient in
productiveness.

Melon has hardly an equal among the larger, early and mid-winter apples.
In beauty, delicacy of texture and excellence of flavor it is unexceptionable.

Shiawassee Beauty is ‘‘to the manor born.’? With all the beauty, delicacy
of texture, and juiciness of Fameuse, and with the same whiteness of flesh
and mild aromatic flavor, it seems to be, to a great extent, free from the
defects that so diminish the value of that old favorite.

McLellan is a very beautiful and excellent mid-winter apple, always perfect
and quite even sized. Perhaps somewhat lacking in productiveness.

Hubbardston Nonsuch, in New England, where it originated, is considered
to be one of the best of winter apples for the dessert. We know no reason
why it should not stand equally high in Michigan. In size, beauty, fairness
and flavor, it is unexceptionable.

Belmont is an exceptionally beautiful winter apple, and possesses an array
of desirable qualities seldom excelled. Although not of rich or high flavor,
very few varieties prove more generally acceptable in this respect.

SUMMER MEETING, 1880. 73

Jonathan, although not to our apprehension of superior flavor, is exceed-
ingly beautiful, with great delicacy of texture and abundantly juicy. We
fancy its quality frequently suffers from its excessive productiveness.

Westfield Seeknofurther seems to be waning in popularity, possibly from
lack of productiveness. Whetever the cause may be this is to be regretted,
since its rich, mild flavor and satisfactory general qualities render it highly
valuable as a home dessert fruit.

Northern Spy is the king of the orchard, so far as the tree is concerned, and
if by any fatality we were compelled to choose a single variety for the supply
of our own wants it would beyond doubt be this. Its chief drawback in our
climate is its excessive tardiness in coming into bearing.

Lady Apple (Pomme d’ Api) has long stood high in eastern cities as a fancy
apple, commanding very high prices. Its success in Michigan, so far as profit
is concerned, may be doubtful, but we would not be content without a tree or
two for the supply of our own table, as, for the special purpose to which it is
adapted, there seems to be in reality no proper substitute.

Pomme Gris only needs to be known to be appreciated. For the amateur it
has no superior, if indeed we have its equal in all respects.

Esopus Spitzenburgh cannot well be spared. Although comparatively unprof-
itable, every lover of the apple should give it a favored spot and strive to win
from it a supply for his own table.

Wagener is good enough to eat, if well grown, and the tree not permitted to
overbear, but both size and quality are usually injured from the excessive pro-
ductiveness of the tree.

Swaar is another of the older eastern varieties which will only succeed with us
in favorable soils and with good cultivation. When well grown it is so excel-
lent that its needs should be studied and provided for. No other variety,
whether old or new, can fully supply its place.

Lady’s Sweet has no superior as a long keeping winter sweet apple.

Paw Paw (Rubicon) when successful is really excellent, and where it does
well we consider it well worthy of being planted on a scale adequate at least to
the home want, as it keeps very late in spring. It seems to require a rich,
warm, quick soil.

Red Canada cannot be called a rich apple; but its mild, pleasant flavor,
with its abundant juice and fine aroma; as well as its ability to retain its
qualities till very late in spring, render it indispensable to the amateur.

Golden Russet has all the good qualities of the foregoing, except that it,
in-common with all russets, rapidly shrivels upon exposure to the air, but, if
put up in close packages, it retains its freshness. It has few equals in richness
of flavor, when properly kept. Few, if any others, equal it as a long keeper.

Prof. Holmes—I notice that an old favorite of mine is left out of Mr. luyon’s
list; a variety that one can eat of all day long with no injury and still haye a
keen relish for more. I refer to the Snow apple.

Mr. Lyon—Prof. Holmes may have noted that I spoke of the Shiawassee
Beauty, which has all of the good points of the Snow apple, and is not as yet
attacked with the black fungus that is so liable to disfigure the Snow.

J. D. Adams—We have too many varieties of apples for our own good. Ifa
list of ten varieties were made, we could afford to lose the rest. Our orchards
are lumbered up with useless varieties, that are neither good to eat nor to sell.

A number of gentlemen urged in reply that we could afford to haye our
family apples indefinitely extended in numbers, but market sorts were to be
placed upon a different footing—the fewer the better.

74 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. W. W. Tracy followed this discussion with an informal conversational
address as follows, upon the general topic:

PRACTICABILITY OF AESTHETIC CULTURE.

In the very beginning of the history of our race the edict was given, that
henceforth man should live by the sweat of his brow, and ever since then he
has been striving to escape it, ever trying to find some way to live without
labor. Has he succeeded? The regular click, thud, of the spinning jenny as
it moves backward and forward doing, under the guidance of a single hand,
that which formerly required an hundred, and not only that, but doing it bet-
ter than they could possibly do it; the clitter clatter of the mowing machine
as it sweeps down in a few moments broad acres that formerly required days
of most laborious toil; the busy hum of the sewing machine, heard now in
most of our homes, all answer Yes; but the weary, tired look on the faces of
the thousands of operatives who pour out of our mills at night, after their ten,
twelve or fourteen hours of labor, the hurry, the drive, the overwork of our
farmers, which is ten-fold greater than that their fathers knew, and saddest of
all, the constant demand upon the time of our wives and mothers, which so
often prevents them from doing more than barely getting acquainted with
their children, all give a far louder negative answer. And this must always
be so, for he who gave that edict was not a man that he should lie, or the son
of man that his words should come to naught; and whatever man mdght have
been, he 7s so constituted that no sooner does he by his wit or wisdom contrive
some plan by which he can do in one hour the labor that formerly required an
hundred than some new want or desire, the gratification of which seems abso-
Intely essential to his comfort springs up to demand the labor of the remain-
ing 99. The great question then is, not how to escape labor, since that is
impossible, but how to get the greatest amount of good from our labor, and
In answering it we must remember that man’s physical wants, those which he
has in common with the brutes must first be supplied, but that every man’s
labor is more than enough to secure this, and it is with this surplus labor ouly that
our question hastodo. We can scarcely do better than to look fora moment how
this labor has been expended in the past. We read in the book written by the
ancient Assyrians on their palace walls of sculptured alabaster, of a people
fierce and warlike in character,—a peopie who could make it their recorded
boast that they made piles of the ears of their captured enemies, pyramids of
their hands and mountains of their heads. Surely this cannot be said to present
a favorable picture of the esthetic culture of their times; yet in the ruins of the
cities, which after lying buried for ages are exposed by modern research, we
find so much of beauty and grace that men familiar with all the elegancies of
modern life could only exclaim in astonishment—here is yery wantonness of
ornament and beauty. Ancient Rome was so full of painting and statuary
that they tell us the modern city is built of the broken fragments of sculp-
tured marble that formed the ornaments of the ancient; and Prescott has no
more eloquent words than those in which he describes the gorgeous robes of
humming-birds’ feathers worn by the kings of the ancient Aztecs, and of the
profusion of graceful ornaments found on all their works. We are certainly
speaking within bounds when we say that if we may judge by what they
haye left us, fully one-half of all the labor of the past has been expended for
the sake of the beautiful.

But ours is an utilitarian age, and in it, among our busy, hard-working,

SUMMER MEETING, 1880. 7d

money-loving people we shall find no such foolish waste of labor merely
for the sake of appearances! Perhaps not; but I do not know that this
room is particularly ornate in character, nor that this audience is partic-
ularly overdressed, yet I am sure that were we to utterly ignore appearan-
ces, a room affording every physical comfort of this, could be built for
half the money this cost, and I know that were it not for pleasing the eye,
we could all be as warmly and comfortably clad in clothes that cost less than
half the labor put upon those we wear. Some of us know that however much
of poetry there may be in the sound of the mower whetting his scythe, in the
actual use of that implement there is little else than the most unromantic toil.
Yet, even this tool destined to be so rarely seen except in the hands of the
workman must receive its coat of brilliant paint or its gilded band. Do they
add anything to its strength or usefulness? Do they serve any purpose except
that of pleasing the eye? No; there is scarcely a thing that man uses from
his cradle to his coffin, but that a large share of the Jabor expended upon it
is for the sake of the beautiful; and it is true now as it always has been, that
fully one-half of all man’s labor beyond that necessary for his mere physical
comfort, is expended for the sake of pleasing the eye.

But what constitutes beauty, and where do we find it? Ask the painter, and
he will tell you it rests in the purity and brilliance, the contrast or harmonious
blending of colors. But has the artist lived who could present more vivid con-
trasts, more harmonious blending, more depth and purity of color than are
found in the flowers we see all around us?

Ask the sculptor and he will tell you that beauty lies in the easy, graceful
flowing of line into line. Are there any more perfect examples of these than
are found in thousands of the plants and trees in every field and forest? Is it
not true that the most perfect examples of beauty in all its elements are found
in boundless profusion in that grand kingdom which God has created and used
to decorate his handiwork? And yet the world, after admitting, as it does by
the way it expends its labor, that there is no one thing which gives greater
enjoyment than beauty, says of the men who, like a Brown or a ‘Thoreau
spend their lives in learning day by day to appreciate and enjoy more and more
of the wonderful, marvelious beauty God has spread out before us, ‘‘ He is an
impracticable fellow—his is a wasted life.’? While of him who never raises
his eye to all this beauty, but spends his time and energy in the accumulation
of wealth, which, when at last as old age creeps in upon him, he can only spend
in building some marble palace surrounded by beautiful grounds, and finds,
alas! that it is too late, the eye has grown dim, the heart weak, and he can
find no pleasure in it all—it says of such a man, he is shrewd, he has done
wisely; when he in all his life has enjoyed less of that the world works for
than the despised, impracticable lover of nature has in a single hour.

God has sent us into the world with an appreciation and natural love for the
beauty He displaysin all His works. Have we any more right to allow this faculty
to go undeveloped and to ultimately perish from want of exercise than we have
to treat any other faculty in a similar manner? <A few months ago I found in
the woods of Northen Michigan a settlement of deaf mutes, consisting of
three families with several children, all but one of whom were also deaf mutes,
and this one growing up with his companions, and never mingling with others,
was supposed to be like them until a few months before I saw them they had
been visited by a relative, who discovered that the child could hear, and that
there was no natural reason why it should not talk, and in a short time succeeded.

76 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

in teaching it to do so. What should you think of those parents if they, not
knowing the full pleasure of that faculty should take no interest in its
development in their child? Would you not be indignant if they not only
neglected doing this, but even threw obstacles in the way of its development?
And yet in your own town, possibly in your own household, are children grow-
ing up in whom all appreciation of the beautiful lies dormant and undeveloped,
and the parents not only do nothing for its development, but oppose every
attempt to do so on the part of others, and say that no part of the public
money can or shall be used in trying to teach the children to love the beauty
that is spread out before them. You say all children have not this faculty.
If you could have seen my boy rush across the garden crushing the flowers I
had tended so carefully, you could but admit that he at least was destitute of it.
Perhaps so, but do you remember when that boy was in your arms how he
reached out his tiny hands with a cry of delight for the pretty ribbon at your
throat? He was met with, ‘‘'Tut! tut! mustn’t touch!’’? Do you remember
that summer evening, when for the first time he was put upon the lawn, how
he crept to that same bed of flowers and cried in his eagerness to get them?
Wasn’t he snatched up with, ‘‘ Johnnie musn’t?’’? Do you remember a little
later how, when he came rushing in with muddy feet and torn jacket crying,
‘Oh, mother! see what splendid flowers I’ve got!’’ was he not met, ‘‘Oh,
Johnnie! just see how you have tracked all over the carpet, and how you
look!’? A sad, sad thing that the beautiful carpet should be soiled, but a
little thing that the child’s appreciation and dawning love of the delicate
beauty of the Anemone or the Hepatica, which he held in his hand, should be
crushed out. Is it not possible that his inborn truthfulness prevented him from
understanding why the gorgeous flowers of the carpet should be so carefully
guarded while the far more brilliant and delicate ones he held should be so
lightly prized, and with the natural tendency to undervalue that which he
could not understand, a contempt instead of a love for the beautiful in all
things should be planted, which has gone on developing until now?

I am by no means a childless bachelor, and 1 know that baby fingers would
soon spoil the pretty ribbon, but I claim that the very eagerness children
always display for such things shows that they are born with a natural love and
appreciation for the beautiful. They must be if made in God’s image, and I
believe that although it does cost us something of trouble yet, still, we are in
duty bound to try to develop this good element in their nature as well as any
other. And I think that there never has been a subject discussed in our Soci-
ety of more importance to the future welfare of our State than just this one of
ornamenting our country school houses, and I hope the Society will not drop
it until every school yard in all our fair State is a thing of beauty, a joy and
pride, not only to the children but to all in the district.

Following Mr. Tracy, Mr. Haigh and President Lyon warmly endorsed the
sentiment of the address.

Mrs. Mayo spoke on behalf of farmers’ wives, she believing that they should
take time each day from their duties and devote it to educating their children
and to making their homes pleasant.

Senator T. W. Palmer, of Detroit, was called on, and made a few felicitous
remarks, stating that he could concur with Mr. Tracy on his views of the
esthetics of life. The speaker said much has been said about European refine-
ment and culture, but he thought that America was favored above other coun-
tries in that respect, yet he would heartily concur in any scheme for the
advancement of zsthetical culture in the homes and elsewhere.

SUMMER MEETING, 1880. a

Prof. J. C. Holmes gave some illustrations of progress made in the adorn-
ment of farms and homes, and consequent development of truer, nobler views
of life and its purposes.

Mr. J. D. Adams, of Climax, gave a chapter from his own experience in
hewing out a home as a pioneer, and of the satisfaction which he enjoyed now
in gathering about his home in the form of buildings, trees, etc., that which
made him prond of his farm home.

Adjourned until Friday morning.

Friday Morning Session.
RESOLUTIONS OF SYMPATHY.

The committee to whom was referred the matter of preparing proper resolu-
tions to be sent to Mr. J. P. Thompson, reported the following, which were
unanimously adopted by a rising vote:

WHEREAS, This society has heard with deep regret that Mr. J. P. Thompson, of
Detroit, is suffering from a severe illness, preventing his attendance on this meet-
ing and society in which he has taken so warm an interest and has been so valuable a
member; therefore,

Resolved, That we tender and express our sincere sympathy with Mr. Thompson in
his severe illness, and trust that he may recover at an early day and resume his accus-
tomed place in the society; and, furthermore,

Resolved, 'That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to Mr. Thompson.

The Committee on Exhibit, through Will W. Tracy, Chairman, made the
following report:

MR. TRACY ON THE STRAWBERRY EXHIBIT.

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN OF THE MICHIGAN PoMOLOGICAL Society :—The
committee on fruits exhibited would preface their report by a statement of
some of the conditions which make this report less valuable than would be
expected.

First, the season was so much earlier than usual that in many sections,
including most of those where the strawberry is largely-grown for market, the
crop was fairly passed, and it was impossible to get fine samples of many varie-
ties. Again, in addition to the above, there had been so much rain for a few
days preceding the meeting that many of the berries were of very uneven
quality, there frequently being more difference between individual berries on
the same plate than between those of distinct varieties. So your committee
were unable to make a discriminating report on this feature of the exhibition.

We think that most people would award the palm for beauty to the Sharp-
less, of which there were several fine plates, one of particularly large and fine
berries, being from Mr. J. Brown, of Battle Creek. Yet we fear that when
shown in the market by the side of the much abused Wilson its color would be
against it. Again, the variety as shown here certainly lacks shipping quali-
ties, not only bruising easily but rapidly spoiling whenever the skin or pulp is
broken. Zhe Marvin seems to be a much more even berry, and it seemed to
the committee that their average weight would be nearly if not quite equal to
the Sharpless. They were of a uniform color, and although picked 48 hours
before the Sharpless, after both had been on the table 12 hours, presented quite
as fresh an appearance. The Shirts seems able to stand up under any amount
of hard usage. The samples shown were picked Monday morning after a hard

vi

CO

STATE ‘POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

rain, and while still damp were packed in the ordinary way and shipped 100
miles to Battle Creek. Arriving there they were exposed to the full rays of
the sun for five or six hours, and then placed in an ice house for 12 hours
before appearing on the tables Thursday morning. Yet they stood up per-
fectly well, only showing signs of spoiling about Thursday noon, and good
berries could be found as late as Friday noon. We certainly think that these
two Michigan seedlings are well worthy of trial, for they certainly equal if they
do not exceed the Wilson in ability to stand rough usage, while they are hand-
somer and of better quality. Among the other varieties exhibited were Cham-
pion, Cumberland Triumph, Kentucky Seedling, Centennial, Great American,
Cinderella, Monarch of the West, Capt. Jack, and others, but none of them com-
pared at all favorably in beauty with the Sharpless, the Marvin, or the Shirts.
Mr. G.W. Bridgman, W.C. Babcock, Mr. Ambrose IF’. Wight, and others deserve
the thanks of the society for their efforts in presenting their collections. Fruit
men will understand how much courage it takes to go into a patch which is far
past its season and pick out a plate to put on exhibition, yet it was just this
that these gentlemen did in their desire to make our meeting a success.
Among other articles exhibited were a whifiletree protector, by Mr. Marsh, of
South Haven, and five samples of fruit packages shown by Mr. Follensbee, of
Muskegon. An earnest of what our future spring meetings may be, were afew
fine vegetables from the gardens of N. Chilson, of Battle Creek, who thus sets
an example which we hope will be largely followed in the future.

Report was accepted, adopted and ordered transcribed in the minutes of the
meeting.

Mr. Wm. A. Brown offered the following, which was adopted :

Resolved, That this Society appreciates the efforts put forth by Messrs. Marvin and
Shirts in the production of the two new varieties of strawberries exhibited here,
bearing their names, and consider from the appearance of the berries as exhibited

here and at Muskegon one year ago, that we have in both varieties valuable acquisi-
tions to our list of strawberries for this state.

The Society next listened to a paper by S. B. Mann.
REPORT OF DELEGATE TO OHIO SOCIETY.

Mr. President and members of the Michigan Pomological Society: Custom
would require of me a report of the proceedings of the meeting of the Ohio
Horticultural Society, at Canton, on December 10, 11 and 12, 1879, to which
I was sent as a representative of this society.

First, then, allow me to thank you for the honor conferred upon me in be-
ing selected from among so many older Pomologists to fill so important a
position.

Ohio, as a state, does not put forth claims of being a great fruit growing
state, but taken all in all, she is one of no mean proportions, and some of her
citizens have a national reputation, second to none in the country as Pom-
ologists.

The honored and venerable Dr. J. A. Warder, president of the Ohio society,
is too well known to fruit men of the world to need an introduction at my
hands here. The same may very truly be said of Secretary M. B. Bateham.
I had also the honor of meeting there many more of the able and energetic
fruit growers of the state, such as Mr. N. Ohmer of Dayton, G. W. Campbell
of Delaware, G. M. High of Kelley’s Island, and very many others. I also
had the pleasure of meeting Mrs. Helen V. Austin, the delegate sent there by

SUMMER MEETING, 1880. 79

the State Society of Indiana, who favored the meeting with a very interest-
ing and well prepared essay on ‘‘ Women as Horticulturists.’’

The essay of Mrs. J. K. Neisz, of Canton. on the Influence of Horticul-
ture on Rural Life was exceedingly fine and drew out much applause.

Some of the topics discussed were very interesting, and the conclusions import-
tant. With the hope that 1 may not make this too lengthy, I will venture to
give a poxtion of some of the most important topics discussed. The ‘black
knot’’ seems to have interfered very seriously with the culture of the plum
and cherry in Ohio.

The black Morello cherry and the Damsons among the plums were especially
the sufferers from this pest to a very alarming extent. Secretary Bateham
took the iniatory in this discussion, and said it was a fungus growth and
assumed the most activity during the months of June and July.

The powder-like spores were thrown off at that time and carried by the
wind to new Jodgements, where it again commences its work of destruction on
the bark which begins to swell into a knotty shape, and as the season advanced
it hardened and turned black.

The remedy given by the speaker was to cut away the branch as soon as dis-
covered, but if not, before the winter would expose the knot to view, when all
affected branches should be carefully cut away at some distance below the knot
and burned. But far the safest way was to attack it vigorously before the sea-
son of its greatest activity began.

The cabbage worm was reported as on the increase, and the consternation
depicted on the countenances of some of those old Pennsylvanians—who have
appropriated the most of southwestern Ohio—as they discussed the future
prospects of their sanerkraut was pitiful indeed, and every syllable uttered as a
possible remedy was eagerly listened to. Among other remedies was an ounce
of carbolic acid in two ‘galions of water, sprinkled over the cabbage. One old
veteran in the war of extermination, said that wood ashes and dust from the
road sprinkled on the cabbage would drive them off. Another had used hot
water of 150° applied to the cabbage with splendid success. But the general
belief was that catching the moth and destroying it was the most reliable
method of relief.

The grape rot was another topic that brought out very earnest discussion,
and really is alarming the grape growers of Ohio. Secretary Bateham said it
was one of the most trying to the fruit growers of Ohio of any of the calami-
ties they had to contend with. Thousands of acres of vineyards had been
- grubbed out, and the loss was immense. He had given it very much attention
and believed it was caused by atmospheric influence. It was not the soil nor
an insect, but a fungus growth. Very much rain in June and July, with
warm, muggy weather, was sure to be followed by grape rot. It followed the
track of thunder storms.

The reason the island vineyards had escaped so well was that there was less
rain fall and no dew at all, and a pure atmosphere. ‘Too thrifty vines might
be another cause. ‘The remedy must be sunshine and a drying atmosphere.
Another was paper sacks tied on the bunches of grapes, and here Dr.
Warder suggested the saturating of the paper bags with sulphurous acid gas as
being an excellent help, or the sprinkling of dry sulphur on the grapes would do
as well. ‘The spores appeared to attach themselves to the tender skin of the
fruit and feed on its liquids, which might have led to the theory that it origin-
ated in the sap.

86 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. High, an extensive grape grower on the islands, said there was never
any dew on the islands,

The Chair replied that he had noticed that fact, and that even notes scarce
ever became due over there.

Mr. Obmer said there was a theory offered that tomatoes planted among the
vines would prevent the rot.

The codling moth, curculio and canker worm all received due attention, with
much the same remedies given as those at our own meetings.

The science and practice of pruning was the title of one of the first papers
read before the society. Mr. G. H. Miller, of Norwich, was the author. He
illustrated his points by the use of a number of nursery trees which he cut and
pruned both in top and roots, before his large class of attentive listeners, in a
manner that showed him to be no novice at the business.

He was followed by Mr. G. W. Trowbridge, of Glendale, who gave an illus-
tration of the method of a friend of his, who claimed that the buds of a tree
grew in circles, and the theory was to cut the young tree back at planting time,
so as to leave only three buds to grow for the future top, and that this would
be the only pruning the tree would require except, perhaps, sometimes a stray
shoot that started out towards the other limbs and marred the beauty of
the top. ;

The question was raised as to whether some varieties of trees would not split
down when loaded with fruit with a top of that kind, to which he replied that
practice had proven the contrary to be the case, and that the tree actually ap-
peared to be much stronger than if a leading shoot were left. Here the discus-
sion turned to the subject of black heart in trees, caused by too severe winters,
from which nothing new was elicited.

The peach crop was then taken up, and Secretary Bateham said there were
very few localities in Ohio where peaches could be successfully grown, and
advised caution in the planting.

The varieties most in favor were, however, the Karly York, Yellow Rare-
ripe, Hale’s and Crawford’s Early, Stump the World, Karly Barnard, Smock
Free, Crawford’s Late, Old Mixon Free, and Late Heath. The Solway and
Susquehannah were considered unreliable.

The subject of Yellows was no peculiar disturbing element as yet in Ohio.

The grape crop, on the islands, was reported as good this year, by Mr.
High, as last year.

Mr. Ohmer gave a very pleasant account of the working of the Montgomery
Horticultural Society. They held monthly meetings at the residences of the:
members, and the ladies took an active part in all the discussions and commit-
tee work.

The election of officers resulted in the reélection of the old ones, who seem
to have been the burden-bearers for many years, and from the kind regard
shown them by the members I should think the chances are they will die with
the harness on.

The meeting was a grand success in all respects, and the high honor and
respect shown your representative led him to believe that our Michigan Society
is held in high esteem by our neighbors of the Buckeye State.

There was no lack of attention and kind greeting by President Warder, Sec-
retary Bateham and all others, and when called up and introduced to the
audience by the Chair, I could say only in reply that I could accept these
courtesies in behalf of the Society and State I had the honor to represent,

SUMMER MEETING, 1880. 81

but personally I had no right whatever to receive such kinduess as had been
shown me.

There is much more that to me seems of interest that I might add to this
already too Jong report, but will close with again thanking you for your for-
bearance and the unmerited honor of representing you.

S. B. Mann.

me ck accepted and ordered placed in the records of this meeting.
Mr. Chas. R. Coryell followed with the

REPORT OF DELEGATE TO INDIANA SOCIETY.

Having through your partiality been selected as your representative .o the
19th annual meeting of the Indiana Horticultural Society, held in Dublin,
Wayne county, Ind., on the I6th, 17th, and 18th of December last, I here-
with submit my report, with some account of the doings of that Society.

The meeting was held in Odd Fellows’ Hall, which was tastefully decorated
with mottoes and pictures. and the rostrum, tables, and shelves were filled with
flowers, plants, fruits, grains, vegetables, and curiosities.

Mr. Coffin, of Hendricks county, had arevolving hexagonal rack containing
72 shelves, on which he exhibited 450 apples of 110 varieties that he had
grown himself.

There were on exhibition 456 plates of apples that were a credit to the State
and to the Society. ‘There was also a good show of other fruits, grains, vege-
tables, and canned fruits; one can of cherries had been put up 18 years, and
appeared all right. Specimen of the wood of the Catalpa Speciosa that had
laid on the ground 68 years and was perfectly sound ; plants of the catalpa, ete.

At 2 o'clock P. M. the President, Sylvester Johnson, gave his annual ad-
dress. He congratulated the Society on the progress they had made the past
year. The cultivation of fruits was on the increase throughout the State ;
there was an increase in the number of varieties, in size, in productiveness,
and in flavor. They had secured the passage of an act by the last legislature
making it unlawful to kill any insectivorous bird, or to destroy or disturb their
eggs, or to net or trap quails at any time, or to kill them from the 1st of Jan-
uary to first of November. ‘The temperature had been 24° below zero in Cen-
tral Indiana the past winter and still they had peaches. The cold weather had
shown them that none of the named varieties of blackberries were hardy except
the Snyder, with Taylor's Prolific close to it. With black-cap raspberries, the
Gregg only came through unharmed; of the red varieties the Thwack was the
least harmed. ‘The President gave a very lengthy report as delegate to the
American Pomological Society, which met in biennial session in Rochester, N.
Y., in September last.

The Secretary, W. H. Ragan, gave his annual report. The Society receives
$300 per annum from the State and one dollar from each member except hon-
orary members. They have about 100 members, and have on hand $900. He
recommends the revision of the Star Fruit list, and that it be published in the
next annual report.

Mr. P. D. Hammond, of Indianapolis, read a ‘‘ paper,’’ being a criticism of
Indiana on fruit growing. In the markets at the present time he finds the
apples are grown in Michigan and New York, the pears in California, but the
fruit he held in his hand succeeded well in Indiana ; it is called the pomme de
terre.

aig

GH
2

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Bvening Session.

The hall was crowded. Dr. Boyd gave the welcoming address. He took
pleasure in welcoming the horticulturists to the hospitalities of Dublin, which
is a town of 1,200 inhabitants, surrounded by a rich horticultural region, has
a union school of 200 pupils, has not a native child over ten years of age who
cannot read and write, has six churches and 552 members, has not now and
never has permitted a saloon keeper to ply his vocation here, scared one away
some years ago by dumping a load of stones opposite and posting a notice for
him to leave, and more recently a pump augur found its way through the side
of the building and into the barrels and the contents all leaked out. Ata
certain presidential election there were 307 yotes cast for one candidate, and
none for the other; we are all horticulturists.

President Johnson responded in his happiest style. He thought there was a
peculiar fitness in the society meeting in a temperance town, for in 1875 the
society decided that the manufacturing of wine was a business distinct from
the occupation of the horticulturist, and resolyed that we disapprove of the
manufacture of wine and cider as a beverage, and as to the people of Dublin
all voting one way, it was all right if they only voted for owr candidate.

Dr. Furnass then gave a very good lecture ‘‘On the planting and care of an
apple orchard, and the profits of fruit growing.’ Get trees with good roots,
without being particular about the bodies. Average distance apart 32 feet.
Take care of your orchard, set out carefully, grow corn or potatoes and tend
them. Don’t raise oats in your orchard; never saw a good orchard where oats
were grown. Do not manure your land; the soil is good enough all through
Indiana without manure. He gave statistics to show if their orchards bore
only one year out of four they would make more money than by raising any
other crop.

DISCUSSION ON KEEPING WINTER APPLES.

Mr. Hammond thinks their autumns too warm to raise a good keeping win-
ter apple. We must depend on a place having a cooler climate, such as Michi-
gan, New York or Nova Scotia. Mr. Stevens gathers his apples a month
earlier than his neighbors, and places them in sugar buckets and hangs them
to the joists of his cellar and they keep well.

Mr. Ohmer, of Dayton, gathers early, places in barrels, heads up, lays on
the side in the shade; in November, sort and re-barrel, and place in a cool
place, keep from freezing and they will not rot. Mr. Hobbs gathers early,
puts them in a cool cellar and they keep well. Keeps chickens and pigs in the
orchard. Mr. Stout gathers early and puts in a rail pen lined and covered
with corn stalks.

Second Day.
REPORTS FROM SEVERAL FRUIT DISTRICTS.

The State is divided into 13 districts, the same as the congressional districts,
and a vice-president in each district makes a report.

An election of officers resulted in the reélection of the present incumbents.

‘* Difficulties in the way of successful orcharding,’? by C. M. Hobbs.

He was surprised to see so few good orchards in the country. People are

SUMMER MEETING, 1880. 83

continually planting trees, but do not take care of them. Plant smooth, well-
grown trees, two or three years old, on high, dry soil, that have been raised on
land having more or less clay in it. Cultivate four or five years with some
hoed crop, and then seed to grass. Prune every year at any time when the
wood is not frozen; keep pigs and chickens in the orchard; encourage the
birds; take care of your fruit, and do not rush it on the market when it is
glutted.

GENERAL DISCUSSION.

CABBAGE WORM.

Dr. Boyd tried an experiment with the cabbage worm, and he found that the
progeny of one adult moth made three generations in four months, and was
capable of producing 27,000 offspring in four months’ time. To kill them
he tried soap suds, salt, copperas, and hot water. All failed. Took four
boards 20 feet long, made a box and covered it with mosquito netting; total
cost was $2.75. For four months saw the moths trying to get in; worth tosee
them fail, 25 cents per day, $30. Net profit, besides 150 cabbages, $27.25,
and nets and boards left.

Mr. Mason—Dr. Boyd’s method would not pay a market gardener, he raises
from 17,000 to 20,000 cabbages each year. The worms do not trouble those
in the interior of the field; we do nothing with them. Can catch the miller
with a scoop net.

CURRANT WORM.

Mr. Marsh—One-fourth pound of hellebore put in water and sprinkled on,
is good for 200 bushes. Mr. Richie uses hellebore with impunity and raises
good currants. Mr. Trowbridge uses a hand bellows and blows sulphur on
them while the dew ison. Mr. Stevens kills them with sulphur. E. Y. Tease
kills them with Paris green.

‘‘NEW FOREIGN FRUITS.’’

HK. Y. Tease—It was a matter of surprise to the writer, that China and
Japan, the oldest two nations in the world, living principally on vegetables,
have produced so little fruit. The Japanese government exhibited wax casts
of all their leading fruits cultivated or known in the empire, at the Centennial.
The entire collection, embracing apples, pears, plums, grapes, oranges, figs,
lemons, etc., contained only about 50 specimens; while the Iowa Horticult-
ural Society had casts of over 1,000 specimens from a State not yet thirty
years old.

The seedlings of the Chinese pears have already produced some very choice
varieties. ‘The Sha-lea or Sand pear, and the Sewt-lea or Snow pear, are the
best varieties known to the Chinese. These fruits are as large and as golden
as large oranges, possessing also an agreeable flavor, with a delightful per-
fume; they neyer become mellow and toothsome, but are good for canning
and preserving. ‘The trees are remarkably hardy and vigorous and free from
blight; the leaves are two or three times the size of common pear leaves, and
thick and leathery. They withstand the heat and drouth of the South and
Southwest, and are thought to be hardier in the North than the common

pear.

84 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

From the Sand pear we have the seedling LeConte. The tree is as vigorous
and healthy as the Cottonwood, an early and abundant bearer, fruit as large
as the Bartlett, ripens at the same time, and so firm it may be shipped to Eu-
rope, and it brought higher prices in New York than the Bartlett. Kiefer’s
Hybrid, a cross of the Sand pear and Bartlett, ripens in October. Cocklin’s
Hybrid a cross of the Sand pear and Louise Bonne de Jersey, is the handsom-
est pear I ever saw, ripens in September.

The Japanese pears resemble the Chinese excepting the leaves are deeply
serrated and the fruit is apple-shaped. We have the Mikado Von Siebold and
Hawaii; don’t know when they were introduced. The Chinese pears were
imported by the late Wm. R. Prince, 50 or 60 years ago. He found last sum-
mer in the latitude of central Indiana, a Chinese Snow pear 28 years planted,
30 feet high, trunk 18 inches diameter, vigorous and healthy, loaded with
fruit. This tree is surrounded by common pear trees and hybrids. Nearly
100 of these seedlings were in bearing, some of them of good size; no trees
in market. The Japan quince may also claim our attention. He had no
doubt but by raising seedlings from the best specimens, in time, fruits of great
value might be obtained.

In conclusion, he earnestly recommended to young men and old ones too,
the scientific production of new fruits by hybridization, and repeating Mr.
Webster’s remarks, ‘‘ there is always room for more on the top shelf.’’ Mr.
Tease exhibited specimens of the Chinese and Japanese pears and quinces and
their foliage.

Mr. Ragan gaye his report as delegate to Illinois, and Mr. Ratliff as dele-
gate to Michigan.

Mrs. H. V. Austin gave a very good ‘‘ paper’? on

APPLES,
And Mr. Cowing on

STRAWBERRIES.

Captain Jack, Crescent Seedling, Cumberland Triumph, Champion, Mon-
arch and Kentucky were highly recommended. Some other kinds did not do
so well on his grounds. He grew about 700 bushels on 44 acres of ground.

“A Talk on Trees,’’? by Mrs. Dr. Boyd, was a very fine poetic and historic
‘© paper.”’ :

“* Horticultural Recollections,’’? by E. Y. Teas, was the reminiscences of the
Society in years agone.

Hvening Session.

The hall was crowded. Dr. A. W. Brayton, of Indianapolis, gave a lecture
on the

BIRDS OF INDIANA.

The Doctor illustrated his lecture with specimens of stuffed birds, which
were passed around through the audience as he proceeded.

There are 10,000 species of birds in the world, and about 280 species in
Michigan and Indiana. There are 150 species that make their nests and rear
their young in the state. There are 10 or 12 species of winter varieties, snow
birds, that come down to us from the Arctic regions in snowy or cold weather.
A great many of our birds live in South America in the winter and follow the

SUMMER MEETING, 1880. 85

sun north, devouring myriads of insects as they pass and repass. There are
but few of our native birds that are not our friends. We should take every
means to protect and increase the number of our birds, that they may hold
the insects in check.

Prof. Riley not being present, Dr. Warder, of Ohio, entertained the Society
with some very appropriate remarks on Elementary Entomology. He also
gave a talk on the

CATALPA SPECIOSA.

The Doctor says he has the Catalpa on the brain. This is the coming tree
and will supply all our wants. It grows readily from the seed, grows rapidly,
tall and straight. It does not decay, it will lay on the ground 100 years and
be sound. He had pieces that had been on the ground 68 years and were
sound. It makes good posts, telegraph poles, cross ties, timbers, shingles,
cabinet work, and live fence posts.

Friday morning was devoted to hearing reports, redistricting the state,
making six districts, appointing delegates to attend the Horticultural meet-
ings of adjoining states, deciding on a place for holding the next meeting,
which was Crawfordsville, Ind. ; hearing reports from committees on fruit on
_ exhibition, unfinished business, and final resolutions.

This was the most largely attended of any meeting the society ever held.
The hall, with a seating capacity of 400, was filled in the evening, and from
one-half to two-thirds in the day sessions with earnest, practical, working
members, and attentive interested spectators, of whom one-third to one-half
were ladies.

Your delegate, as representative of your society, was truly honored with all
the attention and courtesies that could have been desired. They publicly in-
troduced and warmly welcomed him to their meeting, and elected him an
honorary member, with all the privileges of membership, as a compliment to
your society. ‘The members of the Indiana society have placed the Michigan
society under obligations for kind attention and hospitality to your representa-
tive, and personally I am their debtor.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

Report accepted and ordered printed in full with the records of this meeting.

An allusion to Keifer’s Hybrid pear in the paper caused a number to inquire
of President Lyon his opinion of that variety. Mr. Lyon stated that he did
not think very favorably of it, as its flavor was ordinary only.

Prof. J. U. Holmes gave a simple and effectual recipe for killing worms
on cabbages. It consists of wheat bran spread over the plants; and whale oil
soap was also recommended.

The following statement and resolution were adopted unanimously as the
sense of the meeting:

From the valuable reports of our delegates to Ohio and Indiana, giving an
epitome of the transactions of these sister societies, at their annual meetings,
we are led to see the good to accrue from the practice of sending delegates to
the meetings of societies in adjoining States; therefore,

Jvesolved, 'That we endorse the system of sending delegates to the annual
conyentions of Horticultural Societies in adjoining States, as far as consistent
with the condition of the finances of our Society.

86 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS.

At the winter meeting the new form of the constitution, suited to the pres-
ent wants of the Society, was presented for action by the committee having it
in charge, and laid over one meeting under the rules.

On motion of W. K. Gibson the new draft of the constitution was taken
from the table and acted upon by articles.

Two forms of the first article were read by the chairman, the only difference
between them being the name of the society. A long discussion ensued, in
the course of which resolutions to ‘‘lay on the table,’’ ‘‘ indefinitely post-
pone,’’ ete., were lost ; a resolution limiting speeches to three minutes, carried,
and a good deal of earnestness exhibited on both sides.

Finally the resolution to adopt the article was brought to vote and carried by
a large majority, there being but seven negative votes. ‘The text of the article
as adopted is as follows:

The name of the Society shall be the Michigan State Horticultural Society,
and its territory shall be the State of Michigan. Its objects shall be the
development of an adequate appreciation of the soils and climate of the State
to the pursuit of horticulture in all its branches, and the collection and dis-
semination of information bearing upon the theory and practice of the same,
as well as upon the arts and sciences directly or indirectly associated therewith,
or calculated to elevate or improve the practice thereof.

The other articles were adopted as recommended by the committee without
opposition.

The constitution as it now stands may be found in the preliminary pages of
this volume.

W. K. Gibson of the committee on resolutions reported the following:

Resolved, That the thanks of the society be tendered to the citizens of Battle
Creek for the welcome given to, and the attentions bestowed upon its members
while here, and that we desire also to acknowledge our grateful appreciation of the
excellent music furnished by Mr. Pool and associates of Pennfield Grange, and by Prof.

J. E. White and others, which so largely contributed to the pleasure and enjoyment
of our meeting.

Resolved, also, That our especial thanks are due to the officers and members of
Grange No. 66 of Battle Creek, and to N. Chilson, Esq., and the committee of arrange-
ments, for their large hospitality and their earnest efforts to make our meeting
a success.

Resolved, That the thanks of the society be extended to the representatives of the
press who have been constant attendants upon our sessions, and thus assisted to
bring our work permanently before the people.

The report adopted and ordered placed on the records of this meeting.

The secretary announced that the next meeting would be in connection with
the State Agricultural Society at the annual fair in Detroit, September 13 to
18; and that the annual meeting would be held with the Washtenaw County
Pomological Society at Ann Arbor the first week in December.

Society adjourned.

THE ANNUAL FAIR OF 1880.

GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS.

The Annual Fair was held September 13th to 20th, with the State Agricul-
tural Society, in the city of Detroit. The days could not have been finer, but
the wet weather of August and early September forced both farmers and fruit
growers into excessive labor about the time in which fruit should have been
gathered for the fair, and hence the entries previous to the fair week were very
light.

mn arranging for the pomological department of the fair, the divisions were
gathered in five sections, and a member of the Executive Board placed in
charge of each section. Mr. N. Chilson, of Battle Creek, was made General
Superintendent of the Hall. C. R. Coryell, of Jonesville, had charge of
divisions A, B, C and D, which included general collections of fruits and
special exhibits of apples; EH. F. Guild, of Hast Saginaw, took in charge divis-
ions E, F, G and H, comprising special exhibits of pears, peaches, grapes and
plums; James Satterlee, of Greenville, looked after divisions J, K, L, M and
N, which included single plates of all kinds of fruit; 5. B. Mann, of Adrian,
had in charge canned, pickled, preserved and dried fruits; W. K. Gibson, of
Jackson, by his proxy, Mr. Wm. Rowe, of Grand Rapids, looked after plants
and flowers. The nursery stock came under the supervision of the General
Superintendent.

By resolution of the Board, each of these division superintendents was made
chairman of the viewing committee in the division under his charge. The
plan worked admirably. The chairman knew where every entry was placed,
and there was no waste of time in finding things; hence the committee-work
was rapidly done, and the books in the Secretary’s hands before the close of
Thursday, and most of the premium checks drawn.

Another item in the arrangements for the fair aided materially in expediting
the work in the Secretary’s office as well as the work of committees. Blank
sheets were printed previous to the fair, and each entry was placed upon one
of the sheets. The entrees completed, these sheet were gathered into their
proper divisions and bound together for the committees. ‘The following is the
blank used for this purpose:

MICHIGAN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
IDUCUStON= 22 eee Classi Ast ENT NOM ee: ced?

cL
Cr

> STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

o

COUN Of = 8 2 a Be eee , Stale Ofc. -20. Ss -c cec ea oe eee
MERU | «sisi dino ea eae Soon eeeee Ole ce st asec ws Seen a pe wesse see ake +See

The above award is made by your committee in consideration of the varieties con-
tained in such exhibit, hereinafter named in what is, by yonr committee, esteemed
to be the order of their value for the purpose specified; reference being had, firstly,
to the value of the variety for such purpose; secondly, to the color, size, and evenness
of the specimens; and thirdly, to their freedom from the marks of insects or other
blemishes. Your committee have rendered such award in consideration of the follow-
ing varieties, named in the order of their value, viz:

NOTES ON THE REGISTER OF ENTRIES.

The whole number of entries was just 1,000—one-third less than last year ;
and this with more fruit in Michigan than was ever known before. Evidently
the collectors thought that in this season of abundance the competition would
be too close to pay for the exertion of gathering the fruit. The apple entries
were as many as usual, but on other fruits there were very few. ‘The plant
exhibit was not large, but comprised some very fine specimens.

VIEWING COMMITTEES.

In the first section comprising divisions A, B, C and D, the viewing com-
mittee were C. R. Coryell, Jonesville; A.C. Glidden, Paw Paw; A. G. Gulley,
South Haven. In the second section, made up of divisions E, F, G and H,
the committee consisted of EK. F. Guild, East Saginaw; J. M. Blowers, Law-
rence; Wm. H. Ramsdell, Plymouth. In the third section of single plates,
James Satterlee, Greenville; F. W. Noble, Detroit; C. Engle, Paw Paw; Wm.
H. Ramsdell, Plymouth, comprised the committee.

Mr. S. B. Mann, in the fourth section of canned and pickled fruits, etc.,
chose as his associates Mrs. 8. B. Mann, and Miss Mary Harris, of Detroit.
In the section of plants and flowers, Mr. Wm. Rowe, of Grand Rapids, and
Miss F. L. Noble, of Detroit, awarded the premiums.

LIST OF AWARDS MADE BY THE MICHIGAN STATE HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY AT THE FAIR OF 1880.

DIVISION A—GENERAL COLLECTION OF FAMILY FRUITS.

In this division there were five entries of collections by societies and munici-
palities, and four entries of collections by grower.

Class 1. Collection of fruits for family purposes exhibited by society, grange
or municipality. First premium, Wayne County, by Wm. H. Ramsdell, of
Plymouth. In this collection there were 101 varieties of apples, 16 varieties

THE ANNUAL FAIR OF 1880. 89
of pears, 3 varieties of peaches, 4 varieties of plums, and 7 of grapes. The
collection, although light in peaches and grapes, was extra in apples, and this,
with the locality in consideration, accounts for the award. Second premium,
Allegan County Pomological Society, by Lyman A. Lilly, of Allegan village.
In this collection were found 32 varieties of apples, 11 of peaches, 6 of grapes,
6 of pears, 1 variety of plums, 1 of quinces, and 2 of crab-apples. The award
was made in consideration of the excellent selection and the kinds of fruit
represented. ‘The third premium was given the Grand River Valley Horticul-
tural Society, represented by Wm. Rowe, 8. M. Pearsall, P. W. Johnson, and
others. This collectien was made up of 53 sorts of apples, 4 of peaches, 3 of
grapes, 4 of pears, and 4 of crab-apples. Had this collection been as well rep-
resented in other fruits than apples as the collections of this society usually
are, it would have materially changed the awards in this class.

Class 2. Collection of family fruits exhibited by grower. First premium,
H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth. In this collection were 54 varieties of apples, 7 of
pears, 4 of peaches, 3 of plums, 5 of grapes. Second premium, J. M. Blowers,
of Lawrence. This collection had in it 52 varieties of apples, 4 of pears, 3 of
plums, 3 of grapes, 3 of erab-apples, 1 peach and one quince. Third premium,
A. A. Olds, Decatur. In his collection were 44 sorts of apples, 4 of pears, 3
of grapes, 3 of crab-apples, 3 of plums, 1 quince and one peach. Fourth pre-
mium, F. M. Benham, of Olivet, who had an aggregate of 72 plates.

Nomenclature.—In this division the committee on nomenclature awarded
one premium of $10 to the collection of Mr. Ramsdell in class one, as being
the most correctly labelled collection on exhibition.

DIVISION B.—GENERAL COLLECTION MARKET FRUITS.

In this division there were six entries by societies and municipalities, and
only one by a grower. The collections were very choice and well named.

Class 1. Collection of market fruits by society, grange or municipality.
First premium, Grand River Valley Horticultural Society: the display cover-
ing 115 plates—100 of apples, 5 grapes, 6 pears and four crab-apples. Second
premium, J. M. Blowers, Lawrence. Third premium, Wm. H. Ramsdell,
Plymouth.

Class 2. Collection of market fruits by grower. First premium, H. E. Bid-
well, Plymouth. This was the only collection entered in this class, and it
contained 80 plates of fruit.

Nomenclature.—Mr. Bidwell’s collection in class 2 was awarded the premium
as best named collection in the whole division.

DIVISION C—SPECIAL EXHIBITS OF APPLES FOR GENERAL PURPOSES.

There were eight entries in the two sections of this division. Mr. Bidwell
entered a collection from his own orchard in both classes, and because he failed
to designate the fact that in class 1 he entered for a municipality, his collec-
tion was thrown ont of competition, and was awarded a special premium equal
to the first in amount.

Class 1. Collection of apples for general purposes by society, grange or mu-
nicipality. First premium, Grand River Valley Horticultural Society. This
collection contained 67 varieties. Second premium, Allegan County Pomo-
logical Society—33 varieties.

Class 2. Collection of 25 varieties of apples for family purposes, by grower.
First premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth. This collection was composed of
the following varieties: Yellow Bellflower, Rhode Island Greening, Jonathan,

20 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Twenty-ounce, Northern Spy, Talman Sweet, Golden Russet, Peck’s Pleasant,
Red Canada, Belmont, Melon, Jersey Sweet, Esopus Spitzenburgh, Wagener,
Keswick Codlin, Lowell, Primate, Large Yellow Bough, Summer Pearmain,
Shiawassee Beauty, Maiden’s Blush, King of Tompkins County, Fameuse and
Hawley. Second premium, A. A. Olds, Decatur. Third premium, J. M.
Blowers of Lawrence. Mr. Blowers’ list was as follows: Westfield Seek-no-
further, President, Roxbury Russet, Fall Pippin, Baldwin, Fameuse, Peck’s
Pleasant, Chenango Strawberry, Jersey Sweet, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Green
Newtown Pippin, Esopus Spitzenburg, ‘Twenty Ounce. Fallawater, Ben Davis,
Maiden’s Biush, Rhode Island Greening, Wagener, Pound Sweet, Northern
Spy, Red Canada, Golden Russet, T'alman Sweet, Canada Reinette, Fall
Jenneting.

Nomenclature. ‘The premium for best labeled collection in this division
was awarded to the Grand River Valley Horticultural Society.

DIVISION D—SPECIAL EXHIBITS OF MARKET APPLES.

In this division there were 18 entries distributed as follows: 6 in class i, 7
in class 2, 5 in class 3.

Class 1. Exhibit of 12 varieties of market apples by the grower. First
premium, H. E. Bidwell], Plymouth, upon the following list: Baldwin, Golden
Russet, Jonathan, Melon, Rhode Island Greening, Roxbury Russet, Red
Canada, Northern Spy, Porter, Maiden’s Blush, Shiawassee Beauty, Peck’s
Pleasant. The committee remarked favorably on the selection of varieties
and specimens. Second premium, J. M. Blowers, Lawrence, upon the follow-
ing list: Stark, Maiden’s Blush, Melon, Westfield Seek-no-further, Esopus
Spitzenburg, Golden Russet, Talman Sweet, Red Canada, Wagener, King,
Ben Dayis, Rhode Island Greening. Third premium, A. A. Olds, Decatur.
Fourth premium, Lyman A. Lilly, Allegan.

Class 2. Exhibit of 6 market apples by grower. First premium, H. E.
Bidwell, Plymouth. Varieties: Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin, Red
Canada, Jonathan, Golden Russet, Northern Spy; all fine market sorts and
beautiful specimens. Second premium, Lyman A. Lilly, Allegan. Varieties:
Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin, Jonathan, Maiden’s Blush, Northern Spy,
Golden Russet; varieties and samples all very good. Third premium, Geo.
EK. Jewett. Varieties: Northern Spy, Peck’s Pleasant, St. Lawrence, Jona-
than, Baldwin, Golden Russet. Fourth premium, J. M. Blowers, Lawrence.

Class 3. Single variety market apple shown by grower. First premium,
Baldwin, shown by L. A. Lilly of Allegan. The award was made in consid-
eration of the standing of the apple in the state, the number of plates of this
variety in competition, and the superiority of this plate. Second premium,
Red Canada, grown by H. E. Bidwell of Plymouth. Third premium, Rhode
Island Greening, grown by F. M. Benham of Olivet.

DIVISION E—SPECIAL EXHIBITS OF PEACHES.

There were 17 entries in this division, representing Oceana, Van Buren,
Eaton, Allegan and Kalamazoo counties.

Class 1. Exhibit of not less than 12 varieties of peaches by grange, society
or municipality. First premium, South Hayen Pomological society, by A. G.
Gulley; second premium, Allegan County Pomological Society, by Lyman A.
Lilly, Allegan.

Class 2. Exhibit of 10 varieties of peaches by grower. First premium, E.
J. Shirts, Shelby, Oceana county.

THE ANNUAL FAIR OF 1880. 91

Class 3. Exhibit of 8 varieties of peaches for market by grower. First pre-
mium, A. G. Gulley, South Haven; second premium, HK. J. Shirts, Shelby.

Class 4. Exhibit of 4 varieties of peaches for market by grower. Tirst pre-
mium, A. G. Gulley, South Haven; second premium, E. J. Shirts, Shelby.

Class 5. Exhibit of single variety market peach by grower. First premium,
Late Crawford, grown by George HE. Jewett, Allegan; second premium, Late
Crawford, grown by E. J. Shirts, Shelby; third premium, Late Crawford,
grown by Lyman A. Lilly, Allegan.

Nomenclature——The best named collection was that of South Haven Pomo-
logical Society, shown by Mr. Gulley, which was awarded the premium by
committee on nomenclature.

DIVISION F—SPECIAL EXHIBITS OF PEARS.

The entries in this division were very light.

Class 1. Exhibit of 12 varieties of pears for general purposes by society,
grange or municipality. There was but one entry in this class, by Mr. Ben-
ham, of Olivet, and this was not full, receiving no award.

Class 2. Exhibit of 10 varieties of pears for general purposes by grower.
First premium, George B. Russell, Detroit This was a very admirable collec-
tion, and attracted a good deal of attention. The varieties in the succession
were as follows: Flemish Beauty, White Doyenné, Louise Bonne de Jersey,
Onondaga, Seckel, Stevens’ Genessee, Duchesse d’Angouleme, Bleeker’s
Meadow, Beurre d’Anjou, Winter Nélis, Vicar of Winkfield, Beurré Gris
d’Hiver Noveau. Second premium, F. M. Benham, Olivet.

Class 3. Exhibit of 6 varieties of pears for market by grower. Only one
entry in this class, which took first premium, F. M. Benham, Olivet.

Class 4. Exhibit of 3 varieties of pears for market by grower. Tirst pre-
mium, H. W. Doney, Jackson. Varieties: Bartlett, Sheldon, Seckel ; second
premium, F. M. Benham, Olivet.

Class 5. Exhibit of single variety of pear for market by grower. Only one
entry in this class, by F. M. Benham, which took first premium.

DIVISION G—SPECIAL EXHIBITS OF PLUMS.

There was no competition in this division, the only entries being made by
K. J. Shirts, of Shelby, Oceana county, who took first premium in classes 2,
3, 4, and 5.

DIVISION H—SPECIAL EXHIBITS OF GRAPES.

Class 1. Exhibit of 15 or more varieties of grapes by society, grange or
municipality. Second premium, Olivet collection, by F. M. Benham.

Class 3. Exhibit of 6 varieties of grapes for dessert and family purposes by
grower. First premium, E. W. Cottrell, Greenfield, Wayne county; second
premium, F. M. Benham, Olivet.

Class 4. Exhibit of 3 varieties of native grapes for market by grower. First
premium, E. W. Cottrell, Greenfield; second premium, Albert Wedthoff, Bay
City.

Class 5. Exhibit of single variety native market grape by grower. First
premium, C. W. Robinson, Detroit—Concord; second premium, Albert Wedt-
hoff, Bay City—Concord.

Class 6. Exhibit of 5 varieties foreign grapes grown under glass. First pre-
mium, A. Sigler, Adrian.

Class 7. Single variety foreign grapes grown under glass. In this class two

92 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

first premiums were awarded, one to Chas. T. Allen, Detroit, another to A.
Sigler, Adrian.

DIVISION J—APPLES—SINGLE PLATES.

This division always brings a large amount of work to the viewing commit-
tec; but owing to the admirable arrangement of varieties this season, the
awards were made very rapidly.

Red Astrachan—Four entries made but none shown.

Primate—Three entries. First premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth.

Large Yellow Bough—Four entries. First premium, H. E. Bidwell, Ply-
mouth ; second premium, P. W. Johnson, Grand Rapids; third premium, A.
D. Benham, Olivet.

Early Strawberry—Three entries. First premium, H. E. Bidwell, Ply-
mouth.

Early Joe—Third premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth.

Maiden’s Blush—LEight entries. First premium, H. HE. Bidwell, Plymouth;
second premium, 8. M. Pearsall, Grand Rapids; third premium, EH. J. Shirts,
Shelby.

Lowell—Four entries. First premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth.

Porter—Three entries. First premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth; second
premium, A. D. Benham, Olivet.

Keswick Codlin—Two entries. First premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth;
second premium, P.,W. Johnson, Grand Rapids.

Twenty-ounce—Ten entries. First premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth;
second premium, 8. M. Pearsall, Grand Rapids; third premium, A. A. Olds,
Decatur.

Chenango Strawberry—Five entries. First premium, S. M. Pearsall, Grand
Rapids; second premium, EH. J. Shirts, Shelby; third premium, J. M. Blow-
ers, Lawrence. .

Hawley—Three entries. First premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth ; second
premium, H. J. Shirts, Shelby; third premium, A. D. Benham, Olivet.

Dyer—Three entries. First premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth: second
premium, A. D. Benham, Olivet.

Jersey Sweet—Five entries. First premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth;
second premium, A. A. Olds, Decatur; third premium, J. M. Blowers, Law-
rence.

Blenheim Pippin—Two entries. First premium, A. D. Benham, Olivet.

Fall Pippin—LEHight Entries. First premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth;
second premium, H. U. Clark, Ann Arbor; third premium, R. M. Webster,
Armada.

Ohio Nonpareil—First premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth.

Summer Pearmain—First premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth; second pre-
mium, A. D. Benham, Olivet.

Autumn Swaar—First premium, N. Chilson, Battle Creek; third premium,
H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth.

Peck’s Pleasant—Ten entries. First premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Ar- .
mada; second premium, H. EH. Bidwell, Plymouth; third premium, N. Chil-
son, Battle Creek.

Rhode Island Greening—Thirteen entries. First premium, J. D. Perry,
Bell Branch; second premium, H. HE. Bidwell, Plymouth; third premium, 8.
M. Pearsall, Grand -Rapids.

Baldwin—Fourteen entries. First premium, N. Chilson, Battle Creek ; sec-

THE ANNUAL FAIR OF 1880, 93

ond premium, 8. M. Pearsall, Grand Rapids; third premium, L. A. Lilly
Allegan.

Red Canada—Eleven entries. First premium, H. C. Clark, Ann Arbor;
second premium, 8S. M. Pearsall, Grand Rapids; third premium, A. D. Ben-
ham, Olivet.

Golden Russet—Ten entries. First premium, P. W. Johnson, Grand
Rapids; second premium, H. H. Bidwell, Plymouth; third premium, Geo. E.
Jewett, Allegan.

Roxbury Russet—EHleven entries. First premium, R. M. Webster, Armada;
second premium, 8. M. Pearsall, Grand Rapids; third premium, Mrs. P. V.
Aldrich, Armada.

Wagener—Hight entries. First premium, R. M. Webster, Armada; second
premium, E. J. Shirts, Shelby; third premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada.

Northern Spy—Twelve entries. First premium, L. A. Lilly, Allegan,
second premium, R. M. Webster, Armada; third premium, 8. M. Pearsall,
Grand Rapids.

Belmont—Six entries. First premium, J. H. Peabody, Birmingham;
second premium, H. C. Clark, Ann Arbor; third premium, A. D. Benham,
Olivet.

Fameuse—Nine entries. First premium, J. H. Peabody, Birmingham;
second premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth; third premium, H. C. Clark,
Ann Arbor.

Bailey’s Sweet—Five entries. First premium, A. A. Olds, Decatur; second
premium, Geo. EH. Jewett, Allegan; third premium, H. EH. Bidwell, Plymouth.

Westfield Seek-no-further—Seyven entries. First premium, Geo. E. Jewett,
Allegan; second premium, H. EH. Bidwell, Plymouth, third premium, J. D.
Perry, Bell Branch.

Hubbardston Nonsuch—First premium, A. A, Olds, Decatur.

King of Tompkins County—Eight entries. First premium, Mrs. P. V.
Aldrich, Armada; second premium, H. J. Shirts, Shelby; third premium, S.
M. Pearsall, Grand Rapids.

Yellow Bellflower—Six entries. First premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth;
second premium, David Geddes, Saginaw; third premium. H. C. Clark, Ann
Arbor.

Talman Sweet—Thirteen entries. First premium, R. M. Webster, Armada;
second premium, A. D. Benham, Olivet; third premium, P. W. Johnson.
Grand Rapids.

Ladies’ Sweet—Three entries. Second premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth.

Shiawassee Beauty—Three entries. First premium, H. E. Bidwell, Ply-
mouth; second premium, 8. 8. Bailey, Grand Rapids.

Grimes’ Golden—Five entries. First premium, A. D. Benham, Olivet;
second premium, A. D. Benham, Olivet; third premium, 1 a Johnson,
Grand Rapids.

Swaar—Seven entries. First premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth; second
premium, KE. J. Shirts, Shelby; third premium, A. A. Olds, Decatur.

Esopus Spitzenburgh—Five entries. First premium, H. KE. Bidwell, Ply-
mouth; second premium, A. D. Benham, Olivet ; third premium, R. M.
Webster, Armada.

Melon—Five entries. First premium, H. HE. Bidwell, Plymouth; second
premium, J. M. Blowers, Lawrence; third premium, A. D. Benham, Olivet.

Jonathan—Six entries. First premium, J. M. Blowers, Lawrence; second
premium, H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth; third premium, H. J. Shirts, Shelby.

04 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mann—Three entries. First premium, E. Miner, Grand Rapids.

In class 54, which includes varieties not elsewhere entered, there were 32
entries. he first three premiums were given to Black Gilleflower, shown by
J. H. Peabody, Birmingham; Fallawater, shown by David Geddes, Saginaw;
Alexander, shown by H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth. The second premiums were
awarded to Stark, shown by A. A. Olds, Decatur; St. Lawrence, shown by
H. E. Bidwell, Plymouth; Alexander, shown by E. J. Shirts, Shelby. The
third premiums were given to Pound Royal, shown by J. H. Peabody, Bir-
mingham; President, shown by J. M. Blowers, Lawrence; Pound Royal,
shown by 8. M. Pearsall, Grand Rapids.

Transcendent Crab—Three entries. Second premium, A. D. Benham,
Olivet.

Hyslop Crab—Four entries. First premium, K. J. Shirts, Shelby; second
premium, A. A. Olds, Decatur; third premium, A. D. Benham, Olivet.

DIVISION K—PEARS—SINGLE PLATES.

Bartlett—Ten entries. First premium, Philo Parsons, Detroit; second
premium, D. W. Howard, Pentwater; third premium, H. W. Doney,
Jackson.

Flemish Beauty—Six entries. First premium, H. W. Doney, Jackson;
second premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada.

Seckel—Six entries. First premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada; second
premium, H. W. Doney, Jackson; third premium, Philo Parsons, Detroit.

Onondaga—First premium, IH. C. Engel, Detroit.

White Doyenné—Four entries. First premium, Philo Parsons, Detroit;
second premium, H. J. Shirts, Shelby.

Beurré d’ Anjou—Five entries. First premium, A. D. Benham, Olivet;
second premium, Philo Parsons, Detroit; third premium, D. J. Mattock,
Toledo, Ohio.

Sheldon—Seven entries. First premium, H. W. Doney, Jackson.

Fondante d’ Automne—First premium, A. D. Benham, Olivet.

Lawrence—Second premium, A. D. Benham, Olivet.

Louise Bonne de Jersey—Seven entries. First premium, A. D. Benham,
Olivet; second premium, A. A. Olds, Decatur; third premium, Wm. Sowerby,
Detroit.

Duchess d’ Augouleme—seyen entries. First premium, A. D. Benham, Oli-
vet; second premium, H. C. Engel, Detroit; third premium, D. J. Mattock,
Toledo, Ohio.

In Class 26. Any other variety not mentioned, there were thirteen entries.
The three first premiums were awarded as follows: Winter Nélis, grown by
A. D. Benham, Olivet; Dana’s Hovey, grown by A. D. Benham, Olivet;
Howell, grown by A. D. Benham, Olivet. The second premiums were as fol-
lows: Dr. Reeder, and Doyenné Boussock, grown by A. D. Benham; Howell,
grown by A. A. Olds, Decatur; Belle Lucrative, grown by Mrs. Elvira Elliott,
Lansing. The third premium was to the Gray Doyenné, grown by Philo Par-
sons, Detroit. :

DIVISION L.—PEACHES—SINGLE PLATES.

In this division and the one following, a number of seedlings of uncom-
mon merit were exhibited by Mr. C. Engle, of Paw Paw. The Executive
Board awarded a special premium in recognition of their value.

Hale’s Early—First premium, E. J. Shirts, Shelby.

THE ANNUAL FAIR OF 1880. 95

Early Crawford—First Premium, EH. J. Shirts, Shelby.

Barnard—First premium, E. J. Shirts, Shelby.

Old Mixon Free—First premium, A. G. Gulley, South Haven; second
premium, EH. J. Shirts, Shelby.

Jacques Rareripe—First premium, A. G. Gulley, South Haven.

Late Crawford—Six entries. First premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw; second
premium, Mrs. Sylvester Farmer, Detroit; third premium, A. G. Gulley,
South Haven.

Hill’s Chili—Four entiries. First premium, John G. English, Manchester ;
second premium, A. G. Gulley, South Haven; third premium, EH. J. Shirts,
Shelby.

Smock—First premium, A. G. Gulley, South Haven.

Foster—First premium, EK. J. Shirts, Shelby

Large Early York—First premium, A. D. Benham, Olivet.

In Class 20—Any other variety not named above. The premiums were dis
tributed as follows: Susquehanna—First premium shown by EH. J. Shirts,
Shelby. Susquehanna—Second premium shown by A. G. Gulley, South Haven.

Under Seedling peaches, there were a number of entries. E. W. Cottrell
exhibited the ‘‘Garfield.’’ Committee said of it: ‘* For amateur growers;
very fine flavor; light fleshed; medium pit.’’

C. Engle exhibited the ‘* Michigan,’’ ‘‘ Eliza,”’ ‘‘ Josephine,’? and ‘‘Juno.”’
Of the first the committee remarked: ‘‘ Fine flavor; yellow fleshed; free
stone—a good market peach.’’ Of the second: ‘‘ Not quite equal to ‘ Michi-
gan’ or ‘Josephine.’’’ Of the third: ‘‘Good market peach; as promising
as Michigan ; alittle later, and notas high colored.’? Of the fourth: ‘Cling;
late; not in season for best flavor; large; yellow fleshed, and fine looking.”’

DIVISION M—GRAPES—SINGLE PLATES.

Concord—First premium, E. W. Cottrell, Greenfield; second premium, C.
W. Robinson, Detroit.

Ives’—Second premium, E. W. Cottrell, Greenfield.

Iona—First premium, H. C. Engel, Detroit.

Hartford Prolific—First premium, C. W. Robinson, Detroit; second pre-
mium, EK. W. Cottrell, Greenfield.

Isabella—First premium, C. W. Robinson, Detroit.

Martha—First premium, E. W. Cottrell, Greenfield.

Lady—First premium, E. W. Cottrell, Greenfield.

Brighton—First premium, E. W. Cottrell, Greenfield.

Agawam—First premium, HE. W. Cottrell, Greenfield.

Salem—First premium, E. W. Cottrell, Greenfield.

Merrimac—First premium, E. W. Cottrell, Greenfield.

Wilder—First premium, E. W. Cottrell, Greenfield.

Prentiss—First premium, T. 8. Hubbard, Fredonia, N. Y.

Janesville—Third premium, E. W. Cottrell, Greenfield.

Telegraph—Second premium, E. W. Cottrell, Greenfield.

Elvira—First premium, E. W. Cottrell, Greenfield.

The ‘‘ Niagara’? was shown by the Niagara Grape Company, of Lockport,
N.Y. The variety was not entered for premium. ''he committee spoke of
the display as follows: ‘* We find a very fine display of Niagara grapes by Mr.
Babcock, who represents the Niagara Grape Company. ‘The variety has choice
flavor, large clusters, and has great promise as a market grape.’’

The committee spoke in terms of praise of Mr. C. Engle’s seedlings, but

96 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

these will be more fully reported upon at the annual meeting by the committee
on new fruits.

DIVISION N.—PLUMS—SINGLE PLATES.

Lombard—First premium, D. L. Garver, Hart; second premium, H. J.
Shirts, Shelby; third premium, Mrs. Sylvester Farmer, Detroit.

Duane’s Purple—First premium, E. J. Shirts, Shelby.

Yellow Egg—First premium, D. W. Howard, Pentwater.

Coe’s Golden Drop—First premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw; second premium,
E. J. Shirts, Shelby.

Bavay’s Green Gage—First premium, E. J. Shirts, Shelby.

Prince’s Yellow Egg—First premium, EK. J. Shirts, Shelby.

Damson—First premium, Mrs. Sylvester Farmer, Detroit.

Bradshaw—Third premium, Mrs. Sylvester Farmer, Detroit.

Imperial Gage—First premium, EH. J. Shirts, Shelby.

German Prune—First premium, Mrs. Sylvester Farmer, Detroit; second
premium, EH. J. Shirts, Shelby.

Bleeker’s Gage—First premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw; second premium, E,
J. Shirts, Shelby.

In ‘‘plate of any other variety,’’? D. L. Garver, of Hart, carried off a first
premium on a California egg.

Quinces—A. A. Olds and Wim. Sowerby carried away first premiums; Miss
Maggie Curry and A. A. Olds took second premiums in this class.

DIVISION O—DRIED FRUITS.

In this division there was the most complete harmony on the part of exhib-
itors; quite a contrast with the feeling a year ago. This was partly due to
better regulations concerning the entries.

Collection Domestic Dried Fruits—First premium, Mrs. A. McClary, Gales-
burg.

Dried Apples—Five entries. First premium, Mrs. Elvira Elliott, Lansing ;
seeond premium, Mrs. R. M. Cook, Charlotte.

Dried Pears—Six entries. First premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada;
second premium, Mrs. Mrs. A. McClary, Galesburg.

Dried Peaches—Five entries. First premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada;
second premium, Mrs. A. McClary, Galesburg.

Dried Plums—Five entries. First premium, Mrs. Elvira Elliott, Lansing;
second premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada.

Dried Cherries—Five entries. First premium, Mrs. A. MeClary, Gales-
burg; second premium, Mrs. R. M. Cook, Charlotte.

Dried Strawberries—First premium, Mrs. A. McClary, Galesburg; second
premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada.

Dried Raspberries—Six entries. First premium, Mrs. A. McClary, Gales-
burg; second premium, Mrs. Elvira Elliott, Lansing.

Dried Blackberries—Five entries. First premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich,
Armada; second premium, R. M. Webster, Armada.

Dried Huckleberries—Five entries. First premium, Mrs. R. M. Cook,
Charlotte; second premium, R. M. Webster, Armada.

Dried Quinces—First premium, Mrs. R. M. Cook, Charlotte; second pre-
mium, R. M. Webster, Armada.

Dried Currants—Six entries. All the exhibits very fine indeed—First pre-

THE ANNUAL FAIR OF 1880, 97

mium, R. M. Webster, Armada; second premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Ar-
mada.

Dried Gooseberries—First premium, Mrs. R. M. Cook, Charlotte.

Dried Grapes—First premium, Mrs. Elvira Elliott, Lausing.

Dried Elderberries. Six entries—First premium, Mrs. R. M. Cook, Char-
lotte ; second premium, Mrs. A. McClary, Galesburg.

Dried Crab-apples. Committee found no such class on its list, but awarded
Mrs. R. M. Cook first premium.

Several discretionary premiums were awarded on dried vegetables.

DIVISION P.—CANNED AND PICKLED FRUITS.

There were seventy entries in this division, and in many instances the com-
petition was very close.

Canned Peaches—First premium, L. E. Nabors, Flint; second premium,
Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada.

Canned Pears—First premium, R. M. Webster, Armada; second premium,
L. EK. Nabors, Flint.

Canned Apples—First premium, R. M. Webster, Armada.

Canned Plums—First premium, Miss Maggie Currie, Detroit; second pre-
mium, R. M. Webster, Armada.

Canned Cherries—First premium, Miss Maggie Currie, Detroit; second
premium, L. E. Nabors, Flint.

Canned Crab-apples—First premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada; second
premium, 1.. E. Nabors, Flint.

Canned Strawberries—First premium, Mrs. A. McClary, Galesburg; second
premium, L. E. Nabors, Flint.

Canned Raspberries—First premium, L. E. Nabors, Flint; second premium,
R. M. Webster, Armada.

Canned Blackberries—First premium, L. E. Nabors, Flint; second pre-
mium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada.

Canned Huckleberries—First premium, L. E. Nabors, Flint; second pre-
mium, R. M. Webster, Armada.

Canned Quinces—First premium, L. E. Nabors, Flint; second premium,
Mrs. R. M. Cook, Charlotte.

Canned Gooseberries—First premium, L. E. Nabors, Flint.

Canned Currants—First premium, L. E. Nabors, Flint; second premium,
R. M. Webster, Armada,

Canned Grapes—First. Premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada; second pre-
mium, R. M. Webster, Armada.

Pickled Pears—First premium, R. M. Webster, Armada; second premium,
Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada.

Pickled Peaches—First premium, Miss Maggie Currie, Detroit; second
premium, L. E. Nabors, Flint.

Pickled Apples—First premium, L. E. Nabors, Flint; second premium,
Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada.

Pickled Cherries—First premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada; second
premium, L. E. Nabors, Flint.

Several special premiums were recommended upon canned vegetables shown
by L. E. Nabors.

13

98 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DIVISION Q.—PRESERVED FRUITS AND JELLIES.

There were above 90 entries in this division.

Collection Preserved Fruits and Jellies—First premium, R. M. Webster,
Armada.

Cider Apple Sauce—First premium, Mrs. R. M. Cook, Charlotte; second
premium, L. E. Nabors, Flint.

Preserved Pears—First premium, R. M. Webster, Armada; second pre-
mium, Mrs. R. M. Cook, Charlotte.

Preserved Peaches—First premium, R. M. Webster, Armada; second pre-
mium, Mrs. R. M. Cook, Charlotte.

Preserved Plums—First premium, Mrs. Elvira Elliott, Lansing; second
premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada.

Preserved Cherries—First premium, R. M. Webster, Armada; second pre-
mium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada.

Preserved Strawberries—First premium, Mrs. A. McClary, Galesbury; sec-
ond premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada.

Preserved Raspberries—First premium, R. M. Webster, Armada; second
premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada.

Preserved Blackberries—First premium, R. M. Webster, Armada; second
premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada.

Preserved Huckleberries—First premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada;
second premium, Mrs. A. McClary, Galesburg.

Preserved Quinces—First premium, R. M. Webster, Armada.

Preserved Currants—First premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada; second
premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada.

Currant Jelly—First premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada; second pre-
mium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada.

Apple Jelly—First premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada; second pre-
mium, Miss Sara Fletcher, Ann Arbor.

Crab-apple Jelly—First premium, R. M. Webster, Armada; second pre-
mium, H. D. Cutting, Clinton.

Grape Jelly—First premium, Miss Sara Fletcher, Ann Arbor; second pre-
mium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada.

Raspberry Jelly—First premium, Mrs. P. V. Aldrich, Armada; second
premium, Mrs. A. McClary, Galesburg.

Blackberry Jelly—First premium, L. KE. Nabors, Flint; second premium,
R. M. Webster, Armada.

Quince Jelly—First premium, R. M. Webster, Armada; second premium,
Miss Sara Fletcher, Ann Arbor.

Gooseberry Jelly—First premium, L. E. Nabors, Flint.

Strawberry Jelly—First premium, L. EH. Nabors, Flint.

Plum Jelly—Second premium, L. HE. Nabors, Flint.

Apple Butter—First premium, R. M. Webster, Armada; second premium,
L. KE. Nabors, Flint.

Several special premiums were awarded in this division, subject to action of
the Executive Board.

DIVISION R.—NURSERY STOCK.

In this division L. G. Bragg, of Kalamazoo, entered in every class but grape

vines. There was no competition, and because the stock was good the com-

THE ANNUAL FAIR OF 1880. 99

mittee awarded first premium in all the classes. The committee were N.
Chilson, Battle Creek; Eli Bidelman, Lansing; Chas. R. Coryell, Jonesville.

DIVISION S.—SCREENS.

The awards in this division were not made at the fair, and the report will
appear upon a subsequent page of this volume.

DIVISION T.—PLANTS IN POTS—PROFESSIONAL LIST.

Collection of greenhouse and stove plants of not less than 20 different
varieties. First premium, Frederick Schneider, Detroit; second premium,
Carl Bogula, Detroit.

Six Begonias—First premium, Wm. Ferguson, Detroit; second premium,
Carl Bogula, Detroit.

Six Fuchsias—First premium, Frederick Schneider, Detroit; second prem-
ium, Carl Bogula, Detroit.

Six Single Geraniums—First premium, Carl Bogula, Detroit.

Six Double Geraniums—First premium, Carl Bogula, Detroit.

Six Coleus—First premium, Carl Bogula, Detroit.

Single Agave—First premium, George Beard, Detroit.

Four Azalias—First premium, Frederick Schneider, Detroit.

Single Caladium—First premium, Frederick Schneider, Detroit.

Single Dracwena—First premium, Wm. Ferguson, Detroit.

Single Foliage Begonia—First premium, [Frederick Schneider, Detroit;
second premium, Carl Bogula, Detroit.

Single Flowering Begonia—First premium, Carl Bogula, Detroit; second
premium, Frederick Schneider, Detroit.

Single Alocasia—First premium, Frederick Schneider, Detroit.

Single Coleus—First premium, Frederick Schneider, Detroit.

Single Fuchsia—First premium, Carl Bogula, Detroit; second ee
Frederick Schneider, Detroit.

Specimen Double Geranium—First premium, Carl Bogula, Detroit.

Specimen Single Geranium—First premium, Carl Bogula, Detroit.

Single Bouvardia—First premium, Carl Bogula, Detroit.

Single Nérium—First premium, Carl Bogula, Detroit.

Single Specimen Tuberose—First premium, John Ford & Sons, Detroit ;
second premium, Carl Bogula, Detroit.

Single Salvia Splendens—First premium, John Ford & Sons, Detroit;
second premium, Carl Bogula, Detroit.

Single Tree Fern—First premium, Wm. Ferguson, Detroit.

Single Fern—First premium, Frederick Schneider, Detroit.

Single Azalea—First premium, Frederick Schneider, Detroit.

Four Double Petunias—First premium, Frederick Schneider, Detroit.

Plumbago Capensis—First premium, John Ford & Sons, Detroit.

Single Carnation—First premium, George Beard, Detroit.

Climbing plant on trellis—First premium, Frederick Schneider, Detroit.

DIVISION U—PLANTS IN POTS—AMATEUR LIST.

By some misfortune the note was not made in the catalogue of premiums
that this was strictly an amateur list, and hence some professionals take pre-
miums; but the committee found that there was such an arrangement of
entries as to prevent any unpleasantness growing out of this fact, and hence
did not throw any of them out.

100 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Six Carnations—First premium, Frederick Schneider, Detroit.

Six Pinks, different varieties—First premium, George F. Crabbe, Detroit.

Specimen plant, Lady Washington Geranium—Ilirst premium, Frederick
Schneider, Detroit.

Specimen plant, Salvia—First premium, George F. Crabbe, Detroit.

Specimen plant, Foliage Begonia—First premium, Mrs. Adah Paris, Detroit.

Specimen plant, Flowering Begonia—First premium, Frederick Schneider,
Detroit.

Specimen plant, Coleus—First premium, Frederick Schneider, Detroit;
second premium, Mrs. Adah Paris, Detroit.

Specimen plant, Carnation—First premium, Frederick Schneider, Detroit;
second premium, George F. Crabbe, Detroit.

Specimen plant, Fuchsia—First premium, Frederick Schneider, Detroit.

Specimen plant, Primrose—First premium, Frederick Schneider, Detroit.

Specimen plant, Tuberose—First premium, Mrs. Seth Smith, Detroit.

Specimen plant, Tree Fern—First premium, Mrs. Seth Smith, Detroit.

Specimen plant, American Cotton Plant—First premium, Mrs. Stephen
Long, Detroit.

Specimen Plant, Jerusalem Cherry Tree—First premium, R. J. Cary, Detroit.

Specimen Plant, Agave—First premium, Miss Adelaide Kaicher, Detroit.

Specimen plant, Myrtle Tree—First premium, Frederick Schneider, Detroit.

DIVISION Y.—BEDDING PLANTS AND CUT FLOWERS.

The arrangements for showing the entries in this division were very unsat-
isfactory. ‘There were above fifty entries, some of which could not be found
by the committee.

Display of Cut Flowers—First premium, James Toms, Ann Arbor; second
premium, Miss Sara Fletcher, Ann Arbor; third premium, George F. Crabbe,
Detroit.

Twelve Verbenas—First premium, James Toms, Ann Arbor; second pre-
mium, George F. Crabbe, Detroit.

Twelve Dahlias—First premium, John Ford & Sons, Detroit; Second pre-
mium, James Toms, Ann Arbor.

Twelve Gladiolus—First premium, John Ford & Sons, Detroit.

Twelve Chrysanthemums—First premium, Carl Bogula, Detroit; Second
premium, Mrs, R. M. Cook, Charlotte.

Twelve Roses—First premium, James Toms, Ann Arbor.

Twelve Asters—First premium, Mrs. R. M. Cook, Charlotte; second pre-
John Ford & Sons, Detroit.

Twelve Pansies—First premium, Mrs. R. M. Cook, Charlotte; second
premium, James Toms, Ann Arbor.

Twelve Zinnias—First premium, Mrs. Wm. Prentiss, Windsor; second pre-
mium, Fred Waltz, Detroit.

Twelve Balsams—First premium, John Ford and Sons, Detroit; second
premium, George F’. Crabbe, Detroit.

Twelve Phlox Drummondii—First premium, James Toms, Ann Arbor;
£econd premium, George F. Crabbe, Detroit.

Twelve Antirrhinnm—First premium, Mrs. R. M. Cook, Charlotte; second .
premium, George F. Crabbe, Detroit.

Twelve Ornamental Grasses—First premium, Mrs. R. M. Cook, Charlotte.

Twelve Ten Weeks’ Stocks—First premium, Mrs. R. M. Cook, Charlotte.

THE ANNUAL FAIR OF 1880, 101

DIVISION W—BOUQUETS AND FLORAL DESIGNS.

There were fifty-eight entries in this division. ‘The displays were not exten-
tensive, but some of them exceedingly fine and tastefully arranged.

Pair Boquets of Flowers—First premium, George F. Crabbe, Detroit; sec-
ond premium, Mrs. R. M. Cook, Charlotte.

Pair Boquets of Grasses—First premium, Mrs. R. M. Cook, Charlotte. |

Pair Boquets of Everlastings—First premium, Mrs. Wm. Prentiss, Windsor.

Pair Vases with Flowers—First premium, George Beard, Detroit.

Fancy Basket of Flowers—First premium, Wm. Ferguson, Detroit, second
premium, Mrs. Seth Smith, Detroit.

Design in Flowers for Center Table—First premium, Wm. Ferguson, De-
troit; second premium, George F. Crabbe, Detroit.

Arranged Dish of Cut Flowers—First premium, George F. Crabbe, Detroit.

Floral Novelty—First premium, Win. Ferguson, Detroit; second premium,
George F. Crabbe, Detroit.

Pair Button-hole Bouquets—First premium, Carl Bogula, Detroit; second
premium, George F. Crabbe, Detroit.

LEAF CLASSIFICATION.

In Division W were entered a number of sheets of mounted leaves, by three
students at the Agricultural College, illustrating leaf classification. The ar-
rangement was beautiful and instructive. A special committee, consisting of
E. F. Guild, Saginaw; Miss Fannie Noble and Miss Hattie Owen of Detroit,
were selected to report suitable awards, and reported as follows: ‘‘We have
taken especial pleasure in viewing the work of Messrs. W. H. Bristol, J. H.
Eddie and C. M. Weed, of Lansing, and recommend a premium of five dollars
to each of them in consideration of the labor and pains taken in perfecting the
display. We think it should be the policy of the society to encourage such
exhibitions for decorative and educational purposes.”’

DISCRETIONARY PREMIUMS.

A number of discretionary premiums recommended by the committees have
been awarded by the Executive Board, and others have not at the date of com-
piling this, been acted upon.

HORTICULTURE:
ITS BENEFITS AND WHAT IT THACHER

BY WILLIAM VAN BUREN.

A PAPER Ot BEFORE THE INGHAM COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, AT
LANSING, DECEMBER 1], 1880.

Perhaps it was almost unkindness toward me on the part of the committee
on programme to wait until the sweet festival of All Saints, which the church
keeps on the 1st day of November in each year, had passed, before inviting me
to read a paper, for it does appear that it would have been less difficult to have
chosen a subject for an address to be read before a horticultural society ere the
period had arrived when

“Never resting time leads summer on to hideous winter;
Sap-checked with frost, and leaves quite gone.”

However, having been invited, and having consented to write something, I
am in duty bound to make an effort. If I succeed in saying anything of inter-
est, or that will be of benefit to my hearers, I will be fully repaid for the
undertaking. If 1 fail in these things, I hope you will attribute that failure
rather to the Jack of knowledge than to any want of interest on my part in the
society and its future usefulness.

To begin, then, I wish to say that I joined the Ingham county horticultural
society from somewhat sclfish motives, and not perhaps with a knowledge that
I could be of any great benefit to the members of the association, but rather
hoping that I would obtain knowledge beneficial to myself. In ordinary cases
self-interested promptings are not the first principles which lead one to good
deeds. Yet, believing as I do that it is the duty of every man and every woman,
and every boy and girl who has reached the years of discretion, to unite him-
self or herself with an organization having for its object the bettering of the
social condition of mankind, and firmly believing that an association such as
ours will lead directiy in that path, I may be pardoned for my selfishness in
joining. I hope, now that you have received me, that I may in some way
repay you for your kindness, and at various times contribute my mite in for-
warding the noble objects of our excellent society.

* HORTICULTURE, 103

ONE OF THE EARLIEST EMPLOYMENTS.

Horticuiture is the most ancient employment ordained by the Creator for
man. Inthe words of Lord Bacon, ‘‘it is the greatest refreshment of the
spirits of man, without which buildings and palaces are but gross handiworks,
and man will ever see that when ages grow to civility and elegance, men come
to build stately sooner than to garden finely, as if gardening were the greatest
perfection.”’

BENEFITS OF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

Societies like our own are not only powerful and effective in the advance-
ment of science and art, but the incentive to the formation of many channels
of industry, the fruits of which diffuse their blessings on every hand. Our
meetings not only present facilities for social and business intercourse, but
they also offer opportunities for personal friendships.

In a city like Lansing there are but few regular gardeners to aid us with
their practical examples, advice, and presence at our meetings, yet there are
but a limited number of cities in the land where the adyantages of a knowl-
edge of horticulture could be used to better benefit. Our broad avenues and
streets, and large yards present an excellent opportunity for the display of a
horticultural taste, which, once cultivated and utilized by a few even, would
stimulate hundreds of others to greater efforts in the care of their surround-
ings. No man likes to have comparisons made when such collation reflects on
himself or his property. Therefore the man who by planting sweet-scented
flowers and shrubs, by building good walks about his premises, and by keeping
his surroundings neat, beautiful, and clean, compels his less thrifty neighbor
to do the same (although not perhaps from love of the beautiful), confers a
favor on the community in which he lives that cannot be measured by words.
Going ont and attending to matters and things about the premises, and return-
ing with dry, clean shoes, is an enjoyment that must be realized to be appre-
ciated. No man can bea good horticulturist without displaying that partiality
to advantage about his home; therefore, the greater number of people in a
community possessing a love for horticulture, and the greater number of people
who can, by the aid of such societies as ours, be induced to cultivate such a
desirable taste, the more rapidly will our homes and surroundings become
beautiful and attractive.

When passing a well-kept lawn, a handsome yard, or even an ordinary place,
where the empty oyster-cans, old boots and shoes, and general rubbish, are
properly disposed of, instead of lying in unsightly heaps, or scattered promis-
cuously about the back door, I always feel that a better acquaintance with the
owner and his family would be desirable. To me it does not appear possible
for a man to be a truly bad man at heart who keeps his surroundings in proper
shape.

ADVANTAGES OF PROPER FRUIT-PACKING.

While I cannot tell you anything about the planting and general cultivation
of flowers, fruits, and vegetables, which would be of advantage to you who
have had years of experience in horticulture, yet, as a consumer and enthusi-
astic lover of some of the good things of earth, perhaps I might say a few
words about marketing fruit that will prove of advantage to some.

The first requisite is a clean, attractive package. How many times have

104 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

you and I been induced to buy a quantity of berries or fruit because of the
unstained and charming appearance or the box, basket, or package, and be-
cause a little knowledge of wood enabled us to see at once that the berries or
fruit had been packed in dry, well-seasoned boxes. Fruit is easily affected by
odors, and sooner decays when in contact with moisture than when shipped in
a thoroughly seasoned. package. Fruit boxes and baskets, therefore, should
be procured early in the season, in order that ample time may be had for them
to dry and be ready for the fruit when ripe. Good and bad fruit should not be
shipped in one package. Whatever the fruit, let it be uniform in size and
color.

A story, which to me seems appropriate here, is told of a gentleman who
bought a barrel of apples of a certain dealer, which did not give satisfaction.
The following conversation is said to have taken place at the next meeting of
the buyer and seller:

‘‘What’s the reason,”’ said the buyer, ‘‘ that the further down I go into the
apples, the worse they get?”’

‘«The reason for that is,’’ replied the seller, candidly, ‘‘that you did not
open the barrel at the*other end. If you had only done that the apples would
be getting better all the time.”

Iam quite certain that enough fruit has been packed in that way in the
past to make the story quite probable. I believe, however, that there has been
a marked improvement in this respect during the past few years.

It does not take any more time to secure a good customer for fruit and ber-
ries than to obtain one for butter, cheese, or wood. When a buyer knows that
he can secure a good article of fruit, berries, or garden stuff, from a certain
grower, he is just as faithful a customer, and just as willing to pay a fair price,
as the one who buys the other commodities mentioned above.

If the ultimate object of raising fruit for market is to obtain the most money
for it possible, I know of no better way than, first, to raise good fruit, and second,
to market it in the most attractive manner. Produce thus cultivated and
marketed will speak to your praise in every good quality you have imparted to
it, and win the notice and good will of those who are seeking good workmen,
and are willing to pay for quality.

If on a cold, dark night you observe a man wending his way to the abode of
one of God’s poor children, with a heavy load of provisions in his arms, you
need not stop to ask if he loves the Lord. Whether he is an orthodox, a
Catholic or a heathen, he is laying up treasures in heaven. When yon see a
fine lot of fruits or berries put upin proper shape, and brought to market
fresh and inviting, you need not stop to inquire how long the cultivator has
been engaged in the operation, but rest assured that he understands his busi-
ness thoroughly. That producer will make a good member of a horticultural
society, and the more we have of that class in our ranks, the better we will
prosper as an organization.

WORK WELL DONE IS BEST DONE.

“¢ Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well,”’ isan old and trite
maxim, but probably nothing truer was ever uttered. It is the corner-stone,
as it were, of a temple of perfection, and a character builded upon such a base,
although it may not perhaps be entirely faultless, can hardly be a failure. ‘To
do work well is a discipline of the heart as well as the hands and brain, and
without discipline of some kind, the talents of the average human being would
be only so much bankrupt stock,—not worth first value in the market.

HORTICULTURE. 105

THE VALUE OF DISCIPLINE.

But it is not necessary that a boy should learn Greek and algebra at school
in order to receive this needful and healthful drill of mind and character.
Any occupation engaged in, in the proper spirit, may be made to furnish both
discipline and pleasure. To do the one thing only, aud do it well, thoroughly,
and conscientiously, to learn the one lesson until it is perfectly understood, is
better far than a little knowledge of many things. Doing one thing well is an
inspiration to do others well; and self-reliance, decision of character, and
promptness in business matters, will unerringly follow.

ALL LEARNING NOT TO BE FOUND IN BOOKS.

Education does not all come from books. Nature gives us lessons more re-
plete with wisdom than the lore of the sages; pictures more beautiful than
the canvas of the painter or the visions of the poet; and the songs of her
birds, and winds, and waters, furnish a music grander and sweeter than the
songs of the artists who warble before the footlights.

WHAT HORTICULTURE TEACHES.

And what occupation is better adapted to help us explore the mystic secrets
of creation, ‘‘ to lead us from nature up to nature’s God,’’ than that of horticult-
ure? The boy or man who plants a tree or makes a flower-bed, or who buries the
seeds in the brown earth, has taken a broader, deeper lesson in science and
religion than the one who is always housed in the school-room. No better type
of the resurrection can be found than the seed bursting its bonds beneath the
clod, and forcing upward the tiny shoot which gives promise of blossom and
fruit. It is a lesson of patience, also, for he learns that he must await the
ministering influences of the sun, the winds, and the rain, before he can reap
the rewards of his labor. And, walking along the ways of the seasons, follow-
ing bud and blossom to their final fruition, he sees the mighty miracle of
growth in all its varied and beautiful phases. And may be, as he carefully
casts out the weeds from among his plants, and prunes away unsightly and
dying branches from his trees, he will be led to think of casting evil or worth-
less thoughts from his heart, and of pruning away excrescences of character
and disposition.

And seeing that everything pertaining to the raising of his fruits and vege-
tables must be done at its appointed period, that in order to be fully prepared
for the work of one season, he must put to good use the spare moments of its
predecessor,—he learns economy of time, one of the chief factors of success
in any calling.

FAILURE OFTEN A TEST OF CHARACTER.

Sometimes, of course, the results of his careful, diligent toil will not be
such as he was justified in expecting. The worm, the frost, or the mildew
may steal a march on him, and thwart his most cherished plans.

And just here is where we find the test of the individual’s metal. If he is
composed of soft material, easily affected by outside infinences, he will give
up, sit down and bemoan his sad fortune, and declare that he will seek some
other employment that will bring him better luck. But if the genuine metal
is there, you will know it by its ring, for difficulties will only serve to develop
the lateut force and energy of his character. He will say that what has been
done can be done again, and that he will yet beat his fortune out of the earth,

106 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

as others have done before him, and will give the world an illustrated lesson in
orthography by proving beyond all cayil that real, substantial, genuine luck is
always spelled with a big P.

The road to success is strewn with failures, and happy is he who uses them
as stepping-stones on his upward path, instead of regarding them as insur-
mountable barriers erected by fate to bar all progress.

HORTICULTURE BOTH POETICAL AND PRACTICAL.

And the tilling of the soil has for the dreamer its poetical side as well as its
practical. If the youth who adopts it as a vocation is of a contemplative,
devotional temperament, he will look upon the planting, the tending, and the
gathering as sacred rights, rather than as hard, unlovely conditions of toil; he
will feed his love of the beautiful on the white promises of spring, which casts
its billows of bloom over orchard, garden, and meadow. He wiil hear the
trees tell each other wonderful legends of other days, when the winds move
them to speak, and he will look upon the mellow fruits of the autumn as globes
of condensed sunshine and fragrance.

A GRAND FIELD FOR YOUTHFUL DISCIPLINE.

In horticultural pursuits there is one of the grandest fields for youthful dis-
cipline to be found anywhere. First, the work must be done well or it will not
bring the greatest reward ; second, the labor must be performed in season, or
no good results will follow; and third, the youth must learn to do the work as
he is instructed by those in authority, or disappointment and vexatious trials
will follow each other in rapid succession. I place great stress on the last
requisite, for some of my worst disappointments with boys have been caused by
failure on their part to follow instructions, and do as nearly as might be as
directed. Fortunate indeed is that youth or young man who early learns this
important lesson; and thrice fortunate is he who, haying learned the precept,
puts it into daily practice, until such time as, by the display of watchful care
and good judgment, advancement follows step by step, until he himself
reaches the position of commander.

THE ANNUAL MEETING.

HELD IN THE CITY OF ANN ARBOR, DECEMBER
6, 7, AND 8, 1880.

FULL TEXT OF LEADING PAPERS AND ABSTRACT OF DISCUSSIONS.

Nearly a year in advance of the annual meeting of 1880 two invitations were
in—one from South Haven and asecond from Ann Arbor. The executive
board took into consideration the fact that Washtenaw county had never been
favored with a meeting, and accepted the invitation of the Washtenaw County
Pomological Society. The Michigan Central Railroad granted reduced rates
to delegates, and as a result the attendance from abroad was larger than ever
before at an annual meeting of the society. There were nearly a hundred del-
egates from various parts of the State outside of Washtenaw county. Aside
from this, Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association was represented by Rey. Charles
Arnold and William Saunders; Ohio Horticultural Society, by its honored
President, Dr. John A. Warder; Western New York Horticultural Society, by
J. S. Woodward and H. E. Hooker and Mr. Chase.

The exhibit of fruit was very choice, much of it having been brought out by
the following announcement which had been published for some weeks:

“Tt is very desirable that we have a beautiful exhibit of the best winter apples,
and the executive board offer the following prizes to members of the society:

“ Best 5 varieties winter apples for market, $5.

“ Best 5 varieties winter apples to eat, $5.

“ Best 5 varieties winter apples to cook, $9.

“ There must be exactly five specimens of each variety, and the awarding committee
will consider not only the value of the varieties for each particular purpose, but the
character, beauty, freedom from defects and geneal perfection of the specimens. En-
tries must be made by mail or at Ann Arbor the afternoon of December6. We desire
a Jarge exhibit of fruit, in variety, and, aside from the special exhibits named above.
it is hoped that fruit growers will bring in from their abundance, especially of varie-
ties regarding the names of which there may be some doubt.”

J. Austin Scott, one of the pioneers in horticultural society work, said he
never saw a more choice selection of winter apples than that gathered at Ann
Arbor.

The arrangements for receiving and entertaining the delegates were most
complete. The circuit court room was used for the meeting, and was given up
for this purpose, although the court was in session. An ante-room was given

108 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

our executive board for its closed sessions, and another adjoining room was
given to the display of plants and flowers by James Toms, who decorated it
handsomely and made a display that added materially to the pleasures of the
convention.

At half past seven o’clock on Monday evening, December 6th, President
Lyon called the convention together, and the proceedings were opened by
music under the charge of Prof. Alvan Wilsey.

The address of welcome, very appropriate and cordial was given by Judge
Page, and responded to in a very happy vein by President Lyon.

After listening to another piece of music, Prof. W. J. Beal of the Agricul-
tural College, delivered an address, illustrated by a number of charts, on

THE OAKS OF MICHIGAN AND THE WORLD.

He remarked in opening that his essay was full of quotations. Instead of
avoiding them, he had made as many as he could, giving the exact words of
the authors. ‘This kind of mosaic work of quotations had taken much more
time than would have been required to write an essay without quotations.

The main authors consulted were Loudon, Emerson, Michaux, and A. J.
Downing.

«The oak is distinguished from all other trees by its acorn, for which the
fruit of no other tree can be mistaken.’ The leaves are late in appearing,
just before or just with the flowers. The stipules fall away as the leaves ex-
pand the buds. The flowers are of two kinds, both on one plant. ‘* The sterile
flowers are in long, slender drooping catkins, which are in clusters; the fertile
flowers in a bud-like, scaly cup.’’ ‘The sterile flowers contain the pollen for
fertilizing the embryo acorns, and fall away as soon as the pollen is shed. The
young acorn contains three cells, and each cell two ovules. But one ovule,
sometimes two in each acorn, usually develops into an embryo. Botanists met
with little difficulty in distinguishing the species of oaks till those of America
began to attract attention. ‘‘The American sorts vary so exceedingly in their
leaves at different seasons of the year, in different stages of their growth, and
in different localities, that it is next to impossible to fix on a specific character,
taken from them, which shall remain constant.’? This is in some cases,
doubtless, owing to hybrids or cross between two forms which are generally
quite distinct.

Oaks are quite easily and naturally separated into two groups by the time
required for each to ripen its fruit. The white oak may be taken as the type
of the first group, and ripens its fruit in autumn of the first year; the red
oak as the type of the second group, and ripens its fruit in autumn of the
second year. The leaves of the first group in our species are destitute of
bristly points; some of those of the second group have bristly pointed teeth
on the margins of the leaves. The acorns of the first group are more or less
sweet to the taste; of the second group, bitter. The wood of the first group
is generally much the more durable, valuable, and fine grained.

The nearest relatives of the oaks in our country, or with which most of us are
familiar, are chestnuts and beeches; the next nearest, the iron-woods, blue
beeches, and hazels; the next, the birches and alders.

The above, with a few others, taken together, constitute what is termed a
family or natural order.

So far as discovered in the whole world, there are about 400 species in the en-
tire family. There are 25 birches, 14 aiders! 9 hazels, 1 ostryopsis, 2 iron-woods,

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 109

7 hazels and filberts, 25 species of castanopsis, which is a chestnut-like plant, 2
chestnuts, 15 beeches, and nearly 300 oaks. Three-fourths of the species in
the family are oaks, hence it is very properly called the oak family.

«The oak belongs exclusively to climates temperate either by their latitude
or their clevation.”? ‘*De Cardolle, in the ‘Prodromus,’ published in 1868,
describes 281 oaks, of which 33 or 34 are found within the limits of the
United States, 90 in Mexico and Central America, 21 in Exrope, 2 in Africa,
28 in China and Japan, 60 in continental Asia, 26 in Java, 14 in Sumatra, 6
in Hong-Kong, 3 in Borneo, 1 in Moluccas. Since then, others have been
found on the Pacific Slope, within the United States.”? ‘‘In Britain, two
species only are indigenous; in France, there are four or five sorts, and in
Italy, Greece, and Spain, six or seven.”’

White oak (Quercus alba) is by far the most important oak in Michigan or
in the United States.

Michaux reports it in Canada as far north as 46° 20’. In Michigan it
reaches Grand Traverse Bay and perhaps extends farther north.

Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) is also very common in our State, reaching
Grand Traverse Bay at the north.

Bur-oak (Quercus macrocarpa) is common on low, rich timbered land, and on
rich openings in the southern part of the State, extending north, perhaps
nearly to Howard City. C. F. Wheeler of Hubbardston says, ‘‘It is quite
abundant in the Grand River Valley and the rich plains in the vicinity.”

Swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor) is common on low ground and in the
southern counties becomes a large, tall tree, of great value for posts and sills.

Yellow chestnut oak (Quercus muhlenbergir) isfound sparingly along streams,
with about the same range as swamp white oak. It is not abundant anywhere
in Michigan.

Laurel oak (Quercus imbricaria) is found in Lenawee and Branch counties
and probably elsewhere. ‘The leaves are lanceolate—oblong with entire mar-
gins, much resembling the leaves of the laurel.

Black oak, or yellow-barked oak (Quercus coccinea, variety tinctoria) is quite
common on poor land and on rich land.

Red oak (Quercus rubra) is a large, coarse grained tree of little value, com-
mon on low land, extending into the Upper Peninsula.

Pin or swamp Spanish oak (Quercus palustris) is reported by the late Dr.
Cooley and by Mr. Wheeler as a rare tree. It would be useless here to go into
the details of classification.

I have named nine species as found in Michigan. Perhaps there are others.
I do not wonder that there is much confusion in the minds of people who are
not botanists, in reference to our oaks. Botanists are also much puzzled.
Considering the small number of species, there is probably no more trouble-
some genus of woody plants in our State, not even excepting the willows.
The best way that I know of to settle some of these knotty questions is for
some one to plant seeds and raise the trecs and watch the results. Attempts
to cross the species would also be valuable.

“The red oak is the most northern of oaks. It extends from Georgia to
the Saskatchewan.’’? ‘*No other oak flourishes so readily in every situation ;
no other is of so rapid growth; no other surpasses it in beauty of foliage and
of trunk.’

‘¢Tn Norway the oak is found at north latitude 60°, in Finland still higher.’’

‘*The oak is never found in perfection except in a good soil, and in a tem-
perate climate.”’

110 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

‘“On account of its uses, the white oak is the most valuable of our trees.’’

The best white oak of our State is confined to the two southern tiers of
counties. Wagon-makers of Lansing tell me that it is with considerable diffi-
culty that they get good white oak spokes in the central or northern part of
the State. The best spokes come from Indiana and Ohio.

Live oak (Quercus virens) has evergreen leaves much the shape of those
borne by the laurel oak. ‘The species is confined to the southern States near
the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. It will not growin the open air much north
of Virginia. It does not often attain a large diameter nor a great height. It
often branches near the groud. ‘‘The wood is very strong, and incomparably
more durable than the best white oak, and is highly esteemed in ship-building.”’
The wood is very heavy. The tenacity of the leaves of other oaks in winter in
the temperate zone shows a tendency to become evergreen.

The English oak (Quercus robur) is much like our white oak in appearance
and value.

‘‘According to popular tradition, William Rufus was the first who is recorded
to have planted oak trees, when, in 1079, he formed the new forest in Ham-
shire.’’

The acorns may be kept over winter in sand which is nearly dry, or in
sphagnum. It is usually the safest way to plant the acorns as soon as ripe
where the trees are wanted.

If they are well transplanted when they are a year old, there is no difficulty
in moving them after that within five or six years. When moving it is a good
plan to dig deep and get a long top root. Root-pruned trees are the only trees
safe for transplanting except those which are very young.

Oaks are not easily budded or grafted with success. Inarching is practiced to
propagate some of the most interesting varieties.

As soon as acorns fall, especially have I noticed this in the white oak, the
radicle pushes out from the covering, and from its extremity a root descends
before winter for several inches into the soil. In the spring following, the
plumule pushes upward and begins to form the ascending axis. Oaks use the
materials of the thick cotyledons to get a good firm hold in the soil before
they venture to put forth leaves and branches.

Oak grubs are very tenacious of life, as many a farmer knows. They may
sprout many times and still live.

The oak grows slowly in the early stages of its life, and requires a hundred
or one hundred and fifty years or more to come to perfection and maturity.
‘The average growth of the white oak is not far from two inches in diameter
in ten years after it has been growing thirty years.’ ‘After that age there
are about ten circles to an inch.’’ ‘‘The red oak, after thirty-five years,
increases at the rate of about two inches in diameter every eleven years.’’

The young growth of all oaks is impatient of spring frost. A thrifty oak 80
years old gains more in ten years than it did in the first thirty. In Great
Britain and on the continent of Europe, oaks grow and flourish for centuries.
At the Agricultural College, our scarlet oaks of three year’s growth from acorns
are much larger than the white oaks. ‘The latter are stili quite small and
straggling. Bur-oaks have grown a little faster than white oaks for a few years.
For posts, I should prefer growing red cedar or locust to growing white oak.

This society can do a valuable work by encouraging, in all possible ways, the
planting of all sorts of hardy trees. ‘They may be planted for screens, for tim-
ber, for ornament, or for study. The work is interesting and tends to elevate
and refine the person who watches and cares for the trees. The example of a

THE ANNUAL MERTING. LiL

tree planter is a worthy one. The time has already come when many of us are
giad to find samples of many species and varieties to learn of their fitness for
our climate. At the Agricultural College we are growing about two hundred
and seventy-five or three hundred of the hardiest species and varieties of trees
and shrubs. We shall increase the list. Many have been tried and found
wanting, owing to our severe winters.

‘‘The oak is peculiarly subject to attacks of insects, which cause a great
many varieties of galls; some kind being found on almost every part of the
tree.’”’ Some are hard and solid, others light and an inch and a half or more
in diameter. ‘‘The most important is that known in commerce as the
gall-nut,’’ and used in large quantities for inks, dyeing, and the preparation of
tannin and of gallic acids.

‘‘Oak corn, that is, ac-cern, or acorns, some centuries ago, formed an
important food, both for man and beast.’’ In remote times, acorns in Spain
were brought to table to eat, and in some cases they were ground for meal.
<‘In Asia Minor, acorns are still sold as food’’ In several States of Northern
Africa acorns are now used as food. Pelasgus taught the Greeks to eat acorns,
as well as to build huts. Many of us still remember the great value of acorns
to fatten swine when the country was new.

“In Europe, the stag, the roe-buck, and the wild boar winter upon acorns.
In Asia, pheasants and the wood-pigeon share it with animals of the deer kind.
In our own native forests, the bear, the raccoon, the squirrel, the wild pigeon,
and the wild turkey delight in various kinds of acorns.’’

‘‘In England, the tree was once only prized for the acorns which were the
chief support of large herds of swine. Woods were valued according to the
number of hogs they could fatten.”

«<The bark, leaves, and fruit, abound in astringent matter, and in tannin.’’
*‘The bark of one or more species furnishes a yellow dye much used in dyeing
wool and silk.’’ The value of oak bark for tanning leather is well understood.

The cork oak (Quercus suber) grows in Southern Europe and Northern
Africa, and is the only tree which produces cork in sufficient quantity for
commerce. Cork is used for a great variety of purposes. It is supposed by
some to be a modern idea to use cork in the soles of shoes, but the Roman
women lined their shoes with it more than 2,000 years ago. Cork is taken
from trees every eight or ten years after they are fifteen or twenty years old.
Care is taken not to injure the inner bark, which would endanger the health
of the tree.

**The great value of the oak, in all countries, is for its wood. It is applied
to a greater variety of important purposes than that of any other tree.’’
‘«The wood of most species of oaks is comparatively with that of other trees,
hard, compact, heavy, tough, and durable.’ It is the most valuable for many
parts of heavy wagons, carriages, plows, and other kinds of machinery, for
railroad ties, fence posts and rails, piles, bridges, baskets, etc., etc. It is
highly ornamental for cabinet ware and for finishing the interior of houses.
The wood of several species of oaks is almost indispensable for ship-building.

‘*The wood of white oak unites the properties of hardness, toughness, and
durability, in a greater degree than any other native wood. It is very heavy,
compact, and close-grained.’? The silver grain, when shown by being prop-
erly cut, makes the wood very ornamental.

The white oak tree roots deep and sends out few side roots near the surface.
The ieaves on young trees remain all winter, till the buds start in spring. On
account of their deep roots, and the peculiarity of holding their leaves, many

112 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

species of oaks are well adapted for wind breaks or screens. Small trees can
geerve for protection, and some of these in a screen can remain to grow longer
for timber.

‘© A yed oak in Lancaster, measured, in 1840, seventeen feet in cireumference
at three fect from the ground.’ “A white oak in Greenfield, Mass., in 1838,
measured seventeen feet five inches just above the root, and fifteen feet three
inches at three feet.’? “A white oak standing nearly opposite Deacon Nurse’s,
in Bolton, measured, in 1840, nineteen fect just above the roots, and fourteen
feet at three feet from the ground.”’

In the American Naturalist for 1872, Robert Ridgeway gives a very interest-
ing account of the Jarge trees growing in the Jower Wabash valley, in Indiana.
Six trees of Spanish oak averaged 1202 feet in height, and a circumference of
174 feet each. The largest was 150 feet high, 75 feet to the first limb, and 20
feet in circumference. The largest bur-oak was 162 feet high and 21 feet in
circumference. The largest white oak was 142 feet high, 60 feet to the first
limb, and 174 feet in circumference. ‘‘ There are more truly majestic oaks in
the parks of England than are to be found in the whole cultivated portion of
the United States.”’

“‘There are several oaks in England which are from 500 to 1,000 years old
or upwards. There are some which are believed to have been old trees at the
time of William the Conqueror.’

None of these old oaks are remarkable for their height, but the circumfer-
ence of the trunk and of the top is quite wonderful.

The tallest of British oaks of which I find any account is one at Studley
Park. It is 118 feet high, with a girtof trunk 3343 feet; diameter of top 96
feet.

‘“*The Hemstead oak, near Soffron Walden, has a trunk about 53 feet in
circumference; the Boddington oak in Gloucestershire measured 54 feet in
circumference; the Merton oak, in Norfolk, 63 feet; and, largest of all, the
Bowharpe oak, in Yorkshire, 78 feet in circumference. This largest tree,
three feet from the ground, measured 48 feet around.

The greatest height of the branches, most of which are dead, is 56 feet.
On account of the mild climate of Great Britain, trees often continue to live
aes grow for a Jong time after the top or trunk is much damaged by death and

ecay.

“* An oak between Newham Courtney and Clifton, shaded a circumference
of 560 yards, under which 2,420 men might have commodiously taken shelter.
The immense spread oak in Norkshop Park, spread between the ends of its op-
posite branches, of 180 feet. It dripped over an area of nearly 3,000 square
yards, which is above half an acre; and would have afforded shelter to a regi-
ment of nearly 1,000 horse.’’

‘Humboldt refers to an oak in the Department de la Charante Inférienure,
measuring nearly ninety feet in circumference near the base.’’

In a new country, the pioneer is not likely to entertain any great respect or
reverence for large trees. He thinks of the labor required to cut it down and
get it out of the way. Perhaps he is interested in the bees which may occupy
a large hollow, or the raccoons which have worn off the rough bark in making
its ascent. He may think of its value for fence-rails, staves, or possibly for
boards. Our forefathers had pleasant associations in reference to the famous
charter oak.

There are many large or old oak trees in Europe, some of which are quite cele-
brated. In France, at Allonyille, a large oak contains a chapel in which

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 113

divine service is held at certain seasons of the year, Another contains a large
hollow in which the water often stands five feet deep.

Natural grafts of oaks are not uncommon. Frank Hodgman, of Climax,
has sent an interesting specimen to the Agricultural College. It is a natural
grafting of yellow oak and white oak. The top of the latter grew for some
years after all connection was severed with its own roots, so there is no doubt
of the real connection between the wood of these two widely different species.
In early Britain, criminals were tried under an oak tree. Saxons held their
national meetings under an oak. Perhaps this induced the republican party of
our country to be born under the oaks of Jackson. Remarkable oaks in the
old country are all named, as King Oak, Queen Anne’s Oak, Queen Charlotte’s
Oak, Herne’s Oak, Pope’s Oak, Staple Hill Oak,. Fairlop Oak. <‘‘ For many
years a fair was held beneath the shade of Fairlop Oak, no booth of which was
allowed to extend beyond it. This celebrated festival owed its origin to the
eccentricity of Daniel Day, commonly called ‘Good Day,’ who, about 1720,
was wont to invite his friends to dine with him, the first Friday in July, on
beans and bacon, under this venerable tree. Mr. Day never failed to provide
annually several sacks of beans, which he distributed, with a proportionate
quantity of bacon, from the hollowed trunk of the oak, to the crowds assem-
bled. Mr. Day had his coffin made of one of the limbs of this tree.’’

‘* Parliament oak derives its name from a parliament having been held under
it, by Edward IL, in 1290.’ Queen’s oak was so called in honor of Queen Eliza-
beth, who is said from this favorite tree shot a buck with herown hand. ‘*The
oak is the most majestic of forest trees. It has been represented as holding
the same rank among plants of the temperate hemispheres that the lion does
among quadrupeds, and the eagle among birds. In one word, it is the king of
forest trees.’” In open places the tree becomes broader than high. Its
branches are long and irregular, often gnarled and crooked. ‘‘The oak ap-
pears in all ages to haye been an object of veneration,—from the time of the
‘oak of Mamré,’ under which Abraham sat in the heat of the day, down to
that of the Greeks, by whom it was held sacred, and the Romans, who dedi-
cated it to Jupiter. The Druids worshipped beneath its shade.”’

The dry brown rustling leaves of winter, in groves of small oaks, are associated
in the mind of the speaker with things which are sad and desolate. Poetry,
history, mythology, romance abound in references to the oak: ‘‘ The unwedge-
able and gnarled oak ;” ‘‘ the old oaken bucket ;”’ ‘‘ Jove’s own tree, that holds
the woods in awful sovereignty ;’’ ‘‘a goodly oak, whose boughs were moss’d
with age;’’ ‘‘king of the woods;’’ ‘‘thy guardian oaks, my country, are thy
boast ;’? ‘‘ the monarch oak, the patriarch of trees;’’ ‘‘the oak, for grandeur,
strength, and noble size excels all trees that in the forest grow;’’ ‘‘tall oaks
from little acorns grow;’’ ‘‘ proud monarch of the forest ;’’

“Woodman, forbear thy stroke!
Cut not its earth-bound ties;
Oh, spare that aged oak,
Now towering to the skies!”

“Behold yon oak,
How stern he frowns.”

“The glory of the woods.”
These are a few of the sentences from the poets. ;
“‘The oak from the earliest ages has been considered as one of the most im-
portant of forest trees. It is celebrated in story and in song, in the forest and
15

114 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in the field, and unrivalled in commerce and the arts. It was held sacred
alike by the Hebrews, the Greeks and the Romans, and the ancient Britons
and Gauls.’’

‘*The civic crown, given in the palmy days of Rome to the most celebrated
men, was always composed of oak Jeaves.’’

«The Arcadians, among the Greeks, believed the oak was the first created
of trees.’? ‘*The oak groves of Dodona in Epirus, formed the most cele-
brated and most ancient oracle on record.”’

‘‘There is scarcely a Greek or Latin poet, or prose author, who does not
make some allusion to this tree.’’

‘The Yule log was always of oak; and, as the ancient Britons believed that
it was essential for their hearth fires to be renewed every year from the sacred
fire of the Druids.”’

Emerson says, ‘‘ 2s an ornament to the landscape, or as a single object, no
other tree is to be compared with it, in every period of its growth, for pictur-
esqueness, majesty, and inexhaustible variety of beauty. When standing alone,
alone, it throws ont its mighty arms with an air of force and grandeur, which
have made it everywhere to be considered the fittest emblem of strength and
power of resistance. Commonly, the oak braves the storm to the last, without
yielding, better than any other tree. The limbs go out at a great angle, and
stretch horizontally to a vast distance. ‘They do not always go straight out,
but crook and bend to right and left, upwards and downwards, abruptly or
with a gentle sweep.

“The white oak is beautiful in every state of its growth; at first, light, slender,
delicate and waving; at last, broad, massive, and grand, but always graceful.
Let everyone, who has an opportunity, plant a white oak.’’ Loudon says:
‘*The entire tree or shrub, in the case of every species of oak, may be consid-
ered as highly ornamental. In autumn the American oaks excel all other
oaks in beauty.”

The oak may be called a round topped tree. ‘‘ When at length it is brought
to acknowledge the influence of time and becomes ‘bold with dry antiquity,’
no other production of the forest can be admitted as its rival in majestic and
venerable decay.”’

Thomas Meehan says: ‘‘All oaks are amongst the most useful trees in land-
scape gardening. Singly, in the landscape, I know of no other tree that can
be compared with the white oak. I would desire to see no better emulation in
gardening than in a desire to possess the best white oak. In the fall of the
year the scarlet oak bears off the palm.’’

Downing says: ‘‘'There are no grander or more superb trees than our Ameri-
can oaks. We are fully disposed to concede it the first rank among the deni-
zens of the forest. As an ornamental object we consider the oak the most
varied in expression, the most beautiful, grand, majestic and picturesque of all
deciduous trees. It is one of the grandest and most picturesque objects as a
single tree upon a lawn, and is equally unrivaled for groups and masses.”

I have had a purpose in my references to the oaks of the old world, to show
how universally they were objects of respect and admiration. ‘This spirit is
truly worthy of our imitation. The masses of American people lack reverence
and are especially deficient in their respect for fine trees.

In a few towns of Germany, Downing says, no bachelor can take a wife till
he has planted a tree.

A part of our mission henceforth, since we have assumed the broad title of

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 115

Horticultural Society, is to do what we can to encourage tree planting in
Michigan.

I can do no better than close with the following which I recently wrote for
the Rural New Yorker: ‘‘ There are but few farms that contain enough orna-
mental trees about the buildings. ‘Trees increase the value of a place, whether
the owner wishes to sell or to use it fora home. ‘Trees shelter the dwelling
and the barns from piercing winds; they add comfort and joy to man and
beast ; they economize the food of animals; they save fuel in the sitting room;
they harbor birds; they afford shade in summer. Plant trees for yourself,
for your wife, for your children and grand children. Plant trees as a good
example to your neighbor and the stranger who passes by your farm. Plant
trees as a monument to your memory. They will grow and remind others
who come after you of the generous hand who planted and cared for them.”

Following Prof. Beal’s address, Prof. J. B. Steere of the State University
read a valuable paper, illustrated by a collection of specimens, on

THE MIGRATION OF MICHIGAN BIRDS.

In a state of nature, animal and plant life seem almost exactly balanced
against each other. ‘lhe oaks and the walnuts of the forests and the grasses
and flowers of the plains, after they have full-fed those that feed upon them,
still have fruit enough left to keep up their species. One of the great laws of
life is this: that the individuals of no one species shall be too abundantly pro-
duced, and so there shall be room and food for all species. It is probable that
there are continual vibrations from this balance of life, which finally lead to
the extermination of some species and the bringing in of others; but these
changes are self-regulated and too slow in their action to be noticed by man.

But man himself upsets this balance wherever he plants his foot. He cuts
down the forests and plants the cleared lands to strange vegetation from other
countries. He drains the marshes, and the lakes and valleys are filled up
by the soil washed down from the bared hills. By these rapid and violent
changes the wind currents are disturbed, and the rain fall and temperature are
interfered with. Every one of these changes strikes directly at the harmony of
animal and plant life. Some species of insects and larger animals are extermi-
nated altogether. Others from increased food or from the destruction of their
enemies, multiply to immense swarms and hordes that threaten to devour every-
thing ; and, as if the native species were not sufficient to contend with, man him-
self introduces many from other lands. And even when the entire destruction
of his crops is not threatened, civilized man is not content to make himself a
part of this great harmony of nature, and to share with the rest of life, allow-
ing the weevils and the cut worms and the caterpillars to take their part of
the crop, but he covets it all. He desires all his wheat heads to be full, all his
apples free from worms and all his potato tops untrimmed, and so he has war,
unceasing war with insect life.

In this bitter struggle, birds are man’s natural and most readily observed
allies. The ichneumon-fly may fiil the skin of the cabbage worm with eggs,
while it hangs moulding the chrysalis which shall be its coffin. ‘The lady-birds
may destroy the potato bugs, the frost may kill the eggs of the grasshoppers,
and so our enemies may vanish. But these results are produced silently and
unnoticed, while we can see the woodpecker as he chisels away at our apple
trees in his search after the borers; and we can hear the vireos in our trees as
they sing their undeserved thanks after each caterpillar, which hardly checks
their song on its way down their throats. Their good works are known and

116 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

spoken of among men, And so everything about these light, airy creatures,
that hardly deign to touch our earth with the tips of their toes, becomes of
interest to us,

But the objects of this society are practical and economical, and we must pass
by the merely interesting, to subjects that have more immediate connection with
the material welfare of man. A species of birds, to be of practical value to the
farmer and fruit raiser, must possess the four following characteristics: First,
they must be abundant; a pair of cuckoos in the wood-lot, or a single pewee
with its nest under the shed, may do their best, but they will make no
impression upon the sea of insect life. Second, they must live upon our insect
enemies. ‘The snipe, probing for worms among the bogs, or the kingfisher
rattling along over the mill-pond, will be but little help in our time of trouble.
Third, they must bear man’s presence. ‘The woodthrush and the oven bird,
skulking in the deep woodland, will do nothing for us in a direct way; and
fourth, they must stay with us for some considerable time. Those birds which
nest in the far north and winter in the south, may snap up a few insects on
their hurried way through our orchards and groves; but they will be hardly
felt for good.

Birds then must be abundant. They must be fearless of man’s presence.
They must live on those insects which are directly injurious to man, and they
must stay a sufficient length of time to make their services of value. All of
these are subjects well worth the study of the naturalist and the agriculturist,
for they are all all-important in the utilitarian sense. A species which lacks
any one of these is useless.

The food of birds has already received considerable attention, and we can know
within reasonable limits what help to expect from the different groups. But
it is not even all insectivorous birds which are useful. Some live upon insects
which are not injurious, and some even devote themselves to insects which are
carnivorous and thus destroy our friends. Others are only insectivorous at cer-
tain seasons, while at other times their taste for fruit or grain may more than
outweigh their good deeds.

The subject of the relative abundance of the various species of birds has, as
yet, received no attention, in my knowledge; but the most casual observer can-
not fail to see that some species are always more abundant than others, and
there can be no doubt that there are fixed causes governing these matters. A
scale could be formed of the relative abundance of the different species in any
locality, and this would be true for one year after another. ‘There is in this
locality, perhaps, one pewee and one orchard oriale to two kingbirds, to two
brown thrushes, to four bobolinks, to four Baltimore orioles, to eight blue-
birds, to twenty robins, to thirty chipping sparrows. While we are estimating
birds for what they eat, the quantity eaten becomes the matter of most import-
ance, and this depends especially upon the number of the eaters.

The subject of birds’ adaptability to man’s presence is also one which I haye
not seen discussed, but which becomes of the utmost importance in treating of
their usefulness. Some of our birds so detest the presence of man that they take
shelter from him in the most impenetrable woodlands and swamps, and when
dwellings and towns become too frequent they even desert their old homes alto-
gether. Others, from the first, love man’s protection and society, and soon
come to build their nests in the hollow stumps and in the corners of the rail
fence of the backwoods settler, and then they increase as the people increase,
and grow up with the towns, and become polished citizens, looking out uncon-
cernedly from their nests in the shade trees and porches upon the dust and

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 117

turmoil of business. A part of these, though loving association with man, are
more rustic in their tastes, preferring the quiet life of the farm, where they
nest about the buildings and under the brown eayes of the barn or in the
scattered shade trees of the fields. And these differences in bird likings are
not mere vulgar matters, depending upon food or proper nesting places, but
seem to be of deeper significance, and are perhaps akin to human likes and dis-
likes. It is from these man-loving birds that our help must come, and a study
of the the habits of intimacy or estrangement of the various species cannot
but be of great value.

But these questions must be left with this hurried glance, while we take up
the subject of the length of time which the various species remain with us, and
incidentally, why they leave us and where they go.

My study of Michigan birds has been of those of the southern and central
parts of the lower peninsula, but the iaferences drawn will apply, with but
little change, for all of the State below the Straits of Mackinaw.

Migration is a term applied to regular periodic changes of location in ani-
mals; this movement being only found, to any extent, in birds and fishes. In
birds it exists only in those occupying temperate and cold climates; those of
tropical countries being nearly or quite stationary. ‘The migratory instinct is
also found most perfectly developed in those birds whose foods are produced
only during warm weather. The vireos and warblers, whose food is chiefly
soft insect larves which feed on green foliage, move to the south with the
first frosts. The robins that feed, to quite an extent, on fruits and earth-
worms, do not move southward until the ground freezes or is covered with
snow. It is not then so much cold, as the lack of suitable food, which causes
the migration of birds. They can become fitted for changes of weather by
warmer coats of feathers, but the nature of their food is of deeper significance.

We could perhaps, better understand some of the phenomena of migration if
we could imagine a giant sower gathering the birds together from the north
country in the fall and throwing them at one mighty cast to the south, and
then in the spring throwing them back to the north. But to represent the
migration of such birds as our robin, he would have to stand in southern Ohio
and the casts to the north and south would overlap at his feet; while to repre-
sent the migrations of the warblers, he would have to stand away to the north
of Lake Superior and throw them clear over the United States into Mexico and
Central America.

But a better idea of migration would probably be gained if one could think
of the individual birds of any one species as fixed in a movable frame, which
should move back and forth spring and autumn. It is probable that where a
migratory species is called resident, the birds found during the winter are those
which have nested far to the north, and not those which nested in the locality
itself; the birds thus keeping something like the same relative position to
each other both in their nesting and wintering habitats. It seems probable
that no two species of birds have exactly the same habitat, their migrations
differing in extent north or south, or their habitats differing in breadth east
and west.

The birds of Oregon and the west coast usually follow their own line of
migration to the west of the Rocky Mountains, as far at least as Mexico.

All the birds of North America which enter South America in their migra-
tions, probably do so by way of the Isthmus of Panama, and return by the
same way, the various allied species separating on their return to the north and
each going to its own place.

118 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Most or all birds of extended migration find, on their way or at their south-
ern limit, species closely allied to them which are not migrants.

The migratory birds which find the great lakes in their track, probably mass
together at the narrower parts and cross there, as the birds of Europe do in
crossing the Mediterranean.

Few or no migratory birds nest at the southern limit of their migration.

The home of a species of birds is usually supposed to be where it nests and
raises its young, the journey to the south being considered merely an accident
or incident of bird life.

The birds of Michigan may be divided from their migratory habits into four
groups: first, those birds which nest here, and remain here winter and sum-
mer; second, those which nest here and spend the summer here, but retreat
to the south to spend the winter; third, those birds which nest to the north
of us and winter to the south, being only seen here for a short time in the
spring and fall, during their migration; and fourth, those birds which nest
to the north of us and pass the summer there, but are driven down to our
latitude by the winter.

In the first group (see list A, which follows this paper), those birds which
are constant residents of the lower peninsula, I find a list of thirty-three,
twenty-seven of which certainly belong here, and six are doubtfully put in the
list until further observation shall determine their place. Here are found
the nuthatches and titmice, four or five finches, five woodpeckers, six owls,
three hawks, and six game birds. The nuthatches and titmice are worthy of
special mention from the quality of their food. They gather together during
the winter in small flocks, as if to encourage each other against the inclemency
of the weather and dreariness of the landscape—several species frequently feed-
ing amicably together. ‘They are abroad in all weathers, searching the trunks
and branches of the trees over and over for the insects and larves and eggs
that may be concealed in the crevices and under the bark. Being too small to
furnish a bite for the pot-hunters, they neither fear nor love man’s presence, but
in their wanderings in search of food are found in about equal numbers in the
cities and in the deepest woods. ‘The cedar birds and the finches also gather into
flocks in winter, and give their mite of noise and motion to the lifeless world ;
but the nature of their food cuts them off from our deepest sympathies. The
sedentary woodpeckers are as solitary in winter as in summer; but with their
prying ways they must be of great value, especially the downy and hairy
species, which are free to enter the orchards and yards, and even the towns in
their search for food. All the six species of owls nesting here are sedentary.
They are, most or all of them, fain to stay their stomachs during the sum-
mer, on grasshoppers and beetles, when no more noble game offers; but if
they have any appreciable value to the agriculturist it is as mousers rather than
as insect eaters. Our game birds are all sedentary, unless we class the wild
pigeon among them. The lower peninsula is probably the extreme limit
toward the north, of the wild turkey and Virginia quail (I am not sure that
they reach so far), while the prairie hen only enters the southern counties,
never penetrating, as I can find, to the central part of the State. On the
other hand the spruce partridge, which is never seen in the southern counties,
is found in the northern third of the lower peninsula. The upper penin-
sula may be found to contain, with this, one or more arctic forms.

The second group of birds (see list B), those nesting in our State and pass-
ing the summer here, but retreating to the south in winter, contains the great
mass of the birds with which we are most familiar. Our songsters are found

THE ANNUAL MEETING. ¥9

here, and those birds from which we must get our chief help in our war with
insect life. Coming in early spring, as soon as the first humming or crawling
thing is warmed into life, they fight it out with us on that line all summer, and
do not leave us until our flying enemies have flown their last, and the crawling
ones have folded themselves away for their winter’s nap. I make out a list of
one hundred and ten of these birds, of which eighty-one, chiefly land birds,
are certain, and twenty-nine, chiefly water fowl and waders, I have marked as
doubtful, as I have not verified their nesting in the State, though there is no
doubt that most of them do.

Among the birds of this group of sufficient importance to be mentioned in
a paper of this length, are the thrushes, five species of which, including the
bluebird, nest here. They are very numerous in individuals, and are vora-
cious feeders. The migrations of the common robin, the most abundant
species of the group, are curious and instructive. It nests from arctic Amer-
ica to Mexico, and winters from Ohio, and sometimes Michigan, to Central
America, the summer and winter residences thus overlapping for most of their
extent. All of our wrens, and some six or seyen warblers, belong in this
group, and here also are found the five species of swallows, and six of vireos;
both families being of inestimable value to man, and with no set-off of grain
or fruit destroyed to make our recollections of them bitter-sweet. As the
forces in manly war are divided into foot and horse and artillery, each branch
of the service attacking the enemy in its own way and place, so do our
feathered friends. The thrushes attack upon the ground, the vireos follow
up by pursuing in the trees, and the swallows wheel and circle and charge upon
those which have taken refuge in the air. So fixed are these families in their
methods of food-taking that they would probably starve to death before they
would adopt any other. In this group are also found some ten sparrows and
finches, usually feeding upon weed and grass seeds. They are harmless at all
times, and are of great use during their season of nesting, from the curious
fact that they choose out as food for their young, soft, fleshy, insect larves.
The greater part of the finches winter in the southern States, but a few species
keep on to Mexico and South America. Among these are two of our brightest
birds, the rose-breasted grosbeak and indigo bird, which seem to dress them-
selves up in these bright feathers that they may not seem out of place among
the bright birds of the tropics.

The next family, that of American starlings—the blackbirds, bobolinks, and
orioles—contains birds which are omnivorous in their foods, and though at some
times they may be of great service in their destruction of insects, at others they
destroy grain enough to make them of doubtful value, when their accounts are
fairly balanced. The bobolink, after nesting in our meadows, hastens toward
the south as soon as his family are able to be moved, this usually occurring in
August, before other birds have thought of winter. But the bobolink has in
mind the rice fields of the southern States, where he remains and fattens for
a month or two before he takes his final departure for Central and South
America. It is probable that the bobolink remains but a short time at the other
limit of its migration, and so passes nearly its whole time in moving from the
La Plata to the Saskatchewan. ‘This is probably the greatest extent of migra-
tion reached by any species. The orioles also winter in South America, and
it is probable that they leave for the south much earlier than most migratory
birds, though I have seen no observations of their habits in this respect. Of
the five or six flycatchers nesting with us, the kingbird and great-crested fly-
catcher winter in South America, where they are found associated with allied

120 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

species, while the pewee and the other smaller species stop in the southern
States. The flycatchers take their prey on the wing, not as the swallows
do in open chase over the fields and lanes; but lying in wait, like the cats, they
dash out from their perch and seize their prey and bear it back to a secure
place to be eaten. They frequently have two perches at a convenieut distance
from each other and pass their time in flitting back and forth from one to the
other, taking an insect at each flight.

Our goatsuckers,—whippoorwill and nighthawks,—have also migrations of
great extent, going south to Central America, where they meet several other
species of their own race.

Another bird remarkable for its migrations is our only species of humming
bird, the ruby throat. This bird nests as far north as the Red river and Hud-
son’s bay, but winters in South America, as far down as the Amazon and
equator. It must be a strange instinct that impels this little atom of flesh,
no larger than one’s thumb, to leave its troops of bright cousins in the eyer-
blossoming jungles of the tropics, to fly over thousands of miles of mountain
and valley and stream, to perch its little nest in the elms of Michigan, and to
feed from the trumpets of the wild honey-suckle. One feels like questioning
this much traveled little fellow of the strange lands and peoples he has visited,
and welcoming him to the shadiest and coolest nooks and rarest flowers of our
woodland, which he has freely chosen instead of the stately palms and bright
orchids of Brazil.

I have placed our kingfisher in this list of migratory birds, but it remains
with us until the streams freeze over, aud then only retreats far enough to the
south to find open water.

Three of our woodpeckers, the red-bellied, yellow-bellied, and flicker, or
golden-winged woodpecker, are partly migratory, while the red-headed wood-
pecker is decidedly so, usually retreating to the south of Pennsylvania and
Ohio. These partly migratory species are those which depart most widely from
the ordinary food of the family, which is insect larves, dug from decaying
wood; while those species which are stationary are nearest normal in this
respect.

It is probable that eight of the hawks nesting in this State are migratory,
some going into South America and others only retreating a few degrees to the
south. Their place is taken during the winter by two species from the north.

The movements of the wild pigeon, though it is migratory, are not so regular
as to be easily studied. Those which enter the State in large communities are
said to nest at least three times during the summer, first in the lower penin-
sula, then, perhaps in the upper, and again later in the season in British
America.

There are always a few found nesting solitarily in the swamps through the
State, and these are found breeding as late as the middle of September. On
account of its usual gregarious habits the wild pigeon is only able to exist
where there are great quantities of suitable food within reach, and the ordinary
rules governing the migration of our birds seem to be entirely set aside, the
Species migrating and nesting now in one State and now in another, wherever
food is plenty. They would be unable to exist long where the ground was
covered with snow, so that there must be a north and south movement in com-
mon with the rest of the group.

The rest of the birds falling into this list are water-fow]l,—waders and swim-
mers,—plovers, snipes, sandpipers, herons, bitterns, rails, ducks, gulls, and
terns, nearly forty in number. I have made but little study of them, and

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 121

their habits can only be well known after careful observation on our lake
borders.

In the third group of birds (see list C), those nesting to the north and winter-
ing to the south, and passing through our State during their spring and fall
migrations, I find sixty-eight species, of which only thirty are perching birds,
the rest being water-fowl.

Here are found three thrushes, the hermit thrush, olive-backed and Wil-
son’s. They nest from Lake Superior to the arctic circle, and winter from
Mexico to Brazil, the intervening country only knowing them as migrants.

In this list is also found the greater part of the warblers, at least twenty
species nesting to the north of Lake Superior, and some of them reaching the
arctic circle. They usually winter in Mexico, some passing on and entering
Central America, or even reaching South America, while a few turn off at
Florida and winter there, or pass over into the West Indian islands. Our
warblers are peculiarly American, and we have no family of more beautiful and
interesting birds than these. They are all of small size and usually of bright,
pleasing colors. They are all insectivorous and take their food in the trees,
hurrying about through the new budding branches, as if they were in haste
to be on their way to their nesting grounds in the north. ‘Their spring migra-
tion begins here about the first of May, is at its height on the tenth, and is well
over by the twentieth of that month. Their fall migrations are not so regular,
and there is Some reason for thinking that many retire to the south by some
other route than through this State. On account of their short stay they are
almost unknown to the casual observer.

Two of our finest sparrows,—the white-throated and white-crowned,—pro-
bably fall into this list, and one of the starlings—the rusty blackbird, which
breeds to the north and winters in the middle States and farther south.

Among the water-fowl are the two species of swans, and some five species of
wild geese. These latter, from their noisy migrations in spring and fall, are
well known. They nest to the north of the United States, many of them
in Alaska, others about Hudson’s bay. They winter in the open waters of the
United States, reaching as far south as Florida and Texas.

In the fourth group (see list D), of birds which nest to the north of Michi-
gan and winter here, I find a list of thirty-six, of which some sixteen are
certainly placed here. Half of them are finches, among them being found the
snow bunting, snowbird, tree sparrow, Lapland longspur, and red crossbill.

The most abundant species of these is probably the snow bunting. ‘They
nest in arctic America and Greenland, and also in northern Europe, and move
down to the south in winter in large flocks, which go scurrying over the bleak
fields like the snow-squalls they follow, in both motion and color. If they
are of any use, it is as gleaners of the seeds of the weeds, which stand up
through the snow to accuse the farmer of careless culture.

One owl at least, —the snowy one,—and two hawks, find the climate of their
northern homes so much colder, and food so much se¢arcer, that they consider
our coldest winter weather comfortable. Most or all of the birds of this
fourth group are circumpolar in their range, and common to both hemispheres.

If the lists as given are approximately correct, about two hundred and fifty
species of birds visit our State.

The State of Michigan is especially favorable to the study of bird migra-
tions. The lower peninsula, lying open on its southern border to Ohio and
Indiana, must invite the birds northward through its forests, while the great
lakes on each side, gradually drawing together toward Mackinaw, must mass

122

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the smaller birds at? least, at that point, where the narrow strait furnishes

them a passage over to the north.

The great lakes must also furnish food and

a summer home to many of the rarer water-fowl, and their open waters a
retreat for many others during winter.

It is hoped that this crude paper may have the effect to stimulate thought,

and especially odservation upon the migratory habits of our birds.

OMI Oe whos

4
SCO MNAMPWhWe

—_
—

LIST A—BIRDS RESIDENT IN MICHIGAN.

. Black-capped chickadee.
. White-bellied nuthatch.
. Red-bellied

nuthatch—shot in Ionia
and Montealm.

. Brown creeper—( ?).

. Horned lark.

. Great northern shrike—(?).

. Loggerhead shrike—(?).

. Cedar bird.

. Purple finch—found in July in Mont-

calm.

. yvellowbird.

. English sparrow.
. Crow.

. Blue jay.

. Canada jay—(?).

Pileated woodpecker.

- Downy woodpecker.

(17.

Hairy woodpecker.
. Three-toed woodpecker—plentiful at
Higgins’ Lake.

19. Great horned owl.

. Screech owl.

. Long-eared owl.

. Short-eared owl,

. Barred owl.

. Pigmy owl.

. Red-tailed hawk.

. Red-shouldered hawk—( ?).
. Bald eagle.

. Carolina dove.

. Wild turkey.

. Spruce partridge—northern counties.

. Prairie hen.
. Ruffed grouse.
. Quail.

LIST B—BIRDS NESTING IN MICHIGAN AND WINTERING TO THE SOUTH.

. Robin.

. Wood thrush.

. Catbird.

. Brown thrush.

. Bluebird.

. Blue-gray gnateatcher.

. House wren.

. Winter wren.

. Long-billed marsh wren.
. Yellow warbler.

. Black-throated green warbler—shot in

July in Montcalm.

. Chestnut-sided warbler.
. Oven bird.

. Titlark or wagtail—( ?).
. Maryland yellow-throat.
. Red start.

. Scarlet tanager.

. Barn swallow.

. White-bellied swallow.
. Eave swallow.

. Bank swallow.

. Purple martin.

. Red-eyed vireo.

. Brotherly-love vireo.

. Warbling vireo.

. Yellow-throated vireo.
. Solitary vireo,

. White-eyed vireo.

. Grass fineh.

. Swamp sparrow.

. Song sparrow.

. Chipping sparrow.

. Field sparrow.

. Lark finch.

. Black-throated bunting—a new-comer | 71.

in our southern counties.

72

. Rose-breasted grosbeak.
. Indigo bird.

. Chewink.

. Bobolink.

. Cowbird.

. Red-winged blackbird.
. Meadow lark.

. Orchard oriole.

. Baltimore oriole.

. Purple grackle.

. Raven.

. Kingbird.

. Great-crested flycatcher.
. Pewee.

. Wood pewee.

. Acadian flycatcher.

. Least flycatcher.

. Whippoorwill.

. Nighthawk.

3. Chimney swift.

. Ruby-throat hummer.
. Kingfisher.
. Black-billed cuckoo.

. Yellow-billed cuckoo.

. Red-bellied woodpecker.

. Yellow-bellied woodpecker.
. Flicker.

. Duck hawk.

. Pigeon hawk.

. Sparrow hawk.

. Cooper’s hawk.

. Sharp-shinned hawk.

. Broad-winged hawk.

. Marsh harrier.

. Fish hawk.

Wild pigeon.
. Killdeer plover.

THE ANNUAL

. Wilson’s plover—(?).

. Avocet—(?).

. Stilt—(?).

. Wilson’s phalarope—(?).
. Woodcock.

. Wilson’s snipe.

. Willet—( ?).

. Solitary tattler—(?).

. Spotted sandpiper.

2. Bartramian sandpiper—(?).
. Long-billed curlew—(?).
. Great blue heron,

. Green heron.

. Night heron.

. Great bittern.

. Least bittern.

. Sandhill crane.

. King rail—(?).

. Virginia rail—(?).

MEETING. 123

. Carolina rail.

. Little yellow rail.

. Florida gallinule—(?).
. Coot or mudhen.

. Mallard duck.

. Black duck—(?).

. Gadwall—(?).

. American widgeon—(?).
. Blue-winged teal.

. Shoveller—(?).

. Wood duck.

. Ruddy duck.

. Goosander.

. Hooded merganser—(?),.
. Laughing gull—(?).

. Royal tern—(?).

. Wilson’s tern—(?.)

9, Roseate tern—(?).

. Least tern—(?).

LIST C—BIRDS WINTERING TO THE SOUTH OF MICHIGAN AND NESTING TO THE NORTH,
BEING ONLY KNOWN IN THE STATE AS MIGRANTS.

Co DAD Op Cobo

. Ruby-crowned kinglet.
. Hermit thrush.

Olive-backed thrush.
Wilson’s thrush.
Black-and-white creeper.

. Blue golden-backed warbler.

. Worm-eating warbler.

. Blue golden-winged warbler.

. Nashville warbler.

. Orange-crowned warbler.

. Tennessee warbler.

. Black-throated blue warbler.

. Cerulean warbler.

. Yellow-rumped warbler.

. Blackburnian warbler.

. Black-poll warbler.

. Bay-breasted warbler.

. Black-and-yellow warbler.

. Palm warbler.

. Pine-creeping warbler.

. Water thrush—(?).

. Large-billed water thrush—(?).
- Hooded flycatcher.

. Green black-capped flycatching war-

bler.

. Canadian flycatching warbler.
. White-throated sparrow.

. White-crowned sparrow.

. Rusty grackle.

. Bullhead plover.

. American golden plover—(?).
. Ring plover.

. Northern phalarope—(?).

. Red phalarope.

. Red-breasted snipe—( ?).

LIST D—WINTER VISITORS BUT NOT

. Golden-crowned kinglet. |
. Show bunting.

Snowbird — shot in Montcalm last of
July.

. Red-poll.
. Tree sparrow.

sU
6.

Ce

d. Stilt sandpiper—( ?).

. Semi-palmated sandpiper.

. Least sandpiper.

. Jack snipe.

. White-rumped sandpiper—(?)
. Purple sandpiper—(?).

. American dunlin—(?).

. Red-breasted sandpiper—( ?),
. Great-marbled godwit—(?).
. Hudsonian godwit—(?).

. Greater yellow-shanks—(?).
. Lesser yellow-shanks—(?).

. Buff-breasted sandpiper—(?).
. Hudsonian sandpiper—(?).

. Esquimaux curlew—{ ?).

. Trumpeter swan—(?).

. Whistling swan—(?).

. White-fronted goose.

. Snow goose.

. Blue goose—(?).

. Canada goose.

. Black brant—(?).

. Pintail duck.

58. Green-winged teal.

. Big blackhead.

Little blackhead.

. Ring-necked duck.
. Redhead duck.

. Canvas-back.

. Butter-ball.

. Bonaparte’s gull.

. Forster’s tern—(?).
. Common tern—(?).
. Black tern—(?).

MMER RESIDENTS IN MICHIGAN,

Bohemian waxwing—reaches_ the
southern counties in small flocks.

Red crossbill.

8. Pine grosbeak—(?).

9.
10.

Pine linnet—(?).
Great gray owl—(?).

124 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

11. Snowy owl. 15. Crested grebe.

12. Hawk owl—(?). 16. Red-necked grebe.
13. Great northern diver or loon. 17. Goshawk.

14. Red-throated diver. 18. Rough-legged hawk.

The following list of ducks, cormorants, gulls, and terns will probably be found
occupying the open waters of ‘the great lakes in winter:

19. Golden eye—(?). 28. Double-crested cormorant.
20. Barrow’s golden eye—(?). 29. Pomarine jaeger—(?).

21. Harlequin duck—(?). 30. Glaucus gull—(?).

22. Old wife—(?). 31. White-winged gull—(?).

23. Labrador duck—( ?). 32. Great black-backed gull—(?).
24, American black scoter—(?). 33. Herring gull—(?

25. Velvet scoter—(?). 34, Ring-billed eull—( 2)

26. Surf duck—(?). 35. Caspian tern—(?).

27. Common cormorant. 36. Arctic tern—(?).

After listening to some stirring music the convention adjourned for the day.

Tuesday Morning Session.

The meeting was called to order quite promptly at 9 o'clock. Prayer was
offered by Rey. Dr. Lockwood, followed with music by Mr. Nathan White and
family.

The secretary read a communication from Secretary Ragan, of the Indiana
Horticultural Society, regretting the illness of the delegate from his society,
and extending a cordial invitation to the Michigan Horticultural Society to
have a delegation at their annual meeting, to be held in Crawfordsville, De-
cember 21, 22 and 23.

A request was read from Secretary Tracy, of the Mississippi Valley Horti-
cultural Society, that we elect the vice-president of that society from Michigan
as provided for in a clause of their articles of association.

After considerable discussion, in which Dr. Warder, 8. L. Fuller and others
spoke of the work and standing of the society mentioned, the matter of ap-
pointment was referred to the executive board.

Dr. John A. Warder, President of the Ohio Horticultural Society, gave the
first paper of the morning upon the topic:

LANDSCAPE-GARDENING FOR THE CEMETERY.

Mr. PRESIDENT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: ‘The printed announcement
of this paper by your worthy secretary is perhaps somewhat unfortunate for
the reader, as it may have induced you to expect more than you will receive at
his hands. It may have led you to look forward in the pleasing but delusive
expectation of meeting upon this occasion that rara avis, that phenomenal
prodigy, seldom seen, in our country at least—the true landscape-gardener.
Is it, indeed, so rare, you may ask, in surprise. Yes, my friends, the assertion
is confidently made, for though there be hundreds who seize the title, and who
boldly advertise their claims to rank as artists in this line, there are not tens
who are worthy of the name of landscapists. Some of them are mere pre-
tenders. Some of them can perhaps very well carry out a plan that has been
set for them by a master, or they may imitate a piece of work that they have
seen elsewhere, but which, in all probability, is utterly unsuited to the ground
and to the surroundings where they attempt to execute the design of the master
who originally made the plan. Then, again, through deficient knowledge of

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 125

the characters of the plants introduced for ornamentation, the gravest errors
are often committed, which become painfully evident when too late to correct
the mistakes.

No, my friends, he who now appears before you is not even a ‘‘land-scrap-
ist’’—much less does he claim to be a master of the high art of the landscape
gardener; he proposes only to indicate the necessity for more of the art for
our cemeteries, and he ventures to offer a few suggestions before this intelli-
gent body of horticulturists, upon a subject of great importance to our reputa-
tion as a people of esthetic tastes. ‘This is done, however, hesitatingly and
rather as an amateur than as a true connoisseur. He has been painfully
impressed by the gross mistakes which may frequently be detected in works of
this class, even where abundant means have been expended, and often
squandered, through the lack of taste and the want of knowledge in those to
whom the execution had been intrusted. * * * * From the first designing of
the plan and arrangement of the ground, the essential element of success is
good taste, which should never be lost sight of. And, though such work is
necessarily artificial, it must be in closest imitation of Nature. Such, indeed,
is the lexicographer’s definition of the art, and thus also it is evident that the
immortal Bard of Avon understood this when he wrote:

“This is an art that doth mend Nature—change it rather—but the art is Nature.”

The range of landscape-gardening is great, since it descends, on the one
hand, to the planning of the limited door-yard of a city lot to the arrangement
of the farm house and out-buildings, with the location of the lawn, garden
and orchard, or to the planting and ornamentation of the railway station, or
to the planting of avenues on the highways, and, on the other hand, it extends
to the broader area of the rural cemetery, or to the still wider limits of the
great park.

Landscape-gardening has a broad scope and requires an extended knowledge
of many things. It embraces a familiarity with architecture, to enable the
artist to direct the planning and construction of suitable buildings, gateways,
bridges, terraces, arches, kiosks, obelisks, pavilions, and other ornamental
structures. It requires as its fundamental basis the ability to design the grad-
ing and to direct the execution of the earth-working, the arrangements of land
and water generally, and especially the drainage of the soil and the manage-
ment of the result in rills, cascades, basins, lakes, and fountains. It necessi-
tates the accurate surveys for all this, and also for properly locating the drives
and walks, with their thorough construction, so that they may be of easy grades,
smooth and dry, neither dusty nor muddy.

Grass, in a close green turf, is a necessity in all landscaping. This requires
a knowledge of the kinds best adapted to the various soils, and the treatment
most conducive to the perfect verdure and condition of each kind.

Trees and shrubs, singly and in groups, claim a high rank in the materiel of
the landscape-gardener. For their proper selection and disposition it is essen-
tial that he should be perfectly familiar with their requirements as to soil and
management, as well as with their habit, form, or outline, their relative size
and height, as well as with the peculiar tint and disposition of their foliage,
whether deciduous or evergreen. These remarks are especially applicable to
the trees which are to be set singly to display their peculiar beauties and future
grandeur, whether in the open spaces of the park or in the broad umbrageous
avenues, which may be introduced with fine effect in parts of an extensive park
or its approaches. But who shall yenture to make the selection unless per-

126 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fectly familiar with the history, present and prospective, of the several species
of trees to be planted, and with their perfect adaptation to the soil in which
they are planted, and also their accordance or otherwise with the surrounding
objects, such as rocks, brooks, mountains and forests, or with the grassy plains
and quiet waters of the lowland regions?

What has been set forth as necessary knowledge on the part of the landscape-
gardener, to enable him properly to select single and avenue trees, may be
applied with equal force to the selection of those trees and shrubs that are to
be planted in groups and copses. The prospective and relative size of each
must be known, their forms should harmonize with one another, even their
peculiar tints, and the characters of their foliage should correspond with others
of the group, or part of the group, and where strong contrasts are desired, in
the way of a surprise, the knowledge and forethought of the planter will be
taxed severely to secure the desired happy result. Then again he must know
how to group together those species that are socially agreeable to one another;
for trees, like human beings, have their likes and dislikes, and have been
classed accordingly into those that are consociate and dissociate. Nor should
the evergreen conifers ever be clesely mingled in a plantation of this kind with
broad-leaved deciduous trees. Whensuch are combined they should be arranged
in masses of like kind, each distinct. This separation is not so necessary with
some of the broad-leaved evergreens that may succeed remarkably well as
undergrowth beneath the partial shade of coppice wood; and in such situations
they also produce a very pleasing effect, both in the summer and in the winter
landscape.

While speaking of evergreens, especially the common pines, spruces, firs and
junipers, this warning may be given: let the landscape-gardener beware of the
rock upon which so many have made shipwreck, by planting too largely of this
class, which will give a sombre appearance and a gloomy feeling to the whole
outlook. In their proper place, and even in large masses, if relieved by groups
of deciduous trees, or by masses of rocks, however, the evergreens are inyalu-
able factors in landscape gardening. ‘Their peculiar beauties are most highly
appreciated in the dreary months of winter, and, when bedecked with snowy
wreaths, they are often most wonderfully attractive.

When planted singly or in open groups, evergreens should be trained in such
& manner as to preserve the lower branches. ‘This may easily be accomplished
in most species, for the first half-century of their existence, by an occasional
shortening-in of the higher branches, which should not be allowed to extend
beyond those below them. The aged, centenarian tree makes a noble object
when rearing its broad, flat top on high, supported by a tall, clear bole; not
so the younger sapling, the branches of which should nestle upon the ground,
from whence its graceful and informally conical figure should rise clearly and
distinctly. Such, however, is not the universal habit of all conifers; some of
them are more massy and umbrageous, but in the case of the firs and spruces,
the conical form is most natural, and may even become too formal unless they
be judiciously managed and sparingly planted.

In the extensive forests of northern Europe, especially, the younger planta-
tions of this class of trees are most weird-like and ghostly in their appearance.
When partially concealed by dazzling snow wreaths, in the young forest plan-
tations, they are indeed remarkablo objects, but not adapted to ornament the
quiet scenes of the landscape-garden.

THE ANNUAL MEETING, 127

FLOWER-BEDS AND SHRUBBERIES.

Flowers and flowering shrubs will claim the attention of the Jandscape-gar-
dener, and the smaller the space he may have to ornament, the greater becomes
their importance and use. Indeed, in large areas, and especially in the ceme-
tery, their introduction should be restricted to the most narrow bounds, and
confined to the immediate vicinity of the entrance. Their scattered use all over
the ground must be considered in bad taste, and too often their shabby condition
renders them obnoxious rather than otherwise. Wherever flower-beds are per-
mitted, they should be artistically arranged, most judiciously selected and
thoroughly tended by a professional florist. Their perfection is the requisite to
their success, and this demands a perfect knowledge of the plants employed.

Thus you will see that the office is one of no limited acquirements. He who
undertakes these tasks must be a man of extensive acquirements and broad
views; he should be well educated in all that relates to good taste ; he must be
a practical engineer and architect; he should have a thorough knowledge of
the botanical characters of plants and trees; he needs to be an artist, an archi-
tect, an engineer, a farmer, a forester and a florist, all in one.

With these views firmly impressed upon his mind you may now understand
the feeling of hesitation and diffidence under which a compliance with the
request of your Secretary has been undertaken by him who is forced to exclaim,
‘*who is sufficient for these things?’’

Pardon this extended exordium, my friends, and let us turn to the landscape
which should characterize the modern rural cemetery. This is essentially an
American idea, and it is most important that we should begin right, and so
execute our plans as to keep within the pale of strict good taste. We have
emerged from the barbarism and desolation of the forlorn burying grounds of
the past, many of which—but for the neighboring church—were liable to be
mistaken for the ‘‘ potters’ field, and intended only to bury strangers in.’’
Therefore we must be the more careful to avoid the risks we incur of intro-
ducing barbaric splendor into these last resting places of the dead. The first
attempts at improvement are to be encouraged, be they only the planting of
common evergreen trees, in regular rows and squares, like an orchard. They
show at least a desire for improvement, and in an old, long-used village burying
ground this is often the utmost that can be accomplished.

The old church-yards of this country, as in Europe, once furnished the ground
and the protection for burying the dead. With their limited areas a few gene-
rations only were required to fill them to repletion, and they were necessarily
abandoned. These sacred spots are filled with associations of the past. In
Hurope especially they are famous for their ancient yews and box-trees, more
venerable than any to be found in our new continent; but from them we may
learn the value of these small evergreens, which are so eminently appropriate
for the smaller lots in our cemeteries, where larger trees would be inadmissible.
There are many other plants of small size that may be used. The grave-yards
of southern Europe still present us with illustrations of the effects of the fune-
bral cypress, so stiff and formal that they serve as exemplars to be avoided
rather than patterns to be imitated in our rural cemeteries. And indeed we are
in danger of committing a parallel blunder by seeking substitutes for the con-
ventional cypress in the erect forms of yews and junipers, which are equally
stiff and formal.

But in our growing country, with thriving villages and embryo cities spring-
ing up everywhere, many of them rapidly assuming metropolitan proportions,
new grounds for interment are needed. These should be judiciously located,

128 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

carefully planned, and laid out in good taste. The field is open before us to

mould it at our will. How important, then, that our work be well planned and

judiciously executed.

Let us see to it, therefore, that we secure the best available talent in the
landscape-gardeners we employ to plan and execute the future rural cemeteries
of the land. As these grounds are intended to be the quiet resting places of
our departed friends, the following desiderata should ever be kept promi-
nently in the foreground of all our planus respecting their arrangement and
management :

(1.) There should be perfect security and permanence in the title, and against
intrusion ;

(2.) Insuring peaceful quiet and perfect repose to all who may be brought
within the sacred limits, ;

(3.) The landscape should embrace a diversified surface of land and water.

(4.) The area should be covered with green turf in broad stretches.

(5.) Shaded by umbrageous trees, singly distributed at intervals, or in open
groups ;

(6.) And reaching on either side to masses of foliage of differing hues, decidu-
ous and evergreen, according to the situation. At the same time, from
various commanding eminences, open and unobstructed vistas across the
demesne and to distant objects of interest should be carefully preserved.

(7.) Easy access to all parts of the ground should be provided by smooth,
hard roads and paths, kept in perfect order.

(8.) Of all things, we should enjoin severe simplicity and strictly good taste in
the decorations of the graves, and in the mementos offered to the dear
departed ones; no senseless gew-gaws, nor purse-proud memorials, nor
gilded tombs; no transitory and fading floral offerings should here find
place: much less appropriate are the flashy parterres of gaudy blooming
and foliage plants, that are too often seen obtruding themselyes upon
the sacred limits of God’s Acre. ‘These tributes may haye been be-
stowed by weeping and loving friends, whose tender sentiments are
entitled to our sympathy and respect, but all these things are so perish-
able that they soon become an intrusion and decaying offense upon the
quiet sanctity of the place.

(9.) In the modern rural cemetery we want no selflsh, repellant and obtrusive
fences, as inclosures to our lots, ever decaying, and ever reminding us
of the egotistic claims and pretensions of individuals, in this common
meeting place of rich and poor, where all of us, from the highest to
the lowest, are at last reduced to a common level, and to a condition in
which there is and should be ‘‘ no respect of persons.”’

(10.) Lastly, and in immediate connection with the sentiments already pre-
sented, as appropriate accompaniments and conditions of the sacred
precincts of the cemetery, let us carefully avoid another great danger
incurred in our desire to pay due respect to the memories of our dead:
let us avoid making such a sacred spot appear to be only one vast adver-
tisement of the stone-cutter’s thriving trade! * * * * [nstead of
this constant repetition of granite and marble, shaft and obelisk, of
pretentious mausoleum or cenotaph, some persons will prefer to place a
mass of native rock, partially faced for the inscription. Others again
will prefer to mark the spot ‘‘most dear of all the earth beside’”’ by
planting a memorial tree to show the last resting place of their departed
friends.

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 129

The selection of the species to be planted for this purpose will be governed
very much by the size and situation of the lot, and also by the character of the
soil. hey should always be of a permanent or long-lived species. Where
space permits they may be large and noble, such as the oaks orelms. The
former will even be favorites for such planting. In low grounds and near
water the willow (S. dabylonica) has always been a favorite funereal tree, but
though poetically affiliated with the tomb, few trees are more unsuitable than
this foreigner from a milder climate, because this willow is short-lived and
easily broken by storms. It is likely to be entirely supplanted by the Wisconsin
weeper, which resists the northern winds. For smaller lots we haye many trees
or shrubs that may be used.

Without attempting to give you an extended catalogue of trees suitable for
such planting, your attention is directed to the extremely formal character of
some that should be avoided, because their free use becomes very tiresome.
As an illustration you have been referred to the typical grave-yard tree, the
funebral cypress, which you can only behold in pictures of burying places on
the Mediterranean. But we are in danger still if we adopt the stiff, formal,
and erect species of the junipers and yews, whose chief recommendation con-
sists in the fact that they occupy little space; but neither do they fill the eye
of taste. Many small and slow-growing kinds of evergreens are not open to
this objection, notably the yews, the box, and still further south many broad-
leaved evergreens.

You may think we demand too much for the modern cemetery. It is true
that a previous generation might have been shocked by some of the propositions
now presented, and some tender hearts of the present decade may possibly be
startled, but we are progressing. Who now desires to be embalmed after death
and stowed away, even in a pyramid of Titanic proportions on the banks of the
Nile, or to be thrust alongside the dead of preceding generations into the cata-
combs of Rome or Paris, or even to be interred in the crowded church-yards
beside the old cathedrals of Europe, much less beneath the tiling of their floors?
Even the historic and almost sacred precincts of Westminster Abbey present few
attractions as a burial place for us. With strong good sense the American
people, in the light of sanitary science, have forbidden interments in such
places, and indeed, within municipal corporations; the graveyard of the past
century is no longer used. The rural cemetery is everywhere popular. Nor
are the requisitions contained in the ten propositions here recited a mere fancy
sketch; they are to a great extent a portrait ‘of what already exist in our own
land.

Thanks to the talent of the superintendent and to the good sense and liber-
ality of a directory who sustain him, we have all this asa reality. Where,
do you ask? At the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, which possesses the finest rural
cemetery of this or any other land. That cemetery, my friends, which has
become a model for very many others in various parts of our country, and
which is highly complimented by visitors from abroad, is the legitimate out-
growth of a horticultural society.

Hoping that this digression from pomology will not be considered an intru-
sion upon the routine of your meeting, you are asked to accept my sincere
thanks for your patient attention.

At the close of Dr. Warder’s paper a communication was read from Dr,
Frieze of the University, inviting the society to visit the various departments

Li,

130 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the University. The invitation was accepted and the afternoon of the same
day was given for the visit.

The next paper of the morning was given by Mr. Robert T. McNaughton,
taking for his subject—

THE VALUE AND CULTURE OF THE LESS COMMON VEGETABLES.

In these practical, matter-of-fact days, and at an occasion so limited for
time as the present, there is little demand for anything which is not brief and
to the point, and I shall be expected to enumerate concisely the facts as I find
them concerning the value and culture of the less common vegetables, among
which I include asparagus, cauliflower, celery, egg-plant, radish, salsify, spin-
ach and sweet potato. Before speaking of the cultivation of these vegetables,
we want to know why we cultivate them. Allow me then a very few prelimi-
nary words as to why I believe these vegetables are valuable:

Ist. They are in themselves delicious if properly placed on the table, being
among the luxuries, if not the necessaries of life.

2nd. They are a variety and change from the more common sorts generally
used, and hence desirable.

3d. They are of value from a dietary and medicinal view, by giving variety
of nourishment, and perhaps by possessing peculiar medicinal properties.
Celery, for example, is said to be a specific for nervousness, and the general
tone of the system is better maintained by a variety of vegetable food than by
pork and potatoes alone. Thus any acquisition of the kind is to be hailed as
valuable.

4th. These vegetables are more valuable than common sorts if anything is
to be sold from the garden. Being less common, they command a better price
in the market.

I shall try to show that these vegetables are not more difficult to raise than
most of the more common ones. If, then, they are so evidently valuable, and
are easy of production, why are they ‘‘ less common ’’?

In the first place, because they are rather delicacies than necessities, and the
necessities are the first to be raised.

Again, because they are comparatively new and unfamiliar, and however
desirable, all innovations are of somewhat slow growth. ‘lo make them more
familiar to people is the object of this discussion.

And, finally, because people think, without knowing much about it, that it
is difficult to grow them.

These are sufficient reasons why they are not more commonly grown; and
now to answer the objection implied in the last remark, let me give the modes
in which I should cultivate these vegetables.

ASPARAGUS.

Since an asparagus bed will last without renewal for a long time, it needs to
be thoroughly made at the outset. The soil, which should be a rich, sandy
loam, should be deeply and thoroughly plowed, turning in some well rotted
manure. After this thorough pulverizing, the plants must be set out. If
raised from seed, this must be sown the spring previous in rows, and kept clear
from weeds, and in one year’s time, if well grown, the plants will be fit to set
out. Conover’s Colossal is perhaps the best variety, and the plants should be
set out rather early in the spring, nine inches apart in rows three feet apart,
spreading out the roots naturally and setting the crown of the plant two or

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 131

three inches below the surface. Keep the bed well weeded and mellow and the
plants will thrive. Cut the shoots when five or six inches long with a sloping
cut, a little below the surface. Do not forget to make the bed deep and rich.

CAULIFLOWER.

Plants of this delicious vegetable should be set out the same time with early
-cabbage—about April lst—and treated almost exactly like cabbage. It needs
considerable moisture, and should be planted thus early to head out before hot
weather. Early Erfurt is a good sort. In planting this and also cabbage,
tomatoes, etc., a strip of paper may be wound around the stalk of the plants,
extending a little below the ground, to prevent cut-worms attacking it.

CELERY.

The cultivation of celery is far more easy than many suppose. The seed
‘should be sown early in April, in a rich bed, covering very lightly, or simply
patting down with the spade. Keep the bed free from weeds, and as the plants
grow, shear off the top leaves once or twice to make them grow stocky. Some
time during July, on a moist day if possible, set out the plants on the level
ground, or in a slight trench, six inches apart, in rows three feet apart. Firm
the earth closely around the plants while setting. Keep the plants free from
weeds, and allow them to grow till a month or two before it is wanted for use.
Then, since celery must be blanched to make it edible, the earth must be
drawn up close around the plants with the hands and then banked up with the
spade to the top of the plant. This may be done about the 1st of September,
if it is expected to use the celery along in the fall. If wanted for winter use,
no banking up is necessary, but the earth should be drawn up around the plants
to keep the leaves in an upright state. Then when dug up in November it
may be taken into a cool cellar and packed, with the earth clinging to the
roots, into a barrel or long box, which may be made with some rough boards
for one side and the cellar wall for the other. Packed together closely in this
way, it will be likely to keep fresh, and being dark, it will blanch by the time
it is wanted for use. This is the best way I know of keeping it, all things con-
‘sidered. This plan of cultivation is certainly not so laborious but that any one
may have the delicious vegetable. Celery needs a moist, cool atmosphere to do
well, and I find that when planted along the north side of my rows of sweet
corn it does better, being in the shade, than when in the hot sun. The soil
should be rather moist, and the best variety is some dwarf kind, as Boston
Market or Sandringham Dwarf. It will stand quite a sharp frost without in-
jury, but like any other vegetable, must not be touched while frozen, as this
will induce decay.

EGG PLANT.

This plant is very tender, and the seeds must be sown in a hot-bed about
April 1st and planted out in the open ground about two months later, in a rich
soil, two or three feet apart.

RADISH.

A light soil is necessary for the radish, and it is easily raised by sowing the
‘seed broadcast over the ground and covering lightly with the rake. Early long
scarlet short top is the best.

: 132 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SALSIFY.

The salsify is a hardy plant and is grown in all respects like the carrot, sow-
ing in rows far enough apart to cultivate, and thinning out to four or five inches
between the plants. Sow most any time in the spring and keep clear of weeds
from the start. It may be left out all winter, but is better to put into pits like
parsnips.

SPINACH.

Concerning this vegetable Peter Henderson says: ‘‘I could never account
for the fact that some vegetables always continue to be more profitable to raise
than others that require the same expenditure of labor. Here we have a marked
case in point. Spinach, which certainly requires no more labor in raising than
a crop of potatoes, continues to give a profit of at least three times as much
per acre on fields divided only by a post and rail fence. The men that grow
the spinach are never foolish enough to encumber their ground with potatoes.’
Spinach should be sown in early spring and at intervals thereafter for succes-
sion, and about all that is required is to sow the seed and cut off the greens
when large enough. As it is perfectly hardy it may also be sown just about
the time for sowing wheat and left out all winter for early spring use, covering
lightly with straw or marsh hay as winter approaches.

SWEET FOTATO.

This is usually thought to be a vegetable requiring a very warm climate and
not adapted to the north at all, but it may be grown here successfully if the
soil is light and warm. The plants must be procured about the first of June
and set in ridges made by plowing two furrows together about one foot apart,
with the ridges three or four feet apart. They must be kept during the winter
in dry sand in a warm, dry chamber.

And now haying watched these vegetables from the seed to the mature state,
and put them carefully away in cellar and pit, I have finished my part of the
work and relinquish to fairer hands the task of placing them before us on the
table, where we will hope they may often be found, no longer deserving the
name of ‘‘ less common vegetables.”’

J. N. Stearns, Kalamazoo.—Celery in Kalamazoo would be hardly ranked as a
**less common vegetable ;’’ large quantities are grown to supply our own market
and to ship to neighboring towns. Our people have learned to grow it well,
and at ordinary prices it is made a very remunerative crop.

Wm. Saunders, Ontario.—Asparagus is one of the most delicate and satis-
factory vegetables grown, and I regret that it must be classed as a less com-
mon one. I sometimes question whether the elaborate plan of preparing for
and growing this vegetable, as recommended by so many, is not responsible for
the lack of it upon so many tables. I should take issue with the author of the
excellent paper, upon this point. It seems to me there is really no necessity
for the expense he recommends in connection with the preparation of an
asparagus bed. My experience leads me to advise, if one has ordinary good
corn land, a very cheap way of raising this vegetable. I would invest in a
few cents’ worth of seed and sow it, with the opening of settled spring weather,
in a good rich border. It takes but little space to raise a great number of
plants. At one year old these plants are strong and vigorous, and can be
transplanted in their permanent quarters. As I said before, good corn land is
suitable for the bed; it should be plowed and well fitted and each autumn

THE ANNUAL MERTING. 133

should receive a liberal dressing of manure. Salt or brine thrown upon the
surface in winter or spring, helps keep the weeds down, and is a good fertilizer
for the crop. No one need be without an asparagus bed that has a garden
spot, and certainly no farmer can afford to deprive his table of this excellent
garden vegetable.

J. S. Woodward, Lockport, N. Y.—Celery is a healthy vegetable—standing
next to fruits in its value as a promoter of good health; and as a part of a
good living it can not well be spared. Nervous people should never be without
it. Ihave found a very excellent plan of managing it. When a man raises but
little he generally has a great time hilling it up—trying to hold the stalks
together with one hand, whiie he hauls the earth around with the other.
It puts a man in a most uncomfortable position to say the least. My plan is
to place a little roll of tin (stiff pasteboard will do) about the plant when it is
small; the earth can be drawn up then, with no danger of throwing it into
the heart of the plant. As it grows, the tin can be raised and more earth
drawn up. Sometimes celery tends to throw out a good many lateral sprouts.
These should be removed as it is banked up, thus throwing the growth inté
the main stalks. I always store my celery in winter in my cellar, placed
in ordinary shoe boxes, putting a little earth in the bottom which can be kept
moist. The depth of the box is about the height of the plants, and when
they are used the blanching is complete to the very tips.

J. Lannin, South Haven.—Can celery be successfully grown upon sandy
soil?

F. Waltz. of Detroit, gave his experience in raising celery for the Detroit
market. For the early sales he raised his plants in the hot-bed; but for the
main crop sowed the seed in the open border. He thought it very important
that the seed be pressed into the ground; this he accomplished by pressing
heavily upon a board laid over the seed. The first celery goes into market
early in July. For the late crop he used the ground planted to early cabbages,
the rows of which he places four and one-half feet apart. He considered the
celery grown upon heavy soil sweeter and of more delicious flavor than that
grown upon sandy soil.

Dr. Lockwood, Ann Arbor.—Is not the dwarf variety considered of better
flavor than the stronger growing sorts?

Mr. Waltz.—Yes, I consider the dwarf kinds best.

J. N. Stearns.—In answer to Mr. Lannin’s query, I will say that in my ob-
Servation and experience celery grown upon sandy soil is better than that
grown upon a vegetable deposit. ‘T'o to be sure, it costs more to raise it on the
dryer sandy soil, but when you get it the quality is superior; I grow Turner’s
Incomparable.

The last paper of the morning was given by Prof. A. J. Cook, of the Agri-
cultural College at Lansing, on the subject of

NEW INSECT ENEMIES AND NEW METHODS OF INSECT WARFARE.

By new insect enemies I do not refer to species newly evolved, for though
we believe that species have been and are being evolved, still the process is too
slow to readily admit of direct demonstration. Neither do I refer to newly
discovered insects, for all those of which I speak are long and well known to
entomologists. Nor yet do I refer to insects with newly evolved habits, so that
now for the first time they are known as noxious species, for all have previously
won. a bad record, though two of the species are not generally known, nor have

134 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

their mischief-making tendencies been generally recorded. But I rather aim:
to call to your attention and to place on record the characters and habits of
certain species either new to Michigan or whose noxious habits have not as yet.
found space in our excellent reports,

GRAPE VINE FLEA-BEEtLeE—Haltica chalybea illeger. Family Chrysomelide.
Order Coleoptera.

This little coleopterous pest is no new enemy to the grape vine. Even Har-.
ris, in his Injurious Insects, describes this little beetle. Nor has it just
commenced its depredations in our own State. Four years ago, our prince in
Michigan grape culture, whose knowledge, experience, and enthusiasm have
been so valuable to this society—need I say Mr. E. Bradfield?—sent me these
beetles, in the larva state, with a loud ery of alarm for his favorite fruit.
Since then I have seen the blighting ravages of this little pest in several vine-
yards about Lansing, and have heard of the same in various sections of the
State. No Michigan grape grower can afford to be ignorant of this beetle,
which, though small in size, is not small in its power for mischief.

This beetle (Fig. 1, d) is, like all of the leaf-eating family—Chrysomelide—
oblong, oval in form. It is, as the specific name indicates, blue in color. Its
length is about four m. m., or Jess than three-sixteenths of an inch. Like all
of its genus, its posterior legs are enlarged, fitting it for jumping, hence the
generic name Hailtica. This jumping peculiarity is obvious if we attempt to
catch the little pests, for like the Dutchman’s flea, when we put our finger on
them they are not there. All present are doubtless familiar with the like
habits of the striped, and cucumber flea-beetles, 1. striolata and H. cucumeris,
so common about radishes, and our yarious cucurbitaceous plants in summer.

The ‘grub or larva (Fig. 1, 6) of
the grape vine flea-beetle is brown
above, but lighter beneath, with a
shining black head. It is six m. m.,
or 0.35 of an inch long. The
thoracic legs are black, the anal
orange. Along the back are rows
of black spots, each giving rise to
a hair.

The habits of these pests will be
more interesting to practical pomol-
ogists, and so I will proceed to de-
tail them. The beetles come forth
from the ground in mid-summer,
but do no special harm till they
come forth from their hibernation,
the following spring, when they
attack the opening buds, in the
month of May, and thus at the

FIG. 1.—GRAPE VINE FLEA BEETLE. same time blast the vines and the

a, Leaf attacked by grubs, b, Larva magnified. hopes of the vineyardist. They
c. Egg magnified. ad. Beetle maginfied. often at this stage do irreparable
damage. But not content with this, they pair and scatter their yellow egg clusters
(Fig. 1, ¢, egg magnified) about the leaves of the vines. From these eggs
come forth the brown grubs (Fig. 1, a), which often strip the vines of their

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 135

foliage. It is at this stage that they have most alarmed Mr. Bradfield. After
feeding for from three to five weeks they descend to the earth and pupate.
Thus like the Colorado potato beetle, and most other chrysomelids, they feed
on the same plant in both the larva and imago state. I presume that the
larvee will succumb to the pyrethrum remedy to be described, but it is stated
that simply scattering lime on the leaves will destroy them. I think that the
beetles might be killed by use of London purple or Paris green, but an easy
remedy is described by our national entomologist, Prof. J. H. Comstock. It
is similar to that used in jarring for curculios, except that the sheet is wet
with kerosene oil. As the vines are jarred, the beetles spring onto the sheet
and are immediately killed by the kerosene.

THE Snowy CricketT—Cécanthus nivius, Harr. Family Gryllide. Order
Orthoptera.

These beautiful white crickets are common throughout our State. I fre-
quently capture them while collecting insects from about foliage, and often
take them while ‘‘sugaring’’ for moths in August and September. A taste
similar to that which attracts these graceful crickets to the sugar traps also
causes them to cut off immature grapes. But the worst injury wrought by
these snowy crickets is that done to various trees and shrubs, notably the canes
of blackberries and raspberries, and the twigs of peach trees, in the work of
egg-laying. In our own State, especially in the western
part, this mischief is quite serious. Each spring I receive eS \

numerous specimens of 2

pine these scarred and disfig- =
IS ured twigs, with inquiry as =,
FIG. 2—SNowy CRICKET, SpE View. to the cause of the damage. ae

This cricket (Figs 2 and 3) is greenish white in color. a stata Cea
It is a little less than two ¢. m.—about 2 ofan inch—in — Dorsat Surrace.
length. The small yellow elongated eggs are placed in the twig in a compact
~ row (Vig. 4), extending
J \engthwise of the cane.
% Each egg extends
obliquely across the
twig. The eggs hatch
in May. The young of
these crickets are insec-
Pag a : tivorous, but as they
FIG. 4.—EGGS OF SNOWY CRICKET. grow older they feed
a, Affected twig. b. Twig cut longitudinal. ¢. Single egg magnified. 9n the plants.

The only method to successfully fight these awkward pruners that I can sug-
gest is to cut and burn the affected twigs in winter and early spring.

During the past summer my attention has been called to two new pests in our
State, the parsnip-seed moth, Depressaria heracliana, the larva of which at-
tacks and destroys the immature seed of the parsnip. It spins a web as it
works. It commits its depredations in the month of July. During the past
season it has wrought ruin among the gardens of Howell. As this insect will
be fully described and illustrated in the next report of the State Board of Ag-
riculture, I will only remark here that London purple, Paris green or pyrethrum
will surely exterminate the pest, and at a light expense. ‘The other enemy I
will call the strawberry-leaf beetle. It is Paria aterrima, Oliv. This little
beetle entirely defoliates the strawberry plants in early spring, and works on

136 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

them again in autumn. ‘This insect will also be fully described in our next
agricultural report. ‘The same remedies that I have recommended for the
parsnip-seed larva will also avail here. If the poisons are used, they should be
applied early, before the vines commence fruiting; of course, the earlier the
better.

In reference to new methods of fighting injurious insects, the following
from a paper which I read at the last meeting of the Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science will be of practical. interest to horticulturists, and may
well find a place in our reports, especially as the first experiments detailed were
made because of suggestions offered at the last February meeting of this
society: It is well known that there is no worse pest to the pomologist than
the codling moth. (Carpacapsa pomonella, Linn.) The great mischief done by
this pest is augmented, from the fact that the best preventive hitherto known
has been effective only after the insect had done its evil work. We have known no
way to destroy the larve until after the apples were eaten. Last winter I learned
from Mr. J. 8S. Woodward, of Lockport, N. Y., that trees thoroughly syringed
with Paris green, about the 20th of May, bore apples which were wholly ex-
empt from the ravages of the apple-worm. Acting upon this suggestion, I
thoroughly sprayed some Siberian crab-apple trees the 25th of May, and again
the 20th of June; but Iused London purple, one table-spoonful to two gallons
of water. The fruit of these trees has been seriously injured whenever they
have borne during previous years. This year they were loaded with fruit, but
careful examination, made August 19th, discovered not a single injured apple.
A few showed signs of the previous work of the larve, but as no burrow ex-
tended more than one-fourth of an inch, no harm was done. Other apple
trees, only a few rods distant, which were not treated with the poisonous liquid,
are bearing fruit, one-fourth to one-half of which is ‘‘ wormy.’’

From the very small amount of the poison applied to each tree, not more
than one-third of an ounce, the cost of the remedy is light. For the same
reason, as also the early application of the poison when the fruit is yet imma-
ture, and is sure to be washed by frequent rains before it is gathered, we should
expect no danger from the use of London purple. But to make assurance
doubly sure, I cut from a portion of the apples, on a part of a tree where the
poison was applied insuch excess as to destroy the foliage, one hundred of the
blossoms, the portion where the poison would be sure to lodge, and submitted
them to Dr. Kedzie for analysis. Nota trace of the poison was found. If
future experience sustains the conclusions as to the efficiency of this remedy, it
will be a very important discovery.

Previous to the present time, there has been no satisfactory method known
of fighting such pests as the cabbage maggot (Anthomyia brassice, Bouché)
and other insects of the same genus, and the squash borer (Melittia cucurbite,
Harr.). The late Dr. Walsh recommended hot water, but this has proved
only partially successful. During the present season my pupil, Mr. Charles
McKenny, and myself have tried bisulphide of carbon with the happiest re-
sults. I was led to try this from its excellence in destroying museum pests,
and the success which has attended its use in Europe in destroying the grape
Phylloxera. To apply it a small hole is made in the earth near the main root
of the plant, by use of a walking-stick or other rod, and about one-half a
teaspoonful of the liquid poured in, when the hole is quickly filled with earth
and pressed down by the foot. In every case the insects were killed without
injury to the plants. I believe this substance promises most satisfactory results
in fighting the above-mentioned insects, the peach-borers and other insects

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 137

that attack the roots of our cultivated plants. We must remember that this
liquid is very volatile, and the vapor very explosive.

PYRETHRUM.

This substance has long been in the market under the name of Persian and
Dalmatian insect powder, and sold as a destroyer of house flies, cockroaches,
etc. But owing doubtless to the fact that the effective element is a volatile oil,
the foreign substance often failed to destroy, as it did in my hands. The
essential element had escaped.

In 1879 Mr. Wm. Saunders of Ontario experimented with the Persian in-
sect powder, the pulverized flowers of Pyrethrum carneum, and P. roseum,
and the Dalmatian, the powdered flowers of P. cinerariefolium. He found
the latter the most efficient. It only kills by coming in contact, and seems to
paralyze the insect at first and finally kills outright. Mr. Saunders experi-
mented with house flies, blue bottle flies, grasshoppers, plant lice, etc. He
found that all fell upon their backs in from two minutes to six or eight min-
utes. The insects remain paralyzed sometimes for two or three days before
they die, and a few were seen to recover so far as to walk or fly away.

Prof. C. V. Riley has attacked this problem with the characteristic energy
with which he grapples any insect question. His experiments show that this
‘substance is equally effective against nearly if not quite all our insect foes.
Prof. Riley commenced his investigations in 1875, and has continued them to
the present time. During the past season he has pushed his investigations with
extraordinary vigor. He has found that mixing the pyrethrum with flour in
the proportion of one of the pyrethrum to twenty parts of flour in no way
injures the value of the application. And that when mixed with water, at the
rate of one tablespoonful to one gallon of water, or even two gallons of water,
it still is potent to destroy.

The great argument in favor of pyrethrum is its harmless nature as effecting
man and other animals of the mammalian branch. When breathed it is no
more disagreeable than any vegetable dust, and I fed it to a neighbor’s dog
and regret to state that the dog is still alive and can bark at all hours.

Heretofore the cost of pyrethrum has been a bar to its general use. It has
‘been sold at $1.25 per lb. But Mr. Milco of Stockton, California, who has for
‘the last few years grown this plant very successfully, has informed Prof. Riley
that he has grown 147 lbs. to the acre, and that the whole expense of putting
it on to the market need not exceed six or seven cents. When its culture be.
‘comes common, then, we may expect that the price will not exceed that of
London purple. Mr. Milco grows the P. cixerariefolium, and so manufac-
tures the Dalmatian powder under the name of ‘‘ Buhach.’’ It is probably true
that this plant can be grown in the southern States, and very probably in all
‘Sections of the United States; if so we may expect very soon to find it in the
market at rates within the reach of all.

During the past season I have tried this pyrethrum (‘‘ Bubach’’), which I
received through the kindness of Prof. Riley, on the larvee and imagos of the
potato beetie, Doryphora lo-lineata on the cabbage caterpillar, Pieris rap@ on
‘squash bugs, Coreus tristis on plant lice, on house flies, and on mosquitoes, and
found it speedy death to all except the squash bugs, which even lived in the
powder for three days before dying. I also found that one tablespoonful of
the powder to forty of flour was effective in killing the cabbage caterpillar,
and that the same amount of powder to two gallons of water was even better,

138 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

owing doubtless to its more thorough application. The result seems to depend
more on actual contact than upon amount of the powder. As I have sent to
Prof. Riley the full details of my extensive experiments for publication I will
not repeat them here.

The significance of these facts is fairly startling. We have a cheap, non-
poisonous insecticide, by use of which noxious caterpillars are brought low,
beetles and their grubs exterminated, flies and their maggots put hors du com-
bat, plant lice overcome, parasitic lice—of course I mean those affecting sheep,
cattle, fowls, and other of our domestic animals—exterminated, house flies and
mosquitoes sent where mankind has long wished them, and were I in Kansas
I would add the bed-bug, that cruel old Cimex lectularius is no more.

To apply this substance to insects which destroy vegetation, we can best mix
with water and apply with a fountain pump. ‘To kill house flies we have only
to throw the dust about the room by use of a bellows. ‘To destroy vermin on
our domestic animals we can wash them with the liquid mixture, or dust it well
through their hair, wool and feathers, and as in case of close rooms like poultry
houses, fill the room with the dust.

Mr. Collar, Adrian.—Will pyrethrum powder effect curculio?

Prof. Cook.—I have no doubt but it will, but for this purpose at present
prices it would be an expensive remedy.

Dr. Lockwood..—Where can we obtain this powder?

Prof. Cook.—I cannot tell you where you can surely obtain a pure article at
present, but I doubt not very soon it will be in the markets.

Mr. Saunders.—I have no doubt but the pyrethrum may be grown success-
fully in our own country, but not at six or seven cents per pound, as suggested in
the paper. In Dalmatia, where the kind of labor required in its production is
exceedingly cheap, they cannot produce it in the largest quantities at that
figure. We may expect to pay, I think, seventy-five cents or one dollar per
pound at retail, and then be satisfied. For although I have not reached as
satisfactory results in my experiments as Prof. Cook, still I believe it promises
to be the best insecticide 1 know, always taking into consideration the safety
in employing it. Ctnerariefolium is more effective than either rosewm or car-
neum. Mr. Saunders spoke in some detail concerning the production of Lon-
don purple (a full account of which is given in the Secretary’s portfolio), and
said we could not impress too strongly the necessity of caution in using these
poisonous compounds.

W. W. Tracy, Detroit.—I bought pyrethrum powder at three different drug
houses, and two out of the three times succeeded in getting effective powder ;
so I think we can even now run a pretty good chance of getting the pure
article.

W. C.-Latta.—tIn using the powder on cabbages, to drive away the worms,
we did not succeed wholly; there were some worms left.

Prof. Cook.—Yes, this will be the case, but the cabbage is a bad thing to
permeate with the powder. Still we had on the whole very excellent success ;
but very few of the worms remaining.

Tuesday Afternoon.

At 2 o’clock the delegates in attendance met at the University main build-
ing, and after shaking hands with Dr. Frieze and a number of his associates
from the Faculty, proceeded through the various buildings, enjoying a rich
treat under the guidance of Dr. Frieze.

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 139

Soon after 4 o’clock President Lyon called the meeting to order again in the
court-house, and the question,

SHALL TREE AGENTS BE ENCOURAGED?

was called up. A short paper from the pen of E. M. Potter, of Kalamazoo,
was read by the Secretary to open the discussion, the full text of which is here
given:

Mr. PRESIDENT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN :—I am fully aware that this is
a very delicate subject for discussion, and one that calls in question the occu-
pation of a very sensitive class of individuals. I am also of the opinion that
if this question was submitted to the community at large, the negative response
would be as overwhelming as the ‘‘Garfield’’ vote.

In the fore part of June, 1858, there sat in an office of one of the eastern
nurseries, a young man, brought up on a farm, receiving his outfit and in-
structions previous to his first attempt at canvassing.

In answer to his inquiry as to where he had better go, the senior partner of
the firm told him to select his own territory. In answer to his question, ‘‘ How
had I better approach a man so as to secure his order,’’ the junior partner of
the concern told him to provide himself with ‘‘a box of tobacco as big as his two
hands, and on the first approach tu a stranger who looked as if he used the
weed, offer it to him.’? ‘This last piece of advice, I am happy to say, he never
followed; but in accordance with the senior’s instruction, this unsophisticated
young man procured a pocket map of Pennsylvania. He had heard of the
great thrift of the farmers and their huge barns in the Keystone State, and he
had very naturally concluded that any one possessed of even a few acres, and
making any pretensions to thrift, would not rest satisfied until his home was
amply supplied with all the leading varieties of fruit suited to the climate, and
I may say that I have good reason for believing that ‘‘he is of the same opin-
ion still.’’ A few hours later and this young man was hurried down through
the Genesee and Cohocton valleys at railroad speed, and after a couple of
changes he arrived at a small village near the banks of the Susquehanna.
Being weighed down with a realizing sense of great responsibility, rendered
doubly so by a sanguine feeling of wonderful success, the ‘‘ sombre shades of
night’’ gave but little rest to our ‘‘ newly-fledged’’ tree-agent. Little did the
good people of that community dream of the ‘‘ golden opportunity’? soon to
present itself, or the sure road to wealth which would come close to their doors
if they would only ‘‘take stock’’ in the enterprise. The morrow dawned, and
after breakfast our young man, with all the encouragement which could be
heaped upon him by a worthy landlord, whose hospitality could only be meas-
ured by the contents of his guest’s pocket-book, started out. ‘This young
man, who had but just left his rural home, with the blessing of a Christian
father, and followed by the prayers of a devoted mother; this young man,
who had been brought up never to tell a falsehood or steal a lump out of the
sugar-bowl; this young man, who, if I do say it, was honest, and had entered
conscientiously upon this new and, as he supposed, perfectly honorable occu-
pation—approached the residence of what appeared to be the home of a well-
to-do farmer; and what kind of a reception do you think he got? It was
something like this:

‘Vell! now, young man! I vantsnone of your humbugs at all. Shust a
few years ago some Yankee fellers, he cums round drafting, and I lets ’em
draft my orchard, and dey shust cuts dem sticks righut off one tree and puts

140 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

dem in de next, and de apples ain’t half so good as dey was before, No!
sir-e-e! You better shust git right along.”

And if you had met that young man on his way to the next house, and had
asked him if ‘‘tree-agents ought to be encouraged,’’ he would have said with-
out any hesitation or mental reservation, ‘‘ Yes, indeed! they need encourage-
ment by all means.’’? And I say if ever there was a poor, humiliated boy, who
had grown up conscious of trying to do well, and yet, right here at the outset,
branded as a dishonest scoundrel, who needed encouragement, it was this one.
So the day passed, and at night he returned to his hotel, weary and crest-
fallen with that ‘‘ grafting story,’? which he had heard reiterated from so
many different lips, still ringing in his ears. After about a week of similar
experience in that vicinity and the adjoining towns, he came in one evening to
find an acquaintance, representing another nursery not far from his own, who,
by a strange coincidence, had selected this same field for operations. But little,
if anything, was said of the events of the past week, and after another night
of ‘‘troubled sleep,’’ these two ‘‘new-born’’ tree-agents started out in differ-
ent directions. After unsuccessful tramping for two or three days, our
*‘hero”’ returned to his headquarters to find that his ‘‘ partner in distress ”’
had tried it only one day, paid his bill, left most of his outfit, and had com-
pletely and forever ‘‘shaken off the dust,’? as a testimony against that
community for their treatment of tree-agents. The next heard of him was
that he had shipped for a five-years’ cruise on board of a whaler. Suffice it to
say that the subject of our sketch, which is a true one, left soon after for the
western part of the State, where he effected a good sale, although he found
that the ‘‘ grafting story’’ was there sometime in advance; and I am almost
certain that the inhabitants of Indiana and Clearfield counties in Pennsylva-
nia are to-day enjoying the benefits of good fruit, which they never would have
tasted if it had not been for the personal and persistent appeals of that tree-
agent. The facts are, that a very large percentage of our population do not
realize how necessary good fruit is to health; but rather consider it as a sort
of Juxury which they can possibly do without. If I were a physician, and de-
sired to do the world a lasting and valuable service, I would give them this
free prescription: ‘‘ Eat less pork and more fruit!”’

Even those who can afford good trees and really want them, are poorly in-
formed as to the kinds most desirable and where to obtain them. Every man
who controls even a ‘‘ garden patch ”’ should possess and read his county paper,
the leading horticultural paper of his State, and the reports of the ‘‘State
Horticultural Society.’’ ‘These all are good, paying investments for everybody.
How often have we found a single number of a good paper worth more to us
than the subscription price for a year. People say, ‘‘ there are so many hum-
bugs that they are afraid to buy anything;’’ and all we can say to such is,
that the best way to avoid imposition is to lay in a good stock of information,
and exercise that heaven-born gift of common sense. Some people will never
profit by the experience of others, but always want to see the folly of it
themselves. To those we would say that the quicker they get the experience,
whether good or bad, the sooner they will be in a fair way to prosper. As I
haye before remarked, there are many, very many, who would never plant a
tree if it were not for the personal solicitation of the tree-agent; and the
almost prevailing custom at the present day of calling them all dishonest, or
at least insinuating that they are so, makes it very difficult to obtain the best
class of canvassers. If there is any business in the world that ought to em-
ploy the very best men, both as to qualification and character, it is the business

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 141

of propagating and disseminating nursery stock; and it does no one, or the
business, any good by intimating to a stranger, whom we have never seen or
heard of before, that he is a rascal and engaged in a bad occupation. If we
are positive that we do not need his goods, or are embarrassed by other matters
and cannot afford to invest just theu, it is a very easy matter to pleasantly tell
him so. But you say, shall we entrust the selection of trees and the chances
for good fruit, after years of toil and patient waiting, to one whom we know
nothing of? I say by no means, but when a canvasser approaches you, treat
him at least with civility, or as you would like to be treated. Supposing an
honest, upright farmer should go to the city to contract his pork in advance of
delivery, and when offering it for sale, was sarcastically told that ‘‘a great
many hogs are sick and dying, and that they did not want any of that kind of
pork.’? After he had heard that ‘‘ year in and year out,’’ 1 would not blame
him if he had a desire to quit the business. Yes! I say, treat the canvasser
at least with civility, and if you have time, hear him “say his piece,’’ and, if
he tells you anything that you know is impossible or even unreasonable, when
he gets through politely ask him if he ever read of the fate of Ananias and
Sapphira. But if one comes to you representing a good establishment, which
has a good reputation for fair dealing, and produces a duly authenticated cer-
tificate of agency, he is entitled to your confidence. But you say, ‘‘ How do
we know anything about the standing of the concern he represents?’ If he
gives good reference, it is very easy to ascertain; and, further, if they adver-
tise in a reliable paper, it is pretty good evidence, for I presume to say that
none of our leading publications would advertise for a firm unless they believed
them to be honest; on the contrary, their exposures of fraudulent dealings are
of immense value to their subscribers, and even casual readers.

But you say, perhaps the firm is all right, but possibly the certificate of
agency isa ‘‘fraud.’’ It is a very easy matter for one to take down the
agent’s name and date of the certificate, and at any time before the delivery
to write to headquarters and ascertain if the credentials are all right, and if
not, to countermand the order, if already given. You are well aware, I pre-
sume, that a misrepresentation of any kind, by either party in a deal, makes
that party criminally liable, or least renders the trade null and void. The
facts are, that it seems as if a certain class of people ‘‘liked to be hum-
bugged,’”’ and can never learn anything only by a costly experience. If this is
a fact, we may justly conclude that even dishonest tree-agents are doing them
a good service, and ought to be ‘‘encouraged’’ in their special mission. I
knew an honest canvasser once, who, after hearing a man tell how many times
he had been “‘humbugged,”’ replied by saying, ‘‘Well, sir, if you have been
‘humbugged’ as many times as that, it will not hurt you any now, and Pll
agree not to humbug you any worse than the rest of them.’’ He got his order
twice, and gave him ‘‘full value received’’ both times.

As I said before, very few trees would be planted if it were not for the per-
sonal solicitation of the canvasser, except by those who make fruit-growing a
specialty.

It is a sad fact, that many of those who need and want trees, even if they
knew just what they wanted and where to send for them, could not make out
an order correctly, and the chances for mistakes and dissatisfaction would be
great even in that case; and if they could make out the order correctly, would
defer it year after year, and thus cheat themselves and their posterity out of
any fruit at all. Most of the commodities that we use at the present day are
sold either to the retailer or the consumer by traveling agents, and yet I will

142 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

admit that deception, or even mistakes in the tree business, may not be de-
tected until after a lapse of years. The only way I know of is for all parties en-
gaged in either branch of this business to use every precaution to have everything
reliable ; and I know of no better method than for the nurseryman who is trying
to build up a good business to require of each agent a good bond for the faith-
ful performance of duty to customer as well as employer, and then provide the
agent with a certificate and other necessary credentials, according to the terri-
tory to be canvassed. I am of the opinion that if good canvassers thus
equipped were uniformly treated courteously, the occupation would be sought
after by a better class of persons than at present.

H. W. Doney, Jackson.—I believe that I am not so prejudiced that I cannot
appreciate every word of the paper; still the question under discussion, if put
to me, would be answered No! and very Jittle qualification. Ido not condemn
all of the agents, but the most of them will lie, steal and draw their nets about
honest men, in a way that deserves the severest condemnation. My own ex-
perience has been a bitter one. I have grown trees in Jackson county over
forty years, and have grafted a good deal about the county, and there is not a
school district but has suffered from the raids of these unprincipled villains.
Mr. Doney gave a lengthy account of the way in which, on several occasions,
he had been deceived by agents, and enlarged upon the long-continued effects
of this kind of rascality. He closed by advising that men should deal directly
with well-established nurseries, or only with agents that could prove themselves
authorized by such establishments to take orders.

J. Lannin.—I believe that many a farm is improved through the adding of
an orchard, the direct result of the persistence of the fruit-tree agents. It was
my own case in Canada. Ihave not always got what I ordered, but the aver-
age has been good. The fault at least should be divided between the agents
and the purchasers. A man should know first what he wants, and then should
have sufficient keenness to detect in agents at least the worst forms of villainy.
It seems to me that by the use of discretion a man will do about as well to deal
with agents as the nursery itself. He is not obliged to buy of any man until
he knows what and whom he represents.

H. E. Hooker, Rochester, N. Y.—This topic has to take a prominent place
in the discussions of fruit-growers, because of the rascality which, as has been
said, is practiced in every State, and perhaps every county. But with all the
evil, has come a great deal of good. We want to eliminate the evil, and must
do it through the dissemination of intelligence in horticultural matters from
our organizations; in the same manner that the University here is educating
the people by sending out men all over the world that have been started within
its walls. I have seen for some years that nurserymen are very largely in blame
for the frauds practiced in tree selling. If nurserymen would not sell trees to
men that they believed were unscrupulous, the evil would be decimated. I
know of dealers who go to nursuries and buy trees, making their own labels
and placing them to suit the orders, regardless of the varieties they purchase.
A nurseryman is not honest who will allow this upon his premises. Lam a
nurseryman, and say we should not allow this practice, but rather should see
that the trees leave the nursery correctly labeled. 1 can see even now, with all
the frauds, that the good outbalances the evil; but we should seek to lessen
the evil. Nurserymen can do a great deal in this direction. For four years
I have been particular to let dealers understand this, and have lost many sales
by it, but shall continue my method, and believe it will pay me todoso. Iam
satisfied that there are many honorable men, who are dealers in nursery stock,

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 145

that grow very little themselves, but buy largely to sell again, and are especially
careful of their reputation.

J. 8. Woodward, Lockport.—Mr. Hooker will bear me out in the remark
that I have many times spoken very strongly upon this topic in our councils of
fruit-growers, and have said some harsh things concerning tree dealers, ped-
dlers and agents; still, I believe they are not an unmitigated evil. It is
through the persistent endeavors of these fellows that we have so many door
yards filled with rare trees in this country, in place of store-houses, pig-pens
and a ciuster of farm implements and rubbish; it is through their business
enterprise that a great many farms have any fruit trees at all. The reason for
so much swindling in this business is because there is such a good field for it
in the ignorance of the people—willful ignorance; and I don’t know but it
‘‘serves em right.’’ A man who will never give a dollar for an agricultural
paper, or any assistance to a horticultural society, and will let an agent take
him in to the tune of ten, twenty, fifty or a hundred dollars, with a lot of ref-
use nursery stock, ought to be swindled into the use of good, common sense.

S. L. Fuller, Grand Rapids.—lI wish to offer, in closing this discussion, the
following resolution :

Resolved, That we recommend to purchasers the plan of buying nursery stock of
nurserymen direct when they can; otherwise of agents who can establish their re-

sponsibility beyond a doubt; and to have no business transaction with tree agents
or peddlers who have no authority from a known, responsible firm.

Adopted.
SUGGESTION FOR FUTURE MEETINGS.

Mr. Fuller said he liked the plan of employing every available moment of
time at these meetings, and did not like the idea of spending so much time at
the noon recess. Ata meeting in Grand Rapids some years ago, the guests,
instead of going to dinner, were invited to take lunch at the place of holding
the meeting. This had very many things in its favor. First, it took less
time, and the intermission could be shortened; second, it gave opportunity for
social converse for which there was no other provision in the programme;
third, as most of the delegates were provided for by town people, it gave an
opportunity for others out in the country to assist in the entertainment, by
bringing in the lunch; and again, it gave the ladies who kindly opened their
houses to the delegates, an opportunity to attend the meetings without having
to break away, perhaps when they were most interested, to go home and look
after the dinner.

Mr. Fuller was supported by others in this plan, and at the close of the
discussiov the following resolution was unanimously adopted :

Resolved, That in accepting any invitation to hold future meetings of this society,
the secretary is instructed to seek to make an arrangement by which the noon inter-

missions shall be occupied in social converse, over a lunch eaten in or near the ball of
session.

On motion the convention took a recess until evening.

Tuesday Evening Session.

The usual excellent music opened the evening meeting, following which the
president announced the committees for the meeting:

On Fruits for Premium.—G. H. LaFleur, Allegan; C. A. Sessions, Oceana county; Jo-
seph Lannin, South Haven.

144 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

On Other Fruits.—-Geo, W. Lawton, Lawton; H. C. Sherwood, Watervliet; Emmons
Buell, Kalamazoo.

On Plants, Flowers, ete—Wm. Saunders, Ontario; W.J. Beal, Lansing; A.C. Glid-
den, Paw Paw; Mrs. P. Collar, Adrian,

On Resolutions.—E, W. Cottrell, Detroit; S. B. Mann, Adrian; W. W. Tracy, Detroit.

The first address of the evening was by Mr. W. W. Tracy, of Detroit, on

DIFFICULTY OF MAINTAINING PURE AND GOOD SEEDS.

It may seem an unwarranted waste of the time of an audience like this to
attempt to define a seed, but I think I can better present some of the difficul-
ties in the way of maintaining good seeds if I first say a few words concerning
what I conceive a seed to be. If you had visited me in Detroit last summer,
and been charmed by some variegated-leafed shrub, I might have promised to
send you a plant, and in fulfilling the promise this fall I had carefully packed
a plant, my little boy, who sometimes asks questions, might have done so in
this way: ‘‘ Why, papa, what made you wait so long before sending the plant
to Mr. Smith? It was the leaves he liked, and now they are all gone he won’t
care for it; besides, you have cut off most all the branches, and what makes
you pack up the roots so carefully and leave the top all open.’’? It would take
but a few words to explain to him that the leaves while active kept up an in-
cessant demand for water and food, which must mainly be collected by the
roots from the ground, a work they could not do if separated from it; that the
leaves, although essential to growth, were not essential to mere existence; that
wrapt up in the buds were tiny new leaves ready to take the place of the old.
So I waited until now and cut off most of the stem to make it easier to send
the plant. Again, the roots even in a comparatively dormant condition could
not endure the changes of temperature and moisture that would be harmless
to the rest of the plant, sol must take pains to carefully protect them, but
may leave the branches exposed. In something of the way my boy would then
look at the package I had made, I look at a seed, simply as a plant packed for
transportation. I waited until the leaves were reduced to a minimum; the
seed contains only the two embryo leaves; I cut off all but a small portion of
the stem; in the seed the stem is a mere rudiment. I, of necessity, cut off
the greater portion of the roots, and those that I saved gave me by far more
trouble to pack than did the rest of the plant. ‘The Creator cuts off the root
entirely and supplies its place by a quantity of food stored in or around the
plant to sustain it until it can form fresh roots in its new home. I wrap my
plant in soft moss and then pack in some firmer material to prevent injury
while in transit. The seed has a soft and pliant inner coat and a hard and
firm exterior casing to protect it. Beyond the fact that the seed plant is
packed by Divine hands, with infinite wisdom and skill, while mine is more
clumsy human work, I can see but little difference between my awkward package
and the beautiful seed. One is as capable of development under, and its future
life depends as much upon favorable circumstances as the other. Hach is
equally separated from the plant that produced it; the future life of each
must be the development, under favorable or unfavorable circumstances, of its
inherent nature. ‘The seed is as entirely and completely a distinct and self-
contained individual, with all its characteristics and limitations fixed and im-
mutable, as is the babe when placed in its father’sarms. You admit this here,
but practically you, and the great mass of people beyond you, do not believe
it. To most people the seed is mere inert matter, which it is essential, it is true,
to add to the soil in order to produce a crop, but which has nothing of the living

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 145

force, the individual character with the power of transmitting it, that makes
the blooded stock in their stables so valuable. Men laugh at the idea of pedi-
gree seed. An agricultural paper of national reputation, which gives column
after column to the record and discussion of the pedigrees of stock, met with a
column of editorial ridicule at the idea of pedigree seed when presented by an
eastern writer. And when one of the professors in our agricultural college
presented the subject and spoke of some of the ways in which seeds could be
improved by breeding, a local but influential paper, that boasts of its scien-
tific and practical ability, saw fit to remark that if the professors of the college
could not find anything of more practical importance to the farmers of the
State than breeding seed, they had better give place to some one that could.
And i doubtless expressed the opinion of thousands of well-informed people
who have given the subject but little thought. Let us look at the case a mo-
ment. We value our blooded stock not because they are individually worth so
much more for meat, but because of the improvement we expect to find in
their descendants, as so well is this recognized that if some patron of agricult-
ure should bring into the State a bull whose descendants might be expected to
be 20 per cent more valuable for beef than the common stock, there is not an
agricultural paper published here but what would notice it. His bovine majesty
would be y sited by reporter after reporter, and his master noted far and near
as the owner of the wonderful beast. Yet at the end of five years his possible
descendants would not exceed 1,000, valued possibly for beef at $75,000 (and it
is only their value for beef or other ultimate ends of their production that is to
be considered), and if 20 per cent of this value was due to him, it would make
his money value to the State $15,000. Now there can be no question but that
it is as easy to find some improved variety of grain, like Blont’s corn or Claw-
son wheat, which will under the same culture out-yield the common 20 per
cent, as it is to find an animal whose descendants, under the same care and
with the same amount of feed, will out-weigh the common stock at the sham-
bles. But if in some corner of a Washtenaw county farm there was a single
stalk of corn which, by a systematic course of selection and breeding, had had
its characteristics so fixed that it was capable of increasing the productiveness
of its descendants 20 per cent, no one would think it worthy of notice. I
doubt if there are a dozen men here who would go a mile to see it. ‘The mat-
ter would not be thought worthy of the thinnest kind of a local, even in your
town papers, and yet if the descendants of this plant were as carefully increased
and preserved as were those of the bull, they would amount at the end of even
the third year to 1,000,000 bushels of ear corn, valued at $25,000, and if 20 per
cent of this was due to the improved seed, we would have $50,000 against
the $15,000 of the much-lauded bull. Again, our State Agricultural Society
holds a great annual fair, at which they offer thousands of dollars in premi-
ums, and to attend which the farmers of the State expend thousands more,
besides taking time at the very busiest season of all the year; and for what
object? They tell us that these fairs are worth many times what they cost in
the encouragement they give to the improvement of the quality of farm prod-
ucts; that the premiums and accompanying honors are given as a reward for
the time and care taken in producing the better animals and grains. Let us
look at this premium list. We find that in 1880 the society offered premiums
for cattle amounting in the aggregate to about $4,000; for wheat, including
flour, premiums, amounting to $64; for corn and meal about $40. Now, bear-
ing in mind the professed object of the society, and the fact that the profitable

19

146 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

returns in the case of grains depend as much upon the quality of the seed
used as do those of the cattle-raiser upon good stock (in proof of which I
would simply say that Dr. E. L. Sturtevant, of Massachusetts, found a dif-
ference of 100 per cent in the yield of two large fields of corn as the result
of using stocks of the same variety received from different sources, and in my
test-garden last summer I found a difference of 400 per cent in the yield of
different stocks of red Weathersfield onions treated in the same manner, even
to the extent of having the same number of plants in arow), under these
circumstances we should expect the amount of the premiums to represent
the relative importance of these products. Do they? I have no data at hand
later than 1873, when the estimated value of all the cattle, cheese and butter,
as given in the Michigan census, was about $24,000,000, and that of the wheat
crop $18,000,000, corn $9,000,000. So that the premiums amount to one
cent for each $60 worth of cattle and the relatively munificent sum of one
cent for each $2,500 of wheat and corn. Do not these figures show clearly
that, although we may admit the individuality of the seed, practically we do
not act upon or appreciate it, and have not I aright to claim that the first
and great obstacle in the way of maintaining good seed is this want of appre-
ciation of their value?

