OL A : OW. INSECTS : U. S. NAT. MUS. SIXTEENTH REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST MINNESOTA TO THE GOVERNOR FOR THE YEARS 1915 AND 1916 TENTH REPORT OF F. L. WASHBURN AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ST. ANTHONY PARK, MINN. ' DECEMBER 1, 1916 SIXTEENTH REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST OF MINNESOTA TO THE GOVERNOR FOR THE YEARS 1915 AND 1916 TENTH REPORT OF F. L. WASHBURN White Pine Blister Rust Mosquitoes of Minnesota Report on Nursery Inspection Green-house Fumigation Orchard and Shade Tree Insects Strawberry Weevil Truck Crop and Field Crop Insects Weed Insects Spraying Bill Bugs White Marked Tussock Moth Observations on Distribution of Fish to Farmers Minnesota Birds List of Entomologist’s Publications AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ST. ANTHONY PARK, MINN. DECEMBER 1, 1916 REPORT OF WORK OF STATE ENTOMOLOGISTS’ DEPARTMENT 1914-1915 and 1915-1916 Sty PAwing iin INE His Excellency, J. A. A. Burnquist, St. Paul, Minn. December 1, 1916. Dear Sir: Complying with the law I herewith submit to you the Sixteenth Report of the work of the State Entomologist’s De- partment from December 1, 1914, to December 1, 1916. The finan- cial statement covers the fiscal years from August 1, 1914, to August tole: The correspondence of the State Entomologist has increased yearly, our annual average is over 7,000, calling for much time and attention on the part of the clerk and stenographer. Publications have been continued. “Insect Life,” edited for the purpose of acquainting farmers, orchardists, gardeners and housekeepers with methods of control of injurious insect pests, has been issued at regular intervals during the two years. Page 6. The work in Nursery and Orchard Inspection is discussed under Report on Nursery Inspection. Page 28. Our co-operation with the Federal Board in the matter of examining stock 1mported from Europe has added materially to our responsibility and work. Illustrated circulars on birds and publications on insects have been printed and distributed from time to time. Work with field mice has been continued, the more common species of the state collected and their life history and habits studied. Certain measures of control are recommended. Progress is being made in our work on bees, ants and wasps in their relation to the farmers, and we will be in position to publish results of this work before long. The Entomologist has given several lectures (page 7) during the biennium, attending in June, 1915, the annual meeting of the National Nurserymen’s Association in Milwaukee, and at Albany, N. Y., in November, 1916, representing, with others, Minnesota at a conference of workers from other states on White Pine Blister Rust. Work with the White Pine Blister Rust, on account of the legal machinery under which the State Entomologist works, has 4 taken up a large share of my time during the summer of 1916. For details of this work see page 12. Administration work in connection with the Entomologist’s office requires a large share of his time and attention, The life history of the oak tree girdler has been completed and some interesting facts obtained. Work on flat-headed and round- headed borers is progressing. The forms closely related to the ordinary oak borer are being studied most carefully. Mr. Ruggles’ most important work in spraying was done in co-operation with orchardists and potato growers. Citizens are beginning to realize the importance of this phase of fruit growing and are very anxious to obtain the best methods of procedure. The insect collection has been added to, but on account of lack of funds has not been worked upon as it should be for the best results. We have obtained some interesting data concerning honey bees and insecticides, but this work has only just begun. The life his- tory of the strawberry weevil in Minnesota has been completed by Mr. Marcovitch and we have found a very satisfactory method of control. One of the most important insects of raspberries, the raspberry fruit worm, has been studied and several interesting new points in its life history have been discovered. The work on the wheat stem maggot (Mr. Williamson in charge) 1s still in prog- ress. Study of the white grub is practically completed and an extension letter has been published on this subject. About 150 breeding experiments have been carried on in the Insectary by the different men of the department. Flies. The study of the house fly has been continued through- out the two years. This study apphed especially to the house fly under rural conditions. Very many observations have been col- lected on the life history, habits, connection with disease transmis- sion, etc., under farm conditions. A special