Another difficuulty is found in the wonderful variability of the vegetable
kingdom, especially of cultivated vegetables. All our cabbages, broccoli,
etc., have probably descended from one species and certainly from not more
than four or five, and many (we might almost say any of the) varieties can be
developed from another if care and time enough are taken; but last summer
Thad growing in my garden upwards of 50 distinct varieties. One of these,
the Early York cabbage, scarcely expanded its dull, unattractive leaves at all,
so early did it commence to head, and no sooner was the head formed than it
commenced to decay and the plant died, its stem never exceeditig 10 inches in
length, and at all stages it was one of the most unattractive of plants, which
no one would think of cultivating for its beauty; but in the Isle of Jersey, cab-
bages which originally came from the same stock as this, grow to the hight
of 12 to 16 feet, and the people make walking sticks and even rafters for their
barns from the dried stalks, and the plant never heads at all: and I was told
by one whose taste in matters of the beautiful is unquestioned that the most
beautiful plant in all Detroit was a plant of variegated curled kale, at least a
cousin of my homely cabbage. One who has studied the cultivated cucurbita-
cee most carefully, having had over 1200 varieties in cultivation under his
own eye, is of the opinion that all our cultivated melons, squashes, gourds,
etc., can be referred to three species; but Darwin reports finding one fruit

000 times larger than another, and then infinite variation of color and form
are familiar to you all. Nor is this variation confined to the botanically un-
important elements of size, form, or color. ‘The common Zonale geranium
shows within the same species varieties which need almost as much water as an
aquatic and those which only thrive when as dry as a cactus; sorts which must
be most severely pruned in order to bloom and those which will not flower if
touched with a knife; winter bloomers and those which blossom only in the
summer; annuals have been developed into biannuals and biannuals into
annuals; in short, to quote Darwin, who says, in Variations of Animals
and Plants under Domestication: ‘‘It will not be disputed that we have
instances of great variability in organs of the highest physiological impor-
tance.’ But you quote back from the same author that ‘‘we may infer that

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 147

the variability of cultivated plants in the above respects is due first to their
being subjected to somewhat dissimilar conditions, and secondly to their
being often intercrossed,’? and say that it is only necessary to start with
a pure stock of any variety and absolutely prevent its being mixed with
any other in order to maintain its purity and quality. My only reply is
that of the boy who, when he hears one telling what can be done, but the
possibility of which he doubts, cries, ‘‘Let’s see you do it.’ Hvery seed-
grower of experience has learned to his cost that there is an inherent ten-
dency to variation in all of our cultivated varieties, which will show itself
in spite of similar conditions and freedom from mixture of other sorts. In
one case a stock of peas was developed from a single plant on an island in
the St. Lawrence river, on which there was absolutely no other peas of any
sort grown, but this stock ultimately so sported from within itself as to have
the appearance of being a mixture of several varieties. Indeed all the descend-
ants of a species seem to be moving on in the same line of variation, even if
under the most dissimilar conditions. An illustration of this is found in our
common Zonale geranium, which after being cultivated for many years and
sporting into many different varieties, developed in the same year from three
distinct and entirely separate strains double varieties, a sport which was not
to be expected in a plant of the botanical character of the geranium, and one
which the plant had shown no tendency to produce before. Similar illustra-
tions are found in the almost simultaneous production of many varieties of
potatoes of the Early Rose type, and more recently in the numerous white
grapes of similar appearance developed among seedlings of the Concord, so
that we not only have the well recognized variability which is the result of
dissimilar conditions and intercrossing, but a tendency to variation indepen-
dent of these, along a line the course of which we are utterly unable to predict.
These sports as we call them are not the result of mere chance or the
product of a combination of circumstances not made before, but are sim-
ply one of the ways of God’s working which even the scientist of our day has
not been able to formulate into a *‘ natural law,’’ and so take out of his hands
and relieve him of all responsibility for. Ihave called attention to some of
the less obvious difficulties in the way of securing good seed. ‘There are many
others, such as the growing of the seed in the climate best adapted to it; the
effect of different soils upon them; the prevention of intermixing when in the
field or store; the preserving them so as to retain their vitality, and a host of
others which, I can only assure you, one who undertakes to grow or handle
seeds upon any considerable scale will find far greater than he expected. I
should be glad to speak of some of these, but recent experience has taught me
that even on Thanksgiving day if ‘‘there is more to follow,’’ it will not do to
take too much time for the first course, be it ever so good, and I give way to
the richer, more spicy articles that are to come.

After Mr. Tracy closed, Mr. H. E. Hooker remarked at some length upon
the same topic, saying among other things that seedsmen had very great diffi-
culties to surmount. In the proportion that the type is refined the difficulty
of maintaining that type is increased. Long ago he had given up raising his
own seeds because he could not grow as good ones as the professional seedsman
would sell him.

Prof. Daniel Putnam of the State Normal School next addressed the con-
vention upon

148 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
THE SCHOOL GARDEN.

There is a peculiar fitness in associating the school and the garden. The
most famous of all the schools of antiquity had its birth and its early develop-
ment in the beautiful grove of Academia and in the lovely garden of Plato.

A short distance out from the busy streets of Athens, beneath the delightful
shade of olive trees, surrounded by temples, statues and sepulchres of illustrious
statesmen and heroes, Socrates disputed and his greater disciple discoursed and
taught. Groves and gardens, sound learning and moral excellence haye a
natural affinity and attraction. They should live and flourish together in Mich-
igan as well as in Greece.

The topic seems to invite one to draw a picture of what a school might be,
surrounded by the beautiful both in nature and art. The task of painting
such a picture in words, if one had the requisite skill and taste, would be a
most agreeable labor, but I am persuaded that a better service can be done for
this society and the State.

Ishall, therefore, turn quite aside from tais inviting aspect of the subject, and
attempt to present a view which, while less alluring, will, I hope, prove to be
of more real and permanent interest, and will help to direct public attention
toward the object at which this society is aiming.

The topic to which this paper is to be devoted I understand was discussed,
to a considerable extent, at the last annual meeting of the society; upon cer-
tain aspects of the questions naturally suggested by the subject very little
remains to be said.

The papers and letters published in the report for 1879 have treated very
fully and ably of the neglected condition of many of the houses and grounds
belonging to our common school districts, and of the obvious demand for
improvement in both. Even the personal experience and observation of all
my early years of school-life in a New England country school-house, which
stood close to the highway and had no ont-buildings of any kind, either for
storing wood or for any other purpose, do not prepare me to add any touches
to the vivid descriptions already given.

it would be unjust, however, to convey the impression that no improvements
have been made. Here and there a district has lifted itself above the tradi-
tional idea that a barren lot of a few rods square and a shapeless hovel consti-
tute the proper home and surroundings of childhood. Full credit should be
awarded for all that has been done or attempted.

No cause, howeyer good, is helped by over-drawn pictures of the evils to be
eradicated, or by even good-natured caricatures of objects, a truthful account
of which would be amply sufficient. It is well to recognize and encourage the
feeblest efforts in the right direction.

Without further argument or illustration, it will be conceded by every in-
telligent person that it is excedingly desirable to secure largely increased inter-
est in the ornamentation and care of school-houses and school grounds. If
this interest can in some way be commanded, it will be comparatively easy to
determine what trees shall be set out, what shrubs shall be planted, and what
flowers shall be cultivated. It will then be no difficult matter to find teachers
and pupils who will enter readily and enthusiastically into this good work.

The first and most important question is: How can the officers and people
of the school districts be brought to feel and to manifest a genuine and hearty
interest in this subject? Such an interest as will induce them to make a be-

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 149

ginning, in good earnest, of the work of putting their school-houses and
grounds into proper condition?

Upon reflection I have come to the conclusion that I can do the society and
the cause the most efficient service by suggesting some considerations which
may possibly, if fairly weighed, tend toward the creation of such an interest.

The field from which these considerations may be gathered is so wide that
your attention will be invited to only a few of them, and even these cannot
be presented in all their bearings and relations.

I shall select considerations which are forced upen us by the circumstances
and discussions of the times, and which as citizens we cannot safely allow to
pass without candid and careful examination; for they have to do with the
very existence of our public school system.

I will venture, therefore, to put the leading propositions which I desire to
discuss in this form:

I. First our common school system is in some, and possibly in serious, danger
of being destroyed, or at least so changed that its value will be very greatly
impaired.

II. In order to secure the perpetuity and greatest efficiency and usefulness
of our public schools, the reform and improvement aimed at by this society and
other kindred reforms and improvements must be made.

Ill. The danger alluded to, and the possibility of averting it by means of
such reforms and improvements, ought to be the strongest motives which can
be offered to induce right action on the part of all friends of the schools.

If the first and second propositions can be shown to be only possibly true, or
to have strong probabilities to support them, the third proposition will not need
to be urged or argued.

It will, I presume, be conceded that our public school system rests for its
support upon the deeply-seated conviction in the minds and hearts of the
people that it constitutes one of the broad and firm foundation stones, or one
of the mighty, massive pillars, upon which our political and social institutions
are based.

We have been taught that the common schools are fountains of intelligence
and virtue, and that without them and their salutary influence a republican
form of government and republican principles can not be sustained.

If this conviction should be eradicated from the minds of our citizens, if
the mass of our people should come to believe that the common schools are not
necessary to the stability of the government, and that they are not nurseries of
morality and virtue, it is not to be supposed that the taxes demanded for carry-
ing on the schools would, for any length of time, be either voted or paid.

Money is contributed to build houses and pay the wages of teachers because
it is believed that, on the whole, the outlay is a good one, that fair returns are
received for the investment.

If it should be made to appear, after careful examination, that this expendi-
ture of money is not a profitable one, and that no adequate returns are re-
ceived, the result can be easily predicted. The school-houses would be allowed
to decay, and the school system would soon become a thing of the past.

I desire to call your attention, for a few moments, to some views and opin-
ions respecting the schools, and the results produced by them, held and pub-
lished by men who claim, at least, to be well-informed and intelligent.

The North American Review, one of the oldest and ablest of our periodi-
cals, in the number for the current month, contains an article entitled ‘* The
Public School Failure.’’

150 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

If the writer of the article lacks information upon the subject in any par-
ticulars, he more than makes up for this lack by the vigor of his assertions and
the strength of his denunciations.

He commences by affirming that ‘‘there is probably not one of those
yarious social contrivances, political engines, or modes of common action
called institutions, which are regarded as characteristic of the United States,
if not peculiar to them, in which the people of this country have placed more
confidence, or felt greater pride, than its public school system. ‘There is not
one of them so unworthy of either confidence or pride; not one which has
failed so completely to accomplish the end for which it was established. And
the case is worse than that of mere failure; for the result has been deplorable,
and threatens to be disastrous.’’

After declaring the whole system a disastrous failure and worse, he says:
“ According to independent and competent evidence from all quarters, the
mass of the pupils of these public schools are unable to read intelligently, to
spell correctly, to write legibly, to describe understandingly the geography of
their own country, or to do anything that reasonably well-educated children
should do with ease. They cannot write a simple letter; they cannot do
readily and with quick comprehension a simple ‘sum’ in practical arithmetic ;
and they cannot tell the meaning of any but the commonest of the words
that they read and spell so ill.’’

*“This is the intellectual result of the operation of our own much-vaunted
‘American’ public-school system during the last thirty or forty years.’’

*< As a mere imparter of useful knowledge the public-school system has failed
utterly.”

Having proved, to his own satisfaction, that the schools have entirely failed
so far as “intellectual education is concerned, he proceeds to establish the ad-
ditional, and more fatal proposition, if it be true, that they are positively of
no value as producers of virtue, morality or patriotism.

‘“Ignorance,”’ according to this profound moralist, is not at all ‘‘ the mother
of vice,’ indeed ‘‘has no relation with vice.’’

On the other hand, he declares ‘‘crime and vice haye increased year after
year almost part passw with the development of the public school system.’’
Statistics are brought forward to show that uneducated and ignorant people
are actually more moral, upright and law-abiding than educated and intel-
ligent people.

His conclusions are that sixty-four million dollars are annually wasted, and
worse than wasted, in supporting public schools, and that ‘‘a remedy must be
found ’’—a change must be had.

Briefly the remedy proposed is this: ‘‘'Those children only should be edu-
cated at public cost whose parents are too poor to give them even an elementary
education,’’ and these children should be instructed, at the public expense,
only in the elements of reading, spelling, writing, and the common rules of
practical arithmetic.’’? In other words, public schools should be provided only
for the pauper portion of our population.

Another writer, in the Popular Science Monthly, a magazine which claims
to lead the van of the grand army of ‘‘progress,’’ attacks the schools, in
quite another direction, and atteinpts to prove that the education which merely
teaches children to read, spell, write and cipher, is much worse than no educa-
tiou, so far as the good of the State is concerned.

Having thoroughly berated the ‘‘demagogues,’’ who are usually supposed
to exercise their arts most successfully upon the ignorant, he goes on to declare:

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 151

“Tt is not the illiterate classes, by any means, that are most misled and cheated
by the demagogues. It is those who can read the newspapers and campaign
documents that are most easily accessible to the flatteries, deceptions and cun-
ning artifices of wily political managers. The illiterate classes are indeed, to
no small degree, protected by their very ignorance from the most insidious
forms of political imposture. The great mass of the people have a smattering
cf education and the whole system of demagogical art assumes it and is
adapted to it. The common schools teach just enough to turn out ‘powder
and ball’ for demagogues.”’

The arguments of this writer are intended to prove that the mass of the
people should be taught much more and much better than they now are in the
public schools, or they should not be instructed even in the elements of knowl-
edge. The conclusion is that the schools should be improved and elevated or
they should be destroyed.

Between these two reformers the public school system will evidently find
great difficulty in standing where it now is, and still greater difficulty in
attempting to move in either direction. One demands less and the other more.
It will be a hard matter to satisfy both.

These two writers, Mr. Richard Grant White and Mr. Youmans, are not, in
themselves, very alarming objects, nor specially to be dreaded.

But they are representatives of two classes which are already considerably
numerous in the country, and which are apparently increasing.

Besides these two classes, there is one other, composed mostly of the mem-
bers and leaders of one or two religious organizations, which declares that the
State has no right to educate, and that all systems of instruction controlled by
the State should be at once and forever abolished. The public schools are
denounced, not because they fail to teach reading, spelling and practical arith-
metic, but because they do or do not inculcate certain articles of faith and cer-
tain forms and observances which are supposed to be of vital importance to
human well-being.

Now, whatever we may think of the assertions and arguments of the men
whom I have quoted and of others who might be quoted, they are among us
and about us. They will speak and write. They will be listened to and read.
They will exert an influence which must be felt, and will be felt, to a greater
or less extent, in every city, village, and school district.

Those especially who are, by nature and habit, opposed to all expenditures
which call for taxes and taxation, will be very ready to accept these assertions
as true, and such arguments as valid, and to make them an excuse, at least,
for denouncing and voting against all appropriations for improving the char-
acter of the schools and the condition of the school-houses and grounds.

How are these men to be met, and how are their statements to be treated?

These are questions of great practical importance to all friends of the public
‘schools, and to the State and Nation.

They cannot be met by mere rhetorical declamation about the value of the
common schools as the “people’s colleges,’’ as the safeguard of our institu-
tions, and as the peculiar glory of our age and our country.

Their statements cannot be put aside by asseverating that our school system
is a ‘‘ sacred legacy,’’ bequeathed to us by our fathers, to be transmitted by
us to our children; nor by repeating the trite maxim that ‘‘intelligence and
virtue are necessary to the support and perpetuity of republican institutions.’’

The truth is that in this period nothing is sacred in the eyes of the so-called
“fadvanced thinkers.’? No creed, or institution, or custom can claim exemp-

152 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tion from criticism, or from condemnation on account of age or of sacred asso-
ciatious. The mere fact that a thing exists, and has existed even for centuries,
constitutes no valid reason why it should be allowed to continue to exist.
It must prove, or its friends must prove, that it is worthy to live, that it is of
value to the present generation and to the present state of affairs.

It will not, therefore, be sufficient to affirm and to establish the affirmation,
that the public schools have done good service in the past, that they have sent
ous from their rude walls strong men and noble women; that they have been
indeed fountains of purity and all excellence in other days. All this may be ad-
mitted or denied, and the real questions still remain.

What are these schools now? What are they doing for the State, for the
community, and for the general progress of humanity at the present time?

Stage-coaches and canal-boats had a fitting place in the activities and affairs
of previous generations, but the progress of the world has left them a long way
behind. Has the age outgrown and is it ready to cast off the schools of our
ancestors as it does their means of locomotion? We, or our children, will have
to answer these questions over again in the near future. The duty of the hour
is clear enough. We are to examine, with care and candor, what these men
have already said, and other statements which they will utter in our ears.
Admit all that is true; expose clearly, but in good temper, whatever is false or
fallacions; shun no fair discussion, and shirk no real or fancied difficulties.

We may as well frankly admit that the schools are not perfect; that many
of them are open to serious and damaging criticism; that they are not doing
all that they ought to do in imparting intellectual instruction. We may also
admit further that our common district schools have not kept pace with the
general progress of the age in other things and in other directions.

The good people in many districts have greatly improved their farms and the
grounds about their dwellings, but they have allowed the grounds about the
school-houses to remain in the same shameful and disgraceful condition in
which they were thirty or twenty years ago. They have replaced their own
early, rude, and poor houses and barns ‘by new and, in many cases, elegant
ones. But the same dilapidated old school-house still opens its uninviting
doors. ‘They have provided tasteful furniture for their homes, and improved
tools and machines for their farms, but the old hacked and battered benches
and desks continue to torture their children, and to vex and discourage their
teachers.

We may, still farther, be entirely honest with ourselves, and acknowledge
with unfeigned humiliation that our schools have neglected the moral and es-
thetic part of our children’s nature; that they have not, to any considerable
extent, been nurseries of good morals or of good taste.

We may make all these admissions, and possibly some even more unpalat-
able, and, after all this, affirm that the public school system is of vital impor-
tance to us as a nation, and that it must and shall be preserved. It has great
and grievous faults and imperfections, but it is nevertheless of priceless value.
It is obvious that our present institutions would not long survive its total de-
struction. Ignorance may not be the mother of vice, but certainly it is not
the mother of virtue and morality. Half-educated people maybe fit tools for
designing demagogues, but the teachings of all history prove that people
wholly uneducated are still more ready and fatal instruments in their hands.

Let us inquire now, briefly, what bearing this discussion has, or should have,
upon the subject before us, the ornamentation and care of school-houses and
grounds. Its value, as already stated, lies in the motives which it presents, or

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 153

ought to present, for entering upon and carrying forward with all possible zeal
and earnestness this desirable improvement. Progress in this direction will
not fail to insure needed progress in other directions. An interest begun here
will spread itself over every part of the school. Better grounds and_ better
houses will not only tend to make, but actually will make better schools, and
will demand and will have better teachers.

In concluding I desire to emphasize, if I may be able to do so, a few thoughts.

I. The point is, that cmprovement in our district schools is absolutely nec-
essary, 1f they are to be preserved and perpetuated. This idea should be, in
some way, impressed upon every citizen of the State. The schools are now
worth something, but they must be made of greater value in order fully to
justify the expenditures for their support. ‘This work of improvement should
begin at once. It cannot safely be put off to some indefinite future.

II. Second, the improvement now under consideration will not only render
the premises more inviting, but will help directly and largely to develop the
esthetic nature of the pupils, and indirectly but still powerfully to develop
also the moral nature.

It will not be denied that beautiful surroundings have a natural tendency to
refine the manners and cultivate the tastes of children.

But, without doubt, it will be denied by some that good taste has any nec-
essary connection with good morals. However this may be, bad taste certainly
has no tendency to make either a man or a boy morally better.. And I think
a very little reflection will convince any candid mind that a cultivated taste,
the love and appreciation of the beautiful, and tasteful and pleasant surround-
ings do have an influence over the behavior, over the thought, the feelings,
and the moral character, so far as character is manifested in the conduct.

Everybody knows that nine boys out of ten, and in most cases the tenth
also, will conduct themselves better in all respects, and will use better lan-
guage, will be more kind, respectful and obedient, when dressed in good
clothes and with clean hands and faces, than when clothed in rags and coy-
ered with dirt. ‘The whole demeanor and deportment of scholars, both in the
school-room and on the play ground, are of a higher order, of a nobler char- -
acter, when the yard, the house, the furniture, all the appointments are as
excellent of their kind as money, time and care can obtain.

I am persuaded that the most serious and alarming deficiency in our present
school system, and in our courses of instruction, is the lack of any proper and
efficient moral training.

It is most certainly as important to the best interests of the community and
of the State that children be thoroughly grounded in the principles of honesty,
truthfulness, purity and integrity, as that they be acquainted with the rules of
arithmetic or with the laws of grammar. The inculcation of right motives in
respect to obedience to law and to regularly constituted authority, is fully
as important to society as the ability to extract the square root or to solve
intricate algebraical problems.

While intellectual acquisitions are by no means to be underrated, moral
principles and correct habits should be estimated at their true value.

Another thing deserves to be remembered in this connection. ‘There is an
intimate relationship between morality and good intellectual scholarship,
between virtue and wisdom. I am not unaware that this position is denied by
some men, but I am entirely confident that the records of institutions of learn-
ing and the testimony of history will confirm its correctness.

Dr. Arnold, the great teacher of Rugby, says: ‘‘I haye a strong belief in

154 STATI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the general union of moral and intellectual excellence. I believe that they
may be, that they are sometimes separated, but I thank God I have never wit-
nessed it yet; I have still found that folly and thoughtlessness have gone to
evil; that thought and manliness have been united with faith and goodness. fy

The object which he had in view and toward which he directed his best efforts
vas to secure in the boys under his charge, ‘‘the inquiring love of truth
(knowledge) going along with the devoted love of goodness.”’

I believe, therefore, most fully that better school-houses, better furniture,
and more pleasant grounds are among the most direct and powerful means of
making the schools, in every respect, more useful and efficient. These
improvements will help very largely toward the production of greater excellency
in scholarship and of character.

Ill. I have but a single other thought to present, as a final motion to induce
attention to the subject before us. It is this: Education and intelligence
are, in spite of all that may be said to the contrary, imperatively necessary to
the progress and prosperity of any nation, State, or of any school district.

Horace Mann, whose authority in educational matters will hardly be ques-
tioned, says in his own peculiar and brilliant style: “An ignorant people not
only is, but must be, a poor people. They must be destitute of sagacity and
providence, and, of course, of competence and comfort. The proof of this
does not depend upon the lessons of history, but upon the constitution of
nature. No richness of climate, no spontaneous productiveness of soil,
facilities for commerce, uo stores of gold, or of diamonds, garnered in the
treasure-chambers of the earth, can confer even worldly prosperity upon an
uneducated nation. Such a nation cannot create wealth for itself; and what-
ever riches may be showered upon it will run to waste.

‘All the choicest productions of the earth, whether mineral or vegetable,
will, in a short time, by some secret or resistless attraction, make their way
into the hands of the more intelligent.

**Let whoever will sow the seed, or gather the fruit, intelligence will con-
sume the banquet.’’

While there are exceptions to this general law among individuals, no excep-
tions can be found among nations, or among even smaller communities.

The same writer declares: ‘‘ The declination of the sun towards the south-
ern tropic is not more certainly followed by winter, with all its blankness and
sterility, nor does the ascension of that luminary towards our own part of the
heavens more certainly bring on summer, with all its beauty and abundance,
than does the want or the enjoyment of education degrade or elevate the con-
dition of the people.’’

“‘ Considering education as a mere producer of wealth, it follows that the
more educated a people are, the more will they abound in all those conven-
iences, comforts, and satisfactions which money will buy; and, other things
being equal, the increase of competency and the decline of pauperism will be
measurable on this scale.”

The application of those truths to the work of securing the best possible
school-houses, and the most beautiful grounds which can be had, is obvious.

These are in themselves grand educating forces. They exert a mighty and
beneficent influence upon children, upon teachers and upon parents.

They will be among the means of preserving our public school system, and
of rendering the instruction given in the schools more excellent, both intel-
lectually and morally.

Permit me, in closing, to express the conviction that this society can do no

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 155

greater or grander work than the turning of the barren wastes of our school
yards into shady groves and blooming gardens.

H. Dale Adams inquired if the secretary had made any advances in the
matter of securing the codperation of the superintendent of pablic instruction
in the matter of school gardens?

The secretary said he had placed the matter before the department, but had
succeeded in securing very little enthusiasm in connection therewith; and the
head of the department thought very little, if anything, could be done by the
State superintendent to secure better work in this direction.

Mr. 8. L. Fuller, former treasurer of the society, took the floor for fifteen
minutes, explaining the financial condition of the society, and urging that the
people of Washtenaw come forward and add to the list of life members of the
society. Six life members were added, to wit: Geo. W. Lawton, Lawton; S.
W. Dorr, Manchester; Everett H. Scott, Ann Arbor; David Woodward, Clin-
ton; L. D. Walkins, Manchester; Mrs. Mary E. Foster, Ann Arbor.

The next paper was by Prof. Alexander Winchell, of the Michigan univer-
sity, upon

THE CLIMATE OF MICHIGAN.

It is fifteen years since I first endeavored to impress upon the attention of
the people of Michigan the beneficial peculiarities of their climate. There is
but one physical characteristic of our peninsula which is exceptional, and con-
fers upon us any superior advantages—that ts climate. Apart from climate,
our scilis no more fertile than that of Ohio and Wisconsin; our primitive
forests are no more abundant, our timber no more valuable; our water-powers
no more numerous; our grasses no more nutritious. But our climate ts
exceptional; and it is exceptional to the great advantage of the agricultural
and horticultural capabilities of the State.

My atteution was first particulariy directed to the influence of the great
lakes, and especially of Lake Michigan, in the autumn of 1865, while making
an economical and geological survey of the ‘‘ Grand Traverse Region;’’ and
the convictions first impressed by the vegetation of that region were confirmed
by some precise meteorological comparisons published in my report* which
appeared early in 1866. In August, 1866, I read a paper on ‘‘ The Fruit-
bearing Belt of Michigan,’’ before the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, at its Buffalo meeting.t At the Troy meeting of the same
association, in 1870, I presented a more detailed paper, on ‘‘The Isothermals
of the Lake Region,’ based on a much wider range of data than I had
employed before.{ In this paper, I embodied the results of all the meteor-
ological observations ever published from within the limits of Michigan, as
well as many observations then unpublished. As the object in view required
comparisons, I collected similar data respecting more than fifty localities lying
outside of the State. The Michigan observations aggregated two hundred and
eighty-four years, and those of the other localities, four hundred and ninety-
three years. A great amount of labor and research was expended in the com-
pilation of the 132 tables on which the condensed published results were based.

*The Grand Traverse Region. A Report on the Geological and Industrial Resources of the Coun-
ties of Antrim, Grand Traverse, Benzie, and Leelanaw, in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, 5yo.,
82 pp., with Map, and Appendix of 10 pp. on Palzontolgy. 1866.

t Proceedings American Association, 1866, pp. 84-91.

t Proceedings American Association, 1870, pp. 106-117.

id6 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It had been my intention to embody these tables in the first volume of the
geological survey of the State, which was then in progress under my direction.

With the view of bringing these most interesting generalizations before
another class of readers, I drew up a paper on the ‘‘ Climate of the Lake
Region’’ for one of the most widely read of the literary magazines,* and this
was accompanied by two isothermal charts and other illustrations.

My memoir read before the American Association in August, 1870, was ap-
pended, without charts, to my ‘“ Report of Progress,”’ communicated by the
Governor to the legislature of 1871, and is included in that report as published
by authority.¢ It was supposed that this general presentation of the peculiar
features of our climate would awaken an interest in the minds of the members
of the legislature which would easily secure the requisite appropriation for pub-
lication. But, for some reason, the interest and importance of these results
were not appreciated. There were special active influences at work adverse to
the interests of the survey. 1 presented the subject at an evening meeting of
the members, and finally, laid upon the table of every member, a copy of a
pamphlet on ‘‘'The Climate of Michigan,’ in which the salient points in our
climatology were very briefly pointed out, and illustrated by isothermal charts;
but, suffice it to say, the appropriation failed, and this, of course, ended my
official connection with the effort to publish to the world the great and benefi-
eent facts which constitute the only superior natural resource ‘of our peninsula.

In 1873, I was called upon to furnish several chapters of information con-
cerning Michigan, for Walling’s ‘* Atlas’’ of the State. One of the subjects
discussed was Climatology; and in this paper, I presented again the numerical
results of the studies which I had before completed. This paper was accom-
panied by four colored charts of isothermal lines. ‘The first of these gives the
isothermals for July and January; the second, for Summer and Winter; the
third, for Spring and Autumn, and the fourth, for the year, and for the mean
minima and extreme minima.t This makes, in effect, nine sets of isothermal
lines. The memoirs embodied in Walling’s Atlas were subsequently reprinted
in a thick pamphlet, of 121 pages, accompanied by the same charts as were
contained in the Atl:

Though the efforts, of which I have given a sketch, have received no legis-
lative appreciation, I do not rely on my own judgment alone, in declaring that
they set forth, on a scientific basis, a body of generalizations possessing the
utmost importance for the agricultural and horticultural interests of our State.
My report on the Grand ‘Traverse region was circulated during 1866. In the
older portions of the State, it awakened some undisguised incredulity. This
was participated in by Mr. Sanford Howard, then secretary of the State Board
of Agriculture; and accordingly, in 1867, Secretary Howard made a tour of
the region, and embodied the results of his observations in a contribution of
twenty-four pages to the report of the Board of Agriculture for that year.§
Departing, as I was informed, with the full purpose of exposing the fabulous
character of my report of the year before, he returned with a complete con-
firmation of all my statements, using very many of the same facts, and asso-

* Harper’s Magazine, July, 1871, pp. 275-285.

{} Report on the progress of the State Geological Survey of Michigan. Presented to the State
Geological Board Noy. 22, 1870.

t On this chart the minus signs before the numbers denoting mean and extreme minima have
been omitted by the engraver. These numbers express, of conrse, temperatures below zero.

|| Michigan. Being condensed Popular Sketches of the Topography, Climate and Geology of the
State. 8 YO., 121 pp. 1873.

§ Sixth Annual Report of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Michi-
gan, for the year 1867, pp. 79-102.

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 167

ciating them with very similar explanations and suggestions. Yet my own
name is not once mentioned in the paper, nor would the reader infer that Mr.
Secretary Howard was not absolutely the first man to publish these discoveries
and conclusions.

My popular paper in Harper’s Magazine was re-published in Der Michigan
Weeweiser, at Hamburg, Germany, a periodical established to promote immi-
gration into our State. It was also re-published in the scientific journal en-
titled Zeitschrift der dster reichischen Gesellschaft fiir Meteorologie, or Journal
of the Austrian Society for Meteorology, at Vienna, volume viii, p. 40, Febru-
ary 1, 1873. An abstract of my paper on the ‘‘Isothermals of the Lake
Region ”’ was also published in this journal, volume vil, p. 351.

The report drawn up by Mr. 8. B. McCracken on the resources of Michigan, *
for use at the centennial exposition of 1876, draws a large supply of facts and
generalizations from the papers previously published by myself; and for this
indebtedness due acknowledgments are made. ‘The report of the State board
of health for 1878, contains an extended and thorough presentation of the
‘‘climate and topography’? of the lower peninsula of Michigan, by Dr.
Henry F. Lyster,+ who, while drawing extensively from the published results
of my studies in the geology, topography and climate of the State, gives
adequate credit for materials used, and accords to myself due priority in
the disclosure of the peculiarities of our climate. Dr. Lyster, in a few pages,
takes the cream of a body of results which I had based on months of labor
and thousands of calculated means.

In numerous other sanitary, pomological and agricultural proceedings, I
have found these generalizations cited and re-produced. I am, therefore,
encouraged to believe that I have not misconceiyed their importance. This
belief is strengthened by the spontaneous request of the State horticultural
society to read a paper on the climate of the State—that factor in the fruit-
raiser’s operations which is most completely independent of all human control.

The foregoing statements concern the history of investigation on this sub-
ject, and are important to be made for the sake of preserving the record; and
also, for the purpose of indicating where the members of this society may find
fuller details on the climate of the State than it is my purpose to present on
this occasion.

Before my own researches on this subject, no one had as much as suggested
the great amount of the influence of Lake Michigan upon our climate; and no
one, so far as J am aware, had subjected the recognized influence of any of the
great lakes to the test of exact statistics. Dr. J. P. Kirtland, of Cleveland,
had published a note on the influence of Lake Erie, but aside from the phe-
nomena connected with the growth of vegetation, and the presence of southern
birds and insects, he recorded no exact data beyond a few single observations. f
He states that killing frosts are about a month later on the lake shore than in
the interior, and that, in a case of extreme cold, the thermometer marked
about six degrees higher at Cleveland than at points some miles back from the
lake. Mr. Loren Blodgett, at the commencement of my own researches, had
published a ‘‘Climatology of the United States,’’|| embodying a vast amount of
exact information; but his isothermal lines march across our peninsula, and

*S. B. McCracken: The State of Michigan, embracing sketches of its History, Position, Resources
and Industries, 1876, 8 vo. 136 pp.

+Sixth annual report of the secretary of State board of health of the State of Michigan, pp.
167-250,

tJ. P. Kirtland, Am. Jour. Sci., II., xiii., 215 and 294, ’

\| L. Blodget: Climatology of the United States and of the Temperate Latitudes of the North
American Continent, 8 vo. pp. 536, with charts. Philadelphia, 1857.

158 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

across the entire lake region, as if the whole surface were one unbroken land-
area. Still cruder is the isothermal chart of the United States ‘‘as determined
by the Smithsonian Institution,’’* and published a year or two earlier than
Blodget’s work. It will be understood, as a necessary inference, that the
charts based on the army observations,+ as well as all previous attempts at
isothermal charts, fail totally to detect the local climatic influence which, as
we now know, bends the isothermal lines of our peninsula in the most extra-
ordinary manner.

The peninsular situation of our State is something which arrests the atten-
tion of the most casual observer of the map of the northwest. It is not appar-
ent to observation, however, that our State is also a climatic peninsula; and
yet, extended observation shows that our climate, in its seasonal means, is a
patch taken from the latitude of Ohio; while in the moderation of its extremes,
it bears an analogy to the Floridian peninsula. Its climate is cut off from that
of Wisconsin and Iowa by a barrier as abrupt and as real as that which limits
our territory. That which constitutes the barrier in the one case, creates it in
the other.

The nature of our climatic situation is exemplified in the comparative sta-
tistics of every cold wave which passes over the northwest. On the 18th of
November, 1880, for instance, while the thermometer was 5° at Milwaukee, it
stood at 18° at Grand Haven, and 10° at Port Huron. At the same time, it
was 8° at St. Louis, 2° at Denver, 4° at Dodge City, Kansas, and 6° as far
south as Fort Gibson, Indian Territory. On the 19th of November, while the
thermometer marked 29° at Grand Haven, it was 13° at Port Huron; and
farther south, it marked 14° at Chicago, 2° at Indianapolis, 11° at Lonisville,
and 8° at St. Louis.

The rationale of our peninsular climate is easy to understand. It involves
only two fundamental factors: 1. The presence of a large body of water on
our western boundary. 2. The prevalent westerly direction of our cold winds.
Lake Michigan is a body of water 360 miles long and 108 miles wide, with a
mean depth of 960 feet, and a superficial area of 20,000 square miles. You
could sink, in this lake, the three States of New Jersey, Delaware and Mary-
land. It contains 183 millions of millions of cubic yards of water,{ or in
other terms, 3,400 cubic miles of water. ‘This vast body of water maintains a
comparatively uniform temperature. Three months of summer warmth do not
suffice to elevate it much above the annual mean, nor three months of winter
to depress it much below that mean. While the mean July temperature of the
land, in the mid-latitude of Lake Michigan, rises to 74°, that of the lake
surface does not surpass 51°. While the January temperature of the land
sinks to 19°, that of the water does not fall below 40°. On the land, the
whole amount of heat absorbed is accumulated within 50 or 60 feet of the sur-
face; while on the lake, the agitation of the water tends to distribute the
summer accuniulation through a depth of 900 feet. The average temperature,
and therefore the surface temperature, is lower than the surface temperature
of the land, and must, consequently, during the warm season, exert a cooling
influence. On the contrary, during the winter, the average temperature of the
water, and therefore its surface temperature, is much above that of the land,
and must, consequently, exert a warming influence on the contiguous regions.

* Patent Office Report for 1856. Agriculture, Plate iy.

jt Army Meteorological Register, 1855. It is impossible to overestimate our obligations to the
army officers who planned and executed the extended series of observations taken at the military
posts of the United States.

$ 18,536,038,400,000 cubic yards,

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 159

In fact, the mass of the water of the lake becomes an immense stove, holding
such a store of surplus summer heat, that, during the winter it warms up “all
out doors.’’ If the constant radiation of the lake is so perceptible in mean
winter weather, it becomes truly striking when the land temperature sinks to
its minimum point, and the difference between the land and the lake amounts
to 50° or 60°.

Observations have shown that even the aunual means of the regions con-
tiguous to the lakes are somewhat raised by the lake influence. The cooling
effect in summer is not equal to the warming effect in winter. In other words,
the mean temperature of the lake is a few degrees higher than that of the
land. As this fact cannot be attributed to an influx of river water from more
southern latitudes, and would seem to be only partially explicable from the
probably higher temperature of river-waters in the same latitudes, it remains
to seek an explanation of the higher mean temperature of the lake. Now,
let it be remembered that the waters of the lake penetrate 900 feet toward the
heated interior of the earth; and that it has been ascertained that on the land
every 55 feet of descent beneath the plane of constant temperature brings us
one additional degree of heat. It will thus appear that if the depth of con-
stant temperature in the mean latitude of Lake Michigan is 60 feet, the water
of the lake reaches to a depth where the terrestial temperature should be 15°
higher than the constant temperature beneath the land, which would probably
be about the mean annual temperature of the locality. I have ventured to
suggest, in former papers, that though the cooling influence of the local an-
nual mean must have been felt by the earth, in the bottom of the lake, it must
be still true that the bottom of the lake has felt somewhat the warming influ-
ence of the normal terrestrial temperature at that depth. It seems to me en-
tirely reasonable, therefore, to maintain that the heat of the earth’s internal
fires contributes something to the excess of the lake’s mean warmth over the
mean warmth of the land. The great lake may, therefore, be conceived as
held in a vast natural dish, which is warmed over the imperishable fire which
we know to be imprisoned within the earth. When the temperature of the
land sinks to —-20° or -30°, that of the lake is sixty or seventy degrees higher;
and the vapor which ascends from its surface is the literal similitude of the
steam rising from a kettle heated over a domestic fire.

The other factor in cur peninsular climate is the prevailing direction of the
wind. Were the atmosphere perpetually calm, the contiguous land and super-
incumbent atmosphere would only be very feebly warmed by direct radiation ;
and this effect would be more than counterbalanced by a perpetual land breeze
as long as the lake should remain warmer than the land. But the general
atmosphere is always in motion. Warmed in winter, while passing over the
surface of the lake, it conveys some part of the lake-warmth to the land, and
the rigor of the cold becomes ameliorated, on the principle of a hot-air furnace.
As the wind, by turns, moves from all directions, the lake exerts some warming
influence on all the surrounding land. This is illustrated by the isothermal lines
for the cold months, which are bent southward, on approaching the lake from
either side. Evidently, that side of the lake which receives most wind from
the lake-surface, will be most impressed by the lake-influence. Now, it hap-
pens that the Michigan side of Lake Michigan receives most lake winds during
the cold season, because, as is well known, our cold winds approach from a
westerly direction. ‘Thus, in January, at Chicago, according to eleven years’
observations, the winds from the west of the meridian are to the winds from
the east of the meridian as 72: 5=-=14.4; at Milwaukee, for thirteen years, as

160 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

60:18==3.33; ut Manitowoc, for eleven years, as 67:11—=6.09; at Grand
Haven, for one and a half years, as 34:16=2.1. A similar excess of westerly
winds is shown for all the months of the year, except April and May, and
especially the month of May.

In consequence of this prevalence of westerly winds, the east side of the lake
is warmed in winter and cooled in summer. While, therefore, the winter meam
at Chicago is 244°, that of New Buffalo, in the same latitude, is 28°. While
that of Milwaukee is 22°, that of Grand Haven is 26°. While the winter mean
of Fort Howard is 20°, and that of Appleton 19°, the winter mean of Traverse
City, farther north than either, is 23$°. In autumn also, the preponderance
of westerly winds raises the mean temperature one to two degrees along the
south half of the lake shore, and three to four degrees along the northern half
of the shore. This is illustrated by the chart which hangs before us, where
the red lines pass through localities having the same autumnal means. ‘To
the west of the lake region, the lines conform approximately to the parallels
of latitude, but over and east of Jake Michigan, they bend abruptly northward.
The autumnal isotherm of 46°, which passes through Fort Winnebago, bends
northward nearly to the extreme point of lake Michigan, a difference of lati-
tude of about 185 miles. The isotherm of 47°, which passes through Fort
Atkinson, bends northward to the Beaver islands, 192 miles. The isotherm of
48° is deflected northward an equal distance. The isotherm of 49° sweeps from
Evanston, near Chicago, to the mouth of the Manistee river, a difference of
latitude of 152 miles. The isotherm of 50° bends from Kensington, south of
Chicago, to Grand Rapids, a difference of latitude of 97 miles. The favorable
contrast diminishes in the southern portion of the eastern shore, since in
November the cold southwesterly winds either miss the lake entirely, or are
held at a lower temperature by mingling with wind which has not traversed
the lake. ‘To put the subject in another light, an investigation of the monthly
means on the opposite side of the lake, during autumn, shows that the temper-
ature attained at Milwaukee, Oct. 15, is not reached at Grand Haven until Oct.
20. The Milwaukee temperature of Noy. 15 is only reached at Grand Haven
Noy. 23. The Chicago temperature of Sept. 15 is the same as the New Buffalo
temperature of Sept. 21. These comparisons show that the warm season is
lengthened, on the east side, about six to eight days, in the autumn. In 1865
the first killing frost in the Grand Traverse region was Dec. 2; in 1866, Noy.
15; in 1867, Nov. 18.

By a singular and happy exception, in the prevailing direction of the wind,
we find that during the month of May, winds from the east of the meridian
preponderate. This is shown from the tables again; since at Manitowoc the
easterly winds in May are to the westerly as 37:26—1.42; at Milwaukee, as
62 :24==2.58, and in April as 52:33==1.6; at Chicago, including north winds,
which are her lake winds, the ratio of lake and land winds is, in May, as
44:40==1.1. Now, in May, a lake wind is a chilling influence, except when. the
thermometer is sinking below the growing temperature for vegetation. It is
then an influence which prevents frost. It follows, therefore, that during the
mild days of May, the eastern shore of the lake is exempt from the chilling
and retarding influence of westerly winds; while, during a cold period, when,
as arule, the wind is westerly, the eastern shore receives the benefit of protec-
tion from frost. Thus on the 16th of May, 1868, a destructive frost occurred
throughout Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, but did no damage in the Grand Tray-
erse region. This unique arrangement seems to have been prompted by a
beneficent regard for the interests of early vegetation on our side of the lake.

THE ANNUAL MERTING. 161

Westerly winds cease to predominate only in that month when they cease to
be beneficial to Michigan. And yet even in that month they exist whenever
the interests of vegetation demand. Not only do westerly winds cease to pre-
dominate at the juncture when they cease to be beneficial, but at the same junc-
ture the warmer land winds from the east of the meridian become predominant.
Both causes accelerate vegetation on the east side of the lake. A study of the
means for a series of years, at places on opposite sides of the lake, shows that
the temperature of Grand Haven, March Ldth, is equal to that of Milwaukee
March 2Ist; that of Grand Haven, April 15th, is equal to that of Milwaukee
April 24th; that of Grand Haven, May 1aith, is equal to that of Milwaukee
May 28th. Remember that these are not comparisons of single instances; they
are comparisons of the results of many years of accurate instrumental obser-
vation. They show that in May, Grand Haven is thirteen days in advance of
Milwaukee. Add the thirteen days of growing weather gained in spring to
the five days gained in October, and we perceive that the growing season is
eighteen days longer at Grand Haven than at Milwaukee. Every practical
cultivator knows that eighteen days often make all the difference between a
crop well-ripened and perfect, and a crop immature and savorless, if not
ruined by an untimely freeze.

This contrast is the same in kind as exists along the whole length of the
two shores; but we find it qualified by two influences. First, the northern
portion of the western shore receives a warming influence from northerly winds
approaching over Green Bay; but at the same time, the greater expanse of
water passed over by westerly and southwesterly winds approaching the Grand
Traverse region imparts to that region a greater relative influence than is felt
by the Grand Haven region. Secondly, the southern portion of our lake shore
is exposed to the unmitigated sweep of southwest winds which, in the north-
western States, are often the coldest of all; but, on the contrary, this region
receives northwesterly and even north winds which have swept over a vast
expanse of lake surface. .

It is not to be supposed that these climatic influences are confined to the
immediate shore of Lake Michigan. Undoubtedly, they reach there their
greatest development; but the tables which I have compiled, and place
before you, and the isothermal charts which I exhibit, demonstrate that the
whole of our peninsula receives a similar kind of influence. The President of
our local horticultural society will inform you how many car-loads of peaches,
grapes and other fruits have been sent out of Ann Arbor during the past sea-
son. Noris it to be assumed that the western borders of our great lakes
receive none of their equalizing effects. My own charts show tiat the north-
ward deflection of the winter isothermals begins on the west side of Lake
Michigan, many miles from the lake. This is also shown on the climatic
chart of Wisconsin, published by Dr. I. A. Lapham, in 1865. My charts also
show that a similar influence is exerted upon our peninsula by lakes fluron,
St. Clair and Erie. include Lake St. Clair, because it is always filled with

water of the same temperature, except in the stagnant portions, as that of the
great lakes beyond, and never cools down in winter, like a small isolated body
of water. Moreover, the Huron peninsula lies in the lee of Saginaw Bay,
and is another Michigan on a smaller scale. Thus, also, the south shore of
Lakes Erie and Ontario are known to be greatly protected from unseasonable
frosts and extreme winters, in spite of the preponderance of westerly winds
along those shores.

21

162 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I have thus far directed your attention almost exclusively to mean tempera-
ture—to the averages of months and seasons. ‘These suffice, indeed, to indicate
the length of the growing period and the average severity of the winter. But
there is another aspect of climate which possesses at least equal importance ;
though in climatic discussions it has been largely overlooked. Published tables
give us means of the year, and of the several seasons; and their authors seem
to think that in this they have brought to view all the important elements of
climate which bear on health and production of crops. A little reflection,
however, shows that the extremes of climate are of equal importance with the
means. It signifies little that the growing season begins in March, if liability
to killing frosts continues to the middle of May, as in Tennessee. A mean
October temperature of 60° is comparatively valueless after a September
freeze. The mean temperature of a season may be mild, or even delightful
at the same time that one or two days have brought a destructive cold. One
killing frost is as bad as a dozen, for vegetation has but one life to destroy.
It is the liability to these exceptional temperatures which we must know before
forming final judgment on the adaptability of a district for a particular crop.
A winter which averages mild may be marked, like the climate of St. Louis,
by one, two or three mornings destructive to everything which would triumph-
antly survive all the rest of the season. very fruit-raiser knows that it is
not the average weather of winter or spring which endangers his buds or his
trees. It is the one or two nights of the whole season which brings him ap-
prehension—especially if accompanied by high wind. It is of no consequence
that the winter mean of St. Louis is 33°, and that of Grand Haven 21°, or of
Traverse City 24°, if the thermometer falls sometimes to —22° at St. Louis, and
never sinks below -16° at Grand Haven or Traverse City. It is precisely
against these exceptional extremes that lake Michigan exerts its most striking
influence.

There are two ways to consider extremes of climate. We may consider the
mean minimum of a locality, or its extreme minimum for a series of years.
There is a lowest point reached by the thermometer at each locality every win-
ter. Different winters may vary greatly in the severity of the coldest day, but
we may take the average of a series of winters. This is the mean minimum. It
indicates the lowest temperature which the locality is as likely to experience as
to escape. Now, from this point of view, the Michigan climate stands forth
singularly favored. I have with mea chart of mean minima, which members
of the society are at liberty to inspect. You will be surprised to notice how
the lines passing through points having the same mean minimum are bent
northward along the region of the Jakes. ‘They do not trend east and west,
as they must under the normal influence of latitude, but they run literally
north and south in the vicinity of lakes Michigan and Huron. The isothermal
of -15° strikes from Mackinac through Manitowoc, Milwaukee, and New Buf-
falo to Fort Riley, in Kansas, near the .parallel of 39°. Here is a deflection
over nearly seven degrees of latitude, or about 480 miles in a straight line.
The meaning of this is that the most excessive cold at Mackinac, for a period of
twenty-eight years, is not, on the average, greater than at Fort Riley, 480 miles
further south. It is one degree less than at Chicago for a term of eleven
years. There is but one feature about our climate which is more striking, and
that is the isotherms for extreme minima.

Suppose we note the lowest point reached by the thermometer in a series of
years, at each of fifty localities. ‘These points are the extreme minima of the

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 163

several localities. Now, drawing a line, on a map, through al) the localities
which have the same extreme minimum, we have an isothermal chart for ex-
treme minima. Such a chart I present before you on an enlarged scale. Its
features are similar to the chart of mean minima, but still more pronounced.
By a glance at this chart, we percieve that the lowest point reached at Macki-
nac, in 28 years, is but two degrees lower than the extreme minimum of St.
Louis. Extreme weather at Chicago is twelve degrees colder than at New
Buffalo. The lowest extreme of Milwaukee is fourteen degrees below the
extreme minimum of Grand Haven; while the extreme of Fort Howard is
twenty degrees below that of Northport. In general, while the mean minimum
along the west side of lake Michigan is -16°, that along the east side is-6°; while
the extreme minimum on the west side is —22° to -30°, that of the east side is -10°
to -16°, as far north as Little Traverse Bay. On that day of memorable cold,
Jan. 1, 1864, the thermometer sank to -30° at Milwaukee, but only reached -14°
at Northport and Traverse City. At the same time it was -29° at Chicago and
-20° at Kalamazoo. Itsank to—24° at St. Louis and -16° at Memphis, Tennessee.
This point was two degrees colder than Northport, 640 miles further north in a
direct line. The isotherm of -24° bends from the latitude of Alpena through
Grand Rapids, Battle Creek and Coldwater, and thence to St. Louis, 452 miles
further south. Cincinnati is reported to have an extreme minimum of —29°, a
degree of cold not known in our peninsula, and but little exceeded along the
south shore of Lake Superior. At Ann Arbor, the lowest point reached in 28
years, according to my own observations, is -24°. The area of this extreme
minimum seems to cover all the central portion of the peninsula east of Grand
Rapids, west of Bay City and south of Otsego Lake, and stretches southward
into central Kentucky. Compared with Traverse City, the extreme minimum
of Hazlewood, Minn., is 22° lower; that of St. Johnsbury, Vt., 28° lower;
that of Gardiner, Me., within 30 miles of ocean, 19° lower; and of Montreal,
P. Q., 26° lower.

These illustrations of the general principles announced must suffice for the
present. This is not an occasion for entering into greater detail. The details
must be conned over deliberately, in the presence of the charts which represent
them graphically. For this purpose, I must refer you to the papers whose
titles have already been cited. Better and more satisfactory still would be the
study of the full tables of mean and extreme results on which these discussions
have been based. Meantime, I hope I have made it clear that in our excep-
tional climate, we possess a natural resource which ought to be studied both by
the public and the private citizen, and which, utilized to the fullest extent, will
enable us to produce the crops suited to the lower Ohio valley, with a more
certain exemption from unseasonable frosts than is enjoyed by Kentucky, Mis-
souri, northern Texas, or the much-coyeted Indian Territory.

The meeting now adjourned for the night.

Wednesday Morning.

The conyention was called to order by the President at an early hour.
Prayer was offered by Dr. Lockwood, followed by music rendered by Mr.
Nathan White and family.

Mr. Cottrell moved that a committee of five be appointed by the chair to
nominate to the convention at the proper time a list of officers for the ensuing
year. Carried.

164 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

On motion the executive committee was instructed to elect three delegates
to the convention of Michigan agricultural societies.

THE DANGER OF OVERDOING FRUIT CULTURE IN MICHIGAN,

was the first topic on the programme for the morning session, and Mr. S. W.
Dorr of Manchester led off the discussion by saying:

It seems to be expected of me to point out to this intelligent audience some
of the perils or dangers of overdoing fruit culture. The word danger implies
exposure to death, loss or injury to our bodies or property, risk, peril, loss of
money or labor. ‘To be forewarned is to be forearmed, or placed in position to
resist danger.

IS THERE DANGER OF OVERDOING FRUIT CULTURE ?

To an audience who have come together to-day for the express purpose of
gaining information in the science of horticulture, this, indeed, is a very
important question, but we are compelled to admit the force of the question
when we look out upon our once well-paying orchards now so plentifully dotted
with piles of nearly worthless fruit, half covered with snow, while many of
the surrounding trees, still heavily laden, glisten in the morning sun, nod assent
to our inquiry, ‘‘ Is fruit culture overdone? ”’

But, says one, this is a peculiar season! We admit it,—an abundance of
fruit, and labor and money expended, with but little returns. In seasons of
great abundance like the present, when the apple crop will only pay the grower
_ for picking and hauling, and in some localities not even that,—after years of
toil and labor, in plauting and pruning, and anxious waiting for our orchard
to come into bearing, and now when our efforts are crowned with success, and
the grower has a surplus of fruit, no wonder we feel disappointed and des-
pondent. But what is the remedy? Shall the labor of years be cast aside in
a moment of despondency? Shall we lay the axe at the root of the fruitful
tree—cut it down, and cast it into the fire? Js the day at hand when the
fruitful shall suffer the penalty of the unfruitful, or the just the penalty of
the unjust? May we not rejoice in the thought that our fruit is so abundant
that every household in our broad land may have a bountiful supply,
and peradventure the common class of people in Europe may haye an oppor-
tunity of testing our Michigan apples?

To those who anticipate planting orchards it may be well to remember that
the farmer who raises a few hundred bushels of surplus fruit which he allows
to remain in the orchard until half are fallen to the ground, or otherwise unfit
for use, or gathers after all the ordinary farm work is done, and sells to the
first man that will make him a bid, the outlook from our present standpoint is
not very promising for remunerative prices, or in other words, to him fruit
culture will undoubtedly be a failure.

There always was, and probably always will be a class of farmers who do alg
their work in the same slack, bungling manner. Shall we therefore come
to the conclusion that farming is a failure? Not at all.

The same may be said of the mercantile man, the same of the professional
man; those who succeed are those who make a life-long study of their pro-
fession, and by diligence and untiring perseverance work out for themselves a
reputation.

It may be well to go through our orchards and weed out the old worthless
varieties ; for we must admit we have all fallen into the same error, of plant-

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 165

ing too many varieties; in our fruit catalogue as it now stands, comprising 236
varieties of apples, only five are marked 10 in the scale for market; therefore,
we may safely conclude there are not more than ten or twelve varieties worth
cultivating for market.

Years ago, prior to the formation of this society (which is now holding its
tenth annual meeting with us), we labored under many disadvantages in regard
to information, on this and many other points, but at present any one desirous
can readily acquire all the information necessary by consulting the annual
reports of this society. Again, the fruit-growers of Michigan need to place
themselves in better position with railroad and other transportation companies,
so that our fruits may not be delayed on the road to market, packages broken
open, fruit destroyed, excessive charges demanded, etc.

From the most reliable information we ascertain that although our fruit
crop exceeds in quantity that of 1878 or any former year, yet not one-half of
the crop has been gathered and secured, and the late cold weather ruining
much that was supposed to be secure, we may anticipate a shortage in the
amount available, and look for an advance in prices of fruit in fine condition.
Indeed, in looking over the markets of green American apples in the London
markets, which are quoted from 20 to 26s sterling, we see no great reason for
discouragement to the Michigan fruit grower.

Also the exportation of dried apples from New York, for the week ending
November 27th, amounted to 6,741 bbls.

In order to make fruit culture a success, and the business remunerative, we
hope to see active measures immediately taken to work up our surplus and
second quality fruit by establishing more reliable dryers—manufacturing into
jellies, jams, etc.

In conclusion let me say, I anticipate more danger from negligence than
from overdoing fruit culture. ‘The time is fast approaching when the farmer
will no longer dabble in frnit culture,—when the man that makes fruit-growing
a specialty will also make it a success.

With a soil and climate peculiarly adapted to the growth of fruit, and almost
surrounded as we are by numerous fresh inland seas to temper the cold blasts
of the winter winds, together with the many advantages of transportation by
water and by rail, I feel confident that the fruit-grower need have no fears for
the future of fruit culture.

Judge Lawton.—I think there is more danger from waste than from over-
doing. When there is an immense amount of fruit a good deal of it is lost
from negligence. One danger is in not utilizing as we ought what we grow.
I have thought at times, that there would never be any danger of overdoing
fruit culture, because of the rapid increase of noxious insects, and I doubt not
when the curculio, codling moth, currant worm, etc., etc., have invaded your
fruit grounds, you have all shared with me in this thought. But Professor
Cook, in his lecture, gave us rather disheartening words in this direction. It
really looks as if with pyrethrum, London purple, etc., we were going to come
out ahead in this fight. On the other hand, however, Dr. Winchell showed us
in his admirable lecture how fortunate we were in our climate for the pro-
duction of fruit, and at the same time illustrated how unfortunate the great
west was and how we are on theeastern rim of this vast country, to be supplied
very largely with good fruit frem our Michigan. I have shipped peaches
during this year to Bismark and Winnipeg successfully. Cheap transportation
is our great problem. Good fruit will always be profitable.

J. D. Baldwin.—This question originated with our branch society, and

166 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

another part was added thereto: ‘‘ How shall we utilize our fruit to make
it most profitable?’’ Hundreds and hundreds of bushels of peaches rotted
with us, and were of no use to anybody the past season. How shall we save
it? What plan shall we adopt to get it all into the market? We are assured
it is all wanted somewhere, but in a prolific season, how are we to get it into
the hands of the consumer? I have in my hand, a sample of peach jelly
which I wish you to test; perhaps in this article we can dispose of some of our
crop. We need cheap dryers that can be put upon any fruit farm. The using
up of all the fruit crop makes a great deal of labor, which it is good to employ
if the prices of the products will only warrant it.

J. Austin Scott.—The danger is not in overdoing, but in not getting fruit
enough. Men who raise choice fruit, and market it as they ought will always
make it remunerative. The trouble lies in this: There is not discrimination
enough shown in the selection of fruit for market. Most orchardists do not
seem to realize the extra value that is put upon first grade fruit. The apple
belt is narrow, and the belt in which apples are eaten is large.

Mr. H. C. Sherwood, Watervliet.—The first question amounts to nothing.
People are always harping on overdoing business of this kind, but the fact is,
it is never overdone. Farmers, especially, underrate the apple crop. They
will rather see the fruit rot than to sell it at what would net them per acre
more than any crop they raise. ‘They seem to delight in getting things by the
hardest, and will not even utilize the more promising methods of getting
money. Mr. Sherwood described his fruit-house as follows:

My building for packing and storing fruit is thirty feet square, built on a
hillside ; the lower story, which is used exclusively for keeping fruit, is of stone,
much the same as an ordinary cellar; the entrance on the lower side being on
a level with the drive-way leading to it. The inside of cellar wall is ceiled so
as to allow of packing four inches of sawdust between the boards and wall.
The joists overhead are also ceiled and should be perfectly tight so as to pre-
vent the sawdust sifting through, then pack well between the joists with
saw-dust. This is done, of course, before laying the floor. I used one and
one-half inch flooring, planed and matched. The entrance to this floor is from
the upper hillside and only a slight elevation above the drive-way. This floor
is used for storing carriages, and also allows a large space for packing peaches,
grapes, and other fruits in their season. The upper story is for storing fruit
baskets, packages for shipping, light implements used in cultivating and
securing the fruit. This floor is of inch stuff, planed and matched. I
admire this, as it is much easier to keep clean and in order. The two upper
stories are each nine feet in height, with plenty of windows and blinds to
regulate the ventilation and light of the rooms.

To return to the cellar, which is the principal feature of the building: It
is seven feet, in the clear, in height. I have a two-inch white oak plank floor
laid here, believing this to be the most desirable in any cellar, used for storing
either fruit, milk, butter, or any provisions for the house. From the cellar
there is a ventilator extending to the top of building—this is 12x8 inches
inside, to which is attached a damper to be used in regulating the temperature.
The doors of cellar are double, one opening out, the other in, with space of
eight inches between them. The space need not be packed if the doors fit
tightly. They are broad enough to admit a team with loaded wagon. The
windows are arranged for ventilation and light with double set sash, a wire
screen outside, and a close fitting slide door inside, so as to exclude the light
when desired. There is an entrance from carriage room by staircase with

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 167

door above and below. A thermometer is quite essential. I find no difficulty
in keeping the temperature so as not to vary more than three or four degrees
during the whole winter season, whatever the condition of the weather even in
such a winter as’ 79-80. I keep the room at 2° above freezing, as I believe
this to be best for keeping the fruit, although two or three degrees colder will
not injure apples. I have kept apples in this cellar one year from the time of
picking, in apparently perfect state of preservation, some of which were
exhibited at the first fair of the Western Michigan Agricultural and Industrial
Society, held at Grand Rapids in 1879. ‘The expense of the cellar, as I have
it built, is only a trifling addition to what an ordinary carriage house would
cost, and will pay the whole cost almost every year in the advance price
received by keeping the fruit. The cellar will store between five and six hun-
dred barrels.

J. N. Stearns.—This year was a godsend to the fruit-grower, for if he man-
aged rightly he made a fair-living, and there was so much fruit of all kinds
that everybody could have an abundance. ‘The people have got into the habit
of using fruit more, and thus the market is widened for other years that are
to come.

Mr. E. Buell.—There is not half enough apples stored for home consumption
to-day. The trouble is not that there are too many; there is not enough, and
you will allsee this before the spring of 1881. There is an opening for our
fruit abroad, if we will only put in practice the best knowledge we have in
packing and shipping. Apples can be put down in Liverpool from Michigan
for $2 per barrel, and yield a handsome profit above that. I feel that there
is an opening for our more perishable fruit in the home evaporation. I have
some fruit here, the product of Mr, E. M. Potter’s dryer, of Kalamazoo. It
is as fine as you ever saw.

Mr. Potter not being present, Mr. H. Dale Adams read the following notes
which had been forwarded by him:

For two or three years I have been looking up the subject of fruit evapora-
tors or driers, not too expensive for general use. JI have examined several port-
able driers and read all that I could get hold of on the subject, and find that
in nearly all of them, the stove is so small as to admit only fine wood, which
makes a brisk and short-lived fire, and either scorches the fruit or soon goes
out; thus requiring constant attention. About the middle of last July, while
consulting with my wife as to what we had better do about a drier, she said to
me one day: ‘‘If I could use tools as well as you can I could soon make a
drier, and not have it cost much either,’

Of course such an appreciation of my skill had a tendency to inspire my
inventive genius and could not go long unrewarded. After some head-work
and a little labor, I made a drier which has done good work, as the samples of
evaporated fruit which I have here on exhibition will testify. I laid up a brick-
work of three sides, about thirty inches square and three feet high,
inside of which I placed an old box stove, of large size, and on top of the
brick-work I set a box 27x28 inches inside, and about 5 feet high above the
brick-work, with a door in front, which, when open, would admit ten sliding
trays 27 inches square. These trays were made of light basswood frames and
mosquito netting tacked on the under side of the frames,—although they could
be used either side up. The netting required replacing once during the season,
and is now about used up.

In the evening my son or hired man would pare about a barrel of apples in
an hour; one other person and myself would trim the ends, cut the apples half

168 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in two, and onr two little girls aged seven and nine, would spread the fruit on
the trays and I would slide them into the drier. In this way we usually filled
the drier in sixty or seventy minutes. It is best to have a good fire before you
begin paring, as the sooner the fruit is subjected to the heat after being pared,
so as to arrest decay by closing the pores of the fruit as soon as possible, the
whiter it will be, and will retain much more of the saccharine quality and
natural flavor of the fruit which would otherwise escape by a slower process,
and as some heat escapes as you slide in the trays there is little danger of
scalding the fruit while filling the drier. I should think we endeavored to have
the temperature about 150°, although I never tested it with a thermometer,
and perhaps about 120° after the fruit was partially dry. We had a ventilator,
6x27 inches, near the top, which could be opened or closed as desired, but
should always be kept open while in use.

At bed-time we filled the stove with large wood, closed it tight, and in
warm, dry weather our apples would be nicely evaporated in the morning.
After the weather became colder and atmosphere more damp outside, we
found it necessary to change the trays the next morning, putting the upper
ones at the bottom, and turn them half around and replenish the fire. It
takes longer to evaporate peeled peaches than apples, and still longer those that
are not pared. Out of this little cheap drier we have taken over seven barrels
of nice evaporated apples well pressed down, over one barrel of peaches like
that sample and nearly one barrel of unpeeled peaches, besides some currants,
corn, etc. I should have said that this drier being one inch longer from front
to back than the trays, as will be seen by the dimensions already given, it
admitted of a space of one inch at the back of the first tray, and also at the
front of the second, and so on alternately. I have found this better than a
half-inch space in front and back of each tray. I have made several experi-
ments with this little drier and can see where it is capable of improvement.
I now would build a drier for my own use somewhat different. I would make
it about 30x40 inches on the inside and 8 to 10 feet in height, according to
the height of the building in which it would be used. I would make the trays
20x30 inches and slide two trays in on the same cleats. I would make the
drier all of one inch flooring or ceiling, well seasoned, and line it on the
inside up about three feet from the bottom with either brick or galvanized
sheet-iron. J think I would use the latter, as with this the drier could be
made portable. I would think best to leave about three inches of space
between the sheet-iron and sides of the drier, so as to render it fire-proof. I
would use for the trays galvanized wire cloth, 5 meshes to an inch, which can
be obtained of the manufacturer, John Snow, at Rochester, N. Y., for 7$c¢ to
8c per square foot, according to the quantity ordered. The usual width of
this wire cloth is 30 inches, although they will make any width desired if the
quantity ordered is sufficient.

I would cover the top of the drier and have ventilators on opposite sides
which could be closed more or less. Where the orchards are extensive enough
to warrant the expense, probably there is nothing better than the Williams
evaporator, made at Kalamazoo, and which will evaporate two hundred
bushels of apples in 24 hours if worked up to its full capacity night and day.
This has been done at Kalamazoo this season.

But it seems to me that every farmer greatly needs a cheap evaporator. By
this means I know we have saved many barrels of fruit which were blown off,
and would have gone to the cider mill or perished entirely. Apples which we
could not have sold for 10 cents per bushel will bring us now 30 or 40 cents,

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 169

after deducting all expense of drying, which really was nothiag comparatively
except interest on cost of drier and knotty wood. It was really a play spell
for us in the evening to see how quickly we could fill that drier, and far more
pleasant than sorting over apples every few days all winter.

One bushel of apples will make five pounds of good evaporated fruit, worth
10 cents per pound, and will sell for that when sun and kitchen dried apples
are slow at 3 to 34 cents. The fruit which I have here was bleached by plac-
ing on the hot stove in the drier asmall piece of roll sulphur, when the apples
were first put in, and closing the ventilation for a minute or two.

I will make the following as requisites of what I think necessary in a good
drier:

First, It should be located inside of another building where it will not be
subject to the changes of temperature outside, or the winds.

Second, It should admit a stove which will take in large wood, which will
keep up a steady and uniform heat.

Third, The pipe from the stove should pass into a chimney with a good
draft, or be extended high enough to avoid any danger of smoke being blown
back into the drier by an adverse wind.

Fourth, It should be made of ceiling or good, matched flooring, not much,
if any, less than one inch thick, and be provided with a door or double doors
on one side, which can be closed tightly.

Fifth, It should be tall enough to cause a good current of air up through
the drier and out the ventilators.

Sizth, The lower tray should be not less than 24 inches from top of the
stove, so as to avoid any danger of scorching the fruit, which it will do if the.
fruit is nearly done and fire too hot.

Seventh, The trays should be at least three inches apart, and have a space of
two inches in front of one tray and at the back ofthe next, and so on alter-
nately, which gives a current of hot air back and forth as it ascends, thus
earrying with it the vapor; and further, the hot air when in rapid motion is
not so likely to scald or scorch as if the transit were slower.

Lighth, 'There should be a small space near the bottom of the stove, admit-
ting cool air, which will become heated before passing up through the drier. I
think this might be effected by raising the drier, say a half-inch from the
floor or grounds upon which it was placed.

Ninth, It should be so constructed as to avoid the least possible danger of
taking fire.

C. RK. Coryell, of Jonesville, spoke of a method of utilizing apples pursued
in his vicinity in the making of an excellent quality of apple jelly. Herring
& Son, of Allen’s, make this jelly at fifty cents per gallon. The apples are
thoroughly washed, and one-third sweet ones mixed with the acid apples. The
jelly at first did not sell well on account of the spurious jellies on the market,
but as soon as it had a good trial there was a market for all that could be
made.

Wm. H. Schuyler said that they were getting to make ull sorts of jellies that
were worthless, yet in appearance fine—hence the jelly market was an uncer-
tain one. ‘There should be a law compelling dealers to brand the material cor-
rectly before putting it upon the market. I don’t think there is any danger
of over-doing the fruit business, but growers ship entirely too much green
fruit. They should evaporate the poorer grades, only placing the very best
upon the market green. There is no excuse for people shipping second quality
fruit, or letting it rot, now that fruit driers can be had so cheaply. .

170 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Arnold, of Ontario.—I would like to see such a standard of marketing
that men could sell their fruit by samples shown in small boxes. If men would
only sell such as they would be willing to show as samples it would work quite
a revolution in our marketing.

J. S. Woodward.—I remember as a small boy of enjoying many a good bite
at my grandmother’s. One time it was a pumpkin pie of considerable dimen-
sions, which seemed rather too much for my capacity; but upon being asked
if 1 could manage it, made the remark that it was pretty big but I could grow
to it. Just so with our fruit market, it will grow to us. We never shall raise
too much fruit. We do not use half enough ourselves; there is not one family
in a hundred that has enough. We must not cheat the pigs either, when
we do our marketing; we could use ten times as much as we do on our own farms
at a profit in money and good health. We have some men experimenting with us
as to methods of keeping fruit in fresh state. I refer particularly to perishable
fruit. They are succeeding with their house real well. I saw a quince cut in
two and placed in their storage coming out firm, weeks thereafter, perfectly
fresh. Tomatoes were kept a long time, and Hale’s early peaches kept until
time of late Crawfords, and were in good market condition. Yankees will
keep up with the times in the care and use of fruit—never fear.

J. Lannin.—The great fault I find with our peach men is, they are increas-
ing our market gluts every year by planting those same varieties that produce
these over-full markets. We need in our purchase of trees to look ont for this
matter and fill in the spaces.

H. Dale Adams.—I shipped apples in a glut and secured $2.05 per barrel,
when ordinary apples were bringing only $1.00. Time and knowledge of what
to do, pat into marketing, reaps its reward.

Mr. Collar of Adrian gave a little account of canning at Adrian as an ont-
let for fruit:

The Adrian canning factory commenced operations about five years ago,
and has gradually increased its business each year since. This year it has
absorbed more fruit than on any previous one. ‘The company intends to en-
large its operations, as circumstances and markets seem to warrant. ‘he fol-
lowing is a partial result of the season’s work: 300,000 cans of tomatoes,
25,000 cans of beans, 15,000 cans of strawberries, 25,000 cans of apples, and
12,000 cans of pumpkin. The company manufactures its cans and cases.
There has been paid out this season to farmers for produce over $8,000; and
150 hands have been employed in preparing it for market. This season the
company has paid per bushel for apples, 20 cents; tomatoes, 20 cents; cherries,
$1.25 ; strawberries, $1.50, and raspberries, $).50. No pears, peaches, plums or
grapes have as yet been canned ; for pears there is a poor demand, and peaches
and plums cost too much as green fruit. The company pay 75 cents for
peaches, and $1.25 for plums. The whole season’s product was sold to one
party. ‘The enterprise is a success.

On motion, the further discussion of the topic was laid over until evening.

The treasurer made a full statement of the society finances, which is given
later in this volume.

The business committee made a complete report, saying that a settlement
had been made with the treasurer, and all accounts were found correct.

The following was the

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 171

SECRETARY’S ANNUAL STATEMENT.

Mr. President and Members of the Society:

It is not a pleasant duty to review our failures, but it does give us genuine
satisfaction to recall incidents connected with the successful prosecution of any
good work. In canvassing the labors of our society during 1880, and placing
on record, as becomes my duty, an epitome of our transactions, I feel a whole-
some pride in the results of our exertions. We may not have added greatly to
the world’s wealth or knowledge, but we have used a very small portion of the
funds in circulation in a way that we can point with satisfaction to the results,
and we have been enabled to disseminate some valuable knowledge among the
people engaged in horticulture in Michigan.

Inasmuch as the secretary has directly to do with almost every effort of the
society, you will pardon me, I know, for giving some prominence in this state-
ment to the work of that officer, as in that way I can best explain the results
of the year’s endeavors.

REPORT OF 1879.

The manuscript for the volume of 1879 was entirely in the hands of the
printer at the close of the year, and the printing and binding was so far for-
warded that we had copies for distribution to members at the February meet-
ing in Hillsdale. I like the plan of getting the volumes into the hands of the
people who use them as early as possible, for although a great proportion of
the matter is applicable to our work almost any year, still many things have a
peculiar application to the time in which they are uttered. I find there was no
State issued its horticultural report for 1879 as early as Michigan, and this is
very largely due to the admirable arrangements and promptitude of the State
printing establishment, under the direction of W. S. George & Co.

DISTRIBUTION OF REPORTS.

We have had quite a large call for our volumes of 1879 from abroad, and I
have taken pains, as far as possible, to meet this demand with courtesy. It
seemed to me that a leading object to be subserved in issuing these volumes
by the State, was the advertisement of our horticultural prosperity and the
peculiar advantages possessed by our State for the successful prosecution of
this branch of industry. Hence, at no little trouble, and some expense to the
society, I have sent several hundred volumes outside the State. Some of these
have gone to other societies and educational institutions, but many of them
have gone into the hands of people who were looking to Michigan for homes.
In cases where it seemed to me men were taking advantage of our volumes to
increase their general knowledge of horticulture, or to assist in their work in
other States, I have asked the membership fee, or at least the expense attend-
ing the shipment of the volumes.

Our plan decided upon early in the year, by the executive board, was to be
very careful to receive assurance that the volumes were wanted. before placing
them in the hands of the people, and the distribution was so arranged as to
build up local societies, as far as possible, wherever the boxes were sent. This
will be more fully explained under another head.

The details of the distribution have been under the management of Mr. F.
W. King, our efficient librarian, whose annual report will explain what he has
done. The plan of retaining in the hands of the society several hundred
volumes of each year’s transactions proves to be an excellent one, for every

172 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

year new-comers into our State, and others, who join the ranks of horticulture,
desire to complete sets of our volumes as far as possible, and these are the
very ones that most need the assistance which is rendered by the volumes.

FRUIT CATALOGUE.

Our fruit catalogue is praised everywhere, and applications for the annual
report, on account of this portion of it, come from all parts of the Union.
It is peculiarly serviceable to new-comers who contemplate setting orchards,
and has a value scarcely to be estimated, when used by men that desire to
plant extensively without having special knowledge of varieties as adapted to
the vicinity in which they are to plant. Five hundred copies of the catalogue
were issued, separate from the annual volume of transactions, and furnished
at fifteen cents each to simply cover the cost of publication and mailing.
These are not all yet used, but will probably be called for before the next
issue. The work of compiling this catalogue and amending it from year to
year is no small one, and thus far it has been accomplished almost entirely by
President Lyon. Itis a work worthy of the man, and as a legacy to the
fruit-growers of Michigan cannot well be over-estimated.

OUR LIBRARY.

I wish to say but a word in connection with our library. We now havea
safe place to put it and are receiving donations. Our only means as yet for
increasing it is through exchanges and donations. We desire to gather a care-
fully selected list of books and publications that can be used for reference by
any member of the society who may desire to thoroughly investigate any matter
connected with horticulture. I can see illustrated in a small way in my own
experience the benefits that may be conferred by such an aggregation of books.
Although I have but few, still they are in coustant use by those who are not
so fortunate as I in possessing them. ‘The enterprise of securing a large cen-
tral library, under the care of our society, it seems to me, is one worthy of our
careful attention.

Our present librarian, who began his labors last March, has put our little
nucleus of a library in the best of shape, and his system of records is a most
complete one. His report which follows this will thoroughly explain the con-
dition of our library affairs.

THE QUARTERLY MEETINGS.

The quarterly meetings have been well attended, and admirably managed by
the local committees in charge during the year 1880. ‘The February meeting
at Hillsdale was very largely attended from the immediate vicinity and from
abroad. The arrangements for entertainment were different from any in our
previous experience. The Hillsdale county agricultural society provided for
all delegates at the hotels, and the accommodations for the sessions of the
society were admirable. One feature of this meeting met with universal favor:
The giving up of one evening to short addresses and social intercourse, inter-
spersed with delightful vocal and instrumental music. ‘There was some objec-
tion raised to this plan before its consummation, on the ground that it was a
waste of time that should be given up to the discussion of horticultural ques-
tions. But all were pleased with the result of the evening’s entertainment,
and adverse criticism was hushed in the general good feeling engendered by
the pleasant exercises.

The June meeting at Battle Creek was not so largely attended, but for so

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 173

busy a season there were a goodly number present. The exhibit of strawber-
ries was the pride of this meeting. Our two new Michigan berries, the Marvin
and Shirts, although shown under difficulties, having to be brought so far,
compared favorably with any varieties on exhibition.

The September meeting was connected with the annual fair and will be
spoken of elsewhere.

This annual meeting that we are now enjoying is spoken of by everybody as
the best one ever enjoyed by the society. Three things connected with it I
wish to especially mention: First, the generous hospitality tendered every
delegate in attendance; second, the courtesy extended the society by Dr. Frieze,
acting president of the university, in generously opening to us the doors of
this institution and giving many of us our first opportunity of inspecting its
various departments, and by so doing giving‘additional support to our already
well-grounded pride in this noble head of our State educational system. Third,
the exhibit of apples by our co-worker from Ontario, Canada, the venerable
Charles Arnold. These varieties are the results of his personal endeavors in
producing new and hardy sorts, by crossing, and exhibit the wonderfully varied
forms that have resulted from seeds, the product of a single cross. His suc-
cess in getting some really valuable new sorts commands our interest and ad-
miration.

THE ANNUAL FAIR.

The annual fair held in Detroit September 13-17, was in some respects a
more complete success than any we have ever held. The display of fruit was
very choice, and there was not such a jam to encounter as on previous years.
There was plenty of room to work and arrange the varieties so as to make the
exhibit interesting, and there was none of the grumbling incident to a great
rush of fruit for which there is inadequate accommodations.

Each member of our executive boaid had a department to look after, and
was made chairman of the awarding committee in that department. The re-
sult was that the committee work was most satisfactorily and expeditiously
accomplished. Several members of the awarding committees have written me
since the fair, commenting favorably upon thisarrangement. One said he had
never done committee work where every entry was so easily found and where
comparisons could be so carefully made. Still with these advantages, the
exhibit was far from what we would like. The department of flowers was a
jumble. There was no good place to show large plants, so that we had no
valuable large plantsshown. ‘The ordinary line of florists’ supplies was mixed,
because our arrangements were so imperfect for this kind of an exhibit.

It was quite noticeable that notwithstanding Detroit has so many fine green-
houses aud so great a display of taste in the work of its amateurs, still there
was little attempt to do anything at our fair,

One thing I might criticise, and that is the breaking over the rule in certain
divisions where the fruit is required to be grown by the exhibitor. The pre-
mium list gives plenty of room for the collectors, without having them infringe
on the rights of exhibitors who grow their own fruit, and I trust that at no
future exhibit there will be cause for complaint.

There is certainly great advancement in two directions quite noticeable in
our recent exhibits. irst in the selection of varieties for an especial purpose ;
second, in the freedom from blemishes. It is getting to be known among
pomologists abroad that the men who show fruit in Michigan know how to
select specimens and how to name varieties.

174 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

OUR MEMBERSHIP.

Our annual membership the past year has been larger than for several pre-
vious years, and still it is far below what we have reason to expect. The dollar
is very little to give by men who reap the benefits of the society’s existence
and haye none of the work to do in its maintenance, and yet it is quite notice-
able that in the list of members we find the men who are doing the work of
the society while of those that reap the results and do nothing we have but a
very few.

The life membership fund has secured quite an addition during the year ;
the report of the treasurer will give the exact figures. This fund is perma-
nently invested and its income helps to pay bills that accrue in carrying on
the work of the society. With the advent of better times I trust that this
fund will grow very rapidly and eventually reach such an amount as will
render the existence of the society a permanency.

FINANCES—RECORD OF DISBURSEMENTS.

As secretary of the society I draw all checks and hold in my possession the
vouchers upon which the checks are drawn. In order to place the disburse-
ments of the society in such shape as to be reviewed by every member, I have
annually presented a classified summary of the bills paid during the year, and
as‘no money is paid out without a check, this summary is the aggregate of all
expenses between the dates named. ‘The following statement is for the year
ending December 1, 1880:

PresIG ont Ss OmiCe. seas 2 le hn Dae a oe ee $23 60
mecreraty s olice ttre AE Ee Se. ee et ae ee 23 40
Mirensurer siGiices) ce Co) 56 LS iL A Ne 1 69
Taprarign”s-offieo so Su sh oe a Ae ae ee eee 24 67
Pectehary e*salary. 2 0 tee ees ae ee oe ee ee te Suir a 600 00
ermine: Mere EE IE a De ned ae ce a eae re, ne Lievo
LAV UL Y= go (U1 iene aie una ae aren aan BRINE CEA AR IMR SLAM 10 40
Preceuive word 2 eA ae Se ee ease See eee Cee 142 89
PONDS SS oe Oe st i EY eat RA TS eo See 349 %3
SUE SCAU ROP MOR 2 ol Mec ee OIE. AI Be oc a aie ee cet ns eee 99 00
INSEE lin chi Ske eae pelle hPa A MNES 225.57 Aah 4 Milt seat noel a 7) ay Ag 23 04
ERE CUE) Wate | Biya hl a die te yam 2 AR ead em Rote ee Dee Spa Rehloea de kehoge Lo 5 4 10
Backinepure aud exchanges ssa 2 oh Sake re 17 22
Weleratesmbrund se). Hesse ee SS oe ek Oe 29 40
Roomanivcapicoless): tees ade. Dee.) es SO en ee 4 00
TiOCAIF SOCIETIES tHe = teen eh Re LO a 36 45

Total. disbursements for thewear.'22 2... .2..2t2020) SU eee $1,407 34

WORK OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD.

The executive board have held six meetings during 1880 as follows:
Hillsdale, February 12.

Lansing, June 9.

Battle Creek, June 18.

Detroit, September 15.

Lansing, November 4.

Ann Arbor, December 7.

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 175

At each meeting during the year there has not only been a quorum present,
but nearly every member.

At the Hillsdale meeting the premium list for the annual fair was discussed,
amended, and submitted to the secretary to prepare for the printer; some new
features adopted for the report of 1880; the business committee, consisting of
Messrs. Chilson, Mann, and Guild, were chosen; the superintendents of the
various departments of the fair selected; a resolution adopted authorizing the
secretary to confer with the department of public instruction upon the embel-
lishment of country school grounds; a series of articles of association adopted
for use of branch societies; and the secretary instructed to go into the
field and assist in organization of auxiliary societies. Aside from the above a
resolution was adopted to offer premiums for most successful work accom-
plished in destroying the codling moth.

The plan of the premiums I can best explain by reproducing here the circu-
lar issued, with the suggestions of Prof. Cook which accompanied it:

To the fruit growers of Michigan:

At the winter meeting of the Michigan State Pomological Society the executive
board decided to offer premiums for the most persistent and best-directed endeavors
to combat the codling moth. Two premiums are now offered, a first of $50, and a
second of $25, subject to the following provisions:

First, Societies, granges, municipalities, and neighborhoods can compete for the
premiums.

Second, Notice of intention to compete for premiums must be filed with Secretary
Chas. W. Garfield, at Grand Rapids, before June 10, 1880,

Third, The area covered, the number of trees protected, the number of larve or
moths destroyed; the method used, the etfort put forth, and the general success at-
tained, will all be considerations in making the awards.

Fourth, A complete statement will be required of each competitor as to the work
accomplished, manner of it, and information acquired, accompanied by an affidavit
of its correctness, the same to be filed with the Secretary of the State Pomological
Society on or before December 1, 1880.

Fifth, The executive board of the State Pomological Society will act as awarding
committee, and the right is reserved to withhold all premiums in case the committee
consider no effort worthy of a prize.

C. W. GARFIELD,

Secretary State Pomological Society.

The accompanying suggestions concerning the band method of combating
the codling moth may be of use to any who desire to avail themselves of the
above offer :

PREPARATION FOR BANDS.
The rough bark should be scraped from the trees before June 20. Old bird nests
should be removed from beneath them.
KIND OF BANDS.

The bands should be either of woolen cloth or heavy paper—carpet-paper is best.
Each band should be four inches wide, and long enough to reach around the tree with
sufficient lap to be readily tacked.

HOW TO ADJUST.

First tack the band to the tree at one end, driving the tack to the head; then wind
the band close about the tree till the other end laps over the tack already driven.
This end is then secured by a second tack, which should not be driven quite to the
head.

TIME TO ADJUST.

The bands should be in place by June 20. They need be put only on such trees as
are in bearing.

176 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

AFTER MANAGEMENT.

About July 8 and every ten days thereafter till August 30, and again in November,
the bands should be carefully unwound, after removing the onter tack, and every one
of the “ worms” or pupa crushed. ‘fhe worms are so large as to be easily seen,
whether in cocoons or not, and none need be missed. After all are crushed the band

should be again tacked.
A small tack-hammer, with a good claw, suspended about the neck, will be very

convenient in this work.

WHO SIIOULD DO IT.

As will be seen, this work comes just when the farmer and pomologist are most
occupied. That every man of a neighborhood or community would attend to the
work, is expecting too much, yet all suffer from each case of neglect. ‘here must be
concert of action. Why not, then,employ some trusty man or boy to give it his
whole time. expressly stating in the contract that a single case of neglect subjects
the employé to a forfeiture of all reward. ‘lhe expense to each orchard of 100 trees
will then be under $3.00. Surely no one will complain of the expense.

Cellars where apples were stored should have wire gauze at the windows in May
and June, that no moths may escape to the orchards.

What neighborhoods of Michigan will secure these generous prizes, and the still

better prize of perfect apples?
A. J. COOK,
Entomologist State Pomological Society.

The Lansing meeting in June was given up to arranging for State fair,
adjustment of financial matters, deciding upon methods of distributing
reports, and a visit to the Agricultural College, in connection with the State
Board of Agriculture and the Executive Committee of the State Agricultural
Society, an account of which will be given by Mr. Satterlee at this meeting
of the society in Ann Arbor.

The meeting in Battle Creek was given up to routine business connected
with the strawberry festival.

The meeting in Detroit dealt with business connected with the work of the
annual fair, adjustment of claims, ete.

The session in Linsing in November was to settle the discretionary pre-
miums awarded by committzes at the fair; to arrange for our annual meeting;
and a committee was selected to look up matters of legislation connected with
our horticulture, that may be desirable to present at the next session of the
legislature. The committee were Messrs. Lyon, Gibson and Satterlee.

The meeting of the board here in Ann Arbor decided to hold the next ses-
gion in Lansing; received the report of committee on legislation. The by-laws
were so amended as to cover the following point: Any person paying one dol-
lar to secretary of a branch society, by having his name and half of the fee
transmitted to secretary of the State society, shall be entitled to an annual
certificate of membership for the current year: Provided, The remaining half
of the fee shall be used by the branch society in the furtherance of horticult-
ural work in its locality.

President Lyou was selected a delegate to the annual meeting of the State
agricultural society; and H. Dale Adams, Prof. W. J. Beal, and 8. B. Manu
were chosen delegates to the convention of Michigan agricultural societies.

The matter of choosing a vice-president for the Mississippi valley horticult-
ural society was laid over until the February meeting.

FRUIT HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.

Every now and then since I have been secretary of this society, facts have
been communicated to me connected with the early planting of trees and gar-

THE ANNUAL MEETING. Lay

dens in Michigan, that have been interesting as contributing to the history of
Michigan horticuture. It has seemed to me that if these could be all gathered
and saved it would be a valuable permanent contribution to our transactions;
and early in the year I presented a proposition to the executive board a plan
for working up this matter, which, perhaps on account of its involving no
expense and only a good deal of work on the part of the secretary, was adopted.
I have been digging away at it during odd moments this year, and find it is a
slow work. In a few counties I have found men who would undertake to
gather the statistical information in their counties; but it takes a good deal of
time in personal interviews (correspondence seems to avail little), and but few
have the time or are willing to make the sacrifice that the facts may be gath-
ered and saved. However, in the report for 1880 I have made a beginning,
and through the aid of a few earnest men several counties have been carefully
worked over, and the results embodied in contributions to our current volume.

I trust that during the coming year all who hear or read this report will
assist me in carrying out this design. The men and women who know the
history of the early efforts in horticulture are fast dropping away, and if we
wish to save the history we must do it at once. I ask your aid in this matter.
The simplest facts and circumstances are acceptable, and I do not care in what
form they come.

BRANCH SOCIETIES.

I beg you to bear with me in a somewhat lengthy statement of the work
during the past year in the organization of auxiliary societies. We have found
that our best work for the horticulture of Michigan has been in the annual
volumes of transactions. These have contained the results of our endeavors
as the progressive steps have been taken, in a concise form to be used by all
who desired to be benefited by them. The State some years ago passed a law
by which an annual appropriation is made to defray the expense of printing a
defined number of these volumes, for the use of the society in forwarding its
work. The Society, on account of its straightened circumstances, has not been
able to distribute the volumes according to the original intent, but has sent
them out by thirties and fifties to any person who would take the trouble to
distribute them to people who would receive them. As a result of this plan,
often, when the volumes were all out for any one year, applications would be
made by fruit men who needed the information, for volumes of the transac-
actions and none were to be had. And all this time the Society was deriving
no revenue from the volumes, so that really the appropriation, instead of being
a benefit to the Society financially, was a detriment in that it created an
expense to the society in the distribution of the volumes, giving nothing in
return.

As a step away from this plan toward a better way, as he thought, the Sec-
retary in 1879 sent out with each box a request that the person distributing the
volumes should retain a list of the men, with their postoffice addresses, to whom
the volumes were handed; this for the purpose of getting the Society in direct
communication with the people who were supposed to take most interest in the
work. As a result of this effort, for the 3400 volumes sent out there were less
than 90 names returned. ‘This was rather a startling announcement to make
to the Executive Board, and the Board decided at once, that during 1880 there
must be a different plan adopted.

After spending some time in discussing the matter, the board hit upon the

23

1%8 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

plan of organizing auxiliary societies in every county, city, or village in the
State, in which may be found to exist sufficient horticultural or pomological
interest to warrant a hope of their successful continuance. Such local auxil-
iaries to constitute the neuclei through which the membership of the parent
society is to be kept up and increased, and the means through which an inter-
est in and attendance upon its sessions shall be secured; as well as the medium
through which the parent society shall collect and disseminate information,
including, at least in part, the distribution of its transactions.

The idea was further suggested that the membership in the State and auxil-
lary societies might be combined and both covered by a single fee, with the
offer of the current volume of transactions as an inducement thereto. It was
further suggested that the transactions of the auxiliary societies should be
transmitted to the Secretary of the State society, for insertion in his annual
report.

The plan seemed to be very promising because it would place the State soci-
ety in direct communication with every portion of the State where there was
interest enough to form a society; and through the agency of the reports from
these various organizations a proper estimate of the needs and capabilities of
these localities could be made. At the same time the State society would, by
placing its transactions almost exclusively in the hands of these societies, not
only build them up but give to them the very latest and best horticultural
knowledge to assist them in their progressive work.

The plan was adopted, and the secretary instructed to use what little surplus
time he might have in pushing the new work.

In accordance with these instructions, I went into the field whenever oppor-
tunity offered, and asa result, we have branches organized as follows: Lan-
sing, Ingham county; Jackson, Jackson county; Grand Rapids, Kent county ;
Ann Arbor, Washtenaw county; Allegan, Allegan county; Lawton, Van Bu-
ren county; Holland, Ottawa county; Woodland, Barry county; South Bos-
ton, Ionia county; Coldwater, Branch county; Benton Harbor, Berrien
county; Ludington, Mason county, and Colon, St. Joseph county.

Aside from these, steps are taking for completing organizations in Hillsdale,
Lenawee, Calhoun, Bay, Oceana, Muskegon, and Benzie counties.

Mr. 8. L. Fuller, our former treasurer, the man who has done more to help
the financial condition of our society than any other, in commenting upon this
plan of auxiliary societies said: ‘‘ It is astroke of genius; it has better prom-
ises in it than anything that has been suggested; I am in for it and bid you
God speed.’’

Whether we shall succeed in approximating our hope in this matter, depends
upon afew people after all. In the beginning, every branch society must de-
pend very largely upon the undivided efforts of a limited few; but as the plan
develops, and the results become apparent, I feel that the burdens of our en-
tire work will be more evenly shouldered by the men and women of the State,
who believe in the grandeur of our possibilities in horticultural pursuits. The
fact that in these auxiliary societies families can join in the support and ben-
efits adds to the interest and hope in the success of the enterprise. At the
close of 1881, we should have forty branches organized in the State. Whether
we shall reach this estimate depends entirely on the cordiality with which the
plan is received by our fruit-growers, tree-planters, and home lovers.

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 179

LEGISLATION.

Several matters have been brought to my attention during the year con-
cerning legislation in the interests of horticulture, and I wish simply to call
the attention of the society to one of them, that if thought best some action
may be taken in connection therewith. We are getting to have a bad
name in Michigan on account of our want of common honesty in the matter
of fruit packages. It is impossible to tell from the appearance of a package
how much is its capacity. Our half bushels are clipped short until they
scarcely hold more than a peck; our pecks are shortened until we have all
grades down to half-pecks, and the half-pecks often hold but three quarts,
while the bottoms of the quarts are raised so near the top as to materially
diminish the quantity of their contents. Some remedy should be used to protect
buyers and honest growers, and it has been suggested to me that the State
might by enactment require that the capacity of every package put upon the
market be plainly stamped upon it.

A YELLOWS MATTER.

The question has arisen whether peaches from trees diseased with the yellows
are injurious to the consumer, and in order to take steps toward the settlement
of the question a basket of badly diseased peaches was sent by President Lyon
to Dr. Kedzie, President of the State Board of Health, for investigation, and
at Dr. Kedzie’s request the following circular was sent out:

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, t
Secretary’s Office, Grand Rapids, Oct. 16, 1880.
My Dear Sir:

President Kedzie of the State Board of Health is making a careful investigation
of the question : Does the disease known as “yellows” affect peaches so as to make
the fruit deleterious or poisonous when taken into the human system? If you know
any facts concerning sickness caused by eating diseased peaches, please confer a favor
by communicating them at once to Dr. R. C. Kedzie, Lansing, Michigan; or to me,
and thus lend your aid to the investigation.

Yours truly,
CHAS. W. GARFIELD.

Very little testimony of any value has yet been sent in, but I hope members
of the society will assist us in this investigation as far as they are able.

COURTESIES TO THE SECRETARY.

I cannot pass in review the work of the year without reference to some
especial assistance I have received in connection therewith. It is well known
to you all that we have little money to work with, and nearly all of that is
earned in making the annual exhibit for the State Agricultural Society, hence
in assisting the formation of local societies, and in the gathering of statistics,
if traveling expenses amounted to much, my work would be sadly hedged in.
But several of the railroads have come to my assistance, and granted me priy-
ileges which haye enabled me to prosecute the work given in hand, as far as
time permitted. The following railroads have granted me assistance: Chicago
& West Michigan, through Mr. A. M. Nichols; Flint & Pere Marquette,
through W. L. Webber; Grand Rapids & Indiana, through President Hughart ;
Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, through General Manager Newell, have all
granted me passes, and the Michigan Central, through General Manager Led-
yard, has granted me a half-fare ticket.

180 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The columns of all our State newspapers have been open to all announce-
ments and reports without expense to us, and several have taken especial pains
to report the full proceedings of our meetings. Our society has now been in
existence ten years, and its work has been accomplished very largely by men
who have received little or no personal reward, and through their efforts the
society has taken a creditable if not a commanding position among organiza-
tions of its kind, and when these efforts are so far appreciated as to be seconded
by corporations which reap a goodly share of the resulting benefits, the work-
ers are given heart to go on.

CONCLUSION.

In furnishing my annual statement, I must call your attention to the desira-
bility of having a more even distribution of the burdens of the society. In
the words of our friend, Mr. Emmons Buell of Kalamazoo, ‘‘ When a man
asks me for information in horticulture that has cost hundreds of dollars to
secure, and I hand him a yolume containing the desired intelligence, and ask
him to take the valuable facts and leave a dollar for the society that publishes
them, I want him to gratefully put his hand down in his pocket and hand out
the dollar.’’ There is a double result from money thus invested: it pays for
good work, and interests the man who makes the investment in that work.

President Lyon read a short paper in the nature of suggestions to the
society as he closed another year’s service.

PRESIDENT LYON’S ADDRESS.

The close of the year seems to be a very proper time to take a retrospect of
our doings, and to consider the workings of the various processes that haye,
from time to time, been put in operation; to devise plans for rendering them
more effective in the future; and to consider, at the same time, whether or not
our duty to the people of the State calls for further effort, in any new direc-
tion, for the advancement or development of the elevating and ciyilizing pro-
cesses which we, as a society, are supposed to especially represent.

At our last annual meeting, in pursuance of a suggestion then submitted,
the executive board were encouraged to devise and put in operation plans cal-
culated to bring the society into more direct and intimate relation with the
people of the State, by increasing its memberships, and distributing them
more generally over the State.

The board, in considering this subject, soon came to learn that, while the
whole number of volumes of our transactions issued by the State will only
supply about one volume to three hundred of our entire population, and while
hundreds of persons, who might desire to read and profit by them, are unable
to obtain them, large numbers of them go into the hands of persons who fail
to make any use of them; but either leave them idle upon their shelves, or com-
mit them to the waste basket—a very unsatisfactory state of affairs, when we
consider that the society is made the custodian of a large number of these
volumes, and is therefore held responsible for a wise and careful distribution
of them.

The fact had also long been obvious that while the indiscriminate giving
away of these volumes had the effect to diminish their value in the estimation
of the public, it at the same time operated directly to the diminution of

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 181

the society’s membership, by rendering it practicable for most persons to
retain their dollars; at the same time participating in its discussions, and
securing its published transactions free.

Considering that it was the obvious intent of the Legislature, in providing
for the issue of these volumes, to insure that they be so distributed as to best
advance the object of their issue (an object clearly secured by distributing
them only to persons interested in horticulture), the board at last fixed upon
the plan of increasing the membership of the society through the organiza-
tion of auxiliary societies, and constituting such societies its agents in such
distribution, with their members as the first and preferred participants. It
was Clearly indispensable that such local societies should supply some evidence
of their fitness for this work; and also some responsibility for its proper per-
formance; while, at the same time, the State society should not assume the
labor and expense of the preparation and distribution, and yet abandon all
participation in the benefits to be derived therefrom. ‘This it is hoped to
secure by means of such auxiliary organizations.

At the last June meeting, at Battle Creek, the society, in pursuance of pre-
vious notice, adopted a revised and amended constitution, by the terms of
which it assumed, in name, as it has for a long time done in practice, to be a
horticultural society. ‘This, it is assumed, is not expected to make it less a
pomological society, than it has heretofore been; but it would seem proper to
invite your consideration of the question, whether under the new designation,
we may not properly take measures to invite codperation, on the part of very
many who may have felt themselves disassociated with us on account of the sig-
nification of our former title. By the terms of our by-laws now in force, we
are warranted in so doing, whenever it shall be found wise or expedient.
How far and in what manner this change should influence our arrangements,
for and in connection with our various exhibitions, including their time, scope,
and extent, would seem to call for much and careful consideration.

A similar care should be given to the question—how far the change should
be allowed to affect the selection, and consideration of subjects for discussion ;
and it would seem wise to consider well whether under the new “‘regime’’ we
cannot so arrange as to give more prominence to subjects of special interest
to ladies, and, in so doing, increase their attendance at our meetings, and
secure their more general codperation with us.

Our very efficient secretary has heretofore taken measures to bring before
the people of the State, and before the conservators of our schools, the impor-
tance of rendering the school buildings and grounds, where so much must be
done towards moulding the tastes of those who are soon to be ‘‘ the people,’’
and from whom are to come our future rulers, as well as our horticulturists,
more attractive, and better fitted to aid in moulding wisely and well. Michi-
gan is justly proud of her schools and her school system; but we may well
pause before we venture to add that she has reason to be proud of her school-
houses—especially her country school-houses, and of the grounds that usually
surround them. We ask the earnest and thoughtful attention of the society
to the consideration of measures for improvement in this direction.

Michigan has come to be recognized as one of the leading States, if not
even the leading State of the northwest, so far as the culture of fruit is con-
cerned. ‘That this prominence is justly accorded, we fully believe. Still we
are convinced that her capabilities in this respect are but partially known or
appreciated.

‘Thoughtful men, conscious how rapidly and wastefully our sheltering man-

182 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tle of timber growth is being remoyed, and fearing calamitous results, especially
to our climate, have long deprecated the almost entire lack of foresight in
this respect, among both lumbermen and farmers.

The society has already made what was, of necessity, but afeeble preliminary
effort to draw attention to this matter, by the offer of premiums for screens or
wind-breaks, whether planted for such purpose, or reserved in the clearing up
of farms. ‘The society may well consider whether it may not properly invite
the attention of the Legislature to the necessity of devising some plan by
which such wastefulness, if it cannot be checked, may be so far limited or
directed as to essentially modify or diminish the injurious results of such
vandalism, at the same time asking for the collection and dissemination of
such information respecting the real capacities of our soils and climate as shall
still more strongly establish, abroad as well as at home, the status of the
State in these particulars, involving, as they clearly do, most other possibilities
of an agricultural character.

The society has now for several years, by an arrangement, renewed from
year to year, with the State agricultural society, taken charge of the fruit
and flower exhibitions of that society at its annual State fairs, making up
its own premium list (under a limit by the agricultural society of the amount
to be used for the purpose), and awarding the premiums. This arrange-
ment, if continued for the ensuing year, must be renewed at the annual meet-
ing of their executive committee, which usually occurs early in January. It
will therefore be needful that the subject be considered by our executive
board, at this meeting, and that arrangements be made accordingly.

Under present arrangements the society offers opportunities to exhibit fruits
for comparison and identification, at the meeting in June, again at the State
fair, in September, and at the two winter meetings. These suffice, very satis-
factorily, for the autumn and winter fruits, and also for such summer fruits
as chance to be in season at the June meeting, which is generally so held as best
to meet the strawberry season. It is found impossible to so time this meeting
as to properly meet the strawberry season, and, at the same time, accommo-
date any considerable variety of either cherries or raspberries. It is equally
true that early plums, both very early and very late peaches, and many of the
earliest apples and pears, are never seen upon our tables, in a condition
adapted to give a proper idea of their character and real importance, while all
possibility of exhibition as a means for the comparison and identification of
varieties is, for the same reason, out of the question, so far as the fruits
named are concerned. A consequence of this condition of things is, that
very few persons have a proper knowledge of varieties of these fruits, and
many spurious sorts are ignorantly planted and grown, and freely disseminated
over the country, in fruit or in plant, or both.

It would seem to be very proper that the society consider what remedy, if
any, can be devised for this condition of affairs. Our sister society, so long
under the presidency of our esteemed friend Dr. Warder, has for many years
kept in the field an ‘‘ad interim committee,’’ charged with the duty of visit-
ing points of interest, from time to time, with reference, as we suppose, to
matters of this character. We invite your consideration of the question
whether this or some other equivalent means cannot be devised, and made to
meet and remedy the difficulty.

This short paper was followed by another given by Mr. Lyon as chairman
of the committee on new fruits.

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 183

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NEW FRUITS.

The society, in providing for a standing committee on new fruits, only pro-
ceeded so far as to designate its chairman, leaving the filling up of such
committee in the hands of the president. In the filling up of so important a
standing «committee, it seemed desirable to secure, not only experts, but also
persons likely to interest themselves personally in the matter.

For the purpose of insuring such results as far as practicable, time was
taken to confer with those to be selected, prior to such appointment. This
resulted in the selection of G. H. La Fleur, of Allegan, Geo. C. McClatchee,
of Ludington, C. Engle, of Paw Paw, and Dr. A. Conklin, of Manchester.
It was thought important to add a member to represent the more easterly and
northeasterly portions of the State, and the aid of the secretary was invoked
for a selection; but, so far, no person has been found for the purpose, and
that portion of the State stands yet without a representative upon the
committee.

In the lack of any special committee for the purpose, it has been assumed
to be within the province of this committee to take cognizance of such older
fruits as may, from time to time, come to attract attention, with promise of
future importance.

APPLES,

although in the highest sense the staple fruit of our State, have been repre-
sented, with the committee, by only a single new variety—a seedling, originating
at Stevensville, Berrien county, in 1874, of which specimens were sent to the
chairman by W. A. Brown, of that place. The fruit is rather small, beauti-
fully colored, and of fine flavor, but since it is strictly an amateur variety,
with no qualities calculated to give it position above several others of similar
season, it was not thought best to advise the giving it a name and a place in
the already too extended list of similar varieties, unless, upon further
acquaintance, it shall be found to possess characteristics of value, not deduci-
ble from a mere examination of the fruit.

Wolverine

is a seedling apple named by Bates Fisher, of Quincy, Branch county, and
received for description since the preparation of this report. It is an early
winter fruit, of good size, rich color, and exceedingly agreeable flavor, but
lacking juice, and, judging from the specimens received, inclined to be
scabby and imperfect; besides which, the codling moth had appropriated
nearly every specimen sent. From what we see of it, we cannot recommend
it, as compared with several others of similar season. The best of the speci-
mens received are on exhibition.

Hook Apple

is an old, New England, winter variety, not found in the books, nor even in
the catalogues of the nurseries. We find a tree of it, kept and grown as an
old favorite, on the grounds of Geo. Hannahs, of South Haven, Van Buren
county. ‘he fruit is of but medium size; yellow, with occasionally a red
cheek, very tender, mild, rich, juicy—a fine dessert fruit; little if at all dis-
seminated in this State.

184 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Morris’ Red

is an apple long grown about Adrian, Lenawee county, and by some known as
Steele’s Red. This was brought to the notice of the society last year, and a
committee appointed, who have submitted a report, assigning it the above
name.

Indiana Favorite

was exhibited at our last annual meeting by the delegate from the Indiana
horticultural society. It had been in the collection of the chairman, where it
developed qualities that gave promise of value for market. We commend it
to the public as likely to be found desirable for that purpose.

Grimes’ Golden,

although by no means a new apple, is very little known in Michigan. The
little recent experience with it strongly indicates that it is worthy to be
decidedly commended for market purposes, as well as for dessert.

Rebecca

is but little known in this State, but a trial of several years, in the orchard of
the chairman, indicates that it is eminently desired as a variety for the home
orchard ; cions from Charles Downing, who traces its origin to the State of
Delaware.

New England Beauty

is a sweet apple grown in the orchards of the chairman, upon cions from some
source now unknown, which, for generally desirable qualities as a sweet apple,
and for unusual beauty of appearance, seems to be eminently worthy of gen-
eral dissemination. Fruit above medium size; color, yellow, striped and
mottled with crimson. An excellent baking apple in season during September.

Hoyt Apple.

Specimens of a seedling apple, originating with James EH. Hoyt, of Rock-
land, Ontonagon county, Michigan, reached me by express, after the Ann
Arbor meeting, having been mis-addressed and delayed. ‘The fruit had evi-
dently been frosted, but was still in fair condition. Coming from the northerly
portion of the Upper Peninsula, where we have been led to consider the suc-
cess of this fruit as, to say the least, doubtful, we were surprised at its good
qualities, not to say at its existence at all, and feel no hesitation in commend-
ing it to the attention of lovers of fruit in northern Michigan, as likely to be
found hardy enough for that region, and a good dessert and cooking fruit. The
tree failed to produce fruit until ten years of age, and was even then forced
into bearing by placing a ligature around the trunk. ‘This, although indi-
cating tardy bearing, speaks well for its probable hardiness. The tree is a
profuse bearer. Fruit rather below medium size, greenish yellow, with a
brownish cheek, marbled or dappled with dark purplish red in the sun, flesh
nearly white, firm, breaking, half-melting or buttery, juicy, vinous, sub-acid,
sprightly, rich; named by Prof. Lawton, at whose suggestion the specimens
were sent. As grown in that region it will doubtless keep till May or possibly
later.

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 185

CHERRIES.

We received from Mr. Israel Pennington, of Mason, Lenawee county, speci-
mens of a seedling cherry, originating with him, from pits planted about 1858 ;
and by him said to be ‘‘ hardy as an oak.’’ The tree is of an upright habit,
but less so than Black Tartarian, and is an enormous bearer. Fruit large,
roundish, heart-shaped, dark red; flesh, pale yellowish white; sweet, vinous,
rich, with the firm, breaking texture of the Bigarreau class, to which it
belongs. It takes the name—Pennington’s Bigarreau from the originator.
It is said to be exempt from crackling and rot, and to be a better bearer than
Bigarreau (yellow Spanish) and seems likely to prove valuable as a market
cherry.

GRAPES

seem, at the present time to be attracting a large amount of attention among
experimenters, although, in our State nothing new has reached a condition to
be reported.

The seedling grapes of C. Engle, of Paw Paw, have b2en brought to the
notice of the committee, and seem to promise something for the future, but
we understand it to be his purpose to place nothing before the public till he
shall have become thoroughly assured of its value—a determination which we
most heartily commend.

We will therefore content ourselves with saying that Mr. Engle has not less
than ninety seedling grapes, all, or nearly all, as we understand, being seedlings
of Salem (Rogers No. 22), many of which have already borne, and several of
which give high promise, both as to character of vine and quality of fruit. It
is, however, a well known fact that it requires often several years of bearing
to fully develop the quality of fruit and characteristics of the bunch of the
grape. Mr. Engle will await such development, before putting his seedlings
before the public.

Saginaw

is a seedling grape originating in Saginaw City a few years since, with Mr. G.
Wingworth of that place. If we mistake not the fruit has heretofore been
exhibited at the Michigan State Fair. We have no description of the fruit,
but learn that the vine is vigorous and hardy, and that the season of ripening
is early. We do not understand that it is yet offered for sale.

Moore’s Harly

was this year sent us, by the originator, Mr. John B. Moore, of Salem, Mass.,
when in season. Although originated several years ago it is doubtful if it has
yet fruited in our State. We therefore merely take occasion to say that, from
the specimens sent us, as well as from reports of its performances, where
tested, we regard it as decidedly promising for locations demanding an early
and hardy variety. The plates of this grape so frequently in our nursery cata-
logues, although they fairly express the form and character of the cluster, are
au exaggeration of the size of the berry as sent us.

Hayes

is the name given by Mr. John B. Moore, of Salem, Mass., to a new white grape,
of his production, originating at the same time with the preceding. Speci-

186 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mens of this reached us on the 20th of September, but unfortunately in very
bad condition on account of the crushing of the box in the mails. Enough,
however, remained to enable us to describe it as a rather early, greenish white
grape, berry of medium size, bunch rather long, open; flavor sweet, sprightly,
excellent, flesh tender and very juicy; seeds few, small. The originator says,
‘* Ripe ten days before the Concord.’

Medlar

is a fruit rarely grown in Michigan, or indeed in America. Itis grown to some
extent in England, but its right to be considered indigenous, in that country,
is considered doubtful. It is believed to have originated in Southern Europe,
and Asia. With some doubts respecting its hardiness in this climate, we have
imported, grown and fruited it for several years, and find it hardy, at least at
the Lake Shore. It is, in habit, somewhat like the quince, although both
plant and fruit are of small growth. The fruit is even more austere than the
quince, and is applicable to similar uses. With the great variety of fruits at
our command, it can only be regarded as a pomological curiosity.

PEACHES.

The past season, so prolific of fruits in general, has, as might be naturally
inferred, brought out quite an assortment of new varieties. Especially is this
true of peaches. This fruit has borne almost everywhere, and as a result an
opportunity has been afforded to institute comparisons between the seedlings
which have sprung up here and there, and the old and improved varieties.
The opportunity thus afforded to all to institute critical comparisons before
deciding upon the value of these varieties, has apparently operated as a pre-
yentative to the bringing out of the less desirable sorts, hence the fact seems to
be that the candidates for public approval have, so far as we have opportunity
to observe, been generally of high average quality. Among those that have
come under our notice, the first to ripen was

Early Curtis,

which was received from Jacob Ganzhorn, Secretary of the Washtenaw County
Pomological Society, fully ripe on the 23d of July. This is about the season
of Alexander and Amsden this year, and this is in every respect, so far as we
are able to judge, very much like them, except that it seems somewhat less
inclined to adhere to the pit. We understand that there are two seedlings
most alike in most respects. We have good reason to suspect them to be
identical with two varieties brought to our notice two years previous by Mr.
Gibson, of Clinton, Lenawee county, which we shall hope to fruit next season.
The Early Curtis is crenate, with reniform glands.

Another early peach was sent us on July 27th, by Marvin & French, of
Ovid, Clinton county, which was, in appearance, much like the Early Curtis,
and, if we take into consideration the difference of latitude, likely to prove
fully as early. The quality is also very similar. This purports to be a native
of that locality—fruit of fully medium size, with the characteristics of Alex-
ander and Amsden, including the tendency to adhere to the pit, and, as nearly
as can be judged under the circumstances, of about the same season. Con-
sidering the present surfeit of very early peaches, we have not felt warranted
to encourage the originators to name or introduce this till after careful com-
parison with those in competition with it.

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 187

An Apparent Seedling of Late Crawford

was received from L. D. Lockwood, of Clyde, Oakland county, September
27th. Specimens of it had been (if we mistake not), exhibited at the State
Fair at Detroit. The specimens were over-ripe and partially decayed, appear-
ing very much like Late Crawford in form and color, and apparently differing
little from it in quality. It was said to be ripe this season September Ist, and
hence may prove to be earlier than that old popular favorite, which it may pos-
sibly excel in flavor and beauty of color. We regard it as worthy of trial.

The Husted Seedlings,

noticed last year, have been again sent us, and seem to maintain their reputa-
tion of last season. Numbers 15, 16 and 17 were-sent us August 11th, this
year, and were then in fair shipping condition. They seem adapted to fill the
hiatus of yellow peaches between Hale’s Early and Early Crawford. Num-
bers 20, 22, 26 and 46, which we examined last year, were not sent this year.

Mr. C. Engle’s Seedlings

were examined upon the trees, except the President Lyon—a seedling of Harly
Crawford, planted in 1870, and which has now fruited six years. We describe
it from specimens sent us August 14th, 1880, which were then just in condi-
tion for shipment. The tree is hardy, vigorous, and very productive, with
large, strong, dense foliage and reniform glands. Fruit one-fourth larger than
Early Crawford, and otherwise much like it. Mr. Engle says it is the showiest
peach he grows. Quality fully equal to its parent.

Michigan

is also one of Mr. Engle’s seedlings, from Late Crawford. It originated from
a pit planted in 1875, and first fruited in 1879. Tree very hardy, vigorous,
upright, spreading, and promises to be an excellent bearer. Foliage long,
broad, crenate, globose, glaucous. Fruit very large, round, compressed, one
side slightly enlarged. Color yellow, nearly covered with dark red. Pubes-
cence medium. Flesh bright yellow, slightly yellow at the pit, fine grained,
juicy, with a rich, pleasant and highly vinous flavor. Adapted to either des-
sert or cooking. A promising market peach. Ripe a few days before Late
Crawford.
Eliza,

another of Mr. Engle’s seedlings from Late Crawford, originated also in 1875
and fruited first in 1879. Tree very much like the foregoing, but a little more
upright, with the same glaucous peculiarity of the foliage. Fruit rather large,
roundish, slightly tapered to the apex. Color yellow with bright and dark red.
Pubescence more than medium. Flesh bright yellow, red at pit. Texture
tender, delicate, moderately juicy, with a mild, rich, vinous flavor. Uses,
dessert, cooking and market. In season after late Crawford, and, in the
originator’s opinion, the finest flavored of the set.

In examining and describing this peach when at Mr. Engle’s place, the fact
escaped our recollection that we already haye a peach named Eliza, and an
examination of its description in Downing’s latest revised work (pages 611 and
612), will show that the two are, in most particulars, very much alike. We
therefore suggest to Mr. Engle, before sending out his seedling, to so modify
its name as to avoid any difficulty in the identification of the two.

188 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Josephine

is another of these Late Crawford seedlings by Mr. Engle ; originated in 1875 and
first fruited in 1879. Tree very hardy, vigorous, upright, stout. Foliage crenate,
globose, glaucous, waved. Fruit very large, round, greenish yellow and dark
red. Apex, a swollen point in suture. Bloom rather slight. Flesh pale yel-
low, slightly red at the pit; tender, melting, juicy; mild, rich, vinous flayor.
A market peach. This variety has a few dark brown spots, similar to those
on Hill’s Chili. Season same as the foregoing.

Juno

is the last and latest of this set of seedlings, originating, like the two preced-
ing ones, in 1875, and first fruiting in 1879. Tree hardy, very vigorous, very
upright and bears heavily. Foliage long, broad, smooth, glaucous, waved,
crenate, globose. Fruit very large, round, compressed, yellow, dark red in
the sun, apex depressed with the suture, pubescence medium. Flesh very
bright yellow, slightly red at the pit, which is adherent; fine grained, very
juicy, vinous, rich. A market, cooking fruit. Ripe October Ist, with the
Heath Cling. An exceedingly promising late cling.

Another Late Crawford Seedling,

the result of a second reproduction from that variety, was introduced to our
notice by specimens received from George Busk, of Battle Creek. A seed pro-
duced from a seedling of Late Crawford was planted in 1875, and is under-
stood to have first fruited this season. ‘The tree is small, for a four-years-old.
Fruit large (9? inches in circumference), round; color yellow, with a little
red; pubescence moderate; flesh, bright yellow, juicy, vinous, good. Uses,
cooking, market. Free stone. Ripens this year, September 5th to 10th. It
seems to be a mere reproduction of the Late Crawford; possibly earlier. The
specimens were partially decayed when received, hence farther acquaintance
is needed to determine its characteristics and consequent value.

} Kelsey Cling

is the name given by us, at the request of the introducer, to a peach
originating at Three Rivers, Michigan, and brought to our notice by Mr.
Stephen Kelsey, of that place. The original tree (probably a budded one)
died, leaving four sprouts from the roots which bore afew fruits in 1875, and a
full crop this year. We describe it as follows. ‘Tree vigorous, foliage crimped,
recurved, crenate, reniform. Fruit medium sized, roundish; color pale,
creamy white, with red, marbled cheek. Apex, a swollen point in the suture ;
pubescence very slight. Flesh creamy white, red at the pit; melting and del-
icate, but firm; juice very abundant, flavor very mild, rich and pleasant.
Uses, culinary and dessert. ‘The specimens were sent by Mr. Kelsey to Secre-
tary Garfield at Grand Rapids, and by him to me at South Haven, reaching
me on the 16th of October, still in good condition. They will probably be
in season with Heath Cling. It is somewhat doubtful if they can be relied on,
except in Southern Michigan. The specimens are said to have grown with
the tree standing in sod, and without cultivation. The size, and possibly even
the quality, might be improved by cultivation. At the South we regard it as
eminently worthy of trial.

To the foregoing we add the following description of three peaches, brought

THE ANNUAL MEETING, 189

to the notice of G. H. La Fleur, of Allegan county, a member of this com-
mittee:

Stranahan’'s Late Orange.

Tree a seedling, two years old last spring, vigorous and an early bearer.
Foliage of medium size, rather long, grayish green, slightly crimped, glands
reniform. Fruit very large, nearly round, deep yellow with a red cheek.
Flesh firm, golden yellow. Quality good, free stone, ripens immediately after
Smock Free. The tree bore ten peaches this year, as large and as fine in
appearance as I ever saw. I consider it a great acquisition on account of its
size, color, and season of ripening; market value, 10; dessert, 7. The tree
was grown on the farm of Mr. Stranahan, in the town of Monterey, Allegan
county. Mr. Stranahan wishes it named Stranahan’s Late Orange. For the
sake of brevity we have suggested to Mr. Stranahan that it be called simply
Stranahan, or at the most, Stranahan’s Late.

McCormick.

I have found a peach tree upon the farm of Wm. H. McCormick, of the town
of Clyde, Allegan county, which to me is new. ‘The tree is similar in appear-
ance to Late Crawford, excepting that the leaf is somewhat larger and deeper
green, with reniform glands. Fruit nearly round, yellow with red cheek.
Flesh deep yellow to the pit, which is small; freestone; somewhat larger than
Late Crawford, and ripening a few days earlier. Market value, 10, dessert, 7.
I call it ‘‘McCormick,’’ by way of distinction, and have sent it out under
that name. Mr. McCormick thinks it the best market peach of its season.

Granger

is a seedling grown by 8. L. Staley, and by him transferred to F. Granger, of
Monterey, Allegan county. The tree is now about thirty years old, has with-
stood the cold seasons remarkably well. Fruit fully large as Late Crawford,
ripening a few days later, yellow, with red cheek, free stone. Comes in
between the Late Crawford and Smock Free. Leaves large, crimped; glands
globose. Market value, 10; dessert, 8. From the name of the present
owner of the original tree, it is designated as ‘‘Granger”’ peach.

“T have three more varieties, all seedlings, which I wish to prove more thoroughly.

I consider them fully as valuable as the foregoing; will report upon them next sea-
son. All are large yellow peaches, ripening somewhat earlier than the three already

described.
G. H. LAFLEUR.”

In examining these descriptions, it may be observed that three of Mr.
Engle’s seedlings, and also the three above described by Mr. La Fleur, seem
to closely resemble Crawford’s Late in many if not most respects; which,
with three others of similar character, promised by Mr. La Fleur for next
year, make nine rivals of that favorite old variety just entering the field.
This would seem to indicate the need of great caution in the putting forth of
these new varieties.

Aside from the new varieties already named, a very considerable number of
others heretofore, so far as we are informed, untried in this State, have this
season shown fruit, mostly for the first time. Among these we name.

Moore's Favorite,
which, although by no means new, seems to be unknown here. Among our

190 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

popular varieties we have very few to equal it, either in high quality, or beauty
of color. It is a pale-fleshed free-stone.

Cooper’s Mammoth

is one of those fickle titles which seem to apply to almost anything upon occa-
sion, and which belong in fact to nothing. Applied a few years since to Early
Crawford, we now find it doing duty as the cognomen of an unknown, serrate,
yellow peach, found upon the premises of A. §. Dyckman, of South Haven,
formerly president of this society. This peach, although large and good, is
probably worthless on account of the unproductiveness of the tree. The name
is, of course, 4 misnomer.

Pullen’s Seedling,

a yellow, late September peach, which originated thirty years ago in New
Jersey, promises to be valuable as a market variety. It is somewhat known in
the vicinity of Saugatuck.

Susquehanna,

a favorite late peach of Eastern Pennsylvania, has fruited with us for two
years past, and is attracting much attention on account of the large size and
fine quality of the fruit, as well as its maturity at a desirable season. The
question of its productiveness can hardly yet be said to be settled. It is unpro-
ductive at the east.

Ruding s Late Red
gives indications of value, mainly as a beautiful, rich and excellent, pale-fleshed,
desert peach, for the latter part of September.
Yellow Oblong

was received from Eastern Pennsylvania, among trees imported for sale. The
appearance of the fruit and the lateness of its maturity (end of Sept.) indicate
possible value as a market variety.

Lady Palmerston

is also a late yellow peach, originated by the late Thomas Rivers of England,
the originator of several popular new sorts. The first fruiting of this would
encourage the idea that it may be able to vindicate for itself a high position,
even as a market variety.
Wilkins’ Cling.

A tree received under this name has now fruited. Notes taken at maturity
pronounce it one of the most beautiful of peaches. This name is, however, a
new one to Pomology. We suspect it to be Heath Cling. Another season is
needed to decide the question.

Atlanta

has now fruited here two years. It seems certain to assume a prominent posi-
tion as an amateur, and possibly even as a market variety.

Variegated Free.
We have watched this variety with much interest, particularly on account of

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 191

the name. Its first fruit, this year, is unexpectedly fine. Indeed, it is so
unusual for so excellent and beautiful a fruit to be circulating about unrecog-
nized and even unnoticed, that we more than half suspect it to be an estray.
Whatever be its true name, it is*good and beautiful enough to satisfy the
requirements of the most fastidious. Season, the latter half of September;
glands globose; a pale-fleshed free-stone.

Muscogee

is an unattractive looking, late September peach, originating in Georgia,
which disappoints us by its unexpectedly excellent quality. Forbidding as one
looks, it is a really fine flavored dessert peach; a pale-fleshed free-stone.

Reeves’ Late Yellow

is a very late, yellow, free-stone, market peach, of eastern origin, similar in
general character to Early Crawford, fully as beautiful and even more desira-
ble, if sure to ripen in all seasons.

Silver Medal

is understood to be a recent Missouri variety, ripening at the end of Septem-
ber or beginning of October. White, with a faint, red cheek, with flesh
white and free from all discoloration at the pit. It will, beyond doubt, prove
one of the most desirable culinary peaches, on account of this absence of all
color in the flesh; the only doubt being as to our ability to ripen it with cer-
tainty in our climate.

Gugeon’'s Late

is an early October, pale-fleshed, market peach, which comes to us from Central
and Southern Ohio, and is represented as valued among growers there. It has
been satisfactory here, in our recent favorable seasons; but it remains to be
determined whether or not it will be sure to ripen under less favorable circum-
stances.

PLUMS.
Imperial Blue

is a plum introduced into our State catalogue from Lenawee county, upon the
representation of Israel Pennington, of Macon, a prominent fruit culturist,
but heretofore without a proper description. ‘This is now supplied by means
of specimens sent us when in season by Mr. P. From these specimens we
describe it as rather under medium size, nearly round, purplish black, with a
dense bluish bloom; stem short, in a shallow, regular cavity; flesh greenish
yellow, soft, delicate, juicy, rich, sweet; pit small, oval, roundish; season,
September 1st to 10th. It is understood to be a good keeper and exempt from
rot.

RASPBERRIES.

Cuthbert

has for some months past attracted much attention as the coming market red
raspberry. Experience with it in our State cannot, of course, have yet been
very extensive, but so far it would seem to be favorable. J. D. Baldwin, of
Ann Arbor, has doubtless been as thoroughly acquainted with it as any other

192 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

person, and so far as we have understood, his impressions respecting its desira-
bility are fayorable. It seems to be quite hardy, of fine size, firm texture and
rich color. Queen of the market is considered as identical with it.

Montclair

is a recent seedling of Mr. E. Williams, of Montclair, New Jersey. We think
it is not yet in the market, but plants sent us for trial have now fruited two
seasons, and prove to be of fine size, great firmness of texture and excellent
quality, qualities essential to a good market berry. It proves abundantly
hardy at the lakeshore. It purports to be a seedling of the Philadelphia,
and like its supposed parent, produces suckers but sparingly.

Gregg

was heralded with so great a flourish of trumpets that there seemed oceasion to
fear that it might fail to realize all that we might be lead to expect of it. It
seems now clear, however, that it is really a step in advance of the old and
popular Mammoth Cluster, at least so far as size is concerned, while it is at
least its equal in quality and productiveness. It seems pretty sure to become,
among black caps, the leading market variety, although we already hear of
varieties with the ability to outdo and supersede it.

STRAWBERRIES.

No new novelties have this year been brought to the notice of the committee,
and we hear of no new varieties claiming origin in our State.

The Windsor Chief,

which was shown at our June meeting two years since, seems on all hands to
have won the reputation of being the Champion—and only the Champion. It
was supposed that such a charge, so frequently reiterated, would doubtless win
from its alleged originator a defense, or at least an explanation, but as nothing
of this kind seems to have appeared, the result must naturally be to increase the
suspicion that such defense is impossible—in other words, that the Windsor
Chief is but a myth.

The Glendale, Marvin, Seneca Queen, Sharpless and Shirts,

each in its sphere, seems to be winning a good reputation among fanciers of this
fruit, and it is believed that at least some of them will come to hold leading
positions.

We consider as still on trial with more or less promise of value: Belle,
Burgess, Cumberland Triumph, Forest Rose, Fowler’s Seedling, General Sher-
man, Hervey Dayis, lowa Prolific, Miner’s Great Prolific, New Jersey Scariet,
Pioneer, President Lincoln, Russell’s Advance, Springdale and others.

Burr Oak, Caroline, Centennial Favorite, Continental, Photo, Starr, Seed-
ling Eliza, Wilding Seedling, Walden, and a number of others, may be
regarded as beyond hope of usefulness, except in isolated or peculiar cases,

Star of the West and Sterling, although possessing desirable qualities, must
be condemned as persistently unproductive.

T. T. LYON, Chairman.

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 193

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The committee on nominations reported, and the election resulted in the
selection of officers named in one of the first pages in this volume.
The hour for intermission haying arrived, a recess was taken until 2 o’clock.

Wednesday Afternoon Session.

After the usual opening with music, Mrs. Pierce read a very pleasant, brief
paper entitled ‘‘ Reciprocity.’’ It was listened to with interested attention,
but is not reproduced here because outside the line of horticulture.

Prof. Harrington, of the State University, followed with an address, illus-
trated by crayon drawings on the blackboard, upon

THE WINDS OF MICHIGAN.

The object of my remarks will be to point out the general characters of the
different sorts of winds of the region of the upper lakes. While many of
the special conclusions reached are the results of a study of the winds of Ann
Arbor, they will undoubtedly generally apply to the whole of Michigan and
to much of the neighboring States.

A clearer conception of air-currents can be got by remembering that we are
at the bottom of an ocean of air, which differs from the ocean of water,
among other things, in its greater mobility, in not having the bounds set to it
which banks and coasts set to rivers and oceans, and in growing rapidly rarer
as we ascend. All these features are favorable to the development of direct
currents or whirlpools, and the same originating cause would produce greater
motion in air than in water. ;

The conception of the winds is still farther simplified if we imagine them
moving in sets or systems, the whole set having an independent progressive
motion. A dust-whirlwind is a system of winds. The whole set of winds may
remain stationary as a system or may have aprogressive motion. If the latter,
and we stand in its path, the wind which strikes us may be first north and
then south, while the whirlwind as a whole may come from the east. The
direction from which the system of winds comes does not necessarily indicate
the direction of the currents forming the system.

There are three different systems of winds known, the parallel, the cen-
trifugal and the centripetal. In the parallel system the currents which make
it up moye parallel to each other, and the whole may be called a river of air.
In this case the direction of the current which reaches us indicates the direc-
tion from which the system comes. Very few of our winds belong to this
class. It is illustrated by the straight zephyrs of summer, and also by the
trade and anti-trade winds. When the parallel winds are of little extent they
are straight-lined, but when they pass over a considerable part of the distance
between equator and poles, the rotation of the earth bends them. Thus the
trade wind bends in its course from north to nearly east and the anti-trade
from south to nearly west.

In the centrifugal system, the wind pours out in all directions from a centre,

20

194 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

represented by the direction of the arrows in the diagram +a
(1). If this system has a progressive motion the place

over which it passes has a succession of winds from dif- Sb
ferent directions. If the direction is east, a point in the

path of the centre, as (0) in the diagram, will have first y

a west, then an east wind; a point to the north of the ws he
path of the centre, (a) of the diagram, will have first a |
southwest, then a south, then a south-east wind; and a
point to the south of the path of the centre (c), will have :

a wind which begins at the northwest and swings through north to northeast.
By varying the direction of the system and the position of the point passed
over, we may get any succession of from two to five of the eight principal
directions.

In the centripetal system we have a whirlwind of greater or less dimensions.
It has often been suspected that, in some cases, at least, the currents here
flow directly in toward the center, but no positively convincing case has been
published so far as known to the writer. In every case satisfactorily investi-
gated the wind flows in toward the center in a spiral some- +6
thing, as shown in diagram (2). As this system passes
over a place there is also a succession of winds, but the

xe
order in which they follow is different from that of the
centrifugal system. If in this case the progressive EY) ie
+¢
2

+¢

tion is east, and a point (d) lies in the path of the center,

its winds are first south, then north. If it lies to the

north of the center, as (a), the wind is first southeast

and swings through east to northeast; if the place is q

south of the center, as (c), the wind begins at southwest and swings through
west to northwest. Similar successions may be found for the other progressive
directions and positions of the path of the center.

We shall now classify the winds of Michigan as to their origin and range.
From this point of view they fall naturally into local, cyclonic, and general.
The local winds are of local origin, and limited range. The origin of the
cyclonic winds is not known, but they undoubtedly originate in conditions
which prevail at the same time over an extensive region, but are not gen-
eral. In range they pass sometimes nearly around the earth, but they exercise
no influence on the winds outside of their system. The general winds are
part of the interchange of air between equator and poles and are due to the
greater heat at the equator.

I, LOCAL WINDS.

a—Zephyrs. These are light winds of local origin and very small extent.
The region controlled by them at any given time may be a few rods or possibly
afew miles square. They are of brief duration, and the zephyr which dies
out now may be immediately replaced by a breeze from a different direction.
Zephyrs are parallel or centripetal and possibly sometimes centrifugal.

b—Ascending vertical currents. ‘They would not be felt by us at the earth’s
surface, as that is the place of origin. They are due to the unequal heating
of the air near the ground. The warmer air is lighter and ascends, but we
see nothing of it until its altitude is so great that the cold of the upper
regions condenses its vapor in the form of white mountainous clouds called
cumuli. These winds occur in summer and are doubtless in a parallel system.

THE ANNUAL MEETING, 195

e—Squalls. On the 19th of August, 1880, at 11 o’clock in the forenoon,
a remarkable cloud was seen advancing on Ann Arbor from the west. Its
advancing edge had clear-cut, bluish, longitudinal folds, reminding one of
folds of calico. The wind was then southwest and running at four miles per
hour. At seven minutes past eleven the cloud came over us and we could see
ragged edges hanging from its under surface. At the same instant the wind
rose to a velocity of 15 miles per hour and at 11:17 was as high as 50 miles
per hour. Meantime the barometer rose from 28.98 to 29.02 and a few drops
of rain fell, at 11:23 the rain began to pour down in torrents and continued
to do so for 12 minutes. The thunder had been heard before but the light-
ning now became vivid, and the cracking of the electric discharge was frequent
among the electric recording instruments. In this interval the barometer
reached its highest point, 29.05, and stood there steadily, and the wind was
running at the rate of 30 miles per hour; at 11:35 the rain ceased, the barome-
ter dropped rapidly and the wind fell. During the storm the wind turned to
west and northwest in which direction it remained after the storm passed.

Here we have an illustration of the squall. In this case it was a thunder-
storm, but lightning is not a necessary accompaniment of a squall. This
storm was a local center of high pressure from which the wind poured out in
all directions. The storm-center passed northeast and we lay to the south of
the path of its center. An examination of the diagram for centrifugal winds
(1) will show that our succession of winds should have been southwest, west,
northwest, which was the succession actually observed.

Of such squalls Ann Arbor had 15 or 20 during 1880. Their characteristic
features are a rapidly advancing, irregular cloud, accompanied by an inde-
pendent system of winds haying no observable relation to the winds blowing
previous or subsequent to the storm. They usually reach us from some
western direction, last from 10 minutes to an hour, and are usually accom-
panied by rain or hail and lightning. They are most common in the hottest
months and the hottest part of the day.

Some of these storms are very probably centripetal, and it is believed by
many that the same storm is at first centrifugal, then centripetal, but the
speaker has observed nothing to support either theory.

d—Tornadoes. The violence of the tornado is very well known. The
usual history is as follows: A funnel-shaped spout forms and extends down-
ward from a mass of clouds. It is of a dark color, spirally striped and some-
times shines with an electric light. Such spouts have been seen to form in the
air and extend downward without reaching the earth, and no bad effects have
followed from them. Where, however, they have reached the surface they
have been found to be accompanied by a system of centripetal winds of
extreme velocity and destructiveness. Few structures can stand before them,
and the point of the funnel in contact with the earth sweeps a clean path as it
goes. It does not always remain in contact with the earth, but sometimes
steps over a considerable space. ‘Their progressive motion is nearly east, and
their path usually a few rods wide and as many miles long. Tornadoes are
most common from Dakota to Texas eastward to Ohio, but they have been
known in all the States and territories east of the Rocky Mountains, except
perhaps in Florida. Michigan usually escapes, but she has had a severe one
in 1880 near Battle Creek, another very destructive one in Port Huron, a few
years ago, and another celebrated one at Sault de Ste. Marie. Although they
are local storms the conditions producing them may extend over a large area,
so that we may hear of several tornadoes in different States within a few hours

196 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of each other. They are also apt to recur in the same locality. They are
most frequent in the hottest part of the year and of the day.

That the tornado is a small centripetal storm is indicated by several facts.
Trees and other objects are thrown down in the directions indicated by the
arrows in diagram (2.) At the outer edges of the path their trunks are paral-
lel to the path, in the center they lie across the path. Light objects are fre-
quently seen to be taken up into the air and to whirl upwards in a spiral
direction.

The preceding are the local winds observed in Michigan. In the prediction
of them the science of meteorology cannot help us at present. The meteorologi-
cal stations are too scattered to be of use in the study of so local phenomena.
A tornado may form in the center of Michigan, travel many miles, and do
great damage without there being any indication of its presence in the instru-
ments of the observers at Detroit, Port Huron, Grand Haven or Chicago.
Were we able to multiply observers until we could have several in each county,
we might detect severe local storms in their formation and forewarn those
endangered by them. It is at least an experiment well worth undertaking.

II. CYCLONIC WINDS.

The cyclone is a storm-area with a centripetal system of winds of large
dimensions. In the weather reports it is usually referred to as an area of low
pressure, and it has been found that the centripetal winds pour in toward such
areas. Hach cyclone is accompanied at a distance by one or more anti-cyclones
or areas of high pressure.

e—Cyclones. The winds of the temperate zone have long been described as
variable, and it is only recently that it has been found that their variability is
subject to a definite law and their changes can be predicted for a day or two in
advance. A cyclone can be most easily conceived of as a large and mild tor-
nado. It is an area of low pressure, usually oval in form, with its long diame-
ter nearly north and south, and is surrounded by concentric gradients of suc-
cessively higher pressure. ‘The existence of such dishes of low pressure is suf-
ficiently interesting, but the value of the knowledge of them becomes greatly
enhanced when we know that they come to us from the west and travel from
us toward the east in tolerably uniform paths and at a velocity on the average
of 30 miles per hour, and that they carry with them definite conditions of wind
and weather. They usually come from the Pacific or the northwest, travel
eastward on a curved path convex toward the southwest and disappear over the
mouth of the St. Lawrence. They are storm-areas and are accompanied by
clouds and a higher temperature.

But the feature of interest here is the centripetal system of winds which
accompanies the cyclone. It is like that of the tornado, but while the tornado
system of winds turns indifferently with or against the hands of a watch, that
of the cyclone in the north temperate zone turns in a direction opposed to that
of the hands of a watch. It also differs from the tornado in its dimensions.
The former controls the wind only for a few rods on each side, while the latter
reaches out hundreds of miles from its center. While this storm-center is in
Iowa or Nebraska or at Quebec or near James’ Bay the winds of Michigan may
still be controlled by it. The paths of the centers of the cyclones usually lie
south of Michigan in summer and over northern Michigan in winter. For
south Michigan we will therefore have, in summer, winds beginning at south-
east and passing through the east to the northeast; in winter beginning at
southwest and passing through west to northwest.

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 197

f—Anti-cyclone. It is the reverse of the cyclone. It is an area of high pres-
sure, with centrifugal winds, and brings clearer and cooler weather. From the
anti-cyclones we receive many of our cold gales. They are more inclined to
remain stationary than the cyclones, and when they stand over the plains of
the west there is nothing to intercept their winds from us and we may have one
or more days of cold, high winds which blow steadily from some point between
northwest and southwest. When they pass us as they travel eastward, the suc-
cession of winds is like that given by diagram (1).

III. GENERAL WINDS.

g—The trade-wind frequently prevails in the Atlantic states, but seldom
reaches Michigan. When it does so it is a light and cold wind from north to
northeast, continuing several days and accompanied by a moderately high and
steady pressure. It has been observed by the writer only in the winter.

h—The anti-trades pass over the tropics at a considerable elevation, and be-
gin to be deflected to the surface at about our latitude. Doubtless the well-
known predominance with us of westerly winds is due to these in part, but the
cyclones and anti-cyclones must furnish the greater part of these winds, and it
is not easy to distinguish the latter from the anti-trades. The anti-trades
should be cold because they come from a cold region of the atmosphere, and
they should usually be accompanied by clouds caused by their cooling of the
air into which they penetrate.

Following Prof. Harrington, Mrs. McReynolds addressed the convention
upon the subject of “the Origin and Advantages of Association.’? The paper
was an exhaustive treatise upon the topic, but agit does not pertain to the
especial objects of our society work is not published in these transactions,

Mr. James Satterlee of Greenville, as member of a committee to visit the
Agricultural College, in connection with the executive committee of the State
Agricultural Society, and in acceptance of an invitation from the State Board
of Agriculture, read the following paper as a report, to which we give the
title :

OUR TRIP TO THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

The 10th of June, 1880, will always be a red-letter day in the memories of
the members of the executive committee of the Michigan State Horticultural
Society. An invitation to visit the college had been extended by the State
Board of Agriculture to this committee, to the executive committee of the
State Agricultural Society, and that of the State Grange. The invitation was
cheerfully accepted, and early on the morning of the 10th the various com-
mittees found themselves on their way from the capital city to the college.
The three miles were quickly passed. ‘The season of the year was most delight-
ful. Nature had donned her freshest garb. The emerald hues of the forests
seemed to vie with those of the weil tilled fields and orchards on either side
to gladden our eyes and fill our souls with delight as we passed along. The
first entrance to the college grounds is by the side of the Red Cedar River,
where it leaves the grounds on its way to join the Grand River a few miles
below.

As we went up from this entrance along the north bank of the river on to
the high ground near the president’s house, a scene of rare beauty was presented.
We seem to be looking out upon and across a natural park, with here and

198 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

there a tasty cottage or stately hall half hidden by the trees, and with broad
stretches of velvety lawn intervening. At our immediate right flows the Red
Cedar River. We can trace its course as it enters the farm far to the eastward,
flows on through the farm itself, and then forms the southern boundary of
the ornamental grounds, where it is fringed with trees of many kinds.

In front of us and a little to the left are the professors’ houses, beginning
with that of President Abbot. These are surrounded with trees and well kept
lawns. Farther on in the same direction, and bordering upon the Grand
River turnpike are the fruit and vegetable gardens and the apple orchard.
Immediately at our left is the sample orchard of pear, plum and cherry trees.
Between the professors’ houses and the turnpike on the north are gardens con-
taining the experimental plats of seedling strawberries, raspberries, gooseber-
ries, currants, and grapes, the vineyard and also the arboretum and nursery.
Directly in front of us and in the distance stands College Hall containing the
museum, library, chapel, recitation rooms, etc. Beyond this at a little dis-
tance is Williams Hall for students, and a little further on are the farm-house
and other farm buildings. At the right of College Hall and near the bank of
the Red Cedar stands Wells Hall for students. A little nearer to us is the
greenhouse, and still nearer, and separated from the greenhouse by the little
stream that flows through the grounds, is the new botanical laboratory and
museum. Between the greenhouse and College Hall is the chemical labora-
tory. East of the farm buildings and south, extending across the river, lie
the well tilled and productive fields of the farm. .

As we passed on down the main drive past the professors’ houses and brought
up in front of College Hall, we were warmly greeted by the members of the
State Board of Agriculture and professors. As soon as the hand-shaking was
over we proceeded at once to business. Our committee, being interested in
horticulture, spent most of its time in looking over the gardens and orchards,
giving but a hasty glance at many things of interest. A day is all too short a
time to examine the work of the college in the horticultural department. But
we did what we could in the little time we had under the efficient guidance of
Professor Beal and Frank A. Gully of this department.

The limits of this paper will only allow me to give a sort of general outline
of the plan of work, and to touch upon some of the things that interested us.
In the basement of College Hail we found the foreman’s office, and the
tool-room for the garden department. The smaller tools are kept here, all
numbered and each in its proper place ; the larger tools, wagons, plows, etc.,
are kept in a tool-house adjoining the barn belonging to this department. At
the office the students are assigned their work for the afternoon, and proceed
with those having charge of the different divisions. Usually a member of the
senior class has charge of the drives, another of the nursery, another of the
orchard, another of the evergreens, and soon. ‘These are under the super-
vision of the foreman, and the general plan of work and experiments is in
charge of Professor Beal, who spends, besides two or three hours in the fore-
noon in teaching classes, all the afternoon looking after various details of the
experimental work, and in giving practical instruction to squads of students of
about eight each. This practical instruction includes such work as pruning
grape-vines and fruit trees, grafting, budding, layering, transplanting, crossing,
and many other processes taught in books, and by the professor in class, but
not really understood until the work is actually performed by the student him-
self. This kind of work is not paid for, and is something of an innovation
upon the ordinary labor system pursued at the college. It seems to work well

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 199

so far, is enjoyed by the students, and considered of much profit by the
professor.

From the foreman’s office we proceeded to visit the vegetable garden lying
north of the farm house and bordering upon the turnpike. ‘This had but
recently been located in its present position, and the ground was not yet in
good condition for the best growth of plants. The season had been very wet,
preventing work altogether for days in succession. Everything is planted in
long rows, so that horse labor and hand-cultivators can be used to good
advantage. Notwithstanding the unfavorable season, the plants were looking
healthy, showing careful management. About twenty-five of the best varieties
of potatoes were growing here. The Beauty of Hebron is considered the best,
Early Ohio and Burbank’s Seedling very excellent, and the White Elephant
very promising.

Adjoining the vegetable garden is the plantation of small fruits for the
supply of the boarding hall. In this we found seventy-five or eighty of the
standard sorts of strawberries ; also about ten of the best varieties of raspberries.
The Doolittle and Mammoth Cluster had rusted badly this season for the
first time. They are dug up and burned as soon as the rust begins to show.
Five hundred seedling raspberries had been fruited. One hundred and forty
of the best of these had been retained for further trial; also three of the
poorest ever seen. Some appear to be extra good, and some have the appear- .
ance of hybrids. The Black Caps had just been cut back for the first time to
about two feet in hight. The excellent practice is adopted here of cultivating
until midsummer, and then sowing to oats. These prevent the growth of
weeds and grass, and serve as a mulch after the severe frosts of autumn. This
garden also contains some eighty sour cherry trees, besides one hundred seed-
lings from all sorts. They are all doing well but are not yet in bearing.

Adjoining these fruit and vegetable gardens on the east is the apple orchard.
This comprises eight acres of standard varieties. Some were killed out in the
severe winter of ’74 and ’5. The soil of a part of the orchard is too black
and loamy to be well adapted to the growth of trees. They are nearly all
doing well, however; have made a large growth, and occupy nearly the entire
Space. Some of the trees have been top-grafted, for the purpose of increasing
the number of sample varieties for illustration. Among these are twenty-five
varieties from the south and an equal number from the far west.

Returning from the apple orchard, and under the guidance of Professor
Beal, we next take a look at the sample orchard of pear, plum, and cherry
trees on the high ground in the vicinity of the president’s house. All the
available ground suitable for the purpose, on the whole place, has been taken
up by this orchard. There are one hundred and fifty of the pear trees; thirty
standard varieties of five each. Cultivation for the present year had been fin-
ished, as it is not deemed advisable to work the ground at all after the first of
June. ‘This gives the orchard a rather neglected appearance, but is probably
best for the trees. ‘The trees are headed down to the ground. They are mak-
ing a very thrifty and symmetrical growth, many of them having the appear-
ance of perfect dwarfs. They are pushed forward as rapidly as possible early
in the season, being fertilized with salt and bone dust. They have been set
four years. ‘There are also about fifty seedling pears. ‘Thirty of these are
from the old pear trees at Monroe. They are not yet in bearing.

There are a few quinces not yet in bearing and about thirty seedlings.

‘There are one hundred cherry and sixty plum trees in this orchard, all
standard varieties. ‘he cherries are of the Early Heart varieties, except a

200 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

few Kentish. Only about seventy per cent are in good healthy condition.
They are beginning to bear, but the birds get all the fruit except that tied up
in cloths. The plums were in bearing this year for the first time. The trees
were loaded with very fine looking fruit, which had been thinned very freely.
There are but seven sorts in all, beside a few seedlings. The curculio had
been kept in check by the jarring process. The system of culture is the same
as with the pears, except that the trees are headed two or three feet above the
ground.

It is a matter much to be regretted that there is not a larger area of land
here, suitable not only for the extension of these orchards of the finer fruits,
but for the growth of apples as well. All the more important varieties that
succeed well in our State should be grown here for the purpose of rendering
students familiar with their forms and habits of growth, and to enable any one
interested in fruit and fruit-growing to observe for himself the characteristics
of the different varieties.

No attempt has been made of late years to grow peaches. Experiments are
being tried by planting the seed from trees having the yellows. Only one of
these seeds has grown, and this tree shows no sign of the disease as yet. It has
been growing three years.

From the peach orchard we proceeded to the vineyard. This has been but
recently set. It is north of Professor Carpenter’s house and between the
orchard just described and the arboretum and the nursery farther east. There
are eighty varieties, mostly hardy, at the college. There are forty of Haskell’s
seedlings. ‘There are three hundred of the college seedlings in one place and
forty in another. About one-third of these have winter-killed or died from
other causes. They have not fruited yet and seem to be mostly inferior plants.

Adjoining this vineyard is a plat of about 300 seedling strawberries, fruit-
ing this year for the first time. About one-tenth seemed worthy of further
trial,—perhaps none of them worthy of a name yet. The pistillate varieties
seemed the finest.

From the vineyard we passed to the arboretum and nursery, a plantation of
two hundred and eighty species of trees and shrubs, allowed to grow in rows as
planted. These rows have been thinned somewhat for planting about the
grounds. The silver maple has outgrown all others in the same length of
time. The hardy catalpa has grown nearly as fast, and the butternut has
proved a very rapid grower. Sugar maples, elms, birches and many other
native trees are making a fine growth. Samples of hedge plants, such as honey
locust, barberry, spirea, etc., are being tried. Several sorts of wild apples,
cherries, and plums from the Bussey institute, besides several kinds of foreign
wild cherries, are growing in the nursery. Some experiments are being tried
with budded peach trees, compared with seedlings left where they were planted.

There are one hundred seedling currants planted from seeds of different va-
rieties. A few are beginning to bear. There are also a large number of goose-
berry seedlings from the swamp species and from the upland. Some from the
upland species are not much prickly, and some are entirely smooth. Some
are growing from seeds of the upland species crossed with Houghton’s Seedling.
Some of these are in bearing, but do not seem superior to other seedlings in
bearing. Some are very fine, however, and seeds have been planted from the
most promising.

On our way from the arboretum to the new botanical laboratory, we passed
the sample plats of grasses, two hundred and eighty in number, all labeled.
Some are simply curiosities, but the majority are of value in some way as for-

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 201

age plants. Much credit is due the professor for this collection, and much val-
uable information can be obtained by a fewdays’ study of the different species.

We were interested in looking over the new laboratory, a building designed
as a museum for all agricultural and horticultural products, for samples of all
kinds of woods, for the Cooley herbarium and other collections of botanical
specimens, for vegetable curiosities, and for recitation rooms for students in
botany and horticulture. The views from some of the upper windows of this
building are very fine, the one north-east across the grounds especially so.
This building is well located and well adapted to the purpose for which it was
designed. Between this and the greenhouse and flower garden, situated just
across the little stream that flows through the grounds, is the wild garden.
This is a plantation of native perennial plants, some five hundred in all, labeled,
and including a large number common in our forests. The location is admi-
rably adapted to a plantation of this kind. A shaded bank with trees on one
side, a sunny bank upon the other, with brook between, and artificial ponds
containing water lilies, nelumbinm, and other water plants, with springs,
marshy land, sedges and marsh grasses. The whole garden is arranged in
wards, with the different genera by themselves as near as may be. Hach plant
is iabeled, and the whole affords a fine opportunity for the study of botany.

The greenhouse was looking somewhat empty on account of large numbers
of the plants being set in groups and borders for the ornamentation of the
grounds in its vicinity. ‘hey were all looking remarkably healthy, both inside
of the greenhouse and outside, showing the skillful care with which they are
managed by the gardener, Mr. Cassidy. On the bank between the greenhouse
and the river is a plantation of hardy grapes, trained to wire trellises. They
were making a vigorous growth, and were setting very full of fruit. This low
bank had been terraced with much care and presented a neat and tasty appear-
ance.

A word in regard to the trees upon the grounds. A large number are of the
original forest, and mostly oak,—the finest tree of all, it seems to me. No
other has strength of character equal to it. No one ever saw two alike, and
yet it is an oak every time and in all circumstances. Perhaps the finest indi-
vidual tree upon the grounds, however, is the tulip tree, standing just east of
College hall. Elms, maples, lindens, and the various species of pines, cedars,
and spruces give variety and beauty to the grounds. The little plantations of
Norway spruces and arbor yitae, planted thickly, cultivated for a few years, and
removed for planting elsewhere as soon as they crowd each other, were an
interesting feature of the grounds. Some Norway spruces, cut back at the
top and forced to grow in a lateral direction, illustrate what may be done with
this hardy evergreen, All the evergreens are making a very rapid and healthy
growth. These, with the well-kept walks and drives and velvety lawns, form a
scene of rural beauty seldom equaled anywhere.

I have given but a hasty sketch of what we saw. It must needs be very
imperfect. It has been a labor of love, however.

Many are disappointed in the amount of work done in the horticultural
depariment at the college. But to one who has known of the difficulties and
embarrassments under which it has labored, with an annual appropriation of
but $300, with the lack of definite plan, and the unsettled condition of the
whole ten years ago, the only wonder is that so much has been done.

Order has been evolved out of chaos, experiments with a definite end in view
are being performed, the landscape gardening 1s being carried forward system-

202 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

atically and in good taste, and the department is being rounded out and devel -
oped into a consistent and symmetrical shape.

There are some things that are needed, and that should be done as soon as
possible. One of these is the erection of some kind of fruit house for the pres-
ervation of fruit. This is one of things that the fruit-growers need instruc-
tion in, and this is the prover place to give it. Then the information obtained
would be in an available shape for the people at large. As a means of illustra-
tion and education it might be made worth many thousands of dollars to the
people of the State.

A fund should also be set apart for the purchase every year of hardy, decidu-
ous, and evergreen trees and shrubs, until every species that will grow in our
climate can be found at the college.

There are glorious possibilities in the future for the college, and the legisla-
ture should grasp the idea that liberality in regard to it will be the best economy
in the interest of the producing classes of our State.

The afternoon was spent very pleasantly in the dining-room at the college,
and in the chapel, where a number of the members of the different commit-
tees indulged in speech-making, responding to toasts, etc. Happy addresses
were also made by President Abbot, and by General Lee, of the Mississippi
Agricultural College. The day will long be remembered by all as one of pleas-
ant memories.

Mr. A. C. Glidden of Paw Paw, read the following short paper on

MEMORIAL TREES.

How universal the desire to perpetuate a memory. It manifests itself in
many forms, according to the ability or the eccentricity of the individual.
The pyramids lift their immense piles to its power. The simple cairn is
heaped where the warrior fell. Colleges, hospitals, and asylums, are endowed
to perpetuate a philanthropic memory. We sign our names in a friend’s
album that our autograph at least may live after us. Every degree in the
scale of being is affected by this common desire. It is the immortality within
us striving to make itself audible.

While so universal, how eminently proper then to so stimulate and direct it,
that the future may be benefited by our bequests. Every person who owns
more than the allotted six feet by two, can build his own monument. He can
place a tree or vine, or many trees and vines, that shall bespeak his thoughtful
care, when he, for whom they may never have yielded their fruit, lies beneath
them.

We stand before the sculptured column at the grave of afriend. Syllables
carved upon the stone may rehearse his many virtues, but the thought of some
generous act performed will be more to us than marble, and will last when the
stone has crumbled into dust. So a tree planted by a friend is a monument—
and it is more—it is a living thought. Its fruit drops at our feet, a benison
from the hand of him who planted it. Could we forecast the future, and fol-
low the far-reaching effects from some immediate cause, how would our hands
be stayed when cutting away these monuments of a past age. We should see,
as an effect of denuding the land of its fruits and groves, fierce winds rushing
unobstructed over the fields, prostrating fences, buildings, and orchards.
Long periods of drought, succeeded by terrible tornadoes, accompanied by an
avalanche of rain, filling the water-courses, and tumbling toward the streams.

THE ANNUAL MEETING, 203

The usual crops would fail, and fruitful fields become barren. Where
‘© Plenty ”’ once ‘‘ sat smiling at the door,” gaunt famine would stalk abroad.

There is another picture, more pleasing and no less truthful. It is the effect
of an opposite practice. ‘The buildings are sheltered by trees; groves and
clumps of trees occupy all the waste lands; the waysides are set thickly with
overhanging trees; permanent lanes are marked by lines of trees; wind-breaks
are located to subserve their purpose. The perspective landscape in the summer
is green and grey, while the autumn adds manifold other colorings to perfect the
picture. Not only is the esthetic but the practical also is subserved. Rain-
falls are more intermittent, and the danger of desolating droughts less threat-
ening. I need not attempt to prove this,—the evidence is all toward this con-
clusion. Look on this picture and then on that, and say if the planting of trees
is not a duty that all good citizens owe to posterity. This duty becomes more
imperative upon each succeeding generation, as the native trees gradually dis-
appear. How many homes all over the land are adorned with trees set on that
memorable April day in our centennial year. If an Arbor Day in the spring
of each year could be so well observed, how much would be accomplished in
our day. The work of replanting the ravaged land would be given a fresh
impetus. We have not yet fully purged ourselves of the inherited desire to
completely rid the land of its growth of timber. When this vandal desire for
cutting is supplanted by the laudable desire for planting, then will the waste
places be clothed again in nature’s own vesture, and the barren spots around
our homes become very glory corners where intelligent ease shall swing his
hammock and rejoice in his bequest. How living and lasting an epitaph is a
grove of trees planted by some early pioneer. I have several such now in my
mind, and there are more scattered throughout all the older settled portions
of our State. They tell a torecasting of the future that is little less than
prophetic. How we venerate the dead, in the enjoyment of the living tree.
Spreading maples shading the wayside are a constant reminder to the passing
traveler of him who planted them, while the stately column in the wayside
cemetery is passed unheeded by. ‘‘There are books in trees,’’ yea, and on
every leaf a tribute to him who planted it.

Following in the same line of thought, Mr. Charles Arnold, of Ontario,
spoke in rhyme of

THE OLD KENTISH CHERRY.

When now I look back to when I was a boy,

And muse on those objects that then gave me joy,
Though few things of childhood in manhood will please,
There's sometimes a life-long attachment to trees.

Some flow’ret or shrub, in our garden or lawn,

Oft carries us back to life’s earliest dawn;

And there’s nothing impress’d on my memory more plain
Than the old Kentish Cherry that grows in our lane.

The Snow-Drop and Crocus, the vanguard of spring—
What bright recollections these little flowers bring.

The Daphne Mezereon, whose venturesome flower

Sends forth its fragrance with the first April shower;
Our own native Balsam, with its silvery spray,

And that noble old evergreen Spruce of Norway—
These all have their charms, but my thoughts turn again
To the old Kentish Cherry that grows in our lane.

204 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Through association some objects we prize,

Though the sight of them start a tear in our eyes.
Yon grape my Janet planted, south of the hill.

Though long she’s been dead, and her voice is now still,
*Neath that vine faney sees her, and hears as of yore,
When sweetly she sang “Stilly Night” of Tom Moore.
And when I first heard her, oh, I mind it so plain,
°Twas beneath the old cherry that grows in our Jane.

But apart from all this, I admire thee, old tree.

Through many long years thou hast fruit yielded me,
Which for canning, and drying, and baking in pies,
From thy high-titled cousins thou bearest the prize.
And could I induce thee, ere saying adieu,

To marry thy flowers to some rich Bigarreau.
Throughout our lov’d country, through time, shall remain
The fame of the cherry that grew in the lane.

RESOLUTIONS.

After listening to very excellent remarks upon the same general subject by
Mr. J. D. Baldwin, the following resolution, offered by Mr. 8S. L. Fuller, of
Grand Rapids, was unanimously adopted :

Resolved, That the officers of this society be instructed by this meeting to com-
municate with the incoming governor upon the subject of tree planting, and respect-
fully ask him to issue a proclamation for the observance of arbor day, setting the
date so as to be in proper season for the transplantation of ornamental trees.

The following, by Mr. Guild, was adopted :

Resolved, That in appreciation of the delightful display of plants, flowers, and
decorations by Mr. James Toms, of Ann Arbor, the secretary be instructed to issue
him a certificate of membership in this society for 1881.

The following, by the secretary, was adopted:

Resolved, That the gratitude of our society be extended to the delegations from
New York, Ohio, and Canada for honoring us with their presence and assistance at
this meeting; and especially that the thanks of the society be extended to Mr.
Charles Arnold, of Ontario, for the fine exhibit of fruit which he has placed on our
tables.

Wednesday Evening Session.

The music of the eyening under charge of Prof. Alvin Wilsey was charming,
and exceedingly appropriate to the exercises. The discussion on

HOW TO UTILIZE THE FRUIT CROP

Was continued for half an hour, several gentlemen speaking, but all agreeing
that by drying, canning, jelly-making, etc., in times of abundance, the market
for green fruit would be helped.

Miss Sara Fletcher, in connection with an explanation of her system of
jelly-making, remarked as follows:

The question has been asked by our fruit-raisers, ‘‘ What shall we do with
our surplus fruit?’’? As the people cannot buy it all at its plentiful time of
ripening, and as there are seasons in every year when fruit products become
scarce and high, we answer: Make it up into jellies, canned fruit, preserved,
and pure cider vinegar, to meet the demands of the people in the time of need.
What we need is a better class of these things than we usually find upon our
grocers’ shelves; and why not have the raisers produce them, and assure the

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 205

people that they are what they are represented to be? Looking upon the
subject in this light, it seems as if there ought not to be one particle of fruit
wasted ; for in these ways of caring for it, it may be kept from year to year.

It has been said here that on account of so much manufactured vinegar,
pure cider vinegar cannot be sold. ‘This, I think, is a very great mistake; for
we always ask our grocer for pure cider vinegar, and, because we cannot always
get it pure, we are driven to the farmer. Within the past few months we have
paid 32 cents per gallon for this material, Then would it not pay the farmer
better to make his cider (which he sells for from three to seven cents per
gallon) into vinegar, when he knows that one-third water can be added, thereby
increasing the quantity without injuring the quality? The people will buy the
pure, even though it be higher in price, if they can be assured that it is such.

Again, we hear the question asked, ‘‘Can all kinds of fruit be jellied?” I
answer, they can, and without the aid of gelatine. I have tried all the wild,
cultivated, and imported fruits that I could obtain, and find all to make jelly
quite readily; there being most difficulty with the pear and elderberry. Some
of these fruits, such as the grape, currant, pie-plant, and gooseberry, are
preferable, if made when green, or just before ripening, as the jelly is colorless
and transparent, while the flavor is very fine. Colorless jelly may also be made
from the Concord or any other blue grape when perfectly ripe, if the pulp
alone is used, and care taken that none of the coloring of the skin is left in.
This is one of the best and easiest made of jellies.

Quince jelly can be made from the parings alone quite as nice as from the
whole fruit, although not so light in color. I have made sclid jelly from this
fruit without boiling after adding the sugar, by stirring until the sugar was
thoroughly dissolved, and then set away to cool. This makes the lightest col-
ored quince jelly. In making lemon jelly, I first roll the fruit until soft, then
press out all the juice, and add an equal quantity of sugar, and boil 15 or 20
minutes. This will keep the year round. For the various uses we make of
jellies, different kinds of fruit are desirable. Those suitable for one purpose are
not for another. Some we require to be very sour, others only slightly acid, and
still others quite sweet. For some purposes we need very solid jelly, for others
quite soft; and in order to have all these qualities, we must use all kinds of
fruit. Perhaps there are no two fruits that can be used in more ways than the
apple and grape, the latter fruit making one of the most delicious preserves, if
taken when green, or just before it turns color for ripening. The grape is cut
in halves, and the seeds taken out. This may seem to some very tedious, but
not more so than preparing any other fruit. Both the ripe and green tomato
are used for preserves, which are very nice.

I think that it will pay our fruit-raisers far better in the end to use up their
fruit in these ways than to grind it up into cider, or press it into wine by which
our men are made criminals, and their families paupers. What we ask is that
the fruit may be so preserved that the whole family can enjoy it without injury
to one single member of it.

The following paper, by Dr. Conklin of Manchester, closed the discussion:

Mr. PresIDENT,—The subject that has been assigned me for discussion before
this honorable body by the president of the pomological society, of which I
have the honor of being a member, is one that especially interests the fruit
growers of Michigan, and that is, how to best utilize our fruits.

What little I may have to say upon this subject will be in reference to the
more perishable varieties, namely: peaches and our smaller fruits.

206 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The peach crop is the one chiefly to be considered by me. Of course, the
most merchantable part of them can be sold, and another part may be dried, also
another part may be canned. And now we are left with the most difficult
part of our subject to solve; What can we do with and how can we dispose of
those too mellow to be used in the ways heretofore mentioned, and during a
glut in the market? Can we not devise some means to stay the process of
ripening, and thereby hold our peaches and other fruits a few days until the
over supply is lifted from the market, and it demands that which we are hold-
ing back.

Take for instance this season’s crop of Early Crawfords, when the market
was perfectly glutted, the business to all appearances overdone, thousands of
bushels dropping upon the ground and suffered to go to waste, too mellow to
be used in any of the known ways, and unless some way is devised by which
we can utilize this part of the crop, we must necessarily suffer heavy losses.
Now the question is, can we not devise some method by which we can stay the
process of ripening, and also use those matured too much to be placed upon
the market? If we can, then success will orown the fruit-grower’s efforts.

This subject has received much consideration from me during the past year
or two, and from my own investigations, and what information I have been able
to glean from others, I believe a refrigerator or cooling room can be so con-
structed, that by placing our fruits in it, at the proper time, we may be enabled
to hold them for a few days, or a few weeks at any time, as desired.

During my investigations of this matter, 1 have had the pleasure of looking
through a newly constructed cooling-house at my place, the walls of which are
nearly two feet thick, being ceiled tightly outside and in, and filled between
the studding with sawdust, calculated to make the whole structure air tight.
The upper part of this building is a large chamber, calculated to hold several
tons of ice, beneath which is the cooling room, so constructed that the cold
air is constantly falling into it from above, holding the temperature at about
thirty-six or thirty-eight degrees. This room is so constructed, also, that no
dripping of water from the ice above can reach the fruit or anything below.
It is only cold, dry air, that comes in contact with the fruit.

In a room of this kind I believe we can hold our peaches for a number of
days.

Iam informed by the gentleman who put up the cooling house spoken of
that some parties in Toledo placed quite a quantity of grapes in one of these
rooms and kept them several months perfectly, and when taken out realized a
high price for them. A gentleman in our place kept strawberries two weeks
last summer in a small house refrigerator. He related his experience to me in
this matter, knowing I had the subject under consideration, and the more I
investigate it the more I become convinced of the feasibility of it. If straw-
berries and grapes can be kept, why cannot peaches?

Now, in conclusion, we come to the subject of mellow peaches—those too
ripe to dry, too ripe to ship or can. I belieye these may be utilized by pressing
out the juice, aud from it making a jelly similar to that made from the apple
by the same process, evaporating it from eight gallons to one, without the addi-
tion of sugar. This is a matter which will receive my special attention the
coming season; it is a subject that earnestly invites the attention of every
fruit-grower.

I would like to say more upon this topic, but I have already trespassed too
long upon your time, therefore I will leave the subject with you for your con-
sideration, and take it with me for further investigation.

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 207
COMMUNICATIONS.

The following letters were presented by the Secretary:

Adrian, Nov. 8, 1880.
Secretary Chas. W. Garfield:

You will perhaps recollect that I was appointed a sub-committee to report to
the State Horticultural Society, at their June meeting, the action of a com-
mittee appointed to name, etc., a certain apple, which was done so far as prac-
ticable at that time. I will now add for the December meeting a description
which may not prove entirely accurate, as my former acquaintance with it has
had no reference to such description, and from the few specimens seen this
fall J may fail in some respects, especially as to flavor in their green condi-
tion. It is barely possible it may yet prove an old named variety.

Morris Red.—Fruit medium to large, variable in form, inclining to oval or
conic, generally broader than high. Color a beautiful red, indistinctly striped
with lighter and darker shades, russet about the stalk often radiating in streaks
and blotches to some distance round the base, and in patches partly down the
sides, and russety dots nearly to the calyx. Stem medium, or about even with
the base, in a moderately deep cavity. Calyx small and nearly closed, ina
medium basin. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, tender, sub-acid; quality, very
good. Jan. to April. Tree vigorous, with strong, stocky, rather short jointed,
young growth. Jeaves large; buds prominent. Supposed origin, Conn,

B. W. STEERE.

South Haven, November 11, 1880.
Secretary C. W. Garfield:

Srr,—The undersigned, designated as committee on screens and wind-
breaks, and charged with the duty of examining and reporting upon the entries
of John W. Humphrey, of South Haven, and Benj. W. Steere, of Adrian, in
this division, respectfully represents that the hemlock screen entered for premium
in class one was planted in the spring of 1876; the plantssit in a single row, one
and ahalf to two feet apart. It has not been clipped or sheared as yet, although
that is intended to be done in the future. ‘The whole now has grown into a
compact mass about three feet in breadth at the base, and averaging about five
feet in height. It stands along the northerly border of the nursery grounds,
about thirty to thirty-five rods in length, and is already somewhat effective as
a protection, as well as a beautiful illustration of the adaptability of the hem-
lock spruce for such purposes. We recommend that the premium offered be
awarded to Mr. Humphrey.

The second entry of Mr. J. W. Humphrey is near the foregoing, consisting
of about sixty rods of Norway spruce, planted in a single row along the west
side of the nursery grounds, with an L extending into and dividing the same,
the purpose being to maintain it as a wind-break or protection against the
winds from the lake adjacent. ‘l'hese were also planted in the spring uf 1876;
and are now from six to eight feet in height, standing five or six feet apart—
the idea of the planter being to check, but not to wholly arrest the force of
the lake winds.

This will require yet a year or two of growth before it can become fully
effective, by which time the side branches will have filled the entire space,
forming a continuous mass of foliage. We recommend that the premium be
awarded.

208 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

The farm of Mr. Steere, on the entire west side of which his screen is
planted, is about one and one-half miles north of the city, in the township of
Adrian. The screen is composed of mixed evergreen trees, including Scotch
and white pine, arbor vitae, hemlock, Norway spruce, and a few larch. The
screen proper is about 38 rods long, running north and south, and ranging
from 20 to 40 feet high, planted part of the way in double rows and at irregu-
lar intervals. The trees are from 12 to 20 years’ growth, and large enough
to make a solid break most of the entire length of it. This entry, according
to the premium list, does not come in competition with Mr. Humphrey’s.
We recommend that the diploma offered be awarded Mr. Steere.

Respectfully submitted,
T, 1. DYON:
S. B. MANN,
Committee.

REPORT ON PREMIUM FRUITS.

Your committee on awards of premiums for best five plates of varieties of
apples for market, cooking and dessert, beg leave to make the following report:

We find on exhibition a fine display of apples from all parts of the State,
including most of the best varieties grown in Michigan. There are nine
exhibitors competing for premiums in this class. All of the exhibits are not
only a credit to the exhibitors, but to our State.

We were instructed to award premiums for the best five varieties of winter
apples for market, also the best five varieties for cooking, and the best five for
dessert.

The first difficulty met with was to determine the list to comprise the best
market winter apples. After some deliberation, we decided upon the following
named varieties: Baldwin, Northern Spy, Red Canada, Rhode Island Green-
ing, Jonathan, Wagener, Ben Davis, and Twenty Ounce. It was with
considerable hesitation on the part of your committee that the Ben Davis was
allowed a place in the list, and then only upon its merits as a shipping apple
for the west, the quality being placed very low in the scale. The fruit, as a
whole, was quite free from worm-holes; in this respect showing quite an
improvement over exhibits in some former years.

AWARDS.

Best 5 plates winter apples for market, J. N. Stearns, Kalamazoo, upon the
following list: Baldwin, Northern Spy, Red Canada, Jonathan, and Ben Da-
vis; $5.00.

Best 5 plates winter apples for cooking, H. F. Thomas, Jackson, on the fol-
lowing list: Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin, Yellow Bellflower, Esopus Spitz-
enburg, and Northern Spy; %5.00.

Best 5 plates winter apples for dessert purposes, S. W. Dorr, Manchester, on
the following list: Newtown Pippin, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Jonathan, Bel-
mont, and Wagener; $5.00.

The plate of Wageners in this last collection was worthy of special mention.

Mr. Dorr’s collection of market apples was very fine, and every variety the
committee marked 10; but one sort, the Golden Russet, not being on our mod-
el list, the first premium could not be given.

Your committee believe it to be for the interest of this society to offer a
small premium upon the best apples for all purposes, the same as it has at this

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 209

meeting, and would recommend the same plan to be continued, thus calling
out the best fruit grown in the State, which adds very much to the gratifica-
tion and instruction of all who attend our meetings.

Your committee would further recommend that the secretary of this society
take measures to get a report from all the local societies in the State upon
what five winter apples have proved most profitable in their respective counties
for market purposes, and report the same at our next meeting. All of which
is respectfully submitted.

G. H. LA FLEUR,
Chairman of Committee.

REPORT ON OTHER FRUITS, ETC.

Your committee on fruits not exhibited for premiums beg leave to report
that we have given the fruits so exhibited as careful an examination as we well
could, and we find very many fine specimens of choice fruit that, if they had
been entered for premiums, would have, we think, sharply contested the prizes
with those so entered. ’

Among those we examined, and we may have unintentionally omitted some,
we are gratified to mention in terms of high commendation the following, viz:

One plate of Tompkins county King, by Mr. Collar, of Adrian.

One plate each of King, Baldwin, and Twenty Ounce, fine and choice, by
Mr. 8S. W. Dorr, of Manchester.

Four plates of beautiful Red Canada, by Mr. E. Buel, of Kalamazoo—the
finest exhibited.

One plate of Mother—very toothsome—by Wm. K. Emmons, of Kent
county.

Several plates of McLellan, by H. Dale Adams, of Galesburg.

We are also much indebted to Messrs. Chas. Arnold and Wm. Saunders, of
Ontario, Canada, fora fine exhibit of a number of varieties of apples grown in
that section. ‘This collection is very interesting, and shows that ‘‘over the
river’? we meet pomologists of great zeal and intelligence. The exhibit
embraces samples by Mr. Arnold of the following: Jady’s Blue Pearmain,
Arnold’s Beauty, Ontario, Ella, Beauty, and four plates of seedlings grown
from seeds obtained by crossing the Northern Spy with Spitzenberg and
Wagener.

Those exhibited by Mr. Saunders were Cox’s Orange Pippin and Swayzie
Pomme Gris (this apple is claimed to be an improvement over the old Pomme
Gris, and we are inclined to admit the claim to be well made), and Grimes’
Golden.

There were also exhibited 1 plate of large and fine Jonathans, by H. C. Sher-
wood of Watervliet,—another plate of apples which we were unable to deter-
mine whether they were not for premium or otherwise.

We must also mention the obligations the society is under to Dr. Conklin and
Messrs. L. D. Watkins, J. D. Baldwin, and Emil Baur for pears exhibited ;
also to Mr. Baldwin for quinces exhibited; and Mr. T. 8. Hubbard of N. Y.
for beautiful stems, well preserved, of the Prentiss grape; also to Dr. Conklin
for a little beautifuliy preserved bunch of Prentiss grapes. Also to the Niag-
ara Grape Company for stems of the excellent white grape called the Niagara.
Here, too, we must not overlook Mr. Woodruff’s white grape, the ‘‘Ann Ar-
bor,’’? which certainly possesses very noticeable features, and is highly com-
mended by those whom we accept as authority; well preserved Salems were

at

210 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

shown by Mr. Baur of Ann Arbor. Jellies, in variety, delightful in appear-
ance, were shown by Miss Sara Fletcher, Mrs. Emil Baur, and Dr. Conklin.

Evaporated fruits of fine appearance and excellent flavor were found on the
tables from HE. M. Potter of Kalamazoo and from John Williams of South
Haven.

But your committee cannot further extend this notice. The entire exhibit
is admirable, and the society is much obligated to all the friends who by their
contributions have thus added to the pleasures of this meeting. .

G. W. LAW'CON,
H. C. SHERWOOD,
EK. BUELL,
Committee.

REPORT ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

The only collection of plants on exhibition is that of Mr. Jas. Toms of Ann
Arbor, who shows a very nice assortment. <A beautiful example of Chamerops
humilis is certainly one of the finest objects in his collection. There are also
many groups of plants well worthy of the attention of the members; among
them we would mention ten varieties of Begonia, including four handsome
forms of Begonia rex, and a specimen of Begonia ruber, flowering freely.
There are two interesting Hceheverias, Sanguinea, and Metallicum, seventeen
varieties of Coleus, including fine examples of some of the newer sorts; also
nine distinct varieties of geraniums, some of them in flower. A handsome and
healthy example of Cyclamen persicum, crowded with flower buds, just push-
ing out, deserves notice. ‘There are also good specimens of the century plant,
the gold spotted Huonymus Japonicus, the box tree, a very pretty and brilliant
colored Alternanthera, a handsome cypress, in flower, good examples of the
double white daisy, some pretty primulas, including the double white and
double red, six varieties of ferns and several handsome cacti.

Among other specimens deserving of notice we would mention the English
ivy, Agapanthus variegatus, some lycopodiums, two varieties of heliotrope, in
flower, the variegated Jerusalem cherry, Stevia Lindleyana, in bloom, Bilbergia
miniatum, and «a Coprosoma, a very pretty, half hardy, variegated, woody shrub,
with a very glossy, waxy foliage, also a healthy looking Azalea, giving promise
of abundant bloom.

Mr. Toms also shows some very pretty boquets of cut flowers, including
white and colored carnations, heliotropes, Sfevia, etc. To Mr. Toms is also due
the credit of the handsome motto, tastefully bordered with evergreens, and
the other decorations which adorn the entrance to the Hall.

Mr. Cousins, florist, South University avenue, exhibits a handsome basket of
flowers, chiefly roses and carnations.

Your committee regret that owing to the very severe weather prevailing, this
interesting portion of the exhibit has been necessarily restricted to such plants
as could be easily handled, and would bear some exposure. Had the weather
been finer a much larger display would doubtless have been made.

WM. SAUNDERS,
MRS. P. COLLER,
A. C. GLIDDEN,
W. J. BEAL,
Committee.

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 211

The reports of the several committees were accepted, adopted and ordered
printed in the minutes of the meeting.

IN MEMORY OF J. P. THOMPSON.

The programme had arranged for exercises in memory of Mr. J. P. Thomp-
son, and Mr. 8. L. Fuller of Grand Rapids said:

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen :—It is eminently proper that this
meeting should, before its close, pay a tribute of respect to the memory of
Jonathan Palmer Thompson, late President and Secretary of this society, whose
familiar face we miss at this, our annual meeting. Let us pause for a while
from the rush of business to snatch from the oblivion, which so speedily over-
whelms and swallows up the incidents of a life, so hurried as our own, something
of the story of our departed friend. ~

Not very long ago it was said of a deceased member of the bar in Grand
Rapids: ‘‘ His sins need no mantle of charity, and his deeds need no excuse.’’
These words seem equally applicable to our late friend, of whom I am asked to
speak to you on this occasion. I account myself honored in being bidden to
such a task, though I feel myself poorly able to accomplish so sacred a duty.
In the Detroit Post and Tribune of July 8, 1880, I find this notice:

Mr. Jonathan Palmer Thompson, a well known editor and agricultural
writer of this State, and for many years agricultural editor of the Post and
Tribune, died Tuesday morning at 12:30, after a long, painful and hopeless
combat with that terrible illness, Bright’s disease, during which, however, he
has continued his editorial work with courage and patience. He was born
July 24, 1826, in Bloomfield, Hartford county, about six miles from Hartford
city, Connecticut. Although left an orphan at a very early age, both of his
parents having died before he reached his sixth year, especial care was bestowed
upon his early education. While residing in Hartford his training was com-
mitted to the care of private tutors. Among those from whom he received
instruction was the Rey. Dr. Robinson, of Middletown, Orange county, N. Y.,
who was succeeded by the Hon. William Bross, then principal of an academy
at Ridgebury, Orange county, since known as the founder of the Chicago Tri-
bune. Under his charge he passed through a course of studies covering several
years, embracing the usual collegiate branches. Some short period after this
he resided with his brother, Charles R. Thompson, of Stewartville, Warren
county, New Jersey, where he became a favorite student of Prof.Jno.S. Labar for
a number of years. He subsequently commenced to study law with Hon. Isaac
Toucey, who at that time was governor of the State of Connecticut, and finally
took a full law course at the Dane law school, Harvard. Profs. Greenleaf,
Story, William Kent, Theophilus Parker and other distinguished professors were
among the members of the faculty at the university at the period, and among
others with whom Mr. Thompson was at the time acquainted, and with whose
careers many pleasant personal recollections were associated, were Professors
Agassiz, Horsford, and Wyman.

After graduating at the law school of Harvard, Mr. Thompson located in
Lansing, the capital of this State, in 1848. He met there an office confrére of
former days in the person of Judge Wm. H. Chapman, who still lives in Lansing.
Judge Chapman was one of the first residents at the State capital, having set-
tled there in March, 1848, and Mr. Thompson following in August of the same
year. ‘They formed a law co-partnership at this period, Mr. Thompson haying
purchased a fine law library in New York, on his road to Lansing. Neither of

212 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the partners ever practiced law to any great extent, as might naturally be in-
ferred from the immediate surroundings in which they found themselves placed.
Mr. Chapman turned his attention more particularly to real estate operations,
and Mr. Thompson deyoted himself to journalism.

About the year 1852, Mr. Thompson became editor of the Lansing State
Journal, then owned by Peck & Harmon. He remained connected with the
Journal until 1856, when it had acquired a position as a democratic paper of
national weight and importance. Mr. Thompson attended the national con-
yention in Cincinnati in that year, and through the influence of General Rich-
mond, of Grand Rapids, he shortly afterwards assumed the editorial charge of
the Grand Rapids Daily Herald and Enquirer, upon the retirement of the Hon.
Thomas B. Church from the position. The Herald and Enquirer was published
and owned by Messrs. Barnes & Taylor, who subsequently became publishers of
the Detroit Free Press.

Mr. Thompson followed Stephen A. Douglas in his course in regard to the
territorial question, which led to the disruption of the democratic party, the
formation of the republican party, and the precipitation of the rebellion. He
also sought to enter the ranks of the army, but owing to the condition of his
health, he was not permitted to enlist, and he turned with renewed ardor to his
duties in the field of journalism.

In 1860-61 he directed special interest to the study of practical agriculture
and horticulture. He assisted in establishing the Michigan State Pomological
Society, now known as the Michigan Horticultural Society, and other societies
with kindred aims and objects. While associate editor of the Grand Rapids
Eagle, the republican journal of that section, Mr. Thompson gave the widest
possible encouragement to the development of the agricultural interests of the
State, and the lasting good which he effected at that period, in the promotion
and extension of practical agriculture is felt to the present time, and has been
universally acknowledged.

For two years, 1876-7 and 1877-8, Mr. Thompson was secretary of the
Michigan State Agricultural Society, and for the last three years has held
editorial charge of the agricultural department of the Post and Tribune, and
the popularity and esteem in which he was held cannot be better attested than
by the favor and acceptance with which his labors in this special department
were regarded. Its readers, in his untimely death, will mourn the loss of a
near and intimate friend. To a rare courtesy and grace of manner, Mr.
Thompson united many admirable social qualities. He was at all times a wel-
come and conspicuous participant in the various conventions and organizations
which had the promotion and development of agricultural science for their
special aim, and his absence will be seriously felt in future gatherings of this
character, not alone for the personal esteem in which he is held, but for the
valuable impetus which he gave to their advancement and progress.

Mr. Thompson belonged to the masonic fraterity, having been one of the
original charter members of the first lodge which was established in Lansing.

‘o sum up this in brief would read something like this: July, 1826, born
in Bloomfield, Connecticut; 1832, an orphan; 1840, a student in Orange Co.,
New York; 1847, a graduate of the Harvard Law School; 1848, a lawyer in
Lansing, Michigan ; 1852, editor of the Lansing State Journal; 1856, editor of
the Herald and Enquirer, Grand Rapids; 1860, associate editor of the Grand
Rapids Eagle, making a specialty of the development of the agricultural inter-
ests of Michigan; 1872, President of the Michigan Pomological Society ; 1873

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 913

to 1876, Secretary of the Michigan Pomological Society; 1876, Secretary of
the State Agricultural Society; 1880, he died, leaving a widow and two sons.

My friends, there is his history—born—lived—died. That is the history of
us all—the difference between us is in the living. He was an orphan at six
years of age. The very word orphan usually implies a history; with that word
we all associate trials and troubles. But it is not upon his early career I will
dwell. you haye listened to his life and know something of his writings, and
without rehearsing more of the one or the other, I will speak of him asa
man and as a member of this society.

In the sketch of his life we catch sight of the struggles, the trials, and the
successes attending it. Wedo not see the unselfish devotion to the cause we
represent here. His work among us was missionary work in its highest sense,
and it was performed often, 1 may say always, under the torture of physical
pain, for he was for years a martyr to disease. His courage through it all was
only equaled by his patience.

In 1870 Mr. Thompson, with a few other gentlemen, met in Grand Rapids
and organized this society, and from that day he never ceased to labor for it.
His position on the press, added to his ability, made his aid important. His
help was neyer given grudgingly. He worked for this society with his whole
heart, and his work had an increased value because of his being a member of
it, as a man may loye and fight for a cause outside the ranks, but can never do
as efficient service and be as highly honored asif he were a trained and uni-
formed soldier. He had the valuable faculty of recollecting the names and
faces of those he met, and an extraordinary aptitude in discerning their indi-
~ vidual character, so that if aid was required he knew the peculiar adaptability
of each man for the work needed. For him to meet a man was to know him.
He was unselfish. In his work for this society he sought only its good and
not his own aggrandizement. He was fair and honest in his dealings, a cour-
teous Christian gentleman, a manly man. I have spoken of his remarkable
memory of men and names. He had also an unusual talent for recollecting
passing events. Frequently at public meetings I have wished he would take
more ample notes, fearing that his assiduous attention to the business of the
day would prevent his giving publicity through the press to matters transpir-
ing of interest to the community in general, but these fears were groundless—
the next issue of his paper would contain an accurate report of every impor-
tant transaction ; nothing seemed to have escaped his observant eye, his vigi-
lant—I might almost say intuitive—recognition of what had occurred.

I said Mr. Thompson was a Christian gentleman. I hope it will not be
invading the sanctity of private life to mention an interview I had with him
in May, 1871, when he was at the age of 45 years. The day previous he had
been baptized. When I took him by the hand and congratulated him on the
step he had taken, he said with moistened- eyes, ‘“‘ With God’s help.”’ When
afterwards so many times I have seen him stretched on the bed of sickness,
racked with pain, or moving slowly and painfully about with the help of his
stout cane, as I felt the cordial grasp of his friendly hand and heard his ever
cheery voice, the words “‘ with God’s help”? would recur to me. But I will not
enlarge on his private virtues. We who knew him loved him. Certainly this
society as an association cannot forget his services, for to him, more than any
other man, may be attributed any success it has achieved. His ability, his
zeal and good jugment gaye weight, and his position as an editor publicity,
to our proceedings, carrying interest and influence where otherwise they would
have remained unfelt and unknown.

214 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

He inspired us all with something of his own courage and public spirit, and
we mourn his Joss as friends and as citizens. J have spoken of him as I knew
him as a man, as an editor and as a citizen, and I think those of you who
knew him, will say that the encomium bestowed upon him when I began is not
too laudatory, namely, ‘‘ that his sins need no mantle of charity and his deeds
need no excuse.”

The Secretary read the following letter from the first Secretary of the society :

DEAR S1r,—I am very sorry that I am unable to be with you at this meet-
ing to take part in the memorial expressions of esteem and brotherly love for
our late friend and ex-president Jonathan P. Thompson.

How much this society owes the fact of its existence to-day to him will
probably never be known; in fact, it would be hard to those who in later years
haye witnessed at our meetings the congregated intelligence, pomologically
speaking, of the entire State, to recognize the gathering as of the same organ-
ization as the one held in a back room in Luce’s Hall, Grand Rapids, ten years
ago next April, where he first saw us.

No one probably, present at that meeting, recognized so fully the labor that
would be required to produce from that embryo the ideal society we sought,
nor none undertook his share more intelligently or cheerfully than Mr. Thomp-
son. His previous experience as a writer for the public press enabled him to
most thoroughly understand the need of advertising us to the people in the
best manner, and his versatile and willing pen was a powerful vehicle in bring-
ing us to favorable public notice.

Later, as president and secretary, although confined to his room nearly all
of the time, and suffering much, no stone was left unturned to bring into our
ranks the best fruit-growers from every nook and corner of the State; and
possessing as he did, a wonderful talent in reading human nature, he seemed
able to say the right word, at the right time, to the right person, and he
always said it.

Sometimes it seemed to me he was given to favoritism, but when I assailed
him upon the subject found myself confronted by his great big heart, and was
completely overcome by him, and generally found afterwards that he was really
at work for the greatest good for the greatest number. And, while I know
nothing of his religious beliefs, nor to what church, if any, he belonged; yet
I feel confidence in his future, when I think that the fate of so kind a brother
(he called us all brothers), so good an adviser, and so true a friend, is in the
hands of a just God. Respectfully,

A. 'T. LINDERMAN.

Mr. Pearsall said :

I call to mind the interest in our work and the indefatigable exertion he has
made for the advancement of this society that he so much loved. When his
disability was such that he could with difficulty walk, yet he would always be
at his post, when acting secretary ; and we always looked with interest and profit
to the productions of his pen; and I am glad that we can call to mind the
departed with so much interest, and while we may say ‘‘peace to his ashes,’’
we may not forget that a ‘‘ great man is fallen,’’ and ‘‘our loss is most cer-
tainly his gain.”

Mr. H. Dale Adams, after calling to mind a number of pleasant incidents
connected with his personal knowledge of Mr. Thompson, offered the follow-
ing resolutions, which were unanimously adopted by a rising vote:

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 215

WHEREAS, By the death of Jonathan Palmer Thompson this Society has lost one
of its earliest and best friends, whose efforts were untiring for its success, and whose
wise counsels have largely contributed to its present prosperity; therefore

Resolved, That in the death of Mr. Thompson this Society has lost a wise counselor,
sincere friend, and a most earnest worker, and the State a most valuable citizen;

Resolved, That these resolutions be spread upon the records of this Society, and a
copy be transmitted by the secretary to the family of Mr. Thompson,

The choir closed the exercise by appropriate music, following which Mr.
A. C. Glidden offered the following resolution, which was adopted :

Resolved, That the secretary be instructed to secure an engraving of Mr. Thompson
to be placed in the transactions of the Society as soon as practicable.

Mr. Adams then spoke at some length concerning the desirability of pre-
serving a record of our deceased members, explaining that a volume could be
secured for this purpose at no great expense, in which could be preserved a
short sketch of the lives of the members who had gone from us, with, perhaps,
their photographs.

On motion, the officers of the Society were asked to secure a record of this
character, and Mr. Adams was invited to place his plan in definite form for
the use of the officers in deciding upon the matter.

RESOLUTIONS.

The committee on resolutions reported as follows:
Mr. President and Members of the State Horticultural Society :

During this tenth annual convention of the Michigan State Horticultural
Society we have been so hospitably entertained, our wants anticipated and so
thoroughly provided for, even beyond the expectations that were raised by the
cordial invitation to hold our sessions here, and we are placed under obligations
to so many people and friends, that it is difficult to mention them in detail
with any assurance that none shall be left out. We will name, however, the
officers and members of the Washtenaw County Pomological Society, and the
citizens of Ann Arbor generally for their courteous treatment and hospitable
entertainment on this occasion ; the ladies and gentlemen who by their delight-
ful music have added so materially to the pleasure of our meeting; the local
committee having in charge the management of the meeting; the officials who
have granted us the use of the commodious audience room and other comforts
connected with the sessions; the professors of the State University, Agricult-
ural College and Normal School, who have furnished us the admirable addresses
for our instruction and entertainment; to acting President Frieze for his kind
invitation to visit the University, and for his politeness in showing us through
the buildings of the various departments; the officers of the past year, who
have devoted much of their time to the advancement and interest of the
society and its objects, and especially to our worthy president and efficient sec-
retary, whose incessant labors have become a part of the history of this
society, and, in fact, of the horticulture of the country. In acknowledment
of the kindly offices thus rendered; therefore, be it

Fesolwed, That the sincere thanks of the State Horticultural Society be tendered to
each and all of the above mentioned, and that the same become a part of the records
of this society.

Short addresses were made by a number of the members, speaking in
the highest terms of praise of the good time enjoyed during the annual meet-
ing, after which the resolutions were adopted by an emphatic vote, and the
convention adjourned sine die.

HISTORY OF MICHIGAN HORTICULTURE.

Early in the year 1880 the secretary presented to the executive board of the
State Pomological Society a plan by which the history of Michigan horticulture
could be worked into shape and preserved in the transactions of the society.
The plan was adopted, and the secretary set about the work.

Correspondence was opened with men in nearly every county in which fruit
is grown, with the hope of finding some one in each county who would under-
take to gather up the horticultural history and statistics for his own section.
This was a slow process, and after a long time, men were found in the most
thickly settled counties, who would undertake the work. It was thought that
the matter could be pretty thoroughly worked up during this year, and a
report made in the volume for 1880 that would approximate completeness.
But in every case the county historians found they could gather the information
only by personal interviews with the persons who knew the facts. Correspond-
ence was comparatively useless; and, because of the difficulties in the way,
there have come to the secretary’s office but very few reports. There are
a number of others that are under way, and will be completed another season.

It will be readily seen, then, that what seemed to be a very short work, will,
with our lack of funds to use, and our dependence almost entirely upon the
voluntary unremunerated assistance of men interested to secure the history but
unable to give much time to it, take at least another year to complete.

As soon as a correspondent was found in any county, the following circular
and list of questions were sent him.

SECRETARY’S OFFICE,
Grand Rapids, Mich. May 21, 1880.

My DEAR Sir:—I want to save in the next Pomological Report all the facts I can
get concerning the history of tree-planting and orcharding in Michigan. It seems
to me animportant thing to do before they are lost. You have been suggested as
a person who would be willing to aid in this purpose. I want your county repre-
sented, and enclose a list of questions that will serve as a guide in gathering the
facts. If you cannot do this will you kindly put the matter into some one’s hands
who will see your county represented. If the history is in my hands by last of July
it will answer. Hoping that you can aid us in our undertaking,

I am yours very truly,
CHAS. W. GARFIELD.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

CIRCULAR.

When and where were first fruit trees planted in your county ?

. Name some early orchardists, with incidents in connection with their work.
. Give any facts about introduction of special varieties.

. Where was first nursery in your county?

. How many nurseries now in your county, and their acreage?

- Do you know of any varieties originating in your county ?

> OU 09 DO

HISTORY OF MICHIGAN HORTICULTURE. 217

7. When and what was first fruit exported from your county?

8. Give any facts you can about old trees in your county.

9. Have you ever had a destructive visitation of insects—if so, when, how and
what?

10. Can you mention any exceptionally large yields of fruit in your county ?

11. Give short histories of any horticultural societies you have ever had in your
county.

12. Have you any fruit-preserving factory—if so, describe its work ?

13. Can you give any facts and statistics of shipments ?

_ 14, Can you name any other peculiarities of the horticultural history of your
county ?

The above questions are sent you that we may gather the facts in connection with
the horticultural growth of Michigan before they are lost. Will you help us all you
can in our endeavors? Please address all replies to Secretary Chas. W. Garfield,
Grand Rapids, Michigan.

In response to the letter and circular there were a great many replies, but the
last of July came, and with it anumber of requests for more time, and the
time was extended to September 15th, when the majority wished to be allowed
until 1881 to complete the work in anything like a satisfactory manner.

The few reports that have been received are given substantially as sent into
the office, and will seem to start off a work that may require several years to
complete. It seems worth the while, however, to get the statements as accurate
as possible, and save them where they may be referred to by any who may be
interested in the progress of our horticulture.

Even in the counties represented in this volume new facts may come to light
which will be added another year.

The counties reporting are given in alphabetical order.

ALCONA COUNTY.
REPORTED BY C. P. REYNOLDS, OF HARRISVILLE.

This county is situated on the west shore of Lake Huron, about half way
between Saginaw Bay and the Straits of Mackinaw. Its early settlers were
fishermen and lumbermen, who paid little attention to what the soil might pro-
duce. In 18468. M. Holden planted a garden on the bluffs of the lake with
so much success that he was encouraged to plant a small orchard in 1848, of
which a few apple trees still remain and bear fruit of three varieties: R. I.
Greening, Snow, and Harvest apples. These are the oldest fruit trees of the
county.

Charles Briggs, another pioneer, planted an orchard in 1860, bringing his
trees from Rochester, New York. This is the largest bearing orchard in the
county. In 1861 George H. Blush and William Beaver also pianted orchards
that have successfully fruited apples, pears, cherries, and plums with varying
success. ‘The experiences of these early tree-planters have taught their suc-
cessors that some varieties are better adapted to their soil and climate, and that
where the Red Astrachan, Wagener, and Northern Spy flourish many other
kinds prove failures. Acting upon such valuable information, several larger
orchards have been planted by farmers who are located back from the shore, on
soils and in locations better adapted for fruit-growing, where the Red Astrachan,
Wagener, Northern Spy, and Duchess of Oldenburg are giving early promise
of better success.

The plum has not been visited by the curculio pest, and is being planted
quite liberally. As yet very little has been done in small fruits because of the

218 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

abundance of wild berries. But the Concord grape ripens here, and cultivated
small fruits are being slowly introduced.

We have no horticultural society organized, and the fruit interest is encour-
aged by the agricultural society, organized six years ago, and several good
exhibits of apples, pears, and plums have been made at the fairs of the society.
Many of our people are evincing an increased interest in the reports of the
Pomological Society, and, though remote from the exhibitions of your products,
a few have visited some of the grand displays of that most prominent fruit
interest of the State. The general impression among our people is, that
although far removed from the much boasted ‘‘fruit belt’? of the State, we
shall yet produce the home supply of fruit by a more careful selection of hardy
varieties adapted to our location, and by improved methods of cultivation, for
which we are already indebted to the energy and liberality of the Pomological
Society.

BENZIE COUNTY.
REPORTED BY J. J. HUBBELL OF BENZONIA.

Was first settled in 1858 by a colony from Ohio, which located at Benzonia,
eight miles back from the lake, on the high lands at the head of Crystal Lake.

This Crystal Lake is only separated from Lake Michigan by a low sand ridge,
so that the influence of the large lake is carried inland to Benzonia in much
the same way as it is carried into Grand Traverse county by Traverse Bay.
A settlement was also made at the mouth of Betsie River, now known as
Frankfort, about the same time; but as the principal business was dealing in
wood and lumber, but little attention was given to the planting of fruit trees.
On the other hand, at Benzonia almost every settler planted a small orchard,
as soon as he had land enough cleared for the trees to stand upon. As examples
of this, I would mention Rey. C. E. Bailey and his brother John Bailey, who
set their door-yards out to peach trees, raised from pits brought with them.
They also set small apple orchards. The following persons also set apple and
peach trees with some pears and plum trees: Horace Burr, Wm. Steel, J. R.
Burr, J. B. Walker (2 orchards), L. W. Case, Rev. Geo. Thompson, W. S.
Hubbell, E. Niell, and A. 8. Case. While at Frankfort, R. Bull and Mr.
Oliver set orchards at about the same time, and as the county settled up many
others followed.

But little attention was paid to varieties at first, as it was all guess work as
to what would succeed, and nursery men sent about what they liked. But few
took any care to preserve the names of the kinds they had set, so that to this
day not one-half the varieties produced by these old orchards are known, and
they form a constant study and puzzle to pomologists to name them. The
kinds that are being planted now are mostly Golden Kusset, Wagener, Rhode
Island Greening, Grimes’ Golden, Northern Spy, and Red Canada, for market ;
while for family use the Benoni, Porter, Red Astrachan, Fameuse, Dutchesse
of Oldenburg, Chenango Strawberry, Lowell and Primate, are the most sought
after.

There are no nurseries to speak of in our county, but there is a good chance
for some one in that line. As to new varieties I might mention one tree
among the seedlings set by Mr. C. E. Bailey as giving good promise. It is of
the late Crawford type, but has not been disseminated to any extent as I know of.

HISTORY OF MICHIGAN HORTICULTURE. 219

L. W. Case has a very good seedling apple, of very good size and quality, and
a good keeper. We will be glad to send specimens to Mr. Lyon or any one if
wanted this fall. No fruit to speak of has been shipped as yet from this
county. The old orchards are small, and set only for family supply. Many of
the trees proved to be unprofitable, not the right kinds for us. Many large
new orchards have been set within the last few years. A few plums, and, I
think, pears, have been shipped from Frankfort and brought extra high prices,
as they were of very superior quality. Ido not know as we have ever had a
very destructive visitation from insects. We have our quota of the curculio,
codling moth, tent caterpillars, etc., etc.

The Benzie county agricultural society has been the only society that has
paid much attention to horticulture. This body has had regular annual fairs
since 1863, and the most prominent part of its exhibition has been the show
of fruit. We have never failed to have an exhibit of peaches, pears, and
plums, as well as an abundance of apples. It was this county that showed in
competition with Grand Traverse county at Traverse City in the fall of 1873,
when the State Pomological Society met there.

Latterly there has been a society formed at Benzonia, known as the Benzonia
Pomological Society. This society has quarterly meetings for discussion and
show of fruits. We shall try and re-organize as a branch of the State society
at our next meeting in September.

There was a pomological society formed at Frankfort, but nothing has been
heard from it recently.

I would, in conclusion, mention the following men as interested and engaged
to a greater or less extent in fruit-growing in our county at present: C.F.
Hopkins, 8S. Small, H. O. Mack, J. A. and W. J. Pettett, J. R. Burr, John
Vaudmun, and A. B. Adams, of Benzonia; A. G. Butler, H. M. Spicer, N. A.
Parker, and Dr. Voorhies, of Frankfort; Wm. Voorhies and Mr. Axtell, of
Blain; H. Cooper and John Greenwood, of Gilmore; C. Parker, of Joyfield ;
W. Case, of Homestead; J. Reynolds, of Ireland. There are probably others
whose names I haye not.

BARRY COUNTY.
PREPARED BY GEO. K. BEAMER, OF IRVING.

I have made diligent search to obtain the historical facts relative to the early
or pioneer work in horticulture in the county of Barry. Hunting them out
has been a work of no little difficulty, partly from the weakness of human
memory of the few pioneers yet living, and more because so many are dead.
Thirty-five to forty years will remove by death a great number of men and
women who wére already twenty-five to forty years old when they commenced
life in the wilderness. I think I was not entirely unprepared for this work
which you called on me todo. JI was born and brought up in one of the best
fruit regions in this latitude, the lime-stone ridges of Lewiston, Niagara county,
New York. I was a small boy when I found a very great variety of choice
fruit on my father’s farm; apples, pears, peaches, plums, apricots, nectarines,
grapes, currants, and gooseberries were grown in abundance. Prior to the com-
pletion of the Erie canal we were without a market, and wagon loads of the
choicest peaches and plums rotted on the ground; but not long after that time
fruit began to be an article of commerce, and as such has continued to increase

220 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in importance as to quantity, quality, variety, and system of handling, until
now, when the profits and the pleasure of the business of horticulture have
become very great in very many of the States of the Union.

Now as to Barry county: In 1835 Calvin G. Hill settled on what is now the
crossing of the two main streets of Middleville, and Henry Leonard about one
mile north on the Thornapple river, and the next year, 1836, planted the first
apple and cherry trees, each in the same year. About 1837 William Bassett
and William Lewis set small orchards in Yankee Springs township; William
Bassett sowed some apple seed in 1837, which was the first nursery, so far as I
am able to learn, in Barry county.

To condense matters, the first orchard set in Barry county at Middleville was
in 1836; Yankee .Springs, 1837; Johnstown, 1837; Woodland, 1841;
Hastings, 1840; Prairieville, 1839. The first nursery was planted in Yankee
Springs by sowing apple seed, 1837, and in Prairieville, 1839. A second
nursery set in Prairieville in 1841 was the first grafted fruit planted in the
county grafted in the root. These grafts were obtained from Monroe, Michi-
gan. ‘The varieties were the Russet, Baldwin, Spitzenburg, Swaar, Early
Harvest and Seek-no-further. Old trees in this county are healthy on the
highlands and on clay soil, but on the lowlands and river bottoms the old trees
are not healthy, which is mostly chargeable to severe winters a few years since,
followed by a series of dry summers.

As to later work, Elisha Kellogg planted two nurseries in the township of
Trying in 1844, and sold largely from them for several years. Those nurseries
were made up of choice varieties of grafted fruit, but are vow sold ont and
there is no nursery of importance in this county.

First fruit exported from this county was in 1859, by Jeptha Parish, from
Yankee Springs, a very fine quantity and quality of Baldwin apples.

We have had no serious destruction of fruit by insects in this county.’ The
codling moths in fruit and borers in trees have done some damage, but no very
destructive plagues have attacked the fruit in this county. There is now quite
a large quantity of small fruit grown in this county.

CALHOUN COUNTY.

Robert Church, late of the township of Marengo, Calhoun county, settled
upon his farm, two miles east of the city of Marshall, in 1836. ‘One of the
first steps taken by this enterprising farmer was to clear off six or eight acres
of oak openings and set out an apple and peach orchard.’’ The trees were
obtained at Ypsilanti. Soon thereafter he brought from St. Joseph county
300 seedling apple trees to commence a nursery. These trees must have been
very small, as he ‘‘backed them in.’’ This was the nucleus of the first
nursery in Calhoun county, and from it was disseminated the. first plantings in
what are now large, old orchards.

Yours, etc., O. C. Comstock.

EATON COUNTY.
REPORTED BY ESEK PRAY.

J.C. Woodbury, of Bellevue, was the proprietor of the first nursery in the
southwest part of the county; Jesse Hart, of Brookfield, in the south part of
the county, still living, brought apple seed with him in the fall of 1837, put

HISTORY OF MICHIGAN HORTICULTURE. 22k

them in the ground at once, and raised a nursery, supplying himself and
neighbors. Nathan H. Pray (my father), of Windsor, in the east part of
the county, in the fall of 1837, located and raised a nursery from the seed,
having the seedlings grafted, and supplied many in his vicinity. Jay Hawkins,
of Vermontville, in the west part of the county, planted first apple seeds in
1837, and raised a nursery, supplying many of the first settlers in his part of
the county. He also grafted pear in thorn bushes, and from them the first
pears were raised. §.S. Church and Walter S. Fairfield started the first peach
nursery in Vermontyville from pits. Orrin Dickinson, of Vermontville, brought
seed with him from Vermont for his orchard. The people of Vermontyille
planted first fruit seed from the fall of 1836 until the fall of 1837. Star Hoyt,
of Sunfield, in the north part of the county, sowed apple seeds about the same
time, from which many early orchards sprang.

I have not been able to hear of any natural trees found by the first settlers
in bearing.

INGHAM COUNTY.
BY GEO. W. PARKS, LANSING.

Agreeable to your request, I have made inquiries and gathered what facts I
could in reference to the early history of fruit and trees in Ingham county.
The first apple trees planted in Ingham county were set out by David Rodgers,
in the town of Stockbridge, in 1835. He built the first house in the county in
1834, and in 1836 he sent to New Jersey and got peach pits. They grew, and
were the variety known as Red Cheek Rareripe. Thomas Sill set an apple orch-
ard in the same town in 1836; all were nativesorts. A. Standish set an orchard
in the same town in 1838; all were native trees but two. One was Yellow Har-
yest and the other Greasy Pippin. Mr. Law planted an orchard in 1837 in
same town.

Among the early orchardists of the town of Aurelius were John Barnes, Rob-
ert G. Haywood, Elijah Wilcox, Michael Matteson, H. Roswell, D. Maxson,
who planted orchards in the years 1837 and 1838.

The first to plant trees in the town of Lansing was A. F. Cooley, who planted
native trees in the spring of 1837. He obtained the trees on the bank of the
Grand river near the present location of the city of Lansing. They were sub-
sequently ingrafted with good kinds, and they are healthy bearing trees at this
date. Mr. Cooley planted peach trees on same farm in 1844, which bore fruit
in great abundance after attaining to proper age, until the year 1855, when
they were killed by cold winters; peaches having succeeded only at intervals
since, when we haye had several mild winters in succession.

The first to plant orchards in the town of Onondaga were the Baldwins and
Johnsons, who planted in 1837-8. The first nursery planted in Ingham
county was planted in January, 1838, by J. F. Cooley, the ground being free
from frost at the time named. The seed was brought from New York. The
nursery contained 2,000 native trees, and they were sold to settlers in the
neighborhood. James Bignal planted a nursery in the town of Stockbridge in
1850. It was made up of native stocks which were ingrafted in the body
three to four feet from ground; they gaye good satisfaction to planters. The
trees did well and were healthy, and are bearing to date.

Geo. W. Lathrop planted a nursery in the city of Lansing in 1850, he being
the first to introduce trees ingrafted in the root. In 1856, J. 8. Harris

R22 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

brought from Genesee county, New York, a stock of apple, pear, plum, peach,
cherry, grape, etc.; they were planted on the farm of 8. G. Schofield, south
of the city of Lansing. In 1857 they were removed to grounds owned by him
near the Cedar street bridge, where the stock was increased to 75,000 in all.
The trees grew well, and were distributed in Eaton, Clinton, Gratiot and
Ingham counties. In 1862 the stock was closed out and business suspended.
In the year 1869 Geo. W. Parks planted a general variety of fruit and
ornamental trees in the city of Lansing, known as the Lansing Nursery. It
was kept up in successful operation until 1873, at which time the Michigan
Southern railway company surveyed a railroad diagonally through the blocks,
making it necessary to remove it to its present location, one mile south from
Cedar street bridge, where it carries a stock of 75,000 trees, and occupies ten
acres of land.

The first fruit exported from this county was in 1841, by Robert G. Hayward.
There was no great amount of fruit exported from Ingham county until 1873,
as the first trees set out were nearly all native sorts, and were not very
merchantable. From 1860 to the present time orchardists have been changing
their apple orchards by ingrafting market kinds into native tops, which can
be done in three years with trifling expense, if properly understood. This is
constantly increasing the supply of: market winter apples, which promise a
large surplus of first-class winter apples for shipment in the near future. It
will be observed that the oldest trees planted were native kinds; they were
subsequently ingrafted in the body or top. From observation and experience
I am inclined to believe that the native stalk is the most desirable for many of
our tender kinds of apples. I will name the Rhode Island Greening, Roxbury
Russet, and Baldwin, that will grow better on the body of some native or
hardy improved stocks like Northern Spy. All the leading varieties of apples,
pears, plums, cherries, currants, peaches, grapes and small fruits grow in this
county when properly cared for.

The year 1879 was an unusually dry season. Fruits of all kinds were
effected by drought. The size and quality were diminished, as well as the
yield. ‘The apples were very nearly all injured by the codling moth, as it was
difficult to find one but what was worm pierced, even on plates at exhibitions
of fruit. The year 1880 will long be remembered in this county as an excep-
tionally fruitful season. The strawberry first was a success, followed by the
black caps and red raspberry, cherries, currants, blackberry, peaches, plums,
and apples bringing up the rear part of the season. We can safely say that
1880 has produced more fruit of all kinds, except grapes, than ever before in
one season. I will here state that the year 1880 has been an unusually wet
season, and the fruit has been of unusually good quality and remarkably free
from the ravages of insects.

My first visit to central Michigan was in 1848. Haying lived in a well devel-
oped fruit country, and haying an eye and taste for fruit, my first inquiry was,
can fruit be successfully grown here? While some answered in the negative,
others answered in the aflirmative. It seemed to be a problem to be solved in
the future. It is indeed wonderful to see what 32 years of hard work and
careful husbandry has done for central Michigan to develop its fruit and agri-
cultural resources. When we look back to our first experiences in this county
and take in the prospects of fruit raising for the future, it looked very dubious
to aneastern man. ‘The scattering orchards were nearly all native sorts, poor
and small. The peach grew in great abundance when trees were planted, but
were grown from pits.

HISTORY OF MICHIGAN HORTICULTURE. 229

But little care was given to fruit trees by the masses; their time was given
more to the clearing of the land. ‘Trees were left to be browsed by cattle—
unprotected for want of proper fences. I know of parties who planted trees,
several times on the same grounds on that account. There were many who
lived on farms for several years before they planted trees, saying it was too
much of an experiment for them to undertake. Ornamental trees and
shrubbery were hardly thought of. Where you will see to-day the beautiful orna-
mented grounds laid out with artistic skill, with walks and drives, dotted with
imported and native, deciduous, and every new shrubbery and trees, fruits and
flowers, with fine houses and barns, and broad acres in the rear waving with
golden grain, 32 years ago might have been seen on same grounds a log cabin,
with stumps and logs covering the ground close to the door, with pigs and
chickens around the door, no fences to be seen, the jingle of the cow-bells to
be heard in the distance. This was not so desirable a picture to behold toa
person whose eyes were accustomed to look out upon the matured old home at
the east, where fruit, flowers, and all the luxuries of life abounded. Thus we
see the mission of the pioneer, an honorable, self-sacrificing mission it is, for
he prepares the way for the next generation, which enjoys the fruits of his
labor.

ISABELLA COUNTY.
BY HORACE A. BIGELOW.

Our beautiful county of Isabella, located in the geographical center of the
Lower Peninsula of the State of Michigan, was, prior to 1854, an uninhabited
forest. After the passage of the graduation bill by Congress, August 4, 1854,
there was a great rush of land-seekers for Gratiot and Isabella counties.
Among that irrepressible throng of the hardy sons of toil was the writer of
this letter. October 2t}, 1854, I entered at the U.S. land office, then located
at Ionia, 320 acres of land, being the south half of section three, in Coe town-
ship, Isabella county.

In the fall of 1856 I bought 900 apple trees of Mr. Hagerman, a nursery-
man living in the town of Blissfield, Lenawee county. These he delivered
to me at Maple Rapids, Clinton county. One team could take them no farther
north at that time. I sent two ox teams to Maple Rapids for them. From
this number of trees five or more different orchards were set, being to-day the
oldest and some of them the best producing orchards in this county.

I was fortunate in the selection of these trees, as most of them have proved
hardy and well adapted to this locality. The winter fruit was largely com-
posed of the Northern Spy, Bellflower, Tallman Sweet, and Golden Russet.
These have proved hardy and well adapted to this climate. Among these 900
trees were a few labeled Virginia Red Streak, an apple quite common in Bliss-
field, Lenawee county. It is a late fall apple, and, all things considered, is
hard to beat. ‘The tree is hardy, producing nearly every year immense crops,
and keeps well into January. ‘The first thing to seek for in the selection of
fruit is such as has proved itself adapted to the locality in which it is to be
placed. Some choice varieties of apples have shown themselves unfit for this
section, such as the Red Canada, Baldwin, and Rhode Island Greening. I will
mention a few other varieties that I think are well suited to this section. The
Wagener, Twenty-ounce, Ben Davis, Rambo, Snow Apple, Bailey Sweet, Early
Harvest, Karly Joe, Early Strawberry, Fall Pippin, Late Strawberry, Maiden’s
Blush, Grimes’ Golden Pippin, White Pippin, Red Astrachan. We have no

224 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

nurseries furnishing fruit trees in our county as yet. ‘There have been no new
varieties originated in our county, as I know of. The most vigorous and
healthy looking of the oldest apple trees here are the Northern Spy, Golden
Russet, Tallman Sweet, and Virginia Red Streak. As to pears, I would say I think
the Flemish Beauty and Bartlett the safest\ and surest here. Plums of most
kinds do very well. At the time of writing this, some thirty plum trees in
my garden are heavily loaded. Peaches are not reliable here; but what there
are here give promise of an abuudant yield of fruit this season. Some hardy
kinds of grapes, like the Delaware and Concord, do very well in this section.
To all of your questions after the fourth, I would say no.

JACKSON COUNTY.

BY MICHAEL SHOEMAKER.

In reply to your circular of May 21, I would state that the first fruit trees
planted in this county were set out in 1830 by Mr. A. W. Daniels, on the farm
of his father, Mr. Henry Daniels, in what is now the township of Blackman.
The trees for this orchard were sent from the State of New York by Mr. Henry
Daniels, who had been ‘‘ looking lands”’ through the county in 1829 with a
view of locating here with his family, as he did in 1830.

In answer to your second inquiry to ‘‘name some early orchardists, with
incidents connected with their work,’’ I would report that the Hon. Townsend
E. Gidley, on his farm, now in the township of Sandstone, was first both in the
extent of his orchard and in varieties of fruit cultivated during the entire time of
his residence here. When Mr. Gidley left Jackson county he went to the
eastern shore of Lake Michigan, where he made the cultivation of fruit his sole
occupation. The largest peach I have ever seen was at Gidley’s Station, on
the Michigan Central railroad, about the year 1845. Other early orchardists
in the township of Sandstone were Amasa Hawkins, Caleb Chapel, Sherman
Eastman, Samuel Fassett, John Dearin and Capt. Chester Wall. —

In the township of Napoleon, Morgan Case, John H. Burroughs, first to
raise apples, brought the trees from Ypsilanti; Simon Holland, Chauncey
Hawley, Roswell B. Rexford. Isaac Hatt brought his trees from Ann Arbor,
on his back.

In the township of Norvell, Harvey Austin, William Hunt, Aaron Austin,
John Hunt, and Perrin Conyose.

In the township of Columbia, George Stranahan planted first orchard in
1831 or 72; Thomas Lewis, Richard Crego, John Crego, William Gallup,
Benjamin Davis, Anson H. Delemater, and Gardner J. Gollen.

In the township of Tompkins, Richard Townley, David Adams, Jesse Fer-
guson, Walter Ferguson, Gardner J. Gould, and Nicholas Townley.

In the township of Rives, Harry Hurd, Jesse Hurd, John Snyder, Willard
Reed, Samuel Prescott, Robert H. Anderson, Alvah Trne, Ezra Higby, and
John 8. Trumball.

In the township of Concord, Isaac N. Swain.

In the township of Hanover, Abiel Tripp, William Clapp, James Nash, F.
A. Kennedy, Jr., Morgan Buchanan, Daniel Porter, Grinnell Reynolds, J. C.
Bell and John Crittenden.

In the township of Pulaski, Michael Nowlan, Luther L. Wood,. Warner J.
Hodge (brought his trees with him), Sherman Jacobs, Henry Nowlan, John
Wilbar, John Weaver and Thomas McGee.

HISTORY OF MICHIGAN HORTICULTURE. 225

In the township of Grass Lake, Ralph Updike, Benjamin Carter, William
H. Pease, J. Keyes, T. Boynton, and A. Soper.

In the township of Leoni, Guy C. Chatfield, Benjamin Welsh, Abel F. Fitch,
Amasa M. Barber, Luther F. Grandy, Jacob Cawood and Jacob Sagendorf.

In the township of Waterloo, Aaron Gorton, Patrick Hubbard, Casper Artz,
EK. S. Robinson, John Barber, and Abraham Croman.

In the township of Henrietta, A. Bunker, Samuel Prescott, A. Hall, W. 8.
Pixley, and B. H. Pixley.

In the township of Blackman, Henry Daniels, A. W. Daniels, Nathaniel
Morrell, J. T. McConnell, J. R. Poole, and 8S. Z. Crawford.

In the township of Summit, James De Puy, A. McCain, Michael Shoemaker,
John Durand, and Dwight Merriman.

In the township of Liberty, S. H. Holmes, Cornelius Cary, Noah Keeler,
Michael Kerr, H. J. Crego, and M. W. Crippin.

In the township of Spring Arbor, J. G. Perrine, C. Crowl, A. M. Pardee,
H. C. Roberts, G. W. Chapel, W. S. Crowl, Louis Snyder, Jr., J. Belden and
Harry Holcomb.

In the township of Parma, Wm. G. Brown, G. R. Davis, N. B. Graham, J.
D. Mackey, F. F. Richardson, and J. Taylor.

In the township of Springport, W. H. Hammond, H. Fitzgerald, W. S$.
Brown, James M. Jameson, O. V. Hammond, G. Landon, 8. H. Ludlow, S.
O. Gillett, and G. T. Griffeth.

The foregoing is compiled from the best sources of information I have been
able to find. It is more than probable that some of the early orchardists in
the county are not named.

I can learn of no earlier nursery than that of the Hon. Townsend EH. Gidley.
Morgan Case, of Napoleon, planted apple seeds in 1832, raised a nursery, from
which the trees were obtained for many orchards now in bearing. Luther F.
Grandy had a nursery in Leoni at a very early day. Benjamin Welsh, of the
same township, also had a nursery.

Isaac N. Swain, of Concord, had a nursery among the first in the county.
Harmon Landon established a nursery in Springport soon after settling in that
township. Morgan Buchanan planted a nursery on section 33, township of
Hanover, soon after the settlement of that township.

Mr. Cook had a nursery for many years on his place, now in the city
of Jackson, of all kinds of fruit trees. I. M. Harwood and Richard Dunning
had an apple nursery on the farm of Hon. James C. Wood, commencing some
time about 1855. They also had a nursery on their own place in the city, on
which they had all kinds of fruit and ornamental trees suitable to the climate
of this State.

PEACHES.

Peaches have always been raised in this county from its first settlement.
There never was failure, or injury to the trees or fruit until January, 1854,
when all the trees in this county were severely injured or killed by the extreme
cold weather. Since that time the crop has been an uncertain one, but there
have always been orchards of greater or less extent. The largest orchard ever
planted in the county was on the farm of M. Shoemaker, in the township of
Summit. It was planted by Harwood & Dunning with varieties from their
nursery, and bore many crops of most excellent fruit. This orchard was
planted in 1855 and 1856, but no longer exists. There is now a growing

29

226 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

interest in the cultivation of the peach in this county, particularly in the
southern portion of it, and peaches are now in the Jackson market from the
yicinity of Brooklyn. Mr. Dwight Merriman, of Summit, is quite a successful
grower of peaches. He has also extensive orchards of all kinds of fruit raised
in this latitude.

Peaches were shipped from this county full thirty-five years ago, and apples
thirty years. ‘The exact time I cannot give.

There has been no destructive visitation of insects, but apples and plums
have suffered somewhat; but I cannot, for want of time, ascertain and give
particulars.

There is now a horticultural society here, formed within the past year.

The shipments of fruit can be ascertained from the books of the railroad
company, but to do so would take more time than I can devote to that point.
The shipments of apples from this county have amounted, howeyer, to many
thousand barrels for most of the years for twenty-five years past.

KENT COUNTY.

The very earliest history of horticulture in Kent county is connected with
Grand Rapids as a French trading post. Louis Campau, previous to 1834, had
improved a piece of land extending from the present site of the Rathbun
House on the corner of Monroe and Ottawa streets, to the Hagle Hotel, and
from thence to the river bank. This was a vegetable and flower garden with
shrubbery and trees scattered through it and afew fruits. The most attractive
thing about it was the flowers, and it was a place of resort for whites and
Indians. The latter used to Jand from their canoes and go up through the
garden by a well trodden path to Mr. Campau’s house. An old canoe answered
for a propagating bed in which to start things before they were planted in the
garden.

About the year 1835, Mr. Abel Page moved to Grand Rapids and located on
the bank of the river near the foot of Huron street. Mr. Page and John
Almy, his nearest neighbor, started gardens upon the bank of the river, and
planted in them such things as they brought from the east and could get
through the mails from friends, in the form of seeds and slips. They also
made some selections from the woods. It was in Mr. Page’s river garden that
the first tomatoes were raised in the Grand River Valiey. They were a great
curiosity, and grown as ornamental plants and called ‘‘love apples.’? There
was but one person in the country that would eat them, and that was the
school teacher. ‘This was a matter of astonishment to the people, and at first
dire consequences were expected as a result.

For a good many of the first things planted in the gardens of the settlers,
they were indebted to the kindness of Uncle Louis Campau, who grew nothing
to sell, but gave many things away.

In 1838 Mr. Page moved up on Bridge street hill and planted another gar-
den with a sort of nursery attachment, the whole occupying perhaps three
acres. This was the year of the great flood in the river which occurred in
February. It was in this second garden that Mr. Page grew Morus multi-
caulis and raised silkworms, dealing in the cocoons. It was about this time
the Rohan potato had such a great run. Mr. Page raised specimens that
would weigh two pounds and sold them for seed at the rate of from $16 to $20
per bushel. The fruit in this garden was grown largely from plants found in

HISTORY OF MICHIGAN HORTICULTURE. Q2T

the woods. Mr. Page and his sons gathered gooseberries, currants, raspberries
and blackberries, as well as plums, from the valley of Grand River, and by care-
ful selection succeeded in growing very fine smooth gooseberries of large size;
black caps were grown that rivaled the cultivated sorts in size and quality;
white blackberries were found and propagated, and plums were found, large
and delicious, that ripened as early as August. All these added to slips of culti-
vated fruits and ornamental shrubs, made the nucleus of the future nursery,

The first apple seeds planted were from fruit gathered from the old French
trees about Detroit and shipped to Grand Haven around the lakes, and from
thence up the river in Mackinaw boats. The apples were eaten with the
understanding that the seeds should be saved, and no guest was treated to any
of the fruit without this proviso being putin. A quart of seeds thus obtained
were sown; at the same time a bushel of peach pits were planted, producing
trees that were sold readily without budding at good prices.

Mr. Page grew the wild cranberry here, and his garden was a resort of
people who wished a feast of fruit. He also raised about the first melons grown
in the country.

It might be well to speak of the nearest attempt at gardening outside of
Grand Rapids. As early as 1835-6, ‘‘ Yankee”’ Lewis had a nice garden at
Yankee Springs, in the edge of Barry county, and people coming through
from Kalamazoo were delighted with his thrift and good taste. Upon the
site of this garden are now located orchards containing over 4,000 trees, in a
very prosperous condition.

Really the nursery business proper, in Kent county, was started by Abel
Page and Sons in the year 1845. It was planted north of Coldbrook, and the
first 10,000 root grafts were purchased at Monroe, of one Hartwell, a nursery-
man there. ‘Two-thirds of these were apples, the remainder divided between
pears, cherries, plums, etc. ‘To these more were added rapidly, until in two
or three years the number of trees in the nursery reached 250,000, and for
nearly 20 years about this amount of stock was carried.

In 1850 the first mammoth pie-plant root was brought into the country, by
the father of John B. Colton, in a pot swung under his wagon. From this
Mr. Page secured a slip for one dollar, and the next year sold five dollars worth
of plants from it, and two years thereafter sold Judge Withey enough pie-plant
for Independence day’s dinner, for $2.00.

The first Lombardy poplar was brought into the country by Samuel White,
and planted near the head of Stocking street. From this slips were taken to
stock the Coldbrook nursery. When getting the first nursery stock at Monroe,
Mr. A. T. Page secured a quart of seed from the common yellow locust. This
was planted, and from this seed in a few years, over $2,000 worth of trees were
sold.

A few trees of the very best sorts were imported from Hodges’ nursery at
Buffalo, by Page while he was starting his nursery. These were most of them
sold again, but afew were retained and planted out in the nursery grounds
from which to get grafts, and to use as an advertisement for the nursery as
they came into bearing. The first fruit thus grown was very precious, and
preserved with the greatest of care. The first trees sold were seedlings, and
customers asked no questions. They were glad to get anything of fruit tree
kind, but as soon as the first grafted trees bore, more anxiety was shown in
getting good varieties.

The root grafts bought by Page were some of them sold at three years of
age, and distributed through Kent, Ionia, and Ottawa counties.

228 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In about 1855, Hiram Rhodes established a nursery on the river, just below
Ada, and H. N. Peck started about the same date in the town of Grand Rapids.
The Kellogg nursery was started a little later on the hill between Fountain and
Fulton streets, and was afterwards purchased by George Nelson. As soon as
the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad was completed to Grand Rapids, nursery
stock, the refuse of eastern nurseries, was shipped in to Grand River country,
and sold at rates far below what the stock could be grown for here, and hence
the business was gradually dropped. Soon after this the Husteds started near
Lowell, and ran a large nursery business until 1873.

In 1836 Mr. Robert Hilton came to Grand Rapids, and the only two orchards
started that were talked about then, were those of Burton, in Paris, and Chubb,
at Grandville. Mr. Hilton’s farm was in Walker, and in 1840 he planted 50
apple trees about forty rods from the river. In 1845 he planted 300 more
grafted apple trees, purchased of Geo. Barker, who had a small nursery out on
Bridge street west, near city limits, and of a small nursery that stood on the
south of Monroe street, near the site of Aldrich’s block. ‘The orchards
are standing now, and before Mr. Hilton left them, in 1848, some of the trees
bore well. From two trees of the Fameuse variety, he took one year (probably
1848), twenty-one and one-fourth bushels. He grew peaches on the land near
the river, and in those days the locality seemed very free from frosts, even
more so than the higher ground.

The towns of Caledonia and Bowne were originally one, and the very first
trees taken in there had a very interesting history. Mr. Reuben H. Smith, in
1840, was returning from a trip outside the county by way of the Grand River
crossing at Lyons, and as he came to the ferry he found a man standing dis-
consolately with a bundle of seedling apple trees beside him. While arranging
to go across with the ferryman, he inquired of the stranger what was the mat-
ter, where he was going, etc., ascertaining that the man was entirely out of
money, and could not pay his way across the ferry, and was on his way to
Jonia, hoping there to dispose of his trees for a little cash. Mr. Smith had
compassion on the man and paid the fee taking him over the ferry. The man
expressed great obligations, and as they walked on toward Ionia together, they
talked apple trees, prices, etc., and finally struck up a trade, the result of
which was that Mr. Smith took the bundle of seedlngs into Bowne. These
trees were mostly planted by Asa and Loren B. Tyler. Charles N. Foster and
Wm. A. Beach were then little boys, and each was given a nice straight seed-
ling for his own. Foster’s tree bore first, and in 1863 it was reported as bear-
ing above ten bushels of fine fruit. ‘These two trees are now living and bearing
regular crops.

Frederick Thompson and Isaac Wooley set some trees out on what is now
known as the Jonathan Thomas estate, as early as 1837, and a Mr. Kent
planted seedling apples about the same time. In about 1840, Peter, John,
Malcolm, and Daniel McNaughton, and John A. Campbell planted out seed-
ling orchards in the same township.

Paris and Gaines were originally one township, and the very first trees planted
in this town were on the Barney Burton place, now known as the Garfield
farm. Mr. Burton started a seedling nursery here, and furnished a good
many trees to the early planters in his own town. Mr. 8. 8S. Buck, on section
34, set an orchard from this nursery in 1844.

About 1840, A. L. Bouck had a small nursery on what is now the line between
Paris and Gaines, on the old Kalamazoo road. As early as 1838, Foster Kelly
and Mr. Blaine brought peach trees from Orleans county, New York, and

HISTORY OF MICHIGAN HORTICULTURE. 229

planted in this township near where they now reside. J. W. Woolcott, in this
town planted seedling apple trees in 1843, and grafted them in the top. Rob-
ert Jones was an early planter in this township, and brought his trees from
Adrian, while the Brewers secured their first nursery trees in Ypsilanti. There
is now a small nursery in Caledonia, on section 36, owned by J. B. Proctor &
Son. :

About the time that Mr. Bouck and Mr. Burton had their nurseries, Mr.
Godwin, in Wyoming, started quite a variety of trees on the new Kalamazoo
road, which was weil patronized; remains of the nursery are yet standing on
the place owned by Augustus Godwin. S. M. Pearsall is supposed to have
planted the first orchard in the town of Alpine; he brought the trees from
Troy, Oakland county, in 1843. They were brought in wagons, and cost him
when planted, about one dollar apiece. Mr. Pearsall brought into the country,
from Avon, the White Astrachan, or as he then called it, Transparent Moscow.
Very soon after this Mr. Noel Hopkins planted his orchard in Alpine.

One of the very oldest apple trees in Kent county stands in the garden of the
writer (Chas. W. Garfield), planted by Barney Burton; the body of which is
five feet in circumference three feet from the ground, at a point below the
enlargement caused by the branches. The top has spread nearly fifty feet, but
recently has been shortened in.

The nursery interest of Kent county received a severe shock from the hard
winters in the first half of the past decade, but now is recuperating again. As
nearly as can be estimated the acreage is as follows:

Se), elusted,’ Ihowell24 ui. 22 so ee Get a ee ek Be ey 15 acres.
ne) Ps Hingted, owell) 2 Puss 2 Ooh klk ee ee eh Se 12 acres.
Monson éKnapp; Grand’ Rapids sui 352. oe e222 8 eet 30 acres.
Thibos, Lewis dé Co: ‘Cascades 22. 22.20.3925 298 ee ee 15 acres.
Wan. Watson; “Caseade. J) io 2 Are ee ee 5 acres.

Since 1870, the heights of ground in Kent county, especially in Gaines,
Paris, Grand Rapids, Walker, Alpine and Sparta, have been planted to peaches,
and the success has been all that could be asked. As yet there has not been
an authenticated case of the yellows.

MACOMB COUNTY.
PREPARED BY J. E. DAY OF ARMADA.

Owing to the meager amount of information I have been able to gather in
reference to this subject, I can but make the introduction, hoping that some
one will complete it next year.

The first tree-planting in the county of Macomb was upon the banks of the
Clinton (then Huron) river, in the vicinity of Mt. Clemens, nearly or quite one
hundred years ago; probably by the Moravians, who had moved from the
Muskingum in Ohio. These first trees, some of which are still standing, show
marks of great age, are of very large size, and of a kind of fruit with which
the orchardists of the present day are not acquainted. At or near this time, a
family by the name of Tucker settled on the Huron, and undoubtedly planted
fruit trees. No very decided steps toward a supply of fruit were made how-
ever, until after the war of 1812, when, as the country began to open, and set-

tlers to come in, seeds of the apple and pear were planted, and the seedlings
set out about the house for an orchard.

230 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In the south-west portion of the county, orchards were set out first by a Mr.
Squires, about 1825, and a little later by Mr. Arnold, and a little after by
Lazarus Green, a Quaker, who settled in the township of Washington in 1822
or 1823. Mr. Green had fora long time the largest orchard in the county,
and was somewhat noted as a fruit raiser. He went about the county grafting
at an early day. In the northern portion of the county the first planting was
done by Mr. Asahel Bailey, and at about the same time by Dea. Rogers, Gad.
Chamberlin, Mr. Gates and others. Mr. Ira Phillips was also an early fruit
raiser. After the year 1830 settlers came in fast, and each provided in some
way for a supply of fruits. Many brought seeds with them, while others found
in the woods little seedlings growing in places where Indians or hunters had
camped when on some expedition. The largest orchard within the county,
known to the writer at present, is situated near the village of Richmond, and
is owned by Mr. Canby. It covers 20 acres of land, and contains about 1,200
trees of the best varieties. One of the most thrifty, and apparently most
profitable orchards is that of Mr. Chas. Perkins, near Richmond village. This
orchard is situated upon a sandy ridge of land inclining to the south, is rich
and always dry. The smoothness of the trunks, the vigor of growth, and the
size and fairness of fruit in this orchard are wonderful. Mr. Perkins has only
a few of the best known varieties, which he strives to improve by good culture
and judicious training, and lets others experiment with new varieties.

Peaches and the smaller fruits are not cultivated to a large extent, but it is
the aim of many farmers to provide a succession of fruits for their own con-
sumption, from the strawberry to the early and late apples. Prominent among
the cultivators of the peach, is Mr. Loren Andrews of Washington, who has an
orchard of 1,200 trees, bearing this year (1880) about 300 bushels. 1,600 old
trees have had their time and are being removed. Many smaller orchards are
located in various portions of the county, along the ridges of land.

The secretary of state, in his report for the year 1879, reports the number
of acres in orchards :—apple, 5,458 acres; peaches, 700 acres; bushels sold in
1878—apples, 148,330; peaches, 1,004 bushels.

It will be observed that the yield per acre is very small, only a trifle over
27 bushels; at 50 trees per acre, a little more than one-half bushel per
tree. This is explained by the fact that more than one-half of the orchards
in the county have not yet come into bearing. From five to seven years ago
a large amount of trees were set, both to replace those beginning to decay and
to increase the amount of land in orchard. In respect to quality of fruit,
Macomb stands ‘‘ way up.’’ The varieties are standard and the fruit excellent.
The only discouraging feature is that a good crop gluts the market, and no
outlet is found for it. No. 1 apples of standard kinds are to-day begging for
buyers at 15 to 18 cents per bushel.

Since writing the above I have received a letter from Mr. Green, son of the
Lazarus Green referred to in my article, which I copy entire. He says:

As near as I can calculate from recollection, the first two and one-half acres of
the twelve of my father’s orchard, were set in the spring of 1827, the balance in
1830. They were trees from a nursery of his own raising, started from roots
brought in a box from Genesee county, N. Y., in the spring of 1822. A con-
siderable share of the old orchard was set with a sweet apple, a great favorite
of my father, called by him the ‘‘ Rhode Island Slug Sweeting.’? I find no
such name in the books now, but it answers to the description of the Jersey
Sweeting exactly. My father was something of a fruit fancier in his day,
Kept a nursery some 15 or 20 years, from which hundreds of orchards in Ma-

HISTORY OF MICHIGAN HORTICULTURE. 231

comb, Oakland and Lapeer counties were supplied. Our orchard was first set
with natural fruit and the “Slug Sweeting.’’ The latter my father claimed
was a cultivated variety, both root and branch alike. He evidently consider-
ably over-estimated its qualities, yet for cider, for feeding, or as a stock upon
which to work other varieties, it was superior. 'The Spitzenburg, for instance,
grafted upon it was improved 100 per cent. [our or five years after the
orchard was set it was grafted in the top, and in many cases where the trees
were small, on the stock, cut off three to four feet from the ground.

I think my father had the first peach orchard in that part of the county,
planted from pits in the year 1825, the red and yellow rare-ripes and some fine
later varieties.

MANISTEE COUNTY.
BY S. W. FOWLER.

This county is comparatively new, having been settled but about thirty-five
years, and as lumbering has been the principal business of its inhabitants until
within the last six or eight years, farm interests were formerly sadly neglected.
The county is well located in the center of the great fruit belt of Michigan,
is well adapted to fruit growing, and is probably one of the very best locations
in the world for plums, pears, apples, peaches and small fruits.

The deep water of the great lake (Michigan), which is never frozen oyer,
give off warmth in the fall, so that there is no early frost to injure anything,
and the cold is kept off nearly two weeks later than in the interior of the
State; also in the spring the cold water of the lake prevents buds from
starting early, and frost never injures fruit, besides the soil and climate seem
wonderfully well adapted to fruit culture.

The first fruit trees were planted in the county, in 1849, by James Stranoch,
Sen., in a small place known as Old Stranoch. Some of the trees yet remain
near the first framed house built in the county. Mr. Stranoch only planted a
few trees around his house, as he was a lumberman.

Robert Risden planted the first plum orchard in the county about the year
1869. He planted two acres, and the orchard is yet the best plum orchard in
the county, and yields a revenue of about four hundred dollars a year. The
plums are splendid, and are not troubled with curculio. Later, D. L. Filer &
Sons planted over 3,000 peach, plum, and other trees, which yield them now
a large revenue. Others have planted orchards, until now there is a young and
thriving orchard on nearly every farm in the county, all doing well, and
yielding profit and pleasure to the fortunate owners.

THE FIRST NURSERY

was started by James M. Fairbanks on his homestead in Bear Lake, in 1868.
He sold trees for several years, and then died. Since his death no one has
engaged in that business in Manistee county, although it is one of the best
locations in the State for that business.

The first fruit exported was from the orchard of D. L. Filer & Sons, and
about the year 1876. They have shipped peaches and other fruit quite
largely each year since, but owing to the fact that there are over three
thousand men, many of them transient, employed about the mills and in the
woods in the Manistee region, Manistee is the best home market in the world
for all kinds of fruit and vegetables.

232 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

No insects have ever yet troubled the fruit in this region to any serious
extent.

There has been no purely horticultural society in the county, though we
have an excellent county agricultural society.

Manistee raises more and larger strawberries than any region I know of.
There is frequently as high as three hundred dollars cleared from a single
acre in one season.

In 1880, S. Rice marketed 3,354 quarts picked from one acre of land. The
average price was ten cents per quart—$335.50. Chas. Hurd, John M. D.
Heath, R. Barns, and many others, have done about as well.

Manistee has direct steamboat communication daily with Chicago and Mil-
waukee, making this a desirable shipping post. Lands, good for fruit and
farms, can be had for from five to ten dollars per acre, and we confidently
expect that the day is not distant when all this region will be largely devoted
to furnishing fruit to the large cities and non-fruit-bearing regions of the west.
Already Manistee fruit has taken the first premium at the State fair whenever
well represented. R. Barns has taken the first premium on peaches; L. S.
Ellison, plums and peaches; S. W. Fowler, on plums and peaches; Wm. Pro-
bert, on apples; and others have been equally successful.

Manistee as a fruit region needs but to be known to be appreciated, and
the thanks of her people are due to the State Pomological Society for hearty
codperation and support.

MONTCALM COUNTY.
BY JAMES SATTERLEE, GREENVILLE.

A large portion of Montcalm county is still too new to show any great
advancement in fruit-growing. The southern tier of townships which join
Jonia county on the north, Eureka, Fairplains, Bloomer and Bushnell, were
the first settled, and show the greatest development in fruit culture of any
township in the county. The original timber of these townships was mostly
oak, in some parts very heavy. It has taken much time to get rid of the
stumps and to get good orchards started. The timber of Eureka being less
heavy was the first cleared, and this township now produces more fruit than
any other. ‘There is much high, dry and sandy land well adapted to peach-
growing. In the early history of the township peaches never failed. Of late
years the crop has been more uncertain. Cherries, pears and grapes are grown
quite successfully. The first apple orchards were set in the spring of 1845 by
W. and R. K. Divine. A year or two afterward Alexander Satterlee set a fine
orchard, and orchards were set by Ethan, Henry, and Ezra Satterlee. These
orchards are all in good bearing condition, only a few trees being killed in the
severe winter of ’74 and’5. Many younger orchards are now in bearing, and
the fruit produced is of the very best quality.

Fairplains, lying east of Eureka, has many good orchards, the first of which
was set by J. Bradish, about 1850. Nearly the entire township is good, strong
soil, and the land quite level. But few peaches are grown. The same may be
said of the two townships lying further east, Bushnell and Bloomer. The soil
is strong and well adapted to growing apples.

These four townships produce nearly the entire fruit crop of the county.
Lying so near the lumber woods and the newly settled portion of the county,
the market is always good.

HISTORY OF MICHIGAN HORTICULTURE. 233

A large portion of the other sixteen townships was covered with pine forests,
some of which still remain. Many of these forests were interspersed with
beech and maple and oak timber, some quite large tracts being entirely covered
with beech and maple. These tracts are generally level land on which fruit
trees do not as yet seem to thrive well. As the country becomes older and the
farms are underdrained, apples will doubtless be a successful crop throughout
the entire country. Orchards are doing better on the high, rolling lands, even
where the pine timber has been removed, than on the level lands from which
the beech and maple have been cleared. The severe winter of ’74 and 75 killed
or severely injured all the young orchards of the northern part of the county.
Trees that survived seem to be recovering from the effects of that winter, and
all young orchards set since are making a strong, healthy growth.

A part of the township of Montcalm, lying north of Eureka, has good fruit
lands, and some of the apple orchards are doing remarkably well. It is a
noticeable fact that the heavy oak timbered land, having strong soil, has been
the best adapted to the growing of apples. The trees are healthy and jong-
lived.

Sidney, lying east of Montcalm, has some good lands for orchards, but is
yet quite new, with but few bearing trees, and the same is true of the townships
further east and north.

In Crystal, Chauncy Case has a good bearing orchard. In Ferris, David
Eschliman has a good variety of bearing trees, including peaches, pears, plums
and cherries. Christopher Hare of the same township has a fine bearing ap-
ple orchard. In Richland, Mr. Merry has a good orchard, and other orchards
are getting a good stand.

John Riches probably has the best orchard in the township of Cato, and
Isaac Gilleo of Winfield has a good orchard. The high, rolling, timbered
lands of these two townships are well adapted to all kinds of fruit, and many
young orchards are doing well. In Maple Valley, R. N. Wright, Elias and
James Ferguson have good young orchards, just coming into bearing. This
township has a great deal of strong, rich land, and is well adapted to the
growth of fruit. ‘The same is true of the township next west, Pierson. John
and Owen Pierson were the first that planted orchards in this township, and
now have good, healthy, bearing trees. Young orchards are being started that
are yery promising.

In Reynolds, the north-west corner township of the county, John Moore has
the only good bearing orchard, and there are but few desirable locations for
fruit raising in the entire township.

But little has been done with the raising of small fruits and berries in the
county, there being usually such a supply of wild blackberries in the newly
chopped pine forests, that there is no inducement for the cultivation of such
fruits. Strawberries and raspberries do well however, and enough are grown
for home consumption.

We consider the future of fruit growing in Montcalm county as very promis-
ing. Being near the northern limit of successful culture in the interior of the
State, our market will always be good. Good varieties have usually been
planted, and the quality is always of the best.

234 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SAGINAW COUNTY.
BY E. F. GUILD.

In reply to the questions proposed in your circular, I shall have to vary
somewhat with the answers. Abram Whitney set out the first orchard in the
fall of 1833, on section 18, town 12 north, range 3 east, that was set by a white
settler in this county, although there were apple trees which had borne large
crops of apples at that time on the banks of the Tittabawassee river, and the
banks of the Saginaw river and its branches were lined with wild plums, which
were eagerly sought for by the early settlers and the Indians. Of the date and
origin of the Indian orchard (so called), on the banks of the Tittabawassee
river, little can be said, and accompanying this response I will send a report
written by Robert Ure, one of the oldest residents of Saginaw. Harvey Will-
iams, in the fall of 1835, bought apple trees at Judge Sprague’s nursery, at
Chipman’s corners, 13 miles east of Pontiac, from which Gardner Williams,
E. F. Williams and himself set orchards. Geo. F. Williams, Hiram L. Miller
and Norman Little all set out fruit trees the same fall. On or before 1833,
Col. Stannard set fruit trees on the place now owned by David Benjamin. In
1834 Whitney also set out an orchard on the Parker place. Groover Vinton
also set an orchard on the McCellan farm, and Duncan McCellan set out trees
on the Pruzer farm, all bordering on the Tittabawassee river, in Saginaw town.
This comprises nearly all, if not quite all of the earliest orchards in the Titta-
bawassee district. Charles A. Lull planted trees in 1835, also Phineas Spaul-
ding and Mr. Vaughn the same year. Phineas Spaulding planted seeds of
apples and in five years they produced fruit. Most, if not quite all of the above
trees were natural fruit, none being grafted. In the towns of Taymouth,
Frankenmuth, and Montrose, Genesee county, along the banks of Flint and
Cass rivers, were many Indian settlements, in which were many apple trees,
which bore large crops of fruit, some of which was of good quality, while grapes
and plums grew spontaneously upon the low grounds adjoining the rivers; also
the same along the banks of the Cass and Shiawassee rivers within the limits
of the county, and it would not be preposterous to presume that those orchards
or trees, as there were only a few trees in a place, originated in the same way
and about the same time as those on the Tittabawassee river, of which a full
history is given herein.

In the fall of 1843, D. D. Ross settled in the town of Taymouth, and John
Ferguson in the town of Montrose, Genesee county, on the banks of Flint river,
and in what was called the ‘‘Indian Fields,’ where were several apple trees, which
were full size and bore large crops every season of beautiful fruit. These trees
bore so well, and gave such an abundance, together with the difficulty of ob-
taining trees, that no orchards were set out by the settlers for several years,
they depending on these and the bountiful supply of wild plums, grapes, and
other native fruits, which grew along the borders of the river at this time. In
1848-49-50, there was quite an emigration to the county, and a number of
orchards were set out in different parts. Messrs. Ross and Ferguson, together
with their neighbors, obtained trees from the Bliss nursery on Flint River, about
five miles below the city of Flint, and set out some orchards. A. K. Penny
and C. W. Grant of East Saginaw set out some trees at this time, together
with several others. Wm. F. Glasby set out a few peach trees, which were
probably the first that were set out in this county, and he also set out an orchard
of grafted fruit, which was probably the first there was planted. This was in

HISTORY OF MICHIGAN HORTICULTURE. 235

the spring of 1850. From this time settlers came in and cleared up their farms
and set out trees of all kinds, but the wild or natural fruits were so plenty
along the river banks that settlers were negligent about setting out fruit trees
at first. No nurseries haye been established within the limits of the county,
and none of the trees have been imported from that hot bed of nurseries,
Rochester, N. Y. The tree peddler has enjoyed the full scope of the country,
and has scooped and humbugged the people as he pleased, with no one to inter-
fere, and among the special vanities and one of the largest humbugs ever
imposed upon the public was the introduction of the California grapes. They
are very prolific and nearly everybody has them. ‘They are red, white and
black, and get ripe at all seasons, and some do not get ripe at all. The fruit
interest has not been a very prominent one in this county until within a few
years. Salt and lumber predominating, every other interest had to succumb
and give way to those.

But when the panic of 1873 came, people began to see that agriculture was
the basis of our whole system, and horticulture, being a part of that system,
began to look up. As the settler cleared off his place and made a place for
his buildings, he began to think of his fruit. He could go into the neighbor-
ing fields and pick berries of all kinds, but apples, peaches, pears and grapes
did not grow spontaneously, and for those he would have to wait. Peach
stones, plum stones and grape seeds were planted and trees were grown, and it
would be strange if soon new varieties were not propagated which are worthy
of a place in the great catalogue with which we are blest or cursed as the case
may be, but as far as we have been able to learn, none have been originated
which have been disseminated outside of the county, although we have several
very promising varieties. Until within a few years Saginaw has imported
nearly all the fruit that was consumed, and at the present time more fruit is
consumed in the two cities than is raised within the county, but if we are any
prophets, this state of things will not last many years longer. The Saginaws
have the reputation of being one of the best fruit markets in the State, con-
suming a large amount and producing, it might be said, none. The interest
in connection with agriculture is now developing very fast, and the time is not
far distant when fruit of all kinds will be exported in large quantities, both
green and evaporated, and as the interest grows, horticultural societies will be
formed, where people can meet, discuss and learn how to grow two apples or
grapes where one is now grown, and how to destroy two or more insects where
one is now destroyed. But in a section where one or two interests predominate
they destroy all others. Along the banks of the seyeral rivers, the Saginaw
and its tributaries, grapes, plums and all kinds of berries have grown in lux-
uriance and abundance, and even at this date in many neglected and desolate
places these can be found. All the native nuts can be found in abundance.
These are indigenous to this climate, showing conclusively that for raising
choice fruit of any kind that will grow in this climate, Saginaw cannot be
excelled by any part of the State, and this State certainly cannot be excelled
by any State in the Union, as has been fully demonstrated on several occasions,
and at several national exhibits.

THE OLD INDIAN APPLE TREES.

Robert Ure has kindly furnished the following concerning the Indian apple
trees of Saginaw county:

The seeker in the pomological and horticultural history of Saginaw county
will find an extensive field before him, as he enters its undefined limits and

236 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

undertakes the task of setting in due order an outline of probabilities as
regards dates, and a task that will require no little ingenuity in tracing to
their sources the various varieties of fruits, large and small, which were found
in comparative abundance in the first thirty years of the present century. I
cannot undertake to say anything upon this subject except what relates to the
Tittabawassee river, my knowledge of the fruits growing in other parts of
the valley being so limited as not to permit me even to make a guess as to what
may or may not have been done or discovered in the other parts.

The statements I may inake will be principally from my own recollection,
the accuracy of which I shall try to make accord with the recollection of
others.

I do not know that there were any Indian apple trees on Green Point, but
clumps and clusters of wild plum trees were found along the Tittabawassee above
its junction with the Saginaw, and almost every fall canoe loads of red and yel-
low plums could be gathered, and the supply was always more than equal to the
demand. ‘The first apple tree to be met with, passing up the river, was near
the Briggs house, of which I can say but very little. The first of any impor-
tance were on the James Frazer farm, not only because they were way marks
along the river and at a convenient place for getting out of the canoe to stretch
the limbs and rest a few moments in their shade, but more especially for their
being forcible reminders of the civilization that had been left so very far in
the rear, and enormous crops some of them produced. Several have been
known to produce eighty bushels of apples on each tree in a season. A semi-
wildness in their cast and complexion, and still more so in their taste, the
atmosphere that settled around them while they were ripening in the autumn
months intensified; the lazy smokes from hundreds of wigwam fires scat-
tered along the river banks had something to do in giving that peculiar luster
of complexion so characteristic of the fruit of the Indian orchard of fifty
years ago. ‘The apple trees near the State road bridge were thrifty growing
trees, and some of them had beautiful appearing apples, one of them bearing
a very rich red apple, of good size, but oh, how sour! The next were on the
Span farm, now occupied by the Tittabawassee Boom Co., and were a little
ways back from the river. One or two of these bore very good fruit. The next
were at Aptewatchwon, or half-way to what is now Midland City. There were
quite a number of trees at this place, some with very inferior fruit, and others
very fine and good keepers. ‘These trees grew on the Indian reservation, and
after it was sold to the government some of the trees were taken up and trans-
planted by settlers on their own lands, but previous to the sale the Indians
had the sole right to the product of these trees, known as an usufructuary
right which ceased when purchased by the actual settler. The Indians were in
several instances allowed by the purchasers of these lands to help themselves
to the apples growing upon those trees, they claiming that they remembered
when they were little children how they assisted their aged parents in setting out
the trees, and as it is taken for granted by some that Indians never lie, and
the word ‘‘Kewenim’’ could never find a lodging place on the Indian side of
the question, so no one ever thought but that the settlers were simply doing
as they would be done by, and so were commended by their neighbors for their
generosity. Since I have been looking up this matter and making inquiries, I
believe that the whole history of these trees has been unknown so far as truth-
fulness is concerned. In the first place I do not believe that a single tree was
bought of a tree peddler or nurseryman, neither do I believe that the seeds
from which these trees grew were ever planted by Indians.

HISTORY OF MICHIGAN HORTICULTURE. 237

_ Within the recollection of the old residents, the Saginaw Indians made an
annual journey to Malden, Canada, to receive presents from the British govern-
ment, and these journeys were generally made by way of the Indian trail,
accompanied by their ponies and dogs, while the poorer ‘‘Nitches’’ went in
canoes, following the shore from Saginaw to Detroit. The orchards, both on
the Canada and American side of Detroit river, bore large crops of fruit, and
the Indians, who were proverbially hungry, without doubt often filled them-
selves with the tempting apples. It would be nothing strange if some were
put away among their baggage, and when brought back in their canoes, there
being bearing apple trees at that time on the trail as far as Pontiac, a few might
possibly have found their way to Saginaw by this route. The improvident
nature of the Indians will not permit us to give them any credit of ever carry-
ing apple seeds any distance with this design, that after waiting ten or fifteen
years they would have the enjoyment of eating the fruit of them. Much sooner
would I believe that the seeds from which their trees grew were transported in
the stomachs of those journeying Indians than any other way, as they were in
more ways than one bipeds of passage. My reasons for these conclusions are

First, These apple trees do not have the appearance of ever haying any care
taken of them;

Second, 'The fruit resembles the apples of the old French orchards on the
Detroit river in their appearance and quality ;

Third, The Indians, who were too indolent to build good shelter to protect
themselves and families from the inclement weather, might plant a little corn,
when but a few weeks would intervene between the planting and the green-corn
dance, but nothing that I have ever seen in the prudential motives of the
Indians of former days could induce me to believe that the combined fore-
thought of the whole Saginaw band or tribe would ever amount to the setting
out of an apple orchard. I conclude, therefore, that the seeds from which
these trees grew were carried to their respective locations in the stomachs of
the Indians in their migrations from place to place, and after being discovered
were, without doubt, in some measure protected by the squaws, who are the
laboring class of the tribe, until their growth was assured.

The exact date of the first bearing apple tree of the Indian orchard is
impossible to state here, but it would not be among the impossibilities to
presume that it was some time previous to 1800, as there are several squaws
and Indians whose recollections go back distinctly to the war of 1812, and at
that time there were many apple trees which were full size and bore large
crops of fruit every year. This would at least bring their origin previous to
1800 several years or more, and it is not at all unlikely that there were seeds
deposited, and trees grown from them, as far back as the middle of the eight-
eenth century. The naturally fertile soil along the river banks in Saginaw
county seems by these facts to be the native home of all kinds of our native
fruits, where they will grow in luxuriance and abundance, and repay the grower
in ten, fifty and one hundred fold for his labor.

VAN BUREN COUNTY.
BY A. C. GLIDDEN.
Michigan begins to feel the weight of years. Its older portions are just

realizing that they have an unwritten history. Incidents and matters of fact,
recognized at the time as of slight importance, are now becoming historical.

2098 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Old clocks and old crockery are heir-looms. Even the spot where the first
shanty of the pioneer stood is consecrated ground. Gray haired veterans re-
count their early exploits with pardonable pride as they swing in hammocks in
the ample shade of the trees they planted. A few years more, and they who
planted the seeds of our earliest trees will be laid beneath them. Hammocks
will swing, children will laugh in the shade, strangers will eat of the fruit, but
the memory of him who planted the tree will fast fade away. It is very ap-
propriate that these items shall now be gathered.

The pioneers of our county came principally from New York and New Eng-
land. They came to make homes. They ‘‘ came to stay.’? They had been
accustomed to the use of fruit, and they thought that nothing would conduce
so much to the comforts of their new homes as the fruits they were familiar
with ; so they, in many instances, brought with them seeds and cions. The
first apple seeds planted in the county was in the spring of 1836, by John
Lyle, sen., brought by him the fall before from Utica, N. Y. They were
planted on the farm now owned by T. Adriance, northwest of Paw Paw, near
the southwest corner of the farm, adjoining the road. Only a pint of the seed
was brought, and a part was reserved for the next spring’s planting, fearing
lest some change of climate might destroy it all. The balance of the seed
was sown in the spring of 1837, across the road, west, on the farm now owned
by Thomas Tuckey. Mr. Lyle was not a nurseryman, and he let his son-in-
law, Edwin Barnum, have a part of the seedlings, which he transplanted to
his farm, or clearing, west of the village; and George Smith, a tailor of Paw
Paw, who knew something of grafting, had some of them.

In the spring of 1838 James Lee came in from Ogden, Monroe county, New
York, and brought with him cions of several of the then well-known varieties,
and most of the older orchards now have some of those old varieties, yiz.: R.
I. Greening, Seek-no-Further, Spitzenburg, Spice Sweet, Roxbury Russet, Big
Stem Harvest, Holland Pippin, Early Harvest, Swaar, Twenty Ounce, Sweet
Bough, Cheesboro’ Russett, Redstreak Harvest, and Ox Heart. These cions
were divided between Smith and Barnum and grafted on their seedlings,—Lee
receiving one-third for the cions.

Joshua Bangs come to Paw Paw in 1836, sent back to Monroe county, New
York, for some apple seeds, and planted them in the spring of 1837. He had
learned to bud and graft before leaving home, and was the first to bud seed-
lings in this county. In 1840 he set an orchard from the seedlings in his
nursery, and most of the old orchards in the vicinity of Paw Paw are from that
stock. ‘The first apples grown near Paw Paw were from the orchard of Mr.
Bangs. It may be stated asa matter of interest that this seedling orchard,
after growing to twelve inches or more in diameter, began to die out several
years ago, and last fall (1879) the trees were all dug out and the field is now
(Sept. 1, 1880), ripening a good crop of corn.

John Hunt came to Michigan from Vermont in 1837, cleared a small piece
of ground on his farm five miles east of Paw Paw, and the next spring went to
Dunham’s nursery, south of Kalamazoo, and purchased apple trees for an
orchard, which is still standing, although showing signs of decay.

After the Bangs seedlings were used up, the Dunham nursery furnished most
of the trees to the settlers, aithough some came from Plymouth, Wayne county,
and a few from Schoolcraft and Cooper, Kalamazoo county. This was between
1840 and 744.

Isaac Barnum came to Paw Paw in 1836, from Cayuga county, N. Y., and
brought with him peach pits. From these pits came the first peach trees

HISTORY OF MICHIGAN HORTICULTURE. 239

grown in the county. They were natural seed, and none but seedlings were
known for years. Some of these chance seedlings were of very excellent
quality, and one, the Snow’s Orange, has attained some distinction.

Elder Samuel Gilman removed from Ogden, Monroe county, N. Y., to Paw
Paw in 1838. Mrs. Gilman brought with her seeds of various kinds, among
them plum pits. These she planted, and in that early day raised yearly crops
of Damson, Gage, and Yellow Egg plums. Barren trees of these seedlings are
now seen on several of the old settled farms.

It will be seen that these early settlers came mostly from western New York,
where fruit growing was a success, and they desired as nearly as possible to
reproduce the homes they had left.

Wild plums, huckleberries, and blackberries were the only fruit known to
these early settlers before their trees were large enough to bear.

Dr. J. Andrews of Paw Paw built his house in 1856, and that fall stocked
his cellar with three barrels of Greenings, bought in Plymouth and brought
here by teams. ‘This was the first large shipment of apples to this place. A
few years before James Lee bought a bushel of red apples in Detroit, and
brought them in his wagon to his place, three miles southwest of Paw Paw.
The Indian Chief Pepeau and his household lived near, and they were elated
with the red apples. They would pay almost any price for them, pass them
from one to another, and call them musheemens, musheemens.

Robert Morrison, when a young man, teamed flour from Paw Paw to St.
Joseph. Once while at the latter place he found a few barrels of apples for
sale. They had come around the lakes from Buffalo. He bought a half
bushel at a fabulous price, brought them home and invited the young people
for miles around to a party, and entertained them sumptuously on the half
bushel of apples—a greater rarity then than tropical fruits would be now.

NEW VARIETIES.

The Rubicon apple aud Snow’s Orange peach both originated from seedlings
in Paw Paw. For a full description of each and the history of their propaga-
tion, see Pomological Report for 1873, pp. 320 and 321.

NURSERIES.

Tra C. and A. A. Olds came to Hartford in the spring of 1844 from western
New York, and brought with them apple seeds which they sowed, and from
the roots they grafted in the winter of 1845, 50,000 root grafts with cions
brought from Elwanger & Barry’s nursery at Rochester. The next year they
grafted 30,000 more, and from this stock a large portion of the old trees in the
western portion of the county came. ‘The first 50,000 grafts were set three
and one-half miles southwest of Hartford, and the 30,000 grafted the second
year were set on the Watervliet road, west of the town a mile or so.

The first trees were sold in the spring of 1847, 100 trees to Austin Beaman,
who carried them two miles on his back, and set them on land now owned by
C. Putney.

In the spring of 1857 P. I. and L. G. Bragg, brothers, came to Paw Paw
from Orleans county, N. Y., looking for a location to start a nursery. They
purchased 80 acres two miles east of Paw Paw, on the territorial road. They
went back east, and P. I. Bragg returned in a few weeks with 100,000 apple
grafts, and set them. In the fall L. G. came on, and in the following winter
C. Curtiss, a merchant of Paw Paw, purchased one-third interest in the land
and stock, and they formed the partnership of Bragg, Curtiss & Co. From

240 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

this stock and later graftings a large proportion of Van Buren county was set
to orchards.

About this time Lyman §. Hall settled in what is now the corporate limits
of the village of Paw Paw, and started a small nursery.

EARLY PEACH ORCHARDS.

In the spring of 1857 the Braggs shipped here 300 budded peach trees they
had grown in in New York, and sold them to N. H. Biteley. Mr. B’s neigh-
bors deemed him almost a lunatic. On every farm peaches could be had for
the asking. 'They grew in the fence corners and everywhere—all naturals, it
is true, but peaches nevertheless—and they told him he could never sell his
peaches. He set them all out on the highest point of his farm, to work out an
idea he had long entertained. How he came by that idea is best told in his
own words: ‘‘The idea of setting them upon an elevation I got originally
from an intelligent farmer and orchardist in New York as early as 1844, while
engaged in teaching school and boarding around. I had, when a boy at my
home in Saratoga, tried to raise peach trees, but the winter froze them back.
Relating my poor success to my old friend above referred to one evening, he
told me if there was a high hill on the farm, and I would plant peach trees on
the top, or, better yet, well over on its northern slope, he thought I would suc- |
ceed in raising peaches, and gave some of the reasons, which we now under-
stand, for selecting such a location. I never had an opportunity to put the
suggestion in practice until 1 came to Michigan, and the orchard set in 1839
was my first experiment and asuccess. ‘The first crop I do not know the value
of, as I kept no account of sales; but I recollect a subsequent crop, perhaps in
1867, a very fine one, with a good market, and that crop I estimated to be
equivalent to twenty-five wheat crops on the same land, and I do not think I
overestimated it. I had three fine crops about this date in three successive
‘years, that paid more than double what could have been obtained from wheat
from the same ground ina life time. The orchard is still bearing, though
nearly done. Perhaps it will pay to leave another year. I think, however, had
it not been for those two extremely hard winters which we have had since the
orchard has been in bearing, the trees would have been in fair condition now.
I have since set many trees, and my neighbors have set largely upon the hills,
and every year confirms the fact that the only really safe location for a peach
orchard is upon an elevation; and may I not add that while we plume ourselves
somewhat on this modern discovery, my old friend Wood knew it more than
forty years ago?’’

It is a surprising fact that Mr. Bitely should have been raising peaches as
successfully as any lake shore locality, and yet his is the only orchard on that
whole range of hills; and it is not until within the last five years that any
large plantings have been made.

Mr. Engle planted his first peach trees on the hill in 1860, and his first ship-
ments were made in 1864. The orchard has borne regularly, with the excep-
tions of two or three seasons following extreme winters. No exact figures
have been kept of any season’s product heretofore, but Mr. Engle furnishes
the following facts, the result of 375 Early Alexander trees set in the spring of
1877: This is the third year from the setting and the first fruiting. From
the 375 trees were sold 1,227 4-bushel boxes. Net proceeds from the sale of
same, $607.41. They were set 16x20 feet apart, and occupied a little less than
three acres.

THE ANNUAL MEETING. 241

A. D. Healey of South Haven, is reported as having grown last year 9,000
baskets of peaches on a place of 20 acres, over three acres not in trees.

SOUTH HAVEN.

The early history of fruit growing in Van Buren county, without South Haven,
would be the play of Hamlet with the part of Hamlet left out. I may say that
no one place in the State has furnished so much practical knowledge of fruit-
growing to the public as the orchardists and fruit-growers of this region. Its
society was organized in 1871, with Norman Phillips as its President, who con-
tinued in office four years. T. T. Lyon held the office for two years, and H.
EH. Bidwell, W. H. Hurlbut, and C. H. Wigglesworth each one year. J. Lan-
nin is the presiding officer at present. ‘The society has held weekly meetings
through all these years, and the amount of practical knowledge acquired, and
the facility of expression attained by its members is a matter of surprise to the
uninitiated. This discussion of topics has led to a nearly uniform practice in
the several branches of fruit-growing. Where a dissimilarity prevails, it is
among the non-essentials, so that a standard of excellence is reached which the
tyro can imitate without much fear of going estray.

The early history of fruit-growing here was not in any sense fortuitous.
Those who began had a purpose in view. S. B. Morehouse was one of the first
to plant an orchard. This was in 1852, within what is now the village plat.
Randolph Densmore also set an orchard about the same time on an adjoining
lot. This was two or three years after the old Parmalee orchard at St. Joseph.
While St. Joseph had cultivated fields ready for the reception of trees, South
Haven had an unbroken forest, requiring the labor of years to remove. So
the progress was slow. James L. Reed, Joseph Dow, S. G. Sheffer, and C. M.
Sheffer were among the early planters. The first vineyards were set in 1858.
Orris Church set one and one-half acres, and A. S. Dyckman set one acre.
Aaron Eames first introduced the Delaware grape in any considerable quantity
in 1864. A. 8. Dyckman, in an address before the September meeting of the
State Pomological Society in 1872, said: ‘‘ With our few hundred acres of
orcharding, and our Pomological Society now fairly organized, we are just
upon the threshold of successful culture. The incipient idea of our pomologi-
cal history gave us only the necessity of putting the trees into holes in the
ground between great stump roots, then fold our arms and wait fot a benefi-
cent providence, with sunshine and showers, to do the rest.’’

The first fruit shipped from this part was probably about the year 1862. No
statistics can be given that will indicate with any certainty the shipments of
fruit. Quite a quantity comes from down the shore in Allegan county. Some
is taken by sailing craft, of which there is no record. The crop the present
year is by far the largest ever raised, and the interest is greatly increasing and
will continue to do so unless the yellows gets the start of the wide-awake fruit
men.*

NURSERIES.

The Association nurseries and the Hopkins’ nursery of South Haven, com-
prise about 100 acres; both started in 1874, are still running, and growing
trees successfully.

A. A. Olds has a nursery in Hamilton growing apple and peach trees; he
has about ten acres in stock.

* For a history of Lawton Pomological Society see Pomological Report for 1878, page 280.

31

242 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bragg & Nelson of Paw Paw, are growing peach trees extensively. They
are now budding the stock on nine acres of ground, which they estimate will
make about 200,000 buds set.

C. S. Hoskins is budding about 10,000 peach; he has about four acres in
nursery, including apple, peach, and small fruit.

Several other parties who once grew a large amount of nursery stock in the
vicinity of Paw Paw haye either gone out of the business or removed to other
locations. Not more than 10,000 apple trees, all told, are now growing that
will be marketable, and no new stock is being set.

LARGE TREES.

We have no large pear trees in our county, and peach trees do not attain
remarkable dimensions before they begin to decay. But we have one apple
tree which may be considered remarkable for its age; it stands in the yard on
the farm of Eaton Branch, adjoining the village of Lawrence on the north-
west. It was planted in the fall of 1337; it measures now six feet and one
inch in circumference, three feet from the ground; its branches spread to a
diameter of 49 feet; it is 40 feet high and still growing. The variety is the
Red Romanite. It was purchased by Mr. Branch from Isaac Gibbs, four miles
west of Kalamazoo, with a few others, and planted as before stated, in the fall
of 1837. One other of the trees is a little larger around but not so tall nor
spreading. ‘The soilis astrong clay loam, remarkably well suited to the growth
of apple trees.

Wild plum and crab-apple trees, once so mumerous here, have entirely dis-
appeared. The curculio and codling-moth have prevented the fruit from
maturing, and nature seems tired of its fruitless endeavor to provide for a per-
petuation of its species. The huckleberry swamps that forty years ago fur-
nished a large share of the fruit of the early settlers have been despoiled by
railroad grades, highways, and State drainage laws. Corn tassels wave where
the berries grew, and onions and cabbage occupy the ground once fertile with
massasaugas. Wild seedling strawberries were exceedingly uncommon in those
early days; the fires that annually swept through the openings prevented their
spreading where an occasional plant was found. The dew-berry, or running
blackberry as it was called, came in as soon as the fires were checked by the
clearings, but not in sufficient quantity to furnish anything like a daily allow-
ance in their season. Wild frost grapes were scattered here and there through
the forests, and when a tree was found unusually loaded it was cut down to
gather the fruit, destroying the vine and all promise for future fruitage.

A very pleasing contrast is now found in every well-regulated farmer’s gar-
den. From the first ripe strawberry early in June, running through the suc-
cession of raspberries, a daily supply can be picked for the table. The Harly
Alexander anticipates the former peach season a month at least, and from the
middle of July until October we can revel in the delights of ripe peaches. The
Concord and Delaware have brought the cultivation of the grape within the
reach of every household. The present apple crop, in its abundance, guaran-
tees to every family in Michigan within reach of a railroad a winter supply at
reasonable rates.

We are proud to chronicle the results of the last forty years. What will be
the results in the next half century? What additions to varieties extending the
season? What new process of preserving or keeping fruit for evaporation?
The extent of fruit products in oar State is almost unlimited. Where will be

HISTORY OF MICHIGAN HORTICULTURE. 243»

the markets for our surplus? These questions we leave future historians to
answer.

Judge Geo. W. Lawton has kindly furnished the following account of

THE PIONEER ORCHARDS OF VAN BUREN COUNTY.

Inquiry has been made for the names of the pioneers who planted the first
orchards in the various counties of the State. The question suggests some-
thing interesting, and the answers so far as made have proved quite so, espe-
cially when coming from the southern portion of the State. In many instances
there is well-grounded dispute over the person to whom the honorable enter-
prise shall be attributed. In others there is a general acquiescence in the name
given.

The inquiry is answered from Van Buren county very fully and satisfactorily.
The members of the family of the late Dolphin Morris possess very accurate
information in regard to it, and his son, Amos Morris, Esq., of Lawton, fur-
nishes the following details and dates.

His father, Dolphin Morris, with his family, moved into this State from Ross
county, Ohio, in the fall of 1828, and in the spring of 1829 they settled on
Little Prairie Ronde, and within the limits of Van Buren county. Mr. Jones,
who resided on McKinney’s Prairie, Cass county, had procured some apple
trees from Long Island, and he sold fifteen of them at one dollar apiece to Mr.
Morris. They consisted of the following varieties, viz: Two Bellflower, one
Burrassa, two Winesap, one Vandivere Pippin, one Golden Pippin, one New-
town Pippin, two Spitzenburg, one Leather Coat, one Limber Twig, two sweet
apples, and one fall apple (name unknown). About this time Mr. Morris also
set out a seedling tree, which was originally planted and grown by the Indian
chieftain Pokagon. It was planted on the rise of ground near the cemetery,
on Prairie Ronde, and not far from the ‘‘old Indian burying ground.’’ The
site is now owned by Wm. Rosewaren. The tree was always known as the ‘‘old
Indian apple tree.’”’ The fruit was of good flavor, medium sized, and striped
red.

In 1833, Mr. Morris again set apple trees, purchased of Mr. Moreland, which
the latter had grown from the seed. In 1844, a tornado swept over the Prairie,
and uprooted thirteen of the first setting, including the ‘‘old Indian tree.”
With the assistance of the neighbors, eleven of these trees were reset, and sev-
eral of them are yet alive and bearing fruit. Recently one of them, the largest,
being measured three feet from the ground, gave seven feet and two inches as
its circumference, but this pioneer among the apple trees of Van Buren county,
has since succumbed to a heavy wind, and now lies prostrate and broken upon
the earth, with no friendly hands to raise and reset it.

In the fall of 1830, Mr. Morris revisited Ohio, and on his return to Mich-
igan the same season, he brought three roots of the Bell Pear variety, which he
planted and succeeded in growing. They were small,—he brought them in his
saddle-bags, but they are now standing on the west side of the dwelling house
of the Morris farm, very substantial trees. He also brought with him some
Damson plums, Morello cherries and peach pits, from which he succeeded in
propagating fruit.

In 1833, Mr. Morris’ neighbors, Mr. LeGrand Anderson, Geo. Tittle and Mr.
Swift, who came from Ohio, set ont orchards. Mr. Anderson and Mr. Swift

244 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

obtained their trees at St. Joseph, Mr. Tittle got his of Mr. Moreland, and Mrs.
Tittle brought the first currant bushes from Fort Defiance in 1830.

Now, while their husbands were thus attentive to the economical fruits, the
ladies, their wives, did not forget the beautiful and ornamental. Mrs. Morris,
though little space could be afforded her in this early breaking up of the virgin
soil, secured room in which to grow the peonies, hundred leaf roses, and
many other treasured pets she had secured, and Mrs. Anderson also doted over
crocuses, damask roses, tulips and snowballs. It is a tradition that Mrs. Mor-
ris won many compliments from the new arrivals from the east for her flower
garden, the presence of which, in this then distant wilderness, greatly surprised
and gratified them. But, while Mrs. Morris triumphed through her beautiful
flowers, Mrs. Anderson very successfully contested the field of compliments by
means of a thrifty asparagus bed, the product of which she generously divided
with her less favored admirers.

But it is not proposed to extend the record of fruit planting in Van Buren
county beyond these first instances of it, and we close with a hearty commen-
dation of the good judgment and sterling enterprise exhibited by Mr. Dolphin
Morris and his resolute neighbors in the matter, not forgetting the meed of
praise justly due Mrs. Morris for the beautiful flowers grown under her hand,
rendering cheerful the fire blackened clearings about her garden, or the edible
asparagus bed, that made palatable the monotonous meal of venison, bear-meat
and corn meal.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES.

HOLLAND COLONY FARMERS AND FRUIT-GROWERS’
ASSOCIATION.

PREPARED BY ISAAC MARSILJE, SEC’Y.

Agreeable to request, I herewith send you as much by way of report of our
Holland Colony Farmers and Fruit-growers’ Association as I am able to give.
During the year about to close four meetings have been held, at which meet-
ings informal discussions took place on topics pertaining to fruit culture, and
as to the best way of giving a public exhibition of fruit, farm produce, and
stock, in order to get our people interested in movements to improve in their
several branches of husbandry. We find it hard work to draw out our older
class, but have hopes for the ‘‘coming farmer,’’ the younger people taking
hold with some interest, which, however, is not much encouraged by the
parents, because the interest is by them notseen. We have not had any essays
thus far, so that I cannot send you anything in this line; we are as yet in our
infancy, and laboring at a disadvantage, so that a very fast growth cannot be
expected of us. At our annual meeting, held December 25, 1880, the attend-
ance was fair. Our Treasurer reported $11.08 in the treasury. The following
officers were elected for the ensuing year: For President, Chas. A. Dutton;
for Vice Presidents, Gerrit Rooks, K. Lahnis, Geert. S. de Wit, R. Van
Twaluwenburg, Fred. L. Souter, and C. H. Joldersma; for Secretary, Isaac
Marsilje ; for Treasurer, Arend Visscher.

I also enclose list of members. Those marked with a * pay but 50 cents
membership fee and do not draw report from State Society.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

C. A. Dutton, Thomas §. Purdy, Fred. L. Souter, Isaac Marsilje, John
Lahnis, Geo. H. Souter, K. Lahnis, Auke Bosma, H. D. Post, Arend Visscher,
Gerrit Rooks, Bastiaan Rosbach, Harm Lucas, R. Van Twaluwenburg, G. S.
de Witt, John Kamper, Jan Ulberg, G. J. Hekhnis, J. D. Bloemers, W. W.
Arthur, G. Van den Beldt, Gerrit J. Hesselink, T. W. Venhuizen*, Teunis
Keppel, A. M. Kanters, Ben. Lahnis*, H. Van Eyh, C. H. Joldersma*.

246 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

JACKSON COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PREPARED BY R. T. MC’ NAUGHTON, SEC’ Y.

This society was organized April 3, 1880, electing at that time, for its officers

President—W. K. Gibson.

Secretary and Treasurer—R. T. McNaughton.

At this meeting interesting remarks were made by Secretary C. W. Garfield
of the State society, Messrs. W. K. Gibson, 8. O. Knapp, and others. Some
discussion then followed on transplanting trees and shrubs, and those present
then joined the society by paying their fees, and the meeting adjourned. A
lovely bouquet of flowers was placed on the table by Mr. Elliott Armstrong at
the beginning of the meeting, which delighted every one by its beauty and
fragrance.

The meeting of April 30 discussed the subject of strawberry culture, being
introduced by W. K. Gibson in somewhat the following remarks :—

Of all the small fruits that are successfully cultivated here, none is perhaps
better for general use than the strawberry. Of its various methods of culture
I need say little, as all are familiar with their practice. ‘The two most common
modes are, perhaps, cultivation in the hill and in the matted row. By the
former method the rows are placed two or three feet apart, with the plants one
foot apart in the row. This is, undoubtedly, the best method for amateur and
family use, as the plants produce larger and sweeter berries. By the second
plan the rows are made three to three and a half feet apart te allow of horse
cultivation, and the plants are allowed to run together and form a continuous
row six or eight inches wide. By this plan more fruit is produced for the first
year or two, though it is not as fine or well flavored. Some varieties, as the
Jucunda and President Wilder, cannot be successfully grown in this way, but
hardy early kinds do well. ‘The hill system is required for the fine, large,
sweeter and more tender varieties.

In cultivation, two points should be observed: Do not cultivate in spring,
and do not cultivate late in fall. On this point all best cultivators are agreed.
Simply keep the weeds pulled out until after bearing is past, and then when
the crop is off cultivate well and deeply until the 1st of September. The
ground should be mulched with clean straw around the plants during the
growth of the berries, and the plants during winter should be protected by
covering well after the ground has frozen up solid. This keeps the plants in
place till spring and prevents destruction of the roots by freezing and thawing.
As to the time for transplanting, horticulturists differ. Perhaps, all things con-
sidered, spring is the best. If not set early enough in the fall to make a vig-
orous stand and growth, the plants are apt to winter-kill. All beds should be
reset as often as once in three or four years. The bed may be spaded up and
new plants set, or it may be renewed by allowing the runners to take root in
the row midway between the old plants. Sever the connection with the latter
as soon as the runners fairly strike root. New varieties are almost without
number, and the best ones ought to be raised more by people who wish a fine
berry, instead of in a measure wasting their time, labor, and money by raising
inferior sorts. It is just as easy to raise a fine fruit, flower, or vegetable as a

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. RAT

poor one, if a person will only attend the meetings of the horticultural society
and exchange ideas with others as to the best kinds to raise. [Laughter.] The
President Lincoln is one of the largest, some specimens having been raised as
large as 74 inches in circumference. It bears a fine ovate berry, with high
color and rich sweet flavor. It is spoken of very highly. Mr. Crawford, of
Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, raises this berry to perfection, and keeps the plants for
sale. It needs a strong soil. The Sharpless is also a wonderful bearer and
very large—one of the most promising of new varieties, and succeeds well in
all soils. The Cumberland Triumph is a uniformly fine bearer, a little more
tart than the preceding and not quite up to them in flavor. Of early berries
to ripen about the 5th to 10th of June, we have the Duchess, a heavy bearer
and perfectly hardy; the Duncan, not quite so good, and bearing very few
runners; The Pioneer, one of the finest; the Cinderella, new here, but highly
spoken of at the Hast, etc. For late berries the Glendale and Kentucky are
of great promise. ‘The Wilson’s Albany is a berry valuable only for market
use, its great productiveness and good keeping qualities in transportation giving
it a place here; but for home use it is far inferior to the kinds already named.

The cultivation during late summer probably does more good than any
mulching can. Grass is not a good substitute for straw, as it is apt to steam
and decay and thus mildew the plants. Fermentation around the plants is not
good, so that well rotted manure that will crumble in the hand like dirt is
essential. Watering with solutions of guano or phosphates is also good, and
also applications of ashes or salt in small quantities. Deep cultivation and
good drainage are necessary.

The question was asked if watering was beneficial, and the general opinion
was that it was not, unless the ground is well soaked occasionally, or unless
irrigation is resorted to, as practiced by Mr. Dunckly of Kalamazoo (whose
method is described in the report of the Michigan Pomological Society for
1879, p. 334). The enemies of the strawberry are not very numerous here.
Some places are infested with the grub, which destroys the fibrous roots, and
can only be fought successfully by digging it out and destroying. Ants are also
sometimes troublesome; brine will kill them.

The discussion then turned upon the care of turf and lawns, and some
remarks were made as to some of the fine new geraniums, Cremeo, Mme.
Thibeau, Arthusa, Gen. Grant, etc., and their culture, and the society then
adjourned.

The next meeting was held at President Gibson’s house, May 14th, of which,
as the Secretary did not attend it, no record was kept.

The next meeting occurred June 11, 1880. The discussion opened on the
care of small fruits, and the evening was spent in a general quizzing by every-
body present, which brought out many interesting methods and processes. |
Plants receive fully 94 per cent of their nourishment from the gases in the air,
as absorbed through the leaves. A mixture of salt, wood ashes, and lime is
beneficial as a dressing for lawns. Wood ashes are stated to contain more ele-
ments necessary to the growth of plants than any other one substance.

Some interesting statements were made by Mr. Gibson relative to the anal-
ogy existing between plants and animals as to the treatment of their diseases,
and as to feeling, instinct, sound, respiration, etc. If a cup of water or a mass
of rich plant food be placed at a little distance from a plant, its roots will, as
if actuated by instinct, reach out towards and into the nourishing material.
The value of ammonia water, glue water, plaster, etc., for plants was spoken
of. ‘The care of roses was next discussed. ‘They need cool, moist air in which

248 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to winter well. Rich soil and freedom from insects will produce good roses.
Mr. H. F. Thomas stated that the raspberries most growing into favor are the
Mammoth Cluster, Philadelphia, and Gregg. The Cuthbert was also recom-
mended by Mr. Gibson. Brinkle’s Orange is good, but like some others needs
covering in the winter. Raspberries also need a partial shade, as of a fence, or
in the absence of that a heavy mulching.

At the mecting of the society Sept. 24, some discussion arose as to fixing up,
into respectable shape at least, the little plats of ground dignified by the title
of parks, and set aside by the city to be improved and used as such. Far
smaller places than Jackson have beautiful little squares dotted with well-
grown trees and covered with Juxuriant grass, thus bringing a little bit of the
country right into the heart of the city for public health and pleasure. The
benefit to our citizens of such spots is unquestionable. Says a cultivated
writer, speaking in connection with this subject: ‘‘ Better sewerage, cleaner
streets, purer air, increase the development of the physical forces, excite to
outdoor recreations, increased cleanliness, self-respect, possible even to the
poorest, and the general improvement of morals.’’ It was thought there was
a chance in Jackson for improvement in this direction.

Discussion next arose as to the best‘apples to plant in southern Michigan,
and after expressions upon favorite sorts by members present, the Secretary read
the following list as favored, in the order named, by Prof. Beal, H. Dale
Adams, L. G. Bragg & Co., and I. EH. Ilgenfritz, those being placed first which
are found in the lists of ali those named, viz.: Red Astrachan, Maiden’s
Blush, Wagener, Baldwin, N. Spy, Red Canada, Early Harvest, R. I. Green-
ing, Talman Sweet, Jonathan, Cayuga Redstreak, Chenango Strawberry, Snow,
Lowell, Primate, Porter. The answer of President Lyon of the State Horti-
cultural Society, to the above question, in the Post and Tribune, is as follows:

I will give you my views in response to the above query. I may be allowed to
remark that a satisfactory list of the varieties to be recommended must depend
not altogether upon the location and soil in which the planting is to be done,
but in a good degree also upon the tastes and preferences of the planter.
Should it turn out that the querist is one of that very numerous class of per-
sons who grow apples as they do turnips or potatoes, merely as a means of
adding variety to the culinary department of his household, and who rarely
partakes of apples or places them before his friends in an uncooked state, the
following list will afford a good succession of varieties sufficiently hardy and
productive for the region indicated (southern Michigan): Early Harvest, 2;
Primate, 3; Red Astrachan, 3; Sweet Bough, 2; Maiden’s Blush, 5; Lowell,
5; Jersey Sweet, 2; Twenty Ounce, 5; Fameuse or Snow, 5; Talman Sweet,
3; Jonathan, 10; Peck’s Pleasant, 10; Northern Spy, 10; Golden Russet, 10;
Red Canada, 25;—Total, 100. If, on the other hand, he shall turn out to be
a lover of fruit as such, comprehending the fact that, in its pristine condition,
it is one of the most healthful articles of diet, he will be certain to desire such
varieties as he will be proud, upon occasion, to place before appreciative friends,
even though to secure these he shall be compelled to include in his plantation
some that may not be considered relatively profitable, and even such as demand
good culture and management to produce them in satisfactory condition.
Besides, a person of such tastes will scarcely content himself to so fully act up
to the popular idea of the day as to only provide a succession such as shall
supply him one variety of the earlier sorts for each season, but will rather
demand that he be able at any and all seasons to place upon his table a choice
of varieties, beside a supply of sorts which being specially suited to culinary

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 249

purposes are for this very reason less suitable, if not wholly unsuitable, for the
dessert. ‘To a person of such tastes or preferences we commend the following
selection, viz.: Early Harvest, 1; Primate, 1; Red Astrachan, 2; Sweet
Bough, 1; Early Joe, 1; Jersey Sweet, 1; Maiden’s Blush, 2; Garden Royal,
1; Lowell, 3; Gravenstein, 2; American Summer Pearmain, 2; Ohio Nonpa-
reil, 4; Twenty Ounce, 5; Shiawassee Beauty, 2; Melon, 3; Bailey’s Sweet,
2; Jonathan, 10; Hubbardston Nonsuch, 5; Talman Sweet, 2; Northern Spy,
15; Golden Russet, 10; Swaar, 5; Red Canada, 20;—Total, 100.

We omit from these lists those old favorites, Baldwin, R. I. Greening, Rox-
bury Russet, etc., mainly for the reason that although in most respects desira-
ble in this region, they are clearly exceptionable from lack of hardiness,

Right here was mentioned the fact that planters do not always avail them-
selves of the latest knowledge and experience in trying new sorts of fruit trees,
but will allow themselves to be duped by men who claim perhaps to be agents
for a reliable nursery, and who may not be what they claim to be, who offer
some remarkably fine and wonderful plant which they warrant to be as repre-
sented, but who, when the plant proves a failure, are never at hand to right
the matter. We must work for good fruit as for any other good thing, and
cannot get fruit worth raising which will raise itself. Vo good plum is curculio
proof, and there is no such thing as a pear free from blight, or a strawberry
without runners which is worth raising for profit, as all good authorities will
say, and farmers ought to know it, and not allow themselves to believe every-
thing that is told them.

A few remarks by Prof. Beal, in a letter to R. W. Judd of this place, are in
point here. He says: ‘‘The new Russian apples have not been sufficiently
well tested to warrant general distribution. It is not at all probable that they
will be as good as others we now have. The Weaver plum isa sort of wild
plum of ordinary merit. It is noé curculio proof, nor is any other plum which
is worth raising in Michigan. The best thing the farmers of your vicinity can
do to get rid of the swindling fruit tree agents, is to join the horticultural
society just formed in Jackson. ‘There is no strawberry without runners which
is worth raising for profit.’’

The society voted to establish headquarters at the coming county fair, where
their work could be investigated and memberships taken. ‘The following reso-
lution was then passed :

Resolved, That we make a broad distinction between reliable and unreliable fruit
agents; that we believe that nurseries in this State have all kinds of nursery stock
worth planting here, and that persons will be safe in purchasing therefrom.

The society then adjourned.

At the meeting held October 15, 1880, the topic was “Transplanting and
what to transplant for ornament.’’

H. F. Thomas opened the discussion by saying that in setting out an orchard
he would depart a little from the usual custom, and plant the trees in distant
rows, say 64 feet apart, with trees 24 feet apart in the row. Would plowa
deep furrow and put in manure (and stones if there were any in the way),
and then fill up by back-furrowing a ridge, ou which, in the loose, fine bed, set
the trees. Young trees, apples and pears say two years old, and peaches one
year old from the bud are better than older. Before transplanting (especially
if taking a good sized tree from the woods), all trees should be made to de-
velop fibers close around the tree by cutting off the long roots—in a nursery
tree by transplanting often, and if from the woods, by cutting around the tree

250 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the year previous and putting some rich earth around the roots. Haye a
proper respect for the roots of the tree, and don’t mercilessly tear off the fibrous
roots,—its feeding mouths. But the after treatment is of the most importance
to preserve the tree. Keep the surface clean and mellow by hoed crops or
otherwise, or next best, mulch well around the tree to keep down the weeds
and preserve moisture.

Mr. A. J. Gould then continued the same subject, by speaking of his success
in transplanting evergreens, particularly the red cedar. Don’t be afraid to cut
the top of an evergreen, such as the cedar, spruce and pine. The white pine
will form a compact and beautiful head by cutting back and shortening in the
branches. It is not best to water a tree after setting it out. If a dry time
comes, rather loosen up the ground and keep in the moisture by mulching.

The discussion then turned on the improvement that might be made in our
city and village streets, and country roads, if people would consent to take a
little pains to plant trees as well as to cut them down. What is more pleasing
to all that is refined and noble in a man’s soul, than to see a well-kept street,
lined with graceful and elegant elms, maples, whitewood or other good street
trees, or to pass a house where the well-kept ‘awn, the vines on the trellis or
the house, and the shrubs and trees on the grass plat, be it never so small,
give evidence of taste and a desire to surround one’s home with beauty? Yet
in spite of the pleasure it gives to plant trees with one’s own hand, and see the
increasing beauty of the drives and lawns about our dwellings, many will not
go to the slight trouble and expense of doing so, but will crowd their houses
with sofas and carpets, chromos and ‘‘ what nots,’’ and leave their surround-
ings rough and desolate. If you care to see our beautiful city look more beauti-
ful, and our whole country smile with verdure like ‘‘ Bonnie England,’’ if
you are disposed to beautify your dwellings, plant shrubs and trees, and do it
this fall. Commemorate your birth day or other signal event, by planting a
tree. If you own a village lot on a street bare and unattractive, increase its
value by planting on it the trees mentioned above, or the horse chestnut, bass-
wood, cherry, white ash, purple beech, cut-leaved birch, or the evergreens,—
Norway and hemlock spruce, and Austrian, Scotch and white pine. Dot your
lawns with grapes and single specimens of such shrubs as spirwa, flowering
almond, chionanthus (white fringe), barberry, calycanthus and syringa, and train
vines like Virginia creeper, clematis in variety, and aristolochia, over your
porches. Then if the Horticultural Society should ever offer a premium for
the neatest and best kept lawn in the county, you would be sure to get it.

It was stated to be understood that a rebate of highway tax was allowed on
trees planted along a highway to the amount of twenty-five cents per tree.
After some other minor debate the society adjourned.

Besides the holding of these meetings from time to time for the benefit of its
members, the society has sought to interest others by publishing the reports of
its meetings pretty fully in the city and county papers, and occasional copies
have been sent to the State and other papers interested in horticulture. A
number of reports of the State Horticultural Society of different years have
been procured and distributed somewhat, and at the fair of the county Agricul-
tural Society, a headquarters was established where opportunity was given for
all who passed to see something of the nature and work of the society. By these
and similar means, we hope to extend our work and influence so as to do what
we can for horticulture in Jackson county.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 251

OFFICERS AND MEMBERS FOR 1880 OF THE JACKSON COUNTY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

President—W. K. Gibson, Jackson,

Secretary and Treasurer—R. 'T. McNaughton, Jackson.

Geo. T. White, Jackson; A. J. Gould, Jackson; H. W. Doney, Jackson;
Alex. Brown, Jackson; H. F. Thomas, Jackson; Elliott Armstrong, Jackson ;
M. A. McNaughton, Jackson; Mrs. Wm. M. Bennett, Jackson; Mrs. W. K.
Gibson, Jackson; Mrs. Dwight Merriman, Jackson; Nathan Shotwell, Con-
cord; J. W. Peck, Jackson; James Pierce, Leoni; Geo. Sawyer, Grass Lake;
V. B. Kennedy, Hanover.

252 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SOUTH BOSTON HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PREPARED BY J. D. STANNARD, SEC’Y.

OFFICERS FOR 1880.

President—D. H. English, Saranac.

Vice President—C. C. Winegar, Chandler.

Secretary—J. D. Stannard, Lowell.

Treasurer—W. Young, Lowell.

The members for 1880—J. C. English, Lowell; A. S. Stannard, Lowell;
G. L. Stannard, Lowell; W. S. Story, Lowell; S. K. Remington, Lowell;
Mrs. J. C. English, Lowell; Mrs. A. 8. Stannard, Lowell; S. W. Towl, Low-
ell; B. Chapman, Chandler; J. Turner, Chandler; Mrs. B. Chapman, Chan-
dler; EK. H. Hunt, Saranac; J. F. English, Saranac; J. Leak, Saranac.

The South Boston Horticultural Society was organized April 24,1880. The
society has held three subsequent meetings.

At our summer meeting papers were furnished upon the subjects,—Apple
Orchard ; The Kitchen Garden; Summer care of House Plants; and a talk
from Mr. J. D. Husted, upon the Peach Orchard.

At our fall meeting, the desirability of working the apple crop into jelly, and
the value of apples for fodder, were the questions that engaged most of our time.
All experiments tended to prove that apples had considerable value for feeding,
and could be fed with profit in years when there was an over production.

We are not a horticultural people, and we do not consider our papers and
discussions of much value only to ourselves, but we believe in our society. All
of our meetings have been very interesting, and we are acquiring a practical
knowledge of horticulture which cannot fail in being beneficial to us.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 253

WOODLAND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
PREPARED BY EUGENE DAVENPORT, SEC’Y.

This Society was organized June 2, 1880, by Secretary Garfield. Seventeen
members were enrolled, and the following officers were elected :

President—Ira Stowell.

Vice President—Mrs. Joel St. John.

Secretary—Hugene Davenport.

Treasurer—Jesse Jordan.

During the meeting, after Mr, Garfield had presented the advantages of
such societies, Miss Emily Holmes read an essay on ‘‘ Home and Home Adorn-
ments,”’ in which it was held that books, music, pictures, and flowers had an
unbounded influence over the members of a household.

An essay was also read by Mrs. Joel St. John entitled *‘ Flowers,’’ in which,
after cautioning against the too free use of water, an excess of earth, and
abuses in general, their uses and advantages were enumerated. ‘‘ They will
grow and flourish in any atmosphere that is available for breathing as to
moisture, purity, etc.”? It was argued that gardening and botany should be
taught in our common schools, developing a love and respect for the garden
and the farm. ‘The notion among mothers that it is impossible for them to
raise flowers on account of certain piratical invasions of ‘‘baby,’’—said baby
in question often being two or three years old,—the writer considered to be
ill-founded. Said the writer: ‘‘The French say that a baby is an angel whose
Wings grow shorter as his legs grow longer.. Though ‘baby’ is king in most
households, he cannot too soon learn that he is not an absolute monarch, and
that not all he may survey is his to destroy. As the little fingers wander plant-
ward, the eyes turn motherward.’’ ‘The writer argued that then is the time to
dethrone the king, and that a barbed wire fence around the stand, although
the most cruel invention of the age, would be perfectly justifiable in extreme
cases. But worst of all,—and the writer suggested no remedy,—were the
** grown up babies,’’ who must always see with their fingers.

Meeting held August 9, 1880,

At this meeting the subject of weeds was discussed, mainly showing the need
of a more intimate acquaintance with their habits, and greater efforts toward
their subjugation. ‘This was brought out during the discussion, in which vari-
ous specimens were exhibited, and some estimates made of their powers of seed-
ing. Many more varieties were found to be with us than was at first supposed.

The remainder of the meeting was devoted to topics pertaining more directly
to the farm.

At the meeting held October 16, 1880, Rey. Mr. Ornick spoke on horticult-
ure as a pastime. He recognized the fact that all persons need something
which is a diversion from regular business, as being an important one, and
argued that horticulture possesses all the advantages of the gymnasium, or
other plan for physical exercise merely, and it has the additional merit of be-
ing educational. He therefore recommended it as a fit pastime for students

204 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and business men of all kinds who feel the need of exercise out of doors. He
spoke in terms of the highest praise of the plan at the Agricultural College of
combining labor with study.

Mr. B. 8. Holly gave a report of the fruit exhibit at the Barry County Fair,
making the usual criticism of our fairs, viz: careless labeling, and poor
arrangement.

A report of the flowers at the county fair was read by Miss Jessie Barnum.

In the discussion which followed these reports, Mr. Ornick took strong
grounds that the name of the exhibitor should be attached to the article ex-
hibited, that one desiring to purchase or inquire as to details may know where
to find the owner.

A very interesting essay was read by Mrs. Joel St. John on ‘‘ Preparation of
Plants for Winter Flowering.’’? It consisted mainly in directions for inducing
flowering during the winter season. Much the same has been printed from
time to time in the reports, and no extracts are made.

Several experiments are being made this winter in methods of keeping apples,
owing to a discussion of the subject at this meeting. Probably most of them
will prove disastrous. Mr. St. John keeps apples in shallow boxes, holding
two bushels, stacked in the cellar one above another. He says they keep well.
One vital point in his practice is the careful sorting of his apples into three
grades, the fruit being put up as described, and the other low grades are usually
given as a thank-offering to the pigs.

At the annual meeting the following officers were elected :

President—Ira Stowell.

Vice President—B. 8. Holly.

Secretary—Hugene Davenport.

Treasurer—Jesse Jordan.

Most of this meeting was devoted to discussing topics of general farming.
Mrs. Joel St. John read an admirable essay on ‘‘ Household Economy,’’ deal-
ing especially with the proper cooking of vegetables, and use of fruits. Through
oversight the paper was not secured, and extracts are impossible. ‘The author,
however, made some substantial criticisms on the careless and tasteless manner
in which both fruit and vegetables are often found on the farmer’s table.

LIST OF MEMBERS OF SOCIETY, 1880,

Ira Stowell, B. S. Holly, Jesse Jordan, Rev. J. F. Ornick, E. P. Barnum,
C. E. Ingerson, R. Christian, Joel St. John, E. J. Nash, Eugene Davenport,
Mrs. Joel St. John, Ella Barnum, Jessie Barnum, Mrs. Holly, Emily Holmes,
John Lee. All residents of Woodland.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 2955

LAW'TON POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
PREPARED BY GEO. W. LAWTON, SECRETARY PRO TEM,

The society has voted to organize as a branch of the State society, and will
comply with its rules. During the year past the members have generally de-
voted the meetings of the society to the advancement of the growth and
culture of the peach as a market fruit. Very little “sentiment’’ or zwsthetical
ebullition have had place in their discussions. This may not be for the best in
the long run, but the eye of owr fruit growers rests first on the bread and
butter side of the business. Hereafter, when it becomes to them less exacting
of the ‘‘sweat of thy face,’ they will give room for lighter emotions. No
lady as yet has participated in our meetings, though we want not monitions
that she is about to appear.

The amount of fruit marketed from this point during the past year has been
large, and I may add, by far the largest in our history. The price received for
it has been uniformly remunerative. In saying this, it must not be forgotten
that prices at times during the season ruled low, but, however low it fell, no
member reports actual loss; on the contrary, each returns some profit. There
has been loss out and out vy the breaking up or into of packages, and stealing
the fruit, on the part of the employés of the express company. This depreda-
tion has occurred in small amounts at atime, and the aggregate, though
considerable, is not included in the above statement.

We may remark here, as well as elsewhere, that 7f 7s practicable to handle
fruit without such inexcusable loss. The first step to be taken to prevent it
is for the express company to refuse employment to any man lacking in care
and integrity ; and the second step is for the consignee of the fruit to persist-
ently refuse to accept or receipt for shipments that have been broken into, or
are short in number of packages. A favorite way adopted to avoid the
responsibility of this loss is to get the carter or drayman, probably a hard-
working man, illiterate, and dependent upon his labor for his own and his
family’s support, to sign a printed form, receipting thereby for the goods in
‘“ good order,’’ clearing, it is thought, by this device, the express company,
and driving the consignee or consignor to look to this irresponsible laborer for
the damage, if any, on account of the breakage or loss by theft. This evil
can only be checked by the united efforts of the fruit-growers. Let every one
insist that his consignee shall refuse damaged lots and those short as to number
unless the carrier will settle on the spot for the damage or shortage, asa
condition of his custom, and the commission men and the carrier will soon
come to terms, and little or no stealings and only purely accidental breakages
will afflict us.

Each variety of peach ripened this year unprecedentedly early. Good
specimens of the Alexander or Amsden ripened on the tree, free from worms,
and were exhibited to the society on July 3d; and shipments were made the
week following, notably, on the 9th, and by the 20th inst. shipments were
large, and continued heavy through the season, 7. ¢., until ‘‘snow peaches”
came, as the wearied express messengers expressed it. Mr. Joseph Allard

256 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

brought out these early specimens. His orchard is on the hills east of the
village. The soil is dry and gravelly, with a general western exposure.

The quality of the fruit raised this season was of the highest grade, and met
with uniform commendation in every market to which it was sent, and this
quality was uniform throughout the majority of the orchards represented in
our society. It was enhanced no doubt by the thorough thinning practiced and
by the cousiderable effort made in exterminating the curculio; besides, as a
general rule, only selected peaches were packed for market, which good prac-
tice even the most avariciously inclined were content to follow, since they could
dispose of the unpackable fruit at the evaporators, which have been erected
here during the season. The proprietors of the evaporators (Williams) paid
from 15 to 50 cents per bushel for their fruit. In this connection, it may be
noted that five or six individuals, as the season progressed, found it advisable
to provide themselves with farm evaporators suited to their wants. How profit-
able they haye proved is not yet disclosed.

No diseased or ‘‘ yellows peaches’’ were, so far as known, shipped to market
from this locality. Our purpose is not to suffer, so far as it may lie in our
power, this vile imposition on the consumer. There was a shipment, which
came to this station over the T. & S. H. R. R., consigned to De Moines. This
was allowed to pass on, but our people expressed themselves as having been re-
miss in their duty in so doing. The sooner peach-growers of Michigan learn
and act upon it that only first quality of healthy peaches should go into market,
the sooner will they become masters of their business. They will find, without
much trouble or effort, a superabundance of poor fruit every season; but with
all the trouble and effort that may fall to them they will find in no season an
over production of excellent fruit. As well might we attempt to satiate a
healthy boy with real fun as to fill the demands of consumers for excellent fruit.
We have only to place it within their reach to receive their money for it, and
as this touches the question of over production, I add to raise excellent fruit is
the first desideratum with us, and this rules out very promptly all diseased
fruit. Our second care is to preserve the fruit until it can reach the consumer,
and the third is to procure the proper transportation of it to the consumer.
These conditions being met, we have no apprehension of an over production of
the peach. Being located about midway between Chicago and Detroit, with
the several large towns and distributing points intervening, we are not seriously
troubled over the above second or third enumerated cares. The Mich. Cent.
R. R. Co. gave us this season, for the first time, six freight cars, fitted up with
shelves on which to place the packages of fruit, charging five cents to Chicago
and seven cents to Detroit for each basket or box. Under this arrangement
the shipper saw his packages properly and securely placed in the car, with little
or no danger of breakage and theft, which left here in the evening and reached
Chicago or Detroit by five o’clock in the morning in good order. The coming
season promises a renewal of the practice on a larger scale and with greater
facilities,

As to the varieties, I remark the Early Beatrice grew. to a size that rivaled the
Alexander and acquired a flavor far superior to it, characteristics not known
by us to be possessed by that variety. The Late Crawford did unusually well
this season, ripening early, and attained throughout the tree large size, high
color, and fine flavor. The Late Smock, in some cases, ripened up undersized,
but generally held its own.

The white varieties as a rule excelled in size, quality, quantity, and profit.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 257

It would be impossible to compress into this report the useful observations
made upon them, including the well known Karly Rivers, Mountain Rose, Old
Mixon, Stump the World, and Heath’s Cling, for which order upon order
specially made came to our members to be filled, extending long after the sea-
son for the variety had passed. Many thousand trees will be set hereabouts in
the spring, and the orchard acreage greatly increased.

The ‘‘yellows’’ has been met by the orchardists with the unrelenting grub-
hoe and fire-heap, and the progress of the disease in their orchards has not
been very serious, though sufficiently aggravating to the most submissive
among them.

Other fruits have not received all the attention they merit by the society,
though many raise large crops of the smaller varieties. Apples, though a large
crop in general, have not yielded a surplus of high-colored and perfect fruit.
The trees for the most part have groaned under burdens of undersized, color-
ess fruit, and the codling moth has been very active all the season.

Grapes were only a half crop. The late and long continuing fall of 1879
induced the Concord buds to swell and to be ruined in course of the winter.
Many of the cones, notably in ‘‘spots’’ in the vineyards, were entirely budless and
leafless until late in May. The yield from such vines was nothing. They seem,
however, now to have fully recovered their vitality, and this year’s canes prom-
ise abundant yield. The Delaware, not answering to the seductive November
sun as did the Concord, wintered well and fruited a large crop, but owing to
the thrip much of it was injured and lost. All of our vineyardists have peach
orchards also, and the thrip was left to work the ruin of the Delaware in their
anxiety for the peach. The demand for our Concords—sweet Concords, they
are called—far exceeded the supply. The prices ranged from 34 to 5 cents
per pound.

A new variety of grape (supposed until information to the contrary is received)
has been produced here by Mr. W. W. Robins. It is a chance seedling, if a
new variety, and is a rank grower. The foliage resembles the Salem. The
fruit is a little larger than the Clinton, but is dark red, and grows in short,
chunky, but on the whole handsome, and tightly compacted clusters. The
skin is tough, pulp seedy, but sweet throughout and pleasant to the taste. It
ripens where now grown ten days before the Hartford. There is but the one
bearing vine, and this is trailed on the east side of Mr. Robins’ dwelling—a
warm, pushing locality. It is an abundant bearer, and hardy. We will in due
time have field specimens of it, and then further report.

Among the notable events of the year past was a short but pleasant visit from
the Secretary of the State Horticultural Society. He was whirled by a span of
fast roadsters, in and ont and among the orchards, halting long enough to
glean a ripe peach (for it was early in July) in his flight, and say ‘‘ good bye”’
the instant before he disappeared beyond the foliage. He tasted of no one’s
pastry, and all the sisterhood feel slighted. Nevertheless the visit did us good,
and the latch-string hangs inyitingly out for another pull. The officers of the
society remain the same,

33

2
Or
(o/s)

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GRAND RIVER VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
PREPARED BY W. N. COOK, SECRETARY.

In accordance with custom I herewith submit the following report of the
doings of the society for the year just closed. The monthly meetings have
been held and the exhibition of fruit and discussion have been both interesting
and profitable.

Early in the year President Rowe called the attention of the society to the
importance of the subject of yellows in peach trees, saying that the disease
was becoming wide spread and destructive in the southwestern portion of the
State, and urging the society or its members to make themselves acquainted
with the disease, at least so far as to be able to know the malady should it
make its appearance in this vicinity.

This suggestion was followed by the appointment of a committee to visit
the yellows district and get what information they could on the subject. This
committee were invited by the Allegan Pomological Society to visit them in
August, which invitation the committee accepted, and in company with a
number of peach growers of our county went to Allegan, were welcomed and
entertained by the Allegan society and every facility offered to further the
object of their visit. ‘The committee also secured a diseased tree and
exhibited it on the fair ground during the West Michigan fair. After its
close the tree was destroyed by burning. Further discussion of this subject is
proposed some time in January next. On their return this committee made a
full report to the society, which is on file. The society have also made a
departure from its usual mode by holding several of its monthly meetings at
the residences of its members, thus furnishing an opportunity to those who
have not usually attended to become acquainted with the objects and work of
the society; the results thus far have been very gratifying and in my opinion
the practice should be continued. Our field of operation embraces the coun-
ties of Kent, Ionia, Montcalm, Barry, Allegan, Ottawa and Muskegon. All
of them should become interested in this work and one or more of our
monthly meetings should be held in each of these counties annually.

At the August meeting the Messrs. Pearsall, Rowe, Cook, W. K. Emmons,
and P. W. Johnson, were appointed a committee to collect and exhibit fruit at
the State fair of this State, West Michigan agricultural and industrial fair,
and any other fairs, in the discretion of the committee. Soon after this the sec-
retary received the premium list of the Mississippi valley horticultural society,
and laid the matter of making an exhibit at St. Louis before the commit-
tee and the executive board. It was decided to make an exhibit there, which
design was carried out. The society exhibited 100 varieties of apples in one
collection, 40 varieties in another, and 10 varieties as a collection for the
market north of the forty-first parallel; also several single plates of apples
and pears; also a collection of 25 varieties of peaches, one of 10 varieties, and
several plates. ‘This show of fruit at St. Louis was in charge of President
Wm. Rowe and Mr. Cook, and received marked attention from visitors. Dr.
Warder of Ohio, chairman of the awarding committee, said Michigan fruit

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 259

was the best grown on exhibition, and the most correctly named. The awards
haye already been reported to the society. In my opinion this exhibition of
our fruit at the great fair of the Mississippi valley horticultural society is of
the first importance to the fruit growers of western Michigan, and that it will
bring about greater results than any other exhibition from our State up to the
present time.

At the State fair our society exhibited a general collection of family fruits
consisting of fifty-three sorts of apples, four of peaches, three of grapes,
four of pears, and four of crab-apples.

Owing to the extreme warm, wet weather when the fruit was being collected,
‘and the prevalence of mildew in grapes, the exhibit in peaches and grapes
was not up to the usual standard of the shows of our society, and in conse-
quence the collection received third premium.

In Division B, a general collection of market fruits, 100 plates apples, five
of grapes, six of pears, four of crab-apples, received the first premium.

In Division C, special exhibit of apples for general purposes, consisting of
sixty-seven varieties, received the first premium. We also received first pre-
mium for most correctly named collection in this division.

The society also took premiums on sixteen plates of different sorts of apples.

At the West Michigan Fair, the Secretary entered a collection of fruit, and
received the first premium. Also, on a collection of apples he took first pre-
mium, and took a dozen single plate premiums.

At the adjourned annual meeting of the society, held on the 26th day of
October, the officers for the ensuing year were elected to wit:

President—Wm. Rowe.

Vice President—W. K. Munson.

Secretary—W. N. Cook.

Treasurer—S, L. Fuller.

Members of the Executive Board—Wm. K. Emmons, Eugene Carpenter,
S. M. Pearsall, P. W. Johnson.

In conclusion, I wish to congratulate the society on their successful labors
during the past year. While our membership is small, the interest has been
kept up, and I see nothing to prevent them performing greater success in the
future.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

260 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ALLEGAN COUNTY POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

PREPARED BY E. C. REID, SEC’ Y.

OFFICERS FOR 188].

President—George T, Lay.

Vice President—John B. Dumont.
Secretary—Edwy C. Reid.
Treasurer—Benj. D. Pritchard.

March Meeting.

This society was re-organized into its present form March 16, 1880, having
previously existed under the same name, but independent of the State society.
It was organized Jan. 18, 1879. At the former date the society was addressed
by Secretary Garfield, and, after some discussion, the constitution and by-laws
prepared for auxiliary societies by the State society were adopted, and under
them Geo. T. Lay was chosen president, H. G. Buck vice-president, Edwy C.
Reid secretary, and B. D. Pritchard treasurer. These, constituting the execu-
tive board, with Mr. G. H. LaFleur added, were made a committee on pro-
gramme for the year. Messrs. J. Sailor, J. 8S. Bidwell, H. G. Buck, and
Allen Wood were made a committee to examine the premium lists of the
county agricultural society, and recommend changes in the pomological
department,—addition of names of desirable varieties, the expunging of
worthless ones, etc. Seventeen members were received.

April Meeting.

The best way to plant fruit trees was made the topic for papers and discus-
sions at the society’s second meeting. Mr. G. H. LaFleur presented the
following:

I start with the premise that every person who owns an acre of ground, and
is making a home for himself and family, realizes the necessity of planting
something in the way of fruit trees, from the fact that it adds largely to the
health, comfort, and profit of the family. The first thing to be considered is
the selection of varieties. ‘The varieties best suited to the family and home use
should be the first thing to be provided, so that the family may have fresh fruit
the entire year. Next come the varieties for the commercial orchard, which
should be selected entirely with reference to profit in dollars and cents. Care-
ful observation, with good judgment, will enable any one to be quite accurate
in making selections for this purpose, keeping in view the kind of soil upon
which the orchard is to be set, and adaptability of varieties to that soil and
location. A mistake in this matter of selection cannot be readily corrected,
and not without loss, if at all. It is of almost equal importance that the loca-
tion be what it should, as the best varieties with the best care will fail to
produce satisfactory results in an unfavorable location. Select the highest
elevation upon the farm, on account of its being warm and dry, and less liable
to the frost of spring and autumn. Whatever the location, the soil should be
dry and free from surface-water. If it is not, then tile, or some sort of under-

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 261

draining, will be necessary, or your trees will fail to be satisfactory either in
productiveness or longevity. Keep the feet dry and warm, and the head will
perform its part, provided you feed it well. Different varieties of fruit trees
require different kinds of soil. The quince, plum, pear, apple, and crab-apple
will flourish on heavy soil mixed with clay loam. Peaches, grapes, cherries,
and some of the small fruits, find a more congenial home on a light, warm,
dry soil, and require more artificial food. The same variation in soil which is
required for the different kinds of trees or fruits may be observed in regard to
the different varieties in the same class. The Baldwin, Golden Russet, Straw-
berry, Red Astrachan, Maiden’s Blush, etc., do not require the same kind of
soil that the Swaar, Greening, Roxbury Russet, Peck’s Pleasant, and Newtown
pippin flourish best upon. Different varieties of the peach require different
properties in the soil to produce the best results. This is a question upon
which persons planting out peach orchards, as well as apple orchards, should
be better posted in. Careful observation and comparison will enable planters
to draw very correct conclusions in this matter of adaptability to soil and
altitude.

Next, after selecting varieties and location, the preparation of the ground
will come in order. The plainest and simplest statement which I can make of
that part of the work is, plow over the whole plat of ground upon which the
trees are to be set, the deeper the better; drag it thoroughly, and rolling would
be an improvement and facilitate the setting out. The holes should be dug at
least six inches deeper than the roots of the tree reach. Fill in with surface
soil, for the roots of the tree to stand upon, even when the tree is set at the
proper depth, which should be a little deeper than it stood in the nursery row.
The tree should next be prepared for setting. All roots which have been
mangled or broken should be cut back to where they are sound and fresh,
cutting from the under side, slanting outward. The top should be trimmed
somewhat, according to variety and condition of the tree. I am not in favor
of cutting back so severely as some planters are in the habit of doing. A boy
should hold the tree in its proper place, and the roots and fibres should be
spread out and the surface soil placed around them, keeping the roots in place
with the hand. Pack the earth moderately around the roots, and leave the
ground level around the tree, placing a good mulch around the trees before the
ground has had time to dry. Before setting, the tree should be dipped in mud
made from swamp muck mixed in water to the consistency of paste. An old
barrel sawed in two, or a wash-tub, will answer for the purpose. Lach tree
should be dipped before setting. Iam satisfied that a large percentage of the
losses which occur in setting fruit trees is from want of proper care in trans-
planting. This fact is proved every year, as it often happens that two men
take trees of the same variety, in the same condition; and one will lose a
large percentage of his trees while the other loses scarcely one. When the
tree is once set in the orchard row, then the real work of properly handling the
tree has but fairly commenced. Not a week should pass without personal
inspection by the person who has the orchard in charge, for the old adage
that ‘‘ As the twig is bent so the tree inclines,’’ is literally true in the case of
fruit trees. very bud or twig starting out upon the side of the tree where it
is not wanted should be removed as soon as discovered. All buds should be
protected and allowed to grow upon that part of the tree necessary to preserve
a uniform top. Care should always be taken to place that side of the tree
which has the most limbs, or strongest growth, towards the quarter from which
the prevailing winds come. Trees should be so managed as to keep them ina

262 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

perpendicular position if possible. I regard a northern or northeastern slope
with timber protection on the north and west, the most favorable location. A
lake or stream of water at the foot of the hill on which the orchard stands is
favorable, and is something of a protection to the orchard against spring and
autumn frosts.

Methods of setting so as to secure accuracy were discussed, and all agreed
that the only way to secure perfect accuracy was by the eye. Some would set
a stake for every tree, while some had been successful by setting the trees by
two ranges of stakes set at some distance in advance. A device, shown by J.
A. Frost, for securing accuracy, after the spot had been determined, was ap-
proved. It consists of two pieces of wood about three feet long and two inches
wide, joined by ahinge. The outer end of one piece is forked or deeply notched ;
the other piece bears two pins, six inches or more long, one near each end,
protruding from the side opposite the hinge. Before the hole is dug the
notched end is placed at the exact point where the tree should stand. The pins
are forced into the ground and the piece bearing the notch is folded back upon
the other. After the hole is ready the notched piece is restored to its position
and the tree placed in the hole so that it rests in the notch, and the earth
being filled in, it remains in position.

The secretary then read the following paper from the Rey. J. F. Taylor, of
Saugatuck :

PLANTING PEACH TREES.

This subject naturally suggests location, preparation of the soil, distance be-
tween trees, method of planting and treatment during the first summer.

In speaking on this subject, with these subdivisions, we shall endeavor to
point out the best conditions which observation and experience have indicated
for successful peach growing.

Location: A few trees may very appropriately find a place on every farm;
but when the peach orchard is to be a principal source of revenue for the fam-
ily, the location should be such as not to disappoint the hopes of the planter.
He wants peaches, not every third, fourth, or fifth year, but every year. His
daily bread comes through the peach. It is not a luxury, it is a staple to him
and his family. . Viewed in this light, location is of the first importance. Not
every spot of ground, even in this favored latitude, is desirable for a peach
orchard. Low lands are especially to be avoided. Frosty places are of very
doubtful propriety, for while the trees may do well for a time the fruit-buds
will often be injured when they are nearly ready to open. Elevated lands are
therefore most valuable for peach growing. Our coldest weather generally
comes when there is no wind, and the injury to fruit buds is done when there
are no air currents to break the intensity of the cold. Even elevated plains
are not as free from severe frosts as rolling land. A sheltered location is not
necessary, and may be far inferior to one where the west wind can sweep along
in all its accustomed fury.

Preparation of the soil: This part includes dryness. Good locations are not
always dry enough for the healthy growth of peach trees. Like feeble children,
they must not be allowed to have wet feet. Gravelly and sandy soils are for
the most part sufficiently drained, unless an impervious subsoil holds the water
near the surface. Then artificial drainage becomes necessary. Clay lands
frequently hold water during the winter and spring months. In all such cases
drainage is of the highest importance. The unfavorable effect of standing
water around the roots of peach trees caunot be well understood until the

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 263

experiment has been tried; but with us, near the lake shore, illustrations on
this point are too numerous to leaye any in doubt. Very much of the injury
done to trees last fall (1879) can be traced directly to the growth occasioned
by too much moisture during the warm days of October, followed by the cold
“snap”? of November. And it is not too much to say that thousands of peach
trees have been lost during the past ten years because their roots were in very
wet ground during our cold winters. After good drainage is secured, other
preparation should follow. If the land is new, remove all the stumps. One
or two years’ time in starting an orchard cannot compensate for the disadvan-
tages of cultivating trees among stumps. Dig them out. The results in a
few years will be much more satisfactory. The preparation of a field for
young fruit trees should approximate a garden. If the land is worn out by
constant cropping, or if it is a light, sandy soil, fertilization is desirable before
planting.

In growing peach trees, very much depends on a good beginning. No effort
of later years can compensate for a failure in starting. A stunted peach tree
puts on an old appearance, even if it has not been in the orchard more than
one year, which after cultivation never entirely removes. To secure a vigorous
growth from the time of planting, holes may be dug in the fall before the
ground becomes frozen. During the winter, scrapings from the barnyard, or
even coarse manure, may be hauled out and a few forkfuls thrown into each
hole. Snow and rain will leach this manure and fertilize the ground, where
the tree is to be planted, and the residuum will make a good mulch for this
new occupant of the soil. It is not desirable to plant trees in sod ground or in
fields of grain where a crop is to be harvested. Such a process robs the tree
of moisture in mid-summer when it is most needed. land that is free from
all the defects alluded to above, and in condition to bring a good crop of corn,
is ready for peach trees. ‘To facilitate the planting, two furrows may be run
with a plow, opening a place for each row of trees, If other furrows are run
at right angles to the first, very much manual labor may be saved in planting.
If fertilization is necessary, this plowing may be done in the fall, and, as
intimated above, manure hauled out during the winter may be thrown where
the furrows cross each other. This is a good preparation for light soils. I
need not remind farmers or fruit-growers that this plowing should be executed
with great exactness and the final staking for the trees done afterwards. The
rows are easily filled with plow and harrow.

Distance between trees: ‘This is still an unsettled question in the minds of
many planters. When the trees are small, sixteen feet seems to be quite far
enough for the peach, but experience has taught most, if not all, of those who
have bearing orchards, that twenty feet each way is most convenient and profit-
able.

Cultivation: During the first summer after planting, corn is decidedly the
best crop for young trees. It gives sufficient shade to protect the bark from
the burning rays of an August sun, and if well cultivated does not draw too
much moisture from the fibrous roots that are reaching out after nourishment.

The secretary read the following from 8. Rumery:

PEACH CULTURE.

To raise a good orchard and bring it to bearing is a great achievement well
worth the careful attention of every farmer. It is of great importance to start
right. In choosing a site avoid hollows, ravines, and any spongy or black land,
even if well drained. Such land grows trees which are likely to be succulent

264 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and short lived. Cold air settles into the hollows, making them colder than
the hills. Choose land which is high. It may slope in either direction. There
is not much choice, unless the slope is very steep. Avoid porous soils of all
kinds. Do not think of setting trees in a field of clover and timothy, or ina
field of wheat; and fruit trees will be injured by such treatment very much as
would a hill of corn. For a good, strong orchard, which will do the owner
credit, it is very important to select good, strong soil; a soil which is clay bot-
tom is the best. If you would lay the foundation of a noble orchard, thor-
oughly pulverize the soil before setting out the trees. If you want to throw
away your money and get cheated, buy your trees of some pleasant-spoken agent
who is astranger to you. He may offer trees cheap and even then make
money. ‘These agents are all over the State, and are doing an untold amount
of injury. Who of us does not remember that sleek, smooth-tongued chap from
Ohio, with his new peach called the Hopkins seedling, and his purple-leaf beech
tree? His new peach was in a glass can that made it look as large as a good-
sized pumpkin, I think that some of the best farmers remember whom I speak
of. I think some of them remember him to their sorrow. It is generally bet-
ter to buy the trees from some good nursery near home. Send directly to the
nursery, or, better still, go yourself. In buying trees you may not get what
you ask for. There are many risks to run, even with the best of dealers. This
much of my experience I state to show that it will not always do to depend up-
on what a nurseryman tells you, for he almost always has ‘‘ just the variety
you want.’’ In planting peach trees, set them out in the spring. ‘The variety
to set depends on what a man wants, whether his own needs are to be supplied
or whether he is going to raise for the market. The location in this vicinity
must be on the most elevated land. If you select such a locality, with the soil
strong, you will raise the very best of peaches. A good, sandy soil does very
well, but a clay soil is a little better. On the latter your fruit is finer and the
trees last longer. As to distance, I would say twenty-four feet apart. You
will get more baskets to carry to market and the peaches will be larger and
finer colored than if your trees are closer. If aman raises peaches for mar-
ket he wants about five varieties. It is of the very greatest importance for the
success of the trees that the roots be not exposed to winds or sun, or dry air.
Set them about as deep as they grew in the nursery. Place fine, fresh soil
about the roots and pack it in closely. After you set your peach trees, plant
the ground to corn the first year; in fact plant to corn until the trees starve
out everything else. Corn will take the strength of ground less than any other
cereal. If you leave the stalks on the ground they will keep the snow from
blowing off. Now, after all these pains, and the trees have got a good start,
turn in the cattle or sheep, or rent the farm. The young trees make excellent
browsing for cattle. In three years you will condemn fruit raising and think it
is poor business. If you know but little about raising fruit, by all means learn
before venturing upon a large orchard, or you will surely lose money by the
operation. If you have money to fool away, seed down a young orchard to
clover or to timothy, or sow a crop of wheat or oats, or any other sowed crop. If
you want the trees to thrive, cultivate well till they are five or seven years old.
Always stop cultivating the trees in August, weeds or no weeds. This allows
the tree to mature for winter.

Mr. Dennis Sutherland said it was now time to begin preparations for setting
an orchard next year. The order for trees should now be given to the nursery-
man. Get the ground ready in October. He cared for no protection on the
west, but wanted all the wind through his orchard he could get. If the trees

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 265

are to be set on sod ground, turn it over in October, nicely, dragging length-:
wise of the furrows so as not to turn up clods, and sow two barrels of salt to
the acre. He would use the refuse salt from cured hides, which can be bought
at South Haven for fifty cents per barrel. In the spring stir the land with
some sort of cultivator, preparing it as for corn. Then set the trees a little
deeper than they stood in the nursery row, haying ‘‘healed them in”’ in the
fall. Before setting they should be entirely stripped of branches, and left a
straight stalk not more than three feet long. While they are growing, prevent
the formation of crotches. Before setting, the roots should be free and
straightened out. It is more convenient to have each variety set in a block by
itself. He has adrive-way around his orchard, and also each way across
through the center, to enable him to easily reach a wagon with the fruit.
This drive-way is twenty-four feet wide and his trees are set twenty feet apart.
The distance apart depends somewhat upon the kind of soil. Twenty feet is
not too far on soil capable of growing good strong trees. He would not use
manure about the roots when setting. The ground should be good enough to
grow a tree as fast as it should be grown. As for a mulch, he would depend
on cultiyation to supply needed moisture. If the soil is frequently stirred
about the trees the moisture will be sufficient, just as it is to corn.

Mr. Lay asked if the cultivation of potatoes among the trees was injurious
to them?

Mr. Sutherland thought no man would a second time plant potatoes in a
peach orchard. He had known one to be nearly ruined by that. Potatoes use
many of the same constituents of the soil that peach trees do—the alkalies.

Mrs. Holton asked what was the best manure for peach orchards.

Mr. Sutherland recommended rye plowed in, salt, lime, and ashes, but
nothing was equal to barnyard manure.

Mr. Sailor agreed to this, and said corn is the best crop to raise in a young
orchard, though he had raised potatoes without injury to the trees, haying
thoroughly manured the soil.

Mr. John Dumont once raised potatoes the first year, on strong soil, without
hurt to the trees; and he thought the potatoes would do no harm in such soil.
He had lost trees among wheat and oats, even though he had cut the grain
away from about them and used mulches.

Mr. Geo. T. Lay spoke of the comparative merits of trenching trees in the
fall and leaving them in the nursery row, claiming that he would rather have
trees that were left in the rows all winter, thinking them surer to grow when
‘set in the spring. He had planted at the same time trees from each of these
treatments, and had better success with those left in the row. If the trees, he
said, will not stand their first winter in the nursery row, they will not endure
the first winter after transplanting. In New York the trees are not trenched
nor housed, but are left in the rows.

Mr. Dumont said he believed that ninety-nine per cent of trees left in the
nursery row this winter would now be dead. The New York trees make a
‘slower growth than ours, the autumn closes quickly, there is no lingering of
warm weather to keep up a late growth, and the deep snows afford protection.

Mr. LaFleur contended that the plan of trenching, or healing in, was the
best, because it compelled a stoppage of growth, while trees left in the row
would be kept slowly growing by the warm weather. ‘The first year’s growth
in the row, from the bud, is so tender that it is very liable to injury from cold,
as the circulation of the sap, in the mild days of our winters, is kept up to a
certain extent.

266 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Lay claimed that he had set in the spring what are called dormant buds,
and they had made large growths and lived through the succeeding winter
without damage. And he claimed that if they would grow in the field and
live, they would live in the nursery row. Few of our winters, he claimed,—only
one in the past fifteen years,—were seyere enough to kill the trees if left in the
nursery, and he inclined to the belief that the nurserymen trenched the trees
knowing that it decreased the chances for their living after transplanting, but
determining to make the orchardists bear a part of the risk from severe win-
ters. He thought, too, that the trenching was done so that the ground could
sooner be had for a new crop.

Mr. La Fleur said that if ‘‘dormant buds’’ are hardier and withstand rigorous
weather better than do trees from the nursery row, it is because growing out
alone, and having been transplanted, they make a slower, and therefore
hardier growth. Any tree growing by itself is stronger than a tree of the same
sort grown among others.

<‘ Dormant buds” are the budded trees taken from the nursery and set the
spring after budding, and before the inserted bud on the seedling stock has
started to grow.

Mr. Buck said the object in trenching the trees was to preserve them. If
they froze at all in the trenches, they would freeze worse, and further down, in
the row. The covering part way up the stalk, as practiced in the trenches,
would preserve some of the lower buds of the ingrafted stock, and so save the
tree, while the same weather that would kill its top in the trench would kill it
below the ingrafted bud in the nursery row. ‘There was no gain of time or
land to the nurseryman ; it was all extra work.

Mr. Lay held to his preference for leaving the trees in the nursery row. He
would take his chances of weather for the sake of the increased vitality at time
of planting.

Mr. Sailor said that at the east some advocated fall planting, but he would
not practice it. He preferred trenching and covering the tops with something
—evergreen boughs were good—for protection.

The damage done to trees during the past winter was mentioned.

Mr. Dumont said it had occurred on the lower lands, mostly, and he thought
it was caused by the circulation of sap in warm times and subsequent freezing.
Others concurred in this theory.

Mr. Sutherland said he would take trees in the fall intended for spring
planting ; would dig a trench across a northeast slope, put the trees in, tops
down hill, cover with earth one-third their length, and let the snow drift over
the tops. He preferred medium-size, straight trees. Some of the best orchards
on the lake shore were grown from ‘‘ dormant buds.”

May Meeting.

Insect pests received the society’s attention at the meeting in this month,
the rosebug, curculio, and codling moth getting the greater share.

Mr. L. A. Lilly spoke of the codling moth, giving first its natural history.
As soon as the fruit forms, a single egg is laid in the blossom end of the fruit,
and as soon as the egg hatches the larva enters the apple. In three weeks the
larva matures, leaves the apple, and in some concealed place spins a silken
cocoon, and assumes the chrysalis state. In from nine to fifteen days, vary-
ing with the temperature, the moth issues. The apples are again stocked with
eggs as before, after which comes a recurrence of the work, except that the
laryee upon leaving the apple simply spin cocoons, in which they remain till

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 267

spring, when they pupate, and in about two weeks the first moths appear.
The time when the first moths come forth varies from May 1 till July 1, so
that moths will be issuing from May 1 till August 1, and the ‘‘worms’’ will be
leaving the apples from the last of June till the fruit is gathered. My own
experience seems to show that no pupe are formed after the last week in
August, as, so far as I have examined, all larve that leave the apple after that
time simply spin a cocoon, in which they remain as larvee till the next spring.
Some of the observing fruit men of our State think that during the past
season many of these insects pupated after that time. Such cases came not
within my observation. Of those larve which leave the apple while it still
hangs on the tree, about one-half crawl down, till beneath some bark or in
some crevice they find seclusion in which to spin unobserved. Those which
fall to the ground with the fruit crawl out, and if the ground is free from all
rubbish, stumps, etc., they crawl up the tree and hide as before. As to reme-
dies, hogs kept in the orchard to devour the fallen fruit were of service, but
were only a partial remedy, for most of the moths crawl out before the apple
falls. The plan of using bands of cloth about the trees he considered the
most efficient. These bands are of woolen cloth, old or new, or any rough
cloth, about five inches wide, passed not tightly about the tree and fastened at
the ends by a tack. The larve in passing down or up the trees (which are
presumed to have been previously cleared of rough bark) crawl beneath the
cloth and spin their cocoons. The bands should be regularly inspected once a
week and the larve destroyed. The bands should be on by the 20th of June
and left through the season, the weekly examinations extending to the last of
August, and at the close of the season they should be inspected. The tacks
should be driven in the center of the cloth. Prof. Beal had found the cost of
the bands and labor to be four cents per tree for 250 trees. Paper was some-
times used, but it is quite inferior to cloth.

Mrs. Holton spoke of the evil results of worm nests on trees in the highway,
and thought a law should be made to compel owners of property to destroy
them.

Mr. A. Lane had had good results from pasturing his orchard with hogs.

Mr. LaFleur said the first worms become moths which lay eggs. These
become larvee and stay as such through the winter. Not all these latter worms
leave the fruit but stay in it through the winter. If wire screens are put in
cellar windows the moths can be seen in the spring, hatched from the worms
that went in with the apples in the fall, trying to escape to the trees. The
best way to fight the pest is for a number of orchardists in a locality to com-
bine in using the bands, and hire a man to inspect them regularly.

Mr. H. G. Buck spoke of the necessity of scraping off the rough bark from
trees, and said the larve would hide beneath sticks, in fences, brush-heaps,
etc. He said he once was given to shooting birds that took his berries, and the
woodpeckers that ate his corn when ‘‘in the milk,’’ but he had learned better
than to do so. Now he would feed corn to a woodpecker to get him to stay
with us. :

Mr. LaFleur described the curculio as an insect that hibernates during the
winter in the mature state. In early spring, and even later, he lies concealed
under boards, clods, ete. This weevil is nocturnal, being active at night. So
soon as our plums, peaches, and cherries set, the curculio, a little brown beetle,
commences operations, imprinting the familiar crescent and placing an egg
inside. ‘This egg-laying continues eyen to July. As the weather becomes
warmer the insect forsakes its habit of going down to the ground by day to

268 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hide, but remains in the tree. These beetles are not solely engaged in pairing
and egg-laying, for they are good feeders and gouge out many a hole in our
fruits to satisfy their appetites. The eggs soon hatch, when the young larvee
bore into the fruit and continue to eat. As these are sometimes, though quite
rarely, found in apples, I would state that they can be easily told from the cod-
ling moth larva, as they are without legs, thus resembling maggots. They
grow rapidly to maturity, thus causing plums, peaches, and apples to fall pre-
maturely, though cherries usually remain on the tree. ‘The earliest larve are
ready to go into the ground and pupate by the last of June. As egg-laying
goes on even till July, it will readily be seen that larvae will be found in the
fruit all through the summer, and I have found them in peaches even in Sep-
tember. All of these pupze change into mature insects during summer and
autumn, so the insects all pass the winter as mature beetles, concealed either
under boards or in crevices, or even in the ground. In May they commence
coming forth, and continue to put in an appearance even to mid-summer. The
most important question is, how shall we rid our plums of this pest? There
are several ways adopted by different parties, all of which are quite effectual in
their application if strictly followed. To make a sure thing of it I should
adopt the following method: First, the ground should be plowed and cultivated
to keep clean of all weeds or grass—the smoother the ground and harder it is
packed around and under the tree, the better; I should let all the poultry run
among the trees and feed them there; then smoke the trees once in four days
with coal tar by burning it under each tree for a few moments at a time; then
the tree should be jarred every morning before eight o’clock, and again just
before dark, at evening, taking care to catch the curculio on a sheet or cloth
and destroy them. If these directions are carried out strictly you will find no
difficulty in growing plums so far as the curculio is concerned. Fowls will
pick up both the larvee and the beetles, but they are not a sufficient protection.
Another method of capture is to place chips, boards, or pieces of bark under
the trees. ‘The beetles crawl under these and may be easily captured by day.
He thought no one process sufficient—all should be employed, and then a good
crop was certain. He thought the plum succeeded best on clay soils; thought
the curculio preferred sandy or gravelly soils. He knew a man who laid a floor
of cement under a plum tree and frequently jarred it, and, sweeping up the
curculio, got good crops of fruit.

Mr. Lilly said that at Mr. Jewett’s he had seen two plum trees on heavy soil;
one stood in grass, and every plum was stung, while about the other the grass
was cut away and the fowls fed there, and it was full of fruit. So they did
not dislike clay soil. He had seen peaches badly rotted because of curculio.

Mr. Sailor said Mr. Dyckman of South Haven found the curculios very
damaging to Hale’s Early peaches, but kept them down by the chip process.

G. W. Lonsbury had known plum trees to be protected and bear large crops
of fruit by throwing into them wood ashes when the dew was on.

The secretary read the proceedings of the South Haven society when consid-
ering this subject, by which it appeared that most members favored the jarring
process. This is best effected by sheets, from 4x4 to 9x9 feet in size, according
to size of trees, mounted on frames and carried by two men, or mouuted on
wheels, as a barrow. A slit in the cloth admits the tree to the center. A rap
on the tree causes the beetles to fall (they feign death on the slightest disturb-
ance), when they may be gathered up. ‘The mounted sheet may be in circular
form, and should sag to a point. If below this a tight box is fixed the beetles
may be easily shaken into it, and every one captured.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 269

Mr. H. G. Buck began discussion of the rose bug. He said they appear in
June and July ; eat most ravenously, seeming to relish rose leaves, grape leaves,
and even cherry leaves. After this wedding feast is over, the females lay their
eggs in the ground. The grubs feed on the roots of plants, but are not
sufficiently destructive to attract attention. ‘The pups may be found in May,
and in June the beetles come forth again to their work of plunder. As this
beetle will, like the curculio and blister beetles, fall from the plants whenever
disturbed, they may be shaken on to sheets placed under the vines, and
destroyed, but their great numbers had, in his experience, rendered any plan
for their destruction of no avail. They ‘‘struck his place’’ about five years
ago, and as a result he had rooted out nearly all of his 300 fine grapevines.
They appeared in myriads from the 8th to the 12th of June, eating the blossom
and young fruit of all the grapes, as well as the leaves of the Clinton. They
also ate the leaves of the small, sweet, light-colored cherry. They swarmed
like the potato bug, and act and look like it, except that they are smaller.
They work on peaches, and he had found as many as fifty in one hole they had
eaten out of a peach. They eat only the best yellow peaches, but so far they
had not done serious damage to that fruit. They also eat blackberry and
black-cap raspberry leaves, will eat into such apples as the Snow, Rubicon, and
Wagener; he has known them to thrive in large numbers on clover, and they
seem to prefer light soils. He considered them great pests, although their
stay is short, coming about the 10th of June and going in July. He had tried
dusting with white hellebore without effect; thought Paris green would kill
them; should try it on peaches this year if they gave trouble, but it was
difficult to apply such remedies to the grape and perhaps dangerous.

June Meeting.

Discussion was also had upon fruit packages—prices and sizes deemed best—
and upon thinning peaches; but nothing particularly new was developed.

This meeting was held at the residence of Mr. G. 'T’. Lay, in Monterey
township, where the society was most agreeably entertained by the host and
hostess. Owing to the cloudy appearance of the morning, the attendance in
the forenoon was small, and the meeting was not called to order; but after
partaking of a sumptuous dinner, proceedings began, Mr. H. G. Buck taking
the chair. On account of the absence of the secretary, L. A. Lilly was ap-
pointed to take the minutes.

The first subject for discussion was ‘‘The best strawberry for family use and
how to raise it,’’? which was opened by Mr. Lilly, who had on exhibition speci-
mens of the Wilson, Urescent Seedling, Chas. Downing, Kentucky, Monarch
of the West, Col. Cheney, Seneca Chief, and Seth Boyden. Mr. Lilly said the
Wilson is too familiar to need any description. It is the berry generally grown
for market, but for family use it should be allowed to stay on the vine until
fully ripe. The Crescent is a scarlet berry, beginning to ripen a few days be-
fore the Wilson, and is a large bearer. It lacks a little of being first quality,
and is rather soft. The Chas. Downing is a berry of the first quality, but does
not hold its size well and is only a moderate bearer. ‘The Kentucky is a late
berry, and is used to continue the season. Monarch of the West attracted a
great deal of attention on account of its large size and excellent quality. It is
not prolific and needs good care, but will repay the amateur for his trouble.
The Col. Cheney, Seneca Chief, and Seth Boyden are berries of good quality
for the table, but are not large bearers, The strawberry can be raised on almost
any kind of land, but seems to flourish best on a sandy loam that has been well

270 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

enriched and thoroughly cultivated. ‘The plants may be set in the spring or
early fall, as is most convenient, but the spring is the safest time, and then a
good crop will be gathered the next season. If a horse is to be used in culti-
yating, the rows should be three feet apart and the plants fifteen to eighteen
inches apart; but where the hoe only is to be used, the rows may be two feet
apart or even less. Thestrawberry bed should be thoroughly cultivated through
the season, and the runners kept cut off. Late in the fall cover the bed with
straw, and allowit to stay on the bed until the fruit is gathered the next season.
The strawberry is managed in a variety of ways, but the plan just described
will insure a good crop of first-class fruit, which is the object sought for.

Mr. Buck said he did not believe that one farmer in ten had a bed of straw-
berries or raspberries, but he wished they would set one out, take care of it, and
then, and only then, could they realize the enjoyment to be obtained from these
luscious fruits. He also urged the women to insist upon it that their husbands
set ont a strawberry bed.

Mr. Warner said that fruit was a large item in his diet. He renews his
strawberry beds once in three years; prepares the ground by summer fallowing
and enriching; sets plants in August or September and gets some fruit the
next season. He has the Monarch, Chas. Downing, and the Wilson. He
showed how the farmer could have fruit on the table almost every day through
the year, by having strawberries, cherries, raspberries, blackberries, peaches,
grapes, pears, plums, and apples, each in its season.

Mr. Rumery: All the strawberry growers were on sandy land; did not think
clay soil would produce a berry of good quality.

Mr. Warner: Quality on a very hard clay is not apt to be first-class.

Mr. Buck: This year we get size but poor quality, on account of the wet
weather; quality is better in a dry season.

July Meeting.

The matter of transportation charges from Allegan to Chicago was first con-
sidered, Mr. Sailor saying that while last year the G. H. railway and steamers
had carried peaches to Chicago for eight cents per basket, they this year had
announced their intention of charging fifteen cents. On a shipment the other
day this had made a difference of $1.68 to him, and for the season would make
a difference of more than $120 to him over his last year’s rates. Aiter some
more discussion, Messrs. Dumont, Sailor, and Lay were appointed a committee
to confer with the express and railway companies as to freight charges, they to
publish their report.

Mr. Sailor said he would this year ship in fifth-bushel baskets, four in a
crate. Buyers liked the crates, as the fruit went through without jamming.
They are so heavy that train and boat men cannot throw them about, yet they
can be easily handled. ‘The crates contain four baskets and are made of light
stuff. They cost four and a quarter cents per basket; with crate and tarlatan,
will cost a cent more per basket. ‘The crates come in parts, but it is slight
work to put them together. They are made in Muskegon and Douglas, and
are an unpatented invention of Messrs. Williams and Weed of the latter place.
Mr. Dumont said he was advised by Muskegon parties that if 20,000 or 30,000
were taken at once a discount of ten per cent from above rates would be made.

Mr. Sailor recommended pasting the tarlatan to the baskets instead of sew-
ing, as a quicker way and as good.

Mr. Dumont exhibited a lot of Amsden or Alexander peaches, excellent
specimens in every way.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 271

Mr. M. T. Smith of Hopkins, showed some Early Beatrice affected with
yellows; also branches of the Early Crawford, both with yellows and in the
healthy state. The former appeared ripe nearly two months in advance of
their time, while the latter were still small, green, and hard. The contrast
was very marked, while the opportunity to note the effects of the disease was a
good one.

Tarlatan was explained to be a French-made material, Field, Leiter & Co.
of Chicago, haying it made to order in Paris. It is sold by the piece at $1.65,
each piece making about 180 covers. It is made of a special color, which
apparently hightens the color of the peaches, both the red and the white or
yellow parts. Its use, except as a slight protection from spilling and from
thievish fingers, was admitted to be a harmless piece of rustic delusion, justifia-
ble on Barnum’s famous assertion that the American people like to be
humbugged.

Mr. LaFleur read a paper upon ‘‘ High or low heading of peach trees,’’ in
which he favored the latter method of growing them. He held that by nature
the peach is a shrub or semi-dwarf tree, and should be grown according to its
natural habit in order to obtain the best results. It may be pruned and made
to assume a different form, but, left to itself, it always throws out branches
from very near the ground and makes around, uniform head having a main
stem, somewhat like the spruce. Trees grown with high heads—. e., trimmed
free from branches up to several feet above the ground—are quite likely to
have crotches and consequently to split or break down; the trunks are more
liable to bruises during cultivation, and are more exposed to severe weather.
The “black ring,’’ which killed so many trees last winter, was caused by alter-
nate freezing and thawing of exposed trunks. It in nearly every case occurred
between the limbs and the ground. Trees with such exposed trunks are often
found dead and rotten on one side, from the limbs to the ground, while trunks
on which limbs are allowed to grow out from near the ground are found to be
in healthy condition.

Mr. Smith thought heads from 1} to 24 feet from the ground were
best. His neighbor trimmed his trees up to four feet or more, and, as a
result, they blew about a good deal and crowded the earth away from their
roots. The neighbor lost several trees, but none of Mr. Smith’s low-headed
trees perished from that cause. Low-headed trees, he thought, had the stout-
est trunks.

Mr. Buck said the peach could be trimmed into conical form as easily
as the spruce. He called high heads from four to five feet from the ground;
low ones, anything from two feet down. Trees with low heads do not crowd the
earth away, as do high ones, and so are not so liable to winter-killing of the
roots.

Mr. Stegeman thought from eighteen to twenty inches the right hight. for
the beginning of the head; such trees would sway Jess and grow more stocky ;
and he preferred the same method of growth for the plum and pear, his
experience showing ill effects from allowing these trees to head high.

Mr. Sailor thought three feet about the right hight to keep the limbs from
the ground.

Mr. Buck thought picking easier but cultivation harder among low-headed
trees; that high-headed trees were more apt to fill with small branches, He
asked Mr. Stranahan which bore earlier, Late or Harly Crawford, and was
answered that the latter was the earlier bearer. Mr. Buck said his Late

272 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Crawfords, trimmed low, now bear largely, while the Early ones, trimmed high,
as yet bear sparsely.

Mr. Stranahan said he had 600 three-years-old trees which as yet had not
been pruned at all, and they are the handsomest he knows of. He would not
head a tree higher than two feet; the tree has a strong tendency to grow like
the tamarack, a central stem with many lateral branches.

Mr. Sailor cuts back some, but thins out more; forms his heads three feet
from the ground; swaying is caused most by tops too heavy for their trunks;
thin out the tops so the wind can get through and there will be no swaying.

Mr. Lay favored low heading as affording stout trunks, large heads, ease of
harvesting, and healthy condition; he practiced cutting back long limbs,
which he found chiefly on north and east sides.

Mr. Smith broached cultivation. Mr. Buck would raise corn for the first
three years, and then nothing, as the trees will require the full strength of the
soil. He had cultivated raspberries between the peach rows, but corn was best.
Some years the ground may be tilled later than others. This year there has
been a great growth of wood, and he would not cultivate any more, but allow
the growth to stop and the wood to ripen. Last year cultivation was carried
on till the first of August with good effect.

August Meeting.

Despite a cloudy and threatening day, about sixty gentlemen and a third as
many ladies met at the home of Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Dumont, on Tuesday, to
take part in the August meeting of the County Pomological Society. Other
meetings held at that pleasant spot had been successful, but this, for several
reasons, was the largest gathering the society ever had; for besides the hospi-
tality of the house and its pleasant surroundings, this was to be the occasion
for

A VISIT

from the Grand River Valley Horticultural Society, its representatives coming
to learn what they could of yellows—and the subject of ‘‘ Varieties*’ was
also to be discussed, making two subjects of utmost importance to the fruit-
grower.

GRAND RAPIDANS.

‘The party of gentlemen from Grand Rapids was much larger than had been
expected, but no greater than had been well provided for. They came to Alle-
gan and went thence to Mill Grove and were taken in wagons to Mr. Dumont’s.
There were eighteen,—Messrs. 8. L. Fuller, J. M. Dean, W. K. Munson, C.
E. Knapp, Geo. Edison, R. D. Graham, Wm. N. Rowe, S. M. Pearsall, N.
Cummings, E. Swartz, D. Koon, P. W. Johnson, H. R. Pierce, L. A. Paine,
W. H. Anderson, J. M. Shafer, H.C. Phillips, and C. W. Garfield, Secretary
of the State Pomological Society. They were accompanied by C. C. Sexton
of the Grand Rapids Democrat. Mr. T. 'T. Lyon, President of the State
Society, was also present, and some of the members of our own society came
from a considerable distance.

THE FRUIT EXHIBIT

was quite varied as to peaches, sixteen or seventeen varieties being on the table.
There were Karly Crawfords, Hales, Yorks, the Foster, Barnard, Mountain

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 2713

Rose, Cole’s Early, Stump-the-World, Walter’s Early, Snow’s Orange, George
4th, May’s Choice, and a seedling from the Early Crawford grown by C. Engle
of Paw Paw, and by him named President Lyon. In glass jars, in a solution
of boracic acid, were large Early Yorks, Stanwick’s Karly York, and Cole’s
and Hale’s Early, being thus preserved for exhibition at the State Fair. Be-
sides these there were Imperial Egg and Duane’s Purple plums, Transcendent
Crab-apples, and Lawton and Kittatinny blackberries. All these were excel-
lent specimens of their kind, and their pleasing odors, brilliant colors, and
delicious taste were almost equally enjoyable.
The forenoon was devoted to

STROLLING, VISITING,

and talking of almost every pomological topic in an informal way. Many ex-
amined Mr. Dumont’s peach orchard of several thousand trees, covering forty
acres, the oldest of them having been set but five years, and some of them
are but two years old. Many were laden with heavy crops, and, where the fruit
was gaining its color, presented a beautiful appearance.

At noon the company gathered about table in the house, or sat beneath the
trees, and enjoyed a bountiful spread of good things provided in part from
the baskets, and in part from the generous larder of the hosts.

NO YELLOWS

could be found on the premises. But the seekers after evidence of that dis-
ease were not disappointed, for samples of infected fruit and twigs, and one
whole diseased tree, were brought for examination, and were handled, cut and
gazed upon with mixed feelings of curiosity and dread. None of the visitors
cared to carry any mementoes of the disease home with them. But each one
became satisfied that he could hereafter know yellows upon seeing it; and we
have little doubt that with his new light he will not have to search far about
home before making unpleasant discoveries.

DISCUSSION

of pomological topics certainly may be endless; the whole tale never will be told,
and some topics bear verbal fruit more plentifully even than trees do peaches,
We have heard this yellows question debated more or less for the past three
years, and no one seems ever to tire of it, save the humble scribe who sweats
over his task of inditing the voluminous ‘‘idees”’ of each speaker. ‘This time,
however, one man did most of the talking. They got President Lyon—patient
soul that he is!—upon his feet and plied him with questions ceaselessly for
more than one hour. Mr. Fuller acted as spokesman for the Grand Rapids
men, and began by asking if Mr. Lyon knew of the existence of yellows any-
where between here and the Atlantic coast, and how it came here. As to the
latter Mr. Lyon said, ‘‘I don’t know.’’ Trees have been imported from points
west of New Jersey and east of St. Joseph, which afterward had yellows, while
young, but it is hard to say that the disease came from any definite place.
Recently he received a work from Pennsylvania, and it speaks of yellows there,
He once received some trees from Georgia that showed yellows the first year in
the stock, below the bud, showing the original tree to have been affected. The
talk that there is no yellows here or there usually is the result of ignorance of
the disease on the part of the person reporting. He thought there was less
yellows at the far south. ‘The disease has been known in the Delaware region

35

274 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for the past one hundred or one hundred and fifty years, but they still grow
peaches there. He had heard that western New York was free from yellows,
but last winter he had letters from Hamilton, Ont., saying that peaches with
yellows had been imported there from New York and the disease was spread-
ing. Last winter he saw yellows near Rochester, and saw that the commercial
orchards there were being ruined by it. The claim that they don’t have it
there is false. He did not think yellows develops in the nursery, except from
diseased stocks. He could not tell the origin of the disease. The men in
western New York do not know how to treat it; thought they did not take the
trees out, and he did not know that the practice of taking them out was prac-
ticed anywhere but in Michigan. In Delaware they consider that a peach tree
has passed its point of profitable bearing when it is five years old, and they
then root them out and plant anew. ‘The first appearance of yellows is some-
times in the diseased yellow growths, and next in the prematurely ripened
fruit, but usually it is in the fruit first. Young trees set last spring may show
yellows this season, it having been dormant in the nursery and developed by
the shock of transplanting, or it may remain dormant until brought out by the
labor of fruitage. The diseased growths oftenest come from where otherwise
there would be no buds, and the diseased buds appear in the wood of the year
in which they originated, not extending to the pith. Diseased pits. will grow
sometimes, but where the tree has yellows to a great extent the pits usually
have no germs. Mr. Lyon had once obtained a lot of almonds from what he
presumed to be a perfectly healthy tree, but the young trees soon showed yel-
lows, and on examination the old tree proved to be likewise diseased. When
he finds yellows in a young tree below the bud he presumes the stock to
have been diseased; if above the bud, in the first year, he presumes the
bud to have come from an infected tree. At South Haven the grow-
ers have practiced uprooting diseased trees. This has resulted in control-
ling, in a measure, but not eradicating the disease. here was not much
yellows there until after the severe winter of ’74~75, when about five per
cent of the trees was found diseased and taken out. Afterward, until this
year, there was very little of the disease manifest. This year the disease shows
an increase. Last fall there was a long time of warm weather, in which the
nursery stock started into new growth. There came a ‘‘cold snap”? with snow
for about a week, after which discoloration of the wood was noticed. Mr.
Lyon thought the increase of yellows this year due to the unfavorable weather
of last fall and winter, but was not certain of it. It is certain, however, that
disease spreads more readily in animals and plants that are debilitated by
unfavorable conditions. He advised the rooting out of all trees having yellows.
Much of the destruction of trees at St. Joseph was due to the severe winters,
but most of it was caused by yellows. Mr. Dyckman, of South Haven, has
yellows in his orchard, but it does not ruin his business. He is reported to
haye an annual income of from $8,000 to $12,000 per year from his peaches.
He says that when he takes out one tree he plants two. He takes them out
and burns them, planting afresh tree in the vacant place. Mr. Lyon would
fear to do so, but Mr. D. has been in the business about eighteen years and is
successful. Varieties do not differ as to liability to yellows; nor do soils cause
it, one more than another, except as they influence the general condition of
the trees. It is universally conceded that the most vigorous trees, on the best
soils are as liable to the disease as any. ‘The question was asked: Is there any
value in a peach tree after it is affected by yellows? Mr. Lyon’s answer was:

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 27d

There is more value in its absence. It is impossible to detect yellows with
certainty except when the tree isin leaf. Yellows is contagious and will infal-
libly spread, but not always to the next adjoining trees; and it will surely
spread by pruning unless the shears be cleaned in carbolic acid after the cutting
of each tree.

Secretary Garfield said Mr. G. 8S. Woodard of Lockport, N. Y., put out
thirty acres of peach trees a few years ago, and now he is taking them all out,
before having got a crop, all being diseased with yellows. He thinks they
must stop raising peaches there. Mr. Garfield first saw the St. Joseph region
in 1871. The orchards then were almost everywhere, the peach trees being
among the apple trees, each about twenty feet apart. Now there is scarcely
one left. The growers there say the yellows did the work of destruction, and
they are now trying to get the trees all out and begin anew. He had found
yellows in isolated places in Cass county, where there were a few trees on each
farm, all having yellows.

Mr. Fuller said that when, several years ago, the committee of the State
pomological society was ready to report to the legislature upon the condition of
the peach orchards at St. Joseph, and recommend a law requiring removal of
the trees, the St. Joseph people ‘protested, saying such a report would ruin
their market; and they thought they could cure the disease. The report was
withheld; they tried to cure, but with what result we now see.

Mr. Sailor thought the winters more than yellows had killed the St. Joseph
peach orchards, as they are often much more severe than ours. One orchard
of sixty acres, over there, was killed in one year—yellows don’t work like that.

Mr. Lyon said that as to how yellows is communicated by an affected tree to
trees at a distance, there were many theories, but nothing is absolutely known
of it. The disease of course affects the blossom, and pollen, carried by bees,
would be likely to produce yellows. It might be carried to one or more blos-
soms on a tree or to many. Thus asingle twig may be affected. But this is
only a possible explanation, though the possibility has been demonstrated. A
tree can not escape if even one peach becomes diseased ; it will die in two or
three years.

Mr. T. W. Sithes of Millgrove showed branches of the Morris White, with
fruit both in a normal state and affected by yellows, from the same tree, and
asked Mr. Lyon if he should cut out the tree. He was advised todoso. Mr.
Sithes then stated that last year the yellows commissioner found on one of his
Early York trees a twig, the fruit of which he said showed yellows, Mr. Sithes
said he cut the twig off, and this year the tree was as healthy as any in his
orchard.

Mr. Lyon said the twig might not have had yellows; would like a patent on
the process of cutting out if it would cure yellows, and he thought if yellows
was in Mr. Sithes’ orchard, he was doing a dangerous thing for himself and
neighbors by allowing it to stay there.

Mr. Smith of Hopkins told how he had cut off limbs affected by yellows,
and soon afterward the fruit in other parts of the tree showed the disease.

Mr. Dean of Kent county had cut out of a tree exhibited on the ground,
some of the yellows sprouts, and reported that he found them not to reach the
pith but to originate in the wood of one or two years back.

Mr. Lyon said all the yellows buds are so. They extended into the branch
only as far as the wood originating the disease; all such are adventitious buds ;
all buds of the first year’s growth extended to the pith.

276 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PROFITS OF A PEACH ORCHARD.

President Lay spoke of the wonderful advantages of this region for the pro-
duction of peaches, and urged organization of the growers as a means to
advance their interests, both as to growing and marketing. He stated that.
several years ago he set out about four acres of peach trees. People laughed
and said he was making a place for boys to go ‘‘cooning.’’? His crop of 1874
repaid the cost of planting; in 1875 no crop was borne, but no trees were lost
from the severe winter; in ’*76 he got $300 for the crop, besides having enough
for home use; in ’77 he got $500; in’78, $800; in ’79, $1,000, and the pur-
chaser did his own picking; and this year he reserved some of the trees and
sold the fruit on the rest for $800. ‘This was the gain from less than four
acres. In conclusion, he said, ‘‘I tell you, gentlemen, there’s a mine of wealth
in every one of these hills.”’

VARIETIES.

Mr. H. G. Buck would plant for a succession through the season, from the
Amsden to the Smock. He would plant the Amsden, Beatrice, Hale’s
Early, George IV., Foster, Harly Crawford, Barnard, Old Mixon, Late Craw-
ford, and Smock.

Mr. LaFleur would plant, as most profitable in their season, the Amsden
and Alexander, between which he had discovered little difference, both being
good; the Beatrice is too small; the Early Louise is a little larger and good—
was his next choice to the Amsden, but would not set many; the Karly Rivers
has a good color, fine flesh, and bears when very young; Hale’s Harly is good
if on proper ground—if set on clay or heavy ground it is likely to rot on the
trees even without the curculio’s ravages; the large Harly York has white
flesh, red cheeks, is hardy, grows well, and brings a good price, but if there
were a yellow peach ripening at the same time it would take the Hale’s place ;
the Mountain Rose comes next, a very handsome, red-cheeked, and rapid-grow-
ing peach; the Honest John, Yellow Rareripe, Barnard, and Harly Crawford
ripen at about the same time, the Rareripe being a little the earliest; the Karly
Crawford heads the list of the middle season peaches, for which a heavy soil is
best, and it brings a good price even in competition with all the peaches from
the east and south; the Foster is a little later than the Early Crawford and
looks much like it, but has a deep, dark red stripe; the Old Mixon has white
flesh, and is one of the oldest known varieties, and always brings a high price
because of its fine quality; the Jacques Rareripe is good and does best on light
soil, and the Barnard does better than the Early Crawford on light land;
Stump-the-world is white with a slight flush; the Susquehanna is of excellent
quality but ashy bearer; the Late Crawford is one of the best peaches we have
for market, doing best on heavy soil and being ashy bearer when young, but
doing well when older; Hill’s Chili comes next but is liable to be affected by
dry weather, and so ripen earlier—is very hardy, does as well on sandy land as
any, needs thinning, and though it may not sell as well as the Late Crawford,
there is more money in it the first ten years; the Smock is as late as any
peach that will ripen here every year, is hardy in bud and wood, and brings as
high a price as any. He had found a seedling growing upon F’. Granger’s land,
in Monterey, which was larger and finer than the Late Crawford, one of the
best peaches he ever saw. He had budded from it. Budding from trees bear-
ing unusually large fruit of their kind caused new trees of the same charac-
teristic. Snow’s Orange is an improvement, simply, on the Baruard, and
probably is a seedling from it.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 277

IN SETTING AN ORCHARD
of 1,000 trees Mr. La Fleur would choose varieties in the following proportions:

Amsden’. .ou 21 s.us eee eee go Old Mixonss? 202 24 ae eee 25
axle Riverss steers yee ce 20) ate: Crawford). 224: 2 ees 200
lale.s’ arly. 42 seeesce 5 co ule Chaltys. oe eee 200
Manly: Crawford 22k Bat aes, ZOO mocked J: Uo sc S8 Me ea eee 200
Hrenmond <22,....24 8) 2335322 - 100

Mr. Fuller gave a list of 2,800 trees in the orchard of Mr. Ed. Swartz of
Sparta, Kent county:

PAUOKANG Ohta 2S ge a a ei ed D0 |) Jacques Rareripe.4 20.22.22. -2<3 50
eAbLiCG 0! pia Screw es sok as So bo.) Barly Crawtord 222. .5 202054. 452 600
J UOUES Ra SA Rie tpi pei eae mo) POOR ane Men see es ee eS 600
Plplo a Mavly ieee) t= Goo 5 tao an 200 | Reeves’ Favorite.........------- 50
Bigulye VOteese gc 22 oso 25 an. ss 100: Late Orawiord: 22% =. 5-222 .-- = 600
[RDA ie i ae £5) ,s00! | EUNY i @ Ri aya 229 hoe 8 aie bel 200

Messrs. Munson & Knapp of Grand Rapids, nurserymen, have set an orchard
to the following named varieties:

Milexanaen 2542. 2us— ys See S00) Snow's’ Orange: 22 2c us se 2s 300
etaterer larly soe we tar thi) ka ee 200: | ate: Crawierdis ts) se koe 350
Runiy) Crawiord 5.22. 92-282220 22 500 | Jacques Rareripe---.---- - yas 150
DeMaris sey SASS) ee SOO Ese C hiliy ss ites yaa Steele 800

Mr. Brownell asked how he could save his Hale’s Early from rotting. Mr.
Lay said curculio was the probable cause, and in dry seasons they work upon
this variety disastrously.

Mr. Shirley said an old peach-grower of the lake shore had advised him to
plant, for profit, Late Crawfords only.

Mr. Lyon was asked to name

VARIETIES BEST FOR HOME USE.

He said many kinds that were good for bringing in the dimes had little value
for the table. The Late Crawford was good to sell but not to eat, and so are
half the others. Peaches are largely raised to sell by sight, because people buy
by sight. Many of the best peaches are not profitable at all. Every one
would want a few Amsdens or Alexanders; their fruit is the same but the trees
differ, the Alexander being the stronger grower, and its fruit is a little redder.
The Beatrice, Louise, and Rivers may be grown to a small extent for family
use, but they are too delicate for the market. He would plant one or two trees
each of George IV, Coolidge’s Favorite, Early Rareripe, Stump-the-world, and
Late Red Rareripe, the latter being the very best of peaches. The Smock is
good, and so is Beers’ Smock, which is larger and of good quality. The size
of peaches in many orchards depends on the owner’s fingers. ‘The best peaches
and the most money may be got by thinning to five, six, or eight inches apart,
according to the strength of the trees.

The time approaching for the departure of the Kent county guests, Mr.
Fuller presented their thanks to the society, and to Mr. Dumont personally,
for the favors received, the information given, and the hospitality extended.
The day had been an era in their lives, a day of a white mark, and he invited
the Allegan society to some day return the visit.

On motion, Mr. L. A. Lilly was authorized to represent the society at the
State fair with a collection of fruit.

278 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

December Meeting.

The officers of the preceding year were re-elected.

After listening to a report of the state society meeting at Ann Arbor, by
Mr. LaFleur, it was proposed that leading growers present should tell of the
prices obtained for peaches this season.

Mr. Buck said he had ‘‘a very good thing,’’ selling few peaches for less than
$1 per bushel—got $1.40 for some—retailing them in town. He sent three
lots to Chicago. For the first he received nothing over costs; for the second,
80 cents per bushel; for the third, $2.10 per bushel, making the whole average
over $1. The latter were Late Crawfords.

Mr. Sutherland shipped from South Haven. He got very good prices—45
cents per peck basket—for Early Crawfords. His Old Mixons brought 50 to
60 cents per basket. The Late Crawfords brought 75 cents, and Smocks, sent
by others, sold even better. He believed good cling-stone varieties were profit-
able; had with some trouble secured trees of the Lemon and Orange Clings.
He had an Old Mixon tree which looked worthless from age, but a year ago it
bore 15 baskets of fruit which sold for 50 cents each. He shipped 21 baskets
of frost peaches (seedlings), and got 50 cents per basket for them. A great
obstacle to success at Douglas was the irregularity of the boats. He knew of
a man who received but $40 from a shipment of 1,050 baskets, because of the
boat’s delay in getting to Chicago. At South Haven no such difficulty existed.
Some Late Crawfords sent from South Haven netted $1.25 per basket. He
had six old trees with yellows, last year, but no young ones were so affected.

Mr. Dumont received good prices for his Amsdens, which he began to ship
about the middle of July. During the glut in the market he made shipments
of Karly Crawfords, Barnards, and Fosters, sending three large lots. The
first brought 80 cents, the second 60 cents, and the third 28 cents per bushel.
All others brought fair rates, and the average returns from the 600 bushels
shipped was $1 per bushel—net, except cost of picking and packing. These
were mostly from 200 five-year-old trees—a few from three-year-olds.

At the next meeting, a premium is offered for the best exhibit of five varie-
ties of market winter apples, and discussion will be upon merits of the several
sorts.

A committee of three was appointed upon nomenclature, in order to secure
names for several valuable seedlings known in this vicinity.

Owing to the press of the season’s work, the prevailing political excitement,
and other causes, no meetings were held in the months of September, October,
and November.

The exhibits of fruit by the society, or members in its name, were two—one
by Messrs. G. H. LaFleur and J. B. Dumont at a society fair in St. Louis,
Mo., and one by Lyman Lilly and Karl Jewett at the State fair. The former
received a first premium of $50 upon a collection of peaches in solution (early
varieties preserved in boracic acid), and a collection of apples contributed in
part by them, received a second sweepstakes prize of $150, the Grand River
Society and Mr. Bidwell of Plymouth, Mich., being the other contributors ;
but so far the concern has failed to pay the money awarded.

At the State fair our exhibitors received the second premium on collection
of fruit, second on collection of apples, second on collection of peaches, first
and third on single variety of peach for market, first on single variety of
apple for market, second and third on six varieties of market apples, first on
Northern Spy, third on Baldwin, first on Westfield Seek-no-further, second on
Bailey Sweet, and third on Golden Russet.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 279

SAUGATUCK AND GANGES POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

PREPARED BY BYRON MARKHAM, SHC’ 'Y.

OFFICERS FOR 1881.

President—Rey. J. F. Taylor.

Vice Presidents—Alexander Hamilton, Levi Loomis, J. H. Bandle, Wm.
Corner, P. Purdy, N. W. Lewis.

Secretary—Byron Markham.

Treasurer—J. 5S. Owen.

Directors—J. P. Leland, 8S. R. Lewis, A. Hamilton, H. L. House.

The report of the proceedings of the Saugatuck and Ganges Pomological
Society for the year 1880 will have even Jess of a public interest than usual, on
account of its discussions being confined more particularly to subjects of a
local interest. But one essay has been read during the year.

The first December meeting, 1879, discussed the subject of varieties of
peaches.

Mr. H. I. House recommended especially Jacques and Hill’s Chili on sandy
land and Late Crawfords on heavy soil. Barnards did well on heavy land, but
were not profitable for market. Some of the very early varieties were proving
profitable where they did not rot, but this they were very apt todo. Rev. J.
F. Taylor inquired if the Jacques were large enough to compete with other va-
rieties ripening at about the same time.

Mr. House: Yes; as they ripen just after Karly Crawfords.

Mr. Taylor thought we could judge somewhat by the sales of trees by nur-
serymen. The varieties called for now ought to indicate the opinion of plant-
ers. Mr. Hamilton said this would be no criterion, as very few planters really
knew what they wanted. Mr. Purdy thought the great difficulty was to get
what you bought. He had three varieties of trees, all bought for Jacques—
some excellent and some worthless. Mr. Owen’s Jacques were good, fair, yel-
low peaches, with red flush, and were good bearers. H. E. Graham had
Jacques Rareripe which ripened with latest of Harly Crawfords, medium size,
etc., but did not want any more of them; would continue to plant, as he be-
lieved the market wouid increase with the production.

Mr. Hamilton believed it quite possible to overstock the market. The
Secretary said that according to the report of T.T. Lyon, in 1877, the St.
Joseph region produced and sold more peaches than the rest of the lake shore,
and notwithstanding the fact that many of them were affected with the yellows,
they found a ready market at fair prices. There have been times when they
have shipped more peaches than are now sold from the whole of Western Mich-
igan. If we take into account the great increase in population and wealth west
of us, and the great improvement in the times, it does not seem as if the mar-
ket would soon be overstocked. Mrs. Woodhull said we were small growers
yet as compared with Maryland and New Jersey. ‘They continued to cultivate
the peach, and made it profitable. Some one suggested that they had larger
and better markets. The Secretary said that while this was true, they were as
good as they would be, while ours had just begun to develop. Mr. Taylor

280 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

inquired which had paid best generally, early or late peaches? Mr. Purdy said
the medium ones had paid him best; Old Mixon free was his most profitable
variety. Mr, Taylor inquired what difference there was between Old Mixons
and Stump-the-world. Mr. Cummings said there was but little difference.
He made a collection for the meeting of the State Society at Saginaw, among
which was Old Mixon and Stump-the-world. They were mixed up iu going,
and he could not tell which was which. He arranged them as best he could,
and no one disputed his names of varieties. Secretary said nurserymen in their
descriptive catalogues made the difference in the time of ripening, the Stump
being the later peach by about two weeks.

Mr. Thos. Gray had some excellent and profitable peaches, bought for Old
Mixon free; Mr. Hopkins of South Haven, a practical nurseryman, had ex-
amined them, and pronounced them Sweetwater. He had others, also bought
for Old Mixons, but entirely different and quite inferior, which Mr. Hopkins
pronounced genuine Old Mixons. After the Sweetwater (if that was their
name), he preferred the Smock. Hill’s Chili had not been successful with him.
Mountain Rose was a fine peach, but small. Preferred Hale’s Early; believed
them to be more profitable. The Rose ripens right after the Hales.

With regard to over production, he would say that in the township of Sauga-
tuck, there were 1,200 acres set to peach trees, and 400 acres in full bearing;
when all were in full bearing, it would make 120,000 trees, which at five bas-
kets to a tree, would make 600,000 per year, for this township alone. It is
estimated that there are 600,0C0 trees in western Allegan and Van Buren
counties, which at the same rate, would give an annual production of 3,000,000
baskets. If we could have the market to ourselves, we wouid still be all right,
but if the rest of the State can producea like amount, hedid not know what could
be done with them. Mr. Hamilton was very much interested in this discussion.
It pointed out the danger of depending too implicitly on names, and showed
the necessity of care on the part of both fruit growers and nurserymen.
Nurserymen were often blamed about varieties, when perhaps they furnished
the varities called for, as understood by them.

Mr. Hamilton moved, and it was voted, that the President appoint a com-
mittee of six to represent this society at the meeting of the State Society at
Allegan.

The president appointed Byron Markham, Thos. Gray, J. 8. Owen, A.
Hamilton, and P. Purdy. The committee were instructed to oppose any
change of name for the State Pomological Society.

January Meeting, 1880.

The subject of fertilizers was discussed. Mr. Loomis, of Ganges, said many
were setting out orchards on poor and worn-out soils, and believed they would
regret it. ‘Too much was required of the land. Such land might bring the
trees up to the time of fruiting but would not give good results in the quantity
or quality of fruit. Fruit grown on such land was very apt to drop before it
was ripe.

S. R. Lewis said he had noticed orchards planted on poor soil, but had
not noticed that fruit dropped any more than on other trees.

@:Mr. Loomis said that on his farm, where he had planted trees on exhausted
soil, the trees had not done well, and as soon as they arrived at fruiting age
bore light crops of inferior fruit. The old trees on the same soil did better
than young ones. It required just as good soil to raise fruit as it did to raise

%

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 281

oats, wheat, corn or any other grain. Another thing: the plan of filling up
old orchards, where the trees had died out, with young trees, had been a failure
with him.

Mr. House agreed with Mr. Loomis in this respect. His theory was that the
roots of the remaining old trees so thoroughly occupied the soil as to leave no
room or sustenance for the roots of the young trees.

One inquired how far the roots of old trees would occupy the ground. Mr.
Hamilton said from 18 to 20 feet from the trunk of the tree, and perhaps more.

N. W. Lewis would like to hear the experience of other fruit-growers on the
subject of fertilizing orchards. For his part he did not think the dropping of
fruit should be attributed to sterility of soil. He knew of very many orchards
planted on poor soils that had borne good crops of fine fruit for a series of
years. Believed that a forced growth was fully as likely to cause fruit to drop
as poor soil. Believed in thorough cultivation for young trees in fore part of
season, but none after about the first of August, when a crop of buckwheat
could be grown and allowed to rot on the ground to good advantage to the
land.

Mr. Ehli said that on portions of his farm the hardpan was not more than
two feet below the surface, and asked if such soil was adapted to orchards.

S. R. Lewis said that such soils would do for orchards, but would advise
shallow planting, especially on low lands, as the drainage was so imperfect as
to endanger the life of the trees, and as the roots could not penetrate the hard-
pan, would most likely be short lived.

Mr. Wiley had had some experience in using fertilizers, and he thought there
was but little of our soils, if properly drained, but that would bring a young
tree up to the fruiting time in a healthy condition, and thought that many of
our young orchards were injured by over-fertilization. In his orchard he had
used wood ashes, and the refuse from the tannery. Had confidence in wood
ashes and lime on sandy soil.

President Taylor agreed with Mr. Wiley in the use of fertilizers on young
orchards, and was convinced from his extensive observations that more harm
than good had been done by their use.

He had seen limbs frozen bare for two feet, and yet bearing fruit on the
same limb. This was conclusive to him that time enough was not given the
trees to fully ripen up the wood, as it was a well known fact that ripe wood
would stand many more degrees of cold than fruit buds. ‘Trees planted where
hardpan was so near the surface might do well for a few years, but unless some
means of thorough drainage could be had, they would die out before they were
of any profit to the owner. The kind of fertilizers to be used should be
thoroughly inquired into by the fruit-grower.

N. W. Lewis inquired if the hardpan referred to was a tough, hard clay, or
a sort of sand and iron mixture, hard as stone and apparently impervious to
water?

Mr. Taylor replied that the iron and sand mixture was what he referred to.

The February meeting was devoted to the subject of insect enemies of fruits.

The codling moth was first taken up. Mr. Levi Loomis was experimenting
by plowing his orchard as soon as the small apples began to drop; his
theory was that by burying the apples the worms which they contained would
be smothered and die. His experience of last year was entirely satisfactory,
and he believed if he persevered he would, in the end, be successful. The late
Dr. Goodrich, who had been one of our most intelligent and successful experi-
menters in this direction, said at the last pomological meeting he ever attended,

282 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that we must divide the apple crop with the codling moth. He had little faith
in the efficacy of bands; they were first used in western New York, and much
good was anticipated from their use, but to-day very few bands were used in
that vicinity, and even the inventor of an improved band, which he thought of
sufficient importance to have it patented, had abandoned their use. He
reported that he hoped much from cultivation at the proper time.

Mr. James Goodrich said he had very little trouble with the codling moth of
late. His remedy was hogs. He kept seven or eight in his apple orchard.
Last year he had rye in his orchard and kept the hogs out; result the poorest
crop he ever had. He did not allow his hogs to root unless he wished them to
do so. Kept his hogs in the orchard as long as they did not pick the apples
from the trees. Hogs very soon learn where the apples come from, and would
pick them from the trees as far as they could reach.

J. P. Wade corroborated the views of Mr. Loomis as far as they went,—but
thought still more could be done. He had followed the recommendations of
the late Dr. Goodrich in putting pans of sour milk in his trees, and this he
considered the very best thing that had ever been tried. The cultivation of
the orchard was a double benefit, in destroying the worms, if there were any
in the ground, and in stirring up the soil and destroying all foul growth; we
must do everything that is of any benefit. Perhaps no one thing would be
effectual, but if anything bade fair to help, try it.

Mr. Wade was followed by N. W. Lewis, Wm. Corwin, and President Taylor,
all favoring the use of hogs in the orchard; and not only this, but bands, sour
milk, and everything else, but above all use every effort to get a unity of
action among fruit growers.

We are too apt to wait until the right time comes before we set to work to
destroy them. If we are to contend with them successfully, we must work at
any time; now is a good time. If you search you will find them, not only in
the places indicated, but in the crotches of limbs and various other places.
Vigilance and perseverance will surely bring their reward in this as well as
other pursuits of life.

N. W. Lewis said we could find the chrysalids wherever they could keep dry and
warm ; a great many were carried into the cellars in wormy apples, and Prof.
Cook recommended putting wire screens over the cellar windows as warm
weather approaches to prevent their escape. R. Doud said 8. R. Lewis left a
boat right side up in his orchard, which partly filled with rain water; into this
he poured some kerosene oil, which served as a good trap, catching thousands
of codling moths. As Mr. Lewis knows a codling moth when he sees it, this
may be considered one more way for destroying them. Mr. Loomis said that
Mr. Greenman of Lockport, N. Y., who is the patentee of the band invention,
wrote him thai last year he had 3,000 barrels of apples that were worthless on
account of the worms. Now, if the bands are not effectual there, he did not see
how they could be here; and if they did no good what was the use of bother-
ing with them; the suggestion about hogs was good, and if there was no other
way to cultivate his orchard, he would use hogs to. But as he had such an
extreme dislike to hogs, so long as he could accomplish the same purpose by
cultivation, he preferred that method.

But as we are getting the experience of successful fruit growers, let us see
what has been the result of Mr. McCormick’s on the town line road. He has
tried hog cultivation thoroughly and says it does no good, and that he would
much prefer sheep. It was quite possible that if he should be allowed to visit
this world after he had passed away he might do different, but with his present

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 283

feelings and experience he would have but little to do with the hog. He did
not give much credit to the notion of the worms hiding in rubbish, etc., for he
had as much of that article around his premises as anybody, and as much of
it in his orchard, and there was no more damage near it than there was remote
from it; nor had he in fact, much faith in the apple business anyhow. Ap-
ples were grown everywhere almost, and to such an extent that there was no
longer any profit in the business. He would not take ten acres of good land
covered with an apple orchard as a gift, ana were it not for the wind-break it
afforded he would cut down much that he already possessed. Mr. A. Hamil-
ton inquired of Mr. Loomis how many apples his orchard annually produced, the
amount of land occupied, and the net proceeds. Mr. Loomis said he had about
three hundred barrels per year, sometimes much more; he thought he ought to
have a thousand every year; he had ten acres in apple orchard, and thought
his apples had not averaged to net him over one dollar per barrel.

Mr. Bandle said he was just comparing the profit of raising apples at Mr.
Loomis’ figures, and wheat at the usual market price, and found it better than
a yield of thirty bushels to the acre, which no country in the world averaged
to produce; in fact, it was far better, for the cost of producing the wheat was
several times greater than producing the apples, and yet we were the envy of
the world for the faculty with which we could produce this great staple of the
world, although our best average net profit per acre was not one-third as much
as the apple orchard of Mr. Loomis; for his part he should not despair of the
apple business so long as he could do so well at it as Mr. Loomis. [Illinois
produced good apples and was noted as a hog raising State. There he had his
orchard entirely spoiled by turning hogs into it. He would like to hear if any
one had tried the use of lime for the pest, and if so, the method of using it.
Mr. Corner said a Mr. Hanford, at the State pomological meeting at Paw Paw,
recommended the use of slacked lime thrown through the tops of the trees.

Mr. Doud had tried both hogs and sheep in his orchard, and both did much
more harm than good. Mr. James Goodrich said no remedy would be of any
use unless it was thoroughly tried. It was true that Mr. McCormick had tried
hogs in his orchard and they had done but little good, and he ought to have
known that it would have been so; he never had over four or five, where he
ought to at least have had forty. Somebody asked about the expense of
keeping somany. Mr. G. said they would nearly pick their own living in so
large an orchard.

J. P. Wade said the moths worked most in Baldwins and Greenings, but
with him the Jonathan was nearly exempt. President Taylor said with him
those facing the lake and nearest to it were the freest. Mr. Hill believed in
destroying the animal that laid the eggs, for if there were no eggs laid there
would be no moths. To do this, set a tub or other vessel in the orchard,
partially fill it with water, and at night set alight in it, and all the moths
would rush to the light, fall into the water and be drowned. Mr. Lewis said
that codling moths were not attracted by light; those attracted were not the
codling moth, but many of them were of great benefit.

May Meeting.

The regular order of business was the discussion of the insect enemies of the
fruits raised in this vicinity. An essay was read by Mr. A. Adams of Ganges.

J. P. Wade said the rose bug had been greatly troublesome with them. He
had picked sixty-three from one peach not as large as his thumb. Knew of no
way to destroy them.

284 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Loomis said the rose bug had not hurt his peaches, but had nearly
destroyed his grapes. Was plowing his grapes, hoping by cultivation to
destroy the worms which become the rose bugs. ‘They were very difficult to catch,
as they were very active ; would last about five or six weeks,

J. P. Wade did not think there was any use in fighting the rose bug, He
had six hundred hills of grapes, and where the Clintons are next the Concords
the Concords were uninjured, while the Clintons were entirely destroyed. He
had tried to tempt them by cutting peaches and placing them within reach of
the bugs, but they would not touch them. If they commenced on a peach
they would eat it all; were not nibbling the whole crop like some insects, but
made a finish of whatever they commenced. He said kerosene would kill cat-
erpillars in apple trees. ‘Take a sewing machine oiler, or some similar article,
fill with kerosene, insert the point of the nozzle into the nest and inject a
small quantity in different directions through the nest, and it was sure
destruction.

The July meeting was devoted to the subject of transportation. Towards
the close of the meeting Mr. Hamilton inquired if any one could give him the
points of the Early Rivers from personal experience.

Mr. Graham said he found it an excellent peach, slightly cling, white, with
pink cheek.

Mr. Purdy said there were two distinct varieties sold as Amsdens. Mr.
Peck, his neighbor had both varieties, alike in all respects except size, one
being as large again as the other, and sold at nearly double price in Chicago.

Mr. W. W. Lewis inquired if any one had found a desirable peach ripening
at about the same time as Early Hale, as the Hale was very much inclined to
rot, and was not as large as it should be; any improvement upon it would be
an acquisition.

Mr. Graham said the Early Rivers filled the bill. It ripened at the same
time, was a better, handsomer, and larger peach.

Mr. Hamilton inquired what progress the yellows had made. Mr. Purdy
(yellows commissioner for Saugatuck) had spent one day in visiting orchards,
and found where they were neglected last year a frightful increase was the
result, but where they were thoroughly exterminated last year, but little was
seen this. Low and heavy ground was much worse afflicted than light soils.
Mr. Taylor (another Saugatuck commissioner) reported about the same state
of the disease so far as he had examined. Capt. Reid’s orchard, where so
many were cut out last year, had but one case this year. In his own orchard
where he cut out forty trees last year, he had not seen a sign this year.

Annual Meeting.

The society met at Masonic Hall, Douglas, on Saturday, November 27, 1880.
The attendance was small, showing how soon the interest relaxes when a long
interval occurs between the meetings. The few who were present, however,
seemed to have retained their faith in the efficiency and usefulness of the
society. |

The meeting was called to order by the President, Rev. J. F. Taylor, who
said that in the absence of any subject for discussion, while waiting for the
members of some of the committees to arrive, he would like to have any one
present suggest some subject for discussion. Mr. J. H. Bandle said it was per-
haps too early to introduce the subject, for it was a fact that we were just now
more affected by the subject of transportation than anything else. It might

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 285

not be wise to commence the work now, but it was certain that we could not
afford to delay the subject till the last moment, as had been done the last
season. If we would secure more certain, and prompt means of transporta-
tion, we must begin before, and a long time before the peach season began.
We were, and have been always paying large freights. A proper attention to
this matter in season would no doubt result in securing a reduction in this
respect ; but of as much importance as this seemed to be, it sunk into utter
insignificance, as compared with the necessity of getting the fruit to market at
the proper time. It had occurred so often during the past summer, that the
boats had failed to take the fruit, or had failed to get it on the market in
Chicago in season for the early trains, that where a small profit might have
been left, this failure had thrown so much fruit into Chicago late in the day
that a loss was inevitable; and it had been so great that nothing was left to the
fruit grower, and he believed this was entirely unnecessary even with the means
which we had. There were three boats belonging to the place, which, if rightly
managed, would have been ample to have carried all the fruit, but the owners
were so avaricious that unless sure of a full load of fruit, would partly load with
lumber, and often this would sink the vessels so low that they would get hung
on the bar and lie there, sometimes for days, until the fruit was spoiled; but
this was a matter of indifference to the boat owners so long as their freight was
secured.

Mr. Cumming said this was not only a fact during the peach season, but the
indifference of the boat owners was continued down to the close of navigation.
The fruit growers of the vicinity had brought several hundred barrels of apples
to the warehouses to be shipped to Chicago, and supposed of course they had
gone, and were wondering why they got no returns. The steamboats had
made several trips since but had failed to take the apples, and now they were all
frozen in the warehouses, an entire loss to the owners, not only of the apples
but of their labor in preparing them for market. Many others spoke on the
subject and in about the same way, all agreeing that the boat owners had been
shamefully negligent of the interests of producers.

Mr. P. Purdy said that for the coming season there would be ample facili-
ties for sending fruit by boat to Richmond from Saugatuck and Douglas, and
thence by rail to Chicago. The freight would be the same as by boat, except
the dockage of one-half cent in Saugatuck and Douglas would have to be paid
extra. The railroad Company had promised to build a side track to the river,
and put fruit cars on the night express which would leave Richmond at 11 P. M.,
and reach Chicago at 6 o’clock next morning. The trouble with the boats
was they were too slow, seldom reaching Chicago till 9 or 10 A. M.

Mr. Woodhull said he could not speak for the other boats, but the Seaverns
had reached Chicago in good season, the trouble being that often the dock
would be so filled up that it would be some time before they could unload.
The question was asked if there was but one dock in Chicago. It was thought
strange that shippers should suffer so much when there was somuch room. In
answer to the suggestion that delay would be caused by going through so many
bridges, a sailor said ten minutes was the longest time boats were ever delayed
on account of passing a bridge, so this was not much of an excuse.

Mr. Taylor said it was characteristic of the boats to be late—after early
trains had gone.

Mr. Corner was discouraged ; if this thing was to be kept up, the quicker we
got out of the peach business the better.

286 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

N. W. Lewis thought we had better continue a committee on transportation.

Mr. Taylor said we needed transportation facilities across the lake as much
as up the river and on the cars; the distance was less and fruit could be car-
ried in better order. It would be well to see vessel men—ours and others—and
find out just what they were going to do.

N. W. Lewis said he had often been asked if he had not lost faith in the fruit
business, and had always said no. His reason for this was that six years ago
there was more fruit raised in Western Michigan than now. At that time there
were 600,000 peach trees in bearing in Berrien county alone. He doubted if
there were 200,000 bearing in the whole of western Allegan county. At that time
our market was not two-thirds as large as now. ‘There was a time when six or
seven steamboats were employed in the peach trade from St. Joe alone, mak-
ing daily trips, and sometimes as many as 60,000 baskets—much larger baskets
than those now in use—were shipped in a day by them. He did not believe as
many had been shipped in any one day this year from Western Michigan. He
did not believe it was the great quantity of peaches which had made prices low
but the very imperfect system of transportation.

REMARKS OF THE SECRETARY.

The past year has been one of the most fruitful for the fruit-grower within
the memory of this people. ‘The insect enemies have been less destructive,
and the yellows has been very much less severe than last year. The times
were so good and labor so well rewarded throughout the west, that we all looked
for a rich harvest, abundance of fruit and remunerative prices. In the
amount of fruit we were not disappointed. The quality was excellent and the
size fully up to the average. As the small fruits brought very fair prices, we
were encouraged; the first shipment of peaches paid fairly well, but was at
least two weeks earlier than usual. After this everything went wild, transpor-
tation was uncertain on the lake, and the railroads had so much to do that
frequently the cars were not unloaded till afternoon. This precluded sending
them beyond Chicago, as all early trains were gone. Added to this, the peaches
ripened too fast, so that some days the market was glutted, and others only
small shipments were made. The prices obtained were hardly sufficient to
meet expenses. Still we are not discouraged; there is no business which is
continuously prosperous, and as this is our first even partial failure to receive
profitable returns, we propose to redouble our efforts to produce such choice
fruit as will command remunerative prices.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 287

INGHAM COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PREPARED BY EZRA JONES, SECRETARY.

The officers of this society for the year 1881 are as follows:
President—Prof. W. J. Beal, Lansing.

Vice President—W. H. Overholt, Mason.

Secretary—C. B. Stebbins, Lansing.

Treasurer—Mrs. Daniel L. Case, Lansing.

March Meeting—Organization.

The call to organize a county horticultural society, notwithstanding the
inclement weather on Saturday afternoon, brought together a goodly number
of ladies and gentlemen. They met at the rooms of the State pioneer society
and were called to order at 2 o’clock by Prof. W. J. Beal, who stated briefly
the reason for issuing the call, and nominated for temporary chairman Wm.
Van Buren, who was also made permanent chairman.

Secretary Charles W. Garfield occupied a few moments discussing the
matter of

HOME BUILDING,

and the importance of organized effort in creating an interest in developing
more attractive aud beautiful homes indoors and about the house. He illus-
trated the growth of civilization and culture as connected with the increased
attention given to homes and their attributes, by examples from savage nomadic
habits as contrasted with the unity and love brought out in the development of
our best homes. Michigan, he maintained, was a State standing at the very
head in its advantages for home building on account of being out of debt, its
climatic peculiarities, its cultivated people, variety of fruits and trees, and
products of the soil. He gave a short history of the Michigan pomological
society, and a statement of its present methods of work, closing with an appeal
for the organization here of a branch society which should make its proceed-
ing a part of the annual pomological report, and thus render the volumes of
greater value to the people of Ingham county.
Ezra Jones read a short and interesting paper on

STRAWBERRY GROWING, 7

advocating good care, rich soil, and love for the work, as indispensable to suc-
cess in growing the best varieties. He named Seth Boyden and Duncan as
berries of very high quality. The best fertilizers he had found to be wood
ashes and a mixture of hen manure and good earth. He made two applica-
tions, one at the time of blossoming, and one immediately after fruiting.
In preparation of soil he urged thorough drainage and subsoiling, but would
not bring the subsoil to the surface. The best varieties, to succeed well, must
be grown in hills and the runners kept off. By this method the stools would
spread out and large crops could be harvested.

* This paper appears in full in the Secretary’s Portfolio.

288 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Overholt of Mason was called upon for a paper on small fruits but
asked for an excuse because of lack of time in preparation.

PARKS AND LAWNS.

Mrs. A. Allen gave an essay on the keeping of parks and lawns, rehearsing
the important reasons for maintaining beautiful parks in cities and villages for
the pleasure and education of people who were not able to have broad lawns and
beautiful gardens of their own. In some detail she gave the most approved
methods of preserving lawns in their greatest beauty, by thorough preparation
of soil to begin with, and the addition of abundant fertilizers thereafter. Wm.

Appleton read a paper on
HOME ADORNMENT,

speaking particularly of the beautiful things in the way of plants, flowers,
trees, green turf, and well-made walks and drives that may be brought around
the home at trifling expense, the work of the members of the family. He
believed in all the members of a household working together to make home
beautiful, arguing that a moral influence went with the work that made better
eople.

: ve M. W. Howard followed with an essay upon the

INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS,

filled with bits of experience and observation from her own life. She spoke of
a letter written by Jonathan Shearer, of Plymouth, who told of planting a
young orchard to replace an older one, even although he was past three score
years of age. She spoke of the products of horticulture as adding to comfort
and health, and as particularly suited to cheer the sick.

Secretary Garfield being called out again explained the method usually pur-
sued in organizing branch societies, after which, on motion of Prof. Beal, the
names of those present who were in favor of organizing as suggested were
taken, numbering about 30.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The meeting proceeded to the election of officers, which resulted as follows:
President, Prof. W. J. Beal, Agricultural College; Vice President, Mrs. D. L.
Case, Lansing; Secretary, Ezra Jones, Lansing; Treasurer, W. H. Overholt,
Mason.

These officers, by provision of the by-laws, constitute the executive board.

On motion of Ezra Jones, the constitution presented by the State society
was adopted, and the society organized as the Ingham County Horticultural
Society.

A vote of thanks was tendered Mr. Garfield for his attendance and assistance,
when, upon motion, the meeting adjourned to April 10 at 2 o’clock in the
same place.

At a meeting of the executive board the following topics for discussion, and
persons to lead in them, were selected for the April meeting:

Selection, time of planting, and care of ornamental trees, Prof. W. J. Beal.

Fruit trees, time to plant, and best selection of varieties, Geo. W. Parks.

List of suitable varieties of small fruits for culture in city gardens, W. H.
Overholt.

Ornamental shrubs, Mrs D. L. Case.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 289

April Meeting.
President Beal opened and read a paper on
ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS.

We should select a variety of trees, having in mind the shape of the top,
shape of leaves, color of foliage in summer and autumn, the color of the twigs
and bark on the trunk, the growth of the limbs, whether stout, slender, erect,
horizontal or drooping. We bear in mind whether the tree grows fast or slow,
whether it is to remain a small tree or to become a large one. We bear in mind
whether the tree is to stand by itself or to form part of a group. We select a
tree with reference to those with which it is to be planted. In all this there is
abundant need of care, judgment, independence, experience, and good taste.

At the Agricultural College we have something like 500 kinds of trees and
shrubs, some of which have been growing for many years. ‘Two severe cold
winters have weeded out those which are not iron-clads. We have tried many
kinds which have proved too tender for our cold winters.

I should not advise every one to make the same selections of trees. Tastes
differ—we like a variety. By looking our city and country over we can see fine
specimens of American elms, rock elms, sugar maples, silver-leaved maples,
bass-woods, white-woods, beeches, white oaks, catalpas, English elms, horse
chestnuts, Norway spruces, arbor vitees, balsam firs, hemlock spruces, and many
others.

In 1878 the editor of the Rural New Yorker sent letters to a large number of
men in various parts of the northern States, asking each to give ‘‘a list of 25
trees and 25 shrubs that should be perfectly hardy in climates like that of New
York.’’ This list should not include any evergreens. A large number of re-
sponses were received, and a summary made out.

The tree on the greatest number of lists ranked as number one; the next
ranked as number two, and so on through the list. I gave a list for Lansing,
as I was not familiar with the climate of New York. On account of the
severity of our climate, some trees which would otherwise be desirable had to
be discarded in Michigan. Seventeen trees of my list of twenty-five appeared
in the list of twenty-five for New York. Using only the common English
names the list stands as follows: American elm, cut-leaved weeping birch,
yellow wood, Soulange’s magnolia, sugar maple, European larch, tulip tree,
weeping beech, imperial cut-leaved alder, horse chestnut, Norway maple,
cucumber tree, maiden-hair tree, Wier’s cut-leaved silver maple, American
basswood, Kentucky coffee tree, and oak-leaved mountain ash. Of these
seventeen I have only seen six about the city of Lansing.

Of evergreens for this neighborhood, I will name: Norway spruce, white
spruce, hemlock spruce, eastern spruce, white or Weymouth pine, Austrian
pine, red or Norway pine, Scotch pine, Swiss stone or Cembrian pine, red
cedar and American arbor vite.

Of evergreen shrubs I will name: Dwarf or mountain pine, Irish Juniper,
savin, Siberian arbor vite, globe arbor vite, and heath-like arbor vite.

For a small place, I will give a select list of 18 as an example, taken from
the former list: 1, cut-leaved weeping birch; 2, yellow wood; 3, imperial
cut-leaved alder; 4, Soulange’s magnolia; 5, European larch; 6, weeping
beech; 7, cucumber tree; 8, maiden-hair tree; 9, Wier’s cut-leaved maple;
10, Norway maple; 11, hemlock spruce; 12, oriental spruce; 13, Cembrian

37

290 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

pine; 14, dwarf pine; 15, Irish juniper; 16, Siberian arbor vite; 17, globe
arbor vite; 18, heath-like arbor vite.

For street trees, I will name American elm, Norway maple, English elm,
basswood, black ash (in rich soil), horse-chestnut (on clay ground), sugar
maple (the last the least desirable).

The best time to set deciduous-leaved trees is in spring before the buds start.
Set them on a still, cloudy day, if not too inconvenient. The best time to set
evergreens is just as the buds have began to push out and show the new leaves.
Trees are in the best condition to grow which haye been grown in a nursery
where they have been several times transplanted. This trims the roots and
causes new roots to come out thickly near the stem. The roots, while out of
the ground, should be covered with a blanket or damp straw to protect them
from sun and wind. For success, the soil about newly set trees should be well
cultivated for three or five years for a distance of at least four feet each way
from the trees. The culture should be kept up till the trees become well estab-
lished. A heavy mulch, extending four feet from the tree, is a partial substi-
tute for cultivation.

The man who gets tall, slender trees from the forests, with few roots attached,
and carries them some distance with the roots exposed to the broiling sun and
sharp wind and sets them in little holes in the sod, will surely be disappointed
if he expects to get pay for his labor. Perhaps I can do no better than to close
this paper with a list of trees which are tender or otherwise undesirable. Locust,
honey locust, silver-leayed poplar, Lombardy poplar, cottonwood, ailanthus,
red bud or Judas tree, most magnolias, mountain ash, weeping willow, weeping
ash, balsam fir (except when young), most evergreens from the Pacific coast,
English oak, golden arbor vitee, Chinese arbor vite.

He was followed by George W. Parks ina clear and practical paper on ‘‘fruit
trees, how to plant and time to plant.’? In selecting varieties he referred to
the list published in the Michigan state pomological report for 1879, which had
been prepared with great care. He advised thorough drainage of the soil, and
only rich earth should be worked in around the roots. Apple trees should be
planted in rows 30 feet apart each way, cherries and standard pears 20 feet,
dwarf pears 12 feet, plums 15 feet, peaches 18 feet, and quinces 8 feet. The
proper time to plant is when the buds are dormant. Spring seems to be the
most natural time, and in this locality they should not be planted later than
the middle of May. November was also mentioned as a good time to plant,
but care should be taken not to let the roots of the trees freeze while out of the
ground.

I. B. Baker inquired if it would not be admissible to grow a row of grapes
between rows of apple trees set 30 feet apart.

Mr. Parks replied that some other fruits, such as strawberries and raspber-
ries, would be more suitable.

J. Ashworth said Mr. Yeomans, an extensive fruit-grower near Rochester,
N. Y., interlined his rows of apple trees with peach trees.

Dr. O. Marshall wanted a list of fruit trees especially adapted to this locality.

Prof. Beal thought that, in time, by the reports of members of this society,
at future meetings, a better list for Ingham county could be furnished than
that for Central Michigan in the State pomological report. That list was
more appropriate for the region of Kalamazoo.

Mr. Rowe, of Mason, asked for a list of best dwarf pears for this county.

Mr. Parks named Duchesse de Angouléme, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Buitum,
Belle Lucrative, and for winter, Vicar of Winkfield.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 291

Mr. Baker desired to know if, in growing a ten-acre pear orchard, where
time was no object, it would be advisable to plant any dwarfs.

L. B. Potter thought that dwarfs might be profitably grown between stand-
ards.

Some one inquired for a remedy for blight in pear trees.

Mrs. D. L. Case said she had tried iron filings with some success, but had
found salt better.

Prof. Beal thought salt a good remedy.

W. H. Overholt read a well-considered paper on ‘‘small fruits for the gar-
den.’? Strawberries should be grown in hills, and the plants set 12 by 24
inches apart. In order to cover the entire strawberry season, three varieties
were desirable, and 100 of each of them would furnish sufficient fruit for a
family of moderate size. He recommended for early berries the Duchesse or
Duncan; for medium, Wilson or Monarch of the West; and for late, Seth
Boyden or Capt. Jack.

Of black-cap raspberries he said ‘‘the Doolittle is valuable for its earliness
and hardiness,’’ and the Seneca for its superior flavor, size, and productiveness.
Of the reds he said the ‘‘ Brandywine and Herstine would probably give good
satisfaction.” He advised frequent and deep stirring of the soil among the
plants.

Inquiry was made as to the size and value of the Gregg.

Mr. Jones stated that they were the largest of the black-caps, and were firm
enough for transportation to the most distant markets.

Mrs. D. lL. Case read an exceedingly interesting paper on ornamental shrubs.*

The society resolved to meet for the present on the second Saturday of every
month at 2 o’clock p. M., and that the sessions be limited to 24 hours. It was
resolved to have a strawberry show sometime in the month of June.

L. B, Baker was appointed a committee to see the superintendent of State
buildings in regard to the future use by this society of the pioneer room.

May Meeting.
Geo. W. Brown read a paper on
VARIETIES, KEEPING QUALITIES AND CULTURE OF GRAPES.

It is quite essential that good soil should be selected and well cultivated for
grapes to thrive well. It is as necessary to till a vineyard as it is a field of
corn, Without proper culture you cannot expect a good yield of fruit,—the
richer the soil the finer the flavor of the fruit will be. There must be pruning
and cutting back of the old wood to give the new fruit-bearing wood strength
and nourishment. This must be done before the sap rises in the yine. Summer
pruning has proved with me asuccess. ‘The large growth of vine takes the
nourishment that the fruit should have, and by pinching off the young growth
to within four buds from the fruit the grapes will be larger and better quality.
The leaves must not be plucked from the vine, for the sun will burn them and
they will not ripen nor retain flayor.

The varieties of grapes which I am cultivating in my vineyard, consisting of
250 vines, are among the best varieties of the castern nurseries, the largest
number being Rogers’ hybrids of different numbers, Hartford, Concord,
Delaware, EKumelan, Creveling, Autochon, Martha, Senasqua, Union Villlage,
Walter, Perkins, Worden’s Seedling, Diana, and some other varieties. Hartford

* In Secretary’s Portfolio.

292 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ripens first, is a very good grape, but drops its fruit from stem; vine hardy
and productive. Worden’s Seedling ripens about the same time, is richer and
better, and holds its fruit. Massasoit (Rogers’ 3), early, sweet, and a good
bearer; is a very good keeper. Wilder (Rogers’ 4), comes next, Merrimac
(No. 19), about the same; they are both excellent bearers, large clusters, both
dark. Wilder holds its fruit,—thick skin, sweet, very large berries, will keep
until spring. No. 19 drops its fruit,—it is sweet and juicy, thin skin, clusters
often weighing one pound, will not keep long. Lindley (No. 9), a red grape,
not large, very sweet and high-flavored, good keeper. Goethe (No. 7), a white
or nearly so, a little too late for this climate. Agawam (Rogers’ 15), a very
productive grape, juicy, sweet, aromatic flavor, a splendid keeper. Salem, the
best of the Rogers, is the richest flavor, always heavily fruited; is the best
keeper, or as good as Wilder. Martha, a small white grape, very sweet and
early, will not keep. Perkins, flesh-colored, sweet, musky, drops its fruit.
Concord is well known,—I need say nothing about it, only in my estimation it
is third-class. Senasqua, a large, black grape, surpasses the Wilder in flavor, a
vigorous grower, large clusters, large berries, sweet and juicy, a good keeper.
Walter is the sweetest I have in my collection, a red grape, not large, fine
flavor, skin thin, subject to blight. Delaware, a good bearer, small fruit, and
good keeper. Diana, ared grape, larger than Delaware; compact bunches,
sweet, a peculiar flavor, a good keeper. This with several other varieties I had
some time in March, this spring, in my cellar. My mode of keeping is spread-
ing for a couple of weeks on shelves only perfect ripe clusters, not breaking a
berry, and lay them in boxes. I use pasteboard boxes, rolling each cluster in
paper, or putting in layers with paper between, and closing the boxes. If a
grape molds and comes in contact with others they will do the same, and by
rolling separate clusters they retain their flavor better and keep better.

This is my experience in grape-raising. Any new suggestions from the
society will be very gratefully received, for I consider it the duty of all fruit-
growers to cultivate only the best varieties, that our State may become an equal
with western New York.

F. B. Johnson said, unless he had been erroneously instructed, the richest
soil is not desirable for grapes. It would cause the vines to make so rank a
growth that they would be more liable to winter kill.

Mr. White said his grapes were on avery rich soil, and had never been
injured by the winter.

Mr. Curtis claimed that the Concord was the grape for this region, and was
not affected by the coldest winters.

F. B. Johnson gave an extempore talk on ‘‘ Marketing Small Fruits.’’ He
showed that the dealer who sold by liquid measure violated the law and incurred
a severe penalty. He said there were about 4} quarts difference in a bushel
between liquid and dry measure. He thought the law ought to be enforced.

A paper was read by A. Ll. Bours on ‘‘The Kitchen Garden.’”? He was
followed by F. A. Gulley on “Onions for Profit.’ Hespoke from brief notes,
and at the close, was unanimously requested to write out the substance of his
remarks, for publication.

June Meeting.

The Society met at the court-house in the city of Mason. The programme
for the meeting was as follows:
‘‘Pruning and Training Grape Vines,’’ by Dr. A. D. Brown.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 293

**Shall we Encourage the Further Planting of Apple Orchards in Ingham
County?’ by W. Asa Rowe.

‘Utility Plus Beauty,” by C. B. Stebbins.

The question of Mr. Rowe’s paper was discussed at considerable length—he
and Mr. Jones taking the affirmative, A. F. Wood and some others the
negative.

Mr. Rowe asked President Beal what varieties of winter apples he would
recommend for planting in this county.

The president named Northern Spy, Red Canada (top-grafted) and Ameri-
can Golden Russet.

Meeting for the Exhibition of Small Fruits, June 19.

The committee, composed of Messrs. E. Bidelman, C. B. Stebbins, and L. B.
Baker, were requested to classify the fruit on exhibition, and graded it as fol-
lows, the highest first, and following in the order of merit:

Monarch of the West, Cumberland Triumph, Colonel Cheney, President
Lincoln and Sharpless, Chas. Downing, Windsor Chief, Captain Jack, Wilson,
Kentucky, and Green Prolific.

The Windsor Chief was the most regular in shape, and the most beautiful
berry on exhibition. Sharpless was the largest. Several berries of this
variety measured six inches in circumference, and many measured five inches.
It is very irregular in shape and rough in appearance, but solid all the way
through.

At this meeting Prof. A. J. Cook read the following paper on

A NEW INSECT ENEMY.

Paria aterrima Oliv—Strawberry leaf beetle. Order Coleoptera. Family
Chrysomelidae.

As will be seen, the little beetle whose life history I am about to recount is
a near relative of the Colorado potato beetle, and also of the grape vine and
cabbage flea beetles, as it belongs to the same order and family. The insects
of this family—Chrysomelidae—so named from the golden, metallic lustre
which often characterizes them, are all phytophagous, or plant-eaters. They
are often called leaf-beetles, from the fact that they all prey upon the foliage
of plants. ‘This habit usually characterizes the grubs or larvee no less than the
beetles or imagos.

In this family the tarsi or feet are four jointed, the bodies are oval, though
in some cases they are somewhat elongated, so as to resemble the beetles of the
borer family—Cerambycide,—but their shorter antenne and leaf-eating habits
quickly distinguish them from the borers.

The little beetle in question belongs to the sub-family Chrysomelides, in
which the antenne are wide apart, the body oval, body wholly covered by the
elytra or wing-covers, while the larve live exposed on the leaves. This descrip-
tion will at once call to your minds the ubiquitous pest, the Colorado potato
beetle. But our subject belongs to a distinct tribe, the Humolpini ; in which
the prothorax is very convex, narrower than the abdomen, its margin indistinct,
the antenne are slender, nearly filiform, and about half as long as the body,
the interior cox is globose, the 3d joint of the tarsi deeply bilobed, and the
claws are bifid.

In the genus Paria the elytra or wing-covers are punctured in rows, the claws

294 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

bifid, size small, color usually brown with dark spots, though occasionally
black, and there are lobes in front of the prothorax, between the eyes. The
species in question, which I have been informed is Paria aterrima by one of the
best Coleopterists of the United States, has not these lobes, and seems to me
to come under the genus Metachroma.

This species is without a doubt two-brooded. In March they were seen by Mr.
Ezra Jones, through whose kindness I haye been supplied with specimens. In
April and May they were very numerous. The last of May the beetles disap-
peared. Now, June 19, they are for the most part in the pupa state, in
earthen cocoons about an inch and a half beneath the surface of the ground.
I find many full-grown grubs or larvee and a few smaller lary, which were
found to be feeding on the tender rootlets. Certainly in July another genera-
tion of beetles come forth. Whether there are more than two broods or not I
am unable to state, but shall be able to determine during the season. I pre-
sume they pass the winter as imagos, from their early appearance as beetles in
the spring. ‘They may exist in winter as pup, and very likely some do, which
would account for their scattering along as they do through the season.

The larva is white, with a yellowish head and brown jaws. There are eleven
segments back of the head. The breathing mouths show plainly along the
side of the body. There is only one pair wanting, those on the first thoracic
ring. The pair on the second ring are very large. There are rows of hairs
extending transversely one to each ring, but few hairs to each row on the side
of each ring. About each of the stomata there seems to arise a tuft of hairs.
The usual three pairs of thoracic jointed legs are plainly visible. The length
is 54 mm. (.22 in.)

In a small spherical cocoon of earth we find the pupa. It is also white,
shorter than the larvae, only 4 mm. in length, hairy, with the legs, antenne,
wings, etc., bent down close to the body, as is the case with all Coleopterous
pup. The facets of the compound eyes show quite distinctly. In the cocoon
will always be found the head-shield and jaws of the larve. The pupa is con-
stantly moving its abdominal segments when disturbed.

The little beetle is only 3 mm. (4in.) long. The head antenne, legs, and
wing-cases are yellowish, the throax brown, and the under side of the body
black. The center of the thorax is clouded with black, and generally each
wing-cover is yellowish, dotted with two black spots. The posterior spot is
much the larger. In about one beetle in six I find them all black. In a few
cases the black beetles were tinged with yellow at the tip of the body. ‘These
polymorphic species are not very rare among insects,

HABITS.

These beetles, like all of their family, are voracious feeders, and, though
small, are so numerous that in early spring and after harvest they completely
defoliate the strawberry plants. They have done this at Mr. Ezra Jones’ and,
as I understand from him, in the strawberry plantation of Mr. Gardner of
Dimondale, from whom Mr. Jones procured some plants and from whose place
he thinks he brought the pest.

The larvae appear to eat the young, tender roots, and in this to differ from
others of the leaf eating beetles. As these larve, as well as the pups, are
in the earth about the roots of the plants, we see that their importation with
affected plants would be very easy, and could only be avoided with certainty by
haying the roots of the plants thoroughly washed before setting.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 299

REMEDY.

I feel certain that either Paris green or London purple would certainly destroy
the beetles if applied to the plants as we apply them to destroy the potato beetle
or canker-worm. In the use of Paris green, caution is necessary that the article
may be genuine. When I hear that the potato beetle and rose chafer grow fat
on this poison, I feel sure that the poison is not there, but that some spurious
compound is colored and sold for Paris green.