study was made upon the method by which the house fly passes over the winter. This is one of the few points in the bionomics of the house fly, which has not been elucidated. This phase of the work is still going on, but will probably be completed the coming season, at which time results will be published. A large exhibit was prepared, partly from State Entomologist’s funds and partly from University funds, showing how to control the carrying of disease organisms in such places. This model of a “Sanitary Farm,” as it was called (constructed under the direction of Mr. Howard), has been in considerable demand, being exhibited twice at the State Fair and at three county fairs. It will be used again during the next two or three years for 5) exhibit at County Fairs. A leaflet on the control of flies was printed from State Entomologist funds to be distributed when these models were exhibited. Stomoxys calcitrans. The biting stable fly is one of the most important insect enemies of stock and as such has been given con- siderable study. This was especially needed because of the sus- pected connection of this fly with the transmission of such diseases as swamp fever of horses and infantile paralysis of man. The study of this fly is not yet completed, but will be continued during another year. Culicidae. There is a growing demand in Minnesota for infor- mation regarding the mosquitoes of the state, both because of their annoyance to man and as pests to our domestic animals. Two years ago mosquitoes were so numerous that they were quoted as the reason for increasing the price of milk. Extensive studies are under way to determine exactly what mosquitoes are present in every part of the state, their life history and habits and best methods of control. A report containing all the information that we have to date has been prepared for publication in the biennial report of the State Entomologist. Tabanidae. Horse flies are the most troublesome insect enemy of domestic animals in the northern half of Minnesota. They appear during the first half of the summer in enormous numbers and cause heavy losses to those attempting to conduct dairy farms in that part of the state, in some places holding back the development of the dairy industry almost completely. Mr. C. \W. Howard has gathered considerable information about these flies, mostly in the way of finding what species we have, what time of the summer they appear, and in what types of country they are usually found. We are ready to continue this work by studying their life history in detail; in this way seeking for some weak point at which they can be attacked. Also in searching for some material which can be applied to the skin of animals and will act as a repellant to keep the flies from biting them. Nothing has been found yet that has been suitable or cheap enough to be practical for the farmers to use. Chigger Mites. Detailed study has been given to two species of mites, which were thought to be possibly the adults of “chiggers.” Careful study has been given to these mites as pests of wild game birds. The work has progressed so far that it seems now that we will be able to complete it during the coming summer. As soon as the life history of the mite is completely worked out we will be in a position to recommend remediai measures. We have been slow in prosecuting the above subjects because of the small amounts 6 of money at our disposal and because of the increasing number of new problems brought to our attention each year, which require immediate investigation in order to give the needed assistance to the residents of the state. The control of the cabbage maggot by means of poisoned sprays has been accomplished, and extension letter issued on same. The fumigation of greenhouses with hydrocyanic acid gas and the factors which insure success have been experimented with by Mr. Moore. Much progress has been made in study of the factors causing injury to plants, but further work is needed during the next two years. See page 93. The study of various chemicals to determine their insecticidal value has already led te the discovery of various benzol derivatives which may be used to fumigate animals to de- stroy their external parasites without injury to the animal. PUBLICATIONS. 