July Meeting.

Only a few present. No papers were read.

President Beal presented a variety of specimens from fruit and forest trees,
of blighted leaves. ‘‘The cause of this blight is not yet established with any
certainty; but he thinks it probable, that in consequence of the rapid growth
occasioned by the abundant rain, the leaves and limbs are not sufficiently hard-
ened to resist the hot sun.”’

August Meeting.

At the monthly meeting of the Ingham county horticultural society, held at
the pioneer room in the new capitol, on Saturday afternoon, August 14, Mrs.
C. Goodnoe read an essay on ‘‘ Flowers and their Mission,”? and Wm. Gladden
one on ‘‘Our Rural Highways.’’ Mr. G. advocated a resurvey, by State au-
thority, of the older portions of the State, where many of the ‘‘witness trees’
had wholly disappeared, and the exact boundaries of the highways had become
uncertain, for the purpose of establishing permanently those boundaries and
thus determining, beyond a doubt where the road-bed ought to be. He
said as things were now, in many places there was a change of the road-bed
with every change of highway officers, and the roads were kept thereby in poor
condition. Many farmers desired to avail themselves of that provision of the
highway laws which permitted them to set out shade and ornamental trees
eight feet from the outside lines of the highways, but they could not do it with
any feeling of certainty that they would be allowed to remain, as long as there
was so much doubt as to where the boundaries really were. Mr. Stebbins in-
quired if a resurvey would not be likely to require many changes in the loca-
tion of fences, and in some instances even of buildings, and so create great
embarrassment and much ill feeling. He said that such would have been the
result of a resurvey of a certain avenue in the city of Lansing, if that survey
had been insisted upon.

Mr. Gladden said it might not be wise to insist upon it in the cities, but the
sooner it was done in the rural districts the sooner the roads would be made
good, and their borders shaded and ornamented.

Prof. Beal said the highways were certainly bad enough, especially the one
that led east from the city to the College, and that something ought to be done
to make them better.

The President called attention to some very beautiful bouquets of flowers that
had been sent in by Mrs. W.S. George and Mrs. Robert Mann; also, to a large
variety of rare foliage plants from the floral gardens of Rt. Mann & Son. Mrs.
George also sent in several varieties of apples, both summer and winter, the
names of which she desired to know. Mrs. D. L. Case presented one variety
of apple for a name. Prof. Beal said it was a Primate, one of the very best
summer apples for home use. It was of superior quality, did not ripen its fruit
all at once, but continued for several weeks.

296 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Messrs. Gladden and Case confirmed the statement of Prof. Beal.

C. B. Stebbins exhibited a cluster of half-ripened Israella grapes, and John-
son & Brown three clusters of Talman (or Early Champion) almost ripe. Mr.
Stebbins gave a very interesting account of a recent trip to Vermont and New
Hampshire. He stated that he saw no fruit on the tables of the hotels in
those States except wild red raspberries and huckleberries. Their only culti-
vated fruit was the apple.

Prof. Beal inquired of those present who cultivated grapes if they had set as
well as usual this year. F. B. Johnson and Wm. Gladden replied that the
clusters did not seem to fill out well. The professor stated that last year they
fruited forty kinds at the college. This year the grapes were large but the
clusters imperfect.

Mr. Sturgis asked Prof. Beal about the prevalence of the codling moth in
the college orchard this year. He said he (Mr. 8.) kept pigs in his orchard
and knocked off all the fruit he could see that had been affected by the moth.
It was not so great a task to do this as might be supposed by one who had not
tried it. He knocked off ninety-seven apples from one tree in about four
minutes. He felt sure he was getting rid of the moth in this way.

Prof. Beal said he did not doubt but that it was a good thing to let hogs run
in an orchard, but the orchard at the college was not so situated that they
could keep hogs in it. They used bands, and thought that the moth was not
increasing, but about held its own. He said if the neghbors would use the
bands they might get rid of the moth. The expense was small, only about
two cents a tree.

Mrs. Case said chickens had kept them off their trees at one time, then they
disposed of their chickens because they troubled their flowers and garden and
the moth had come back. Now they were keeping chickens again.

Prof. Beal said he had known of one large orchard that had been kept free
by a flock of turkeys.

A gentleman asked how to keep the curculio from his plums. Mr. Gladden
said he had two plum trees by his hog-pen. He shook off the plums stung by
the insect and threw them over to his pigs. He did not fail to get plums.

Mr. Sturgis said he placed a sheet under his trees, rapped the trees, and
killed the insects that fell into the sheet.

F. B. Johnson and Robert Mann were appointed a committee to procure
speakers for the next meeting.

September Meeting.

“Tree Agents’’ was atopic presented by Dr. O. Marshall in a few extem-
pore remarks. He stated that soon after the publication of the fact that he
had purchased land for horticultural purposes he was infested by tree agents,
and he proposed to give some of his experience with them. There were some
agents, representing responsible nurseries, who were generally honest, but
would get as high prices as possible. ‘There is another class who are not
responsible. They have an illustrated book from some nursery, and go over
the country taking orders. In his neighborhood last year they took orders for
a quince, which they represented as growing on a tree the same as apples;
grapes that would keep the year around; and they tried to sell to him a wild
goose plum, which they represented as very superior, but which was simply a
superior wild plum. Some of his neighbors purchased them, not knowing
what they were. ‘They also sold a so-called Japanese plum, which is really a

¢

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 297

persimmon, and unfitted for this latitude ; also a Japanese peach, represented to
keep all winter.

There is another class who are perfectly irresponsible. They send out cata-
logues from responsible nurseries, but they get their trees from nurseries having
inferior stock on hand, which they purchase cheap. One of these nurseries
is located at Saugerties, N. Y. He made an order with one agent amounting
to $160, paying $20 in advance. ‘This was in the fall, and hearing nothing of
the agent or the trees, he wrote a little before he wanted the trees, but could
get no answer until he baited the agent with a prospect that he had more
money to spend. Upon inquiry, he found that this man had no nursery of
his own, was poor, and perfectly irresponsible. He was induced to deal with
him from seeing his correspondence in the Detroit Commercial Advertiser, in
which he had some fine articles on the strawberry; but he pocketed the loss of
his $20 rather than take any farther risks on him. Another man, whom he
named, lived in New Jersey, and his standing was very doubtful.

It had seemed to him that protection might be obtained if a list of dealers
and agents who had been proved to be reliable were kept by the society for
reference. Even nurseries themselves were not always reliable. In one order
from a nursery he got nearly 400 Lombard plums where he should have had
but 86.

Prof. Beal referred to a letter he had received from Jackson, saying that
agents were offering pear trees represented to be grafted on imported stocks,
and blight-proof. Nurserymen often grafted on imported stocks, but they
were generally sometime in the country before they were grafted or budded,
and were no more blight-proof than any other. They were also offering
‘*weevil-proof’’ plums, Russian apples, very superior, and strawberries which
produced no runners. A horticultural society, similar to this, had been started
in Jackson, and he had written to the gentlemen to support it. It was the
best kind of insurance to its members against frauds, for dishonest agents and
nurserymen rarely troubled members of these societies. At the Agricuitural
College they had been beaten by some of the best nurserymen. They had
ordered some choice trees which were just coming into bearing, and they are
not all proving to be what they were bought for. Sometimes these mistakes
occurred through incompetent employés. If we could get some good men at
home to raise these things, so far as the climate will permit, it will be better to
patronize them. It was almost impossible, most of the time, to propagate pear
and apple trees here. He would as soon have apple trees two years old, grown
in Michigan, on good clay land, as any, because the last two seasons have
been mild, but those grown in previous seasons he would not want, because the
seasons were not favorable to a healthy growth.

Mr. Jones had a similar experience with strawberries. On his first orders
but few were true to name.

The president thought it very easy to get mixed on small plants.

Mr. Baker had made up his mind that the best way was to buy his small
fruits of such men as Mr, Jones. His large fruits he had purchased, as far as
possible, from Mr. Parks.

Messrs. Stebbins and Johnson related similar experiences mm spurious fruits,

PRESERVING GRAPES.

Mr. Baker asked for the best methods of preserving grapes fresh during the
winter. He had tried the method previously explained by Mr. Brown, but
without full success.

298 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Various methods were described by the president and Messrs. Johnson, Jones,
Stebbins, and Mrs. Case, and on request of the president members agreed to try
them all, each selecting a particular method.

THE ENGLISH SPARROW.

Mr. Baker asked if it was desirable to permit the propagation of the English
sparrow in the country.

Mr. Johnson said if they were going to chase away the other birds, as he
understood they did, he would rather do away with them.

Prof. Beal said the students at the college wished to get some, and this led
them to seek information. They concluded that in cities their presence made
no particular difference, but in the country they were a nuisance. They eat a
great deal of corn and drive away other birds. He should be sorry to see
them introduced.

Dr. Marshall said he had heard that they picked out the fruit buds, and Mr.
Baker made a similar report.

WINTER FRUIT.

The question, ‘‘Is early picking of apples, before fully matured, preferable
to picking after frost?’’ A general discussion of this question led to the
conclusion that early picking was the most profitable, placing the fruit in a
cool, dry place until the weather became too cool to keep it out of the cellar.

FRUIT AND FLOWER EXHIBITS.

Mr. Johnson exhibited some fine specimens of the Concord, Delaware,
Champion, Agawam, Lady grape, and other varieties. He spoke briefly of the
Champion, and thought it superior to the Hartford. The Agawam and the
Lady were good grapes. He would not recommend the Croton grape. They
are a weak growing vine, and the fruit is not equal to the Lady or the Martha.
The Lady ripens with the Delaware, and for eating there is nothing ahead of
it. The Brighton is a very excellent grape. The berry is white. The Martha
is green when ripe.

Mr. Jones raised the Lady, Delaware, and Brighton, and the best grape he
knew of was the Brighton. Mr. Johnson said the Worden was next to the
Brighton. It was hardy and prolific.

Mr. Stebbins presented fine specimens of the Isabella, Israella, Iona,
Concord, Kalamazoo, Delaware, and other varieties. The best grape he knew
of was the iona.

Dr. Marshall presented a variety of pears foraname. The fruit is large,
and grows in clusters. He purchased it for a dwarf Bartlett, but it was a
standard tree.

Mr. Swift presented some pears and a grape for names.

Mr. Gladden also presented pears and said he had supposed them to be
Flemish Beauties, but had found they were not. He also exhibited another
pear, picked from a little dwarf tree, which for size, shape, and beauty of
color excited the admiration of all, but they were unable to name it.

Mrs. Stebbins sent a beautiful bouquet, and Mr. Johnson presented a choice
variety of flowers, heliotrope, tuberoses, fuchsias, tea roses, etc.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 299

October Meeting.

The October meeting was held at the Agricultural College in acceptance of
an invitation from Prof. Beal, and the time very profitably spent in visiting
objects of interest there under the guidance of the president of the society.

In all, the visit was very pleasant and profitable. The impression left upon
the mind after the visit was that the Agricultural College was doing a grand
work for the State of Michigan, and well deserves the support of the people of
the State.

Before the society adjourned a vote of thanks was given to Prof. Beal for
his kindness in showing the members over the grounds and pointing out the
many things of interest.

November Meeting.

First paper was by Robert Mann on ‘‘ Growing Celery.’’

L. B. Baker asked if a cellar ventilated by pipes under ground, would be a
good place to keep celery. Mr. Mann thought it would.

F. B. Johnson said the first year he raised celery, he pitted some of it in
sand in a cellar, for early use. He soon noticed that it was wilting, but upon
being profusely sprinkled with water, it revived and made good bunches.

The president asked Mr. Mann the cost per bunch of raising celery. Mr.
M. replied about 14 cents for early; but that put up for winter cost much
more; he could not say how much.

Mrs. Overholt not being present, her paper on ‘‘ Canning Fruit’’ was read
by the secretary. ;

Mr. Mann asked President Beal if he did not think tin cans preferable to
glass for canning fruit. The president thought not if the glass were kept in
the dark. Some tin was leaded and not safe to use.

The third paper was by Geo. W. Parks, on ‘‘ Grafting Fruit Trees.”’

During the reading of his paper, Mr. P. showed how easy it was for a care-
less nurseryman to make mistakes, but said most of the errors in sending out
stock resulted from the employment of unskilled help. Sometimes the nursery-
man was pressed with orders; got in a hurry, and had to take such men as he
could get.

Mr. Jones said while he knew of no occasion to find fault with Mr. Parks,
he protested against nurserymen shielding themselves behind their own lack of
care or the carelessness, or unskillfulness of their employés. They had no
right to be careless, or have careless or unskilled help in such a business. The
consequences are too serious. Let us see what the consequences are. The
farmer or prospective fruit grower thoroughly prepares his ground for an
orchard, looks over the catalogues, converses with fruit men, and examines the
market reports to ascertain what varieties are best for family use, and what
sell best in the markets. He goes or writes to a nursery, and bargains and
pays for those particular varieties. He takes them home, plants them accord-
ing to the most approved methods, stakes them, cultivates and prunes them
with great care for five, ten, or fifteen years. He visits his orchard frequently
with his friends; shows them how nicely the trees are growing, tells them what
kinds they are, and is continually looking forward with much interest and
strong hopes to the time when he shall get returns in nice fruit, not merely
for his family, but also that will sell readily in the market, and bring him an
income during all his life, as well as to his children after he is gone. But alas!

300 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

when they come into bearing he finds them to be very different from the kinds
he bargained for.

Instead of winter fruit he has summer or fall fruit, or even worse—only
natural fruit—varieties for which he has but little or no use, and for which
there is, if any, only quite a limited demand in the market, so that most of it
has to go to waste. He has given his ground, his money, his time and labor
for many years, for nothing. His hopes so long and fondly cherished have
turned to ashes. Do you blame him if he is indignant—if he says hard
things of the nurseryman who has so grossly deceived and cheated him? There
are many such in every direction from this city. I have seen some of these
and heard them talk. It would be difficult to imagine greater indignation
than their looks and words expressed. Is it not almost a crime to be careless
in such a business?

L. B. Baker said he agreed with Mr. Jones. He could not see why nursery-
men should not be held responsible for the results of carelessness in their
business as well as the railroad companies in theirs.

F. B. Johnson said he had recently been badly sold in the purchase of a lot
of plum trees. He had agreed for those grafted on plum stocks, but those
received were grafted on peach. He set them in a clay soil, with clay sub-
soil, and during the past wet season they all died. He asked Mr. Parks why
nurserymen grafted on peach instead of plum?

Mr. Parks said peach were cheaper and grew faster, but of course were not
as hardy.

Mr. Mann asked Mr. Parks if he ever grafted on wild plum stocks?

Mr. Parks replied that he had, but nothing was gained by it, and the wild
plum stocks were a nuisance because of the many sprouts they sent up.

Annual Meeting.

The annual meeting was held in the capitol Dec. 11.

L. B. Potter of Lansing read a paper on exhibiting fruits, vegetables, and
flowers, at fairs and society meetings, in which he advocated the distribution of
flower exhibits among fruits, vegetables, and grains.

Dr. Marshall said it was quite important that all fruits exhibited should be
correctly labeled. Many had fruits the names of which they did not know,
and went to fairs, hoping to ascertain by the labels on fruits there.

A paper was read by Wm. Van Buren, on “ Horticulture: Its Benefits, and
what it Teaches,’’ which is printed in full in another part of this volume.

A. L. Sturgis of Okemos exhibited a large variety of very fine winter apples,
which he classified, named, and described their merits. He named, as the best
five varieties for general use, the Red Canada, Baldwin, Northern Spy, Rhode
Island Greening, and Wagener, and said he would like to add King of Tomp-
kins County and White Bellflower.

L. B. Potter also showed some fine winter apples; one which he called
Tewksbury Winter Blush was especially fine, and specimens were distributed
for trial.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 301

WASHTENAW COUNTY POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

PREPARED BY SECRETARY GANZHORN.

The officers for 1881 are as follows:

President—S. W. Dorr.

Vice Presidents—J. D. Baldwin, Dr. A. Conklin, Geo. Sutton.

Secretary—Jacob Gauzhorn.

Treasurer—EHvart H. Scott.

Executive Committee—Prof. Emil Baur, J. J. Parshall, Judge P. L. Page,
Chas. H. Woodruff.

Climatologist—Dr. Alex. Winchell.

Ornithologist—Prof. J. B. Steere.

Botanist—Prof. Volney Spaulding.

The meetings averaged a good attendance during the year, and the number
of members has largely increased. The effort which was made in the preceding
year to make these meetings of a social character met, with continued success.
The society had a first-class organ made to order for their special use and have
a full organized choir to furnish music and enliven and make the. meetings
more entertaining. In the growing season, as far as practicable, the topics
for discussion haye been on leading fruits grown in the county which happened
to ripen at the time of the meetings. A good display of fruits and flowers
was always a prominent feature at each meeting.

January Meeting.

The January meeting was devoted to the culture of the quince.

This fruit is grown in moderate quantities all over the country. It succeeds
best on our elevated grounds; the oldest or largest trees are found in such loca-
tions. The sizes of orchards for market purposes range from 50 to 500 trees.

In the discussion, both the tree and bush form was recommended as best for
the trees. Those favoring the latter form claim that the trees are more easily
sayed from the borer; as when one stem is cut off, there are others left to keep
up the tree. Those favoring the tree form with but one stem as body, claimed
that the ground about the trees can be better cared for, and that under this
system the suckers are more easily kept down. Some advocated the thinning
of the heads from time to time and slightly cutting back. It was said that the
quince suffers from severe cold westerly winds, and therefore, whenever practi-
cable, temporary shelter might be given them. A case was cited where the
west row of trees in an orchard was saved by a pile of cord wood. Mulching
the ground for the purpose of retaining moisture about the roots in the summer
and for protection in winter, was said to be important. Muck, composted
with stable manure, was recommended as an excellent mulch for the quince.
Coal-ashes was believed by one to be a useful mulch and a preventive against
the borer. Salt, about one quart to the tree when in bearing, was recom-
mended. ‘Twig blight in the quince was reported by one grower, though but
very slightly injurious,

302 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

February Meeting.

The grape was made the subject for the February meeting. It is becoming
a prominent fruit in the county, and the number of vineyards is rapidly
increasing. ‘Thus far the grape is mainly grown for table use, and no regular
wine cellars are yet known in the county. The Concord was yet about the only
market grape cultivated. For garden culture or family use a few other varie-
ties are cultivated to a small extent, but are rarely found in the market. No
serious grape disease is yet encountered; but in some localities the rose bug
does some damage, and in some places the grape beetle has been a source of
annoyance. A number of seedlings were originated here, which are attracting
attention ; one or more of which will probably become standard varieties.

The meeting was opened by a paper from Jacob Ganzhorn, of which a part
is furnished.

W. Higly explained the formation of mildew on the grape, the substance of
which is already made known or treated of in former reports of the State
society.

J. D. Baldwin mentioned the use of sulphur successfully applied with a
bellows, by a person on the islands in Lake Erie, for preventing this disease.
In the discussion that followed, Prof. E. Baur said that he kept the Salem
grape successfully till winter, and attributed the keeping quality of this grape
to its thick skin. He believes that the Catawba can be successfully grown on
our elevated lands, and has started the experiment.

Chas. H. Woodruff spoke of his seedling grapes, of which the one called
White Ann Arbor he said was thus far the best of his seedlings. He recom-
mends it as a good canning grape.

Jacob Ganzhorn stated that the high elevations of the county and through-
out the State, rendered the temperature uniform, and favorable for the
successful production of fruit, the same as the influences of the lakes. The
grape did not require a high temperature, but wanted one as uniform as possible
during the growing season.

President Dorr said that he believed those who cultivate well and intelligently
make grape growing a paying investment. He thought the grape the farmer’s
fruit, and that it always ought to be on his table from September to January,
and might be there, by judicious management, until mid-winter.

March Meeting.

The March meeting was largely occupied with local business and verbal
reports from the delegates to the Hillsdale meeting of the State Horticultural
Society.

“The Uses of Fruits’’ was the subject for discussion, and which was opened
by J. Austin Scott. He said that when he settled on the Maumee riyer in
1834, wild plums, thorn and crab-apples, were the only fruits to be had. He
believed that if the fruits we now have could have been had then, nine-tenths
of the sickness incident to the settling of a new country would have been
avoided. Fruits he firmly believed were health-regulating agents, and ought
to be freely used and enjoyed by all.

Prof. E. Baur exhibited samples of apples, peaches, and grapes, preserved
in various ways. He spoke urgently of the importance of saving the surplus
fruits by drying and preserving in any practicable way. He made favorable
mention of the ‘‘Zimmerman’s Fruit Dryer,’’ of which he has one in use.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 303

J. D. Baldwin spoke favorably of drying the fruit that cannot well be
shipped or sold from the orchard. Regarding fruit dryers, he said that he
searched the market through thoroughly, and was most favorably inclined to
one called ‘“‘The Granger Fruit Dryer.’’

Judge P. L. Page spoke in hopeful terms of the improved fruit dryers, and
of placing fruit culture on a more substantial footing. He thought that the
fruit-grower could not run the risk of disposing of all his fruit in a green state.

April Meeting.

The April meeting was very largely attended, and great interest was mani-
fested in the topic under consideration, Vice President J. D. Baldwin being
in the chair. The subject for discussion was ‘‘Insects Injurious to Fruit.’’

J. D. Baldwin opened the discussion and spoke substantially as follows:

The subject before us is of vast importance and which is well for us to study
carefully. We are constantly confronted with insect life, which threatens and
often, to a large extent, destroys our property. ‘To successfully battle these
foes should and must be one of our most important operations in conducting
our business. We must not go to sleep over this. A wash consisting of lye
and soap-suds for apple trees is said to be effectual in destroying the bark louse 5
copperas water isalso recommended. ‘The codling moth is a formidable enemy
to the apple-grower. Air-slacked lime thrown over the trees in the right time
will bring down the worms; it is also used, and in the same way, to destroy
the curculio on plum trees. Another method, by some employed in destroying
the codling moth, is sprinkling the trees with a mixture made of Paris green
and water, put on with a fountain pump. London purple is now introduced as
a substitute for Paris green, which, it is said, is as powerful in destroying in-
sect life. It is used in a diluted form, the same as Paris green. ‘The cost of
the London purple is much less than the Paris green. It is sold for five or ten
cents a pound. ‘The sprinkling is done while the tree is in blossom.

The twig borer on quince trees, in particular, I think is bad. They may
also be kept at bay by the use of slacked lime. I have used this remedy on the
plum and peach with gratifying results. The lime is also good for destroying the
curculio on the apricot and nectarine. Fallen fruit should be picked up immedi-
ately on dropping to the ground and either thrown to the hogs or otherwise
destroyed, thus destroying the worms.

The rose bug is also sometimes found to be very injurious to grapes and to
other fruits. Air-slacked lime is used for this insect, also, with good effect.

An insect known as the flea-beetle is in places found destructive to grapes.
The beetle eats out the center of the bud as it starts in the spring, thereby
destroying the fruit for the season. Sheets of tarred paper are put under the
vines and the beetles jarred upon them. The tar holds the beetles, and when
filled with them the paper is tarred over again. About three jarrings at
intervals are sufficient to overcome this pest. It is important that we fruit
men come together and exchange our experience and observations with one
another, and thereby arm us to successfully cope with the obstacles thrown in
our way in pursuing our business. Let one and all unite with us in fighting
the insect tribe, and thus by a combined effort we will conquer. Last year I
lost all of my apples by the codling moth, but this year I shall start in time,
and try the fountain pump on them.

Prof. Emil Baur.—My principal method in destroying these insects is by
making little fires throughout the orchard in the night. The lights draw the

304 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

moths and millers into them and there they perish. By heading them off in
this way, the use of poison is not needed. I am not favorably disposed to the
use of poisons. In connection with the fires or lights used, I prepare a sticky
substance out of soft soap, to which I add a little molasses. The sweet
substance attracts the moth, and the sticky part holds them. ‘This is put on
sticks about four feet from the ground. One man cannot successfully combat
against the enemy in this mode of warfare, but if all the neighbors unite in
it, the insects will be thus exterminated. I think where the work is carried on
in a neighborhood a barrel of naphtha could be bought cheap, and this would
make the most practicable light. I understand that the female of the canker-
worm does not fly, but is attracted to the lights or fires, and is thus made to
perish. Carbolic acid diluted with water I find an excellent wash for trees, and
also believe it keeps off the borers. Iam informed through a German that
water in which tomato leaves were steeped would kill insects. I have been
very successful in growing the German Prune, and have sayed the fruit from
the curculio by throwing ashes on the trees, from time to time,—beginning
when the tree was in blossom. But above all remedies for destroying insect
life I believe the little fires or lights the best, for by this means we in a large
measure head off the depredators.

Dr. W. W. Nichols.—Mr. Baur, how near to each other must or shea the
lights or fires be in the orchard?

Mr. Baur.—I use from three to four for an orchard of about 500 trees.

Mr. Baldwin.—I have used little fires for destroying moths with good results.
It has just come to my mind that a gentleman at Ypsilanti used salt around
his plum trees, which kept off the curculio, and he thus saved his plums year
after year. Iam satisfied that the use of salt is of more value than we are aware
of. Ihave no doubt but that it can be used for all our fruit trees. It has a
two-fold use: it fertilizes the ground and kills the insects in their embryo state.
Last year I started to draw coal ashes which I put around my peaches. There
are probably little or no manurial properties in the ashes, but I have every
reason to believe that it keeps off the peach borer and keeps the ground moist
and friable around the trees. It seems to me also that the ashes have the
power of drawing moisture, in times of a drouth, out of the atmosphere.
This spring I have drawn from a thousand to two thousand bushels for my
peach orchard. I put on three to four bushels around each tree.

Dr. W. W. Nichols.—I tried coal ashes last year around a few hundred cur-
rant bushes, and found a decided good effect from it. This spring I had it
put around 2,000 bushes. I believe in it from what experience I have had
with it thus far.

Wm. P. Grooves.—Y our remedies for destroying insects seem to me to be too
expensive, and may cost more in some instances than the value of the fruit. I
have been considerably troubled with a worm in my apple orchard which ate the
leaves, leaving only theskeleton. The worms appeared suddenly, and have in the
Same way disappeared. I very much fear them for the future, and have there-
fore studied largely on some possible remedy. After learning all I could for
the best means with which to fight the worms should they come again, I have
concluded to use some kind of a force pump and try the Paris green.

Dr. W. W. Nichols.—I have a pump which throws a stream of water sixty
feet. It cost $8.00. The pump can be adjusted so as to throw a spray which
would be just the thing for sprinkling a dilution of Paris green on the trees.

J. W. Wing.—I would like to say a few words on the subject under discus-
sion. The codling moth is our greatest foe. We do well to fight the cause,

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 305

as Prof. Baur suggested; but if we cannot succeed here, I believe we had better
use the Paris green before giving up our crop. The female of the canker
worms crawls up the trees but the male flies.

May Meeting.

The subject for discussion, ‘‘Injurious Insects,’ was continued from the

last meeting. Vice-president Baldwin stated that he had received circulars
from the manufacturers of London purple, a poison for destroying insects, a sub-
stitute for Paris green, which is effective and safe to use. Mr. Baldwin said
that the London purple he believed was decidedly preferable to Paris green and
is much cheaper than the latter. It is recommended by the eminent entomolo-
gist, Prof. Riley, of Missouri, and others. ‘The London purple is used in a
diluted form, the same as Paris green.

The secretary read the views of Prof. A. J. Cook, of the Agricultural Col-
lege on the codling moth, from a recent issue of the New York Tribune. The
methods recommended by the professor to destroy or combat the moth, are by
bands and by keeping swine in the orchard.

J. W. Wing said one of the most important ways to get rid of insects is
almost entirely overlooked. The birds! They are of incalculable service to
the farmer and fruit grower. The birds are worthy of our tenderest sympathy
and closest protection. The speaker fully agreed with Prof. Cook’s recom-
mendation in keeping swine in the orchard. We ought to keep some kind of
domestic animals in our orchards to pick up the fallen wormy fruit. They
greatly assist us in keeping insects at bay. He knew of no instance where
hogs had done any harm to trees in orchards.

Judge P. L. Page spoke urgently of the importance of forbidding hunters to
hunt on premises of farmers as they are the means of driving off the birds.
The importance of the birds to our welfare is recognized by all governments.
The Jaw is stringent enough to protect them, but the people do not carry it out.
It is highly recommended to all to post up notices on their premises, forbidding
hunters on the grounds. It is well for us to use moral suasion in keeping out
these depredators, but when this fails we should avail ourselves of the law.

Mr. Baldwin remarked that it is remarkable what strong instincts birds have
in finding the insects from underneath the bands put around trees. ‘They
bring forth insects with wonderful ingenuity.

President Dorr gaye his experience in warfaring with insects and highly
recommended swine for orchards. He said that he now keeps twenty-five hogs
in his orchard of 3000 trees and has kept a large number of them in his or-
chard for many years past and with uniform good results. He does not ring his
pigs but lets them root freely; he finds no injuries done to the trees by them.
He rather likes the effect of the rooting. The president recognized the impor-
tance of the birds and was careful in protecting them in all ways. He helps
his boys in putting up little bird houses around the yard and orchard. He
spoke forcibly in favor of keeping fowls in orchards, and said that he keeps
100 White Leghorns for this purpose. He also said that his brother-in-law,
who lives along the side of a railroad and about forty feet above the road-bed,
always has a good crop of plums withont doing anything to prevent the ravages
of the curculio; but attributes this success to the coal smoke of the engines.

N. B. Covert said that boys with guns, and dogs following at their heels, do
much mischief to birds, and ought to be kept out of orchards and fields. He

39

306 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

advised all to post their lands with notices forbidding all such nuisances on
their places.
Mrs. N. H. Pierce read a paper on the ‘‘ Influence of Music and Flowers.’’
The purchase of an organ was favorably considered, and the executive com-
mittee was instructed to take the matter in hand.

June Meeting.

This being a strawberry meeting, the doings were mainly confined to the
discussion of strawberry culture. A good display of different varieties of straw-
berries cultivated in the county was made.

J. D. Baldwin exhibited the Jucunda, Berge’s Seedling, Monarch of the
West, and Seth Boyden; J. Austin Scott, Seneca Chief; Jacob Ganzhorn,
Charles Downing and Wilson’s Albany; Chas. H. Woodruff, his seedlings
known as No. 1 and No. 2, and a few other new varieties of his own raising;
Prof. Emil Baur, Russell’s Prolific.

Mr. Woodruff was called upon by the president to open the discussion. He
explained the merits of his seedlings. He had found them through a series
of years to prove very satisfactory for a market berry. On being asked how
they compared with the Wilson for productiveness and size, he said that they
were fully equal in that respect to that variety, and held their size better to
the end of the picking. He claimed to have always received a little more in
the market than was paid for the Wilson. In size, the berries of those seed-
lings were about the same as those shown of the Wilson,—large and attractive
in appearance. His soil is a sandy loam on which he grows these berries.

J. D. Baldwin gave the merits of the varieties he had on the table, giving
his preference rather to the Berge’s Seedling, which was originated in Massa-
chusetts. He found this and the Wilson the most prolific berries out of the
14 varieties grown on his ground.

Prof. Emil Baur said that the birds on his place were more partial to the
Russell’s Prolific, Jucunda, and Sharpless,—all superior table berries. The
first named is a favorite berry with him. In this connection he mentioned
that the public does not appreciate the better quality of strawberries, as they
continue to buy and prefer the Wilson; and for this reason he cultivates the
better flavored berries for his own table, and grows the sour Wilson for the
market.

Prof. B. E. Nichols said that he neglected to cover his strawberry plants last
winter and believed that the reason for his poor crop this season. He spoke
highly of the Triomphe de Gand as a berry of very high flavor, but he does not
succeed in getting large crops from it. He spoke unfavorably of Col. Cheney.

N. B. Covert said he had tried the Triomphe de Grand but did not succeed
with it. Heis marketing the crop of a half acre of the Wilson the present
season. The plants have wintered well he said, and their main protection was
grass which grew up in the plantation. He does not, however, approve of this
way of protection, the grass being the result of an aged plantation. Straw
was spoken of as a good mulch for both winter and summer use.

Prof. Baur grows strawberries between his peach trees, and wherever the
peach tree leaves have mulched the plants in the winter he has the most fruit.
He believes these leaves to be a good protection for the strawberry plant in the
winter. In places where the leaves did not fall upon the plants or were blown
away, the crop is much lighter.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 307

Prof. Alex. Winchell interested the meeting by giving his experience with the
troublesome birds. He greatly deplored the loss of his cherries by these depre-
dators. The blackbird he censured most, as he had the most reason to com-
plain of this bird. He felt rather annoyed that the city authorities forbid a
man protecting his property by prohibiting the right of shooting these fero-
cious birds. It being intimated that the birds also mitigate the troubles of the
fruit man by destroying insects, to which the professor replied that he never
observed one of these birds to catch a worm so long as there was fruit to be
secured.

N. B. Covert arose to defend the feathered tribe, as he called them, and said
that he would take all birds sent away by others.

Mr. Scott also had reason to mourn the loss of his cherries by the birds, and
mainly charged the theft to those known as the cherry bird.

Prof. Nichols also attributed the loss of much of his fruit to the birds.

July Meeting.

J. D. Baldwin, the acting president, who was one of the delegates to the State
Pomological Society recently held at Battle Creek, made a brief verbal report
upon the same. .

Secretary Charles W. Garfield of the State Pomological Society, being pres-
ent, was introduced and addressed the meeting. Mr. Garfield briefly touched
upon the bird question which was up before the meeting, and said that we
ought to well consider the matter before taking sides either for or against any
bird, and while he desired to give the birds their proper credit in assisting the
fruitman to keep down the destructive insects, he also keenly felt the losses of
his best fruits by them. But his address was mainly devoted to the working of
the State Pomological Society. He said it was a missionary work carried on
by lovers of horticulture. He spoke highly of the beneficial influence these
pomological societies exert over the refinements of the people, and expressed
the desire to see all in the family interest themselves in these meetings. He
was pleased and surprised at the large acreage of fruit culture about Ann
Arbor, and spoke highly of the many well-kept residences. The locality he
thought very picturesque, and certainly one of the most beautiful places to live
in in the State. He had recently organized a number of local horticultural soci-
eties, auxiliary to the State society, and while so engaged he said he often took
occasion to impress upon the farmers and communities the importance of
embellishing their homes,—making their homes attractive, and by this means
the young people would be more contented to remain at home.

Prof. Nichols and J. Austin Scott concurred with the important suggestion
of Mr. Garfield in regard to the strengthening of family ties through the
embellishment of homes.

After the reports of the committees on the exhibit, Mr. E. E. Baldwin gaye
a very entertaining address on ‘‘ Fruits of Mississippi.’’

Special July Meeting.

A special meeting was called July 20th for the discussion of early peaches,
and there was a fine exhibit of fruit.

Dr. Conklin spoke of the Early Curtiss peach. He gave the origin of this
new variety and spoke of its merits. He said that he was highly impressed
with its value, and therefore set out a large number of trees. The doctor
believed this to be a richer and a firmer peach than the other early varieties.

308 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

He picked the first ripe specimens on the 8th of July. He kept his peaches:
and plums from becoming wormy by besmearing the bodies of the trees a foot
from the ground with a mixture of common grease and sulphur, putting in as
much of the latter as would stick to the grease. Plum and peach trees not so
treated, 50 feet away, had all the fruit destroyed by the worms.

Mr. Dorr spoke of the value of the Early Curtiss peach. He became:
acquainted with it about nine years ago, in harvest time, and was at once
favorably impressed with its merits. He felt confident that this peach was a
little earlier than the other early varieties.

A committee was appointed to report upon the peaches upon exhibition, and
after some discussion the preference was given to the Curtiss over Hale’s Early.

August Meeting.

The August meeting was occupied by a paper read by C. H. Richmond,
which we give in full, on

THE RIGHTS OF ORCHARDISTS AND PROTECTION AGAINST MARAUDERS,

The first branch of the subject, ‘‘The Rights of Orchardists,’’ I take it, or
rather interpret, as meaning the legal rights of the fruit-grower to the property
and products of the orchard, the garden, and vineyard, and his rights to con-
trol and protect the same from the depredations of eyery person who may be
disposed to unlawfully injure, destroy, or dispossess him of them. With this
interpretation of the first branch of the subject, it may be well to inquire
whether the legal rights of the orchardist to his property and its lawful pro-
tection under our laws are materially different from those of the farmer or any
other class of our citizens. I think they are not, and I think that upon exam-
ination it will clearly appear that the underlying principles in all our laws for
the protection of all the property of all the citizens of the State are the same.

It is true there are different kinds of property, for the protection of which
there are in some cases special enactments or laws, but in most cases the law
of itself is inadequate as a means of protection. It affords protection no fur-
ther than the fear of the penalty and disgrace of its violation acts as a restraint
upon the offenders, and the infliction of ifs penalty prevents the violators from
opportunities for further depredations.

How far the owner of an orchard or vineyard may use the prerogative of
his muscle as a means of defending his property, and what means other than
the law he may use, are questions which may very properly be considered as
embraced in the subject you have proposed for discussion. I take it that the
word ‘‘marauders’’ as here used is intended to mean persons, lawless persons,
who commit trespasses and depredations upon the property of the fruit-growers
and farmers in yarious ways, and from different motives and objects. These
persons may very properly be divided into three classes: plunderers, thieves,
conscious and unconscious trespassers. ‘The first are a class of roving, unprin-
cipled individuals, who commit their depredations upon any favorable oppor-
tunity, chiefly in the night-time and on Sundays, sometimes from motives of
gain, but mostly from pure cussedness; they are not scrupulous about leaving
evidences of their having been present, for they seem to take pleasure in
breaking down and destroying, as well as converting and carrying away. The
second are a class who carry on their depredations in a more systematic way 3
they steal for gain; professionals, working mostly in the night-time, and are
very careful not to leave traces of their work further than the absence of the

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 309

property they carry away. The third are a class mostly of juveniles, some of
whom are very sly, take to thieving naturally, and are conscious of doing
wrong; others of this class are too young to realize fully the wrong, and
believe the proprietor of a fruit orchard a mean man if he will not allow them
to take off even the unripe fruit as they want.

Now, it is in the experience of every fruit-grower to know some of each
class I have described. In some localities they have been and are still quite
numerous. How can the orchardist and fruit-grower effectually protect his
products against their depredations?

He may use the prerogative of his muscle, he may employ others to watch
and catch, and he may invoke the protection and aid of the law and the law
officers.

If he exercise his personal prerogative he may use all reasonable and suffi-
cient means and force to arrest or eject a thief or trespasser on his premises;
but may not shoot, maim, or use any unreasonable or deadly weapon in so doing,
to his injury, for he will be liable at law for damages unless the injury be done
strictly in self defense. And so he may not place any deadly instrument or
device, dangerous to life or limb, such as trap-guns, deadfalls, poisons, or the
like in his orchard, fields, or garden for the purpose and intent of injuring any
person who may unlawfully enter, and on the plea of protecting his fruit or
otherwise, for the law regards such devices as imperiling the lives of the inno-
cent as well as the wrong-doer, and cannot be allowed or justified upon any
grounds whatever.

“ Eyery man’s house is his castle,’’? is a common law maxim! And aman
will be justified, and his servants will be justified, in killing, by any means at
hand, a thief or burglar who enters and attempts to rob or murder him. Not
so may he or they do to a trespasser on his orchard or garden.

It is evident that the employment of a police force sufficient to fully protect
each and every orchard would be too expensive and is therefore impracticable.

It may be possible, but I doubt if practicable, for the fruit-grower to erect a
fence around his property, which, either in its construction or material, will
prove an effectual barrier against depredators. He may, and perhaps to some
advantage, keep, for a like purpose, a dive fence in the shape of a dog, but he
must be careful that the character of his dog is good, and his disposition and
temper is not habitually vicious, and that his intelligence is sufficient to distin-
cuish, if allowed to act on his own responsibility, the intentional trespasser or
thief from the person of honest intentions, or he may involve, by his indiscre-
tions, his owner in trouble, more serious and expensive than the loss of the
fruit he is kept to guard and protect.

Let me now direct your attention to some of the provisions of law which are
directly applicable to the subject under consideration :

First, any person who shall enter a vineyard during the months of August,
September, and October, and eat or carry away any of the fruit of such vine-
yard, without the consent of the owner or occupant of the same, shall be liable
to a fine for each offense committed of five dollars or twenty days imprison-
ment in the county jail, or both, in the discretion of the court.—C. L. ’ 73,
chap. 245, laws of 1869.

Any person who shall willfully and maliciously or wantonly and without
cause cut down or destroy, or otherwise injure, any fruit tree, or any other tree
not his own, standing or growing for shade, ornament or other useful purpose,
or shall maliciously break down, injure, mar, or deface any fence belonging to
or inclosing lands not his own, or shall maliciously throw down or open any

?

310 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gate, bars, or fence and leave the same down or open, or shall imaliciously or
injuriously sever from the freehold of another any produce thereof or anything
attaching thereto, shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail not
more than one year, or by fine not exceeding one hundred dollars.—C. L.,
chap. 181, sec. 49.

And when the damages from the offense committed as above stated in section
forty-nine shall be to the owner of said tree or trees to the amount of twenty-
five dollars, the penalty shall be imprisonment in the State prison not exceed-
ing five years, or imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year, or
fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, in the discretion of the court.—C.
L., chap. 181, laws 1835.

Any person who shall willfully cut down or destroy any timber, or carry away
any timber cut down, * * * or any fruit, root, or plant, * * * or
any grass, hay, or grain standing or being on the land of another, and without
the leave or license of the owner, of the value of five dollars, shall be punished
by imprisonment in the county jail not more than sixty days, or by fine not
exceeding one hundred dollars.—C. L., chap. 181, sec. 51.

Every person who shall willfully commit any trespass, by entering upon the
garden, orchard, or other improved Jand of another, without permission of the
owner thereof, and with the intent to cut, take, carry away, destroy, or injure
the trees, grain, grass, hay, fruit or vegetables there growing or being, shall be
punished by imprisonment in the county jail not more than thirty days or by
fine not exceeding twenty dollars. And if any of the offenses mentioned in
this or in the preceding section (51) shall be committed on the first day of the
week, or in disguise, or secretly in the night, the imprisonment shall not be less
than five days nor the fine less than five dollars. —C. L., chap. 181, sec. 52.

The law provides that any person who shall wrongfully take and carry away
any fruit tree, ornamental tree, bush, plant, vine or vegetable with the intent
to deprive the owner thereof of the same; or shall with wrongful intent detach
them from the ground or injure them in any manner, shall be guilty of a mis-
demeanor, and on conviction may be imprisoned in the county jail not more
than six months, or fined not exceeding $250, or the court may impose both.—
C. L., chap. 181, law 1855.

It will be found upon examining the laws to which I have referred, thatthe
statutes define the nature and degree of the various offenses which may be
committed by depredators, whether crimes of greater or less degree, and haye
made definite provision for the punishment of each.

It is a principle of common law that ‘‘the intent and the act must concur to
constitute the crime.’? Children between the ages of seven and fourteen are
prima facie incapable of committing crimes, while those above the age of four-
teen are subject to the same rules of construction as those of full age.

The legislature of 1873 passed a law for the formation of companies for the
detection and apprehension of horse-thieves and other felons—Session laws
1873, page 55.

Under the provisions of that law, any ten persons, residents of this State, may
form a company, by signing articles of association: stating the name of the com-
pany, the name and residence of each of its members, and file and record the same
in the office of the register of deeds in the county in which a majority of the
members of the company reside. When the articles of association are so
recorded the company will be a body corporate, and may sue and be sued; may
appoint officers and define their duties; may admit and expel members; may
hold and possess real and personal property to the amount of ten thousand

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 311

dollars. Each and every member of the company, when engaged in arresting
offenders against the criminal laws of the State, shall have all the protection,
rights and privileges of constables, and may call to their aid the peace officers
of the State, in accordance with law, in the pursuit of felons and reclaiming
stolen property.

I call your attention to this law, believing that under its provisions a company
can be organized that may and will be of service in protecting the property of
the fruit-grower, as well as in the detection and apprehension of thieves.

September Meeting.

This was one of the best attended meetings the society has ever held, and
one of unusual interest to the commercial fruit grower. There was a large
display of the fruits in season, and also a fine display of flowers.

The society thus far has been in the habit of discussing the fruits that
ripened about the time of the meetings, and took up the peach as the subject
for discussion, it being the most prominent fruit at this time in the county.

Prof. Emil Baur discouraged the planting of so many peach trees, as he was
fearful the matter was being overdone.

Mr. J. D. Baldwin said: I would plant more later varieties than we have
heretofore done. The Smock is safe to plant, and I would plant something
that ripens ten days later. There is no danger of injuries by frosts on our high
elevations. The 'Troth’s Early does well with me on a sandy soil, but on heavy
clay it does not grow as large, and I intend to replace it with other varieties
where found on such soil. I am confident we can make the peach reasonably
profitable if properly managed.

J. Austin Scott.—I was both gratified and amused in listening to the pre-
ceding speakers. If properly managed, fruit culture on an average is profit-
able. I believe if a strict count were kept by the peach men of this vicinity,
a fair profit remains. I consider a high clay spot most favorable for ripening
early peaches. The kinds of peaches and also the markets should be studied.
I do not believe in planting too many of one variety. By having earlier and
later varieties we may often catch something by having some of our dishes
right side up when the rain falls.) Wheat and other products are sometimes
overdone, but for all that we should not be discouraged. The country was
neyer more prosperous than to-day. I think, like friend Baldwin, that there
-are ways open out of the apparent troubles.

Judge P. L, Page.—I think it not becoming in us to complain because high
prices were not paid for the peaches the present season. In some of the east-
ern States, where the peach is largely grown, the peach men experienced simi-
lar difficulties until they learned how to preserve fruits in various ways as now
put up for the trade, and then the business became permanently and firmly
established, and on a paying basis. Iam of the hope that there will be some
practical way to take care of our soft fruit that it may be profitably saved.

Dr. M, A. Conklin.—As to varieties, the Early Crawford is planted too largely.
I have but fifty trees of that kind. I planted largely of the earliest varieties.
I would urge the importance to plant varieties of early and late and so spread
over as large a space of time as possible. In regard to soil I find that on a
sandy soil and a southern slope, peaches ripen the earliest. It is so with all
fruits. I would set late varieties on a northern slope.

J. D. Baldwin.—I think Prof. Baur ought to be cheered up. We have now
passed through the worst of the present season. We want to plant more

312 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the earlier and later kinds, and thus more fully balance the business. I
cleared last year, out of a small part of my orchard, $3,000 and $400 for field
crops, which I grew between my young trees not in bearing. Out of this I paid
for growing and marketing the crop, $1,900, leaving me $1,500 profit.

The day for holding the October meeting happened to come at the time the
county agricultural society held its fair, and therefore, after preliminary local
business, the meeting was adjourned.

There were two meetings held in November. ‘The business was principally on
arranging for the annual meeting of the State Horticultural society, which
was held here at Ann Arbor, in acceptance of an invitation from this society,
in December, 1880.

The utilization and sales of the peach crops were discussed, and a committee
was appointed to more fully consider the subject.

December or Annual Meeting.

The committee on the utilization and sale of our peach crops made their
report, which was accepted. This matter was laid over for future action.

After the preliminary business of the meeting was transacted the society
proceeded to the election of officers for the year 1881, the result of which will
be found at the beginning of this report.

Go
a
©o

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES.

BERRIEN COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PREPARED BY SECRETARY REEVES.

This society was organized August 21, 1880. The officers for 1881 are as
follows: ’

President—R. C. Tate, St. Joseph.

Vice Presidents—S. G. Antisdale, Benton Harbor; W. A. Brown, Stevens-
ville; S. H. Comings, St. Joseph; D. N. Brown, Benton Harbor; J. H.
Feather, St. Joseph; R. C. Thayer, Benton Harbor.

Secretary and Treasurer—C. EK. Reeves, Benton Harbor.

These officers constitute the executive board, with full power to enact laws,
remove negligent officers, fill vacancies, call meetings, etc., and have charge of
the annual exposition.

Regular meetings are held quarterly, the time and place being selected by
the board.

The annual meeting for election of officers occurs on the second Wednesday
of December. ‘The first or preliminary meeting was held at St. Joseph August
7th, at which time committees on framing a constitution and soliciting mem-
berships were appointed. Several interesting questions were discussed, among
which were causes of premature leaf dropping from plum trees, blackberry
rust, pear blight, etc.

The first regular meeting was held at Benton Harbor August 21, when a con-
stitution was adopted and officers elected to serve until the annual meeting of
1881.

Special Meeting Sept. 18.

This meeting was held at Benton Harbor, and quite largely attended by
fruit growers, who were drawn in by the expected discussion of the peach yellows
and the law relating thereto.

S. H. Comings read a letter from a friend in New Jersey, which stated that
peaches were now growing to perfection there in regions devastated by the
yellows but a few years ago. Mr. Comings offered two questions for considera-
tion: First, whether this latitute was not north of the natural peach zone, and
thus unfitted to compete with Delaware and Maryland; and, second, whether
peach growing was longer profitable in view of present low prices.

D. N. Brown, in reply to the latter query, said that the present low prices
were the result of shipping diseased fruit, and not from over production, and
that good fruit could not now be sold readily simply because purchasers were
so often deceived and feared the disease.

S. G. Antisdale presented at length some recent investigations, going to show
that the disease was a fungoid growth upon the under side of the leaves.

After a prolonged discussion the society adopted the following:

Resolved, That this society advise the immediate enforcement of the peach yellows
law in the several townships of this county.

314 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Special Meeting December 28,

At this meeting, also held at Benton Harbor, 8. H. Comings read an essay on
IMPROVEMENT OF SWAMP LANDS FOR FRUIT AND OTHER PURPOSES.

which is given as follows:

For several years past my attention has been particularly called to the value
of swamp lands for fruit and other purposes. or ages these swamps haye been
the receptacles into which haye been wafted the falling leaves from the sur-
rounding uplands, and into which the wash of the floods has brought abundant
elements of fertility, which have been here well preserved by water from the
dissipating effects of the air, and are only waiting for the skill of man to give up
their rich stores in abundant and long-continued crops of most desirable
products.

All about us these swamp lands are lying idle and useless, yielding their
annual crop of town, county, and State taxes,—profitable to the tax collector,
but sadly unremunerative to the owner.

The cranberry and whortleberry, two of our most universally popular fruits,
are natives of these swamps, and have grown luxuriantly among the ferns and
mosses, until the fires of the white man have destroyed them.

The cranberry has become almost extinct in a wild state, and the whortle-
berry so scarce as to bring higher prices than almost any of our most popular
cultivated berries, and will soon disappear from our markets unless its culture
is undertaken, and the proper means for its profitable growth learned. The
price for whortleberries has been from $2.00 to $4.00 per bushel for several
years past. From my observations I am well satisfied that the berry can be as
readily improved in size and productiveness by improved conditions of growth
as the cranberry, and similar conditions of summer drainage and winter flood-
ing seem to favor its best growth; and as it would require no annual expense
for culture, it would be a very profitable fruit.

Like all other new branches of agriculture this will well repay care and
study to know how best to reclaim these waste swamp lands, and to know
which variety of fruit or crop is best adapted to particular lands. But this
may not be a difficult lesson, and when studied, we may find, like the early
miners in Colorado, that we have blundered over our richest ‘‘ carbonates,’’
and dug for less rich ores in other places.

Iam told that much of the most valuable productive lands in Ireland were
originally peat bogs, like our peat and muck swamps, which have been deeply
and thoroughly drained, and are now almost exhaustless in fertility.

The whole country of Holland is also a reclaimed swamp.

Near Grand Rapids, in this State, I was shown a former floating-marsh,
which has recently been reclaimed, and splendid crops of celery are now grown
where a few years since was a worthless swamp.

In Connecticut large crops of onions are grown on reclaimed peat lands.
This is rather strongly flavored ‘‘ fruit,’’ but quite valuable, withal.

From all these facts, it seems well worth while to be looking up our swamp
lands, and endeavor by intelligent effort to so improve them as to obtain the
valuable products they are so capable of yielding us.

The writer has cut from three to four tons of splendid blue-joint hay per
acre, on land in Wisconsin that had been a deep, wet, floating cranberry marsh,
a few years before. During a dry time a severe fire swept over it, and along

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 315

the lowest part the floods of water cut a channel from three to six feet deep,
forming a good drainage ditch, the effect of which was to make one of the
most splendid hay meadows ever seen.

President Tate presented a paper, which was read by Mrs. Tate, upon

GRAPE CULTURE.

Horticulture offers to its devotees the greatest field for study and reflection,
while it adds to labor both pleasure and profit, thus encouraging us ina pur-
suit where every day teaches us its useful lesson, and every flower, and plant,
and shrub, and tree, and vine makes known to man its wants, demanding of
us our most careful study and most watchful care. Thus has the Great Cre-
ator arranged our surroundings, that while toiling in the necessary avocations
of life we are at the same time drawing from labor the pleasures and enjoy-
ments that lift the burden from our shoulders and change toil to pleasure.

But this is not all: while we enjoy the pleasure of labor we are also encour-
aged to look forward to its profits, and this I consider to be one of the princi-
pal objects of the organization of this society, and it is earnestly hoped that
our efforts in that direction will not be without good results.

One of the subjects announced for discussion to-day is ‘‘Grape Culture.’’ I
would therefore beg to trespass on your time for a few moments while I present
a few remarks on preparation of the soil, condition and preparation of the
young vines preparatory to planting, the manner of planting, and the care
after planting, including staking, trellising, etc., and will also add a few words
in regard to some of the newer varieties of grapes; but, before doing so, I must
first assure you that you will hear but little that is new, the whole field having
been so thoroughly and so wisely traversed by the many eminent writers who
have presented us with so much valuable information on this subject during the
last quarter of a century that I scarcely find room for personal identification.
I will therefore endeavor to be governed by the practical, leaving theory to those
who prefer it.

The preparation of the soil will be the first matter to be considered. This
work should commence a year before planting, if possible, when, if the subsoil
comes too near the surface, say 8 or 10 inches, a subsoil plow should be used
and three or four inches of the subsoil brought to the surface for atmospheric
action, the whole surface thoroughly worked during the season, and again well
plowed late in the fall. Thus, by turning up the subsoil, the concealed gases
therein would be liberated and come in contact with the gases of the atmos-
phere, creating a chemical change in the soil and rendering it in a condition to
yield the most nourishment to the young plant the following year. In the fall
plowing already mentioned, I would suggest that it be plowed in ridges or lands
ten feet wide and so arranged that the dead furrow will come between the rows
of young vines when planted, that is, assuming that it is desired to plant the
vines ten feet apart each way, which distance I consider the best under ordi-
nary circumstances, though the Concord and other vigorous growers might be
improved by increasing the distance to fifteen feet.

Prior to planting the following spring the harrow should be freely used, so
as to make the surface have a thoroughly smooth and clean appearance. Then
stake the centers of the ridges at distances ten feet apart, putting in a good,
strong stake, say seven or eight feet long and not less than three inches in
diameter; drive the stake well down into the subsoil and tamp it in thoroughly.
Then dig the holes, commencing on the south side of the stake and slanting
downward and outward at an angle of about forty-five degree, so that when

316 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

completed the side of the hole next to the stake will have the appearance of the
section of a slightly flattened cone, the outer and deeper part of the hole form-
ing nearly a half circle.

‘The next thing to be considered is the condition of the young vines as they
come from the nursery, and their treatment prior to planting,—and before
doing so, will state that I believe good, strong, one-year-old vines from cuttings
make a more vigorous growth and more healthy vines than do those of two or
three years. And it ismy experience that not more than one out of a thousand
will fail to grow.

When young vines arrive from the nursery in the spring they frequently have
a dried and shriveled appearance, having been kept in a cellar all winter, and
possibly been two or three weeks in transit. From these causes many of the
vines become exceedingly dormant and nearly exhausted, therefore requiring
immediate care. They should at once be unpacked and placed in a pit, in a slant-
ing position head downwards, and well covered with fresh earth, and, as soon
thereafter as convenient, should be taken out, a bundle at a time, and thoroughly
pruned. When a bundie is taken from the pit the hole should be filled at once
with earth, so as to keep the air from injuring those still remaining. The
pruning should be done in the cellar, or some equally cool room in an out-
building, and a large tub of water kept at hand into which the vines should be
thrown after pruning. When the whole bundle has been pruned, they should
then be taken from the water and carefully tied up and heeled in until required
for planting, making sure that the labels appear plainly above the ground, so
that the varieties can be easily distinguished.

In regard to the necessary pruning of the young vine before planting, I am
aware that there is a great diversity of opinion. I will therefore state, that my
experience is greatly in favor of what might be termed short pruning, that is
to say, cut back the main cane to six or eight inches, and closely remove all
side shoots; then cut the roots back to twelve or fifteen inches, carefully
removing all broken or injured roots that remain. And if too great a
mass of roots exist, some should be entirely removed. ‘This done, the vine is
ready for planting. In planting the vine, the hole having already been made
and the stake well set, the top of the vine should be brought close up to the
stake and two or three inches above the surface, the roots well spread, care
being taken that none be allowed to cross. ‘Then throw in an inch or two of
fine loose surface earth and pack well down with the hand; then, if convenient,
throw in a shoyelful of well rotted compost, or a handful or two of bone-meal,
spreading it thoroughly. Fill up the hole nearly level with the surface, tramp-
ing in the earth during the process of filling. pete the label to the stake,
and the work is done.

It might be well to note here, that when asi are taken from the pit for
planting in the vineyard they should be kept covered as closely as possible, and
afew ata time plunged into a pail of water and taken out as planted. This
will greatly assist them in their early struggles for a new existence.

The next thing in order is the cultivation and care of the young vine during
the first year. By the middle of May, or soon thereafter, the ground should
be neatly and carefully plowed, throwing the earth away from the vines, and a
few days later it shouid be cross-worked with a three-shovel plow or deep-
running cultivator, keeping at least two feet from the grape-stakes; then hoe
around the young plants—not merely a scraping off of the young growing
weeds, but a thorough cultivation with the hoe, and from this time to the
middle of August the cultivating and hoeing process should be repeated at least

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 17

once in two weeks, after which a season of rest should be allowed, to permit
the plant to perfect its growth, and ripen its wood, preparatory to encountering
the force of approaching winter.

During the first year but one cane should be allowed to grow; this should be
the strongest sent forth by the vine, and when eight to twelve inches long
should be tied to the stake, all others rubbed off, and the rubbing off repeated
weekly during the growing season. The main cane should be kept well tied
up during the season, to encourage the flow of sap to the top of the vine. This
will have the effect of discouraging the growth of suckers and laterals, the
eyes around the lower part of the vine becoming so dormant as to give but
little trouble afterwards. In the latter part of October the plow should again
be used, this time throwing the earth up to the young vines, and before the
winter sets in, cut back the canes to eight or ten inches, and cover thoroughly
for two or three feet around with coarse barn-yard manure. This will not only
protect the young vines during the winter, but will give additional strength to
the soil the following season.

The first work to be done the second year is removing the mulching used
during the winter. This should be done as early as the first of May, or earlier
if the season is forward. The manure used for mulching should be well spread
oyer the vineyard, and plowed under about the middle of the month, when the
same course of cultivation should be kept up as recommended for the previous
year—only that the plow and cultivator should be run less deeply.

And in training, two canes should be allowed to grow, in place of one the
year before. ‘These two canes should be those proceeding from the two upper-
most eyes on the last year’s cane as cut back, and should be kept tied up in
manner like those of the first year, and the rubbing off process carefully
attended to.

The fall plowing should be done at the same time and in the same manner
as in the year preceding, and, if possible, the mulching should also be attended
to, the object being to induce the growth of roots and to add to the vigor of
the vine that is to come into leaving the next year.

After the fall plowing is done the second year, the two canes of each vine
should be taken from the stakes, and all laterals cut away close to the main
cane, and the canes cut back to five or six feet,—that is, assuming that the
canes have made a growth of eight to ten feet during the season. As the
stakes will no longer be required they may be remoyed and put away to be used
again when needed. When the canes have been pruned, they may be laid
down and covered with coarse manure, or any other coarse mulching, or a
little earth may be thrown upon them, and, I assure you, they will pay well
for the extra care in the years to follow. This brings us down to the spring of
the third year, which in the life of the vine is a very important period, as from
this date on it is expected to give some returns for the labor and care expended
upon it. But before this good time begins, we must add to its already large
indebtedness a not inconsiderable sum for posts and wire, and the labor of
erecting a thoroughly substantial trellis.

The posts should be secured during the winter before, and at once distributed
throughout the vineyard; the poles can then be made, and the posts set as
early in the spring as the weather will permit. I would recommend posts to
be seven feet long, and not less than six inches in diameter, and should be set
in the ground three feet and thoroughly tamped. The end posts of each row
should be ten to twelve inches in diameter, and after being tamped solidly
should be well braced. The posts should be sect thirty feet apart in the rows,

318 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and a straight line carefully maintained. I would also recommend using No.
10 galvanized wire, which I consider the best, and in the end the cheapest,
and if well stretched when put up will not sag with the heaviest crop of fruits.
Galvanized wire will not corrode, and will therefore last many years longer
than the common annealed wire.

When the posts are all set then stretch the wire, and draw it as tight as it
can be strained, and fasten to the posts with staples, the lower wire thirty
inches from the ground, and the upper one on top of the posts, which should
be just four feet high. It may be readily observed that I favor but two wires
for a trellis. When the trellis is completed the vines should then be raised and
tied loosely to the wires to allow room for growth. A strong tarred string
makes the best tie. Hach alternate vine should be tied to the lower wire, and
the intervening one to the upper wire. The vines intended for the lower wire
should be tied together, rather loosely, a few inches below the line of the wire;
then spread the arms to the right and left along the wire, and tie securely every
twelve or fifteen inches, allowing each arm to gradually reach out to its next
neighbor, ten feet away; thus the vine in its bearing form would have two
bearing arms ten feet long. Those intended for the upper wire should be
twisted one arm around the other (not tightly) and made fast to the lower wire,
then another twist and a tie, a little below the upper wire, and the arms then
stretched along the upper wire to the right and left, and tied same as the
lower.

In this way each vine is made to occupy the room of the other without in-
terfering with it, with abundance of room underneath for cultivation and free
circulation of air.

When the trellising is finished, and the proper season has arrived, the plow-
ing and cultivation can then be proceeded with, same as in other years, only
that the plow and cultivator should now be run very shallow, three or four
inches being deep enough, as the roots will by this time have filled the soil for
the whole space between the rows, and often within six to ten inches of the
surface.

After the vine has been thoroughly trellised, and has come into full bearing,
it only requires the annual pruning, and frequent and careful cultivation to
make it soon repay the large indebtedness it owes, and thereafter make large
deposits to its credit for many succeeding years. I know of no other fruit
grown in this section of country that will pay for cultivation half as well as
the grape.

In my experience with summer pruning, I have found it to agree only with a
few varieties, such as the Hartford and Diana, while the Concord and Catawba
appear to be positively injured by it. How it will agree with the newer vari-
eties I am now testing, I can tell better a year hence.

I will now say a word or two about some of the newer varieties I have been
testing, and will name them in the order as I consider them the most desirable,
naming what I esteem as the best, first:

Brighton.—This is a new, dark-red grape of excellent quality, and I am in-
clined to think the best of the new red grapes, being tender and sweet, with
a rich sprightly flavor; is a strong, healty grower, and a great bearer; ripens
about with the Hartford.

Worden.—This I consider the best black grape extant. It isastrong grower,
a good bearer; ripens early, and will carry its fruit without shriveling or drop-
ping for a month after ripe, and retains its foliage to the end of the season; it
is sweet, tender and delicious in every respect.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 319

Lindley.—A beautiful, bright red grape; bunch large, berries large, tender
and sweet, with a delicious, sprightly aromatic flavor; is a good keeper, and a
prolific bearer; ripens about with the Hartford; vine a vigorous grower, at the
same time being very healthy and hardy.

Perkins.—A beautiful pale lilac or flesh-colored grape, with white bloom;
bunch medium to large; flesh sweet and juicy, with a slight foxy flavor; vine a
strong grower and a good bearer; ripens early.

Agawam.—A beautiful red, or amber-colored grape; bunch large and loose;
berries large, tender, and juicy, with a peculiar rich, aromatic flavor; vine a
strong grower, healthy, hardy, and prolific; ripens about with the Concord.

Martha.—An excellent white, or greenish-yellow grape; skin very thin;
meat tender and sweet; slightly foxy, but lacking sprightliness; bunch and
berry medium ; ripens with Concord.

Lady.—A new white grape of fair quality, with thin skin, meat tender and
sweet, though rather flat, and, in fact, but little better than the Martha;
bunches medium, berry large, ripens with the Hartford.

Goethe—This is an excellent late grape, of beautiful appearance, bunch
large and compact, berries large and oval in form, of a yellowish green color,
tinged with red on one side, and, when fully ripe, is a rich amber, almost
transparent, strongly indicating foreign blood, and somewhat resembling the
Malaga; flesh sweet and jnicy, with a delicious aromatic flavor; a good keeper
a strong grower, and very productive.

Champion.—A new early black grape of medium quality, becoming quite
sweet when fully ripe; is a very robust grower and the most productive of any
grape I have tested; bunch medium to large; berries large and compact;
ripens with me 1st to 10th of August, and will remain on the vines for a month
later without shriveling; will make a profitable early market grape.

In addition to those I have already named, I am now testing some twenty or
more varieties which will come into bearing next year, after which, if desired,
I will make known the results; and feeling, asI do, that there is no other fruit
grown in this country that equals the grape, I earnestly desire that each and
every member of this society will make a special test of a few kinds, in hopes
that we may yet, not in the distant future, find the variety which will contain
every element of perfection. ‘The person who will discover such a variety and
bring it up to perfection in this neighborhood will receive the grateful thanks
of the whole community, and will be sure of a large pecuniary reward.

We find in the sacred writings that a certain gentleman of high reputation
planted a vineyard in the neighborhood of Mount Ararat over four thousand
years ago, which is the earliest date I am able to establish when this favorite
pursuit of ours was undertaken by man.

I cannot help but regret that the same authority fails to give us further in-
formation in regard to the success of Noah as a vineyardist, but we have rea-
sons to presume that it was not a failure, as he seems to have gone into the
wine business soon thereafter and got deplorably intoxicated, and as is not un-
common in these days, under such circumstances, he became very abusive and
cursed a certain member of his family.

Now, while I would recommend all to emulate Noah as far as planting a
vineyard is concerned, I would deeply regret that any one should follow his
later example as above referred to. But let us consider a moment in regard to
the fact that Noah planted a vineyard after the deluge. Now, the question
arises, where did he get his instructions in this branch of husbandry? and

320 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

from whom did he get the young vines? Hubbard did not live then; Ellwanger
and Barry did not live then; Purdy did not live then; so, where did they come
from? ‘The only answer is, he took them with him into the ark. So we are
thus led to believe that grapes were grown long before the destruction of the
old world—and even grapes may haye grown in the Garden of Eden, in the
days of Adam and Eye. Yet, I am unable to find anything in the history of
those times that would confirm such a supposition, and am therefore inclined
to the belief that they were not. Had they grown there at that period as.
delicious as they do here at the present, I think they would have been used by
the tempter, in place of the apple, as, in my judgment, the temp to eat.
would have been much greater.

On motion of A. R. Nowlen, a committee was appointed to ascertain whether
there was in the State treasury any of the swamp land fund belonging to this
county.

On motion of W. A. Brown, the society extended to the State society a cor-
dial invitation to hold its next annual meeting at some point in Berrien county.

The present membership of the society is twenty-eight.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

J. W. Leslie, J. A. McCulloch, R. C. Thayer, L. C. Crittenden, 8. G. Antis-
dale, L. M. Ward, A. R. Nowlen, H. Merry, D. N. Brown, C. E. Reeves, J. R.
Stone, O. E. Mead, P. M. Kinney, R. Winans—Benton Harbor.

S. H. Comings, C. P. Phelps, Ira Overacher, R. C. Tate, G. F. Comings,
Chas. Rogge, J. H. Niz, R. W. Van Brunt, O. B. Osborne, W. F. Peters, W.
T’. Jones—St. Joseph; Samuel Marrs, Stevensville ; H. C. Sherwood, Water-
vliet; Thos. Mason, Chicago, Ill.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 321

COLON AND MATTESON POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The officers for 1880 and 1881 are as follows:

President—Orison Tomlinson.

Vice President—R. EK. Copeland.

Secretary—J. H. Clement.

Treasurer—G. W. Teller.

Executive Committee—Dr. Isaac Sides, W. H. Castle, Richard Dougherty,
P. Farrand, Ansel Tyler, of Colon; R. E. Copeland, A. Turner, A. Fiske, G.
Fulton, of Matteson; Wm. B. Langley, of Centerville; Henry Yanney, A. C.
Prutzman, of Three Rivers.

This society was organized on the 8th of October, 1879, through the instru-
mentality of Orison Tomlinson and Dr. Isaac Sides, who labored assiduously
to enlist the farmers and fruit-growers to assist in this landable enterprise. On
the day and date above named the first exhibit of the new society was held.
Although it rained almost incessantly, yet a goodly number were in attendance
and contributed of such fruits as were matured at the time, making the display
all that could be expected under the existing circumstances. Some seventy-
five plates of choice specimens of apples, quinces, pears, and grapes were
placed on exhibition by Orison Tomlinson, R. E. Copeland, N. ‘Turner, F.
Judd, A. Fiske, J. H. Clement, and J. Hafer, as well as a number of house-
plants, boquets, and fancy designs by Dr. I. Sides, Mrs. EK. Sides, Mrs. Elisha
Hill, and Miss Lou Wilson, which graced the tables, together with several
vegetables from Henry Wansey, Timothy Whitmore, and Jacob Hafer, all of
which added character to the first effort of a few who were willing to sacrifice
their time and means to accomplish the work so earnestly commenced by them.

At the close of the exhibit an election was held, resulting in the choice of O.
Tomlinson, President; R. E. Copeland, Vice President; J. H. Clement, Sec-
retary; G. W. Teller, Treasurer. Executive Committee—Dr. Isaac Sides, W.
H. Castle, P. Farrand, J. Hafer, A. Hoyt, R. EK. Copeland, N. Turner, E.
Smith, A. Fiske, G. Fulton, after which the society adopted the name of Colon
and Matteson Pomological Society. At the adjournment the time of next
meeting was fixed upon as the 10th day of April, 1880.

April Meeting.

At this meeting a partial exhibit was held, consisting of green, dried and
canned fruits, honey, cereals, plants, flowers, etc., etc. Among the contribu-
tors were O. Tomlinson, J. H. Clement, Mr. and Mrs. G. Teller, W. P. Teller,
Mr. and Mrs. Dr. I. Sides, Mrs. J. H. Clement, Mrs. Permelia Hill, Mrs. Dr.
H. C. Kimball, and Wm. Sharer. At this, as at the October meeting, the
attendance was not large, yet the interest on the part of those who participated
gave evidence that the society eventually must prosper and succeed. During
the afternoon remarks were entertained from Chas. Sheldon of Burr Oak, W.
B. Langley of Centreville, John Weeks of Mendon, O. Tomlinson, Dr. Sides,
Prof. H. H. Crane, J. H. Clement, and Dr. H. C. Kimball, which were fol-
lowed by a sumptuous repast by the ladies of the floral society, which was
enjoyed by all present. After the cloth was removed, a vote of thanks was
extended to the ladies for their courtesy and hospitality.

41

322 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

September Meeting and Lxhibit.

On the 8th of September, the society having previously been solicited by the
Floral and Art Association to unite with them at their 4th annual fair, accepted
the invitation and gave the entire arrangement to president O. Tomlinson, who
devised the staging for the fruit, etc. Nearly 300 plates of winter and fall
apples, peaches, pears, quinces, grapes, blackberries decorated the stands, with
numerous bouquets interspersed, which added much to the general appearance
of the exhibit, making it attractive and inviting to the many visitors during
the entire fair. We take pleasure in appending a list of the donors, to wit:
W. B. Langley, O. Tomlinson, Dr. I. Sides, HE. 8. Schermerhorn, J. H. Cle-
ment, EK. Farrand, Asel Rogers, R. E. Copeland, Dr. A. J. Kinnie, A. Bowers,
J. Bowers, W. H. Castle, G. Moore, H. Whitmore, W. Snook, G. King, H.
Moury, G. Teller, D. Ware, J. Cupp, HE. Wagner, D. Wagner, EH. C. Wellesley,
H. Jacocks, Mrs. M. E. Rogers, Susie Rogers, Mrs. E. J. Schermerhorn, Miss
M. 8. Farrand, Mrs. A. McMellen, Mrs. E. Farrand, Mrs. G. Moore, Mr. Lear,
Rev. F. Gage, W. P. Teller.

During the afternoon an announcement was made by the president that it
was the request of the society that the audience assemble in the hall to listen
to an address by C. W. Garfield, of Grand Rapids, the Secretary of the State
Horticultural Society, whose services had been secured.

The address was listened to with marked attention, and was well appreciated.

After the usual order of exercises was carried out, the president solicited an
increased membership to the society. The following is a list of those who
connected themselves with the new society, to wit: O. Tomlinson, J. H. Cle-
ment, Dr. I. Sides, W. H. Castle, G. W. Teller, Wm. McCarty.

The efforts of a few were clearly demonstrated in their display, and evinced a
determination to go to work earnestly the coming year.

REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 329

COLON FLORAL AND ART ASSOCIATION.

The officers for 1880 are as follows:

President—Mrs. J. H. Clement.

Vice Presidents—Mrs. A. R. Hill, Mrs. E. Sides.

Secretary—Mrs. A. M. Banta.

Treasurer—Mrs. W. G. Davis.

Directors—Mrs. E. J. Schermerhorn, Mrs. Permelia Hill, Misses Maggie
and Frank Farrand.

On September 11th, 1877, a few ladies and gentlemen interested in the cul-
ture of flowers and house-plants convened in Colon, at the residence of Dr.
Isaac Sides, to discuss the subject of organizing a society for the purpose of
holding a floral exhibit. The result was the formation of a society with Mrs.
A. M. Banta, President; Mrs. E. Sides, Mrs. H. Miller, Vice Presidents; Miss
M. 8. Farrand, Secretary; Miss Frank Farrand, Treasurer; and an executive
committee consisting of Mr. and Mrs. Dr. I. Sides, Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Cle-
ment, Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Davis, Mrs. E. J. Schermerhorn, Mrs. M. E.
Rogers, Mr. and Mrs. J. Skinner, Mrs. Katie Miller, Mr. J. Farrand and W.
B, Akey.

Success crowned our efforts, for ‘‘ where there is a will there is a way,’ and
on the 18th of September, one week from our first meeting, the floral fair was
opened with a fine display of 500 pots of specimen plants, together with a great
variety of hanging baskets, quite a number of floral designs, and an indefinite
number of vases of cut flowers, interspersed with fancy work and paintings.

Our fair passed off admirably, not only as a pleasant entertainment, but also
in a financial sense, so that at the close of it, the faithless (for there were many
such), were obliged to be believing, and those who discouraged our undertaking
at first were compelled to consider it a success.

At the second official meeting, elated with our achievement and with bright
hopes for the future, the members of the association concluded to make the
floral society a permanent organization, having for its object the awakening of
a greater interest in the fine arts and the study and culture of flowers, which
tends to elevate the thoughts and brings the mind in constant communion with
nature, and brings out a beauty and refinement of taste which are never out of
place. It was decided to retain the same officers, and to have a constitution
and by-laws drawn up for the government of the association. The name Colon
Floral and Art Association was also adopted. This year witnessed our fourth
annual exhibit, with Mr. J. H. Clement, President. An increased interest is
very perceptible every year both by members and others. The Colon Pomolog-
ical Society united with us this fall in the exhibit, which greatly enhanced the
pleasure of the entertainment. “A proposition has been made recently by some
of the members to unite both and become a branch of the State Horticultural
Society, which we hope may be accomplished, as in union there is strength ;
but in so doing not to yield our individual character as a society.

THE SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE.

The Secretary's Portfolio is now looked upon as a fixed department in the
annual volume of the Michigan State Horticultural Society. The newspaper
notices all mention it favorably; letters without number from in and out of
the State urge #ts continuance, and the multitude of excellent hints brought
out during each year in connection with the progress of horticulture demands
that a place for preservation and ready reference be given them.

The men who investigate, experiment, and draw valuable deductions, are
rapidly passing away; but their experience and views we can save where they
will benefit men for generations. Itis the aim in this Portfolio to save only
the best things. As the reader glances over the contributions, he sees that the
authors of the gleanings here found are men and women whose opinions are
respected. In preparing the copy for this part of the annual volume, I find it
takes a great deal of time and thought. The aggregate amount of matter that
is written and spoken upon horticultural topics during the year is immense,
and very little of it is worthy of preservation. ‘To gather as much of this as
possible,—then to sift it several times, saving the best and trying to lose none
of the really valuable matter; and at the same time looking out not to dupli-
cate material in previous volumes, requires more of one than, appears in the
resultant. I fall very far short of my ideal, but I can see that if time would
admit of a more even distribution of the labor during the entire year, a more
satisfactory collection could be gathered.

To the newspapers named in connection with the large number of extracts
found in the Portfolio, I am largely indebted for assistance. I am especially
grateful to publishers of the following journals for the volumes of 1880 sent
me free of expense for this purpose: Rural New Yorker, Grange Visitor, Prac-
tical Farmer, Prairie Farmer, The Husbandman, Lansing Republican, Gar-
deners’ Monthly, Kentucky Live Stock Record, Detroit Post and Tribune,
Michigan Farmer, Farmer and Fruit Grower, Indiana Farmer, American
Agriculturist, American Rural Home, College Quarterly, and Industrialist.

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 825

For purposes of reference and generat convenience, I present the following
analysis of the contents of the Portfolio:

A—PoMOLOGY. B—FLORICULTURE.

1. Scientific and experimental. 1. Flowers and their culture.

2. The nursery. 2. Plants in the house.

3. The orchard. 3. Plant fertilizers.

4, Apples. C—LANDSCAPE GARDENING AND AR-

5. Pears. BORICULTURE.

6. Peaches. 1. Landscape gardening.

7. Grapes. 2. Ornamental planting.

8. Berries. 3. Ornamenting school grounds.

9. Planting and transplanting. 4, Forestry.

10. Pruning. 5. Hvergreens.

11. Fertilizers. D—THE GARDEN.

12. Storing, marketing and preserving. 1. Farmers’ gardens.

13. Birds and moles. 2. Special vegetables.

14. Insects and diseases. E—MIscELLANEOUS.

SECRETARY.

SCIENTIFIC AND EXPERIMENTAL.

NO SECRETS.

There are no secrets in horticulture; the laws that govern the germination of
a seed, the rooting of a cutting, or the taking of a bud or graft, are the same
as they were a thousand years ago, and any one pretending to have any secret
knowledge in the matter is either an ignoramus or an impostor.—Pefer
Henderson.

HOW LONG WILL SEEDS LIVE.

Darwin and others have made experiments on seeds by immersing them in
salt water. Out of 87 kinds 64 germinated after being in salt water for 28
days, and a few after an immersion of 137 days. Instances are on record too,
of seeds of American plants, which have been washed on the shores of West-
ern Europe, germinating after their long voyage across the Atlantic. Radish
seed has been known to grow freely when 17 years old, and it is also recorded
that kidney beans 100 years old, and rye 140 years old have germinated. So
. far as experience goes, prolonged vitality seems to depend on the nature of the
pericarp, testa, or albumen, though there are some inexplicable exceptions.
Thus, carrot will keep good four years, whereas angelica and parsnip (members
of the same family), having more oily seeds, will only grow the first and sec-
ond spring respectively after they are collected. ‘The seeds of Australian aca-
cias, which have a very hard dense testa, are long-lived, but the kidney bean,
which belongs to the same family, rarely grows after the third season. Some
seeds, for different reasons, are preferred two or three or more years old to
quite fresh ones; in some instances because the older seed germinates more

326 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

regularly as to time. Old balsam seed, other things being equal, has the rep-
utation of yielding a larger proportion of double flowered plants than new,
because its vital force decreases with age.—Practical Farmer.

SEED BEARING EXHAUSTIVE.

Every tree however hardy, will be hurt by heavy bearing. It is a strain up-
on the powers of the tree, lessening its vitality, requiring a year or more to
recruit, and shortening the period of its life. ‘The fruit fails, and largely, to
come up to its usual standard, to say nothing of its highest condition under the
best management. All this results from neglect of thinning out, an operation
much less difficult than is supposed. Remove down to a moderate amount of
fruit, which in a heavily laden tree is fully half the crop; often more should
be taken. ‘This relieves the tree, and enables it to concentrate on the rest of
the fruit, greatly increasing the size and quality, which in market tells most.
By lessening the number of specimens, the number of seeds is reduced; and it
is this particularly that favors the tree, as the seeds draw sharply upon the
tree’s vitality. It has also the effect of favoring bearing the next year. We
thus see how much can be done by this one operation. If all orchards were
thus treated, there would be a revolution in fruit growing.—Colman’s Rural
World.

PRESERVING SPECIMENS OF PLANTS AND FRUITS.

We are often at a loss how to preserve specimens of fruits and other agricul-
tural products. We haye tried to keep an unusually handsome bunch of grapes
or a ‘‘prize’’ apple, but have found that it shriveled up, changed color, or
was otherwise spoiled.

Dr. Nessler, of the Experimental Station at Karlsruhe, has been very
successful with a solution containing a little acid—sulphite of lime in 20 per
cent spirits of wine. Alcohol alone has long been employed as an antiseptic,
but when strong enough to preyent decay, it will usually affect the color or
otherwise alter the appearance of the specimen. ‘The fruit or plant should
first be moistened with the alcohol and one to ten drops of an eight-per-cent
solution of the sulphite added. The specimen is then covered with the alcohol.
In preserving leaves and other substances liable to change color, not more than
one or two drops of sulphite to every four ounces of the alcohol should be used.
For roots, tubers, etc., which are liable to turn brown or grow dark-colored,
three or four times the above quantity may be employed.

With this preparation specimens of white and green grapes, of green leaves,
and of roots have been kept for years in a light room without any visible
alteration. This liquid will also prevent wines from turning brown and check
fermentation. It can also be employed to preserve insects, fish, or small ~
animals.—Rural New Yorker.

WONDERS OF GRAFTING.

Hiram Stidolph tells the Rural World how he grafted a tomato vine on a
potato, as follows:
I have this summer grafted a tomato vine on a potato vine. It is now grow-

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 327

ing finely. If it had not been such adry summer, I think it would now be
full of fruit, and I should probably have potatoes at one end of the vine and
tomatoes at the other end. It has been grafted four months, and is now (Oct.
15th) full of blossoms. It is the most singular piece of grafting I have ever
done. I have grafted white currants on black currants, and on red ones, and
a gooseberry on a currant, which bore a gooseberry the first year. But grafting
the tomato on the potato gave me more trouble than any grafting I ever did.
The tomato vine looked sickly for a long time, but I shaded and watered it,
and it finally grew and produced blossoms, as I have stated.

STOCK AND GRAFT.

As breeders improve animals by breeding ‘‘in-and-in,’’ so, no doubt, varieties
of fruits may have their faults reduced, and better qualities increased by graft-
ing in-and-in on suitable stocks. An experimenter used to be very careful
where he cut grafts of the Fallawater, for of two trees in the orchard bearing
it, one was an Autumn sweet, and on that, the apples ripened and colored up
in the fall, looking then like a different apple from the green, hard fruit on
the other tree. ‘hese were finer and fairer, having a longer season of growth,
and would keep till April. Mr. Talbot reported to the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society a curious transformation of the Hightop Sweet through being
grafted on the Red Astrachan. The fruit passed for Astrachans at the
exhibition, having assumed their color and figure; and the judges were only
undeceived by finding them as sweet to the taste as the original Hightop. Mr.
W. Weston, of Winthrop, originated—so to say—an acid variation of the
Porter, by grafting it on a vigorous tree which bore large and very sour fruit.
The new strain is called the Cook’s Favorite, and, no doubt, very fitly, for the
typical Porter, while unsurpassed in its season as a high-flavored, handsome
dessert apple, is equally admirable for cooking. It is the Spitzenburg of its
season.— lV. Y. Tribune.

PRESERVATION OF APPLES.

Prof. F. H. Storer, in the Rural New Yorker, gives the results of experi-
ments performed by Sorauer in Germany, in keeping apples, as follows:

Three separate lots of the apples having been weighed out, one lot was spread
on shelves in an ordinary fruit cellar, another Jot was kept in air from which
moisture had been pretty thoroughly removed by means of chemicals, and the
third lot in air that was completely saturated with moisture. On re-weighing
the several lots after the lapse of some time, it was found that the apples kept
in the air of the cellar had lost three and a half per cent of their weight;
those kept in dry air almost eight per cent; while those kept in air satu-
rated with moisture had lost but little more than one-half per cent. It
could not be perceived that any advantage was gained by using the dry air;
on the contrary, the apples kept in the dry air shriveled more than the others,
and manifestly ripened more rapidly, so that in the later months of the
experiment they were less sweet than the others, and a larger proportion of
them decayed. Not a few of them became rotten-ripe, and this in spite of the
fact that, as was naturally to be expected, rather less moldiness appeared, as

328 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

time went on, upon the fruit kept in the dry air than upon that in the air
which was saturated with moisture. The importance of hindering the fruit
from coming too quickly to full maturity was further illustrated in these
experiments ‘by the fact that the first apples to decay were those which were
the ripest,—that is to say, most mature,—at the beginning of the experiments.

It was found to be true of apples kept upon shelves in the cellar, that they
gaye off more water by evaporation in a given time when they were green than
they did afterwards, as they became riper. It appeared also rather remark-
able, in a trial between apples whose stems had been broken off and those
whose stems had been left uninjured, that the latter lost rather more by evap-
oration than the former; the inference being that there is no harm in break-
ing the stalks of apples in the process of gathering.

Other experiments were made to determine how much influence thie natural
varnish on the skin of apples has upon their preservation. ‘To this end, the
waxy covering was removed from a number of apples by gently rubbing them
with a mixture of alcohol and ether, then washing them with very dilute potash
lye, and finally with much water. It was found that apples thus treated lost
five per cent more of their weight, by evaporation, in a given time than apples
which had been left in their natural condition and similarly stored. As regards
this point, Sorauer is in full accord with the popular conviction that the un-
hurt skin of an apple is to be regarded as the chief protection against decay.
He found that apples whose waxy coating had been left unharmed did not
decay for a long time after he had smeared them with mold, although they
were left all the while in a moist and warm place.

Still other experiments were made to test the qnestion whether there is any
advantage in packing apples, layer by layer, with straw or sand. Four kinds of
apples were packed away in glass vessels, half of each lot in chopped straw and
the other half in dry sand. It appeared not only that the sand was decidedly
preferable to the straw, but that the use of straw is not to be commended.
Although there was no loss through decay of the apples packed in the straw,
they nevertheless shriveled more than apples which were lying free in the cellar,
and they acquired a musty taste from the straw as it became damp. ‘The use
of dry sand, on the other hand, seemed to be advantageous, since the fruit
packed in it retained an uncommonly fresh appearance and excellent flavor, and
promised to keep, in good part, until July. The sand-packed apples lost only
about half as much water by evaporation as those which were lying free upon
the shelves; they were almost wholly free from moldiness, and when one of them
happened to decay it did not infect the others. Even those apples which had
been bruised did not decay any more rapidly than the sound fruit, provided
that the skin had not been broken. Other apples were wrapped in tissue paper
and compared with those left uncovered, both in a dry chamber and in the
cellar. No advantage was derived from the paper excepting in the dry room,
for in the cellar mold developed itself more rapidly upon the apples wrapped in
paper than on those which were lying free.

It seems plain that the main points to be considered in storing apples are, to
keep the temperature of the room so low that the fungi which cause decay
cannot flourish, and to have the air of the room moist enough to hinder the
fruit from shriveling. If the storehouse were warm, moisture would doubtles be
injurious, since the conditions would be favorable for the propagation of the
hurtful fungi; but if the room be cold enough to hold the fungi in check,
moisture will do good rather than harm.

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 329
THE ART OF CROSSING PLANTS.

There are so many questions brought up each year concerning the cross-
breeding of fruits, particularly about the details of the operation, that the
following plain, simple directions from the pen of Prof. W. J. Beal are inserted
here for ready reference. They are taken from articles furnished the Farmer’ s
Review.

If we turn back and read the works on horticulture of one hundred and fifty
years ago, we shall be surprised to see what little progress has heen made in the
essentials of the art. We shall see many things there clearly told which have
since that time been again and again brought out as new and surprising
discoveries.

The most conspicuous feature during all this time is the improvement by
crossing or hybridizing the flowers. Something was known in reference to this
more than two thousand years ago, but the knowledge was very crude and
imperfect. For the past ten or fifteen years, in some portions of France, Ger-
many, Great Britain, and North America, there has been great activity in this
direction. The subject is of very great importance to any person who grows
plants in field, orchard, garden, or greenhouse.

Some of us can remember when the belief was quite prevalent that the feed
was the breed of our animals. If we fed well, no matter about pedigree. At
present no man of any enterprise will maintain that he does not get greater
returns for the feed given to fatten a well-bred or grade short-horn, than he -
would if given to a native or Texas steer. In a similar manner there is the
same need of giving attention to breeding the seed for our crops. The same
care bestowed upon good seed will often return twice the crop that it would
bestowed on common or indifferent seed. Before closing, examples will be
given to illustrate and enforce this point.

To succeed in crossing plants, a person needs some skill and a little knowl-
edge of botany. Many persons look on the subject as one involved in great
mystery, and hence avoid reading or giving it any thought. It should be fre-
quently mentioned, and kept before the people in short articles which plainly
show the process and the great advantages which may be gained.

HOW TO CROSS PLANTS.

Nearly every person of ordinary intelligence knows that there is something
in the flowers of plants that answer to the male and female elements of ani-
mals. In the case of willows and poplars, one tree bears flowers all of which
are destined to produce seeds; the flowers of other trees produce the pollen, or
fertilizing dust. After flowering, the remains of the latter flowers fall off, pro-
ducing no seeds. The same is true of hemp and the hop vine. In the case of
oaks, chestnuts, hickories, hazels, walnuts, and many others, the stamens and
the pistils (seed-bearing organs) are produced on different parts of the same
plant. After shedding pollen, the lax and worm-like clusters of stamens drop
off. In case of Indian corn, the pollen is in the tassel at the top, while the
silk below represents the tips of the pistils. A thread of silk runs to each
rudimentary kernel. Suppose we want to cross one kind of corn with another,
for the purpose of getting new kinds; we will say a white flint with a yellow
flint. We mix the seed corn, or plant the kinds in alternate hills, or in alter-
nate rows, and the wind and the force of gravity attend to the exchange of
pollen: provided the two kinds flower at the same time. ‘The resulting corn
will be well mixed.

330 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

But suppose we prefer to be more concise, and wish to fertilize the yellow
flint entirely by pollen of the white flint. We will then plant the two sorts in
alternate rows, and as the tassels of the yellow flint appear, pull them out. On
these stalks we shall know the parentage of the corn.

Some strawberries, like the Green Prolific, bear few, if any, stamens, which
produce pollen, Plant such among plants of the Wilson and saye the seeds of
the Green Prolific. We shall know the parentage of the seedlings. The Wilson
is the father, the Green Prolific the mother. We can cross two kinds of cu-
cumbers, or two kinds of melons, on a plan very similar to the one adopted
for crossing corn. In one sort, before flowering, all the sterile flowers must be
cut off. The sterile flowers are those which have no bunch or swelling below
the yellow part. This bunch is the rudimentary melon or cucumber. In the
case of the vines, bees and striped beetles and other insects carry the pollen
from one flower to another, except when the plants are grown in greenhouses.
In the latter case the flowers must be fertilized by hand, unless insects are let
into the house for the purpose. ‘To induce flowers to set fruit and seeds, pollen
seems to be necessary, at least in nearly all cases.

In the examples given, the stamens and pistils were in different flowers on
different plants or on different parts of the same plant. In the majority of
cases, as in the flowers of apples, pears, cherries, plums, peaches, grapes, rasp-
berries, most strawherries, gooseberries, currants, peas, beans, clover, buck-
wheat, wheat, rye, oats, barley, onions, cabbages, carrots, potatoes, lettuce,
and many others, the stamens and pistils are situated near each other in the
same flower.

In many of these cases the pollen is ripe and is discharged on a certain part
of the pistil of the same flower, and causes it to set fruit and seeds, but in
many other cases the stamens and pistils of a flower are not ready for contact
at the same time. These must be cross-fertilized in some way. In many other
cases, as in the orchids and milk weed, the flowers contain stamens and pistils,
but they are so placed, even if they are ripe at the same time, that pollen can-
not reach the proper place without some artificial help,—as a small bird,
insect, or the wind. Many flowers are cross-fertilized, even when the sta-
mens and pistils are both present in the same flower.

Suppose we wish to cross one kind of cherry with another and be certain
that just the desired cross is made. While the flowers are yet unopened, in the
swollen bud, we will spread the white petals and cut ont all the numerous
slender stamens, with their anthers at the top. In the very center of the
flower is the rudimentary cherry, with a slender, light green stem running up
among the stamens. This must not be cut off. The stamens must be cut out
before shedding any pollen. We must not wait for the bud to open for another
reason: the tip of the pistil might get dusted with pollen from another flower,
not the sort desired. We may deprive two or three buds of the stamens, pull
off the rest near them, and cover with a paper or fine muslin sack, closely
drawn up at the mouth. In the early part of the next day, or possibly the
next but one, remove the sack, and apply a plump anther (filled with pollen)
slightly crushed, to the tip of the pistil. We select the anther, of course,
from the other sort of cherry desired for the cross. The sack may be carefully
replaced for a day or two, or better still, left on till the fruit is ripe, as this
keeps away the birds and insects. This pollen may be applied to the tip of the
pistil when the bud is just opened and the stamens removed. It will not
produce any effect on that day, but it will remain and keep alive for a day or
two or more, till the pistil is ready to receive it. If buds were so prepared,

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 331

and the pistils at once supplied with pollen, and not covered up, there would
be a strong probability of a cross. ‘Trees are sometimes planted close together.
The flowers on the interlocked branches are visited freely by the bees, and
pollen is thus carried from one tree to the other. The anther containing
pollen can be handled with small forceps, and pollen thus placed where it is
desired. The tip of the pistil (st¢gma) when ready to be fertilized, is usually
covered with a sticky excretion. A little honey or syrup can be touched to the
tip of the pistil to help hold the pollen in place, though this is hardly worth
the labor. The flowers of peaches and plums are essentially like those of
cherries. Apples, pears and quinces have five tips of pistils to each flower,
surrounded in each flower by about twenty stamens. Raspberries and straw-
berries have many pistils and many stamens to each flower. Gooseberries and
currants have two pistil tips and five stamens, surrounded by quite small petals
and sepals. All of these flowers can be crossed much in the way given for
cherries. In all the cases above it is well to leave the specimens covered with +
sacks until they are ripe.

Grapes are rather more difficult, and should not be attempted by the
beginner, at least without assistance. In most of them the petals stick together
at their tips, and come off altogether without expanding. ‘Io secure a cross in
grapes, it is necessary to lift off the petals and remove the stamens before
they are ripe enough to shed pollen.

It is by no means difficult for any handy person to cross-fertilize wheat or
oats. Purchase some fine forceps. Before the stamens are ripe or are thrust
out, spread open each pair of chaffs and carefully pick out the three stamens.
Have near by another head or spike of the same age of the sort desired to use
in crossing. From this take a single plump anther, not yet open, and place
inside where the three others were taken out. Let the chaff close up, and pass
on to each rudimentary kernel in the spike or head. No paper or muslin sack
is needed. A person can cross a spike of wheat in an hour. There are but
few people engaged in this crossing of wheat, and, as I shall show, the work
is interesting, promising and profitable in more ways than one.

FREEZING OF THE SAP IN PLANTS.

In many discussions differences of opimions arise from failure of one side to
grasp just what the other means. A good illustration of this is furnished by
the following from the pen of Jno. Hovey to the London Garden: Does the
sap of trees freeze? This is a question which has been in dispute, and some of
your contemporaries here do not believe in the theory. Under certain condi-
tions, however, there can be no doubt the sap does freeze, and under others
probably not. So far as sugar and starch freeze, just so far a tree will freeze;
but the sap does freeze. Ihave had strong plants of tea roses frozen so hard as
to split open the stem and the exuded sap to completely cover the wood with a
coating of thin ice; and I cannot doubt that any tree before it has finished its
hibernation will freeze when the cold is severe enough. ‘There is arow of Lime
trees on Boston Common which freeze so hard in our severe winters as to open
the trunk for the distance of twenty feet or more from the ground fully one
inch in diameter. I have put my hand in the crack. Yet these same trees
in July would show no more signs of the opening than a mere vertical line of
extravasated tissue. I have recently read in the papers that trees in the Jardin
des Plantes were split from top to bottom by the frost.

332 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Now there is scarcely a person of experience in cold countries but has seen
trees split from the top to the bottom by frost. If such persons still believe
that ‘‘sap does not freeze,’’ it ought at once to suggest that they understand
by that, something different from what the one understands who calls attention
to the split trees.

Now what is really meant is that the sap in living healthy cells does not
freeze. If it did, every tree in Massachusetts would be as surely bound to split
as the ‘‘row of Lime trees on Boston Common.’’ A hundred bottles of water
set on *‘Boston Common”’ would all split if one did. Frost knows no such
favoritism as smiting one row of bottles and letting all the rest alone. The
action of frost is always uniform under equal circumstances. But in a tree
only a few outer rows of the woody circles contain living cells. All the interior
mass of wood in a tree is simply dead vegetable matter. There is no reason
that we know why crude liquids taken into dead vegetable matter should not
freeze, and, when it freezes, it will expand. Many persons have seen ice in
small spaces found in the interior of trees cut in the winter season. ‘This dead
matter allows of some expansion, and the little moisture it contains may freeze
without any perceptible effect on the whole body of the tree. But if the
interior happens to be spongy, as is very likely to be the case with old Lime
trees, and a great deal of water happened to be stored therein, we know of no
reason why it should not freeze, and the trunk burst just as readily as it would
in a bottle.

But all this is a very different question to that of the freezing of the sap in
living cells, and for the cells to still continue thereafter to possess vital func-
tions.—Gardener’ s Monthly.

TRANSPLANTING BY NIGHT.

A gentleman wanting to ascertain the effect of transplanting by night instead
of by day, made an experiment, with the following results:

He transplanted ten cherry trees while in bloom, commencing at four o’ clock
in the afternoon. Those transplanted during daylight shed their blossoms,
producing little or no fruit, while those transplanted in the dark maintained
their condition fully. He did the same with ten dwarf trees after the fruit
was one-third grown. ‘Those transplanted during the day shed their fruit;
those transplanted during the night perfected the crop and showed no injury
from having been removed. With each of these he removed some earth with
the roots. The incident is fully vouched for, and if a few similar experiments
produce a like result, it will be a strong argument to horticulturists, etc., to do
such work at night.—Jndiana Farmer.

ORCHARDS AND GARDENS IN VALLEYS.

Most of our gardens, from necessity or from choice, have hitherto been
made in the valleys and plains, where, however, they are much more liable to
suffer from the cold and damp of winter than on the hills and slopes. In our
country the high grounds have never been used for gardening purposes to any-
thing like the extent they deserve. The fact that a few hundred feet elevation
often saves one from the destroying effect of spring frosts, is of enormous im-

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 333

portance in much relating to gardening and fruit growing. This fact is not
only of importance to us—more liable, as we fancy, than other people to the
injurious effect of spring frosts—but in almost every northern country we know
of. In North America, for example, in some of the best fruit-growing regions,
the planters are becoming thoroughly awake to the necessity of taking adyvan-
tage of the ground, so tosay. They are watching, like careful generals, for
good positions so as to withstand the common enemy, frost. The observant
growers haye noticed and experienced in their own practice the great advantage
from a few hundred feet of elevation, peach and other trees surviving in such
positions when they perish in the valleys or in the low lands. The glowing sun’
which ripens the shoots so well, does not absolve the cultivator from counting
with this important difference as to the growth of fruit. So, too, must we, if
our country is to be as fertile in useful fruit as it should be. Let us make
our orchards on the slopes and grow wheat and other crops in the valleys.—
London Garden.

The above extract is given to illustrate the fact that upon both sides of the
ocean this all important matter of ‘elevation in fruit culture’’ is receiving at-
tention.

GRAFT HYBRIDS.

Mr. J. B. Stone, of Wacousta, asks through the Lansing Republican the old
question whether an apple tree can be so grafted or budded as to produce an
apple that will be half sweet and half sour, that is, so as to be perceptible?
To this Prof. Beal replies as follows:

Your correspondent asks a question which has been going the rounds for a
hundred years or more. During the past year there have been several questions
and answers on this topic in the New York Tribune. One man says that his
grandfather succeeded, by split buds, in producing a tree which bore apples,
each of which was part sweet and part sour. I wrote for samples of the apples,
which were kindly sent. ‘They proved to be the old well-known ‘‘sweet-and-
sour.’ The fruit of this variety has ridges running from calyx to stem; some
of the specimens are ridged irregularly. ‘The ribs, ridges, of prominent parts
are decidedly acid ; the hollows are sweet. This fruit is occasionally met at
our fairs and meetings of the State Pomological Society. Dr. Warder, one of
our most eminent pomologists, says: ‘‘No educated nurseryman will now
believe the old story of its having been produced by the combination of the
buds of two varieties, a sweet and a sour.”’

I suppose two half-buds can be made to grow together. If they should
unite, I cannot see how we could get apples as above mentioned. We should
expect all the apples to be alike which grew from one side of the united bud,
and those alike which grew from the other half of the bud, or all alike which ©
grew on the limb arising from the united halves of two buds. I know of no
botanist, vegetable physiologist, or scientific person who now believes it
possible to produce apples which are half sweet and half sour, by uniting two
half-buds from trees, one of which bears sour apples and the other sweet. Still,
there are persons who are certain that it can be done. Probably nothing that.
I shall write will change their views,

334 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In 1876 Thomas Meehan, editor of the Gardener’s Monthly since its
organization, read a paper before the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science held at Buffalo, N. Y. He refers to the fact that an
abutilon was caused to send out variegated limbs because a bud from a
variegated plant was set in above it. Other cases of a similar character are
well known. Mr. Meehan says that a few years before he grafted twelve split-
buds; three of each grew. The half of each was a bud of the Rhode Island
Greening and the other half the Red Astrachan. ‘Two of the samples fruited ;
neither is Rhode Island Greening, and the two are unlike each other; one
has a flower like the Rhode Island Greening, but a fruit in many respects like
the Red Astrachan. He adds, ‘‘There is no doubt but two varieties, distinct
from their parents, and distinct from each other, have resulted from this graft
process. Some may suppose that the union of a Red Astrachan and a Rhode
Island Greening apple should result in producing an exact intermediate, and
that the union of buds in several graft cases should each produce identically
the same, and therefore the two distinct varieties from the same process be a
surprise. But no two children of the same parents are exactly the same. I
am delighted with the scientific results proving that hybrids by bud-grafting is
more than a popular delusion.”

Notwithstanding the above statement of Mr. Meehan, most pomologists and
botanists believe there is some mistake in the experiments. His conclusions
are not generally believed, yet they may be correct. Without more exact
experiments, there has been enough said and written on this disputed question.
Like the question of wheat turning to chess, there is no end to it. We need
experiments by careful, well-trained observers, and such only will decide similar
mooted points.

THE NURSERY.

PLUM ON PEACH ROOTS.

For a number of years past we have experimented in the way of grafting and
sending out each year a few Miner plum trees, root-grafted on seedling peach
roots. So far as we have been able to learn, these trees have made less
growth than those on wild plum roots, but that they have come into early
bearing, and have proved very satisfactory and profitable. Three years ago
last spring we put out about forty one-year-old Miner trees worked on peach
roots on the College farm. ‘They are now even-sized, round-topped trees, and
well loaded with plums, showing little sign of damage by curculio. Miner
trees on plum roots set seven years ago on similar soil exhibit their first fruit
this year, and on an ayerage they will give less fruit this year than the three-
years-old trees first mentioned. In no case have we heard of damage to the
peach roots during our test winters.—College Quarterly.

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 339
BUDDING THE GRAPE.

First cut off a piece of the wood from the shoot or cutting three or four
inches long, with a plump bud well ripened at the middle; then cut away
lengthwise half the wood, taking care not to destroy the pith at the woody
base of the bud. Cut the ends with a sharp knife perfectly straight and
smooth, and then place the prepared bud on the stem of the old vine to be
worked over, and mark out the exact length and breadth of the piece to be
inserted. Cut out apart of the stem sufficient to receive the bud with close
fitting. Press the bud in, in firmly, and cover with clay or grafting wax.
Several buds of different varieties can be inserted in one vine. When the bud
has grown to form one leaf, the branch or vine beyond the bud should be cut
away.—Fruit Recorder.

GRAFTING GRAPE VINES.

George Hussman, horticultural editor of the Rural World, finds the following
the most successful way to graft the grape: Cut the cions in autumn, just
after the first frost has stripped them of leaves. Keep them cool in damp but
not wet sand or moss. Perform the grafting either quite early before profuse
bleeding or else wait a month or so until the greatest flow of sap is over. Use
a very keen knife; split the stock with a sharp blade, open with a wedge and
hammer. Large vines require a chisel for splitting. Remove the earth from
the root three or four inches down, if the vine is smooth, saw or cut off its
stock square, cut the cion to a long wedge with two buds, press it firmly into
the cut, as in other grafting, and then cover the whole to the tip of the cion
with fine earth pressed down. Suckers from the stock should be promptly
rubbed off. When the stock is small, tying may be required before covering
the cion with earth.

GRAFTING WAX.

Melt together rosin, 6 tbs.; beeswax, 2 tbs.; raw linseed oil, 1 pint. Pour
boiling water all around the sides of an ordinary washtub, so as to scald and
wet the sides so the wax will not stick, throw out the water and fill half full of
cold water. Pour the melted wax into this and work just as soon as cool enough
to handle. I think you will like this better than any tallow wax, and it is not
so liable to run in a hot sun.

J. S. Woopwarp.

Lockport, N. ¥., March 24, 1880.

336 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE ORCHARD.

ROOT PRUNING.

The experiments were made on the apple and pear. A vigorous apple tree,
eight or ten years old, which had scarcely made any fruit buds, has done best
when about half the roots were cut in one season, and half three years later,
by going half way around on opposite sides in one year, and finishing at the
next pruning,—working two feet underneath to sever downward roots. It has
always answered well, also, to cut from such trees all the larger and longer roots
about two and a half feet from the stem, leaving the smaller and weaker ones
longer, and going half way around, as already stated. The operation was
repeated three or four years later by extending the cut circle a foot or two
further away from the tree. By this operation unproductive fruit trees
became completely studded with fruit spurs, and afterwards bore profusely.
This shortening of the roots has been continued in these experiments for
twenty years with much success, the circle of roots remaining greatly circum-
scribed. ‘The best time for the work has been found to be in the latter part of
August and beginning of September, when growth has nearly ceased and while
the leaves are yet on the trees, causing greater increase of bloom buds the fol-
lowing year than when performed after the leaves have fallen.—London Garden.

GIRDLING FOR FRUIT.

I haye often thought how pleasant it would be to me to visit my old agricult-
ural and horticultural friends in this State, and look oyer their homes and
farms and households, could I spare the time and means. I have recently
indulged in two such visits, one to friend Drury’s fine farm in this county, and
one to friend Spaulding’s model and premium nursery farm, at Riverton in
Sangamon county, and I enjoyed it.

The judgment with which Mr. Spaulding has selected and prepared his
grounds, as well as the well-known care and skill and success with which
everything on the place is managed, indoors and out, most plainly shows that
they are one ‘‘right family in the right place,’’ and I hope there are multi-
tudes more of them in our beautiful State.

Several hundred acres of the best woodland soil natural to trees have been
selected, and the central parts of it thoroughly underdrained, even where quite
dry and sloping, and covered with the finest and most perfectly healthy and
well-crown fruit trees and nursery stock I have ever seen. The fruit trees at
this time are a sight good for sore eyes. ‘The first item is some 14,000 bearing
apple trees with scarce a blemished or defective tree among them, and so loaded
with such fine fruit, even those not three inches through, that they remind one
of the gardens of Hesperides, except that no hideous dragon lies at the gate to
guard them; but every one who came was welcome to his basket full, and the
teams and men were hauling them to the watering mouths in the city as fast
as possible.

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 337

What magic had produced this beautiful sight? That was precisely what I
went up to learn, to see andtoknow. Good drained soil, girdling, lime, salt and
an army-corps of 500 young turkeys, perpetually on the march in their different
battalions, and the warbling light-armed troops skipping and singing among
the branches there tell the whole story; they were at once cause and guard of
all, through all these, the united head, heart and brain of the family selected,
created and controlled, the proprietor’s brain by common consent ever being
the leading element.

It was the girdling in which I was most interested, for sixty years ago, on
my father’s farm in Massachusetts, I girdled fruit trees in the same way, and
I haye done it occasionally to truant trees and vines ever since. So when I
read in Downing’s most admirable book that girdling endangered the life and
health of the tree I knew that there great Homer napped for a moment, and
only repeated what others had told him, a mere hereditary dogma, for in sixty
years I never knew a branch or a tree killed or injured by it. My recent way
of doing it is to take a wide-set saw and saw a circle carefully clean down to the
wood all round the trunk of the tree. Mr. Spaulding takes out from a quarter
to half an inch in June with a knife, which takes longer, and I think is no
better if as good.

I have pear trees and apple trees now, so girdled a year ago, on my place,
loaded with fruit, which never bore a peck before, though some of them were
ten or twelve inches through. But friend Spaulding has literally thousands
of young trees not ten feet high, with all the branches bending down with the
finest fruit I have ever seen, for among his 14,000 trees he girdled 3,000 last
year. His experiment is a thorough demonstration beyond all doubt, for in
some cases whole rows are girdled, and whole rows skipped ; in other cases only
every other tree in each row is taken of the same sort of apple planted at the
Same time. In every case the young girdled trees are loaded with the finest
See while the ungirdled ones in the same row or adjoining rows have none on

em.

But will not trees so treated bear themselves to death? Certainly they will
if not sustained ; when they have worked up into good fruit, all the fruit food
there is in the soil, be it more or less, they of course can do no more, unless
new fruit food is supplied. Hence a young orchard should never be set out where
anold one has been. But the man who sets the trees may as well use up that
amount of fruit food which is in the soil while he is alive and can eat the fruit
perhaps, as to set out the tree and leave it to his grandchildren to eat the fruit.
I now have a girdled Lawrence and one Winter Nelis pear full of fruit, which I
have no reason to think would have borne a dozen pears in ten years if they
had not been girdled, and one Green Pippin apple a foot through, full of fruit,
that has not before borne a peck in teu years of equally sound fruit. Besides an
apple tree thirty or forty years old, away up in the air, seldom bears any fruit
worth gathering, and it costs twice as much at least to gather it as it does from
low, young trees, and if our apple trees can be made to bear four times the fruit
in ten years what is the use in spreading it over forty years? Why not take it
as quick as we can get it, and reinvigorate the soil or set out a new orchard and
cut down the old one?

At all events I have come home in the full belief that this process, new in
some sense but really older than I am, is destined to work a revolution in fruit-
growing, particularly in the west, and I shall let my saw run without fear like
a fiddler’s bow to the new tune of the times, around my trees next spring, in

43

338 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

so far as they are not girdled this summer, or now at once, which will help
them some next year, but not so much as it would had it been done in June.
I think this practice will practically double the profit of our orchards to the
present generation, so that we can well afford to set out a new crop for those
who are to come after us. At all events, try it, friends, for yourselves, as care-
fully and cautiously as you please; but do. not leave its benefits and your trees
too wholly to your grandchildren.

Mr. Spaulding’s explicit, truthful and candid presentation of his work and
plans and purposes in regard to girdling, importing superior foreign varieties,
hybridizing, etc., as published in the Prairie Farmer of Jan. 17, 1880, is pro-
fusely illustrated, and crowned with the most triumphant and undoubted
success on his premises this year, as any one may see who will go there and
look upon the trees and fruit with his own eyes as I have done. He has on
hand a car load of lime and a car load of salt, and proposes to get a quantity
of copperas to keep up the tone and vigor of his apple and pear trees under this
wholly unprecedented strain of fruit production; but as his apples are not only
more abundant, but much larger, fairer, higher colored, better flavored and
sell more readily than common apples of the same sort, he can very well afford
to feed them as he does his workmen on the best the land affords. Why can-
not others afford to do the same, and make their trees twice as profitable to
them as they eyer were before. I should have said, that to demonstrate fully
that there is no danger of hurting the tree, by girdling in June, he has girdled
some at all widths, taking out all round the tree strips of bark from one quar-
ter of an inch to twelve inches wide, and new bark readily formed, and not a
single tree among the thousands is injured, only the sap is temporarily checked,
compelling the setting and retention of the fruit buds and fruit.—J. B. Tur-
ner in Prairie Farmer.

CLOSE PLANTING OF ORCHARD TREES.

We are satisfied that trees are a protection to each other, hence we practice
planting out our apple trees two rods apart, and peaches haif way between,
each way. The apples are a great protection to the peaches, especially from
severe winds when fruit is ripening, and from cold, piercing blasts of winter.
One of the finest young apple orchards we ever saw was in Northern Indiana—
the trees being only one rod apart, and were just coming into bearing. ‘hey
had been kept well headed back, but were getting so large when we saw them
as to grow their limbs together. We asked the grower what his object was in
planting so closely, and he said it was to break the piercing winds and give
protection to each other while young. He expected soon to thin them out so
as to leaye the trees two rods apart. ‘They had already yielded enough fruit to
many times overpay for the cost of the trees and work, and besides, he would
get a nice lot of firewood. We shall certainly set peach trees hereafter close
together, at least, not more than fifteen feet apart, and keep them well headed
back, and as trees get old have other orchards thickly planted coming on to
take their place, for it is the young peach orchards that yield the finest fruit.—
Fruit Recorder.

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 339
WHAT IS A GOOD TABLE APPLE?

It seems to me there is often misapprehension as to what reaily constitutes a
good table apple. For the most part high flavor is alone considered. ‘This is
an important constituent, but not the only important one. Besides high flavor
we should look to juiciness, and above all, to what is called the ‘dissolving
properties’? of a fruit. This is at once easily understood by illustration. The
Spitzenburgh is one of the highest flavored apples we have, but its value as a
table fruit has, in my estimation, been considerably overrated, for the reason
that among all the popular varieties this is the most tough and indigestible.
These serious defects go far toward nullifying its unquestionably high flavor.
The Baldwin is similar in this respect to the Spitzenburgh, but without its high
flavor, and therefore as a table fruit it is utterly valueless.

The Jefferis, Fameuse, Jonathan, and Northern Spy are none of them quite
equal to the Spitzenburgh in flavor, but how far superior these are as dessert
varieties any one familiar with them well knows. ‘The reason of their supe-
riority lies in their crisp flesh, which is yet so tender as almost to dissolve in the
mouth. A chronic dyspeptic can eat these varieties freely, when to eat an
uncooked Spitzenburgh or Baldwin would be sure to bring dire results. The
four sorts I have named will ripen in the order given, and furnish a supply of
fruit from early autumn to late spring. They are in my opinion the four best
apples for table use yet produced.

H. B. ELLWANGER.

TWO VIEWS OF THE BALDWIN.

In the Gardeners’ Chronicle for July 10 and September 4 are some notes
concerning the Baldwin apple that are reminders of the various views expressed
at some of our own meetings. The first article is from the pen of a Boston
Horticulturist, Mr. C. M. Hovey, in which he remarks: ‘‘I was quite aston-
ished to see an account in one of your cotemporaries, copied from an American
paper, stating, upon the authority of Mr. Ellwanger of Rochester, N. Y., that
the Baldwin, as a table fruit, is utterly worthless and could not be eaten with-
out direful results, As I have not only grown it for forty years and eaten it
before breakfast and after supper during all this time, in preference to any of the
200 varieties I cultivate, and have not experienced any ‘direful results,’ this
statement took me by surprise.’”? Mr. Hovey, in support of his opinion of the
Baldwin, calls up Manning, Downing, and other American pomologists, the
American pomological society’s fruit catalogue, and the fact that the Baldwin
is shipped to Ualcutta with success and supplies the dessert of the intelligent
Englishman’s table.

The second article is by a Jamaica correspondent, who admits that, in its
place, the Baldwin apple deserves its meed of praise, but ought not to be thrust
upon people as the apple. He says: ‘‘Its principal claim to be considered one
of the first apples is in its ability to stand rough usage consequent upon being
transported by land and sea for long distances with but a minimum tendency
to decay. In its home it cannot take rank with many other varieties, unless
toughness of skin and harshness of flavor can be said to be recommendations
in its favor. It is shipped to Jamaica as well as Calcutta, and it cannot be said
to possess anything to recommend it, except it is (that excellent quality in po-

340 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tatoes) mealiness. It may supply the ‘intelligent Englishman’s table with des-
sert,’ but it is only when his pocket will not allow him to purchase higher-
flavored and rarer varieties that are only to be found in the rich man’s estab-
lishment. For market purposes, the Baldwin, no doubt, stands preeminent,
but that it deserves the praise bestowed upon it I cannot allow without record-
ing its faults to prevent others from being misled. by your correspondent’s
opinion of its merits.”’

Our Michigan fruit catalogue grades the Baldwin, as a dessert apple, as 6 in
a scale of 10, and there is some doubt if a single fruit-grower can be found in
our State who would rank it higher as an apple to eat.

ODD YEAR BALDWINS.

When Mr. Ewer of Battle Creek, Mich., moved upon his present farm there
were seven Baldwin apple trees upon it. Six of them came into bearing on the
off year, and the following year the seventh bore and the six omitted. They
have kept up that order ever since. He has grafted other trees from these
and as they came into bearing they bore on the same years on which the trees
from which their grafts were taken bore. One year, the odd, he plowed up the
orchard in the spring, which had been in sod many years, and those trees which
would have borne that year blossomed, but shed their blossoms; still they did
not bear the next year, and waited till their regular year came round again,
when they bore. ‘Those that had borne on the even year adhered to their regu-
lar year without change. He has grafted many times since from the original
seven, on different years, but they all followed their parent trees in their bear-
ing years.— ural Home.

THE BEN DAVIS APPLE.

Beyond all question the Ben Davis is the great market apple of Illinois and
in states south and west of us. It was stated by well-informed parties at the
State Horticultural meeting, that fully half of all the recent apple planting in
Illinois had been of this variety. Other sorts have an equal local value, but no
other sort succeeds in every soil and climate of the Mississippi valley like the
Ben Davis. Of course everybody admits its lack of high quality, but as long
as it brings a better price in every south-western market than any other variety,
its poor quality will not hinder people from planting it. But its great popu-
larity in the market illustrates anew the fact that it is beauty and not quality
which sells all of our fruits.

With us at the South the chief defect of the Ben Davis is its early maturity.
It don’t keep well into the winter. This is a matter that can be remedied by
using artificially cold storage for the first few weeks of our warm autumns. In
Central Illinois, where the season is a month shorter than ours, it is a
good keeping winter apple. Now, there is no reason in the world why
the same apple grown with us, if equally free from insect and other
injuries, should not keep equally well if placed in a cool preservative tem-
perature when first picked. Further north it has become cool before winter

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. d41

apple harvest; here we often have some weeks of almost summer heat after
they are gathered. Secure cold storage for our apples and they will keep
equally well. ‘This need not be avery costly matter. A suitable fruit room
with convenience for using ice is within the means of every man able to own a
good orchard. Nature furnishes plenty of ice nearly every winter. I judge
that fifty cents a barrel will cover the annual cost of the cold storage. Ben
Dayis apples sold this year at gathering time for about a dollar a barrel in our
towns. ‘They are to-day worth four dollars a barrel in St. Louis. Can our
apple growers see any business in this?—farmer and Fruit Grower.

SWEET APPLES.

There is a marked increase in the value placed on sweet apples. When most
of our orchards were composed of seedlings, the farmer generally found sweet
apples enough to supply the demand of his stock, and these were generally
sweeter apples than those obtained from the most popular grafted varieties.
These old orchards are fast passing away, and the seedlings, many of sterling
worth, are lost. The farmer has been, so far, inclined to plant mostly for
profit, and for that reason, of sour varieties. But now farm requirements
demand a good selection of grafted sweets. Consumers, also, have been grad-
ually educated to the great value of sweet apples for table consumption. It is
the roast beef of fruits. What fattens the animal nourishes man, if it be pal-
atable. The price of sweet apples is about the same assour, and in early winter
the demand is greater— Vt. Phenix.

THE APPLE MARKET IN THE FUTURE.

The farmer of an observing habit learns a lesson from the harvesting and
marketing of each crop.

What is the lesson of the apple crop of 1880? First, that it has been the
largest crop ever harvested in Michigan, and that it has barely paid the expense
of handling; and in places remote from shipping points the only profit has
been gained by a few days’ work of man and team spent in hauling. Prime
fruit has been sold at 50 cents a barrel, the buyer furnishing the barrels and
packing the fruit, and leaving the owner to do ail the rest. And yet the fact
remains that nearly one-half of the orcharding of the State of Michigan has
not yet come into bearing. Four or five years ago thousands of acres were set
out to apple trees under the belief that the north and the west would always
furnish a constant and ready market for all the fruit we could raise. But we
find that both the north and the west are receding from us, and shipping rates
are so high that the profit is eaten up by the expense. A disappointment is
likely to arise also in the fact that very many of the young orchards will not
bear the kinds of fruit expected, and also in the fact that many varieties not
well tested will not meet expectation. In view of these things, let eyery one
who contemplates planting an orchard think well before planting more than
will be needed for home consumption, and see that only those varieties are
planted as are of known merit. ‘lhe mass of farmers cannot afford to experi-

342 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ment in fruit. Again, the apple harvest has proved that it is folly to cultivate
inferior or unmarketable varieties, or those which are shy or irregular bearers.
If such trees in our orchards are thrifty and not too old, let them be top-
grafted, and let the orchards be well cultivated, manured and trimmed, and if
necessary the growing fruit thinned out, thus making a ie of fruit that
will be sought after and command a remunerative price.—J. H. Day in Post
and Tribune.

THE FLOOD OF APPLES.
For some reason the ‘‘ bearing year’’ of apples seems to be the same all over
the country, and is now the even years, and when it comes thousands of bushels
rot in the orchards. The price for drying and cider making has been so low
this season that it would not pay to pick them up and draw to the factories.
What shall be done in such cases? Few know the value of apples as a food for
nearly all kinds of farm stock. 'They make excellent pork; are fine for sheep;
make the horses’ coats sleek and smooth; make the finest quality of milk and
butter. Properly fed they are worth at least $4 per ton for any of these pur-
poses. But how to feed properly, that’s the important question. Begin by
feeding small quantities, gradually increasing until the animals have all they
can eat. There is no danger of over-feeding if this course is followed, but we
should remember they are very juicy, and if fed in large quantities the stock
should have some dry food, such as hay, bran, mill-feed, or corn meal to pro-
duce the best results. To prevent choking, place the animal with neck in
stanchions, or between two stakes driven firmly in the ground, and through
holes bored at the right height place a pin or bar over the neck at such a
height that the head cannot be raised quite level with the body. This is a sure
preventive of choking in feeding apples, potatoes, or anything of the kind.—
J. S. Wooaward, Niagara Co., N. Y.

SETTING ORCHARDS.

Mr. William Saunders, the distinguished horticulturist in charge of the public
gardens and grounds at Washington City, observes that the outside rows of
trees in an orchard always grow more thrifty than the interior rows.’ He at-
tributes this to the cultivation of the soil in the fields alongside of the orchard,
giving room for the ramification of the roots iu cultivated soil. He thereupon
suggests that trees be set in two rows, twenty-five to thirty feet apart, then a
space of 300 feet or more, and two more rows of trees, and so on over the
ground, the intervening 300 feet of ground to be cultivated in such crops as
may be desired, and the space between the rows of trees to be put in grass as
soon as they begin to bear. He thinks the cultivation of the ground would
keep the trees healthy and conduce to their bearing fruit. Mr. Saunders thinks
double rows of trees would shelter the crops between and be beneficial in that
way.

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 343
KEEPING WINTER APPLES.

A writer in the Rural New Yorker says: That water is not injurious to the
keeping of apples, even when actually in contact with them, is shown by the
fact that they keep perfectly well on the ground under leaves all winter. A
friend of mine living in Montreal says that seeing some very fine Fameuses ex-
posed for sale in that city, he inquired how they were kept. He learned that
they were part of the cargo of a canal boat which had sunk in the canal and
was frozen in before it could be raised. When this was effected in the spring,
it was found that the cargo of apples, which would not have kept much longer
than January in the air, had been preserved perfectly in water. An old
custom of burying apples in the ground, the same as roots, for winter storage,
also demonstrates that moisture in contact with apples does not necessarily
cause rotting. In Russia I understand that apples are preserved in tight bar-
rels with water, in the way practiced in this country with cranberries. On the
other hand, apples keep perfectly in dry cellars, as many fruit-growers can tes-
tify. What then is the essential requisite for the safe winter keeping of this
fruit? Simply, I believe, the preservation of a low uniform temperature, as
near the freezing point of water as possible. This can be maintained in dry
cellars, but much more easily and perfectly, I think, in wet ones. The pres-
ence of water has a controlling power over the variations of temperature near
the freezing point, as all know who have had to keep water in a cold cellar to
keep it from freezing. ‘The moisture does no harm to the apples.

SHEEP IN THE ORCHARD.

A correspondent of the Vermont Journal gives the following interesting ex-
perience in keeping sheep in an apple orchard:

My apple orchard covers thirty-two acres of ground, and, in addition to mak-
ing it a run for some thirty hogs, I have, during the past two years, kept from
150 to 200 sheep and lambs in it during the summer. Of course that amount
of land, if it was in good seeding and free from trees, would not pasture so
much stock, but in addition to the pasture I feed enough grain and wheat bran
to keep them in such condition that the lambs shall be large enough to wean in
July, and the sheep sufficiently thrifty to accept the buck after weaning the
lambs, and thus drop their next lambs for early winter feeding next winter.

This, I find, costs me less than to hire the same number pastured by the
week, and being crowded they eat every spear of grass, every weed and green
thing close down, and eat every fallen apple as soon as dropped ; for the latter
purpose I find sheep much better than hogs, for while the hogs sleep so soundly
as not to hear an apple drop if only a few feet away, a sheep never sleeps, so
that it is on hand for every apple as soon as it touches the ground.

I let them run here until time to gather winter fruit, and although they will
eat a few apples and a few twigs from the ends of the lower limbs, as they
bend down with the load of fruit, I find my fruit each year growing fairer,
with less and less wormy apples, and my trees, manured with the feeding of so
much grain, are looking remarkably healthy and are productive. To prevent
their gnawing the smaller trees, I wash the trunks with a solution of soap-suds,
whale-oil soap and sheep manure, about once each month, and besides I give
the sheep a constant aud full supply of fresh water; this is very important,

344 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for in hot weather they get very thirsty and will eat the bark from larger trees
even, unless they have plenty of water.

I like this manner of treating my orchard very much; what it would cost
me to hire the sheep pastured each week will buy at least 600 pounds of bran
and 400 pounds of corn, making an aggregate each summer of over ten tons
of the very best kind of fertilizer for an orchard. For the money I pay for
feed I get my sheep kept in the finest condition, have the lambs growing finely
all summer, and have the whole amount of feed bought (which is worth all it
cost for the purpose) scattered about the orchard in the best possible manner.
Thus, you see, I prove that it is perfectly practicable to ‘‘eat my cake and have
it, too,’ or in other words, to get twice value received for the money invested,
besides having codling moth successfully trapped.

PROTECTION OF TREES FROM THE SUN.

Trees suffer more from the effects of the sun, directly and indirectly, than
the majority of trec-planters will acknowledge or comprehend. Very often the
unhealthy condition of trees is attributed to various causes, such as ‘* poor
stock’’—fault of the nurseryman—soil, insects, etc., whereas the first cause of
trouble is improper exposure to the sun. Young trees are trimmed up by cut-
ting off all the side branches by the nurseryman in order to give the tree a
good appearance, which is very well as long as the tree remains in the nursery,
for there it is protected by its neighbors; but when set out in orchard rows,
the long, smooth stem will suffer more or less by the exposure to the sudden
changes of temperature caused by the sun, and unless well staked is very apt
to lean over from the winds, in which condition the sun’s rays strike the tree
more directly, causing the bark on the exposed side to decay, and making it
attractive to insects. Apple trees in this condition are very sure to be attacked
by the flat-headed borer (Chrysobothris femorata, Lec.). The insects and sun
together soon ruin a tree.

In reference to apple trees especially, I think they would be healthier and
longer lived if we would copy after nature more than we do. For example, if
we allow an apple tree to grow up from seed, never turning or crowding it, we
will have nothing more than a large bush; but, you may depend upon it, there
will be no sun-burn on that tree, there will be no flat-headed borers, no sap-
sprouts; it will not lean at an angle of 45° from the wind, and if on average
good soil, will be a perfectly healthy and long-lived tree.

Now Ido not propose that we should grow our trees in this way, but I do
think that we might come a little nearer having perfect and healthy trees by
elevating the art of tree pruning and by copying to a greater extent from
nature. Dr. John A. Warder says, in one of his works, speaking of nature’s
pruning: ‘‘She prunes and trains magnificently, and gives us models for imi-
tation.”

As far as I have observed, in nature the healthiest trees are those on which
the side branches have been allowed to grow. When a grove of trees grow up
by an undisturbed effort of nature, they will effectually protect themselves
against the sun and winds; those on the exposed sides remain shorter and
retain their side branches, so that the branches of the tallest reach down to the
next shorter, and these in turn to the next, and so on down to the shrubs, and
these to the grass. Why is this so if it is not for the protection from the sun

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 345

and winds. If the short trees and shrubs are cut away the rest will soon decay,
not on account of the wind alone, as we are usually told, but by the sun also;
for I claim that the exposure to the sun has as much to do with it as the
winds.

Where trees must be trimmed up high, I would allow the side branches to
grow (although they might be kept short) until the top was large enough to
shade the trunk, not from the summer sun only, but from the winter sun as
well, which is probably the most injurious.—Chas. D. Zimmerman before Am.
Nurserymen’s Association.

DWARF APPLE TREES—FRENCH PARADISE STOCKS.

The problem, how to provide the possessors of limited grounds with an assort-
ment of home-grown apples, adequate to their wants, and, at the same time, to
avoid the necessity of introducing into such limited grounds trees whose nat-
ural growth will be sure soon to occasion a disproportion between them and the
plat they occupy, as well as the desire of the nurseryman and pomologist to
rapidly test the varieties with which they may have to do, and that without the
necessity of devoting a large space to the purpose, have induced a resort, with
the apple, to the process now so commonly applied to all our leading fruits—
that of dwarfing, and at the same time hastening fructification by budding or
grafting the varieties upon dissimilar stocks.

For the reason, as I imagine, that most buyers are in the habit of requiring
large-sized trees, even when dwarfs are called for, it is the custom of nurserymen
in general to use what is known as the Doucin stock for dwarfing apples, since
the young trees so treated sooner reach the requisite size. On this stock, how-
ever, the vigor of the growth and the ultimate size of the tree are but slightly
diminished ; nor is the period of fructification very considerably hastened ; while,
as an inevitable consequence, the distance apart at which they should be planted
is only proportionately diminished.

For the owners of village or city gardens, who of necessity can devote to
fruit only a few rods of ground, in which a full-sized tree, or even an over-
grown shrub, would appear out of keeping with the surroundings, and also for
the trial grounds of the nurseryman and pomologist, in which quantity of fruit
is of less consequence than early fructification, and in which also close planting
insures a considerable diminution of the expense of cultivation, a little thought
or experience suffices to allay the anxiety for large trees.

To supply the want of this large and increasing class of planters, resort is
had to a yet more dwarfish variety of the apple—the French Paradise Apple—
which usually attains a size very little larger than that of a well-grown currant
or gooseberry bush, and which, for that reason, may be planted from five to
six feet apart each way, and yet leave sufficient space to accommodate the ulti-
mate growth of the tree.

The French Paradise stock seems to be at home in almost any soil adapted
to fruit growing, although, in light or poor soils, it will, doubtless, sooner and
more constantly demand the employment of fertilizers. Like all dwarfs, its
roots extend but a limited distance, and hence, in any soil, they will the sooner
exhaust the fertility within their reach, for this reason requiring constant, care-
ful and thorough cultivation,

Unlike the pear dwarfed upon quince stocks, all varieties of the apple seem
to be alike successful on the paradise stock; the chief ground of preference

346 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

being, that from natural habit of growth, some varieties are more easily kept
in the desired form than others.

As a matter of convenience, apples are generally worked upon this stock by
budding during the growing season, although they may, when desirable, be
grafted without difficulty. The buds are forced into growth the following
spring by cutting back the stock to just above the insertion of the bud, and
the shoots, after one year’s growth, are the following spring again cut back to
the proper hight for the commencement of the top, which should in no case
exceed one or one and a half feet.

Dwarfs on Paradise stocks, when planted out, should always be set with the
point of union at or very slightly below the surface, for the reason that, if
planted higher than this, they are less sure to hold their position firmly, while
they are likely to show an unsightly enlargement at their point of union, with
an increased tendency to sprout from the stock above the ground. On the
other hand, if planted so low as ultimately to cause roots to push from above
the bud, the influence of the dwarf stock is overcome, and the tree assumes the
habit and vigor of astandard. <A well managed dwarf apple tree on this stock,
will generally show fruit the third year from the bud, and if well cared for at
suitable times, may be kept in proper shape with very little, if any, use of the
knife. Of course, to do this, reference must be had to the normal habit of
the variety. When the trees are permitted to assume their natural form, with-
out an attempt to put them into a ‘‘straight-jacket’’ and mold them to a
single model, the occasional lopping off or thinning out of a superfluous shoot,
and the ‘‘pinching in”’ of the excessively vigorous or misplaced ones, will in
the main suffice for this purpose, although, now and then, an open or strag-
gling grower may require to have its shoots cut back in spring, to bring it into
more compact condition, while the most upright or compact growers may need
to be spread, either by thinning, or by staking and tying down the shoots, to
open them sufficiently to the light.

It is believed that the dwarfing influence of this stock, while it diminishes
the capacity of the tree for the production of fruit, tends rather to increase its
size and highten its color. How far this last may be true, I will not attempt
to decide; but I feel quite safe in saying that, with the increased ability to pro-
duce the requisite variety of sorts upon a limited space, and within a compara-
tively short period, the use of the French Paradise stock offers to tradesmen,
professional men, and city and village residents generally, the best possible
means of securing an abundance, as well as a variety of fresh, seasonable fruit,
such as no public market can be expected to supply.—7Z. 7. Lyon in Rural
New Yorker.

PEARS.

CHINESE SAND PEAR AND ITS SEEDLINGS.

The origin of the Ze Conte pear is somewhat in obscurity; it is said to have
been sent from a New York nursery some thirty years since by Major Le Conte,
of Philadelphia, to some relative or friend of his in Liberty county, Georgia,
labeled ‘‘Chinese Sand pear,’’ but it is quite distinct from that variety, and is
no doubt a hybrid between it and some garden pear, and has only been known

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 347

to the public during the past few years. Mr. H. H. Sanford of Thomasville,
Georgia, kindly sent me specimens of this variety the last week of July of 1877
and 1878, being then ready for market. They were of good flavor, good size,
ovate pyriform in shape, and of a pale yellow, or a delicate greenish-white
color, flesh white with a peculiar flavor, being a mixture of the saccharine and
vinous, having a slight astringency which may have been caused by not being
fully ripe; they were not, however, equal in quality to many of our best garden
varieties. Mr. Sanford informed me that the trees were hardy, very vigorous,
early and very abundant bearers, and the fruit commands a high price in the
market; the foliage is large and glossy, which gives the tree a handsome
appearance.

From the different reports, the Le Conte has succeeded remarkably well in
the South, being suited to the climate, hardy, free from blight, a very prolific
bearer, and profitable. It has not fruited sufficiently at the north, to my
knowledge, to give an opinion of its merits or value. The Chinese Sand pear
and the Japan pear (the latter originating in New Jersey from seed brought
from Japan) are hardy and free-growing trees in this locality; they bear early,
and very abundantly, medium size and handsome fruit, not eatable out-of-
hand, but make a good sauce, and also good for canning; the fruit will keep
till midwinter or longer, with care; the foliage, especially of the Japan variety,
is very large, glossy, and will make a beautiful lawn tree, and so far is free
from the blight of our cultivated pears, and if it continues, will be an acquisi-
tion, that is, if the seedlings or hybrids will produce varieties equal to our best
garden sorts. -Keiffer’s Hybrid, is another seedling of the Chinese Sand pear,
which originated in the garden of Mr. Peter Keiffer, near Philadelphia, and
which tree was growing near Beurre d’ Anjou, Bartlett, Duchess, etc., the pro-
duct being Keiffer’s Hybrid, which is of very good quality, good size, deep
yellow color, and orange yellow where exposed to the sun, ripening in October,
and from what I have seen of it, it is a promising variety for market, as well as
for family use—Charles Downing in New York Tribune.

CRACKING OF THE PEAR,

The Michigan Farmer quotes a communication in the Scientific American to
show the efficacy of iron in preventing the cracking of the pear. A tree of the
Flemish Beauty pear, 25 years old and 25 feet high, standing in grass, had a
circle dug four feet in diameter around the foot of the stem, treated with the
sweepings of a blacksmith’s shop, which contain quantities of iron filings and
iron turnings. This tree bore several bushels of fair fruit, none of which was
cracked or defective, and its whole appearance was vigorous and healthy. In
the same neighborhood, and on similar soil, other trees of the Flemish
Beauty not thus treated bore scabby and cracked pears, which dropped prema-
turely and proved of no value. The conclusion directly drawn was that the
iron prevented the cracking, according to an old hypothesis which one has
copied from another, without as full proof as would be required to establish it
satisfactorily.

Let us look a moment at this cited example. Trees send off their roots in
all directions to a distance fully equal to their height, and often much farther.
The newer outer roots feed the tree more than the large woody roots near the
trunk, A tree 25 feet high stands in the center of a circular net-work of its

348 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ‘

roots at least 50 feet in diameter. Such a circle has more than a hundred and
fifty times the surface of a circle only four feet in diameter. Is it probable
that the very small quantity of iron rendered soluble in that small circle of
large, hard-barked roots, controlled that great circle of fibres 50 feet in
diameter, so as to change the small, black, cracked fruit, into ‘‘ pears of great
and unusual size,’? which we are informed tock the first premium at the
county fair?

Experiments have not yet established the position that iron is a specific for
the cracking of the pear. We have had many trees of the White Doyenné,
Flemish Beauty, and other sorts liable to crack, growing in a soil noted for its
adaptness to pear culture. For many years the crops were smooth, fair, and
excellent; then cracking began and grew worse, till the fruit became worth-
less. The iron theorists were promptly ready with their explanation,—‘‘ the
roots had exhausted the iron from the soil!’? But they did not take into con-
sideration the fact that the roots were annually extending their circle into new
and fresh soil where no roots had been before. Not much of the theory was
left, when a few years afterwards the pears on all these trees ceased to crack,
and became smooth and fair again, no application of iron having been made to
them at any time, before or afterwards. The soil had naturally a very minute
portion of iron, and in this soil the trees were planted, and they continued to
grow with about equal vigor each year, bearing fine, fair fruit at one time, poor
and scabby specimens at another, and smooth and excellent fruit again, with-
out any change in treatment. We do not assert that iron never exerts a bene-
ficial influence, but so far the proof appears to be quite insufficient, and the
successful cases cited were probably accidental coincidences.—Couwntry Gentle-
man.

PEACHES.

WHO ARE TO TEST THE NEW VARIETIES ?

President Lyon, after mentioning some of the new varieties and their origin,
thus remarks:

It is a somewhat significant fact that among all those new varieties, not one
is to be found hailing from the peach-growing regions. At least no name of a
prominent market grower is associated with the originating or introducing of
any one of them. In fact, so far as our own observation extends, very few if
any of our commercial growers, who may be supposed to be more directly
interested in the early determination of their actual value, either trouble them-
selves to inquire out their peculiarities, or to plant even a single tree with the
purpose of testing their value, with reference to using the variety, should it be
found profitable to do so. It is even true, so far as we are able to discover,
that, as a rule, the least possible amount of pomological improvement may be
expected to emanate from the commercial branch of this specialty—they usu-
ally contenting themselves with watching the self-sacrificing efforts of others,
in readiness to take the best possible advantage of their demonstrations.

The amateur peach grower, therefore, who is, of all others, most likely to be

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 349

conscious of the desirableness of increased variety and earliness, for the supply
of the home want, will be compelled to rely upon himself for the solution of
the question, as to the value and adaptation to his wants, of these new candi-
dates for the public fayor. While it would be clearly impolitic for any ordi-
nary grower to plant them, at present, upon an extended scale, little will be
risked in the trial of a tree or two each, of some of the more promising varie-
ties, while the fact of their success or failure will be quite likely to become
useful, in the making of his future selections.

The claim of the increased earliness of a new variety is by no means to be
implicitly relied upon, since years are not unfrequently needed, to determine
with certainty what will finally prove to be the habit of a new sort in this par-
ticular, the original tree being liable to the influence of special circumstances,
which may essentially affect its season of maturity or the character of its fruit.

Of the twenty or thirty new, very early peaches now before the public, and
partially or wholly untested, it will be strange if some at least do not so far
realize the anticipations of their introducers as to give us at least a few more
days, at the opening of the season. It may be accepted as the rule, that these
early sorts will fully maintain their quality in our climate and soils, the fail-
ures in this particular being usually of the late sorts, and attributable to the
shortness of our season of warm weather.

PROTECTING PEACH TREES.

Aplan for protecting peach trees has been invented and patented by the
Murray Brothers, of Elm Grove, Missouri, which may commend itself to those
who are not so fortunately situated for peach growing as our brethren of the
Michigan lake shore. Their plan is by means of a simple contrivance to draw
the top of the peach tree together in the form of a cone and then bale it with
straw or canvass, which will completely protect it from severe storms or sudden
changes of the weather. The blooming season can be held back in spring to
keep out of the way of late frosts. It is said that two men will bale fifty trees
per day.

THE PROFITS OF A PEACH ORCHARD—A SAMPLE OF MICHIGAN
FARMING.

My fruit business, in connection with a system of general farming, has been
very satisfactory.

My oldest peach orchard of 16 acres, set eight years ago, and which did so
remarkably well in 1878, yielded, in 1879, 4,000 to 5,000 baskets of peaches,
and netted about $2,000. This orchard is set with peach, apple, and pear trees,
the last two just coming into bearing. I had over 1,000 baskets of pears and
about 50 barrels of apples, bringing the net income of the 16 acres to over
$2,500, and the aggregate net of this orchard for the last three years to over
$10,000. Ishall not expect large returns from the peaches of this orchard in
the future, as the apples and pears are occupying the space, and the ‘éyel-
lows’’ has also done considerable damage. I have, however, 20 acres, set 2, 3,
and 4 years since, which are uninjured. I set all my orchards to apple, pear,
and peach, so that when the peach trees fail my apple trees stand 40 feet_apart,

390 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with the pear standing in the centers of the squares formed by the apple trees.

Iam much pleased with my fruit growing, but it is not my exclusive busi-
ness. My farm consists of 400 acres, devoted to grain-growing and stock-
raising. We have a fine section for winter wheat, and, with good cultivation,
have an average of 25 bushels per acre. Sheep and cattle receive considerable
attention ; the former is my favorite stock, of which I have 250 head, and find
them quite profitable in connection with my other farming.

The prospect for farmers looks brighter, and indeed for all classes of busi-
ness. I have always believed that farming could be so conducted as to pay as
well as the average of other occupations, but am conyinced that many engage
in it who have no love for it, and through the lack of this and other necessary
qualifications fail to make it remunerative—the same as other business men
fail who may not be adapted to the pursuits in which they engage.—H. C. Sher-
wood in Post and Tribune.

GRAPES.

THE WORDEN.

The Worden grape is one of those honest and modestly good things which
slowly but surely make their own fame. Every year approves and confirms its
merits, which have been little talked of, because the sort has been too much
distributed to make it worth any particular grower’s while to be at the expense
of proclaiming it. It looks so much like a Concord in leaf and wood, and even
in shape and color of berry, that many assert it to be nothing else, and it is
probable that the Concord has been sold for it. But it is distinctly different
and superior to the Concord in earliness, quality, and to some degree in size of
berry, while fully equal to those two eminent excellencies of the Concord—
great hardiness and abundant yield. It is equally tender skinned, and will
probably keep no better, but has less of tough pulp, and is most enjoyable and
satisfying in flavor. It is nearly two weeks earlier—a notable distinction. The
Creveling has been our earliest best as to flavor, but we find it now positively
superseded. The Worden will make an admirable bower grape, for shading
paths or windows, on account of its hardiness in exposed situations, and its
abundant foliage. All vines, so used, should be sulphured during the end of
June and later; and syringed from below occasionally, if practicable, to keep
the leaves fresh, bright, and clear. They are then the most beautiful and
perfect screen possible.-—N. Y. Tribune.

THE BRIGHTON GRAPE.

It is not often that new fruits not only stand the test of experience, but grow
in popular fayor. The Brighton grape seems one of these few good things.
It ripens about the same time as the Hartford Prolific, and may therefore be
classed with the early varieties—Gardener’s Monthly.

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 351
GRAPES IN PAPER BAGS.

We wish to add our testimony in favor of the value of paper-bag protection
for grapes. We long since gave up all hope of growing any good table grapes
in our climate on account of the universal destructiveness of the “ rot.’’? But
seeing such positive statements by many reliable parties regarding the service
of paper bags, we last summer applied the little bags to about half the clusters
on the few vines (Concords) we had left. The enclosure was made when the
grapes were about one quarter grown, the rotting having already commenced
on some clusters. ‘The result far exceeded our anticipations, every single grape
not already attacked maturing perfectly inside the bags. On gathering the
grapes in August we found that those particular berries which had been
attacked with the fungus before bagging, had perished and dried up, but the
disease had not spread in the least. The perfection of most of the clusters
was delightful. Hvery bunch was fully colored, very high flavored, with
untarnished bloom, and without blemish or defect of any kind. We were
surprised and rejoiced.

As so many experimenters have obtained equally satisfying results, we have
great faith that a practicable answer is at last found to the question of how to
grow perfect grapes. These experiments seem to settle the controversy as to
the source of the ‘‘rot.’? It does not come from the soil, from the root, or
disease of the vine. It is a fungus disseminated through the atmosphere.
The little manila bags, carefully pinned on, are impervious to air currents,
hence the millions of fungus spores floating in the air cannot come in contact
with the grapes, and no rot is generated.

But if any one prefers to think that the rot is caused by grape curculio, or
any other small insect, or by sudden changes of temperature, or by too much
rain, the protection given by the bags against either of these agencies is equally
good. And then our sweet-singing but voracious friends, the birds, they are
entirely shut out from their choicest feast! Well, we love the birds, and are
willing to divide our dessert with them, and will leave out a few clusters for
their benefit! But as the too enthusiastic birds have never been willing to
divide fairly with us, having rarely left us a grape unharmed, of the few which
had escaped the rot, we don’t think they deserve a very generous share. The
cost of bagging would be amply repaid by the security given against the
attacks of the birds alone.

Now let us plant some grapes again, and take care of them, and bag them,
and we have faith that our tables may be again laden with the most delightful
fruit which man is ever permitted to enjoy.—Parker Larle in Farmer and
Fruit Grower.

TRAINING AND PRUNING GRAPES.

I find many beautiful illustrations of various methods of performing the
above operations, but I have never seen any one of them carried out to the per-
fection shown in the plates. In fact, I have rarely seen any one plan, as they
appear in the books, attempted and persisted in for any length of time, except
that recommended by Strong—a flat trellis about two and a half feet high and
about as wide, allowing the vines to run over and hang down the sides as they
please. ‘This plan has with me worked very well, but it takes more work than

302 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

some others with the hoe, and less can be done with the cultivator. For this
I set posts eight feet apart; saw them square at the top before setting, and set
by a line, lay 2x6 inch blocks across the top, and fasten them with spikes;
then nail 16-foot strips on the ends of these blocks; then nail, as may be
needed, a half length of lath across.

I see that there is some controversy about the distance apart at which grape-
vines should be planted, and I know two growers who, having planted in rows
eight feet apart, the vines eight feet apart in the row, have eventually dug up
every other vine in the row, and claim to have thereby increased the yield of
fruit. That the increased yield should be the result of this process, if the vines
are trained by the ordinary hap-hazard method, I can easily believe, without
admitting any benefit from the increased room for the roots or vines.

The natural tendency of the vine is to keep increasing its length from year
to year, bearing its fruit further and further from the stock, ieaving at the
base bare wood, constantly increasing in length. All pruning has for its main
object the keeping of the vine within the prescribed bounds, and the occupying
of the trellis with bearing instead of bare wood. Is it not possible that the
thwarting of nature in this matter is one of the causes of rot and mildew so
prevalent in places? Ido not assert this as a fact, but I could give my reasons
for believing it to be so.

To avoid this necessity for short pruning to prevent bare wood, I have hit
upon the following plan, which I intend to put in practice at the next fall
pruning with my three-year-old Concords and other rank-growing sorts. We
will suppose a trellis of four bars or wires and two main canes. ‘Tie these two
canes to the lower bar 12 to 14 inches apart, then fasten the upper end of each
to the third bar at an angle that just allows them to reach that point, both
running parallel with each other in the same direction to form the angle, the
acuteness of which will depend on the length of the canes. Allow these main
canes to increase in length from year to year, two or more feet, giving them a
more acute angle as their length increases; prune to short spurs; their length
depending on your experience and judgment. By this process you will see that
the bearing wood of one vine overlaps the bare wood of its neighbor, occupying
all the trellis, and year by year approaching nearer a horizontal position.

I am aware that this plan is open to criticism, and that there may be found
objections that I have not foreseen; but objections may be made to all the
plans I have ever seen, and the most forcible objection is that to carry them
out needs more care and close attention than one man in a hundred has the
patience to give them. I shal) follow the same plan with my flat trellises—
train all the canes one way, the way prevailing wind blows as nearly as may be,
and let the fruit-bearing part overlap the barren part, thus giving nature more
of her own way.

I propose now to give some of the observations that have led me to this plan.
The first specimen of grape pruning and training that I ever saw was attended
to year after year by an old man, who had been much in foreign countries and
who pruned close to a single cane trained horizontally some four feet high,
giving it all the length that his limited area could afford. The varieties were
Isabella and Catawba, his latitude Western New York, and his success satis-
factory to him. In sight from where I now sit, I have a single old Concord
vine trained on a trellis 12 feet long and 8 feet high. In the fall pruning the
bearing wood is brought to any point where there is the most room for it, up,
down or horizontally. The trellis abuts upon a fence, and some five years
since | trained a rampant shoot upon the fence, giving it all its length. It has

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 353

been annually pruned to spurs of three to four buds, has always borne a mon-
strous crop, and has now about nine feet bare at its base, while 18 feet are
loaded with fruit, and there is an extension of six feet, the growth of this year
—33 feet in all.

I have other grape-vines bearing fruit 25 or more feet from their bases.
They are on trellises six feet high and eight feet apart, with long canes thrown
across them, and trained on cross-bars six to eight feet apart. The best fruit
has always been overhead, but now, after five years’ bearing, there is little on
the side trellises, which is not the case with the vine first mentioned, no part of
it being shaded.—S. B. Peck in Rural New Yorker.

GRAPES TO EAT AND TO KEEP.

Give to a capable naturalist the human jaw and teeth, and ask him what
kind of food the animal required, and he would at once say the teeth indicated
amixed diet. Here are 32 teeth, 28 of them calculated by nature for the
grinding of fruits, grains, nuts, and vegetables, and four for the tearing of
flesh. Our health, and consequeut happiness, depends very much upon our
living in accordance with the laws indicated in our teeth.

Farmers well understand if they keep their horses on too concentrated diet
that their stomachs get out of order, and they have to be turned out to grass to
give them a chance to recuperate. The human animal suffers as much from
the violation of nature’s laws as any other. Our dyspeptic stomachs are con-
stantly sounding the alarm from our eating too much meat and too little fruit.
Our system is constantly calling for the elements contained in the outer coat-
ing of our fruits, grains, and roots. Twelve thousand dentists are employed in
the United States hammering gold into our teeth, mainly because we live on
an unnatural diet—too concentrated and refined food.

Our teeth are deteriorating, and in many families the number has been
reduced to 28, because we have ceased to use them to grind our food, and nature
refuses to keep up the supply where there is no demand.

As fruit is largely indicated as a requirement of our system, how shall it be
eaten to best fulfill the demand?

It has been demonstrated by chemical analysis that a large portion of the
bone-making material is found in the skins of our fruits, grains, and roots.

This brings us to the test of a good grape.

No grape should be considered good unless it can be eaten, pulp, seeds, and
skins, with added relish.

At the grape cures in France the patients are required to eat whole grapes,
pulp, seeds, and skins, to get the full benefit of the dietetic treatment.

At the inebriate cures all cases are considered hopeful where they can be
induced to eat largely of fruit, the fruit overcoming the desire and destroying
the taste for liquor.

It being conceded that grapes are desirable, how can we preserve them to
prolong their usefulness?

The grapes should be picked when they are free from dampness, as the jeast
moisture will cause them to mold. Great care should be taken not to break
any of the grapes for the same reason. It is an advantage to place them at
once in the box or jar in which they are to be kept, to avoid extra handling.

49

304 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Coarse basswood turning chips or sawdust make a good absorbant of moisture,
and they keep better packed in it than in any other way that I have tried; but
I have abandoned this process, on account of the difficulty of freeing the grapes
from the dust that will adhere to them. I now prefer shallow boxes that will
hold one course of stems, with soft paper over and under them. Closing the
boxes tight, I pack them in the coolest place I can find, where they will not
freeze, and leave them there until wanted for use. Packed in butter crocks,
with paper between the courses, and buried in the ground, is a very good way
when you have no ice-box or cool cellar to put them in. The main point is to
keep them at a uniform cool temperature. When warm air passes over
any cool substance the moisture is condensed on it, and the cool substance is
said to sweat. For this reason no air should be admitted to a fruit house
unless it is cooler than the fruit.

Varieties selected for keeping should have woody stems, and the grapes
should have thick and firm skins, to hold the moisture. Some grapes that are
otherwise good keepers drop from the stems so as to make them valueless for
table or market. My choice for keeping at the present time is the Wilder,
Agawam, Salem, and Clinton.

They should be packed as soon as in good eating condition, before they are
dead ripe.

Strong growing vines should have ample room for roots as well as branches.

Experienced growers are now planting the more thrifty varieties sixteen feet
each way, and some as far as twenty feet, and think they gain by it. I havea
Clinton vine which has ample room, from which I picked last fall five hundred
pounds of fruit.

Trim your vines in the fall as soon as your fruit is gathered, and lay the
vines on the ground during the winter, with some sticks or sods to hold them
down.

Do not handle or trim the vines while they are frozen, as they are liable to
be broken and injured when in this condition. All trimming should be com-
pleted before the first of March.

The objects to be gained by trimming are to reduce the crop of grapes to
the capacity of the vine, to concentrate the fruit in a few large bunches, rather
than a great many small ones, to get new wood for bearing canes, and keep it
in condition to be laid down in the winter or within the range of your trellis.
All fruit comes from the shoots that grow the same year as the fruit, and the
buds from the last year’s growth of wood. Plant vines on good clay soil, that
is well drained, cultivate thoroughly during the early part of the season.

Summer treatment consists in rubbing off all weak buds that start in the
spring, leaving only the strong shoots to bear the fruit and in keeping them
well tied to the trellis, otherwise the wind will break them down and destroy
your calculations.

After the fruit is set, examine the vine and pinch off all the small and im-
perfect bunches, leaving but two bunches to the cane, and see that every
bunch hangs free and clear from any incumbrance. If the vine is young or
you want a few nice stems for any purpose, leave but one bunch on a cane.

No other summer pruning will be required, unless the vine grows so thick as
to exclude the light and air from the fruit. In that case, remove some of the
branches and laterals to let in the light.

Never take a leaf from a bearing cane. ‘The fruit will not ripen perfectly if
the leaves are destroyed. The sugar in the fruit is gathered by the leaves.

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. ddd

Sow plaster on the vines during the season, beginning when they are in
blossom.

My last year’s experience leads me to believe there is sulphur enough in the
plaster to keep off the mildew. My vines look more healthy when it is used.

The kind of vines to plant depends very much upon the person who is to
attend them. Some of our choicest varieties have tender leaves and are subject
to mildew. Vines of this character should be in the hands of the most careful,
observant, and painstaking. Such persons would prevent mildew. Others
would try to cure it as soon as they observed it, and in most cases they
would be too late, as the destruction of the fruit would have already been ac-
complished, and perhaps the vitality of the vine destroyed for all time. The
coming vine will be as hardy as the Concord, and the fruit as delicate and high
flavored as Allen’s Hybrid.

The Concord will not come up to the standard for a good grape, as the skins
are too offensive to be eaten, but it has so many good qualities that a list of de-
sirable grapes would hardly be complete without it.

Here is a list that would please a large majority of persons: Concord, Dela-
ware, Salem, Agawam, Wilder, and Kumelan. It would suit me better to
change the first two to the Lady and Brighton. Other lists almost equally good
could be made. Some of the best of these have faults which will cause them
to be superseded at no distant day.

It is not best to be too sanguine about new kinds. Let those who are able to
spare the means try the new kinds.

Too great a variety is not advisable, but no home should be without half a
dozen vines.

The grape will give more satisfaction for the labor bestowed upon it than any
fruit I am acquainted with. Raise good fruit, eat it as I have told you, pulps,
seeds, and skins; be healthy and you will be happy.

Saginaw, Mich. Dr. L. C. WHITING.

BERRIES.

THE CUTHBERT RASPBERRY.

This remarkable berry, now becoming exceedingly popular, originated with
the late Thomas Cuthbert, in New York city, fifteen years ago, or thereabouts,
but has not been introduced to the public under its correct name until recently.
Mr. Cuthbert appears to have made no further effort than to exhibit his great
berry to a few friends, one of whom was Mr. Conover, of Asparagus fame,
who, also spreading it in his neighborhood, gave it undesignedly the name of
the ‘‘ Conover,” as it was nameless and must of necessity be known by some
name.

Persistently the Cuthbert pushed its way over the State, demanding recog-
nition of its merits. In some instances it was supposed to be the same as the
Franconia or Naomi, and was sold extensively under these names. William

356 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Parry, the keen observer, discovered its worth, and gave it the name of “Queen
of the Market.”

The Cuthbert is the most profitable red raspberry that I have seen. It is
large, firm, handsome, and very rich in quality. It is perfectly hardy here,
where the Kittatinny blackberry often winter-kills, but in some parts of the
west and north my patrons write me that it will not stand the winters. In a
very severe climate there is nothing that can be so safely recommended as the
Turner, which I planted at an early day, wholly relying on Mr. P. C. Reynolds’
impressions on seeing it in bearing, and I was not misled.—C. A. Green in
Rural Home.

THE SNYDER BLACKBERRY.

The Snyder blackberry originated on or near the farm of Mr. Snyder, near
La Porte, Ind., about the year 1851. Like the two above mentioned, it is a
chance seedling of the ubus villosus, or High blackberry of the fields and
hillsides. We visited Mr, Roe’s small fruit farm and nurseries about three
weeks before the Snyder ripened its berries, and were both surprised and
pleased at his field of this blackberry. The Snyder is wonderfully productive.
The plants are very vigorous and stocky, and ripen their fruit quite early.
The great desideratum among blackberries has been one that is perfectly hardy,
and this want has been met in great part by the Snyder, which endures without
any serious injury the extremes of temperature of the northern States. The
great fault of the Snyder is the size of the berry, which is somewhat below the
Kittatiuny and Lawton. On this point Mr. Roe says, in his ‘‘Success with
small Fruits’? : ‘‘On moist land, with judicious pruning, it could be made to
approach them very nearly, however, while its earliness, hardiness, fine flavor,
and ability to grow and yield abundantly almost anywhere, will tend to an
increased popularity. For home use, size is not so important as flavor and cer-
tainty of acrop. It is also more nearly ripe when first black, than any other
kind that I have seen; its thorns are straight and therefore less vicious. I find
that it is growing steadily in popular favor; and when the Kittatinny is winter-
killed this hardy new variety leaves little cause for repining.’’—Aural New
Yorker.

THE IDEAL STRAWBERRY.

Rey. E. P. Roe says: ‘‘I doubt whether the ideal strawberry, that shall
concentrate every excellence within its one juicy sphere, ever will be discovered
or originated. We shall always have to make a choice, as we do in friends,
for their several good qualities and their power to please our individual tastes.
There is, however, one perfect strawberry in existence,—the strawberry of
memory,—the little wildlings that we gathered, perhaps, with those over whom
the wild strawberry is now growing. We will adinit no fault in it, and,
although we may no longer seek for this favorite fruit of our childhood, with
the finest specimens of the garden before us, we sigh for those berries that
grew on some far-off hill-side in years still farther away.’’

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. — BD7
STRAWBERRY PLANTING AND CARE.

We extract the following from a lengthy article in the World by Secretary
Williams of the New Jersey Horticultural Society:

It is always best to look up home testimony in regard to the success or fail-
ure of any fruit, if it is to be had. No one engaging in strawberry culture on
the most limited scale should confine himself to a single variety. Three or
four dozen plants, in as many varieties, costing about a dollar, delivered at
your postoffice, are little enough to start with. It is far preferable to invest-
ing the same amount in one variety, for you not only cover a longer season by
haying early, medium, and late kinds, but some one or more may prove better
adapted for your purposes than the others. We consider the spring generally
the best season to set plants, but time is saved and sometimes good results
obtained by setting in July or August. In the latter case plants should be
procured near at hand or by express, the warm weather and growing condition
of the plants rendering their transit by mail unsafe. Plants rooted in pots till
they will hold the ball of earth together are perfectly safe, but if left too long
they become pot-bound and are poor-inyestments. I have found old broken
berry baskets preferable to pots for this purpose, and the best way to utilize
them. If not sufficiently open to allow the roots free egress they can be easily
made so. Sunk in the ground to the surface, as soon as the young plant is
rooted in them, they may be lifted entire and planted where wanted without
removing them from the basket.

If confined to a small garden where the work must be done by hand we have
generally set the plants in beds of three rows, fifteen to eighteen inches apart,
and the plants one foot in the row, leaving a space—a path—between each bed
from which to gather the fruit. If the runners are kept off, the plants will
make large stools and produce larger fruit than if allowed to run at will.
Where horse culture is available it is far preferable and cheaper. In this case
the rows should be as long as possible, and two and one-half to five feet apart.
I plant at the latter distance, allowing the young plants to root in rows cover-
ing a space about two feet wide. The cultivator is kept running to keep the
ground free of weeds, and the young plants set in evenly over the space
designated.

I have never yet found any fertilizer preferable to well rotted barn-yard
manure, but if the ground is made rich for preceding crops it is all the better.
I have experimented with commercial fertilizers, but so far they are only
experiments.

What should be done with beds now that the season is over? Turn them
under and put some other crop on the ground, or fertilize and renew with
young plants on the same ground. I find it cheaper and less labor to set and
keep clean a new bed than to clean out an old one. New beds should be set
every spring on purpose to supply young plants for fall or spring setting. Old
beds are a poor dependence for plants where vigor and healthfulness are
considered,

STRAWBERRIES FOR DISTANT MARKETS.

The above article called to mind another, written for the Farmer and Fruit
Grower by Secretary Galusha of the Illinois Horticultural Society, on a kindred
topic, from which we extract as follows:

358 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Since it is often asserted that there is no strawberry to take the place of the
famous Wilson for long shipment, and since it is a fact that there are at least
a dozen varieties, which, when on the market at the same time as Wilson, will
bring from one-third to one-half more, it becomes a serious question with those
growers who live at a long distance from market, and especially those of south-
ern I)linois whose lands are peculiarly adapted to fruit growing, whether there
is any variety of strawberry which can be shipped 300 to 400 miles and bring a
first-class price after having been twenty-four hours in market. Right here is
the place for another important consideration, viz.: that the time has already
come when commission men in Chicago must abandon the hope of handling all
the fruit which Illinois and western Michigan produces. Growers must and
will ship directly to the towns where the fruit is to be consumed, thus saving
expenses of re-shipments and commissions in Chicago, and, more than all,
losses caused by delays and longer journeys. This plan has beeu adopted by
very many growers already with success and must very soon become general in
marketing perishable fruits. This fact taken in connection with the considera-
tion that the Wilson can no longer compete with better sorts in the markets,
leads me to say that there are several varieties which may be substituted to a
decided advantage to the grower. It is quite probable that most, if not all of
these will require more care in growing, and the occasional application of
manures to the soil.

The most prominent among these sorts at present is, perhaps, Capt. Jack, a
seedling of the Wilson, inheriting the prolific habit of its parent in an increased
degree, equally as hardy in vine, fruit larger, of decidedly better quality, and
bearing transportation almost if not quite as well as the Wilson.

The Continental is the firmest berry in more than thirty varieties on my
grounds, is large, sweet, and must command a high price in market wherever
known. ‘The vines are as prolific as Wilson.

Prouty is more productive than Wilson, and berries of about same size when
kept in rows on rich ground. ‘The berries are beautiful, rich and firm enough
to ship well from Cairo to Chicago.

Sharpless and Miner—‘‘Miner’s Great Prolific’? are two sorts of recent
introduction, of about equal merit in every respect; larger than either of the
previously named sorts, vines hardy and very productive, and the fruit will
carry well to a quite distant market. These berries, exposed for sale in almost
any large town side by side with Wilson, would be taken in preference to it at
nearly double the price.

I am very favorably impressed with.Centennial Favorite and Glendale as
shipping varieties, but dare not give a decided opinion until after another
season’s fruitage.

HOW TO GROW GOOD STRAWBERRIES.

The following excellent paper is from the March proceedings of the Ingham
County Horticultural Society, and was written by Ezra Jones of Lansing:

To grow poor fruit is not difficult. It requires neither thought nor skill nor
even much physical labor.

Of all sorts of fruit, whether the large or small, there are some varieties that
will yield moderate crops under neglect. The shiftless, lazy man, who goes

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 359

slipshod through life, who never does anything thoroughly, unless it be to eat
and sleep, who will not more than half prepare his ground or half take care of
it after the plants are set, may, from the midst of weeds and grass, get a fair
crop of Green Prolific or Wilson strawberries, or even of that much over-praised
new variety, the Crescent Seedling. But they will not be first-class berries of
even these comparatively poor varieties. Many persons, however, will be satis-
fied with them. Persons who will discriminate readily between good and poor
apples, or any other sort of fruit, say strawberries are strawberries, and they
can’t see much difference in them except in size and shape. It seems almost
incredible that the sour Wilson should seem the same as the sweet Seth Boyden,
the flavorless Green Prolific as the rich flavored Duncan, or the dull acid of the
Crescent as the spicy and delightful flavor of the President Wilder, Essex
Beauty, Centennial Favorite, Great American, and a host of others.

But these splendid high-flavored berries cannot be produced without labor
and care and skill. They demand a deep, rich, and thoroughly prepared soil.
I am not unaware that the opinion has prevailed somewhat extensively in the
past and is still entertained by a few growers, that in a very rich soil all va-
rieties will run too much to vines; that the vines will grow large and rampant
but the fruit small in size and quantity. Many years ago a friend of mine told
me he had been trying for several years to raise strawberries in his garden but
had failed until that year, and that year he was getting a large crop. He ac-
counted for it by saying that formerly he had them on his best soil, but that
year they were on a yellow clay that did not seem to have much richness in it.
The probability is he had them where a stump or log heap had been burned
and that the ground was full of ashes, one of the very best fertilizers for straw-
berries, and that in previous years he used raw manures.

I certainly never have been able to make a soil too rich with properly pre-
pared manure for the finer varieties of this fruit, or to bestow upon them too
much care in the way of weeding and cultivating. In fact I can get no satis-
factory returns from them, and have never found anyone that could, from a
poor or poorly prepared soil, with careless after treatment.

It seems to me that small fruit nurserymen are too much in the habit of
representing the growing of strawberries and other small fruits as requiring
but little time and labor. The farmer or the laborer may thereby be induced
to make a purchase of plants—and he will always want the best—but he will
be likely to feel deceived and disappointed, when he finds they will not pro-
duce among weeds.

Three years ago a lady in the city came to me for plants. She did not know
what varieties she wanted, but said she wanted the best, and her husband told
her to have me select them and he would hold me responsible for their quality,
etc. I took the responsibility on condition that they should be cared for as I
directed. ‘The next year, at the time of fruiting, she met me at the store
where my berries were sold, and inquired for the name of one of the varieties
she had. She said the fruit was very large and very sweet, that neither she
nor her neighbors ever saw any berries equal to them. They had good care.
A gentleman who is alarge farmer, and who I knew was extremely busy in
tending to the work of his farm, came for plants, said he wanted those as
good as any had. I told him what was the best for one was not always the
best for another, that those that produced the largest and finest berries would
require the best soil and care, that weeds and grass must be kept out and the
runners ought to be cut off. He took the same varieties that the lady had.

360 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

When the fruit season arrived I inquired about them. <‘‘Well,’’ he said, ‘I
don’t get a great many berries.” I asked if he had cultivated them and kept
out the weeds, etc. ‘‘ Well, no,’’ he replied, ‘‘ they are pretty weedy.’’ Yet
he evidently felt disappointed that there was not more and larger fruit.

I have mentioned these two cases to prove my statement that the varieties
that yield berries of superior size and flavor, under suitable treatment, will not
respond to neglect, and that even when the neglector has no reason to expect
different results from those he gets, he will fee] disappointed.

I have already indirectly indicated some of the finer varieties and hinted at
the way they should be grown. I wish now to state what fertilizers I have
found, by actual trial, to be most suitable, and what is meant by thorough
preparation and cultivation. It has become customary when the question is
asked, what is the best fertilizer for any particular crop, to answer, nothing is
better than well-rotted stable manure. As far as the strawberry is concerned,
I dissent from this answer. Not that it is not a good fertilizer for the straw-
berry, but that it is not the best. The strawberry, both fruit and plant, is
composed largely of potash and phosphoric acid: these and nitrogen are what
are required to be supplied. All its other elements are found in sufficient
quantities in most soils. Its demands in*this direction are best met, so far as
my experience goes, by wood ashes and a compost made of equal parts of hen
manure and common field soil. This compost should be worked over until
fine enough to be taken in a basket and scattered by hand. If commenced to
be made this spring and thoroughly worked during the summer it will be fit
for use in the fall or any time thereafter. I use about ten barrels of this and
six barrels of unleached wcod ashes to an acre.

Now as to the preparation of the ground. If it is clayey with a clay subsoil,
it ought to be underdrained and subsoiled in order to provide, as far as pos-
sible, against drought that so frequently comes in fruiting time. But if the
facilities for doing this are wanting, then the top soil must be plowed or
spaded to its full depth, being careful not to bring the subsoil to the surface.
On this should be spread half the compost and half the ashes intended for the
whole plat, and well worked in with the cultivator and the drag, or the hoe and
the rake. Then it should be re-plowed, the balance of the manure put on, and
recultivated and dragged, always bearing in mind that the soil cannot be too
thoroughly pulverized or the fertilizer too thoroughly incorporated therewith.
The surface should than be made smooth by either a roller or a plank-drag,

The plat is now ready for the plants. These may be set according to one’s
taste and facilities for cultivating. If in a small garden, where hand cultiva-
tion must be used, I should set them 12 by 16 inches, in beds four feet wide;
where a horse could be used, one foot by three, being careful to get my rows as
nearly straight as possible, so that in the beginning the cultivator may be run
close to the plants. Some of the better varieties—such as Jucunda, President
Wilder, and ‘Triomphe de Gand—must be kept in hills in order to get profitable
returns. If you want large and first quality berries, all of the high class vari-
eties should be so kept. That is they should not be allowed to form new plants.
To prevent this the runners will need to be cut off about once in 10 or 12 days
during the growing season. If this is done the plants will form large stools
that will meet each other in the rows. A very good implement for cutting off
the runners is a knife shaped something like a kitchen chopping-knife fastened
in along handle. With this you can walk rapidly down the rows, cutting off
the runners without stopping.

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 361

The plants should be cultivated about once a week during the entire season
of growth, and such weeds as are not reached by the cultivator must be got out
with the hoe or hand. Every year as long as the plat is permitted to remain
it should be top dressed with the same fertilizer in about the same amount,
half to be applied at the last cultivation before blossoming, and half at the first
after fruiting.

As soon as the ground is frozen in the fall the plants should be covered
with clean straw, just enough, and no more, to hide them from view. The
object of this mulch is two-fold, viz.: to keep the plants from the blighting
influence of the hot sun when they are frozen, and to keep them from being
thrown out of the ground by the frequent freezing and thawing. The past
winter and present spring furnish a good illustration of the necessity for such
a mulch. As soon in the spring as freezing is over, this mulch may be
removed, the ground cultivated, and the mulch replaced in the rows, or the
mulch may be pushed away from the plants and left until after fruiting.
Good cultivators differ in opinion as to which of these ways is best. But the
last cultivation should be done and the mulch replaced before blossoming.
The object of the mulch at the time of fruiting is to keep the fruit clean and
the ground moist. It is hardly possible to get too much moisture in a well
drained soil at that time. If at any time plants of any variety are wanted for
the purpose of adding to or renewing the plantation, each parent plant may
be allowed to produce three new ones. In this case, the new plant as soon as
well rooted should be severed from the parent.

These fine strawberries, when grown as I have described, are larger and
richer in flavor, are more easily gathered, look better in the boxes and on the
table, and taste much better, because you taste them with the eye as well as
with the palate. Even the Wilson, when grown in this manner and allowed
to get fully ripe before it is picked, is very different from and superior to the
half-grown, half-ripened sour Wilson usually found in the market.

To obtain the largest success as a grower of this fruit a person must have a
love for the business. He must not go to his work as a slave under the lash of
.a task master; he must be deeply interested in it,—an enthusiast in it, if you
please. Then his labor and care, even if wearying, as they surely will be, will
be a pleasure, and he will not yield to the difficulties, discouragements, and
‘disappointments that will inevitably meet him at times. He must feel that
this employment is honorable, not menial; that it is as dignified as any to
which man devotes his time and energies.

The fine, large, well-grown strawberry is the most delicious fruit in the gardens
of earth. Beautiful in its rich, green foliage, beautiful in its pure white blos-
soms, superbly beautiful in its own crimson maturity, it seems to me to have a
memory and a voice. It tells me of its former home in paradise, where every
breeze was laden with the fragrance of-fruit and flower, and man in his
purity walked and talked with angels, while they ate of the fruit, and were
satisfied and happy. It seems also to have a voice of prophecy; that tells me
of a paradise to be regained; that at the bidding of Him who is the resurrec-
tion and the life, man shall come forth, purified from the grossness of earth
and the pollutions of sin, and live again with angels in the gardens of immor-
tality, and again gather fruits from the banks of the river of life.

362 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
BLUEBERRY IN THE GARDEN.

A correspondent of the Fruit Recorder says he has grown the high blueberry
in Maine for forty years profitably, and considers it one of the most promising
market fruits. The fruit is larger, finer, and richer than the low blueberry.
The bushes grow thrifty, throwing up strong shoots ten or twelve feet high in
afew years. It does not require high culture nor very rich ground. It wants
plenty of sun, and succeeds best on high, dry soil. I have always transplanted
my bushes from the wild state, but presume they could be profitably g grown in

the nursery.

PLANTING AND TRANSPLANTING.

TRANSPLANTING TREES.

I planted a lot of seedling spruces and balsams ten years ago in a very stiff or
heavy clay soil. In three or four years I transplanted half of them, which op-
eration root-pruned both those that were removed and those that remained.
The job was well done, and nota tree lost. Fibrous roots were made, and when
I am setting them a ball of earth envelops the roots and I never lose any trees.
One year ago I took up a nice spruce, six or seven feet high, and left it stand-
ing on the sod with nothing to protect it but the ball of earth, and it has re-
mained there ever since, and is still sound and good, although we had the worst
drought lever saw. We can put one of those trees in a wagon and drive twenty
miles; the tree will stand straight up and be sure to grow. But you can’t do
this with trees grown in the sand; the dirt will all fall off and the roots get dry
and have to be kept moist, especially those of large trees. I have successfully
moved trees twelve feet high with a ball of earth that would weigh 200 to 300
pounds. Some people, in giving directions for transplanting, say, dig the hole
a little deeper than the tree stood in the nursery. But this won’t do in a heavy
clay soil, unless the ground is well drained, because the hole will fill up with
water and drown the tree; even a fish may be drowned. But in removing trees
from a clay soil to a sandy soil the advice is good, because it is impossible to
drown a tree in any well-drained soil. Sometimes, in planting, I set the tree
on the surface of the ground and fetch soil to cover the roots, and I very sel-
dom lose a tree.—L. A. Roby, Kent Co., Mich., in N. Y. Tribune.

WHAT KILLS FRUIT TREES.

Some time ago Josiah Hoopes, in an address before the Pennsylvania Fruit
Growers’ Association, made the following excellent remarks on planting fruit
trees: ‘‘Deep planting is an error; to plant a tree rather shallower than it
formerly stood is really the right way, whilst many plant a tree as they would
a post. Roots are of two kinds—the young and tender rootlets, composed en-

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 363

tirely of cells, the feeders of the tree, always found near the surface getting air
and moisture, and roots of over one year old, which serve only as supporters of
the tree and as conductors of its food. Hence the injury that ensues when the
delicate rovtlets are so deeply buried in earth. Placing fresh or green manure
in contact with the young roots is, he tells us, another great error. The place
to put manure is on the surface, where the elements disintegrate, dissolve and
carry it downwards. Numerous forms of fungi are generated and reproduced
by the application of such manures directly to the roots, and they immediately
attack the tree. It is very well to enrich the soil at transplanting the tree, but
the manure, if to be in contact with or very near the roots, should be thor-
oughly decomposed.’’—Rural Home.

HEADING BACK TRANSPLANTED TREES.

The practice of cutting and slashing trees that are transplanted is only an
excuse for tearing the trees out of the ground and mutilating the roots instead
of carefully removing them. But we do not agree with the opinion that all
cutting should be avoided. The error is in not doing the work right. When
a tree is dug from the ground where it has grown, the roots should be so care-
fully preserved that no large limb or branch need be cut, unless it be to give
the top a good shape, and even this may be deferred to the second year. But
it is usually very important to reduce the mass of foliage which the trees must
support. This is neatly and efficiently done by cutting back all the previous
year’s growth, one-half, three-fourths, or nine-tenths, according to the loss of
roots. In this way there is no mutilation, or reduction of the size of the head,
and all may be accomplished that is required. The mistake must never be
made by performing the cutting back after the buds are expanded, which will
do more harm than good.—Country Gentleman.

PRUNING.

VARNISH FOR WOUNDS.

Any limb as large or larger than one’s finger should, after being cut off, be
painted with some kind of preparation to shut ont the air and prevent rain from
getting into the body. Gum shellac and alcohol is easily prepared and put
in, and when once hardened is not subject to the effects of heat. It hardens
very soon after application, and can be used in hot or cold weather—is always
ready for use. Prepare in a wide-mouthed bottle or jar and apply with a brush.
Keep well corked when not in use to prevent evaporation.—Jecord.

36f STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SEASON FOR PRUNING.

A western fruit grower says that he cut off a limb an inch in diameter from
an apple tree in each month of the year. At the end of five years, when they
were all healed over, they were opened, and those found to have decayed the
least were those cut in February and March, or just before the swelling of the
buds, while those cut in June and July, or during the growing season, had
decayed the most; by this it would appear that the old way of pruning in early
spring, before the sap begins to flow, was the best.

PRUNING FOR WOOD AND FRUIT.

Mr. William Saunders of Washington, D. C., thinks the rule to prune in
summer for fruit, and in winter for wood, needs a good deal of qualifying. He
admits that the methods employed to produce fruitfulness in a tree, by reducing
the vigor of the tree by shortening in, dwarfing, root-pruning, tying down
branches, will all tend in the direction of fruitfulness, but it is to the practical
application of the rule for summer pruning that he criticises. Hesays: ‘‘If
the shoots of a growing apple tree are shortened in one-third, say towards the
close of June, the remaining buds instead of developing into fruit buds, will in
ordinary seasons, start out new growths of wood. If this pruning is delayed
until August, and is followed by dry weather, the probabilities are in favor of
the formation of fruit spurs, but if the fall should prove wet and warm, the
result will be the same as in the June pruning, and the new shoots will go into
winter in the worst possible shape, a green succulent growth with no ripeness.
The process then, to say the least, is somewhat dangerous in application. But
if the cause of barrenness be impaired vitality instead of over luxuriance, sum-
mer pruning would speedily destroy the tree.’’

As to pruning in winter for wood, he doubts if this method will produce in
the aggregate any more growth, but by confining the growth to fewer buds,
greater length is secured, and there is no doubt but winter pruning will by this
means impart a vigor to weak trees to be secured in no other way. He gives a
more precise maxim as follows: ‘‘Summer pruning tends to weaken the growth
of a plant, while winter pruning tends to increased vigor in the branches, and
all pruning is of more or less injury to the vitality of plants.’’

FERTILIZERS.

VALUE OF SWAMP MUCK.

Muck is generally praised without ‘‘ifs’’ or “ buts,’’ and the following view
by Col. F. D. Curtis may give a hint that will set somebody to thinking:

The mistake about muck is that everything found in wet places is called
muck. Black sand or dirt is carted out as muck, but is worthless, except to

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 365

lighten clay land. Pond mud is called muck because it is black, but as a rule
it will not pay for handling. Peat is supposed to be muck, but makes a very
poor manure applied directly to a crop. All muck is sour and injurious to the
land until it is changed by a winter’s freezing or the rays of the sun. If one
has a muck bed it will pay to work at it in winter when there is nothing else to
do, and in summer convert it into ashes for atop dressing. It will ‘also pay
when the teams are otherwise idle to haul muck to the barnyard, if it can be
got at handy, and the price of the labor is not very high; 25 cents per load
delivered on the ground, is all the expense it will bear as a maximum yalue,
and it should not be more than half that as muck averages.

USES OF SOOT IN THE GARDEN.

Soot is valuable for the ammonia which it contains, and also for its power of
reabsorbing ammonia. ‘The creosote it contains is valuable as an insect
destroyer and as a fertilizer of all garden crops. If the soil is dry a little
common household salt may be mixed with soot. Lime and soot should never
be mixed together; lime destroys the ammonia. Soot that has been steeped in
water for two or three days is as good a fertilizer as horse hoof parings for
house plants, and increases the vividness of the bloom of flowers in the open
air. Soot and salt in connection with compost—one quart of salt to six quarts
of soot—is an excellent fertilizer for asparagus, onions, cabbages, etc. Two
bushels of compost make a heavy dressing for each square rod of ground, to
be worked in the surface of the soil—Gardening Illustrated.

USING BONES.

There is no better manure for berries, trees and vines than bones, if they can
be utilized. ‘The papers are teeming with methods to reduce them, but the
simplest and best method for fruit growers is to follow Dr. Nichols’ method,
published so many yearsago: ‘‘Take 100 pounds of bones broken up into
small fragments; pack them into a tight cask or box with 100 pounds of good
wood ashes. Mix with the ashes before packing, 25 pounds of slacked lime
12 pounds of sal soda, powdered fine. It will require about 20 gallons of water
to saturate the mass, and more may be added from time to time to maintain
the moisture. In two or three weeks the bones will be so soft that they may
be turned out upon the floor and mixed with two bushels of good soil, and after
the mass is dry it will be ready for use.’’

SCIENCE AND SENSE ABOUT MANURE.

Dissolve common salt in water, sprinkle the same over your manure heap,
and the volatile parts of the ammonia will become fixed salts, from their hay-
ing united with the muriatic acid of the common salt, and the soda thus liber-
ated from the salt will quickly absorb carbonic acid, forming carbonate of soda;
thus you will retain with your manure the ammonia that would otherwise fly

306 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

away, and you have a new and important agent introduced, viz: the carbonate
of soda, which is a powerful solvent of vegetable fibre.—Farmer and Dairyman.

STORING, MARKETING, AND PRESERVING.

STORING APPLES.

Two years ago this spring I advertised for 500 barrels of apples, and pur-
chased nearly that number, noting carefully the results of various methods of
storing. Those stored in damp, dark, cellars were brighter, firmer, and less
decayed. In one cellar in Woodstock, eighty barrels were stored above water
three inches deep in the cellar bottom, which emanated from a spring. The
barrels were not headed up, but stood upon stones and timbers just above the
water; they were Russets, Greenings, Baldwins, and English Beauties. In
some of the barrels there was not a specked apple; they were the best of all I
bought; and of the others, those in damp cellars proved the best.—Wass.
Ploughman.

Dr. T. H. Hoskins, Newport, Vt., refers in the ‘he Rural New Yorker to
the frequently observed fact of stray apples keeping well all winter on the
ground covered with leaves under the trees, and adds these suggestive remarks:

A friend of mine living in Montreal says that seeing some very fine
Fameuses exposed for sale in that city, he inquired how they were kept. He
learned that they were part of a cargo of a canal boat which had sunk in the
canal and was frozen before it could be raised. When this was effected in the
spring, it was found that the cargo of apples, which would not have kept much
longer than January in the air, had been preserved perfectly in the water. An
old custom of burying apples in the ground the same as roots for winter storage
also demonstrates that moisture in contact with apples does not necessarily
cause rotting. In Russia I understand that apples are preserved in tight
barrels with water, in the way practiced in this country with cranberries. On
the other hand apples keep perfectly in dry cellars, as many fruit growers can
testify.

What then is the essential requisite for the safe winter keeping of this
fruit? Simply, I believe, the preservation of a low uniform temperature as
near the freezing point of water as possible. ‘This can be maintained in dry
cellars, but much more easily and perfectly, I think, in wet ones. The
presence of water has a controlling power over the variations of temperature
near the freezing point, as all know who have had to keep water in a cold
cellar to keep it from freezing. ‘The moisture does no harm to the apples. It
may even be a direct benefit in preventing evaporation from and consequent
withering of the apples, though this evaporation is very slight at the low
temperature necessary in fruit cellars for success in keeping apples over until
spring.

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 367

In Canada apples are rarely stored for keeping in house cellars. A special
cellar is made, deep, with thick stone walls laid in mortar. These walls rise
above the surface only about ten inches, to allow of small windows for ventil-
ation and light. There is a double floor above filled in with moss or sawdust.
This floor is covered by a roof-like attic, and the apples are there kept until
the approach of severe frosts, when they are sorted, barreled, and lowered into
the cellar through a trap-door, which is then closed and packed in the same
way as the floor. At times during the winter when the weather 1s not freezing
this cellar is opened and the fruit removed for sale. Wheu properly made and
managed there is little or no loss in the way of storing winter apples.

ANOTHER VIEW OF STORING.

A correspondent of the N. Y. Tribune writes as follows:

Apples never sweat, but moisture condenses on them as dew upon grass.
Fruit should be carefully gathered as soon as ripe, when the weather is dry and
warm; should never be handled when wet, and must not be bruised nor chafed
in the least. The natural waxy secretion found on fruit is a protection against
the effects of moisture and air; when the skin is deprived of this protection or
is broken by pressure, or even by a puncture of a pin (made in labeling fruit
at our fairs, as is often done), the oxygen of the air will gain access to the
juices of the fruit, and fermentation and decay will result. Gathered as above
described and carried directly to the cellar when the fruit is warm and dry, and
packed in barrels or bins, the atmosphere being cool, the vapor in it will not
condense and no dew will be seen on the fruit, as will be the case when the
apples are cooler than the cellar air. Forty years ago or more I thus stored
eight barrels of Roxbury Russets in my cellar as soon as gathered, and laid the
barrels on the bilge, and when opened the 8th of July not an apple was
specked, while the remainder, gathered in an ordinary way, barreled and
stored in the barn (as was then said ‘‘tosweat’’), during the changes of heat
in November till cold weather, and then stored in cellar, rotted badly by the
middle of May.

FRUIT CURING.

The California Mountain Messenger reports an interesting experiment in fruit
curing lately made at a Placerville foundry. About a peck of sliced apples
were placed in a sieve and subjected to a cold air blast for three and a half
hours in the cupola furnace of the foundry, and the fruit is reported to have
been completely and beautifully cured by the treatment, remaining soft and
without the slightest discoloration. ‘I'he cured fruit showed none of the harsh,
stiff dryness which results from hot curing, the cold blast completely freeing
the fruit from excess of moisture, with no possibility of burning or shriveling
it. The Messenger says: ‘‘Compared with our sun drying, it effects a great
saving of expense, attention, and risk. Anybody who can command or devise
a strong blast of cold air can dry fruit in a superior—we might say perfect—
manner, without being dependent on the weather and waiting on the slow pro-

368 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

cess of sun drying, and without the most expensive resort to fuel and the risk
of overheating.”’

PACKING APPLES FOR DISTANT MARKETS.

Many believe that some packing material should be used in the barrels tu
keep apples from bruising each other; but we have never known this to be
necessary when the apples were sound, and properly barreled. After the apples
are in, they should be subjected to a pressure by the lid, to the extent of even
pressing some of the fruit into each other. In good air-tight barrels, they will
not move or bruise each other. It is only after the air gets to the bruise by the
pressed-in apple, that decay follows; while the two apples are pressed together
they will not rot.—Gardener’s Monthly.

FRUIT AND SUGAR.

When fruit does harm it is because it is eaten at improper times, in improper
quantities, or before it is fully ripened and fit to be taken into the stomach.
Unripe fruit of any kind is indigestible, but with the present facilities for a
supply of one or more kinds of choice ripe fruits nearly the year round, there
is little need for using that which is unwholesome. Grapes and strawberries
are two of the most healthful fruits that can be grown. ‘These fruits, eaten
liberally of during their seasons, with other sorts that ripen between the seasons
of these two, will be found more potent to cure diseases of the bowels and
digestive organs, unless of too long standing to be relieved by any remedy, than
drugs and medicines. The main difficulty is we do not eat enough of fruit,
and then the imperious claims of too often perverted tastes lead us to destroy
its finer qualities with sugar. We need the medicinal qualities of the pure
fruit acids in our systems, taken from nature’s own laboratory, and given us as:
one of the best gifts of providence. Let us accept them as such.— Michigan
Homestead.

BIRDS AND MOLES.

HOW THE ENGLISH SPARROW LOVES INSECTS.

With much trouble we succeeded in driving the sparrow from our cornice
where they had made their roosts. They betouk themselves to the thick shade
of a box elder tree that stood near by, and found a comfortable summer roost.
Anon, the tent-caterpillars came and ‘‘jumped their claim.’? But the spar-

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 369

rows did not resent it, and the two occupants dwelt together in unity. The
result is, the insects have stripped the tree of its leaves, and the poor sparrows
are without a shelter, and when it rains they make a pitiful twittering, but they
meekly endure their wrongs. O, the love of the sparrow; the base ingratitude
of the caterpillar.—Jndiana Farmer.

THE ROBIN.

The American Agriculturist puts down the robin of this country as one of the
pests of the garden. ‘Their first depredations were on the strawberry beds,
where they devoured fine and luscious specimens of the Monarch of the West,
and mutilated more than they ate. Next, the green peas were scooped out of
the pods; then they devoured pecks of the early cherries; the currants, which
the owner had carefully saved by applying hellebore, were next plundered by
all the robins in the neighborhood ; then the early pears were pecked and punct-
ured, and the Delaware and other grapes fed on till frost. The writer then
says: ‘‘ We hardly know the secret of his popularity; he is not more beautiful
than other birds, and has no sweeter song.’ We can inform him: it comes
from the use of another bird’s trade-mark—the name of the English robin, a
very different bird, closely allied to our blue-bird, and a really amiable little
fellow, whose fame has been spread by old legends and nursery songs; while
the American robin is much like the English blackbird and belongs to the same
genus.—Country Gentleman.

ENGLISH SPARROW AND SMALL FRUITS.

This lively little fellow has elicited considerable discussion for two or three
years past. His family increases so rapidly that most of our large towns and
cities are already quartering his progeny, likewise his ‘‘ cousins, and his uncles
and his qunts,’’ and their descendants in large numbers,

In regard to whether these birds are a benefit or an injury, the weight of
argument thus far has gone to prove that they are not a desirable acquisition.
They are exceedingly pugnacious, driving away almost every other bird that
comes within their reach, or attempts to build its nest in their vicinity. But
the most serious count in the indictment against them is the injury they do to
fruit; not so much to the fruit itself, but to the bushes and trees during the
winter. A case in point has recently come under observation. Mr. J. Newhall
of Toronto, Canada, has hitherto been an advocate of the English sparrows,
and frequently defended them in the public prints, but he has had an experi-
ence with them the past winter which has cooled his admiration. He has a
red currant patch to which the sparrow paid great attention. Curiosity led
him to investigate the matter, when, to his surprise and consternation, he
found every bush entirely denuded of every fruit-bud as clean as if it had been
rubbed down with leather-gloved hands. Not abud left! Further investi-
gation showed that his Glass’ seedling plums were nearly stripped of every bud
also, and his Mayduke cherries were considerably damaged. Mr. Newhall now
thinks that if these sparrows increase in the same ratio for the next three years
as they have in the past three, it will be useless to attempt to grow small fruits

47

370 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in Toronto. He thinks also that this matter is a fit subject for the consider-
ation of Fruit Growers’ Associations. His suggestion is proper and timely,
for these sparrows multiply prodigiously, and are spreading rapidly throughout
the country. Forewarned is oftentimes forearmed.—Prairie Farmer.

SPARE THE SAPSUCKER.

The poor ‘‘sapsucker’’—‘‘ Nuthatch” of the books—is again attacked in
some quarters on the score that it really does injury to fruit trees by boring
holes in the trunks and sucking the sap, and hence the life of the tree! We
pity the shortsightedness of those who thus expose themselves to public ridicule.
They offer no proof of a nature that a justice of the peace would receive in a
case of assault and battery; they jump at conclusions without investigation—
and in questions of this kind everything depends upon investigation. The
harmless ‘‘sapsucker,’’ like several other birds, has to bear a great deal of
nonsensical abuse; and while it presents no bill for the myriads of worms and
insects it destroys, it ought to be remunerated on every side by a good word for
the valuable service it performs and a stern denial of the sins charged against
it.—Germantown Telegraph.

AN ENGLISHMAN’S VIEW OF THE SPARROW.

A correspondent of the Gardeners’ Chronicle thus relieves himself on the
Sparrow question: ‘‘ Would that the ‘hot blasts of indignation’ had the power
to rid the gardeners of such winged vermin as sparrows, bullfinches, chaf-
finches, linnets, and bluecaps. I can indorse all that can be said against that
worst of all winged vermin, the unspeakable sparrow. ‘The unusual severity
of last winter did not diminish the number of sparrows in this district, for
there are countless multitudes. Hat caterpillars, indeed! Any one looking at
the gooseberry bushes in this district would become an unbeliever in such works
of charity by asparrow. They are content only with the best of corn and
dainties from the kitchen garden, then scent their bills with sweet-scented
flowers. Quite aristocratic, of course; more especially now that parochial
sparrow clubs are extinct.”

THE PREY CATCHERS.

Mr. A. 8. Fuller, writing on this subject in The American Entomologist,
expresses these sensible views:

It is no wonder that the fields are overrun with mice, and hundreds of
thousands of fruit trees are annually girdled and destroyed by these pests,
whose natural enemies have been driven away or killed. Better keep the chick-
ens and turkeys in a secure lath-covered yard until they are too large to be
caught by hawks than to kill off all the birds of prey. The crow or blackbird,
although not classed among the birds of prey by ornithologists, are considered
as such by our farmers, and pursued with as much vindictiveness, because both
are sometimes caught stealing a few grains of corn, and the former is known

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 371

to be fond of eggs, and is not at all particular in regard to their kind, whether
it be those of the duck, hen, or those of some wild bird in the field or forest.
But with all their faults, there can be little doubt that they do far more good
than harm, in destroying many millions of noxious insects. Only give the crow
half a chance and he is the best insect collector known, and there is scarcely
anything of the kind that comes amiss, for he has a voracious appetite and a
good digestion, and I have known a young half-fledged crow to devour a hun-
dred rose-beetles for breakfast, without appearing to be at all uncomfortable
afterward, or lose his appetite for a good dinner of the same.

BIRDS AND INSECTS.

In an admirable address by William Saunders, before the Entomological
Society of Ontario, we find the following extracts, which are incorporated in
this portfolio with a great deal of satisfaction :

The question of insectivorous birds, and their influence on the insect world
about us, is attracting much attention, and the more the subject is discussed
the more evident it becomes that very little indeed is known in reference to it;
that our ideas as to what should guide us are largely inherited, or otherwise
based on sentiment, rather than resting upon well-ascertained facts. I am
well aware that to plead in favor of the birds is a popular course to follow;
but the true student of nature is ever seeking after truth, and whether the
facts he discovers are in accord with long cherished opinions and popular
fancies, or are directly opposed to them, are questions of little moment. The
facts, whatever they may be, are what we want.

Insectivorous birds may be conveniently divided into three classes: First,
those which take their food entirely on the wing; second, those which feed
partly on the wing and partly from trees and shrubs, and on the ground; and
third, those which take no food on the wing, but feed entirely either on the
ground or from trees or shrubs. In the first class, besides some rare birds
which we do not need to mention here, the following are found common in
most parts of our Province: the swallows (Hirwndinide), kingbird (Tyrannus
Carolinensis), pewee (Sayornis fuscus), and nighthawk (Chordeiles popetue).
The food of these birds consists chiefly of flies, a large proportion of which
cannot be said to be either noxious or beneficial; many of them in the earlier
stages of their existence live in the water, where they devour decaying vegeta-
tion, or feast on the lower and simpler forms of animal and vegetable life.
The larve of many others are scavengers, devouring decaying or putrescent
animal and vegetable matter, and hence well deserve to be classed with bene-
ficial insects. In the same class of friendly species will rank a considerable
number of others which are parasitic on the bodies of caterpillars; also, the
rapacious species who sustain themselves by devouring the weaker and less
vigorous of their race. A few rare exceptions, of which the wheat midge and
Hessian fly may be noted as examples, are very injurious to field crops, while
the mosquito and black fly are universally branded as enemies to the human
race. These birds also devour a few butterflies and moths; but these, with
few exceptions, are harmless. The question, then, to what extent these purely
insectiyorous birds are beneficial to the farmer or fruit grower, reasonably ad-
mits of muck difference of opinion, for while they do devour a few of our tor-
mentors, they probably destroy a much larger number of beneficial insects, the

372 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

main bulk of their food, however, consisting of harmless species. Doubtless
they serve a purpose of maintaining a proper balance among the insect hosts,
and between animal and vegetable life, but that their service in these depart-
ments is so all important as some would urge admits of grave doubt.

The birds of the second division, namely, those which take their food partly on
the wing and partly from trees and shrubs, or on the ground, are not entirely
insectivorous. The remarks just made in reference to the first class will ap-
ply also to this as far as their food is taken on the wing, but on trees or shrubs,
or on the ground, they consume insects of entirely different classes, chiefly
beetles and the caterpillars of moths and butterflies. ‘The beetles admit of a
similar division to that of the flies already noticed; the larger number are
harmless, a large proportion of the remainder are beneficial, and a few are in-
jurious. Most of the caterpillars of moths and butterflies are harmless, feed-
ing in limited numbers on a great diversity of shrubs and trees of little or no
economic importance. A few may be said to be beneficial, in consequence of
their feeding on troublesome weeds, such as thistles, etc., while a few others
are decidedly injurious. Among the common birds in this second class I would
mention the yellow warbler or spider bird (Dendroeca estiva), the red start
(Setophaga ruticilla), the red-eyed and yellow-throated vireos ( Vireo olivaceus),
and ( V. flavirons), the various species of wood-pecker (Picide), and the blue bird
(Siala sialis).

The birds comprised in the third class are only partially insectivorous.
Among the comnion species are the cat-bird (Galeoscoptes Carolinensis), robin
(Zurdus migratorius), and brown thrush (Harporhynchus rufus), the spar-
rows (Fringillide), the cuckoos (Coccide), the nuthatch (Sitta Carolin-
ensis), chickadee (Parus atricapillus), kinglets (Sylviide), meadow-lark
(Sturnella magna), Baltimore oriole (lcterus baltimore), and the wren (Trog-
lodytes wdon). Besides these there are the blackbirds (Jcteride), which, in
the spring, deyour more or less insect food, but feed chiefly on grain and seeds
the remainder of the year. Nearly all birds, excepting the rapacious species,
feed their young on such soft food as worms, caterpillars, soft-bodied insects
and fruit, and from the time that young birds are hatched until they acquire
the power of flight, a very large quantity of insect food is undoubtedly con-
sumed ; but the question of the greatest practical importance to the agricult-
urist is how far are the birds a help in keeping in check injurious insects. With
the object of obtaining light on this point, I have, with the help of my son,
W. E. Saunders—who has for some years paid special attention to this matter
—examined the contents of the stomachs of a large number of birds, and I
must frankly confess that the larger the experience gained in this direction the
more I have been convinced that but comparatively little help is got from birds
in keeping in subjection injurious insects.

When the cut-worms were so common with us this spring that any bird, with
a very little effort, might have had its fill of them, the contents of a number of
stomachs were examined, especially those of the robin, but not a single speci-
men of this larva was found in any of them, It has been urged that some
birds devour the larvee of the plum curculio by picking them out of the fallen
fruit, but I have failed to find any confirmation of this statement; indeed,
neyer found a curculio larva in the stomach of any bird excepting once in that
of a robin, which had evidently swallowed it by accident when bolting a whole
cherry. As for the robin having any claims upon the sympathies of man for
the good he does, I fear that but a very slight case can be made out in his
fayor. Of fruit he is a thief of the worst kind, stealing early and late, from

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 373

the time of strawberries until the last grapes are gathered; not content to eat
entirely the fruit he attacks, but biting a piece out here and there from the
finest specimens, and thus destroying a far greater quantity than would suffice
to fill him to his utmost capacity. At the time of writing, flocks of the most
pertinacious specimens are destroying the best of my grapes, while alongside is
a patch of cabbages almost eaten up with the larve of the cabbage butterfly—
nice, fat, smooth grubs, easily swallowed—but no such thing will Mr. Robin
look at as long as good fruit can be had. His tastes are so expensive that to
gratify them is to deprive the fruit grower of a large portion of his profits,
hence the sooner the robin ceases to be protected by legislation the better it will
be for all lovers of fruit.

The insect world is composed of myriads of specimens which from their
varied structure and habits admit of being classified into families, each distinct
and usually easily recognizable to the practiced eye of the entomologist. A
large portion of this innumerable host is appointed to prey upon and devour
the other portions, and thus it appears to me that apart from any consideration
of insectivorous birds, that the insect world would and does, to a large extent,
take care of itself, and when an injurious species increases beyond its normal
limits, its natural insect enemies, having an unusual amount of material to
work on, soon become sufficiently numerous to reduce the number of the inju-
rious insect to its normal proportions again. As an illustration, take the now
common cabbage butterfly (Pieris rape). This insect was in some way brought
from Europe to Quebec afew years ago. From Quebec it has since spread
over an immense area, extending now from Alabama to the waters of Lake
Superior, eastward to the Atlantic, and westward many hundreds of miles, and
over all this district it has done immense damage to the cabbage crop. Through-
out this area insectivorous birds of all sorts prevail. The butterfly is conspic-
uous, not very strong in flight, and during the day almost constantly on the
wing ; the larva feeds in exposed situations, is of that smooth character which
birds are said to prefer, and, although similar in color to its food plant, is not
difficult to detect. Here, then, is an instance where a comparatively feeble
insect, particularly vulnerable to attack, has rapidly spread over a large portion
of this continent with little or no opposition from insectivorous birds. Indeed I
haye never yet found or known to be found a single example either of the butter-
fly or its larva in the stomach of any bird. Inits native home in Europe it is seldom
so very destructive as here, for the reason that a smal) four-winged fly (Péero-
malus puparum), an insignificant looking little creature, is a parasite on the
larva of this butterfly, and hunts its victim with the greatest assiduity ; alight-
ing on their backs and thrusting its slender ovipositor through the skin of the
larva, it deposits a number of eggs there, which hatch into tiny grubs, and
these feed upon and eventually destroy the caterpillar. By the constant efforts
of this little parasite the cabbage butterfly is prevented in Europe from be-
coming averyseriouspest. Fortunately this little friend has also been introduced
here from Hurope, although in what manner is not known, and is rapidly
spreading, following in the wake of its prey, and where the parasite has fairly
established itself this butterfly, with its numerons progeny of green caterpillars,
soon dwindles in numbers so materially as shortly to cease to be so grievous an
evil. ‘The butterfly spreads faster than its enemy and is usually several years
in advance of it, but we may confidently anticipate that sooner or later this
small fly will do for us what it has done for Europe—keep this troublesome
insect within due limits. Many other similar examples might be given.

Further, the help of friendly parasitic insects is so much more efficient be-

374 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cause it is in most instances discriminating. As far as is known, the little
parasite referred to attacks only the larva of the cabbage butterfly, and in like
manner many other parasitic species are restricted in their operations to a
single species, while in other instances they are confined to a genus or a group of
similar species. ‘This is not so with some insectivorous birds; they in most in-
stances deyour alike the useful and the injurious species, and the question may
well be raised in many instances whether the good they do is not more than
counterbalanced by the number of useful insects they devour. Recent obser-
vations on the family of thrushes by Mr. 8. A. Forbes, of Illinois, seem to
show that their insect food consists largely of beetles belonging to the Caradide,
a family every member of which is useful, since they feed, both in the larval
and beetle states exclusively on other insects.

The field here open is a wide and inviting one, on which I trust some of you
will enter. J have but touched upon it; as the results of more extended obser-
vations are recorded the opinions here expressed may need modifying. I desire
to do justice to the birds.

MOLES.

A correspondent of the New York Tribune, from Van Buren county in this
State, speaks of his method of trapping moles. He says:

I have been bothered considerably by moles in corn-fields and garden until
the last year or so. I tramp their tunnels down and watch for them—not
generally longer than two hours. As soon as one makes his appearance, rais-
ing the dirt, I cut him in two with an ax, and leave the dead mole in his hole,
which drives the others away. In my garden of two acres, last spring, I
believed there were several. I thought they were going to completely destroy
it, but after cutting one, as above, I did not see any more of their depredations.

A writer in the Rural New Yorker takes the following sensible view of this
animal: ‘‘A recent correspondent of the Rural has entered a plea for the
mole, and perhaps as good a one as can be made; but I think he has failed to
comprehend the mole unless he has him under a subdued character. The mole
is an unmitigated nuisance where he abounds in numbers, destroying peas,
corn, potatoes, strawberries, the lawn, and everything that comes in his way.
Of all the pests that trouble the field, the garden and the lawn, there are few
that are made up of so much pure ‘cussedness’ as the mole. To employ him
to destroy larvee and worms is to use a remedy worse than the disease. It will
take a year or two at least to repair the damage he has already done in my
experimental garden. There is this, however, to be said in his favor, that he
is a fine example of perseverance.”’

——»——_—_

INSECTS AND DISEASES.

ENTOMOLOGY FOR THE FRUIT GROWER.

The subject of insects and diseases is daily attracting more attention, for
their depredations are daily becoming a greater evil, and the importance of
entomological investigation is every day more plainly seen. It is less than fifty

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 375

years since Dr. Harris first published his work on ‘‘ Insects injurious to vege-
tation,’’ and great is the debt of gratitude which we owe to him and succeed-
ing investigators who have given their lives to studying the habits of these
‘little creeping things which be upon the earth,” that they may teach us
how to destroy those which prey upon our lives, and so distinguish our friends
from our enemies. Every plant imported from abroad brings with it a new
insect or disease, and the dissemination of new plants and varieties, without
which there can be no progress in horticulture, inevitably disseminates their
insect enemies. On this subject the words of Edmund Burke are appropriate :
«‘'The most vigilant superintendence, the most prompt activity, which has no
such day as to-morrow in its calendar, are necessary to the farmer,’’ and we
may add, still more to the fruit-grower, and tenfold more necessary in com-
bating our insect enemies; but as long as moral evil exists in the world, so
long may we expect there will be evil in the natural world, and he who is not
willing to contend against both is not worthy of the name either of cultivator
or of Christian.
MARSHALL P. WILDER.

MIGRATION OF THE CODLING MOTH.

Mr. 8. B. Peck, of Muskegon, who has contributed many valuable articles to
the reports of our society, thus discusses in the Mew York Swn on the codling
moth:

The writer claims to have discovered, some six years ago, that the first
brood of this larva left the apple in which it was hatched as soon as the apple
became dead or ceased to grow, and entered a sound one, and so on, destroy-
ing ten to twenty-five apples. If this be true, as I shall herein attempt to
prove, it is plain that our most effectual warfare is to pick off from the tree all
the wormy apples as fast as they appear, and destroy them with their occu-
pants. O. C. Chapin, an extensive apple grower of Western New York,
although not admitting this emigration theory, admits that picking off the
infected fruit and destroying it has been his most effectual remedy.

Presuming that every one who has watched the effects produced by this first
brood of lary has noticed that the apples showing infection have ceased to
grow, and are under the size of sound ones, and that this discrepancy in size
increases from day to day till the apple drops, the plain inference appears to me
to be that this worm, which is said to ‘‘pass quickly to the heart of the fruit”?
after hatching, thus destroys the vitality of the apple, and if so, how long will
this blasted apple afford nutriment to its voracious enemy? Most certainly not
for the thirty days which are said to be about the length of its larvahood. On
this head I quote from my records of 1875 to show the voracity and gluttony
of this pest. ‘* July 14, placed a vigorous and full grown larva on a rhubarb
leaf, gave him a sound apple of 14 inch diameter, and covered them from the
light. In twenty hours I found him inside, with the apple about as nearly
gutted as we ever find them.’’ And while speaking of experiments, I will
state that myself and others have frequently placed the worms on solitary
sound apples, and invariably found them inside, and my neighbor says, ‘‘a
full grown worm does not take much time for it’’ I have several times placed
sound and unsound fruit in a box, and generally found, after a day or two,
some of the sound ones infected, but not always, for when we pick off wormy fruit

376 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

we do not always know (as I shall herein show) whether any of them are tenanted
or not; besides, the fruit is placed in an unnatural position; the worm cannot
enter on the smooth, open side of the fruit, but seeks the stem or calyx end,
or where a leaf rests upon it, or two apples touch each other, in which latter
case the worm has been caught in its passage from one to the other, while its
plainly marked trail of transit is visible in other cases.

One other proof: If we put the most enticing bands around the smooth body
of a heavily laden and infected tree, with no hiding places for the larve under
it, and examine the bands, say about the middle of July, we shall probably find
at least ten larvee and pups under the trap. Now count the wormy apples on
and under the tree, and we shall find that they number over one hundred, or
more than ten times the number of larve and pupe caught. Now, if my
position is not true, where are the ninety or more worms? ‘They are not on or
in the ground, as some suppose ; that would be contrary to all authority and all ex-
perience. ‘‘Oh,’’ some may say, ‘‘the birds have taken them.’’ Idon’t believe
it; the worms are in their hiding places during the day, and during the night the
birds are asleep; besides, with me the insectivorous birds are never here except
during cherry and currant time, after which they leave. Some persons give
much credit to the robin as a destroyer of this vermin, but who ever saw a
robin hunting for an apple worm, or an apple pecked open to get the worm?
That the worms haye been taken from under paper bands by some birds I have
good evidence, also that birds have taken them from under the scales of bark,
but I have no evidence that they have been taken from any other bands, or
from scales in any amount to materially affect the damage done. I have
claimed that the worm leaves the apple before it falls, and seeks a new place
for fresh food. Prof. Beal of the Michigan Agricultural College found that of
250 wormy apples found under the tree, not one had the worm in it, and of
250 infected taken from the tree, only about one quarter contained the larve;
““the rest had crawled out.’ It seems he did not suspect that they had gone
into sound fruit, a fact of which, I think, he will be convinced, if he follows
up the investigation with the care which he manifests in other matters.

That one critic should say, ‘‘I don’t believe a word of it,’? and another
should fail to effect the emigration by putting sound and unsound fruit together,
weighs little with me, for it takes a great many negatives to disprove one posi-
tive. Careful investigation in this case is worth more than a thousand obsolete
theories. It is not long since most people believed that these larvee went into
the ground to hibernate, like the plum curculio and the currant worm,

What I have so far said relates solely to the first brood of the larve; the
second brood, or those which enter the fruit when nearly or fully grown, do
not necessarily kill the fruit, aud often remain in it till gathered and stored ;
that they do sometimes even then change residences I had begun to suspect,
and on asking the opinion of an extensive apple-grower, ‘‘I know it to be so,’’
was his reply. Two other apple-growers thought the same. It is the first
brood that does most of the damage, but it is the second brood alone that
farmers generally notice. Another season I hope to become better acquainted
with this second brood.

REMEDY FOR APHIS.

A remedy for plant lice upon the terminal shoots of rose bushes (or similar
hardy plants), said to work like a charm, is as follows: ‘Take four ounces of

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 377

quassia chips and boil for ten minutes in a gallon of soft water. Take out the
chips and add four ounces of soft soap, which should be dissolved in it as it
cools. Stir well before using, and apply with a moderate sized paint brush,
brushing upward. ‘Ten minutes after syringe the tree with clean water to
wash off the dead insects and the preparation, which would otherwise disfigure
the rose trees.—New York Weekly Herald.

CHLORIDE OF LIME.

Le Cultivateur, a French journal, says that if chloride of lime be spread on
the soil or near plants, insects and vermin will not be found near there, and
add: ‘* By its means plants will easily be protected from insect plagues by
simply brushing over their stems with a solution of it. It has often been
noticed that a patch of land which has been treated in this way remains
religiously respected by grubs, while the unprotected beds around are literally
devastated.. Fruit trees may be guarded from the attacks of grubs by attach-
ing to their trunks pieces of tow, smeared with a mixture of chloride of lime
and hog’s lard, and ants; nd grubs already in possession will rapidly vacate
their position. Butterflies, again, will avoid all plants whose leaves have been
sprinkled over with lime water.”’

THE WEAVIL.

A correspondent writes: ‘‘I have observed of late numerous complaints of
the difficulty of guarding pea and bean seed from the weavil. Your subscriber
has found an effectual remedy, and gives it for the benefit of those seeking
such. After harvesting dry thoroughly in the sun, and afterward place in jars,
cans, or barrels, that have been thoroughly heated before the fire, placing in
each vessel a bottle of turpentine, not corking the bottle, but simply tying a
piece of cloth over its mouth. Cover the vessels as air-tight as possible, and
afterward expose to the sun occasionally. The fumes of the turpentine engen-
dered by the heat kill the egg of the weavil deposited in the seed when it is
green. This is an effectual remedy, and should be known to all seed-growers
north or south.—New York Weekly Herald.

EFFECTS OF SEVERE COLD ON INSECTS.

A yery general impression prevails that severe winters are prejudicial to
insect life. It is, however, a quite erroneous impression, for nothing has struck
us so forcibly in our experience with injurious insects, as the fact that in most
‘cases they pass more safely through asteady, even if severe winter, than through
a mild or changeable one. We have repeatedly called attention to this fact in
our own writings, and Miss E. A. Omerod, in her ‘‘ Notes of Observations on
Injurious Insects’’ for 1879, has some pointed remarks on the subject, in con-
nection with the severity of the past winter in England.

Severe and steady cold is not only favorable to insect hibernation, by causing
.a continued state of torpor, but indirectly in preserving them from the attacks

378 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of birds, and other animals, which, during the severe weather, cannot reach
them in the frost-bound ground.

Mild winters, on the contrary, generally cause premature activity in insects,
often followed by relapses into the torpid state, and such changes are preju-
dicial to their well-being. Insectivorous animals also fare better during such
mild winters.—American Entomologist.

TANSY FOR CABBAGE WORMS.

The following item from the Country Gentleman is certainly worth saving
and the remedy worth a trial:

I have saved my cabbages for two years by steeping tansy and pouring it on
after they begin to head, two applications proving to be necessary. This sea-
son the millers commenced depositing their eggs before the cabbages began to
head, and I gave them a dose over two weeks ago, and there is no sign of any
worms since.

SICKLY TREES.

I notice in your paper of 10th inst., advice to whitewash apple trees which
have the dry black rot. Now my experience is that whitewashing injures and
frequently kills fruit trees. One of my neighbors has succeeded in killing
quite a number of thrifty young pear and cherry trees by annual whitewashing.
I have experimented myself fully and freely with whitewash, and find that
annual applications are sure to kill the trees. For your rotting and sickly
fruit trees dig around the trees well, then manure freely, sprinkle a peck of
salt on the ground under each tree. After the tree leaves out make a strong
salt brine and sprinkle the foliage well two or three times during the summer.
Hogs frequently injure fruit trees by rubbing against and loosening the bark
during the flow of sap.—L. NV., in Indiana Farmer.

SIMPLE INSECTICIDE.

As an insecticide, the juice of the tobacco plant is said to be of great value.
The leayes and stems are well boiled in water, and when the fluid is cold it is
sprinkled over plants attacked by insects, when it at once destroys caterpillars,
black and green fly, gnats, and other enemies to vegetables, and in no way
impairs the growth of the plants. A peculiar odor remains and prevents insects
from coming again for a long time.—Jndiana Harmer.

TWO VALUABLE INSECTICIDES.

London purple. Prof. C. V. Riely in his Bulletin No. 3 of the U. 8.
Entomological Commission, says of London purple: ‘This powder is obtained
from the manufacture of aniline dyes. Crude coal-oil is distilled to produce
benzole; this is mixed with nitric acid and forms nitro-benzole; iron filings

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 379

are then used to produce nascent hydrogen, with the excess of nitric acid in
the benzole. When distilled, aniline results; to this arsenic acid is added to
give an atom of oxygen which produces rose aniline, and quick-lime is added
to absorb the arsenic. The residuum which is obtained by filtration is the
London purple of commerce. The compound is therefore made up of lime
and arsenious acid, with some carbonaceous matter about each atom. Exper-
iments which I made with it in 1878, as an insecticide, and its use on the
Colorado potato-beetle by Professors Budd and Bessey of the lowa Agricultural
College proved highly satisfactory.”’

Mr. A. R. Whitney, of Franklin Grove, Illinois, found it to be a perfect
antidote to the canker-worms which had not been prevented from ascending
the apple trees, and experiments upon the cotton-worm conducted under his
direction all showed that its effects are fully equal to those of Paris green.
Like the latter it kills the worms quickly, and does not injure the plants,
if not applied in too great quantity.

Its cheap price removes all temptation to adulterate it, as every adulteration
would prove more expensive than the genuine article. It is superior to Paris
green, because of its finely powdered condition, which allows it to be more
thoroughly mixed with other ingredients and thus used in smaller proportion.

Very careful experiments made with the view of ascertaining the proper
amount of dilution to give the powder resulted as follows: Half pound of
the poison to eighteen of dry dilutents proves satisfactory, and any greater
amount is simply a waste of the material. If applied in water, half pound
of the powder to from fifty to fifty-five gallons of water is the proportion
which will give most general satisfaction, by killing the worms and not injur-
ing the plants.

London purple can be sold in New York at the low rate of six cents per
pound, and at corresponding rate in internal towns, thus bringing the cost of
the insecticide very much below anything else in the market. It has the fur-
ther advantage over other arsenical compounds, in its penetrating power; it
seems to be more effectually absorbed into the substance of the leaf and is
therefore more persistent.

Pyrethrum Powder. From the same authority we cull the following regard-
ing the Pyrethrum insecticide. It is used against various household pests
under the names, ‘‘ Persian Insect Powder,”’ or ‘‘ Dalmatian Insect Powder,’’
and sold at prices that forbid its use in the field. The former is the powdered
flower of Pyrethrum carnevin and P. rosewm; the latter is made from P. -
cenerariefolium a native of Dalmatia. Experiment by Wm. Saunders of
Ontario, and Prof. Riley, prove that the powder produces most satisfactory
results when applied to field insects. A single puff of the powder upon plants
covered with the cotton-worm sent the insects wriggling to the ground. In
this substance we have an excellent insecticide, which -is not dangerous either
to plants or man, and the only thing apparently to be considered in connection
with it is how to reduce the cost so as to bring it within reach of the means of
those who need to use it.

A Mr. Milco, of Stockton, California, is trying to solve this problem, and
has begun raising the plants used in making the Dalmatian powder. The
powder which he has made is selling now in California at $1.25 per pound,
but he expects to reduce the cost of production to less than a twelfth of this
amount when the business is fairly established.

Pure Pyrethrum powder was mixed with a small quantity of powdered rosin
and applied to plants infested with cotton worms of various ages; the smaller

380 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

worms died in from 10 to 20 minutes; larger worms soon became uneasy and
fell to the ground, when they invariably died in from five to twenty-four hours.

BUCKWHEAT AND INSECTS.

The London Farmer has the following, that may be suggestive of experi-
ments in our country: Many years’ practical experience has convinced M,
Lagarde that sowing buckwheat in soils infested with white worms, grubs, ants,
etc., etc., allowing it to grow until it flowers, and then plowing it in as a green
manure, effectually frees them from all their subterranean parasites. The
crop, especially the variety known as Tartary buckwheat, springs up rapidly,
chokes all the weeds, and abstracts but little nitrogen from the soil, as it draws
its principal nutriment from the air. It decomposes very quickly in a good
soil, doubtless owing to the spongy nature of the leaves. This decomposition
is immediate, and the large amount of gas liberated asphyxiates the larve of
various insects in the ground. M. Lagarde suggests this as a possible remedy
for phylloxera by sowing among the vines and digging in about the roots.

PHYLLOXERA.

The phylloxera has up to the close of last year extended over more than
1,600,000 acres in France, and utterly ruined the vines in 700,000 of them.
The appearance of the insect is even reported in the Modoc, the most famous
vine-growing section of France, and Chateau Lafitte for which Baron Roths-
child paid $830,000 two years ago, is nearly ruined. At this rate it is expected
that the whole district will be infected before the end of next year. Sulphuret
of carbon is the most fayored remedy, though deep trenching and manuring,
with an application of turpentine and powdered rosin on the roots, is said to be
a cheaper and equally effective remedy. Some vine-growers are planting
American stocks, thinking them less liable to attack.—Land and Home.

PEACH BORER IN ALMONDS.

Mr. A. S. Fuller gives a little experience under the above caption in the
American Entomologist: During the past few years the flowering almond
shrubs in my garden have shown signs of disease. Investigation proved that
the roots and stems just below the surface contained large numbers of the
larvee of the common peach borer (gena exitiosa). Peach trees being very
little grown in my vicinity, the borers took to the almonds. Having plenty of
the shrubs, I concluded to watch the insects and their development. At various
times during the season I dug up plants and invariably found larve of all
sizes, but no pups were found under the bark or in the earth immediately
about the shrubs, a fact which leads me to believe that the grubs go a much
greater distance to pupate than is generally supposed. Pups that are so often
found in the gum of peach trees are probably imprisoned there and can not get
away, or they would be in a more congenial place for their final transformation.
Harris says that the pups are found in the gum of peach trees, also under the
ea and in the ground, but so far as my observations extend they always seek
the last.

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 381

The old dwarf almond bushes in the gardens are excellent breeding places
for this insect, and it would be well for all who love such plants to examine
them occasionally, and destroy the grubs.

PEAR BLIGHT SPECIFIC.

A. Kelley, in Fruit Recorder, explains that he has had forty years of experi-
ence with pears and has had a great many trees killed by blight, but has been
uniformly successful in combating the disease with copperas wash since he
began it. He uses a pound or two of copperas to a gallon of water and thick-
ens it with lime or sulphur so it will show when applied; puts it on near June
first, after removing every sign of blight. When a limb is cut off, he saturates
a cloth with the mixture and binds it over the exposed end. ‘The copperas is
cheap, costing less than five cents per pound in quantity, and he has restored
trees that were half blighted by a thorough use of it.

Mr. 8. B. Peck, of Muskegon, says that his experience rather confirms this
notion. He remarks as follows:

Noticing lately several recommendations of ‘‘iron as a fertilizer”? and ‘‘salt
for pear blight,”’ calls to my mind the following: Some eight or ten years
since I found the blight had attacked a few dwarf pear trees on my ground.
This was the kind of blight in which the young wood suddenly turns black.
I applied to the surface of the ground, under the trees, a strong solution of
sulphate of iron (copperas) several times till the soil was of a yellow color,
pruned severely all the affected wood, and have never seen any blight there
since. I would not state that iron will cure pear blight in all or any cases, or
even that it did so in this case, but I should most certainly apply the same
remedy should blight occur again on my premises,

BACTERIA AND PEAR-BLIGHT.

Prof. T. J. Burrill, Professor of Botany and Horticulture at the Llinois
Industrial University, followed with a paper on ‘‘The So-called Fire-blight of
the Pear and Twig-blight of the Apple Tree.’? His remarks, bearing as they
do upon a subject of general interest, are given at some length.

He said the widespread and disastrous disease of the pear tree, called fire-
blight, and that no less prevalent and alarming one known as twig-blight of
the apple tree, are due to the same immediate agency. They are identical in
origin, and similar in their pathological characteristics, as @ priort reasoning
might have indicated. The quince and probably other plants, among which
might be named the butternut, the Lombardy poplar, and the American aspen,
also suffer from the same disease. From descriptions it was very probable that
the ‘‘yellows’’ in the peach will be found due to a similar cause. The imme-
diate and exciting cause is a living organism producing butyric fermentation in
the carbonaceous compounds, starch, ete., in the cells of the affected plants,
especially in those of the bark outside of the liber. ‘This organism, if really
specifically distinct, is closely allied to the butyric vibrion of Pasteur and Bacil-
lus amylobacter of Van Tieghem. ‘The disease has been known in this country
over 100 years. Various theories have been advanced, and one by one dis-

382 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

proved, except the one of fungus growth. In 1878 the writer announced to the
Illinois Horticultural Society the discovery of bacteria apparently connected
with the disease. His investigations were carried on in an orchard where there
were 94 apple trees, 20 pear trees, and one quince. ‘‘ After finding myriads of
bacteria in the fluids of the diseased tissues,’? he said, ‘‘1 inoculated several
pear and apple trees with what to me, at the time, were unsatisfactory but not
uninstructive results. Beginning on the first day of July, 1880, I experimented
in various ways at different times upon 66 trees of the pear, apple, and quince.
Of the numerous applications of the virus upon the unbroken bark or leaves,
none were successful. Of the inoculations there were successful 63 per cent of
the pear, 30 per cent of the apple, and 100 per cent of the quince. Upon the
pear and quince trees used for the experiments, the disease appeared only in a
single case except as the direct result of the inoculation. This latter was some-
times performed with a knife, sometimes with a needle, always with careful
precautions and close subsequent examination. Such experimental limbs as
permitted it were cut and preserved like herbarium specimens, and are exhib-
ited with the paper.

The organism found answers fairly to the description of Pasteur’s butyric
vibrion. They are usually oblong, rounded at the ends, mostly connected, two
together. Their motions are not rapid, consisting of turning in every direction,
and sliding irregularly forward. They are found within closed cells, in the
open spaces, and in immense numbers in the viscid exudations from the dis-
eased bark and leaves. ‘The most conspicuous alteration observed in the tissues
is the disappearance of the starch grains from the cells. The cell walls are left
intact, and the protoplasmic portions remain until after the starch is mostly
absorbed, and appears to suffer little change until death ensues. ‘The disease
is, par excellence, one of the bark. The leaves die in consequence of this, or
are themselves invaded, either primarily or secondarily, by the destroyer. The
progress of the disease is always slow, but the leaves of an affected limb often
turn black quite suddenly, perhaps according to meteorologic conditions. In
diseased bark, before change has taken place visible from without, and while
the leaves are still green and fresh, an active fermentation occurs. ‘This con-
tinues until desiccation or the exhaustion of the fermentable substances puts an
end to the process. The products of this fermentation are carbon dioxide and
butyric acid, or a closely similar substance. From the fact that virus from
the pear affects the apple tree, and vice versa, the speaker argued that the dis-
ease was similar in each. The experiments tended to show that the virus is
harmless upon the epidermis of healthy plants, nor does it penetrate through
the breathing pores. The speaker exhibited drawings of the cells of a healthy
plant and a diseased one, showing that the starch in the latter was gradually
absorbed. He obtained the virus from diseased trees, where it is exuded, and
placed it in distilled water. Upon the dead leaves and branches the virus dried
and looked like varnish. When re-dissolved it retains its vitality. The simple
puncture of a bark of a tree with a needle which had been dipped in the virus
would be sufficient to cause its death. Prof. Burrill exhibited a small vial
containing about a teaspoonful of the virus in solution, which he said was suffi-
cient to destroy a whole orchard.—WScvence.

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 383
THE PEACH TREE YELLOWS.

Prof. T. J. Burrill writes as follows to Science:

A peculiar disease of the peach, known as the yellows, has long been the
scourge of the principal peach growing districts of our country. Its appear-
ance somewhat recently in Michigan caused much alarm, and since its occur-
rence throughout great orchards in some of the best fruit districts of the State,
special attention has been called to it.

In Science for September 25, 1880, page 162, there appeared an abstract of
a paper read by me before the American Society of Microscopists at Detroit,
upon the blight of pear and apple trees. In this paper I expressed the opinion
that the ‘‘yellows’’ of the peach tree would be found due to an organism sim-
ilar to that found to be the cause of the pear tree blight. This opinion was
based upon my knowledge of the latter disease, upon the thoroughly confirmed
contagious character of the ‘‘ yellows,’ and upon the failure of competent in-
vestigators to find, after extended research, anything like the ordinary para-
sitic fungi. It was long ago conceded by entomologists that the disease did
not arise from the depredations of insects.

I am now able confidently to assert that this devastating disease of the peach
is caused by Bacteria!

These minute, moving, living things are found in great numbers within the
cells of the diseased tree. They are apparently specifically different from those
of the pear tree, being comparatively more slender. What I take to be the
typical form—all very considerably—is very nearly 1 w by 3.5 w (.0000343 in.
by .0001202 in.), made up of several not very evident articulations. They rest
in some stages nearly or quite motionless, and in this condition show a curious
peculiarity of lying in ranks, side by side. In other periods of development
they move in an unsteady, undulating manner, with considerable rapidity ; they
turn, twist and tumble on their sides, on end, now drifting with the current,
now swarming in an inextricable maze in the field of a first-class one-tenth
objective.

As the Bacteria increase, the starch grains, stored by the tree for its own
nourishment disappear, and I doubt not further investigation will prove that,
as in the blight of the pear and apple, butyric fermentation takes place. The
diseased tree probably suffers in other ways from the presence of these minute
parasites, but we may say.with truth that it really starves to death. Its food,
gathered from the earth and air, assimilated by the leaves and stored for
immediate or future use, is ruthlessly seized upon and destroyed. No doubt
this takes place at all times of the year, when the temperature of the surround-
ing air is considerably above the freezing point; but the Bacteria are probably
most active in the summer time.

Judging from my experiments upon the pear tree, the destroyers only gain
entrance to the tissues of the tree through wounds in the epidermis or bark;
but it is possible that at the time of flowering they penetrate by way of the
stigma, which is not protected by an impervious coating.

The cellulose tissue of the tree is not destroyed, and it is still a puzzle how
the Bacteria, minute as they are, pass from cell to cell. As in the pear, it is
probably a very slow process, and is not connected with the circulation of fluids
in the tissues.

The discovery of Bacteria as the cause of disease in plants may prove a nota-
ble contribution to the ‘‘germ theory”’ of disease in animals.

384 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
BARK TREATMENT OF APPLE TREES.

Of the advisability of washing the bodies of apple trees there can be no
question; but we should not place too much reliance upon this practice, and
thus neglect the more important things of proper manuring and care of the
soil. As arule, when we see trees coated with moss and fungus, with the bark
hanging in loose patches or infested with lice, we can look for the cause in
improper or no culture, or want of manure; but when we find trees in this
condition we can much sooner restore them to health and vigor by applying a
suitable wash. I object to all the potash washes for apple trees, because, while
they will kill moss and remove the loose bark, they seem to burn the tender
bark beneath and make it of an unnatural, reddish color, and it again soon
cracks or scales up and hangs loosely upon the tree.

Not so when we use a wash made with caustic scda. While this takes off all
moss patches, fungus, and rough bark, and while it will kill all kinds of bark-lice
and other insects equally with the potash washes, it leaves the smooth bark a
fine healthy green color and not inclined to break loose from the tree. If one
cannot get caustic, take sal-soda, put it into an iron kettle, placed over a
fire, and let it remain, occasionally stirring, until it turns of a reddish color,
which it will when sufficiently heated. It will thus become caustic and answer
very well in place of the caustic soda of the shops. If washing does not
effectively remove all loose bark, I would use an old hoe or a tree scraper to
remove all loose bark. I have occasionally seen orchards scraped hard enough
to remove the outer bark and show large spots of white bark. This I regard
as a very bad practice, and not to be allowed. I repeat: if an orchard is
properly manured and occasionally washed, it will have very little loose bark,
and will require scarcely any scraping.—J. S. Woodward, in N. Y. Tribune.

HIGH CULTURE AND DISEASE.

From the Land and Home we clip the following item: Floriculturists begin
to think that the diseases which afflict plants under high culture are due, as
among men and domestic animals, to their forced and unnatural lives. The
hyacinth is rapidly deteriorating through disease caused by the nipping of the
blossom to increase the bulb; and lilies, which have long been subject to dis-
figuring spots, are now taking a disease involving the bulb as well as the
flower. Verbenas, also, have lately been affected by a disease that first attacks
the leaves, and then kills them; even the lusty crocus suffered from some
unknown trouble last spring; while hollyhocks have been so liable to their
own form of disease, that they have been banished from many gardens. The
remedy would seem to be to let the plants grow more naturally, with less
forcing.

——

FLOWERS AND THEIR CULTURE.

MUSIC AND FLOWERS.

Matter-of-fact farmers, with more stomach than brains, are apt to laugh at
those who love music and flowers, and to pronounce the careful cultivation of
either the veriest nonsense. To them, the only crops worth raising are those

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 385

that can be turned into food or dollars and cents, and the time spent in culti-
vation of flowers is thrown away. Such men lose half the enjoyment and hap-
piness that those of finer instincts know, and live constantly with mind and
soul clasped in the narrow compass of a pocketbook, or lost in the demands of
daily dollar-grabbing and the gross appetite. Yet those who love and culti-
yate flowers are generally as well-to-do as their scornful neighbors, and the
number of wealthy ones among them is quite as large. ‘Then the pleasure they
receive from the constant coming of beautiful marvels around them; from the
ever recurring mystery of blade, and bud, and blossom; from the myriad
bright-eyed favorites that repay them for their care by smiling daily into their
faces, filling the air with fragrance and the soul with satisfaction—is simply
incalculable. He who created the golden grain made also its nany-hued cous-
ins, the flowers, and no doubt intended that they should be loved and cherished.
Better to starve the animal nature a little to satisfy the spiritual than to starve
the soul—suppressing all its longings for the beautiful, but to minister to
the animal nature of man. Love of flowers never yet led to misery or ended
in the prison cell or at the gallows, while love of gold has, a thousand times
and more. Music and flowers may be evanescent and transient delights, but
we should miss them sadly from our lives and few things could compensate for
their loss. Some pleasures people must have, and none are better or more
harmless than the pursuit of such happiness as bright-eyed blossoms and
silver-souled song afford.—Grange Visitor.

(ee

THE HEPATICA.

John Burroughs says of this delicate spring flower:

What an individuality it has! No two clusters alike; all shades and sizes;
some are snow-white, some pale pink, with just a tinge of violet, some deep
purple, others the purest blue, others blue touched with lilac. <A solitary blue-
purple one, fully expanded and rising over the brown leayes or the green moss,
its cluster of minute anthers showing like a group of pale stars on its little
firmament, is enough to arrest and hold the dullest eye. Then I have discoy-
ered that there are individual hepaticas, or individuai families among them,
that are sweet-scented. This was a great surprise. The gift seems as capri-
cious as the gift of genius in families. You cannot tell which the fragrant
ones are till you try them. Sometimes it is the large white ones, sometimes
the large purple ones, sometimes the small pink ones. The odor is faint, and
recalls that of the sweet violets.

FLOWERS AROUND ENGLISH HOMES.

To an American, the cozy and flower-encircled homes of the lower classes in
England are objects of great interest. No home outside of the pent-up alleys
of cities is so humble or so poor as not to lave sweet flowers about it in pro-
fusion. Yesterday 1 was at the conservatory and watched with wonder the
orders given by poor people for plants of almost every known variety. Really,
it was surprising to see a man, evidently a day laborer, order five shillings’
worth of plants ‘‘to set about the ’ouse.’? I happened to know that during

49

386 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the winter, charity was called upon to help support his family, and yet when
the sun came out warm and bright, and he had secured work, the first thought
was about the flowers to make a poor home more cheerful. Evidently no prince
or peer derives more pleasure from his superior station than does this farm
laborer from his flowers. After all it is not the wealth one has that brings
happiness and makes life enjoyable, but the ‘‘sweet content’’ that pervades
the heart and home.—/loral Monthly.

FLOWERS ON THE TABLE.

Set flowers on your table—a whole nose-gay if you can get it, or but two or
three or a single flower—a rose, a pink, a daisy, and you have something that
reminds you of God’s creation, and gives you a link with the poets that have
done it most honor. Flowers on the morning table are especially suited to
them. They look like the happy wakening of the creation; they bring the
perfume of the breath of nature into your room; they seem the very repre-
sentative and embodiment of the every smile of your home, the graces of good
morrow; proofs that some intellectual beauties are in ourselves or those about
us, some Aurora (if we are so lucky as to have such a companion) helping to
strew our life with sweetness, or in ourselves some masculine wilderness not
unworthy to possess such a companion or unlikely to gain her.—Leigh Hunt.

MIGNONNETTE AS A TREE.

Choose a straight young plant; tie it to a slender stick; keep the side shoots
nipped from the lower part of the plant, but let all the single leaves remain,
also, the side shoots on the upper portion. When the flower buds form, nip
them off; a multitude of young shoots will put out after this; when they have
grown to be three or four inches long a few of them must be selected, and the
balance cut away. ‘The number will depend on the size and strength of the
plant; certainly not more than eight should be left; six would be better. They
must be equal distances apart, and should be trained to a small hoop supported
at the proper height. The second flower buds may be left on, but before they
open a second hoop must be added to the trellis, and the branches secured
symmetrically to it. Be careful to remove every flower before any seed-pods
have time to form. This system of pruning and training is to be carried on
and in the course of time the stems and branches will become woody, and the
**tree’’ wiil bloom almost constantly.—Prairie Farmer.

THE MULLEIN.

The common,mullein, regarded as but a common coarse weed in this country,
and so common in fields as to often prove a nuisance, is cultivated in England
for its beauty. A writer in the Gardeners’ Chronicle says that it ‘‘is well
worth the attention of both amateur and professional gardeners.’ It seems

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 387

that it is known in England by the common name of ‘‘Aaron’s Rod.” ‘‘There
are two reasons,’’ says this writer, ‘“‘why it should be called by this name:
First, the Romans dipped the stems in tallow, and burnt them at funerals.
Secondly, the simple spike is long, cylindrical, and on it is a quantity of
densely packed, very large, handsome golden-yellow flowers. The stem is five
feet high. he flowers, when dried in the sun, give out a fatty matter, which
is used in Alsace as a cataplasm in the hemorrhoidal complaints. Formerly
the plant was called barbascum, from barba, meaning a beard, an allusion
either to the shaggy nature of its foliage, or else to two of the five stamens,
which are hairy.

FRAGRANT FLOWERS.

The pleasures of gardening, both indoors and in the open air, are greatly
promoted by the introduction of sweet-scented flowers. At the present time in
many collections, the Olea fragrans, Daphne Indica, Orange and Lemon, give
grateful perfume; and how pleased we all are to meet these old favorites when
in bloom. Later on, the Gardenias, Rhyncospermums, etc., blossom, and by
a little judgment it is easy to have some sweet-scented plants in flower the
whole season through. To those accustomed to walk through the woods in the
spring-time, the pleasure derived from the fragrant flowers need not be told.
And many of us know how positively beneficial to the invalid is a bunch of
delicately scented flowers. It gives instant pleasure by its sweetness, and
awakens a desire to be able to be about to enjoy nature’s gifts more fully.

We cannot do without our gay-colored flowers for bedding and other pur-
poses, but we ought to have our odoriferous plants more widely known. In
almost all catalogues we find plants grouped under various headings, such as
“ornamental foliage,” “climbing,” “variegated,” etc. I think it may pay to
add what many often look for, yiz.: sweet-scented plants.—W. 2, in Garden-
ers’ Monthly.

WHAT FLOWERS WILL GROW IN THE SHADE?

This question is put to me every spring by scores of city people, whose little
patch they wish to devote to flowers is so walled up by neighboring houses that
the direct rays of the sun never touch it. But few plants will develop their
flowers there, and none will do it as well as if it were lighted up by sunshine a
part of. the day. Fuschias, pansies, forget-me-nots, violets, lobelias, lilies of
the valley, phloxes, and other barbaceous plants whose native habit is shady
wood, will do best, but even these languish if denied all direct sunlight.

The best effect in such situations, is produced by ornamental leaved plants,
the beauty of which is not dependent upon their flowers. Among these may
be mentioned the gold and silver variegated leaved geraniums, acryantus, alter-
antheras, begonius caladiums, centauress, coleuses, etc., which, if planted so
as to bring the various shades in contrast, produces a pleasing effect, which con-
tinues during the entire summer months, and is not surpassed by any display
of flowers.— Peter Henderson.

388 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
THE GERMAN METHOD OF PRESERVING FLOWERS.

I observe that a lady correspondent in the March number complains she
cannot succeed in making things bloom with the German method of submer-
sion in chemically prepared water. The ladies of my household have no
trouble in producing bloom on apple and other free-blooming things by the
following very simple plan. They place the apple twigs or whatever they desire
to bloom in clear glass vases, and place the vases where they will get a
great deal of sunshine, as in a bay window. Apple twigs cut about March
Ist, are just about ready to burst into bloom at this date (March 18th). The
vases are kept filled with rain water only. I have paid no particular attention
to the matter, but think the bright sunshine is quite an important part of the
experiment, as they failed last year when they attempted to bloom apple, and
in a dark but warmer room.—@Gardeners’ Monthly.

CHEAP WINTER FLOWERS.

I have said so much about the care of plants that I am sure you will begin to
think there is nothing more to be said. Yet there is always something inter-
esting about plants. ach variety has a beauty of its own, and while we may
admire one flower we may love another. Some varieties give us rich colors,
others beauty of form, while others delight us with their fragrance of flower or
foliage. Although plants are costly, they are very beautiful, and yet there is no
ornament either inside or outside our homes so lovely and tasteful as plants and
flowers. The architecture of your house or room is rarely noticed, but the liy-
ing arabesque of a thrifty vine over your door or around your window are lessons
of taste and beauty. A home is sadly deficient without a few of these simple,
yet refining ornaments. But all cannot afford greenhouse plants, and it is for
this class that I am writing this letter, for the poor as well as the rich can
appreciate the beautiful. If you want something pretty and green in your
window this winter, get some small boxes or pots, fill them with two-thirds gar-
den soil (sandy) and one-third compost; then sow a few seeds of mignonnette
for fragrance iu one box, in another candytuft for white flowers, and sweet
alyssum is also good. For a pretty vine plant two or three seeds of cardio-
spermum (balloon vine). For blue flowers sow argeratum, and nothing can be
prettier, either in the house or garden, than the saucy little pansy. If you
have dielytra (bleeding heart) in your garden, lift a small root and put it into
a pot or box, and it will bloom in the house in mid-winter. I had a root in
blossom for four weeks last winter, and I will pot a root this month just to
have a little spring in my sitting-room this winter. I have taken rooted slips
from the prettiest of my verbenas and potted them. Don’t think of saying
the old verbena root; it don’t pay. The verbena is a plant that will spread
out, generally covering a space three or four feet square. ‘The branches root
to the ground, and if verbenas are wanted for winter take up some of these
branches. The striped and blotched petunias are also pretty for a winter
plant. I had an oxalis in bloom all winter. They are yery pretty little plants,
and the bulbs are quite cheap. Another pretty thing in my window was a box
of crocus which blossoms a long time. ‘The tiny lilys, as white as the snow
that covered the ground. A jonquil also blossomed, but I could not like the
fragrance, although others thought it very nice. The snow-drop will also bloom

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 389

in the house, as will also the hyacinths, tulips, narcissus and lilies, also lily of
the valley. These bulbs must be potted in rich, sandy soil. Hyacinths must not
be covered with the soil; let at least one-fourth of the bulb show itself above
the soil. Tulips should be covered lightly, as also the others. After potting
give a little water and set in a dark, cool place for about three weeks, then
bring into the light. The tops will not have grown much, but the bulbs will
have made roots. Care must be taken that these bulbs are not kept too warm
at first. If possible, keep them in a bedroom or parlor where they will not
freeze and yet be warm.—Chatia Bella in Post and Tribune.

KEEPING FLOWERS.

A great deal has been written on the preservation of cut flowers, but the
matter is still imperfectly understood by most people. It is important to know,
not only how to take care of them after being cut, but how to cut them. On
this latter point a practical hint may be of service to our readers. It might
not occur to them that it made any serious difference whether the stems were
broken off or cut with a knife or scissors. A sharp knife is the right tool for
the purpose, as it leaves the sap vessels of the stems open for the absorption of
water, while scissors crush and compress these vessels so that their absorptive
power is more or less destroyed. Like injury may be done in breaking off the
stems, especially if they are tough. If the flowers are put into water immedi-
ately the ends of the stems should be cut off with a sharp knife, as the sap ves-
sels will probably have become clogged up with coagulated matter.

Cut flowers often suffer from too dry atmosphere. It is difficult to avoid this
in our artificially-heated rooms, but we may at least put the blossoms in the
coolest part of the room. Near a window, and especially in a bay-window, the
temperature is generally several degrees lower than in other parts of the room,
as you will see if you will test it with athermometer. The best authorities say,
moreover, that the flowers should have the benefit of light, and even of sun-
shine in most cases, though there is popular prejudice against exposing them
to the latter. On the other hand they suffer, as plants do, from draughts and
from sudden alterations of temperature.

Botany also furnishes us useful hints for prolonging the life of many single
flowers. This may be done by removing the anthers, for when the pollen on
these becomes ripe the stigma gets impregnated, and the flower having fulfilled
its natural destiny, drops its petals and withers. In the case of blossoms that
fall to pieces very easily, it is a good idea to let fall a drop of gum or mucilage
into the centre, which will glue the petals together at the base. To prevent
this from running out, before it hardens, the flowers should be kept upright by
putting their stems through the bottom of a sieve or sticking them in sand.
With the aid of a camel-hair brush or a pointed stick a large number of flow-
ers may be gummed in a short time.

When flowers have been carried a long distance in close boxes or cases, they
often appear withered and worthless, but with proper treatment they may be
revived and restored to their original beauty. Instead of being at once put into
vases and exposed to the hot and dry air of the parlor, they should either be
spread out on wet flannel or moss and covered with a dish cover or an inverted
box, or else put in pans containing moss and water or wet sand, in which they
can be set upright, and then shut up in the dark for afew hours. If they do
not regain their freshness under this nursing, there is no hope for them; but
in all ordinary cases their recovery is certain.— Journal of Chemistry.

390 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SINGLE AND DOUBLE FLOWERS.

An English writer quoted by Mr. Vick strikes directly at a plain truth in
regard to changing some of our beautiful single flowers into double ones with-
out in the least improving them. He says: ‘‘Although durability is a very
desirable property, and one that, when writing upon the subject of flowers for
cutting, I have before urged, still it would be a mistake to attach more impor-
tance to it than it deserves, and to lose sight of the fact that single flowers have
an elegance about them which double ones are always deficient in. This to me
was never more apparent than in looking at the double varieties of Ceneraria
that have recently made their appearance. There is now the manifest mistake
being made of ranging under the florist’s standard and bringing within the
florist’s code of properties every flower that is sought to be improved or altered ;
indeed sometimes the alteration lacks improyement.

‘«The day for this has gone by, for if there is one thing more than another
now apparent, it is the perception and appreciation of simple beauty in natural
objects, flowers included, by the majority of the people.’’

THE OLEANDER.

Mr. Shirley Hibbard says: ‘‘This handsome shrub is one of the most poi-
sonous of its class, and therefore should be handled with care, for if the hand is
cut when pruning it a dangerous wound may be the result. In Dr. Hogg’s
‘Vegetable Kingdom’ occurs the following respecting it:—‘It is one of the
most beautiful window plants when covered with its large, rose-like blossoms ;
but in these blossoms the weapon of death resides. During the Peninsular war
a number of French soldiers who went out foraging near Madrid returned
laden with the fruits of their search. One of the number, with che view of
securing some wood to make skewers for the meat, cut a quantity of oleander
boughs, and, having stripped them of the bark, used the wood in the meat.
The result was that out of twelve who ate of the roast seven died, and the rest
were dangerously ill. The poisonous principle is so subtle that its exhalations
alone are sufficient to cause serious accident, and eyen death, to those who
recline or sleep for any time under their influence.’’

It may be added to what Mr. Hibbard says, that the stories we have in all
modern botanical works about azalea and rhododendron of modern botany
yielding poisonous honey is purely fictitious. The oleander was the rhododen-
dron of the ancients, and when the name was transferred to our present plants,
the poisonous reputation went with the name.—Gardeners’ Monthly.

A BEAUTIFUL WINDOW PLANT.

Blue is a color which we seldom find among suitable window plants.
Recently, however, there has been introduced a species of Torenia (Z. /our-
merit) which makes one of the best plants for the window culture there is of
this or any other color. I have only had the opportunity of growing it for one
season, but during that period it has gained much fayor in my own estimation,
as well as in the opinion of every one who saw it. It is of dwarf compact
habit, growing about 8 or 10 inches high. ‘The flowers, which are a dark blue

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 391

color, with a yellow spot on the under lip, are produced in such numbers as to
form a perfect bouquet of two colors, which form the greatest contrast of any
there is to be seen in flowers blue and yellow. The leaves are of a dark green
color about an inch long, but few of them being seen for flowers.

Some people may object to this plant, owing to its being annual, for growing
in the window, but as it is easily raised from seed, can therefore be purchased
at low rates, and will produce its beautiful flowers in abundance for at least a
year if the same attention be given it as required for the welfare of a geranium.
I had only a limited number of plants for sale last spring, but to show the
demand for them they were all sold within a few days after the first plant
came in flower, with the exception of what I kept to produce seed and try how
they would succeed as window plants and for bedding purposes.

Grown in light soil, it makes a beautiful plant for the flower garden, grow-
ing more luxuriantly than in pots, but producing flowers as abundantly. The
seeds are small and require to be carefully treated to get them to vegetate with-
out damping off, which they are liable to do if kept too wet. As soon as large
enough to handle, the plants should be transplanted around the edge of 4-inch
pots, where they can grow until large enough to put into small pots. Leaf
mould, with considerable sand well mixed through it, is the best soil for growing
it in.

Of the hardiness of the plant I cannot definitely say, but a plant which had
been growing in a cool window was left out of doors two nights in succession
when the thermometer registered 30°, and received no injury, demonstrating
that it will endure with impunity as much cold as a geranium.—WM, Milton in
Practical Farmer.

TREATMENT OF CALLAS.

A writer in Vick’s Magazine gives sensible advice on the above topic: When
done flowering, callas should be turned from the pots and planted out in the
garden rows of vegetables, and cultivated the same as potatoes, being sure to
choose a sunny situation and to keep them free from weeds. In the fall, about
Sept. 15, take up and pot in rich soil containing one-fifth sand. The pots
should not be too large—simply large enough to conveniently contain the roots.
Many persons will place their Callas in wooden pails, and wonder why they will
not bloom. The fact is, to produce bloom the plants must be pot-bound.
Plenty of sand is to secure drainage—for this plant requires a great amount of
water, and it should percolate the entire mass readily. After taking up and
potting, place in the shade for eight or ten days and water sparingly. About
middle of November begin watering with warm water, increasing the temper-
ature each day until the water is hot but not scalding. Pour the water on the
earth, but not on the stalk. Don’t be sparing of the water at any time save
just after potting. This will make it bloom about holidays. A south exposure
1s best, as it delights in warm sunshine. Sprinkling with warm water often in
winter destroys red spiders, and sponging removes dust. We saw a Calla
treated as above last winter that had seven blossoms on at one time, and twenty
during winter. ‘

392 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
LIQUID MANURES FOR PLANTS.

A Baltimore florist, in Journal of Chemistry, is responsible for the following
plan of getting liquid manure: Put one bushel of horse clippings from the
blacksmith’s into a barrel and fill with water, allowing it to stand for a week,
when it is ready to use with a watering pot on potted plants. Plants under
this watering grow very strong, although at first the results are not promising.
It makes large, handsome flowers, and plants can remain in very small pots
for a long time under this treatment. This is of interest to the market gar-
dener, who can secure thrifty plants that occupy small space and will command
a good price.

EXHIBITION FLOWERS.

Flowers at fairs throughout the country have never been better shown than
by James Vick, of Rochester, and we take the liberty to abstract from an
article written by him upon preparing and caring for flowers to be exhibited :
Common market baskets are best to carry them in. First place a layer of
sphagnum in the bottom of the basket, very slightly moist. Flowers that can
be cut with long stems can be gathered by the handful and set upon the moss
until the basket is full, then cover with stout manila paper, from which a piece
has been cut on either side to accommodate the basket-handle; this is securely
tied and the basket can be carried a long distance with safety. It is always
best to cut flowers in the morning, before the heat of the day. Dahlias should
be carefully labeled when cut (wooden labels are best), and set thickly together
in the moss. Pansies are cut and placed in thumb-pots partly filled with moss,
and moss placed about the stems to hold them in and the pots placed in the
basket of moss. Gladiolus spikes are cut by the handful and set in the basket
with the cut end of stems in moss; these may be carried without covering.
Close-headed flowers, like zinnias and dahlias, require more space than loose,
open blossoms, as unless they have plenty of air the leaves of the flowers damp
off. Care should be taken not to let the baskets stand in the sun at stations
on the route. Experience has taught that the best way to arrange flowers at a
fair is upon a bed of sand two and a half inches deep, and a very pleasing effect
is produced by having green moss from the woods upon the sand bed for a
ground work. ‘'Tall spikes can be shown in fruit bottles. Sometimes a rail is
placed before the exhibit for protection; if this be covered with evergreen
twigs and boughs it will conform in style to the moss-covered tables.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING AND ARBORICULTURE.

HOME SURROUNDINGS.

The following from the Michigan Homestead is a fitting extract into which
to open this division of the Portfolio:

The door-yard and surroundings of the house deserve a passing notice. Fre-
quently one of the first improvements the young wife makes is to get a little

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 393

corner in front or beside the house, where she can grow a few flowers—pretty
emblems and tender reminders of a happy girlhood. She would grow them
here that her new home may prosper with the peace, love, and contentment
which their beauty and fragrance betoken. Alas for her dreams! No enclos-
ure protecting the door-yard as it always should, therefore none of the pleasant
ornamentation of lawn, shrubbery and flower bed. Some stray cattle browsed
off the tender leayes of her plants, and that bane of the farm-yard society, and
curse of the table provender, some unregenerate hogs in their deep rootings
after knowledge their brains will never contain, nor their meat nourish the
body of man, have spread devastation in this restful pleasure ground of the
wife’s diversion. How often we disregard the ‘‘ external fitness of things.”
Frequently the house looks out upon the cattle-yard, and many times the mul-
tifarious odors from a too conyenient pig-sty regale the senses, as you would en-
joy the cool breezes on the front porch at noon or in the evening. Again as
evidenced by a total disregard of the topography of the grounds as suitable for
building purposes :

The barns situated on a commanding rise of ground, and the house a couple
of hundred feet distant on a lower leyel—thus rendering impurity of water
liable, and damp and unhealthy cellars common sources of contagion. Again,
perhaps the house is buried in foliage. If ‘‘paint costs nothing,’’ sunshine
costs less, though a finer pigment and allied to cheerfulness. ‘The house dark,
damp, and cheerless, and the atmosphere of the home in keeping. And yet
avoid the other extreme, no shade, no trees; the broiling sun in the summer
bakes it, the wintry winds, whistling, play a requiem to the happy name of
home. We dwell upon these errors, sure that they arise from a too severe
practicality ; from a narrow and unenlightened view of life and its requirements.

AN OBJECTIONABLE PRACTICE.

To our view, the beauty of the surroundings of many country homes is
seriously marred by the very common practice of cutting off the lower
branches of the trees so as to expose a bare trunk from eight to fifteen feet in
hight or more. ‘This is especially detrimental to the appearance of evergreen
trees, whose beauty in a great measure depends upon a full growth of their
lower foliage, even though it rests upon the ground. Deciduous trees, however,
when thus cut up, have the look of being held up in the air, while the grounds
are robbed of that shady, verdant fullness, which is so essential a part of land-
scape beauty. A forest viewed at a distance is grand. The tall, naked trunks
are in keeping with its extent. But to those who seek the woods for pleasant
walks, the smaller trees, the shrubs, the undergrowth, and not the tall trees,
are the immediate objects of interest. To cut off the lower branches of trees
is to remove the tree out of—above the lawn, while the rude stems are alone
left for ornament.—Rural New Yorker.

ROADSIDE TREES.

Our opponents say that shade along the public roads tends to keep them
constantly wet and muddy; that the roots take too much nourishment from
the adjoining fields, beside other minor objections. So, too, the farmer who
dislikes orchards as shading good ground, and that robs the owner of so much

394 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

good soil for potatoes or grain. A similar fault is attributed to the few orna-
mental trees around the dwelling. I can only say in answer to such arguments,
that if we must sacrifice everything in ‘this life to the purely practical, and
grow nothing but what returns an equivalent in hard cash to one’s pocket,
then it is useless to carry the controversy any further. But under the conyic-
tion that trees and flowers were given to us for a good purpose, no less than
for us to enjoy in our every-day walks, not only in our woodlands, but around
our homes, and according to my method of arguing, along the roadsides where
the traveller may be sheltered from the sultry summer sun. As to the objec-
tion relating to muddy roads, this can only be the case in clayey, retentive soils,
and our farmers well know that during the spring ‘‘stone-picking’’ there is
always an abundance of small stones that may be dumped in the road, and
thus in time be made to answer a two-fold purpose—clearing the fields and
macadamizing the highway. ‘The advantage to be derived from cool, refresh-
ing shade during the summer months is beyond all description; all that is
needed to make converts is to test the two extremes in a practical manner,
when I think the question will be settled finally in the affirmative.—Wew York
Tribune.

FRUIT TREES BY THE ROADSIDE.

The planting of forest trees by the highway for shade and ornament has
been common for a long time, but few years comparatively have passed since
the use of fruit trees for the same purpose has been found practicable by a
limited number of our most sagacious fruit-growing farmers. With few
exceptions, however, during the last decade, as the cultivation of the apple has
advanced, in nearly the same ratio the apple-tree has been planted by the
roadside, not merely for ornament—although that of itself should be sufficient
inducement—but for profit. And now since the highway laws of this State
prohibit the running at large of all farm stock, I know of no reason, with
judicious planting, proper care and culture, why we cannot expect as good
returns from the outlay as though our trees had received the common old-
fashioned field culture. One important requisite with regard to roadside trees,
where ploughing or cultivating the soil is not practicable, is a thorough mulch-
ing with a liberal supply of straw, coarse manure, muck, or any substance
that will tend to check all growth of grass, weeds, etc. Indeed, my own trees,
two years from planting, thus treated, have made a growth that would compare
favorably with those under ordinary culture. And the fact that in an adjoin-
ing county, during the past season, could have been seen long lines of apple-
trees skirting the highway on either side, heayily laden with the choicest
varieties of winter fruit, should dispel all doubts from the mind of the most
skeptical as to the practicability or profit of fruit-growing in this economical
way. ‘Then let us plant trees, not confining our efforts to the winter varieties
alone, but include many of the earlier and later fall kinds, that there may be
an abundance for all to partake of as they pass along, and many in after years
will rise up and call us blessed.—Irving D. Cook, in N. Y. Tribune.

LANDSCAPE EFFECTS OF WOODLANDS.

Besides the economic use of woodlands left for timber and their practical
yalue as wind-breaks, they have another use of hardly less importance. I mean

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 395

the power they possess of adding beauty and diversity to the landscape. How
dull and tame any landscape, even in a picture, without trees. As trees, either
single or in groups, add to the beauty of a lawn or park, so forest trees,
either in groups, masses, or wide areas, add to the beauty of more extended
landscapes.

One of the pleasantest views I have ever seen is that obtained by looking
across Nunda Valley, in western New York, from the east. As the farms rise
gradually on the other side, the blocks of forest that have been left for tim-
ber are clearly outlined in the midst of the cleared fields, and the whole valley,
with its thriving village embowered in trees in the center, forms a most inter-
esting and beautiful picture. ‘There are some very pleasant views in Oakland,
Jackson, Washtenaw, and other counties in our own State. Whenever the
surface is at all uneven or hilly, the tracts of forest that have been left stand
out more prominently, and give to the landscape a very pleasing diversity.

No farm should be improved without leaving at least one-fifth or one-sixth
of the original forest for timber. Long strips are best for wind-breaks, but
haye a less pleasing effect to the eye than more compact masses. They cut off
any extended view, and if the timber is thin, the long, narrow strips have a
ragged appearance. In case the original timber is very scattering, it is well to
cut out all the large trees, leaving the second growth to take their place.
This makes the mass symmetrical, and by judicious thinning it can be kept
even in growth, and made more and more beautiful as time develops the
natural characteristics of each individual tree.

The landscape effect should be kept in view in leaving trees for shade upon
the farm. A single group of a dozen trees in each field is better than a dozen
single trees scattered about in different places to interfere with the working of
farm machinery. If possible, it is well to leave a group in the corner of each
field where four fields join each other. This makes a nice grove, and takes up
but little room from each field.

We are clearing up our forests too close. The practical farmer is too apt to
admire large fields without a single obstruction to the working of his self-
binder and other farm machinery. But the time will come, even here in
Michigan, when we shall dread to see large areas without a single group of
timber. It seems a crime to utterly destroy the rich heritage that nature has
given us. We are apt to speak with pride of the progress we are making in
the subjugation of a continent. ‘Too often, I fear, we are robbing it of wealth
that no effort of man can ever restore.

In thinking of those old French voyageurs and explorers who first trod the
shores of our great inland seas, I envy them the pleasure they must have had
in wandering through the natural parks of this great continent, where man
had not destroyed a single tree—where virgin forest alternated with grassy
prairie in an endless succession of beautiful scenes. But these natural beauties
are gone forever. It only remains for us to preserve a reasonable amount of
the forests that yet are left to us, and study how we may improve the sur-
roundings of our homes by the judicious planting of trees, that seem so glad to
reoccupy the soil from which their forefathers have been ruthlessly torn.

It seems a mistake, much to be regretted, that in the location of the capital
of our State, that not a single acre of the grand old forest, abounding in
giant oaks and elms and walnuts, was left as a sample of what the soil there
once produced.

If it were yet possible, a whole county in the northen part of the State
should be reserved and left as a natural park, to remain inviolate from the

396 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

destroying ax of the settler and lumberman, and sacred only to the lover of
solitude such as only the forest primeval can give, and to the lover of a land-
scape which the hand of man has had no part in developing.

JAMES SATTERLEE.
Greenville, Michigan.

ORNAMENTAL DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.

This delightful paper was read before the Ingham County Horticultural
Society by Mrs. D. L. Case:

Shrubs are generally distinguished from trees by haying many stems. Shrubs
which are most commonly known and the cheapest are usually the finest varie-
ties, or at least have the greatest number of desirable qualities. The question
is asked, ‘‘what are the most essential shrubs for home embellishment?’’
Before answering this it is necessary to know something of the place to be
embellished; whether large or small, isolated or connected with others;
whether the shrubs are to be set as single specimens or grouped in masses.
There are certain qualities that will apply to all shrubs to make them desirable
for well-kept grounds. (1.) The most essential is that the foliage be so luxu-
riant as to cover the branches. (2.) That they put forth their leaves in early
spring and retain their foliage late in autumn. (3. ) That the flowers be con-
spicuous, of pure color, and preferable if fragrant. (4.) While they maintain
a shrubby character they should be free from a suckering habit. Still, there
are some varieties, such for instance as the lilac and flowering currant, which
have this bad quality, and yet are indispensable for their many good features.

Now, if we bear in mind these most essential qualities and look over any
good list, we shall find the tartarian honeysuckle, snowbali, syringas, dentzias,
and lilacs approximate most nearly to perfect shrubs. Enthusiastic amateurs
as well as professional gardeners hail every change with delight, not because
they are more beautiful, but because they are novelties. Many would be sur-
prised to see the beauty of the lilacs when they have a fair chance to grow.
Our poet Longfellow has his home at Cambridge ornamented with clusters of
lilacs, well cared for, and the native elm. So simple, yet a fair index to the
man’s character.

While the number of ornamental shrubs is great and constantly increasing,
yet we should rather seek a few of those that grow vigorously and bloom freely
than to make a collection of a great variety. Very little satisfaction can be
gained from a great variety by an amateur, as many of these possess no dis-
tinctive character, however curious and pretty they may be to the botanist. In
all grounds a well-appointed, well-arranged shrubbery is a most effective fea-
ture, and in grounds of small extent, such as the front yards of city lots, the
use of shrubs or trees of small growth are preferable to those of spreading
habit. In lawns just enough of large trees should be planted to form sufficient
shade, leaying the effect and general impression of beauty to be produced by
the proper arrangement of shrubbery.

To obtain the best effect, care should be exercised in regard to the color of
foliage. In other words, we are well aware that some shrubs have dark green
leaves, some light, and some a yellowish tint. Shrubs whose leaves are of a
gray or bluish shade when seen over or between those of yellowish or bright
green will seem to be thrown into the distance; thus the effect of perspective

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 397

may be considerably increased by proper attention to this matter. ‘A shrub-
bery,’’ says Mr. Phillips, ‘‘should be planted as a court or stage dress is orna-
mented, for general effect; all harshness should be avoided.”’ By a judicious
mixture of shrubs whose colors will blend easily with one another and with
evergreens they can be so arranged as to give a pleasing effect. Some recom-
mend (I think Downing is one) that we should not only notice the color of the
leaves, but also the color of the bark, which will be so varied as to make a
pleasant study in winter when the leaves have fallen. The English make great
account of the bright green leaves and red berries of the holly for their Christ-
mas decorations. Wein this northern climate find it too cold for the holly,
but we have some kinds of shrubs that have red berries which are very pleasant
to see and furnish food for the birds that prefer to remain with us in our cold
weather instead of migrating south, thus teaching us another lesson from God’s
word,—that God careth for the birds.

Many of us would be surprised to know how many kinds of beautiful shrubs
grow wild in our own woods. I think I am right in saying there are thirty
kinds of spirea that grow wild, and the dogwood, boxwood, high-bush cranberry,
June berry, and many other really beautiful and desirable shrubs, such as we
buy of our enterprising gardener, with high-sounding names attached, little
thinking we might have had the same without money and without price by
transplanting from our woods. Our common sassafras is a beautiful shrub,
with umbrella-shaped top and curious leaves, and in autumn gorgeous in color.

No garden should be without a good selection of ornamental shrubs. To
haye them yield the largest results, they must be carefully planted in a suitable
position. They increase in size and beauty year by year. ‘The time of flower-
ing extends over the whole season from April to November, if properly selected,
although the greatest show is in the spring. The earliest is the fragrant flow-
ering currant, followed by spirea, Japan quince, and many others. ‘The caly-
canthis, mock orange, and many others fill our yards with fragrance. The
later varieties, such as lilac, tartarian honeysuckle, etc., should be set farthest
from the street, or so arranged as to form little vistas for out-looks from the
front door or windows of the house to the street. Many of our most desirable
shrubs are brought from Japan; among them the shrub hydrangeas, which are
small, but perfectly loaded with large spikes of flowers, very striking in appear-
ance; they blossom in August, and if well manured will last to bloom more
than amonth. The first I ever saw were in Philadelphia during the centen-
nial year. I made many inquiries before I learned the name to be ‘‘ Hydrangea
Grandiflora.’’? Since that time several other varieties have attracted my notice,
all very desirable. In September the altheas make our lawns bright with flow-
ers. It is true, if set in the foreground, as they sometimes are, the flowers
look coarse; but there is a place for everything, and everything should be in
its place. ‘‘Order is heaven’s first law.’ Altheas can be planted in clusters
or singly; they make a very pretty round-headed tree if planted singly, which
I prefer. The list which I haye gathered as the most desirable is as follows:
Gardoni or flowering currant; Japan quince, both scarlet and white; spirea,
many varieties; snow-ball; lilac; dentzias, white and purple; fringe tree;
wygelias; altheas; hydrangeas; tartarian honeysuckles; and last but not least
our beautiful roses, from the deepest crimson to the purest white, and the per-
fume passeth all understanding. As in other shrubs, so in the rose there is
great variety; but as in others, we can obtain the really desirable ones in com-
paratively small numbers.

No garden is complete without its bed of roses. We can have, if we prefer,

398 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the hardy hybrid perpetual; but to have roses from June until November we
must have the ever-blooming varieties. They are tender, but by protecting
them they will live through most of our winters, and if some of them do die
there is a firm where we can replace them for very little more than we pay for
yerbenas, which cease to bloom nearly as soon as the frost comes.

I have a bed where I can pick more than a bushel of roses at one time in
June and never miss them. ‘To appreciate their delicate beauty we must watch
their unfolding day by day. Among the most attractive are the Caroline De
Lansal and Gen. De Tonquil. These two alone would well repay the care and
expense of the whole bed with their rare beauty.

FRUIT TREES IN PLEASURE GROUNDS.

We do not consider the orchard as in its most appropriate place when situated
in the front yard, still a judicious use of some of our most ornamental fruit
trees upon pleasure-grounds may add greatly to the artistic effect of the group-
ing. A correspondent of the London Garden gives some valuable hints upon
this subject, which we epitomize. He says that in Germany the lawn between
the fruit garden and the pleasure-ground is by no means a definite one; often
fruit trees and shrubs are intermingled with the ornamental planting, and
results proye there is much to recommend the practice. ‘The rather cheerless
aspect of groups in early spring is relieved by the delicate blossoms of our early
fruit trees; and when these trees come to be laden with rich fruit, if the
groups are so arranged as to have a back-ground of sombre evergreens, there is
nothing more pleasing to the eye than the delightful contrast. The writer
says: ‘‘I have a yivid recollection of once standing upon an eminence in the
vicinity of the Vosges mountains, from whence seventeen yillages could be
counted, each embowered in fruit trees, and lying snugly in the valleys sur-
mounted by hills, clothed with lines of somber hue, the whole forming a scene
worthy of the most gifted painter’s brush. In the palace gardens of Ludwigs-
burg there are whole avenues of fruit trees, which, so far from appearing
misplaced, rather seem to add to the attraction of the place. It is certain that
there are many situations in gardens in this country, such as in the wild garden,
the shrubbery, or the half-annexed portion of the pleasure-ground, where a few
fruit trees might be introduced with pleasure and profit to the owner.”

MAKING LAWNS.

To properly make a lasting lawn, and to keep it in good order, taxes the
highest skill of the horticulturist, and when well executed, is the masterpiece
of ornamental gardening. Without it all other improvements look insignifi-
cant. It forms the green carpet upon which all ornaments are to be placed,
and its bright verdant hue imparts beauty to all.

Instructors upon lawn making generally advise subsoiling the ground. If
this be done, it should be a year previous to laying down the lawn. It is not
always best to do it, as the subsoil may be a stiff clay, or barren sand. I
haye seen subsoil brought to the surface so poor that not even beans, peas or
corn would grow,—the germs rusting and decaying away. The seeds of grasses

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 399

are small and succeed best in mellow and fertile soil. Several species of grasses
should be sown, and very thickly, to make a close, green turf: red top or
herd grass, blue grass, orchard grass, and a little white Dutch clover. The land
should be manured the previous year to sowing the grasses. After digging or
plowing, harrow or rake fine, level up all hollows, and roll firmly down. Then
sow the grasses, rake fine or harrow, then roll again. The sowing time will be
according to climate and latitude. Between New York and Baltimore, say
from early March to middle of May, and from early September to early in Oc-
tober, and all the fall after that. When grasses and weeds are well up, roll
well, and Jet them all grow until the earliest weeds shoot up flower stalks, then
mow down with the scythe or horse mower, and scatter the cuttings evenly over
the surface. When they wither, roll again, and then rake all off. On sandy
lands the summer mowings should be seldom. On sloping lands and terraces
or banks, the grass should be let grow long in hot, dry weather, unless artificial
watering is at hand.

The lawn should not be weeded the first year, but cut down all weeds when
they bloom to prevent them bearing seeds. Weeds may all be taken out in late
fall, and more grass seeds sown. Men with table knives can get out a vast
number of weeds in a short time. A thorough digging out of weeds, with table
knives, will keep the lawn nearly clean. Do it in late fall or early spring.
The lawn should be firmly rolled down every spring. It is good to sow some
more grass seeds in late fall or early spring, so as to ensure a close turf the next
summer.

Bardyard manure, so fermented and rotted as to kill all seeds of weeds in it, is
the best fertilizer. It should be spread equally over the surface in fall or win-
ter, as salt is a most excellent fertilizer, when applied at the rate of five to ten
bushels to the acre. Marl mixed with plaster of paris is beneficial on sandy
lands. Guano, and all the concentrated fertilizers are good, but their effects ~
are different upon different lands. Lime, wood ashes, and stone coal ashes
should all be compounded with soil a year before using, and spread over the
lawn in fall.— Walter Lider in Gardeners Monthly.

WEEPING TREES.

Wier’s cut-leayed maple is one of the most desirable lawn trees we know,
and we were not aware of its weeping habit until this season. When we tell
our readers that it is nearly as strong a grower as the silver maple, from which
it is an accidental seedling, while the branches have the graceful droop of the
weeping willow, or the beautiful weeper, the cut-leaved weeping birch, while
its leaves are delicately cut and fringed, making as delicate net-work as lace
and of a pleasing silvery green—they may imagine what a beautiful lawn tree
it must be, as it is a strong grower, perfectly healthy and hardy. We call the
attention of all those who wish to embellish their lawns, to this charming tree,
which we consider one of the greatest acquisitions to our list of hardy orna-
mental trees that we know. Every one who has room for it ought to have it.
It buds readily upon the common silver maple (Acer Dasycarpum), but as the
buds are very small, it needs a careful and delicate hand to insert them and
carefully tie them.—Coleman’s Rural World.

400 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
CHINESE YAM FOR ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES.

Mr. E.S. Carman, in the Rural New Yorker, speaks of this plant as follows:
‘<The growth of the stem from the time it appears above ground until about
June 10, is remarkable. It is like a purple rope without leaves or leaf append-
ages of any kind. ‘The ‘rope’ attains the height of from ten to fifteen feet
before the buds push, living meanwhile upon the nourishment stored up in the
root, being a biennial in its nature, the same as the carrot, beet, parsnip,
turnip, dahlia, or sweet potato. We mention this because it has often been
stated that the Chinese Yam increases in size from year to year, whereas the
Yam of one season dies during the next. In early June lateral buds push and
the stems soon become wreathed in foliage. It is well to pinch the leading
buds if a closer growth of foliage is desired. Respecting the rapidity of the
growth of this vine, we may say that several years ago we tied a string as a mark
and found by exact measurement that in twenty-four hours the stem had grown
eight inches. The flowers are borne in delicate racemes and emit a pleasant
cinnamon fragrance, from which circumstance an enterprising individual,
several years ago, sought to introduce it asa new plant under the name of
‘Cinnamon Vine.’ By this name it is still known in many places. In the
axils of the leaves little tubers form, which may be described as resembling
miniature Karly Rose potatoes. After the first frosts, these fall, and if buried
in the earth, will sprout the ensuing spring. Or they may be collected and
kept through the winter the same as potatoes. The plant is dixcious. We
have in this country only the male, so that true seeds never form. It seems
odd that, in view of its beauty, the female has never been introduced, so that
we might hope to raise seedlings of different varieties.”’

THE TULIP TREE.

Of the widely disseminated native, the tulip tree (Lirtodendron Tulipifera),
which the late A. J. Downing regarded as ‘‘ decidedly the most stately tree in
North America,’’ which others have called beautiful, which is variously known
as poplar, white-wood, tulip tree, Virginia poplar, saddle tree (from the trun-
cate shape of the leaves), canoe-wood, etc., which has exceptionally attractive
foliage, fragrant tulip-shaped flowers, wood durable and useful for many pur-
poses, and root-bark of tonic properties; Mr. E. 8. Carman says that, contrary
to a general opinion, it is not difficult to transplant, as he has known hundreds
removed with as little percentage of loss as in the case of the sugar maple.

‘To be successful in transplanting the young tulip, however, not only must
the secondary branches be cut back but the entire stem to within two or three
inches of the neck must be cut away so that the roots and neck are all that
remain to be transplanted.’’

As to rapidity of growth, it is remarked that from roots thus transferred
from their native ground in early spring, trees not less than fifteen feet high
can be counted upon in five years. Mr. Carman thus set one within twenty
feet of the house, to produce a quick effect on a new place. Of results thus
far, and under the unnatural treatment of the pruning-knife, this is given.

The third year it had made a growth so considerable that we were called
upon to decide whether it should be cut back or removed, and the former alter-
native was adopted. It has been cut back yearly since with the result that we

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 401

prized it last summer as one of the most beautiful lawn trees we have ever yet
set eyes upon. The leaves are twice the size of those which grow in the woods
and are perceptibly larger than those which grow upon trees of the same age
under cultivation when not cut back. Besides, the annual pruning has forced
the growth of many lateral buds which would otherwise have remained dor-
mant, so that the tree from spring till late autumn is a mass of luxuriant
foliage which entirely conceals the branches, and is most pleasing in its
refreshing shade of green and firmness of texture during summer, and in its
golden hues of fall. We are of those who believe that, as a rule, all pruning
impairs in a greater or less degree the vigor or longevity of plants, though not,
perhaps, appreciably so in many cases. How long our Tulip will remain
healthy under this treatment remains to be seen. We are impressed, however,
that the development of several branches by pruning, in the place of one
branch when the tree is permitted to grow naturally, may change its size from
one of the first magnitude with an erect, columnar trunk, to one of compara-
tively dwarf dimensions; in other words, that the vigor which in the woods is
expended in the growth of a colossal main stem, is by cutting back distributed
among a greatly increased number of lateral branches and leaves.—W. Y.
Tribune.

THE ROSE OF SHARON.

Not much like our ideal of the queen of flowers is the Rose of Sharon or
Althea. It is neither sweet-scented, graceful, nor particularly exquisite in color
of flower, yet it asserts and proves its value very thoroughly in its own way. If
not graceful, it is straight, sturdy, and vigorous, demanding for itself a prom-
inent position on the lawn, somewhat away from other shrubs, with which its
pronounced individuality does not readily blend. The flowers, if somewhat
coarse, are bright and cheerful and very welcome in August, when the lawn is
especially destitute of bloom. To me the most attractive althea flowers are
single ones. ‘The purity of outline, simplicity and wealth of color of such
altheas are very attractive, particularly in an entirely white variety, which is
still quite rare. Altheas seldom receive intelligent pruning. One generally
meets monstrosities in this genus, for the very good reason that pruning, as
applied to altheas, is seldom pruning, but merely trimming or clipping.
Instead of removing only a few inches of new wood from year to year, the
pruning knife should boldly cut back into the old wood, within a foot to three
feet of the ground, according to the size and age of the specimen operated on.
This should be done systematically, in winter or early spring, and not in June,
as in the case of early flowering shrubs, for the reason that altheas bear their
flowers on wood produced in the current year of flowering. The result of such
management will simply be a bush, well clothed with leaves and flowers from
base to stem, instead of comparatively naked stems, with leaves and flowers
chiefly at the summit.—S. Parsons, Jr., in Country Gentleman.

PICTURESQUE TREES.

The most sensible remark I have heard about trees was by Sir Charles
Ishaw, who replied to one who was regretting that the snow had broken off

ol

402 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

some of the branches of his Cedar of Lebanon, ‘‘A good thing, too.”” We
want more light and shade in our trees, and we should never be ashamed of
them when they get old. We have the finest trees in the world, the only draw-
back being that when one gets a little broken or in any way decrepid from old
age, we are in too great a hurry to get rid of it. But our woodland pleasures
would be increased by leaving here and there a fallen tree, or an old tree
stricken in years, even if it does lean before the blast. I never felt the beauty
of a larch wood until I saw one near the snow line in the Alps,—some of the
trees dashed over the precipice, but still holding by the roots—others, blanched
and dead, standing among the living trees with beautiful green buds.—Zondon
Garden.

A GREEN CARPET UNDER TREES.

Many owners who have enjoyed a fine green carpet of grass under the young
trees on their lawns or dooryards, are greatly disappointed when the trees are
older and spread their branches to a greater extent, to find that the grass has
died out, and a bare surface or a poor growth of moss has taken its place.
All attempts to restore the grass by re-seeding have proved fruitless. In such
cases the English ivy may be employed to advantage, and after the ground has
become covered with its running stems and green leaves, it will remain perma-
nently green summer and winter. This plant is not wholly hardy as far north
as 42°, when exposed on buildings and walls, an occasional severe winter
cutting it down; but when prostrated on the grouud or under trees it is never
injured.—J. J. Thomas.

CARPET GARDENING.

This matter of carpet bedding is carried to quite an extreme by French
ladies, and in it they find a wholesome source of recreation, and a means of
exercising artistic taste. It consists in laying out strips of lawn in flower
borders, copying colors from the shades of arich Persian carpet or Indian
shawl. It involves not only a thorough knowledge of colors in the various
foliage plants, but accurate information concerning the forms and habits of
growth of plants. When the beds are fitted for planting, a paper perforated
with holes indicating the design is laid upon the ground and powdered chalk
sifted through, which leaves the impression of the design upon the dark mould,
and labels are stuck in to indicate the plants to be used in completing the work
of art.

GARDEN DECORATION.

The London Garden makes a capital hit on the tendency to mix up statues
and all-shaped metal and wood forms with plant life, which we are disposed to
reproduce as applicable to many places in our own country: ‘‘Among the
various kinds of garden decoration which one sees in other countries, perhaps
one of the least desirable is the German one of mixing up hard and ‘ flourishy’

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 403

art with plant life. I have seen some very good gardens in Germany, but their
floral decorations, especially as illustrated in some of their books, are simply
terrible. Ultra delight in poor Mosaic gardening, brazen women and brazen
bulls with rings and wreaths, mixed up with fair flowers, showy pedestals,
contorted trellises, rustic work in impossible and paralytic positions, a delight
in anything but the plants—poor sticky rubbish; little palms stuck in pots and
vases decorated like a hideous coffin.”’

THE ALTERNANTHERA AS A LAWN PLANT.

A carpet-like effect may be produced with the alternanthera on a smooth
lawn in the following manner: Cut strips or figures out of the turf of any
shape determined on, from three to four inches deep, and in width considerably
narrower than the width of the ordinary mowing machine. The object of
restricting the width of the shallow pits is, that after they are occupied by the
proposed plant the hand mower may be forced over the lines or figures without
falling into the sunken space and crushing its contents. The plants should be
of good size when set in the ground, that the narrow space allotted them may
soon be filled up, and, in order to maintain a distinct outline, the alternanthera
should be planted near the sides of the pit, thus preventing encroachments
from the grass and at the same time admitting of free growth upward and
inward toward its center. The earth in the pits, if of too close a character,
should be removed to a depth of from six to twelve inches and replaced with a
more open soil, otherwise the plants might be liable to injury by water remain-
ing around them after heavy rains.

The lawn run all over with tortuous lines but a single plant in width would
furnish an attractive arrangement, or the decoration might be of spots and
figures of small size, each figure or spot requiring from one to as many as six
or eight plants.

In a general way, the alternanthera varies considerable in. color, and this
variation may be made use of to greatly increased effects.

With some planning there may be several suitable styles of ornamental treat-
ment. I have some drawings exhibiting the alternanthera in the pits and the
grass on either side trimmed down by the machine to an equal height. Still
another section shows a band of alternanthera on the lawn, and a second band
forming one of a series of ribbons of foliage plants, this latter starting from
the grass line and being rounded upwards until it touches the adjoining ribbon.
These suggestions are, of course for the amateur; the professional gardener
will follow his own fancy.—/. Digram, in Gardeners’ Monthly.

THE SCHOOL GARDEN.

We wish that teachers and school officers would read and put in practice the
hints given in the following capital description of a school garden, given by T.
H., in Vick’s Magazine:

The grounds comprise two acres. Three-quarters of the area is occupied by
building and play-ground, the remainder being given up to flowers. A simple
wire separates the flower-garden from the play-ground, as a boundary line; this

404 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

is not intended as a barrier, but as a simple definition of limits, the disposition
to trespass being left entirely to the honor of the pupil. The pupils are told
in spring-time that the flowers are cultivated for their pleasure and profit, and
not to be picked without permission—no further admonition is required.

We had a fine collection of flowers, including the choicest varieties of
Geraniums, MHeliotropes, Gladioli, Tuberoses, Verbenas, Pansies, Asters,
Balsams, and Tea Roses, which we cultivated with best results. Our garden
received the second premium of the county at the agricultural fair; the first
on Gladioli and the second on Pansies.

We tried our skill at a foliage bed. The bed was circular, twelve feet in
diameter; Castor Bean plant in the center, and filled up with Amaranthus,
Perilla, and Centaurias. The Perilla with its dark, deep-fringed, chocolate-
colored leaves, contrasting with the white, silvery Centaurias on one side, and
the scarlet-crowned, tri-colored leaves of the Sunrise Amaranthus on the other,
makes as elegant and showy bed as one could desire. Our school boys called
this ‘‘the boss foliage bed of the town,’’ and so pleased were we with our
success that we have decided to make greater efforts the coming season.

FLOWERS IN THE SCHOOL-ROOM.

We recently visited a school-room in Alameda county where there were
blossoming vines of Maurandia in pots in the windows, together with yellow
and scarlet Tropeolums, and boxes of Pansies, while two hanging baskets of
Lobelias and Coleus made the room look much more pleasant than the average
school-room. It was told us in strict confidence that the total cost of this
flower display was twenty cents for Pansy and Lobelia seed. The rest of the
plants were raised from cuttings, and the baskets were home-made.—California
Horticulturist.

BEAUTIFYING SCHOOL GROUNDS.

Mr. Vick, in his Magazine, says: “ With a heartfelt pleasure we received the -
announcement that a convention of the teachers of the State of New York,
recently held at Canandaigua, besides other progressive resolutions they passed,
was one to the effect that the patrons of country schools should ornament the
school-rooms, and enlarge and beautify the school grounds. It is proper that
this expression should emanate from the teachers, and to our minds is indi-
cative of the final accomplishment of the object. If the teachers assist in the
movement, it will succeed; the rate of motion at first may be slow, but, with
the progress of the enterprise, it will gain momentum, until it shall have
passed over our entire land, and we shall be able to point with pride to the
external appearance of these modest seats of learning, as we do now to the
results of mental training there acquired.”’

CULTURE OF THE SOIL IN PUBLIC SCHOOL YARDS.

The enormous growth of our population, and the little unoccupied area left
for further free expansion, should suggest the serious thought, whether we

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 405

ought to require—as other nations are doing by legislative enactment—that
every teacher shonld pass an examination in the principles of soil and plant
culture, and that practical lessons in these principles should be given in every
primary school. It is a consideration that concerns everybody; and one that
eminently deserves forethought and timely action, because years must pass
before it can be carried into full effect. During these years, all our really good
soil will be occupied, and millions of our acres reduced by thoughtless or igno-
rant management to a lower and lower state of production; while our forests,
which require a century for recovery, will have been wholly despoiled.

Lately a yard was seen, not very large, where about 400 children daily play,—
in a railroad town with its full proportion of ‘‘street Arabs,’’—yet there have
been for years growing in it a great variety of plants, vines, and trees, with a
handsome flower-bed gracing the front, all as safe as in any private grounds;
the leaves unbruised and dense enough,—in the case of one vine supported only
by a stake, giving shelter to a bird’s nest within the reach of all hands above
ten or twelve, yet so secure that the young were safely hatched. No rules exist
for the preservation of these plants, but there is an offer of a reward of $50,
posted up, for the conviction of the spoiler of a tree, outside on the streetway.
No teacher betrays personal anxiety; but a feeling of pride and possession i8
gently instilled, and every plant in the yard becomes dear to each pupil. They
are often subjects of pleasing and instructive talk and object lessons.

For lessons in soils, etc., it is a first requisite that our normal schools prepare
teachers on the subject. ‘There is as yet no good text-book upon it in our edu-
cational lists.—New York Tribune.

ORNAMENTING SCHOOL GROUNDS.

I wish to add a word in favor of the effort to awaken an interest in this
important subject.

It seems to me to be one of the greatest needs in our present system of edu-
cation. Our school-houses and surroundings (almost universally) are a blot
upon our civilization instead of the bright green spots of beauty they should be
—attractive and elevating to look upon.

They are, I am sorry to say, a pretty true indicator of a great lack in our
national character—a lack of polish and politeness of manner.

In some respects we are a very artistic people. In no other country in the
world are the tools and implements used by all kinds of laborers made with
so much reference to symmetery of shape and style of finish as in this country,
and a spirit of rivalry exists which keeps up the standard and educates the
taste to appreciate the worth of this development of the love for the beautiful.

No boy is willing to be seen with an ax-handle, a sled, or cart that he has
made for himself, that is finished in a clumsy, coarse manner. This is as true
among the farmers’ boys as any where, and is in striking contrast to the coarse,
clumsy implements which are home-made by farm laborers in any other
country.

The same may be said of all our manufactured tools and implements. An
English dealer in Norway once said to the writer that no other people under
the sun could turn so neat a handle for a screw-driver and that he could tell
American tools as far as he could see the handles.

In our architecture, in town and country, we average far ahead of other

406 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

nations. In the love for fine pictures, the American will compare favorably
with any other people. In this regard the last twenty-five years have wrought
a great change—thanks to our superior wood and steel engravers, and to
Prang’s artistic and cheap pictures which now adorn the walls of so many
thousands of our farm homes, where they are doing a silent but great work,
educating the rising generation to a love for the artistic, which will tell on the
future of our character and achievements as a nation.

But in this important matter of floriculture, and the adorning home with
flowers, shrubs, vines, and trees, our country boys—and girls too—are far
behind other countries, and far behind what they should be. And I fully
believe its effects are seen and felt in the rudeness and coarseness of manners
of so many of our children.

In France and Germany the peasant laborer, no matter how poor, will have
a bright spot of green and bloom in his yard or window, and its refining result
is seen in his politeness of manner.

In view of this need in our popular education, the very best place to begin
the remedy is at the public school-house. Once well started there, its effects
will soon appear among the homes of the pupils, and bloom and culture will
take the place of unsightly neglect, and the influence will be towards general
refinement of taste and manner, and that polish which adds so much to sterling
worth.

May I add a word of suggestion as to some of the ways of commencing this
radical reform?

The first steps well taken are the important ones to secure the full benefit of
the effort.

In most school districts there are families who have had experience in laying
out grounds, and who can easily be induced to help, for the sake of their own
and neighbors’ children, to keep their school up to the standard of others about.

I would suggest the benefit of establishing a friendly rivalry among the
scholars, by dividing the grounds among the different families or neighbor-
hoods. Thus, the front of the yard to be improved and cared for by the Smith
neighborhood. The Smith boys to plant a certain tree in the corner; the
Jones and Brown boys certain other portions. The south side to be planted by |
the children from the ‘‘ridge road,”’ etc., ete. The girls to plant the flowers
and care for them, and these to be kept in the name of the planters.

In this way a personal interest and pride will be established and the natural
emulation aroused to have their side of the house as well cared for as the other,
which so helps on to effort.

I would suggest that fruit trees and grape vines may well come in for a place
in the planting,—not forgetting the useful birch or hazel rods.

I hope to hear of definite action in this matter from many of the auxiliary
societies during the present year.

S. H. Comines.

St. Joseph, Michigan.

ORNAMENTING SCHOOL-HOUSES.

In the last two volumes of our transactions we have had considerable to say
about beautifying school grounds, and the excuse of the Secretary for inserting
the capital essay by Miss Emma Field, which was read before the Grand Rapids

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 407

Ladies’ Literary Club, is that the subject treated of is so akin to the more gen-
eral one our society has taken hold of so earnestly, that it can not be kept out
after once knowing it has been written:

It may be that some of you here have, among your memories of childhood,
the picture of an old brown school-house, built by the dusty wayside, without a
tree to shelter it from the keen winds of winter, or the glaring sun of summer;
with its bare, weather stained walls, destitute of all ornament; its rough benches,
with their grotesque jack-knife carvings; its broken down stove, which always,
smoked, and the long lengths of rusty stove-pipe.

All around and about this building were seen pleasant, comfortable houses,
with grassy yards, white fences, green overhanging trees, and shrubs, giving
promise of shade, bird songs, and fragrant blooms. Near by the lawns, wide,
ample, roomy, convenient, furnished luxuriant abode for the calves, horses, and
sheep of the thrifty farmer, who many times a day visited their habitation to
see if they were eating, drinking, and resting well. But his children always
went out from under the paternal roof through the summer and winter to the
little school-house, not large enough by half, and no question was ever asked
about their comfort or safety there. Or it may be your early school days were
spent in the crowded primary of some city, where in a low, poorly ventilated
building were crowded hundreds of children, waiting to receive normal and
mental food from the hands of teachers who had three times the amount of
school work given them to do than could possibly be done, even if the children
were all well nigh perfect, and no attention whatever was needed to keep them
in any kind of order.

And thus it has always been. Our school-houses have not kept pace with the
growth of the neighborhoods and the wards in which they were built. Hven
here in our wide-awake west, the people of our city awoke one morning to find
that school-houses but large enough for the children of a village, could not
accommodate the children of a city. And rubbing their eyes from their Rip
Van Winkle nap, they began to make some modest appropriations. A few
rooms were ordered to be annexed to some buildings, and they were straightway
filled to overflowing,—a few buildings were ordered built, and they were
immediately crowded, and so it has ever continued to be.

In order to be even comfortable for room next year, we need to have two
large primaries, and a large union-school building for west side built this sum-
mer. I hope the day is not far distant, when in our city the supply of room
will be equal to the demand for it; when we can say, ‘‘ Now, children, here is
room for you all; come, and you will receive a cordial welcome.”’

What right have we to talk about a compulsory system of education, until
we haye room within our school buildings to accommodate all who may wish,
who should wish, to come. And when that happy time shall come, why should
not children be urged to attend school? Why should not committees be appointed
to clothe if necessary, and to gather in, the hundreds who might come to our
common schools, as well as to Sunday school? Having much knowledge of the
condition of many of the poor families in our city, I can say with truth, that
I know the result of some such work would be astonishing to all who might
engage in it.

But my subject was ornamentation of school-houses. And my excuse for
this divergence is a sentence from Mrs. Glass’ receipt for cooking a hare—
‘*first catch him.”

Before I care to talk much of the ornamenting of our school-houses, I wish
room in abundance for all,—I wish for high ceilings, where air can be fresh

408 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and pure, where there is room enough so that not more than 40 children shall
be placed in one apartment. Then, and not till then, will we cease to hear of
teachers giving out in their work, dying because of bad air; or of little chil-
dren who dislike school, and grow pale and weary, and oftentimes sick with the
confinement.

My model school-house shall not be built on a hill. To be sure, a large, hand-
some building shows off to good advantage on a high summit, and when we poor
teachers have time or breath we love to look out on the panorama daily spread
before us—the city, the river, the hills beyond—beautiful in the leafy verdure
of June, glorious with the varied tints and royal colors of autumn, or grander
still in its solemn silence when standing afar off from its noise and bustle, we
behold it wrapped in the snowy mantle of winter, glittering with thousands of
icy diamonds, while over all, the deep blue sky bends, and the sunset clouds
light it up with wondrous glory.

But life is real, life is earnest. Work awaits us, and moments are precious.
You enjoy views from your lofty observatory when you have leisure, but you
hardly wish your kitchen to be as lofty because of the view. And so I do not
wish our teachers to become so tired in climbing steep ascents before the real
work of the day commences that they shall have no strength left therefor.
Neither do I like to see a troop of children at the foot of a hill start at the first
sound of the last bell and run up the ascent, and then up the long flights of
steps which await them. So, neither would I have my model school-house
more than two stories high, and I should ever hope to be allowed to remain at
the foot of the stairs and enjoy the first floor.

As this subject has been discussed at length, I will state the experience of a
day, which does not differ materially from the 200 other days of the school
year. In order to reach my room I have thirty steps to climb in the morning.
I commence my school work before nine o’clock; but in the midst of writing
a problem on the blackboard, I am summoned to the door below to see a
woman who wishes to know why her child can’t be let alone, and not teased
when on its way home from school by Billy O’Flannigan, and Bridget, his
sister. I go down and up my 30 steps again, and finish my problem, and then
see that it is time to ring the nine o’clock bell; whereupon I go up and down
my 30 steps again. Before recess in the forenoon I have to go down and up
my 30 steps again to see to a street boy who will persist in blowing his whistle
and shouting under our windows. After recess, I sit down to show a pupil
how to subtract 329 from 432, and just as 1am in the midst of my explana-
tion, just as I see a gleam of understanding in the upturned face of the child,
in comes a breathless messenger from the play-ground telling me that Mickey
O’ Healy is pounding Johannes De Glopper awfully; and rushing down my 30
steps I settle the difficulty between Ireland and Holland, and sitting down on
the lower step, send for my bell, and wait for the close of recess, so as to avoid
climbing those steps again. Before noon I am obliged to go down once,
because Jimmy can’t find his hat, and is in dire trouble, and then at noon I
have to leave my dinner and my work twice before I ring my bell, to attend to
the wants of the little army on the play-ground.

Well, the bell is rang, and I have had an hour and a half of rest. Every-
thing goes on smoothly until ten minutes before recess: Nellie comes, with a
pale face, saying that Katie has just got hurt, is most killed, for her face is
bleeding dreadfully; and I hasten down, to see the woe-gone face, with its
cut lip and tearful eyes and swollen nose; I soothe and wash the little one and
send her home, then go up and dismiss my class, and then go down and up

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 409

my 30 steps only once before four o'clock. But just as I was marking my
roll, I hear a fearful cry, and dainty little Freddy comes rushing in to tell me
that Pat has hid his hat, and keeps plaguing him so he can’t go home. I go
down with the much-abused child, find his hat where Pat has thrown it, and
catch a twinkle of Pat’s legs going down the hill; and as the coast is clear I
ascend my 30 steps and finish the task of the day. I have been up and down
only 690 steps during the day, for I am fortunate enough to occupy a room on
the second floor. If it had been on the third floor the number would have
reached 1,380.

Please to remember that climbing steps is only a small share of our day’s
work. And so I repeat, I should not have my model school-house more than
two stories high. About my building I should have grassy lawns, good walks,
large, open buildings for play on rainy days, and many trees under whose shade
happy, merry groups of children could sit in sunny days. Inside I should
have mattings over all the floors, for how can noisy, restless children be ex-
pected to keep as quiet on bare, echoing floors, as staid, grown up folks on car-
pects. I should have the doors arranged to move as noiselessly as church doors,
for a great, slamming hall door is as apt to disturb a teacher in a recitation as
it would a minister in asermon. And besides the effect on one’s nerves is not
remarkably soothing. On the walls should hang beautiful pictures, by which
the eye of the child could be trained to forms of beauty, and on which it could
look when weary with study, and looking, learn some new lesson, perhaps bet-
ter than on the printed page. As far as practicable, I would have plants grow-
ing in the windows, if for nothing else than to note the eager interest with
which the child will watch each unfolding flower and growing leaf. Brackets,
pieces of statuary, delicates vines, ferns and autumn leaves, should make this
a charmed place, especially to the many who, living in dreary homes, never
taste of beauty elsewhere.

How children love beauty! How the poor, starved little souls hunger for it!
We talk much of great fields of labor, of noble deeds, of accomplishing some-
thing in the world for humanity. Remembering our child life, with its mem-
ories of all things beautiful and lovely carefully cherished, what better work
can we do than to use our influence to make the spot where the child passes so
many hours of its life a place of beauty, a continued delight.

MONEY IN TREE PLANTING.

We may not as yet in Michigan feel the necessity or advisability of tree
planting for wood, but there is no question but it will pay to plant certain
kinds of timber for profit in the older parts of our State, to be used for
mechanical purposes. In Land and Home we find the following statements of
profits in tree planting in Massachusetts:

Mr. R. S. Fay, on his estate near Lynn, Massachusetts, planted thirty years
ago larch and other European trees. During last winter the itemizing from
its plantation yielded him as follows:

175 cords fire wood, sold at an average of $5.50....-..----------- $962 50
500 larch posts 2o-centsoe eet AAT BPN. oe oes 125 00
51 larch ‘telenesmin moles) til OUters.j28 So. 22 os ooh Se ee ec. 51 00
100"larch: railroad sleepers, OU mwents 222. oak 8 ooo ene nee 50 00

$1,188 00

410 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The larch must be planted early in spring; but it is not certain that this
tree is as profitable as some of our native forest trees. The $1,188 were the
returns for one year, and from this point on for a number of years the yield
will be equal to or greater than that.

MOST VALUABLE WOOD FOR FUEL.

Taking shell-bark hickory as a standard value, and calling this value 100,
the various common woods will rank in heating value as follows: best maple,
60; soft maple, 54; chestnut oak, 86; red oak, 79; white oak, 52; white ash,
77; beech and black walnut, 65; the branches range from 48 to 63; Lom-
bardy poplar, 40; white pine, 42; yellow pine, 54; pig-nut hickory, 95.

According to the experiment of Marcus Butt, of Philadelphia, over 50 years
ago, a cord of dry shell-bark hickory weighs 4,469 pounds, and a cord of dry
white pine, 1,868 pounds. The weight to the cord of the hard woods generally
used for fuel may be set as: ash 3,450 pounds; beech, 3,236; black birch,
3,115; black walnut, 3,044; hard maple, 2,878; white oak, 3,821; red oak,
3,854; yellow pine, 2,463; Lombardy poplar, 1,774.

RAISING WALNUTS AND HICKORIES.

Thomas Meehan, referring recently, in an Eastern journal, to sowing
walnuts and hickories, says there are many persons desirous of raising seed-
lings of walnuts and other hard-shell seeds, who fail and wonder why they fail.
The fault is often their own, for not giving the matter a little thought. It is
the practice of many to keep such seeds on the barn floor or dry in barrels
through the winter, sowing them in the spring. Now we all know that seeds
of the kind mentioned must crack open before they can grow, and some, but
not many, know that it is the moisture that does this cracking. Moisture then
is what these seeds want in abundance, and all seed want it more or less. Some
have thought it is the frost that cracks open the shells, but frost is an injury
rather than otherwise, tending to dry out the shells, the opposite of which is
desired. It is well to put hard-shell seeds in the ground in the fall, or keep
them in adamp place through the winter and sow in the spring, but where
neither of these things have been done, and the sowing is desired, they will
grow yery well the coming season if put into cold water until they have become
thoroughly soaked. Thus treated, the nuts will take up in a few days as much
moisture as they would have done had they been in the ground the whole
winter, and this is all they want to make them crack their shells and grow.
When it is not forgotten that moisture is the essential, seedling raising becomes
much less of a mystery.— Prairie Farmer.

TREES AND TAXES.

Treeless Iowa is being transformed into a forest-covered country, by a law
which remits certain taxes for five years on every acre of fruit, and ten years
on every acre of forest trees planted and kept alive. Over 75,000 acres of

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 411

fruit and forest trees have been planted, and $200,000 have been remitted in
taxes.

FORESTS AND WATER SUPPLY.

The following item is picked up without credit: As regards the influence of
trees on moisture, careful observation has confirmed the theory that more rain
falls on forests than on open plains, and, comparing different kinds of trees, it
is found that the pine tribe get and retain more water than leafy trees. Hence,
it is said, pines are the best defense against sudden inundations, and the best
means of giving freshness and humidity to a hot and dry climate such as that
of Virginia, where attempts at amelioration have been made by planting and
by digging artesian wells.

A GOOD WORD FOR THE CATALPA.

The hardy catalpa tree is well adapted for post timber, being easily trans-
planted, a fast grower, and in ten or twenty years will be large enough to cut
for posts. We have proof in northern Indiana and Illinois, where this tree is
a native, that it will last for posts fifty years or more. ‘The hardy catalpa is
being planted extensively in some parts of the west. Robert Douglass & Sons,
of Waukegan, IIl., planted, for other parties, by contract, two years ago,
100,000 small trees, and last year 220,000. This year they have a contract to
plant, in the fall or next spring, 1,500,000. We at the west are progressive
farmers and horticulturists. We are sometimes rather fast to adopt new things,
but we hold fast to that which is good. I have read of ten virgins, five were
wise and five were foolish; the wise took oil with them to trim their lamps,
but the foolish did not, and their lamps went out when they were in great need
of light. We have two sets of farmers. The wise will plant catalpa trees for
fence posts, but the foolish will not, and when their oak posts are rotted off
they will say to the wise, ‘‘Give us of your catalpa, for our oak posts have rot-
ted off.’’ But the wise will say to the foolish, ‘‘ We can sell all the catalpa
we have to spare to the railroads for ties for more money than you can afford
to pay for fence posts.’’ SEWEL Foster.

Muscatine, Iowa.

CHESTNUTS IN MICHIGAN

Would it not be the proper thing for this society to encourage the planting
and culture of the chestnut tree in Michigan? It is a favorite as a shade tree,
would be a splendid tree to grow in the school-house yard. Its timber is valu-
able, and the nuts have a good degree of food value, ‘and for amusing the
“small boy’? in gathering and eating, its usefulness cannot be overestimated.

The home which yearly has a barrel of chestnuts put in the cellar to be
enjoyed during the winter evenings will have an attraction for the boys that
will go far towards keeping them away from the street.

Will some of our older members give us a few hints on the proper soil, loca-
tion, and culture to make the effort a success?

St. Joseph. See.

412 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
THE CHESTNUT.

I am disposed to think that the chestnut, as a fruit for market, will well
repay its cultivation. On our high ridges throughout the whole lake shore,
and also through the country, its growth appears indigenous. This considera-
tion, with the facts that our common chestnut always results in ready sale at a
remunerative price, leads me to the impression that land could be most profit-
ably employed in the growth of the Spanish or French chestnut varieties, the
fruit of which is in size nearly double that of our largest native varieties, and
which I think can be profitably engrafted upon the native tree. The sowing
the seeds of the Spanish and French chestnuts was some years since done by
Prof. J. P. Kirtland of Cuyahoga county, O., and in six years he had large
crops of chestnuts, ag large as bantam hens’ eggs, while his trees were beauties
inform. It is a fruit well known—it is said tive hundred years before Christ—
and English works give an account of an immense tree in Gloucestershire,
measuring fifty-three feet in circumference, although it is not indigenous to
that country. Account is also given of one at Mount AXtna, said to be three
hundred and four feet in circumference. In the time of Pliny the chestnut
was much used as an article of food for the peasants, while the rich used it
much in the formation of puddings, etc. In an English work now before me,
it is said that there are instances in Italy of persons living to nearly one hundred
years who have fed wholly upon the chestnut.

The uses of the tree in the arts are varied and numerous. As an inside
finish to a room, the second growth wood of the chestnut makes the handsomest
wood-work, simply oiled, that has ever been known. Not one architect in a
thousand knows it. The bark is used for tanning, while the wood is exceedingly
durable and strong for any purpose.

Now is the time to plant, as the leaves have dropped, the soil is warm, and
root fibres will at once grow. F. R. ELLiorr.

PLANTING A TREE.

A beautiful custom, not too frequently followed, is the placing of a tree for
a friend in his own grounds. Queen Victoria does this in memory of her visit,
and her loyal subjects point it out as one of their precious possessions; visitors
pluck a leaf, press and preserve it. We once knew a pair of old ladies, whose
botanical nomenclature was peculiar and attractive. All their plants and trees
possessed a value to them as gifts from friends. Mrs. , or Mr. , had
presented this and that. A gentleman of our acquaintance, much inclined to
visitations when in England, is accustomed to ask the privilege of planting a
Cedar of Lebanon in the grounds of his hosts. Mr. Penn, the great-grandson
of the founder of Pennsylvania left such a tree of his own importation in the
garden of a personal friend in Germantown, where he had passed much of his
time during his long visits to us, and it flourishes well. There is no better
commemorative act of friendly companionship. The tree is a perpetual and
growing evidence of regard, to be passed down to posterity, when—it may be—
traces of giver and receiver are nearly lost. The memory of a friendly visit
may be preserved even in a more simple manner by the planting of a favorite
enduring bulb or flower.—Gardeners’ Monthly.

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 413
TREES FROM SEED.

To obtain trees from the seed of nearly all forest trees, the nearer we can
follow the treatment that nature gives the better. Therefore, soon after the
seeds have dropped, put them in rows or broadcast on fine soil, rake in slightly,
and litter over all with leaves, or old straw or the like, quite lightly; if too
much, take most of it off early in spring. The second year set the seedlings
in rows, three to five inches apart in row, and cultivate two years, then plant
out for permanent growth.—H. Ives, in N. Y. Tribune.

LAW CONCERNING HIGHWAY TREES.

At the recent session of the Pennsylvania legislature a law was passed to
encourage tree-planting along highways. lms are to be not less than seventy
feet apart; other forest trees not less than fifty feet, and locust trees thirty
feet apart. The owner of property on which such trees are planted has his
road tax reduced at the rate of $1 for each four trees so planted. The trees
must be living one year after planting, and be well protected from animals.
Injury to such trees is punishable by fine.-—Practical Farmer.

HAS THE TIME COME TO PLANT TIMBER ?

Yes! verily, my friends it is indeed time that we were thoroughly aroused to
the importance of this matter of the conservation of our forests. We should
plant shade trees and groves, shelter belts and woods; yes, and where suitable
conditions exist, we should also plant extensive forests for the sake of their
future prospective, but certain benefit to ourselves, and to those who are to
come after us. Why will we not learn from the experience of past ages, which
is everywhere expressed so plainly in the history of nations, and impressed so
manifestly in the desert scars of the earth? Let us take warning betimes and
begin now, and at once undertake the preservation of our forests.

Forests are the conservators of moisture, sources of the streams. ‘‘The tree
is father to the rain,’”’ was a favorite saying of Mahomet. Then again we must
remember that time is needed for the production of a tree. The botanists call
them perennial plants, because they continue their existence through the years.
Vegetables of this class do not build up their massy structures, composed of con-
centric layers of solid fiber-cells, with the rapidity of the fungi, some of which
will evolve millions of their cells in a few hours, visibly enlarging while we
behold. Nor can the trees be compared in their periods of growth, and the
quickness of their cash returns, with the familiar tillage crops of the agriculturist.
The weeks and months needed for the production and perfecting of garden and
farm crops are represented by the decades and centuries of years required for
clothing the denuded surface with forest growths of mature and useful size.
It is, therefore, high time to begin the work. Be not discouraged however,
trees grow fast enough. One of the classic writers of the age, who fully appre-
ciated trees, put his own sentiments into the mouth of one of his rustic charac-
ters when he wrote: ‘‘ Be aye sticking in a tree, Jock; it will be growing the
whiles ye are sleeping.”’

Those of us who are now past middle life, no doubt many of you now

414 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

present, can point to noble trees which have grown within your own recollec-
tion ; some of them perhaps were planted by your own hands. Strange as it may
be, however, it seems nevertheless true, that old men,—those who cannot
expect to see, nor to reap the fruits of their labors in forestry,—are the most
energetic tree planters, rather than those just entering upon life, with a bright
future opening up to them decades of prospective enjoyment, and with a reason-
able expectation of life even comparable to the term necessary for the develop-
ment of a useful tree. Old men are proverbially the tree planters everywhere.
In regard to their periods of development, there is a great diversity among
trees. Some have a brief rotation. The coppice growths in European forestry
are often utilized in periods of ten or fifteen years; in our own country too, we
have many trees of short rotation, and some of the most useful and most profit-
able trees are of this character.

The black locust may be harvested after it has grown 20 or 30 years.

The catalpa speciosa, in the same period, will make good cross ties and fence
posts.

The ailanthus very soon attains a useful size, and for certain purposes has
been very highly commended, both in this country and in Hurope. Prof. C.
S. Sargent is advising its extensive plantation, and some years ago it was
spoken of as the most promising tree for the arid plains of the southwest.

The forests of Scotch pine in Germany are allowed 60 years to reach their
useful size for fuel and for timber.

The birch there reaches its maturity in about half a century.

The willow used for charcoal needed in the manufacture of gunpowder may
be cut after growing 20 years or even less.

Chestnut in its second growth is most profitably cut every 20 or 25 years.

The beautiful wood of the wild cherry soon reaches a profitable size for
many purposes, though for saw-logs and lumber the trees should be larger.

Many individual trees, planted by the pioneers upon the broad plains of
Nebraska, within the few years that white men have occupied the so-called
‘‘American Desert,’’ have already attained to useful size and will yield each a
cord of firewood to cheer their owners. While the census reports represent the
extent of woodlands in Ohio as covering about one-third of its total area, which
is a full ratio for lands situated like ours, we are not informed as to its condi-
tion. The skillful forester, however, cannot fail to observe that these tracts
are very far from being in a condition to yield the best results, either econom-
ically or in their influence upon the climate and water-courses of the adjacent
regions, and he finds them much less satisfactory in regard to their own im-
provement and perpetuation by succession.—Dr. J. A. Warder.

PECULIARITIES OF THE PINE.

The pines, or rather the cone-bearing family of trees (the Conifere), are
very distinct from other vegetation in a great many of their ways and habits,
as well as in structure. While they resist more than deciduous trees in some
particulars they succumb to other conditions which the broad foliaged sorts
endure. They will not sprout again when cut down, having no latent buds on
collar, stem, or roots which can serve as a reserve resource. Nor will they abide
any cutting or even mere external drying of the roots; all that are so cut perish,
and only the smaller or shorter roots which remain entire to their ends can

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 415

continue to absorb and supply watery sap and receive accretion of growth from
the sap sent down from the leaves. ‘The deciduous larch shows these peculiar-
ities as well as the evergreens. But while so tender in these particulars, the
conifers will endure external rubs and strains that are fatal to other trees. We
often see whole stretches of pine among which there were once growing oaks,
hickories, and all that tribe. These have been exterminated by fires, which
haye scorched but not killed the pines, and left them completely dominant—
masters of the situation. So old pines that have been cut and rubbed till they
shed tears of turpentine from every oue of a dozen great scars, still continue a
healthy growth, though pitiable objects to the sight.

A very remarkable case of endurance of a Scotch pine, when wounded, as one
would think, to death, is to be seen on the grounds of the Hon. Fielding Beeler,
of Indianapolis, Ind. The tree was girdled by the destruction of all the bark
from fifteen inches of its trunk, when measuring twelve inches in circumfer-
ance. The mischief was done by ‘‘sap-suckers.’?’ The branches and stem
above the injury have continued to grow and thrive, but below it they have
made scarcely any growth, and only two branches out of six or eight have been
left below the girdle. The tree has maintained its bright green, and has made
as much growth laterally, though not in height, as other trees around it. The
secret of this extraordinary power of endurance and recuperation is no doubt
that all the external pores of the wood were filled with a varnish or resin soon
after the wound was made; the date at which it was made was favorable to the
quick formation of this sealing up and prevention of all wasteful flow—probably
about August. This varnish only fulfills one service of the bark, however, that
of supplying a waterproof epiderm, preventing dessication. It cannot aid in
the digestion of sap, nor can it well convey what has been digested above to be
distributed to the stem and roots below. As the stem has enlarged below the
girdle to some extent, but the branches below the girdle have dwindled, the case
seems to corroborate the views of those who believe that the ascending crude
sap mingles into itself, as it ascends, some of the rich prepared sap which flows
downward, and thus becomes the richer the higher it ascends. The girdle is
now but about twelve inches long, a lip of new growth having covered about
three inches of its upper portion, and the only visible exudation of resin is a
little from the edge of this lip. By the study of such cases we learn lessons
like those which the hole in Alexis St. Martin’s stomach supplied to human
physiologists —WV. ¥. Tribune.

TRANSPLANTING EVERGREENS,

It may be well to repeat what we have said in substance before, tiat the lat-
ter end of August is one of the best seasons of the year to transplant evergreens.
The young growth of the past season has got pretty well hardened, so as to
permit of very little evaporation, and the earth being warm, new roots push
with great rapidity, and the tree becomes established in the ground before the
cool autumn winds begin. The chief difficulty is that the soil is usually very
dry, which prevents much speed with the operation, and, the weather being
usually very warm, the trees have to be set again in the ground almost as fast as
they are taken up, so that it is not safe to bring them fromadistance. It is as
well, therefore, to make all ready in anticipation of rain, when no time may be
lost in having the work pushed through. Should a spell of dry weather ensue,

416 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

which in September and October is very likely, one good watering should be
given, sufficient to soak through the soil and well about the roots. A basin
should be made to keep the water from running away from the spot and to
assist its soaking in. After being well watered, the loose soil should be drawn
in lightly over the watered soil, which will then aid in preventing the water
from drying out soon again.—Gardeners’ Monthly.

' VEGETABLE GARDENING.

How can we better open this division than with the following quotation from
Burnett Landreth?

Gardening in its higher sense is both an art and a science. It has arrived
at this estate by gradation,—slow compared with the development of many
other pursuits; but that is consequent upon the complex nature of its parts.
The development of a knowledge of geology, chemistry, meteorology, vegeta-
ble physiology, and botany,—indeed, something from all human learning,—
has gone: to perfect the science of Agriculture and Horticulture,—pursuits
affording as wide a range of research in their ramifications as any topic occu-
pying the mind of man, and as important in their results as any occupation of
man. Gardening, which is agriculture upon circumscribed spaces, has ever
shared with the latter the esteem of mankind. Socrates said, ‘‘1t is the source
of health, strength, plenty, riches, and honest pleasure.’? And an eminent
English writer said, ‘‘It is amid its scenes and pursuits that life flows pure, the
heart more camly beats.”’

KITCHEN GARDENS vs. DOCTORS’ BILLS.

Somehow our farmers make a great mistake with their farming. Ido not
say all farmers, but there are many. They have from 40 to 400 acres of land,
and yet their brothers in town have finer gardens and more small fruits than
the average farmer. Is there any good reason for this? The farmer will say,
«<I have no time for making gardens, and it don’t pay to let the hired help do
it.’ Yet, to say the least, it is very convenient to the house-wife to have a
garden to go to when she wants vegetables for dinner. Iam sure the farmer
likes vegetables as well as any one, and the garden will save a grocer’s bill,
and perhaps a doctor’s bill.

It is not so much the work we do as the warm house we stay in that is kill-
ing so many women, Not a moment to get out and inhale the fresh air. No,
she must stay in the house and bake, boil, stew, and make pies and cake to give
the family some kind of disease resulting from too rich food. Pies and cakes
are not healthy. Fruits and vegetables are. More fruit and less grease is what
we want.

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 417

I would not know how to do without a garden. How nice in harvest time,
when the men come to the house tired and warm, to have some nice, cool water-
melons for them to eat, and how much nicer fruit is for dessert than a greasy
lard pie. One feels refreshed after eating fruit, but never after partaking of
pie. The average farmer has to work very hard, and there is no reason for his
denying himself the few little comforts to be had from a garden. But some
people seem determined not to see anything beautiful or enjoy any of the many
good things in this world. They go through life with their eyes shut to any-
thing like pleasure; they see mammon and nothing else; that is their god.—
C. in Post and Tribune.

PLAN FOR FARMER'S GARDEN.

I designate it ‘‘farmer’s garden”’ for it is not supposed that city people can
have the room and conveniences which I shall describe for managing it on my
plan. First, I don’t believe in having a set and permanent enclosure for the
garden, if it can be avoided; so I would use for garden purposes any good
strip of land near the house bordering on the lawn, if possible, and enough of
it to have, say, two-thirds lying to grass, and one-third in use for vegetables
each year, following the rotation of a three-years’ course, haying the ground
well seeded to orchard grass and clover, and plowing one-third each year so as
to plant on a fresh turned turf worked down to a fine seed bed, which it is well
known is not inclined to be weedy the first year. Then seed this down and
take another fresh two-years-old, clean turf, following in this regular three-year
course for planting, and mowing the balance. Then the tillage, if properly
managed, can be done about as easily as in a large farm lot, mostly with horse
and cultivator, as for corn or potatoes. To do this I use a piece of land (as
above described) or take similar land that may be fitted near by, for a planted
field, mark it out as for potatoes, then do all the planting in these rows; or in
case of vines use every other row, and go through it as often as once a week, or
ten days; then by using a hoe, or light garden rake, the farmer’s garden can
be managed with complete success.—H. Ives, in Practical Farmer.

CELERY.

Those who know celery only in its rare state lose half the enjoyment of that
excellent vegetable. Cut up in small pieces, boiled until tender, then seasoned
by adding milk, butter, and salt to the water in which it is cooked, it makes a
delicious dish, toothsome for anybody, and especially good for persons afflicted
with weak nerves. The parts not sufficiently blanched or tender to eat raw
may be utilized in this way.

THE ORIGIN OF THE TOMATO.

Many Americans think that the luscious tomato had its origin in this
country, because it is so freely used here, aud that it has become quite recently

53

418 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

an article of food. The origin of the vegetable, or fruit, as some claim that
it is, is not positively ascertained, though there is reason to believe that it was
first found in South America, and that it was cultivated centuries ago in
Mexico and Peru. Several varieties were known in England towards the close
of the sixteenth century, and Gerard, the surgeon and botanist, speaks of it,
we think, in his ‘‘ History of Plants,’’ having himself introduced it into the
Kingdom as an exotic. Dodeus, the Netherland herbist, mentions the tomato
as early as 1583 as a vegetable to be eaten with pepper, salt, and oil. It
belongs to the nightshade family, and was used in cooking by the Malays more
than a century and a half since. It is extensively raised in southern Italy,
and employed there as an accompaniment to nearly every dish, particularly to
macaroni. But neither there nor any where else in Europe is it commonly
eaten, as it is here, separately and in quantities. In England it is sparingly
produced, requiring a hot-bed in the spring, and in consequence is high-priced.
The Italians formerly called it golden apple, and now call it love apple, as it
was once designated in this country. The appearance of the tomato on the
table has greatly increased in Europe in the last few years; but in no land is
it a regular dish, much as it is used for sauce abroad, as in the United States,
where it is also pickled, preserved, and confected.—Grange Visitor.

ROOT PRUNING FOR TOMATOES.

Root pruning of tomato plants is recommended to induce early maturity of
the fruit. While the plants are young they are transplanted several times,
which of course destroys some of the roots, and after they are put into their
final resting place, a spade is once in a while thrust down into the ground a
foot or so from the main stalk. In this, of course, size, and perhaps quality,
are sacrificed to a few weeks’ earliness; but many are willing to pay this
penalty for the sake of the early dish. Those wishing to secure an early
ripening of fruit will do well to practice this system of root pruning upon a
portion of their plants. Tomato plants produce better and more evenly
ripened fruit when afforded some support, as by stakes or trellises, to keep
vines from the ground.—New York Herald.

PROPAGATING SWEET POTATOES.

A New Jersey correspondent has tried to his satisfaction the experiment of
propagating sweet potatoes from vines saved during the winter. In the fall,
any time before frost, the vines may be cut in any length and placed in layers
on the surface of the earth to the depth of twelve or eighteen inches. Cover
the vines whilst damp with partially rotten straw to the depth of six inches,
and cover the whole with a light soil about four inches deep. In this way the
vines will keep during the winter, and in the spring will put out sprouts as the

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 419

potato itself when bedded. The draws, or sprouts, can be planted first, and
the vine itself can be cut up and used as we generally plant slips.

TAR WATER FOR INSECTS.

For the last five years I have not lost a cucumber or melon vine or cabbage
plant. Get a barrel with a few gallons of gas tar in it; pour water on the tar;
always have it ready when needed; and when the bugs appear give them a lib-
eral drink of tar water from a garden-sprinkler or otherwise, and if the rain
washes it off and they return, repeat the dose. It will also destroy the Colo-
rado potato beetle, and frighten the old long potato bug worse than a thrash-
ing with a brush. Five years ago last summer both kinds appeared on my late
potatoes, and I watered with the tar water. The next day all Coloradoes that
had not been well protected from the sprinkling were dead, and the others,
though their name was legion, were all gone, and I have never seen one of them
on the farm since. I am aware that many will look upon this with indiffer-
ence, because it is so cheap and simple a remedy. Such should always feed
both their own and their neighbors’ bugs, as they frequently do.—Chicago
Tribune.

MISCELLANEOUS.

DO NOT HANDLE.

President T. T. Lyon advocates a rule at fairs, rigidly enforced, forbidding
any person handling the fruit on exhibition except by authority or permission.
The rule should be printed and posted up where all could not help but see it.
One or two severe examples made of transgressors would soon cause it to be
respected. Fruit men themselves are the worst to manage. Hvyen they should
be prevented from handling their own fruit after it is once in place.—/ural
New Yorker.

GET INFORMATION AT THE MEETINGS.

The young aspirant for honors in horticulture may acquire more knowledge by
attending a few meetings and exhibitions than by months of study of his favorite
authors. It stands to reason that the accumulated wisdom of all our higher
authorities on the subject, coming as they do from different localities, with a
varied experience, and in many instances with distinct specialties, can impart
to the seeker after information precisely the kind he stands most in need of.

420 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It is well for him to gain the rudiments from books, and to carry out the
ideas thus gained in a practical way; but after all, the information thus gained
cannot prove so satisfactory, nor can it be so indelibly impressed upon his
mind, as by actual contact with the authors themselves, when giving their
respective experiences upon the same subject. And more than this, the exhi-
bitions of plants and fruits will attract the attention and enforce suggestions
upon the minds of very many people who do not read the works on horticulture
at all—N. Y. Tribune.

POMOLOGY IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

Fruit is nature’s confectionery—not satiating and debilitating, concocted from
indigestible compounds that fret the soul, but appetizing, cleansing and rejuven-
ating—an artistic blending of the rarest colors, the most delicious flavors and deli-
cate perfumes. In these choice viands nature compensates for the retirement of
life, yet how few of all our fruit-loving race, living in a country especially
adapted to fruit culture, enjoy to the full this great boon. But when one man
has learned how lavishly the earth yields these favors, and is appreciative, he
influences his neighbors like yeast in the dough—he unwittingly becomes a
missionary. ‘Therefore let us rear a monument for the man who shall provide
for instruction in pomology at our public schools. ‘‘What! shall we have a
fruit garden attached to the school-house, where the seductive strawberry shall
sport, and the peach and pear gratify, hungry, ungracious urchins?” I hear
asked. Well, projects more unwise have been successfully launched.

But no one could object to at least a plain, homely lecture on the subject be-
fore the school occasionally; and it could not be other than helpful. The
effects of sunshine, winds and droughts; of heat and frosts; the form that
fertilizers must assume before becoming available as plant food; the small pro-
portion of branch and fruit that comes from the soil; how the roots extend
and gather nourishment; how plants grow, and how the sap circulates; the
effects of hybridization on the plant, the fruit and the seed ; how to originate new
varieties, and the methods of budding and grafting, are among the subjects
which could be discussed with interest and profit. If nothing more was taught
than how to graft—which could be done in a short time to a large number—
great results would be attained. ‘This is a country in which literature and the
fine arts receive fostering care; railroads and steamship lines are subsidized ;
manufactures and commerce are nursed; but the great interests of agriculture,
horticulture and pomology are, in a measure, ignored.—Charles A. Green,
Monroe Co., N. Y.

DISTRIBUTION OF REPORTS.

Pres. T. T. Lyon, early in the year, contributed an article to the Michigan
Homestead from which we make the following extracts:

The State Pomological Society has, for several years past, been without an
adequate membership. ‘The work which has been done has been due to the
gratuitous labors of a very few persons. Gentlemen, not members, have been

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 421

in the constant habit of attending its meetings and profiting by its discussions,
and the courtesies of the people with whom they are held, without considera-
tion of any kind, leaving the burdens to fall upon a few public-spirited persons.

At the annual meeting, last winter, at Allegan, this difficulty came under
consideration, in connection with the question how best to reach and influence
the broad regions of the State in which the society is absolutely without mem-
bership, and, at the same time, give itself some adequate basis of support, in
case its present necessarily uncertain process of winning pecuniary support
should become no longer available.

The result of a careful consideration of these difficult questions was a plan
for the organization of local auxiliary societies. It was not and is not proposed
to sell the annual volumes of transactions to these societies, or to any body else,
but merely to place the membership fee of local societies high enough to cover
both memberships, leaving still the usual fee in the treasury of the local soci-
ety, and making the officers of such societies the medium, and its membership,
to a considerable extent, the basis for the distribution of such volumes, by pro-
viding that each member of the local society shall receive a copy.

The plan looked, not to rendering the local society subordinate, but rather to
affording a means through which the state society could aid local organizations,
by making them the medium for the distribution of circulars, books, and in-
formation in various forms, as well as the sources whence should spring the
invitations for the holding of its periodical meetings, and the arrangements
through which they could be made interesting and profitable.

It is certainly true that the transactions of the State Pomological Society
are published by the State, but it is equally true that the society is made the
custodian of a portion of the same, and that it is by law required to exercise a
discretion in their distribution. This it has endeavored to do, and it is being
done under the impression that the payment of the usual fee of member-
ship in the society constitutes the best possible evidence that such person is
likely to make a wise use of such volume.

HOW TO MAKE A POMOLOGIST AND FARMER.

The following letter was sent to Mr. P. C. Reynolds, editor of Rural Home,
and his reply published in that paper gives so many good hints that we gladly
give it a place here:

Dear S1r:—You will find it in your power to oblige me greatly by sending
me answers to the following questions, with such additional remarks as you
can, to aid the intent of this investigation, which is to learn how to make a
pomologist and a farmer out of the common boy.

First—What general education should a boy designed for a fruit-grower and
farmer receive?

Second—W hat special studies will be required?

Third—Must such a boy be trained in chemistry and botany?

Fourth—Will entomology be of any service in enabling him to protect his
vines and crops from insects?

Fifth—Should microscopy constitute a part of his acquirements? Are many
of the pests of farm, garden, and orchard, small enough to require microscopic
aid in their discovery and extermination?

422 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sixth—Can an enterprising fruit-grower keep abreast with his time, for the
most part, without German and French? Are they necessary?

Seventh—What are the qualifications for a preserver of fruits, including
canning?

Eighth—Is manual dexterity required in a farmer or fruit-grower, and how
is it to be acquired?

Ninth—Is it desirable to be able to draw?

Tenth—To what extent is a literary education necessary or desirable?

Eleventh—Can a pomologist or farmer remain in the front rank of his
vocation without attending associations? é

Twelfth—To what extent do the pomologists of Michigan suffer from lack
of education, from ill-directed effort, and ignorance of well-known principles?

Very sincerely yours, D. C. Havuxuurst.
Battle Creek, Mich., June 1, 1880.

Repiy :—Although the above was a private letter, the questions are of
general importance, and we therefore answer them through the Rural Home.
We number the replies to correspond with the questions:

First—A boy should be educated, primarily, to become a man, to develop all
of the attributes of manhood, as true manhood is the end or purpose of his
existence, while the vocation he is to follow is rather a means toanend. At
school a boy learns how to pursue those studies which he should continue
through life. If his parents have the means, it is well for the child to study
in school the various branches of mathematics, geography, literature, physics,
metaphysics. and general science that he may wish to pursue through life, as
far as it is absolutely necessary to have a teacher.

Second—The answer to this can better be given in reply to subsequent ques-
tions, although we will say here, that, in addition to special studies mentioned
in subsequent questions, it would be well for a boy intending to follow the
vocation of tilling the soil, to acquire a good knowledge of natural philosophy,
that he may understand the principles on which machinery operates, and also
light, acoustics, meteorology, etc. Anatomy and physiology would assist him
in caring for his dumb beasts.

Third—To till the soil, grow crops and fruit, it is quite essential to an intel-
ligent understanding of the whole subject that a boy shall learn the composi-
tion of the soil, of the various plants, and the fruit they bear, of the plant-food
in the soil and the best way to promote its solution and absorption by growing
plants, and the best way of saving, compounding, and applying fertilizers, so
as to realize the maximum of good with the minimum of loss. Such knowl-
edge is to be gained from the study of chemistry. It is also desirable to know
how plants grow, their various parts, and their offices or functions, and how to
learn the name of strange plants by analyzing their flowers, leaves, etc. Such
knowledge is gained by the study of botany.

Fourth—Almost everything the farmer or pomologist grows is subject to
insect depredations, and new ones make their appearance almost every year.
By studying entomology he is enabled to learn the names, characteristics, and
habits of those insects, and is better prepared to make intelligent warfare upon
them. He may also learn what insects are enemies and what friends, and be
deterred from destroying the latter. Almost every insect that afflicts mankind
has an enemy that preys upon and destroys it, and such should be spared.

Fifth—Microscopy will assist materially in examining and identifying insects,

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 423

observing their movements and habits, and also in identifying various kinds of
fungi that cover aud destroy plants. ‘There are not many species of insects
injurious to vegetation but what are visible to the naked eye in some stages of
their growth, but not always in the incipient, but to examine all their parts so
as fully to identify them, the microscope is useful and sometimes indispensable.

Sixth—A knowledge of German and French might sometimes be convenient
in reading some works in those languages not translated into English, but we
know of a good many fruit-growers who keep fully abreast with the times with-
out the knowledge of any but their mother tongue.

Seventh—No special qualifications except learning the trade, although a
knowledge of chemistry might be of some use in understanding why heating
and exclusion of the atmosphere preserves the fruit.

Kighth—Manual dexterity is very important in the practical operations of
the farm and fruit grounds. It is bestowed, in the first place, by nature, but
may be greatly improved by practice.

Ninth—Drawing would certainly be a great aid in conveying knowledge of
fruits to others, and would be a gratification to the possessor.

Tenth—A literary education is as necessary and desirable to one engaged in
rural pursuits as to those of other callings, excepting perhaps teachers, writers,
lecturers, and preachers. A tiller of the soil is alone much of the time with his
own thoughts. It is quite as important that he should have great themes em-
ploy his thoughts as others; in fact, he is above all things else a man, and
everything that contributes to the growth of man intellectually, morally, or
zesthetically is appropriate for him.

Eleventh—Perhaps he can, but much benefit may be derived from attending
pomological conventions. If no other, the enthusiasm created where numbers
meet and talk about a common pursuit will repay all cost and trouble of
attending such meetings.

Twelfth—I am not disposed to criticise or judge the pomologists of Michigan.
I consider them fully abreast with the vanguard of horticultural improvement,
although there undoubtedly are many things in which a thorough education
would expedite their progress.

In conclusion, I would add that a man to succeed in pomological pursuits
must be naturally endowed with certain qualities or capacities. He must be
industrious, persevering, patient, capable of entering into details and of esti-
mating the value of small things. He must be a close, sharp observer, quick
to detect any unfavorable influences or enemies at work among his fruit, capa-
ble of making experiments and tracing effects to their causes; fertile in expe-
dients, and, above all, he must have a love for his business. Added to these
qualifications, he should possess the judgment, shrewdness, and suavity required
in traffic to enable him to market his products.

OBJECTIONABLE FRUIT PREMIUMS,

Why will our agricultural societies persist in offering the principal premiums
for the ‘‘ largest number of varieties” of the different kinds of fruit? The
tendency is already towards too many kinds, and to offer premiums in encour-
agement of this already existing evil is a great mistake. Where one has too

424 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

many varieties it is very annoying to keep them separate, as to do so requires
more room for storing, etc., and adds greatly to the labor and expense of
marketing. Better if our crops were of a few leading varieties than to be
bothered with twenty bushels of this, ten bushels of that, five bushels of the
other, and so on.

Besides, giving premiums to the largest number of varieties encourages a
few unscrupulous persons to procure their fruit of other growers and exhibit it
as their own. In this county about one-third of the amount given in premiums
is offered in this objectionable manner, and the consequence is a sort of ‘‘scrub
race” to see who will drive the furthest and pick up the most. Fruit-growers
who are in the main honest are effectually ruled out. Can our agricultural
societies afford to award premiums that in effect encourage rascality?

There is but one argument in favor of this practice—it makes it easy for the
judges to decide who is entitled to premiums. Any one who can count is
competent for this. If it is considered absolutely necessary to give a premium
for the ‘largest collections” of apples, pears, etc., the amount so offered
should be reduced. Let the man who tries to grow fruit of the finest quality
have a chance also.— Nelson Ritter, in Rural New Yorker.

HURON COUNTY FOR FRUIT.

We wish the special adaptation of Huron county for the growing of fruit on
a large scale were more generally known amongst those practical in such busi-
ness. A study of its situation, with the deep waters of Lake Huron and Sagi-
naw bay surrounding it on three sides, ought to convince all who understand
the ameliorating influence of water upon climate that these shores would be
especially favorable for fruit. The winters are never so cold here as in the
interior and southern parts of the State. The isothermal charts prepared by
Prof. Alexander Winchell, published in the atlas of the State, show that the
January temperature of this point is the same as that of Fort Wayne, Ind., the
great fruit belt on the western shore of the State, Bloomington, Ill., and
Northern Missouri. Rarely does the thermometer mark zero—not once during
the past winter—while during twelve years of personal knowledge we have only
once known the mercury to sink to ten below. ‘These bodies of water have a
most beneficial effect in averting frosts both in the spring or fall, so that there
is rarely any failure of the fruit from this cause. In such a climate not only
the hardy apple and plum but the tender peach and grape can be most
successfully grown.

This is not a matter of theory but of fact. It is being demonstrated yearly,
though on a comparatively small scale, that nowhere can the fruits named be
produced in greater abundance or perfection than here. Some, through igno-
rance or neglect, have been disappointed in the slight effort to obtain an orchard,
but the fault is neither with the climate or soil. As an earnest of what can be
done, we would invite an inspection of the trees in the various gardens of this
village. A few days since a gentleman familiar with the great orchards of
western Michigan, after looking through several of these—and especially that
of W. H. Cooper, where intelligent care and enthusiastic love for his trees are
united—acknowledged that he had never seen anything superior, and expressed

SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO. 425

wonder that these shores were not in equal demand with those of the “fruit
belt’’ for the same purpose.

Our situation as regards markets and facilities for shipment are, or soon will
be, of the best. By boat there is daily communication with Port Huron,
Detroit, and Bay City, and will be with the lumbering towns across the bay.
A railroad to Port Huron will be finished this year, and one to Pontiac and
Toledo is probable. Suitable lands can yet be had at very reasonable rates.
We call attention to this subject now as one of importance, in the hope that
some may be induced to come and inaugurate the extensive growing of fruit as
their main business when they see the marked success attending the efforts
made in a small way.—Huron Co. News.

APPLES FOR EXHIBITION.

At the late mecting of the State Pomological Society, and at several previ-
ous to the one held at Allegan, there were some discussions as to what apples
should be selected for exhibition, or rather which should be allowed to com-
pete. The following pertinent remarks we take from the Canadian Horticult-
urist, as covering the points which were taken by Mr. Lyon, Mr. Beal, and
others:

No doubt much of the dissatisfaction among exhibitors of fruits about the
awards made at our fairs arises from ignorance of those points which ought to
guide a wise judge. In nine cases out of ten the intending exhibitor thinks
only of size, and he selects from his orchard with the idea that whoever shows
the biggest will surely win. If he were competing for the best ten varieties,
and a pumpkin could by any means be grown on an apple tree, he would
surely include it in his list, regardless of its worthlessness in other respects.

A very little consideration will show that this point of size is of littie or no
value except among cooking apples. For instance, place on the table for
dessert on one plate the diminutive Lady Apple, or the juicy, melting Fameuse,
or the crisp Swayzie Pomme Gris, and on another the Cabashea, the Cayuga
Red Streak, or the Gloria Mundi; then give your guests their choice, and no
better test may be made. ven in the same variety of. apple, size is not so
important as uniformity of shape, fineness of grain, and general beauty of
appearance. Asa rule, the largest Greenings have not the finest grain nor
the best keeping qualities; the rule applies to other kinds, as has been well
exemplified during this season of abnormal growth. All these points ought,
therefore, to be considered, and that very attentively by the intending
exhibitor when selecting his fruit. Blemishes of every kind utterly disqualify
fruit for competition; but of blemishes, the ruinous work of the codling moth
is most to be avoided. It seemed hard on one occasion for the writer to agree
to set aside plates of huge Cayuga Red Streaks of magnificent form and color
on account of this one fault, and award a first prize to a plate inferior in other
respects, but perfectly sound. But what eise could be done? How would it do
to haye our exhibition tables laden with wormy fruit, and the rearing of that
disgusting enemy encouraged among our fruit growers? On one occasion we were
just awarding a prize, and my colleague was preparing to place ‘‘ First Prize’’
on a beautiful plate of apples, when I said, ‘‘ Let us look under this label, so

426 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

carefully pasted on.’? Oh! see the art displayed in so carefully hiding this
worm-hole! How quickly the whole plate was set aside may be imagined.

In collections, much regard should certainly be paid to a selection of varieties
that would best satisfy the average planter in the section of country represented.
He would want a succession of apples for the year, and as far as possible he
would want table, market, and cooking varieties for each month. One collec-
tion of twelve varieties we found to consist of winter varieties only, and if
quality of fruit and beauty of appearance were the only tests this would have
gained the first prize, but considering what poor satisfaction such a collection
of twelve varieties would give a farmer for home use, we agreed to set it aside
in favor of a better assorted collection.

Correct nomenclature is another all-important point in the exhibition of
fruit. Indeed, we think that no fruit should be awarded a prize under any
circumstances, seedlings of course excepted, that either are unnamed or are
incorrectly named. Half the satisfaction of the visitor to the fruit depart-
ment is lost if articles are unnamed. He goes to correct the mistakes in his
own orchard, or to learn new varicties; or he may intend planting, and goes to
select the names of prize fruits from which to order, all which advantages are
lost if nomenclature is disregarded.

We have given these few hints for the benefit of such exhibitors as are in
the habit of finding much fault with the awarding of prizes, hoping that a
consideration of these few points may help them to a more correct judgment.—
Michigan Farmer.

MICHIGAN FLORA.

PREPARED FOR THE MICHIGAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY BY CHARLES F.
WHEELER AND ERWIN F. SMITH, HUBBARDSTON, MICHIGAN.

PREFACE.

This list of Michigan plants was made at the suggestion of the State Horti-
cultural Society for publication in their tenth annual report. As a foundation,
the authors have collected over 1,100 species of flowering plants and ferns in
various parts of the State during the past fourteen years.

They have also made use of the following earlier catalogues of Michigan
plants, and tender their acknowledgments accordingly: To the First (?) Cata-
logue of Michigan Plants, by Dr. Jno. Wright, embracing 850 species, which
appeared in Dr. D. Houghton’s Second Annual Report in the year 1839, published
in ‘Senate Documents.’? This was a simple list of the plants collected during
one season between Detroit river and Lake Michigan, in the first and second
tiers of counties, alphabetically arranged and without notes. ‘To W. A. Burt’s
Manuscript List of 185 species, from the central part of the Upper Peninsula,
collected while running township lines in 1844, and identified by Dr. D. Cooley.
To W. D. Whitney’s ‘‘ List of Plants of the Upper Peninsula,’”’ with notes, pub-
lished in the second volume of Foster & Whitney’s Report, in the year 1851,
and comprising 417 species of plants, cullected chiefly along the shore of the
Great Lakes. Toa ‘‘Manuscript List of the Plants Growing Spontaneously
within Ten Miles of Cooley’s Corners, Washington, Macomb County,”? which
embraces 900 species of flowering plants and ferns, and was prepared for the
Smithsonian Institute by Dr. D. Cooley in 1853. To N. H. Winchell’s ‘‘Cata-
logue of Phenogamous and Acrogenous Plants found Growing Wild in the
Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the Islands at the Head of Lake Huron,”
published in Prof. A. Winchell’s ‘‘ Geological Report’? for 1860, and contain-
ing notes on distribution, frequency, etc. Cooley’s plants form part of the
Herbarium of the State Agricultural College. Wright’s and Winchell’s plants
are in the State Uniyersity Herbarium.

We also owe acknowledgments to the compilers of the following more recent
Catalogues of Michigan Plants: To N. Coleman’s List, published in 1874, by
the Kent Scientific Institute, at Grand Rapids. To Miss EK. C. Allmendinger’s
List of Ann Arbor Plants, which appeared in 1876. To Dr. A. B. Lyons’
‘* Medicinal Plants Indigenous in Michigan,’’—a paper read before the Detroit
Academy of Medicine, Nov. 27, 1877. Toa ‘‘List of Native Medicinal Plants -
of Michigan,’’ prepared by Prof. Volney M. Spalding, of the University of

428 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Michigan, and published in the Proceedings of the Michigan Pharmaceutical
Association in 1877. Toa List of Michigan Plants, compiled by Dr. Elmore
Palmer, in 1877.

Our acknowledgments are due to Prof. W. J. Beal, of the Michigan Agri-
cultural College, for valuable assistance rendered. 'T'o Dr. D. Clark, of Flint,
for specimens, and for a list of the plants of his vicinity. To Henry Gillman,
Esq., of Detroit, for a list of Lake Superior plants collected by him. To Rey.
EK. J. Hill, of Engelwood, Ill., for lists and specimens from various localities
along the east shore of Lake Michigan. To L. H. Bailey, Jr., of South Haven,
for lists and specimens of plants growing in the vicinity of Lansing and South
Haven.

More than a passing tribute is due to the little band of indefatigable natural-
ists of the past generation, who did so much pioneer work in developing all the
resources of our fair State. First among them stands Dr. Douglass Houghton,
while around him, among others, may be grouped the botanists, Dr. Zina
Pitcher, Dr. Abram Sager, Dr. Dennis Cooley, and Dr. Daniel Clark, of whom
alone Dr. Clark remains, full of years and still active in the pursuit of his
favorite science. Miss Mary H. Clark, of Ann Arbor, was also well known,
especially to the younger botanists of the State, as a life-long worker in this
department of natural history, and one whose zeal and enthusiasm burned
steadily through advancing years and only went out with her life.

Others have been connected, more or less, with the botanical interests of the
State, either as teachers or collectors, among whom may be mentioned Prof.
Geo. Thurber, Prof. A. N. Prentiss, and Prof. J. C. Holmes, of Detroit, all
formerly connected with the State Agricultural College; Prof. M. W. Harring-
ton, of the State University; O. B. Wheeler, Esq., of Detroit; Frank H.
Tuthill, of Kalamazoo; and Rey. J. Shaup, of Hastings, Barry county.

In connection with the catalogue proper, the following hasty sketch of
the main features or our flora may be of some interest. It is offered, however,
only as a sketch, and is drawn chiefly from our own field-notes, jotted down
during many a delightful ramble. The best part of botany, after all, is
not in the books, and to any who find the following pages dry, we commend
nature herself—that boundless, outdoor life, whose interest, beauty, and mys-
tery is with us from the cradle to the grave, forever stimulating inquiry, and
ever richly rewarding patient and loving toil.

The climate of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan is colder than that of the
Lower Peninsula, the surface is considerably broken, especially in the western
part, and the flora is in many respects decidedly northern, resembling in
part that of British America, and in other respects like that of N. New Eng-
land and Canada. Pines, firs, cedar, larch, junipers, elms, poplars, black
ash, basswood, maples, and birches, are the principal trees. Pinus strobus,
the prevailing species southward, is here largely supplanted by its more north-
ern and less valuable congener, P. resinosa, whose tall, slim trunks are, how-
ver, in good demand for driving piles. Under-shrubs, like Rubus Nutkanus and
Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis, are common, and indicate a tendency toward
northern types that we find more strongly developed in the herbaceous plants.
Among the latter we note as found rarely, or not at all, in the Lower Penin-
sula, but frequently northward, and often having a high northern range, such
plants as Anemone parviflora, Viola Selkirkii, Potentilla frigida, Stellaria bore-
alis, Saxifraga Aizoon, S. tricuspidata, Pinguicula vulgaris, Castillea pallida,
Halenia defleca, Physalis grandiflora, Tofieldia palustris, Salix adenophylla,
Eriophorum alpinum, Aspidium fragrans, etc., etc.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 429

The influence of climate on vegetation may be summed up in a few words.
The climate of the Lower Peninsula is not as severe as that of the Upper, nor
so even, but is subject to frequent, sudden, and extreme changes of tempera-
ture—as great a variation during the winter season as 53° Fahr. in less than 24
hours having been recorded. Such rapid changes more or less affect vegetation,
especially the tender branches of cultivated trees, which are sometimes seriously
injured. In one or two instances a like effect on our forest trees has been
noticed. The annual range of temperature is about 116°, and the annual
mean 46°. Of rain-fall, including what falls in form of snow, we have, yearly,
about thirty inches. Our snow-fall is much less, for the same latitude, than
that of New York and New England. In the center of the peninsula, we sel-
dom have more than a few inches at a time.

The proximity of the Great Lakes exerts a marked influence in equalizing
the temperature and the effects are marked upon our flora.

Trees like Liriodendron Tulipifera, Asimina triloba, Cercis Canadensis,
Gleditschia triacanthos, Cornus florida, Nyssa multiflora, and Morus rubra,
which belong to Ohio and Central Illinois, have crept northward, favored by
the mild influence of the lake winds, through the central and western part of
the Lower Peninsula, often beyond the middle, and the same is true of smaller
and less noticeable plants.

As might be expected from the uniform surface of the peninsula, the flora
is much alike throughout. Probably three-fourths of our species are common
to all sections, though by no means equally distributed; some keing very
abundant in one district and rare in another at no great distance. In most
cases such change is due to soil rather than to difference in elevation, tempera-
ture, or atmospheric moisture.

The Lower Peninsula is covered with a deep drift of alternating sands, clays,
and gravels, and the flora of any section depends chiefly on which of these
happens to lie uppermost. With reference to its flora, the Peninsula may be
roughly divided into two great divisions—the hard-wood and the soft-wood
lands; one representing the Appalachian flora, and the other, the Canadian.

The hardwood country lies south of latitude 43°, and consists of very fertile
sand, clay, or loam, mostly.cleared of the original forest, and largely culti-
vated.

The sandy or stony drift of many river valleys in this section supports a
heavy growth of oak, frequently interspersed with walnut and hickory, while
the margins of the streams, and the neighboring swamps, abound in soft
maples, swamp and chestnut oak, white and black ash, elm, hackberry, syca-
more, butternut, and similar trees. Willows, dogwoods, viburnums, and but-
tonbush, are common shrubs in the swamps; and hazel, hawthorn, wild
cherry and plum, June berry, witch-hazel, etc., are abundant on the dryer
ground.

On the uplands, and away from streams, clay, loam, and a peculiar black-
muck soil, supersede the sands and gravels of the valleys. The prevailing
timber here is beech and maple and oak forest in about equal proportions.
Beech and maple (Acer saccharinum and var. nigrum) generally grow together,
forming magnificent forests of great extent. The best wheat farms are usually
found on uplands near streams, where the oak timber gradually shades into
beech and maple. Plains of fertile sand covered with a low, or scattering
growth of oak (oak openings) are frequent, and always very desirable for
farming purposes. Four species of oak are usually found on such plains—
Q. alba, macrocarpa, coccinea, and tinctoria.

430 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Marshes densely covered with tamarack are common in this part of the State,
and nourish in their thick shade such plants as Drosera rotundifolia, Sarrace-
nia purpurea, Rhus venenata, Ribes rubrum, Chiogenes hispidula, Salia candida,
Smilacina trifolia, Pogonia ophioglossoides and Calopogon pulchellum. Arbor-
vile, red cedar and black spruce are comparatively rare.

A similar tract of soil and timber occurs in the upper end of the Penin-
sula, north of a line drawn from Thunder Bay west to the head of Grand
Traverse Bay. This is commonly known as the ‘‘Traverse Region,’’ and has
a flora much like that we have just described, with the exception that some of
the southern species disappear, and northern ones begin to take their place,
or if found growing further south, here first become frequent.

The littoral flora of Little Traverse Bay is rich in interesting species, among
which may be mentioned a small form of Cakile Americana, Lathyrus mariti-
mus, Potentilla Anserina, Tanacetum Huronense, Artemisia Canadensis, Cnicus
Pitcheri, Juncus Balticus, Triticum violaceum, T, dasycarpum, a peculiar form
of Bromus ciliatus, Calamagrostis longifolia, C. arenaria, and Hquisetum varie-
gatum. The flora of the low dunes at the head of the Bay comprises, among
others, the following species: Juniperus Sabina, var. procumbens, Prunus pumila
and Cornus stolonifera, half buried in the drifting sand, Hypericum Kalmianum,
Salix glaucophylia, and varieties, Lilium Philadelphicum, etc. In a moist depres-
sion were found Aradbis lyrata, Coreopsis lanceolata, Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi,
Primula farinosa, Lithospermum hirtum, Triglochin maritimum, var. eltaum,
Carex aurea, C. Gideri, etc., etc. In thickets near the shore were found Adies
balsamea, Picea alba, Sheperdia Canadensis, and Rubus Nutkanus. Deep for-
ests of hemlock and yellow birch (B. dwtea) mixed with a fine, tall growth of
striped maple (A. Pennsylvanicum) are frequent, having underneath a tangled
growth of Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis, and under all a carpet of Lycopo-
dium annotinum. Alternating with these are sandy plains covered with a dense
growth of Vacciniums, yielding a great abundance of fruit. Sugar maples and
basswood are also abundant in this region, and reach an immense size. In
fact, finer groves of maple it would be ditficult to find in any part of the State.

The pine country proper lies between the two tracts we have described, and
embraces about 15,000 square miles. It is composed largely of sand hills and
plains, either scantily furnished with vegetation, or densely covered with pine
forest. Argillaceous tracts wooded with beech and maple also occur, like oases
in a desert; and swamps abound, with the usual lowland timber. Forests
of hemlock spruce are frequent, and there are occasional ridges of oak.
Birch (B. lutea) also begins to be acommon forest tree, and attains a large
size. ‘I'he usual timber of the barrens is Jack Pine (P. Banksiana). Cli-
matic and other influences have combined to produce groves composed entirely
of this species of large size and of great beauty, for, instead of being ‘‘a strag-
gling shrub, or low tree’’ (Gray), it rises, often 50-60 feet, straight and sym-
metrical. All through this region Pinus strobus is the prevailing species and
furnishes most of the lumber, but P. resinosa is frequent as far south as Clare
county, and occurs sparingly in the northern part of Isabella county, which
appears to be its southern limit.

Such is the general character of the sylva down to about latitude 43°, but in
the western part of the State, owing perhaps to moister climate, or to fayor-
able soil, hemlock spruce is more abundant, and reaches much farther south,
nearly or quite to the Indiana line, and the same is true of white pine.

Portions of the counties of Clare, Missaukee, and Roscommon represent an
undulating plateau, which is 700-800 feet above the level of the great lakes,

MICHIGAN FLORA. 431

and has an interesting flora, as yet little studied. ‘This region was examined
in June, 1876, and revealed a number of northern plants. In the southern
part of Clare county were found Ledum latifolium, Kalmia glauca, Physalis
grandiflora (not before found south of the Upper Peninsula), Corydalis glauca,
and Geranium Carolinianum,—the two latter species growing luxuriantly in
the deep woods, after fires. In the shade of the Jack Pines grew Prunus
pumila, Potentilla tridentata (not before observed in Lower Peninsula), A7vigia
Virginica, Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Linaria Canadensis, Keleria cristata,
Carex Houghtonti, etc., etc. Near Houghton Lake were found Adlumia
cirrhosa, fibes lacustre, Dracocephalum parviflorum, Streptopus roseus, and
S. amplexifolius ; and in Muskegon river, near its source, Potamogeton lucens.
Pinus resinosa was noticed frequently, growing with common pine, and near
the center of Clare county it became more abundant, forming groups. Single
individuals stretch upwards 150-160 feet, their clean, copper-colored boles often
rising 100 feet to the first limbs.

The flora of the deep pine woods is interesting, though rather monotonous.
Very little undergrowth is found, and their gloomy recesses nourish only such
plants as love thick shade. Here the club-mosses (Lycopodiums) find a con-
genial home, and flourish luxuriantly, while Clintonia borealis covers the ground.
The great round-leaved orchid (Habenaria orbiculata), with its tall, greenish
spike and twin leaves close to the earth, is also frequent and striking. We
shall also meet Mitchella repens, Smilacina bifolia, Trillium grandiflorum, per-
haps, and a few ferns, particularly Asplenium Filix-femina, and Phegopteris
Dryopteris. Other species occur, of course, but not so abundantly. In more
open places, and on ridges, we meet Rhus aromatica and Comptonia along with
wintergreen (Gaultheria) and trailing arbutus (Zpigea), and are often fortunate
enough to find the wax-white, fragrant flower of Moneses uniflora, or Polygala
paucifolia, hiding its shining leayes under a wealth of showy pink blossoms.

The floral treasures of the pine region lic, however, in its swamps and lake
borders rather than in the deep woods. Therein grows Linnea borealis in all its
delicate beauty, carpeting the ground, and close at hand, the odd, brown-purple
flower of Cypripedium acaule and the small yellow blossom of its water-loving
relative C. yarviflorum. In such swamps, or within a stone’s throw of them,
may be found many other plants of equal interest, such as Medeola Virginica,
Ledum latifolium, Andromeda polifolia, Kalmia glauca, Lonicera oblongifolia,
Cardamine pratensis, Gerardia aspera, Mitella nuda, Eriophorum vaginatum,
etc. On lake margins we shall find Lystmachia and the blue Pontederia and
more rarely, Neswa and Eleocharis quadrangulata. 'The lake itself, most likely,
will be full of Nymphea, Nuphar, Utricularias, and a world of Potamagetons
and similar water weeds. Shrubby Vacciniums line the bluffs, and here and
there gleam the white trunks of paper birches against the dark background of
pines.

In the thick-pine country, where the lumberman’s axe has let in the sun-
light, new plants spring up freely. Here, Prunus Pennsylvanica and poplars
are frequent, and the blackberry is omnipresent. <Aralia hispida and Phy-
salis pubescens are also peculiar to such land, and in August Gnaphalium
decurrens may be seen whitening thousands of acres.

One seldom beholds a drearier sight than a dead and deserted lumber
region. ‘The valuable trees were all felled years ago, and the lumberman
moved on to fresh spoils, leaving behind an inextricably confused mass of
tree tops, broken logs, and uprooted trunks. Blackberry canes spring up

432 STATE UORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

everywhere, forming a tangled thicket, and a few scattering poplars, birches,
and cherries serve for arboreal life, above which tower the dead pines, bleached
in the weather and blackened by fire, destitute of limbs, and looking at a
distance not unlike the masts of some great harbor. Thousands of such acres,
repellant alike to botanist and settler, can be seen in any of our northern
counties.

In certain districts considerable beech is found associated with the pine.
The soil of such tracts is usually of better quality, and can be rendered pro-
ductive without much labor. It may be noted that in such cases the pine
also grows thriftier and makes better lumber.

Sections of this and the Traverse region of Michigan are still sparsely set-
tled, or not at all, and have been visited rarely by botanists. Consequently,
we may expect many additions to our flora, as well as corrections, when this
region is as thoroughly known as the south half of the State now is; our
ignorance, rather than nature’s parsimony, explaining why we have so few
species credited to us. The most promising field for the botanist evidently
lies in the Houghton Lake region and northward, and in the Upper Peninsula,
many parts of the interior of which are botanically unknown.

Our flora, as here presented, contains in all 113 families (orders) and 1,634
species. ‘The composites claim the largest number of species, 182—about one-
ninth of all. Sedges follow with 176 species; grasses, 139; rosacexe, 61;
ferns, 56; leguminose, 55; figworts, 46; mints, 40; mustard and crowfoot,
39 each; heath family, 35, and umbellifere, 27 We have 165 trees and
shrubs, about 20 of which are valuable timber trees. At least 40 of our trees
and shrubs are worthy of cultivation for ornament. Sugar maples and elms
are commonly planted, while the tulip tree, basswood, Kentucky coffee tree,
black walnut, and butternut, among deciduous trees, and hemlock, white pine,
black spruce, arbor vite, and red cedar, among evergreens, deserve more atten-
tion. About 20 species of woody and herbaceous native climbers are frequent,
and some are worthy of cultivation, (see State Pomological Report of ’79 for
alist.) Ninety medicinal plants are admitted into the U. 8. Pharmacopeia,
45 belonging to the primary list, and an equal number to the secondary, while
a number of others deserve attention at the hands of Pharmacists. (See
papers previously noted.)

It may be stated in conclusion that, in the preparation of this catalogue,
we have spared no pains to make it thoroughly reliable, a majority of the
species enumerated having passed through our hands, and the remainder being
admitted only on good authority. We have preferred to make a wseful rather
than a large catalogue, and, on this ground, we have rejected a number of
species, some of which may yet make good their claim to be considered as
part of our flora. We cannot hope to have escaped all errors, and crave
charitable judgment for any such the kind reader may discover, trusting that
they may be found errors of omission rather than of commission.

In our arrangement of orders, we have preferred, as more convenient, to
follow the 5th edition of Gray’s Manual rather than later works. The vexa-
tious subject of synonomy has received considerable attention, and will, we
believe, be found brought down nearly to date. Further observations will
be published from time to time in the form of addenda, towards increase of
which we solicit correspondence and contributions from all parts of the State.

Tonia, Mich., January 80, 1881,

MICHIGAN FLORA. 433

CATALOGUE.

Range of species north or south, when known, has been indicated by the following abbrevia-
tions in bold type at the right: S.—Ist, 2d, and 3d tier of counties. C.—From 3d tier of counties
northward to Houghton Lake region. N.—Remainder of the Lower Peninsula. L. P.—Lower
Peninsula. U. P.—Upper Peninsula. Th.—Whole State so faras known. Ina few instances §, E.
and 8. W. have been used, indicating the southeastern and southwestern slope of the Lower
Peninsula. Incase of rare or local species, we have given all the localities known, but for more
common ones have usually indicated only the range and relative frequency. Throughout the cat-
alogue: H. refers to Hubbardston, situated on Fish Creek, in the extreme northeastern part of
Ionia Co.; Flint,—Dr. Clarke’s List; Macomb Co.,—Dr. Cooley’s MS. Cat.; So. Haven,—L. H. Bailey’s
List; Kalamazoo,—F. H. Tuthill; Detroit,—Dr. A. B. Lyons. Other abbreviations of this nature,
as Winch. Cat., Wr. Cat., Allmend. Cat., etc., will be readily understood from the preface. The
(!) used after rare or local species indicates that we have collected the plant in the locality
given, or have received it from others. A mark of doubt (?) follows a few species which we have
introduced with some hesitation and on the authority of others. In most cases such species
have been dropped altogether. Medicinal plants have been indicated by asterisks as follows:
Those belonging to the Primary List of the U.S. Pharmacopeeia (*) ; Secondary List (**); not offi-
cinal but in use, or worthy of trial (***). Introduced species are given in Italics, and are chiefly
weeds from the Old World.

RANUNCULACEA.
(Crowfoot Family.)
CLEMATIS
Virgin’s SORTA kK 1
vee Le Virsiniana, I, °(***) Th.
Sometimes cultivatedasa climber. The plumose white fruit ornamental.
Common.
ANEMONE
Small-flow- 4 2
SEaacAl, 2. parviflora, Mx. WE ee
Dr. Lyons; Asa Gray.
ove sruited 3», eylindrica, Gray. Leuk,
Infrequent.
Beret A: 4, Virginiana, L. ‘Eh.
Frequent.
Many-cleft A 5. multifida, Poir.
Mackinaw,—Whitney Cat.; mouth of Saginaw R.
Winchell Cat.; Lake Superior,—Gray. Rare.
Pennsylva- 6. dichotoma, L. Th;
nian Anem- 5 3
one. On low ground along streams, and worthy of cultivation. The handsome,
white flowers are sometimes over two-inches in diameter, and the size
could probably be increased by cultivation. Common,
Wind Flower. : CK rhe
Wi Spee 7%. nemorosa, L. (***)
one. Early and very pretty. Flowers sometimes bright rose color. Common.
iveriea ty 8. acutiloba, Lawson. S.C. & N. (?)
ne pasin : This species is very common on beech and maple land, while A. Hepatica
prefers oak soil. No transition forms have been seen.
Liverleaf. C =
eae 9, Hepatica, L. Th.
Hepatica. Less frequent than the preceding, at least in the center.
THALICTRUM
pe pase 10. anemonoides, Mx. S. & C.

Quite local through the center. Flowers very pretty, white, sometimes
pink. Found usually on oak soil.

55

434

Early Mead-
ow Rue.

Purplish M.
Rue.

Tall M. Rue.

Stiff Water
Crowfoot.

White Water
Crowfoot.

Yellow Water
Orowtoot.

W. Plantain
Spearwort.

Creeping
Spearwort.

Early Crow-
foot.
Spring Crow-
foot.

Small-flow-
ered C.

Cursed C.

Hooked C.

Bristly C.

Karly C.

Creeping C.

Butter-cups.

Isopyrum.
False Rue
Anomone.

Marsh Mari-
gold,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

11. dioicum, L. Th;
Early. Worth cultivating for its delicate, glaucous-green foliage.
Common.
12. purpurascens, L. fbn
The flowers vary from white todeep purple, the fertile ones occasionally
bearing stamens asin the next. Wet meadows. Common,
13. Cornuti, L. Th.
Often confounded with the preceding. Frequent.
RANUNCULUS
14. aquatilis, L., var. stagnatilis, DC. Th:
Bear River, Petoskey—E. J. Hill; Ann Arbor—Allmendinger Cat.; Huron
R.—Lyons; ete. Infrequent.
15. aquatilis, L., var. trichophyllus, Chaix. Chg
Common.
16. multifidus, Ph. Th.
Flowers an inch and three-eighths in diameterand full—double have been
seen. Ponds and slow streams. Very common.
1%. multifidus, Ph., var. terrestris, Gr.
Ann Arbor,—Miss Clark.
18. ambigens, Watson. :
Dr. Lyons. Not observed inC. &S.
19. flammula, L., var. reptans, Meyer. Bh;
Infrequent except northward, and not seen in the center of the State.
20. rhomboideus, Goldie. Th:
On light sand; our earliest spring flower. Muir and Palo in Ionia county
(!); Lake Superior.—Can. Cat. ‘Prairies, Mich,”—Gray. Rare.
21. abortivus, L. Th:
Common.
22. abortivus, L., var. micranthus, Gr. fb
23. sceleratus, L. (***) ‘Th.
Ditches and low ground. Exceedingly variable, stems sometimes two
inches in diameter. Frequent.
24. recurvatus, Poir. Dh:
Woods in rich soil. Common.
25. Pennsylvanicus, L. Thy
Frequent.
26. fascicularis, Muhl. puce
Pretty and worth trying in the garden. Flowers sometimes double, or
with reversion of essential organs to leaves. Hills and sandy plains.
Common.
aie repens, hia(*F*) i:
Wet places. Very common.
28: CCrissa in) Th.

“Classed by Hooker f. as indigenous,’—Watson. So. Haven; Macomb
Co.; Flint; Huron shore—Winch., Cat,; and Lake Superior.

Infrequent.
ISOPYRUM
29. biternatum, T. & Gr. (***) C.& S58.
Early and pretty. Often mistaken for Rue Anemone, from which the
latter is easily distinguished by its dahlia-like roots. Very common on
“beech and maple” land, but not on oak.
CALTHA
30. palustris, L. Th:

Frequently called “Cowslip,’? and eaten in spring for

In swamps.
Very common.

greens,

Globe. flower.

Goldthread.

Wild Colum-
bine.

Tall Lark-
spur.

Yellow Puc-

coon. Orange-
Golden

root.
Seal.

White Bane-
berry.

Red Bane-
berry.

Black Snake-

root.
Black Cohosh.

Fennel-
flower.

White-wood.
Tulip-tree.

Pawpaw.

Moonseed.

MICHIGAN FLORA.

TROLLIUS
31. laxus, Salisb.

“Deep swamps, Mich.”—Gray. Very rare.
COPTIS
32. trifolia, Salisb. (*) Th.
Bogs and coniferous woods. Common.
AQUILEGIA
33. Canadensis, L. i fy Sy

A stately plant, desirable for cultivation on account of its large, scarlet

and yellow flowers. Common.
DELPHINIUM
34. exaltatum, Ait. (***) S.

“Michigan and southward.”—Gray. S. Michigan is probably the northern

limit of this species east of the Mississippi. Rare.
HYDRASTIS
35. Canadensis, L. (*) C.&S8.
Rich, moist woods. Rather local.
ACTAA
36. alba, Bigelow. (***) Th,
Moist woods and hillsides. Abundant.

3%. spicata, L., var. rubra, Aiton. (***)
Less frequent than the preceding. Berries of both are ornamental.

CIMICIFUGA

38. racemosa, Nutt. (*) S.

S. E.—Winch. Cat.; U. P.—Burt. (?). Rare in Michigan, and probably
does not get much beyond Northern Ohio.

NIGELLA
39. Damascena, L. (***)
Escaped from gardens. Infrequent.
MAGNOLIACE Zi.
(Magnolia Family.)
LIRIODENDRON
40. Tulipifera, L. (**) C.&S.

A medium sized tree, frequent at Ionia (!), Saranac (!), Lansing (!), and
southward, but not seen north of Grand river valley. This is one of our
finest native trees, valuable alike for lumber and ornamental purposes,

Formerly common but becoming Infrequent,
ANONACE.
(Custard-Apple Family.)
ASIMINA
41, triloba, Dunal. (***) C.& 8.

Abundant in the valleys of Grand and

A low tree, fruit scarcely edible.
Common south-

Maple rivers, where it probably reaches its N. limit.

ward,
MENISPERMACEA.
(Moonseed Family.)
MENISPERMUM
42, Canadense, L. (***) C.&S8.
Woods and moist thickets. Common.

436 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BERBERIDACE.
(Barberry Family.)
BERBERIS
Common Bar- j (oe
pone 43. vulgaris, ae S*)
Flint, etc. Rare.
CAULOPHYLLUM
Blue Cohosh. 44, thalictroides, Mx. (***) Th.
Commmon in L. P.
JEFFERSONIA
Twin-leaf. 45, diphylla, Persoon. (***) C. &S.
oe An early spring plant. Worth cultivating for its white flowers and curi-
root. :
ous biparted leaves. Infrequent.
PODOPHYLLUM
Mandrake. *
May apal’: 46. peltatum, L. (*) CO. &S.
Roots drastic, an article of commerce. Ripe fruit often eaten.
Very common.
NYMPHAMACEA.
(Water-Lily Family.)
BRASENIA
Water-shield. 4, peltata, Pursh. C. & 8.
Greenville (!), Ionia (!), Lansing (!), Ann Arbor, etc. Infrequent.
NELUMBIUM
Rattle-box. 48. luteum, Willd. Ss.
Yellow Nel- i | : :
umbo. River Rouge, south of Detroit; Indian Lake, 12 miles southeast of Kala-
Water Chinq- mazoo; Monroe county, where it is abundant; and probably in other
uepin, places. Seems to be indigenous. Local.
NYMPHAA

Sweet-scentea 49, odorata, Aiton. (***)

Water-Lily. Said to grow at Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.—and in Lake Superior region,
but the next has probably been mistaken for it, unless the two run
together.

White Water- 50. tuberosa, Paine. (***) C. &S8.

Lily. In all our ponds and slow streams. Flowers large and delicately beauti-
ful, fragrant; often used for decorating in connection with evergreens.
Easily propagated from the tubers, and desirable for large aquariums

in grounds. Common.
NUPHAR
Spatter Dock. 51. advena, Aiton. (***) Th.
ail SURO: In company with water-lilies, but always a dirty plant—seeming to de.
= light in filth. Common.
Small Yellow 52, pumilum, Smith. C. &S.
ee Ne “Sag, Bay & 8. W.”—Winch. Cat. Infrequent.
SARRACENIACEA.
(Pitcher-Plants. )
SARRACENIA

Pitcher Plant. 53, purpurea, L. (***)

Common in sphagnous swamps. Can be grown in the house, where it
always attracts attention asa “curiosity,” though all the swamps in
the neighborhood be full of it.

Mexican
Poppy.
Prickly P.

Celandine,

Common
Poppy.

Blood-root.

zoel w
oppy-
Celandine
Poppy.

Climbing
Fumitory.

Golden
Corydalis.

Pale C,

Squirrel Corn.

Dutchman’s
Breeches

Alyssum.

Rock Cress.

Rock C.

Rock C.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 43%

PAPAVERACEAH.
(Poppy Family.)
ARGEMONE
54, Mexicana, Ll. (***)
CHELIDONIUM
55. majusy Lia’ (***)
PAPAVER

56. somniferum, L. (*)

These three plants occur in some localities, but are scarcely well enough
established to deserve mention.

SANGUINARIA
5%, Canadensis, L. (*) Tie
The white flowers appear in early spring, and are sometimes 274 inches in
diameter. Does ell in gardens, and is pretty. Common.
STYLOPHORUM
58. diphyllum, Nutt. (***) C. & 8:

Rich woods in Oceana, Ionia, Clinton, Ingham, and othercounties. Flower
orange-yellow, over two inches in diameter. Deserves a place in the

garden. Rare or Local.
FUMARIACEA.
(Fumitory Family.)
ADLUMIA.
59. cirrhosa, Raf. C.&58.
Hemlock woods in vicinity of Houghton Lake; Grand Rapids,—Miss Clark
So. Haven; etc.; also in cultivation. Not. com.
CORYDALIS.
60. aurea, Willd. THe

Not noticed in the center of the L. P., where the next is also rare; fre-
quent northward; in the U. P., common.

61. glauca, Pursh. fang
Grand Haven(!); Clare Co.(!); L.Sup.,etc. Infrequent except northward,
DICENTRA.

62. Canadensis, DC. (***) C.&S8.
63. cucullaria, DC. (***) C.&S.
Both sp. common.
CRUCIFERA.
(Mustard Family.)
ALYSSUM.
64. calycinum, L. C. &8.

Hubbardston (!); Ionia(!); Flint; Lansing (!), etc.; a recently introduced
plant, becoming common in many localities. Door-yards and waste

places.
ARABIS.
65. dentata, T. & Gr. C.&S8.
Low lands along*Grand R. (!) and southward. Not common.
66. lyrata, L. Th.
So. Haven; Flint; Petoskey(!); U. P.—Whitney Cat. Infrequent.
67. petreea, Lam. Th,

Isle Royal—Gillman; Mackinac; Macomb Co.; Gd. Haven; etc.
Infrequen

458
Hairy Rock
Cc.

Smooth Rock
Cc.

Canada Cress.

Sickle- Pod.

Tower Mus-
tard.

Drummond’s
M.

Yellow Rock-
et. Winter
Cress.

White Mus-
tard.
Charlock.

Black Mus-
tard.

Sea Rocket.

Shepherd’s
Purse.

Spring Cress.

euepis Spring

Cuckoo
Flower.

Small Bitter
Cress.

Woodland B.
Cc.

Crinkle-root.
Pepper-root.

Tooth-wort.

Whitlow-
grass,

Whitlow-
grass.

Whitlow-
grass,

Whitlow-
grass.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

68. hirsuta, Scop. Th,

Frequent.

69. levigata, Poir. Th.

Infrequent,

0. Canadensis, L. C. &

Fields and rocky woods. Common,

71. perfoliata, Lam. Th;

Not rare.

72. Drummondii, Gr. "Eh:

Hubbardston(!); Flint; Macomb Co.; etc. Dry banks. Not com.
BARBAREA

73. vulgaris, R. Br. Th;

So. Haven; Ann Arbor—Allmendinger Cat.; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston(!);
and N. into the U. P., where it is indigenous and frequent.

BRASSICA

ia, aled, Gr.) C.&S8.
Infrequent.
75. Sinapistrum, Boiss. Th.
Not com.
76. nigra, Koch. (*) C. & 8.
Common.
CAKILE
77. Americana, Nutt. Th,
Shores of the Gr. Lakes, Common,
CAPSELLA
78. Bursa-pastoris, Moench. (***) Th!
The commonest of weeds.
CARDAMINE
79. rhomboidea, DC. Th.
Common.
80. purpurea, Cham. & Schlecht. Th.
An early spring flower. Common.
81. pratensis, L. (***) Th,
Bogs. RareS., frequent in C., and common N.
82. hirsuta, L. Th.
Common.
83. hirsuta, L., var. sylvatica, Gr. C.&S8.
Ann Arbor,—Winch. Cat.; and Flint. Infrequent
DENTARIA
84, diphylla, Mx. (***) Th:
Common,
85. laciniata, Muhl. C.&S.
Probably occurs farther north if not throughout. Common.
DRABA
86. arabisans, Mx. Th:
Shores of the Gr. Lakes. Infrequent.
8%. nemorosa, L. Th.
“Fort Gratiot and northwestward,”—Gray. Collected by Dr. Pitcher.
Infrequent,
88. Caroliniana, Walt. C.&S8.
Ionia Co. (1), and southward. Rare.
89. verna, L. Ss
Rare.

Dr. Lyons.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 439

LEPIDIUM .
Re ablkie es tae GOnewireinienm,. 12, Th.
Wild P.-grass. 91. intermedium, Gr. Abe
This and the preceding are both very common in fields and waste places,
but usually not together.
Pepper-wort. 92. campestre, R. Br. S. E.
Macomb Co., and Detroit. Infrequent.
NASTURTIUM
True Water- 93. officinale, R. Br. (***) C.&S8.
a Tonia(!); Ann Arbor; South Haven; etc. Frequent in brooks.
Marsh Cress. 94. palustre, DC. (***) Th.
Frequent.
Hairy M. Cres, 95. palustre, DC., var. hispidum, Fisch. & Mey. Th;
Lake Cress. 96. lacustre, Gr. C.&S8.
From Fish Cr. (!) and Maple R. (!) southward. Frequent.
Horseradish, 97. Armoracia, Fries. (***)
Used in spring asa condiment. Escaped from gardens into waste places,
Frequent,
SISYMBRIUM
Hedge Mus- 98. officinale, Scop. (***)
i Road-sides and wet places. Frequent.
Monse-ear 99. Thaliana, Gay. C.&S8.
; In light sand; generally mistaken for Arabis lyrata. Common.
ey ee 100. canescens, Nutt. Th.
; Shores of Gr. Lakes, etc. Pitcher, Houghton, Winchell, eZ. al.
Infrequent,
CAMELINA
False Flax. 101. sativa, Crantz. C.&8.
Road-sides and waste places. Flint; Ann Arbor; Macomb Co.; ete.
Not common.
THALASPI
Penny Cress. 102. arvense, L. S. E.
Ann Arbor—Allmend Cat.; ‘‘Shores of Lake Huron.”—Gray. Rare,
CAPARIDACEA.
(Caper Family.)
POLANISIA
Polonisia. 103. graveolens, Raf. S.
Shores of Gr. Lakes; South Haven; Detroit(!); Put-in Bay (!), ete.
Not rare.
VIOLACEA,
(Violet Family.)
IONIDIUM
Green Violet. 104. concolor, Benth. & Hook. C. &S.
Hubbardston(!); Lansing—Beal; Ann Arbor,—Allm, Cat.; ete.
Scarce and local.
VIOLA
Round-leaved 105, rotundifolia, Mx. Uk
: Sugar Island—Winch. Cat.; Michigan—Gray.
asia 106. Selkirkii, Pursh. Tae

Great-spurred
V. Gillman, Gray, etal. A high northern plant.

440

Sweet White
Wie
Lance-leayed
Ve

Common Blue
7:

Hard-leaf V.

Arrow-leaved

Larkspur V.
Bird-foot V.

Dog Violet.
Long-spurred
V.

Pale V.
Canada V.
Downy
Yellow V.
Hairy Yellow
V.

Wooly-fruited
Vv

Smoother
SOs

Frost-weed.
Frost-wort.

Hudsonia.

Pinweed.

Round-leaved
Sundew.

Sundew.

Slender S.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

blanda, Willd. Th

Common and variable.
108. lanceolata, L.
Roscommon Co.(!); L. Sup.; ete.

. cucullata, Aiton.

Rare.

Phe

Common and yariable.

110. cucullata, Ait., var. palmata, Gr.
Frequent on hills about Ionia. (!)
111. sagittata, Aiton. C.&8.
Rare in some sections, common in others.
112. delphinifolia, Nutt.(?) S.
193. pedata, (a... =) Th
Common on light sand, our finest species. Does nicely in cultivation and
deserves attention. The flowers are light blue, or very rarely pure
white, and are very pretty, being often 14g in. in diameter. N. to “ Brit-
ish Am., lat. 55°.°—Torr. & Gr., Fl. N. Am.
114. canina, L., var. sylvestris, Regel. Ty:
Common.
115. rostrata, Muhl. C.&8.
Well distributed and frequent.
116. striata, Aiton. C.&S8.
Common,
117. Canadensis, L. Ph.
Abundant on “beech and maple” land, but seldom, or never, under oaks.
118. pubescens, Aiton. ER:
Common.
119. pubescens, Ait., var. eriocarpa, Nutt. Th,
Common.
120. glabella, Nutt. C. &S8.
Hubbardston(!); etc. Infr.
CISTACEA.
(Rock-rose Family.)
HELIANTHEMUM
121. Canadense, Mx. (**) Th,
Frequent,
HUDSONIA
122. tomentosa, Nutt. Th,

“Shores of Gr. Lakes.”—Gray; S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; L. Sup Ce
nfr
LECHEA

123. major, Mx. C.&8.
Common on poor so1l.
DROSERACEA.
(Sundew Family.)
DROSERA
124. rotundifolia, L. (***) Th.
In sphagnous swamps. <An insectivorous plant. Common.

125. intermedia, Drey. & Hayne, var. Americana, DC. Th.
S. Mich.—_Wright Cat.; Ann Arbor—Allmend, Cat.; L. Sup,—Can. Cat.

Infrequent.

126. linearis, Goldie. Gwe

Dr. Lyons; L. Sup.—Can. Cat.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 441

HY PERICACE A.

(St. John’ s-wort Family.)

HYPERICUM
Great St. 127. pyramidatum, Aiton. Dh

hn’s-wort. ;
youn South Haven; Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Macomb Co.; Ionia (!); Stanton (!);
Hubbardston(!); Crystal Lk. (!); Flint; Ontonagon River—Whitney Cat.
Occurs at wide intervals and in small patches. Rare.

Kalm’s St, J. 128. Kalmianum, L. Th.

Along the lakes; more common northward. S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Fort
Gratiot—Winch. Cat.; Petoskey (!); etc.

Shrubby St. J. 129, prolificum, L. Th.

A low, compact shrub, with a profusion of bright yellow blossoms, from
July to Sept. Sometimes cultivated, and worthy of more notice as a
hardy flowering shrub. Frequent from C. southward.

i a 130. ellipticum, Hook. The
Ann Arbor—Miss Ciark; L. Sup.—Gray. Infrequent.
Common St-J, 131. perforatum, L. (***) C. &S.
Ionia (!); Lansing (!); Flint; etc. A bad weed in the Eastern States, but
not troublesome in Michigan. Infrequent.
eS 132. corymbosum, Muhl. Th.
Common.
Slender St. J. 133. multilum, L. die
Abundant.
Canada St. J. 134. Canadense, L. ee
Ionia Co. (!); Macomb Co.; Flint; Drummond’s Island—Winch. Cat.
Occasional.
135. Canadense, L., var. major, Gray. Th
Flint; Fruitport and Old Mission.—E. J. Hill; L. Sup.—Gray.
ELODES
Marsh St. 136. Virginica, Nutt. ch
John’s-wort. Génie
Morehiste)0) 137. petiolata, Ph. (?)
Grosse Isle—Miss Clark in Winch. Cat.
CARYOPHYLLACEZ.
(Pink Family.)
SAPONARIA
Bouncing Bet. 138. officinalis, L. (***) li Be
SOADIEUCEE: Wena places and roadsides. Old Mission—E. J. Hill; and common in C.
Cow-Herb. 139. vaccaria, L. C.&S8.
Muir(!); 8S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; etc. Sparingly introduced.
SILENE
Starry Cam- 140. stellata, Aiton. 8.
pio Dr. Wright.
Wild Pink. 141. Pennsylvanica, Mx.(?) _ ; «ee
Mont Lake—Miss Clark in Winch. Cat. We have specimens which were
sent from Springfield, O., and the plant may grow in Mich.
Fire Pink. 142, Virginica, L. S.
ie Winchell Cat.
Sleepy Catch. 143, antirrhina, L. Th.
fy. Common.
see flower- 144, noctiflora, L. C.& 8.

Common.

442 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LYCHNIS
Corn Cockle. 145. Githago, L. Lek
In wheat-fields, but easily eradicated by sowing clean seed-wheat.
: Common.
ARENARIA
Thy meeeaved a6. serpyllifolia, L. Th.
a .
: Sandy fields. Not well distributed, but in places very common.
Strict Sand- 14%. stricta, Mx. Ti
wort. S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.; Montcalm Co. (!); L.Sup.—Can. Cat.
Infrequent,
Showy Sand- 148. lateriflora, L. a.
Br oR “From lat. 40° to the Arctic sea,’—Torrey & Gray, in “Flora N. Am.”?
Rather common in C., and quite pretty.
STELLARIA.
Chickweed. 149. media, Smith. Th.
Gardens and fields. A very abundant and hardy little weed, which has
been seen in blossom every month inthe year. In fact, even in mid-
Winter, a few warm days are enough to set it growing.
Long-eared 150. longifolia, Muhl. ‘The
Stitchwort.
Common.
Swamp Ss. 151. uliginosa, Murr. Uz
Dr. Lyons. inte
Starwort. 152. crassifolia, Ehrh.
Dr. Lyons. Rare.
Northern S. 153. borealis, Bigelow. Ue:
Point au Barques, L. Huron, and Isle aux Traine, L. Sup.—Gillman; also,
Gray in Manual, and Can. Cat. Infrequent,
Long-stalked 154, longipes, Goldie, N. & UP:
a at al “Gros Cap, L. Mich., abundant in pure sand.”—Winch, Cat. Rare.
CERASTIUM
Mouse-ear
eee 155. vulgatum, L. Th.
Infrequent.
Larger 5G. a72erne
Mouccaro. 100. viscosum, Ib: Th.
Common.
Nodding M.C. ~ 157. nutans, Raf. Th.
Macomb Co.; Flint; Lyons(!), etc. Found on low grounds from Louis-
iana to Hudson’s Bay. Rare.
Field .
SS EEeeae 158. arvense, L. ‘Th:
S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; L. Sup.—Can. Cat. Infrequent,
SAGINA
Pearl-wort. 159. nodosa, E. Meyer. Une
“L. Sup. and northward.”—Gray; Isle Royale.—Whitney’s Cat.
SPERGULA
Corn Spurry. 160. arvensis, L. C. & 8.
Dr. Wright, Dr. Clark. Some other Caryophyllaceous plants occur, as
Dianthus sp., Silene Armeria, etc., but are not well established.
Ady, and rare.
PARONYCHIEA.
( Whitlow-worts.)
ANYCHIA
Forked j
BIER eed: 161. dichotoma, Mx. Sha Ske

Dr. Wright. Infrequent.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 443

SCLERANTHUS
Knawel. 162. annuus, T.
Lansing (!); naturalized on the Agrl. College grounds.
PORTULACACEZ.
(Purslane Family.)
PORTULACA
Purslane, 2 , KK
Pustley. 163. oleracea, Iu., (***)
Very tenacious of life—a vile weed in gardens, Very com.
CLAYTONIA
Spring Beauty. 164, Virginica, L. Th.
Claytonia, ;
An early and very pretty spring flower. Common.
MALVACEA.
(Mallow Family.)
MALVA
Common 5 Fol EK
Conman 165. rotundifolia, L. (***) Tos
Common.
High M. 166. sylvestris, L. (***) AB is a
Occasional.
Curled M. 167. crispa, Gr.
Dr. Clark. Infrequent.
Musk M. 168. moschata, L. he Es
Not rare.
Mallow. 169. Alcea, IL.
Lansing (!); adventive on College grounds,
SIDA
Sida. 170. Napeea, Cav. S.
: Kalamazoo, R. R. track. . Rare.
ABUTILON
pete, Ma 171. Avicenna, Geert. Onde SS
leaf. Roadsides and river banks. Very common in places, and, along with
Datura stramonium, forming regular thickets. Sometimes cultivated,
but rather to be cast out as a bad weed.
HIBISCUS
Pilea ig 172. Moscheutos, L. C.& S.

? Flint; and Put-in Bay, Lake Erie.(!) This plant, long neglected, is worthy
of cultivation. It is four feet high, with velvety leaves and beautiful
light rose-colored flowers, six inches in diameter. Rare.

Bladdvr'Ket 173. Titonum, I. C. & S.
; S.—Dr. Wright; Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; and Flint. Rare.
TILIACEA.
(Linden Family.)
TILIA
Basswood 174. Americana, L. Phe
Linden, Abundant in ©. & §., common in Emmet Co. (!), and frequent in U. P.,

“especially in Ontonagon Valley.”—Whitney Cat. A valuable timber
tree, often planted for ornament, and much sought in flowering time
by bees for its copious nectar, which makes the finest honey Basswood
lumber is much used in cabinet work for boxes, shelves, etc., whenever
a wood is desired which is soft and easily worked, and, at the same
time, tough and not liable to split.

444 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LINACE AH.
(Flax Family.)
LINUM
Wild Flax. 175. Virginianum, L. S.
Ann Arbor—Dr. Lyons; S. Mich.—Wright Cat. Infrequent.
Wild Flax. 176. suleatum, Riddell. S.
Dr. Wright. Rare.
Common Flax. 177, usitatissimum, L. (*) C.&S8.
Dr. Clark, and Dr. Wright. Escaped from cultivation. Infrequent.
GERANIACEA.
(Geranium Family.)
GERANIUM
yd Cranes. 175., maculatam, Line) C.&S5.
; ‘*Canada to Florida.”—Torr. & Gr., Fl. N. Am. Common.
Carolina C. 179. Carolinianum, L. Th.
Macomb Oo.; Clinton Co., etc. RareinS. & C., abundant in vicinity of
Farwell, Clare Co. (!), thence N. to L. Superior.
Small-flow- 180. pusillum, L.
ered C. e é
Flint—Dr. Clark. Adventive.
Herb Robert. 181. Robertianum, L. (***) oh,
Put-in Bay, Lake Erie (!); Montcalm Co. (!); Saginaw Bay; Mackinac, and
Drummond’s Is.—Winch. Cat.; L. Sup.—Whitney’s Cat. Common around
the Gr. Lakes, but seldom seen in the interior.
ERODIUM
Storksbill. 182. cicutarium, L’Her. (***) 0. &S8.
Oceana Co. (!); Ionia Co. (!); Kalamazoo, etc. Spreads rapidly—a bad
weed in gardens and fields. Not yet common.
FLQ@RKEA
maise Mer- 183. proserpinacoides, Willd.
, Ionia (!); Hubbardston (!); Flint, etc. Not rare but usually overlooked.
A delicate, little herb in damp woods.
IMPATIENS
Pale Touch- 184. pallida, Nutt. (***) Th.
eee Macomb Co.; Ionia Co. (!); Sugar Is.—Winch. Cat., etc. Much rarer than
the next.
Spotted T. 185. fulva, Nutt. 9( ***) Die
Balsam.
Jewel-weed. OXALIS
Common; “KKK
Common, 41, 186. Acetosella, L. ( ) yf bs
Macomb Co.; and ‘‘L. Sup, and northward”’—Gray. Rare in S, Peninsula.
Violet W. 18%. violacea, f.-7 (***) S. E.
Winchell Cat. Rare.
Yellow W. i *j KEE
Yellow W. 188. corniculata, L., var. stricta, Sav. (***) hs
Marquette Co.—Burt’s MS., etc., etc. Common.
RUTACEA.
(Rue Family.)
ZANTHOXYLUM
Prickly Ash. oe ; KK
mostheche 189. Americanum, Mill. (***) ie
Tree. Everywhere along streams and on low ground. The bark enters into

various “bitters,” and is gathered in considrable quantities for export.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 445

PTELEA
Hop-tree. } : eK 1 al
Shtubby Tre. 190. trifoliata, L. (***) C.& 8.
foil. An interesting shrub; sometimes cultivated. Very abundant on the low,
Wafer Ash, rocky islands in the western end of Lake Erie (!), and frequent along

river banks and the shore of the Gr, Lakes. Occurs in the interior as
far north as Montcalm Co, (!). Does not occur at Flint and is not men
tioned in Dr, Cooley’s MS. Cat., but is given by Dr. Wright.

ANACARDIACE AH.
(Cashew Family.)
RHUS
Sieshorn Su: 19%. typhina, L, .,(***) Th.

Seldom very large; less common than the next. Worth cultivating, and
the next likewise.

Smooth 8. 192. glabra, L. (**) The

Very common in C.,and nearly, or quite, as large as R. typhina. The trunk
occasionally 5-6 in. indiameter. Thesetwo species are much alike, and,
pubescence aside, one might easily be mistaken for the other. Itis no
stretch of imagination to believe such closely allied species, and there
are many such, are descended from a common stock. Indeed, one can
scarcely believe otherwise if he studies plants extensively.

Dwarfs. 193. copallina, L. (**) C. &S.
Abundant in the pine country on light soil.

Poison S. 194, venenata, DC. (***)

Poison Dog- , 5

wood. Common in swamps and poisonous to the touch. A low shrub, with
smooth, grayish bark, and dull, white fruit in clusters.

Hoison Ivy. 195. Toxicodendron, L. (**) ie

ees This is the dreaded “Poison Ivy.” It is inoculous to some persons, and

cows eat it with impunity. Frequent,

Climbing P. 196. Toxicodendron, L., var. radican, Torr. ie

Ivy.
z Tall-climbing, often to tops of forest trees; stems frequently several in-
ches in diameter. More abundant than the sp.

Fragrant Su. 197, aromatica, Aiton. (***) ANGE,

mach.

A low shrub, with bright red fruit; worthy of cultivation. Less frequent
than other members of the genus. Found chiefly on bluffs and sandy
hills through the middle counties of the L. P. N. to Saskatchawan.”—
Torr. & Gr., Fl. N. Am.

VITACEZ.
(Vine Family.)
VITIS
Northern Fox. 198. Labrusca, L. CS &:
grape. Dr. Clark and Dr. Cooley. Concord, Isabella, Catawba, etc., are seedlings
of this species. Rare.
Summer Grape, 199. eestivalis, Mx. C, & Ss.
Lyons (!); Stanton (!); Crystal Lk., Montcalm Co. (!); Flint; Ann Arbor.—
‘Winch, Cat.; 8S. Mich.—Wright Cat., etc. Infrequent S.
Frost Grape. 200. riparia, Mx. ih:
Common along our rivers; infrequent in the pine region, where V. esti-
valis is very abundant. Flowers very fragrant, filling the air with
odor. The small, glaucous fruit is sometimes eaten. Vitis cordifolia
apparently does not occur.
AMPELOPSIS
Virginia “ - KK r
Oren: 201. quinquefolia, Mx. (***) Th.
Five-leafIvy. A very desirable climber, often cultivated. Some specimens seem to

American Ivy. cling to walls and buildings much better than others. Common.

446 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

RHAMNACEA,
(Buckthorn Family.)
RHAMNUS
Buckthorn. 202. alnifolia, L’ Her. Th.
Common.
CEANOTHUS
New Jersey 203. Americanus, L. (***) Th.
CER re: Sandy woods, rarely on beach and maple land, Frequent.
Ceanothus. 204. ovatus, Desf.
Dr. Pitcher; also, east shore L. Huron, E. Ont., and L. Sup.—Can. Cat.
CELASTRACEA
(Staff-tree Family.)
CELASTRUS
Celastrus. ' eK
Wax.work, 209. scandens, L. (***) C.&S.
Climbing Bit- An ornamental climbing shrub, the orange and scarlet-arilled fruit re-
ter-sweet. maining over winter. Easy to grow and desirable for its autumn and
winter effect. The staminate and pistillate flowers are on different
individuals, and this must not be overlooked when specimens are taken
from the field for cultivation.
EUONYMUS
Waahoo. 206. atropurpureus, Jacq. C. &8.

Burning-Bush, c aly’ be
Low river-banks. Well distributed, but nowhere very common. Worthy

of cultivation. Bark of shruband roots gathered for the drug trade—
an ingredient of various tonic bitters and patent nostrums.

railing 20%. Americanus, L., var. obovatus, T. & Gr. C.&8.
wer Trailing. The sp. does not occur. Common.
SAPINDACEZ.
(Soapberry Family.)
STAPHYLEA
Bladder-Nut. 208. trifolia, L. Th.

Marquette Co.—Burt; and frequent along river banks in L. P. A curious
and interesting low shrub, with drooping white flowers, ovate, peinted,
serrate leaflets, and large triangular pods, whence the common name.
Sometimes cultivated and deserving attention.

LESCULUS
Ohio Buckeye. 209. glabra, Willd. S.
7 River-bottoms, Lenawee Co.—Prof. Beal; and probably in other localities
in the southern tier of counties.
ACER
Striped Maple. 210. Pennsylvanicum, L. (***) N. & Ue

Abundant in U. P.—Whitney, common at Petoskey (!), and occasional as
far S. on the Huron shore as Alcona Co.—Winchell Cat., and in the inter-
ior as Houghton Lake(!).

Mountain 211. spicatum, Lam. C.. N.@ Ul

mPele. Common in U. P.; Alcona Co.—Winch. Cat.; Crystal Lake, Montcalm
Co.(!); and occasional in cold swampsas far south as banks of Grand
river near Lansing—Beal.

Sugar Maple. 212. saccharinum, Wang. (***) Th:

SPE This and the next yield “maple sugar.” Frequent in the U. P., and
abundant in the lower, forming extensive groves, either alone or in con-
nection with beech. Largely used for fuel, and to some extent for
cabinet purposes, especially the curled and bird’s eye varieties, Exten-
sively planted asa shade-tree. In localities badly infested with borers
of the genus Clylus.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 447

“hie Sugar 213. saccharinum, Wang., var. nigrum, T. & Gr. Th.
Along with the preceding, and much resembling it. Distinguished best
by its prominent stipules and downy leaves. Common.
Silver Maple. 214, dasycarpum, Ehrh. C. &S.
; Low ground along rivers. This and the next are fine shade and orna-
mental trees, Often planted. Common,
Hee Maple. 215. rubrum, L. Th.
oat On low ground and along streams. Very common.
NEGUNDO
mee undo. 216. aceroides, Moench. C.&S.
‘Ash-leaved River banks. A small, handsome tree, with green twigs, ash-like leaves,
Maple. and pendant flowers and keys. Sometimes planted, and would be more
often if its value was known. Frequent.
POLYGALACEA.
(Milkwort Family.)
POLYGALA
Purple Poly. 217. sanguinea, L. (***) C.&8.
ay Belding(!); Ionia(!); Flint; Macomb Co., etc. Local, but usually abun-
dant when found at all.
Poly gala. 218. cruciata, L. S.
8S. Mich.—Wright Cat. Rare.
Polygala. 219. verticillata, L. C.&S8.
Flint; Lansing(!); Macomb Co.; Wayne Co.(!), etc. Common in some
places, rare in others. The fresh roots have the smell of wintergreen,
. or Spireu lobata.
Seneca Snake- < *
pene 220. Senega, L. (*) Th;
Common.
proecleaved 221. Senega, Li, var. latifolia, T. & Gr.
Hubbardston (!); Flint, etc. Rare.
ee Poy 222. polygama, Walt. (***) C.&S.
a op Sandy soil. Ionia (!), Clinton (!), Montcalm (!), and counties southward,
Infrequent,
Flowering 99: 1 i Ville 7S RE
atecerecn, 223. paucifolia, Willd. (***)
Fringed Poly- Common on pine land; the large, rose-purple flowers very beautiful.
gala. Comptonia, Rhus ar omatica, Moneses, and this are often a together.
Dr. Wright found a variety with white flowers.
LEGUMINOS 4.
(Pulse Family.)
LUPINUS
WildLupine. 224, perennis, L. C.&S8.
Abundant in light sand. Flowers, a fine blue-purple, in May and June
forming great masses of color. Worth cultivating.
TRIFOLIUM.
Red Clover. 225. pratense, L. (***) Eh
Meadows and fields. Very extensively cultivated for hay and pasture,
and as a fertilizer of the soil, in which capacity it has no equal.
White Clover. 226, Tepens, ibe 4 Mai.
Meadows, pastures, and road-sides, Very com.
Picts 227. procumbens, L. C.&S.
Low Hop-C€. Ionia (!); Lansing (!), etc. Blossoms bright yellow and very BICHy
MELILOTUS
Yellow , , j RK i
ote 228. officinalis, Willd. (***) C.&5

Rare.

448 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sweet Clover. 229. alba, Lam. (***) Le es
Ug sae Aan than the preceding, but only occasional. A valuable honey
MEDICAGO
Lucerne. 230. sativa, L. C.&8.
Escaped from cultivation in a few places.
Black Medick. 231, Jupulnn, 1s pO
Waste places. Mackinac; Jackson (!); Ann Arbor, etc.; forming patches.
PETALOSTEMON
PrairieClover. 232, violaceus, Mx. Ss. W.
“Dry prairies, Mich.”’—Gray. Rare.
Prairie Clover. 233, candidus, Mx. S. W.
With the preceding.—Gray. These two and the next are “prairie plants.”
AMORPHA
Ege TEN 234, canescens, Nutt. S.
W. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Ann Arbor.—Prof. M. W. Harrington. Rare.
TEPHROSIA
Eee eee. 235. Virginiana, Pers. (***) C.&S58.
A; Clinton Co. (!); Montcalm Co. (!); Macomb Co.; Livingston Co.—Miss
Clark, etc. On light sand. Infrequent.
ASTRAGALUS
pens 236. Cooperi, Gr. C.&8.
Dr. A. B. Lyons; Cooley MS. Rare.
Milk V. 237. Canadensis, L. , ‘Th:
Put-in Bay (!); Ann Arbor (!); Macomb Co.; Orchard Lk. (!); Montcalm
Co. (!); and northward. Well distributed but Infrequent.
DESMODIUM
Tick-Trefoil. 238. nudiflorum, DC. C.&S8.
Crystal Lk., Montcalm Co. (!); Flint; Lansing; Macomb Co.; S. Mich.—
Wright Cat., etc. Common.
Tick-Trefoil. 239. acuminatum, DC. C.&S8.
Woodlands. Very common.
Tick-Trefoil. 240. pauciflorum, DC. S.
Mont Lk.—Miss Clark in Winch, Cat. Rare.
Round-leaved 241. rotundifolium, DC. C. &S.
Trailing T.-T, Hubbardston (!); Ionia (!); Flint; Lansing (!); So. Haven; Macomb Co.3
Ann Arbor.—Allmend. Cat., etc. Infrequent.
Tick-Trefoil. 242. canescens, DC. 5.
Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.; S. West—- Wright Cat. Rare.
Tick-Trefoil. 243, cuspidatum, Hook. C.&58.
Hubbardston (!); Flint; Lansing; Ann Arbor; Macomb Co.; S. Mich.—
Wright, etc. Usually on oak land. Frequent.
Tick-Trefoil. 244, yiridiflorum, Beck. C.&S.
Hubbardston (!); Macomb Co. Not common.
Tick-Trefoil. 245. Dillenii, Darlingt. C.&S8.
Oak woods. Hubbardston (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; S. Mich.—Wr. Cat.;
Mont Lk.—Miss Clark, etc. Frequent.
Tick-Trefoil. 246, paniculatum, DC. C.&8&.
Oak woods. Hubbardston (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; Lansing; S. Haven; 8.
Mich.—Wyr. Cat., etc. Frequent.
Tick-Trefoi). 247. Canadense, DC. C.& 8.

Hubbardston (!)and probably farther N.; Flint; Lansing; Ann Arbor—
Allmend. Cat. and Winch. Cat,. etc. Flowers early. Frequent.

Tick-Trefoil.

Tick-Trefoil.

Tick-Trefoil.

Tick-Trefoil.

Creeping Les-

pedeza.

Bush Clover.

Bush Clover.

Bush Clover.

Bush Clover.

Bush Clover.

Bush Clover.

Bush Clover.

Common
Vetch.
Tare.

Blue Vetch.

Pale Vetch.
Carolina V,

Purple VY.
American Y.

Beach Pea.

Vetchling.
Everlasting
Pea.

Pale Vetch-
ling.

Indian Pea.
Marsh Vetch-
ling.

Marsh Vetch-

ling.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 449

248. sessilifolium, T. & Gr. S.
“Michigan ”’—Gray; S. Mich.—Winch. Cat. Rare.
249, rigidum, DC. C. & 8.

Hubbardston (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; Ann Arbor, and S. W.—Winch. Cat.

Infrequent.

250. ciliare, DC. S.

Dr. Wright. Rare.

251. Marylandicum, Boott. C.&S8.

Dry hills, Ionia(!), and southward. Infrequent.

LESPEDEZA

252. repens, Barton. (?) S.
Winchell Cat.

253. violacea, Pers. S.

Ann Arbor—Miss Clark; S. W.—Wright. Infrequent.

254. reticulata, Pers. C.&S8.

Dry woods and fields. Common.

255. reticulata, Pers., var. angustifolia, Maxim. Ss. W.

Wright Cat. Rare.

256. Stuvei, Nutt. 0.

Winchell Cat.; Gray in Manual. Rare.
25%. hirta, Elliott. C.&S8.
Common,
258. capitata, Mx. C.&58.
Abundant in old fields; prefers light sand.
259. angustifolia, Ell. C.&S8.
In the same situations, and along with the preceding two. Frequent.
VICIA
260. sativa, L. 8.
Detroit—Dr. Lyons; Springwells, near Detroit—Henry Gillman.
Infrequent.
261. Cracca, L. S.

S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Ann Arbor—Prof. M. W. Harrington.
Rare or local.

262. Caroliniana, Walter. C.&S.
Dry soil. Very common.
263. Americana, Muhl. ANoe

Ann Arbor; Ionia(!); Montcalm Co.(!), etc.; N. to Lake Sup. Much
rarer than the preceding, and very pretty. Spreads rapidly in C., along
railroads and highways, and acts like an immigrant.

LATHYRUS
264. maritimus, Bigel. Th.
All around the Gr. Lakes, but seldom or never seen in the miter eA
om.
265. venosus, Muhl. C. &S.

Tonia Co. (!); Clinton Co. (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; Ann Arbor, etc. Beau-
tiful, and worthy a place in the garden, by reason of its large, purple

flowers. nfr.

266. ochroleucus, Hooker. AMig
Hillsides and dry uplands. Infr.

267. paluster, L. Th.

Ann Arbor; Ionia(!); Bay City; Antrim Co.; Petoskey to L. Sup. This
and the next are both common in C., growing in marshes along with
pios tuberosa, Campanula aparinoides, etc.

268. paluster, L., var. myrtifolius, Gr. Th,
Com.
57

450 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

APIOS
Ground-nut. 269. tuberosa, Moench. C.&58.
Wild Bean. > : : :
; A curious vine, with edible tubers, and fragrant, chocolate-brown flow-
Dakota Potato. OEE , , 5 ’ Goutan:
PHASEOLUS
Wild Bean. 270. diversifolius, Pers. S.
S. E. along shore, and on the islands of Lake Erie(!), and shore of Lake
Michigan at So. Haven—Bailey. Probably not much farther north, and
not found in the interior.
AMPHICARP AA
Hog Pea-nut. 2%1. monoica, Elliott. Th,
Fields and woods. Variable. Common.
BAPTISIA
Halse Andige. eis tinctoria, R.Br. » (t*%) C.&S8.
ae Woodard Lake, Ionia Co. (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; Ann Arbor—Winch.
Cat.; etc. Abundant in places, but not well distributed; much com-
moner than the next two species.
Wild Indigo. 273. Leucantha,. Torr. & Gr. S.
Calhoun Co.—Winch. Cat.; Ann Arbor—Allmendinger Cat.; etc. Rare.
Wild Indigo, 274. leucophea, Nutt. Ss.
Mich.—Gray,. Rare.
CERCIS
Hose ab 275. Canadensis, L. C.&S8.
a Indigenous through the southern part of the State, and as far N. in the
west as Grand river valley. Plaster creek, Grand Rapids—Garfield;
Ionia—Le Valley(?); banks of Thornapple river, Eaton county; Ann
Arbor; Adrian; South Haven, ete. This tree is quite frequent in the
valley of the river Raisin, 10 miles S. W. of Adrian, in company with
Negundo, Gymnocladus, and Asculus glabra. The largest trees are ten
inches in diameter—Henry Owen. Frequently cultivated,
CASSIA
Wild Senna. 276. Marylandica, L. (*) Cc. &S8.
Lyons(!); Grand Haven(!); Ann Arbor, etc. River banks; a tall weed
with bright yellow blossoms. Infrequent.
GYMNOCLADUS
Se a 277. Canadensis, Lam. C.&S58.
. A slender tree along river banks, as far N.as Maple river, in Clinton
Co.(!); also Fisk creek, Montcalm Co.(!); banks of Grand river(!); etc.
The largest specimen seen was about 60 feet high, and less than a foot
in diameter. The wood is reddish, fine-grained, tough, and takes a good
polish. Sometimes planted, and a valuable ornamental tree, with
clubby branches, large and graceful bi-pinnate leaves, and large, flat
pods inautumn. Farther south, a large tree. Infrequent.
GLEDITSCHIA
Honey Locust. 2%8. triacanthos, L. s.
Three-thorned : Ses : F eee
Acacia. Grows along the river Raisin, and is certainly indigenous. Often two
feet in diameter.—Prof. Beal, Henry Owen, etal. Probably along the
St. Joseph, also, and in other localities in the extreme S, Frequently
planted for hedges.
ROSACEA.
(Rose Family.)
PRUNUS
Wild Plum. 279. Americana, Marshall. C.&S

Along our rivers; the fruit either round or oblong, yellow, red, or green,
and pleasant or bitter. Occasionally a tree bears large fruit which is
quite palatable. Frequently the plums blast and the trees bear instead
hollow, green bodies somewhat resembling plums. Common.

Dwarf Cherry,
Sand Cherry.

Wild Red
Cherry.
Pin Cherry.

Choke Cherry.

Wild Black
Cherry.

Nine-Bark.

Meadow-
Sweet.
Willow-
leaved Spirea.

Hardhack,
Steeple-Bush.

Queen of the
Prairie.

Gillenia.
Bowman’s
Root.

Indian Physic,

Canadian Bur-
net.

Agrimony.

Small-flower
ed A,

White Geum.
Avens.
Virginia G.

Large-leaved
G.

Strict G.

Purple Avens,
Water A.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 451

280. pumila, L. Thy.

L. Sup.; Emmet Co.(!); Houghton Lake(!); Mecosta Co.(!); South Haven;
Saginaw Bay—Winchell, etc. Frequent in the N. half of the L. P., but
not yet found in the interior S. of Saranac, Ionia Oo.(!), where it occurs
in a dry glade along with Synthyris, Castlillea, Lupinus, and Senecio
aureus.

281. Pennsylvanica, L. Th.

Very abundant on sandy land in the N. half of the State, but less common
southward, where P. serotina takes its place. Occasionally it becomes
a good sized tree,—40-50 feet high, a foot and a half in diameter. One
such stands by the road-side near Prairie Cr., in Ronald Tp., Ionia Co.

282. Virginica, L. Th:

A shrub or small tree. Very pretty in May by reason of its light green
leaves and racemes of white flowers. Sometimes cultivated for orna-
ment. Common.

283. serotina Ehrh. (*) Ths

A medium sized timber tree, well knownas “Black Cherry.” Frequent
in C.and §., in places sufficiently so for economic use. Rare in N.and
U. P. The bark is often used as a tonic.

NEILLIA
284, opulifolia, Benth. and Hook. Th.

Along streams. A low shrub with re-curyed branches, white flowers,
clusters of reddish pods, and something the habit of red currant but
larger. Occasionally cultivated and a good addition to the lawn.

SPIREA
285. salicifolia, L. Th.
In marshes. Common.
286. tomentosa, LL. (**) C.&8.

Ionia Co. (!) and southward. A low shrub with fine rose-colored flowers,
in dense panicles, and leaves rusty-wooly beneath. A striking plant
and worth trying in the garden. Infr.

287. lobata, Jacquin. 5.
‘‘ Meadows and prairies, Penn. to Mich.”—Gray. Occurs, if at all, only in
the S. Often cultivated.
GILLENIA
288. trifoliata, Moench. (**) S.
Winchell Cat. Rare.
POTERIUM
289. Canadense, Benth. & Hook. Se
South Haven—Bailey; Ann Arbor—Allmendinger. Rare.
AGRIMONIA
290. Eupatoria, L. (***) Th.
Dry soil. Common.
291. parviflora, Ait. (***) S. E.
Detroit—Miss Clark; Macomb Co. Infrequent,
GEUM
292. album, Gmelin.
Common.
293. Virginianum, L. C.&8.
Common.
294, macrophyllum, Willd. da et

Rare, or not atallin L. P.

295, strictum, Aiton. Th.

New Haven, Gratiot Co.(!); Petoskey(!), ete. Rare S.

296. rivale, L. (**) Th.

Swamps and wet places. Common.

452

Three-flow-
ered Geum.

Barren Straw-
berry.

Cinquefoil.

Common C.
Five-Finger.

Five-Finger.

Arctic Poten-
tilla.

Silvery
Cinque foil.

Stout Poten-
tilla.

Silver-weed.

Shrubby
Cinque-foil.

Enece soothed

Marsh Five-
Finger.

Wild Straw-
berry.

Wild Straw-
berry.

Wild Straw-
berry.

Dalibarda.

Purple Flow-
ering Rasp-
berry.

White Flow-
ering R.

Dwarf R.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

297. triflorum, Pursh.

Otisco TBs Tonia Co.(!)—A. B. Morse; Montcalm Co., near Greenville(!);
the only reported localities in the State. Attractive by reason of its
long, plumose styles, and dissected, fern-like leaves, Rare.

WALDSTEINIA
298. fragarioides, Tratt. Th.
Livingston Co.—Winch. Cat.; Ionia(!); Flint, etc.; to L. Sup.—Whitney
Cat. Rather local, but abundant when found at all.
POTENTILLA
299. Norvegica, L. fig ts
Common.
300. Canadensis, L. Th,
Macomb Co., and Flint toL. Sup. RareinC. &§.
301. Canadensis, L., var. simplex, T. & Gr.
Range unknown; the common form in C, &S., where it is abundant.
302. frigida, Villars. Ue
Dr. Lyons. Rare.
303. argentea, L. S.

Ann Arbor—Clark and AJlmendinger. Not reported by any other ob-
servers.

304, arguta, Ph. 2h.

Flowers either white or yellow, generally all in one locality of one color;
the same is true of molh mullein; Ann Arbor; Macomb Co.; Lansing(!);
Ionia(!); and N. to Isle Royal. Frequent on light sand; in places, com-
mon.

305. Anserina, L. Th.

Frequent along the Great Lakes, but rare in the interior.

306. fruticosa, L. Th.

Edges of swamps. <A low shrub with small, silky leaves, and a profusion
of showy yellow blossoms, in August. Ranges N. to Arctic America.

Common.
30%. tridentata, Solander. N.-& U2:

Barrens of Missaukee Oo. (!); ‘shores of the Upper Great Lakes ”—Gray 3

Isle Royal—Dr. Lyons. Infrequent.
308. palustris, Scop.

Swamps throughout, but nowhere abundant.
FRAGARIA

309. Virginiana, Duchesne. Th.

Very common.

(277)

310. Virginiana, Duch., var. Illinoensis, Gr.
U. P.—Henry Gillman, in Am. Nat., Sept. 69; and probably in Lower P.,

also.
311. vesca, L. Th.

Occasional in S., frequent in C.,and abundant northward, where it seems
to take the place of / Virginiana. Moist woodlands and borders of
swamps.

RUBUS
312. Dalibarda, L. S.

Ann Arbor—Mary Clark; Macomb Co.—Cooley. May occur farther north,

and perhaps throughout. Rare.
313. odoratus, L. hz
From Ft. Gratiot (Winchell) northward. Not observed in the interior
through C. &S. CommoninN, & U. P.
314. Nutkanus, Mocino. N..& Wie
Frequent at Petoskey (!) and common farther north.
315. triflorus, Richard. Th;

Frequent.

Wild Red R.

Black R.
Thimbleberry

Blackberry.

Dewberry.
Low Black-
berry.

a

Running
Swamp B.

Prairie Rose.

Climbing Rose,

Swamp R.

Dwarf Wild
Rose.