1915-16. The following circulars have been published by the State [n- tomologist’s Department in 1915-1916: Circular No. 34, Dec. 15, 1914, The Cucumber Beetle. C. A. Sell, pp. 6, illustrated. Circular No. 35, Jan. 15, 1915, Further Observations on Minnesota Birds; Their Economic Relations to the Agriculturist. F. L. Wash- burn, pp. 24, illustrated. Circular No. 36, Jan. 30, 1915, The Red Rose Beetle. S. Marco- vitch, pp. 6, illustrated. Circular No. 33, Sept.. 1, 19167 Control-of hes in) RuralDicmretes Revised Edition. C. W. Howard, pp. 14, illustrated. Circular No. 37, Feb. 1, 1916, Entomologist’s Report on Inspection of Minnesota Nurseries and Im- ported Nursery Stock for the year 1915. F. L: Washburn: pp. 20; lustrated. Circular No. 38, April 4, 1916, Index, Minnesota State Entomolo- gist’s Reports. O. J. Wenzel, pp. 40. Special Bulletin No. 8, July, 16 Some Insect Enemies of Corn. War- Agricultural Extension ren Williamson. pp. 13, illustrated. Bulletin State Entomologist’s Circu- lar No. 39. Circular No. 40, Nov. 15, 1916, Work on the White Pine Blister Rust in Minnesota, 1916. F. L. Washburn. pp. 19, 1 colored plate, illustrated. 7 MINNESOTA INSECT LIFE. ori Weis: Vole til Now 1 May leas. Vol: DELNo® 2: jane OS Vols Leno: 3: (alive he OS Nol ale Nos JA: Room ee Oliogns Vol Se sNOnmonanidsG: April 1, 1916, Vol. III, No. 6 (should be changed to 7). May 1, 1916, Vol. III, No. 7 (should be changed to 8). Mune lLOlG. Voli Nios 9! uly 6. Wolke bil SNe 10: noel 916. Volek Noa and sl2: ihese munibers of a insect Lite: contam articles on Orchard Insects and Spraying, Apple and Plum Insects, Truck Crop Insects, Warble Flies, Hessian Fly, House Fly, Rabbits, Gophers, Field Mice, Bridge Grafting, The English Sparrow Pest, Tree Tanglefoot, Moles, Woodchucks, Clothes Moth, Stalk Borer, Plant Lice, White Grubs, Currant Worms, Canker Worms, Buffalo Moth or Carpet Beetle, Chiggers, The Raspberry Fruit Worm, The Red Rose Beetle, 3irds, Potato Beetles, The Corn Root Louse, The Strawberry Weevil, Mosquitoes, Flies, Woodbine Caterpillar, White Pine Blister Rust, Paradichlorcbenzene, Stalk Borers, etc. Minnesota Nursery and Orchard Inspection News Letter. Wold NomiSept.. 1.5 1915: WoleNoeZ, Dec 76,1915: Mol Nors..xpril 20. 1916: Mola No: 45, May 29: 1916. Voll, Ne. Ss, june Is, 19lc: Mole leINo“onsept. 5. LoVe: The News Letter, issued at irregular intervals by the Entomolo- gist, purposes to convey to Minnesota Nurserymen news items con- cerning current work of inspection and interesting facts regarding nurseries, in so far as they relate to our work and are of value to nurserymen. LECTURES. The following lectures were given by the Entomologist during 1915- 1915. March—Minnesota Garden Flower Society, St. Paul: Birds. June—National Nurserymen’s Association, Detroit Mich.: Nursery In- spection Problems. August—Association of American Cemetery Superintendents, Minneapolis: Birds and Insects in Cemeteries. December—Minnesota Horticultural Society, Minneapolis: Nursery In- spection. 8 1916. January—Biake School, Minneapolis: Mimicry in Insects. March—Farmers’ Club, Excelsior: Nursery Inspection; Injurious Insects. March—Stillwater School, Stillwater: Birds. April—Fairbault Study Club, Faribault: Birds. June—National Nurseryman’s Association, Milwaukee, Wis.: White Pine Blister Rust. We wish to acknowledge your interest in the work and encour- agement, and to testify to our appreciation of your helpful co-operation and that of the State Treasurer and State Auditor in the campaign against the White Pine Blister Rust. We have also received much aid from the Attorney General's office. Respectfully, EF. Lk. 2AWASHBGRNG State Entomoiogist. FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR FISCAL YEARY AUGUSde Weesolee ROTO GiGi Sats esto: Garshhy ons bnaitidy sees cee ce ewes oe re em eee) ASP DLO Pila bl OM krone pss eas centers oae GIMo epaatie ers eee ot eee 6,300 SS OOS Biennial Report e).e soiree tot a eerie Maes ee eet ees $978.11 Clerkeandeaccounitantse ese oe eee a ei ea 825.00 xpress -ande iret elite ery. 25 eee en seein ene a ate eee 10.22 Field mice experiment............. etn eer ete» LUSH SNO) BNE WiOnke sees eho as so tore airen ase cee ea ee 6.80 [Balomeassistamts(, Gk@ar ome sunnier oes mene ieee 79.35 Miscellaneous (printing, books, periodicals, etc.)........ 450.99 RO Sta Sed A ent Sete er aaa ees be ee, ON ee eS 152.00 Salaries— Wail Ubitiney sl ioKore Ou en de wate asad 5 Me cao ae a coos $1,000.00 Or TaiwWienzeli Aath. Acs yee oa ee Re eee 164.66 Se Miancowitchiny.oec fc. ne aeons Seton ter. 735.00 1,899.66 Section budgets— Spraving and tree insects..... ieee 509290. Parasitic insects and tield crop pests. 136.00 Truck crop and greenhouse insects (includ- ing Seneral insectamy wirOnks)..