Early Wild
Rose.

Sweet Briar.

Scarlet-fruit-
ed Thorn.

Downy Thorn.

Black Thorn.
Pear LT:

Pear 3:

Pear T.

Cockspur
Thorn.

American
Crab-apple:

Choke-berry.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 453

316. strigosus, Mx. hy.
Variabie. Many seedlings in cult. Common.
317. occidentalis, L. Th.
Our garden Black-caps are seedlings of this. Hybrids between this and
the preceding frequently occur. Common.
318. villosus, Aiton. (*) ane

Very common in C., covering thousands of acres of waste pine-land to the
exclusion of almost everything else. Rarein U.P. The fruit is agree-
able and much gathered. Occasionally a plant is found bearing large
berries of superior quality. ‘This sp. is the original of the Lawton,
Wilson, Kittattiny, and other cultivated sorts.

C. &S8.

319. Canadensis, L. (*)

Extensively trailing—l2 ft. or more—deep-rooted, hard to exterminate,
and troublesome in sandy fields. Fruit ripe about the middle of July,
sweeter than that of 2. villosus. Frequent.

320. hispidus, L.

Very abundant through the C. in the pine country, frequently covering
the ground; also, S. and probably ‘Vh.

ROSA

321. setigera, Mx. C.&8.

So. Haven—Bailey; Jackson Co.—Winchell; Flint—Dr. Clark; Macomb
Co.—Cooley; Grosse Isle—Miss Clark. Possibly indigenous, but very

rare or local. Cultivated.

322. Carolina, L. Th:
Swamps. Common.

323. parviflora, EKhrh. C.&S.

Abundant and pretty. In the C. it is our common wild-rose. Dry soil.
A low form on hills about Ionia has narrow leaves, with peduncles
and ripe fruit glandular-bristly.

Th.

324. blanda, Aiton.

Ionia (!}; Hubbardston (!); Flint; Ft. Gratiot—Winch., Cat., etc. Common
northward, but infrequent south of lat. 43°.

325. rubiginosa, L. C.& 5S.
Roadsides. Frequent.

CRAT 24GUS
326. coccinea, L. The
Common.
327. subvillosa, Schrader. C.&S8.

Frequent in C.; our largest thorn, frequently 20-25 ft. and a foot in diam-

eter.
328. tomentosa, L. C.&S.

The form doubtfully referred to this species is a shrub with large, thick,
oval, sharply-serrate leaves, beneath prominently veined, and tapering
into a marginal petiole; corymbs very straggling and fruit quite small—

as Infrequent.

329. tomentosa, L., var. pyrifolia, Gr. Th.
Common.

330. tomentosa, L., var. punctata, Gr. C.& 58.

A shrub or low tree. Very common in©. Other forms of Craltegus occur,
and the whole genus evidently needs revision.

331. Crus-galli, Linn. C.&S5.
Usually a shrub. Used for hedges in the East. Common.

PIRUS
332. coronaria, L. C.&S8.

Thickets and along streams; the fine rose-colored flowers delightfully
tragrantin May. The fruit green and bitter. Common.

333. arbutifolia, L. Th.

Hubbardston (!), etc. Rare in C,

454 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Choke-berry. 334. arbutifolia, L., var. melanocarpa, Hook. ; ig

Burt. MS.; Isle Royale—Whitney’s Cat., etc. Frequent in swamps
through C,

nea 335. Americana, DC. (***) N. & U. P.
Ash. Ludington, and north along the Michigan shore to Charlevoix; Sault Ste.
Marie; and into Canada where it is common; also westward through
U. P.—Burt, and Whitney.
AMELANCHIER
JHUpDeLy. 336, Canadensis, Torr. & Gr. pf
Service-berry. A shrub or small tree. Fruit variable in size and flayor, frequently

delicious, and so well known to the birds that one can seldom find it
well ripened. Undoubtedly horticulturists could develop this into a
profitable fruit, but having already so many choice kinds, it is ques-
tionable if there would be any immediate profit. It is well, however,
to remember that all our choice fruits have come from very ordinary
wild sorts. Common,

Service-berry. 33%, Canadensis, Torr. & Gr.. var. (?) oblongifolia, T. & Gr. Th.
Tonia (!); Flint; S. Mich.—Winchell Cat. A low shrub on sandy land.
Infrequent.

Service-berry. 338. Canadensis, Torr. & Gr., var. rotundifolia, T. & Gr. C. & 8.

Along streams, nearly as large as the sp.; leaves oval, serrate, promi-
nently veined beneath. Flint; Hubbardston (!), ete. Not common,

perme bers 339. alnitolia, Nutt. Le
Presque Isle—Winchell; Flint—Dr. Clark. Rare.
SAXIFRAGACEA,
(Sazifrage Family.)
RIBES
Helene: 340. Cynosbati, L. The
The large berries prickly, but edible. Common.
LE eae 341. oxyacanthoides, L. C. &8.
Low grounds along Fish Creek, and Maple River (!); Flint; Macomb
Co., ete. Fruit smooth. Common.
pe egore- 342. rotundifolium, Mx. Th.
St. Joseph’s Is., and Sitting Rabbit—Winch. Cat. Rare in C. & S.
Spemp Goose- 343. lacustre, Poir. N. & ee
‘ As far south as Houghton Lake (!).
vevidigny 344, prostratum, L’ Her. C, N. eae
Bint Isabella Co. (!); Missaukee Co. (!); St. Joseph’s Is.—Winch. Cat.,
Wild Black 345. floridum, L. fy 5
urrant. Comtnon
Red Currant. 346, rubrum, L. Th.
Deep swamps and cold woods, under tamaracks, Ann Arbor; Ionia (!);
Stanton (!), and northward. Infrequent.
PARNASSIA
Grass of Par- 34%. parviflo ra, DC. Use
BRAa aS: L. Sup. —Can. Cat.; Grand Island—Henry Gillman; also, northwest shore
of Lake Michigan, in Wisconsin—Gillman.
GrassofPar- 348. palustris, L. UE
DaBEME. Drummond’s Is.—Winch Cat.; ‘Shore of L. Sup., and northward ”’—Gray,

from Dr. Pitcher.
GrassofPar- 349, Caroliniana, Mx.

nassus. i
bi Swamps and wet banks. Rare northward; common inC. &S.
SAXIFRAGA
Yellow Moun- 5 1Z01
sepis 350. aizoides, L. Ula

ifrage. “ Northern Michigan.”—Gray,

MICHIGAN FLORA. 4595

Three-tooth'd 351, tricuspidata, Retz. UP:
paar ee “Shore of L. Sup. and northward ”—Gray; Isle Royale—Dr. Lyons and
Whitney Cat.
Saxifrage. 352. Aizoon, Jacq. U. P.
“Upper Mich.”—Gray; Isle Royale—Lyons, and Whitney.
Early 8. 353. Virginiensis, Mx. USE
L. Sup.—Can. Cat., etc.
Swamp Ss. 354. Pennsylvanica, L. he
Bogs. Common,
HEUCHERA
Alum-root. 355. Americana, L. (**) C.&S8.
Grand Rapids—Coleman; Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat. Rare,
Alum-root. 356, hispida, Ph. C. &SB8.
Common in Grand-Saginaw Valley.
MITELLA
Two-leaved 35 1
moan 357, diphylla, L. Th.
Bishop’s Cap. Hillsides in rich woods. Seeds black. Very common.
Naked M. 358. nuda, L. *) Eh:
Shaded swamps in Sphagnum. Racemes sometimes inclined to be panicu-
late; seeds brown. A very delicate and pretty little herb, usually grow-
ing under tamaracks and along with Ribes rubrum, Chiogenes hispidula,
Smilacina trifolia, and Salix candida. The scape frequently bears a
small leaf, as if to suggest the derivation of this and the preceding from
one earlier form, Frequent.
TIARELLA
ERS 359. cordifolia, L. ATI
: Ft. Gratiot; Macomb Co.; Flint; Stanton (!); and northward. Common in
N. & U. P.; rareinC..&S. W.
CHRYSOSPLENIUM
goldenSaxi- = 360, Americanum, Schw.
rae So. Haven; Hubbardston (!); Flint; and north. Infr.
CRASSULACEA,
(Orpine Family.)
PENTHORUM
pumstese = S61. eedoider, 1 n(" =") C.& 58.
; Roadsides and ditches, everywhere.
SEDUM
Live-for-ever, C y KK {
Peri ee 362. Telephium, L. (***) C.& 8.
pine. Escaped from cultivation, as have S. acre and some others,
HAMAMELACEA.
( Witch-Hazel Family.)
HAMAMELIS
Witch-Hazel. 9363. Virginiana, L. (***) Th.

The yellow blossoms open in November after the leaves have fallen. The
ripe pods burst witha sharp report, scattering the seeds,—this is fre-
quently the case with pods of other plants. Common.

456

Water-Milfoil.

Water-Milfoil.

Water- Milfoil.

Water-Milfoil.

Mermaid-
weed.

Mare’s-Tail.

Enchanter’s
Night-shade.

Enchanter’s
Nightshade.

Gaura.

Great Willow-
herb.
Fire-weed.

Linear leavyed
Epilobium.

Downy Wil
low-herb.

Evening Prim-
rose.

Evening Prim-
rose.

Evening Prim-
rose.

STATE HORTICULTURAT SOCIETY.

HALORAGE A.
( Water-Milfoil Family. )
MYRIOPHYLLUM

364. spicatum, L. Th.
L. Sup.—Can. Cat.; etc.

365. verticillatum, L. ins
Hubbardston (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; 8. Mich.—Wright Cat.

366, heterophyllum, Mx. G. &8.
Fruitport—E. J. Hill; Huron R. at Ypsilanti—Lyons; Macomb Co.—Cooley.

36%. tenellum, Bigel. (?)

PROSERPINACA
368. palustris, L.

In swamps along with Alopecurus aristulatus, and Ludwigia palustris.

Freq.
HIPPURIS.
369. vulgaris, L. Th.
L. Sup.—Can. Cat.; 8. Mich.—Wright Cat. Rare.
ONAGRACEA.,
(Lvening-Primrose Family.)
CIRC AA
370. Lutetiana, L. ‘The
Woods. Very common.
371. alpina, L. Th.
Woods. Common.
GAURA
372. biennis, L. S.
Dr. Wright.
EPILOBIUM
373. spicatum, Lam. (***) hn.
Springs up abundantly where forests have been burned over, hence one
common name,
374. origanifolium, Lam. Dna
“Upper Wisconsin and Michigan ”’—Gray.
375. palustre, L., var. lineare, Gr.
Hubbardston (!); Flint; Stanton (!); and north to L. Sup. Infrequent in
C. and rare or not at allins.
376. molle, Torr. C.&S.
Hubbardston (!); Flint; Lansing (!); Ann Arbor; Macomb Co.,etc. Prob-
ably Th. Frequent.
377. coloratum, Muhl. ek.
Common.
CGNOTHERA
378. biennis, lus, {***) ch.
Common.
379. biennis, L., var. muricata, Lindl. Th;

L. Sup.—Can. Cat.; Petoskey (!); Ionia (!), etc.
380. biennis, L. var. grandiflora, Lindl.
L. Sup.—Can. Cat.

Sundrops.

Small Gino-
thera.

False Loose-
strife.
Seed-box.

False L.

False L.

Water Purs-
lane.

Ammannia.

Loosestrife

Swamp L.

Prickly Pear.

Indian Fig.

One-seeded
Star Cucum-
ber.

Wild Balsam
apple.

MICHIGAN FLORA. Abit

381. fruticosa, L. C.& 5S.

Palo, Ionia Co. (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; Ann Arbor—Allmend, Cat.

Infrequent.
382. pumila, L. (includes @. chrysantha, Mx.) Th.
Ontonagon Falls—Whitney Cat.; So. Mich.—Wr. Cat. Infrequent.
LUDWIGIA
383. alternifolia, L. Dt We
Dr. Wright.
384. spherocarpa, Ell. (?)
Near Detroit—Dr. Cooley.
385. polycarpa, Short & Peter. C.&5.
Dr. Pitcher and Dr. Clark. Rare.
386. palustris, Ell. LAPS
Common,
LYTHRACEA.
(Loosestrife Family.)
AMMANNIA
387. humilis, Mx. S.
“Michigan, Ill, and southward ’”’—Gray. Rare.
LYTHRUM.
388. alatum, Ph. S.

Near Detroit—Cooley MS.; S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Kalamazoo—Tuthill.
NES AA

389. verticillata, HBK. C.&S8.

Crystal Lake, Montcalm Co. (!); Flint; Birmingham, Oakland Co. (!); So.
Haven, etc. Infrequent.

CACTACEA,

(Cactus Family.)
OPUNTIA
390. Rafinesquii, Engelm.

Common in Newaygo Co. along the Muskegon R.(!) (‘‘a quite spiny
form” Engelmann), and a stunted variety on sand barrens near Green-
ville (!)—Mr. Satterlee; also, northward into British Am.—Engelmann.
O. vulgaris does not occur.

CUCURBITACEZ.
(Gourd Family.)
SICYOS
391. angulatus, L. Se
Put-in Bay, Lk. Erie (!), and undoubtedly within our limits. Rare.
ECHINOCYSTIS
392. lobata, Torr. & Gr. C.&S.

Common in low woods along streams. Ionia (!); Lansing (!); So. Haven;
Macomb County; Ann Arbor—Alimend. Cat., ete. Cultivated in the
east for arbors, window-screens, etc., but rarely here.

458

Carpet-weed.

Water Penny-

wort.

Water Penny-

wort.

Black Snake-
root.
Sanicle.

Sanicle.

Rattlesnake
Master.

Button Snake-

root.
Eringo.

Polytznia.

Cow-parsnip.

Parsnip.

Cowbane.

Hairy Arch-
angelica,

‘

Great Angel-
ica.

Hemlock-
Parsley.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FICOIDEA.
(Fig Family.)
MOLLUGO
393. verticillata, L. C. &S§.
Roadsides and sandy fields, Common. :
UMBELLIFERA.
(Parsley Family.)
HYDROCOTYLE
394, Americana, L. EE

Common in C.

395. umbellata, L.

Pine Lake, Lansing (!); Woodard Lake, Ionia Co. (!); 8. Mich.—Wright
Cat., etc. Much rarer than the preceding. Hither grows on sandy shores
or is wholly aquatic, with floating leaves.

SANICULA

396. Canadensis, L. (***) C. &SB.
Hubbardston (!); Flint; Ann Arbor—All. Cat., etc. Beech and maple
woods. Infrequent.
39%. Marylandica, L. (***) Ti,
Oak woods. Common.
ERYNGIUM
398. yuccefolium, Mx. (**) S. Wi
Dr. Wright. Rare.
POLY TAENIA
399. Nuttallii, DO. S
Dr. Wright, also Gray. Rare.
HERACLEUM
400, lanatum,; Mix: 1(4**) Th:
Low ground; tall and coarse. Common.
PASTINACA
401. sativa, L.
Fields, ete. Infrequent.
ARCHEMORA
402. rigida, DC. C.&S8.

Hubbardston(!); Ann Arbor.—All. Cat., etc. Not much N. of lat. 43°. Infr.

403. rigida, DC., var. ambigua, T. & Gr. S.
Dr. Wright.
ARCHANGELICA
404. hirsuta, Torr. & Gr. (***) in Ee
Emmet Co.—Winch. Cat.; Lansing(!); Pontiac(!); Detroit, etc. Dry
banks and open woods. Infr.
405, atropurpurea, Hoffman. (***) The
Occasional in §., common in C. & N.; also, L. Sup.—Can. Cat.
SELINUM
406. Canadense, Mx. (***) Th.

AnntArbor—All. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston (!); and novil
nfr.

Meadow-Pars-
nip.

Meadow-Pars-
nip.

Meadow-Pars-
nip.

Alexanders.

Spotted-Hem-
lock.
Beaver-Poison.
Musquash-root.

Bulbous
Cicuta.

Water-Pars-
nip.

Water-Pars-
nip.

Honewort.

Chervil.

Sweet Cicely.

Hairy S. C.

Poison Hem-
lock.

Harbinger-of-
Spring.
Pepper-and.-
Salt.

Spikenard.

Bristly Sar-
saparilla.
Wild Elder.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 459
THASPIUM
407. aureum, Nutt. Teli.

Macomb Oo.; Ann Arbor—Miss Allmendinger; Sag. Bay, and Drummond’s

Is.—Winch. Cat. Not observed in Grand R, Valley, nor 8. W. Freq.
408. aureum, Nutt., var. apterum, Gr. C. &S.
Low ground; very common in C,
409, trifoliatum, Gr. C.&S58.
Flint; Put-in Bay (!); and S. W.—Dr. Wright. Rare.
PIMPENELLA
410. integerrima, Benth. & Hook. Eh,
Dry soil. Very abundant in Grand-Saginaw Valley. Common.
CICUTA
411. maculata; L,, (***) Eh
Low meadows and swamps. Roots tuberous like the dahlia, and very
poisonous. Com.
* 412. bulbifera, L. Thy
Swamps. Common.
SIUM
413. cicutefolium, Gmelin. (***) atin,
Clinton Co. (!); S. Mich.—Winch. Cat., ete. Frequent.
BERULA
414, angustifolia, Koch. (***) S.
Winchell, and Dr. Gray. Infrequent,
CRYPTOT ANIA
415. Canadensis, DC. C.&8.
Low woods. Common.
CHHROPHYLLUM
416. procumbens, Crantz. Cras.

Low woods. Frequent in Grand River Valley (!); also Macomb Co,

OSMORRHIZA

417. longistylis, DC. Ch.
Cultivated in gardens for its aromatic root. Common.
418. brevistylis, DC. he
“The prevailing species.’”—Winchell. Probably true of counties along
the Huron shore. Common.
CONIUM
419. maculatum, L. (*) Ade.
Infrequent in C, & S. Common at Mackinac—Winch. Cat.
ERIGENIA
420. bulbosa, Nutt. C.&8.

A delicate little plant in low woods, the flowers peeping from under
matted leaves in earliest spring, often before the snow is gone.

Common.
ARALIACEA.
(Ginseng Family.)
ARALIA

421. racemosa, L, (***) Ch,
Spicy-aromatic; sometimes cultivated. Frequent,

422. hispida, Ventenat. (***) GIN. & U..
Apparently not south of the pine region. Common.

460

Wild Sarsapa-

rilla.

Ginseng.

Ground-nut.
Dwarf Gin-
seng.

Dwarf Cornel.

Bunch-berry.

Flowering
Dogwood.

Round-leavyed
Dogwood.

Silky Cornel.
Kinnikinnick.
Swamp Dog-
wood.
Red-osier
Dogwood.

Panicled Cor-
nel.

Alternate-
leaved C.

Pepperidge.

Tupelo. Black

or Sour Gum.

Twin-flower.

Wolf-berry.

Snowberry.

Snow berry.

Indian Cur-
rant.
Coral-berry.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

423. nudicaulis, L. (**) AG
Very common.
424, quinquefolia, Decsne. and Planch. (**) Th

Sault Ste. Marie; Ludington (!); Stanton (!), in great abundance; Hub-
bardston (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; Southwest—Wright Cat., etc. Usually
rare, but so common in places that it has been dug for profit, and
nearly exterminated. Root aromatic, medicinal.

420. trifolia, Decsne. & Planch. C.&S8.
Very common in C.
CORNACEAK.
(Dogwood Family. )
CORNUS
426. Canadensis, L. C. N. goles
Rare, or not atallins. Very Common.
427. florida, L. (*) C. & S$.
Frequent as far northas Grand-Saginaw Valley, usually asa low tree in
oak woods. Montcalm Co. is its northern limit (?), Not given in Wis-
consin State Cat. Worthy of cultivation for itsshowy white blossoms,
red fruit, and autumn foliage. Frequently blooms when only a bush,
3-4 ft.
428. circinata, L’) Her. (**) Ch,
Frequent.
429. sericea, L. (**) C. &S8.

Perhaps further north. Indians use the inner bark for smoking.

stolonifera, Mx. Ais
Marshes, borders of streams, etc.; abundant on sand dunes of Emmet

430.

Co. (!) Very Common.
431. paniculata, L’ Her. Tae
The white flower eagerly devoured by partridges. Common.
432. alternifolia, L. Lew:
Banks. The dead stems bright yellow. Frequent.
NYSSA
433. multiflora, Wang. C.&8.

Edges of swamps as far north as Gratiot Co,(!). A small or medium-sized

tree. Largest specimens seen, 2 to 3 ft. in diameter. Frequent,
CAPRIFOLIACEAi.
(Honeysuckle Family.)
LINN XA
434. borealis, Gronovius. C. N. & Useks

Very abundant inN. & U. P.; south to Grand river valley, and S. E. to
Macomb Co. Probably in S. W.

SYMPHORICARPUS

435. occidentalis, R. Br.
Ft. Gratiot—Austin; N. Mich.—Gray.

C. N, & aes

Rare.

436. racemosus, Mx. C.N. eee
Along theGreat Lakes, Saginaw bay,and Alpena Co.—Winchell; L. Sup.—
Can. Cat. Not observed in interior of L. P. Common in cultivation.
43. racemosus, Mx., var. pauciflorus, Robbins. Wine
Dr. Robbins.
438. vulgaris, Mx. (?) S.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 461

TONICERA

Small Honey- 439. parviflora, Lam.

oo. L. Sup.—Whitney’s Cat.; Petoskey(!), where if appears distinct from
the next; Ann Arbor—Miss Allmendinger; Macomb Co.

Small Honey- 440, parviflora, am., var. Douglasii, Gr.

Bucele. Ionia(!); Montcalm Co.(!); Ann Arbor—All. Cat., ete. This and the
former apparently run together in C., forms occurring that do not
answer well to Gray’s description of either species. Flowers bright
yellow to crimson purple; corolla downy or nearly smooth; leaves
glaucous. Swamps or dry soil. Common.

Hairy H. 441. hirsuta, Eaton. Th.

Frequent northward; rareinC. &S., Flint, and Macomb Co.
American 442, grata, Aiton.
Woodbine.
Dr. Lyons.
443. involucrata, Banks. Uhre
Mainland and Isle Royale.
Fly-Honey- 444, ciliata, Muhl. Th.
suckle. *
Common in C.
Mountain F. 445, coerulea, L. Dues
Dr. Lyons.
Swamp F. 446. oblongifolia. ce
Macomb Co.; Stanton(!); Edmore(!); Isabella Co. (!), etc. More frequent
inN. & U.P. Rareins.
DIERVILLA
Bush Honey- 44%, trifida, Moench. (***) Thy,
ea Rocky woods and bluffs. Very common.
TRIOSTEUM
a 448, perfoliatum, L.’ (**) C. & 8.
Fever-wort. Clinton Co.(!); Ionia Co.(!); Flint; Macomb Co., etc. Frequent.
SAMBUCUS

eee 449, Canadensis, L. (*)

Sweet Elder. Follows settlements. Com.

Red-berried 450. pubens, Mx. Th.

Elder.

More northern in its range than the last. Variety with dissected leaves
seen in Clare county.

VIBURNUM
Sweet Vibur- 451, Lentago, L.

ees Frequent in C. and S.,and probably Th.
Black Haw. 452. prunifolium, L. S.
Dr. Lyons.
Withe-rod. 453. nudum, L. Th:
Macomb Co.; Hubbardston(!); Stanton(!); Riverdale, Gratiot Co. (!);
Houghton Lk, (!); to L. Superior. Frequent.
Arrow-wood. 454, dentatum, L.
Lansing—Bailey; Macomb Co.—Cooley. Infr.
Downy A. 455, pubescens, Ph. Th
Common.
Mople-leaved — 456.. acerifolitum, Li. le By
Dockmackie. Freq.
Few-flowerea 457. pauciflorum, Pylaie. Use
a: Dr. Lyons.
peel lg | 458. Opulus, . (***) : Eh
Bush OCran- Swamps and borders of streams, Com.

berry.

462

Hobble-bush.
American Way-
faring tree.

Cleavers.
Goose Grass.

Rough Bed-
straw.

Small B.
Small B.
Small B.
Sweet-scented
B.

Hairy B.

Wild Liquor-
ice,

Wild Liquor-

ice.

Northern Bed-
straw.

Button-bush.

Partridge-
berry.

Houstonia.
Houstonia.

Houstonia.

Bluets.

Valerian.

STATE MLORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

459. lantanoides, Mx. U: PB:
Whitney’s Cat. Mr. Whitney found none of the sp. abundant in the U. P.

RUBIACEA.
(Madder Family )
GALIUM
460. Aparine, L. (***) Th.
461. asprellum, Mx. Th.
Freq.
462. concinnum, Torr. & Gray. C.&8.
Flint; and Ann Arbor.—All, Cat. Rare.
463. trifidum, L. var. pusillum, Gr. Th.
Sphagnous swamps. Common in C,
464, trifidum, L., var. tinctorum, Gr. (***) Thy.
Shore of Sag. Bay.—Winch. Cat., etc.
465. trifidum, L., var. latifolium, Gr. C.&S.
Infrequent.
466, triflorum, Mx. Th.
Freg. in C. & S., and very abundant northward.
467. pilosum, Aiton. C.&8.
Frequent as far north as Grand-Saginaw Valley.
468. circezans, Mx. C.& 5S.
Common.
469. lanceolatum, Torrey. Che

Riverdale, Gratiot Co. (!); Hubbardston (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; and S.
Mich.—Wy. Cat.; aiso, L. Sup.—Whitney. Infr.

boreale, L.
Galium verum has run wild in a few places.

CEPHALANTHUS
(***)

40.

Very common.

uP s

Very common.

4%1. occidentalis, L.

Swamps and flooded river-bottoms.
MITCHELLA
472. repens, L. (***) Th.

Prefers beech and maple, hemlock, or pine woods, and is seldom found

under oaks. Common.
HOUSTONIA
43, purpurea, L. (?)
Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.
4%4, purpurea, L., var. longifolia, Gr. Th.

Tonia(!), common; Clare Co.(!), abundant, etc.; to L. Sup.—Can. Cat.
4’5. purpurea, L., var. ciliolata, Gr.
Dr. Wright.
(?)

476. coerulea, L.
VALERIANACE A.
(Valerian Family.)

S.

VALERIANA
Av, sylvatica, Mx.

Sphaguous swamps, local. Frequently cultivated. O. &S., and probably

MICHIGAN FLORA. 463

Valerian. 4%8. edulis, Nutt. Deve.
Ann Arbor and Macomb county. Rare.
FEDIA
Corn-Salad. 479, Fagopyrum, Torr. & Gr. C.&8.
Lamb-Lettuce, = E
Flint; Ionia(!); Lyons(!), etc. Not common.
Lamb-Lettuce. 480, radiata, Mx. C.&8.
Mich.—Gray; Macomb Co.—Cooley. Rare.
DIPSACEA.
(Teasel Family.)
DIPSACUS
Wild Teasel. 481, sylvestris, Mill. C.&5.
Fields and roadsides. Gratiot Co.(!); Ann Arbor; Detroit(!); Flint, etc.
Infrequent.
COMPOSIT A.
(Composite Family.)
VERNONIA
Iron-Weed. 482. Baldwinii, Gr. C.& §.
River banks. Flint; S. Mich.—Wright’s Cat. Infrequent.
Iron-Weed. 483. fasciculata, Michx. C. & §.
River banks. Ionia Co.(!);} Macomb Co.; Lansing, and South Haven—
Bailey. Common,
LIATRIS
Blazing-Star. 484, squarrosa, Willd. (***) Ct r-Be
Montcalm Co.(!); Macomb Co.; Ann Arbor; Grand Rapids. Dry soil.
Infrequent.
Button-Snake- 485, cylindracea, Michx. C.&S8.
; Tonia Co.(!); Macomb Co., and southward. Sterile open places.
Not common.
Blazing-Star. 486, scariosa, Willd. (***) C. &S8.
Rarely the flowers vary to white. Dry soil. Frequent.
Blazing-Stayr. 1 - kok
GayWenther, 40% spicata, Willd. (***) C.&S8.
Low grounds. Near Lansing; Ionia Co.(!); Macomb Co. Infrequent.
Blazing-Star. 488, pycnostachya, Michx. 8.
Barrens. Near Mont Lake—Miss Clark; Grand Rapids—Coleman’s Cat.
Infrequent.
KUHNIA
Kuhnia. 489. eupatorioides, L. C. &8.
Tonia Co.(!); S. Mich.—Winch. Cat. Infrequent.
EUPATORIUM
Joe-Pye Weed. 490, purpureum, es Gas) Da
Low grounds. Common.
Tall Boneset. 49], altissimum, L. (?) S.
Gmporbebone- 492. sessiliroliuny, TU, S.
Copses. Macomb Co.; S. Mich.—Winch, Cat.
vee 493. perfoliatum, L. (*) Th.
Boneset. Low grounds. Common.
White Snake- , i
Agile 494, ageratoides, L. Th.

Woods, Frequent.

464

Mist-Flower.

Sweet Colts-
foot.

Coltsfoot.

Adenocaulon.

White Topped
Aster.

Starwort.
Aster.

Large-leayed
Aster.

Silky Aster.

Spreading
Aster.

Smooth Aster.

Azure Aster.
Wavy Aster.

Heart-leaved
Aster.

Arrow-leayed
Aster.

Heath-like
Aster.

Many-flowered
Aster.

Tradescants’
Aster.

Dwarf Aster.
Pale Aster.

Thin-leaved
Aster.

Flesh-colored
Aster.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CONOCLINIUM
495. celestinum, DC.
“Rich soil. Michigan.”’—Gray.
NARDOSMIA
496, palmata, Hook. N.
“Swamps, Michigan, rare.”—Gray.
TUSSILAGO
49%. Farfard, L. .(***)
Sault de Ste. Marie—Whitney’s Cat.
ADENOCAULON
498. bicolor, Hook. Use
Moist ground. Ontonagon River.
SERICOCARPUS
499. conyzoides, Nees. (?) S.
ASTER
500. corymbosus, Ait. Th.
Woods. Infrequent.
501. macrophyllus, L. he
Woods. Common.
502. sericeus, Vent. S.
S. Michigan—Winch. Cat.; Dr. D. Houghton.
BARRENS
503. patens, Ait. S. E.
Dry grounds. Ann Arbor; Macomb Co.
504. levis, L., var. levigatus, Gray. C.&S8.
Border of oak woods. Common.
505. azureus, Lindl. C.&S8.
Sterile soil. Flint; Ann Arbor; Ionia Co.(!); Macomb Co. Infrequent.
506. undulatus, IL. Ss.
Dry copses. Flint; Lansing (!); 8. Mich. Common,
50%. cordifolius, L. Th;
Woods, Common,
508. sagittifolius, Willd. Th.
Dry grounds. Frequent.
509. ericoides, L., var. villosus, Gr.
Dry places. Ann Arbor; Flint; Drummond’s Is.
510. multiflorus, Ait. C.&S8.
Sandy soil. Common.
511. dumosus, L. rege a
Thickets. Macomb Co.; Petoskey—Dr. D. Clark.
512. Tradescanti, L. C.&S8.
Low grounds. Frequent.
513. miser, Ju., Ait. A Ug Set
Fields. Exceedingly variable. Common.
514. simplex, Willd. LeP:
Shady banks. Flint, ete. Frequent.
515. tenuifolius, Ju. C.&S8.
Low grounds. Flint; Macomb Co, Frequent,
516. carneus, Nees. Li By
Moist soil. Flint; Macomb Co. Frequent.

Long-leaved
Aster.

New England
Aster.

Grass-leayed
Aster.

Horse Weed.
Butter Weed.

Robin’s Plan-
tain.

Common Flea-
bane.

Daisy Flea-
bane.

Sweet Scabi-
ous.

Daisy Flea-
bane.

Double-bris-
tled Aster.

Double-pbris-
tled Aster,

Golden-rod.

Golden-rod.

Golden-rod.

Golden-rod,

Golden-rod.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 465

517. sestivus, Ait. Th.
Swamps. Ionia Co. (!); Flint; Masomb Co., etc. Frequent,
518. longifolius, Lam. eh:
Moist grounds. Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; U. P.—Whitney Cat.
Infrequent.
5i9. puniceus, L. The
Low grounds, Common.

520. puniceus, L.,var. vimineus, Gray.
Kent Co.; Flint.

521. Nove-Anglie, L. CG. & §S.
Moist grounds. Worthy of cultivation. Frequent.
522. graminifolius, Pursh. UB

“Lake Superior, and northward ’’—Gray; Dr. Lyons.

523. acuminatus, Michx.
S. Mich.—Wright’s Cat.; U. P.—Whitney’s Cat.

524, ptarmicoides, Torr. and Gray. The
S. E. Michigan; Macomb Co.; and northward,
ERIGERON
525. Canadense, L. (*) Th.
Waste grounds. Common.
526. acre, L. UP.
‘Shores of Lake Superior”—Gray; Dr. A. B. Lyons.
527. bellidifolium, Muhl. C. & S.
Moist banks. Frequent.
528. Philadelphicum, L. (*) ih:
Low grounds. Common.
529. glabellum, Nutt. We
Plains. Dr. A. B. Lyons.
530. annuum, Pers. (***) iP:
Fields. Common.
531. strigosum, Muhl. he
Fields. Common.
DIPLOPAPPUS

532. linariifolius, Hook.
Dry soil. Dr. A. B. Lyons.

533. umbellatus, T. & G. Air
Moist places. Ionia Co. (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; and northward.
Frequent.
SOLIDAGO

534. bicolor, L.
Macomb Co.; Tonia Co. (!).
535. bicolor, L., var. concolor, Gr. The
Dry places. Ionia Co. (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; and northward. Appa-
rently more common than the species.
536. latifolia, L. ih,

Moist woods, frequent. All golden-rods furnish bees with pollen and
honey, some, however, more abundantly than others. <A great many
plants, in fact, furnish bees with honey, and, contrary to a common
notion among “bee men,” almost every plant one meets, especially if it
have showy flowers, is quite likely to be “‘an excellent bee plant.”

537. ceesea, L. Le
Rich woods. Frequent.

538. stricta, Ait.

Swamps. Ingham Co. (!); Ionia Co. (!); and northward. Occurs in great
abundance near Lansing. Infrequent.

—o9

466 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Golden-rod. 539. speciosa, Nutt. C.&8.
Oak woods, Ionia Co. (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; and southward.
Frequent.
Golden-rod, 540. Virga-aurea, L., var. humilis, Gr.
Shores of L. Michigan from So. Haven northward; frequent at Petoskey.
Golden-rod. 541. Virga-aurea, var. L., alpina, Bigel. Ue:
Dr. Gray.
Golden-rod, 542. rigida, L. C. Gs
Dry, sandy ground. Tonia Co.(!); Flint; Ann Arbor; and southward.
Worthy of cultivation. Infrequent.
Golden-rod. 543. thyrsoidea, EH. Meyer. Ur:
“‘ Wooded sides of mountains.” —Gray.
Golden-rod. 544. Ohioensis, Riddell. ls 2s
Moist meadows. Ionia Co. (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; and northward.
Frequent.
Golden-rod, 545. Riddellii, Frank. Ty. te:
Swamps. Ionia Co. (!); Macomb Co,; and northward. Frequent.

Golden-rod. 546. Houghtonii, Torr. & Gray.

“North shore Lake Michigan.”—Gray; Drummond’s Is.—Winch. Cat.

Golden-rod. 54% neglecta, T. & Gr.
Swamps. Ionia Co., and northward. Infrequent.
Golden-rod. 548, patula, Muhl. C.&S.
Borders of swamps. Common.
Golden-rod. 549. arguta, Ait. Aine
' Meadows and fields, variable. Varieties juncea and scabrella both occur.

e Frequent.
Golden.-rod. 550. Muhlenbergii, Torr. & Gray.

Low grounds. Ionia Co. (!); Flint; Grand Rapids.—Coleman’s Cat.

Golden-rod. 551. altissima, L. The
Borders of fields. Common.
Golden-rod. 552. ulmifolia, Muhl. oP
Borders of woods. Ionia Co. (!); Flint; S. W.—Winch. Cat. Infrequent.
Golden-rod. 553. nemoralis, Ait. Ch.
Dry, sandy soil. Common.
Golden-rod. 554. Canadensis, L. Th.
Fields. Common.
Golden-rod. 555. serotina, Ait. Th.
Borders of woods. Frequent.
Golden-rod. 556. gigantea, Ait. C.&S8.
Copses and fence rows. Common.
Golden-rod. 557. lanceolata, L. Th.
Moist soil. Frequent.
INULA
Elecampane. 558. Helenium, L. (**)
Roadsides,—escaped from gardens. infrequent.
POLYMNIA
Leaf-cup. 559. Canadensis, L. C.&S8.
Shaded river banks. Ionia Co. (!); Macomb Co.; Flint; S. Michigan.
3 Infrequent.
callow eat. |) 560, Wyedalia, iam) S.

S. Michigan,— Wright’s Cat.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 467

SILPHIUM
Rosin weed, 561. laciniatum, L. 5.
Plant. S. Mich.—Wright’s Cat.
Prairie Dock. 562. terebinthinaceum, . (***) C.&S8.
Oak openings. Ionia(!); Macomb Co.; and southward. Infrequent
563. integrifolium, Michx.
S. W.—University Herb.
Cup-plant. 564. perfoliatum, L.
S. Mich.—Wright’s Cat.
AMBROSIA
Great Rey: 565. trifida, L. (***) CG. & 8.
Low grounds along Grand and Maple Rivers, abundant, etc.
om erm 566. albemisietolia, \(*s) C.&S.
Raion Roadsides. A worthless weed. Abundant.
Bitter-weed. XANTHIUM
Common 567. strumarium, L., var. echinatum, Gr. (**) C..&S.
Waste places and along river banks. Common.
HELIOPSIS
Ox-eye. 568. levis, Pers., var. scabra, Gr. Cre:
Banks. Common,
ECHINACEA
Purple Cone. 069. purpurea, Moench. Soe
ower. :
Univ. Herb.
RUDBECKIA
Cone. flower. 50. lacitniata, LaaiG@*s") Th.
Low grounds. f Frequent.
Cone-flower. 571. speciosa, Wenderoth. C.&S.
Dry soil. Ionia Co. (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; Ann Arbor. Frequent.
Cone-flower. 572, fulgida, Ait. C.&S.
Ann Arbor.—Miss Clark; Grand Rapids.—Coleman’s Cat., etc.
pa aa ewer. 53. bitte; Tu he
Dry soil. Common.
LEPACHYS
574, pinnata, T. & G. OC. & 8.
Dry ground. Ionia Co.(!); Grand Rapids; S. Mich. Infrequent.
HELIANTHUS
eka Thee 575. rigidus, Desf. S.
Dry soil. Ann Arbor.—Winch. Cat.
Sunflower, 576. leetiflorus, Pers.
Grand Rapids.—Coleman’s Cat.
Sunflower. 577. occidentalis, Riddell. C.&S.
Sterile soil. Ionia Co. (!); Flint; Grand Rapids; Macomb Co.; etc.
Infrequent.
Sunflower. 578. giganteus, i: C.&58.

Low grounds; variable. Ionia Co.(!); Flint; Ann Arbor; Macomb Co.
Forms of this and the following species are very puzzling, and the two
ought probably to be considered as one polymorphous species. Com,

Sunflower. 579. grosse-serratus, Martens.
Dry plains. Ionia(!); Grand Rapids, ete, Frequent,

468

Sunflower.

Sunflower.

Sunflower.
Sunflower.
Sunflower.
Sunflower.

Jerusalem
Artichoke.

Actinomeris.

Coreopsis.

Coreopsis.
Coreopsis.

Coreopsis.
Coreopsis.

Coreopsis.

Coreopsis,

Common

Beggar-ticks,

Swamp

Beggar-ticks.

Nodding Bur
Marigold.

Bur- Mari-
gold.

Water Mari-
gold,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

580. divaricatus, L.

Dry woods..

581. strumosus, L.

Dry soil.

582. hirsutus, Raf.
Dry soil. Flint; Grand Rapids,—Coleman’s Cat.; Ann Arbor; and S. W.

583. tracheliifolius, Willd.
Copses. Grand Rapids,—Coleman’s Cat.; S. Mich.—Wright’s Cat.

584. decapetalus, L.

Low grounds.

585. doronicoides, Lam.
Banks of Maple and Grand River (!); Ann Arbor; and Grand Rapids.

586. tuberosus, L.

591.

592.

593.

Sparingly escaped from gardens.

ACTINOMERIS

587. squarrosa, Nutt.
Rich soil. S. Mich.—Wright’s Cat.

COREOPSIS
588. lanceolata, L.

Sandy shores of Lake Huron; Little Traverse Bay; and Lake Superior.

Worthy of cultivation for its showy flowers.

yerticillata, L.
Gray, and Lyons.

palmata, Nutt.

S. Mich.,—Wright’s Cat.

tripteris, L.

C.&S8.

Common.

C.&S8.

Frequent.
C.&S.
C.&S8.
C.&S.

Frequent.

C.&S8.

8.

Detroit(!); Macomb Co.; Oakland Co.(!);S. Mich.—Wright’s Cat. Not seen
in C. and W. part of{the State.

aristosa, Michx.
Swamps. Ionia Co.(!); Lansing (!); Grand Rapids; S. Mich.—Uniy. Herb.

trichosperma, Michx.
Swamps. Flint; Montcalm Co. (!); Ionia Co. (!); S. Mich.—Wright’s Cat.

Common in pine country, infrequent elsewhere.

golden yellow. Frequently, in September, swamps of large size may be

C.&8.

Frequent.

C.&S.

Flowers a beautiful

seen so full of this Coreopsis that ata little distance they seem one
mass of yellow.

594, discoidea, Torr. & Gray.

Wet ground. Ilonia Co.

BIDENS

590.

596.

597.

598.

599,

frondosa, L.

Low grounds.

A troublesome weed.

connata, Muhl.

Low grounds.

cernua, L.
Wet places.

chrysanthemoides, Michx.

Swamps.

Beckii, Torr.

Scarce.

C.&S8.

Common.

0. &§.

Common.

C.&S5.

Frequent.

The

Common,

S. Mich.—Wright’s Cat.; Ann Arbor; Wexford Co.—Cooley. Not observed
in the central part of the State.

MICHIGAN FLORA.

HELENIUM
600. autumnale, L.
River banks.
MARUTA
601. Cotula, DC.

Roadsides, etc.

Sneeze-weed.

(***)

May weed.
Dog Fennel.

er)

ACHILLEA
. 3 x
Common 602. Millefolium, L. (**)
Fields.
LEUCANTHEMUM

Ox-eye Daisy. 603. vulgare, Lam.

Meadows and pastures.
of the State.

469

C.&S8.

Common.

Th.

Everywhere very common.

ie

Common.

‘The

A vile weed, becoming frequent in E. & S. parts

MATRICARIA
604. tnodora, L.
Flint. Rare.
TANACETUM
Tansy. 605. vulgare, L. (**)
Escaped from gardens. Frequent.
606. Huronense, Nutt,
Sand dunes at the head of Little Traverse Bay, and northward.
Frequent,
ARTEMISIA
607. borealis, Pallas.
‘Shore of Lake Superior and northward.”—Gray.
wie Worm: 608. Canadensis, Michx. CzNe & U.P:
Sand dunes. OttawaCo.; Emmet Co.; to Lake Superior.
609. caudata, Michx. C.&S8.
Sandy fields. Ionia Co. (!); Montcalm Co. (!); S. Haven.—Bailey.
Infrequent.
Western Mug- 610. Ludoviciana, Nutt., var. gnaphalodes, Gr. Se We
apOrk Dry banks. Niles.—J. T. Scoville; Uniy. Herb.
CommonMug- 611. vulgaris, L. (***)
mers Waste places. Infrequent.
oe. 612. biennis, Willd.
A road-side weed, lately introduced and rapidly extending throughout
the State.
Sonne 613. Absinthium, L. (*)
Ionia Co. (!); Flint; Gratiot Co. (!). Sparingly escaped from gardens.
614. frigida, Willd. U. &
“Lake Superior.”—Gray.
GNAPHALIUM
Everlasting, 615. decurrens, Ives. The
Fields. Abundant in the pine region. Cultivated as an ‘‘Immortelle”
in Germany. Common.
bre at 616. polycephalum, Michx,, (**%) The
Fields. Common. .
pow. Cire 617. uliginosum, L. C.&S8.
Roadsides in clayey soil. Frequent.
Purplish OC. 618. purpureum, L.

Only reported from Macomb Co. by Dr. D. Cooley.

4'70

Pearly Ever-

lasting.

Plantain-

leaved Ever-

lasting.

Fireweed.

Indian Plan.
tain.

Pale Indian
Plantain.

Tuberous
Indian Plan-
tain.

Common
Groundsel.

Golden rag-
wort.

Squaw-weed.

Life-root.

Arnica.

Common
Thistle.

Pitcher’s
Thistle.

Tall Thistle.

Swamp
Thistle.

Pasture
Thistle. :

Canada
Thistle.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ANAPHALIS

619. margaritacea, Benth. & Hook.

(tS?)

Montcalm Co. (!); Petoskey (!); and Mackinac. Infrequent.
ANTENNARIA
620. plantaginifolia, Hook. Th.
Dry fields. Common.
ERECHTHITES
621. hieracifolia, Raf. (***) Les
New clearings. Common.
CACALIA
622. suaveolens, L.
Lodi.—Miss Clark, in Winch. Cat.
623. atriplicifolia, L.. C. & 8.
Woods. Ionia Co.¢!); S. Mich.—Wright’s Cat. Frequent.
624. tuberosa, Nutt. Ss.
S. Mich.—Wright’s Cat.
SENECIO
625. vulgaris, L.
Flint; Macomb Co.; S. W. Mich.—Wright’s Cat.
626. aureus, L. Th.
Common.
627. aureus, L., var. obovatus, Gr.
More common southward.
628. aureus, L., var. Balsamite, Gr. Th:
Dry ground. Abundant northward.
ARNICA
629. mollis, Hook. Us 7Pe
“Shores of Lake Superior and N. W.’’—Gray; Copper Harbor—Whitney’s
Cat.
CNICUS
630. lanceolatus, Hoffm. J Wd od
Road-sides and fields. Common.
631. Pitcheri, Torr.
Sand dunes. South Haven; and northward to L. Superior; Sand point,
Saginaw Bay. Frequent.
632. undulatus (Spreng.). N. & Usage
“Islands of L. Huron and Michigan,’—Gray; Drummond’s I.—Winch. Cat.
633. discolor, Muhl. C.&S8.
Meadows. Montcalm Co.(!); Ionia Co.(!); Flint; and southward. Flowers
sometimes white. Infrequent.
634. altissimus, Willd. C. &S.
Dry fields. Ionia Co.(!); Flint; Macomb Co. Infrequent.
635. muticus, Ph. The
Swamps. Flowers sometimes white. Frequent.
636, pumilus, Torr. 8.
S. W. Mich.—Wright’s Cat.; Grand Rapids—Coleman’s Cat.
637. arvensis, Hoffm. TH:

Fields. Avile pest. Infrequent in centre of the State, but increasing
rapidly, and already troublesome in some localities. Our Canada thistle
law ought to be rigidly enforced.

Cotton, or
Scotch
Thistle.

Burdock.

Succory or
Chicory.

Dwarf Dande-
lion.

Cynthia.

Canada Hawk-
weed.

Rough Hawk-
weed.

Long-bearded
Hawkweed.

Hairy Hawk-
weed.

Rattlesnake
weed.

Panicled
Hawkweed.

White Let-
tuce.

Tall White
Lettuce.

Dandelion.

Wild Lettuce.

Wild Lettuce.
Wild Lettuce.

False blue
Lettuce.

MICHIGAN FLORA.

ONOPORDON
638. Acanthium, L. :
Grand Rapids (!).
LAPPA
639. officinalis, All., var. major, Gr. (**)
Waste places.
CICHORIUM
640. Intybus, L. (***)
Tonia Co,(!); Flint; Detroit, ete. Roadsides.
KRIGIA
641. Virginica, Willd.
Barrens. N. part of Clare Co.(!)
CYNTHIA
642. Virginica, Don.
Moist hillsides.

HIERACIUM
643. Canadense, Michx. (***)
Woods.
644. scabrum, Michx. (***)
Woods.

645. longipilum, Torr.

Fields. Macomb Co.; Traverse City; S. W.—Wright Cat.

646. Gronovii, L. (***)

471

Rare.

Th.

Common.

Th.

Infrequent.

C.&S.

Frequent,

Th:
Frequent,
Eh:
Common.
| a ee

Scarce.

C.&S8.

Dry soil. Ionia Co.(!); Flint; Macomb Co.; S. W. Mich.—Wright Cat.

647. venosum, L. (***)

Infrequent.

Loe:

Dry soil in pine woods, oron oak land. A form has been seen at Ionia

not having purple veins in the root leaves.

648. paniculatum, IL.

Lansing(!); Macomb Co.; S. Mich.—Wright Cat.

NABALUS
649. albus, Hook. (***)
Woods.

650. altissimus, Hook.
Rich woods.
651. racemosus, Hook.

Flint; Macomb Co.; shore of L. Mich., near Sitting Rabbit—Winch. Cat.

S. W.—Wright Cat., etc.
652. asper, Torr. & Gray. (?)
TARAXICUM
653. Dens-leonis, Desf. (*)
Fields every where.
LACTUCA .
654. Canadensis, L.
Rich soil.
655. integrifolia, Bigel. (7)
656. sanguinea, Bigel.
Hubbardston(!); Gratiot Co.(!), etc.
657. foliosa.

Flint; Macomb Co.; and northward to L. Superior.

Frequent.

C.& 8.

Scarce.

di by oh
Common.

Th.

Frequent.

‘The

S

Ke

Th.

Frequent.

C.&S8.

Common.

472

Wild Lettuce.

Wild Lettuce.

Wild Lettuce.

Common Sow-

Thistle.
Spiny-leaved
Sow-Thistle.

Field Sow-
Thistle.

Cardinal
Flower.

Great Lobelia.

Blue Lobelia.

Kalm’s Lo-
belia.

Dwarf Blue L.

Indian To-
bacco.

Venus’s Look
ing-glass.

Harebell,
Bluebell.

Marsh Bell-
flower.

Tall Bell-
flower.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

658. pulchella, DC.
“Upper Michigan,’—Prof. Porter,
659. villosa, Jacq.
Macomb Co.-—Dr. D. Cooley.
660. Floridana, Gertn.

Grand Rapids—Coleman’s Cat.

SONCHUS
661. oleraceus, L.

Waste places. Macomb Co.; Montcalm Co. (!); northward to L. Superior.

Frequent.
662. asper, Vill. Th.
Waste places. Frequent.
663. arvensis, L.
Grand Rapids—Coleman’s Cat.
LOBELIACE.
(Lobelia Family.)
LOBELIA
664. cardinalis, L. (***) FB;
River banks. Flowers rarely rose-colored or eyen white. Showy and
easily cultivated. Common.
665. syphilitica, L. (***) Laks
Low grounds. Flowers vary to white. Common,
666. Dortmanna, L.. Une.
Isle Royale—Dr. A. B. Lyons.
667. spicata, Lam. LB
Oak openings. Frequent.
668. Kalmi, L. Ths
Wet banks, and rocks along shore. Ionia Co. (!); Ann Arbor; Oakland
Co. (!); Petoskey (!); to L. Superior. Frequent.
669. inflata, L. (*) C.&S.
Pastures. Montcalm Co. (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; Oakland Co. (!); Put-in
Bay. Scarce.
CAMPANULACEA.
(Bell-flower Family.)
SPECULARIA
670. perfoliata, A. DC. C. &8.
Gravelly fields. Clintom Co. (!); S. E.—University Herb, etc. Scarce.
CAMPANULA
671. rotundifolia, L. TH

A very pretty species, worthy to be cultivated in every garden. <A can-
escent form grows at Burt’s Lake, Cheboygan Co.—var. canescens,

Hill. Sandy banks and lake shores. Common.

672. aparinoides, Ph. Th,
Wet grassy grounds. Common,

673. Americana, L. C.&S8.

Moist woodlands.
Cat.

Tonia Co. (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; Ann Arbor—Winch.
Frequent.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 473

ERICACE A.
(Heath Family.)
GAYLUSSACIA
os te ae frondosa, Torr. & Gray. C.&5.
leberry. Low copses. Flint; Ypsilanti (!); Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat. Scarce.
eee ruexle- 675. resinosa, Torr. & Gray. ne
Hillsides. Frequent.
VACCINIUM
toe Blue- 676. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. The
Dry hills and barrens. ‘The lowest and earliest-fruited of the blueber-
ries ’—Gray, Synopt. Flora of N. A. Common.
Canada Blue. 677, Canadense, Kalm. The
pertye Swamps. Common.
aoe 678. vacillans, Solander. AMre
Barrens. Common northward, but rare inC. &S. This species furnishes
large quantities of berries for market in the northern lake region.
Ayes Blue- 679. corymbosum, L. fos
Swamps. Yielding abundantly; variable. Common.
680. uliginosum, L. UE:
“Shore of Lake Superior »—Gray; Isle Royale and White Fish Pt., L. Su-
perior—Henry Gillman.
Bilberry. 681. ceespitosum, Michx., var. cuneifolium, Nutt. Usk:
Gray, Fl. N. A.; Lyons.
682. myrtilloides, Hook. 1 Oral 2:
Damp woods L. Superior.”—Gray, Fl. N. A.
683. ovalifolium, Smith. Unk:
Woods Lake Superior, S. shore—Robbins.
Cowberry. 684, Vitis-Ideea, L. (?)
Cranberry. N. shore L. Superior—Dr. A. B. Lyons; and probably in our district.
ee 685. Oxycoccus, L. ‘Phe
SphagnousSwamps. Ann Arbor; Ionia Co.(!);andnorthward. Infrequent.
Large 686. macrocarpon, Ait. Th.
Cranberry. . Bogs. The common Cranberry of the market. Common.
CHIOGENES
Creer me 687. hispidula, Torr. and Gray. The
S. Mich.—Wright’s Cat; Ionia Co.(!); Montcalm Co. (!); Petoskey (!), etc.
Sphagnous Swamps. Infrequent.
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS
Bearberry. 688. Uva-ursi, Spreng. (*) che
Sandy soil. Abundant northward, but rare S. of lat. 43°.
EPIGAA
Trailing Ar- 689. repens, L. (***) Th.
Laide May Borders of marshes, and woods in sandy soil. Rare S., frequent in C., and
Grou common northward. Specimens with double flowers were found in the
Laurel vicinity of Hubbardston in 1879,
GAULTHERIA
Wintergreen. 690. procumbens, L. (*) Th.
Checkerberry Low woods, and borders of swamps. Commom.
ANDROMEDA
Wild Rose- 691. polifolia, L. Th.
mary.

Sphagnous swamps, S. Mich.—Wright’s Cat.; Ionia Co.(!). Frequent.
60

474 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CASSANDRA
Leather-leaf. 692. calyculata, Don. Th;
Swamps. Common.
KALMIA

Sheep Laurel. 693, angustifolia, L. (***)

Lamb-kill. pai :
Hillsides. Tawas City and Thunder Bay, common—Winch. Cat.
SwampLaur’l. 694, glauca, Ait. (***) Th:
Bogs. S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Ionia Co.(!); Macomb Co.; northward.
Infrequent.
LEDUM
Labrador Tea. 695. latifolium, Ait. (***) CO. Ni & Gee

Swamps and bogs. Common northward, but not observed south of Far-
well, Clare Co.

CHIMAPHILA
Pipsissewa. 696. umbellata, Nutt. (*) Th.
Prince’s Pine.
Pine woods. Common.
Spotted eR
pranivererden. 697. maculata, Pursh. (***) Cc. & S.
Oak woods. Ionia(!); Bangor and South Haven, Van Buren Co.; Flint.
Rare or local.
MONESES
MONBECS. 698. uniflora, Gray.
Pyrola. Pine forests. Flowers very fragrant when a little wilted. Montcalm
Co.(!); Flint; Ft. Gratiot—Winch. Cat.; and northward. Rare.
PYROLA
Shin-leaf. 699. minor, L. Ue
Wintergreen. }
“Cold woods, L. Superior ’—Gray.
Shin-leaf. 700. secunda, L. bs
Wintergreen. :
Rich woods. Common,
Shin-leaf. ‘
Sy atecereen, 701. chlorantha, Swartz. C. N. & U. P.
Pine woods. Rare south of lat. 43° Frequent,
ee 702. elliptica, Nutt.
pa Rich woods. Ann Arbor; Ionia Co.(!); northward to L. Superior.
Common.
Pear-leaf 74 , j H
Shee oad. 703. rotundifolia, L. Th:
Dry oak woods. Common.
704. rotundifolia, L., var. asarifolia, Hook.
The Cove, L. Huron—Winch. Cat.
705. rotundifolia, L., var. uliginosa, Gray.
L. Superior—Prof. J, Macoun.
PTEROSPORA
Pine-drops. 706. andromedea, Nutt.
Sitting Rabbit—Winch. Cat.; Carp river, U. P.—Whitney Cat.
MONOTROPA
Indian Pipe. 7 .
eee aaa: 707. uniflora, L. ‘Thy
Damp woods. Frequent.
Pine Sap. i
LOSE ee 708, Hypopitys, i; .
drops, Oak and pine woods. Macomb Co.; Ft. Gratiot—Austin; to Ontonagon

River, L. Superior—Whitney Cat. Infrequent.

Black Alder.
Winterberry.

Mountain
Holly.

Common
Plantain.

Ripple-grass.

Rib-grass.
English
Plaintain.

Shooting Star.

American
Cowslip.

Primrose.

Star-flower.
Chickweed-

Wintergreen.

Loosestrife.

Loosestrife.

Loosestrife.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 475

AQUIFOLIACE A.
(Holly Family.)
ILEX
709. verticillata, Gray. (**) Th.
Low grounds. The bright red berries are very noticeable in swamps dur-
ing the winter. This shrub is readily transplanted, and should be
oftener planted in small grounds.
NEMOPANTHES
710. Canadensis, DC. ABs
Borders of swamps. S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Ionia Co.(!); Montcalm Co.(!);
Flint; Macomb Co.; and northward. Frequent.
PLANTAGINACEA.
(Plantain Family.)
PLANTAGO
711. cordata, Lam. C.&S8.
Borders of streams. S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Tuscola Co.—Winch. Cat.;
Ionia Co.(!); Clinton Co.(!); Flint; Macomb Co. Frequent.
W112. major, Ls?) Th.
Waysides and about dwellings everywhere. Decaisne’s variety minima
occurs in salt marshes,—Maple river, Clinton Co., etc. Common.

713. Rugelii, Decaisne.

Waste places. Often confounded with the previous species. Frequent.
714. lanceolata, L. (***) C.&8.

Meadows and fields. Too common.
715. Virginica, L. (?)

Coleman Cat.

PRIMULACEA.
(Primrose Family.)
DODECATHEON
716. Meadia, L. Ss.
Moist, shaded grounds. Gray, Flora of N. A.; Dr. A. B. Lyons.

PRIMULA
"1%. farinosa, L. N. & Ure:

Shores of Little Traverse Bay(!); Drummond’s Island—Winch. Cat.; L.
Superior—Whitney Cat.

718. Mistassinica, Mx.
S. E.,—University Herb; Lake Superior—Whitney Cat,

TRIENTALIS.
719. Americana, Pursh. Th.
Damp woods. Common.
STEIRONEMA
720. ciliatum, Raf. Abie
Swamps. Common,
721. lanceolatum, Gray, var. hybridum, Gr. C.&S.
Low grounds. Exceedingly variable. Frequent,
722. longifolium, Gray. C.&8.

Banks of streams. Ann Arbor and Ft, Gratiot—Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co.(!);
Flint, ete. Frequent.

476 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LYSIMACHIA
Loosestrife. 723, quadrifolia, L. C.&8.

Sandy soil. Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co.(!); Montcalm Co.(1!);
Flint; Macomb Co.

Loosestrife. 724, stricta, Ait. Th.

Borders of marshes. A form of this species was found in a sphagnous
swamp near Hubbardston, bearing bulblets in the axils instead of

flowers. Frequent.
ee Oe ao thyrsiflora, L. Th.
z Swampy soil. Common.
ANAGALLIS
Common . ok
Eencernél. 726. arvensis, L. (***)
Ann Arbor—Mary H. Clark.
SAMOLUS
Water Pim- 42%, Valerandi, L., var. Americanus, Gray.
arpa Springy places. Common along Maple river(!); Flint; Macomb Co.; N.
W.,—University Herb.
LENTIBULACE A.
(Bladderwort Family.)
UTRICULARIA
Bladderwort. 728, vulgaris, L. che
Slow streams. Throat of corolla orange, veined with brown-purple.
requent.
Bladderwort. 729. minor, L. Th.
phelew water. Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; Hubbardston(!); Montcalm
0.(!).
Bladderwort. %30, intermedia, Hayne. Th,

Shallow water. Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co.; northward.
Infrequent.
Bladderwort. peat gibba, 1h

Old Mission, Grand Traverse Co.—E. J. Hill.
Bladderwort. 32. resupinata, B. D. Greene.

Very abundant on the east shore of Woodard lake, in Ionia Oo., the only
known locality in the State. Was found near Erie, Pa., last year. Dr.
Wright’s U. purpurea is probably this species.

PINGUICULA
Butterwort. 733. vulgaris, L. Use
Wet rocks. Whitney’s Catalogue; Isle Royale,—Dr. A. B. Lyons.
OROBANCHACE A.
(Broom-rape Family.)
APHYLLON
One-floweread 734, uniflorum, Gray. (***) Th.
panes ree Damp woodlands. $. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Flint; Lake Superior.—Whit.
Cat. nfrequent.

735. fasciculatum, Gray.
‘Sandy ground, Lake Michigan,”—Gray.
CONOPHOLIS

Squaw-root. 736. Americana, Wallr. (***)

Moist Woods. Ann Arbor; S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Ionia Co.(!); Flint;
Macomb Co.

MICHIGAN FLORA. AUT

EPIPHEGUS
Beech-drops. 7% 37, Virginiana, Bart. (***)

mii Beech woods. Ionia Co.(!); Flint; Macomb Co., etc. Very common in
Grand-Saginaw Valley.

SCROPHULARIACEA.
(Figwort Family.)
VERBASCUM
ec "38. Thapsus, L. (***) ie

Fields and road sides everywhere,—a common weed. Cultivated in Eng-
land under the name of Aaron’s Rod.

MothMullein. %39, Blattaria, L.
Road sides. S. Mich.; Ionia Co.(!); Detroit (!); Lansing(!), etc.
LINARIA

oe 740. Canadensis, Dumont.

S. shore of Saginaw Bay—Winch. Cat.; Barrens, in Clare Co. (!).
Infrequent or wanting in C. and §. Mich.

Toad-Flax, 741. vulgaris, Mill. (***)

Butter and 2 : ; a

Eggs. Road sides. Spreading from cultivation, but not yet a troublesome weed.
COLLINSIA

Innocence. 742, verna, Nutt. C.& 8.

Collinsia.

A beautiful little annual with blue and white flowers; worthy of cultiva-
tion. Moist woods. Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; 8. W.—Wright’s Cat.;
Ionia Co.(!), and probably reaches its N, limits in Gratiot Co.(!)

743. parviflora, Doug]. LOE
‘Shady, moist ground, Upper Michigan.”’—Gray Fl. N. A.
SCROPHULARIA
Figwort. 744. nodosa, L. (***) C.&S.
««Simpson’s ; ce
Honey Plant.’’ Rich soil. A valuable honey plant. Frequent.
CHELONE
Snake Head. . 2K r
oh eee 745. glabra, L. (***) ‘The
Balmony. Borders of streams. Frequent.
PENTSTEMON
Beard-tongue. 746. pubescens, Solander. C.&S8.
Dry soil. Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co.(!); Flint; Macomb Co.
Common.

Beard-tongue. 47, leevigatus, Solander, var. Digitalis, Gr. (?)
May occur in the S.

MIMULUS

Honky 748. ringens, L. Th.

poe Wet places. Comune
Monkey- :
flower. 749. alatus, Solander.

S. W.—Wright Cat.
Monkey- ~ ae :
fowae 750. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray.

Abundant at Mackinac—Winch. Cat.; ‘‘Upper Michigan.”—Gray. This
species reaches its S. limits (?) in Ionia Co.(!), where it is rarely found
growing near cool springs.

GRATIOLA

HedgeHyssop. 751, Virginiana, L. (?)
8S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.

478 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ILYSAN THES
False Pimper- 752. gratioloides, Benth. C.&S8.
nel. Low grounds. Frequent.
LIMOSELLA
Mudwort. 753. aquatica, L., var. tenuifolia, Hoffmann.
Dr. A. B. Lyons.
SYNTHYRIS
Synthyris. 754. Houghtoniana, Benth.
Qak barrens. S. Mich.—Wright’s Cat.; Ionia Co.(!), three miles S. of
Saranac. Probably reaches here its N. limits. Rare.
VERONICA
Sn Foon Viroinies.. a. “'(C) C.&S.
Rich woods. Furnishes the officinal Leptandrin. Common.
ie Speed- %56, Anagallis, L. C.&S.
Ditches. Frequent.
American 757, Americana, Schweinitz. (***) Ths
ee Brooks. Common,
Marsh Speed- 758. scutellata, L. The
well. Swamps. Frequent.
Common (ao. coieinalis, las (774) S.
peecawell Dry hills. Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat. Scarce.
Alpine Speed- 760, alpina, L. Uy ee
suet: Winchell Cat.
Thyme-leaved 61. serpyllifolia, L. Th.
Speedwell. Open grounds. Frequent.
ea 762. peregrina, L. Alyiis
Moist grounds everywhere. Common.
Boa eues 763. arvensis, L. C.&S8.
Cultivated and waste grounds. Common.
Neckweed. 764. agrestis, L.
Sandy fields. Coleman Cat.; and Flint. Rare.
765. Buabaumit, Tenore.
Waste grounds. Coleman Cat.
BUCHNERA
Blue-hearts. 766. Americana, L. C.&S8.
Moist sandy ground. S. W.—Wright Cat.; Flint; Coleman Cat.
Infrequent,
GERARDIA
Lousewort "67. pedicularia, L. L. FP:
Woods. Frequent.
Downy Fox- 768. flava, Ty: C.&S5.
glove. Open woods. Frequent.
SmoothFox- 69. quercifolia, Pursh. C. &8.
ElOwes Oak woods. Frequent.
Gerardia. 70. auriculata, Michx. S.
Wright Cat.
Gerardia. rire levigata, Raf. S.
Coleman Cat.; Flint; Dr. Lyons.
Furple Gerar- 772, aspera, Douglas. OF N. & Ue

Low ground. Ionia Co. (!); MontcalmCo.(!); Sitting Rabbit—Winch. Cat.
This species probably reaches its E. limits in Ionia Co.

MICHIGAN FLORA. AYO

Purple Gerar- 7773, purpurea, L, L. P.
Moist, sandy ground near the Great Lakes.
774. purpurea, L., var. paupercula, Gr.
Oakland Co.(!)
eee aerar: 775. tenuifolia, Vahl.
Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.
SlenderGerar- %76, tenuifolia, Vahl., var. asperula, Gr.

dia.
See Bot. Gazette, vol. 4, no. 5.
CASTILLEIA
Searlet Paint- 777. coccinea, Spreng. Th.
ee Wet and dry grounds, Variesin color of bracts from scarlet to yellow.
: ‘ : Common.
778. pallida, Kunth, var. septentrionalis, Gray.
Lake Superior—Gray.
EUPHRASIA
Eyebright. 779, oftieimalis, bev /(***) UE
“Shore of Lake Superior.”—Gray; Isle Royale.—Whitney Cat.
PEDICULARIS
Lousewort. 780. Canadensis, L. Th.
Moist banks and woodlands. Common,
Lousewort. 781. lanceolata, Michx. C.&S8.
Swamps. Frequent,
RHINANTHUS
Yellow-Rattle, 782. Crista-galli, L. U.P.
‘Lake Superior.”—Gray, Fl. N. A.
MELAMPYRUM
Cow-Wheat. 783. Americanum, Michx, hs
Sandy woods, Common.
ACANTHACEA.
( Acanthus Family. )
RUELLIA
Ruellia. 784, ciliosa, Pursh. S.
Dry grounds. Wright Cat.]
Ruellia. 785. strepens, L. S.
Dry soil. Wright Cat.
DIAN THERA
Water Willow. 786. Americana, L. S.
In shallow water. Ann Arbor—Winch, Cat.; Put-in-Bay(!); S. Haven—
Bailey.
VERBENACEA,
(Verbena Family.)
PHRYMA
Lopseed, 787. Leptostachya, L. C.&58.

Moist woods. Pt.au Chene—Winch. Cat.; Flint; Macomb Co.; S. Mich.—
Wright Cat.; Ionia Co. (!) Infrequent.

480

White Vervain,

Narrow Leaved
Vervain.

Blue Vervain.

Frog-Fruit.

Germander.
Wood Sage.

Horse-weed.
Stone-root.
Rich-weed.

Spearmint,

Peppermint.

Horse-mint,

Bugle-weed.

Water Hore-
hound.

Water Hore-
hound,

Hyssop.

Basil.

Basil.

Along streams,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
VERBENA
788. urticifolia, L. (***) Th.
Waste places. Common.
789. angustifolia, Michx. S.
Dry grounds. Winch. Cat.
790. hastataz i, (***) Th.
Roadsides. Common.
791. bracteosa, Michx.
Waste places. Coleman Cat.; Kalamazoo—Bailey.
LIPPIA
792. lanceolata, Michx. (?)
Coleman Cat.
LABIATA.
(Mint Family.)
TEUCRIUM
793. Canadense, L. (***) Cae
Low grounds. Common.
COLLINSONIA
794, Canadensis, L. C.&. 8.
Rich woods. Ionia Co.(!); Flint; Detroit; Ann Arbor; and S. W.—Winch.
Cat. Frequent.
MENTHA
795. viridis, L. (*)
Roadsides. Escaped from cultivation. Frequent.
796. piperita, L. (*) Th.

c Extensively cultivated in St. Joseph and Wayne counties
for the oil. Michigan prodnces about two-fifths of the world’s crop.
St. Joseph county leads in production, followed by Wayne county, and
then by Wayne county, N. Y., which is the only other locality in the
United States where peppermint is grown to great extent. The annual
production in Michigan varies greatly, ranging from 20,000 to 60,000
pounds of oil. Some growers estimate the yield, in exceptionally favor-

able years, as high as 75,000 pounds. In severe seasons the plants are
very apt to winter kill.—T. F. Wood, et al. ommon,
797. Canadensis, L. Th.
Low grounds. Common.
LYCOPUS
(98. Virginieus, 1: (**) Dh:
Low grounds. Common.
799. sinuatus, Ell. Th,
Frequent.
800. rubellus, Meench. (***)
Clinton Co.(!) Infrequent.
HYSSOPUS
801. officinalis, L. (***)
Escaped from gardens. Flint; S. W.—Winch. Cat.
PYCNANTHEMUM
$02. lanceolatum, Pursh. C.&S.
Low grounds. Ionia Co. (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; and southward.
Frequent.
803. linifolium, Pursh. Se

Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.

Oreeping
Thyme.

Calaminth.

Basil.

American
Pennyroyal,

Bee-Balm.
Oswego Tea.

Wild Berga-
mot.

Horse-mint.

Blephilia.

Blephilia.

Giant Hyssop.

Giant Hyssop.

Catnip.
Cat-mint.

Ground Ivy.
Gill.

Dragon-head.

Mad-dog
Skullcap.

Skullcap.

Skullcap.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 481

THYMUS
804. Serpyllum, L.
Flint; Coleman Cat.
CALAMINTHA
805. Nuttallii, Benth.

Drummond’s Island, and northward, common.
State; S. E.—Wright Cat.

806. Clinopodium, Benth.

(***)

Scarcely escaped from gardens.

Not seen in C. of the

Fields. Tonia Co. (!); Fort Gratiot.—Winch. Cat.; and northward to Lake
Superior.
HEDEOMA
807. pulegioides, Pers. (*) C.&S8.
Fields. Hubbardston (!); S. Mich.—Wright Cat; Macomb Co. Scarce.
MONARDA
808. didyma, L. (***)
re in Michigan, only reported from one locality: Fort Gratiot—Winch.
at.
809. fistulosa, L. (***) Th.
Sandy soil. An extract of this aromatic plant has lately been introduced
as a “sure cure” of malarial fever. The flowers are sometimes pure
white, in which case the albinism extends to the stems also, which are
green instead of the usual reddish-brown or purple. Common.
810. punctata, L. (*) S.
Sandy soil. S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; S. Haven—Bailey. Infrequent.
BLEPHILIA
811. ciliata, Raf. | Gi Bee
Dry ground. Ionia Co. (!); Ann Arbor, and Sault Ste. Tiare ee Cat
carce.
812. hirsuta, Benth. C.&S.

Low woods.

LOPHANTHUS

Ionia Co. (!), where it is frequent; S. Mich.—Wright Cat.

813. nepetoides, Benth. C.&S.
Low grounds. Ionia Co. (!); Flint; Lansing (!); S. W.-—Wright Cat.;
Grosse Isle—Miss Clark. Infrequent.
814. scrophularizfolius, Benth. C.&S.
Low grounds. S, Mich.—Wright Cat.; Macomb Co. Infrequent.
NEPETA
815. Cataria, L. (*) he
Near dwellings. An excellent honey plant. Common.
816. Glechoma, Benth. (***) C.&S8.

Sparingly escaped from culture. Flint; Grand Rapids—Coleman Cat.

DRACOCEPHALUM
817. parviflorum, Nutt.

This interesting plant was first detected in the Lower Peninsula in June,
1876, when it was found in Roscommon Co., a little south of Houghton
Lake. Its range is northward to Lake Superior.—Gray.

SCUTELLARIA

$18. lateriflora, L. (*) Pag
Low grounds. Gathered to considerable extent for the drug trade.
Common.
819. versicolor, Nutt. Se
Banks of streams. S. Mich.—Wright Cat.
820. canescens, Nutt. (?) S.

Coleman Cat., etc.

482 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Skullcap. 821. pilosa, Michx. S. We
S. W.—Winch. Cat.; Gray, Fl. N. A.
Skullcap. 822. parvula, Michx.
Tonia (!). Infrequent.
Skulleap. 823. galericulata, L. (**) fy oS
Low grounds. Common.
BRUNELLA
Self-heal, or 824. vulgaris, L. (***) Th
Heal-all. Fields. Occasionally the flowers are white. Common.
PHYSOSTEGIA
Malse Deeps 1 Gio: Virginiana, Benth. C. & 8.
Wet grounds; cultivated in gardens; varies greatly. Ann Arbor—Winch,
Cat.; S. W.—Wright Cat.; Muir (!); Kalamazoo—Bailey.
Occasional.
MARRUBIUM
Horehound. 826. vulgare, L. (*)
Roadsides escaped from cult. Ionia Co. (!); Flint; S. Mich.—Winch.
Cat. Frequent.
LEONURUS
Motherwort. 827: Cardiaca; a. . ((F**) Pe
Waste grounds. Much visited by bees for its honey. Common.
LAMIUM
Dead-Nettle. 828. amplexicaule, L. (***)
Tonia (!), common.
GALEOPSIS
Hemp Nettle. 829. Tetrahit, L. (***) Thi:
Rare in O. of the State. Abundant at Mackinac—Winch, Cat.
Red Hemp 830. Ladanum, L.
Nettle. Ft. Gratiot and Sault Ste. Marie—Winch. Cat.
STACHYS
Hedge Nettle. 831. aspera Michx. S.
Wet grounds. Frequent.
Hedge Nettle. 832. hyssopifolia, Michx. The
Wet grounds. S. Mich.—Wright Cat.
BORRAGINACEA.
(Borrage Family.)
CYNOGLOSSUM
Hounds- 833. officinale, Li. (***) Th.
ongue. :
Roadsides, Frequent.
nes Com- 834. Virginicum, L. Th.
Open Woods. Frequent.
ECHINOSPERMUM
Beggars’Lice. 835. Virginicum, Lehm. Th:
Woods. Frequent.
Stick-seed. 836. Lappula, Lehm. | Ope

A worthless weed along readsides and in waste places.

MICHIGAN FLORA.

MERTENSIA

Smooth Lung- 837. Virginica, DC. (***)
eer Common in gardens. Coleman Cat.; Lyons.

483

838. paniculata, Don. U.P:
Whitney Cat.; Gray, Fl. N. A.
MYOSOTIS
Forget-me- 839. verna, Nutt.
oe Winch. Cat.; Coleman Cat., etc.
LITHOSPERMUM
Wheat Thief, 840. arvense, ib: C65 Ss
Corn Grom- In wheat fields. A bad weed which is being rapidly distributed by
well. threshing machines. Farmers should be on their guard. It may be
known by its branching stems, narrow, rough leaves, small white flow-
ers, and gray, bony seeds.
Common 841. officinale, L. (***) Ab ce
Gromwell. é 3
Roadsides. Infrequent,
Broad-leayed 842. latifolium, Michx. C.&S.
poe wel Borders of woods. $. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co.(!); Flint, ete.
Frequent.
Oey 843. canescens, Lehm. Thy
Sandy fields. Ann Arbor.—Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co.(!); Macomb Co.
ee 844. hirtum, Lehi. he
fi Light sand. Flowers bright yellow, showy. Frequent.
845. angustifolium, Michx. (?)
Credited to the State by Dr. A. B. Lyons, and may be looked for in the
extreme S. W.
ONOSMODIUM
False 6 inj ‘
ee neealic 846. Carolinianum, DC.
Only noticed by Dr. D. Cooley, Macomb Co.
SYMPHYTUM
Comfrey. 847. officinale, L. (***)
Escaped from gardens. Infrequent.
BORRAGO
Borrage. 848. officinalis, L.
Ady. on Agricultural College grounds, Lansing. A honey plant.
HYDROPHYLLACEA,
(Waterleaf Family.)
HY DROPHYLLUM
Waterleaf, 849. Virginicum, L. C.&S8.
Rich woods. Frequent.
Waterleaf. 850. Canadense, L. C.&S8.
Damp rich woods. Frequent.
Hairy Water- 851. appendiculatum, Michx. C.&S8.
leaf. Moist hillsides and rich woods. Frequent.

PHACELIA
852. Franklinii, Gray.

“Shores of L. Superior, especially on Isle Royale.’—Gray; and Dr, A, B.

Lyons.

484

Hairy Phlox.

Divaricate
Phlox.

Ground or
Moss Pink.

Wild Potato-
vine.
Man-of-the-
Earth.

Low Bind-
weed.

Hedge Bind-
weed.

Dodder.
Dodder.
Dodder.

Dodder.

Common
Nightshade.
Black N.

Bittersweet.

Ground
Cherry.

Ground
Cherry.

Ground
Cherry.

Ground
Cherry.

PHLOX

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

POLEMONIACEL.
(Phlox Family.)

853. pilosa, L.

Dry, sandy fields. Flowers bright rose, or rarel
lace in the garden.

facomb Co., etc.

854. divaricata, L.
Woods and fields.

855. subulata, L.

S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.

IPOMEA

856. pandurata, Meyer.

Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; Coleman Cat.

CONVOLVULUS
857. spithameeus, L.

Sandy fields.

858. sepium, L.

Low grounds.

CUSCUTA

859. chlorocarpa, Engelmann.

Very variable.

S. Haven--Mrs, Millington.

860. Gronoyil, Willd.

Low grounds.

861. glomerata, Choisy. (?)

‘““Wet prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin.”—Gray.

862. tenuiflora, Engelm.

Maple River valley(!); Coleman Cat.

SOLANACEA.

SOLANUM
863. nigrum, L. (***)

Moist, cultivated fields.

864. Dulcamara, L. (*)

Roadsides.

PHYSALIS
865. grandiflora, Hook.

“Clearings.” First collected in L. P., near Farwell, in June, 1876, where

it seemed to be at home.

Ann Arbor—Winch.

Common in cultivation.

CONVOLVULACEA.
(Convolvulus Family.)

(***)

C.&S8.

pure white. Deservesa
Jat.; Ionia Co.(!); Flint;

C.& 8.

Common.

C. &S.

Th.

Infrequent.

Th.

Common.

Se We
C. & 8S.

Frequent.

C. &S.

0. & 8.

Common.

C.&8.

Infrequent.

N.'& ULE.

Near the mouth of the Au Sable river, Iosco

o., June, ’78.—C. B. Cochran. ‘8. shore of L. Superior.”—Gray, Synopt.

C
Fl. N. A.

866. Philadelphica, Lam.
Grand Rapids—Coleman Cat.
86%. Virginiana, Mill. (***)
Light, sandy soil.
868. lanceolata, Michx.

Sandy soil. Ionia Co. (!), etc.

‘Th:
Common,

C. &S8.

Frequent.

MICHIGAN FLORA, 485

Ground 869. pubescens, L. (***) C.&S8.

eaerEy Common throughout the pine country. Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; Mont-
calm Co., etc.

NICANDRA
eee 870. physaloides, Gertn. (***)
; Gardens. Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; Flint; Ionia Co. (!) Scarce.
LYCIUM
en ony, 871. vulgare, Dunal. (***)
: Escaped from gardens in some places,
HYOSCYAMUS
Henbane. 872. niger, L. (*)
Macomb Co.; Ft. Gratiot; Mackinac, abundant—Winch. Cat.
DATURA
Common Stra- y *
venmon st 873. Stramonium, L. (*) C.&S.
Thornapple. Roadsides. Frequent.
Jamestown
Weed. okk
Purple Thorn. 874. Zatula, L. (***) C.&S8.
F ctoumont. Flint; Macomb Co. Rare.
a NICOTIANA

Wild Tobacco. 875. rustica, L. (***)
Emmet Co., cultivated by the Indians—Winch. Cat.

GENTIANACEA.
(Gentian Family.)
ERY THRAA
Centaury. 876. Centaurium, Pers.
Lansing—Bailey. Ady. and rare.
SABBATIA
American 877. angularis, Pursh. S.
Centaury. Marshes. Cass Co.—Univ. Herb., Houghton Survey Coll., 1838; Goguac
Lake, near Battle Creek, 1879—Prof. V. M. Spalding; S. Mich.—Wr.
Cat. Rare.
GENTIANA
Hapoel 878. crinita, Freel. Th.
Gentian. Low grounds. Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; Lansing and So. Haven—Bailey;
Mackinac—Whitney; Ionia Co. (!), etc. Common.
Sree 879. serrata, Gunner. Hil
Gentian. With the last. Frequent.
Five-flowered 880, quinqueflora, Lam. (***) Th.
ree Moist hillsides, Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co. (!) Occasional.
Five-flowerea 881. quinqueflora, Lam., var. occidentalis, Gray.
Gentian. Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.
Blue Gentian. 882. puberula, Michx. (**) S.
Barrens. Ann Arbor—Miss Clark, Miss Allmendinger. Rare.
Soapwort 883. Saponaria, L. (***) S.
Gentian. Moist woods. Macomb Co.; S. Mich.—Wright Cat. Infrequent,
ClosedGen- = §84, Andrewsii, Griesb. (***) C.& 8.

River banks. Frequent.

486 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Whitish Gen- 885. alba, Muhl. Th.
tian. Low meadows and borders of woods. Ionia Co. (!); Clinton Co. (!); Ann
Arbor and S. W.—Winch. Cat.; to L. Superior. Rare or local.
886. linearis, Froel., var. lanceolata, Gr. N. & Wie
Pt. ae Chene, L. Mich.—Winch. Cat. ‘“ Minnesota and along L. Superior.”
—Gray.
FRASERA
American 887. Carolinensis, Walt. (**) C. &S8.
ae, Rich, dry soil. Jackson Co. and westward—Winch. Cat.; Ann Arbor—
Miss Clark; Grand Rapids (!); Macomb Co. Scarce.
HALENIA
Bearred. 888. deflexa, Griesb. N. & Ua
y Shore of Little Traverse Bay, near Harbor Point (!); Drummond’s Is. and
St. Helen’s Is.—Winch. Cat.; northward to L. Superior. Frequent.
BARTONIA
Bartonia. 889. tenella, Muhl.
Ge Tae Open woods. §. Mich.--Wright Cat.; Hubbardston(!); Flint. Rare.
MENYANTHES
Buckbean. 890. trifoliata, L. (***) TR:
Bogs. Common.
APOCYNACE.
( Dog-bane Family. )
APOCYNUM
eee 891. androsemifolium, L. (**) Th,
; Borders of woods. Common.
IndianHemp. 892. cannabinum, L. (**) Th.
Low grounds. Exceedingly variable in size, habit, shape of leaves, pu-
bescence, etc. De Candolle’s varieties glaberrimum and pubescens occur,
but also intermediate forms, rendering useless any sub-specific names,
Common,
ASCLEPIADACEA.
(Milkweed Family.)
ASCLEPIAS
Butterfly- 893. tuberosa, L. (**)
weed.

Sandy soil. Ranges from Canada to Florida, and from the Saskatchewan

Sohne eye EOOt Valley to Texas. Occasionally cultivated for its showy orange-red

flowers. Roots exported. Common.
Purple Milk- 894. purpurascens, L. C.&S.
pricee. Woods. Ann Arbor.—Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co. (!); Clinton Co. (!); Flint; Ma-

comb Co. Frequent.
IndianHemp. 895. incarnata, L. (**) Th.
SyenE Milk- Banks of streams. Common.
Milkweed. 896. Cornuti, Decaisne. (**) Th.
See Fields. The young shoots eaten for greens, Common.
Poke Milk- 897. phytolaccoides, Pursh. (***) C.&S.
mega. Moist grounds. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.—Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co. (1)5

Lansing (!); Flint; Macomb Co. Infrequent,
Four-leaved 898. quadrifolia, L. (?)
Milkweed. Ann Arbor.—Winch. Cat.
Whorled 899. verticillata, L. (***) Ss.
Milkweed.

Barrens. S. Mich.—Wright Cat. Infrequent.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 487

ACERATES
ao Milk- 900. viridiflora, Ell. C.&S8.
, Ft. Gratiot.—Winch. Cat.; S. W.—Wright Cat. Rare.
OLEACE A.
(Olive Family. )
FRAXINUS
White Ash. 901. Americana, L. Th,
Not frequent enough N. and in U. P. to be of economic importance. Moist
woods. A valuable timber tree of medium size, which on account of the
toughness, elasticity, and beauty its wood is much used for cabinet
making, wainscoting, carriage making, handles of scythes, rakes, etc.,
etc. Ought to be planted oftener for shade and ornament. Common.
Red Ash. 902. pubescens, Lam. Th.
Low grounds. A small tree, seldom noticed. Ionia Co.(!); Lansing (!)
S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Drummond’s I.—Winch. Cat. Scarce.
raat Ash: 903. viridis, Michx. f. C.&S.
Ann Arbor.—Winch. Cat- Rare.
Blue Ash. 904. quadrangulata, Michx. Th.
Rich woods, ‘ Large timber tree, the inner bark yielding a blue color
to water.”—Gray, Fl. N. A. This tree is frequently confounded with
White Ash, from which it may easily be distinguished by its square
branchlets. Wood valuable. Frequent.
Black Ash. 905. sambucifolia, Lam. Th.
A common tree in swamps; less valuable than white ash. Wood used
for hoops, basket work, etc. Also beginning to be used for inside finish-
ing in houses—doors, cabinets, etc. Black ash doors with hard maple
panels, finished in oil, are said to present a very pleasing geen
and to be both inexpensive and durable. ommon.
ARISTOLOCHIACEA. °
( Birthwort Family. )
ARISTOLOCHIA
aed 906. Serpentaria, L. (?)
= . eels i
eee Ret. Said to occur in the S, part of the State.
ASARUM
Asarabacca, *K
WildGinger. 907%. Canadense, L. (**) Th.
Coltsfoot. Moist woods, Common,
PHY TOLACCACEA.
(Poke-weed Family.)
PHYTOLACCA
Dake. cooks, 908. decandra, lL. (**) 0. &S8.
Pigeon Berry. Fields. The young shoots in spring may be eaten like asparagus.
Frequent.
CHENOPODIACEA.
(Goosefoot Family.)
CHENOPODIUM
pe ea 6909. albums li. Th.
Pigweed. Waste and cultivated ground. Common.
Oak-leayed
Gaesntooe 910. glaucum, L.

Lansing, College grounds.

488 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

911. urbicum, I, var. rhombifolium, Moquin. S.
Waste grounds. Ionia Co. (!); Flint; Grand Rapids—Coleman Cat.
Infrequent.
Maple-leaved 912. hybridum, I. Th;
Goosefoot. Waste grounds. Common.
913. murale, L.
Grand Rapids—Coleman Cat. Rare.
1
ia 914. Botrys, L. (***) C.&S.
sha Ge- Escaped from gardens. Abundant in places.
Rosican Mencn tL os prosirdes, lu, (=e) S.
Waste places. Macomb Co.; Ann Arbor—Miss Clark; S. W.—Wright Cat.
Scarce.
BLITUM
Strawberry 916. capitatum, L. Th
Blite. Dry, rich grounds. Very noticeable from the fleshy, bright-red calyx.
; : Comnion.
Good King 91%. Bonus Henricus, Reich.
Henry. Flint. Scarce.
ATRIPLEX
918. patula, L., var. hastata, Gr.
Common at Detroit.—Dr. A. B. Lyons.
CORISPERMUM
Bug-seed. 919. hyssopifolium, L.
S. Haven—Bailey; and northward to L. Superior, along the shores of the
Great Lakes.
AMARANTACEA.
: (Amaranth Family.)
AMARANTHUS
Prince’s 920. hypochondriacus, L. (***)
Sr CERECE: Scarcely escaped from gardens. Ann Arbor—Miss Clark.
Pigweed. ¢
peed. 921. retroflexus, J. I. P.
ereen Ama- A common weed in gardens. Common.
th.
sae 922. albus, L. Le.
Tumble weed 3 - -
White Ama- Fields and gardens, less troublesome than the preceding species.
ranth, Frequent.
ACNIDA
ONO cag, tuberculata, Moquin-Tandon. C.&S8.
ranth. Low grounds. S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co. (!); Lansing D3 Macomb
Co. requent.
POLYGONACEA.
(Buckwheat Family.)
POLYGONUM
Alpine Bis- 924, viviparum, L. (***) Une
Perle Shore of L. Superior—Gray; Isle Royale, common.—Whitney Cat.
Prince’s 925. ortentale, L.
Feather.

Sparingly escaped from gardens.
926. Careyi, Olney. (7)
Grand Rapids.—Coleman Cat.

92%. Pennsylvanicum, L. C.&S8.

Low grounds. Ionia Co.(!); Clinton Co.(!); Flint; S. Mich.—Wright Cat.
Frequent.

Lady’s
Thumb.

Common
Smartweed, or
Water-pepper.
Water Smart-
weed.

Mild Water-
pepper.

Water —
Persicaria.

Water —
Persicaria.

Joint-weed.

Door-weed.
Knotgrass.
Goose-grass.

Erect knot-
grass.

Slender Knot-
grass.

Halberd-
leavyed Tear-
thumb.

Arrow- leaved
Tear-thumb.

Black Bind-
weed.

Climbing
False Buck-
wheat.

Buckwheat.

Great Water
dock.

Pale Dock.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 489

incarnatum, Ell, C. &S.
River banks. Ionia Co.(!); Grand Rapids—Coleman Cat. Frequent,
lapithifolium, Ait. ens
L. Superior—O. B. Wheeler.
Persicaria, L. (***) Th.
Waste places. Common.
Hydropiper, L. (***) Th.
Moist grounds. Common.
acres ie De. CF ee) LPs
Wet places. Ann Arbor; Ionia Co.(!); Mackinac—Winch. Cat.; Flint.
Frequent.
hydropiperoides,' Michx. (***) C.& 8.
Wet places. Common.
amphibium, L., var. aquaticum, Willd. Th:
Borders of ponds, Frequent.

amphibium, L., var. terrestre, Willd. C.
E. shore L. Huron.—J. Macoun; Ionia Co.(!); Flint; Grand Rapids.
Hartwrightii, Gray.

Kalamazoo—Tuthill.

937. Virginianum, L. C.& 8.
Thickets. Common.
938. articulatum, L. N. & U.P
Traverse City—Winch. Cat.; L. Superior—Whitney Cat.
939. aviculare, L. (***) The
The commonest of weeds.
940. erectum, L.
Waste places with the preceding species. Common.
941, ramosissimum, Michx. Ths
Banks of streams. Infrequent.
942. tenue, Michx. C.&S58.
Sterile soil. S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; common in Ionia Co.(!); Macomb Co.
943. arifolium, L. i Pl ee
Low grounds. South Hayen—Bailey; Gros Cap, L. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; 5S.
Mich.—Wright Cat. Infrequent,
944, sagittatum, L. fbie
Low grounds. Frequent,
945. Convolvulus, L. C.&S8.
Waste grounds. S. W.—Wright Cat.; Flint; MacombCo. Infrequent.
946. cilinode, Mx. Th.
Copses. S. Hayen—Bailey; Lyons, and northward. Common.
947. dumetorum, L. Thi
Moist thickets. Common,
FAGOPYRUM
948. esculentum, Moench.
Persistent in fields.
RUMEX
949. orbiculatus, Gray. Th.
Wet places. S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co.(!); Flint; Macomb Co,; and
northward, Frequent.
950. Britannica, L. (***)
Sault Ste. Marie.—Winch. Cat.; and southward. Rare.

62

490 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

White Dock. 951. salicifolius, Weinmann. N..& UF.
Shore of Little Traverse Bay(!); and northward. Scarce.

Swamp Dock. 952. verticillatus, L. ine:
Wet swamps. Frequent.

Goes Derk 953. crispus, L. (**) Th,
Everywhere in fields. A bad weed.

Bitter Dock. 954. obtusifolius, L. (***) Th:
Meadows and fields. Frequent.

Bloody-veined 955, sanguineus, L. (***)

Dock.
Ann Arbor—Miss Clark.
Field or Sheep 5 i eK
eee P 956. Acetosella, L. (***) This
Sterile fields. Common.
LAURACEA.
(Laurel Family.)
SASSAFRAS
Sassafras. 95%. officinale, Nees. (*) C.&S8.
Woods—sandy soil. A shrub or low tree, not found north of the C. of the
State. Frequent.
LINDERA
Spice-bush. 958. Benzoin, Meisner. (***) C.&S.
Benjamin-
bush. Damp woods. Frequent.
THY MELEACEA.
(Mezereum Family.)
DIRCA
Leather-wood. 959. palustris, L. (***) Th.
Moose-wood. Woods. The tough bark used for thongs by Indians. Ann Arbor—Winch.
Cat.; S. Haven—Bailey; and northward. Frequent.
ELHZAGNACEA.
(Oleaster Family.)
SHEPHERDIA
Canadian 960. Canadensis, Nutt. Th.
Shepherdia. Gravelly banks. Lansing—Prof. W. J. Beal; ‘On the western islands in
Lake Erie.”—Dr. D. Cooley; Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; South Hayen—
Bailey; Flint; and northward. Abundant at Petoskey(!). ‘‘A common
short shrub,” (L. Superior,)—Whitney Cat.
SANTALACEA.
(Sandalwood Family.)
COMANDRA
Bastard Toad- 961. umbellata, Nutt. Ths
flax. Dry ground. Indifferently parasitic on roots. Common.
962. livida, Richards. N. & UB

‘Sandy shores, L. Supevior.”—Gray ; Traverse City—-Dr. A. B. Lyons; Isle
Royale—Whitney Cat.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 491

SAURU RACE Ai.
(Lizard s-tail Family.)
SAURURUS
Lizard’s-tail. 963. cernuus, L. (***) C.& 5.
Swamps. Common.
CERATOPHY LLACEHE A.
(Hornwort Family.)
CERATOPHYLLUM
Hornwort. 964. demersum, L. he
Ponds. Fruitin August. Common.
CALLITRICHACE/.
(Water-Starwort Family.)
CALLITRICHE
Water-Star- 965. verna, Li. (#**) Th.
“a cae Ponds. Macomb Co., to Lake Superior.
Nye eere ter 966. autumnalis, L.
La Rivers. Fiint—Dr. Daniel Clark; to Lake Superior—Gray.
PODOSTEMACE.
(River-weed Family.)
PODOSTEMON
River-weed. 967. ceratophyllus, Michx.
Dr, A. B. Lyons.
EUPHORBIACEA.
(Spurge Family.)
EUPHORBIA
Shore Spurge. 968. polygonifolia, L. Th.
Sandy shores of the Great Lakes. S. Hayen—Bailey; Ft. Gratiot—
Winch, Cat., etc. Frequent.
Spotted 969. maculata, L. (***)
Dae Roadsides and fields, everywhere. One of the few northern plants,
observed by Prof. A. N. Prentiss in Brazil.
970. hypericifolia, L. (***) C.&S8.
Cultivated soil, and waste places. Detroit—Dr. A. B. Lyons; Ionia (1);
Grand Rapids (!); Lansing—Bailey. Infrequent.
Flowering 971. corollata, L. (**) C.&S.
Spurge.

Sandy soil. A weed difficult to eradicate on account of its deep roots.
Beginning to be cultivated by gardeners for its abundant, small, white
flowers. Its milky juice is acrid-poisonous.

972. platyphylla, L.

Macomb Co.; ‘‘ Along the Great Lakes.”—Gray.
9%3. Helioscopia, L. (***)

Common at Detroit.—Dr. A. B. Lyons.
974, commutata, Engelm.

Ann Arbor.—Winch. Cat.; Flint.

492

Garden
Spurge.
Door-yard 8.

Three-seeded

Mercury.

Black Crow-
berry.

ee Elm.

Red

White Elm.
American
Elm.

Rock Elm.

Hackberry.
Sugarberry.
Nettle-tree.

Red Mul-
berry.

Tall Wild
Nettle.

Great Sting-
ing Nettle.

Wood Nettle.
Cursed Net-
tle.

Richweed.

False Nettle.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

975. Cyparissias, L. (***)
Escaped from cultivation.
976. Hsula, L.

Escaped from cultivation.

ACALYPHA
977. Virginica, L.

Open woods. Variable. Ionia (!); Detroit (!), etc.

EMPETRACEA.
(Crowberry Family.)

EMPETRUM

978. nigrum, L.
Whitney Cat.

URTICACEA.

(Nettle Family.)

ULMUS
979. fulva, Michx. (*)

Frequent,

Infrequent.

Th.

Common.

Use

Uh.

Rich soil. Wood reddish, toughand hard. The inner bark mucilaginous

and much used in medicinal preparations.
980. Americana, L. (***)

Frequent.

Th.

Low grounds. Wood tough, fine grained, valuable, used for wagon hubs,

etc. One of our finest ornamental trees.
981. racemosa, Thomas.

Common.

Th;

River banks. Wood similar to the last but more valuable; takes a fine

polish. A large, fine tree, frequently planted.

CELTIS
982. occidentalis, L.

Frequent,

C.&S8.

River banks. Sap wood, yellow, inner wood, grayish, coarse grained, soft
and of little value, used for fuel. A medium or large sized tree.

MORUS
983. rubra, da: | (4**)

A small tree onriver bottoms. Wood valuable.

Frequent.

C.&8.

Wayne Co.; Ionia Co. (!)5

Lansing (!). The largest specimen observed grows near Ionia,and meas-
ures fourteen inches in diameter two feet above the ground. Frequent
as far north as latitude 43°, where the abundant fruit ripens the last of

June.

URTICA
984, gracilis, Ait.
Moist ground.
985. dioica, L. (***)
Waste places.
LAPORTEA
986. Canadensis, Gaud. (***)

Thick woods along streams. <A vicious weed.

PILEA
987. pumila, Gray.
Low woods.
BQ@HMERIA
988. cylindrica, Willd.

Moist ground.

Phd
Common.

Th.

Occasional.

C. &S8.

Common,

C.&S.

Common,

C.&S8.

Common.

MICHIGAN FLORA, 493

PARIETARIA
Pellitory. 989. Pennsylvanica, Muhl.
Grand Rapids—Coleman’s Cat.
CANNABIS
Hemp. 990. sativa, L. (*) LwP
Waste places. Frequent.
HUMULUS
CommonHop. 991. Lupulus, lL. (*) Th.
Banks of streams. Frequent northward.
PLATANACEA.
(Plane-tree Family.)
PLATANUS
Plane-tree. ¢ ] j -
Putte ood: 992. occidentalis, Ti CO. & 8.
Along ourrivers, ‘The largest tree of the Atlantic forests,’—Sargent.
Presents a striking appearance by reason of its mottled bark, which is
rarely more than one-sixteenth of an inch thick. Wood reddish, tough,
and unwedgeable; can be used in short sections for cabinet work, sew-
ing machines, tables, etc., but is very liable to warp. Frequent.
JUGLANDACEA.
(Walnut Family.)
JUGLANS
Butternut. 993. cinerea, L. (*) C.&S8.
Low, rich woods. A medium-sized tree, often planted. The wood islighter
and softer than the next, but takes a fine polish—used in cabinet making
and in houses in inside finishing. Recommended, in connection with
lighter woods, for wainscotings, mouldings, ete., where black walnut
would have too glaring and pronounced an appearance; makes good
doors—not liable to warp. Common.
Black Walnut. 994, nigra, L. (***) C.& 8.
One of our most valuable timber-trees, and more used in cabinet-making
than any other. At its present rate of consumption, the black walnut
in Michigan will soon be a thing of the past. Frequent.
CARYA
pees Bete 995. alba, Nutts (***) C.& 8.

i Timber very valuable; used wherever great durability, strength, and
elasticity are required. C. microcarpa, Nutt., occurs and seems to be
distinct. Common.

WesternShell- 996, sulcata, Nutt. C.&8.
bark Hickory. i A : P rare
River bottoms. Ionia Co.(!), where it reaches its northern limits. Rare.
except in the extreme south.
Mocker-nut. 997. tomentosa, Nutt. C.&S.
Dry woods. Flint; Grand Rapids—Coleman’s Cat. Rare,
Pignut. 998. porcina, Nutt. C.&S8.
Woods. Nuts pear-shaped or oblong. Common.
Bitternut, 999. amara, Nutt. C.&58.

Moist soil. No member of this family gets much north of lat. 43°.
Common,

494

White Oak.

Bur Oak.

Swamp White
Oak.

Yellow Chest-
nut Oak,

Dwarf Chest-
nut Oak,

Laurel or
Shingle Oak.

Black Jack
Oak.

Scarlet Oak.

Black Oak.
Yellow-barked
Oak.

Red Oak.

Chestnut.

Beech.

Wild Hazel-
nut.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CUPULIFERA.
(Oak Family.)

QUERCUS

1000. alba, L. (*) Th.

Rich woods. Rare in U. P., Menominee Co.—Burt MS. Cat.; etc. Our
most valuable species. Much used in inside finishing, carriage-making,

etc., etc., wherever a strong, durable, and beautiful timber is desired.
Common.

C.&S8.
Common,
C.&S8.

Seales of the involucre often bear galls which
Common.

C.&S8.

1001.

macrocarpa, Michx. (***)

Rich soil.
bicolor, Willd.

Low ground. A large tree.
resemble abortive acorns,

Muhlenbergii, Engelm.

Rich woods. A medium sized tree. Common.

prinoides, Willd. : C.&58.

A low shrub or small tree. Macomb Co.; Hubbardston (!); Muir (!);
Gratiot Co. (!). This and the preceding seem to run together.
Infrequent.

imbricaria, Michx. Ss.
Barrens. Galesburg~H. Dale Adams; Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.;S, Mich.—
Dr. Wright. Rare.
(7)

nigra, JL.
Said to occur in the extreme S. W.

coccinea, Wang. Th.

Inner bark reddish; scales of inyolucre, brown, glabrate, appressed. In
the C., this species blossoms and puts forth its leaves about two weeks
earlier than the next, and the leaves are smooth and glossy before the
leaves of the next have become well divested of their reddish down.

Frequent.
tinctoria, Bartram. (*)

Inner bark bright yellow; scales of involucre yellowish-canescent, some-
what squarrose; leaves less pinnatifid, more obovate in outline and less
glossy-green than those of Q. coccinea, This species and the preceding
occur together in the C. and are seldom large—usually 40-50 ft., and 12-
15 inches in diameter. Considerable study has shown no gradations be-
tween the two forms, except one anomalous specimen, with very
long acorns, and some characteristics of both species.

Th,

rubia, i (Fes)

Wood reddish, coarse; used chiefly for fence rails and fuel. Inthe C. &
S., a large tree; in the N. either a very large tree, (Emmet Co.—
Winchell), or, at Petoskey, a low tree or tall shrub(!); in U. P., along
the shore, a low shrub or scraggy tree (the common form), or, in Onton-
agon valley, a good-sized tree—Whitney. Q. ambigua, Mx., apparently
belongs here.—(See Engelm. “ Oaks of the U.S.” Tr. Ac. Sce., St. Louis,
Vol. LIL.) ‘One of the most variable of the Atlantic species.”—Engel-
mann.

1002.

1003.

1004.

1005.

1006.

1007.

1008.

1009.

CASTANEA
1010. vulgaris, var. Americana, A. DC. (***) calles

Occurs rarely in the S. E. Does well when planted, at least as far
north as lat. 44°; Macomb Co.; Wayne Co.; Monroe Co.; Ann Arbor—
Dr. Steere.

FAGUS
1011. ferruginea, Ait. Th;

Common inL. P., but rare in U. P. Occurs at Mackinac and Pictured

Rocks.
CORYLUS
1012. Americana, Walt. (***) Th:
Thickets. Common.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 495

BeakedHazel. 1013. rostrata, Ait. (***)

Lansing—Bailey, probably its southern limit; Hubbardston(!); and com-
mon northward.

OSTRYA
Hop-Horn- 1014, Virginica, Willd. Th:
Tron-wood. Rich woods. Common.
CARPINUS
Blue or Water 1015. Americana, Michx. Ths G3)
Beech. Along streams. Wood of this and the preceding tough and durable;
used for wedges, levers, etc. Common.
MYRICACEA.
(Sweet Gale Family.)
MYRICA
Sweet Gale. IVE. Gale, lh: (77) IN & USE:
Swamp near Crooked Lake, Emmet Co.(!); Manistee—E. J. Hill; Isle
Royale—Dr. A. B. Lyons.
Bay-berry. 1 ‘ ‘ifer: BOs Cato
Wax-Myrtle. OL” cerife a Is ee)
S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.
COMPTONIA
Sweet Fern. 1018. asplenifolia, Ait. (***) Th.

South—Wr. Cat.; Detroit—Dr. A. B. Lyons. Very common in the center
of the State and northward throughout the pine country, of which it is
a characteristic species.

BETULACE.
(Birch Family.)

BETULA
Cherry Birch. 1019. lenta, Is. rs) Ths

Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.; S. Haven—Bailey; near Lansing—Prof. W. J.
Beal; Hubbardston(!); Flint; and northward to L.Superior. Rare in
the south, but attains a ‘monstrous size’? on Drummond’s I.—Winch.
Cat.

Yellow Birch. 1020. lutea, Michx., f. hs

Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; S. Haven—Bailey; to L. Superior. ‘“‘Common
along the line of the F. & P. M.R.R., and northward to the Traverse
country; a large tree; timber valuable.”—Prof. W. J. Beal. Rare south
of the Grand-Saginaw valley.

Paper Birch. 1021. papyracea, Ait. (***) he
Canoe Birch. F 2
Silver Birch. Extends southward to Lansing and perhaps further. Frequent at
Crystal Lake, Montcalm Co.,(!) asa small tree. Often springs up, form-
ing adense thicket, where pine lands have been burned over. Bark
separating into thin, papery strips, used by Indians for canoes, basket-
work, etc. <A large tree at the north.
Low Birch. 1022. pumila, L. TR:
Swamps. Frequent.
1023. glandulosa, Michx. ae 24
Burt’s MS. Cat.
ALNUS
Green or iridi ; if a
pte 1024. viridis, DC. Uxe
Alder, “Dry rocky land”—Whitney Cat.; Isle Royale—Dr. A. B. Lyons.
Common.
Speckled or 5. Incana, Willd. RE he
cece eS 1025. incana, Willd. (***)

Tag-Alder, Borders of streams. The prevailing Alder in center of the State and in
1 0 a Common,

496

Smooth Alder.

Hoary Willow.

Prairie Wil-
low.

Glaucous Wil-
low.

Silky-leaved
Willow.

Petioled Wil-
low.

Basket Osier.

Heart-leaved
Willow.

Glaucous
Willow.

1026.

SALIX

1027.

1028.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

serrulata, Ait. (***) TH.

Macomb Co.; Traverse City and S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Burt. MS. Cat.
Rare or local.

SALICACE A.
(Willow Family.)

Rarer sp. determined by M. S Bebb, of Iountaindale, Illinois.

candida, Willd. eh:
Usually in Tamarack swamps. Rare inS. part of the State. Com.
humilis, Marshall. The

Not reported south of Lansing. Common along the line of D. M. & G. H.
R. R.; Tonia Co. (1); and northward to Marquette Co.—Burt MS. Cat.

discolor, Muhl. (***) Th.
River banks. This epociee and the preceding are much visited by bees in
early spring for pollen and honey. Common.

sericea, Marshall.

Drummonds’ Is.—Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co.(!); and southward to S. Haven—
Bailey. Very common in central part of the State.

petiolaris, Smith. ng
With the last. From Sault Ste. Marie southward. Ionia Co.(!); Lansing—
Bailey. Frequent.

viminalis Li.
Woodard Lake, Ionia Co. (!); S. Haven,—Bailey.
cordata, Muhl. Phe

Along streams. Narrow-leaved forms occur in the central and southern
parts of the State; at Petoskey (!), broadly ovate-heart-shaped leayed
forms occur. Common.

glaucophylla, M. 8. Bebb, sp. nov. ined.

Hubbardston (!); Petoskey (!); frequent along the shores of Little Trav-
erse Bay (!). Has been confounded with & Barclayi, Anders. (See Bot.
Gaz., March, 1878.)

The following notes and description of this interesting species and its
varieties have been furnished by Mr. Bebb, whois preparing a Mono-
graph on the Salicacee:

““S. glaucophylla, n. sp. Leaves broadly ovate or elliptical lanceolate,
rounded or narrowed at base, apex more or less cuspidate acuminate,
coriaceous in texture, glabrous, dark green above except the yellowish
midrib, intensely glaucous and obscurely reticulate veined beneath,
the young drying black, margin sharply serrate with glandular inflexed
serratures, petioles short downy, stipules ovate, serrate; aments with
leat-like bracts at base, thick, cylindrical, densely flowered appearing
with the leaves, when in flower about one inch long; the fertile when
mature sometimes very large, 3 inches long, 34 in. thick; capsules elon-
gated-conical from an oyate base 3-5 lines long, glabrous, greenish,
turning brown in drying; pedicels 4-5 times the length of the nectary,
concealed by the copious long white hairs with which the scales are
clothed; style produced; stigmas short thick, entire or 2-lobed.

“Var. latifolia. Leaves crowded, broadly ovate-lanceolate, rounded or
sub-cordate at base, 3-4 inches long, nearly 2 inches wide, stipules con-
spicuous, reniform. Chicago, Babcock, exsice. No. 3, 4, 13, 15, 47; Mad-
ison, Wisconsin, S. H. Watson, in Herb. Canby. Fountaindale (!).

“Var. angustifolia. Leaves ianceolate cuspidate, narrowed at base, 3 in.
long, %4 in. wide; stipules small, often wanting; aments elongated-
cylindrical. Chicago, Babcock, exsicc. 14, 28, 45, 2, &

“Var. brevifolia. Leaves obovate, acute, wedge-shaped at base, 134 inches
long, 5-6 lines wide, prominently reticulate veined; stipules none.
Leaves strikingly like those of 8. arbuscula. Sand dunes, Little Tray-
erse Bay, Mich.. July 30, ’79. C. &. Wheeler.

“Ten years ago I was inclined to regard this as a robust variety, of &
cordata, but in a constantly increasing accession of specimens, from the
most luxuriant growth down to the starveling of the arid sand dunes
of Lake Michigan, it was always clearly recognizable as something dis-
tinct from S. cordata. I next tried to find a place for it under & Barctayi
Anders., being misled by the author’s assertion that & Barclayi was
very nearly related to & cordata, of which it might be regarded asa
‘quasi modijsicatio occidentalis robustior,” with ‘‘shorter and broader
leaves” ‘turning black,” etc.; misled, also, by the figure in the Mono-
graphia Salicium, which, whatever it may represent, was certainly not

Tomentous
Willow.

“Livid Willow.

Shining Wil-
low.

Black Willow.

White Wil-
low.

Brittle W.

Long-leavyed
Willow.

Myrtle Wil-
tow.

Poplar.
American
Aspen.

Large-toothed
Aspen.

‘Cotton-wood.
Necklace
Poplar.

Balsam Pop-
lar.

Balm of
Gilead.

1035.

1036.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 497

drawn from the type specimen of S. Barclayi. This (% Barclayi) was

published asa new species in the author’s preliminary Synopsis of N.

A. Willows, 1858, based wholly upon a single specimen (in Herb, Hook.)

from Kodiak, Barclay, and on p. 31, 1. c.. it was arranged in a group of

American species, “manifestly representing European types” as ‘ be-

longing to the type of S glauca.”

* * * * * * * # * *

“Ttanswers my present purpose to show that S. glaucophylla, n. sp. differs
widely from the typical & Barelayi in its smooth capsules, longer pedi-
cels, shorter style, and very different stigmas. It also differs from &
cordata in the leaves proportionately shorter and broader with some-
what the texture of S lucida, the young drying black, more glaucous
beneath, especially when old; aments thicker and more densely hirsute
(much as in & discolor) ; capsules very much larger and drying brown.
As indigenous at Fountaindale, this is a straggling shrub, about 6 feet
high, the young twigs glabrous and bright yellow, stained with crimson
where exposed to much sunlight. Some of the plants in the Salicetum
however, are more erect, 8 feet high, brownish twigs, puberulent, and
the whole habit that of S discolor.”’

balsamifera, Barrett.
Only found at Flint, by Dr. D. Clark. Station since destroyed,

adenophylla, Hook.

Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, cordate, glandular-serrate, densely to-
mentose. On old stems the leaves are ovate-lanceolate and devsely
iomeniose all over, while on young shoots they are broadly ovate, cor-
date, and sometimes smooth late in the season. Low, 2-5 feet. Beach
sand, Lake Michigan, Illinois, and northwestward. Petoskey (!); St.
Jo., Dr. Wright in Torr. Herb.—Bebb. Hooker’s original specimens
came from Labrador. ‘Well marked by the copious, long, narrow
serratures to the leaves tipped with a gland, so that the leaf looks as if
it were fringed with pedicellate glands. These leaves are an inch or
more long, clothed, even when fully grown, with long silky tomentum
on both sides, etc.”—Part of Hooker’s original description of specimen
in Harvard Herb.

103%. rostrata, Richardson. Tne
Moist or dry ground. Com.
1038. Incida, Muhl. Ths
Along streams. Common.
1039. nigra, Marshall. (***) his

Along streams; a small tree.

1040. amygdaloides, Anders.

Fllnt,—Dr. Clark.

1041. alba, L., var. vitellina, Carey.

1042.

Naturalized from Europe.

fragilis, L., var. &usselliana, Carey.
Coleman Cat.; Palmer Cat.
1043. longifolia, Muhl. Pat
Wet places. Common.
1044. myrtilloides, L. Th
Sphagnous swamps. S. E.—Winch. Cat. Ionia (!); ete., to L. Superior.
Frequent.
POPULUS
1045. tremuloides, Michx. (***) he

Woods and lake shores, most abundant in U. P.—Whitney. Common,

1046. grandidentata, Michx. Th.

Woods. Common northward, but ‘rare in U. P.’—Whitney Cat. This
tree and the last are being ground into pulp for making paper.

104%. monilifera, Ait. C.&8.

Often a large tree, three fect indiameter. Not observed north of Crystal
Lake, Montcalm Co. (!)

1048. balsamifera, L. (***) "Tp

River banks. A small tree in Michigan, often mistaken for the next.

1049. balsamifera, L., var. candicans, Gray. (***)

Not common, either wild or in cultivation, but certianly indigenous. S.
Haven—Bailey; Flint; Sanford, Midland Co.—Prof. W. J. Beal; Elk
Rapids—Winch. Cat.

498 STA'TE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Lombardy 1050. dilatata, Ait. Lies

Poplar. 3 : .
pe Common in cultivation.

TAXACEAR.
(Yew Family.)
TAXUS
eruerican 1051. baccata, L., var. Canadensis, Gray. (***)
Ground Hem- Moist woods in the shade of evergreens. Along the east shore of Lake
lock. Michigan as far south as S. Haven.—Bailey; Grand Ledge.—Beal; Ma-
comb Co., where it is rarely found. Common north of the center of the
State(!).
CONIFER.
(Pine Family.)
JUNIPERUS
d ar. 52. Virginian: oie
Peeves 1052. Virginiana, L. (**) Th;
Bluffs and sterile soil. Throughout, but scarce.
BONS 1053. communis, L. (*)
Frequent throughout, along the highest grounds.
Savin. 1054. Sabina, L., var. procumbens, Ph. (*) N. & Us
Abundant, trailing over low sand dunes at the head of Little Traverse
Bay (!); Old Mission,—Prof. W. J. Beal, etc.
THUJA
Arbor-vite, 1055. occidentalis, L. (***) Th.

White Cedar. ; aes
Very common northward. Timber very durable, much used for fence

posts, etc.

ABIES
Bakeoo Lin. 1056. balsamea, Marshall. (*) C.N. & U. P-
Frequent in the northern part of Clare Co. (!); abundant at Petoskey (!);
and northward.
TSUGA
Hemlock. 105%. Canadensis, Carriére. (*) . Th. except S. E.
Rarely seen south of latitude 43° except west, and scarce on the Huron
shore, but common on the east shore of L. Michigan, and from the cen-
tal part of the Statenorthward. Very abundant and of great size in Em-
met Co.(!). Barkan article of commerce, used for tanning.
PICEA
WhiteSpruce. 1058. alba, Link. N.. & Wr ea
From Ludington,—Prof. Beal; to Petoskey (!); and northward. Common.
Black Spruce. 1059. nigra, Link. Cp The
Frequent northward, and occasional south of lat. 43°,—a small tree in
sphagnous swamps. The preceding species is more common northward.
LARIX
pe oe 1060. Americana, Michx. (***) Th.
Tamarack. Swamps. A slender tree southward, but sometimes reaching 100 feet in

height northward, where it is abundant.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 499

PINUS

Scrub Fine. ~ 1061. Banksiana, Lambert.

Gray Pine.

In the western part of the State, noticed as far south as Newaygo Co.(!);
“Sand Pt., Saginaw Bay, and northward along the shore of L. Huron, not
common.”—Winch. Cat. In the Central part of the State this pine is first
seen in the northern part of Clare Co.(!), where it is common in groves
on sandy barrens. In the S. E. township of Missaukee Co., along the
west bank of the Muskegon river, occurs a barren terrace, about five
miles long by two wide, which is covered with groves of this pine in all
stages of growth from seedlings to fine shapely trees 50 to 60 feet in
height, and 12to 14 inches in diameter. The groves were not dense, but
orchard-like, and disposed without regularity. There was little under-
growth except occasionally afew sand-cherries, stunted service bushes,
and the rare alpine, three-toothed cinquefoil. The ground was barely
carpeted with tufts of panic grass (P. depauperatum, L.,) bird-foot violet,
and bear berry.

Red Pine. 1062. resinosa, Ait.

Norway Pine.

Dry woods. First noticed in Isabella Co.,in center of the L. P.; very abund-

a ant in Clare Co.(!), and northward. ‘‘Frequent on low, sandy plains in
U. P., where it forms orchard-like groves.”—Whitney. Usually 100-110
feet high.

White Pine. 1063. Strobus, L. Th.

Ranges from at least Mason, Ingham Co., in the center of theState, north-
ward. Follows the shore of L. Michigan to the Indiana line. Usually
3 to 4 feet in diameter and 100 feet high, but often larger. Furnishes
the pine lumber of commerce. The tallest white pine we have measured
was 134 feet, and the largest diameter, scant 6 feet. Much taller and
larger specimens are reported by lumbermen, The annual production
of pine lumber in Michigan for the last decade has exceeded 2,000,000, 000
feet. Yet, in spite of this enormous consumption, it is safe to say that
Michigan still contains more valuable pine than any like area in North
‘America. The lumber interest alone enriches the State something like
$40,000,000 a year.

ARACH A,
(Arum Family.)

ARIS AMA
Deo Tene. 1064. tiphyllumg ors st") Th.
Pulpit. Rich woods.
G Dragon. . 5 tokk
coun 1065. Dracontium, Schott. (***) C. & 8.
» Low grounds. Infrequent.
PELTANDRA
Arrow Arum. 1066. Virginica, Raf. C.& 58.
So Miche Waleht Cat.; Huron River—Allmendinger Cat.; Ionia Co.(!)5
int.
CALLA
Water Arum. 1067. palustris, L. Th.
Bogs. Frequent.
SYMPLOCARPUS
a ai 1068. foetidus, Salisb. (**) ‘Eh.
ACORUS
Sweet Flag. 1069. Calamus, L. (**) Liat
Margin of streams. Infrequent.
LEMNACE.
- (Duck-weed Family.)
LEMNA
Duckweed. 1070. trisulca, L. C.&8.

Duck’s-meat.
Ponds, Common.

500 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Duck’s-meat. 1071. minor, L. C.& 8.
Ponds. Blossoms freely in June. Common.
Duck’s-meat. 1072. perpusilla, Torr. C.& 8.
Ponds. Dr. A. B. Lyons.
Duck’s-meat. 1073. polyrrhiza, L. C.&S8.
Ponds. Common,
WOLFFIA

1074. Columbiana, Karsten.

ae edd on Maple River, Clinton Co.(!); Ionia Co.(!); Detroit—J. M.
igelow.

1075. Brasiliensis, Weddell.

With the last. Nearly covering the surface of ponds and slow streams in

July.
TYPHACEA.
(Cat-tatl Family.)
TYPHA
Common 10%6. latifolia, L. Th.
Gat ret Borders of streams. Common.

Small Cat-tail. 1077. angustifolia, L.
Detroit—Dr. A. B. Lyons.

SPARGANIUM
Bur-reed. 1078. eurycarpum, Engelm. C. & 8.
Borders of ponds. Frequent.
Bur-reed. 1079. simplex, Hudson., var. Nuttallii, Gr.
Fruitport—k. J. Hill.
Bur-reed. 1080. simplex, Hud., var. androcladum, Gr. C.&S8.
Ann Arbor—Allmendinger Cat.; Macomb Co.
Bur-reed. 1081. simplex, Hud., var. angustifolium, Gr. y Oe 2
Isle Royale—Whitney Cat.
Bur-reed. 1082. heterophylla, var. rigida, Engelm.
Fruitport—F. J. Hill.
Bur-reed. 1083. minimum, Bauhin.
Hubbardston(!); Manistee—E. J. Hill. Rare,
NAIADACE/AS,
(Pond-weed Family.)
NAIS
Naiad. 1084. major, All.
Flint—Dr. D. Clark.
Naiad. 1085. flexilis, Rostk. Th.
Ponds. Frequent.
ZANNICHELLIA
Bee Fond hOe6 palustris, L.
Dr. A. B. Lyons.
POTAMOGETON
Pond-weed. 108%. natans, L. Th.

Ponds. Frequent.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond.-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

Pond-weed.

AYTYOW-grass.

1088.
1089.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 501
Claytonii, Tuckerman.

Tonia Co. (!); Macomb Co.—Dy. D. Cooley; Fruitport—k. J. Hill.
lateralis, Morong.

Bear Lake, Van Buren Co.—E. J. Hill.

1090. Spirillus, Tuckerman. WE:

‘“‘Lake Superior ’—Gray’s Manual.

1091. hybridus, Michx.

Dr. A. B. Lyons.

1092. rufescens, Schrader. The

Mud Lake and Bear River, Petoskey—E. J. Hill.

1093. lonchites, Tuckerman. C.&S8.

Hubbardston (!); Macomb Co, Infrequent.

1094. amplifolius, Tuckerman. Tee

Manis River (!); Macomb Co.; Pere Marquette River at Ludington—kE. J.

1095. gramineus, L., var. graminifolius, Fries.

Bear Lake, Van Buren Co.—E. J. Hill.

1096. gramineus, L., var. heterophyllus, Fries. aor.

Woodard Lake, Ionia Co. (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; and northward.

1097. lucens, L.
Muskegon River, near Houghton Lake (!); Flint; S. Mich.—Wright Cat.
1098. zizii, Schum.
Crystal Lake, near Frankfort, and Bear Lake, Manistee Co.—E. J. Hill;
Crystal Lake, Montcalm Co. (!); and Woodard Lake, Ionia Co. (!).
1099. prelongus, Wulfen. ANN
Maple River (!), etc. Common.
1100. perfoliatus, L. Th:
Maple River (!), etc. Common.
1101. perfoliatus, L., var. lanceolatus, Robbins.

Little Traverse Bay, etc.; ‘‘Along the Great Lakes’’—Gray.

1102. zostersefolius, Sch. Th.

Maple River and its tributaries (!), ete. Common.

1103. obtusifolius, Mertens & Koch.

“Floating in Gratiot Lake, N. Mich.”—Gray’s Manual.

1104. pauciflorus, Pursh. Tis

Hubbardston (!); Grand Rapids (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; and northward.

1105. pusillus, LL.

Manistee Lake—E. J. Hill.

1106. pusillus, L., var. major, Fries.

Crooked River, Cheboygan Co., and common at Manistee and Frankfort—
KE. J. Hill.

1107. pectinatus, L. Th.

Fish Creek, Hubbardston (!). Frequent.

1108. marinus, L.

Crystal Lake, near Frankfort, Benzie Co.—E. J. Hill. Rarer species de-
termined by E. J. Hill, of Engelwood, Illinois, whose knowledge of this
difficult genus is well known.

ALISMACEA.
( Water-Plantain Family.)
TRIGLOCHIN
1109. palustre, L. ‘The

Marshes. Frequent.

a02

Arrow-grass.

Arrow-grass.

Scheuchzeria.

Water Plan-
tain.

Arrow-head.

Arrow-head.

Arrow-head.

Water-weed.

Tape-grass.
Kel-grass.

Showy Orchis.

Naked-gland

Orchis.

Greenish
Orchis.

Bracted

Green Orchis,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1110. maritimum, L.
Macomb Co.; 8. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Petoskey (!).

1111. maritimum, L., var. elatum, Gr. Th.
Ann Arbor,—Allmendinger Cat.; Flint; Macomb Co,; and northward.

SCHEUCHZERIA

1112. palustris, L.
8. W.—Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston (!); Montcalm Co, (!).
Frequent northward in cold bogs.
ALISMA
1113. Plantago, L., var. Americanum, Gr. (***) Th.
Shallow water. Common.
ECHINODORUS
1114. parvulus, Engelm.
Dr. A. B. Lyons.
SAGITTARIA
1115. variabilis, Engelm. Th,
Wet places. Occurs in many forms. Common.
1116. heterophylla, Ph. ahs
Elk Rapids,—Winch. Cat., etc.
1117. heterophylla, Ph., var. rigida, Engelm.
Fruitport,—E. J. Hill.
1118. graminea, Michx. S.
Dr. A. B. Lyons.
HY DROCHARIDACEA.
(Frog s-bit Family.)
ANACHARIS
1119. Canadensis, Planchon. Th.
Slow streams. Common.
VALLISNERIA
1120. spiralis, L. LL. P.

Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; S. Haven,—Bailey; Hubbardston (!); to Petos«
key(!). Slow streams. Common in Grand River and tributaries.

ORCHIDACEH Ai.
(Orchis Family.)

ORCHIS
1121. spectabilis, L. C.&S.
Rich woods. Widely distributed. Scarce.
1122. rotundifolia, Ph. (?)
Flint—Dr. D. Clark; “Shore of L. Mich. in Wis.’”—Foote.
HABENARIA
1123. tridentata, Hook. ‘Ta;

Ss. W.—Wright Cat.; Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.; Hubbardston (!); and
northward.

1124. virescens, Spreng. C. &S.
Macomb Co.; Ann Arbor,—Winch. Cat.; S. W.—Wright Cat.
1125. viridis, R. Br., var. bracteata, Reich. Th.

Ann Arbor and Emmet Co.,—Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Kalamazoo; Hub-
bardston (!); Flint; Lansing—Bailey.

Northern
Green Orchis.

Northern
White Orchis.

Smaller Two-
leavyed Orchis.

Large Round-
leaved Orchis.

Yellow Fringed-
Orchis.

White Fringed-
Orchis.

Western
Orchis.

Ragged
Orchis.

Small Purple
Fringed-Orchis,

Large Purple
Fringed-Orchis,

Rattlesnake
Plantain,

Rattlesnake
Plantain,

Rattlesnake
Plantain,

Ladies’
Tresses.

Ladies’
Tresses.

Ladies’
Tresses.

Ladies’
Tresses.

Tway blade.

Twayblade,

Arethusa.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 503

hyperborea, R. Br. Ph:

Wet woods. Common,

dilatata, Gr. Ayre

S. E.—Winch. Cat. ; Flint; Macomb Co.; and northward.

obtusata, Richardson. UE

Isle Royale—Dr. A. B. Lyons; L. Sup., common—Whitney Cat.; Cove L-
L. Huron—Austin.

Hookeri, Torr. Th.

S. E.—Winch. Cat.; Hubbardston (!); Flint; Lake Superior—Whitney Cat,
orbiculata, Torr. hs

Frequent in the pine region, not rare on U. P.—Whitney Cat.; Lansing—
Bailey; Hubbardston (!); Flint, etc.

ciliaris, R. Br. S. E.
Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co. Rare.
blephariglottis, Hook. C.&8.
S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Stanton (!). Rare.

1133. leucopheea, Gray.
Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; Woodard Lake, Ionia Co. (!); Macomb Cee
1134, lacera, R. Br. C.&S8.
Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; Woodard Lake (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; Lan-
sing—Bailey. Infrequent.
1135. psycodes, Gray. Th.
Low grounds. Frequent.
1136. fimbriata, R. Br.
Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co. Infrequent.
GOODYERA
1137. repens, R. Br. Thy;

1138.

1139.

Bangor, Van Buren Co.—Bailey; Grand Rapids—Coleman Cat.; Roscom-

mon Co.—Dr. Cooley; Petoskey (!); and northward. Infrequent.
pubescens, R. Br. Th.
Woods. Common.
Menziesii, Lindl. Nw & U.P.

Boyne Falls, Northport, and Frankfort—E. J. Hill;

Petoskey (!); Isle
Royale and Traverse Bay—Dr. A. B. Lyons.

SPIRANTHES

1140.

1141.
1142.

1143.

latifolia, Torr.

Drummond’s I,, common, and S. E.—Winch. Cat.; Hubbardston(!); Flint.
Rare in L. P.

Romanzoviana, Chamisso. N. & USE:
Borders of Mud lake, Northport—E. J. Hill; northward to L. Sup.
cernua, Richard. 4b
Sphagnous swamps. Frequent.
gracilis, Bigelow.

S. W.—Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.; Grand Rapids—Coleman Cat.; Kalama-
zoo—Tuthill.

LISTERA

1144,

1145.

cordata, R. Br.

Whitney Cat.; and Isle Royale—Dr. A. B. Lyons. -
convallarioides, Hook.

Not common—Whitney Cat.; Isle Royale—Dr., A. B. Lyons.

om
Oe

ARETHUSA

1146.

bulbosa, L. Th.

In sphagnous swamps. S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.;
Kalamazoo—Tuthill; Hubbardston(!); and northward. Rare.

504

Pogonia.

Pogonia.

Pogonia.

Beautiful
Calopogon.

Calypso.

Crane-fly
Orchis.

Adder’s-
mouth.

Adder’s-
mouth.

Twayblade.

Twayblade.

Coral-root.
Coral-root.

Coral-root.

Coral-root.

Putty-root.
Adam-and-
Eve.

Ram’s head
Lady’s Slip-
per.

Small White
Lady’s Slip-
per.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

POGONIA
1147. ophioglossoides, Nutt. go
Bogs. Common..
1148. pendula, Lind]. ee J+
Dr. Wright. Rare.
1149. verticillata, Nutt. C.&S5S.
Kalamazoo; Flint; Macomb Co, Rare.
CALOPOGON
1150. pulchellus, R. Br. oh.
Bogs. Common.
CALYPSO

1151. borealis, Salisb.

Forty-mile Point, Presque Isle Co.—Winch. Cat.; shores of Higgins Lake—
Dr. D. Cooley; Mackinac—Whitney Cat.; L. Superior—J. Macoun, in
Can. Cat. Local.

TIPULARIA
1152. discolor, Nutt.

Coleman Cat.; ‘‘N. Mich., Dr. Cooley’’"—Winch. Cat.; eastern coast of L.
Huron—J. Macoun. Our rarest orchid.

MICROSTYLIS
1153. monophyllos, Lindl.

Hubbardston(!); Flint; Macomb Co. Rare.
1154. ophioglossoides, Nutt.
Ann Arbor—Allmendinger Cat.; Hubbardston(!). Rare.

LIPARIS
1155. Leeselii, Richard.

Ann Arbor—Allmendinger Cat.; abundant in a tamarack swamp near
Hubbardston(!); S. Haven—Bailey; Flint; Macomb Co.

1156. lilufolia, Richard.
S. W.—Wright’s Cat.

CORALLORHIZA

1157. innatay Wh. br: Th,
Ss. E.—Wright Cat.; L. Superior, not rare—Whitney Cat.

1158. odontorhiza, Nutt. (***) Dine
Hubbardston(!); Flint; northward to L. Superior—Whitney Cat.

1159. multiflora, Nutt. Th;

Hubbardston(!); Lansing—Bailey; S. W.—Wright Cat.; northward to L.
Superior.

1160. Macrei, Gray.

Abundant at Mackinac—Whitney Cat.

APLECTRUM
1161. hyemale, Nutt. C.&S.

Rich woods. Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.; Lansing—Bailey; Detroit—Gill
man; Macomb Co.; Montcalm Co. (!); Flint; Hubbardston (!); Grand

Rapids—Coleman’s Cat, Scarce.
CYPRIPEDIUM
1162. arietinum, R. Brown. (***) Unie
Isle Royale—Dyr. A. B. Lyons. May be looked for in L. P.
1163. candidum, Muhl. (***) C. & 8.
Tamarack swamps. Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.; Kalamazoo; Macomb Co.,
Flint; Hubbardston (!). Rare.

Smaller Yel-
low Lady’s
Slipper.

Larger Yel-
low Lady’s
Slipper,
Moccasin-
Flower.

Showy Lady’s
Slipper.
Pink L.S.

Stemless La-
dy’s Slipper.

Star-grass.

Colic root.
Star-grass,

Wild Flower-
de-Luce.
Larger Blue
Flag.

Lake Dwarf
Iris.

Blue-eyed
Grass.

Wild Yam.
root.

1164.

1165,

MICHIGAN FLORA. 505

parviflorum, Salisb. (**) ‘the

Swamps. A slender species; leaves slightly pubescent, not much plait-
ed; flowers much smaller than those of the next; corolla bright yellow
and much brown spotted inside in lines; sepals and side petals dark
brown-purple, the latter several times twisted. Usually grows in
clumps, preferring very wet swamps. Frequent.

pubescens, Willd. (**) 1 a 2

Woods, in moist or dry ground. Much coarser every way than the pre-
ceding, with strongly-plaited, hairy leaves, and large light yellow
flowers, more or less brown-spotted. Small forms of this are often
mistaken for C, parviflorum, but the two species are apparently distinct

in Mich. Common.
1166. spectabile, Swartz. (***) C.&S8.
Swamps. The largest species, as well as the most beautiful,; leaves fre-
quently 6x10 inches. Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat,; Kalamazoo— Tuthill;
Lansing—Bailey; Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston (!), etc. Desirable
for cultivation.
Frequent,
1967. acaule,, Ait, (***) The
Moist woods and sphagnous swamps. Montcalm Co. (!), etc.
Frequent.
AMARYLLIDACEA.
(Amaryllis Family.)
HYPOXYS
1168. erecta, L. C.&S8.
Meadows. Common.
HAMODORACEA.
(Bloodwort Family.)
ALETRIS
1169. farinosa, L. (***) C.&58.
Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston (!). Rare.
IRIDACEA.
(Iris Family. )
IRIS
1170. versicolor, L. (**) pigs
Low grounds. Common.
1171. lacustris, Nutt.
Bois Blanc I, and Drummond’s I.—Winch. Cat.; Mackinac—Whitney Cat.;
‘‘Shores of L. Huron and Mich.’’—Gray, Lewis Foote, et al.
SISYRINCHIUM
1172. Bermudiana, L. Th.
Moist grassy places, Common.
DIOSCOREACE As.
(Yam Family.)
DIOSCOREA
His. villosa, to (2) C.& 8.
Rich woods. Frequent.

64

506

Common
Greenbriar.

Common
Greenbriar,

Carrion
Flower.

Carrion
Flower.

Sessile Trilli-
um.

Large White
Trillium, or
Wake Robin.

Birthroot.
Purple T.

Birthroot.

Birthroot.

Nodding
Trillium.

Dwarf White
Trillium.

Painted T.

Indian Cu-
cumber-root.

Zy gadene.

American
White Helle-
bore.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SMILACE Zi.

(Smilax Family.)

SMILAX
1174. rotundifolia, L. C.&S8.

Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.; Flint; Macomb Co.: Kent Co.—Coleman Cat,
1175. hispida, Muhl. Th.

The common woody species in Ionia and adjacent counties. Ann Arbor—
Winch. Cat.; Hubbardston (!); Flint; Houghton Lake (!); northward to
Lake Superior—Whitney Cat.

1176. herbacea, L. Th.
River banks. Flowers much visited by blow-flies. Common.
117%. herbacea, L., var. pulverulenta, Gr.
Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.
LILIACEA.
(Lily Family.)
TRILLIUM
1178. sessile, L. S.
Dr. A. B. Lyons.
1179. grandiflorum, Salisb. (***) Th.
Rich woods, Exceedingly variable and apt to sport. Common.
1180. erectum, LL. (***)
Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat. Rare.
1181. erectum, L., var. album, Ph.
Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat. Rare.

1182. erectum, L., var. declinatum, Gr.

The common form in low ground from the C. north. Fruit dark red, six-
ribbed, % in. in diameter—larger than the fr. of 7. grandijlorum.

cernuum, L. C.&S8.
S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Flint; Grand Rapids.—Coleman Cat.
nivale, Riddell. C.&8.
Low woods. One of our earliest spring flowers. Only observed along
Grand River Valley. Hubbardston (!); Ionia (!); Grand Rapids.—Cole-
man Cat. Rare.
erythrocarpum, Michx.

S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; not observed in the center of the State; said to
occur in U. P.—Gray’s Manual.

1183.

1184.

1185.

MEDEOLA
1186. Virginica, L. (***) Lae:
MELANTHIUM
1187. Virginicum, L.
Macomb Co.—Dr. D. Cooley.
ZYGADENUS
1188. glaucus, Nutt. Lee

Ss. W.—Wright Cat.; Dexter,—Dr. Elmore Palmer; Ann Arbor—Allmend.
Cat.; lonia (!); Davisburgh (!); Petoskey (!). Rare.

VERATRUM
1189. viride, Ait. (?) (*)
Dr. A. B. Lyons.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 507

CHAM ZAXLIRIUM
Devil’s Bit. 1190. luteum, Gray. (***)
Dr. A. B. Lyons.
TOFIELDIA
Bee Aayio? 1191. palustris, Hudson. Uns
‘ Isle Royale,—Dr. A. B. Lyons.
False Aspho- 1192. glutinosa, Willd. Th.
del. Sphagnous swamps. Frequent.
UVULARIA
Large-flow- 1193. grandiflora, Smith. C.& 8.
er’d Bellwort. :
Rich woods. Common.
ae Bell- 1194. perfoliata, L. Th:
: Rich woods. Marquette Co.—Burt MS. Cat.; Flint; Macomb Co.
Infrequent.
OAKESIA
Sessile-leaved 1195. sessilifolia. Th.
Wild Oats Low woods. Apparently infrequent S. Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.;
Ypsilanti (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; Crystal Lake, Montcalm Co. (!); and
northward to Marquette Co.,—Whitney Cat.
STREPTOPUS
Twisted- ] ] \
ee 1196. amplexifolius, DC.

Fort Gratiot.—Winch. Cat.; Houghton Lake (!); to L. Superior where it is
rare —Whitney Cat.

Twisted- 119%. roseus, Michx.

stalk.
Drummond’s Is. and Sugar Is.—Winch. Cat.; to L. Superior where it is
very common—Whitney Cat,
CLINTONIA
Clintonia. 1198. borealis, Raf. Th.
Follows the Lake Michigan shore down as far as S. Haven; on the eastern
side of the State reaches to Macomb Co.—Dr. D. Cooley; and in the cen-
for of the State is found in Ionia Co. (!). Very common north of latitude
43°,
SMILACINA
False Solo- . RK
aicath Seal. 1199. racemosa, Desf. (***) Th.
¥ ae Spike- Moist grounds. Common.
1200. stellata, Desf. ‘TH.
Moist banks. Common.
1201. trifolia, Desf. Thy
Sphagnous swamps. Frequent.
MAIANTHEMUM
1202. bifolia, DC. Th.
Woods, everywhere.
POLYGONATUM
oe. 1202. binoram, Hill, (27) Th.
Ann Arbor.—Winch. Cat.; Ionia Co.(!); and northward. Open woods.
Common.
Great S. S. 1204. giganteum, Dietrich. (***) The
River banks. Stems often very tall andchanneled on one side. Inter-
mediate forms between this and the preceding, occur.
ASPARAGUS
Asparagus. 1205. officinalis, L. (***)

Sparingly escaped from gardens in older parts of the State.

508 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LILIUM
Wild Qranse- 1206. Philadelphicum, L. Ta
Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.; Hubbardston (!); Petoskey (!); and north-
ward. Not common in the central part of the State.
Mis, Yellow 120%. Canadense, L. Th.
Meadows and along streams. Common in the center of the State.
1208. superbum, L. C.&8.
Low grounds. Ann Arbor (Miss Clark)—Winch. Cat.; Flint; 8. Haven—
Bailey.
ERY THRONIUM °
Dog’s tooth .
Violet. 1209. Americanum, Smith. (***) Th.
Berne. Low copses. Common.
White A. 1210. albidum, Nutt. C.&S8S.
Nib er Ng Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.; Lansing—Bailey; Macomb Co.; Flint; Hub-
. bardston (!). ‘At L. Superior Dr. Robbins found a plant like this but
yellow-flowered, a transition towards HL. grandiflorum.”—Gray’s Man.
ALLIUM
Wild Leck. 1211. tricoccum, Ait. Th.
Rich woods. Cattle pastured in woodlands in early spring are sure to
find and eat this plant, and the “garlic” odor of wild leek is only too
well known to butter buyers in the rural districts.
Wild Onion. 1212. cernuum, Roth. 8.
Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.; Put-in Bay, O.(!)
Chives. 1213. Schcnoprasum, L. Ue
Dr. A. B. Lyons; Gray’s Manual.
Wild Garlic. 1214. Canadense, Kalm. (***) C. &8.
Woods. Common.
JUNCACEA.
(Rush Family.)
LUZULA
Wood-Rush, 1215. pilosa, Willd. Th.
Woods. Common.
Wood-Rush, 1216. parviflora, Desy., var. melanocarpa, Gr. UE
Dr. A. B. Lyons.
Wood-Rush. 1217. campestris, DC. C. &S8.
Dry woods. Frequent..
Wood-Rush. 1218. spicata, Desvaux. Ul
Dr. A. B. Lyons.
JUNCUS
ReneS 1219. effusus, L. Th;
Marshy grounds. Common.
Rush, or Bog = 1.220, filiformis, L. Th,
Saginaw Bay—Winch. Cat.; L. Superior—Jno. Macoun.
Bog Rush. 1221. Balticus, Dethard. Th
Sandy shores. S. Haven—Bailey; to Petoskey(!); and northward.
Bog Rush. 1222. stygius, L.
‘N. shore of Lake Superior, Mr. Wheeler.”—Gray’s Manual.
Bog Rush. 1223. marginatus, Rostk.
S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co.—Dr. D. Cooley.
Bog Rush, 1224, bufonius, L. C. &S.

Roadsides. : Common..

Black-Grass.

Bog Rush.

Bog Rush.

Bog Rush.

Bog Rush.

Bog Rush.

Bog Rush.

Bog Rush.

Bog Rush.

Bog Rush.

Bog Rush.

Bog Rush.

Bog Rush.

Bog Rush.

Pickerel-
weed.

Water Star-
grass,

Day-flower.

Common Spi-
derwort.

1225.
1226.

1227.
1228.
1229.
1230.
1231.
12382.
1233.
1234.
1235.
1236.
1237.
1238.

1239.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 509

Gerardi, Loisel.
“Rare along the Great Lakes.’’—Gray’s Man.
tenuis, Willd.

Low grounds. A tall form, 2 feet high, grows at Muir; and Palo,

Ionia Co.(!) Common.
Greenii, Oakes & Tuckerman. S. E.
Detroit(!).

Vaseyi, Engelm. S. E.
With the last.

pelocarpus, E. Meyer. 1 PR
Bear Lake, Manistee Co.—E. J. Hill; Macomb Co.—Dr. D. Cooley.
articulatus, L. Th.
S. Haven—Bailey; common at Petoskey(!); and northward.

alpinus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. Uae

‘* Along the Great Lakes northward and westward.”—Gray,

acuminatus, Michx., var. legitimus, Engelm. OC. &S.
Macomb Co.; Fruitport—E. J. Hill; Hubbardston(!).

nodosus, L. dice
Gravelly banks, Common,
nodosus, L., var. megacephalus, Torr.

Montcalm Co.(!)

brachycarpus, Engelm.

Dr. Engelmann.

Canadensis, J. Gay, var. longicaudatus, Engelm. C.&S.
Fruitport—E. J. Hill; Macomb Co.; Lansing.

Canadensis, J. Gay, var. brachycephalus, Engelm.
Hubbardston(!).

Canadensis, J. Gay, var. coarctatus, Engelm.

Muir(!); Hubbardston(!); to L. Superior.

PONTEDERIACE&.
(Pickerel-weed Family.)

PONTEDERIA

cordata, L. Th.

Borders of lakes and slow streams. Lakes in Oakland Co.(!); Ann Arbor;
Ionia Co. (!); and northward.

SCHOLLERA
1240. graminea, Willd. C.&8.
Ann Arbor.—Allmend. Cat.; Dexter.—Dr. Elmore Palmer; Grand Rap-
ids(!); Hubbardston(!). In streams, Common.
COMMELYNACEA,
(Spiderwort Family.)
COMMELYNA
1241. Virginica, L. 5. We
Wright Cat.
TRADESCANTIA
1242. Virginica, L. C.& 8.

Moist woods. Tonia Co.(!); Grand Rapids(!); Ann Arbor.—Allmendinger
Cat. Frequent. Often cultivated in the Eastern States.

510

Yellow-eyed

Grass.

Pipewort:

Galingale.

Galingale.

Galingale.

Galingale.

Galingale.
Nut-grass.

Galingale.

Galingale.

Galingale.

Galingale.

Galingale.

Kyliingia.

Dulichium.,

Umbrella
Grass.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

XYRIDACEHE A.

( Yellow-eyed Grass Family.)

XYRIS

1243. flexuosa, Muhl.
Macomb Co.(!); 8. W.—Wright Cat.

ERIOCAULONACEA.

(Pipewort Fanvily.)
ERIOCAULON

1244. septangulare, With.
8. W.—Wright Cat.; Macomb Co. Infrequent.

CYPERACEA.

(Sedge Family.)

CYPERUS
1245. flavescens, L.
Grand Rapids.—Coleman Cat.; S. Mich.—Wright Cat.
1246. diandrus, Torr. C.&S.

Low grounds.

1247. erythrorhizos, Muhl.
Macomb Co.—Dr. D. Cooley.

1248. inflexus, Muhl.

Coleman Cat.

1249. phymatodes, Muhl. C.&5.
A troublesome weed on low grounds, spreading rapidly by means of its
nut-like tubers. Hard to eradicate. uir (!); Flint; Grand Rapids, etc.
Frequent.
1250. strigosus, L. C.& 5.
Low grounds. Common.
1251. Michauxianus, Schultes.
Low grounds. Hubbardston (!); Flint, etc. Common.

1252. Engelmanni, Steud.
Fruitport.—E. J. Hill.

1253. Schweinitzii, Torr. S. W.
Lake Michigan Shore at 8. Haven,—Bailey.
1254. filiculmis, Vahl. C.&5.
Sterile soil. Common.
KYLLINGIA
1255. pumila, Michx. S.
Dr. Lyons.
DULICHIUM
1256. spathaceum, Pers. Th.
Borders of ponds and swamps. Common,
FUIRENA

1257. squarrosa, Michx., var. pumila, Torr.
Macomb Co.—Dr. D. Cooley.

Hemicarpha,

Spike-rush.

Spike-rush.

Spike-rush.

Spike-rush.

Spike-rush,

Spike-rush,

Spike-rush.

Spike-rush.

Spike-rush.

Bulrush.,

Bulrush.

Bulrush,

Sea Club
Rush.

River Club
Rush.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 511

HEMICARPHA

1258.

subsquarrosa, Nees.
S. W.—Wright Cat.

ELEOCHARIS

1259.

equisetoides, Torr.
Ss. E.—Wright Cat.

1260. quadrangulata, R. Br. CoS. 8:
S. Mich.--Gray; Flint; border of Crystal Lake, Montcalm Co, (!). Rare.
1261. obtusa, Shultes. C.&S.
Wet grounds. Common,
1262. palustris, R. Br. Th.
Wet places. Common.
1263. rostellata, Torr.
Marshes. Hubbardston (!); Macomb Co.; Drummond’s I.—Winch, ee
1264. intermedia, Schultes.
Macomb Co.—Dr. D. Cooley; Grand Traverse Bay.—Winch. Cat,
1265, tenuis, Schultes. C. & 8.
S. E.—Wright Cat.; Hubbardston (!) Infrequent.
1266. acicularis, R. Br.
Muddy shores. Common.
1267. pygmea, Torr. C.
Near salt springs. Flint; Maple River, Clinton Co. (!) Rare.
SCIRPUS
1268. pauciflorus, Lightfoot.
Michigan and northwestward.—Gray’s Man.
1269. ceespitosus, L. Usk:
Dr. A. B. Lyons.
1270. Clintonii, Gray. C.

1271.
1272.

1273.
1274.
1275.
1276.
1277.
1278.

1279.

1280.

Bluffs along Fish Creek, Hubbardston(!); Flint—Dr. D. Clark. Rare.
planifolius, Muhl.

Flint; Macomb Uo. Rare.
subterminalis, Torr. C.& 8.
Heuston eat Woodard Lake, Ionia Co.(!); Flint; Macomb Co.; S.
h.—Wr. Infrequent.
pungens, Vahl. LiF:
Borders of ponds. Common,

Torreyi, Olney.
Borders of ponds.—Gray.

validus, Vahl. "Th:
In still water. Common.
Smithii, Gray.

Macomb Co.

maritimus, L. S.
S. Mich._Wright Cat.

fluviatilis, Gray. C. & 8.

Margins of rivers. S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston(!);
abundant along Maple River.

atrovirens, Muhl. Th.
Wet meadows. Common.
polyphyllus, Vahl.

S. Mich.—Wright Cat.

512

Bulrush.

Wool-grass.

Alpine Cotton-
grass.

Sheathed Cot-
ton-grass.

Virginian Cot-

ton-grass,

Many Stem-
med Cotton-
grass.

Graceful Cot-
ton-grass.

Beak Rush.
Beak Rush.

Beak Rush.

Beak Rush,
Twig Rush.

Nut Rush.

Nut Rush.

Sedge.
Sedge.

Sedge.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1281. lineatus, Michx. C. &S8.
River banks. S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Flint; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston (!).
Infrequent,
1282. Eriophorum, Michx. Th,
Wet meadows. Frequent.
ERIOPHORUM
1283. alpinum, L. Th.
Mud Lake (!); Petoskey—E. J. Hill; Macomb Co. Infrequent,
1284, vaginatum, L. Ch,
Sphagnous Swamps. S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Lansing—Baily; Macomb
Co.; Hubbardston (!); Stanton (!); and northward. Rare.
1285. Virginicum, L. Th.
Sphagnous swamps. Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.; Flint; Hubbardston (1);
northward. Infrequent.
1286. polystachyon, L. Ta Pe
Swamps. Common.
1287. gracile, Koch. Th.
S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Flint; Hubbardston (!); Montcalm Oo. (!); and
northward. Rare.
FIMBRISTYLIS
1288. spadicea, Vahl., var. castanea, Gr. Ss.

S. W.—Wright Cat.

1289. autumnalis, Rem. & Schultes.
S. Mich.—Wright Cat.

1290. capillaris, Gray.
S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Detroit (!).

RHYNCHOSPORA
1291. alba, Vahl. L.2
Bogs. Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston (!); N. E.—
Winch. Cat. Infrequent.
1292. capillacea, Torr. Th.
Bogs and sandy lake shores. Hubbardston (!); Flint; Macomb ©o,; Pe-
toskey (!). Infrequent.

1293. capillacea, Torr., var. leviseta, Hill.
Shore Grand Traverse Bay, near Torch Lake—E. J. Hill.

1294. glomerata, Vahl.
8S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.

CLADIUM
1295. mariscoides, ‘l'orr. C.&S.
Bogs. S. Mieh.—Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston (!).
SCLERIA
1296. triglomerata, Michx. C.&S8.

S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.; Flint.

129%. verticillata, Muhl.
Macomb Co.—Dr. D. Cooley.

CAREX

1298. gynocrates, Wormskiold.
N. E. and N. W.—Winch. Cat.

1299. scirpoidea, Michx.
N. E.— Winch. Cat.

1300. pauciflora, Lightfoot. Uae:
U. P.—Dr. A. B. Lyons; Chocolate R., L. Superior—Henry Gillman.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 513

Sedge. 1301. polytrichoides, Muhl. Ma
Low grounds. Common.
Sedge. 1302. Willdenovii, Schk.
Bear Lake, Van Buren Co.—E. J. Hill. Rare.
Sedge. 1303. Steudelii, Kunth.
Dr. A. B. Lyons.
Sedge. 1304. Backii, Boott. Wa
Ontonagon River.—Whitney Cat.
Sedge. 1305. bromoides, Schk. Tht
Low grounds. Common.
Sedge. 1306. siccata, Dew. C.
Barrens. Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston(!). Infrequent.
Sedge. 130%. disticha, Huds. Th.
S. Mich.—Winch, Cat.; Macomb Co.; Flint, Hubbardston(!) and northward,
Sedge. 1308. teretiuscula, Good. Ths
Swamps. Common.
Sedge. 1309. teretiuscula, var. major, Koch.
Hubbardston(!).
Sedge. 1310. decomposita, Muhl.
Hubbardston(j); Ann Arbor.—Allmendinger Cat.; S. Mich.; Wright Cat.
Very rare.
Sedge. 1311. vulpinoidea, Michx. Th:
Low meadows. Common.
Sedge. 1312. Nuttallii, Schw.
Dr. A. B. Lyons.
Sedge. 1313. stipata, Muhl. AN oF
Low grounds. Common.
Sedge. 1314. conjuncta, Boott.
Flint.—Dr,. D. Clark. Hubbardston(!). Infrequent.
Sedge. 1315. alopecoidea, Tuckerman.
Macomb Oo.; Gray’s Man.
Sedge. 1316. muricata, L.
Macomb Co.—Dr. D. Cooley.
Sedge. 131%. sparganioides, Muhl. C. & 8.
Low, rich grounds. Frequent.
Sedge. 1318. cephaloidea, Dew. & Boott. C.&S.
Fields. Macomb Co.—Cooley; Ann Arbor.—AJlmend, Cat.
Sedge. 1319. cephalophora, Muhl. C. &S8.
Open woods. Common,
Sedge. 1320. Muhlenbergii, Schk. C. &S.
Fields. Hubbardston (!); Macomb Co. Infrequent.
Sedge. 1321. rosea, Schk.
Moist woods. Frequent.
Sedge. 1322. rosea, Schk., var. retroflexa, Olney.
Dr. A. B. Lyons.
Sedge. 1323. chordorhiza, Ehrh. Th.
bee swamps. Macomb Co.; Hubbardston (!); Stanton, Monfes ne
Sedge. 1324. tenella, Schk. The
S. E.—Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.;. Flint; Hubbardston (!); Petoskey; and
northward.
Sedge. 1325. trisperma, Dew. CG. N. & Wake

Upland swamps. Hubbardston (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; and northward.
Frequent.

514

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.
Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

1326.

1327.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tenuiflora, Wahl.

Macomb Co.; U. P.—Whitney Cat.

canescens, L. Th.

S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Hubbardston (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; and north-
ward. Swamps. Frequent.

vitilis, Fries. Th.

Hubbardston (!); Flint, etc. Infrequent.

Deweyana, Schw. Th.

Woods. Frequent.

sterilis, Willd. Th.

S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Hubbardston (!); Flint; Macomb Co.; and north-
ward.

stellulata, L. Th.
S. E.—Wright Cat.; Hubbardston (!); Fllnt; Macomb Co.; and northward

sychnocephala, Carey.

Crystal, Montcalm Co. (!); the only known Station in the State.
Muskingumensis, Schw.

Borders of a marsh in Ronald, Ionia Co. (!); Flint.

scoparia, Schk.

Low grounds, everywhere.

lagopodioides, Schk.

Moist shady places, Common.
lagopodioides, Schk., var. cristata, Carey, C.&S8.
Low grounds. Common.
lagopodioides, Schk., var. mirabilis, Olney.

With the last. Common.

albalutescens, Schw.

Hubbardston (!).,

straminea, Schk., var. typica, Boott.
Ann Arbor,—Allmendinger Cat.; Flint.

straminea, Schk., var. festucacea, Boott.

S. Mich.—Winch, Cat.; Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston (!).
Infrequent.

tenera, Dewey.
Ann Arbor.—Allmendinger Cat.; Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston (!)
Frequent,

tenera, Dewey, var. major, Olney.

Hubbardston (!).

vulgaris, Fries.

S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Coleman Cat.

aquatilis, Wahl. Che

Margins of streams. S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Flint; Macomb Co. Hub-
bardston (!); Sitting Rabbit— Winch. Cat. Infrequent.

torta, Boott. (?).

stricta, Lam. hie

Low grounds. Common.

lenticularis, Michx. Uses

“Upper Michigan,”—Gray; Laughing Fish R., L. Superior—Henry Gill-
man.

crinita, Lam. The
Low grounds. Common.

gynandra, Schw., Boott.
Dr. Gray.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge,

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

1350.

1351.

1382.

1353.
1354.

1355.
1356.

1359.
1360

1361.
1362.
1363.
1364.
1365.

1366.
1367,
1368.
1369,
1370.

1371.
1372.
1373.
1374.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 515

limosa, L. Th.
Bogs. Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston(!); and
northward. Infrequent.
irrigua, Smith. C.; N« & UE:
Sphagnous swamps. Macomb Co.; Isabella Co.(!) Rare,
Buxbaumii, Wahl. The

Bogs. S. E.—Winch. Cat.; Lansing—Bailey ; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston(!);
northward to L. Superior—Whitney Cat.

alpina, Schw. Ue:
Isle Royale—Whitney Cat.
aurea, Nutt. Thi

Borders of cool springs. S. E.—Wright Cat.; Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.;
Macomb Co.; Hubbardston(!); Petoskey(!); and northward.

Infrequent.
livida, Willd. (?)
panicea, L., var. refracta, Olney. Uae
‘Lake Superior (Robbins and Porter) and northward.”’—Gray.
panicea, L., var. Meadii, Olney. C.&S.
Macomb Co.; Hubbardston(!).
panicea, L., var. tetanica, Olney. C.&S.

S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston(!).
microdonta, Torr.

N. Mich.—Winch, Cat.; Macomb Co. Rare.

Haleana, Olney.

Banks of Fish creek, Hubbardston(!).

granularis, Muhl. Thy:
Low grounds. Common.
Torreyi, Tuckerman. UE:
Dr. A. B. Lyons.

pallescens, L.

Dr. A. B. Lyons.

conoidea, Schk. C.&S.
S. E.—Wright Cat.; Flint. Infrequent.
grisea, Wahl.

Moist woods. Hubbardston(!); Flint; Drummond’s I.—Winch. Cat.; to

Lake Superior—Whitney Cat. Frequent,

Davisii, Schw. & Torr.

Sitting Rabbit—Winch. Cat.

formosa, Dew. C.&S8.
S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co.

gracillima, Schk. TH:
, Wet meadows. Common.
virescens, Muhl. S.
S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Detroit(!).

triceps, Michx.

In an oak wood on the farm of Hon. N. B. Hayes,in North Plains town-

ship, lonia Co.(!); not known to occur elsewhere in the State.

plantaginea, Lam. hi.
Hillsides. Scarce.
Careyana, Torr. C.
Rich woods. Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston (!). Rare.
platyphylla, Carey. C.
Grand Rapids—Coleman’s Cat.; Hubbardston (!). Infrequent,
retrocurva, Dew. C.

Flint; Hubbardston (!). Infrequent,

516

Sedge. 1375.
Sedge. 1376.
Sedge. 131k
Sedge. 1378.
Sedge. 1379;
Sedge. 1380.
Sedge. 1381.
Sedge. 1382.
Sedge. 1383.
Sedge. 1384.
Sedge. 1385.
Sedge. 1386.
Sedge. 1387.
Sedge. 1388.
Sedge. 1389..
Sedge. 1390.
Sedge. 1391.
Sedge. 1392.
Sedge. 1393.
Sedge. 1394,
Sedge. 1395.
Sedge. 1396.

Sedge. 1397.

Sedge. 1398.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

digitalis, Willd. C.

Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston (!).

laxiflora, Lam.

Beech and maple woods. Exceedingly variable. Many forms occur.
Common.

oligocarpa, Schk. G

Flint; Macomb Co.—Dr. D. Cooley.

Hitchecockiana, Dew. C.

Woods. Flint; Hubbardston (!).

eburnea, Boott. Th.

Hillsides. Frequent, |

pedunculata, Muhl. C.&S8.

Hillsides. Frequent.

umbellata, Schk.

Flint—Dr, D. Clark. Rare.

Nove-Angliz, Schw.

S. E.—Wright Cat.

Emmonsii, Dew.

Grand Traverse—Winch. Cat.

Pennsylyanica, Lam. C.&8.

Dry woods. Common.

varia, Muhl. "Th:

With the last. Macomb Co.; Hubbardston (!). Scarce.

Richardsonii, R. Br.

Barrens. Ionia Co.(!); Macomb Co. Scarce.

pubescens, Muhl. C.&8.

S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston (!) to Lake Superior—
Whitney Cat. Frequent.

miliacea, Muhl. C.&8.

Wet meadows. S. Mich.—Winch Cat; Flint. Frequent.

Scabrata, Schw. db

Banks of streams. Flint; Grand Rapids—Coleman Cat.; Hubbardston (!),
to Lake Superior—Whitney Cat. Infrequent,

arctata, Boott. Tas

Woods. S. Mich.—Winch. Cat; Petoskey (!). Infrequent.

debilis, Michx.

Bear Lake, Van Buren Co.—E. J. Hill.

capillaris, L. Uz

Point de Tour, Lake Michigan—Gray.

flexilis, Rudge. Pie

Woods. Montcalm Co. (!); Macomb Co.; L. Superior—Whitney Cat. vA

flava, L. : The

Sphagnous swamps. S. E.—Wright Cat.; Montcalm Co.; Hubbardston (!);
Petoskey (!); and northward. Frequent,

(Kderi, Ehrh. ‘Th:

Margins of lakes. Oakland Co. (!); Flint; Petoskey (!); Drummond’s I.
—Winch. Cat.

filiformis, L.

Bogs. S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Hubbardston (!); Macomb Co.; ices Bi

lanuginosa, Michx.

River banks. S. E.—Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston (!);
and northward. Scarce.

Houghtonii, Torr.
N. part of Clare Co. (!). Only station known in the State.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge,

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.
Sedge.
Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge.

Sedge,

Sedge.

White Grass.

1399.
1400.
1401.
1402.
1403.

1404.
1405.
1406.
1407.
1408.
1409.
1410.

1411,
1412.
1413.

1414.
1415.
1416.
1417,

1418.

1419.

MICHIGAN FLORA. 517

riparia, Curtis. C. &S8.

Wet places. Common.
aristata, R. Br.

‘* Lake shores and river banks.”—Gray’s Manual.

trichocarpa, Muhl. C.&S8.

8S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Macomb Co. Infrequent,
comosa, Boott. C.&S.

Wet places. Common.
Pseudo-Cyperus, L.

Margins of streams. S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.; Hubbard-

ston (!). Infrequent,
hystricina, Willd. 'Th:
Wet meadows. Common.
tentaculata, Muhl. ae Bs
Antrim Co.; S. Mich.—Wright Cat.
intumescens, Rudge. Th.
Swamps. c Common.
Grayii, Carey.
Low grounds. Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston (!). Rare.
lupulina, Muhl, C.&S8.
Low grounds. Common,
lupuliformis, Sartwell.
Macomb Co.

folliculata, L.
S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Flint; Macomb Co.; to L. Superior.
rostrata, Michx, (?)

subulata, Michx. (?)

squarrosa, L. C.&S.

8. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Hubbardston (!); Rare,
retrorsa, Schw. Th.

River banks, Frequent.
utriculata, Boott. Dh:

Swamps. Common,
monile, Tuckerman. N.

Mud Lake, Petoskey—E. J. Hill.
Tuckermani, Boott.

Swamps. S, Mich.—Wright Cat.; Hubbardston (!); Flint; Macomb Co.;
and northward. Frequent.

bullata, Schk.
Macomb Co.; Flint.
oligosperma, Michx. Go

Borders of swamps and lakes. Hubbardston (!); Woodard Lake (!); Far-
well(!); Houghton Lake (!).

1420. longirostris, Torr.
Woods, Flint; Hubbardston (!). Rare.
GRAMINEA.
(Grass Family.)
LEERSIA
1421. Virginica, Willd. C.&S.

Wet woods. Frequent,

518

Rice Cut-
grass.

Indian Rice.
Water-oats.

Meadow Fox-
tail.

Floating Fox-
tail.

Wild Foxtail.

Timothy.
Herd’s Grass.

Rush Grass.

Rush Grass.

Drop-seed
Grass.

Drop-seed
Grass.

Drop-seed
Grass.

Thin Grass.

Hair Grass.

Brown Bent-
grass.

Red-top.

Fiorin.
White Bent-
grass.

Wood Reed-
grass.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1422. oryzoides, Swartz.
River banks.
ZIZANIA
1423. aquatica, L.

Borders of large streams and lakes. Wright Cat.;
Montcalm Co.; ; Hubbardston (!); and “northward.

0. &S8.

Frequent.

Th.

South Haven—Baile
Yields an odie é

grain, formerly gathered by the Indians, and now greedily eaten by
wild ducks which haunt lakes and rivers ‘during its ripening in innu-

merable numbers.

1424. miliacea, Michx.
Grand Ledge.—Prof. W. J. Beal.

ALOPECURUS

1425. pratensis, L.
L. Superior—Whitney Cat.

1426. geniculatus, L.
S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.

1427. aristulatus, Michx.

In water. Lansing—

PHLEUM

1428. pratense, L.
Meadows everywhere.
alpinum, L.
L. Superior—Whitney Cat.

Cultivated for hay.

1429.

VILFA

1430. aspera, Beauv.
Dr. Lyons.
vagineeflora, Torr.
Dr. Lyons; Flint.

SPOROBOLUS
1432. junceus, Kunth.
Dr. Lyons.

1433. cryptandrus, Gray.
S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.

1434. serotinus, Gray.

Sandy wet places—Gray’s Manual.

AGROSTIS

1435. perennans,
Swamps.

scabra, Willd.

Sterile soil.

canina, L.

Ann Arbor— Winch. Cat.
vulgaris, With.

Low meadows everywhere.
. alba, IL.

With the last, along river banks.
preceding are thought by some authors to be indigenous,

CINNA
1440.

1431.

Tuckerman.

1436.

Naturalized from Europe.

arundinacea, L.
Low Grounds.

S. Mich.—Wright; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston (!).

Naturalized from Europe.

Bailey; Hubbardston (!); Flint; and northward.
Frequent.

Frequent.

Th.

Common.

Th.

This and the

The

Frequent.

Wood Reed-
grass.

Drop-seed
Grass.

Drop-seed
Grass.

Nimble Will.

Blue Joint.

Reed Bent-
grass.

Sea Sand-reed.

Mountain
Rice.

Mountain
Rice.

Mountain
Rice.

Black Oat
Grass.

MICHIGAN FLORA, 519

1441. arundinacea, L., var. pendula, Gray. Nz & Uae;
Petoskey (!); L. Superior—Whitney Cat.

MUHLENBERGIA

1442. sobolifera, Trin.

Open rocky woods, Michigan—Gray.

1443. glomerata, Trin. Th.
Marshes. Used for forage in Dakota, but too coarse to be of value where
anything else is attainable. Frequent.
1444, Mexicana, Trin. C.&S.
Low grounds. Common.
1445. sylvatica, Torr. and Gray.
Hubbardston (!); Flint; Lansing—Bailey. Frequent.
1446. Willdenoyii, Trin. C.&S.
Woods. Flint; Macomb Co.; S. Mich.—Wright Cat.
1447. diffusa, Schreber. C.&S8.

Open woods, and becoming frequent around dwellings. S. Mich.—Wright
Cat.; So. Haven—Bailey; Lansing (!); Flint; Hubbardston (!).

BRACHYELYTRUM ,
1448, aristatum, Beauv. Eh:
Woods. frequent.
CALAMAGROSTIS

1449, Canadensis, Beauv.

This is a very valuable grass to the lake settlers (U. P.), rarely of many
acres inextent. Itiscut and stacked in August, and in winteris hauled
home by sled or dog-train. It is said to be greedily eaten by the cattle
and to be as nourishing as herd’s grass [?]. It grows shoulder-high, so
chat even a small meadow furnishes a great store of hay—Whitney Cat.,
in IT.

1450. Langsdorffii, Trin.
Flint—Dr. D. Clark.
1451. stricta, Trin. Ths
Flint—Dr. D. Clark; and northward to L. Superior.—Gray. Rare.
1452. confinis, Nutt.
Flint—Dr. D. Clark.
1453. Nuttalliana, Steud.
S. Mich.—Wright Cat.
1454. longifolia, Hook. Th

Sand dunes along L. Michigan. S. Haven—Bailey; Petoskey(!); Point au
Chene—Winch. Cat.

1455. arenaria, Roth. N.. & UEs

This is one of the few plants found both on the ocean and Great Lake
shores. Petoskey (!); Point au Chene—Winch. Cat.

ORYZOPSIS
1456. melanocarpa, Muhl. C. &S.
Woods. S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; S. Haven and Lansing—Bailey; Macomb
Co.; Flint; Hubbardston (!). Infrequent.
1457. asperifolia, Michx. Th.
Hillsides. Common.

1458. Canadensis, Torr.

Sterile soil. S. E.—Wright Cat.; Hubbardston (!); Montcalm Co. (!); Ma-
comb Co.; Common in Clare Co (!); frequent from Ionia northward.

STIPA

1459. avenacea, L.
S. W.—Wright Cat.; South Haven—Bailey.

520

Porcupine
Grass,

Triple-
awned Grass,

Fresh-water
Cord-Grass.

Muskit-Grass.

Dog’s-tail or
Wire-Grass.

Tall Red-top.

Diarrhena.

Orchard
Grass.

Keleria,

Eatonia.

Eatonia.

Eatonia.

Melic-Grass.

Rattlesnake-
Grass.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1460. spartea, Trin., not of Hook. Th.

Dry plains. S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Lansing—Bailey; Macomb Co.; shore
of Woodard Lake, Ionia Co. (!); hills along Grand R. near Ionia,

ARISTIDA
1461. purpurascens, Poir.

S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Flint; Macomb Co. Infrequent.
SPARTINA
1462. cynosuroides, Willd. C.&8.
Banks of rivers. Frequent.
BOUTELOUA
1463. eurtipendula, Gray. 8.
Dry plains. S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Macomb Co. Infrequent.

ELEUSINE

1464. Indica, Geertn.
Tonia Oo. (!); Lansing and South Haven—Bailey; S. Mich.—Wright Cat.

4
TRICUSPIS
1465. seslerioides, Torr. S.
S. Mich._Wright Cat.
GRAPHEPHORUM
1466. melicoides, Beauv. Th,

River banks, Macomb Oo.; Flint; Hubbardston (!); Petoskey (!); Grand
Detour, Upper Michigan.—Prof. Porter.

146%. melicoides, Beauy., var. major, Gray.
Montcalm Co.(!); Macomb Co.

DIARRHENA

1468. Americana, Beauv. S.
S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Flint; Hubbardston (!). Reaches its northern lim-
its in Ionia Co. Rare.
DACTYLIS
1469. glomerata, L.
A valuable grass for pasture and hay; becoming naturalized.
K@LERIA
1470. cristata, Pers. Th.
Dry hills. Frequent.
EATONIA
1471. obtusata, Gray.
S. B.—Wright Cat.; Flint; Hubbardston (1). Rare.
1472. Pennsylvanica, Gray. ‘Th,
Moist woods. Common.

1473. Pennsylvanica, Gray, var. major, Torr.
Flint; spikelets purplish-tinged at Petoskey (!).
MELICA
1474. mutica, Walt.
Macomb Co.—Dr. D. Cooley.
GLYCERIA

1475. Canadensis, Trin.
Borders of marshes. S. W.—Winch. Cat.; Flint; Ionia Co.(!)

Reed Meadow-
Grass.

Low Spear-
Grass.

Wire-Grass.

False Red-top.
Fow! Meadow-
Grass.

Kentucky
Blue-Grass.
June-Grass.

Roughish
Meadow-Grass,

Eragrostis.

Eragrostis.

Eragrostis.

Eragrostis.

1476. elongata, Trin.
Wet woods-—-Gray; Flint—Dr. Clark.
1477. nervata, Trin. di
Low meadows Common.
1478. pallida, Trin.
Shallow water. Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston (!); and northward.
1479. aquatica, Smith. The
Wet grounds. Common,
1480. fiuitans, R. Br. ‘he
Shallow water. Common,
1481. acutiflora, Torr.
Flint—Dr, D. Clark.
POA
1482. annua, L. Th.
Low grounds, Common.
1483. compressa, L. ahs
Dry fields. Nutritious and would make good hay if it could be grown in
quantity. ; Common.
1484, alpina, L. USE:
Isle Royale—C. G. Loring, Jr., in Gray’s Manual.
1485. cesia, Smith, Ling
Flint; Petoskey (!); and northward.
1486. cesia, Smith, var. strictior, Gr.
Petoskey (!); Isle Royale—C. G. Loring, Jr., in Gray’s Manual.
1487. serotina, Ehrh. (Rhe
Wet meadows, where it isa valuable, grass—sometimes mistaken for Red-
top, Agrostis vulgaris. Common.
1488. pratensis, L. Th.
Pastures and meadows. Our most valuable pasture grass; not of much
yalue for hay. Blossoms in June.
1489. trivialis, L.
Ss. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Flint.
1490. sylvestris, Gray. C.& 8.
Low woods. S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Flint; Hubbardston (!). Rare.
1491. debilis, Torr. C.&S8.
Hillsides. S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston (!).
Frequent.
1492. alsodes, Gray. C. &S8.
Banks of streams. Flint; Hubbardston (!); ete. Infrequent.
1493. flexuosa, Muhl.
Flint—Dr. D. Clark; Hubbardston (!). Rare.
ERAGROSTIS
1494, reptans, Nees. C. &S.
Gravelly borders of streams. Common.
1495. powoides, Beauv., var. megastachya, Gr. C.&S8.
Waste places and gardens,—a common weed. The sp. does not occur.
Common.
1496. pilosa, Beauv. 5.
Grand Rapids—Coleman’s Cat.; Macomb Co.
149%. Frankii, Meyer.

MICHIGAN FLORA. d21

Roadsides in low ground. Lansing (!); Hubbardston (!); Gratiot Co, (!),
etc. Frequent,

66

522 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Eragrostis. 1498. capillaris, Nees.
Coleman’s Cat.; S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Prof. M. W. Harrington.
Eragrostis. 1499. pectinacea, Gray. C.&8.
Dry sandy ground. S. Mich.—Wright Cat. Reaches its northern limits at
Muir, lonia Co. (!). Infrequent,
FESTUCA
Fescue-Grass. 1500. tenella, Willd. 1 ee
Dry grounds. Common in the center of the State; N. to Petoskey (!).
Sheep’s j .
ze ed 1501. ovina, Gray. ‘Th,
Dry ground, Common.
Sheep’s j - oT .
spe A 1502. ovina, Gray, var. duriuscula, Gray.
S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Petoskey (!).
Sheep’s Wate + : 3
Sal ag 1503. ovina, Gray, var. rubra, Gray.
“Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins.’’—Gray’s Manual.
Meadow any
prenion 1504. elatior, L.
Meadows. Flint.
Boor 1505. elatior, L., pratensis, Gray.
Kalamazoo—Tuthill; Hubbardston (!).
Nodding j
eecaa. 1506. nutans, Willd. Lee;
Woods. Frequent.
BROMUS
Cheat or 8 .
Oncae. 1507. secalinus, LL. Th.

Fields. Too common in wheat fields. There is a wide-spread notion,
among farmers, that wheat changes or degenerates into this grass. It
is needless to say that itis wholly without foundation. Often as many
as thirty well-developed stalks grow from a single grain in rich soil,
each stalk maturing ahundred grains or more. It 1s perhaps the worst
intruder in our wheat fields, from the fact that its grain is about the
size of the wheat kernel, and not easily separated from it. This grass
seldom troubles the better class of farmers.

Upright 1508. racemosus, L.
Chess.
Flint—Dr. D. Clark.
Wild Chess. 1509. Kalmii, Gray. 0.&8.
Dry, open woods. S. E.—Wright Cat.; Flint; Macomb Co.; Hubbard-
ston (!).
1510. ciliatus, L. The
Moist woods. We have several forms; the most peculiar of which is
found growing on low sand dunes at the head of Little Traverse Bay(!).
PHRAGMITES
Reed. 1511. communis, Trin. Tass
Swamps. From S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Chandler marsh, Lansing (!);
Maple River (!), etc.; to Crooked Lake, Emmet Co. (!). Infrequent.
LOLIUM
Common A
arene 1512. perenne, L.
Macomb Co.—Dr. Cooley; Ionia Co. (!), etc. Scarcely naturalized.
Bearded 1513. temulentum, L. (***)
Scarcely naturalized. Flint; Macomb Co.; S. Mich.—Wright Cat.
cate ae TRITICUM.
ouch, Quitch, i
Quick, or 1514. repens, L. (***) Th.
uack Grass.

Cultivated grounds. Varies greatly. Sometimes grows to the exclusion
of everything else, but not wide-spread enough to be considered a pest.

1515. repens, L., var. nemorale, Anders.
Petoskey—E. J. Hill.

Awned
Wheat-Grass.

Squirrel-tail
Grass.

Lyme Grass.
Wild Rye.
Wild Rye.

Wild Rye.
Wild Rye.
Wild Rye.
Wild Rye.

Bottle-brush
Grass,

Wild Oat-
Grass.

Oat.

Trisetum.

Common Hair-
Grass.

Hair-Grass.

Oat-Grass.

Vanilla or Sen.
eca-Grass,

MICHIGAN FLORA. 523

1516. dasystachium, Gray. IN. Us Bs
Common at Petoskey (!); N. W.—Winch. Cat.
151%. violaceum, Horneman. I oi
Flint; Hubbardston (1); Petoskey (!).
1518. caninum, L. Tir
S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Macomb Co.; Hubbardston (!).
HORDEUM
1519. jubatum, L. S. W.
Sands. Common.
ELYMUS
1520. Virginicus, L. Th.
River banks. Common.
1521. Canadensis, L. Th.
River banks. Common.

1522. Canadensis, L., var. glaucifolius, Gray.

Ionia Co. (!); Ingham Co. (!), etc. Specimens from banks of Red Cedar
River, Lansing, measured six feet, with leaves one inch wide.

1523. Sibiricus, L. Ul EB:
S. shore of L. Superior—Porter in Gray’s Manual.
1524. striatus, Willd. Th.

8S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Flint; Hubbardston (!); northward to L. Superior.
mollis, Trin. 2
Shores of the Great Lakes—Gray’s Manual.
GYMNOSTICHUM
1526. Hystrix, Schreb. che

Moist woods. A variety of this grassis found in one locality near Hub-
bardston with smooth and very glaucous culms, leaves rough, hairy.

DANTHONIA

1525.

152%. spicata, Beauv. he
Sterile soil. Frequent.
AVENA
1528. striata, Michx. C.&S8.
Ss. E.—Wright Cat.; Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston (!).
1529. Smithii, T. C. Porter. Use

Isle Royale, Keweenaw Point—Dr. Robbins in Gray’s Man.; and woods
near Sault Ste. Marie—C. E. Smith.

TRISETUM

1530. subspicatum, Beauy., var. molle, Gray. Us i:
Whitney Cat.
1531. flexuosa, L.

Dry places. Infrequent,

Th:

1532. ceespitosa, L.
Bogs. S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; Flint; Hubbardston (!); Petoskey (!).

Frequent.
ARRHENATHERUM
1533. avenacewm, Beauv.
Macomb Co., etc. Escaped from culture.

HIEROCHLOA
1534. borealis, Room. & Schultes.

Not confined to the shores of the Great Lakes; found in the central Lipa
of the State at Ionia (!); Hubbardston (!); Macomb Co.; Flint; S. E.—
Winch, Cat., etc. Common.

O24 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ANTHOXANTHUM
Su Vernal- 1585. odoratum, L.
Ionia (!); Grand Rapids—Coleman Cat.; Petoskey (!). Rare.
PHALARIS
Reed Canary- 1536. arundinacea, L. The
Borders of streams. Rare in L. P. “Var. picia, the leaves striped with
white, is the familiar ribbon-grass of the garden.”—Gray’s Manual.
Lansing—Bailey; Ann Arbor—Prof. M. W. Harrington; S. Mich.—Winch.
Cat.; Macomb Co,; Flint; Hubbardston (!); northward to L. Superior—
Whitney Cat. Infrequent.
MILIUM
Millet-Grass. 1537. effusum, L. Th.
Woods. Frequent.
PANICUM

Panic-Grass. 1538. filiforme, L.
Ss. W.—Wright Cat.
1539. glabrum, Gaudin.
Waste places. Common.
Common Crabor 1540. sanguinale, L.

Finger Grass. Waste places, gardens, and fields. A bad weed, difficult to dig up or pull
out; grows quickly and is perhaps the worst weed we have in gardens
at least in some localities. P. glabrwm grows in the same situations but
is smaller and easily eradicated.

a 1541. capillare, L.
d Sandy soil, fields. The spreading panicle is easily broken off and blown
about by the wind. Common.

Panic-Grass. 1542. virgatum, L. !
S. Mich.—Wright Cat.; and northward to Ionia(!); Flint. A tall coarse

grass along rivers. Infrequent,
Panic-Grass. 1543. latifolium, L. C.&S58.
Rich woods. Common.

Panic-Grass. 1544. clandestinum, L.

Low grounds. Macomb Co.; Lansing(!), Flint(!), Hubbardston(!). Rare.
Panic-Grass. ‘ 1545. microcarpon, Muhl.
Gray’s Manual.

Panic-Grass. 1546. pauciflorum, Ell.
Hubbardston(!). Along the R. R. between St. Johns and Muir(!).

Panic-Grass. 1547. dichotomum, L. Th,

Dry or low grounds. A very common and exceedingly variable grass.
Some forms seem distinct enough to be considered species.

Panic-Grass. 1548. depauperatum, Muhl. Th.
Dry woods and barrens. Common.
poner. 1549. Crus-galli, L.
f Low grounds. Variable. Common.
1550. Crus-galli, L., var. hispidum, Gray.
In swamps, where it seems indigenous. Common.
SETARIA

1551. verticillata, Beauv.
Lansing, College grounds.

Dt 1552. glauca, Beauv.
Fields and gardens. Common.

Pigeon-Grass, Sites
Cited rertal 1553. viridis, Beauv.
Bottle-Grass. Cultivated grounds. Common,

MICHIGAN FLORA. 525

Boueni-Grass, 1954. Jtalica, Kunth.
Remaining after cultivation. Ady.
CENCHRUS
Be Grids. 1555. tribuloides, L.

This bad weed has begun to occupy the S. part of the State, not having
been zeported N. of Grand Rapids (!). Not as yet troublesome in fields,

but likely to become so on sandy farms along the Great Lakes.
ANDROPOGON
Bened-Grass, 1.096. fureatus, Muhl. C.&S8.
Light soil. Common.
Beard-Grass. 1557. scoparius, Mx. Cc. &. S.
Sterile soil, Frequent.

Beard-Grass. 1558. Virginicus, i
S. Mich.—Wright Cat.

SORGHUM
Indian-Grass. 1559, nutans, Gray. C. &S8.
- ; Dry banks and sandy fields. Variable. Common.
EQUISETACE.
( Horsetail Family. )
EQUISETUM
eee Horse- 1560. Telmateia, Ehrh.
Shore of the upper Great Lakes.—Gray’s Manual.
Common OK
TISrEacatl. 1561. arvense, L. (***) Eh,
Damp, sandy grounds. Common.
een 1562. pratense, Ehrh. aA
; Macomb Co.; Flint; to Pine Lake, Emmet Co.—Winch. Cat. Rare.
Wood Horse- 1563. sylvaticum, L. Th.
or Ann Arbor, rare.—Allmend. Cat.; Clinton Co. (!); Montcalm Co. (!); Flint;
and northward where it is common.
1564. palustre, L. UzE:
Swam ‘
Horsdell: 1565. limosum, L. 0..& S.
In shallow water. Common.
Scouring ; eokok
Rage e 1566. hyemale, L. (***) Th.
Wet banks. Common.
1567. variegatum, Schleicher. Ths
S. E.—Winch. Oat.; Hubbardston (!); Muir (!); Macomb Co.; Flint; sand
dunes at the head of Little Traverse Bay (!); Drummond’s L, ice r
nfr.
1568. scirpoides, Michx. Th.
Macomb Co.; Flint; Hubbardston (!); Petoskey (!); to L. Superior.—Whit-
ney Cat.
FILICES.
(Lerns.)
POLYPODIUM
Common eK
Polypety) 1569. vulgare, L. (***) Ths

Dry banks and rocks. Grand Ledge—Prof. W. J. Beal; Hubbardston (!),
etc. Rarely seen in L. P., but very common in U. P.

526

American —
Maiden-hair.

Bracken or
Eagle-Fern.

Slender Cliff-
Brake.

Clayton’s
Cliff- Brake.

American
Rock-Brake.

Virginia
Chain-Fern.

Netted Chain-
Fern.

Maiden-hair
Spleenwort.

Ebony Spleen-
wort.

Wall-Rue.

Narrow-
leaved
Spleenwort.

Silvery
Spleenwort.

Lady-Fern.

Lady-Fern.

Walking-Leaf.

Common
Beech-Fern.

Hexagon
Beech-Fern.

Oak-Fern.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ADIANTUM
1570. pedatum, L.
Rich, moist woods.
PTERIS
1571. aquilina, L.
Thickets.
PELL.ZA
1572. gracilis, Hook.

Louse Is.—Winch. Cat.

Th.

One of our most beautiful ferns. Common.

(Az)

‘The

Common.

1573. atropurpurea, Link.
Shaded limestone rocks. N. E.—Winch Cat.; Put-in-Bay (1!)
CRYPTOGRAMME
1574. acrostichoides, R. Br.
Isle Royale.--Gray’s Manual.
WOODWARDIA
1575. Virginica, Smith. Th.
Marshes. Marquette Co.—Burt MS. Cat.; Westville, Montcalm Co. (!);

Macomb Co.; Flint; Lansing & So. Haven—Bailey; Hubbardston (!)5
Ann Arbor—Allmend. Cat.

1576. angustifolia, Smith.

The only known locality of this fern in Michigan is at South Haven,
where it was detected in 1880 by L. H. Bailey, Jr.

ASPLENIUM
1577. Trichomanes, L.
N. E.—Winch. Cat.
ebeneum, Ait.
Allegan (!)—Miss Josie A. Williams.
Ruta-muraria, L.
N. E.—Winch. Cat.

N.

1578.

angustifolium, Michx. C.&S8.

Rich woods. S. W.—Wright Cat.; Ann Arbor, rare—Allmendinger Cat. ;
Flint; S. Haven and Lansing—Bailey; Lonia Co. (!). Infrequent.

thelypteroides, Michx. (***) C.& 8.

Rich woods.
Filix-foomina, Bernh. (***)
Moist woods. Exceedingly variable.

i

Common.
Filix-foemina, Bernh., var. exile, Eaton.
Hubbardston (!).
CAMPTOSORUS
1584. rhizophyllus, Link. (?)
Occurs in N. Ohio, and may be looked for S.
PHEGOPTERIS
1585. polypodioides, Fée.
Isle Royale—Dr. A. B. Lyons.

1586. hexagonoptera, Fée. C.&S8.
Beech woods, Flint; Hubbardston(!); Ann Arbor—Allmending er toe

are.
1587. Dryopteris, Fée.

Th.
Open woods. Frequent n. of lat. 43°, especially under pines.

Ue

MICHIGAN FLORA. 527

ASPIDIUM
Marsh Shield- 1588. Thelypteris, Swartz. Th.
Swamps. Frequent.
ae 1589. Noveboracense. Swartz. C.& 8.

Swamps. Ann Arbor—Allmendinger Cat.; Macomb Co.; Lansing—Bailey;
Hubbardston (!).

STOOL 1590. fragrans, Swartz. Ua
Crevice: of shaded cliffs. Isle Royale, and Keweenaw Peninsula.—Dr.
Lyons.
iy :

a a el 1591. spinulosum, Swartz, var. vulgare, Eaton. Th.

Wood-Fern, So OLE Flint; Hubbardston (!); L. Superior—D. C, Eaton, Ferns
ot N. A.

Spinulose 5 7 1 ]

Sian 1592. spinulosum, Swartz, var. intermedium, Eaton. ‘The

Wood-Fern, Woods. Common.

Sula 1593. spinulosum, Swartz, var. dilatatum, Eaton. Th.

Wood-Fern. Woods. Ann Arbor—Allmendinger Cat.; Macomb ©o.; Flint; Hubbard-

ston(!); Petoskey (!); and northward.
Hea Wood- 1594. Boottii, Tuckerman.
Alder thickets. Hubbardston(!); Ann Arbor—Winch. Cat.
Crested Wood = 1595. cristatum, Swartz. Th.
Swamps. Frequent,
1596. cristatum, Swartz, var. Clintonianum, Eaton.
Ann Arbor.—Allmendinger Cat; Hubbardston (!).

pee? = 1597. Goldianum, Hook. C.&8.
Moist woods. Lansing.—Bailey; Flint; Hubbardston (!). Rare.
Male-Fern. 1598. Filix-mas, Swartz. (*) h OAR es
Rocky woods. Keweenaw Peninsula, Lake Superior.—Gray.
Evergreen 1599. marginale, Swartz. (***) Che
Wood-Fern. ries : 3
Hillsides in rich woods. S. Haven—Bailey; Flint; Hubbardston (!); and
northward. Frequent,
ae tack 1600. acrostichoides, Swartz. al bind
; Shady hillsides. Fronds evergreen, used for decoration. Common.
Holly-Fern. 1601, Lonchitis, Swartz. Ute:
Woods. Southern shore of L. Superior.—Prof. Whitney.
ae 1602. aculeatum, Swartz., var. Braunii, Koch. UL Pe:
Ontonagon Peninsula.—Eaton’s Ferns of N. A.
CYSTOPTERIS
Gore one 1603. bulbifera, Bernh. Th.
Moist shaded hillsides. Locally frequent.
Brittle-Fern. 1604. fragilis, Bernh. Th.
Woods and river banks. Ann Arbor—Allmendinger Cat.; Lansing—Bai-
ley; Flint; Hubbardston (!) northward to L. Superior—Whitney.
Mountain

Oystopteris, 1605. montana, Bernh.

North shore of Lake Superior, J. Macoun, 1869,—Eaton’s Ferns of N. A.;
and probably in our district.

ONOCLEA

Ostrich-Fern. 1606. struthiopteris, Hoff. Th
Alluvial soil. Worthy of cultivation; one of our finest ferns.

Infrequent.
Sen 1807. sensibilis, L. The
; Wet places. Abundant.

WOODSIA

Obtuse-le .

Woodnie ere: £608; obtusa, Torr. USE

Rocky places, Not rare.

528 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rusty r =

Woodsia. 1609. Ilvensis, R. Br. N. & U2
N. E.—Winch. Cat.; L. Superior—Whitney Cat.

Smooth P .

Waoebias 1610. glabella, R. Br. ?
North Shore of Lake Superior—J. Macoun.

Northern i s -

Woodsia. 1611. hyperborea, R. Br. ?

North shore of Lake Superior—J. Macoun. The last two species may be
looked for in our district.

a 1612. Oregana, D. C. Eaton. UP.
Crevices of rocks south shore of Lake Superior—Gray’s Manual.
DICKSONIA
eka ae 1613. pilioscula, Willd. N.
Petoskey, Emmet Co,,—Winch. Cat.
OSMUNDA
Royal-Fern. 1614, regalis, L. (***) The
Swamps. Common.
Clayton’s 3 BY 7
Hloworine 1615, Claytoniana, LL. Th;
Fern. Moist grounds. : Common,
ine O- 1616. cinnamomea, L.
Swamps. Common.
BOTRYCHIUM
Moonwort, 161%. Lunaria, Swartz. Uc
Make Bapenlor (Lesquereux), and sparingly northward.”—Eaton in Gray’s
anual.
Hitchcock’s ] j
aiteheack’ 1618. simplex, Hitchcock. Use:
Hillsides. Westward to Lake Superior.—D. C. Eaton, Ferns of N. Am.
Lanceolate >
Giaperern, 2619. lanceolatum, Angstroom. Ue
Damp mossy places. Lake Superior—H. Gillman.
Enc 1620. matricariefolium, Al. Braun. Bi ae
Dark wet woods. Lake Superior.—D. C. Eaton.
Virginia ; ircini
bes 8 Mt 1621. Virginicum, Swartz. Th.
Rich woods. Common.
1622. ternatum, Swartz, var. lunaroides, Katon.
J. Macoun.
Ternate 1625. ternatum, Swartz, var. obliquum, Eaton.

ape-Fern.
erp Pastures and meadows. Fort Gratiot and S. Mich.—Winch. Cat.; Flint; S.
Haven,—Bailey; Lansing (!); Ann Arbor,—Allmendinger Cat.; Gratiot
Co. (!). Infrequent.

Dissected G-F, 1624, ternatum, Swartz, var. dissectum, Haton,
South Haven (!)—Bailey.

LYCOPODIACE.

(Club-moss Family.)

LYCOPODIUM
Club-moss: 1625. lucidulum, Mx. 4
Moist woods. Frequent,
Club-moss. 1626. Selago, L.
Lake Superior—Gray’s Manual.
Club-moss. 1627. inundatum, L. Th.

Drummond’s I., Willow River, Huron Co., Sugar Is.—Winch Cat.

MICHIGAN* FLORA. 529

Club-moss. 1628. annotinum, L. N. & U. P.

Woods. Petoskey (!) to L. Superior. Common.

Tree-like C. 1629. dendroideum, Michx. ‘Bhs
Ground-Pine. ‘

Moist woods. Common.

ear aba 1630. clavatum, L. (***) Th.

Dry woods. Common.

1631. complanatum, I. TE

Bangor, Van Buren Co.—Bailey; Woodard Lake, Ionia Co.(!); Flint;
Macomb Co.; Stanton(!); and northward.

SELAGINELLA
Selaginella. 1632. selaginoides, Link. Ue
Isle Royale—Dr, A. B. Lyons.
Selaginella. 1633. rupestris, Spring. Th.

Flint; Woodard Lake(!); rarein L. P., but common in U. P.
Selaginella. 1634. apus, Spring.
Ann Arbor—Allmendinger Cat.; Hubbardston(!) Infrequent.

ERRATA.

Page 429, line 22. For“ three-fourths” read two-thirds.

Page 430, line 22. For “eltaum” read elatum.

Page 430, line 24. For “ Sheperdia” read Shepherdia.

Page 431, line 13 from the bottom. For “ Potamageton” read Potamogeton,

Page 434, note under No. 16. For “full—double” read full-double.

Page 436, under No. 43, after “Flint, etc.,” read Commonly cultivated for hedges, and
rarely adventive.

Page 436, note under No. 44. For “Commmon” read Common.

Page 438. No.78 is an introduced plant.

Page 442, No. 150,com. name. For “ Long-eared” read Long-leaved.

Page 442, No. 160. Read “Adv. and rare,” after “ Dr. Wright, Dr. Clark.”

Page 443, No. 171, com. name. Insert a period after “ Indian Mallow.”

Page 443. No. 172 is indigenous.

Page 443, No. 174,com. name. Insert a period after “ Basswood.”

Page 444, No. 182 is adventive from Europe.

Page 443, note under No.195. For “inoculous” read innocuous.

Page 445, No. 196. For “radican” read radicans.

Page 450, No. 273. For “ Leucantha” read leucantha.

Page 453, note under No. 318. For “ Kittattiny ” read Aittatinny.

Page 453, note under No. 330. For “Crategus” read Crategus.

Page 460, note under No. 431. For “flower” read fruit.

Page 464. Read“ BARRENS” as part of note under Nq. 502—Bowens.S. Mich., ete.

Page 466, No. 541. For“ var. L.,” read Z., var.

Page 480, No. 792,com. name. For “ Frog-Fruit” read Fog-fruitt.

Page 488, No. 911. For “S.” read C. & S.

Page 489, No. 929. For “lapithifolium” read lapathifolium.

Page 498, note under No. 1057. For “cental” read central.

Page 503, note under No. 1130. Substitute a period for the comma after “ pine
region.”

Page 494, No. 1010. For “ vulgoris,” read vulgaris Lam,

Page 511, No. 1261. For “Shultes,” read Schultes.

Page 512, note under No. 1284. For “Baily” read Bailey.

Page 513, No. 13809, For“ teretinscula,.” read teretiuscula, Good.

Page 516, No. 1389, For“ Scabrata,” read scabrata.

Page 518, No. 1440. For “ Low Grounds,” read Low ground.

Page 520, note under No. 1466. Substitute a period for the comma after “ River
banks.”

ANNUAL STATEMENT OF LIBRARIAN.

To the Executive Board of the Michigan State Horticultural Society:

GENTLEMEN,—I herewith submit to you my report as Librarian of the State
Horticultural Society, to which office I was appointed by the executive board,
on March 31, 1880. Up to the present time there has been received and dis-
tributed by me the following number of copies of our State Pomological
Reports :

1871 | 1872 | 1873 | 1874 | 1875 | 1876 | 1877 | 1878 | 1879

meccivedin 8.08 13 88 34 26 151 845 | 789 | 595 | 5747

Distributed... 1252 --2 i 6 7 5 13 68 53 64 | 4076
Onhand.=-. ..- see 6 82 27 il 138 777 736 531 | 1671

There have been donated to the library and received through exchanges 193
books.

The following list comprises the books, with the number of copies and years
issued, now in the library:

HORTICULTURAL AND POMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

American Pomological Society, 1873, ’77.

Georgia (Horticultural )—1877.

Illinois (Horticultural )—1868, °69, °70, °71, °72, °73, °74, °75, °76,°77, °78 °79.

Indiana (Horticultural )—1871, ’72, 73, °74, °75, °76,’77, "78, two copies; 79.

Jowa (Horticultural )—1871, °72. 73, °74,°75, two copies of each; °76, °77, °78.

Kansas (Horticultural)—1874, °75. °76, °77, °78.

Maine (Pomological)—1873-4, ’74, °75, 76-7. 77.

Massachusetts (Horticultural)—1874, Part I1.; 1877, Part I., three copies; Part IT.

Michigan (Pomological )—1871, °72, °73, °74, °75, °76, °77, °78, °79.

Minnesota (Horticultural)—1866 to 1873, three copies of each; ’74, two copies; 775,
three copies; ’76, four copies; °77, 78, two copies of each.

New Jersey (Horticultural)—1876, 77, °78, two copies of each; °79.

New York (Western Horticultural)—1876, °77, two copies; ’78, three eopies.

Ohio (Montgomery Co. Horticultural)—1877, four copies; ’78, three copies.

Pennsylvania Fruitgrowers’ Association—1867 to 70,71, °72, °73-4, °75, °76, °77, two
copies; 779.

Wisconsin (Horticultural)—1870 to 1874, °75, °76, °77, °78, 78-9.

Province of Ontario Fruitgrowers—1874, 75, °76, °77, °78, °79, three copies.

Montreal (Horticultural)—1877.

The American Fruit Culturist, by Thomas.

Culture and Treatment of the Grape Vine, by Allen.

Downing’s Encyclopedia of Fruits and Fruit Trees of America, two Vols.

STATEMENT OF LIBRARIAN. d31

AGRICULTURAL REPORTS.

Department of Agriculture (United States)—1862, 63,64, 65, two copies; °66,°67,
68, two copies; °69.°70, 71, °72, °73, three copies; °74, 75. °76.

Connecticut—1866, °67, °68, °71,°72, °73, °74, °75, °76, °77, °78, °79.

Indiana—1870, °71, °72, °73, °74, °75, °77, °78.

Iowa—1875.

Ilinois—1859-60, °69-70, °71, °72, °73, °74, °75, °76, °77, two copies; °78, 79.

Kansas—1873, °74, °76. °77-8.

Maine—1858, ’67, °68, °70, °71, °73, °74, °74-5, °75, °75-6, °76-7, °77-8, two copies.

Massachusetts—1876-7, °77-8, °78-9, two copies; ’79-80.

Michigan—1880, 51, °63, °54, °56, °58, 59, °65, two copies; °66, 67, °68, °69, °70, °71
two copies of each; °72,°73-4, °75, °76, °77, 78, one hundred copies; °79.

Missouri—i868 °70, two copies; °72, ’74, °75.°76, two copies; 78, three copies.

New Jersey—1879.

New York—1853, °56, 57, 59, °61.

Ohio—1856, *59, °61, °62, °63, °66, °67, G8, °69, °70, °71, °72, °73, °74, °75, °76, 77.

Pennsylvania—Vol. 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12.

Vermont—1875-6, °77, 78.
ee, ts "52, °58-9, °61 to 68, °69, °70, 71, °72-3, °73-4, °74-5, °75-6, °76-7, °77-8,

—9.

Transactions American Institute, 1846, °47, 49, two copies; °50, °57, °58, three copies;
°59, two copies; 61

Year Book of Agriculture, 1855-6.

Text Book of Agriculture.

Patent Office Reports (Agriculture), 1853, ’55, ’60.

Iowa Agricultural College, ’76-7, two copies.

Louisiana Agricultural College, *77-S.

Ontario School of Agriculture, 1879.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Illinois Industrial University, 1868, °69, °70-1, ’71-2, °72-3, ’73-4.

Smithsonian Reports, 1863, ’64, 66, °67, °63, °69, °70, °77.

Reports Supt. Public Instruction (Michigan), 1852, (°55, °56, °57), 58, °59, °60, °61, °62,
763, °64, 65, °66, °67, "68, °79, °70, 71, °72, 7°73, °74, 75, °76;°77, °78, °79.

Thirty-second Annual Report of the Board of Education (Massachusetts).

Report of the Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1867.

Report upon Forestry, 1877.

Metcalf’s Key to Bee-Keeping (Pub. in 1862).

Charts and Pamphlets on Topography, Climate, and Geology of Michigan, by Alex
Winchell. ;

Respectfully submitted,
FRANK W. KING,

Librarian.

LIFE MEMBERS OF THE STATE HORTICULT-
URAL SOCIETY.*

Adams, H. Dale, Galesburg, Kalamazoo county.
Adams, Mrs. H. Dale, Galesburg, Kalamazoo county.
Archer, Thomas, St. Joseph, Berrien county.
Armitage, James, Monroe, Monroe county.

Arnold, W. D., Ionia, Ionia county.

Avery, C. P., Old Mission, Grand ‘Traverse county.
Ball, John, Grand Rapids, Kent county.

Baldwin, H. P., Detroit, Wayne county.

Baldwin, J. D., Ann Arbor, Washtenaw county.
Baxter, W. J., Jonesville, Hillsdale county.

Becker, Albert J., Saginaw, Saginaw county.
Bradfield, Edward, Ada, Kent county.

Bagley, John J., Detroit, Wayne county.

Beal, W.J., Lansing, Ingham county.

Bates, I’. T., Traverse City, Grand Traverse county.
Bruchner, George W., Monroe, Monroe county.
Bragg, L. G., Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo county.
Burham, W. P., Ionia, Ionia county.

Burrows, George L., Saginaw City, Saginaw county.
Bullock, B. D., Jackson, Jackson county.

Bidwell, H. E., Plymouth, Wayne county.

Bailey, L. H., South Haven, Van Buren county.
Bryant, C. T., South Haven, Van Buren county.
Castello, George, Saginaw City, Saginaw county.
Chandler, Z. (deceased), Detroit, Wayne county.
Cook, A. J., Lansing, Ingham county.

Cook, W. N., Grand Rapids, Kent county.

Curtis, H. W., Old Mission, Grand ‘Traverse county.
Chapman, H. B., Reading, Hillsdale county.
Chapman, Alvin, Bangor, Van Buren county.
Chapman, Austin B., Rockford, Monroe county.
Chilson, Nathaniel, Battle Creek, Calhoun county.
Chilson, Miss Ida, Battle Creek, Calhoun county.
Crosby, M.S., Grand Rapids, Kent county.

Cooper, George 58., Ionia, Ionia county.
Cooley, Elisha (deceased), Jackson, Jackson county.
Clark, M. W., Jackson, Jackson county.

Dickinson, G. W., Grand Rapids, Kent county.
Dietrich, ©. J., Grand Rapids, Kent county.

Dorr, S. W., Manchester, Washtenaw county.
Dyckman, A. 8., South Haven, Van Buren county.
Dykman, J., East Saginaw, Saginaw county.

De Lisle, Wm. H., Bay City, Bay county.

Dixon, A. S., East Saginaw, Saginaw county.
Doyle, Thomas, Monroe, Monroe county.

Dean, A. J., Adrian, Lenawee county.

*NoTE. A Life Membership is $10. The fund thus gathered is invested in good securities
and only the interest employed for general expenses.

LIFE MEMBERS. 533

Davis, P. C., Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo county.
Dieckman, Mrs. Josephine M., East Saginaw, Saginaw county.
Fields, Miss Jennie E., East Saginaw, Saginaw county.
Fuller, 8. L., Grand Rapids, Kent county.

Ferry, T. W., Grand Haven, Ottawa county.

Foster, W. D. (deceased), Grand Rapids, Kent county.
Foster, Mrs. Mary E., Ann Arbor, Washtenaw county.
Fowler, 5. W., Manistee, Manistee county.

Griggs, George W., Grand Rapids, Kent county.
Gilbert, John (deceased), Ovid, Clinton county.
Geddes, David, Saginaw, Saginaw county.

Greening, J. C., Monroe, Monroe county.

Guild, E. F., East Saginaw, Saginaw county.
Humphrey, J. W., South Haven, Van Buren county.
Hannah, Perry, Traverse City, Grand Traverse county.
Haviland, J. B., Traverse City, Grand Traverse county.
Husted, James D., Lowell, Kent county.

Husted, Noah P., Lowell, Kent county.

Hall, Frederick, Ionia, Ionia county.

Hathaway, B., Little Prairie Ronde, Cass county.
Hanford, H. P., Bristol, Indiana.

Hayden, Mrs. H. A., Jackson, Jackson county.
Iigenfritz, I. E., Monroe, Monroe county.

Ilgenfritz, C. A., Monroe, Monroe county.

Ives, Caleb, Monroe, Monroe county.

Jerome, Mrs. David H., Saginaw City, Saginaw county.
Johnson, William, Vassar, Tuscola county.

Knapp, 5. O., Jackson, Jackson county.

Knapp, E. U., Grand Rapids, Kent county.

Kedzie, R. C., Lansing, Ingham county.

Kelsey, E. P., Ionia, lonia county.

Kidd, J. H., Ionia, Ionia county.

Lawton, George W., Lawton, Van Buren county.
Littlejohn, F. J. \deceased), Allegan, Allegan county.
Linderman, A. T., Whitehall, Muskegon county.
Linderman, Harvey, South Haven, Van Buren county.
Lincoln, L. C., Greenville, Montcalm county.

Lincoln, Mrs. L. C., Greenville, Montcalm county.
Lyon, T. T., South Haven, Van Buren county.

Loomis, P. B., Jackson, Jackson county.

Mitchell, W. H. C., Traverse City, Grand Traverse county.
Marshall, Wm. A., Old Mission, Grand Traverse county.
Montague, A. K., Traverse City, Grand Traverse county.
Mason, L. M., East Saginaw, Saginaw county.

Mason, Mrs. Sarah A., East Saginaw, Saginaw county.
McCallam, E. H., Old Mission, Grand Traverse county.
Monroe, Judge (deceased), Lawrence, Van Buren county.
McClatchie, G. C., Ludington, Mason county.

Mann, 8. B., Adrian, Lenawee county.

Noble, W. A., Monroe, Monroe county.

Odell, Samuel W., Muskegon, Muskegon county.
Partridge, B. F., Bay City, Bay county.

Pearsall, 8. M., Grand Rapids, Kent county.

Perry, George L., Lansing, Ingham county.

Petty, Thomas, Spring Lake, Ottawa county.

Parmelee, George, Old Mission, Grand Traverse county.
Parmelee, Mrs. George, Old Mission, Grand Traverse county.
Parke, Mrs. Amos §., East Saginaw, Saginaw county.
Pierce, N. B., Ludington, Mason county.

Reynolds, E. H., Monroe, Monroe county.

Reynolds, H. G., Old Mission, Grand Traverse county.
Ransom, W. D., St. Joseph, Berrien county.

Rose, D. Forsyth, East Saginaw, Saginaw county.
Renwick, T. R., Grand Rapids, Kent county.

Rich, Hampton, Ionia, lonia county.

Rust, C. E., Ionia, Ionia county.

534 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Ramsdell, J. G., Traverse City, Grand Traverse county.
Ramsdell, Mrs. J. G., ‘Traverse City, Grand Traverse county.
Rowe, William, Grand Rapids, Kent county.

Rowe, William N., Grand Raipds, Kent county.
Root, Amos, Jackson, Jackson county.

Rose, Mrs. Sophie E., East Saginaw, Saginaw county.
Russell, Dr., Geo. B., Detroit, Wayne county.
Slayton, Asa W., Grattan, Kent county.

Scott, J. Austin, Ann Arbor, Washtenaw county.
Scott, E. H., Ann Arbor, Washtenaw county.
Staunton, G. W., Grand Rapids, Kent county.
Savidge, Hunter, deceased, Spring Lake, Ottawa county.
Shoop, Rey. D. R., Hastings, Barry county.

Sleeper, F. S., Galesburg, Kalamazoo county.

Soule, J. B., Fruitport, Muskegon county.

Sterling, F.S., Monroe, Monroe county.

Sterling, J. M., Monroe, Monroe county.

Sterling, J. C., Monroe, Monroe county.

Sterling, W. C., Monroe, Monroe county.

Sterling, W. P., Monroe, Monroe county.

Sterling, Mrs. Emma M., Monroe, Monroe county.
Shirts, E. J., Shelby, Oceana county.

Suttle, John (deceased), Grand Rapids, Kent county.
Smith, E. T., lonia, Ionia county.

Smith, N. E, lonia, lonia county.

Steere, B. W., Adrian, Lenawee county.

Stearns, J. N., Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo county.
Sessions, Alonzo, Ionia, Ionia county.

Sessions, William, Ionia, Ionia county.

Sigler, Artemus, Adrian, Lenawee county.

Sinclair, W. G., Spring Lake, Ottawa county.

Smith, H. H., Jackson, Jackson county.

Tracy, Will W., Detroit, Wayne county.

Thompson, W. D., Jackson, Jackson county.
Thompson, J. P., deceased, Detroit, Wayne county.
Taylor, George, Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo county.
Taylor, George C., Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo county.
Towles, George W., Benton Harbor, Berrien county.
Vick, James, Kochester, New York.

Waite, Gilbert M., Paw Paw, Van Buren county.
Walker, 8.5.,5t. Johns, Clinton county.

Watkins, I. D., Manchester, Washtenaw county.
Wells, H. G., Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo county.
Williams, 8. P., Monroe, Monroe county.

Wier, Antoine, Monroe, Monroe county.

Webber, George W., lonia, Ionia county.

Webber, Miss Francis E., East Saginaw, Saginaw county.
Wooding, Charles F., Lowell, Kent county.
Woodward, David, Clinton, Lenawee county.
Winchester, A. O., St. Joseph, Berrien county.
Wurtz, Elias H., East Saginaw, Saginaw county.
Whittlesey, John, St. Joseph, Berrien county.

a)

Zeigler, J. C., Saginaw City, Saginaw county.

LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS FOR 1880.

NAME. P. 0. ADDRESS. COUNTY.
PMGAM Ss Oo lic nee. ee hee Clam Lake. ..52522. 5868 Wexford 255220 sens:
Allen sbewiS:.— 2-2. suosesa: Detroith 224.5 Sees Wis neleeens 2 ss peed se
Emiderson. W. Ho. 55. etd 32 emplishyille, 2. : feta Mente ess 2s 9a Mgt
PATINS ELON. C. Wo... = oe See Detroitu=-_2 Aas ae Wiayne.=2- 5.5) 2a Sate de
ATnold, Hiram. <= - 22225. Kalamazooz-.-= s2225-s8 Kalamazoos2 2225.55.28
JAGR I aA S eee a Hilisdale:--225035 24s ivisdale < 2225. 2.24)
TSADCOCK As Ele) 82 =o eee Mockport=... 5. saa NCW OVOP.” eS
Balle William... ss sees Bambure=.° 3.02. seas Sa iwinestom es. =e
iBalcanie William 5.2.5 eee Reading. 322-2 => eer Hillsdale’: 32 22. see
ante: O22 2 | eA AnnzATrbor.2...222 sean iWiashtenawastss.22es2e
IBGECHCI WIN AL sles deeb Blushing 222 essere Geneséess 22s. 2 Eee!
Henliam. A.D); 12S ae Olivet 22>. 525252545 4RE Waton 2:62 eee wee esas
Losiielhy-ile [eal & le eee yay eS 4 bawtones) 2252 5 are VWangburenis2s 5 i sig) sie
BUX DVM (S55 ee aids SOUtH Haven: 22. sseses Wan- Buren 5522 sees
Pin@rett, DyA-:- 2 aeicce ee HIGTSCYy..< 2. 5 5p eee. Osceolat seo 5 ee) ae
BOGWwellaiue Wins te AnnvVAr bor js29 654: se iWashtenaw.i... 22s 2
Bogue, Charles 2222. .seaes: SPENCER = 5. -ok se eee Ment. 2522265 yan
PPG wel s, a2. a, eeeeeetee Detavias =). uk ons See New Yori O58 shai
LE DUET EE phrenic eta. 3 3 Batavia. 2% sti seee. fie New Vorke = 2 hte ene bee
Bowen, Alberto... 0. eee WVsTXO Te Sees ee as pee Oakland et et we ES
Bradford, Charles. 25. 12-2: Auburny e223 4:) 2 Saye e 1 oth es Ana Biel 4 en aie
Bridgman, Geo. W.._...-...- Bridgman:: <2" sacked! ae BEI hien ue <a a eee
LOW pAC Mis sos eee ot Detroit. 22522 oe pee. Wayne. baie es ee eae
Brown. Charles, Bi... -20.5-.2 Niarmlouth ss 2 oe WNOUGD SCOttG en as eee
Brown, Hdward.. 222.0252. Nits Johnss2* 54) eee Glee Clintons 2.2 eee
Brown, Jeremiah__._.._..--- Battle Creek =-fe204 so Calhouns tee
Boel BmimMons-).222tee- 4 alamazoo. ess eee Kalamazooe- eee.
ISUNSESS VMs. lcs se ee Wiest Morris= 125) ste WONNECLICUL 2. eee
ATO RL ee ae et a ee Battle Creeks2: seme. ss Calhoun ost. =e o ee
ET ONG ope ee Be hey Readings ss et aoe Pilisdaleizc ce sees Beare
Carpenter, C. K. ..__- My es OTione = 33s eh it Oaklandj2622%- Aes
WaASciGy, JAMeS-22 —- sie oe Cans ge Stee ee eee Ino hammers. ee eee
Caldwell, William ____.___-. Commerce== == see bee Oakland. 7%. Be ge Be see
Oratiees er Nie ees Detroit s2.2 ot serene Wiay.ne sc ee 2+ wey ot Se
Parnoard, 2. Fo. ee As avetbere 2 seek ORO SSR ee Pkg eS
Chandler, George... .....-.-- SHBILKOY=(2) 0) Meee sy egete oe BeEFICuRe ce er ee ome
Chappell, John = 5. = 5 2fe ese Cambriay Mills=- 2222225 En sdalet she ee
Charles Cl Bs 22:2 3 sere BanGOre * 8222 2 Sp) tai VaneBirenve=2 2 ease
Sener. A.B... - 22... eee Albedo 8 =o". bets Rent s2s se see: oe
Chidester C..P.. ... 2 es Dele VUE... 2), Pee Sie Maton ee ee
ClarkaOln= =... See ee CUNCONE =e. LSet bendweerce == a. ee
iL) 2d i ree se Sehooleratt2.-4— - =e eeee Kalamazoo. ses2sut} ave
CodyarNe. a4. <2 - cS ueee MMlasyjtes. Ses ort eee ERUSCOLAR oe ee eee aes
Collate eters |. 8 Sa ENC VGIE ei eee Some Benaweel.. 2.224. .f3 2
Cook, Charles H.... . 32...) 2. Montague... 2s 22eecbs Muskemon' 222. ..53.33-%
Cook Mise .Ms 2.2.22 3a Charlotte-ss: i>) s2sqece atone ee eae
Vooper, Roberties./400\_ be ATENTONS 2 - see) s seers Wayne eo. Ab ees

No, oF
CEeRTIFI-
CATE.

536 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS—CONTINUED.

NAME. P. 0. ADDRESS.
Coryell Av IB .eee = 222 eee SO MM aS Pa = aes
Coryell, Charles .R.c2-22--—>5 JouesviUlle.s- oo. a0 aes
Cowles}RB..2. 25242 oe See Battle’Creek =: .22.45-¢
Crawford, Matthew-..-.----- Cuyahoga Falls
Guatler sh .Ib:. 22. 2. Sea eee UCOOMNSS* ates aan eee
Custing, BSD ck. Seen Clinton. --c<cuctets-2 eee
Daggett, S. F.....2.-- Ra ae MuskeoonS3522 sesu see }
Danville, Henry 2as454. 2-2 Manisteenza tose eee
Davis, W. | 5 ee eee Saginaw vscecsverseees
Dean, a) IME, oes epee Cen Grand Rapids
Ode, J. IS. Hee SS a Washingeton-- 2 ots. 22
Money. th Wie Seek ee. Pee Jacksonsee ee sence
WowavATinureh wees. aes: Bankers. 22. sek eee
Douran,,Geos Wage eee Niles: 26 eh se See
Dutton Dells ss see oa Muskegon: acest. oh eee
Edminston, DAGys Sess Adrian. 2222-0255
nmions Wisc... bee NorthieByronsso2--2 ee
Engle, Cupra PRO EVER Paw Paw:.2.< See
mines H.C... 2S Sk Wetroit..% 42.2 SSS
BU UDOS, fe). Woe ho eee ae Milisdale';.a=ssee ee
Fair weather, Williams! 22 Mek ean-i22 24 ea sae es
Fisher, Bates....... aNee Quincy. -ssese: 2S Br
MISheReD WAS: os Geos es Denvers. ooo See
BGG! Wess. to02 eee Coldwaters..-:: 22:54
Risk, Mrs. Wiis. Be Joldwater:.ciccecue 3 222
Bilanders, 1, bith eee. os) Galesburg 44.2 s-ceee oe
Blosdick,vAVAl 3S ete Walliams =. 2960. Se
Hox Dich. sass sos eee Kalamazoole: ss sseeee
Mralick, Henry. soe eset ee Grand Rapids
Hurbeek, Henry 2 2-452 Palm yraz-ssescsae Eee
Gardeners eH: +. 52s hese Burr Oaks). se ee
Garfield @has: Wi2.2 282-2" Grand Rapids K
Rabson yiW ee sos sso SEE Jackson.s2s2-2eeeeseeee
GaiddenvA 162.2225 85> Paw Paws sess. sees
Godtrey, o)2 iss. 2eoas eee ANnNPAT DOr. ose ee
GonldydiCs ete asec seen Paw Paw-2-2csss. 2
Noa? AG Pee Saas es eee Traverse City
Guild pAl bert ees ss eee ee Grand Rapids
Gulley ANG: 2-2 esa |South Haven...--.-.---
Hai oh Rese cse ee SREY South Hayen.-222 3
Halljtredericke.252eeseee tonias2s.-e ee
Hall. Dh saves sone REE Royalton_--
Hallett, Je Pos eee Milisdales22...29see
alpine John) 225455222 eeee BT OVALS! | 2 Serena
Halstead, es ee Maw toneecaah: Ss pete aris
Harrison, Wini-ii.52--<cF ae ey ialamazool.2 =. 92220"
Hartwell, George -......---4 Cannonsburg.-.-.--.--- K
Haven, John. Die: 3455 sesca- ee Bane ones: so. Se
Healy, AY Doe sol es Ee South Havens._ 22025:
Hewitt, Alexander. -.-.....- HMilisdale ss ests fii gt
nis; Chauncy254-2402 ea Lain esbuUre ese 2.222 ese
Ee ins, OW eco sens oe “DAR er ares OE aT
Einman DD Wiss 2 55o5a. tee ockpurtessasssc202 tots
Hoag, Che Caan 27 Lockports..4¢<--. 20202
Hodgkins, Ghas..5., waned Jacksons ews a eee
Holloway, BRAM os os es Hillsdale se sasessacs2 22
Holmes, JC. ios ss a~ 25 SR Detroitsnceree ce HFS
Hooker, H..H.. . 33. 5. es Rochestersso-n, Sees
Topkins /Ciss52osessce See BENZ ONIAss2ec ee ee
Howard, Ds sss2eseeee Traverse City

Distr ict of Columbia... --

Pennsylvania

Grand Traverse

No. oF
Cenviri-
CATE,

2

ANNUAL MEMBERS. 53

LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS—CONTINUED.

No. OF
NAME. P, 0. ADDRESS. COUNTY. CERTIFI-
CATE,

HGWwande kno occre ecm Hast sapinawes.-sese.- AMIN AWree oe sere 19
iowards ID. W..: ....-5--se8 Pentwater...-=-<2i\-2242 Oceana. 225. 5 ae 223
Habbard. TSS... 232.3 re donia.25 o.5 53 sees New) York 22: = 0a eee ae 129
Hubbelio di. i300. 0 2325) Seee Benzonia.. 22 eee RenZie: 2c She. eee te 109
Eiueston, James... 222-22. INOrthVillej2 52-5 = 4s Wiatvne 22220250 se ee 190
QUE! Ws 2. 223252 ees IGS OE eA an meee ner MO MPA 22 2 ee eS sg 228
imester, Robert... -2..-2-¢4- Walamazoo. -... ..202464 Malamazoo..~.. 42424 4 248
= een WalamaZoOo., 2.) .0,4-2252 nop ealamMazo os eess eh 252
JD UV Sees nee Shantoni se... 5) ahaa Montcalm) 22s. see 140
Johnson, Bs ede Se, Wate nse). Ste yeh Behe... 97.28. 262
MONGS ZA. te hee ols Lansing FES RSE Sc Bn cohorts sos ee te 127
SMSO: Cabyo22c2 5.5.5 sept eee Lenawee Junction...._- Wenawee....._s=Sseh522 206
Mrdderk: C2 Bian ste sp jetent es AMON toe Sasa Ae one Mapcer: i245 eheaeestce 40
yess) James... 2222 ee2eetate CHinton= =. 225. bse oe Wenawee= 2 2. cos. 88 8 159
Tore DD. Bite... 4 owes oats EM sdalesasca basses eae FRSA es saa SRE ee 22
TE ZS kL 1 DRO Reet ee a a Detroigs eo ee \i GO 9 1c ane Mi, Sen ne | 42
Mannitind 222 = 52-- teers, |South Haven. = - sate Mar Buren 22 see 51
Lawton, i 0 ae nan eee“ Bawtone 2.22 Sees a ManeBuren 22) 2k sites 100
WerinGs bo Ee 225222255 cee TEN Oe EE Se aie eta Genesee. ese Fe 199
eee Ca Ants 92). 5 205 SB Weesvilles 3222 2) ssa Wives a2 hao cones 266
Meroy, Mi bb... 2. .ceeee ee ase Sagitiaw -2eos4ee Shae ina wen. et oe 207
Mewalley.'H.> 2-2) Bees Ona soo ae ie aan SEs NOMS ese ee ee 137
Linderman, Frank_......--- SouthjHavyen=-2--=ebee Vian Buren ce 2. 2s a5 5
mngilesdohny. 222 2. sa34 5224 Wish) Creek 4.2 eases Ontario, Canada....----- 143
ikockwood i... Di. 222-2 s8s= @lydess. 22 aos ae Oakland). 22 sess et 103
Were: Roberts. 2222/25). 258 Banks?) 2 ps sesieal. ae 1 Pap eee ee es) BO 136
oud, George B: :.---2teeu: omeo - 2... et eine Macomp.-..- 22a deee 39
skein, Nees oe a Sees iMalamazoor. =. 5.222488 Kalan 7Z00cs 2 as eee 149
JEW LO 5a Diep peal eee eee ANNA DOL 2.52 92222 ae Wiashtenaw, 222-242. 262 261
Morshee li Ges? Soo. eee Pilsinwell-s 3 ose Mileoan =... - 25. sane! 165
Mireital), Dr Oo jo. es Hansing 2) 225: atta Bhehiam 2.25266) 222 5-5 hee
Manvine He. ="! 22> atest Ovid ee oo be 2 aries @Glinton: 2.42 a 181
Mayo. Perry. -2.--- 222 asses Marshalli<: <2 2. Ss acte pee Calhoun\22 42 Sse 186
McDowell’ Wi. \W...-'. .sestes lowell. == 20 Sees bivinestony 2.5 eee 225
MWeNauehton. Rabo... 522234 PQEKSON SS") = i eee ee PACKSOD ieee see ee 54
Menmerte Vim... s.r ees bine hams oe eee Meelanaw: ... 2). seers 226
Mery Vy Ml. Ele 28s See BerrenSprings. .---- Bernien = 22 2) 4_ ae 233
Mills. Stephen ....:..-s5d222 Ann Arbor. 25... 3 oven Washtenaw.) see 59
Lao eer FplSdalese a ees AED Sd alee es. oes.) ee 8
Mrean, Oscar L,.. .......,':feusdale.. ....-. vies Hillsdale.v2e34 345254. 10
Mirean, WP... --. Aves Saginaw... 9222s F2ie- 2 Sacinaw,...=. 22 . setae 41
Murr: aye Vm. Ma. 25.2 baat Mestabure 2... ssl Montcalm 22> sso ee 121
Neti, Nathan..: ... seshecien (Brenton-5 3.2.) 5. seeeee Waynes. oe ae 135
Newman, GEC Wi 2 aes ae Shelby. 1.22 .es9abasse Oceina. 2222 Se 176
Nichols, WW... ate AnnsA Tr bors ee!) bas ee Washtenaw, 2) 4-243. 2 49
Nordman, HW. A... ..322sed¢h Wexfer i 8: oo ageue Wiashtenaw.... 4.24.28 270
Norris, Tah... eee Denver? 6.50 eee Galore = a ee 161
Merrie: 1. B........wseedea Hillsdale: -. 2. . ede 3! Hillsdale: 22222 4-45-28 13
Nowland, John §....-.....-. Anny Arbor®.-.- 2.92244 Wiashtenaw, 2-228 73
@Gekley. iM... ... counted Monks 3222 hol) Adesso! Wiashtenaw:. = 3b. 28 62
Os vAvA: >. 2 ...-,s0seran! Decatur: =: ...2 2eseres! Vani Buren. 3h. 208
Overholt, Wm. H... . .deseel. UES ee as 8 ee Tnehang..2.55 sss 44983 150
OWen gore W252 awe te te dria. i 2elexth seen Denawee. 2.2.26 536 ete 216
Owen, Henry HH, .... Boss Wdrignsss.0..- 2 ee Menawee.. 3 seeea-t 53
Paine, Be ein leper ER Englishville..........-. Reni. oe el sts 197
Parshall 3-2... .eaeth ae Anh PATbOr.....-..222b58 Washtenaw <-b 222!) 2. 15
Peabody, 4 Oe s Pa err e Bennineham..: 2c. Oakland... 42.5 8 44
Pearsall, Al. 92... 62504 Oharlofte:-2..-..'. eB Maton, =. 2: 2s hess hee 33
Becke Soba eee son = an Morkegon......-...visneds Muskeron =.) 28 cols 104
Peel wall esoe ve esas set Grand Rapids -..--..._.-.- Kent 3. 2nek hk. wea 113

68

538 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS—CONTINUED.

NAME. P. 0. ADDRESS. COUNTY.

RGUry, "Will N22. 42-see cee Wiyandotte.... eee es: Wayness/sss2sece ae
IPiISbuTy, Os biccaso. se eeeee Miuskeo onso.sscceseese Muskeron:-3s255 425 seos
mamsaell. Wim. H,... 426eee Plymouth... 2.22 -eee eee Wayne 52522555300 eees
Randall, J. Mc: 2. sede eee AOTIAN.. 200 seeeeeels Lenawee..:-.2. 2 eae
Remington, Mark.......---- IBANPOr? oe cmos ae seeee Vian Buren’.225322324e82
Reynolds, Silas...- ee Bellevue: s2o5 seen Maton 252544542520
Reynolds, Theodore ...----- Ban? Or.cccase sete Vian Buren!2225222.2
Reynolds, Wim. HH. 22-2052 Hillsdale s.s2Sssosu Ue Hillsdale. ..323.42 23
IRODINS OM ds Wieser ood ete Battle Creek..s5 12.853 Calhoun 2.22 55522 seer
ROME acres a eee ee Bay Citys. =e asses Bay ss. 222354553 5en0ene
Satterlee, James......._.--- Greenvillezsss 2 Ses Montcalm 22. o2ss eee
Schermerhorn, Wm. -------- Banor..)-c2eeas ees WViansBuren=. 535.52) ee
SESSIONS. (Hs mee eee eas AnnvAT bors one Washtenaw . 22.25 52e0e
Sexton WroKaeon oa oteteet Howells. 2622.5. 2540" Living ston:o.-)s sean
RU TUTAT POT Mion Wccme 30,5, hoi MUM ASI hoy eo esr a OhiO 2222552222 525842 ee
Sheldon, Charles W, ...----- Burr Oaks soos ten ee Stl Josephetss.s55 eae
BHEpATGs Wins Hwee Seen es Battlei@reek> .452-25-2 Calhoun.
Shotwell, Nathan_........-. Concordes 2. ses 55sec see JACKSON 225424 22255
pacinyier, Cs. s 5.22 62. oe WELLOUE Soon see ee Wayne.21 2232/2 530eeeee
Southard, W. Bs 2c... 2 4he2 Kalamazoo. . eee re Ss Kalamazoo. 22222852"
Smith, 4 15 Ress = Solcteele vephon wi RaW a Weceroe one aoe iWan- Buren 222 2232eeeee6
nant HG WAALS cance seer Hillsdale2o2. ae ee Hillsdale. 2.4 ee
Smith, Henry Sea eeee ee Kalamazooiss2 sees se Kalamazoos2 2s. saat
Smithers) Sethic. cc peseee Detroit Ass: s52 52S Wayne... 4. :5//ge ase
STW. (Sh. Se ees Saas South Charleston.....__. O10) Lda
Snyder, Charles): 2. 22 ent Greenville sss eee Montcalm .. 2-20-32
Steele, James R........-.--- almyna ess seus Lenawee. 223.522.2535 s26
Ntevensic. Hoi ho eee Alpena. . 64204, tee on (Alpena: 5. 2eeee20eeeee
Suiles ames 22 2 ooo aes @erescorc. Wc ce ese eee Calhouns2223252 222-26
UPON, On see. oa cecees ee Wyandotte: /3i22<.82 2" Wayne. ..25:iceh¢apeeae
Simone, Wan, Heto6o22. eee NOMETSEElS. <2 cccn5e55e Hillsdale... 2.2.38
Sutton, George.---...-..5--. AMNVAT DOP seas aeseee ee Washtenaw ose
Suttons loses. eee Whecumsehtss=-csesensee Tenawee. =: -22 50352508
Mmweet, Mo Mooi. 6 ooo eee Kirtland: 05305554 Ohio... ...2t3 2
Swift, Herman. .-_- -- 222222 ansing>. 2233s. seen ee Ingham. 22. 2-2 Seeee. see
iO Mmas whl. Ee se ck kc ees Jackson.20 Reese tes Jackson ........ 05 4bee
Thorn, James. B22. esses HNdsonaevcene eee benawee.-- =... 235s
Town, DG ee Aas MIO 2 ee oe ane cee eee Barty ve. ccsts: eee
Trombley, Mrs. Mary E..--- BaysCity-.-.<c<ceeeeee Bayicccsn2sedee eee
Van Sambrook, E........--..| New Baltimore.... .-.. Macomb.. «2. 3355-40040"
Voorheis, Jackson .--...---. DAvisoaEs ono ok tes Oakland... 2222.2
NieSstoOns AG Jc. eten snes eee OWOssOe seen ae DHlaWASSeel. =. eee
Wheeler, Co eos oe nen eee eu pbardston 2.22 22 Sasa Tonia... 2202 5:.2a0 5 eee
Whiting, Dr. LC... evane East Saginaw...-...--- Sacinawies 4. ae
Whitlock, Wiss Sc See en es Ann Arbor....-.------- Washtenaw ..-.--.--:--
Wilcox, DB: Lie ies Baus Ole anos oo Ue ee Van, Buren. .222s2heee6
Williams (J) Diz: oo -seeeee ANnVAGDOL: 2266 a= Seeee Washtenaw... 2245.6
WMiliiams,.J 22 ot eee Gshtemer: 222. tas fe Kalamazoo...-..-------
Williams, Johnie: 2 92 esee Kalamazoo. 22.2.2 b Kalamazoo..... s«/f2t 2.
Walliams: MOB; oP a eee ae Kalamazoo: 22-... 20252 Kalamazoo. 22... eeaseee
WWalison aWitlliam: ss... sees Burr Oaks 222... <2 2 St. Josepha: 224s eee
Wanchester, S.A... ---24e2sGrand Rapids:<.-. 6522 Kent. .2tteeceece: eee
WiCOdIWo Boo. c ocean Muskeconteces.--.. aes Muskegon..............
AA COON FS I Bry) Bs Sa ape nay os, 2 Lenawee Junction. ___- Tenawee_.....2. 5.8
Woodman, David .........-- Paw. Baweeo~ -- 22. 2 Wan) Burene. eos eee
WWioodrotC He vec seeee Ann Arbors {ge 20 ule Washtenaw..j 02 ones
Woodward, David .-_.....--- Clintons soso sete te YS oe eee
Wioodward;, J. S... 2-22 Wockport seo s-- eee eee nee YOrk sa. ccoue eee
IWitioht eRe vid Anco sss. eee Bay Citye. 2c eRe U2 ell(Baye. Roce seco oes eee
IWiVCKO fl Et cA nee eee White Dake...) 222! banned ea. Se oe

No. oF
CERTIFI-
CATE,

LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS FOR 1881.*

No. or
NAME. ADDRESS. COUNTY. CERTIF-
ICATE

IBID. Elicco a <a 5c oe eweee South Haven ossoe-+ see ‘Vani Buren: 22520 4o0 22 = 61
Prado MUGWIS.... -a2-s-ose~0 Rochester: 22 .2.02-22 New. Works 3 5 2 269
Sten de G2 oo. oe onan CHAO SS Joccecens eee Benawee:<2..2.2%..2205 265
COULAGAY. Ji coo ws eee JaCkSOnhs) == 215. . eee JACKSON es eee eee 260
ee reds oo. ine ok eee Greentield=2.-25)s255-54 Waynes 25 = 44 4-e eee 247
MESS GeO. 902s eo cca as NOM soe os 5 syncs Henawees 0-5. ee eee 263
Minmball Ws So... 2—accsee Clmton: 3352-4. sss oe henaweée.. 23> $295.5 26 258
MaAcVicrr. Malcolit= ==. 22.) ¥ psilantth: --25.-225225 Wiashtenaweess-e sce. = 267
Merch AD Wesccsct sete ce Grand Rapids... =. 5 -=- Washtenaw--.-.. ........ 75
Marsden, George... .....s-<2.| ADM Arbor... .o.s2s<s<c Olbiig2s= si vseaeeeeacs 272
arehall Sides 22 9. ANNEAT DOL ae eeeeeees Washtenaw. --..-.-=.-:-- 70
Roc Henry Peso 8 oes CHBtOne ees oe 2. ee Genawee->-2-22-2 aE ie 259
Putnam, Daniel. . 222.0... PSUISHEN 22.32 docae ae Washteénaw.2.--2.2.-.- 266
Robinson: He C 222.8 Sees Portland: =: 2... ese MCiNG= SEE eS 244
Satterlee, James............ Greehville. =>. secoa4 Montedlmns 2253. Se. cae 71
Shepard, Mrs. H. B.......... Battle Creek...._._...- Calhoun22252 445-- = eee 268
Sherwood. Ho Cs. 552.2-5- 225 Wratervliet~-s4-—-c2-- Iberriene s+ ese eee 274
SIGHT Or bess neocon eee South Charleston....__- OhiO Ss as er eae 168
DOULET IAs ee ok ee Shelbys. 25 oa oe ae Oceana L465 se 246
Penis, MaAMOCS Fo 504). 2 sec ose AnnvATrborsese=s-es ee Washtenaw-2ss2--o.-ee= 271
LVS) Tea SL © ney ae tage MitoS. 2 Res S05 eee 131 og Ge ace a a PS 245

* This list includes only those names that were taken for 1881, previous to Dec. 15, 1880.

ra % y
id rt
i Ph

Pe MEP Pay ee see Ge
Laon , 7
‘ hy

bn ee, 0) 8 ae aia

oe

INDEX, VOLUMES I. TO IX., INCLUSIVE.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.
1871. | 1872, | 1873, | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877.

AG
Abbot, T. oe on Horticulfural Education _-|\s---e-\le---2" | =2-<=0 | oaeeee | esen a | ammo |e

Abel, Mrs. O. C., Report by.---..-.----. ..-..-] ------| --=--.] ---=<- | --.---] ------| ------| ------[------

Accidental Pruning Poe ee ee oe eae oe eee eoeees |lseocen fence s= 117

Acclimation Of Plants ee ea ae eres | eee eee aif ee sae tee cect eometets

CO} ea YT 1 bY fp eh Se Ei a ED Sas fh La ipa a yy | ee Bh 275
Netdnge ink ProiGiGrowino--se-.s anchee eset eal eoee es] pees eons 546 5
PAICIGSOL OT WIGS)= oa cae es eee eae eee | paoenel eeoee al aaaeiee|| oseeme |easeee eae ee 155
Action Concerning Meteorologists for the
SOCICL Yc a see woe cose eee ck coe eee ceen anna eeeelleneaee 159
PAGES CAL NE Bae ee SS ot A ee See ee Slee Sol een 269
Adams, H, Dale, on Orchards and Vineyards} ------|------|------| 129
“on Crab Apples....----.--.-| ------| ------] ------] ------| ------]------ 25
SE Con Groves MO Werssosesee oseses lloseres||(senteent| (omeaea||lemaemellaamee 325
of ieee ceri Be (hw SIE Nl h bays tee Se ares ee le eee Se ees See eee Gesacs!|Sesses 106
ss ss Report as Treasurer..--.-.-| .----- we S| sasocellacee we inaceee 56

Adirondac Grape.---..... Pe pee eae Sees eo ostell te eesse| a0

WAdornment Of Homes: soss- a382 5 fo soo) oe eee cay coe cee (aseee neoeee laaseestcaeee= 440

Adrian Horticultural Society, IREpord) Of en eee eee ees [eee nace celles ase aera 331
COrs Of esl -s-s alee 479

‘Adrints atdetlite, Medresses:at2lee Ae ot Ae eee 479

Advantages of Michigan..............----....| ------| ------|------| ------|------] ------| ------|------

PACH herarding Bearin thee. seems eee ace sence allneeene leeeeae fonaens|(eeccate 407
Arawam Grapes 9.2 cb cose SU ee ese (533 Ja eee 387
Agassiz, Prof., on Grape Wine Making.----_. 186
Agents, Fruit’ DYCOEs cb ass- sco e cc eeekacecenue
Agents who sell Trees and People-------.--.
JAE T GEM guy Col OUR as Ol WF fs oe eel el Me Sd gL Eh | SL ek Ml [peepee (eae | beri cel |g 100
Age of Plant Influencing Leaf and Flower. | ------
Age of Peach Trees for Planting._..-....._. 438
Areressive Parasitisn of Ming ie oe apeee a | oce cine 457
Agricultural College Grounds WiC sssoee a oe eee | eee ease alisseoes 253
Oollege: ooo ee eae Se ee lleeeoce 29
as % Position: O£..- 5: ssc s oes ee eee 495
a a Faculty of the___._....| ------ piel ee neat ees 375
ae es Horticulture at._......|--...-
< <e Spruces at the_......._|--.--.|..--..| ------| ------| ------| ------] ------
oe = Suggestions for the__.|------
ae s Hopes Concerning the}]---.---
sf WC New Orchard at. -.<-.2]------
Agricultural Education --- sss -2s2sssseenee see | sass25
ob “ Means! foreete ope aeeuoee
Us aS Necessity for-_.._} ..----
Agriculture, Officers of the State Board...--| .....-
Agricultural Wants of Michigan, by J. W.
CO) 1a Ua US pa CRS A a to il [
Agricultural Society an Educator-.....-...-|------
Agriculturist Strawberry, History of_......|--.--.
AriAnGNMeytnel sto: 2272522" 225s Sees eRe ees ee
Alden Dried Fruits at Vienna_...........-..- SE |

wence | emneen | enenne

1878,

ewww nn | seccee | cow ewe | cecenn | cee sn | encene | cores | eeeer=

1879.

244

313

305

542 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT.
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.

ING yr oye Ge a Ee ee Se nr

Alden Drying, Process of-.....--..-------.---

Avexander Peach: tNOp.o--.ne-esessoeseras ase
JOO AS EW OS ea es
Allegan Fruit Prospects..-.----------.-------

=e County Horticultural Organization

ss ae Location of, for Fruit....--
a6 as Meeting, Account of....----
“ Je Wraitin=2-csccoess cence ee=
as Soil OF Western -- oes oeccas2-5-55255
DADC Ry! the Gi ee
Altheas for the Lawn-_-..-.-------------------

ee ee ee ae eee eeene 422
A Man in the Garden. .2..-.---.-5--. <<-- eoc-en | cocncs| oceene| caccee | oonnc=] monnn-| — aon 53
Amateur and Professional Sek ibe of 13
12 Eo ene ae eae oe = A OE Meee! Yl Nai ero ew eee aa Re Sota (ae ry 14
Amateur, List of Apples for_.-..-----.------] ------| ------| ------| ------] ------ 93
Amateur vs. Market Orchards._...-----------] ------| ------]------|------]------] ------ raul 191

De ee ne el eked 285
Desa Ee Seewel|eonesel aan ccal tacenslesesael cena 3
1

164

American Arbor vite, Figure of-.-..---.----..-] --
ae Institute, Report Concerning----} ------| ------
American Pomological Society’s Catalogue,
CTribicisia Olea. = sea no poe eee eee
American Pomological Society, Catalogue of
American Pomological Society, 13th Exhibi-
iC ey BS a Sees ee aera
American Pomological Society, Meeting of-_| ------| ------
American Pomological Society, Fruits at_._|-.....|------
anew Pomological Society, Proceedings
id (nil: See ae oe ee ee Roa eer 4) (eae aa) (ese 53

American Gooseberries.._-....---------------| ------ 567
oe Grape (Mildew -=.--+--- 2 ee aaeee oes aes e loeee ee ey, (ee esa eter atin 134

Ss fee aG (seca) [see |-bso<o)|ooosc. 192

eee) OSCE 303

+ Bulbs fos shs sss ie eee coca emer e eeeeee toes

os Wallow, these eee e eee eee ae sees nee eet eaten
AMMONIA An asain Water seen. eae ee ea ee 87
Amasden (PeaC he ee eee ee eee eee epee eel enna
el of Ashes of Trees with the Yel-

VOWS) oon eeke ons beeen coe eee oem espeeeerese 476

Meécus | posses) sone cell sae es eee 324 i
Annual Fairs.---..-.------------- 100 i tok i (eee, eee | ees Esse AT Nosnees 104

& Flowers

as Meeting

Annual Meeting of the New York Horticult-
Tee) U Sttie ihe eee a reas aia fee foe
Annual Membership, Resolution concerning] ------ 168
- Bearing Apple Trees..---.-....------| ----.-| ------| ----«-| ------| ------ 181
se LELOY TY pets Span tee tL ko ORS ee | ets Sol lees
AMMA S LONE ROLUCI eee sees eee eee e ed race al eneaeell eens || eseeen| emt mma 52
a and Perennials for Home Culture-]| ------| ------]--..--]------|------]------ 119
Annual statement of Secretary for 1878......|------|------] ------| ------| ------| ------] ------ 224
“ and Life Membership..--...--.------| ------| ------] ------] ------| --- ---] ------| ------ 229
Ant-Worm, How to Destroy .--..---..---.-.--]-=--.- 156
Apple Barrels, Resolution Concerning Size-|------|------| ------] ------ 421
Bark Louse, How to Destroy..--------| ------ 485
SS bE a 2 a ee ee rosa! | e555) ee 5) (ese 494 309
+ Committee, Report of..22-3 eee 149 245
seP aCNTCULMO sfne aoe ates cones cose eee eeeae 327 639
Bf = Natural History of--.-.------- 329
a CC Remedies for 333
« The Limber Twig ..----- 441
“ in History and Literature-.--........] .....-| ------] ------]------ 473

‘> The Primate, History Of --- /-------2 | aeeeenll amen 278

si Paw Paw (e2.-55==-2e-ese = = ee ee eee ee leneen = 319

“© What Constitutes a Perfect Winter-|----.-|------ Weae= a 441

«cl The Vetofsky =. 3-2 225-4-aeqteee ons ~ eee sl aan eee 458

ae ¢ ) Shiawassee) Beatty ----cee-s=-ces eee 459

“} Hating, Science Of .-5 2222-2 ee ate cose | ceoeeeecesee | see] ene n lennon 176

“ Cellar or Keeping Room .---..--------|------|------| ------| ------| --- ---| ------ 409

INDEX. 543

YEARS AND PAGES,

SUBJECT. SSS
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Apple Crop, Predicted by the Blossom-----| -----.| ------| ------| ------| ------| ------ 19
*“ Crops, Alternate Years.-.---.-- | (Seemed jee 407
‘© Crop, Shall we Increase it------ elacesa sa 13
“ §6Sauce, how to make...--.__.......-..-| .---..]------|------] --- = 7
* Culture in Michigan, Future of.-....|-...--|------]------| ------| ------| ------] ------ 338
“© Picking and Storing--.------------.~----|------|------|------| ------] ------|------|------ 379
Sea Uh elOne Best sss es eer ans e ese) sasews| ee cean| | eem=nal) oe emda leomemnl| amaeaaifeeaemn aca 50
<euOpmmittee at State Walt) RE Pore Of25 | anscse | aooo= 2] aneens | oeecen een ces! wee ne=|lmanesel ase see 177
OD, Ve SRST REDS TO OST Tr ee | eee eee (eee (Ssesao| ome aa eae RR el eee ee ee 310
“ Growing, is it Overdone -.-- ----------| ------| ------ | ------] ------ | ------| ------|------| ------ 312
ss Market, Extent of__...-.......-.--.---| ------| ------| ------] ------] ------ | --- ---]| ------] ------ 314
“ Orchard Culture.....-- gals eee 8 AOU gee Hoo 52 | 444
ss = Discussion on an Injured--_.]_-----] -.---. 288
ss as IPlantin p01, the. s-2e ees cones |leee=== 471
ss ss Pruning of an ---..---- pLeas 216 | 473 | -..---- re 395
- _ Profitsiof the:_....------.-2 [ices - 499
ss es Selection of Trees for an-.--| -..---| ------| ------ 51
oe « TETAS | ae ae ees) Peete | leans 177
a vs SU AEH Br: h 0 eee eens © ee Ea ee el eee cose | taceccro) enone 14
= - Prominent in Michigan.--.-| -.-.-.] ------| ------| ------| ------| ------ 246
se 2 YUE errno te ee ee) eS ES a Pee) | al Ree) ee 342
Apples at the Spring Lake Meeting.
as Best Wityored st ss et eee ee ees aaa Pee | a aee allemaal
ss Causes of Imperfection in -------.-
oo Chas. Downing on Best-.---..-..----|-- 85
“e “es se “se New ee ere Prose eee ooo 84
ss Description of Varieties -......-----|------ 470
ss Described by their Flowers.-_-.------.|------|------ (7 5 | See Pr cere See ae age 170
“ 2
Joe 5 ee Pree a Nee eee 393 86 | ------|------| } gag | ------| ------|----- 310
SEU RODIS play .Ofit oes ote eee ens 242 | 84
a fon Dessertees sae cone nee eee on ceed eee een omen 74
«6 She ome seme eee see-- = 5 2-- 2a oes 20 470 74
« « Market Purposes .......--------- 20») 4470: 0 Fesbor stall ees rhe
6 * Orchard Planting ...---....------ 452 | 469
Ss Gathering and Marketing- -----.----| ------| ------ | ------ cote
S for Profit and Dessert -....------.--|------|------|------ 461
as Harvesting of....-------.-------.----]------ 498" | 33 a py ete 2528 ade es = So oceania sce 351
Ws How to Handle...-......:...--..--.=-|-==---| ----=-|--<--- 463
cs Improvements in Marketing-.------ encase cae bo| wseees coon 5 | - 104
eee ping. 222 8. 2 tS ne ee Ble e Bes 867] 7558) | ae ne | Nae 1473 pe we 351
J: List of for Michigan.---.------- Bp) EEE | ee S| (pea ser ee 391
“ for Profitable Culture—List of.....|------ poe |400] toa | eee ee 4
ae List of Summer Varieties
oe CY. Fl 2 1G OO Willen ee eae
0 Merits of Different:.2--....----~<--2- 546
as Market for Western New York..----| ------|------|------ 96
we New Varieties, Description of----.- emer Peeseellesccaa 7)
Apples of Grand Traverse, Keeping Quali-
(ites; Sob ae a a eee ee ee EP a Pare een) BD)
Apples, List of an Orchardist-.---.----------| ------| ------ 71
u Recommended by the Society-.----- 24 | 706 } ne 14
ee s eb He Batley == 2ct=-2 |" 266.
as Remarks on Different Varieties----. AGS osso=5\aceene 286
ES Beport on Pore nl= 2. -sseee eee ea eae ee nel eee en anocee 88
Se Society’s List. Description of.-...-]|--.-..|_._-..|_-.---- 15 a
“ Romeo Karmers? Olpmb bist. 2. sees ee |poaescliake eas iianen ee 396
Apples, Structure and Growth of its Flow-
Sra anal irnites oS. 2 fee eee eee Senne a eee ell eae 505
91 1
Apples Sylony 1s for 22+" =p 2=ssoeeas eee |asree=| 2 —a-n oem ae 67 |4 aa
(329
by Heed ling) Re pPOLl Ole oaeasee nese ee oan aol anne hae eee 313
a: Varieties and Cultivation of-.-- M 11
4 se of Mardy > s==-— = SN eee 324
as 11,115 14 <4 oe ee epee eae 2S Nee EN st 2 Tay ees (oes 442
sf and Peaches Compared as to Profit_| 227
2 Most:Profitablein Allegames =o 225-2.) n--6=| nncocs|saondefeccsee |v OLE
ae Fall and) Winter at the:Centennial | ......|.....-|..--..]---<--| <-.<-- 137

544 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT.

1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878.
Apples, Feeding valueio fesse het settles saeess | Snes is e222 2-22 25|/e2s2e- | sae e~ |) LOnM ieee eee
and Pears at Berrien Spring pis seses | Sees SS) ebec eo) eases seen meena sao e eee
fF LOS (es) Cee eee ee ee er ore eel eee eed ioe (oa bere 383
- at the Winter Meeting....-......----|------]|------|------|------]------| ------ 71
ct to Buropescs-ccbeecee tse se oe eesseces | sanads|(Sacne=|2seece 222250) /s2=—ee) ene con eee 376
ss Gathering and Preserving...-.------|------| ------]------|------|------|-.----|------ 49
a Rules for STO a a ee ee Sa cead) bees |cocoa|leeaoesiiecse coh fecserin| Ah
KS List of, for Hillsdalecics -22:1.scsee22|ss25 52 |\ses2-2)\2 22522) 222222) ---25- | 222 - “o- e
aE Cra bende: ccectec sees sae ecise tes dscnla| case th} cece te Seeeea cseee cy elem eee semen eed
ef for Lawton and Vicinity... .---------|------|------| ------|------| ------] ------|--.---]------
ae for Jackson County.-t2. =~. 2222-2622 WER Es) cane oe anna ne oi aa
ay Shall we Grow Large..........------|------|------| ------ | ------ | ------| ------] ------] --<-<-
ss Long Keeping --.------..--------------|------| ------| ------| ------ | ------] ------] ------] ------
Ke at Allegan Meeting: i205). 2 2 fo peicece eee se | once | oo ane ere enol lanl oe
Apple Tree Borer, figure of------2----------.}------ (af Pal ieee [See 135
ere 136
Apple Tree Borer, Preventive against -..--.| ------ 4 eH ee Pee 493
| 475 z
L476
Apple Tree Borer, Natural History of------} ------| ------| ------|------ 134
Apple Tree Wash..-....--.---.--- ------------| ------| ------] ------| ------| ------] ------| ------ 365
Apple Trees, Protection from C odling Moth222223|/22-25 350
“© Mice Girdling!._..-- 477
ae <¢ “s “6” Rabbitiss.22525\|.--222 486
we es Soil for :.1- Ses -4-seesessbesseos||| tases] 460
92 se Preparation of (Soil for-s-2-- => |\s=422- 468
sf nf Scraping and Washing of..----| ------ 1 488
ss &§ Mulehine hone 2 5-55- seas | Seseee 489
ss oe Grafting. pS ee ee ean 492
ce ce 45400 Co by opegee eo oy ee ee Se | oes 494
Sf G: Planting by the Wayside-_-.-.|.----.| 496
se s¢ When toverun ets. 2s. sees sooo ae 583
ss G3 Feeding of-_-.------ wie cathe cea ese | ea eecesalleecese 435
gs se IMS@GUS' ON=- 2-22 os 2 bs2Ses=2-))/ss5-2- 654
We WS (ANNUAISBEATIN Bisse none aan see eee eee een lee eeee lemme 181
ce 2 Ag elof ToO:S@ts2os- 52sec eee eens al eco eae aeeee= 112
Se ss Care Of be PEs Ss |e ees eee ene |e en ees 89
es o Controlling Beariieiyeariofe ee ees | eee eo) encom enema 405
Appointment of Henry Seymour, Treasurer|-.----|-...-. 283
Apricots—Societies’ List; Descriptionio£ -=<-)|=2--2=|225=55\es-— 20 49
APTICOUST NISh) Ob-2=- 202 = sese sae ease teem em =aileae a aan aaee ae 49
INO A eS ees eA See a eats Sa see at 83
zs Ks Display of Apples at_--------|------ 84
Arboretum, Advantagesiofan=.n22-5 222 ss Wee ne eae 55
WSGS Of anor iieo- Soon ee case nc Poeee eal Sane oe 56
Archer Thomas, on Wilson Blackberry. .----|--.---|-.---.|------|------ 353
Arizona as a Fruit Country---.-...-..------- 463
Arnold’ 8 Hybrid, Red. 02. -25 See eecc ee 456
White o-2. 228). o acne eoe 456
Aepaclonieice and Landscape Gardening- -.|....--|.--...|------|------|------|------| ------] ------
Arboriculture oS 22s. Soe eee cee san eee Sal soe ee | eae comet teeter 441
Arboriculture and Worestry.-s:-se---— -ome se | eee nea) ease eel | eee | seen heen on) oneal eee
ArrangineiOut MlOWelsle-s-=-=-sesaeenesceen| emma |e one lene cel pamela | mete ome a
Arrangement of Fruit at Fairs .--- .---------} ------|__. -_.| --..-| —- | eee a
Articles of Association of the Society ------ ae 77 (il (eae 5
“cc ce C6) ee ee Eee ee een eee na Sees oe 345
Artificial Watering -.2- 0s. be oe ne ec ccee eoesen | ceed: oa - pa | SS aoe ae 124
a @lassification es soo eso ee eee | enews oeee ee eee eee ieee 17
ss Key of Sweet ‘Apples. BAS eS ee ees re (eee eer (es 20
ASCENSION OL SRP senses eens saan see ie (REE) ES | ER (eS ee | ae
Ash) The White 22255-2. 2s. Soe nse 2 sate Lp eccn os | sole del oese ce | Sees eee mes
ASh en Ware eee eee eee eee sel ecard lance 438
Ashes, AGA) B18) Ole se] eee ae ae 476
for Peach Drees: totscc hose eons ccbe eet eeeeeaaias | co Secs) eee eeay todeees | Oommen eee 30
cm inthe Orcnard .s252-2- nes es-- ae eee eee Eo oe acek ce | ee ee eee 201
Ash Mamily 222. 22. 222 Ee 2 bee wat Ae aan earn ee |e ee nanan een 50
Asparagus Beds; Howto maken es ae soa ee ee eee eee | aerator freee 413
Cult tre Of kc eae | DOO NERA S BR Ewes 299
Assorting and Packing? Apples-2..-22- ececaa\|\eeeena|aacees||a-ooeolline corie Rares dks a 49
Atmospheric sDrainagele-s2s--sse-—e aaa ae eee | ait 414 ae }s8 GeO a easeae HA 260

|

264

92

INDEX. 545

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.

1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
ALtracHiy eG S1OW.GL GaAlO Cle os. scs sense aa san once ne) wom aol ae ee lf el 416
Rosas Meeting. -.--.2-25-~-2s2s-Sseenias-s2=\--==-- 136
Autumn CORB eh) bt eee pe eer ey (peers Ieee eees| ferred bemoans reaeoeol me ers oc 423
TD CALC See eee ee ee ea remo | anne wheat ail betas |ovesae |? 199
oe Arrangement of Trees.-..-.-------- 435
se ‘Apples ee ee eee
Awards made by the Society ------..-------- 231 17] 416 | 497
Awards from the American Pomological
ISOC] th eee - ey eee Se ee eee 397
Awards on Orchards and Vineyards.-.------ TAs |'seseee 194 115
. At SLabewall peo) eae as ana ene cte | Sonata | am emel teeta nee mel ee 180 150 104
cca NMS: FETE EE Ty 1k na ay [A (EN RN CCN) EES 146 |
B.
Back eponisandyi xebaneess 2.2 ee ss ce eee eal le erence al | ieee eed ee en ae
Bailey, Master L. H., on Hirde ie. fo NW be ee 127
Baldwin and Wagener Apples, Letter on_.--| ---- eeiecees 240
TED} Go yin PNP OY 0) ei ee eee A A et ee re fee PACE Sen ES fee al I 311
ce SS Fh GO beep eee ee) EN | (ees || eee oleae] of 88
Baldwin, Governor, Address _by.-.--.----.-2- 112
J.D; on Utilizing the Rainfall!) oo. -2 | oo) eae een eee ame 198
alates of Root and Branch, PO PICBCEV 6.05 | csc eel see na loaae oa eee al eee eae eee 171
awl parnes Wate CNIeN bl Ob ee eee see na eneee | meee ee ei eee eee oe 421
{36 oe [(1EE
Bands for Codling Moth....-.-.--------------|------ 156, 1.6 BeopabB a aipery ieicre) pees, 25
| 431 252 70 419
| 658
485
Ls piel lps s Seen Cees DES Se eee erate } 885 BY if (lel een Pee gees fy Seen 2) CE ae Rs,
661
BGAY wer.) tae OD Sale; DECCS) 2. asa n eee aa ne Noah elem eee eel ee 47
IPAINCE, J. b-,.NOte. from 5 <oe sone Seta pametel| ese x | oats || ee eee eee Pe ene 5
Barnard and Crawford Peach....--.....--.---|------ a
Bareameterand Pesches 22) 5. 2p e cnc te | -oe—n5\|--e< si). e-== 361
Barrels, Law about Size of.......-----.-----. 133

Barrels, Resolution Concerning Size of Ap-

Ce ae a Se ee See ae eee bation WR

| (ek 74 |
Barry, P., Letter Concerning Centennial

ST Bats e Of NOUSeny Rees. -2 ---o- sea a-amn aa mam = wane celles as Perens ise 301

Exhibition bdent Silene Ss del aA Siebslee tae Se) liars 319
Barry, P., on judging Apples--_-_...-... .---] ---- --| ------|------| ------]---- --] ------] ------ 21
Barry, W. C., on Tree and Herbaceous P2-
Te op oe ee I SSSI DARED SERS ONE St || 2 SA Eee ee 80
Barry County Report_......------------------| ------| ------|------ | ------] ------ | ------| ------| ------ ao
Basket Plant, the Begoniaas a ..........----] ------| ------]------ 401
Basswood, the TO PEA: so cee see hea eee
Bat, Value AP a et ance SOESe MCRAE Fe eee S|! 5 Soe eS ee
Bateham, M. B., on Floriculture for the
ir RIVET Ties SRS el SEDI VE ORR Ne renee: Bie See eee By (aes 416
Bateham, M. eee etter trom) s See enema ooo ee lem erm ete ee eee mee 292
‘ on rari the eome opal pean es | Paseo ee eee 33
Os ss Ti 2) tt eee ee SNS 2) (RES Se ane RNY FT he eee Peer 53
‘Battle Oreek, Meeting ats 2p escese eee eee) con ok 255
Baxter, Albert, in Kent Co., Peach Orchard,
Glee el ee eee ee ee aa ee 219
Bay County, Letter PS Tah RE ERs BARES SS {7 “ined VI (ANS JRE RG OE ee ee ee 5
Beal, Ww. Je Ga Planting. WVerereenne ss | eee 422
LG Cultivation (kPa OVO 1179 eh SN |e i a | ES) (CE RE A EA Aes eee eee 3383
Ji «White Globe lOnion aimee Late ook ae eee a a ee oe
J: as Cowen s Gi Waihi ets (ol ed'0g ts Yoel 22 Se | | ES | a eS (eS Ee cree eaeeet eee 392
oe “« © Michigan at the Centennial.|-..-_.|--.--.|------]------|--=---|=-+--<|--e---|+-----| 234
Beal, W. J.,on Advantages of an Arbore-
tum Sete RES PEE POSER S SA Te See A, |. Se eee 4 eee
Beal, Wid. on Pronine appleirees is see |naece- | nao ol ana o OU
Se HOw Plants Grows cess | aneseo | 220 seni | aanmamn 161
Beal, W.J.,0n Describing apples by the
Wigwiersteeis 2 fen op ee ee et BOR oe een ea pee | eee 170
Beal, W.J., An Address on Roots..--.-- 320
* “on Acclimation of Plants-----.- | ante on toeo ane eames Soa eee ee aes | Sere 25
Se «| « Improving School Grounds..|------|------| ------] ------| ------| ------| ------|------ 133
Wo 6G. arm. Ornamentatinneesaeaes irrates lens 5-0 suecas leeeeza | czobes leases [beeoes |occeee Ore

546

SUBJECT.

Beal, W. J., on Cross-breeding of Fruits---
< “ Teaching Horticulture.

Wo 7 as Forestry. eee ee ee
gs $s as sndging apples PES eases see
s oe © Single Plates at State Fair_.
we + (Codling:) Mothe:—-.-- ---. --=-
ee es ne Vegetable Garden -.--.-.-
.s J ss Protection of Trees_-...----
Beal, W. J.,on Most Promising Field for
Experiment Be a ee SS Se ee eee eee
Beal, W. J., on Horticultural Experiments..
“ee

“ Growing Vegetables. .---
Beal, W. J., on Report of Orchard Conmuits

PS Wil Spel ge s
Beal, W. J., on Insects and Plants... -..-.-
Beach Sand asa Mulch..-.

INDEX.

1871.

1872,

YEARS AND PAGES.

1873.

1874, | 1875.

1876. | 1877.

“in Cranbury Culture----.--.----
Basan Wcima, WOW tORGUOW encoe-eeas pease 397
ef Cultivation of-2222 202. ene sek een n ac ; s
Ss Timeof Wipenin gos --cesss=s—=—e———— A 4
Bearing Year, How-to Control-----.2-2----2--- L
“Induce Regular -----
eR Uh EO HOMES ese ce ns aati ss cece eeoseee ae s
‘ Country Produced by Trees-_-----
Beautifying the Home, a Family Work..----
Bedding out Plants. 2.126 eee Sees
et | eg! Fe) 1 Ft ee ee Oe ee |
Beecher Fruit Packagesee: 222-2 =--= ---- --=- bp
G N. A. on Orchard Experience------
Bees destroying Grapes--------.------------- : si 359
“ and Fertilization of Flowers.----------
eCetsuOUl bi vahloOnlOf-=-- ee cea a=) Hoos = =n ae
Begonias and Basket Plants_--.--------------
Teel hyo Tepe) te Ue) ee ay ee see ye ee ene Sees | boceSeefecss-ol lesen | Seea Sse ses eae Ss losac fs 247
Belt, the Michigan Fruit-....-.-.------------|------|------|------]------] ------|------]------ 4
a CST GY Woh ge yee eee pee Oe ae Se sero) Seneeeliosesto teseoecl lesser a aes sle tea [Sens 4
ce Si Waidthiot the! PCAGHE 2. 32 eae n aaa ean el ena Nee Ne al eee 13
“History of the Michigan Peach--------|------|------|------ 227
*“ Peaches of the Michigan Peach-.-----|------|------| 481
Bennet, A. W., on Fertilization of Flowers. | .-----|------|------|----- 118
Benton "Harbor, Meeting atts. 2 cece PEL OY
. oF LOETIO AAG paca ban onSsocsua| lesesce i
IpenzZonia, Re pOLs SLOMr aa =) ae aenea nee ena ae abs ||suectel| peeecs'| oo scae| Season |seeshel Meee ees oe
Berrien County, Shipments from._....------!------|---- -|------|------| ------| ------ 208i} 2-45 8 4
Oi Report from-.-.-------.----|------| ------|------|------|------] ------|-=----| ------ 404
3 3 Mruits) 2522308. ote ee eee 139
PB CRTC ee a ee | eee | ee |e | eee tel |e ee 326
Best Varieties of Grapes recommended by
i ipTadnHeldse Sass ccs sesso tenet econo =e V7
Best Peach, Paper on...-...------------------|------ 114
“S DIScnssionvOnme eee beeen ence eng las
We ‘“ and Hardiest Grapes_----------|------|------| | $27
petite, Chas., Report of Orchard Committee
Pe ERS Se a Reals Deen ea re bey ieeets belles oo oe le bee eed,
Bidelman, Eli, on Pruits about Coldwaterie|o2.22.)\--2. 0. |e seam |e eee ees 76
Bidwell H. E., on Fruit Growing at South
PAV CTs soe eee ene ee Eee Sires eee eee eee ail Sea tee 119
Bidwell, H, E. Ones Culturessss snes ee aee |) 004
“Grape CUMGUre.---seene=— ee 523
ue Es “Miei@ ol tunes ese eens a 612
Biennial Bearing Apple Og oT el a es | [ea a eed | MS |r Sy Coe ele aly oT
; 127 90 98
Bird 8)-Vi8. NSC ChB Seas see ee ee eee 631 138 ee 12
449 159 | ( 457
SPN and VA STICMIGUNCH =e osee abe tee 442
1 3h g's (: eee pm eee i en RUE er a eS fo cS ened banca en | ea se Se hens Sa|) coset) et 355
ss Injurious to Insect Life--------- -- 266
1 (Classification Ofc. <2. eee ee oe ete mee lee tam eT eae en fee eee 356
9 law aboultzceee 2oe5 8 ees Bee ee 137
C6 Save GC esac oc oo hoon cate een see ote | eee lees el Oe || ey en eed ee ered eee 24
6601 » tue MEVEIEN CB Sees ect ees ee aN ee ete cee
GOP iB, (OM bs see Okey ae sey eee See ate hon | en ZO)
Bird Question, by Dr. Wm. Le Baron-_--..---|------|------| 449
BITCHES, (Ornamentals sass ass ne se sets se | ate eae etel ee eet ree 51

a

INDEX. 547

YEARS AND PAGES,

SUBJECT.
1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879,
BINNEY. ALM. etter ssi<- 20 eons cesensos cee scree) recsse||Secseo|lececedleccece|fecceee 5
Fe yjo8 Sr RT gt WO Beller eat A
ce HotiwG nape sees ase) eee eee aeons Seen jSseote |fooscee) fetes || Sascoc| | OD
Bic CKNeLY God! WLDRCGRU ssc oe eeseee ne oes cece tees KLE eee Ech Sagal ceeds a SA 3
Blackberry Rusta-=-2225s2--22- eae eee ee tees Se eel leseer a haan [eecry a |e ool le al Ue
Ke Phe Snyder 22 a est eee eee eee ences ae ase 5 336
“ee ce a 1
Haw tonyomhochellece..escilis<--sall--ssen eens eailoomaas 203
( 87
| 203
as ST HE? Will SOM tee eee soe eee TAS a See eee mae ees + 258
| 353
(461
a OE Gal tin nye 2 sea an ae eee eee | ooo nl aeaee pe
Oe Cultivatiomof: --25-.<-2222e-2 eee SSSTEAH thee ws) tee eee O
as MAptOf VAarietiesss:2).- iss e2e as | A eee ete ce Seca eee 202
Blackberries recommended by the Society. 709 142 el
Blackberries recommended by the Society, 45
DCSCHIP UOMO beens 5 s+ oases Zon asa et ae mane |eeeoes esas all aeeece 391
Blackberries, new Varieties, Description of| .---..|------|-----.| 267
Varieties of Profitable. ...... ens 410
OD ve and Culture of..___- a | er tae
a Mulching: of: 525 5 et ESee24i Lemseeeseeceil AOD
ce Discussion on Varieties seeesss assets seeeeeleescee | =eaa ee 303
Blackberries, Varieties of for Central Mich-
HED) D Qo Re OER oe RSE REE ROR BEEBE COE EEE roa (ees Ioseoe lesa loascico [pecese| lassie 338
Blueht in the»A pple trees 2.22222 ase ee eee eet cerca 23 494 | 309
eee) Pear traps Joo ot eres ee 400 | 587 | 143 | 100 | { 38
eos Gal for Car) tre Gas. s-- Hoe eee 68 Se Pe | SE est nee See eee ee eee ee 362
Bioem; prolonging the-222 essa bse = cae Se et Eee Eee ee ee eee lore se ee | 366
PIOSEOMS(OL THe Apple min frum b eel Sees ek Ne Oe | a eee eee eee 19
IBUaTdeMence, COSt Of oe ole wee mee PRN PERE Fr ee asl ke Sh ected OP RR | Rn 31
Bodies of Trees, protection: fori2t se ike ot ee he | ek il) eee eee 96
BOOkAON OMICUItUTE aMlst OL see eee eee aeee ee eee beeen eee 194
Borer, the Squash soos ss Sa SE eee RAR ee cen ee | eee hee 360
aa EW ns) Vet 0 Sho Ieee 5h yar SETS EN ES | ed Ghie heer sive 136
WU Se EP Wil hn eae a Seca eee eee Bee re ee ee ne eee ee eee ete ee tl a 135
“ “ - 142
CurramGice a so2c5< ceccn sense ce ck aso \er eee ate sete liae ee =n 397 } 208
CNG VATICHIOR cae coeee case ee ee cee sel eee eet ea pete a [Ramee 92
ak 140
fn sor the Peach tree22 2-5 ee Ee 650 228 errs {
665 (141
SeenOr Lhe lA ppleireGsoo.sa--- seo ease een eoee Mee eens feceeee 135
Borer, prevention and extermination of_.._.| ------ ale Pee | mane i
660
Bort; wWilham, tribute:to the memory, of. 4) - 2-2.) - an |e a san eee since sel eae eee 56
Boricole or Kale, Cumbtiyes HOMO fee eee [pee | ee ESI OOD
BotanicalsNotes' by C: FS Wiheeleris:2 2225 2 | 2 sccee | ee 539
Bonham, Jeriah, on Commercial Fruit-trade, ------ 387
Bouquets for fhe "Pabletco<oes crus o ese) A ola th oeelian ns oop dapat ph Genie 403
Bete ae OF, etter fromt ee se toe eae oil eee ce alta taal toe aes | eee | Pen Seer aR ae Ae ee el eee 293
Bradfield, E ,on Zvi ee) ye OIE ce (a5) jee esl asso se| eeerco | oosaee |jas-ecn ieee 299
es “Failures in Grape-Prowing)),-22224)).-- 34.)ians4 ae ee ae ee cee te | DIS
SE So 1ONa Sra PCs. 252 2 se seas he ee case a see es xoo= oe Ga aR | eer 324
e Grape Cultures -2 1G) US| ee oe beeen 526
Branch County WYO so. o 222 5 see oa eae cel scscne | cass liscaten| ces QS. feeesae 76
oe Applesishipped) frome 222e=. | <2 Se0\|--a5- | <<2= ai] oso ee)|leseooe 16
ne THsecis.ce Pace oe ere ae he alba feb ten es nd) esos | essay Pe eral een le Sones ees ee 45
Brie hton GUAPO sce. sone ce et atae - dean sacs ae ton aeaene
Psa di ih! We GR Gl Bee ee ee ee COREE Oe (ee ae) eel ee (eee eee
Brooks, H. T., Report on atealagy Pastas ssoos lasso she psees
eS On Mic hizanvAp presse scsi ee ca eed nse es Se Sees 177
Brown, Jeremiah, on the Wilson... eas 330
* Small Fruit se23s:
ue cs MGuLCL LOM sstensse asst ees seas zat2e
es sf Maple Orchardasss eee ss ses oes .ba3 23
Brown, Mrs. Jeremiah, on eb te i
HIOMOCS io 2 es ea sacs Sas ctor coc ea ete tees eosets | secae | secee

548 INDEX

YEARS AND PAGES.

oe Seedling Potatoes__....----------| ------| ------| ------| ------
Brussels Sprouts, Cultivation of_---..-------| ------| ------| ------

SUBJECT. SL Lh
1871. | 1872. | 1873, | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Brown, Mrs. Jeremiah, on Garden and Wild
Bry ant, Arthur, on the Ash and Larch
33 C. T., on Plum Culture..----.-------|------| ------| ------ | ------| ------ | ------ | ------

INJOWOENS o.oo a eee ee ee aeee re loeacee aroma

Brown, W. A., on the Yellows-----.-.---------| ------

Brownell’s Beauty Potato------.-.--------.--| ------|------|! ------|--

Budd, Ae iss TP 5 SCE 1 a a Un Yi RNY (S| PERE Hi a Rs eh PSE ele ee lls || on 2
Sc on Bark Bursting_.----------.--| ------] ------| ------| ------] ------ | ------ | ------| ------

Budding ple Vn peace TETSU) 8 a I Pee | AE | eres Neate) Recacos. 127

fs Apple seees Se eee ee facets 494
cE and Grafting, DISCUSSION ON cs -n lease eee 360
Buds, Difference in Leaf and Flower--.-----| ------ 43
Buell, E., on Money in Orchards. -.--.-.------| ------| ------| ------ 51
“ Fruit'at Allegan Meeting--...-|------| ------] ------] ------ | ------] ------| ------]------
oe “oA AMAZOO PUL Be hea oe estan | ce eae aloe Sey me etcl eee eet ae meters | lem etetel ane
<< “Winter Apples_-.--------------| ------| ------ | ------ | ------] ------| ------|------ 49
ss CL! eV SS aed od rch bb r= esa el 9 a ee Ca ee | RE A ee Beal ee Soy occas 206
Bull, E. W., on Concord Grape...
Bulbs and Pinntaes eee
ered WON = Se ee eee (Se
Burrington, J. Q. A., Letter from

Burrill, T. J.,on Fungi ee ee ee ee ease
Butman Squash FAS OO ee a 5S Pa Sal bes Ce Ps (Eee
By-Laws, Committee on -=--) --- aces n=sa=-==|- =a ae

Ofithelsocietiys-=: -=2-s- 225 -2- + aol ooo

238
405

10

C.

Cabbage, Cultivation of the-.-.-.----.---.---. | ------| ---«--| ------ 204
Cabbage VOU ee ene ee eens ee oae ote ee ec met emo aein| mance CPA bees 124
Kerem ediy. tess scatrec coer es cee oe he|| eaoeen {ese ae al] eae eel l= meal leer | eee 436
G3 Worms, Report on-_-------2---2----) --.---]---- =| ------] ---2-- | | one 237
Cabbage Butterfly ._-...-------.-------.----..| ---.--| ------] ------| ------] ------] ---=-- Pe
Cabbages Destroyed by Worms..--.-..-.----|---.--|------| ------|------| ------| ------ 67
Calhoun County, LEAS Fh of srg err oy 00 yee Saal cee NE iy oie | en Be | pe et es Naa seileoctosllenec-> 5
c MOPORt MOM essen eee eee mene | eee ee leer ae eee eee 209
U3 “f Fruit) s¢s22555.5,<0-545-4--5-|| soscee 141
Malifornia as a fruit State....-...-...-.------ 148
@alla Blossoms—How tomakesl 22 bs esse [ea ese eee neal eee ell leae eee loemetel eee 401
Campbell, G. Ve OniGTapes--=_=-=-<--o
* Delaware Grape... a 48
oe ae «Grating. .-22s-boonss-s5)|ee kone 576
Compbells G. W., on new Hybrids and Seed-

ngs
campbell, G. Ws on CarejofiGrapese---e- enone som ne = lle ceenn | rece eel amemce meme | eee 384
‘AV the me wer Gla pesesa= esse ea eee en| lance al aeemee at eect | ete 204
Canada Binekoauy RAaSPUCERY sac-ss—oeo- ees 454

ae Thistle—How- toidestroy-s222--a2-5 3) aoe baleen ieee ce

se a report from--.---.------------------| ------| ------| ------| ------| ------|------]------] --253

Canadian Fruit Reporte: saan esse aoc e eee eee | ee one eral eater e (erate el eee teeta 186
Canker Worm—Ho Wit mento seie Sol soesceesacn to Hl Vs fal a (AE 40 110

‘And: COookOnbuh 6 soecr eee as |ocecne loca alee ll see sere ince cal] aed |e ee eee 236

‘“ as Di WOLGHDOU bases cases easeeel awawee | ecce setae ome eee yi Dt) ee he 23

as OL habits oO£..---2-g0 2-5 ps Bee A | bia eso 39
Canned and Pickled Fruits, report o
“ Dried Fruits, report on-
Carbolie Acid and the Yellows.------
aC OLD SCCUS cee ee anasto enna eceeteo peal

Gare of newly planted trees--....-..---.-----. | ------| ------] ------] -- .---| --

CHEN NOSE oh 20 ON clo) 0 6: 9 a0 Caen sk Seta aR ae ARI eno Ty | i seta es ile te MPa fe | pee ae | ney casio a 24
Oarmen Ey Son thei@lematisnes: 2025.) -oes || aeeeeailioan es ||eonanm||lconme
CATNIVOLOUS) Plants oe aoe aoe soe e een eee se oeee eee atenl cmenes)|eenerla 306
Carpet bedding ..----..------------ -.---------|------| ------| ------| ------] ------| ------] ------

INDEX. 549

YEARS AND PAGES,

SUBJECT.
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877.. | 1878 | 1879.

Carpenter, C1, on Winter killing een. @ | 22a lean ol| een ane ||-2==-= |) anne 169
Capitol, Pomology In) Cheb soe setts en sone s | eee LEE SRee || etiesieen(y Ae ease eae 0 ee ou eee Ones 203
tomate Med Sune ote bee a ea 76

Oarrous Oulvivation Of. 222225220) cecace aan aes feats acl ance, || oaceas 208
CassiCounty, Report trom--.5---------.<-=--=\| === |/-—a—= Sele aren Set heme ee (pee

se Se MY nit frown See ee ee a ees en tee |e nee pana een en

st ss notin the PeachPbelt=-= son 5 oe ee a ee 5
Catalogue GEM iisceees eee ctasccntreoeoscae AUD a lame aael fiance |lasoee | eaaa ose el pee 456
oO value'of's ood 28=>-2 oS 8 | eee ea eee es Se ge
Cs Pondon! Hort. Societys 222 en ee == | eee [aera See hs ae | ees aa oe 30

166
ae TUES SUPE EStions a DOW 22 |ecece | eae | eh ee i ah ta 2 || ee 202
417
ct American Pomological Society} 383 | ------|.-.---|--.--- 283
Catalogue of American Pomological Society,
COMILICIS I OMe eae oso ~ mona ea ee ec a pesca eice eens 545
Wababags che Western ssse=- aoe. ee me an eee earmeereNeeenenn ee enter eet ee ee eee 388
s treesthard yi-222 4. 22222 Sek ee ee a | ne oss eee teed ee A eee ee 442

483
Waterpillars che) Lents 22 2222-5. 2562 eee 648

os Red humped! 22.2... S226 2-82 Seek ee es eel ea ee | eee a
OCaisin ASIC WIENS Oo so ocos sae ots me no Ne en 200

Cause of the Yellows..----.------------------ 7 a AR Nee eet sp ey Vette 254

Canlinower Cultivation Of. =.-225-.°2255.222-)|\=n-o56)|ssscoallacos ee 206
Cayuga Red Streak and its synonyms...--.-. 243
<s Description of--.--.--_- 338
Celery, Cultivation Of 2s8 es ee eee tese eae 209
1 (oT 2) 9s ae Re a A ee Re ees | heal eye pete | Le nel een [ees A 432
+ OPE) HUTS We eee eee aoe ES | Ee ee eer al (eee teat | fe aS 411
Cellars BON RY Geers eS ed 5 senses Sov sll ae | en SB oll ees stone lace eee SD a DSi te debra lie Ae 376
CHEN rsery StOCKe: ste ee eh esa yay ete Oe ae an pen oe ee eee (PRE 19
Genteniinl, Delegates to meet Commission-
ey ge Cs LEA St ape ee BSED Eee re ee SEES ere ee , al tee Pe 30S
Centennial Exhibition, Letter Concerning. _|__..__|------ Sid) pee 415
Michigan Produits weeds eros iste ee cet hee 234
S$ Donors of tree Products) 322024) eee sees |e eee = 246
Ee Appropriation: fore. 22 ss s-6 eae see = see al ee 553
a SAW LTS ee er eh re | | ig re A ee) pee ta allt eee ee 146

ss amologiy: a bthe: = ee 2 oN So ol oe a nals see 20

o ‘Brees Planting ak Bees a oa ec ee cee See 393 107
s6 iRhododendrois) xt the sees. = ess | st ere oe ee 434 23
Wo LPOT ME scorer eerencoteseaacascas| |eccans|lesccre |romcos||eoseee 458

ce Exhibition, steps toward making

Cemprian Ph ine)2.25 ss oe
Colonia tide Tcem\concernin oo) a Se ise, | Se ee 243
Piamberlsiiy Mr., on Fruit at Benton Har-

Ghamiberain Mr., History of Peaches at St.
YTS Ut epee ti ip arse te aie let eee

Change of Name, Action concerning......---] ...-.

gs in the name of the Society -_.-.......] .......
Changing the Bearing year_-.---..._-...- Ann ae ee
CHA pir OMmsmia tM rOiCst. | sees eee ee ee re Seed ee se eee enhe eee ayaa sa 119
Characteristics OG GIG We Bi Si lene ne meee ee [eee 703

Chas. Downing aia boy, history of..-...|.-
Cheap Fruit a Desideratum..-..._.._.. 19
Chemistry of Fruit Ripening_-..-... oa
** Ripening process in Leaves
Cherry, Bigarreau, a6) Citta Pont stut Sablel i StS 22" | coe ee ee ee AO
GES) VATICCIOS OVS AT RED ete | os Ee eee oe ees Pens s 2s eee

L Orchards the Premiums sconce gehen ae ee 264

Ke the wild 8: 0) spe ha at Se ae tere | ae Reena tree See et peer ge eg ERG ll | ty lanl Ps a 423

L AE Dye ut Copal 3H pd Ot) viet Da. OES || eae eae | (esa ee een d [mee nat habe LAT a eel 426

cs bee) gee Spee eS See i on eee en bi ie ay jee) [meee pereeed kemtieesy eran | Eh aed 355

ce) andthe‘ Cherry trees ace ee ( 387

«s Curculio; Howto Destroyou.ss eee ae 1 389

as Cultures se ee eS es ee 559

550 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

Cherry, Knight’s Early Black....-.-.......-.|-----.| 564
“ and: ‘Pear treeiSlug sees esses eons eae ee
US (ieeloni Cy els) NCES Se a ee eee ees | lessees | SSBB

se oo) Valuable toner <6 .--—— ie - so ai|o-= ame

ce History of the Utah Hybrid

as Curran tae ee eae bend Cece c eee iicceee | eateeoecceee oases 209
Cherries and Strawberries..-.-.-............. 45 119

“ varieties of profitable.............__|-.---. | -2. 8 408

Us Vallee iO tesserae ie enesc con soncceaNieceeeel eae 44

a VATLCtIOSUOless cea ceo =e ween aan cece saieae soi faeseee AD meee 302
ss TOL ACANMING fae gece eae te niet H eatetelota | tem malate 47

a Soianou@iimatewtonsa-s--—---e ee element ema 47
a Dwarhanagistandardssa2- 9-22 o 2. a ileese en meen 48
Cherries recommended by the Society, de-
scription of-... -....-..----------.-----------~}/------| «--=--|----=. 23

SUBJECT —).-
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Cherries decémmmenaed by the Society..--.-.| ..--.- 708 | 141 } aS

as Tete} oro) el Ovetd Mop ene eee ee eee || nol fees elf cena 984

“ New varieties, Description of...---}--....|----..}...-.. 255
ss Harvesting and Marketing of--.-_-|---...|--..-.].-.-..] 390
at eesti See eae ERE Se S| has 281
ONESB ANON WINGQE saan esaeeee ease ese = eee ne een onl eros ene 172
Childs, J. W., on Agricultural wants of
WO ED ee eke Soe secs cases Cesc eseesseeeee5 || eeeees|/eSs-cel [soso 542
Childs, J. We on AsriculturaltColleges i225) o222 ao eens noose eases see
Chicago, rust to bo Shown ated eee en nee ee 560
QOhildren’s waldtearden*:2.-25 222222 2o nao =—= || Sone ease eal eeecee || eee aieel| ese ate
Chilson, N., Report of, as Superintendent of
TNS So ee RRS eee EES > AS 62855555) | on Aes |S kass oases icees | See

t
ce e.caileeeaes 398
tas £2 psa ine 215
Chilson, Ny Reportior State Mairi sooo. - on .ssellaees all enol nee oe ee eeen meatal eee od eee
cc" Exhibition” Mal ee oe Ae eee eee eee eee
Chinch Buz, NOUN! OF so. 42s enone ose ee eee nl cones 642
Ohiccory, Cultivation Of 22 eo ee ee an= a) oe seanll ons onllleweees
Choice of Nursery trees.----..----..---------|------|------|------|------|------|------
Church; Flowersine <2 -se-sn5-5---- <---> =o: eae a Se ee Nee eeeel| meee a eae
Cions, Discussion OMe es evans cnet alana neal as= soni teee all eect cee Selec aerate eee
Circulartolotier State Societies! - 2.2. —— 22-1) oe lf real ery] reas | et re tee
<e ConcernineiGyra Pe Obs aan ae el ea ete eee eee tee

Circnlatiomol Sap soesess sce eases a= see eae al ese e ena sael ae 313 | ------ | <--->

City and Village lots, Ornamentation Of 2 ooo ee ee a ee ee
Clad? astis. TinclorviG 22-335 pees eens ccna so css6|| seas sci cecmes|aabenelleeeese aeenee eee
Clarke Raspberry ---.--.---------------------. 455
Clarke, Pres. W.S., on Phenomena of Plant

Classical vs. Scientific Studies__.---..---
Classification of Fruits by T. T. Lyon
Olassificationjot Apples-p-—--)--- eae een ola anaae | eee onc eee | eeeeee memes
Olassification Of Apples Diels) - 2-22 --2-sel eee a noon oo eseeen || ooseeel ieee
Clay Gardens, Comparison between-.--.--.-.}--- Wi spe Pee | eae mm fF Se al lps ae

ce Soiltobr PCAC he saree sae nnaciajeee te eae eee eee cee eel an eae |teaenoe| | ieee eed tome atta feet eee 276
Clearing Stump Lands for the Peach -...---. 436 i

Cleft) Grafting 2200 8 Lees ee es esos omeee | cece enccber loco et el imeeeet 126
Clematis varieties see ee eee we ee eee ee aoc eat oe cee een ae 265

Oo MANS PeCMERG Olp ceccocn es sec ae ae ee eee nf cece amen fea mel eae erates | teeter
388

380
se ANG HOSES. coe cscs ce cetera Santen eee ai ee a Salincac eel cence |e ce Sell eames] amen Deere
oe JaCkmandi oo ee eee et ae pececel aacmac fas as ceil oe eee sees | eee 418
Climateof theurraverse RePiOn. joes eses ren eecess|| eee oo] 6 cee eed beeeral eerie 306
as Ena h OMEN dita Gye dh pire ae | ee | ees eee | esas lesee c|/oce sce
se of Eastern Shore of Lake Michigan] ---.-- 407
se adapted ito Miner Mrnits------ ona eee e nl mann = || an ocen ieee 322
as OL South Havens ._-s---s see eee eee 409
Climatology of Michigan..--_...-......-.------ 184
Climbers: 3-65 j etebes cones eccemeos cceciieeee se] wecce sincere as| aoa 204
ss INSEIVG) ooo oso aoae ccc e ne ce Lon nce eee al eee eel lone wae | acteca a | eee med eee e ell ee eeeel ieee
Climbing Plants, peculiarities of............|--.-.-] ------|----..
ChintoniGrape Usefulec-an=- 20 nese ne ae eee melee ee mere a mee eer erent eee
Clinton County, claims of--- eee leesomellee
Close and Cross Fertilization --_-.-_-- cof Cosece eeee me eeeene aroma tenes

12

381
380

INDEX. 551
YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT.
1871. | 1872. | 1878. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Clubb, Henry S., on Fruit in Kalamazoo
LEGy thy ee ee en eee] a ene es See Sresclecea | Ssceee| [Sota eroees 190
Clubb, Henry S., on East Shore of Lake
IN GO f) lee Ree oe BE ee eee) Ieee [eye es | Socal ooo 18
Clubb, Henry S., on Cherries.-.-.---...--------|------| ------ 44
Clubb, Henry ce on Fruits at the Centen-
TT Ge ee eee ee COC ee Sey ete (aol ed pO
Clubb, Henry S., on Beach Sand2 2-2 fs | eee
Goaletanine PTrunin eee sso ae erento nee em eel 384
(Creve PTO ae Oe ee are Bee e a Reel Beets See ee noee 358
Codling Moth Dic kinsonOn GHC sss. cseae ses eeeae alana fae
ae Remedy Gln sastea anaes a alae a Peete beeen ele 209
(149 81
i156 | | a52 |§ 70 | 5
& 6s How: to fight the_---.--..---- 450 is 2366 158 2G62iel oes Giatsoeseis 359
658 (447 484 | (419
as cs Brotewe oe Beal iOn thes. 2csclses cc Poe ae a Pee Eko tael eeeee | lieremie [aes Sellaeeoael
os eb MEA TIKHONOV LO NOEL el pee ee eee| |SSesee|| soeeor fesse o) | Sesaso|/osoce 367
Ge OO IOS Oe Ree eens cocercl| se Spelled eel sees eal osascs| |cececc|| creeec||rceeer au
s iG Discussion.oniw2s-5 235-8 ee ees encaaai cee el eeaceei ese ren meal [ea aaaae ew
Codling Moth, Unity of action for the de.
SEVNCHIONIOL It kb is osaske cat eseaseaeacs=e\anwasalasaoe=|eccoss 104
Codling Moth, and varieties............-.----|......]..--..]-.----|------ et
. cS Address upon by A. J. Cook..
se cs Protection against__._--.--..--
cs ce ANGUH OLS ots wa eee cease
sé as Mra ps2 52e2Uesso sees foc sae-
sf ae WiPU Le Of sescese sane sae aeee ss
ae ss Description ofs= 32522 \222s2e2-
ae oe Does it emigrate ?..-.-_.--..--
ColdwatemHorticulturali@lwmbes--- soc sss ssi see alle eee lena eal eee eal | eeeewal eaae—el tee eel eeetar 251
ce <C «Report of---= 2 eee au
a cf s¢ Officers of-...-. ‘ 339
Ss Anniualimectinge at =. s.s2.-ce_--.
Cold Winter of 1874-5, Lessons from_....--.-- 390
Collection of Artificial Fruit in Wax----.---- 5 10
cs “ Apples, what is a good..-.-....
Collections, Character of, at Exhibitions---
@Wollecting Insectse-2_ 22 22--= 2.8 ie to seee chee suilleesca2 39
@ollere; Agriculpural: 225-02. ..2222 20-222 -622 2
College, Agricultural, Horticulture at.----.| - Pe (a a ee eee ees eal (erase 222
Grounds, etc.-.-..--.-
ae vid Ositionlofecn sense z
as ee Faculty of the. -----.-
ee fs Expenses at the.._-.- : ee Seal eddy,
- co Suggestions for the_- 2 anne. LOO)
“ ss Hopes concerning the a eran es [ee LOSS
af <¢ New orchard at.---..
Colored Light affecting Germination------..
Color of Flowers, for what purpose.-----.-.
« ~and Fragrance of Flowers---.-------.-- .
Colorado Potatu Beetle—How to Fight---.--
Comings, S. H., on Cranberry Culture..---.-_- 201 43
Committee on iidw Fruits, Report by so. co leccies [ono y-- | o-aes-le-s- acdeaeeeie bec ed ee =| cen) ee
Pears and Plums, Report by.| -----. ee) ey (eee ee) borers tec [aeeen = 181
ae Se eA Dp ples, MepOlkOt---ss 6 —asee|| neon a= TV) ae ee a ae ead Ieee eee 71
pe COMENATOLIN IN Saart ee Re See Sl eee 167
‘ SV OVChard sso as ses pens cone eee sen 71 263
ss ‘© Grapes, Report of.---- Be eel ee 154
ne * Canned and Dried Fruits_._.-|------ 152
a to meet Agricultural Society---_-| -.----| ------ 330
We Reports at Allegan_........ ..--.|------|------| ------|------] ------| ------] --2-=- 68
s¢ (Annual meehinwereees |lnocs= 5-2 cece ees on |(ee esc) oneal ener emo a
‘“ “ cCMATAC ROT toe dee eee |e ate. || ooh on aon see eee cell eee ee eee lene: 131
66 ‘6 COD hs all SPs nt pa. Se SC a | | ee] (ee Pe eS eee ee ees 260
sé on Constitution and By-Laws...| 217
se “ Finance, Report.of---..-...-.- 252

5952 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.

71
Committee, Meeting of the Executive------ 106 Lt
“ on Flowers, Report of -.-..-.----| ------ 127 |
Committees at Annual meeting TE PE | EEE | 2 hl eee ras ned te ae | 215 191 170
‘© Winter meeting.-....--.---.- secewal| pean easel (aetna eal ie ee eee 4 18 7
Commearotal Bipaitsrad © seer es teen ene 387
Composition of Fruit Seat udsee et caesar ee Sean Pees || Sao 5 || Sco 5 | (o-oo | Ponce =| (Esa2 So )/ once t 85
© Bape ee a ae costenecee sen ceedee lero a—e omen lemons 336
Compton’s Surprise VELA TTY Hes See a RE OO | 2) ene pene 442
Concord Grape in Ionia County --.-.--------- Se se||eoee [asses || BY
ip afor annin tanenescsis oa eesees |= 526
Ks ONSSSCIS sores be abestteaecetececes | eases 50
Se Miu scabies seat = eae eee. ee ee 51
ae Grape—History of the-..----_------ 246 a 62
Constitution, amendments to the____..--....|------ 164 | 322
Constitution of the Fruit Growers’ Associa-
Elon eee ee ee es ae ee a Se eee aa ane 845
Constitution of the Society: -.....-:-2-.--.-.- ee 27 | ------ |lecece = 5
Coniferous trees, Propagating----_---------- peewee eens
Consumption of Timber:_!--25.-+2.-222-2.....] ------=--=--
Controlling ithe Bearing years ---2---5-4-- ===. | (====—=1|(-====—
Cook, Prof. Ar ONstNe MOG 2 seen. eee oe eee een
ss ss Cabbage Butterfly | ------| ------
ef ss Ke as Phylloxera Be es Rl | ee eae
Ss ss Hy ce Meat Rollersi 2s) ea ease
“ “ “ “6 Codling Moth....--} ------| ----.-
be gs sé Report as Entomologist--| ------|------
s “ « Address at Coldwater oh gal eee | ees
SE wD SSO VOML INS CC EB aca2) Beee eats mate eee eae oee 38
sf se ss ') Grape sin S€CUSvs-e..ssen > — =a [aaa 90
se cf cs * AB NtOMOlOS Yisa2e5 sence se-oes 628
« ie v © Injurious Insects..-.._]------ me
ibe as es ‘© Economic Entomology | ------|------
Cook; Mrs? Ri M., Letter from:-22: 22243 632.2iieseecs |i eeces V7
Cooking Vegetables Se EEE. peer eee ed eco ome
Cooley’s Exhibit of Plants at Fair..........|------} ------
Co- operation among Fruit-growers.......-.--|-----.| ------
Oope coil MOUSE © s4- ecco ) sane eee enon a ee ete
Corn’Salad) Cultivation of222 32 sassee sao e ee essa eeeaee
Corn, CCT Se oe on Re REE CORRS HEPITS KOADES
Correspondence of Secretary 208
Corner, ses onetertilizersvess2se. 4--— 264
Cottrell, E _W,, Report: Dywtee =~ sso skere secs eoeee = llawseas 243
(710
| 46
OonuntryischoolsGrounds $2 222 oso casen tenses |e el| coca s =! [ae ail fare mea ee meee eee 131
{ 382
L 384
County Reports of Fruit Prospects See er Oey ered Peres | ------|------|------| ------ 75
County Collection of Fruit, what Consti-
CUEES 8 25 eet eso sa Blob ad Sees tea es osa|'tese ce 253
County Collection, Discussion on....._------|------ 159
Courtesies of (Railroads)... )BSe tio ee eo) coal ences fetes eee ee 207
“) the Press !...5--. 220 io. e soso aad Heesesd | some 22 | see no MACON Sa ee eer 207
Crab- oie. Whats 1-8 Pe ee ae oon eeeo 2 =| 24eee a eee ee 5 | eaee al eee eee 315:
Cranberry Culimre tori Michigan: 2222292252559 | eee aan 2| <a naan pamela eee eee 43
es ia Michigans se. 2) oes sass ese ar al eaneee| pascal ae eee tees 201
se ss ‘Ottawa County saessee |coesee oooe se | Lesk See eee Pee eee
Cranberries HS 0h lab. EUR? Pe 2) Sass see ee aces en | Sooo alsa ce eel eee eee 401
Production Offi Aon) connote eee lesen acess sees cal otece alesse Beeoeen eee 46
Crawford and Barnard Peach..--.--.--------| ------ iG
Crescent Seedling Strawberry, ---- -2-scn--== | eats aa ean all aoa te anal eee lean ee eee 353
Crevelling) the-- 2422 22-822 35255
Cress, Cultivation of the-_. 207
Cricket, the Snowy Tree----..-- By ers al en mea Ye | Ae ass eee 7)
Crop, Late, LOM Orchard Geese - sa nscs sess nese eee eae ee shen ae femme emeee 106
Crops most Profitable for Old Mission-----.| ------|~------|------ rs
Crops, Three in one Season eo stabwe see see ce oni] eee ees | Sone elnarscel ee coee ee qeee eee 414

INDEX.

SUBJECT.

BYs)3)

YEARS AND PAGES,

1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875, | 1876. | 1877. | 1878, | 1879.
Crops Orchards:=-~ 22: 2o-~ 5 = ees encod ||Saaase 275
Cross IBReeMIN PORN TULtS See eee ee lena n ne omens (hence We nnon [snes nalposeeos inane
4 Le PNG 9) Of ef Ree ee fee [| ees 541
ss Hy GRADES penn eee eens mana ena ee eae tn eal eee oe
DPEMCT EI ZAiiOn DY: INSeCUS base. -- sa eos555 | ona a5 | —- sonia nee - Bees ea | paw enh ele
Sean Seliat ercilizaulony Ofpriamos.. 25 \ofose1||===-5)/oeeo—-,|(ps-o55 leanne | ccoce.
Cross, James A., Report on Small Fruits._._|-----.)------| ------ 534
Crossing ug ae i ee) pea | ae rato Learnt Eee eeeeers ee
MTGE VE lL GOVELNOL, Weller tromee: 208 225 ||---524|(=-2 caljes- see | eae es eeconspen ae Wee
Crozier, 0. R. TP AON LLC CwE Ubi. see vooa hone eae aes eee ee lee res a ee ee te oe ee
PTOUOD GEL 28 = sane. foes. 5 See So alisen sae 546 70
Cucumber, Guitiv CATO TOM (0 i ce \3 Se a a eee, | | eo | |e eee 211
AEE Oyo aoe ee enn Bane seh ace hee ewse lens oo aes 78
a py OC CileNe =. sae tes or sess Boe S sae oll eae cee eee [ee ane 125
Cucumbers, E ely eee eae ee ee ee | ee | reat bes | en |e gt ots
Hsp biel BS Ke) lV ys Cea ed MUN Lc (| Se] BRI Re cl hei Sees il allt SSeS al
Gudnee Sins eAlexAnd ela bP CarabreCg-caea-a) eneses|cseec ale scse.||socas eens 49
Wultireroe che Ap ples sss. 00. se = a | ee ee ee | ee 444
a Modes: ofS tra wiDeLrys et = pono eran | aaa eeu es eae. ae
ss cS ‘CRAB PUELEY<s-sese=5--n2-sel|eatao| shessa!| aacace|eo=se5 194
fe GOhthe Pears; 23.55 Te Base Ae wi bio wwal| Se oeiiecese = [aes eee
ce cs Cherry28 2 eee ES aoe ies | Seen 559
“ and profit in) Goose berries ese seo ase | =aee=el| eee 378
me omthe Peachs....-. uh 410 | 376 485 | 492
ce ec Fig 4]2 112
fe ee gion geile ~ |) 612
cS «Grape at South Haven-.-_.._- 413
ce ce Quince 2-42- ee [eae es meee ee | rer |e 237
* se Ss Cranberry in Michigan ._ SERS | eee, (SAS (Sees) ears oe ees a
ce How shall wes sae. 20 £5 es eas ee eal pee Set ae 105
(319
383
Boa | { 34
Cultivation Of Oxrehardsi) 22x csie 2 eee ee = 4900) Soe eases 4 400 Naeg
is {iol
402
| 438
Cultivation of Orchards, How long to Con-
TENE eee oes ae Ree eae = SR A AN eee alae 91
Cultivation of Soil for Frouits..2-. 2) ee 373
s DHOSELLNS OL OTA PC sasta seas naa eee a eee eae a 377
oe) the Grape 0 ast: 2 ene re ae oe ae 526
ce Straw DCEICS=-< -/-2e =. cose 25e-o5 AS eee a
Cultivation and Varieties of Apples, Re-
Tid SKF se es See | es ae Segoe
( 320
99
Cultivation, Deepiand shallow: _--- 22---- 222. |\---=-=|'=--=-5 |= 90 oee2ee 4 a
| 40]
* Ean Ud Ess ah ay Dalfes oS ee ee eoeeers fiers -
ss of thesMoreign Grape: -.2.5s22-s4\|---=-5)) <ese == 509
Ss cepa: ULM OS th i lef: Merge ee eR ee ee I ea ey eee 230
se Phere nmin Michigan. .2c25|=o-224nese =2/se oo 233
ss ‘SURASPRELVlOs 22225 sso o = hea seca oa acnalee 2 | eens ee |lcsooee 188
se TEE Vey YEG cfs ne a EERE eee | eee eee 201
s CEO TEAR en atea eA 2 ae eee ae emee ees ae oo olan ae 207
ake FSG OGSCDOITIOS-2- 2h ss. cc bees 6) cesses) esae~s| seen eoos 211
«“ CeO (ev TOie rack: pean nane «Wis (AE ent MRI) BIS 9 ee a
&& SoMMLOWETS ae seen Soke ees Sis Sete cet soe el sac oe [tes eee eee 367
Sf to.PreserveyMomsture-5 Ss ssssee) sso5s5| asase 2) soaccs | aeeee aeons eee
id OLA Spavacus 42a 2 beces op a aeaeath sass} o2ss--)||222523/)ase5 Se ose
ss stnde MErithizersey a: ee eeeet ee tens 322 = | oa ol eee Oe ee
Se WLC: 10560 Dess fanaa ees oN o- 2. 3)|-2-2 = wal poesaollee meee
id Of Pesach Onenardes ose ee ee ee eo CEES Mae Cp adbe aes 2 Te 345
oe Bene hts OL MOroumiies. seeemee ams iE Ce ee ee eee
sé Affecting Quality ACAI Te |e ee, Smeg ENE DAE ae LE TFiae ER et O's
Cultivating and Pruning RCAC ITCGSe aes aNies— 685) =.) asses Eee ee ee See ee 228
Cultivated and Wild Flowers..-.-.--.-..-..-]_..-..|------ 167

70

504 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878.

Grrrant, the ORCMY —- ---.s an aa am a eee | eee eee 1 209
Garvan. Worms, the-ss-cs:sconge ee ee Gila | eae eee 123 { 112 }§ ,26

“ce ss) How? te Nehtteses oS aes fe coe || eae elean one

ce BOLGY 2 22~ occ Sao ee ee on eee eet oll oe eel See een emacs 397

Currants and Gooseberries, profit in_...-----|------|------]------ 500
DISCUSSION ON VATICLICR> 2. =- => noe aaa eee ea ose eee 302
e Varieties OLes steno an ek eee nl eee 410}. 209
a Propagation -...--..-.-.--- ---------- | ------| ------|------] ------ 208
- Guiltivationiwl ore sea se Se ee ee eee 208 2 2 2 ee 884
sf Recommended by the Society-----| ------ 709 142 45
Ke Plat Of ee nn ei oe | Se al oe ee 257
Ce Summer pruning ots) 22 225 ae | Cae ee ee eee ease ee ee ee eee 363

“cc thre lnm. 5 soe ee 307 652 Woe. 35 443
as IParasitesse? 22. - ae 319

“< OL NE APIS s 225220 cco eae 327 | 639

as es ‘© Natural history of...| 329

ae ae yin ce be 42s ee eee 335

“6 trap, the Ransoma-- ese o ase ay) MOLL } 272 |------ 239
“
“e

Ee ae ee eee aso al OOD

«ec

Curtis, Mr., on Co-operation among Fruit-
SLOW ELS Soo 56 as poe aaah Soa ee eee ene ned eae cen| | een= eal eeeaee 438

es Preventivearainst § 22220522 22-2) ee Se G74 ale- e223 490 |--*---|------|------ 365

@nut-leaved WeepingiBirches. - oseese = sos) anon |\=-s 25> 417

Cut MIOWerSe--: ot ae ee ee bee eae eee eee etc ose soll aaa Buca Scfeesess 423 a= 52 ee
Bs Arrangement ofote 23 soko oose |S acocailacen au] oseccc|| ease set See oel eel eee 403

Cuttings—How tO STOW 3. 2222 sso cc ceen ease Jos - 22 lese = 2a) esos es - |e ee ee eee

“make Grape ss. ..-.22--25.| 525252t=255s] 255555 |Ce 2 spear 332

Cutting beditin pus=.-2 = ee | ee Sa eee 460

Cutler; Address of Mayor at Coldwater: --2.|.---+-]=---=-)=:----]/<-s=--4----5~ 15

Cy press) la wson’s, fe uLreiots oases se ca. ana eee eee an oeeee ofercee 125

P Dp;

Dairying with:Gardening-.2-25.2--.s ees oc ece es aecan eesee el eeaeee aes ee eee ee eee
Darwin on -Acclimation==— 3225 2255222 2 ooaee BS eS ee ee
Darwin, Chas., on Self-fer tilization of Plants|....._]------
"cs Carnivorous Elants= 3252. .|\s---<-\ss=s-]-see>
Darwin’s new Book=.:. 2-2) 2s 225252. 2s soa sca sn| <2 ==) sooo = aosm a] eee alesse
Date Palms is i222 soess so eane eee eee eee eae os aww eno) aanees!|lomaeme
Davenport, Eugene, on Farmer’s Garden___]----..|------| ------| ------|------] ------| ------|------
Davis, Hervey, « on Judging Apples 25s | |S aco 25 = oon ae 5 ae =e lonee eh eee 210
Davison7s (Chor less=s asa eee 454
Day, J: K., Letter from:.. 225222 5-2 F eases | escece | css2cn) ccese| obec cc ee eee ae. 8
* on Old Orchards =..0. 28222 nese a) ece25= | escees | eccce 5 | ee ee eee 64
3 ce Sex Apple TLCCS =. sot seas ae eee a ean nn | seca ce | toscaseereeedeeeeee 129
Deathof John Suttle-2222 2 lon. sscoesk re Seas eae esas beooeellecases Reo eoeeee 199
Deciduous Plangs for Hed ees 22255 ae a ee | esse 412
Trees; New ‘and Rare ts: 225 eas eee [tesco 422
td Shrubs, New: andehare. 222 ee alee== = 424
ce ‘Trees, How and when. to Plant) 220 |------ | o. 2-2 ese al| eeee 203
Decorative-Plantsi--~ 22-2255: so See Sees |ltsscca | csecte eeneaaleessealisee eee 416

y
Delegates to w. N. G. Horticultural Society
to American Pomological Society
es to: Junemeceeting=.. 2 oo aes ns eeeeeleeeeos

1879.

INDEX. 555
YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT.
é 1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874, | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Delegates to meet Centennial Commisioners] ------|------ 308
« to Ohio Horticultural Society ----| ------|------|------]| ------|------ 53
CG to Rochester, Report of_.---------| ------] ------| ------|------| ------| ------|------]------ 192
Delicacy Rather than Profit.---.-----.------| ------| ------|------|------|------|------|------ 347
Demands of the Market.-.._.------------------] ------| ------|------]------|------| ------|------ 121
Depth to sow Seeds--_-.----------------- ------| ------| ------|------ | --s2--|------| ------|------ 407
atop lant breesa. sae eo =- eae oe a = || — =i === ham 374
Describing Apples by their Flowers--.--.--|------|------ 505
Designs in Flowers...-.---------------------- | ------| ------] --- ---| ------| ------| ------] ------| ------ 3712
Dessert Apples._--..--------------- AES |e | SSeS 74
Destruction of Forests_-__2-----.-— ---- 22-5 ease == ===) =| oe fe ef ne 442
Detroit Horticultural Society ---..-..------.-} ------ 96
Deterioration of Varieties.....---.-----------|------|------|------|------|------ 178 im
Dewey, H., on Roots for Stock_---.----------| ------| ------| ------| ------| ------| ------]------ 27
Hpi Net) Gch Osan sone ane een an osuse ses seca tere = [=~ ate a
Dickinson, G. W., on Apple Trees-.-.----.---| -----+-| ------| ------| ------ 394
a ss JOYA et at) ee ee || Bee | eee emer ce cere eeeRe S| leer 7
Dietrich, C. J., Remarks by ----....-.----------| ------ 33
TONGA Ge Oita poe ee ee oe) ey (eee | Sera) oa ler coee 380
Difficulties in making Experiments_------.-| ------| ------| ------| ------| ------| ------ 26
Difference in Leaf and Flower Buds --------| ------ 43
Dignity of Intelligent Labor-.-.-.--..---------| ------| ------ 5
Diploma of the Society-...- -22-5-_----2---522|.<-=--||s--===|)-<-2--} ------| 2-=- Po. 282
<e (ACoIOnN CONCCLMINS =o - este senses ee 230
“ from Indiana Society a ee eg la tere 376
DISD MESGMICIIES 10m ENG) VAI = oon nano tee ans—os Pececaal aeeennlleene= | oaae aah sond oa | m= 233 202
Discouragements for Tree Planters.....-.-.| ------| --.---|------| ------| ------| ------ 5
Diseased “Trees, DISCUSSION Olean eee tena e Pano el pee eee ol ee eel eee aa
Discussion on an Injured Apple Orchard__..|------|------| 288
Di euepions cf the Peninsula Farmers’
(Siar: ees = as A te a a ners eee 8&4 | 431
Discussions of the South Haven Pomolog-
OO) STN ete ee eee Be eres Pee oes! peeee= 349 | 475
Discussions of the Manistee Horticultural
SOMEIe <a Sins © Sees ee nee a ree) eeesers) ecscae 373
Discussion on Ap DICRHss=8 Sos e eaten sa nane- 393 86
<S for Profitand Dessert) ---..-}-.-..-|--.-.. 461
< “<SAntHimn Applese. sc--aaen===-~ 22
sf cGSummer“Applese-- .2.-2---s2=— 21
. ec WintervApplesisss-2-2-s+22225 D5 Weseoue sees SAD |S Se Aloe cel eeaa'es 50
ss SESE CAE OLO SIS LOC Nate ae a ee lea 471
sé (County Collection=-.~--=2-2-- |/==2--- 159 253
ss “ Care of Young Orchards_..-.|-.----|+-----|------| 477
ss 5s Cultivation OL Orchards = 3 s----aeoe oe 91
oe cs of Straw berries.|----..|------| 327
( 320
Discussion on Cultivation, Deep and Shal- 90 4 322
UG? 2b. SEU eS ee ae ae ees |e leccacanaiaal (pict aemcat ann 1 (en } 400
(401
Discussion on Mal Planting of Trees=.225-25)2s2=2- |=2---- 373
‘ Fertilizers for the Orchard__-|---...|------ 5 el a 2h |p Les Mee |e = 266
ee GUWertilityeOr PatmMssese ss c2s> [tne aer lero ae | ences 449
es SS GCAMerie A pPlOS =e = ese oe ren aon olen eaoaee 464
Ue “ Gratting and) Budding®._2.---) 22. 52-|:22---- 360
Discussion on how to Destroy the Codling
1 a) 8 0h RS A Be Soe Saeed a ee ga | De el (Ee ee 366
Discussion on how to Handle Apples..-----.| ----..]------] ------ 463
Discussion on High and Low Headed 87
MYUIDPLTOCES o.oo coi hao s ee aes ee Pee 376
Discussion on how to Maintain Orchard 90
acy 911 Ae ee ee rte Aira PAE em ot ad | (aca (ana 94
Discussion on Injurious Insects------.-..----|------| ------ peed ceieect| dee sobeveseeeeescs 124
ce < Insects and: Birdse2525.25255- 31 --+22 =| 2-5-5. 361
£8 « Mulching Pruit Erees.2---.—_| -.-5--) ---=—- 371
Discussion on Profitable Crops for Old 432
1 WISTS (G 71 a ane Se ees SRN Se ee So | came (aan (einai 435
Discussion on New Varieties of Fruit_----..|-.--..] -----.|------ 106
Discussion on Pear Culture for Profit in a
Discussion Cyt il AG fee eee 8 S| | Re ee 468
* Packing and Shipping Fruit__| ---.-.| ------| ------ 480
L © Proptin Small Pruibiesseseee | oo = sat ---- =| -ses = gl esa Re ee 277
<6 ‘<Pranine the FP e20he + ceseene | s--2-- 1 o--2--<n=——— 483

556 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.
SURBRJECT.

1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874, | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.*

Discussion on Protection of Trees from Cod-
Line MOU ess senna ca oen onan ens

Discussion on Pruning and Cultivation_-___.

Discussion on Pear Tree Culture, Diseases,
MISCUBSIONION TL Cals = oe ae eteerae =a aeme a
Discussion on Preservation of Fruit in its
INSTA States ca. eee seee coe ee eee eee eee
Discussion on Pruning Grapes
ce

Root Culture See stent ee Pe ee eae | eee
Discussion on Seedling Peaches for Hardy
SOCK n= oe ce ee ae Ie NM ne I ae

Discussion on Snow’s Orange Peach.._-_--_--
“© Seeding Orchards. (Ue ae es

as « Time to Sow Grass Seed....-_.

Ks Fouche G@ninceGr ss: ss. ee eee

a: ‘Miran plan tine sss." -<* sao ee

3S EOP sGtarhlite sence ee

aeeussion on Varieties of Apples for W.
Discussion on Value of Root Crops--__.---_-.
Discussion on the Bearing Year of Apple
Orchards £222.22 28 sn Acit leans o. come neces
Discussion on what Native Trees and
Shrubs to Plant about a Home.-.-._..._..
Discussion on What are the Prominent Er-
rors made by Beginners in Grape Culture?
Disenssion on the Mole, What is he Good
OMe a a ee see eee wae ees ook e teen ees
Discussion on Use of Evergreens in Pro-
tectine Orchards: ----¢ 2et 2ntaeo 55 scence
aS eeeion on Varieties of Cherries for Mar-
Cb thse SE ne Be ae ete facet ees
Discussion on the Best Annuals and Peren-
Miais-torm Home CultuTres.--cs pe) 2 ences
Discussion on Water in Horticulture _-_--_-
Discussion on Exhibiting Fruit.__--_-_--_._-
Discussion on Rotation of Crops in Horti-
CHUTE TR Gee eee eS: Ee ER ae Sh eae
Discussion on the Winter House Garden..--
Discussion on Management of Fruit Tree
PAP ONS 2 soe ane cetera oe eee ee
Discussion on Preparing Fruit for Market...
es SM riit Belteo- e. So ae ee

- (oe DrecwErobecmontsne> sess ee ee

* “ Cross Breeding of Fruits_--_--

US S MA@NUNCS:22bsc2 e's aasn see etes

sf ‘© Sweating of Fruit....----- --.-

F, «© Renovating Orchards-_--------

os 6 Tree Planting 2-6 -..-c2secseoe

ss “© Gatheringphrnits-2----32 eee

We “ Fruit Catalogue---

a so) Mating irate sss eee

cy * Horticultural Education----.-

ae 0) UNORESIR Mf eee oes Sg tee Se

es *© Quality in MTU Seen

ss “© Pomology in the State Capitol_

se ** Landscape Gardening-----_-..

ge ‘© Horticultural Implements 22) Sos Seas
Us © Market and Amateur Orchards] -.----| ------
ge s* Fertilizers and Cultivation --|--_-.-|-.--.-
ee Sf) VW ellO WS icn= et = ceee ep aasee a oe eee ee sa es
oh) * Vegetable Gardening. 5... =-5)|222---}\---- —-
se ** School Ground Ornamentation.

< See LCG SCS soa eeee oa een eee es
s “* Market Apples sohawe-ndeicacnes |oneees feceae=
ss + the OneiBest Apple ----2=- a eaeee=|-s--——
te " ocal Mroit: Shows. sss 2eeeen |eeeeee lees o=
ss ss ee SGC AGIO Deen ee eee

INDEX. dd7

YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT.
187]. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Discussion ONS TWD CIE CS sae e eee el el eam oe me eral me | ee pee ih
“* the Baldwin Apple-__---_-_----| ------| ------ S25 sje5 || eee 88
CG 6 URestine) Varieties ssceses2 oon one |e ee eee 95
CG ce Thrips. PS a pee Sel en oy cee ay eres Bea pee aos 174
ae SS Distance eo amt nee see vessel |e esa | ee ee coe | eee me ee 174
Discussion concerning Local Horticultural
MOGIOLICS Senha n ose a ae ee eae aes ee er en a eel ee ees ees eee een eee 168
Discussion on Describing Apples by their
OWE TS Spe ass Seen ean eee oe teas | nel | ewe eal eaereee teens pa. a al | = 2 ee eee | See 171
Diseases SMOMINSACCS see te onan a eee SiON tena AEE | ip tt Le 357
OLLLTEGS2 225 Pee Sian oe See Bas eee 584
DTepeveAl Of Seedae ite * e222 h2 isle 22s case ta Pace sa Sosa aes el Sees oases Sees. Le eae ee 303
Dispersion of Plants—Natural____----.--.-.-| ------]------ 452
Display of Apples at April meeting--_-__-_..}------ 84
Fruit at January meeting. .-..-- 143 66
se CORUM MeCeLin ey Sieh 2 ase ea lees 118
145
ES Se Se pucniVel Me Cun gs a= 5 sone teers ) 148
1 966
a “S“HINOVEMDeT MECN s52. eon eee ee 165
Disposition of the Life Membership Fund.-_|-----.| ------ a
Dissemination of Yellows.__.---.------------ eee || wRS utes Ss eres 2 (eS a
Distance between Orchard Trees_-___._-.----.| ------ |) seeects| |sssens|/oeccos||eanccs||estons|| cone 346 175
ue aparh for Preessass-2 5. 5. kee Cee Soe aaleneeee Esa ficco aaa baeO
es for Grapestes.-ne2ce bashes its eae ses |e se sree alee ese Oe ee ee eee 325
Distribution ORMRGpOLb Seo a eee an eee ee ne anea inane 282 230 198
GL VDimber’= se 2a 2 Se teks Se Ee Ef de ae eee es Seen | ane ee oe 440
Diirial Opening of Flowers__ See e = Pewee ess Sa Kane ee 453
Woolitetie’s; Im proveds22ht2s. 227) ie eee 453
WonavionoLr- Premiwmss soo its see eee ee ee es 158
Doneys JACAW <4 Wetter frome so1. 2555.3 leet alesse se sea Pe oT oe al ee eee el ee me
DONS Wa OLchard “Notes by -552251s5 2222785 ests | Sea eee eee eee ee rene eee 205
Wowdsnd eh. d.5 Wettersfrome: Sees keke ee Pie Set Sesh es | Rees ee eae See eee ee eee 2
Wowiins; As d:, on Classifications: 545-298) Biy-2ce 2 e228 oe eo ee se |e eee ee 18
Downing, Chas., onsBest Appless st ei ee tess eee ks || ee cen eee Sees oe 85
<c NOMENCIAUN TE! 22 sae oe Meee oe pone be llosaseel eee one 90
<6 oe Ss™New, Apples 2.28: se228 | eects ee 2a e eee eee 84
91
ae es Sf CS YIN ys se-2— sat Ee eS cee eee eee 2
316
ce Seo MMe Cpen from) eaeasse- oe sace 234
ss “Brief Biocraphy Of 220225 eee See tele BERS ee eee eee [een oe 296
«s Sst on Pear Blig nts 2-28.55 - 2 22 eens 2s Rees ose ee ee eee ee a ee ee onl
Downing’s Charles, Estimate of Michigan
Maamieee bok A Cee acetate ate old Ob NEE Be Wee See A eee | pence | ee 17
Downing, LHe S Cand ares = sot as besa Sen ee eo Rene 173
Gooseberry, nenreor<--.-2-- ees. | 2a 2se5 570
Downer’s Prolific, History Of ea [es 5) See 2 430
Dorsch, E., on Our Friends, the Toad, Mole,
and Spider ee eel eer [eee fe ee 356
IDOVENIIE GPE Tes Ghe: ss sees bac l Petal Tp tec ob Phe as See oe CO ee eee ese | ee 317
Dramine Kroibovands ees) ole eee Sees ae 373
Drainage OD EHEe Orel ards wet tas es eee a eee || ee
Draining, Essay on-_-_-_--__- eo eee
“5 Costiot=— i=

DTA MIL e AH OW sto! ay. =ss 22 tee Be eee Re ee ee cee ae eee ile
LOS Ra eER Saar ael OF) UCL Hep aia tig) see ee Ree eS ees SSS eS |e eee (ea sal] Sees
Drying by the ‘Alden Process ee CEC Shei SE 55

Duchess of Oldenburg, Description of______ 36
Puchesse! Weare nesses eeedee be Seek em Ee aS trie |e ee ee ee eee | ae | 317
LD eWe ERV epg Of a) oe See Sa Ee a a Se |e eer |S | ee a Pe ee 3

Duaerey 82 a Visit to ee SN ES ee SE | ae oe SS earn [Rea | Es 9) (I el Sn ee ea 3a4

‘“ Pruning Peach Trees...|-.-..-|-.....|------ 286°
Dyck, me S., on Peaches of the Peach a
fof) Nic) eS ae ee te ee ee Lee ee ee See ay ees se

Rts teas A.S., on Fruit Growing at South :
1 GL ae ee ae ee ee 2 od oS eee 350
Dyckman, A. S., on Manufacture of Wine
MMO Pet ad dN ce Soe Reale 5 tm 5 ree Ps eee aes el | Rt ee te 121
Dyckman, A. S.,on South Haven Peach Cul-
tube.) ee Te Ss AE eR PENS Se Oy 8 a ee DOI og ee | Lar, Rae |) a il 305
Dyckman’s Peach Orchard_-.---------..----. |... _. 264
Dyckman’s Peach Orchard, Profit in_-_._--__|_----. 172

558

INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.
187], | 1872. | 1873, | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
E.
ID Waals Be 3 (Cee a at ae SSE S| [ERE S| Pee 74
Early History of Horticulture in Michigan-|----_.|-.-.--| 337
Early History of the State Agricultural So-
COT ee a Pa ee Sta | ee oH eee | (ne 381
LOD Dio Foye es ee oo no ese a eas 5 ecocie? 77
«Planters of the Peach at St. Joseph--.|-.--.-| 126
Barby Straw DOLLY son> ase me ee ann a cas cee ae meee neon tet 76
‘S Tomatoes—How: toriGrowess: 2-26=5-2.- || Soe | ee eee locas ei) read
Be Bearing ‘Varieties seis tas 2:21 22 4ese esi ee | ee eee ee ee ee 49
se Cucumbers ph Seon eehaaas sob sis cece s cose ||sonei gel ao so ell aeee el lee aoe loans | eee 410
Eastern Shore of Lake Michigan, Climate of|_____- 407
‘Of Hake michigan 2. 5205.2 So eee ee eee one ee eee 18
cs Mreesi Value Ofek. oe ee gs ae ee BN Py S| ee ee a | he 3
Matinee Ap pleseto sess fe ses ene nancne Ses eesesees eae |e eal (eee onan eee ee 176
i 7 j 353
TOs SRT eee pe Se eee ee eee Se a Joe 2 Soi|leooe Ses oos5|| eee ae | ee | 355
Eaton County CUP eeo se ee alesse aoe sy Se ee 140
sé RE por tiiromiss: este sees see wee ase seeleses cob ene san eeee as eceewalliseness]|cooses| Eee 77
aicbitonite Hnbomology eset os5esSeseeeas es cailooe~ ae Be eet lige a)
HMCONOMyiOn WaVONsas) canst tes sean ae eee eee eee ea loa oe eel es 206
ss of Irrigationin the Orchard: s22=)|\-25. 25 | S222 5 | sas See | asses sear 15
+e InMarke fineyeinwitesssases2s2ss22-)| aes = sa3325)| sesso ieee | eee sts
Mdeell EH. Jz, on the Yellows 2-2---- =~ ----.- Somes ramees | eae wcusos| cossos| panes eee eal eee 255
Education, an Wenien tural ime viichiranios| 2 22os. Vocenen = seoneen ene 27
Means of an Agricultural RARE Ts eer (Pe | eee Pe 29
3g INIGCESSIGY TOM dese ten aha eneees He oeinees oe Be eH eae 28
os Horticulturalyin) Michigans. os |01) 222 pearson rare | eee i ecben|||sseeeel eee 97
oe Mb S Cate May SoS Ses bets aah are Se eee ao See eee ene eee 10
eg Te lope Cay inh w ites ee ee | eee ee Pe sear (eee (eS 196
Hducationallrainins. by Prot-iPrentiss-.22l 2-2 22i|-2-- See nnn eoen ae | een eee 160
iniectiol Drainave on Eiri Drees -o- s 2st oo 5) -oa-s=|\n enna el eae ann eae eee ee 60
pifectsio£ Pruningess 2.62. 2-225. ba oe Se eee ee eo oecee || sme nee laced |e ees eae 389
Egg Plant, Cultivation of the ._.---.-...----.|--- ace lacie aetnaai 212
1 g
Election of Officers... ---.------------------| 9 220 18 | 329 | 541 | 464 | 34] 2901 244] 210
25'
. 42 | ( 991 | § 364
BHleyation and Temperature *-------2.----_|e2---- } 414 | ) 296 lear 380) o25-—5] Sees 82 93
= 5
3 oD Northern dichican 22 ose eed Se ee ei eee 55
WNISIONIOF ROOUS=-. 25 bebenn chose noes eee ecee | Seat eee Berea eerie pe veoes fens es S11) | TKS)
Hliott, Miss, Hssay byiils 2-2 22S ee | cee cce | Se cce a lieeeaes |e eae ee ee 28
Bilisdale maspvernyap. ies hoe seen bee ee 455
ELODIE COLUTT I Dee eae ones co oes cae ee eee eee eee aaeeeel eee ee 74
TO Se re SS ee eee a eer | ies feaose ed lersameo Peete 52
Hm The American’ © orke.22-2- Ss 2o25 eee ee a aes | oc aee eee nee neal eee eee ees 424
Elwanger’s, Geo., List of Trees for Small
PISCE 22 oe ee eee cae ee eee ane eee tee eoos seine toes Soe te ieaee oA on Seal eee | 418
Elwanger, OnVApples es eee eee eee leeeete 222s ael| Seen a eaeeeel| ee eeem 48
Geo;, on Ornamental irees 2-2) | =-=--2 ae se 419 74
Embellishing phe Warmitic ew at deme ees | Secs | a |e aae-ca|'sdeeu=| 22-505) soso peo!
Embellishment'of Country School Ground's)} --.-..||--..+.} ----.-|/---2--||------ |). ===-s]\seanen eee 131
Enemies of the! @umreiilions seo- esse eee seceee 319 ’
te (Planit qeiee ss een ak aoa een oe ana == geceee | c2220 | 252 22 ee ey ee
mee. BH. Ba Letter from elo: 2205). Wa a a ees ecco bs| ced aloe ose ||k ee ee ee te 286
Be Cs on Pear Bliehte-22 es) e) Meee seen |ieeea eos lo ee wobec eee 2 IRS ee | ee
cS MC Cmitivationj ang Henrilizensesss| = o==-\|o-se wa5—'ai|sectes! Ae es | See ee
Es Sop SS VPGATHeLOM Vie SUC UMN Vill CLS pUT ieee eee nn lemme (ater ae merece meee 92
9
Hnelish Sparrow: The =.-+.2222--2282 cseeseneeaas S| sase ta csasee 557 aa ai on ceil ee eeees | pies > 355
Hntomolosys by Brot. Cooke. 2-255 -s-s esses aaae as a5 2223 176
Entomologist, Necessity of a State__..-.-.-|_._--- | pesca 129
Entomology, Lecture by Gn Vietivilleyp sess eee eee eo) Aa
Re pont onl 224 < Swe a ee ee eee] SAE Le i oe G68 ils oe erst a 2 oe
Entries at State itty) eens Sa Se ee ed eee 205 155 | 406 | 480 Gl eae 149 104
‘° Notes OM---------- ---p 2-222 5 -| -- == = | anna} ace. fan n oon} anne 177
Hntry Cards iat the! Mair.--2----2- 2228 ee } ae
risoma‘or Wieod Imsectse 22. oi oe ee |e 486
Errors by, Berinners in Grape Culture .-) alesse en ames s ail ae ee eee (eee tere 87
te in Fruit Growing ooo Be ee ee eee ese eR CB pee LEE eel ate
Bsthe tic: Cmte: ses. f 2 essa ore ee ae ee aes |e ee ee [ese eee sy ya les e

INDEX.

Facts Concernimgijhe Yellows.-..-.-.-.-------|------]| ------
sc in Orchar agement

Faculty of the Agricultural College__-..--.|------

Palluves in Growims Grapesscs. sess see easel (=== 5-)|2=--52 1 mene

Fair, Discussion on Location of the.....---.] ------

Gi | haus woe pena aes 37
Bene all reer | eee on eee
§ 75
( 73

559

YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT. D
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Esthetics in Horticulture -.....-------------..|------| ------| ---z--]------|------|------|------ 127
Eumelan Grape, History and Description of|-----.| 5438 70
iureka’) Potato-s.--)- 62.6 soe seces-2-56--5||\-=-=-- 442
European Peasant Life 44
IDE ite) oS ee ee foeeee
s Shipment of Apples..- -----------|------| ------ Sees cases) One
Evaporation Through the Leaves. ---------- | ------|------)------| ------|------ 343
of Moisture from Leaves.-----|------ eae (eee irae (i
PI VEroreenn sate wen es eee ak ae osseence | oman =| a aa 415
Eyergreens, LEIA ree eee ee ee eae seo) en aneS||Eeeaos 422
WheniandlHow to Plant-s.c:2.. (sesso )o-eet setae eos 54
se tone 13 ea es ane ae ee en aeeco| aces Pal ees | ee eee ee 46
= New SPs RAP Gb Sabato ae see ee sel eee se eee 424
«s When tovEransplant--22- 222 -e- Wea2——llinass = bdoed' es oeeilleeasee||) 201 Ae ee 94
ss and their Wses, by EH. W. Lordi se eee ee nn ee 42
ig (tar | EIN O HO NLODDY pepe es eee (PSSass|eeetea| eeeaee leo Ss) estceal ieee = 45
eS FON MeN CES tse hte ane see eee eal eae ce Ee eee ea ene eee 47
se COASTER RTO) eye ee oe eee eee ee See la22S2 || See See ae 50
5 fOVOrcnardeEroceClone-.------ | a==——=1| ==-— == ples (ees 2 | ae es eet 93
93
Us How to Prune---.---------------|------j ------ Seebe5|losscee||2sssea)| eeee=|[ecee oe ||sete ce 341
342
es Teh NWN AG) ee ees Sa eel Pees tease a nN ees eee ee ei oe 386
29
ee ate Wi@HOIC@ns e222 sae te seen ee eo) Coes oo ee nabs Sees eee eae eee ee) eee ce a
sf Transplanting Large--.--------| ------| ------|------]| ------|------|------]------ 334
cs Leading Shoots of ____-.--------| ------| ------| ------| ------]------|------ | ------ 434
Evergreen Plantations ee ead eee es eee aa es ese feeenesl bares
for Protection --.-.-|==----| ------ why SEA eee ee ee e202
Meenactines 5 SR NN SE eee eeeee | (aac 225 i
ee (439
Executive Committee Meetings-_..-----..-- “oan pebeoae| Cems eaten) esc 4131 | 224 206
z | 197
(106 L215
Exhibit of Fruits at Muskegon------..-.-..-] ------ SS a eee eens (hemes) eee eee lt oe 100
Exhibiting Fruit, Methods GE Seite Ace ee ts coer eee ee a aoe lallshes es] sense] R210
+4 at Chicag@o:=---=-5.2--see-<//==-~--)|\--=--- tock es 560
Exhibition Ge Oraiba COL WHTCE Sn eal oe een | saan eee ae
ER Esau ROT seers cero = et eee ee eee eee (ee eae oan (eee 8
Exotic Plantsmt stateuNaies veoi os |e foe eens Soee|[eeeoas|\esane|| 1h
Expenditures for the Year__-..--.-...-..---- 200) |eocees 7 se gna baenaae 57
(30 |
I
Experiments with the Mammoth Squash. --] Se eee er 4 rile
(308 16, oa
5 COPOS Reco Peps aS ee A ae a ea [ees ome baerneel Saceacdanaaes 316 |
- Scientific and Practical. --.---- | --- ---|------] ------ soe ce eet oe |
5 False Deductions from.. ._---| ------| ------|------| ------| ------]|------ 319 |
Experiments on Cross and Self-Fertiliza- i
PLOMIOne bP 1.ni seer a ee eae ee eee ean a | etalon oe Seon | eat ooo eal aoe |
Experiments in Cross-Breeding ------------- Daas» bance) Ley do ES ere (ea ee Pee re
Li in Horticulture at the College|------|------|------ cla oh | 5 on 3 ov EPO ie
¢ or uiculinne NS Bet 0) SRA ee |S = NS es eee Baal eA Sah eee | ee 325
Sf Wis OLGe” Meee open ee oes eee cet San soo ||| seo een me @oe aa (aot eee 329
Experiment rhau ENCE) rials yy ai al Cs lee pce ane ee ee eee eee cel eeooec 17 ‘
KVIVCe PING) A PLGSs——- aa esemeal| mae ene allan sooed\ acai aaa 409
Ss Where to. pe so DE ee ee | |e SS eet | Fee heer aes lame mec fase 200
«“ Gyn rasiners dey Te MO ea te | tha ce Mie | 317
Experience Then dss ipkee ld Beles ee Oe | bee ie Joos ails el See aes 62
ae Pruning ee SPREE a. ae a Se Se eee eee fry (Peary be eee 20
vie ‘« Horticulture .----------------- onenn-|---- =| 2-222 | oenn ne | sennne | anne an | enc 81
= FO MAT Ke UN Si see a ae eee ee ee (eee el ees ery pee ees Poets rf
Exportation of Michigan Apples------.-----|----- aapesG| (eae) |o2e8 i Saeed REP E- 18

360 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT. =
187]. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878.
3 - 2
Fair, Remarks by the President. Secueneessca eases 74
Fair, Second Annual, Resolutions Concern- |
gee Sh Petes Fe ee ah ee BOG) |
Fair, Displ: ly ab the Annuals. face lis 10) |
THE: State s..-2-- ee ie fee ees ere [bane Roe ee 480 60 |
_ ** Lessons from (the Spiel 2 saseess tA see) leer SSDS SS Se ese2| sas es
Fair, of the State Agricultural Society, the
ips hee. twee NUR ss as 6 os il bens see | S584 <a8o
Fair of the Grand River Valley Horticult-
fra lISOCie by seen ese eee eae ee eee taka eee | aoe eee eee Aes de 96 |
Fair, Grapes for------ Re ne a See eee eas Eee Peere le lemon Itoseema|iecn ss 401
OTe eee ee eee ee a ee eee ee tea eee 75 152
eto) *tihe ANA 9 1 ~- ees eee ae aaa o see eee 100 TSM i/Se we Soyieccacel|B- 5 oe eas ere | eee | een
SN WAG shea eee eee eae eee [ees eee Meme nel eel) peer ect a |ocon t= 385
ss Opinion. COMO TANI eee ee eer (el ee eee sl oneoes| | Saeea| Pe allan 2 eo
SG DEO ea gone i Ohaieya) ES | |e 223
Fallacies about Fruit....----- Sr el oe sfecas nebo esl een Oe Skee AEE ee so
Fall Wife reise tates DENG Sy ribet 8 oe sey eee leecrea| fr soo) oon |lesem on ||soaelz= 71
or gs for Transplanting EP ed eee eng eee eben Rerement Pee | fe 394
<>) Setting of blackberriesiand haspbernres)22=222| 2222222 S2es || ees ee| cee nal eee 398
VS Veni Weer Hey ole) op eae eee 39 |
SS GLUE OH oS a ee oy | aes a
SPV cnibiolOt HOle Claeao pen nae aane sean] eee en | eee ae 373
MallowatersOricin lof Name) 22-+-- 35 22-- = 2. | | 374
Family Straw berry, the deal... 22-22 cence | ee a ee
Famuse, Description of the ----.------------ 37 |
arm UACOLNMeCIG oe as -bene ee eon coeeenee miiht 228 RS = P| eee Re ee ee 905 spe aes
«© Life, Loneliness of, by Dr. Holland.--|______ 109
Wife, Emjoyable=---2 2522-22. -accSesnenn|| bos beset hye 2 ee ot eee ee ee
Karmers, Organizations amon g--..---------=-| 2-2 | oo ee 294
KarmersuGatuensrespa se e- se acnet ine - aaa so ene e a ee en eee el | eee 4A3s sooo 407 d\eeeee
<5 Ciibidt ROMeCO 42. Seen s tose a ese lee ee ee en | ee eg eee 129
aa St PS WINS Ott ao he eset ee aesen |eeee dees lie Eo |e ee Ly
os Mront Yards)<--2<-c--22s32sact¢s2 5525 nase 2e ol cece )ecceoc| oescce ee eS ee eo
Farms, how to Maintain Fertility of_------- epee ener PRE FE 7)
Mebruany, Meeting 2222-2 oononm eae =o sanam= 139 73 || (255%). 544. ||| STAs aera 5 eee
WeeditormApple UUrees (2s —aee ae aa easiest]: e524) dances coe eeeeee | eee 13
PeedingvA pple reess-==- <= 2252-55 sésubece eles apse ee SE | fe ee | 84
2 Plants =. 2223. = 222s. et pesesas cesses ep epeen (pier ea) | em es geen A ee i LE
sé value of ppless ac ecctcg till se. bbesoe| OUR Ni. lace a ee at,
Fences, Cost of Ce ea eet oe ae Yee ES ca eee Nee ee | AT Nese
Fern, the Hartford itor Ormanienbis. iN ooh cs Sel ol aoe eee ae 219
“« Case, How to make TPP ECES are ne ec hee een 13
as OPS Fone El a Fic: as EE selsich aesewel eas ele sek sa een ee
Berns. NabiviGs—--------- ==sse se eeeaste eee pak NWS Pee) ee a PASE Ses
ae Ouliire Of =! 2. esa. tae = cess sses sessesst ete bal ees eicese Ul Se ee eee eee 399
Fertility of Orchards, How to Increase----- PES VT es eee (OS ee Sarena 378
= Y Co UMaintain Sse Ae ee ee ee ue aN SINS | ee 56
a of Farms, to Maintains: 2--=-—--=--- pee eed se ee ee AAO
Fertilization pe Mlewers. see ee BEC eee Pees SP) eee eal ae ilies)
ie Oy Cite heel es ee oes a Corn es it eee | lea y-7
as (othe Peache se .e--5- sce paseeeoeeee B99) Weeks 195
a SOM LOW ELSI VReeCSfo>eseeenos]| eee eo (a SS pede) ee 126
ae SOP TGS peo wis tate ee et ee a 58 170
261
leet 200
Fertilizers for the Orchard:-22~ ------ -222Ses eae 357 486 | 4 409 |------ 365 Es
| 492 270
ot Treatmentand: Value of Ses. 2225) See ee es | 271
ga fORMRASPVELTICS =. 22— oe ee ee ee ee Bee eee! | pelt) t
a LOLS CLAW DELLICS 2-422 -225.22-5 -= a eee eon ee SP ery hes)
Be “the Warm -- 23-5. 2s=-— SEES | ON oats | (a | I 8) 453
Mestilizers)- 22-2 2242 sok eee ee ee ee eee sone sl een co | ee
a for Peach trees... -==ss2—=-255-]| ope eee ne TE ee Sena | ge ee Pen mee c
G3 & the Garden => 22-22 5.5). = S| ee ee eee eee 430
Mertilizine Orchard s:--2- =~ <- e- 22 oe See a ee eee a = | ee ee 107
Field, Miss Emma, on Flowers in the School 12.
R0OmM 22 2222 22 2 cleo ease ic ey i
Fiz iOulture®?.: = 229... 0223. i ee 412 He
Finance Committee, Appointment ae ae ees | ee |e PE ey tr,

1879.

SUBJECT.

INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

1871. | 1872.

Finances, Secretary’s Statement of-__---.----
MinancialiStatementss-. see 2a) see

se Hptim bess 8222s 4 eb eee
BITS VEN el liv @9F ae ee ee Ere ees sk
Mirsti Regular Meetingie-=-2--2222 sb 52-2225
First List of Apples Recommended by the
BOCICCY= = 2 2 ee ee ee ek
First Grapes Raised in this Country-_-____----
«© Shipment of Peaches at St. Joseph--.

“ Horticultural Society of Michigan-_--_-

Fish, Geo. T., Report on Ornithology- ------
Se hepors OL Wommilgee & ONnes=2 522 ae
Fisk, Dr., A word about the Society~----.----
“« Mrs. J. D, W., on Sap Circulation
re SNTssGeo: Wa, On bie ROO) -~ =". ea ek
ss Mrs. J. D. W., on Native Ferns_.._-.--
Fitzsimmons, John, Letter from_--_-.-..----
lt Headed BOUei ano = aoa ama eek aene
Blavorine, thers of Fruits.>-)-2222--4 ==
Floral Decorations by C. W. Garfield. .-----

Wloncwlrure: 26 5 aE ee ek ee Be Ree
“ce o

Ss and General Science --_-.- ------

se and, Geoeraphye--- eee

cs Hints upon Practical-__..-_.-_.

sc Oni the Warmi¢: > ce te eee
Stlowerine SRUWwDS) eo - Sn oee en n
Flower Gar den, (Mts Tors soe. 252s =o
ce (Beds 2222-8 2. ss Rho 2s eee he eee

66 ipeds, Mulching tor-.-S 222-222 ee
Ber Gardening as a Home Accompani-

ze Desiens Sue ee Stee es wee ot Seb
‘Flowers, ewer tia es sa
ANGI BEGSS. ta ee ee ee Se et

Ce VAT WA aoe coat ot eee one set
se How, tosHertilizes 222-222 eee
“c Stotate Mair: 2 20 Se ek
“ Wild and Cultivated ..__-.--_____...
ce Report of Committee on_____-_----
5a and Insanity 2222 5-2-2542 22S et
J and Fruits, Address upon_-._..-_.
“I Mission of

ae Onitiva tions ote 2 32) 5532s 2 eS ee (nea St ees (eT | boat ee

Ca for the Table

252 17

ees 127

1878. | 1879.

B66 at Muskegon Meeting_.-- Se EE ee [Pn S| CIEE 2) eS ES ee eee | Se

<5 an Aid in Describing Apples

uss Toei risus TELALOOLULESeO) tee ee yo Oe en Sl [lee Sy ee mend teeta er ere a Pome mime

ch Report of Superintendent of..--__
iFlowers, The Structure, Function and Ori-

‘Flowers, Arrangement of___----

Gt Diurnal Opening of-_-_------------

GG at the Winter Meeting_.----------- y

nek for thesHarmer = !sl we eee

aMLOWMeNS; SUCCESS Witl2 2.2252) 7a oe
of the-w ay toils ee ee
cs IPTERPrVAbION Of 2295s 4a ee

ut How stovarran ge 275 eee a
oe What are they Good for -_-------_-

Paes (0) oa ce seine Se a ee ee een) nee al meee) eeeee eee |eecoco Iecterl ermine
‘ for Common People----------------| ------|------| ------ Rees awe eet Tost
ees |= ee SE eel ae Ge:

“$ at Condwater Mectinges seen. pos. l= aoe ee nam 52
is How to Arrange and Exhibit.._..-| ------| ---- --|------|------|------ 13
Sf Gotorof, for what Purposes ses) ---- 2-)|'2=4-=-

Fluhrer, Rey. Chas., on the uses of Flowers

Fly, the Onion, figure yy Pe pe eee ee ee 642
Se ACe- Wine, HeUxe Ole sess lacey 1643 =
Fodder, Apples for--..------ Ce en eee Eee eee ler moeey (reer jerry incemcn| Paconc Biy4

A eed eerie | iat be,

233 201
450 409

366

368

eee 372

562 INDEX.
YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874, | 1875. | 1876. | 1877.'| 1878, | 1879.
MOvelsnGYVa pes. 2 2-n 2 ee cee ee eee tee ree el eee ae 43 36
se FEeTOLtS) SeeC DONG ON) = aaa sek een aes el aan eae ee ened (eeeoes||meeaee
Forest Rose Strawberry 2-2 25225-2226 oat 2 sao ell Sot Bee e oa || an 8) eee a cae | eee
AYTG@AS)-222-2 (220 ees cns omens woe eees cess |'asacer te cean leo to ee |inaan.cs|||aa awe a eaeereel aaa 443
oe 'RreGs frou SCCUean cosees as cenee sens c= eae Seca and em catel| sae tes\| oe Screen ites =e een |
as Mrees trom /Lransplantings. co.e-ce- 5 ents se)| pecan | ee ones | cee 107
eS Growth how TorPresenvier.--- =) -)-5e leese-= S2265.|Seso 55 |e os |escces| | 1a
eS di Encouragement to Save--.._|-----. seseve| Hosen enc. oe caohea | Milos
Forests, AVENE He Se 2s ne ee Ee eee SE S| oes te a ey a eet ee 149
of Greatibritaineres see hss eee ees Eee Ree ee EP ee. 244
ae Of SouthyAmenicas-22e 228. | poset era ec ee eee 244
ive Advocting Raina -e ni pote Pies wold EN EEO aes | al 15
Mt asa Protection to Fruit Trees....-|----.-|----... i at
UY KEGUITE Protections ss <2.) oe cee De eS ie eee | ae eater 44]
Go Statistics Concerning --.-_..-...--..- Eyeballs ooo 8 lel ak oer = we Re) Ck 2 | ae ae 209
GC and @liimatet 22. tos secon Le ee EN il ee Oe lee ee ee 14
Destruction Oft- 2-2. Sees coe e a | Soe ee SEIT ae es eee eee 442
HOES iny WAT DEOMI Obs se St ark ewer ce |e ee one celle hoe (el Ms meal 2 ae ee | 445
co atithe AgriculturaliCollege 2222-2 |eai2 eno ee Ry oe ee eee 106
es for Michipan= = 322-2 ose not tae ee exec es fase ei ovscs 2c eee) | ee rae a eee | ee 112
as and Arboriculture: .: conc. se ceo See ee ee 2 ah a || eee | 193
ct REsOlUiONIS OMe. 4-6 see ee ee EO eet eters ead (eto loess 442
“0 byiGeoy Mayor 25 ee eee easel eee esces (essen fseeee a! foo ee || on 68
Horm of ree) opments ee [pease Cp a Pa a Sotelo! } Bs
Kormula for Describing’ rnits.. 2-2-2 | 2-2 AL ECE |i a Lele tee 7 ]
Mountain amp, Wihitminpn’s: 220. nes eee Sele S| ee a |e | eae ee 236
Howlers.) We Wcettertrom.-s-2 =. 22. e 2S calls esol) sme oe |e ened ees | eee | obo SoU eee aes 3
Fowler, Ss. Wes oOnMriit Omltimesss-—- ss =--. [ree zee Boca pelloc release Cen C Ne 2 2m | enemas eee 69
‘© Manistee Fruit Region__--_|------ BEES Pee eee eee aaa |(eensend ae!
HeGetine OF IDC O8)2225 sagan pace cases be eee eel cee es Pa NS Pee S| ee eto 92
ie and naw ine OF Sap secs see ee oe aU ee ee | ene eet aes tpt pe | eae 169
French Tree Planting ae es ea Oe at al Re A SS Roe bc SiWssoon oleae ee oo se | eee en 44]
MLitz; We O.,| etter fromizcse ot tees at oee cle cee ee I | eo oF
TOSS 5 HAM ENST OUTRO cy sag aes SE SO So eee ee eee 323
<i injured inees, how to Restores e----2 e222 oe ee its
Hrosted Plants, how, to Manage --2.. 2222 ese tee vacua seat alles ated eens 184 445 402
Frosts, Early and Late, Protection from _-.|------|------|---2-- {te ARE a See pee 5 !
Fragrant Plans ee eee te ee ee eee eens HAN Eh ie ea || eae 134
Fragr france and ColonotPlowers.-.2-2-25 -s 2 wea ean elm eeee ay eam nay terre ae nee ame 188
Writ athMairs; Arrancemen totes e-ceth oof oe ee Enos See eee 0
Aye Suokinaley debra ho) Oia mene ese || ee sees || soso) ootese||oa-s15- aa
«at the Centennial, Fall and Winter. _.| ------ obs vel ee. oe lee lone eee 137
Ce ree cA CGMUB 28 Sh ce paseo epee eae eel Sa tinlee sRapat|| Ses ee ae ccs ellis eeee 71 231
“Sn itontiverta pletceee os rase ee we ep late Si ree io Rees ite: Sen eel eh Seed 160
“* Prospects of, in Allegan County ------| ------ aoe eeu ee il ee areellee eet eee 1
rim Cass County 20 ecco oe sms eee ee: cuedloee meine cans ps Ac Ce Rules aah | a ecanales 2
MS aoe art OG OO MuLV IMG. haope en weenl|(bseomey ea aeel| ooo ea ope Pee ed Ween a
Be UE VIB ELO Oyj 42 oN fe ea ed SS eee wepaiotl| cos. oa] Kena Soll ae eel eee 7
‘© Exhibit at South Haven Meeting--___- Weasel pease nice e teil cacetel |) cee eed ewes tan
iephackages, Reportio£ Committee;onereese--5)\/----20i eo. Yao) aoe sel eeeerrel | eae 126
Bg Products, OURBSOBIOE 22 oo ee ea ee At SR el oe 4 ee | ee 151
ss) ShipmentsitromsBerrien Coun tiyeeces ae oa==s deen | aoe ee eee | Pe 208
Gand Cnkoter: OH. id weliiee oo ase eee ee ay peer tte see (eee fear pee 7K D)
es es He B.\Chapman-=2----. 622.0 ese| pean oer esa Ne So eee eco eel
ssi pmear Alera a .2. 2. kU oe || eereeel| ee ee) 02 cee cd| oe ee |e al an ee 403
CRUST OO Chae eee ae enone oe pete ree eee Besse | Sac soai| setae ee ee | eterna
Sou ubrees, Wihere tome Urchase--—-]-> aoe) een eee ell eee a ean LS 307
co (GrowingiatiManistee: 222 2.-..b os. ee llesee lien oe eel 22-2 eee ae ee 524
<) Capabilities:ot the Traverse Reriones)| sss cass es|| -an colieeeme nice a aeen ie eee 302
‘) Interests, Increaseor, at SOmbh bia vem ssa |e ane || 2 ae olen | Perms ean | pes 402
Scot hanes, (Purchasing: -2<2c2-.. co 2 oe eee ee oe Se ee ee eee 506
SO TVrees, HOW tO P TU Conf os coe re oe ee leegese | mcr om | ere | oe tee | ee nt 309
Oy eT korvOrnament 2-26 2 oe a eee |e Sol ete acento 421
Se Growane Ine asi cena W 'Co crab ya ose we eee etre scree eat eet | eeeeeten pee 317
Se allaciesize+ cco) Soe eee SU OSES a A Oe | ee eee eee 352
sv Packages in Michigan oe ee ee ee ee ee ee eee cole mee ae eaten | ee cere | een Ona

INDEX.

SUBJECT.
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877.
Fruit Packing, Honesty in ----.-.-.----------|------| ------|------|------ | ------|------]|------
(Se) VE ye ee ae Sl ee ee ey Bssoers| eee fee ee ood fee ore Onl ference
ss Poisoning .---...--.--..-------- ----------|------]|------|------|------]------]|------] ------
aeRelt of MiGhimane. eee ae HO ver See ieee Sen (aeroeey eee, <i [ae Ses ||
( 235
SRR TOSPECUS se eee esata eee ena eee | a 83 2 5045 | anes Se eee eeneee
(276
Wi Catalogue, DISCUSSION OMe seen eee ae ae eae eae eee lem lle | ena
oe Tfems concerning = 2-22-22 222)'=--- <= ||--=- <4) eee =| == i=l we =f oe sean loa
“ss Tipit Dp Sie Loa cpt ad "REE SS eee ne ee Beate e 495 ee | | Be | pee eee ee ees aS SST
‘© Where, How, and When to Hat__._--.-|----..| ------| ------| ------|------| ------| ------
CS TOUNA Tae CONC Be || ee eel | Seen | eee | eae | Sasol ean
«Rooms, Cheap-..-------------=----------||----=-|------|------] =--=<-| -----=)/-.----|=---..
“« ~Trees, Scraping -----..-----------------| ------| ------ | ------] ------]------|------|------
‘* Report from Canada -..----.-----------| ------] ------| ------| ------|------| ------]------
‘) Exhibitioniat Winter Meeting -222-222)\\ccascn| 22=2—-)| ene na een ea lll
136 | (971
h2 543 | ( 156
SC PRC NOEUSe: 2 faces an naa cas esos cose ereaas Trea Sybase ba alee | (2) Sg | Caaf
i 267 | | 302 551 | ( 466
(332
GC ORR ART Sine Gee) Miles -eneeeeeee || peee es |Secciee) seeces|leaso-|fecerecl eases! Saceee
AdSd he SEB II) Gree ee Se Eee || a ee el ee ee eR ees [See faeces
* Catalocue, Suggestions Concerning. -.| ----=-| ------|/------|------| -=---}_--- -} e
“ House of Judge Ramsdell__---___-22_=_ || ---- ==) ===-==| =-=---|/5-=- <=) | 2
SMG rOwer aid) NUrsery Wena se se a a tee ree eel eels
‘© Lands of Western Michigan -----.----- 89
¢ 6Raising anew Industry ------.-_.----- 146
foe Vs) Grain Raising! = 2-2 225 se ace 146
Sees OlifORnIte-- sa 2- jaca seer ee onan es 148
‘© Exhibit at February Meeting---.-.---- 159
ss se Janusry Mectine os ss25- = bo 66
375
COU Nivel tine oe ore anne eee sce te 441 400 27. bee ae
448
«Growing, does itvPayi=-- --s-45--2---2= 451
ep xpinibide One NUCChIN oe anes see seeles ese AO mba nea 562
cee Hands. PwC Ole eer ee seen noe e ees noaees 119
ss 6©Exhibit at the Traverse City Fair -.--|---.--|------ 309
Ole ay at November Meeting-------- 165 ss
oO
cc Bs at September Meeting ----.--|------ 148
266
250
ce Buds, Reports)! Concermin ge 2222-5: s2=2—)|'=-2-25)||-=-4== 1 351
272
Sarees. Hiohand Wow Meagss--.2--2- >) -.a-<)-==-—— 376 |
rnb; |‘ Injured by Frost, how to Re- | 308 i
SUL ee ee eee ee a ee ed Gein | ean i 306
Fruit, Discussion on Preservation in its
IN bina bvuCre es eens eee ee Say eee ye eso ale kes 377
Fruit Culture in Kalamazoo County, His-
(ROTA i oa eee ac opener ssenenesescane |= -as 55) esane 383
90
Pruif Trees, Protection of by Forests ..----=|-----.|-2---= ae
SEGRE DU Oe ee eee eon woe eee aeaeneel fea fee 488
“ Culture affected by Lake Michigan...|......|------|------) 148
a Regio Oi. Wa lamMaZOOeos ase = seem eee aes oe tao eaee es 190
A, CPT AAS TEM) Op 1b Deere a ey ei lpia is, Ses ee Tee alee eee Bl eee 427
Tat Stale Mails RePOLU OU as) seen ene sean en oon soo enn ae FV 42 ee re eee eg a
a Shands amoouth Mavenecon ye eeeee near cea “270 |
«© Trade, Commercial, Importance of_-_-|-_---- 387
te) Culture, Diticulties ine.2-.cenect a2. === 5-— 623 e
“ =Trees, Value of Wind-breaks for _----|------| ------ ae
ite Discussion on Packing and Shipping..| ------|------|------ 480
we ce Pront Me Sid essen eee see eles | ae oe 483
ce ftiiepies and) Wraith eriendgise oc sses lees. || 2 = -- eaeee 489
«© Reports, Statistics concerning ----_---|/.. ---|------|---- -- 510
Se. Best WLebhod OL EP achin press seen eec sos [a9 -. 2) eo oo momen 513
SP Onn Ly LOriDOSCripin Sessa eee ea eo ence soeacaliaae= as 7
SOP Ge teen Cri Be a. eee ee ee nt | ake aioe eae pe anares 100
Fruit at Grand Traverse Agricultural So-
CLO UY pea eo ere eeee a omen. | acat= |ss--eni enna == 517
Fruit Growingat Benton Harbor, History of} ------ 334

YEARS AND PAGES.

1878.

563

47

564

INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.

1875. | 1876.

Fruit Growing at South Haven |

ce
“e
“ce

“eé

se
ee
“e
ee

Fruits of Michigan at the Centennial... __-

Fruits andl other Products compared as to
Value
rns: PreservationiOtee2. 2s een ee eee

“cc
ee
«eé

Society
Fruits, Soil and Climate Adapted to Finer-..

ce

the Society
Fruits at Annual Meeting. -....-.-.-..

“
“e
ee

Fruitfulness, Reasons for

ae.

Datta of Leaves

“ee

Manel; Arsressive LAarasibism Ofes- 2 see eee eee eee
MunevoideG row th ienese Wn a Ee Ok Re RE eee ee es 32 cs ee |e et ea

7

** Spring Lake
Ste) OSE Dee seen eee eects
Interests in Grand Traverse Region__| --
Farm at Grand Traverse
in New Hamipshirela( oo.) soe. soe 2 22'||ee.- 2
In Massa hy sevuss-s sess ees ees ae: 2 | Se
in New York
in Michigan
in Wisconsin
in Minnesoupncenem es ote nee
in Oceana County

“é

‘Ain Kalamazoo Commtyes-s2-----2--- =~ sell ent

in Van Buren County

in Allegan County
in Washtenaw County
in Muskegon County

in Grand Traverse County

in Berrien County
in Ottawa County
OWE TE COMM ane raae ee eee ee ree | eee
Im Haton Conny 4-2-2242 =-—
in Calhoun County-._------...

in/BenzielCountye-o--s-* es-s esse atelliesess=|\Saenon|l2eceas)|cncesay eee Se eee | eee

invisabelll aiCounity: soe ea ee ies
Growers’ Association

Co-operative Agency --.... -|------
Distributing Association ___

oe

ee

in the Milwaukee Market

Adaption to Soil and Climate
How to Acclimate
Exhibited at American Pomological

Marketing

New Varieties of

Crliivationtot, Smale sss - 2S 2 eee Pe ees | ee eel eee

Report on Native

Miscellaneous, Recommended by

Cross-breeding of oo tess. oe ce see
Should be Eaten Discreetly
New Methods of Preserving

Produced by “the Use of roe

’ Mr., He aeeaton Of at eeeee Si eae eel ieee

Disposition of Life Membership

Oriziniof the Yellowsssa = 222 22-2 |peee ee

eee 326

Fungus on the Strawiberiry = S222 ke he eee a ee ae | oe al ee ee | rece

rm
“ec
“

In the Cutting ud see soe ee
and’ Disease. ss -2 aes e eee ae nee | eee
not the Cause of Disease_-_.._.....| ------

HutureiWwiork ‘ot the Society-oc- oss eee

obwhe Nursery, Business2e-s2s.- eeen meee

iG:

GalushanOlG Wetter LrOm cee neat eee eeeeee
Ganges and Sangatuck, Fruit in-_..._.-.-_--||--._--

556 | 307

ere ee
a5

i ae a

ro

4
76

i
|

248
320

308

INDEX.

SUBJECT.

YEARS AND PAGES.

1876,

1877. | 1878. | 1879.

Ganzhorn, Jacob, on Washtenaw County

LG ht: a i ee [asi scogsicsesce
Ganzhorn, Jacob, on Top Grafting ------_----
Ganzhorn, Jacob, Letter from-------.--.----
Ganzhorn, Jacob, on Various Fruits_-_.-.---
Gardener So etter frOMese acon eeecee
Garden, Productive Three Acres-_--_..-----

36 fOr Le WAM Clans <-o2=seacaee enna
se Preparation) £002—-2.-s2-.s- cn aes
cs PAS Wilder eee te See see
Oe the Associations of the---__--------
« —- Vegetable, Planning for the---

a GhesValue lof awe - 2. s-25 55 ae

2 Seeds; Home. Grow. ---=2 - - 28

<< Sin fae oe See eee meee See

<< Whe WP lOW Or —- 252-22 2--foesassanss cee
Gardens {OMS CHOOIS heat an een ee ee
SMO HMA ren: 95 2.2 32h seen

a SUB STMECES 2. 2 S45. eS ee

a ‘Bhvee: Clay 2-22 = =- Secs eee eee case
Gardening oh EE pe ee Ses eee eyes

With) Dairying: 2-2-ssseseeeea ne

ae POSSIDILGIES: Of = 2

e Mpichent 22292 ee eee
Garfield, Chas. W., on Farmers’ Gardens_-__-
«Lombardy Poplar_.---

“ec ce “ec ts Pruning Se 5a a

wt se «© 6 Feeding Apple Trees.
ce = « «© Culture of Orchards--
Oi Ss (ey “MEO LICHLUME C=) == oa ees

-~

o «Ss « 6“ Beautiful Homes_--_._}-

se se ae

-
a

Floral Decorations__-_-
Garfield, Chas. W., on Orchards and Vine-
PRS ere ae Bo ee a ee i
Garfield, Chas. W., on Landscape Gardening
for Farmers Sepa asd J ree Rete as Se Iai
Garfield, Chas. W., on Transplantation... -___-
« * the Window Garden-

f ee ‘* Report as Secretary ------
Garfield, Chas. W.,on How Shall we Experi-
Hi DU eS aaa See aie tn Ld Se LE
Garfield, Chas. W., on Local Horticultural
Societies Sect ace aewsiSdesen dean oessceae see ee
Garfield, Chas. IW. On Mairsh. = sre oes eee Se
ss Local Fruit Shows.-.

Garfield’s, nag W., Address at Coldwater.
Garnishing Fruit with Wenvestean siemens
Gathering SAD BLOB sae oni eee coe eeee
and Preserving Winter Apples-.
Storing, and Wintering Apples_-
se Erait, Discussion on.-:s.-2--5 2.

“ec

Geological Survey of Michigan, Criticism on
General Orcharding,—Essay On Ss eee eae
Genesee County, Fruit in__---...___-.-_-----.
Germninms in Winter--3- 522) och ele e ee cones
Germanation of Seeds4.2! hs. Soese sana ee
Affected by Colored Light-...

Gibson, IW: Kom Mlowens2— 222-2 2a eee

ss «e¢ Floriculture and Science_

Gilbert, John, Tribute to the Memory of___-
Gingko Tree, the as) See ae oo ON Fae Sa Rapa al
Giraled Orenard'=2:_ 222 ose. Leen aes
ee Trees fo'Savye.-50.-22. spas see eee

MICE Foes Sasa he ae ee ee SSE ce

Girls i in the Garden_-_--

Glenn, Farmers’ and Fruit Growers Associ-

Golden-leaved Sycamore Maple, figure of_.| ..---.| ------

Golden Russet, description of_.-----...-.----

Goowiving, with Proitin 1b oS-coscee sea snues] eee nee

41

’ >
yard
t?
aes
by 7
Glazed pots for Bint) csteremess et PpeRG Peedi CE REBE) Emil reteia) fake aie)! 370
eee ag Oe ne PNP ORS PORE ROME DORE AE ree De tants Die sca ba ae 285
Glidden, AAO. ueoter Lromses eae nee eee os sa cate ae see tess ess Fria lente ieeeeieienel eee 6
A Mek ea 129

280

397

382
383
15

198

400
51

566

INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT. ;
1871. | 1872. | 1878. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Goodwin's list of Apples. ..22 < cease cence |lanecee fosen ce 261
Gooseberry yee ER eS ee sere ecco (sce feeonian [ocris-e 74
Honghton’s, MP ireiofss-. 2. a cane..s llcctccslmeveecll weceas 97
sg Wilder so 2 hones ot eee Seeeene sl ceena cl oe en een loses os 310
Gooseberries, DIsonssiOn/ om Varieties... -.-55 [Sos 22.) esse ee 302
enltivyationOfes-fn-. sees oe scse|essces | Sossnsleeeeee 378 211
se VATIOCICS OL eee ee ene Sask saf Sees penta leeeecnl cecles 211
“ and'Currants, erout in: ...-..|2--.2. |e om
“6 recommended by the Society-_|----__- 709 142 45
fs the Americane. sss ss2secs-55e52 567

Gott, B., soCuter 10M a eee seeee ac ce sees canel| anaes oesase eenena ene ase laoeace sconce eee 2 5
“ on Marketing Mruitss.css2 222s. osses Bees : 38
“6 Canadian (MYM foss-s2sass seveccas |loeseae |lencmac|| =eeese amaanten | enee |e eee] ee 186
GOonger/ tne PeluM pean cesses asaecesec see ones 341
Gratting Apple Jirees eee oe eco sence one 492
ag ARVOLOsa DOU bsceneseseeeasaeer erase 19 4
3 of the Grape-vine....----.--.------| ----.- 576
c Discription of Wagner’s Patent__|._._.- 578
Gratting Instruments — Instructions for
USING. ~~~ - 222 oa = nn nnn een <== a= | e-=<=- 579
Grafting Saw and Cion-Cutter—Illustration
Cy a ag aS NA AS es a eee es eee) eee 580
Grafting To nop Renner SSeS eeen sae seceesecseersaa|| Hesece tot | ease 384
Bugging ose eee ee ee 900" |\naea==|ls=seee ae eeee eee eee 304
L Sy Beer soe ees asec ote euenl | etas ep eeoeosfesssas 325 242
ee An je xperimenthon sso o22 sees seo sane ee seca eneeee 324
43 SSA9) ONS s > eoes conse wea seoeons 198
ce Time\ Of: 2222 22s pee cae eee eco noes 200
rating Was. -- 6. dees ee het ont | aod he Te ee eee a
Grafting Bnd SP rmnIn Seo ecurssese cease eeee ae |e oe ae sees oe eee ee ee 126 98
DOs ere! iso 254 LU eee ceo cece cs wccnieeoe Sateen lnbeo ce | ene cea peer oe eteeentl sees 186
4 The ‘Pleasant Airbvof. CTss eat ses 2 eee ee ee ene eee esa 333
ae avid afteriOare’of Cionses2= 22 20 ase e es ee ee eee eee 15
2 WAMIts Of seo sob eee e mess cece Poca |eses ee ee ieee 128
82
Grattan StoCKes seesaw ae een ae ee sire asada ue eset eS ee ee 300
192
Grafts, Howto, Keep! 2222 solaris eke ee | ee | eee ee le eee eel eee 331 306
Grand Traverse County, Fruits in..-.-.---_-|....-- 13 7a SB BE Es| ATs Seem || SS a 399
“ ss Peaches: sit25 522 -cee le ccesa eesoee 299
ss ae Agricultural SOCiebys—- ssa. oneal eee 514
&c se Apples, Keeping Qualites of] -...._}_.--._]----.. 110
“ ss Mair, Kruit Display atl.-c--|2.-2-2 | cee 309
“ se Mirnit Warm abe cs ao eee ee ee ee eae 216
ae o asa Mruit Region: :222222.2s 22522 604 123) |N\aeeeoe O26) anon 802
GrandiHayen, Sand-drite ist es ae [a ee eae eases 23
Grand River Soil) etc.,/2poute22 o2oos ses ae oe eee oe eee eee 23
se “© = Walley Horticultural Society.|......|-.--..|--.--. O20 esac ee 83 | 329 } Bs 246
Grape, the AST 6 8 0 er Oe areal ease Sol |[seeee ~) |e oe 88
Worden-------- = a ae se oe | | | (ers (ae 83
SOE aici €.°5). | FE Sane BOT ID i Bet
és OportO ee see te ee eee elo e et oeeeeoee 540
sé sf UI Fa eee eae no eees see epee erst ee 543
* 4 SOD loon oeal ame aee ieee 523
“ “ 249
ce se
“ee ce 397
ai “é 411
“e ce 429
“ec «ce
“ “ce
<s (NUR SANE 22.0 ce we scenes veeneesaacess| | Sosnes (Pecaen|| Sanmc. |escocailleeaesad eeceee fee ane eee pe
cs Se Prentiss...2..5.2-22- 2ssccesennlce= leases lloeoe =| eone~s | oe enel eee eee le eeaee| eee eee 221
( 162
Ss) |Cultivation of the-.-2-- 2.25.22 ---8-. { Be $25 Venous 826.) 23-50 [Sicecs 87

INDEX. 567
YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT. TL Rat PREELN OGLE G TT
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Grape Culltuxe, Progress in seeees a= eee ieee eal||e=2 sae 510
Koreign, Caltivation Ofisss esse eeae | =e a---||s2-- = 509
weak Hopper, TOTS oy ae Se ene tcerece 667
Seon DWVECN I. M10 Of: sos eee tee ee aee ss Ba | Sees se 655
COW F Cour beri (apes Ss ome Se oe ee ee ee eeeras BIZ) \szsesallssccnallaaooue 35
So Dy MAT 6g eee taney op yoo bee Sle SS eee ey ier Sea ene ees eed)
Ee nyELOSCLas eoeeee teeters: he see cL ake |e eoeed So olleosaee 34] 409) | eee 238
“Growing ate Monroes-2 tenes sees olson 457
“(Culture at South Havens. 22.--2- 22-2. 415
‘Gro winein, HuUropes<s.22222~2-5255+—- 249
118
CCR RIRO beets 2 ee enn eet ae a) Se eae eel eae cae toeliee= <a lesan Pee oa |pee see ee 242
{ 360
Se Cuttines—EHow tor Ma k@ cmos thee et oct eree pene caliee eee ee ean bane ool eeee 332
«so VSeedline si: oo a= Ee fm eee mete tem tem | ee |e resto | teal ee
Grape Growing, my Failures i in, , by ‘E. Brad-
HEU So oe See ee oe eee oe Eee eee ee | hesecce feces lsasece||Sen ao] lasers lennon s 213
Grape, Direction for Improvement in the-..| ------|------ | ------}-.----|------ 213
Grapes, Recommended by M. L. Shafer__--- 1s
i)
O Soilfowses: 52 - soto foe eos ee 460
rs Propagated from Budsand Cuttings} 166
fe Recommended for Hardiness._-_-_. 1i7
66 “ Productivess_..}| 177
“ e “ : Qual ity Ee RNY, 178
G “s by the Society ...-..]------ 708 } Ba 40
Grapes Recommended by the Society, Des-
SPIPUION Of. 2 -aae on eee ee ee oa ae oa ieen aie aces 40
Grapes, Catawba Kept in Cork Sawdust..-_| 206
the First Raised in this Country ._| 240
se Profit in, on a City Lot..._--......... 179
a Discussion on Varieties_..-.-....... 1 Dba tease Se 293 | 212
ss Plantation of at Point de Peau-...| 427
x ThinninwOheses ten aoo eee een 448
<s OCA tion Ores eee et eee ee 460
J New Hybrids and Seedlings-_...._._!-.---- BO oon osel ee 2a eoc con Bae ee ee ee 190
S Prot ines. sso. ee Re ae eee 8 eee Sate 120 secs oco Seca eee 213
ce Report of Committee on-------.--.-] ------ 154 | 251
oh Paper on, by Campbell. 471
vy for Keeping === =.= s-- 356 | -
Se Seedlings Report Ones sees. Sere eaeeen toe 316
3 Winter Kallin's ofS 9 ee oo ee | | ee eel ee 110
ae Micketts 2 £2-- 2 fess2cceace case ont nce teas ee eee ee lesese ei eeeees 86
- Most Subject) to Phylloxera = .2 22222222 --}c seo 2- ee 347
Grapes, Discussion on Setting and Cultiva-
OME as ak Le oe Re TP ce ed ee ee neces a=-]===--< BY
Grapes, New Varieties, Talk about-..._._....)------ pe
a7 a ee Deseription of--2-=5|-=t24-| e-aee- se eee 256
Je Moreipne os 200. peor el or ee. teas a aa eee eee, 43 36
cs Varieties of Profitable Discussion.|-----_|------| 408
oe HAariiest and “Beg ies see ee ele 327
TAO Rian ase fe ea ee oe ee ee bem se eee Eero pan ace limae as | Sean | ben ome eee flee 319
se ING Wp WiniGG 52255 32 eee ee fee fess tanont ceee ene ce (eee 319
wo WISLAN COS TOTS tee etter eR See ee ees eee ee 325
<6 How they, Ripe isa bee te feet loose eons | eee 325
b Weeping .-22225523sss eA eS one eee coca: fickeocs eseeoe 326
ae Mowees destroys sea) see 359
ae Winter care Of<2 2. 22223ob ees ee eee laae ane
te How they feed. e se eae iscecee
Co at Battle Creek-__
We Gong armed =-=.25. <5
ff Most Promising, by G. Campbell
Wy Most Subject to Mildew------....-_-| ....--
43 and’ Peaches! af Tonia Jt 222s esse seus | aos =
“Canned Kruitjat Winter meeting) -~2=2-- |=<=225 | sce =k 2-222) 4-222 |eeee ee
< for the Wairs>. -- past see eases sees cs | ssesee lesuees bane coiee eo ee
Me Prot, Beal’s Wist of Sev em Beshse--- |/-<---s | -2s-5- |e osea} eaaca| See wee
J MB, Bateham’s \bistes eset sae ee} See | oo cee (ee |e
ne EK. Brad fiela*si Tits Goss a | eee | cbese ci esde te (cece. | ese Se
‘

568

INDEX,

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.
187]

1873. | 1874.

1875. | 1876.

Grapes, Management’ of 2-- --2--2---- eee || onan] mano

Manures FON) Ses eS eet aioe

Grapevine Flea Beatle

Thrips 415
for Ornament 2222-2 see naan s- fos af = al see
\% 211

460
STIMMer enn Obes. eae need oa eee

Whildiewiecas se seeeere spect nasal oan call eam oa
Experiment with Longarm..--..|-.-...| ------

Trellis@s ij cssans- ee nee aoe e batho) 4 428 eee

Grapevines, Planting Outyoune. .----2).- 9) Si oss eyes es

Grapevine Plants for Early Bearing

“ee

“oe

167

Valuelof good. ._~-.--2esc.
Pilon itin ea aoe enn ee eee
Training and Pruning of_--------

Graftin

Grapevines, Winter Protection of.-.....-...| - .---.] ------

ai
“oe

Seed, Time to sow

Grasshopper, Fig. of
Grasses Ornamental 23-24 es 2 ee ee

Gratiot County, Report trom:=2.--- 22 -- = 2-8) ee 8 oe

Gravensteinr Appl Cesena. cosa. ase oan ena oe | Seen
Gray, A, P00 Weeds 202. cco eo cose oan ae nh encneafeeemes

“

ia3

ee Mrs. A. E., on Home Garden--_-_--_-
Greenhouse at the Agricultural College--_.

PHOMae We Mperien Ce Oboe. = == a saa eee aaa eee
Green, Chas. A., Letter from

se

“fe

OnuG TAPCO leans aaa eee eel eos

peer

aicheaps225. Be oe sora eo!

Gieen Mannirino cece ae eer 22 a CET a cess

“ee

Prolific, History Of Be tase a re tascscoteeeees
Gregory’s Fruit Farm

Grimes? Golden Histonyjot ths 2=- 6S se nase es aliasoees
Growing the (iio ae eS eins ey 2a a ei

“ce
“ce

186
: : ; | 429
Grapevine Making es: 22.20.22 ..codecje=se se: ---|4 43]
1 4s
| 460
Grass, Trees in 22-20 == saan eed a oon e eee Season || casas
SS eee ie ana aN Pree Bee oF
Wetterttroms -- = ee socesee ao sleeeee sy eee

IPeachesmor Market ----- .22esseaseel eee elena

Growithiof Timber, extraordinanye.. oss eee eens

Grub, the White
Guard for Cutworms
Guild, E.F.,

. | 1872.
SE ee eee oe ee 505
Onltureand Grape Rot___.: =.=. -----=|/---. <2

3719 377

ee
“ !
“fe
ce
“ce
Gulley | Frank A., on ‘Manure.- be ceciecse se encoeyeetetallisaaeee asec he
ce HOGS 222 ia e Sees eee ea iene es.) toes sates S| eee Mal eee
pulley aan As * Horticultural Litera-
UTOb Reso Se Job oe eee concerns pea a eeataa|lensccs bones on|eeeaaa eee ee
Gulley, A. G., on where to obtain our Fruit
PUT GES)2 a. ee beee oe aos eo rece aa eee | een eee af Sooo. 283
Gulley, A. G., on the Wilson=.iis.0-. <2 tecee Semen) cdr BLS oe al ae
sf West Michivan Fruits 2-2c8i eae. |iesoe-)2<0-n5|\-osees||eeeee eee
es §§. the - Yellows:.22:2ss-=ss2552 | =S8823)| sa4e22) 22225212222. 3) ee
Gulley, A. G., Report of, as Member of Or-|
Shard’ Oontmbree!.. sh sconce ete oe eee On S| oe
Gollley, 7A: (Geen Drainine .7 Sis. sss at So) Ses ee |oneo ssa oes ee 98
Gulley’s, A. eng Address at Coldwater....._|-----.|---.-.|- --.- nebass| pases 49
Gypsum, Uses and Benefite.of.| 2... 522 72) | aeeememeemn cs os a | ed 93
in! the ‘Onehardl-7 2522). L222 252525 | Sees ee a ee ee

1878, | 1879.
1h) ee
oh| ae
ae 172
eel a

331

364

363
377

224

329

INDEX.

569

YEARS AND PAGES,

SUBJECT.
1871. | 1872. | 1873.

H.

fs of Observation, Value of-._--------.- :
Haigh, R., on Habits of Observation-._--...} ------

Son landscape Gardening 22 - Hanes an lla ewe =

Haldane, Nir? on. the Tsabella-222 325 se ee 178

on) Wine-Making.--...-..--.-.~ 189

iaiefor exhibitions bur posesies: -- =o cecihasoenaloa= <= | mares

Halsted, B. DOM Gra pe Mile We se0ss2see asec ace eaeere Niemen
MEChUre Dyess See ral oon eaancoeenaes
Re ONBViGUOWS= 2-5. 3. ose eee ee eee eee
a on Thinning Fruit__._-.-_..}------| ------| ------
PEAT COMTO HeLa MlON eee 5S eee Se hae oon
Hardiest and Best GVA Degas o25- Semen ceacese fe meee alleen 327
Hardiness:aned Omalitvee. 2522S... See ee sere eae all cece 426
Hardy Apples, anette (oF Cee me ae Sa lesser 624
> ON TENS. G Mick ee RE eee ee ee SERS eae eee 324 '
PE CACHOCS= ee os WES. 0.3. 35250 eee ewe ease eee leaee any coat eee
<<) Catal pa, Treess..- 22 Fp Epes Mire aps | | SL age ae mes | ieee | Ve a le
aTneNs 1Or ENE SQUASH —n- = . eo saaome= = eee ene eeeenallla=n = =|(-aaane 308
Harliord Hern: im: Home Decorations 2 oes ay cents aoa oeaeieasneoeceeneiasesee
Hartford Jed) Di (eee eee ee ek foe a TS) | eee Re SS 63
S60) Kata WtOMcsaaoe ooo sees nano ce esos eollssece. | steeeeleeanee
Hairy catiis Apples at Ves ers ee ee
Haskell’s Hybrid Grapes er eS A a een ae oe ae Soe
Hathaway, B, on Field for Horticultural
Hoacnernne nus:s.< SLs: 2 BE ee oN nee oe eal aes oases al eee
Hathaway, B., On, Newi Varieties... .2-.c5. [e=c) <alll-ooo na eae eae eeenee
omthe Fruit (Beltane a a ee ee eel | tee eed [Pe
ee onthe Ideal Straw Perey | esses lease emcees ese e ae ieee tea
oa on: the Wareners a5 Sb cee ec cca leas acai Pe ceteeoanc a] eoeeet
ES on Best New Potatoes..-.-.-|------|------|------|------ 360
ee on the lona iGrapercssasees cole eco ce ees aleccoenleteoealie ooo
OE Om Godlins Moths ee ea oseed asa 80
a On Bears 25 32 case oe wap nee leenee ollesnoeel acer alleeeaee 57
cs on Stock and Graft..--..--_- 155
sé ont earDrees 222. o.22-2—nen= 418
KS on Oldand New Raspberries] 453
Healthfulness of Horticultural Pursuits__}..-...| .--...| .--.-.]-.-.-..| --.--- 194

se (03 dal AU) ( Pape ee es SI | BE | See A | eee et en

Health Afectedc by: Planters. oo 22h ae eos eee eens ean aen eee ees
$6 bye erties Bee faces | eae en eae nee eee eee

£§ S6 VG EOWA ey LOO Saree ee Nosema |p aeons feel arom eee al eee
Heading Apple mreea U0 spare pe SR Mace IU | Bae ant | S| | Sheet | AE pee ths

TE YEG Sy PSU FTE a al BS at a ae peer eee | piety oe ee oe

Hentrestor arn WencCes.. 9 oss so. ee ose seo a ee er eee ae DS eee

3 MORO Bete ey eee ey se ee ees Bee [pes ee eee a Sale
ae HIOU SYP OCIIS sO LE aoeec creas ae ase ee poe a teen ee ae eee eee eee
£6 Der UyUe Ene e tOMs eee eee eal eee eee ale sone emer ot eae renal eae ee
Petraes e VaAlie OL pee ate se lee Gece es ase n lose sue [os Sens 367
Helme, J. W., on Honey Locust asa Hedge
Be Sa ee ee ae ee eee Saale 513

> ETS a ne ye See RS eo ee epee net | (FS) | Sanna [eee] Ue ml creates | [2a 3

Henderson’ s:Planof Growing Straw Derries||--<2--]/.-25-- 222.5 |fenne Sleae eal oneoes
Merba © wltiyationiofs. 5.0325. soe eo eeemn a [enon ns | ekoaee 225
EI DIBCHA SOG NE Li Wil, soos sia coe ha ee iaeeee [eee eae [alas oe) [ eet ek tes
Hickony for Eree, Planting: -5 222s s Pee ae ee ~---=-|------]------]------
High Heads vs. Low Heads........-..---..--|------|------ pt eee 400 |......
High, G. Vie era ris Oto 2 soe See co es [te ots (eomaee eames tree Sa al erect

OM Grape. RO firs 225soe eae seen eens [eda ccs |easa anon seed tact | eee
High Bacurine Benes a tl ER Si eee NS ee ook | | ees eg (eens ene ey ance cine 46
Highway Planting oriAp pley Dreesies aoe eos ~~ 496

Law Concerning.......-. 134
oe a Of ELEC Seat eee enc aalics aa on tanmaaellimmaeiees 115

Hill’ Onis History Of. c ono se erences a lncre sn |aeasse| 460

See SECWUNeS tLOMne pee oan eases [as cama acneas tesseme ieee ees

cs
o
bo]
a
2
i=]
poy
jae]
_
6B
2
iv]
)
=}
°
o
7)
et
°
Lae)
°
5
Ss
°
OQ
oI
-
i=]
=
~
2)
ie

72

1878. | 1879.
aes Se 161
esses 163
133
( 216
sence 222 | 8
227
134
ene 163
Loe 257
soebes 326
Seco |------| 7
aes | 442
219
BoM A ts ter 2
see es fee 351
203
200
77
pose 11
ee eee 82
ples eee 316
91
coaees ( 380
supeos 327
Sana 328
esas alae 303
Secchi -cees 384
29
ae eee 153
223
EE Pes IESE 31
soesalleensee 387
itouwapencvns 387
4
178
peeoee 422
eee IG
Ma 310
foot 12]
ae e S| secs 119
334

—_———

INDEX.

Or
~3
—

YEARS AND PAGES.

1871. | 1872. | 1873, | 1874.

Hillsdale Conny cnt leone eteeet mesa een sen enamel eae ae cee
Es ROPOLU tf OMpeeeeeeeesene {eee en (een eee aeenee

Hints in Practical Floriculture...--..2-2-22-| --.--- 420
ce for the: PloweriGarden canteen -acesccce lina ees feo ceee eeee on |leasees

Bigiory Oc Denon ray DOT. eee saseseeeeeen= |e onan 1614
i: * the Delaware Grape--<.--- 2-2 -5.-)\--.--- 48
IX PSs (Oleh veohyt Ba = ae oS ee eee 246 } 507

Be « Fruit-growing at South Haven-_.|----.- 350
oN “ Fruit Culture in Kalamazoo..----|-----.| ------ 383
se « Entomology inthe United States} ....._]------|--.--- 176
History of Old Pear and Apple Trees at
Wier htt e ee eee = 5s S555 ee ee ee a ee eis bas apo 851
History or the Wellowse--s-s-------=---—- ee AGT Wisae S25 | bse 25 | eee
coe Peach at St SOSeEph -sose=cn-- | |lo-bose 122
se Horticulture ingMichigan=--2-nsl\esseaeliesses= 337 |
ae “ Michigan Fruit Culture AS eo oresel pees eel mae OFA 702m TAN Tee 174

SUBJECT. ae Teen La

s¢ SC MPNE SOLAWDEILY = -s-225-s525—% aeaaellee ees eal eeeme allen
HogsiandiCodline Moths-2-22- 5-2-2 = Seana eesaes |ea-— a 331
Hoge’ AMNews ClAssincation OL Apples: oases) maaan a ieaeae a neem ere
Holland, Dr., on Loneliness of Farm Life--.|------ 109
Holloway, F, "M., On Apple-Growin?g 2a soecese lle =o -a5| a2 --— ell leew ees || eeeeae
<> ** the Agricultural Oollegeve -saiee-ces|\sesseal enone
Holland Harbor, Soil, etc., Vout: tacssen seem fieae oe |e een eel losses aeeeees
TE Yell) Wey fe ee a ee eo eee eecoce ones cali Spee || aocens
Holmes, J. CG), Letter from oe a eee 20 1] awa ees
«) Won Phy Moxera soo e cree oo feos an eee er ceca eee
Holmes, J. C., on Detroit Horticultural So-
CO LE Fig pees etme ee ik can A a Bal A pe a ats fe a 96
Holmes, J. C., on Early History of the Ag-
TICULUUTAL SOCIOUYin = -2 ase See aeee a) Sessa see eeerae |leaenaell leeeoee 381
Holmes, J. C., on Early History of Horti-
culturein Michi Pans. ==] es es ese a ee eee posses || laan ee 337
Holmes, J. C., Report On Wellowsees--2) 2 ceo les see ||(eeeaee 11

Holt, Henry, om/Shade Preece ne me ek smears eco ical heel lh ean
Homes, Ornamentation of....-----..-..- 11]
« How to make them Beautiful_

Fide RTA. 22 2. 2 co toaunesareneeaaeae
42 TBOlBtION Of eas sos ea as wee ease panto esate el me teeall ose eens
Home Orchards vs.. Market Orchards: 2-2 2-)|----2< |---=-5)| eos ee eee
Homes, Influence of Pleasant-.--...._..-...-
ee INBSAY ON OUT 22522. 2452522 ceceasceeee
BE AKAD OMGAS: = ow en acne ee Aneta
Home, Wlowers in Ghe: 2222-25 S322 ficec eee
Honeywell Peach; (the 222225. Ss ae | eee | ee
Honey Locust for Hed pinesssisss 42 aese sea ere ol eens BISY|/2232 22
Honey,it0 wihatisithe Secretion Of! sss jesse alee ones lense seliaatoeaeeeoe al lesenee 160
Honesty,in Marketing Writ) 22-5222 esses se a ean a= alan lee) eae eee eel | eee 3
Hooker, H. E., on American Gooseberries-_-] .----- 567
Hopper, the Grape- VIN 6 S222 4 coca se nasteeecen\e=ss—4 555
6 Ke ss EIS UTeiOle eee ee elleeee ee 667
Morse-radish, (Culture: Ofi2222 2 oS sea eem well eewe oe Seco =i) ane ese llleeee asl \aaaee |eeeaee 406
IOTSe CHEAT GOIN ae eee te te ee ee oe [Params a oneee at cee el (aeons 52
Horticulture in Huropeiand ‘Americass-233..)=----- ==> =| =c->-=1| cansee!|o2e== 191
nf Object Wessons anise ee eae aac ewtes leew ent noo es (osm ame 197
Horticulture Yester aay To-day, and To- :
HOO) Goats Secoes crete see besse tees sesso ||seeoo|| eee tol eae sesicecece

2 in our Sister States oo a ee ences eo de | SaaS Coe cee ee ee
Be Laws Affectings (22 eee 151
ob and Pomology in Michigan-_-_-|------ 355
Se in Michigan, Early History of.
+t for thesPeople:s< 22 22 eee [ene 487
os! 2D) Ap pea Ol eee eam. ad ane eel eee 523

Horticultural Society of Mich., the First.) -—-=--||/------ 341

ae the Wiret State....2. 02s neo 347

se G Of Detroit a2- ee | eee 96
<e Mducations.2: ssc. 2 so | ee ee | re eee 196
af Books; 2/2100 Investment in || Sosa ee |e ey eee aoe 195
Oe Aestheticssics-s.o sss Sow aoe | eee ee oe ee a eee eee 127
BS WXpPerienCes <l-. sssas 5 aseen |e eee lee ese [tome e et |e seen ll eeeeeed aan eee tee 81
as Bducation: in’ Michigan ee tere | ae eer eee | eee 97
ne Experiments at Lansing__---- feeece=|| Sceek S| ee eeee| eae cal |seeseollececee|| sesso 102
ss Provress =: 2205 eae | ES fe sasoe oS SS | ee Be eee 110

327

312

215
387

222
46

INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.

5

71

1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877, | 1878

Hormeauitura)l Societies; Vocale-= ss. 2a - = aaa canna ae maa) oe ee ewe | eee ce eel ee 117
ss iyo Geis <A See Stas! Soars | peeee ||ee ee o|) eel) Ree ||| 189

€€ 1S GEN AS ee perp oceeere || Seeeeo| foneeaa| seco ool paseo) [peers emer jase 325

& Witera une sass e2——=— == Frese) ee co)| oan | eee || ea | ee | ee
Horton, Mrs: Heo Cookine, Veretablesua—= ||---- <2 || 5255 |/ soos oeaee=| eee o- eee ee eee 293

Hosford, Goo., on the!Concord.in-tonia Co, 2-|\222=2.|-s-— == ||=sess=} = 837

Hoskins, te H, yar denise) Cire y) OG ene (eel eee al leo eel saa faecal (eee ees as
“e “ec

on Stock and Graft

ee «© on Crab Apples...

13 GAOT fees See
Hot water, Effects of Plants--..--.--.---..--|------

se 12 OT Se ee ee ee a ee | eed eee ea eee ee 183
aE Ss OW LOM hue Coe eee oe aan a alae a ene ee eee one a= el ees
House «and Shrubs, Insects Injuri-
OUS TOs oo as ake oo en ee eae ccm was acas setae ct acs | aaesee | |faaeeee 496
House Plants and Shrubs, Insects, How to
MPS EY OV). soo sone aa sos aoe Ss asemae ea seawe'| Se secel| aeees> 499
Howehtons Gooseberry, Figure Of 2- 2-seses\ha-=— =| -s2s—-|||ooe==a!\eoaane 97
Houghtaling; My., Paper by?-2=:---=---24----4|-<---- 161

« 5 ony Grattim pesos: 32222 ee 198

Howard, Hon. Sanford, Death of.---......... 184

Howard, Hon. Sanford, on Fruit Culture at
Grand Praverse ...-.-2-2-32-5-322555-a55ts-s haces a) eorees 123

Gwe Plan GS GrOW oe onan ae aee see eee ne allessecesasaealleoeons 161

How towake Good Applesauce: 222222252 ee aie on | | eee eee ee ae eel oeeae

to‘Save the Apple Crop...---s-- 22222 ah e-5- 5 | 2s s5||ssse 55 eoss os lleseessficcesee

‘to Dispose of the Apple Crop2--2 2-2. -2||-222 25 | sas220)| S-sse5 | ascacofosene a eoeene
‘© shall we Experiment
SCO CUO WELS 4.0225 2-65 aan steeees sac =a-| Gosacee | ooeocel|lacauns |eoceenll-occes
*« Vines Grow

JE Docc ceens eestasoge tees ees SARC eo) | Sones eet) ecteesl|eeceee 328 }

Mp pells Jods; Webters fromtee soa hess testa eeace ll sage to] ease) Sacoes | sossenl oneenl ea peseeee

Hubbardston Nonsuch.-.—---- ---=------2-..-. C3 ig ES) reese (ee 34
Hughes, D. Darwin, on Michigan Birds...--.1__-._- 444
nn Dr. i. S:, om the Cherry=_-----2-- =22-=-| oss 559
Hull’s Dr. E. s., Experiments with the Cur-
CONT) Se a a aS ae ees 2 ee ere eS | ees ea 239

Humphrey, iH. O., etter from t2-e- sacs <==) poses aeeossl ene asalleceuss|lenseaolleas=enileeeee

Hunt’s Russet Apple Ljuecnexne awe sasacse=oesna|| ax coesll|ae Sess | mone seileawee> 35
Hurlburt, W. H., on Specialties and Fertil-

Husbandry, Mixed, Value of_-.----.-..----.- 150

usted on/Stock and’ Gratt.2_---..--.---.-..- 192

EIU ACERS OC UUbURG, Of Sanco ano seecner en ee teem | eteas [ieeeaesl|eepaeeileceees 214 185
iv pMicdizin ss Vale. Of 2552232525 -< cae se all sak eek casc~-] cosesallescese 106

My pridsvies seed line Grapes-s22 222 Saeectce lense as | oan onlleacaealiewantallcses collacaces

ifs
Ichneumon eve. Wisure Of so. oo -cesea- ee op ecel| Saco es 641

Held OHEMD VW UNC W222) waa teee eee ech ewan ea ee |e eene met nae | eens [ocemoniieaseen Itesoaaul onan

Ideal Family Strawberry
“6 Market

Milinom) Porbiculturel 220+ coe setae en eae eee el | wt win| asco ccileocemel| nocmeey teense eee [ree ees
se SA HOrviculenial SOCICby. we tea eee ee nel osama face nea eae ae eee eee ee

Illustration of Ward’s Curculio Catcher_...| 317

Liiplentents, Horticdl turale. 9.2.2.2 ee cece | connwn| coennailcwnoce | eooeenlereded eeeeae

EMIpLoVieMment Of NOaAUdSS 2. ec ee ae eee eet | eee ae a | eee eolae ee aeeee 47
fnausural-Address by President yoni ae S22 | 22 e_ | noose feceace onsen ooctae

Incorporation of the Society, Action about. 160

inerease.of the Apple’ Cropper ase eset ses eben | ooh aoe eal eneren!| eeeeem|eeeows

indiang Horticulturesn2. 23 o.oo were eas | laeceae | onsen | aendcel iacusccl woes ae Ree ee ealteeeaee eae ae
Horticultural Society -_.-..-....... eal] Manion a|| means | an cent laweam at mieiami female | ence eeomee

Influence or Ageon Leat and Flower sseseat conc. |\s02-25) aanecuhocseea|laune seeoceee
OL PlQnG 2s sas-e sees aae tees eet tee caa| acanan| aabsen pores haseoe aeeeeee
ce of a Love of Horticulture

82
56 of Stock on Graft....-...--5.s2 sare 1 i b}8] 2 ee eS ees |e) ee eee 128

572 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

Ives’ Seedling
ivy for Decorative Purposes-22-2-222so-ees. | =ans ==

SUBJECT. a
1871, | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Ingersoll, John: N., etter from saa oe |e ae a a | ee ee ee 10
Ingersoll, Prof. C. L., on Orchard Drainage
and @ulivation 222.203 os ooee ee ee ee cone e_ lease eal eons ee ets (es es 58
Ingham County, Facts Concerning... ------ beets barenal bess on aaceea|beceec| ae a 6
Farmers vO ene se aso |)ancee eee eee eee Be ee eee pe YS 335
Ue es Report fromesy 2-6. 2.5----|2 52> een een lene BR peod- \ics Sets ae Soo ee aoe a eee 716
roaeee 298 91 ( 490
Injuriouseinsectscs2ccos ees eessa eee seco e eee 411 628 102 } 559 134
ss a OLitheGargense. os ods. oon |b se eee | eee Sa asis | Seeteatle Clee
A ss or the state... 2.2 |e 653
356
Es ok DISCUSKION ONs22-=2--2s<02 Poe ses |e 365 }
“ SON ON GwiP ON tS (ON sasaki Nn oe ge fl oy
Insanity among Women, Cure for_- wet ecaisssccs fe eecena| Sse see 45
IMsectiviorous /PlAnts eases. =. occ ce oe ee es Ea | ea eee 160
Insects and Plants:-....-2...... sesece [eee on asewalle eee ADB ol Se eae 302
Insectsiand!Diseasest=-- 4-22. fo a BUD ezenas back a5 llaeceaal conan siiaee aaa [ioe seme eee 357
(127 90 98
SLs) kita | as ke SOc Oe CRga om Sesboitan) TTS Ea 631 { } 159 | 3 428
449 457
mnsects, Oarbolic*Acid for oo. -22: sss - eye nscee)|l- coos eee 5 eee | eae 198
6 Collecting and EE coe Ene: Paes (eee |e ae | ey eee errs Ths Pe el ee 38
oo ANG Warie ties 2525 a2 see een | hoon [sess ee ae eee 92
os ENIWOUS 225 5 245.22 c< dow sae ceo eee on books All haa us leks eee pe 25
Insects Injurious to House Plants and
Shirase ee eee een ce See ae Slee es 496) | S222 2 | See as 12
Insects TnjuUrioWsto Stra wlervies. = sce ss es leecene |leonene 3 (07-1 (See 169
Ke toithe 'Gard ener rosea ese eee ee eee ee 123
298 | 91 490
cf s¢ to Fruit eee ee 4]1 j 628 |°----- 559 1Sds fesesse 6
91
311 (147
Insects, Injurious, Methods of Catching---- 411 | 4149 1)
415 | | 156
| (264
Insects'in Michigan Apples---- 2.222225. s-sosaen-|\ancees locos ool asee all ease altee sees Eee eee 857
G Of the States oe 222 ease Ae 653
“ { 446
IParasitic soe ss2oe se ee ee eee oe 657 1 451
Insect Enemies: .-!. 22. tes a bo ee eon ee eee acl eceees | oa = s5\|- See ee ee 248
oe IREMERICS oe ee ee eae cae wall lceeeeell cen eee aoe acts | eee eel eee eee 414
Insecticide,:a Simple so2-12_ 280-2 Fels | 5 ein a eee ee | ee ee eee eee 400
INStinemot Plan teen a. see ee eee w on tee eee leaaeee 306
Introduction to Secretary’s Portfolio. ...-_-_|/--=---|/-cos--| ---- << |---| iene ae | oe el ae 297
Invitation to mieetatiGrand (Rapidse- 22-2. tean= =| eae enna eee eee 54
SE SS Reese semerees) cee nos) anos) |Aeceos | otonds! ieccese 32
Iona rave eee a ae ee eet a oe eee eee ee leaanae 545 HOS =sane 35D || acok= imecdee See 323
Lond, ANNs eMteeringe abso > 22 = see se seas || aanee al | aeeenilocosam=| leone as 536
Ionia County Agricultural Society, Officers oe
(4 5 oe he a pe A ty eal ecaoco) ASS eet esl soeed
Tonia County, Report trom: este eee oe eee lone = lisease~'|iessses|| assesel| e-=---)eooeee ee ee eee 407
a Fruit Prospects_.-..-----.~--| -----. | ------| ------| ------| ------| ------ 209
cre State HorticulturalSociety 21225 22o ess | eee Seco ee | oe Se Soe oe ee eee 288
Tron ANGeAp PLES eae eka nen ee ae seer ee | aaeeenl\a ne cael masane|| aeons eee | eee 359
Irrigation UTES eRRSS ASS ee ee SAE | CCR eee | es ene 115
in whe Oncharde. 22s. Ps ses. ee ee eran! nana \eonese| oa eem al eae eee 15
af INCU oon tee Cee ee ee eeeeen||sa es | oa caal hae | aoe 124 4
Erni satin oyStraw DELries=+sss+ es to sae eee ene peeeen | tone =e ceesee||onennn ane | ane 2D eee a
Isolation of our Country Homes...----------| -----. | ------| ------| ------| ------ 44
TLORv tO ARV OL ss nee ree re erm pees | em EI a ee a ee | 47
Tavpcilan OG Cee ee 178 p38 70
Isabella Grape, Letters Concerning..-----..|------ eo
iv es?; ist El, Le pOLrh As Secretary se) seen ad ena eal eee | asa a noeee| eee 118
feo Treatment Of.c-.-- 6 - eos eb oe ei eee ee Seeecnl poanse|| an nco ee eee eee ere 370
J.
Jackson County in Wruib Belt. 20s see aee na eee sal Se mnie |lese eel ete |e eet eens 7
Jannary Meeting: 22-25 320 8s sees ee 143 39 235
Jersey Sweet, Description of-_.--.-..._--___- 38

INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT.

Johnson, P. W., on Marketing and Gather-

187]. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878.
ing Apples on se ae oe nS | |e eee Weer 524
Johnstone, R. F.,on Hor ticulture and Pomo- i
logy in Michigan yee oS eee cee) ae 335
Johnston, R. F., on Entry Cards at Fair.-... 238 567
Judging Apples, Rules for_-.----.------------] ------| ------| ------| ------| ------] ------] ------ ae
ss abet aitses eos Seso-e 2 seseecescetess ||Secece)| seasso]| oscosc| ened) joossso|| oseese|/oeesce 385
6s Mriits yscale of Pomts= <2 -esooo- 22-28 neal eee tee el eee ea nome, eerae all ee
Co Vegetables 143
ulus. Fisure Of 222-2 2- t
yee lIN Ge saa sae aa ean aaee ees ea a é 448
ILO WEG LIN eens ee sen ejenc een hase ADD \\\essoe') 35232 75
se « at Benton bor De ase eeee See ee 107
ss c= (atisouth Hay en 282. — o-oo seems een] oseon nll oceana|| aoonnnllawnwnn,|contes (Gal aeeL=
K,.
Kalamazoo County, Writ ina- 225-22) ooo aol La | oon 190) |eeese ee eee 7
Kalamazoo County, History of Fruit Cul-
UES Te | 52h S8 eS et SF Se ee es Sa sso 383
Kalamazoo County, Report from: -22- - 2-228) oo. sas ane eee e enna oll aaa weeeeeoe QOD tie = 2
cs Grapes 2222 see -neee ween 236 nH
< HaGe brace’ &\CovsyNursery- abe s- 22 sse- i Secon eons sl eteces!leeeeee 403
= Meeting’ att. 2s 2-25-22 62-42 eae ee eee eee 275
Kale or Boricole; Cultivation of__--2- 22 -_2= |/se2 23) <-222 Sono ne 202
Kanes State Horticultural Society2.2222 sea oS ees | eeceee | Gee ee| Gene nal meonenenn= P| eae
Medzie, Ri C., on Wellows=: 22. 2-2.2252- 2222-2 464 GOS ect ee eee | ee See el ecto 252
Kedzie, R. Kon Moog. Valueiof Mrnits 22.2) 22 23) 22225a| Seeae ay aesees | coon | aes 272
omOrchard Mextilizerst.— see eee see a ee ee eee eee 200
ce Ons Weather ot 81S eee ee | ean 2 | a ee ee eee 446
cs Report of, as Meteorologist--|2--2-2)----_-||----==] 222 2-| 2222 ..| <-.22| 461
as omSignaliServicer 22-- ase | ae emcee eeeeee 173
Kedzie, W. K.,on Meteorology of Michigan_}| 484
Meteorologist for the Society see 159
se Meteorological Abstracts by_| _..__. 679
Kedzie, W.K., Resignation of as Meteorolo-| _____.| ------ 296
PIS 52 ss sos eee Se he eS
Keeping Apples: <225ai2 sii eeee eee ee UO eesoae 86 5S) | SSeS ee a eee esase
IRIE Ole aoe ee oe So eee [ere eee 488
4: GY POS.2222 22s. cesses ees 206) S22 Rese ee eee 306'°|!2C ose 461 31
«5 Gyrahises.-c02-) 2h ee See ee aS | | ee eee ee ee | eee 331
se OnIOns ise ho aa ts SCS te EE | | Re |S ee cee 410
Mevey-s island, biylloxeraiatj.ss-\s225=22-)| sean o | eoeee (ane aes oeenae 460
Kent County emi anand et tenn soso elon 140
CL MELOV OE LG eae: os she ees lee [aN ea dee icy (aloes Ce | falar) %
se a Peach Orchard and Grapery..|_.....|--..-.| 219
«Scientific Institute, Letter from_2----|_....-)225.L.| 3238
Kentucky Strawberry, History of--._-..-..--|-..-_.]----..| 436
KMeNe pAVLINCIal suo SWeebeapplestces= cones. lee sae. |) oe | eeckoe baaecen| acces 20
Pilline ofeach Trees; Causes £0f..-2c2225|\-202e (cence. |) 86k
Kilmarnock WillowWeeesoo ose. Le parses ieee hl aes | ADS ne A Soa 50
Kingsley, Moses, on Fruit Culture in Kala-
ZOO County a es ey eae eer 27] | ee 383
imag or Mores, Trees: to. Plant ss-sec0 cate tse: lc do ce eno oan aoe ede el eee Bees ee
a SO Bears tO cb anton sse 8 alos ae eee tg eel | a 23 |ee ate See ee nM oe 346
MAtGLand asasp Derry aoe 5s se cte ce eee a eek 455
Ibe ne GATdenines sso.) ands Soames mee nee eR. | ooo oteidal eoees 147
Ba pipinys Ilackberty oss. naseeeeee se went Wo eo cee ee je
Knapp, 5. O:, OMG Treen-NOUSELY= sere a eee eee soo surs | eee 106 382
“¢ <o AELODICAL EJ Ani sren ee ee ep oe Se ee ee ee ee ee 120
Knight's, Harly Black Cherry ~ 2.20222 .| 2.2. 564
Knicht,(Mrs.Sophie Hyon Hartford Werner 2 | se ee eo ee esecleeceeal) ake
Knox, Rey. John, System of Strawberry
RNG ee a eee emt re kW ere 137
Kuoets v6 the Centennial) )22p eee eke ect eS ee eee eS

Kom Rabi, Cultivatlon.6f- oo een ee eens | ene ee OTD

ala

ee Ss

1879.

—— Oe

574 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
We
ihabels, Value of, at Wars 252s -ee- 5. || seceea)| --> ea eee ee eaeees| eee 12
Labor, Dignity of Intellivent ee be oa ene 5
Babor, Division Of:2 225 22 5 ae A | SN | a eee el oe oealleceees 206
aceswin ely 222 oe eee ee eee ee abeee | aabeee G43 32 aB SA Se oee ee eaeel ine ee eee 242
Lacy,~erof. Chas, "L., Wetter frome 2.22220. | ss.224| 2-2-2 | aeeoe-| = ones) seen |e eee = eee ee 291
Dy Bat Cr: 0): Meee eget sen eee Se a enon oe Perse Se eee esas 411
La Fleur, GH RIBSHY ID¥2-e enna nase ey one eee (ease eel | leeeee ed eae | eet ne 232
< on General Orcharding--_--|---.-.| ------ w-naa=|oneees | ennnce| anna =~] ennnee 66
Lake Shore Pomological Society, Officers of} -..-_.| ------ ye
ae - se ee Report ofan 2 es Li ee |e li 334
sf ‘ Horticulturealong the Northe?nl- 7 :23)22- <2 2s 22a oe eo
os >) ORS Belt =e} oe nnn ee oe eee eab | leaeoee eeeceel eee ae aeons 4
Lake Michigan, Hastern Snore Ot=s—. see cane | eee cone es | cote een 18
Effects on Fruit Culture...) ..-...] ------|-----.| 184 | 325
fe) Pegterslon ss sateen thc tbet eet eee eee aoe | 184 | 325
Lance, Eels...0on Cod ling Moth 222-2: 255555 | eee: | Soe ene | eee ra S| een renee 23
es “Kalling Peach Trees:-222-- 3) <25 22 sssa=0 || anaen= | peeeeet eeeeees ome e a= ene 47
Land Draining for Fruits .....--.--------- =.=: 373
Landscape Gardenin® 2. -- --- oa. -<.on-s eo sascee| saeces yy Gt eres eee | er see 439 133
es ss and Arboriculture:. 2). .2.2) 222--2) <2 220) onocos) — enone eee mann eae eee 373
ee as for Marmers=22= 222202) 222 asses asceen|| aenen sl eee eee 63
and, Borchase oft roits22-22e2ses. ase | ee ea ees ees | tee ee ees eee 306
TUANNIN lap SBAY) DY: 2. saen so owt eae as craw eae el ees ee ase | ee ewae | Reem Nom ee eee ee 257
Haneing Mecting 2b) nten. oe eaee ee eee eee 83> | eacoa- | acsece [osesss Ee eeee eee eee 1
Dantanas232-2- 22. eo Soe ose leas neal SOUS ikeee: olll-c ae os eee eee 391
Pacha SAG ao sone a a see ee ee ee ee ee 438
Oe LOLs Oc ee ee el eee ieee 441
Large Apples; Shall’ we Grow:them —-.- 22-222 5022) 3) 22a eee ee wees lo eel ee eee 36
se Reach Trees at South Haven. ..-~--follec 2 Wenge cell noc cejceo see aren eoy eae mera
) “Trees from the NUIrsexy ---2-2—- --2-55 joe o = |innn eco lose ciet pene ball aseaet eee een
Se CLOW DOUG ies osteo wee ne can eee ose ieee 75
ateCultivationiot (rees--2-..-c-ss5—5 2 es [oe ocn eee oe eee ee ee | eee 90
Lattas Wi CiBssay Dy 2-2-2. os cee tee = ea eo eo bee eel Comes | ee Saale es (eral eee ee 10
Daw about Buns © oe ee ee, ee 137
Laws affecting Horticulture ------------ 131
Law Concerning Trees in the Highway 134
Law Concerning Tree Planting and Preser-
WAGON oon sas ow ca = we ee ean canes | Sen eae eee eee eee ee ete 10
aw, Concerning VWellows\c2+-=2-s-oese==22-25)||sesene|| So dans ease nal ease et eee 155 -facccan|leonsee 363
Lawn Grass 223-2 one eee beeen en eleieo en eee ee eee 377
Making ey as nae esa ee | ee ce ee ees | essen eee es 94
“79 Manacement oft. 225-~ 2 4-b es | eee | eee eee ee 208
Boy ee ah Bye i_gnet Beds Sa Aah Let Sl et apese Se | pee pe PAE ee souecateccess| scase see 378
£6 VBE O Lie GOOU sa. oe ab ce sone acer £ MES eek ey Sek aly B OEE 9 pecceea aay Seon ge 361
Sy SCe@ing a. os aha es eh one S| oes n | aaa ences |e oar a Bee eee ee 396
Lawns, Dressing PO oe see San Sees ee | ae ao es oes wseess|ecet ase eee 346
<6 Made in Anitummna3- 22-2 ee a ee OS Se oe dillesee se [oa eee 444
fs How to Make? 25.2... 2225422 gee 2a oe ae eee ee eee eee 60
paiwience Pears ss: 29.29 ee ee en seca alba) See el ae ee 317
Lawson7s Cypress, Migire Of 2-22 eee sann |e a enna e |e eee ze
a witon BlackPe nity aoe ea ae eee eee eee |e oe | een aie ene Ln
Ke Hruit, Interestabomwtso22 55 = Sale ee Ne | ee ee 281
Lawton, C.D., on Composition of Fruits. 2/5222 82| 222 Ss S| ee ee ee ee eee
sc 6 the: We llowss ee ee Bae 2 cS uli S| | ee 20
ue a ‘6 (Raspberries:.2.<..c-) 2S | ee | coe Lea fe eee 97
i es ss (School Grounds. 22.2 eee ies) 22 2 EO ee eee a
se ss “ouetter from: .2-- =~ a eee 78
o «<)> >" Pomolorical Society2-----|=---—= 247
Laying OubanOrchards sss). ee eo 18 2 339
Wbazenbys Prot. aoetbe recom! =o 0: see kee Meee nate SE ose
Leading Shoots of WVETETCONS So=2).o5- fo Se eee ee eee | a2. le
eat Rotlers* by: Ani). \Cook=.2-2-5-- 52s ss See ee eee
Leaf and Flower Buds, Difference in-------| ------
Wesavesiand' their Punctions:.2-.. 222-55 625 \eseeee| eae see o ne
oe $6) "RT@CS 22-232 eae so cee se Se ens eel see eee ee eee eal See eee See eee
ss Evaporation of Moisture from-~-----|------|------|------
ge foriGarnishing Wrnibs.--- 2 seas eee el eee || ee | eel eet
cs Walue Of «6c. 5-25- Fe oe 25 op ees =| SA eee aa SG = 5 eee ee ae 343

eos NUISCOMANEOURIMTUILS oJ 22225 ne ea) oo a ctai| aaoea ieee 51
SE MOT EVO (tt POSao\ = aah 2b cates cece) necoeel|eosemel|peeee =
ie Helesates toi dune Mcéeting ~~~ -ee_|2-. = 2) 2-2
SS wet SPUCMIICS s2nc.s uu scsceceiassdew aces zal leancse 709

INDEX. 575
YEARS AND PAGES,
SUBJECT. ae Sc
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874 | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
heaves. Aqtumny lints Of---- es--—-s42s=—-—-2—
Le Baron, Dr.,on the Bird Question__----_-
‘* on Fighting the Canker Worm
Lecture on Entomology, by C. V. Riley-.---
Legislation for Fruit Interests..... ....-.-- 58
eee tion upon Forestry and Road Plant-
(ToS She a eee oee ence eer
alan, JB ihe, JERREN? iby sees eceecnonseebeeo sees 267
Micmion. Verbenneic: 2252). l252.- 2 2dtacc chee
Lenawee County Fruit Growing..-----------
Lening’s White, History of.-.---..-----.. -----
Lent, 8. Q., on Orchards and Vineyards of
Michigan SRE Sek dene Reb EOE ERO ec ao beeres
Lent, Ss. Q, on Quality in Pruit_-_.-2----< =.
se ‘© the Ideal Strawberry.-.-------
as Ge COG witivewvlOn.2-5----2-3=-aseoa=
oh ae (Gathering. “Apples sa -ca-ee
a es “ Horticultural Clubs_.--------
o ee ‘* Trrigating Strawberries-_..-- 334
aS Ce SSxOrnamen bine Maris sees er os ek ee | Se ae ees Sle ook a ee ee 376
Lessons from the Winter of 1873._-.-.----.-- y
oe “ “ec 1874-5 eee Se
Letter fon Kent Scientific Institute. -_---
ee MCS) Vito seo eee een
$s Se Chas) DOW RING == ==- onsen
Mettnce: Cultivation ofc 225-2 22-s-— a
ss WINGO A= sa ees eee ere
Librarian, Creation of the Office of-_-_. ------ 211
Library, a Horticultural one ....---..--.-----
Ly Oi Ne SOCIeby noc. = ee— ono ee ee
sf Report Concerning = 222- ---2-4-2-- 203
Miceon Plants) 2-5. 2 322252 - 2 Lean ees=
Life and Annual Membership----------------
SO Uy Wey ESE PSH Gay ac ao [ae Be ee
SPNCCMDELS, lS tOL see ene o-oo as. Saree 413
Seln CEN aN tease sae aoe. ose eee anemone 260
iiactorOrnament§ 3522222.) 222225-5--=-cae 4
** Culture and Management of----.-.---.-
SH VIATICLICS Of C ce. Ss2c2 etn Saco o ee
Diese ub Ol 2. 2 eed oan see oe 269
Lilly, Lyman AMIE ESA VID Y eee cose ee ae 162
«on Tree Planting_--------- $255,085 ent ee ee eee eee eee 14
Mimarheans: New Method of Growin es oe eee ee eae es (eee ease eae 397
Pimper nwios Ap plese 22 =o. 3-5. 25so aso se eae eas 2 441
Lime for Codling Moth_-.--..--- ny | ey | eer [emery | emer (peel [Se sty)
PrametormPearches! s203% 225225) 225. Neca ee en eae cee es | eon ees Leeecieo leant 264
Linderman, ACUR on Orchards Draimare:=)- |---| ee 133
se on Test Gardens....------ 83
a I S3, oneeeach Unlture-23-- "= S| 76
Linderman, I. S., on Soil and Climate of i
BOUGn Baven s52.54- 7.425 Ce eee el eae el eee S| OE |e ee eae eG ee ee has)
Linderman, I.S.,on Economy in Mice Gime yeaa a ee Pee aa eee eee | ae 36
Linden, the European....---.---- Be real eee n= teen al (eee me] | eee 51
Liquid Fertilizers EOTMELO USO) Ea Sees eee eee eo (eee ee eee 12
List of APRIES TOP PAMALEUES, 4525 eee eee ec Sao ee ee 93
‘Marketa nplGsct Sf2 54 zee ce se rea ees | See en eek eS Ee 93
2s HORS SA Ca VILL Oks pee Se Oe ae ey eS ee eit [pt Sparse Venema Hare 2s (seas % 139
isl OOOADple Drees ton, Markets-..2s-2njeeseea| oan oslo sece Nese aan Uh | es -| 380
“ «© Pyemiums Awurded-..--------------- | 07 231 | 171 | 416} 497 |..---. is0 | 150
See: CCUMOUS eLECeS LOL SMa blaGe ees seee ea cose ae)| sean eae ol eee eee sees arte
Cole wONOlGCNNMELS TC CN 8 -.as. sce esas coal ema ele Saal oo eel |e ee am eg oe eee } 439
“« Ornamental Trees Selected ___-.----.| -----.] ------ We Pace ae a pee 30
“ES Tee Ad Wie Gans ae eS a | Atalay ws
So es* SATIN Ua Mem Derse-as202-- aos acne eee he DO DO ee fee) beeen |e ee | [el pee ee 451 411
Peat deeMpm bers Mee Lo okt 150), <a) ee Beene ee S| aas 453 | 413
caer Members at Lansing Meeting 2 2o..||\2- 5 oes eae | eee | een ee eee ae eee 7

076 INDEX,
YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT. a as a aia is
° 1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.

Disvet Blackborviess.. 42224 eee aeee eal eee ee) 208 142 45

SSE OU SPAN LS = ce oe oer seas eee eae eee eee 709 142 45

“ 6s Gooseberries.-_..-._- a ee ees? 109 142 45

<6 Apples by an Old Orchardist oe [sf 71

6 Step ples Tor OMG Stee teense ee esse 20 | 470 74

St DESSELE Ap PlLOS a. ao ceseee oe ee cone as ||| =aaccs)|oennpee 74

<«« « Apples Recommended by the Society 24 706 We 14

<« .« Market Apples Recommended by L.

WI: Bale y 2-52 = -as25s- canoes ese es ose e Sekoasell| soso ee 266 |
List of Apples for Profitable Culture. ......) ------ } ye

per ee us SOU CV are srese a tee se 452 469

sc Pearson Malanipin eee esos ocak ee | oe oa 507

es es « Recommended by the See Seed ml WTC 140 26
List of Peaches Recommended by hs

ClO LV en ee ee ee ee done a eee 707 141 31
List of Peaches by Gidleycs.-22--- 2-22 22S 239

LR Tose ie Tr teehee SI aR UNE LN 706 ||) 140.1) ene

243

CE SUT es «| spb a oe ee REL Bd 8 708 | 141 | 583

CL Hie SST 65) 5) - a ee ee eennee EH eo] HOE NL 708 a 40

SER OO LVAWDCIMCS si2 seat ee naa Pee my Mead (1) Wes 45

Ke Cort TLCS |e re t= ee ee ey ee
« 6 (pfficers of State Board of Agricul-

UDDUS) aop Sea ae po reeriseoeeeoabssstees||oceeee 25 |

KSass RS LOM TNE ACLs ae ae 119

se 6“ Michigan Trees at the Centennial__-_|..-...
Literature prelimpenimentss. 02 eoase cases | eens
Honbiculiwnal sts tee ee ee
Littlejohn, WUCee, ACUKeSS Die ane ees aeons 55
Mivinegsbon County wer wb ess se-2- 2s.) =e | eee

Local Societies, Reports from

« Horticultural Societies, Resolutions
Concerning eee rer
Local Horticultural Societies, Suggestions
Concerning

Local Horticaltural Societies, Influence of.

Local Fruit Exhibitions
Mocalitv Re porises -o--- 2. sae ete ncneeen ene
WocationionOrehanrtls: -o. 2 = te s5 22 oe eee
Location forma each OLreharde. soos eosee eae
Mi GTApesS nee cee oe oc oot ae
Dombaely Poplar for OUrnament...._---
one-armed Grapes eee eee cee

Long-arm System by Whittlesy

bong kee ping Apple se=_ = unas sone see teres
Tongevilyiot Varlemeseass ses aee te eee
Lord, Hon. Henry W., on Evergreens
Louse, The Bark, Figure Ore eee ent oe ee
Low and High Training Of Drees sh Us 2 Seema ee

« Branches for Apple MYre@Sise 2s lee sececs

178

Sj HCACs for Orenards 2. sote. = 2 eeee ee eee ee

** Heads and Good Fruit
« Branched Lawn Trees
“© Heads vs. High Heads
UN LOM LOK MUTE es Ce Se ee le
es Soil, etc., about
Lyon, T. T.,on Market Apples =
Lyon, T T., on Soils and Climate of Michi-
Ut ee Se eee Rh Le | eee
Lyon, T. T., on Fruit in Oceana Co
Lyon, T. T., Importance of Protection to
Fruit Calbaristas hic ay oe
Lyon, T. T., on Judge Ramsdell’s Fruit
Farm

378

INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES,

SUBJECT.
1871.

Lyon, T. T., on Grapes Recommended by
(ive) BiOy ORIN oss Beer ceed Hoe toe PeioseS ete ee| eeeceeseese
Lyon, at aD. on the Red Canadaz 222-2265) --- 2-5) 3
« Plum Culture in Michigan-.} ------

se “cs

“ Blackberries and Raspberr’ Bilessecs
« Address at Coldwater. .--.--| ------
¢ Timber Protection) 22s--..-||'s25--=
NAN SUT ACAreSss=-- 2-22. =)|saecee
*“ the Best New Strawberries
Lyon, T. T., on Home Orchards vs, Market

“ec
e
ee

“ee
“oe
ae

“cc “ce

CONCLECR RO a se ns oe BES er oY emer acl eecersa| laoeaao | asec leccess

Lyon, T. T.,
Lyon, T. T., Response to Mayor Thayer’s

Welcome ee eee cee ete Bae ae enone Sateen seeee | mcoeen||eenacel| saacan|e<oocs|-asese

Lyon, T. T., Address of
On Marke tine his ssa ee ee ee eee \

Lyon, T. T, on History of Michigan Fruit
Culture
Lyon, T. T., on Fruit Fallacies
a « Pear Blight

“e “
se
se
ee
if

“c

“cc
“ce
“oe
“ce
oe
“

Seedling Grapes
Needs of the Society
Improving School Grounds

co the Society
New Fruits of 1879

Lyon’s, Resignation from Fruit Committee.
M.

Macomb County, Fruit in

Report from
Masuolins fOr Ornament (Joc la = ee ae oe ES anne eee
Namen Hair, OF Ginko! Trees ss. — ss eae la eee enone cee
-Maiden’s Blush, Description of_--_----_-----
Mammoth Ginstari cok Se eat cee

Management of Orchards
cs ot Flowers

of Apples after Gathering
Of WOVeSUS2 soso sss sae Seascale ease ee
Manistee, Soil, etc., About
Manistee Horticultural Society,

BIQMSO he Css see os oe ee oo see See nee wees eae oso e ee ee eeee nso
Manistee, Fruit Region

se

oe

“ce

Discus-

MRemiperatunevab oc 52222 tase ee Seay ee ee
Strawberry Experience
Mann appie eee ere eso eters ereen i de ae |e ce eed Ble cie sa
Mann, 8. B., on Fruits in Lenawee County--
Maes Robert, on Mass. Horticultural
Bosipiy-o.:c3 2. eae eS EN ORS
anual Labor System at Agricultural Col-
(side eee Ses ee eae 3
Manufacture of Wine and Cider not Pomo-
logical

“e

Manures and their Application
ss Discussion on

“e

its Vreatment and Value
Manuring Fruit Lands

a Orchard 62352220 ee ih ca
Maple, Figure of Cut-Leaved Silver

“ of Purple-Leaved Sycamore} ----.-
ch Syeamore eats: tas sao eee ae ee aN coc aae
ss Seedlings. Silver. 52 Jee Ai
“ec

The Norway
March Meeting
Markets

1874,

1875.

1876.

278 INDEX.
| YEARS AND PAGES.
SU. BIE-OD. a
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Market Apples, Varietiesof-.2-2.] -—- = -8 20 | 470 74
- Advantages of Michigan...._.....-. 152
u L of South Haven........| 416
a Peaches, Discussion on_..--......-. '
= Orchards vs. Home Orchards... -_----
#s Preparing Hr wit tones. nae
as Mistiot, 1000 Apples tors -2- 2-5-2
oe Demands Ot thes. --.-42-2..2.-<sc.--2-
ef Extentiot the Anple-----..--..----=< 314
Ke Strawberry, the tdeall-2--2_ 2-2 22 79
Ue Test the!)< s-+- -eeeeewee een essence koee 239
Marketing (Apples, Improvements in------85| 222 c.||(-ae eel eee eel secon
s¢ 2h Gf Bee as So,
es Small ir miter ase es =e Lane ee See Seen oe eee
a ana Preserving =< —s 52-2578 222 oS sae ctay cote te ween eee eee eee 346
ES Hints imponiesetso ss... a ssbb sp aeee to cannes! aoe eel eee ee eee 347
Markham, Byron on Markets-------
Martymia io soe o-oo sawn coe sos ake
Marvin Stra wiberryce-coscese) cout cecce cS ai[lcccateicoee ale Be ce emer een | en | ne
Matching Colors in the Garden----..--...._.|------ Eee (es bas ner | ane | emetie 8
Mason (Cotinty; Bxditj ins. 0-2 00-e Scene ate | soos tcp ec en ke Ieee vallteee eres | eee | eee | 2
Massachusetts Horticultural Society_._..._|------ ele ol ate yaa ieee Bh cent slo eee 284
MASSHCHUseL us, Wruib ines scene ea nee eee ee ees cep ee a eames = eEe8i|\ gaae
Matting’ of Straw... ---.--.----5-.-)...~.-0: | ota cc/ovecan Denees [hc ccegll ee toe a ae ee
Mattoon; Dr:, Wetter from.2-<-- 2 25-2 oo Se oes OS ee ee ee || 187
Maxwells "nt, on) bversreens, etc: 2 250) Peil2 5 oes ea a5
May Mxhibitat/Gentenninl....0.(0...2.) cs 0 sacks ieee us eA
Many Meeting. 158 t0e 2 YS tL eae 1b ame
McGowan, Mrs. J. P., on Gardening-..-.._-..| ------|------|------ weno oi] /oac =poe'| ase ee eee é
McNaughton on Habits of Observation _-..__.] ------]------| ------ wasane | papers |e el | ree i61
Meehan, Thomas, on Mangi - 2-6. 225 2522 |===-—- Soe ioe noes soe sae 307
“ “s cot he sYiellow Sess es +. eeset ae a |=—ae alec wine w-----|------|------]------| 257
“ “ OSE xan PMO Wie TSoses seeell-a—= es corn n- | ------| ------| ------] ------] ------] ------ 298
“ “6 “ the Nursery Business. | ------ eon e nn] wan- 2 | mee --| --- ===] ---- ==] == SS 308
(a oe
Meetings of Executive Committee_._....____}------ 4 (OS |leeeees||sas3o5|/esas||ecoce ee
(106 {315
Meetingiat Wansin gps 45.22. ee ee eee 83
as COS SLOPES OYE S EK(Dn ye ee ES NE as 138
sof the, Anmnal2- -2 2b S522) 2 ee a6 166
3 at Spring Whakee sf oe oe eee 229
as hie wish ee Ql aren een ee ee 8
MedaliAcward ofthe Wilder.--+- 2.2 22-2 a Seco ecw eae eee eee ote
Melon, Cultivation of the..--...--..--------- | LAS ER See coe 213
Melons; oO wato (CLC CEM pe sane eee aes eee ee oe | eee eres ee) ech | eee 433
Members of State Board ot Agriculture.----|------|------ BS A AN tof)
Members (uistiok Matecs ee ane en eee 120 NW Ses eeeee|fSosocelesasafSe2ca|) 2) 413
“6 Cee MWA TINA = coe obs ees eae 120 PO US: ee i eA Ree Pe am (es Sol FN | 411
Membership, Annual, Resolution Concern-

Tinie A TE aed oes ue Sea fa eS ee 168 jen
Membership Sugezestions) Concerninors-sselteaa-=—1| seeenn!| oon) eee) pear ||oae ee | orc = | 300
ce Annual and daife sos. ae eee ee wooo ae | enna en | enone | oonn ae] nnn 229

Memorial Concerning State Entomologist-_.|-----_|------ } a
ef to the War Department--.-.....-- Seoahe|||) CO 259 | x
ne et Governor byiPres: Liyontses) soseeal| ssc o's oa occ cen eee el eee 278
Merit, Lowering the Standard of___-_._----- aac E!|'so2-u.| 22222) loeseeeeesce| Gees eee en re
Merrimac Grape, Wicure, obi). - 222) 1 Bow eE A Reese ol ome oeal| foe ane oun
Merriman onisize in Hrwit-o 22s. bos eee es | Ss | ee | ee 213
SF VPranine the ieCar- 2. ss ses ey (ee eal (eee (emerge ay | E(k ee | 228
as ‘¢ ‘Orchard: Location=.< £2222 2-55 ee oe 5- Bala cd cones cqee |e docell eocees eeeees ees 52
of Wise‘of (Plaster 3 soa sass eccses|| soceas!sscsae loess 93
Merriman on Helps and Hindrances to Po-
TH OLOR Yi 8 oe oe on SC aS Es Be ies ebes Ee | soe SS Ae See | eee 4
Merriman’s Report as Member of Orchard
Committee. 2592225 5 2 eS oo | 2 a ees | ee eee 259
Meteorology and Pomology---.-.------------- SYED N EES SS | eee 360

INDEX. 579

YEARS AND PAGES,

SUBJECT.
1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.

Meteorology of Michigan._.......---...-.-...| 484
Meterologistifor the Society 22222255255 -2-.)||---<-= 159
Meterological Aibstracts=-2-. 2825622. am
ReECOMMeENGALONS . eas aan ee
WMothods of Destroying the Curculio---__.-- 311

és ss « Injurious Insects_..| 415 in

ss SOM RPeviNI EN GIN PI se ee Saba | ene seoseeke
as TOrVE SIDE See MGs: oe eae ee eee eee eee
nip a a of Destroying the Cabbage Butter-
MiamAr RAS PUCLEYy i sees ee eee tk aaah eee 455
Mice Girdling, Preventive against.__._......|------ 477
Microscopic Examination of Yellows---.-
Michigan atthe Centennial) 22 joe... 2 see. Soo Seton \aseen ~
IBINGBG. 2S sce 2 Sock scceekee eh cose alee es 442
6s Climatolory of{-.2 2 eet fo Se ae 184
“ Compared with other States -____- 149
ok a AD Dn ed bee ae ce ee ai bet [ia aed Pea oe

o Fruitsat the Centennial 22-22 hesece |aee ene

se Fruits in the Milwaukee Market._| 152
5s BruitiRe conse sasee cee eee be) (eae
es Horticulture and Pomology-..----| -- ---- 355

Michigan Nurserymen and Fruit Growers’|?

Association--. —---..:--- Bele eswnccreeeeeiinsene Meeskee
Michigan Market Advantages Se MF eee 152
Meteorology of: 32 See eo ike | 484

se Orchards and Vineyards.-___._....

a Orcharding, Statistics Concerning] ------|------

JC eachsbelt; beachesiOfs - oo ase. 5 ee ase ||ic-oaee

ae Peach) Belt See eens e ets tres ek eee Se
Michigan Pomology, Past, Present, and Fu-

PUI Cr ao ees oe ore enna eer oe once deea||eaeceelaances

Michigan Strawberry, History, of....-.......|------|/----.-

Ks Mine yiardse 2 Orit et oe etek 457

5S Apples bepiualioni Ones. scmas | snnehelece—=
Michigan Agricultural College, Value of

RYAN SS ahi Se See ee ele SL eee See

Michigan "Trees for Michigan Planting-.

EU CA RUN ih oti Us) le Cee tee Serene ree at ons

: MoneStss tei 3 See ie cusses eee aan eeenee

<e KrureCulture sees seo ee ees Se ee

Michigan Lake Shore Fruit Growers’ Asso-

Clg DOME eeee 8 foo ce saa eect eut dewsseese wall Desae S| Se eeee

Michigan Apple Culture, Future of .........]------ eer ahs

BS HNN CabMOsNG -cse55 5h ccasene A oSece [#taoes

Mildew i in the Gooseberry pe RENE te See ee tecee

oe ORIEN E 1d 0 sen Se | pa es | (gee ens

D2 SS SoGrape, Llustration Of 22-25-2=))2-s<-<| s222e5

Millington, Nrs onvblant) Tite s.5-2cseesens)||-sonce eases

Milwaukee nilize a rorl sese seh soseasoscenace 152

202

260

201

ss ” State Horticultural SocieGyeseey Sessa 418

Miscellaneous: EApersees acc sece sede eee e|| soe oo
Mistakes in Orchard Management_...._.___.] -.--..| -..---
ce PVE TOG Growin ass ee eet ere (Ard Sse pie J
4 Us in Selecting Orchard Sites_...._.._.|-----. | ------
Mixed Husbandry, Benefits of...-_--___._... 150
Mole, Toad, and Spider, our Friends _-_.-_._|----.-|----.-
Fy NED aa ape aa | ET eS ee a 8 EER Ce)
IMGIES E XPerimentS With) s.2s-sne2 sons ere eee eas oo.

Money in Orchards.-.--__.....-...- RP Ee eR ee eee eee (ee

Monareb/ Stra wbernty..s0. ss fotaea eae eee Pecans act es
Monroe! Oounty Vineyards... -..esseee nee 2-||/---=-
SeeGrane: Growl Wiese acme 457

580 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT. VTP ME hrh io. . ©
1871. | 1872, | 1878. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Monore; Meeting Attia. 25-8 secs wee han 8 ea -=- o-oo ee |e mee 552 455
ss Old Pear and Apple Trees at -_._...| ------ % ececeiliesol
Monroe, Phylloxera at--..--...-------.--.---|------|------|------| ------] ------] ---=-- 404
YY INAITSOLICS Qbaee eee eee eee tees | mace n a ea een eee clement el eee etn eres 404
- C. J., Address of, at June Meeting] ------.| -----.| ---.--} ------| -----./-----. uel
2: «on Pomology vs. Farming..-.|------}|------| ---...|------| ------||----.- 348
as Judge, Tribute to the Memory of._| ------] ------| ------|------ ae ee 56
es Geos on Wruit band soses eo ne a eee a oem |lae ee on) | eminem ee er ee 306
se OO OFSTSE 2) oe oe es a Eee | ferent oe yae lease lseseta|lisosoo5 8-2-2 js- 0 > ~~ 258
MontcalmiCounty, Reportitrom=---— -/2= -222)|/22-2 =| /2a2 anal eee eee eal oat eee 208
Moody, Elisha, on the Mann Apple---....-.-.|------|------| ------| ------|------|------ 53
Moore, JOHNS; ON NAVE HTMiitss. 9... 2-225 lcoo an |-aeeee|eeeeeal|pae eee 34
MOSES, Edy, Onlthe Gardens CtC.- 2s. snes ee ee on en een meee an eee mete) etre eeeeteteelre 294
(1 (e {132 (iu =
. 15 52 52 45 x
Moth, the) Codling--.--2----.---------.==--<--- 450 | 4 481 1 997 158 962 | ------ | ---2-- 23 359
L658 | (299 | { 104 | ( 419
Moth, the Codling, Description of.---.--..-.|------ as so } he
sé 6 66 ANG) HOSS !2 255-4 once eo =| Beene ee oe 331 157
oe < a Protection against2-2---|'------|\---==- 350
Du Wa ye D Arye. Vc} tees ee Sake Oe A eS | ean (ee eeto a eeon| sce os|lesecn a= 50
Mowing Wa wiser. sos. sss S- 5-25 ee eee cna a ate nl eee eee ane eee liemennnpacceseiz-===c)|\== atest eee 94
Mit Viernon (Pea tess sse ee aoe ae none eos so=| aoe ae
ES a ** Tllustration of
Muck asa Fertilizer
Mulberries, List of-----
Nye Hee tee ee ee eae eee FE
‘“ for the Strawberry bo
ss SC UMIG Wel) BEC S se seb e =e a ee coe et eee eens lee aera 406
We BLACK PELNI Cae son keen ae een ee eel | toe tre ten ee eee 405
se the wWegetable Garden! 2. ee 2s) Soler see aeeeleeeeee| (ames 406
cs of therApple Pree sas .see se -=2== || see 439
sf (ope 1 Mr tit ied Wrte G\ ey ee SO Oe Se eco ae By) Oa) eres 405
se 7S VO UULE LV PLO Mess eee ae oe ee lead fe meen | rie | sere 103
& Objections tos 2522s 6 ee | rel eee ere ae ent eee eae ae 104
ss Benefits (Ofese asset ee nae ee aa ee | en ee eee fe ead | eter barecins He
ss WAYNE NES io) ta ease eae ee ae Poel eon Sal bese fasaaet esto c5||ecSsee|| aoo< se 382
OG Ha CWLIVaAhlONs-o52-ss--2— ssesseee : 343
Minlehis Goode Tin inca tee ee eee omen ot omen eee ee 34d
Muskegon County Fruits-...-..-.-----.-..-..-
ae Writ Interests.
“ Meeting tse eee 74
J Lake, Soil, etc., abouts. 2-22 ---
NGNSPALC el Diva tiOn Or es] eee een ene | oa een eee
Mutual Relation of Nurserymen and Fruit
GTO WETS re ee Ea eel nen een eee eae ee | eae eee rs 232
Mutual Benefits of Insects and Plants___-_-}------ Sree (emer eer) Seed, 153
NG
Stat etal s eats { 218 2
Name of Sociehyonaliat DOM Nan eters ssa ermerolleememe | esae met ermal |e } 219 | -7#-= | aaceee 223
Name of Society, Action Concerning Change 145
Oftes 2 ease be Bh epee © DOR a ie eae 8 ra Ts a ee 305 | 333 | ------]------ 3t
NamMmornRaspberry.2=c 0. eee 455
Native Climbers soso es Ra Cae ee 381
$f Wernig2 ooo beh ee Ee eet aoa socey eect fee ee 241
Ss ECCHUCS, HRC POT DONG. se eee ee een aoe eo leaner 63 34
id Improved Celims! = ss. .-s- > ae ee eee oe eee 33
Ornamental Trees 22-22 SS. ee se oe ete ailiceceee 540
Na taral Graphing ee eee ae eee een | een oeeeee 325 242 |}
< History of Apple Curculio-_--_----- 329
ee 5S «* Rose Beetle 113
es eS ef Rhrigss.s.-. 173
OS Dispersion of Efants-s2--le 22a
ae Rotation. fees bis a eee eee een || a sae ee] een eae lee
INentnessiand Orders ee ee os a ey eee nee eeesee| ose neern
INGEtATINGS: Uist Of - Ge eee Soe SER, Eee pee hanes hs 2 Sa
Nectarines Recommended by Society, Des-
CLIPtion of eos oe Pe eee eee S| Beare | SS + eae 49
Needs of ‘the Society. coe ee | a es See cess aoe | eee 62
New Apples by: Chas: Downing. -2---2-sese Seen eee ann ||ea neon eae eee 84

INDEX. 581
| YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT. Se
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
NG WeHEULGS:Of 1819250 ~<a a eee cee aral|enn we ffemes=-||l--enco| Sosec nites ce a Slee ellie a 189
eee VWwhtabeisgesa ese o eo = Se Oo SE eS | | SAS Sr RS | es | ese aaea | eas 313
New Jersey Horticultural isoeletwee tn Seeses)|(eeaSso} ese ce|[eSsacel[esnc - leas eee [|= s = 285
ewe Gita los Goll. Cle aA potters a seer eC es | ae Sia 25
New Hampshire, "Fruit in. ee ee ee ee eee 337
INiewarVOtlk eS. cs 282 cae aen seen oe eas seaceeaifosasea|- ocak eetene [elses 341
INieweHotttoes, best. Varieties: ess. 22. Soe oe le ee a 360
© Varieties, Originating of FEE er || ee eed | ae a Aes | ae 38
** and Old Raspberries------ peer ee 85)
os S<SRane Deciduous; Drees is esas oes jeae ese now aee 422
NG UELEY,. Mrs Man Miele br OCNl DY:2 os. 20 leona [lens aise\ foots eee anil | See a | AUER I 997,
Newly Planted Trees, SH CO a di eT a 900 | RHO | Saat | Cea Rn a 13
Nicanor Strawberry, Fi TORO foto ee a eevee pe eee eee [eer 105
Niagara Grape, LENO AS) Ore oo Soe Se Soe ae eene || SoaSSs| eace cell | Set Wal [Sa |e Pre ssl eee aes ||ak 322
as MEescriptionOl aes cose ces oe Peete alee es eeaeea | pee lnce Fede aia 323
NOMEN CIMEULC! ao = sont en oes saat nee cere eee eons eaifics=aca||Pooctoe neeae = 1B
430
Nomenclature, Report of Committee on--._.|------|------ 114 66 90} feels 64
Resolutions;Concerning=--)5 pense pases |e oeeaiieeeees 333
Northern Michigan, Westin yiofs2- 5225. 5 esp see peo ae eens 54
Hlevation Obsa4 sea eeee | eeeses lease no occas 55 |
= es Solliot ee ee Ae aeceee = 55
cS ss Mimber Of jee kPa ales enee ee 55
a ce Meansio&-ACcess tosses ||2oe sc. |eaao--| [Eanes 56
a ‘ie Healthfulness of: 22222) 22s--|-----|--- o> 56
ee sé Dairy Interestin = 59S. <=. 5. ose - Ce 59
Northern Spy, thesis 22 522222255- 5-2 ek ose AS eee een ata ase tee sasaine 347
INGUEWETNS DYSIaS Ke CNOUS ass aos me onan eciee ea leew sce teoe anlar soem oa ne ater | See ore | ere a 310
NORWay; SPEUCE; (Une oe. eee eee a ae eae eo eeees [eeoe ee = 108 437 ;
NOT Way; SDEUCE, and: Wels estes eae Wocee oa ora nln on fees |e eeeen |lereceaees | yNaeamnes 419
iNovembexy Meetings: s0si57 oe 163
Nowlan, Mr., on Marketing Fruits 329
Nursery Stock, NVNGesLOP Ss thy ss este e cee eons enone Ly il hae 171 | 357 62
OG FROWw: toONS@) Te sees a. oo pocecee eons ce faoneede lasso cn] Sone ee erence | aoe eealeoe eee 306
C3 q3 Wanter Protection Of Son eo oon iiee aes lleoaae aero reel llanoae al enero eee ae 18
Ke Rrees, HOOtw Ee TUNING Of= 22 22S Sess as oee Navaces oscecalle meee lees cee ee eee 333
a Os Bark Bursting Ca) ee ee | RM ee | ses | ee eal atest? lle oS 301
ss UE) PR Reg Pe eto ee | SU ee | ee (ele | eyo ol | Se a 304
Re Business, UGE VOf 22s vse goo sa 2 how ee cella sas sal lace Seal co seed eee eae | Peace cies eee | es 308
se Or Ge Bragoids Cor, Kalamazoo seao=s-5| lesen |ecca oe ooee ee | pees ae soa 403
Nurseries of ‘Michigan DENS oes Sone cna ses/sehallscoecaltanescalllsoonseihoesaceloanece [mee eae 271
INMUESOrIe sat MOnNOG222 222 c2s enc lo ses cee teen posses | odoon [ease cel eecnel lene ae pee canes 404
INTESCEY MANN NULHPTOWER <9). = sas. saci |\ones co lane monies ee en eee ce oa fee ees eee | ee 232
Nutritive Value of Fruits Compared with
CEA) EXE) Die 00,00 UF eRe ae Ae ere ee aE Dee a re (Pee | See [Oey (Pemen SM ee ) | 272
O.
Oakland) County for Writ: 222-652-825 sececai|/ceee-=ilaceacalicoca castes allison eeeleeee ele oe 8
GaksitorOrnamental Purposest.sescsss=- 5 2 Sh 5 Sees SS ee Se See ee |e eee 426
OAKS CHC sac nak coon cee ons e kao aos eo ccbeas See aal|ic cosoaecenee lesceneioe aus 52
Oak-Leaved Mountain Ash—Figure OF 22S ESSSe |Ses5e2 413
Oats the Orchard 2 22-0 2a aoe ose ene e |ieaoaoe |iasaecuill-csse='|'2pa2eapseeees 106
Opject-essons insborticulitures sess se eee seeenclicaascaileoscenile mesos onee ee 197
Objectsin' Pree: Plantings 8 ese ae eee eee hes Sel SSS eae Sona Se ee ee 115
Observation, Value of to Fruit Growers--_.|-.--_-|.-----|-- Oy eeeee | pecoce\eeee na) je 161
Oceana County, WE MiUS inte eo ook See ace Wossans lates se] sone ac bie at eeee ne 400
Oceana and Lake Shore Horticultural So- 118
CO EL Aa Reape ls a eR APOE 0 1 ete Weert he oe ek fe 286
WTO DEE Mer Cine So sear eae ae SH ena 225 | 158 | 309] 533
81
Officers, Election of........------------------ 20 168. goer lpn le agar peeean Rees 244] 210
250
ao 7 | § 284 > ;
Ofiitens for the Year... tip 35 sb 119 og |} geg | Steep ava 1
“of the State Agricultural Society --| ------ 26) [ssaees 572 | 373 3

&¢ ey «Board of Agriculture_|--..-- 25
Officers of the Ionia County Agricultural

DOCIC bye 224. 2- eae Ey ae ae wea mere Vee | OS oe) Se 536
Officers of the Lake Shore Pomological 50

SOCiel ye 24 225 ee ee oe ee ee eam ocieececs 52
Officers of the South Hayen Pomological

SOCIO Uy Sot oe Set ee Ss Ba eens Pode 2 [ 118
Officers of the Adrian Horticultural Society |-----.]-.--_- 479

"=

582 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.

1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876, | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Ohio State Horticultural Society --.--...-.--- BA eee Pear ees tema betsy ecerses Ihe - ~ —— 292
Okra Cultivation 2225) 32222 a2 2ssessec ens Seen a So) eee 217
Old Mission—Profitable:Crops for oe. ---=--=|=<2--2|\s22=55 eee eee aes
«s ES Orchards |... 2-25-22cee een = eR ee ee?)
Old and New Raspberries--_----_- 453
«* Pear and Apple Trees at YT if ai [ae PEE tr 5 Be 351
<2 NEES See ee ne eee ee an sea |\emane lose ell 'aab ace seeeea| aUS
ae Orenards, to RenC Wists cosa nance ese anos | oaee a oe Ne aoe | ees 129
. Ks What’ todo withzi--2. 0. \.2.2-5\encees cee eee ee eee eee a
Onion, Winite Globe. 22 ste st eee aa ee ee eee 385
Onions, Mertiizers fores. ss se aose] ooo eee eee | eeeeeo ee ee 364
sc Varieties Of:2255-252—2 32 2. © Ao | ee ee 364
a Harvesling Of 4222300 ae oat ta eee i | ee eee eee 365
a5 CUM EIVATIONVOLS-- cen as wan cen decsuaeleeeces| See caet eae 215 363
gs Profitiin 25224324852 sn se ese ee ee a eee 365
sé KO ping os ae sae pene cee s ao gaes See fee saa one Sell aoe nell See ee eee ee |e 410
Onion, Maggot—How to Destroy--.--------..j------ 264
ce Ely, Mipure’Otee.. 5.66. ee 642
Ontario Raspberry—All about it_.......--.-. | -..-.- } ras
NOLLONG TA DO os onpee oeeenae sa saaeo BetK Ce s5||osee 540
Orchard Oultivation 2-222. .252 us etees sens a) esos haa seen a es eee | a
ss Committee Report of-_---- a ERY 932, | { 233 207 119 | § 251 180
= 262 129 AGS hoo sss 244
“¢ o Reyising the..--.-...-..|/2-5.2-)- 2: s-|exs- ol nasa ns |=- ase eee | eee 209
as cs Notes from... ebscoec lens leetess a-sec 2 sess. eae eee eos
Bs Protections soso ele es aon Se ee a oe a oa) eS se | Se 106
a Drainage and Cultivation. ......-.-.{--....]-.-..- 165 oh eee ee ae 58
se IPTUNING 22-2 sss sc eae asso coca oe ee ee ee eee 14
L IhOCAUION 22 - Saas 5 tien oan n aeaeascenn| eens lees oo ee oa ee | es ee eee 260
as Experiments by Prot. ‘Beal... c25-)n2e ce etsoe ea io ee ae es ee eee 105
ee W ny: Patan tan Sao oe ee 2 3s ee | atuss | ASS (ee es | | eee 336
‘Fs }, Manarements: 25 --s oa e bee e O 339
£ Pisnting Distance Between Treess|\) 20222) she 22|\s-22 | oe ee eee | ee eee 346
cs NG Wags 25 oS 8 coe ee oa Se eae eee emer ee 1025) ee 358 344
KES An Oldissei tens sess ses 22228 os aoe ss A ee ee al ee hn a ee 382
199
ae Mertilizersiand ‘Cultivation :<2-=--52|2ces2s)\ 2222222222 5_| esas. ees a ee ae
3
2D BIGES 252-2 sens 5 sadduc soos Siew ew oo AeA oetese | 2 eS eee eee 52
( 261
phe Pewartilizers 82-865 soee eee tne onl B57 | 406 |.4 G05 )_. 2.) cea peee ae 266
; ( 422
G3 Payne Owtian st os--2- 2 ss2* esse eee aaa |ocees alee cckoee ates Hee ell eee 339
sf ) (System . 22 2..--225.2-52.2-5222.S2-b.56 25 i
2: omMMiIbleel so een n-+ aH sees ose oes 71 263
«s Planting of the Apple t2se2h2 226250) /222- 8 471
BE Sols, Prestment of. - == i22--22 52222551228 Bes (eaters 402
S| What to do with'a Dying -ss22 Sessa see see ices ee 238
ss Merlility, howitoMaintain..-2..-.-2)j--.--| ----a=)|=-.=-2 a pare Wes ee| 56
GF) CE gt tol 0 IS OR a ey ers eer tearm Pee 321 ;
Orchards, Cultivation of Old2-.22--cseesen==a) enn enn | nasal anne eeeee ; a8
ss Location Of 2227.22 ss2<2s2sse22222" Paes) eee ae eo 380
319
| 383
{ 394
ae Culture Of 22220222. 5 bcs ensan ane eee eee cs Pare 400
| 401
| 402
| 438
sé Mertilizationio£. 522-521 2-2-5 nein hanes anasas | eee 321
Be Crops in ao. 2425 -oe ase SPs 22 a2 See 275
B Discussion on Care of Young. ----| ..--..| .---.-| ..--.. 477
Ge IPreminings) ON 2222s sesn—s moan sace pl | (Sees 194 116
( 256
| B60
}2
ae Money UN a a ee S| ema) | me ee Ie = 51 1 262

INDEX. 583

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT

1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876, | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
|
Orchards, Seeding Of: sce hte ete es eaeees |eane ee 374 |
Statistics Concerning. ----~-2- --—-)| -- 297 |
as CinO lle Missi0 ee eee eee eens 229
a and Vineyards of Michigan------| ---.-- OR 207 } 129
BS c sé at Spring Lake_..| 442
Y Report Of 2222 2220. eee ee sense
se How to Make Them Red a ery |e ee ee |e A 170
wy Soils Collected from..------------|------|------ | ea eee ee See | SE See ae 401
Orcharding i in Mich., Statistics Concerning_| ------| ------ 461 i
OGRE OLY Eye yay ene a ee el eee col leoano|fonecec iSccoeiace se~ 60
Dectancs, BEruLlyza hOMmOle seer ee cae ene ese eee es eee eee 127
GracmanduNedttNeEsse sons on soe eke ee le ees eee eae 279
Organization of Horticultural Clubs-----.-_]------]------ Beal eee eet ramen (tea | eee ae 386
Orcanizations mone WArmers: <= 222 = cesses |oos tee fiae== = | === 294. >
Organization of the “State Societys es ecetee 7
Ornamental Trees, Report of Committee on|------| ------|------ 74
Ornamental Tree, The Lombardy Poplar
Te OT eno ete AS es ee ee Need lecaoeei leeceos| cosece 447
Ornamental Preesiand- Plants... oss ele | eecee| see eee 95 49
NE BULY Ga RT COS es 2a a a eee ee eee | ees |e eens -| 540
oO Fete DESH EG (ei BS ofc e}= Re oe eS Pe aE al Ae ime 485
aS EVASSCR 2s. Soe se eee eee eee ee | eee 199
se AM eye y 1 AC ai at on ee a | Se | Sel Sees beh eS Seale See 10
ae Kraig Trees... 232.8 es 2s a ease aa tt 2852 = | ea ea ee ee a
Fy, . ( 428
RTECS, SCLECLEG: Mish Gis ase lam ane erred eta een een eee ee eer } 430
ae Shsubs, Selected WuistiOfae eases |e = ese ae a ae eee eee ae es rR
oe TENE ee oe a oe ee eee) eee lresee lereeco|l=sencc | a ee A ee med ag bie MOY fe)
fs Gronndsiol Miss rac yee meena eee see ean ae ee eee 257
oe ee (Mise itred tise 2) | seetea eee eae eee cee oe reeeerae 258
Ornamentation Ole HOMME Re rs eee een esos | eee hs cienes lll |
Of Gardens. ro ea ean So on sees eee baal eee ae | eeeeee eeeese 439
$F Cote OF 1! ae ee ot ee ee el ee eee ere | See ena [ES Seem te Smee $43. |e eS ee
ss Ont aN Eves) MUO ie se Bes ee eae | see eee el Sees asecssiizecsw=i|) elo
f 10
Oriamentin = Conti y School Grounds. sses esas eenen a meno ieee aan lone ae neeael onan ero 4 a
{ 384
Ornithology, Report on_--..._..-.-.----------}--.---| ------|------ 86 98
Originating New Varieties.-_-..-...---..-.... 380
. Ottawa Connty, braites. ee es See 140
ce isin e OMI Li OMe eee oats ean | re ea este ert USPS Spo Sass 209
Our tirienas, the Birds, by J. satterleess2= | 22222 |easee= |laaeeee |teeeeeel|iaananseeeeee 115
STEP VIGOUR EYRs =) s2o-) 5 2 os Su ee 8 EEE oe See onl eee [loro | een nen | eee ee 235
Da TENA) a NTC 001 Co ee a A eed eee ot earl ae ame ed emer a ge ee 346
yp @ay, die Ses arts (Bite) AG eye Byer el ny Ce ee a ee | ee | Se eee aes esa ee as 113
Owennwoodland, on the Oanker- WOrtte- ss |seaecs |eeee el eee =| /oe soe ee | eee A108
Owls Voviner gt. 2 set ho ek ee ss a Ae eee 363
Oyster-shell Bark-Louse, How to Destroy_|------| 661 |
Lee
Package for Shipping Pears, Discussion on.|------]------|------| 102
PACKING A DPC 2282 onus a eee ween ue as eet alsettee |laeeosatlabcakaosonsa sat te eS 17
ae IA Gee eters ye Nae e Maser ea araes so) oleae AS WSe se ee See 375
Peonies— rec and Herbaceous rss. . sso sae |e esens loeseee |e oaeee 80
Pat: Gy (AE) Of 222 nooo 5. dances on ees Wesawes fesscws | S22 cS | aR eee. eS ee cae 375
PEA tO DeEcCoraely ele Ul POSESa. 25225 ea eealennaas || sean ouaee lee sees ladee oe lees 417
Pansies, supuner Mreatment of s2220e 84 Sah aaah Seas esses fission as lSnsess |RSS 421
IPBNBIES 222 os22e222 bates secs 2 deo Soe see sees fet dcee | senaca||seeoee |eaesa| sexes eRe Si pos$. 2 397
(PASTAS bic LUBCCISs 2224. . 2-2 a ee ee ess 657 rise
Parasites on Canker W Ors: 2262 -c2ssesk= sa'\\eee-'e 2 s2s522 | soss55 | S5eese]/ss2ac2 43 |
Parentace; Intl nence. of: 25-2 sos 55) eas | sa os ccce Pladecssossass [ssa as) 222 2 esaeee 352
Parlor and: Windows Plants soos as ss | bs cosa] cacesc faseceasecccapeseees 446
Parmelee, George, om Atmospheric Dramapge (is: 222 |e) - == (S22. 3S} sssas5|a22- so eseseelasemccih ZOU
Apple Orchard: of- 2252355222522 ||=---2- | 244
s gs on Pruning
ig ss Report of as Delegate CeEEE 46
$f = Resiznation of sis es asso a) adetan a |S ae So ae sae oe ee eae owes
“s he on Test Garden._...-_.... 423

6 ss better from. 25.65) 325 10 G04

'
‘
'
‘
'
‘
_
=
—)

YEARS AND PAGES.
SURJECT.

187]. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874, | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878,
Parmelee, George, on Pomology and Mete- |
OLOlOLY: Saace=sacdecn - pooeeak- coup een eee ee see Fo ==3 | oo senellleaeen a 360
eee George, on “Cherry ‘and the Cher-
Ten ped Mls] os See OE a = ee fe Poca (Sao 387
Parmelee, George, Report on Fruit at State
} ty he ene a ee ae ene oy 2b 1 es See {fp er ccc | Pst 429
Parmelee, George, Report on American In- eas | |
stitute... 22-5. Ws naets ose oe erases an | pena en msl eanaes 452
Parmelee, George, on Perfect Winter Apple 44] '
Winters of 1874. and 7702) eo nee eee omen 389
Pariesee: Gdores, on Apples in Northern
Michigan. -522- 22-5, C2 2-seeben ena ooo en eccn ee | mans} mam me=i|(menea—|lememe= 390
Parmelee, George, on Michigan Pomology..-| ------| ------| ------ 9
Parsley for Wintervtse 2 ee oe 8 ee eee | Pose sllE sao aa | ee ee ol ere oe te
BS WulbivationiOtesess eee eee eee ee eee ear oes eames) leans 217
Parsnips, Cultivation’of -----..-.--...--. ----=}+-----| <---=-|=----<- 218
Past, Present and Future of Michigan Po-
mology Se ons pee nee ae conc aniant cee eset Basses | exes =o |laeetae 9
Paw Paw, Apple. =.= fae sebeo sea oaees eae eee ee 319
3 1 oe Tyla sch 8 eS ee fe fee ees eee ese o loa |e ee ce
Peach Baskets, Law concerning.--------- 153
Prospects of the next crop 183
ES Onlturel soo seo -2sseean eet eee eee -| 410 a 485 492
es Insects Injuriousito---22.--25--£- 22.2 411
as Stump Isands for the. ---2---- -------: rd
“ < 286
Jesh ryt ald AL Wc es ee Re 438 |------ 482 989
“ Varieties Recommended by Peck....| 439
Ks SUSU Tye) 1G) Se eee Se AGN) S400 Ne weces 371 409
y503 | J it
6 BG DLO Bite- see oe eee ae econo een ene 464 38°], 495. || 809). 22-5 |S eee
: ( 598 ) 953
ss 6 Nature of Warm Climate .----.----.. 466
“ Pits, Importance of Securing Good_| 482
ss Buds, Degree of Cold to Injure-_-.---| ------ } i
Be tiesBeStse. e-psese eee e ee aaa ce pean eenane af
ae BAMA ang OrawtOrGessases tens = =a! |eenae ie
ee for General Cultures. oe aoe eee =e eee 117
se History of, at St. Joseph..--...--.---| ------ 122
ss Shipments, the First from St. Joseph] ------ 125
Cb Planters, the Marly at St. Joseph.---|----.. 126
ae Orchard, Dyckman’s -.---..-.--- 264
« Festival’at South Haven 265
af Gnlénred Wilbit Pay-eccc> costpeucat oe ee
Ws Mertilizine Of these. sete eee een 399
ss Growing at Spring Lake_.-...-.------| ------ | 397
0 Lhe diChMONG = sss sc sees ween eee ee ae eee 516
és Orchard in Kent County.--.---------| ------ | Sh
és Yellows, First Appearance of. -.----| ------| ------
ce Baskets, a word about------.-- oO al) Seeeee)| Sore
es Snow’s Orange........-- -------2 ------ | ------| ------
as Hi? siChili, BMistony Of 2225 2222222 Ee |=
ae Orchard, the Largest in Kalamazoo
eystep Ts ae Se ee aE ee ee Eh Skene ol Seal eee al bse os
Peach Belt of Michigan, Inauguration of
a 5 ae eee EE EOS EE SS B55 -|focesto| | Seno [eres
Peach Growing, is it Overdone..------------|/------| ------| --
Beltof Michigan: .2)2225 Bayi oe | eee nnn [fm
of Pruning Discussion on-.----.--.-~--.| ------| ------
ee fi @ VATS CCN oe ete ee ee reer ferret errors
as LSE CY: pe Se EAS TTR 2 ee ee ee || Ae | See ee ee
ee Statistics in Allegan-__....----.-------| ------| ------| ------
cs Uipon (Plum Stocks 222222 =. 5s 8a eae eo eee eel el 31
se the Honeywell ...-.- -------.1--..----.-| ==22-|/------ | «--<=0/|/en=b<-|/=---—- [= aio .--| 348
O2 Orchards: Oultivating -=5 a2 sane oa eee ena on eee ep PRAT ey PED EE) ASE) a Se 2
se Orchard} Location for a_2------ 4--- aaa ee a ee| e ae | neem | ee ee 145
sf the best in Michigan .-.-_ .----.--.-.-||/2=---=-|------||----==|| == --== || |e 266
Peaches and Apples Compared as to Profit) 227
oe Last byiGridley -o-2s---= one -e == 229
Oe Recommended by the Society ------| ------ 707 141 31
Os Display of, at September Meeting| ------ 145

INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT.

<s Varieties of Profitable. --.....-----| ------| ------

A of the Michigan Peach Belt-------| ------| ------ 481
es New Varieties, Description.. eee aDe| recone |eceaa | \e=tees 260 108
oo And PResbaLGmMeLe less tase eae ecm aaa a ee 361
Peaches Recommended by the aeiatst De.
BCLIPLION OL ee ee eae aaa anaelseael| <== <a wel oe 31
Peaches for Market, Discussion on=-2.22-2-=)\------|'---~ --/--- = 498
from Traverse See Se se orl wasee 299

«f Foreign, Report on).------> <2... -4)---- 23 /---- =~) 2.

—- DISC ARSION Olas) = aa sea a ooo ewan all aa soaleewcen|| aaeeeely eae 296

ce LOTS TCC CS SIONG sete ae sae ae se eee reel tere tee ered eer | Por
a at PointeAn sample). 3: 222 52s ase laa o oe cecal senaas ieee nella soasll oan
66 Sh Readies EMMLISGR LE) CO, ooae= naam a eel ee aee see aa ieee eon tee ee
ce MG SOLU EI a VON: 6-5 22s coe aes Soon

LS Plums and Pears at Paw Paw
LC PNA Aone ee pb ee ee | (Sec) Rear e a alleseao |F an aee eae
ae fOrAWiesterns MiCHIZaN.. 202225 o-2525| seen sal eee =a one se | sere ere et eee
«ce LTS Fe Bee ee aE Ra Aa Sey ae | (LS | Le ae eee | Ce ieee SS eee

s6 Packing (iy ERG Eee | ONE LAME ' US oad AEDES) SRE 88
Ue TVW AS GENS We COMMING Yee eee el ete | fee le | fete Peete ree ree eres 82

+ Varieties! Of 2) seis ceeseccsessces|oneesn eee eee eal ese sete MLE eee eee

se oni Clay ‘hand. ..252. 2229233 22826 sea) a2 20s 2a = = Sess eae eee eae ae ese as eee
se thatare Hard y-in'Central Michigan} 22. soles 55| asses |e- seen fleas sacle ae lee eee
Peach Trees; What Balls ee: sos 225. 22 ease ateso= 3| Sa eaaa ores ol sosnes eoseee |eeeaee leo 47
&s for Planting, Selection of.----|-----_| ------| _--._-|-.----| ----_-|__-_-_| 145
ae «6 PYON IN SOL eee se ae a eas Sa eee lle oe a eee Wan oes |S ee
Peach Tree Yellows, rx G. Gulley onizsscte3| 2-2 se8| eee oa lecoeen ee eons oes eee
U3 fo Oniure ah south/Havens--— 2242) 2 2522/5. 5 245) oon cs!) een nese ee eee
Peach Tree, the First, Cultivated at St.
DORE ph ee ee see ee See Bebe e sass ces sj aacena saree 126
Peach Trees killed at South Haven---...----[...._.|------ 285
Pedic Ereess Causes for Killing: ..c2225-<224| ces2e5|eeacce 364
Peach Tree Yellows, Description of the
DIRE SO se. | Soa BRS. SF ooo s Soe ssa ese as Cas sss) ce 522 aensse 493

Pear Statistica o2 5 9.2522 eVect toca. 2sdssa neces =A) Se eS 5-5-2 24| Snsane eee 49

Orchards ofsbhichipan™.*5.4. 43 352. -255 Soe oa Ses el eel oe en osceoallesoone

‘Spb hcht. [sit (Passing Away fscse. =~2225| se 2 oA) ee Sa eo ee ee ee,
ee a Macts) Concerning 25". 22 )-~-- 24) eaces= 587 143 108

Brrr: BOS) hice eave
66 as AS Word! Concerning: = 25.25. ===)[\-<-22 5] 2220 5|4-.22- [ees 2e= | soo ees eee ae | eee en eee ee

Ad GS Discussionlone 2-2 2242524-25 2222 400 pa | le 100
TR OCAHON, TOON eine UNeLs case os es a a eS Salen nas eoet asl eaee sa lasses oseee 377
CT LOLCnare OmCole Wilders. 2o5socss-s2os bee es 2. et Sea os Rhee coc asa i oeeoee leanne

* Slugs fe

sy Slugs, How to Wight. .222- 22-5 see ae ss=i| conan 265
66 POW GUNE 2) sa5 3s hess So ee ee 507

ae Recommended by the Society--__---_.| -..... 707 140 26
Pears by the Society, Des-
MTIpion Of 25. 52> sie 5o 2 Sh oa oto | aes oe a esseee 27
Pears, Varieties of Prontablos: 2s a | occ ken 407
in Southwestern Michigan._-._______|______| ------| -----.|------ 57

«Foreign, Report on 89

ce Seed litres Re DOll, OMe = seas aan oe all a eee [oe oe
i SUP pINe PACKS eR t Ores. ease aa eae none eer 102

LG New Varieties, Description of-_------| --.---| ------} ----.- 265

(eebish for, Planting: 75a. 5..esnre ees | eno 5 BOT 20 aan he ees ee Sees 346
oe POLLAN SASS CUES rh raf: a SEES S| | SE ee Pec era emcee ieee 143

74

1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876.| 1877.] 1878. le
Meaches, SCedling = 2522 2 --aaaee eee aoe l= n= = 160 Eee. pens nea ltaeanad| occas | oaaa-s|eeeee 191
ce cs for Hardy Stocks==:<-----)/-=--.-)/----- = 350

585

1879

249

275

318
359

317

586 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT. a

1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878

Pears RIpPOnIN = <5 eco o sews aeeeneemeesans anon eel <-n20] ---<-= | ---=05)] -s25-- | nen on ene) one
and ‘Pinms,;| Report of ‘Commiuttes-oni|l 2---.-|'- 2222 .|| S<2oee) sa es Ae ee ee eee

ae Best AVarletics.l4 -... ates eee eS Poses oceo al econ ent see ee een eee
s AOultivyation of. oie 2 ee ee no =e aca sll nae | cca sal eee eel eee ee 300

6 Oullture Of.2.02 ciocanc the eseeceae eee sweccell cavern | ewonwis | oawan'c | osme sales ate eee

Pear Trees-.
zs Pruning and Cultivating --24--< | -22e2. 173) Ga Ree |

a < iChanging their Wirul beers se See Se a ee ee eee eae eee 45]
ae «¢ (Oentennial 2.225 2222 ee 5 52 cease ecll econ ea eeeeiae 458
as «' Onltureiand (Diseasesior tt 2226s | ses See BES) i228 Bo flscedee paeiee ce 332
<= Mardy os. Soca scs eee ones cone sales || sees eel eeceee 324
Peas, Cultivation’ Of 22 epee as eet naan aN leme el |lean cee re
Peasapt Wile in IHUroOPSses sear se ee oe aallleoe ae Hiocemeel|asecuel | feenoee eaenes 44
Peck, 5: Bon Muskegon Minuite interests || Ses oer | eee ate eel eee amare 1
&6 “ The Agein Which We Live_ aaa econo |ssdene [2 OPE2 Palos
WS ae St) Owt- WOrmMmSitcn2 besa ce. tessa entered wows wll eters JULES! Dif Tee 2389
cs be “Keeping (Gra pes 22-23-22. 2 se ||" ose pee oe REELS 31
Ke Bs ss. Stock-andL Graft... 2c... cect ee et pa ieee | RE SE
ee s sPastedtor Pruit. . 2.2. connect eee OE ee SE ee ee
“ ‘“ “ Thrips Pe ST ee | PE | eee mn mere mremmeny | fect Cl Behe ee
x S€) ORSSRY DYnses- 2a) ee feeewe||'e ee see ssoi tock SEE Ce a ee
ss ss onsthe (Codlin gs Moth 22c2o02o ee |e eee eee ce) AIS
se as ** Stump Lands for Peach-_-._. 437
Peck, S. B., on Climate of Eastern Shore of
Make "Wichivan's. 24sec. 5 ee woe ele 407
Pectons substance or Mrnits. 9) 2222422252 25||- se aps Sa ee oon eee 154
Pelareoninm, a Model. =. . -<2. 2 <---- 32.253) ool) os 5 see ee loneenn eos eal ae ee
Peninsula Farmers’ Club, Discussions of the| -----.}---.-- 431
Penn. Fruit Growers’ ASBOGIAtIONe = eed les elec 7 | eh ee
Pentwater, Soil<ete. Avows 2-25. ee Me eco eee ee 22
Peppers, Cultivation Ofssss esses sas, eee eee ee 219
Perennial Mlowers x sssec loa ssa tee aee soe ee PS ee ee ee eee ee
Perfume and Heallthis...< 2-2 sea. en oe er eS SS 2 a ee ee
Periam on Winter Protection------..----._._|- nets Nicswiee esate | SEE Se Ee 2G oS ee 245
Permanent Ernit Catalogue; Samplevofo-2.. |= alate ee oe ee ee ee Hs
Pheiomensiet Plant Lifle-...22.. 2-2-2. 22s.-5 | == ool eee eee 299
Philadelphia Raspberry. ---s----2--- =e = |p e400
Phillips, Pres., on Fruit Growing at South
HAVen s.-22- 256 ones cena teh ech sos seetass fecees eee oe
Phillips; Norman, Wssayibyis-5-=>---2 2S | ee Ee ae NS
Philosophy of roittnlness-- == ses2e ee a | es a Sasa ee ase ee
72 a
avail 459
Phy lloxerVa 3252.6 2228 eS eee eee | eed eee oes Bal hid Gea heses 2 238
y ar 469 |
Ss Bear Hormiang ss Mirure. 22-4] s--- 24 |e seen lene Rav
me Root Horms AvVGwWisures co = -- oa | eo ea leaeeeeieeaeee 345
3 Remedies fons. ee oe) ee ea ee) ee ee 349
we and |Rotes22 fe<-< 2 cd Se cS ee ee a |
Physical’ @alitune eae aos se cece | See se Second ee et ee ey | eeceaee ea eel a
Pickine(straw VCMMese.= seep s=saee sen eeee sae See seece a el aoe
oe Apples; ‘Dime l0f2222 sisnennc sen ooessal|lsaee ea Succes oosece
G3 and Storing Apples. --.------ Pape | eee eee ernest ee
PickleGrowin Sos os aes sas Soe ee ene ce eet ees| eee a | a
Picklediand/Canned Pruitsy. 23-.225- 22 =~ ee eee onl| --=-55| no ee
Pierce: Aww whaiper (Dy te--seccosneoe ee seeerel| eee 370
Pine, the Cearbrintn.cc 2.65 2 0 Mee OW re ape dd eae
CT ReCCIOT NOLW Ao oseetsa- eerie eee ee eed eee eee oie
« tthe Wihite.- 2... 6.2) 2a seecce eso eee
Bines; rans planting. 2-2 2c. ea essai eases
ce foriGeneral)Plantines. 22.255. ~ So. 32 ae ea ee oe
PinusjAyacahutte oe 23 eee a none mene een nem = nea
Placards; Use ofat ‘Exhibitions. 2... 32355) Sess fe oo o-oo
Planet Proposed Fruit Catalogue: 22 2222s penne eee as on n=
soe Exhibition! Halls. 2... 26-5. 2. a ee eee at
« « Judging Orchards, by Prof. Tracy-.-|--.--- 263
Plant Life, Observations UNDO Wess ses a eee eee cae |eso aoe 299 | ose 3 | eacemci|ie ees eee
<eeice, Report ON. ee eo oe ce ah eeeeee eee wacccs'| bo Seccieseces eee ene 239
U3 <> Scientific Description) O Resse oe eee etna ae oe eae |e eer 240
- “« . Enemies of s225 22. cosccss do ecen Sa | Sasso esc ia | ee. co cco cae SI ee ae es 241
WO sc Remedies for. ---. 1. ns ssas al eco ress None tema] SES A cere see lee
Plants, Aeclimation Of <2! sess. 222255 52sec sand] SE ae eco od | seco ee easel eee eae eee

1879,

128

184

a

INDEX. 587
YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT. are
1871. | 1872. { 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Plants, 13 Oi TANNER OM Ramee sees Soc see eee eee | Seaeee Lessee | eRe 161
ANGELO UB Cet toaee rete ae, est sau eet saeco calles ee i eee Rae ae 327 364
CURD VODA OSs oe pense ||Geraos| (oso S| yee ae 169
<5 HM NOSteds HOW LOMLTCA bs sccm ascend ||so seo ees oll eeerea ae enone Se ee ee AL
sf Carnivorous FR OC a a ee | enn | (eee | RE
ze fomShad Ga. 222s eco 388
Se Climbing Proclivities of...
wo IDOCGRE TIN Ges a eee = ene eae tee eee eee | eee
as Caré:ot Greenhouses «2c c cosa ccceed flee nea |losoe et ences
cs inthe) Window anaitheiwr TreatinenG |S o2o 25K eae aceon cannes lense ees ae on
es Ship pinot aerceren\oo se saase se eanae a | enna eee eeeatee! ones 232
se fOr pne Hh OWer Gardens ss seo eeod leeeon lose eacome|oacee iss seu eeeee 2 50
se and Flowers at June Meeting------- ee 127
ss cs at: State Pairs fo ayo su | ee cae eee 289
ae ae 1 St of: | ees et ee es: See pe | Pe | ee ae eel
ss LOM arlomand Wind Wize saonesss sos heee oo | oocene| | aoeee 446
sé mxotic, a0 state Pair..22- 2-42-2223 ca:
a6 at Coldwater meeting ..-.-... 2.22222. Soe
sé How to Arrange and Exhibit---.-.-- chase
lsntine suade Crees, .22--.scse—s esse een aaa loa ae ante
Oe angscarecor Erait Crees: css ce - 224 aos e6i|\e22see4| eon a= 173
0! and Protection of ‘Shade-Trees.._-}|,----—.||.-----=||---=.< 358
cs WO e AD Re See Be see Sacer Seceane |fecceee |todkepes lieaceas done
se Gorge. VAIN C82 ne ase ae cle tee aaa ae amet te el teers [eee |e ta | Pee 394
Wy eanuOrehard. ccs /ssaseu ss eee reece |poecs a peel eel pa hia eee 398
6 JUWGTCIOUS ee pele wrens at mecew eure nee mesma en Sol pe yey met iefe O | aai ee ee ot ee 379
ae forShelterin, Hngland sess cee has sea le. aso s teas aseal son | ee es 388
ss and Transplanting sae too ee cee heel | ame meal jas om paw || SP See ee ee oy ee ae ee ae 338
Ks Best time for Strawberry ..-......- LOY | ibe | Fa oe ee 1 ee ea 171
CS of Trees and Shrubs, Law about..| 14
<s Of GrapevineSs 2 522 os seth wees 163
ss and Culture of the Isabella..------ 1380
ae LOY Dig ete IS eee ee se Ss Re eee eee | aacsos| loaaeao 422
OS of the Anple.Orcharde.s> -22 2. eso5 essence 471
Plaster as aeweriilizer.-2. 2.2 Sesh eco ss. o-oo hale ee ee e=l|) AOD
(= Usesiandibenefilis tot 22—. acces anneal inca callaae a sey acos aa eseece 93
“~ ‘to Increase the Settin clot Manu isso 55 lems alee emi fo ml ee 5
Pilates and @lasps: for Prue xbibi tions 2224-202 |f=---—5 fee eere =i eee laa ee eeeees 210
Pleator Prot Culture seas: 5 ccs ee as poe ed hee potter re eres ren Pe 69
Plum, the Wild’Goose, Dise1ssionvonms. isc) co lee ea Wear | (eae 94
Diseases and Enemies‘ of the. -.22-.5)---—. -2),-=---2)|---—- 35
Rovoiireiin the 2282252. 5 2 oe boa ek 2 S| ec ae eee ae
« = Soil dnd Situation for theses .2sccsad|esoe Nec be
ies
SSM OUTCHIOss-2e + nsec eee ence meee eee } ae (sy) | eee 35 | 443
Es * : 309 | ( 652 237
Methods of Catching-.-------. } 311 6H9 | ------ 482 114
OP) GON SOI aos 58 sass sss sseetostons cesses 341 652
se se Natural History of...--------- 343
cs ue REMECTESSOE 2.4 --225.2-522-58 344
- Culture, byeG.. EP. BryanGs 222526223} ee2 4 [asec 3g eee ea | 2 ees 803
«Orchards, FAVORITED aes es ee cars oe [Peres | Se | oe owen [pa eens [tome tees | erste 253
OM Culture ins WestennuNe wi MOrkss.2 2224] pacon al Bet She | Se eee eee ce 214
se PrOnus Ob. 255 8-¢ cccado ca sasg |(Seees| bewees | sess ce fl sco esckes 214
ae O ANG Une OUTCWLLO se ce secs Soe eee dl esos ba llcooeeellacaseatcacess 53
Plume; Varieties to\Plank. . 2222: -5. 2.222523
«6 at Rollin, Lenawee County... -....-...| ---.--
ae aL. Manisteees 2 jet 022i Secs. Soe aay Z 3
ss ~~ Recommended by the Society .-_._..}.-.-.. :
Plums Recommended by the Society, De-
Suription Of.<..-62.55222-.. Sosa snes ees sagen see aoe eee ee 37
Plums Recommended by the Manistee Hor-
Pic Guralisocte by _-- 22 Se en eaeseee sere rsee | soaeton |t=o=men liam nl PROD
Plums anil Oninces; Prantines.- eee seg | tal oo eee 499
ImprovedwNative: .-.- 32222-2382 e cS) 222.02] seewes liaaeoes 38
ae and Plum Culture in Michigan see | eee p13) Ee 233
a Desuription of Varieties ca o5.s. 252 ose. 28 | ccacee |tesonn 243
as Now) Varieties: 22.2222 222522 eS eo) 266
ae Foreign, Report on
te Discussion on...
Plum Trees, Planting -- ,
meen, by Mra. Fauny EaNew erry cers seen | co2cc4 | coccceteceee| cesees lenasen| | aaemeteneeee 297

588 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878,

Point au Peaux Vineyards and Wines ----.. 434

Point Rie ORIX, SOL G - -aaoesseeneeneneasse= 427
« Plantation of Grapes-.....--.- 427
Points, Scaleiof in Dud Sine wT nit sees aes ana ool |e ete ln | er | ee
Poisoning with Fruit ..........-...---..-.-...|--.--.| ------] ------]/--=--- | ------| ------| ----=- 380
POlCVIO“® WMNOU ALS noe nose esee ete eee eel | eee 223
Pollen Carried Dyiche WW Sessa e seen cscs al coon |e ene | eae | eee 124
SC VINSOCERceceecsccecuas oo -a2e\| oao> all aces soll ee aeeel|eeantos 126

Bs ®ersus FIOMUCUItONa o> concee| secre sl |eeece|seensedieeseeeaeeeee

Pomology andleteorologyjcceccnc-------->-5 DUO Hescatsellaenens 860
Past, Present, and Future._-----|----.-|---.--|------ 9
a and Horticulture in Michigan...|--..--

ae Thr @psy Pte (OLN ey nyo) Ua ee SEAS SR ee eee tees boocisios||eemeins| com coe

as WOM CAIONA lL NCROSIOL---ocecene sone eects ele emeie al) eee toed | ee tne een ees
ae atthe Agricultural Colle pe s22 225 |(soa a rece na al| eoae ele | (ermal | teeter eerie

WY a the State Mair 23-2 oe emcee ies eo oel| eee oesl| aan ats eel eee oy eee

cs Ops Lie ar) bib ss =e a eee a ees eens fee as| [foeeeer| teesoers | feces) leecrc~ 348
sé of Lenawee County ..--.---.------} .-----| ------| ------ | ------] ------| ------ 24
32 atthe Centennial oo ee eae eee SA eee nea income memati ee piss 22
Pontiac, invitation to meet at___--...-.--.-.-
ae Meeting, Account of.-...-.--_--.---
Poplars as Ornamental Trees-__-_-.----------
Wortfolio, the secretary’s s----see seen enn ===
IPOLiMlacaeasesaneet see se eee nas eeeeeenae see

Potato Beetle, Fighting the-.--.--.-...:....-

coy Bybridizine she... -22----ncneneeaeeae—
sss) Browne Ls SeceGling--sao-2=--e-esnee =
ce os IBeguib yeas geese pence eens ees eel eaeeen eae
as (apoW Sy) OW ty ey cs eee Aa a a ee | Ee | ea
© Compton’s Surprise..----.------------|----..| ------| ------|------
Potato, DISCUSSION Ones. soon os nee oe cee nee a eee eM eee
Potatoes, Experiments with Deep and Shal-
HOW PE lantin gs caoe fre ome ee ee pen eeetlcasase) lesen
Potatoes, Best New: VaTiGbies so soos. ne |e hl ela aed |e cer an, | ae
KS LOB hoyar bata ikep) § hUU Les ee Ee = a SO ee eee
Obs, Glazed, WSC OL eee se eee Seep ay (ea eee am mere (ere | certo ee ree
Potter, Edgar VE PHS SAY Lyi cmc saree cee eee | MN BO Oh ee omen rome eee | meas

Poultry and Potato Biss SES EAC oa PO Boab | IPFA || PEA shee DL TERN | a Se | 415°
Practicalpiducation, HSsAy Ons. ses noe eee a eee eee ee oll eee) eer ea ee ee rere 93

ee UEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEREEEEEEEEEEEE
—— ~__—_

™ we ee ad

—- Br wmiw—w COWND

oo Mo Nous QnNnNg

Practice and Science of Romolopy i psscsece aaa eee 361
Prejudice Removed by Thorough Experi-
Tree) 1 Ree ee ae Deepal at See eae eee | henaeter (eece met losramel | pete ts eerie || eecing 312

“ “©, CRfow to-Ammend 2st 4a nates Anatom th Pens ne A 10 | 993
as INS) DEMOS Neh eo ee ee ee ee a ee eee el eteeeel|cececi:
Premiums awarded at State Fair___.-.--.---- 277 231 171 416 497 77 180

ae Silver, bOOKS, EL aper, GbtC. ---2---4|(=--—— { 76

ae ahisummen Meetin ys -sser ses se eee een coe ee 452
Premiums from American Pomological So-
CURIA caciae oho sass ace ees 2 Reese Eee ee See 55 397
Premiums on Orchards and Vineyards--___- 7 | ee 194 | 116
KS Donation of--*. 2255s Soe ee ee eee 158
Prentiss, Prof. A. N., on Training at Agri-
Hee kigeh GNU foul eyes ee SS ae ee ee coll aectaa | Sees ea eee es [eeess (bosses 160
PYEntiss|GLApe sase- o-oo So ea aa ee | eee eee eer aie|| we = need erate ese | eer | rere

a CM ADESCTID ION ION siento ae Ne eee e || coven eee teen eames emer

Preparation KOMP MOO Ey Ul Sea eke sce lecaos.! esses a see [Sees |esa5s8 91
Coy Cen ele h i) soa ae a lee Se | sete eee ss| oes an eos |)ecisece 52

175

203

245

104

INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES,

589

38

309

279

SUBJECT. art a eae a a i Le
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Prepared Seed _._.--..--.---------------------| ------| ------| ------] ------|------| ------ 429
Prepare HUT LOM Marke beret nee neec eee aren eensine | erceel eos amelinaeeeey eae 235
Prescott, Prof. A. B.,on Chemistry of Fruit
Ripening
Presery ation of Apples----.----
of Fruit in its Natural state_.|_-
arervine SCC Use ae eee So cee atcee sen mene | Geeeeoeaces nc coas, \'o cso |sacoteclleaseae osmees
IPLCRErV ATION OL POLIS Ses — cee coco ee essen leceaae 324
Preserving and) Marketing o- <seoco-sscecesecemeceseseces eal loseeee |Ganeen|onseauifltoee ani ease se (seenee 346
I OWMETS meee ee. oe cee eens see oe ee ee eee ca ese eS occ eni|leaeses | eeetoe 424
“ and, Gathering, Wintex. Aipplesiss eas ss= |) eo-ceel jeeacen eaansey ee eceel memce eee aes 49
IE TERSULC OL Sd Dees ese ae sea seaen eae eee eel eee eaele noel eee ae
Price of Lruigesanas|.-2-5-2--\-5-25 2a oes 119
PRICES OL WO0US eons) se2 cab cco re chet caNenckansoncem econ aera | tere eee oe a pee ee 440
Eemmate Apple, History Of 2.--2-2----2---se- ese ==||o-o5=- -
Pringles aueene AGUress) DYscs.-<2=s-sesee ss eaaeen|e- 2-2) eneaea eee 62
IPTIZER TOS CHOGlYDIS6TICTSS 21 SNe eee eee ances || sanensl| aneces|llnaonan| soceee|lscoocelae=ses
Proceedings, Compilation of the first year_- 82
Proceedings of the Western N. Y. Horticul-
GTP SOCIE Lyre. 2 ton ko eos tea Sees soos || -oecee 308 61 78
Proceedings of. the Summer Meotin gh: 25 36) 225- 38 se cle Seca eee seen lone eee | anes
cs Winter Meeting. 3 SA ee ES | 2 | ee ee 2 lh ee eee
« « Annual Meeting.-------- oe | 1661 319] 536 | 461 9! 200] 1851 160
242 a
a [120
ce « Executive Committee---|_--.--. §2 | ------| ------ | ------| ------ 4 re 224 206
a | 19
| 106 et
Profit, is there any in Apple Culture?_.----- 451 | 499
“ Fruit Growing?......- 451 172
CO MSPS PTT DL LA et fs epee ee ae |e el pasem lescecollaoee an ae
Seerinv CACHESS Boe a denme Let ant Seba sce eeeee= 172
Scee in @HeTrieseceeee et aoe a ene ceeecee eee sl oonce 281
opin Grapeston City, Wot--22-2--2s2ceeees 179
SEPM S LTA WiDOLLICS:. os ce Sees ace ce ceet oi Senet el meeeen lasee er oilan ere 231
(327
| 257
Se MOrCHALGING sence aesee sae aaa sea cees | aaa ee a eee ae 51 Fs
{$01
401
Professional and Amateur Collections of ) 4
TEL ETI) a es yee IRON AO a RN BIE (carers feseetag fed beet 151
Progress insHorticuliare soos oe hoe boo heen ala ecmce |eesae a ae aees||eaceeel ieee 225
Propagating Shrabbery soso 22 ee leccalcc|ceewes| oseaas || Naa IR eee 331
Coniferous) Treese==---o-— = --=-<2||-s=--— VeSacrral lee ser | etc co) eoeel|seosce| aes 335
Propagation of Cuttings__._.. SR sh et cee eee ES cece] oS et se ee ee eee
OnUne Wellowsi.5-. 2-2 oe ese one 470 |
Protection by Wind Breaks._..-.------------|------ | 993 Be ae
¢ soy WOTests Wale Obs sees ese eese es | eaeese 387 Bee | eee 150})-|'s=-255 14
«“ “ Lake, a Word About...-.-----|------|------ ie
% Gt Roots im Orcenard dts 2. oe ecco joucses leeestefaces allanaees ed
ce tor Eravnksiof Drees: 24 oes ae se oh Sod eccecall pee eee 14
2 Dy WVereneensecces: acer recer tamed | ecetes |leasean eco se ates eel |les ate oe
bi PVEre feel DOUSNEION saat eeee see | a ewer oe | semeeee eases ear ee ae oeeee 389
cs TAINS) OF eee ee eed eee hee Sob eos Se oe aaesna|loaoeee 393
ae of Nursery Stock<.0ie S222 525-5 | asec) | becsek |e seces| Seaoes |e ara | eee | eooee 18
4 "Whrter ss soso se Je5 Se ess a ad [Re oh binccccd ected a ececee eet ced Seeae ees 245
4 for plants oes ee ee Bee Se) | peesed (ecoaees eee eee | pees 415
Pruning for Protection soso es ee ee nh toe 3 |b excnl | sacoesieeeee a eocoee 169
“ : : 353 110
DISCUSSION OU Le) - ocak es oes e ree oaes fecedceeamawe 355 BLE. aacee= 198
ss Advice: abot... -ccetbss sed econ eas leconet |atcses] Sekce se [ose ce eee sae pt eee
= by Geo. Parmeléoes2ct ses ash wsssccs oes s-2 | av can Saseee pecan iceeceaieesees 20
se Hoots before Planting iOrees is. <2 | 2c2c2 |\cas5 ch ese ses |ieaesee | pose ew | looeee 20
‘ ViGReCCONS. conan cece shane eee es | aa 225|noaw ae oee nen! paee an peewee enn 43 | 2.22.
411 ae
“07 the’ PGaCHeS . . beswawectensautawccdas fy gag) | acoees 483 | {289 | Wo ann|oenens 148
se 488

ee UU UE UEEnEIEENEEEEE EERE

590 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878, | 1879.

Grhes teas - bana ce eee een eeeee 460 120 | 379

i Fruit Trees__--..-..--.-.----.----..- | -2--2-|---= 2] ---- = |---| - =~ | on fe =n) ng
o Anple/Lnees,, DwMeOf.- 2b on) |ee--e DSB ooo osalincmenell-seceei|l- Sebneey aes 311

as Shree 2 ose se a ec ccccct'|Zoseet hee pone cee en Ee ee
og and Grafting 2235.-26-8255002 8.2 sb osee eae ac a ese a akeee he See eee 98
wy Pear Trees

aE Krnif@nd OrnanientalDreebst. 222 2 seee eles s scat oeoeees 470

Prinus Tritoba, Hirure Of--2s- 2-2 -ss252252-2||soos-5| pease | KA

Pampkin; Cultivationtiofthe: 2-2 2. - 32-24 ot ees 219

Pnrenasing iMriustyuands: St. -2 28... eee Oe a ee eee eee eee eee 306

Purslane, aisensitive Plant ..0 022: 2 2k5 Re Ee oo eee eng eee 5 ee eae
“6 AB IAW CCd 2 5 ais eoneeteancssellesaee a |lssasee oct u] eae Pease ell eee 454

ParpleCane 222 oe a a es ed 455

Purple-Leaved Sycamore Maple, Figure of| ------|------ sea (eae ed (ite

Purple-Leayed Maple, Figure of__.....----+|------| ----=< 405

Q.

Quack Grass—How to Destroy. ---.--.------
Qnalityof Grapes... 2--- Ss -ess) = eoa22se-ne=555

Quality in Biritite to.) 5 0 oot 2 Ss eseusccost
as Affected by Climate...-----

iii “e oe oe Soil aan he eee s

as ce A Hineeaen ONbe: seo sss

J Versus Sizes...) 82-2 - P2252 eee ees
Quarterly Meeting ee. ------—=
Meetings, Policy of-----......--_-

Quebec, Fraits: into 2 ee po. ee
Questions Concerning Yellows ---.---.------

Quince Cultivation a2: eee tt tn 2s) seeee | tans! ee en ni een =i) ena ee eka ee 381 | 343 1
a (Curenlio\.i22 ...-2-Pop4 20. sss2ss cence
L a Bemepies)for ---5--2-2- 2-2
Quinces in’ Michigane:— --2*2=-> --2s2<2=Ss2=%%
es Discmeplonon. Lee. t oe ee See 475
o List of, by the Society--.----.-.-...
J New Varieties, Description Cy ee Peel eee | eee ey. yf
Es and Plums, Profit 1 ee ee SRE eee 4) pe eerete (eaee 499
Quinces Recommended by Society, Descrip-
LloMmOf: oi oes aot Be onan ae beees soa eee aE eens sn] Sotece | bascce 49
Quinn, P.'T, on Pruning... ..-2-2222- 5 ese cS eee ses sse! ee sed ceecen cet ee eee 363

R.

Rabbit, Preventive against Gnawing--.----.]------ 486
Radish; iCultivation{og (ties: 2: -~-222222 sean bo eeeen aes] coe
ss Insect, how to Fight
Ragan, W. H., Letter from... 288
Railroad Courtesies............----- 207

Rainfall Affected by Forests

ae Witilization Of <--- - =. =-6 2 = be. a ee a ak 2 ee een eer eee
# au HUD VCS Se ee ease hess
‘
Ramsdell, ~Juiige JiG,, Letter from tq... <5 |\-pscssloscoas 322
«Grape Cultivation..} 207
oe as Ser sonyErnniie 2. S26... stzesces leeee eet css 222 cscs oi] sense eee eee
as ‘ « on Marketing Fruits!_..__.|.._._. ES RRR eS er
Ramsdell, Judge J. G., on the Agricultural
ere ae Aa eee naobeseaeehsscccetenccuas | oscne dl besaes cess 23 lakets INSEE RIS e- eee eee 97

gi
Ramsdell, Judge J. G., on Cultivation of
PriktPreess o.65-2-. 0. 5o:= seh te ee ee hes ol cc oles 101

INDEX. 591
YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT.
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Ramsdell’ SUM Oreha gd csencr soe sa) eee ae an ae e omen ae ae teem |< oe mieten eee e 253
Fruit House--.---- Sh Se 5 ees (eee ee ee eee ee eee, ae 176
as Ce ob yd ee ener 2a Sl (Res 216
hansom’s CHLculioUL rapt. 22 2---+-s-oaearoe= 311 Le Sazcso|) 734)
Raspberries, Handling of_-.....-2 ....-..---.| ------| ------|------| ------ 232
L DiISCussionvom V aricvliebes 2s 8 best Nase see lone ase aomce= pe
. Lup tgriye NVA ri ly hele eee se a Se Al) SE | ee eer eee 196
rf Cultureiehitor Writes a aa eens ee aa seers 194
£5 IPTOpRethOnlO bess - 22-5 eee eanwael lena aee eames e 192
sf Pianvsands elantins of -2ese a |--naes to === = aa aee nl an 1
sf Berinizers 1OY sien ssascee ees le seere eaa a eal e oe eee 191
ve CG) ee re Pe so AY | oo ee ee. eae ee 190
ze Recommended by the Society-|------ 709 141 ee
Raspberries, Recommended by the Society, 46
WIESCRIPLIOMOL e+ 555 eas acho ss eth ea |e TL 395
Raspberries, Description of New Varieties-_|------|------|------| 268
Raspberries, Discussion on Profitable Va-
GIT CR Pe Se EE a ee es eee ed | eee eee 411
Raspberries, NesaniOllan 8 2 rar aes! 453
Deep Elan tin Gok se aoe eee soe loc = ee ese oe aa ee ee eed eee 336
= PUAN Obese cone aaa ese aes eee ell = eee ee el ee 362
ge the Best yt es ed A os ace Pecan ed ee ee wal llemen eae oe ee 301
ss for CentralMichigan:-£2 22-5 F l= eeees | peae nal eeaeas eee ae eee erry)
as and Blackberries, Treatment of| ------| ------| ------| ------| ------ a
Raspberry @ubtures-- 2. see eee. oe f 2hee ress 2 eered tp tek ed cement Fee Ds fa hee Ieee | epee 97
Pre OMESTIOn ene ee eee eee 565
Us Wines Are Ou peace se oe eae lesaeee eae eee an
ebeccuikara pe, JMIstoryi0lf..-cnes--s02ess Sac |(-osae5|oeoae 67
WOCEIDESEOr they Gaia ht lee mart ewens 25ah (eeesas a he i eee 56
Recipesttor (Cooking. Brite see ase eS | pone k | eoacen A ce ae eae loon ee area ieee oe 90
Red Astrachan, Description of_-_....-.-----. BY) | ie 74
(QO (GEL TG CER aS es ee eee, eee 214 ae eee | Se eee 5]
es or Steele’s Red Winter-_-__._._.| ------ 311
Ge ss Hos tolGrow. west: Wes os leanne 5 | pansa2 enecn alll -onatallaoneeas 130
ee HimimenkCaterpillan st 2.2 ececend |eenece,) ences olemeee Seer Oe anaes eee 244
Se Spier anemedy tOrLcansest 22s ei ae ee ee ek 603) zedge shos cha ass 12
. er one (Pe lyim Erees! sh et. ook ee oe eee 8 | eee 236
Redfield, Mayor, Address by--...--.... Bosict eexwet lemesen leeenee 554
Register of Entries ai Wairs.. 301-2) foe a Ese 205) | bd. Bek OGaps 480 Gh feces 149 104
66 oft. Notes: On... 2 ssa) loecect | eacn elena see sana oe [eee eek 178
Relative Proft of Peaches and Apples..---- 227
Remarks on different varieties of apples..-.| 185
. By ether Secretary iiss e ts een eines fesse 33
Remedies for Yellows in the Peach_--_--_.-. ASG] | meena esane senses eines ese | aenaeciiaaanast ie
£ s Destroying Apple Curculio._.}| 333
as a Quince Curculio..| 339
Ss oy] “¢ Pium Gouger...-- 344
as SIP TARG Mol G sae sete ae oe Se re 282 Aloe a lence oa Nmenatelcesece 243
ag 6) SUMSCCER oo oot cee ne eo a eee he es ee eee lacmeee leseaae 414
as * (Canker, Warms..2 UG8. 2). oncecs Veo ea nce nd pete ites ibe 40
«¢ SSM IGOW PE YICGS 22-28 eo eee ees ite. bb oo cos cuteeen ce eee 37
Renovating OldOrchards. 2-22 4s oA See a ee ean eeee eae 129 |YiSe 344
} Report of Committee on List of Fruits_____.|_...._]------ JE9) | cmarwnlar canal feaencs 87
on Nomenclature of Fruits-......2..].....|---..- 114 66 90; he ses2u 64
o of Peninsular Farmer’s Club _.......]_-.___]| -.-- 84 431
L ** the Society’s Meteorologist.......|.....- C819 ee eee ee | ee 446
se Ap ple: Committees). Ad 149 245
as fe ‘ Committee ouiCanned Frait,etc {E50 2] ..152)|. 24twlit Reaiescaetsh--- 2s et 2 So] eno 184
“ as Onis ranes 2 2 ee a 154
ee Us « South Haven Pomological Society} 407 | .---.. 349 | 475 |------ 98 | 348 | 302 254
ae “* Committee on Finance.-.._--_...... 252
“ : 262 119 251 180
de ce on Orchards.-........- 232 233 207 129 |) 463 |------ 244
« . Action concerning the first._-_..___. ee
de SMOPNIEN Ol gy ee ee ee ee sos See ese oe 86 98
cb of Committee on Ornamental Trees_|--.....| ------| ------ 74
ee OM NOM OlO Ry: scans. ee enone onwad lenacenlecoon 68
a Ser NGUEV COON NILBS ona sonoe ee etre ane ones. | tnoeice omecse 63

592 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
250
Report Concerning Fruit buds.-.......-.-.--|-.....|--.---| < 272
351
Report on Orchards and Vineyards of 233
AT tay es seine Soa tea ar agg | 207 | 129
251
- 100
Report of Committee on Fruits__...........]------|------ } eu oe ra dai 107 |eeeeee 59
| 302 238
| 332
ss nS ES ‘ss Strawiberries._..-2|eeccesoses52 286
a3 e “ee “ Wine 249
Sigr se) tose eg] Seeee hl eee 262
Red) Gabi ut “ Pear Blight._....|------ PPR barre
ce ‘the ‘Treasurer ee- 2). bso eae 177 145 | 565 | 367 56 | 283] 450 210
Report of Committee on Apples at State
MURIT oo on cee eet es ee eee so cone ef eeanes| Locoe el cone] om aeeel eee eee el eee 177
Report of Committee on New Straw berries} :..-- <2) ---224|)- 22 S92) soe oa a a See eee 101
Report ‘ “ Pears and Plums
at State Wairsss-5 2-32. see se= 2 eS eee’ serasd RELL 202 _ 22 Se See eee ee eee 181
Report of Committee on Annual Address--| =----.)~----22 |océ_.2 Pata 25a Sess See eee 224
‘“ Vegetables 2223.2 5|e2ccee woce kg |lsoceke cows loose pel eesee see ee 55
KS ss es Markets:.2oe.--04 | cole bbe loca eee ee
<s “<Committees.at Allegan. slocccs5 =| eoace seo dt ot poea- Saloon ann | Soe eee ee 68
ss <;Com.onwilants/and! Now ers ose llesecesy eee eayccos tele vanes eee=eal eee 127 I
ee <cfherAnnnal Meeting. .-2 2-22-24 coedect | cosoe SEs. || 5-5-2] e ae | eee 200
ss es Superintendent Reynolds 25-2428 || c2c2bseesae= | ence oes eee 285
es vd ot Plow ers.o2 22) ssc 3 || -seec Sy) cen aeons 289 222 187
i. tne G! BV. Hort, Society... .-.5|—--08 | seen sleoe ty ee 88 | 329 { 399 246
sco SS Se Washtenaw Pomc) Society =>) \-----+ |< ose) saaseel ences ol oaea eel aaa eee a 275
Ji 6456 (Mich MiSs. E.G ASsociation)|o---—s) sceces| eae eae oeee elf eeeaesl| meee eee “Fe
“ « « Goldwater Hort. Club. 2. |--2--. | -2ocn:|/o2-2-2 | -co2--| occ
Report * ‘* Qceanaand Lake Shore Hor- 118
ticulturaliSociety s2-. 4223.5 sc55~8- ane eee SISSS2 | eo SS CT SSES| ewe 99] cea ae ee 286
Report of the Adrian) Moré. Society j22420 5) 222. - 8 | 86S) seat eases | ene see ea eames 283 244
Report “ ‘ Glenn Farmers’ and Fruit-
Growers’ Ass0Ciation: 2 irs wien sek ates | Semen |itceeas |oesaek | soso lee eee eeee eee 285
Report of the Lawton Pom.’l Society. 225) 22503-2532 el eee 280 247
“© Society Entomologist ___._-_.
as «| « Superintendent of Fruits_-. 185
Reports, Distribution of... .......:.. ........-- 198
Report from Saugatuck and Ganges-__------ 264
“on New Fruits of 1879__......-.-.---- 189 —
“ on Selling Nursery Stock-.-..--.....- 306
Reports of Local Societies._._--_.-.-......-. 244
o3 from Localities 2. =. <2 os. nsheceen se 402
aS of Committees at Jacksons +-222 22]:
ae « Paw. Paw -saceltacs. 28] Raced) eg] a a ee eee
< Collection Oe so escs dae ee A 2 ee ee 277
- Back Numbers of Pomologicali:--5) 222225) e.2- 22 |. -- Se eee eee eee ee 277
oe of Fruit in Different Counties__._-- 267 ee
sf Resolution Opposing Consolidating] ---.-.|------| ------ 506
Resignation ofMr. Wuller.__- i... 222-2252) <sc=--|------ 287
Resignation of W. K. Kedzie as Meteorol-
O@ist= 23 ae et eet et ess 5 eee Aes as 296 |.
Resolution Concerning Signal Service Se esha |e | ssa 175
Resolution Size of Apple Bar-
Jae) Ys VS 2 SS SE 2 SR a emer meee Bi AEN | | | eed P| gh 42k
Resolution Concerning Nomenclature eee Aaa) 2-222 | ss aiccace alee
hange of Name.---|------
as cs Hed@ees.ti2 5 Biss Je 5 | ae: She 25s 36
ss “ft School’ Grounds'2.-2|/2---23))222--- |C-S2 28 46
Resolutionsat Coldwater =_ 2205 5 ee | eee we
ce at'dune Meeting biti 5.8 5. 22225) Seeeeat sae - 23-55 5-
z ini Memory of John ‘Suttle 22. 5| Seeee | Soo 3 | ooo eae eaeene lemeeae <
Wy on Death of(Members =. 2. -- 225 a-se a eae ea | ase ace nae See eens ai
se at-Allegan Meeting Oe 2222525) eesae | aaee ns eno tel |leenaan |e seoe | pean h eens 72
Ue at the Annual Meeting - : 2s ccc |\ezoeee|seaee4| S222 5] SESS] CS) es | ee ee
a - Wanter Meeting!) s. 2225. 5| ss aee | cee s boca | Caen e seca ae aoe ee eee 12

INDEX.

593

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874.

Resolutions at the Muskegon Meeting-~-----| ------|------| ------| ------
| 267

< of Gratibud es Ciitesccsse seen |eceeanioenn= 4 292

| 317

Respiration of Plants --.---------------------|------|------|------ 169
Retinosporos -....----------------------- ------ | ------|------| ------|------
BVOVAVINC CET ECGS soon coe eee arene ee eee eee aaa een eer ema
Reynolds, H. G., on the State Fair_-_-_. ------| ------| ------] ------| ------
sc Address at Coldwater. .-.. | ---<..| ----.-|------| ------
ss « on How to Experiment ---- | ------| ----.- | ------| <-=-.-
Reynolds, H. G., as Superintendent of Po-
mological Hall-_-_-..-..---------------------- | ------| ------| ------ | ------
Reynolds, P. C., Letter from.-...---..-------| ------| ------ | ------| ------
Rhode Island Greening aon ok we See SR 40
Rhododendrons at the Centennial.---_-...--| ------| -- PER a bere yee
Rhubarb; Cultivation of---- -.-L-22¢------2_25)|\=----)-|/=----=|||---—-= 220
Richards’ Sweeting Apple
Richmond bese s.0 22-5. ee
IC KCUSTG Ta PCS -ae a seca sae eee
Riley, C. V., Lecture on Entomology--------| ------| ------ 443
Riley, C. V.,on Snout Beetles Injurious to
Sirgen ee ee eee SE eee 298
Ripening Pears--_-.-.-.---.---------------------| ---+2-] ------ | ------| ------
ce (CDE 21 c) =) pee ene ee eee ees) (areas heoree| feremmo| ooo
Gi: Process, Chemistry of the_.--------| ------| ------ | ------| ------
Roads, Impr ovement Offs S22 Te ESS See tt a A) ee SS ee SE
OAS DS teLORe a WIS.) seen skeen me ween ee lo cen ema tam me
Teas GH ay PEA OTR epee ee ee EE a ee ilecee ool eee al aoe ao |eSa

RO DIR Sas V1 bl Claes eee eee eeee eal |e vie } 450 Dale a
a; Discussion Onithe- ease ees eet | ene eee tamer 90

1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.

ee eececal —eeec, poecoos 338
ey eee (eee |e = 181

Ssores|poesoce B74 || ee 318
Saeaeslisacne=i| SS a tacen= 325
sheebaifiesasae 149

een ||psaeon| leeanrey leeemee 346
toewos|scecesloecece 14 380

Rochester Meeting of Am. Pom’ Society ---|------|------| ------| ------|------|------| ------| «----- 192

TRUS WGh oy eee ee Ee ee ee ee Ee eel mame) (ema ea|) Oooo
Roe, E. P., on Cultivation OL SirEw DELLICS ele sea == eee eee
ne fs (RAS pPUCRTICS sl meee eet leet eee
a L ao es Se thoi lack Derry |assoe ah ssosee eee anne
as we am si - GurrantSsis2cneoee an leonses eeeneel a oecee,
J WW Gy 4. St) Goos@DELrriess=\sesaeeiee2a=s ese osee =
as cs co Marketing Small Mruits js 22- 25s llea= ee loa em

Rogers, H.S., on Forestry -...----------------| ------|------|------| ------| ------|------|------ 115

Romeo ‘Apple Orchard Committee, deport (0) o| PRESS S| (ees Sees ees ea
«© Farmers’ Club List of Appl (ef: eee a es) eee a Se Ssh So

Maonminstihe Ne war pte) nose seer ae see eens | ae, meen fee Ne er 9

Root Pruning ---..--.--.----------------------- |------|------ | ------ | ------| ------|------ 385
a6 sé Woung Trees 222822. oases ee eeae | oon e oe lena ae een mal ane eee

: $s PIETY friwar oe ep cee oe eee eee lor aero) |aeer a (eee =a| (seeea|jeaseen (easton 107

ee es INDIISERYsRUCeGSo sae c eee a one
SOR ULe LOISCHESION = 6. 4 abo ss seeks ||oooeoe ease nn||amcenn 466
“© Crops, Discussion on value of..--------| ------| ------]| ------ 464
Roots, Penetrating Power of the----.-.---..|------| --.---] ------ 303
ss) Growth of Extraordinary.. ----.---.--|------| ------| ------ 304
Ss Wiftin POwenOheees ese eee. eo oeean| [lake e=)|(a=———5\|oone= 312
Roots, their Form, Growth, anu Uses to the
TUT Tri epee Gee Ulery. Oe Saas RE See Serra 5 ee 320 164
Roots, WF WERT EN ees CoO GR RES Tee Be tees Be aere S
S70 (OLE Mai oy ay de ee Cane SERS Se Ses SS
ae TOV: StOCK 3 bis as coe a ee ee eee

a of Presi Pileys.s--ss-e cee

sé SOM GTO Ww Ul OL sen en
Wt the Shshcie (Ope oe BER oo oo seeecer
Rose Chafer, hes Saji Ae Lee
U Puris Green 10m. -2--5- == eee:
J <f Hand Picking of.
Slur, Hows co Mien) 2. os ee ee ee
Roses; Old‘and News. 2 2222) -255 222-2 a
oe IDistot therbestse so) ot sot tetany kL
ap Letay Gra reiihs ee (a] ey: Le SL Pee SS SESS S| (es) eee eee a
Ce eae eh tise eee ae oe ere Benet ot RRCLS SS 6) ees Pees ee at ae
Rotation (pte Ti PE Arie ee See SOS eS eee (eee

of Crops in Horticulture_____-.--..| -----.| ---- -]------] --==--

rey 9 W. A., on Small Fruits.__.-..-.._____- | --..-- |, -=---_| ---=-=)--==55
We as «¢ Injurious Insects__-....-.-.| ---- -=|------|/------|------

ce of WEtier froniiess sete ee eee Names oe |/See en eeren= etna =a

bo
i)

ree) eves Sag ea (ese acel Pet~,

meee eal esse eres as 388
eases sioee 5 | 402
nee fSte eee 214
Ly2e2z)[\ deco} 688
223232 BD ees 25
7
Ses a oer 2 ines 76

nn ne eae UIE a aIEEIUasSEISIIE SSE

594 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.
Rowe, ow, A.; on Horticul tures]. 7522s ee oe eee eee eee 523
118
Rot inthe Grape -o- -22 = aera be teens leanenei (onase= | enema ana ee ane eee ee eee ee 242
360
Rows, How to Make Straight..-----.---.----- 205
Rubicon Apple, Description of.
Rules for Marketing Fruits-----.---- aseS asks a 33

us LONGO PINe Ap plER A= es ease) ace
Biral Homes. o2h snot hee eke ks enacts
Russian Apples in America....---.-.-..--..:
RUBSet Mamilige. 56.2 a eee eee ae ee te aact
Rustin thejRaspberry. 22. 220-6.------ -eacce

1871, | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876, | 1877. | 1878, | 1879.
S640 $8: (RIBCK DOLLY, deeeeeee ence aee am maeae
S.
Saginaw Valley, State Bair atto232.- 0-22 oa
ss Farming Interests in_------
ss Report from: .s-f2s-~ ea senceneoenss
se Counity, (Claimsjiorss- 2-52-22
Saginaws, the Situation of --...---.--.-.-.---
Sale of Michigan’ Appless-.-.-222--- ------.--e
Salsify, Cultivationiof- 232-9226... o2-s ees ccoe
ss Growing and Cooking-----.-----------
WCHL) BADYCOR1 C2 case ows oe ease
Salt:on PeachtMrees.. 3-222. 28 es soscsen/ao- es

“for Pearveree Bivobt see es
Sample Pages of Lyon’s Fruit Catalogue-.-

Sap, Circulation of... 2-3-7256 eet eet

When doesit winter 2222-2 ~ --e--neee
Sh -ASCenSiOn, Of 4. sores sooo ee eek
Soe peLIMe NGS hWill Wee e eee ae

SS AP TORSULC OL psc ace eee eee eee eee

<s (\COmpositioniOf:-_. ese ssa hae
ec) .Causestot Wow. 220 Beste se se 2 eee
<S epromytire! a lind). sae) ee ee eee eee ae
‘su OLethe: Wentumy asset es tow oe Cee ee
Sargent, on Trees and Tree Planting-------
Satterlee, James, S82 yay eevee see
s on our Friends the Birds.

o “ ‘“* How to Experiment.---

sf ss ‘© Order and Neatness....
aren Mrs, William on Window Garden-
FY RT Nok YD RS ett et Fl den 8 Se ES
Saye GHeMMdreRta ect ee Boren
Saving itlve Apple: Cno pssec cer aoc ee ens cosan ee
Saugatuck and Ganges, Fruit in------..

os ss ss Pomological Society

Je ws. Washtenaw. --.-2 225-25 none
SawdustiasJMuleh: 222. 2 2-2. eee ee
Scale of Points in Judging Orchards and

Vine yardge 382 e) oe eek ee ee eee
Scale of Points i in Judging Ernits.e eee
APPLES peso eacicas

School eanishs LM ee etn Recah inasaserarepeee

School-room, Flowers in: 222: --222225 -222-2 2
School-ground Decoration_......----.--...---

Schuyler, Mr., on Alden Process of Drying.| -

Science and Practice of Pomology..-.------
J ang EM loriculliuress- secs cee anetaeeees &
3 MO WHOLtiCglininer. saseet oe ae meee ee

Scientific Horticultural Notes .......--...---
a °D reavuin ne ec be eee
“¢ vs. Practical Knowledge..--..-....-.

SCout Jer Avisbinis Jet bee en ee

Scraping and Washing of Trees.

CNGCINGT 2 chet taco hen eames e eee stn oren ae eee

INDEX. 595
YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT. 1
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Sealing Packares fsa at see enn wae | core |= ee el enann a= ea e | emma annem mann 43
Seasons, Influence of upon Fruit-_-----.--.- 372
Sensonitor (Plantmr Crees. sees saan ae ee one Nem oeret | ome aee | nee el en ea are ee ee 71

a GE B18. te nese ee wesh [ewseck | seccae| soeccc'|-aonss] ateacaipetectes|oseous 75

ss VTP ON TUT Yee Vi Gief ges 25 = Se eee Si | ee Oe S| ee eee) |aaeea||EEao = 21
Second Annual Fair, Action Concerning--..| 215
pecretany, hemarks Oy tie —2->.--...------- | === 33
Secretary’s POrETO LIONS ee eae ese wean loco aah | tone es | eeeetee | tocmae'|| One, 169 369 325 295

Annual’ Statement_---2-- acc beech eee fcr eae eee cee cans feces D7: 224 198
a Correspondence_...-.--------.--- | ------j------|------|------|------|----- -|-----=-]------ 208
Bedumis, 28 beading Plans .-..--.. 5-2 4is2-2) | eenawe 419
Seed, MowiP reduced sae. ce hn A Pe =e eel a
Depth tOiSOwW. see =s0 5 Se wer wee sseh | sooa Suet a AUS:
PGermination Ofs-ces--.~. 62. once aeee see eons ee 373
<* (Home!tGrowm Garden: .... -225--- 4225-5 | -<2--5 423
Oo. UM TERTAD bites Sn Set eee eae 3 eee! A49
Spsen ot Afieetin® Sex... .-.c.-25-----—* srg 3 eee Sy ee 302
«Dispersal raf tee occa) a pha ae a pee be tedaa) ee eB ae </aifeweee 303
‘© Germination under Colored Light_.._.|------
Seeding Of Orenuxvds ee) soso ek seen | eee leaeeoe | OC. laaeaee Ree Sere cos eee 358

Gh Gillin iss peeeeiee eines a eee Free = ene) ee)

Seedling Apples, ‘Report On’:——= 3) eess5
Pears, Report on--- Sen be. 4

Es Fruits, Report on... pet 5 eae ee?

" Grapes. -_---- eee Bee De aes Sees 8) | saat Sy eee 2 Saas eae (00a!) a Seees) (Sees 356

ae Pegchest 2s). 2233 oss these Pt cess y yeRt bt

sf Peach Trees for Hardy Stocks.---_|------

Oe Strawberries: 4... oes eben pee ae aoe & 278
Selecting Trees 0) 22 Se eee eek £2 aoe la eae 306
Selection of PANTS LOY wWindOw.._c---— 2-2 |loeee 447

o: $6 ern (Cas Ose cane el ee 13

“ec “« Trees for Home Plantation ___|------ 85
Belling Murserystoek. otc 8 vine eee ene eneces eh eae nae eeetsa| Pee toal tee aoa eee | eee 306
RONECH RAS DDEMN Ye =2 scscecun ob wonweck eae. 453
Pensltive: Piant; Ape W ocoe s-se —2 2 coke ee noe | Sree ~e poe rey
September } Meeting han eee WSs Sieben & 223
Sequoia Gigantia, Pic. of. 2-2 oo, 22 eo 2e||---- ee
Sessions, Alonzo, on “Wheat Culinres == ee ot
Setting and Cultivation of GYAPeS. 4 o22c=5 ete es

ss of Fruit, Controlling the..__...-....|--...- i
Sexin Mowers, Object.of-+...-- =. 22-2 ecb cet Spa dagiet|| Pe 298
s Influenced by Age of-Seed -..-.--2s2:---)-.-.-. ees Seabees oe 302
Seymour, Henry, Tribute to the Memory of} ---_--- 57
Seymour, Henry, Appointment of as Treas-
PER ea en ee See tae 8 A oe eek enaweee |saes Se
Slinderl reeds - oes oo ee Shae ee ee Rk
Shade: Trees; Planting of..-.2..-.--.2-ge2 4 Pee

#6 <o) Esoper Care Of. 4--.-4 Tee 8 eee

** and Ornamental Trees, Discussion on]}..___- 1 358

st) Treeb, First Planting 2225222 25-222 225 ec a oo few 5 ine eee- | o-oo ae) 9 OS i ee an 418

SPP TIES OTS 9o aes nae eae aa ee es Meee |e olleaeeretn ona s el oeemtoal leprae: 388
Shading Dwellings with Evergreens -.......|_._._. 49
Shall we Increase the Apple Crop ?_---.---.]...... 13
Sharpless Ee DODRY: | overeat sere eer Peewee ee fon Sees | SLE eee 352
Shaw, Hon. H. A., on State Entomologist_._-|_....-

Sheds in the Orchards a eee Se Sle Bee gis 5 |p Sie ae 18
Shelter Belt@ sss asses n eee cece cee SIS. 4h. ~ 295 | Sey | 9 O64 ee erat owes S/S Sae 247

“ me” ty Fone sees eo a pe tiie peel A al [le SE
Shepherd, C.S., on Strawberries....-----..-.|------

Sherwood, H. C., on Berrien County Fruits_|------ Se oe ere 404

Sherberne’s Apple OVchard..s1_co esc dees eee ee [neon oon oe | oes | wneenn | onecael| moemn=l — aa 342 P

Shiawassee County, Report from-.-..-....---|-----.] ------}------]------ | ------]------|------ 10 408
a LE pe ee ee se Ol) eee

Shipping Plants___..........------------------|------ 101

Shirts’ Strawberry .....----------------------- | ---- 2 | seen nn Penne oe | ene ee | enone e | -- 2a 50 |---| ee ee -- 190

996 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.
187]. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.

Short Bodies for;Apple Trees. -.-2--p--2.--5 |o= goon anak | Sa-cer lene = ai) aooen=l| sateen 14
BROrtenine in Caen” VTC —- on assa ee aa cea a ae eee 482 rR 22

Shotwell, Nathan on'Care:of Orchards-=2:..oce. = | sce2 ek | Soecsc|ea- 2 St eee eee eee 24
s+ [nS@CtBit a= Soe kee cok k | Cee eek eee sell, See ee) ee 248
Shicete: Value Of ‘ihie soseen cee tee hese 2 sae Peete eee Hite we = 367
Shrubs, Flowering :. 325-5: go2<2--sss---5-5-2'oocent | oan ni| See ae eo) So ee ee
ef Pruning 0022522 tose nba bao sce neem eee eee eee el eae | eae ean eee eee 427

US Ornamental — 28s ee a ee cock Yost coed oe eae eee | eee ee 428

snrabbery; Proparation of:-2-s22t: 2-22 set a oee seh tess te ae Se eee ee eee 331
Signal Stations, Memorial Concerning--.-.---| ------ 701 259

S83 SOT ViCe22e. soc See bee Sess so sti ec ece seal eeskel ts sceh [eee 173

SE * RmesolutioniConcerning ==) eee eae | eee 175
Sigler’s List of Native Grapes_..-._--
Sigler Artemus of ‘Grape Oulture-----+-2-.5]22:2--)| 2-5. 509
SLLVON HCY aot soe eee ee cs 8 ik eee Ei sea ee) eee eee 113

“| ‘Maple Seedlings)2. =. 225202 se ees eteeun | snes ee Pees eeeee el aeons 441
Sine qua'non Apples eestssseR 2 scene eee cee See 76
Simplicity of Experimental Methods_------|-_.._.| -.-.-.]-----_|------|__-__.-|----.-; 312
Simpkinsion Practical Mducation=2.-2-5-5--2)|eecse5 | eis Scena ee esse eeeeee eee eee 93
Site for Orchards 2222c2- 25. esese seek eee sc eset ee ot eee eee ee 14
Six (GoodsPeares see. 8 oss. set eee ee Ed ee ee cer ee ee el ee 92
size vs. Quality indruite 3s sctselesee eee a eee eee see ae ee eee ee 206
Slug onthe Pear 2-20-2225. 25-2 tse eee ee | ee) | Lee eee, | ee ee eee 339

- 2Ot qneliGnerry and (Cary LreGon oes 2ss—=Nlae= a= e
SlugsiniPrnit Ureess4. 0... ac5s23-- 5 besos seeilic case |laa-aes | amoaon) wannes||beseeee ee 437
Small F ruits, Reporlione: 2525 25.2 eee sen ete ol eae eee 534
Cultivation oT ee 22s eee i | ee en eae 230
-s - Marketing Of. 22..20- Ss23.c8-P se oh eae cece ds 228
te a's Plea ‘for the Cultivation of-| _..2.2|_ 22.21 22! lease eee 335

i a for Profit 356

we ss Address by MEB- Walliams onl|e-2¢ 22] aes se es Se eee eee 112
cs SF Es SAM Ohapin,- Onitcers 25 Zooks eee ee eee eee eee
as 67" Disctrssion one: eon ke oe ye ee | 8 oe a ee eee 277
«© )6Farms

Smith’s Improved Gooseberry..---..-.---.--|-.---- 568
Smathinttwheatesss oo ko ee a oe cone 459
PnOWe Beetlesie: 2525 52-b eats ee See 7e 298

STOW; VAD PLO 8 ie ee Se Dee eas 37

SLOW Es Orange Teach eo nase ea eee a oeeeee lee mena ionL

ee Work for our
Society, Action Concerning Change of Name|------ 305 333
Ss Reportiom thesis. Sse Omission 50

81
ee incorporation(of thes 222.--— ===> 1 160

ef Organization of the State___.___---- 7
$f Change in the Name of the---__---.| ------| ------| ------| ------

Societies, earts of Local: 222.222 ee es ea eee
Concerning Local.
oe of other States a ee pee

Sospiand) Barkvilice.--2 2). ee eee es A
Sod ©@ullture sooo 2S ee ee ee ee ee nek aoe eee
Soft'Soap for’Codlinge Moth=:.-.---- Jee eS -
Soil TorvPexrches.- 5-5 sare lence | oe ee ees lt Qoa-. | cose eee ee ee eee 276
6¢ 'S6. Strawberries ..2~ 02. 222 one ee a eee Nee: Sa ee eee 328
Ce es 04 225 01) hiss wo (2): eee Ree ee ee ae ee ee ere ee ey A ook 44
6) 66O°V Oe TIOW Bice 2 en ee ee ee ce love sete ee ee eee 250
st (Affecting Qualityiof Frnitjc. 2. 7 Pee ees: | 2. os | Se eo ees 13
© and Climate of South Haven_-_-__-...-.--- ANG eres | oon eee 2, I eee 351
for Potting Purpaqses sos 32 2 a ee ee a eee eee 184
“Cultivation of for Pruits—-- --2 2-2. 2-2 373
‘at Pomt au Peaux.3- 20-2 eee 427
ss ffor the Apple Trees es, oes oe ee ee 467

Snyderublackbernys=25-- 2 sc fe sens eee ee enn 147) (oSPA Se ee ee | 203) (2 Ey eae 336

INDEX. 597
YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT. NEE it Ten Gal Gs Gn Se Oe
1871. } 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875, | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Soil, Preparation of, for Apple Trees-_--_---.|------ 468
for the Cherry. epee aan ae a oe eee eee 47
ss ie AS PUG Ye ae cee ae ees ea ea eocose ecsoccile=se ee 190
KS andioitustion forithe be himee] osc. sees | ease ec eee eee ee 241
Se TOM GLAPES = 22 ut see ene ae eee eee 1s
RoUseAdspted to Miner Mrinlus=ss- ss2sc2a5cce~|\-5506 | Shes oalecsece leacens 322
Sreor Cruises oe ere eee 28 ha eae a cee ett weeaslbo ne wall oeeouseoeces 302
>. Collecteditront OFGnaras).. 202-22 cstecalo teow] Seceee Peete eee seal cai ee, | ode 401
Bastin the Gard ent ses bet no cS cece lene cen |lecases eeoeeetieecccalls conc cooe omen 345
BOW Straw DEIvies 92252 so fe ease oan con oeeess | cess es|'2s-25-] aacaee | eebea=!|ocecon |ee22 ee 100
Soule, Chas. E., on Fruit at Spring Lake--..| -----. | ----.-|=----- 370
s * Best Peach.. 114
South Haver Erie bands. 255-2 h ee eee ee ee 370
“<) EomlSociety, Officers of2-2—- |/------\\--= ---| 118
as ce Meeting atissre. a. 222.5222 eee ee 295
South Haven Pomological Society_.-.-..-.-- al ee 3198 eA Sces 98 | 348 | 302 254
<9) Soiland:@limate of... 3255--=-— 409
as oe Grape Culture atv.......-...... 413
a «© ~~ Market Advantages_-___....-... 416 :
«s sco Bron Growing at)e2- 222-222 le 2-s2— 350 1
cs cl Meehine in JUNC e-ne ease eee ll aeea nail eae nee eee eee eee 76
5 VAMOETICA, EF OLGSts OF cess ose kn ce tecee Vensers | ceacee ences) eee ce 244
SPALTOW., CHE NGM SN 2-1. oconceacewcces caceas Weeen ac eseee= tease ee 557 ie OLS Rises: eae 355
SRCCMIICS ANG WErelnlizers:~-- 2 ssosasncese cal ieana—n'| eeen=|\oooniee' lanes leee= eal laeseealeassae 302
Spider, Moxde ands Mol G=22 = a ee SS Wes soes esi ass | tees 366
a VEL Cy ce Ss RD Ce ne emma) OL BA Iie SSsasoes 368
Spinach, Cultivation of the -..-......-.------] ------|------|------ 223) |sasamaiaee sere ee AOL
Spires and! Hilbert in Contrast)... 2-4 22222. 2-225) 2-252 \esea =| eonene|\ Sos al aeenootiseec eee Aen
SplizenherssAp pled Ses eee see aso es ee eee 13
Splitptingee Bad wey ee an cenee! Wesoone ll oas ool aenene leaaeon Pease alicaeeaeeeeeae 310
Spring Wowering Snravs. 2a. oie alee een monaco || seceae | ecco es Peasaas loose a-/)aseeeelooeeee 394
Spring Make; Meeting == 220 ee ties ee 22D) | aseeon acess 533
‘© Vineyards and Orchards_----- 442
66 Siee AS DOM EIL Dele oo a= = ae 444
cs SS Eriit-Growine Athessscs os .eoissesee 897%, | sc=22- 370
SPLICE Rule COMI CH le see ae aa see eae eee ae mee mee ee eet eee eee |e 433
Ci PACA +231.) Reece ners Pio Iaeesecn Femur eeamem) Mis eyes (seer, (oid (ot re
os Co LS RES UM eS os a ee eee | |S aes [Soe eeul ese il esteeoll as sen |Bhe se 438
Li 7 hs ae Pe Re oe eee, ERASE ECAER, ERIE D (RIE EE ee Se8e| NEI) | C
i UNS Thao ao ie Ss 0 MORAN rete: Onin BEAR, (EA DAN OES Pe | PE | ASE, IS | Le”)
eprncesat the Acricultural College: 2. eat. nnn nan oe merd|feneene ieee =| e 437
MELOUeIN CA PPE eENCCR fae os. Sean asseeees aes iap anon \saecealllanomen|eeeeeel || eaeeme eoaees 18
DHASHER HOW LO/KEC pe 225222222 sce cen, | oeee = See) [pena epee) ee el | ee Sel 8:
as CGI AtION Of oon ee ee ioot Se lines, walieeeas 222
Squash EE Ty ea ee see tae 1 eS ee | a oeso||nanccn | eek eee aa ees 125 _
BOT es ae ie ee ee eo ain = pucass|Cccs co] Be teo iss Se A Seseeees =| es ees 360
Ue Bupand Chickens: 47 22. oh ee esos pee eee ee 72
[aos
or Experiments with the Mammoth-..-.| ------| ------]-----. ae
| 308
ch Upaved 34) Fuld istry Ch ety es S seem eels oe oe RU | a |) eg (eee see | 441
se ITV HIATNeRA MIP) Oho) a pee Moet 5 Ss ello oes lesen es 309
Staking and Straightening of Trees._.__._.__| ------ 486
Standard and Dwarf Cherry Trees-. Ste eee 48
as Se Pear Trees. 418
Siaditie Commifteo'on Meteorology. 22222) -=--2-| -n2u2. | 2--c- | zcacac}ectsce | 2A 10
MLOLING. OF VATICLICSs~ 2.5 cana sna aeo eee en tees a
State Aid to the-Society.-.-................-.. 10
State Agricultural and Mechanical Society,
ONICErS'GE> =... eS ee a cane een| eeenes 26
139
F 60 215
9
eterna, Pui bo eee ce eee EN 75 | 152] 402} 480 |} 9 | 377 | azn | 104
« Entomologist, Necessity of a._.. ......| ....-.| -.---- 129 va
«Agricultural Society—An Educator-..| . ---| ------| ------| ------ 31
S Pomological Society—An Educator. -.|\...-.| o.--.| <-----|--.--- 32
“Board of Agriculture, Members of---| -.----| ------| ------| ------ 375 2
‘° 6Agricultural Society, History of..---- |--.-.-|-.----| ------ 381

598 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT. ——
1871, | 1872. | 1873. | 1874, | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
State Agricultural Society, Kirst Wainot. .--||-----.|=s----|(------|) -0oo
Officers of ssiissaccei| *ORZ 373
Nair HOw erst 2082. s2ce eo ceae con sees Eee sae eeeess 225
)Oapitol, Pomology, 10- =o peaeen eos poco sem aaa eeee eel an alee oll eee a ee Med
<<) ;Pomologicalsociety, UWseOls=-- no-no leanne tere ele encen inna SA essere) cece 80
Statement Concerning Spring Lake as a
Yui Belti. = -te ssco eee ees Sc kes 445
Statement of Finances..........-..----------- 252 565; 367 | 56 /{233 | 450} 409
+ of Secretary =< 22-0222 2252 accede | tatece | sscced|laceeas Pace bes ee ence |loweeeey eee eee 198
Statistics of Orchard Products of Michigan.| ---.-.|------ 461
as Regarding Increase of Orcharding| -----.] ------ 297
wy Concerning Acreage in Fruit.
GYOWIN GS 2. ao anaes aoe eee eacesa oa 5 a eee een eee | aes 546
Statistics: concerning Eruit Reports. 2.02224 ese-e0eecece|| esate 510
FOrestry ::---<..ise4e5- ||) e825 | 222023] Secs oa, Soe ea sli eee ee 209
“ as Peach "Marketing. — =|) ee by oe ee | Caan ees |e eee | 348
‘ ef Live Stock and Kences| =+====)-222-. ||:cs222)<-ce eeeee 47
se ae Temperature -<.- .--22//-<--22 posse n= eee sais eee ees 353
U3 <é Pear Culture 2.212520 jeecn se Pern sl Sebo once eee 49
Stealing, How toprevenh ---- 2 << - 222 eae een beara enn eeemeetay tte en eer 405
Stearns, JEN (OniMruit Wocations. 22) eee s |yeewen | en Een a Pym | ecseraes = me 13
‘ison Marketing: Writs: 22 ee eo oe Bo ec bene oe eee Bee esse PRE
oe so) Wetter fromy-- <2. .--- 222-552 | 2-58 |lnscesh)|-S2 45 | oa ecsl cose ee eee eee a3
Steele’s Red Winter or Red Canada. 311
Steere, Benjamin, Success of-___._---- Seiend lloavseslsacscs| cocaedll pone | en 208
bt. Joseph, Yellow siatlce --otcos nso 2c< 2 Posse leeente |isecens | El os cajecaseadienee ce jean meee
~ Report fromi2. 6-22. ee~ 2 an casei) s=.ses |e ccne)| Coneos||eeeeeal|eeeee el econ eed | eee 3
ae Bruit-erowing at... 22. oeee css! Soles 614
ss asia, Peach Region...- 222.-/22<22=| s=2=s=] -- 122
Ch Soil sete.;A:DOWUe2a. sescec ere esee | eee. | Bose ce eevee Ree tee 25
Sterling Straw beny 2226 2822-2 aie sess eka. | ios oec||seeoes | ensne! eee eel meaos
Sterling, J. M:,.on. MarketingsMruitse:toss22. | etese | 5.325.222 oa ese |e 38
6 AGP oct coon eee scdas tase, Setess [+ivece |loceccaiiccceck Bocca een ee 400
Berit Fle Bolle Mere cost RB ge Ns sees] ee a cae | nae een, Faz 414
: 82 86
SOC Kiln Gis CLON seseeas onan cee ae ce eee eee aes ae See ces |iscewas |eccecs|| cece solleoneee eee eee 300
S6 forth euP ear sacee5- 05 sss-2 eos eeee se eul| vd20
6s SROGUSHON..2 22s 2202 e coe tee t 2528s elo el a op caeey sconce! Seton eee es |e 27
SU ESUCTODS HOLS -2-5225—ccn+ asses eae sceei|lsssecaillascceciase see 47]
Stone tPVricCes--2 52. -ssaee ee cect ns seecstecsese | eee] Bete ee | Sececc)|Si caesar 416
Stoppage of Tile Dyaing..-2n.c- bs veone toe sore, [pease cece cele dee] Cel a es 62
Stout, Hon. Byron G., on the. Aipple- Crop--<.)| -e=2<2)|-sse2e] eee | ee ee 13
Address.of-Welcomes)|<2--2. | secce=| eoncen| Come [pecan | eee 11
straight Rows = Eee sae) Ho aee aoe esses feeasao) fas tei Peosea| | seaess| bocce os he acoce 398
Straightening and Staking Trees_.. --_-..--.. | ------ 486
Strawberries, New Varieties of, 22-2 2<ccecelftecaue || Pecetn eee ioo Eee ee eee eee OF eee aen 101
° Description.of -New-Variebties.| -----=| 2222. | -----=\- -269. |~-.2c2)| cc 22 | cece eee 331
4 Varieties of Profitable__......|---.-.]----.- 411
as Culltivationiof thezes- 2-22-55] /eps---)|5---65 } ee eleae ne 113
+s Report of Committee on_-----|-2-.--|\-----.| 286
ss Recommended by the Society] .. ---- 709 es 45: | 22.206 2 eee 84
Strawberries Recommended by the Society,
Deseription Of- = 222.2522: basses oe bee ee se [eee lees 47
Strawberries, Discussiontone => sse5 9 eee alee nna | a= as nil aneoe ol icecees =eee5)| aaoateleee 278
“ sae 230
Pickin’ go f S22 soa ns oe ee eee ison hal on sey oe 424 114
es Profittan 22 2o-s--e5.0 2 es | Bae (eee ees NS Feel 231
We Wertilizersiions: 2-22 cco a he eh eee ete ee ee ete Os
se Manieties ton Planificessscoeeeeeel lence ene 173
af Raising New Varieties of. -_.|------ 180
as Varieties of) - 2.222 2 4. 2 eee eee 5 Ce eee a 355
es Hariliness of 2.228 22 ee ew ea eee ace oe ae eeeeee 42
=f Description of Varieties -..._.|-----.
ac InsecrsrLnjuriousitOs-2---Seoce enone ee oe - 169
as ang Cherries ence le Loe 45
t Soil Miorss 222) ee ae ee ABW ane. |i v-22 8 eee 167
ue Process of Planting. .-....--.. AS pee 2. ects! Hee 174
hs Best Time to Plant...._....... BOM eeee.e [ees 171
“ Galttire ote. ee recast Dy see peal Beda pT

Strawberries, Mulching for the--_-------.--- Ly ht eee Af) 28] ate 407

“
“ce
“ae
“
“ee
ce
“oe
“ce
“
Lad
oe

Strawberry, the Wilson -.-.------- woiessssee 51

“ce
“

KE GIP WED OSOS 952s nace oe eel in tes ee mel Cocate
SUPAW Orly jones berlings 228.22 te ee ee

SE wPereys Henderson’s Plan of vite oom |
it ee

INDEX. 599

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.

177

Irricationmof-os-25-2- eee sn- 232) cen = ol See ol cep re woos esl eee ooa see 125
WH xhaoltioniot. wa Amny Arbor No. 22s see ete oles ers —)| meena eee eee eee 279
CondensediHistory of 222225. 5). 2) Se ee
Pre paningiseul tori cee 225s 2s ese ce conor sieeweeel|eee meni llooceoayemeses
DATA prise SSeS ee eee (eae ENS |S E
WS DIU apse. Sh oa ee aah ce Be betel pone ceilianoes |e eee
aePhird: Crepore: —. 22. s2---2)]|ee pe ee | ee ee ee |e) 384
New, at the Ag’! College._-...| ._.-..
Rackintyote-s-- =~ 2-3-2 esses otto
Extent of Culture of the _-__- 52
Keeping G@bese--as-—o--5encee as 54

231 173
375

CrownlBoreyi>o- 32. - 2c seen eee 344
eri Roller phiss Of. 02) eon al noone
Slug, Fig. of

SE IS 5 fi) Yee. Ae I os
GHOeNICAN One 2): = 4. ee Bee
Mops biurd’s |) 222 ee oe se See
Four Best Varieties for Mar-

oes ( 45
MGS GIVAl Seer ne Seer eee ) 217
TReLomEp Meme: GAN Me. a eee
WOW NET SsPTOmMies --=—=9- -2 soos ees
Lennig’s White .---__ Es SES aa
They Greene bLouiiiges 52-5 =- Sens
oe

Cae CE) RE, Se, SR See |S
a SOO My sae ho sas essa ce fee scell eer eat Seed | See) eee eetee eo ae oe een ere 82
Cs ihe AI Aid 1 roe, eee ae SR Pe

Ee, Sipe eee ne Leen (tae ey bn Need eee 332
|

TURES eee eee ie ee Re A [ae ae | SS ee |e ers ees eee jae el feo oil

weal) ease al pee | eae | re ee ee || ene

Pee |e aie (ENE Sa I Ee ee A ee y4

© 'Sharpless-s..2+--2s242 25 <2. 1] S52
* Crescent Seedling.---_--.--

« RédvAlpine fot Ohildren | ----)--<---| n-ncc [ocean bOSdoL eee

eR Se Se Pe eS Ee See Poe ees (eee Hier SS | Ld:

SSE MSU VOL CLD Os a ee a ic a mecca arf bees | REI nn | ee | He 394
Structuke, Munction.and Origin of Flowers. | 202_. |= ---2-'|s.-.-=.|-c25~ freee ee 163
Stamps;. Whatjto dp with... --.-- =... 2 =~ 225) eeb \-2- i). - ||| Aa
Stump Lands for the Peach. ----.-. -.-.---- 436
Success in Transplanting Depends upon i

Nats (ry kept Oo SS SO ee Ce Saanyee Smpneeteee | fameer ee | 2 fein Maeve es meena (emer eR ay
PSO ay TO 6 eee Se ee eee Sere (Eee ae ie ees Pome en PEE SES Peo ecmace, (AL 85

Sugar; Maple, Experiments with -.---22----2))/---- 22} ----]/ 22. - 335

PSjekiitiiizh=" CBW ens OL EE Ve N71). Sees See eens (See ee ean (een ere | Sie
ce LEV USN ie eee ee ee ee ee Ce eee (eee

an Meeting; Aceounior,.222 5-2 te oe a oe cic

“ Grape Vines- 2
Ke CCST SEY 1)! 9 ae a, SE ES | Se | eee, eee) | Ps Sa

ss Appies, Discussion on---.---- .----- 21

= Lisb of, by J.P... chompson|'—_.._- || \-.-..- 74

ce OGG 2 3= 2 sense ee ee eee meen saa cee | eee oe 77
Sun Bight, Probection, from, <-} eon pene. teen eee al eel eee eel eee ee 14
Sunken Garden Bedei-s-) 22. nae eee nam 2 eee ae | are of eee Pena oe 412
Supplementary, Papers-2-— 2K eee aoe eee || ann em powcel pena Pa eere en [eeee ees y Biches
Superintendent of; Fruits, Report of —__—-__|_-_-.}\.-.- | o2oee 2s Ses) soe See ea Eee 2p 185
“se

‘““Rlowers, Report dftesce]-2.- lence cel sooo ga ee eee eee oe 222 187

Surface: Culture .sis-o25c deca aces eee se eae tena eee scl] econ oo] bebe o eben 4 Berea Meee ee Week co 414

600 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.
1871, | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878,

Suttle, John; Resolutions invMemory oF--.-|\-<2220] -ee~ coh | eee eon ee eee meek,
Swaar Apple, the. 2 ee ee ee ee ane 13

Thomas, J. J.,on Horticulture for the Peo-

72 Cs Re RS ae a i rrr MN Oe S|) el ee
Thomas, J. J., on Ornamental Trees and

SPAAIBCB eco Se sees ee ET a een ee EN |e 1 ee 95

“Sweetiand Sour” Apple-- on eee ee cement eee mene =} eee a| (nee ee ned eae leel eee ee
Sweet Bough, Description of the-.-..-.--_-- 36 :
Sweating of Mruit-_------_---- == Bh ees (aac (penne) Meee feces i] —0 50) | 3----
Shi ha i fel bce ie) oh Aer weet to Sa ee es Ss eo ee) [eee || SIS
Swindling Tree. Agents iste: een ee tee ee eee 2 eg
Sylvester, Dr. E. W., on Peaches 516
Sycamore Leaf Maple Mo lascsmeuse = ell zoeebo | eccoms Baeeee 50
Symptoms of the Yellows-----..-----....-..- seoncs\|cen=colllesneiellmwata\] lane sacl eee manera
Synonyms BIRO RO) EA of a eee Osos) ean eee) 318
Resolutions Concerning........--| ------ 173 a
1
a for-Aip ples tee c ce 3c boo seaeoeieatacce ea eee 67 Fr
329
we Committeesone hs). eee ce eee alee eee 167
Byun ge LOT Che; Gardenessss=- 2.6 acs ccanacesey lence eae nef asta (oe ee eee rere | SO
System iniour Orchardse2)- 2-2 fe 25
Af
Table-Boquetis . 2-25. --n.-2 nave s ce hee le Soencs |e oe) cece ee. |e eee 403 |
Tabulated Statement of Disbursements .-. .|......| -.-...| ~----.] -2.-_-] -2-222 57 t
Taintar, i.) On BiaCk MNO: sono ns aoa eeeee bee anaes 584
Tallman Sweet JNO UNG) Seana Sate ee Speers AD. Woe oe eke Se 380
PATANC UIA, MLS UT CR OL. 228 eee one ee acee | eewee™ 640
Taste Applied to Fruits and Vegetables__._| -.....| ......] -.._--
Taylor, Geo. on JMorestityes: = ae eee ee eee eal eel ees
a Centennial res Planvine et onesies sien snes
st 1 ARO I EIEY ln tryee Oy eho Se sae | (ESS |e Se
ss sc 6 6Growing Hedges acapeee ne 2
ce Rev. Jp we on Yellows Walwe-ccseeeciiaesscal cane ioe
se aS « Varieties of Fruit to
Cultivate BRB Heh Sa eee es ene 88 28 25 eee eee mesa
aylor, (Lnomas, Mssiy Vyncs soe ooo eee el eee ee eae ay eee
ce se on Diseases in Trees_-......|/------ pa
Teaching Horticulture at the Agricultural
ollegess.- oe ee es ae 5 2 EO ce a ee ee ee 102
Technical Knowledge/of Horticultmre.so--\le=n_a nen ne eat eee oe cele nell eee eee 98
Temperature of February of 18/5 and 1876.25) =e) 2 ee eee 440
Remperacure forthe Wear sss). soe see al eee 6824. 259 A) 2 heh ee a ee ee 462 | 446
42 |’, 291 | § 364
cs ANC SH LEV ATION = =e aan eee Nae 414 396 388 | 43800) 222925) ee 82
507
Us aitected py MOLrests =. .--—.52—521|(--=- 24] esa eel ee eD
«“ to kill Peach Buds -__..........|------ fe
cs fOr MONSe PlaMts ese. he can nl neaece|l mencna| =a eee eeee eee eee 183
ee Statistics Obs. .=- 222-5 -o2h oe aosce eel cen cto ay] SU pee eral bees eae 353
ss Comparative «-.-=---=---Ss2---| ancna boone e|| Seeks | ccncee | lboowen| meee eel eee a eee
Tendrils, Observation concerning == | aa eee on ne ee | coe 307
Tent;Oaterpillar, the: ---s65, 20-8 eee a eee 648 | ewe ecb cee eeese) eee ae 25
ae ce how: COND estrOyeceses oe ele eene ae
Test Garden, Resolution concerning--.--.--- 81
ee Paper: ON. =-s2-<0-5 coon eee 83
We ss Wallteiot wats es eee 83
cs se Difficulties in Establishing- -- 87
ce ob Letter'on..:--.. 22 Se 423
Resting Tomatoes ss 252). 222-2 552. coe ea eee tee 3 eo. - ) e 413
ss Varieties... -25 208 i2s528 5-2-2 el eee See ce | a ee
metorsky vA plenassen eee eee te 458. '1\.22- 85). 23 3 eee eee 350
Thayer's eo; Wi, AGG TeSS.OL WielCOME so cieeeeeniace a. alice ome | ete ome a ee 216
nicks ea ves, lmportance of 9 a ssen ee eeen ee ee | ees eee 174
Thieving, Remedy POY 225 on scenes co ceck soa iceet cel besos] oa 2 Soe | ee ee ee eee
Thinning Apples oo Ce Se ee ee ee | ie a eae ae ete
375 492 | ( 961
Phiining Wriikn eee ee ath 400 | 273 ) as Fie eee 407 | 326
443
Thomas, 'J./J.,0n judging apples:.-- L222 2) aye ee | od) oe ee ee ee

—ey

149

93

257

95

INDEX. 601
YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT. l
187]. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Thomas, J. Je on Culture of Orchards-----. Ee \ oa || See ee Ae 319
SSCSTMIVOLOUS LAN LS ana ocean oct Call Se | ook ae ae ee og fe 302
os cai on MiowerBord ere=-222--523| 5528 i ee es tee eee 53
x Ke ‘<“Shnproving School Gro dsal oa [ eee Ac we oe eee 146
Thompson, J. P., on Green Manuring. ee eee ae | eae || er eraaa NAR ee a Sees (oe ee ea Ui/
cS SPLNe WerkcOr OULSOCIGLY,|s2°= 5] 5.2505 |eeetes |ecoe =o] eee eee ees 80
ce ce Sm vunnoy Hr iiGe 28 Se ee aE a | Sn eee | ee eee ean 85
<9 oe Address by eee eek ee) 146 VOUS 12ers epee | eee iey ee ee 4
«6 a OnyMuskecon 252252535 2 Mle a a | ema pose ee Pee (Pee |e Teo ees 74
cf 2 Ciremiar fronts. 2o 2035 oe Sod | ee a ee ee ass a em Soe ee 402
ae se onsummer Appless:--.25 te ae ae 73
ce cC on Our Orchard System._- 25
Thompson’s List of Summer Apples.__._-.-|_---__]___--- 74
Thresner, Mr., on History of Benton Harbor] _-_-__- aot
BNET SS Sa Aa eee a setae saa eas ee aed eee lee onl iee> 25] ee w-----fen----] 4 ae
Thrips, Grape-vine, Method of Destroying_-| 415 |_.....]_---.-.|.--...] 429
Pe Kind tomse in: Draining. 2.2.2: 56- 55 38 [Slee Mo eee eI as 100
SIM DE TMEUGES «oot eo. aeons kee aen ta eros | wae | canes S| seen es 243
a DONS AAU NT EA ON GL ES eee See ae ee eet | ae | ee | ee || ee ae P| Se 440
ce Consumption: of 2-2.> to. 8- 5 oo a PE iene | secotalt eee Us 442
S HErAOTOIMary Grow bi Oks sess pose | meee a [nae ee aoe ee a 444
a DWecislationee so. e222 bse ra a | a ee eae 10
Time for Picking AT PLE Ste See Se a ae le | ee eee ees 16
SRERVaning 2.222 ono aac ssh ts aac ave lesen ees | Ee ee ee ee 20
<< ce Transplanting Ea ere re a S| [eet nd (Pee oe | (ieee fama | eet) | Pe SN SS 170
See s GLALDING 2 rene ot oe concen e a ate ne ae 200
Toad, Mole, and Spider, Our Friends, the___|_--.-.}]---.-_|_-....| 366
<s Walue' ot 2) soos eae a es eee 367
roads: Good inv the Gardens sso ose ee ea ae aed | renee | ae eee lee 436
Mohacco, uscorwith House: Plants = 35.co225| cso 5 |e | eee | ee eee ee L
momatobesyes, singular Property of 252225 | 22 a es ee a ee | ee 437
ae PW nt ee Se A ol seh eS |e a een eee ese ee 125
Sf LL a I EE ae a CRD Sp RT) eee 2 | is mtd Cane See a eel | Be) Ss 413
ee EP NMISE Ob DIRE. Stee Se S SDS es ee ta Uae tS fee a ese [ea meet esters eel 398
TOMSLOES. HOW, LO (Grower ys = 05. 25 s2 ee | eec ena ale ec olhso seas 351
gs CIPLBLU POM OLE = see en ek ore eens ale miloe | eae 223
Top- dressing LA SLT Vp SP pas GaP nag (re | Dan | ed (ay SLA kee ae 172
COS VE ae VS ta A Bette ae ee i (eS el || ag | ane e aeeriehee| |e Ce! | 8s 377
Top Grafting te ee oe ee CPO D | BENE | Me ro sal aaieey 384
PLOW It, A ©...) GCL CC EBLE OMe aaa. sae ae cae eS ee foe es oe aoe. saat US pee =
Op pate Genie COLE trOMs sce see ae eae saa [eer | aay te ef ere | ee 86
Townsend, Chas. D. Ke, on GrapewRots i222 |itzcese|ea-e eens Brass ec Seeger oe 121
Tracy, Prof., on Pomology and Horticulture
at Agr icultural College =e se Se cae a leerees 52
Tracy, W. W., on Needs of Horticulture. _.|----..|---.--|-.----|------ eee eeeee | eres 110
Cm Wow Guardss. ota eee nae pe ee oce es alee eee eens Peer (eae 365
on ‘SeManaccment Of Calas oc2) 2522 sl oses 22 | eae ns seas ao escapees eee | 402
ss ‘eB lvek-hearted Preess. 22 4) fees 3) oe ee aoe ee le ee ae 3
. SPE voeress in HOrhiculLGmres|22--2 feces foo ce) co scelt cco eaesene 225
sf Golmprovineg School Grounds|\s-22..4| sess sl one loka ee aa eoee ea el ee 15
eS see @ Orin es. ses een ek oe 622
ne “© Michigan Orchards_._.._.| -- 233
ie 6 Best Crops for Old Missions 22> 3 eee es 435
Tracy’s Prof., Plan for Judging Orchards_-|__---. 263 phi
Training and Pruning Grape-vines-_-..__--__- 460 12033), 5.2255 377 358) || 25222 Bt
Pramins ancy: Wruity reese a tek ae eS a se alse: ale = 2 BAe oe ee 342
Transformation of the Cabbage Butterfly__|_-.._.|_.._-- | pean | aeesicn||(sosson|escaac 68
wransplanted Drees 2: 5) 25s ae eee Veena). cncodl| oa nomi eens | women ee eee 332
87 95 | 381
Transplanting and Pruning Trees_._._.____| ------ 90 4]] |------ } 384
oe Peach’ Trees 22ers SS as A | leo ele 147
Transplanting for the Farm, Orchard, and
Gardens $22.) beso a eee
Transplanting, Time fOr. Se ee ee
Ie it'Loss or Gant es 2s
ie Garden Plants
J: in’ Winter... 2225-0 eee ae
eS in Fall and Spring..---.-----
a HVverereens.2s5- 22 : 454 94
s Prnit Trees 2: eee : ene 339
C Pinesee ee SEES Ee al ee ae Re | eat PS ahs (SF S| a) eae ee 8
< Young Apple Trees_.....--.- Se eee ee | eee) ee ee ee
Transportation of Fruits 0-222) oo ee 2 -|=2==-- Fe i ce 6

Kn
‘

6

602 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877, | 1878. | 1879,

‘

Trap, swier's Apple-Worm..- 250 ccencbencocel|acacsd|aeeun=i] \ 444

Traverse County, Report from 22.si2 ecco en leces Ca ace eal oe So ecw ca|ieeces sl eee oe eee a7

Mraverse|City, Meeting ats. 2 Soe so sees eee 309

ILYORSOTOI'S wepOll. 220 ke oes ee net fa ees ieee oe 145 | 565 | 567 ff epee 450 210

Tree Agents: 22-22 esos ee eee ace oat Ee eee teases St al Ares eerie |) 871)
SS DIBBASOSE Roe a aos ee ee ee ee eee [eee

co Planting.Centennialoessee cee es | co eben |becece!| Saceee 393
«and Herbaceous Ponies
ES ESGLECHION 2a. 6 oo. See ae ee Rete oath mom calise oe tay] Seta aa ces Sete ene 0 Eee 806

@) \Plan ting. 220 Se So eee os a ag | ea ee a aa see 106

£s* “ROOtS iM. Tile soos os ee eee oo essa oa ea ese sacl aoe eee
6) (Swindlers. seo eae case te ce eon all Cesena nee wcet| Sete sel] eae en eer oer eee 404
“<> Planting for Harm) and Moadsid 62-5. ae et | reel ene | ere ee 13
ss $6: (Prope socca Se Sees 5 doce ec el| Seen ae a] she [ee ee eteetre | eee ee | Cre
ce wc JUGICIONS ae sass a secon ean All eeewedl encod eance=1| tenes] amen ice es || Seem
ae eC NOUGS (ONis2a 3. ino occs noc ssa lsseec al eee sal |loes oo] 22 Al ee ee
se cS In Wrantes ses 6 oo ke ak See eaeoea |e soe a eee oll cee | een eee | eee
MIO = W ASD cs 32 osaan cs Seen Sane Coe es eats | SSCS See Sather esa: | eo en | eee el er
Tree Dealers and Agents.......... Pe cee ein,

“<\ Stor Ornamental Planting —--- 2-22 3L2
«© 12 Deciduous for Small Place...._-..

Je to Piant forjshades- 2. see

“as Ornamental Deciduous. 222 2222 yf ee.
<e ———- Selected Mistioft. 222-25 bo) seen

<6 Distance Aparttors Sosa ee ee
«Ss Morest; tromiSe eds eae s ese |e

ae and Shrubs) tor Ornaments see eeculleseees

ee Wihere*to Geties tests See ese

ce Advice about Buying oss. |S

«s TOL GHeViGa win oss ss ee a ee

Sem Sanivaly Wise! Of: * sone 5a So ee

Se PAG CLO LSSOING = oa sean uee endo eects Raeent eee e

oe TG TASS ea ses a ones era eno tee eee

ss and Miadsmase: 2-2 ee ee Oe ee

Pee eeeercaeeenaefiecencel =e-- se 303

6 Where to Obtain our Fruit_._....-_._|-..._-

‘© Report of Committee on Ornamental] ...-.-

ss Best Condition for Wintering-_-.--..] -...--

G3 and Plants foriOrnamenit: 2-2 fos eee | eee
as for Streetublantinie =. 2225 2. o oon ned eae ell oo ceel (aoe

be of Michigan at the Centennial-_-__...]--___.

Trees; rans plantine 22 os. .-s-s-55-essn-s-1|aesace
corn haG ands to Plants se ee eae tee ce eee 175 113
a to Plant aor Cinibensee se eae eee eal oe een eee.

Eo hor Shade so s2 52-5 eee ee esse ee ee 378
<< Straichtening and Staking: 22322 *.22-] 22-2. 486

Sc Prec hiand Low Urainine Of 2-2-ss css eo ==] ee 87

eer Maks 7171 Peery es bere ta| he So
aie bo See ee eae 20

211
SrellisesfoimGrapes =: eee CBA | as see 380

Trenching Nursery Stock .-_.-...- SS eS tee | Kee Peers
Triompheide Gande, History, of22-22- -- oo eee sell ease 429
EVip apt. Joe River. fos see en eel eee ellemee ee lier once
Trowbridge, Rh. E., on Organizations among

MATMEYS 2s 2-8 sano se once ke eases once asses cassl|esseee)-ss- aol soosce
Trunks of Trees, Protection often cs see al | tone eee ee aeeee oe
Tubers and Roots. 222-45 ee ee ea IR See Le
Polipreree; Chet 7. 2 See ee ee eee eee eee
BUcnips © witivation: of estos eo ee ee eee eee ens ee
Duscola County, for Pras. os eee eee ee ee eee eee ect eae nse
Twenty Ounce Apple 3
wip BORersssce. oo ose

OTe runner

INDEX. 603

YEARS AND PAGES.

Vegetable Garden, Mulching of the--.-.....|-..-...|------|=----<.]------ 406

SUBJECT.
* 1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
U.
MMNIOneH Ars er OleyiOr=2 26... 2-70 - e eeNc a sea caoees 223
Anion) Karmers, Olub; Romeo. -26s5522 seek acsek |eateck peeks) coe a 129
ita Ey brid @hetr yess 22s a a esc e eee ee ee | ee ieee 21 95
Use of the State Pomological ‘Society ee eee ee ees | tern eee ea eel (ee es 80
Witility of an Mducationet-< 22222 eas) sane 8o) | sa sate eee een ee | Sel ye aes 161
WitHization ‘OL a: Raintalles—. <0 oe eels lta eee | ea eli ed [| ae es ee 198
Ae
Value of the Society to the State_____._.____.
fo) Vor Hastern), Trees-2.-b2..62/255¢252-282) [52s ses sos oe ee ee ye | eee
* of Fruit Catalogue to Michigan G
Van Buren County, Report fromysssseo=2 2222 | Coase | eee sea Reece | eee | eee eee
«cs Ke WM rnifiitie. ohecesat cue |e
Varieties and Cultivation of Apples_-..-----
of Apples for Orchards--_----_-....-
ce of Apples, Description of...--...-.|-=-=-=-
Oe of Apples FOU! PLONE SSS eta. ee es || eee ee ee ee
CC ‘Home mse=s_o eee
ac Op Difficulty; in\ identifying) =---<2|/22222-| =-=s2ei/seee es 6
OL OfHardysAppless2-2----asesesase22 Bay [ee eee 324
Js of Market Apples-2- 02-222 ess. 22. 20 470
fe op blackberriess Wiistiofeco. 22 ores s) eat =) eee | lee 202 ®
ce Gf Cherries”. # sa ee Pet a ee a 2) Cl eee pee be 45
ce of Currantet=222ee se ae eee Lia s ons |e eerce tice oho! loeb tiie an, 209
< Of Gooséberries) ese ea ease ot | eee eee 211
ae 106
0 GE NGI Hnultsice ons oe ee on eee ee ee nilinccen [ake ee 114 } 250
2 OL Gla peSs 222 - oc cess ean ose eae ah
<s of Hardy Pears? 22 2e Sean ee sens Soe aie ee 324
OG of Market: Apples for Wi NeiGiisc looses) eee alee ce 96
ae Howatov improve s-os 2922s eae al Soe fk ee eS 104
2 Originating |News scco--25 chee see. SOON soo ci laas ens feansee 38
os SUMLbIN tO fees eee eee eee oc oe ee ae
CG of Peaches—by' Peck. -=--2-=2-.22:: 439
sc of: Pears for Planting? 22-2625 5.2232). 222 B07» ||se=22e)cesee |e ase n|p oe ee 346
ae Wecline fst Ss ee OR ee eke Se 399
“ of Pears, Palla A boubd..- 2253.28 -o5| os ea ie See 57
se Ole Plame, DEECrin tion Of 225552 2s) se lean eee tseenee 243,
6s of Popular Garden: Vegetables!) -.22 2 |e 200
“ sé Profitable BlackDerniess=< 22-52) p Sa 410
‘“ “ Qherriesi-----2 | ee eee 408
és a D Gurprante ae ee |e SE 410
ce LG Se Grapes = ata 0 sn ee a ee A408
Ws a oe WeGaches a22 Sates | Sees coe rin
ss sé es RORY Sis oe Seen alee ih caeen 1 40%,
as ee ae RAG DERTICS) > see = sa Sees eos 411
cs ue ae SUranwUeGrries: 2228 itos aa eee 411
sé ‘© Ragpbermies, Wbist\ Of-s452-- ee hese = ee Se | ale en nonce 196
ee S Straw Berries! c-2-2- 2 fee 2 ee ssetesse es oe weedeulleee eee S80? |/2252 28 pees eee 355 80
“ Six Apples for Profitiss.2 S22. | eeee 8 |
ss “ New Grapes, Talk about_...._..| .=-.-. sa
as to Plant of the Peach-.-._-._-- 410
és Value of a Large Number of2s |=--~<:|*---=-
UG Exhibited at the Centennial-_-____- eel teesse
wo Dothey Hunt On be-s 2525 ease eas |'-ans ee
= of Peaches for Markets oat aes. [tees
ss of Small Fruits for Profite——---—..|]—--2s-||.=s2=.
AS Running Owt..2J2- 422 asses cacaisall\ensece
2 Testing. ff oes See ee aca e2 | ateas 95
“ that Bear Harly 2. - 22252 ee Socens eee 2a zecee 49
Varieties of Fruits to Cultivate, by Rey. I.
SDS MAVLOlLosenos a ss eas eal eee: eal bits S| em atre eeeoe el looemsey one fetal eae a | eee tae 269
Varieties ae Apples for Hilisdale 2 eee acas esses || seca | aaa eal eocaee | eaoceel eee eae Neteee a) meee 314
of Vegetables for Home! Use. . 22s.) -2 2.222222 sooo. | scons a} acess ltecasen) eee on) eee 56
Ks of Peaches for Central Michivans=|| 22-22) sans 2s Woeeiow | esasien ee omee fee oe eeemee tacoma 7

is a

604. INDEX.
YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT. x
187]. | 1872, | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878.
Vegetable Gardensior the Warmersse ==. =| 22a) oneal eee | eee |e | eee Bea lon a }
as a Experiments in-.-225 -..<)|=----=)||=-->n.)||--=s--||s-256<|||coeeeel | e eee 106
WE a PIONS TOV ee ee SS eS 25) (ee |S scot | (ean (ee 403
= - theo bee oe ee esc alioze nee 427
Vv egetable Grow thie se a Poe
iM uel Ss Ee ea ee ae eee 432
Vi egetables for the WanmMe a. . ee bee an 527
How to -Cookke. 222286 6e 2 2. eee S| eae eee ae a eee | eee ll ee | 293
zy Winter Supply of Ry) een
2 WUC Rinne ie: 2 oe ee
oe Yield of ee ee ee
- Varieties of Popular
NOY DONAS'. 2. ke RE De cll eee oll esaeiee omen | eee | eee ceed | 389
WMerbena, the Tem or eye yas he titra am eee ee eee eet ee 389
Verbenas as PATNI See eee eee eco oll ee ee eee eae ees | Meee soot 427
Vick, James, On ATMA RS OWOLS scott coe eae al | eee er | ee eg | emer 151
sf SSB DS nisl ants ene |e poe celle on Sl oes aed ee
cs WG Fein bensimes. ee ee es SH I oe tee etesers tet!
cs ae S¢ IMVerivistin gs ce... eaten oe Bees sce. Sil oan eae 225
cs -s © Garden Vegetables RE Bee eee Rees ea eg see 260
sf ss Metter wgrom. 222-0 2-6. bee Seka al neers 225
a ss on Ornamental Grasses.-_...___|------ eee fens a Tee See Kt
ae as i sPerennial Plowerss ) eee sos ape |e ete & | |e kor!
x Es ce *Rural HOMES se eee Calan 437
Vienna Exposition, Alden Mri Gsatess esse [tee os he ses 263
WMillace Marmilifes = sees! ee ae ee Seas | ete rere Hes eee | Res 48
Vinea, Oe Re SS en ree ree meee || See Pe eoee |eee BS ea (ee eee ys
Vineyards, Premiums on-poe eee ee i lesecde 195 | 116
ae and Wine at Point au Peau.....- } eH
ce and Orchards at Spring Lake__.| 442 ae
“ & “ of Michigan -...-- ee } 933 207 | 129
$s Of (Michiganess.co-=s-be-=-Sesscne 457 ‘.
“ in Monroe County......-......-.|------|------ 22] | ------ n 460
es the Best in Michigan ..._.......- S2=)=5)|(-2ee—e ieanaenl| aaa eee |e 259
sf at MONO s2 226 k= 27 canes ence nese oes sees lesetes| a ees ee hae ene 404
Vineyard at aericuleural College 2232 oe \=--- = || ee |e | een ee 106
Moliniawmanmensi©lubisto2.. ee oscoe be sae A ese eal eeeocalicscsee soos e|Saepiep eee eee le
Voorhees, Mrs. E. M., on Consumption of
DARN gle spae aie Se eS Ee Se SI ee ee vA Pe [eee ecoss | socks) eoSS| Sees 87
W.
Wade, J. P., on Planting Peach Trees_.__-- bepeiitacoofite cca | eeee
Wagener, fio ete ho he aw lcges. | dB ec coe cares | 1 os MmapeDy | eae ge
Deseriptioniof ewes sos. - 2) ee eee
af Illustration of the
ae Letter Concerning the_...--..._--.
ce and Baldwin Apples, Letter on --
Wagener’s Patent Method of Grafting.__._-
Wood's Curenho Catcher. oe 2 eee
Walker. 'S., wether tromiuese a. 2 oes ee Se ee erento me oe ee a | ee 2
Walks and Drives, arrangfement/Ofis ioe sents ane oe a) eo eo eco le 134
nO Wwetormake. 555 seaueees 64
Walnut Caberpilian a ae ee |. = es eee eee renee ae PES Nee fee eels Zit
Walnuts; Deleterious Cflects:of.. 1. 12222 is eee bees | 2 ee ee | ee ee 419
Warder, Dr. John A. on Judsing Appler_-- amie att 211
‘ “ “ Nemec ie
oe as U: School Grounds: :2)=-----\)---=--!\--- 35 See | ee
cr se ‘- Western Catalpa-.- ae ee
Wiardinnicasesmet tele lL te Wee cette s ee
Warring, N. L., on Apples recommended by 2
BOCICty 22 she 22.608 ER See ee Ce eee 35
Washing and Scraping Trees_-_..._.__.__.___- Bees) tS
Ee Strawberries .e=-¢ eee ee eoeae ssnubaecemn=|| poses ilteaante a 2 sees ad [eee ae | eee eee ei
Wash tor Wrees. 92 b= 2502 A 2 ee a a re | 0s | ee ce |e 93
ve « an Apple Tree boo esc e Becoe Lae 1 te ae oF
Washtenaw County for Fruitl-+---2-5 2222) Soa ee ee cee eee ie Li Se ee eee oo | eee a
118

te “se

1879,

275

INDEX

YEARS AND PAGES.

SUBJECT.

1878. | 1879.

1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877.
Washtenaw County MIME Ss = seas esas see en |lsa ose 1 Pee ne Pistia Ieee | ae
Gs DEE ECG Up 0 tee ce arse apes sete ree ees eyes (eee bese] bay esl [Fe (a's | WR eel eee
Water EATLOSTON TURN wiatess tn tases PASTOR NSS yee R ols Sel See ae ecm eet koe eee
Sli rans planting eres coe toes coos ts scce||saaaee beacon loses ca le eens eee 126
oa ELON tIC MGM Sam tae es eo ee | oe ean n cones SRE a See Re
Waters, D. BR, on Orchards of Michicanessis|G.2ii6 eae |e ee 951
“ Spring Lake for 18/2 ___...|_..1.) 397 |
ce 3 SPE Tne thee each=s as |) tetas | ees | aes 289 |
Watering Trees and CE (Teed One OS COMER We bergen reer el eter gu) ete teron Mae ft 46 8 124
Ge Pilants{Howrtom lianas et 2222 5br gs ees) Coe Ae Se eee estore 183
Axe TILES RV LesIMES AME SiO hansen ees meee |e ne | eee EE SE eee eee 10
SS PWiguid Graktin eet —< 2525.22 228s se 8. || soho os Soc Saas oelllene-es eeecee 180
Se
meter Grareing se eet 3. bs ces set: 1 Ne Slr tig | PO ged vee
Wayne County for epics Seno Se Eee eee | fence ose ane Ss2bco| lessees keene || SSeess|Peas55
AN/GEUG ANG Zo) ON Gies 5 = aston ae eas esseer soso =| eeceeo|) eases Dapaiesasce zocasleeaseeeeeeee
Wien uner OfMlS(S) 225 a-. sates rs eee e ee ee | eee $2854 |(Sea5e5 EE eh ee oe eee leh eee
Webber, Ww. is on Agricultural Hdueatiom|ese--- |)esasee eeee eis eee 97
ue Northern Michveniis. 2s loses ae a ee eee 54
Wetiwona Ae Fall 649
Ni ASG EE ea ee ah ae ae ones |e | ere ee eee eae ee 433
Sa beste Methods of Destroying. .2°- 2.4. ||eanose||eaavee|oeneee 444
SOE WISCB Ob oe sce e eee ee aoe is aoc aaea|/aaeees Jace |e see | aa
WMKEODING PAS e225 b22 5b cicinn ceas eae See oes Sone os ee all eee Soe cee eel neem teagan 50
wWwieevils the Grape sco. 2sacenn ae --ss6 255 ease d= |\waweae 665
Welcome Address by:Gen Pritchard 22224. ||oeees- |loeesee pected ts2oas | eee | ee alee
Rb ROMEG Ces a a ea Pheeis a at e ee eee 11
cs eg Anny al Meeting ccs. ss|/s25- 52 cstv laomenel teense lasers) |pomeoe 216
St ee CO TSK ORLA fy CUT 5 (53h 9 Wee apse a ee fe Ve NE ee ee eee 77
vy cs SC OLUWateCr S224 hn eee ee S| eee ae rere pen eee 16
07 SE COMM OtTOMl ssctse noe eal ae | case es eno aa eee |e 449
Wells, Hon, H. G, on the Kalamazoo Grape._! 236 155
sé Flowers and Fruits...|--._.- 342
Western N. re Hort’ MSOC eae neta oe co ee [fa eel on (le eaee [hee eae | ence | ceed ieee ats
FS NOLeS) PEOMesen ss |eaaeee soonte lec eeee eee cae eee le cOS
& sé ae Ke roceedinesiots:|-s--4-|=oea eat eoas “61 78
§ Michigan, @limateron= 2222 22 eee 407
Wihale OllSorpitorRed Spideyss sesso. sa sa|enae sale oaa |e ene |peemees teen [lene 12
What is the Use of a State Pomological So-
CIOL Ye ad ae ess Seas oe aan aes Sees cesssa||\. a4 Bee. eae ae5 eeees 5 ooe eee 80

Wiheatiraising Nations +. ss 29-2. ese nsce cee 147
«Average Price of for Twenty Years..| 147
ss the Increasing Competition in
Ud WS] retiree) ieee ae eee an am re eae ee oe Od eee Ey ee
ee lurnine te, Chesse 8-25. S222 2.2 ee
* Culture, by Alonzo Sessions._...-.

Wheeler, O. F., on Botanical Notes --- ..

Where: tol xperiment:s-— 222 2--=2_ ease

Wihite-leaveds Plan tSt222 222 ssa<cc0scccneescoe

Wie! Gra peSen ayaa one 2 see cocotbo naen ose
a GlobeOnion 2s. 92-22-28 ee en. 2 8

WYIICEWOOUNbITe mses seen nee ene ne oe ee

White lake; Soil/ete, about... ee

Be oA Seal cee neal leeaene 356

Bes as [See eeal tea aee eee 5U

pee Peh a e|peres leseoce 22
White Ants; How, to-Destroye 52-5255 5 eso eee es toes see 502

« ~ Leayed inten ae OL -sss22 see
S57) 2 GEU NE? Oe eae ee eae A Be eee?
ce, Seedlings Delawaressess ne ae. nomen
Whitehall Grape SS an ER apse Cee ere
Whitney, Cabs Remariss Dy tesess ee eee
Whitman’s Fountain Pump. -.--.-....--....-
Whittlesey, John, on Marketing Fruits_____
ey be rilesey s Experiment i in Training Grape
MUGS 2 oe o eens cane nese tee gee eee

Whittlesey’s Long ArmSystem-......._._._.-

Whittlesey, John, Delegate to meet Cen.
ComMISsSIONeY'S! 22-2 -- eaeaane goa eee
Whittlesey, John, on Training Grapes--_-_-_-
Whittlesey, Mrs. "John, on Growing Early
MomaloOess=s 232 soto fasets gs ee eee eee
WieiscApple Worm Trap + ss25-5s2eeeee eases
Wild Garden; ‘462252252 i are
Es for Childwen, 54 sete eee A Poe ce £2 | sasces Nee eee ae co aes ee ene me

SRE COSE LP MILIN 35 26 c= xe tN ates | sacral | ee a aoe j 88
Sand Onl pivaread MLOWerSt sos tees ester ees | taccee lessees 107

11
350
446

236
36

398

606 INDEX.

YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT.

1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874, | 1878. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879.
Wilder, Hon, M. Pon ini proved: varieiies:.| o-cces|aeeeealone seal eosene 104
Pear Orchards: ss... as2205| Sooo se eae Pe | ee ee eee 318
J J a“ Address by sss-s ess fee STFU fh | eae | paiement | Pony,
Wilder Medal; tA ward or tie 2222655 ose As ea eel eee } er
Williams’ Drying Process, price of..........|..-..|.---.-; 286
3 Sec. ., on Grape Rots. se. tan elf oe ee a Se eo pose eee eet ee ee ee ee 121
ss DD: B.,.on the Yellows ecise oo a] aes a es ay ee ee eee 213
we ME. on Michiran Climate 22 ee cons sal case cay eee eeeee alee eee 12
i a Orchard Ghentuity --5- 2 sol ccesee canes eae oe ae [Mb ahdiay | hers: 56
Williams, M. B., on Growing Peaches for
Markets. 22202852 20 anak ee eee een ceded] aaen Aelicben eel eosoe a ease e ot eae at eee 174
Williams, IM: 35., Grisman rite > so ~ oo 2 oes eee ell eso |e 112
Willits, Edwin, on Old Fruit Trees at Mon-
11 | Rt ae Ea ee Se ee 5 Rs Se Te Re eR | PS | Mote | et 351
WON; CO rrian Cx Gay] eee ae ee ea reer een ee eee 50
Willow Gf Babylonsssss see ee? EERE Ea sees alee eee | ee 418
f 80
| 81
231 173 102
Wilson Strawberry...-.--.-..---------------- 51} is | 427 |} 29) 1) a80 | 113 |... 354 |4 190
( 436 | 329
330
l 336
( 87
| 203
Wilson Black bertiy= ses. 2c aee coos ce eces Be Bee | |e Seek Bal res pee area P= 4 258
| 358
(461
Winchester, A. O:, etter from sc 2-2 2. 2.) | Seas | ee eee 3
Winchel, Prof.,on Climatology of Michigan] 184 Z
Windbreaks, Value of ..........-.------------ | ------ 293 |} ogg | 364
as Question=2.3 2 eee Eee 363
Windsor Chief Strawberry... <2. ---=<2.-<-|\--_ sod\-2c a2 | cn So) Le sce a ee ee i
Window. Garden srescso ies cae se ecco eects eeeee= | oo eenel | eee ea sea eee 11 i
Wine invGerman yes as sas eee ee eee a aaa lea: 560
18!
‘* made trom Grapes...-.-.. Si ctodaaessae 429
460
189 |
eS PMGKIN Seco 5 sch cck soba cose s esse ames see CY em lee Pl eres 196
! 460 |
Wine-making Granes= le. oo sas-ee eco son ees | 431 ‘
Wine, Report of Committee on.-:---.......-.| -.==..||------ } 362 561
Winesiat StatewFaire cf 222s cst See Se iaee aor |eanonch 184
« and Vineyards at Point de Peau----. rey
cP remitms tones eee enue ee Ailecee SN cole [aca RSS ES eee 399
Winter Protection of Raspberries and Black-
| Xe) tg ef ene eee Se Oe S| less ters 406
Winter Care Of ‘Scions. ee eee Be ieee fence e hiceeee| Seenes lee eee 306
Meeting, Account of. -.....-..--.----| ------| ------|------]- ----|------| ------} --==-- 1
sé Protection Of INUTSEEY: SLOG Kesar ee ores | ae ee encanta Se See) [ea 18
oe SO TGYAPC WINES sss sone eee eee ALT SPs ee 356
ss oe Dy: J: JPeriQml) 225 -2ase soe eee one ae lon cess Poecece hea seed eee eee
SSS ICATE OL, Ala PEBesescnse eee cee ee eee ese |p ae see |leean na) et eee eee 383
ie A MAES FL GUN ey & ae ap a a oe A eee ag ae aa | oy ps) eee | ey | Pa Sl 2 ee Se ifooe soc 41).
soo 2 Kelling Of Gra pepiienc sn ee ease eee | eee ee a= alan eel feodes< 110 z
JD MAM TS CW eh kegs Baas ee Sas ee ea SoS eee eee eee |S2n-25||6555-— ue
ss). House Garden: 5. 9222) Ao ee | ae ae | cs: 2 | Zeer ee eee } 446
<. UKillingiof Treess. 2. ses. see se see sae eae aa eee el ae eel ere LOD
Winter of 1873, Lessons to be Learned from]-----.]------| 325 fe
Wiintersiof 1874275: 5-25 ee a nae ee eseeisal a= sees 495
iWire.wMenceCostiots. 4-225 2- enone eee re | eee eee | eects | ecacas Pescnes| eee eal seeee see 33
IWASCONSIN, ET ULb Nee ao sone on ore ee al See eer essere cosets 347
WOOGE NPrices Of) ee er ee i ee emo nano |e owes | eee eee
Wiool Tnsector Mrisomides eels aos eee eae
WOT ENT GTA DC eee anes earn eae —= fleceeee

Work of Executive Committee
“* other State Societies-- 4
ss Needed in Borticnilturesc.- se. ee ae le

INDEX.

607

YEARS AND PAGES.
SUBJECT. Sa SS
1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874, | 1875. | 1876.} 1877.) 1878.} 1879.
e Sani eg |
VCS GaP Ue Site el he ee eee won- ne |a--2--| 2222+] ---+--]------] ) 96
Wiotkersin the Societys: 2: -! 32252--- S25 2-2: eesti cE dllncen es lence eee oe teene an [ence le Mook
MIE INnGIOVEL UTeCGS) <2. = 22.0 2-6-2 =~ s)ss2oensn|i-s oo a- | noosa gene = |’ S250 2) eee anneal eee ane ae 304
Ae
Wianm: Cie: Current. 225-2222 e222 3: So Sales OTE ee ice 208 123 112 ie
MMRDA oD <i s ee 5 2522 a Ee = |
|
Wioriment hei wieee- 222 2 fotos l ee kcesc cece [Eeeeee oo ae re aes) al 5 inl [eee LPS Ge)
!
Bee |
Mellow, Lransparent Apple. ~-=-=----- 5.22.5 |sscss ooo sss onee ce oe cen all eeecen|oneaee 319
cs Wioodkior Ornamen te-- 222-2222 neon) sneer leaner enna | eee OPE ee eee 426 376
é 11
Bere sae) Oe | [ae esl te Be Se (20
US ORI Cie pene ses egee Se eose ce scene AGT eens sae Ps RAs atl ph A hn 255
se SWAP COMES (Ofs-8s 5-5-2225. saenase—ne AGO" eee aes be eRe | lh aS a 249
ae Propagation of the Disease ----.-.. 470 2222s) jecotes eee |e ee eee 273
ae Cause of the Disease-.2. -.2----. ===. 471 600 AU MEL Se ee = See ee 254
+ Microscopic Examination of-_-_.--.-- 472
959
Ser Sit ontedios Goe.--6 te a tee ee 430"). 279° FO See: hE es | ss oe
so) Report of Committee One ---2-- <2 = |/-=2==-| =--== 11] 495
<p Wirsis Mp pearance Oteee-. 2 anne = || aoeneay | oa ae 260
Te Committee at South Haven. -__--.-=|==---2) =-=<=- 370
e: Deseription of the Disease-_-------|-.----|-----= |< — <= 493
u
io Memorial CONCERHIN Gs. = 224 6-2 -e-e la. ae eee | eee } Hud
fe at Benton Harbor 277
ss Resolutions Concerning e-2= 22-2228) ee Saeee ee 260
es Prot wed Zi Om eNemes. os sees ooo s4 | sores eee ee 260
as WUAWe ERGs 0 fesse ee ss oo ea | See 2 fees ee | sees A Ea (ee ead a | 363
oC (oS RESOMLIONS A UO ss 24-. c= 222- kesto2si)aoteoo= | Saenee ioe n—=e | enee Se eee ne eee ees 23
a ie. Practica! Workings Of:- 2. 2-2-tase- a2 oz-22a} sactea eo con eae eo eee eee eee } ou
se iyons.O pinion Concerning” -. 2.2. |!-s2-22)/=s-<2= | =s==5-| <s22=5\||seeaaaeocee | eaenen|eneeee 273
Seana TeNONI1 652220852 oo es S sla es ceeseh as e553 lo [est Se ees ee eee 50
ce in the Peach, by A. G..Gulley —--.--||-.----|- eer eee seer a eer | (eer aye ee 249
‘co Misseminatiomof the Disease: =.2222|/ss25-+|\222-4-|eoeee- |e |e se oT
ae Infiaence o£ Soilbupon: . 22.4 2222-5 ec t-e soto = eases | eee eee [eee eee 250
ae a. baw Concernin gs 2222.23. 52-22- 22222-2523) 2s -leo- nee | eer e een eee one | ond
& B. I. Halsted’s Opinion Concerning| ----.-|------| ------ epi aw eigen ES pepe 257
ss Ouwestions Concerning: 2:2. --2 22225 fase ee | oe ee a eee eee ene ees al |
a)
+ DISCIISSION, Ol2252-0- eae en = o oae eee | anes onl ese eee eee laceee aes ee } 28
7
a
e Hacts CONnCersing +7 ssccasceee=s2 ee oeee | Be ee res Peres ema mee 2p5 ee ees pe
“6 Sugcestionsabout the Discussion of£| -..-<-|-2.. 25]'5- 2255 lesen 5 | eee oe eee eo
‘6 AU Sb JOSE DM) eoee eee eens case | pase. | Sade |aao= oo loose se ee acento anal
Mirelaol Stra WiDCTrlege sae see) 2 ee eee Ee ooo ca ence ameter mee [eee eee es ert 331
sol MeViereta blest... - 50 2s he- sasen ee a ese = || aes s5 |B cao lfeeee == 148

INDEX TO VOLUME OF 1880.

—<—$—_——_—<——_
A.

PAGE
Adrian Canning Factory, - : - - 5 5 : : : 170
Agricultural ( solleze—A Trip to the, 5 : s é ; 5 é A 197
Aleona County Hor ticulture, . 5 C - 5 3 - 5 3 s 217
Allegan County Pomological Society, s 4 = 5 5 ; 5 260
Almonds—Borers eae Pe : 5 - 4 c 2 : - “ : 380
Alternanthera for Law ns, 2 7 - 3 - - 5 - 3 5 403
Altheas, A : 4 . ‘ ‘ : - 401
Angle Wor ms— Are They Injurious? - ‘ - - 4 : _ : 46
Annual Fair—T’ Ney ane 5 a . 4 x “ . A -» BF, Live
Mecting at Ann Arbor, : ° B ° ° A 5 . 107
Members, . ‘ : ; : 5 : : a . 535
Aphis—Remedies for, . é 5 : 3 5 : - - 6 = 376
Apple Barrels—Ventilation of, : - < S : ° = - - : 50
Market—The Future, 3 - : : : - - é : 341
Tree Bark, : : 5 3 é 5 3 : A ; 5 A 384
Apples for Stock, . 5 - - : - : . A 2 - 342
Exhibition, 5 - - - - - : : - . . : 425
Sweet, . C 2 : - 7 5 “ . 3 . 5 : 341
For the T able, 3 é ‘ i; : : 5 : - A « 70,339
Storing, : : A “ 4 : = 5 2 A - 42, 327, 343, ra

A5ISt OF, ; : a : - 5 : : : - : :
Horeronit.— 5 : : A 2 . : A 5 “ : “1
Time of Gathering, : : 4 5 - - - s - : 5 24
Arbor Vite, ; ° F F : 5 6 ~ 5 > 13
Day and ‘Gov. Bagley, . : 3 A “ - : “ “ 4 - 3
Resolution Concerning, . - - - 2 A 4 - 204
Arnold, Chuas.—Poem by, . - < ; a : - - - 203
Resolution Concerning, * 5 - : 3 “ 204
Asparagus, . 3 : 3 - - - - : - > : ; . 130, 132
Austrian Pine, the, ‘ . > > 5 : ; - : * 11
Auxiliary Societies—Reports of, 3 : : . 5 : - : : 245
Awards at Annual Meeting, . A 5 - : : - - 4 : 5 208
State Fair, : : 4 > . 4 5 é A 5 fs F: 88

5.

Bacteria and Pear Blight, Cs nL ee Tie 381
The Yellows, . c - c : - - “ “ : 083
Bagley on Tree Planting, . - : - : - 5 . - . . - 3
Baldwin—The, . : ; : - < . - - - - : 339
Baldwins in Odd Ye: ar, 4 2 : 3 s - é : A - 5 2 340
Balsam Fir—The, . ‘ = : . : ; . = = 2 2 12
Barrels—Ventilation of Apple, 5 3 3 - - : 5 A C F 50
abe Wash, 2 : : - - : ~ - x 4 ; 384
Barry County Horticulture, - - : “ = ; : 5 - 219
Beal, Prof. W. J., on Origin of Varieties, 5 : : 5 . ; 18
The Oaks, a > “ - : > 5 : , 108
Trees and Shrubs, . Sas . = ; ~ - 289

Crossing Plants, . . ; : : : - . : 329

INDEX. . 609

PAGE

Beamer, Geo. K.,on Barry Horticulture, . : i ‘ ‘ ‘ . d 219
Bearing Year—Changing the, . P < A , 5 J : : A ‘ 340
Bedding Carpet, : A A s - 3 : : : - 5 - : 402
Ben Davis—The, : : d " 5 : ; : 5 t P 340
Benefits of Horticultural Societies, 5 ; Z . : . é : 103
Benzie County Horticulture, . - : : - 3 3 3 ‘ é 5 218
Berrien County Fruit Report, Ps : : ; - ; 5 5 4 Bill
Horticultural Society, ° c 2 . : : 2 ; - 313

Berries, ete., . - q 2 - < 4 - 56
Bigelow, Horace A, on Isabella Horticulture, 5 3 é 3 A 3 : 223
Birds, Lists Oiine : c : : - c : - : : c - 122
Migration Ol, é - 3 E ; 5 A r 3 = 2 F 115

of Indiana, . é 2 ig : 5 A : 3 ‘ c § : 84

Boys and Berries, . - : : . - - “ : = - - 56

Save the, : - - 5 : f 3 - - : ‘ 4

and Small Fruits, | - - : - F C A ‘ é ; F 307
OfeELevats A - : - ‘ - 5 ; . . p 370

and Insects, ' : A 5 5 - : 5 : F F i 3t1
Blackberries for Home Use, p ‘ = : 4 5 ; E é 2 3 5d
Blackberry, the Snyder, . - ‘ é 4 ; A : 5 A c 356
Blank for Committee Reports, “ - . “ - fs . : . 87
Blight in Pears, . ‘ - : 5 - 5 4 c 5 A = : 381
Blueberry in the Gar den, 5 5 - ¢ - < 5 2 : c : 362
Bones for Manure, : : 0 : “ , 4 fe : 5 4 4 365
Borers in Almonds, : s ‘ : : - : = 4 i 380
Boys, Birds,and Berries, . 5 c A 5 ; . 7 ‘ z 56
Bradfield, Edward, on Grape Growing - = : ; 2 - : - 37
Branch Societies, - 4 - : - 5 - i ‘ ‘ A alrére
’ Report of, . - - = - : - - 3 - 245

Breeding Plants, = A : : - 5 = é 5 19
Bridgman, Geo. Ww. , Report bys : - - : - 5 - s 52
Brighton Grape, . : < - : c 5 - - , ‘ F 350
Brown, Geo. W., on Grapes, ; - p 3 é : - - : ‘ 291
Jeremiah, on Small Fruits, ° - : - ° ; - - - $ 54

WAS: , Report Dyan 2 - - 4 - - . - : 2 3 51
Buckwheat and Insects, . s - ; P ‘ a ‘ 5 é F F 380
Budding the Grape, 2 ‘ s c : A ; 2 3 E é : 335
Buell, E., Report by, . A - : < : 5 > : 3 3 P 5 dL
on Membership, . é c - : 5 5 - ; A - 1

Burrill, T.J., on Bacteria, . : - “= ‘ : C F FE 3 ‘ * 381
the Yellows, é : : B , F 2 A 3 : 083

Burrows, John, on the Hepatica, A F ; : 5 é : A - js 385d

CG;

Cabbage Worm, . pp ee Sera GC my a] o.oo,” payee pte 83
Maggot, . - : “ A : < “ 2 4 2 F 136
Worms and Tansy, - - - 3 : - : J - 378
Calhoun County Horticulture, F é ; 2 - 3 c 3 : 7 220
Callas, Treatment of, . 3 é é - 3 p P - 5 2 P 391
Canning Fruit at Adrian, : A a ° - : : : - : 170
Canning Fruit, . - : . - . : : ° : , é ‘ . 60, 63
Care of the Orchard, A : F 3 - : : 5 - - : ab
Carpet Gardening, - & . = < 2 - : , “ - 4 - 402
Case, Mrs. D. L., on shrubs, . : “ : - 6 - A ° 5 396
Catalpa. a Good Word for the, . ; - é 4 - - - - : - 411
Speciosa, . A saben? ace cae en mene 4 ‘ : 85
Catalogue, a Word about Fruit, r rn A C : : ‘ 3 A : 172
Cauliflow Sh Pe , F 5 A z é b k . 131
‘Celery, . : - ° “ A “ - - : “ 5 1S, 133, 417
Cellar for Apples, < - - - 5 - : - - : 3 - : 166
Cemetery Landscaping, 3 ; E f . - - Z 3 5 3 : 124
‘Chestnuts in Michigan, . 5 : 5 - 4 - 3 é : : 411
Ohio, , ‘ : 5 : ¢ c ‘ A - 4 F 412

Chinese Yam for Ornament, a a tcad sine ee Seb orenc cing FCRIII 400

Chinese Sand Pears, . , . ‘ ss ~ . P y A ~ . 83, 346

610 INDEX.

Childs, J. W., on Growing Apples,
Chloride of Lime for Insects,
Cion and Stock,
Climate of Michigan,
Codling Moth, . A
Premiums
College-—The Agricultural, "i
Colon and M: atteson Pomologic: ul ‘Society :
Floral and Art Association,

Collar, Peter, on Canning Fruit,
Committees at Winter Meeting, 5 : :

State Fair, . ‘ 5 5

Annual meeting,
Committee Reports at Annual Meeting.

Blanks for,

Comings, 8. H., Letter from, ;

on Swamp Fruit Lands, - :

School Grounds, . ‘ A 4
Comstock, O. C., on Calhoun Horticulture, .
Constitution, Revision of, . - :
Conklin, Dr., on Fruit Houses, - .
Jontents of Portfolio, i ; ‘ 5

Cook, A. J.,on Strawberry Beetle,

Codling Moth,

Insect Warfare,

WN. Report of, _. . : A 3 4
Coryell, Chas. R., Report by, . . ‘ A ¢
Courtesies to the Secretary, 5 di , : 4
Cracking of the Pear, . ; < , : A :
Crescent Strawberry, . . 5 - =
Cricket, the Snowy, 3 : : a 6 ,
Cropping Orchards, : 4 5 5
Crossing Plants, : . ° ; * : °

Culture of the Quince, i A 5 ¢ ; - 4 ;

Grapes,
Currant Culture, . é
Curculio. Remedies for, .
Curtiss Peach, 5 5
Cuthbert Raspberry. :

Davenport, Eugene, Report of, ; ; c . :

Day, J. E., on the Apple Market, : 5
Macomb Horticulture, . . -

Deciduous shrubs, . : 3 3 5

December Meeting, Proceedings of, .

Delegates Reports, . : -

Dessert Apples, .

Disease and High Culture, —

Distribution of. Reports, . ; 5 c ‘

Dorr, S. W., on Storing Apples, < : : 5 :
Surplus of Fruit, :

Drying Fruit, . 3 a - : ; : : 5

Dwarf Apple 'I'rees, . : c ; : : A

Early Curtiss Peach, .

Eaton County Horticulture, i

Egg Plant, : :

Election of officers, :

Elevation and ‘Temperature, :

Eliwanger, H. B., on Table ‘ADD ICR,

English Sparrow, ;
Ivy for a Car pet,

" 136, 266, 282, 296, 375

PAGE.
21
ott
327
155

175
197
321
323
170
6
88
148
209
87
49
314
405
220

; 25, 133
2 aia
51, 81

179

347

46

135

265

329

301

32, 315

55

49, 268
. 186, 308

"(ha aie

‘ . 186, 308
Rais i. 220
131

193

332

339

. 297, 368, 370
402

INDEX.

Engle’s Seedlings, A 5 a
Entomology for the Fruit Grower. * :
Entries at State Fair, :
Evaporated Fruit,} 3 -
Evergreens for the — 5

Transplanting
Exhibition Flowers,

Fruits, . = b . : ;
Exhibit at Winter Meeting, 5 - 5 - 5

June Meeting, ae, Meh 2 .

Executive Board, Work of, C 5 - A s

Fair of 1880, és : :
Fairs for Amusement and Instruction, 5 - 9
Farms, Improvement of, - 5 :
Farmers’ Grape Vines, 3 : ;

Garden, Plan for, ; 5 .
Feeding Apples, 3 E - .
Fertility, Restoring,
Fertilizers for the Orchard and "Farm,
Field, Miss Emma, on School-house,
Finances, Report of, c

Flea Beetle, . 4 ne pEoSOR
Fletcher, Miss Sarah, on Jelly Making,
Flora of “Michigan, : :

Flower-beds in Cemeteries, - :
Flowers at Annual Meeting, : : 2 -
and Musie, . . - :
English Homes, | ¢ 5 . .
on the Table, 5 5 5
and Fragrance, : : < f .
inthe Shade, . - : : 5 -
Preserving, . . . : stake
Cheap Winter, . : : : ° 5
Single and Double, . : : : -
for Exhibition, - - ° .
in the School-room, . . : 5 .

Forest Planting, ; ; c °
Forests and Water Supply, C
Fowler, 8. W., on Manistee Horticulture, .
Fragr ant Flowers, : : - : - : c
Freezing of Sap, 0 : o 5 < -

French Paradise Stocks, , c 5 :

Fruit Drying, . : : c 5 5 c
and Sugar, d 3 : C A 5 .
Packages, 5 3 : $ 5
Houses, by Dr. Conklin, é
History of Michigan, . .

Catalogue, Word about, - c

Reports at June meeting, . é .

Dryer,. 7 ; : - 5 : 0

at Exhibitions, . - - .

House of H.C. "Sherwood, - :

Trees for Highways, . < : : 7

Culture, Overdoing, : 6 ; C .

Trees for Ornament, . : - c .

Packages, Attractive, - : : a
Fruits at June Meeting, - c

Winter Meeting,. ; A F ; - j 4

Fruitfulness, to Produce, c 5 : .
Fuller, S. L. ond. lige Thompson, é
Fuel, Wood for, ‘

"23, 26, 44, 280, 364
ea

174
134
204
427
127

G12 INDEX.

Gardens vs. Doctors’ Bills,

For Farmers,
Garden—The School,

Decoration,

Line, How to Use,
Gardening,
Ganzhorn, a acob, Letter from,
Gathering Apples,
Garfield, C. W., Annual Report of,

On Kent Horticulture,
Branch Societies

Gibson, W. K., on Growth of the Society, 5

Strawberries,
Girdling Fruit,
Gladden, Win., on Highways,

Glidden, A. om on Van Buren Horticulture.

Memorial Trees, .
Grafts, Natural, of Oaks, F
Graft, Hybrid, : ;
Grafting—W onders of, . 3 :

Fruit Trees,

Grape Vines, f

Wiaxey . . 5
Granger Peach,

Grand River Valley Horticultural Society,

Grape Vines, Grafting of, : >
Rot and Paper “Bags, :
Budding the, : 5 . .
Vine Flea Beetle,

Jelly ee

Growing, by Bradfield,
Farmers,

The White Ann rae : :

Grapes, Varieties of, . 5 :

New,

Culture and Varieties of,

In Paper Bags, 4 .
Pruning and. Training of, .
To Eat and Keep, : :

Gregg Raspberry, . 3 - ;

Green, Chas. A., letter from,

Guild, "E. F. ,on "Saginaw Horticulture,

Gumption in Horticultural Operations, .

Hanford, on the Cope-house,

Harrington, Prof., on Winds of Michigan,

Hayes Grape, ;

Heading back Tr ransplanted Trees, é
Hemlock, The, é ; ‘
Hepatica, The, :

Hewett, Alexander, on “Value of Farms,
Hickories, Growing,

Highway "Trees, 5 Ra
High Culture and Disease,
Highways,

Hillsdale Fruit Report, a :
History of Michigan Fruit Culture,
Holland Fruit-Growers’ Association,
Hollaway, F. M., on Manures,
Hooker, H. E., on Tree Agents,
Hook Apple, : .

isk
Haigh, R. jr., on Country School Grounds,

" 291, 302, 315

.

INDEX. 613

PAGE.
Hoopes, Josiah, on Deep Planting, . - ; : : : : : é ; 362
Home Surroundings, é : 4 c - : : : - : 3 a 392
Building, . c 5 é Z ; : 5 : ; s , 287
Horticulture, No Secrets in, é ; C 4 : - : A ; : 5 325
History of Michigan, . : 5 . : . 5 : 5 - 216
its Benefits and ‘Teachings, 2 : - - . . : : 102
Hoyt Apple, . 2 : ; - c : 3 ; 184
Hubbell, J. J., on Benzie Horticulture, : é : - : ; E : 218
Humphrey’s Screens, 6 - 5 5 - - : : 5 : - 207
Huron County for Fruit, ¢ A ; - 0 : ; < é 5 424
Husted’s Seedlings, . é - - : : : : : : - : : 187
Hybrids, . : : 3 : - - A “ ; : ; : z 19
Hybrid Grafts, . 5 - - - - . : . 5 ; c - 5 333
Hybridizing, . - : : 5 : 5 3 : : : F : 329
i.
Improvement of Farms, . : , . : 4 A 6 2
Indiana Horticultural Society, Report upon, cC : 5 . C : - §1
Favorite, ; c : . - : 5 3 : 184
Indian Apple Trees, A : c - : - : = : F F 235
Ingham County Hor ticulture, : - 6 : - 5 5 - ¢ 221
Horticultural Society, ; A : : - C c ‘ 287
Baicions Insects, . : c : 3 , . : : . 2-133-303
Insect Destructive to Strawberry, : 5 : c C : ¢ : ‘ 293

Warfare by Prof. Cook, . = . : . : . 2 q 3 . 25-133

Insects Injurious to the Orchard, . - - 6 : . c é 2-303

and Birds, - 3 - - - ; - 5 C - 2 371

Severe Cold, ‘ ; . 5 5 : 5 : 377

Buckwheat, . - : - - - - - - 5 5 380

Insecticides, . 4 . - - : r c = . 378-419

Tsabella County Horticulture, 4 c 4 5 5 c - ‘ A ‘ 223

Invitations received, a 5 : : ; : . : : : ; : 6

Ivy, English, under Trees, . : 4 - c 5 - : : ‘ ‘ 402
Hie

Jackson County Horticulture, . - : é . 2 é : 3 224

Horticultural Society, op mes : . : : ; 246

Jelly Making, ; : “ - : 5 . : : ; : : 61-65-204

Jones, Ezra, Report by, - cb : A : 5 - - - é 287

on Strawberry Culture, 5 : eee : wel ts ahs 358

June Meeting at Battle Creek, . : - : - < : é : 49
K.

Kalamazoo Fruit Report, . : : c ; ‘ id : 51

Kedzie, F.8., on ae and velly Making, | eae 9) Se : : 60

Keeping Apples, . C C - € 0 : A A " 49-397 343-366

Flowers, . fF . ° : = 5 - ; c 389

Kelsey Cling : - 5 ; . - c c : c 4 188

Kentish Cherry, The Old ; F j 5 : ‘ é ‘ : 5 § 203

Kent County Horticulture, : 3 , x = 4 “ : A t 226

Kitchen Garden, The . = 2 : ‘ - : : d - é - 416
L.

La Fleur, G. H., on Transplanting, . = ct : ‘ : : . : 264.

Landscape, Effects of Woodlands, . 3 - - : : - : F : 394

Gardening for the Cemetery, - s ° S ; ‘ : : 120

Lawton, Geo. W., on ‘Pioneer Orchards; ar. CME ne ; sd, ie 243

” Report Off l: C 5 C - “ : . : ‘ » 255

Pomological Society, : : - : . : ; : - 3 255

Lawn Making, . ? , : ° : . ° ‘ : ; ¢ ; 398

Laws for Orchardists, . “ ‘ ; - ; ; 3 - 5 ; ; 308

Legislation, . 3 c 3 é 5 4 : - c = 3 A : K 179.

Librarian's Report, “ ; 5 5 : 5 a - - : 5 3 530

614 INDEX.

PAGE
Library, Our : - - : - : - 4 . < - : 172
Life Members, List of . - : ‘ - : : A A A ; . 532
Lilly, L. A., Codling Moth, : : - ¢ A A 2 , 5 4 j 266
Linder man, At a Letter from. - A 4 - : 5 4 : 214
Liquid Manures for Plants, ° ° . : . ° : : r : : 392
Lists of Peach Trees, - : : ° - A - S 2 3 : = 277
List of Premiums at Fair, . 5 - - - 4 : ; i é 88
London Purple, : “ : - - : 5 - < 2 “ 378
Lyon, ‘I’. 'I'., on Dwarf Apples, : + - : - : : : c : A 345
” Address by, ; : : 5 A - A ‘ : “ 180
on New Fruits, . “ é - - 5 . ; ; = 183
Dessert Apples, a A - + . ; ; : “ 70
Evergreens for the Farm, - 5 ‘ 5 3 ; ; . 10
Lyon’s Response to Address of Welcome, A ri : : : A : 7
M.
Macomb County Horticulture, . 5 - - . - 5 “ , 3 - 229
Mann, 8. B., Report by, . : : : 4 - id A . i 78
Manuring, Green, 3 : : C 5 F é F F 4 - é 3 4
Manures for the Orchard, a) erage’ s . : ie a 2 SNS . 23, 26, 44
Manures, : 5 4 . 5 . c é 5 “ ; : 3 5 : 364
Science and Sense about, c < 4 . 5 A - Q * 365
for Plants, . - - ‘. 5 . . ‘ . 3 ; * 392
Manistee County Horticulture, 5 < : - : A : 231
Markham, Byron, Report of, . - ° : . 5 iy : : : - 279
Market, The Apple, - : - 5 - 3 - : “ A - 5 341
Marketing Apples, . - “ : 3 - : . ‘i : s 368
Marsilje, Tsaac, Report of, 5 5 A 3 4 fs 245
Mayo, Mrs. Perry, on Canning and Jelly Making, 5 5 A 5 : ; 5 63
McNaughton, R. 'T., on Vegetables, ; : ° . . . ; 130
” Report of, . - : - - : A : - : : 246
McCormick Peach, . a é - “ ; E . a A : F 189
Members, List of Life, 3 x > ‘ é é P y é A 5 532
Annual, 5 4 ° 2 ° 5 5 : - - 535
Medlar, The, . : c - + : : - - é ; 5 “ 4 186
Meeting, The Annual, .. . arty) Tag ete ee weer 107
Winter, 2 A - - 5 : 3 A 4 : 5 1
June, 5 4 - ; : - ‘4 é : : : 49

Memorial Trees, . 5 : - 5 : “ - : : : 2 : . 202, 412
Membership, Our, . : 3 . 5 : 4 F = : 5 1,174

Michigan, Climate of, . : . C ; 2 C 4 - : : ; 155
Flora, : - 5 5 ° 4 : 4 - : 4 427

Fruit ‘Culture, - e : : 4 - : 2 : . c ; 176

Winds- . “ - 4 + a - * - 193
Horticulture, History of, : - - : - - c ‘ é . 216
Migration of Michigan Birds, “ ° ° . 5 5 : : “ 115
Mignonette as a Tree, - . “ 4 5 ° 3 : : ° - 5 386
Moles, - , ; : C ; 5 4 5 F . : d 374
How to Trap, . ; : ° 5 - ¢ - - “ A 5 53
Moore’s Early Grape, . 2 . c : : “ c - c - 5 185
Money in Tree Planting, . : - : fs “ A : 5 : A 5 409
Montclair Raspberry, . “ - . - - - : 2 : : 192
Montealm County Horticulture, : * : - : : ; - 5 232
Morris Red Apple, . A A 5 4 - 0 : - 4 c c 50, 184, 207
Muck asa Fertilizer, . : 2 z - : 5 4 - z A : 364
Music and Flowers, . : 5 . 5 3 : - - - 5 3 : 384
Mullein, The, . : A 5 2 < - ° c - : - : - - 386

NN.

Name of the eek 5 - : c c A - < C “ 5 A - 6, 86
New Grapes, . é 4 - - ~ . : - ; “ - 47

Fruits, Report ‘on, 5 ° c 5 4 - . - - C és é 183
New England Beauty, . . : - 4 . : 2 : : - 184

INDEX. 615

PAGE

Norway Spruce, The, . ; F é : : 3 : é ; “ 5 4 12

Nursery ‘I'rees, A : 5 3 A 3 : : 6 , 4 4 F 13

Nurserymen’s Integrity, ‘ : : F : c ‘ é : 3 : 4 299

Nut-hatch, The, ; . : - ; 5 5 : 3 . P : j 370

OF

Oaks of Michigan and the World, . : ‘ : F 3 : : : 108

Officers, Election of, A “ : A A ; : “ S 193

Ohio Horticultural Society, Report upon, : : : : : : : : 78

Oleander, ‘The, i : 3 5 3 , : , 390

Orchards, Close ‘Planting Of5. 2. : : : 4 : ’ - ; F . 338, 342

Sheep in the, . é : : ‘ A - : , 343

Orchard Manuring, . 5 . “ é : , 4 ; 4 ; 25, 26, 44, ae
Care of, : - - . 4 : : : : : z ;

Origin of Varieties, . ; , ; : 3 4 : 0 . : ; 17-19

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, : : : 4 j ‘ P 4 : . 289, 396

Ornamenting School Gr ounds, ; : - 5 ‘ i : - . 66, 70, 404

Overdoing Fruit Culture, ‘ 3 : - : z 4 : : ; : 4,164

Pp;

Packages, Attractive, . - . . - : ; - - 2 ; - : 103

for Fruit, ¢ c : - : - : 2 - “ : 270

Paper Bags and Grapes, é : 3 : 3 ; . 2 r 351

Parks, Geo. W. , on Ingham Horticulture, é ; : : : : 5 , 221

Paradise Stock, 5 - 5 é ‘ A - < - : : P 345

Pasturing the Orchar d, - A : - < 5 r - : - - F 343

Peach Borer in Almonds, : : : 6 a - - 3 : , , 380

Profits, . : c : é : ; - - : : 276, 278, 349

‘Tree Protection, 5 5 : : > c : - 5 5 F 349

Roots for Plums, . - 5 “ c . c : ° 5 c A 334

Tree Planting, . : C ° : c - . 4 c : c 262

Culture, ‘ 5 : é 5 2 c : : 7 < 5 " 963, 279

Peaches, Discussion on, : c - - A 5 : 5 311

Testing New Varieties, - c : - ¢ - 5 : : 348

Vears, Chinese Sand, 3 . - 5 c - ; : : 2 : 5 ; 346

New Foreign, - : - - - - ° “ : . : : 83

Cracking of, : - 4 : : : “ c - . : 347

Pear Blight, Specific, . : - : : 5 : : . : : 381

and Bacteria, . - é ‘ : . _ 4 = - : ; 381

Peck, 5. B.,on Grape Culture, . - F , A c : 5 5 F 351

Codling Moth, . : C : : : - é : - af 375

Phylloxera, . = - : ‘ - - . : : : : : : 380

Picturesque Trees, - E , * : : : - A : : . 401

Pine, the Austrian, . 5 : < : ; ; : ; X é - ; 11

Scotch, . . - - 7 : . : : : : 11

Peculiarities of the, - - : 3 : - : - : : : 414

Plan of Society Work, 0 5 ‘ i : r : é : : : 3 9

Plants at Annual Meeting, . : * “ : : ° : ; : : 210

Plant Lice, Remedies for, . 5 é 5 ¢ - : : ; - ; . 376

for the Window, . C : 5 : - c 5 . : c 390

Planting Deeply,. 3 3 5 : 3 3 f A - ; . ‘ 362

Orchards closely, . oS : Ss = 5 . 338, 342

a Tree, . : : - - - - : c . , f . : 412

Plum on Peach roots, . = 3 : c 6 : 2 4 3 : 334

Pomology in Schools, . : : “ “ : . : é . 420, 421

Potatoes, Sweet, Pr opagation of, . . - ° . 5 . : ° d 418

Potter, E. M.,on Grape Growing, . - C ° - c : : , 40

Paper by, 3 - - 5 A “ : - 56

on ‘Tree Agents, - = ; : = . . : 2 C ; 139

Fruit Dryers, - 2 : 6 . ° . : ~ 5 167

Portfolio, the Secretary’s, . 2 - 7 5 - C : 3 : ‘ 324

Pray, Esek, on Eaton Horticulture, - - - : : f - 7 3 220

Prey Catchers, ‘ - - = 2 4 a 0 0 ; 370

Preserving Specimens of Fr uits, : - é : ° 7 ‘ ° A 326

616 INDEX.

Preservation of Apples, 4
Premiums at Annual Meeting,
State Fair,
Objectionable,
Preserving Flowers,
Prizes for Insect Warfare, | ;
Proceedings of Winter Meeting,
Summer Meeting.
Annual Meeting,
Propagating Sweet Potatoes,
Protection by Elevation, : -
Sereens, . F 5 ° °
Trees,
Of Trees From Sun, A -
Protecting Peach Trees, . : - :
Profits in Peaches, : -
Profit in Apples, . : : ¢ 5
Pruning Roots, 5 = =
Grapes, é = 5 5 -
Season for, A - -
For Wood and Fruit,

Bad Practice of, ; 5 :
Peach Trees, ; 5 : ;
Public Schvols, Pomology in, . -
Putnam, Prof., on School Grounds,
Py rethrum, 5 - ° .

Quarterly Meeting, : 5 :
Quince Culture, - . : 5 -

Races of Plants,
Radishes, .
Rain-fall and F orests,
Raspberries on the Farm,
Raspberry, the Cuthbert
Rebecca Apple. . 5 : c A
Reid, E. C., Report of 3 : 3 .
Report of Branch Societies,

on New Fruits,

of Secretary,

of 1879,

of Librarian,
Reports, Distr ibution of .

Our : : : 3
Resolutions at Winter Meeting, ; : ‘
Concerning J.P. i cee
at Annual Meeting,
Summer Meeting,
Resolution Concerning Future Meetings,
Revision of Constitution, 5
Reynolds P. C., on Alcona Horticulture, 5
Richmond, ©. H. , on Rights of Orchardists,
Rights of Orchardists, . 4
Riley, C. V., on Insecticides,
Roadside Trees,
Robin, The,
Root Prunning,
Rose Bug,
of Sharon,

Rumery, 8., on "Peach Culture, ‘
Russian Apple, : < : A .

PAGE.

. 827, 343
107, 208

86
423

. B88, 389

349

976, 349, 278.
: 21

336.
351

INDEX.
Ss.
Saginaw County Horticulture,
Salt as a Fertilizer, . ; “
Salsify, : ; : 5
Sand Pears, 6 : : A
Sap, Freezing of, . A 5 5 :

Sucker, The, .
Satterlee, James, on Woodlands,

Montcalm Horticulture, :

Agricultural College, .

Saugatuck and Ganges Pomological Society, .

Saunders, Wm., on Pruning,
Pyrethrum,
Birds and Insects,
School Ground Ornamentation, .
Garden, .
Room, Flowers i in,
Schools, Pomology in,
Scotch Pine, The,

Screens for Protection, . A - 7 ;
Prizes for, . : , ‘ c -
Secretary’s Portfolio, - - : .

Annual Statement,
Seeds, Address on, :

Vitality of,

Exhaust Vitality,
Seed-sower, Home Made,
Seedling Trees, ; - ‘ :
Shearing Evergreens, . : : 2
Sheep in the Orchard,
Sherwood’s Fruit Farm,
Sherwood, H. C., on Fruit Houses, .
Shoemaker on Jackson Horticulture, :
Shotwell, Nathan, on Orchard Cn
Shrubs, Ornamental, : : :

Deciduous, ;

Small Fruits for Farmers’ Homes,
Snowy Cricket, : : - ; :
Snyder Blackberry,
Society, Growth of,
Societies, Horticultural, Benefits of,

Branch,
Soil forGrapes, . ; 5 : ,
Soot as a Fertilizer, < -
South Boston Horticultural Society, - é
Sparrow, the English, . ¢ 4 .
Spinach, : ‘ > -
State Fair, Account of, “ A : : -

University, Visit to,
Stannard, J. D., Report of,
Steere’s Screen, 2
Steere, B. W., on Morris Red, .
Prof. J. B. , on Bird Migration, 5
Storing Winter Apples, A 3
Stock and Graft, . : = : :
Strawberry, The Ideal, : : ; °
Planting and Care, ; :

Leaf Beetle, : :

Growing, A ; :
Strawberries to Grow Good, : = ; -

on the Farm, .

Discussion on, . A 5

List of, . 5

for Distant Markets, ; 4
7S

59,2 246, 269, 306
291

132
346
331
370
394
232
197
279
364
138
371

. 66,70, 404
. 148, 403
404, 406

. 420, 421

2,8 327, 343, 366

327

357

618 INDEX.

Stranahan’s Late Orange, . 4 :

Sugar with Fruit, . 3 “

Suggestions by President Lyon,

Summer Meeting at Battle Creek,

Swamp Lands for Fruit Purposes,

Sweet Apples, 2 - :
Potato,

Tansy for Cabbage Worms, . : “
Tar Water and Insects, ; 2

Tate, R. C., on Grape Culture,

Taxes and Trees, .

‘Taylor, J. F.,.on Peach "Tree Planting, :
Tem pei rature,

Thompson, J. P., Resolutions Concerning,

In Memory of,
Timber Planting, : :
Protection of,
Tomato, Origin of, ;
At omatoes, Koot, Pruning of, é
ACY. Wie Wicg on Esthetic Culture,
Seeds, ;
Training Grapes, ‘ 5 ,
Transplantation, : 6 ; :
Transplanting by Night,
‘Trees,
Evergreens, :
Small Plants, ;
Tree Planting on the Farm, . : :
Agents, Encouragement of,
Resolutions Concer ning, .
Planting, Money in, . :

Trees From Seeds, . 5
And ‘Taxes, A ° ,
Picturesque, . ; ; 3

By the Roadside, ; .
And the Sun, ;
Ornamental, :
Memorial, ; A 5 c 5
Jn Cemeteries, ; -
Value of, for Protection, :

Trellises for Grape Vines, . :

Tucker, H. B., on Growing gn i .

Tulip T ree, T ‘he, : : : -
0
University, Visit to,
Ure, Robert on Indian Apple ‘Trees, 7
V.

Valleys for Orchards and Gardens,

Van Buren, Wm., on Horticulture, . °

Van Buren County Horticulture,
Varieties of Evergreens to Plant,
Origin of,.

of Grapes, . ; 5 2
Peaches, “ . . é 5
Testing, : a : .
Varnish for Wounds, : S °
Vegetables, the Less Common, ; “ -
Vitality of Seeds, :

PAGE,
189
368
180

49
314
341

" 182, 418

378
419
315
410
262
158

143

INDEX. 619

W.
PAGE,
Walnuts, Raising, . : : : ; a : , : 410
Warder, Dr. John A., on Forest Planting, ‘ ; 5 5 5 3 “ 413
Cemeteries, . 5 ; 5 3 : : f . 124
Washtenaw County Pomological Society, : : Z : A : ; 301
Weevil, ‘The, . j , : : F a A : ; 377
Welcome Address by Mayor Whelan, 5 A : : : : ‘ id
Weeping Trees, ; 5 : 4 3 : : : - : 399
Whelan, Address of Welcome DY sees : s : 5 s ‘ ‘ ‘ uf
Whiffle-trees for Orchard Use, : : : : 5 : : : : 53
White Ann Arbor Grape, . : ‘ ; : 3 : 3 ; ; ‘ 16
Whitewashing Trees, . : : : ; ; : , : ; ; : 378
Whitewood, The, . ‘ F : . 5 5 : ; : : ‘ 400
Whiting, Dr. L. C on Grapes, 5 : . - c ¢ : : é 353
Wier’s Cut-leaved "Maple, i : : : : 4 : - : 2 4 399
Wilder, M. P.,on Entomology, . ; . : ; - : 2 : 37
Wilson vs. other Varieties of Strawberries, : “ - - - 5 59
Window Plant, ‘ : 5 2 0 : , - C - 5 390
Winchel, Prof. AD on Climate, : y : 6 - : : - 5 : 155
Winds of Michigan, ? : 3 n - “ - - 5 : - 193
Windsor Chief, 3 : : : , : : : : : : 192
Winter Flowers, : ; , : , : ‘ : : : : ; : 388
Apples, Storage of, : ; “ : 2 5 : : ‘ 42
Meeting. Proceedings Of. j : : 5 : ¢ : - : 1
Wolverine Apple, : : E 4 - cl ° : : - - - 183
Wood for Fuel, - 410
Woodlands and the Landscape, 6 5 394
Woodland Horticultural Society, . F 253
Woodward, J. 8., on Tree Pedlars, < 4 - “ = ; : 143
Grape Growing, . 4 - ' : - . “ 31
Worden Grape, . 5 3 Z 3 A ° : ; d - 350
Wounds, Varnish for, : A a c - c ° 4 - : : 4 363
Wes

Yam, the Chinese, . 5 : - 2 c - = “ ; “ . 400
Yellows and Seedlings, . A 21

Wintteney cat ks vale at war ae eae Ob oe eee
and Bacteria, . F : : S : 5 4 a . é : 383

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