>..as00 48° - 833.18 —_—— 1,325.08 Stationery, office and photographic supplies, etchings, etc. 204.97 ‘Kelephones and! “telegsramiSeeeirac site eter cecsier eae ae SoHl2 Caine) Ge Sorte me wars te ENC Get Pn Pia eh ttiniee wits Shes Tae a oh ob Ante i cee 108.61 -— — $6,258.21 | Bi) lh (al eR en PE ROR Ce re oie cee Goede att loos ors Sorcin ow oS-or0'0 c $120.28 7) PRN EANCIAE St AE MEN Te FOR SELSGAR YAR AUGUST “1 1915, LO NOG GUSiale ole: ANY OHO Y ONAN AKO Walle pelea Rey eM ie Se egestas RO ee aston a $6,300.00 BieleiMeS loons siopayekeel sora WOMENS) yoo ocko nooo ee 120.28 Expenses. /NGD DIG BUST eG a cape cane See nee aes ec BR en aE $331.26 Glog eaccounteandactenooraphete neem eeisse ee ee 975.03 Etchings, drawings, photographic supplies and color DAE ei CMhOlehe POL amar dco athe aes Meee Sasa 382.30 Boromoloctcalapenodicalls aindeliictpyen se sees ae aoe 32.03 BexpemiGesm olds si sbalntSmiceis jeunes cholo dmaieae acta eke cutest aie 295.17 EReUCHibealidmexpRESSe cwliene con antes tenes lea wu lsin ails aeons kine 15.86 lmsecterdespancdachemiCalismaweee se ee oy ee 185.43 Fab Orace tyeestlp pli@smes perce a. tes Gee clean SNe oF nay oe Ay Sy INT HTS CUMS Ko haar os, S-ncak Sei SPS PRAM Coast oneet nc RN lee En ear te 204.58 Ones stp polite Sima irre ee nthe ee Fone on ene ana 88.04 IP O)SINGAE® Sg. alistehlo tab Roane SSRI Sets eto ga Nee ry ena PP 183.00 rimibiMoma nCestatlOmlelnyermcmet sce aces crates Ghee ce eee: 512.59 Salaries of Assistant Entomologists and other assistants. 2,816.61 sielephonmes-) loneadistancevands teleenamss.... 2604556. 66.28 rave lincmexpensesnOhe sa mtomoOloocist. seme... ase one oe 95.22 Working expenses and miscellaneous supplies........... 181.36 3a VOUS, taceh cca Akh os SRO RIE ENE: Co ee ee ar Ren eae RP Pa Creditw)ulyekee lOlo wa Garcees removed se a4.) 2. os temeeoue nes 6,412.28 $38.00 WORK ON THE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST IN MINNESOTA, 1916. F, L. WASHBURN. (From Special Report and Circular 41.) Dear Sir: As you are aware the State of Minnesota is unexpect- edly threatened by a plant disease, which is a menace, not only to the white pine timber now standing, but also to the cause of reforestation, upon which we place so much dependence for our future welfare, as well as to all five leaf pines used for ornamental purposes in various parts of the state, particularly upon the estates in the neighborhood of our towns and cities. Another aspect in which we must view this unexpected infestation is that concerned with the nursery business and allied interests, since should this disease become widespread, a quaran- tine might be imposed upon all exports of certain shrubs and trees. The disease referred to is known as the White Pine Blister Rust (Cronartium ribicola Fischer or Peridernuum strobi Kleb.) This isa fungus parasite with two separate and distinct hosts, the white pine primarily and other five-leaf pines, limber pine (P. flevilis), stone pine (P. cembra), both found in varying abundance in Minnesota nurseries, and used thruout the state as ornamentals, as well as about seven other varieties occurring in various parts of America. The other host upon which it is found during the summer months is the genus Ribes, con- taining as now constituted, both currants and gooseberries, wild and cultivated. Details of this relationship in the life history of the fungus are given below. The disease is of European origin, and was imported into this country on pine seedlings as early as 1900 or earlier. In 1909 large numbers of these were brought to America. (U.S. Dept. of Agr. Farmers’ Bulletin 742, Spalding.) . The original home of this rust is said to be Eastern Asia or Serbia, spreading thence to England and northern and central Europe. The principal infestations in this coun- try evidently came from Germany. The foreign seedlings referred to above were widely distributed be- fore it was known that they were diseased; New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, as well as Ohio and Indiana received trees of this sort and in these states the rust EXPLANATION .OF PLATE I. A. Diseased white pine with blisters broken open, spreading the disease to any currants or gooseberries in the vicinity. B. Early summer stage on lower surface of currant leaves, repeating on currant leaves or gooseberry leaves during the rest of the season, and a new crop of spores appearing every two weeks. C. Early summer stage much magnified. D. Late summer and fall stage on lower surface of a currant spreading the disease back to neighboring pines. Courtesy of Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dep. of Agriculture. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Farmers’ Bulletin 742 PLATE |. A.foen& Co.beltimace THE WHITE-PINE BLISTER RuST. WORK ON THE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST IN MINNESOTA awl became established. It is now (October, 1916) reported as occurring in New Jersey also. To prevent further introduction of the disease into this country the Federal Horticultural Board has forbidden (May 21, 1913) the importation of all five-leaf pines. This quarantine super- seded that of September 16, 1912. It did not, however, quarantine any of the above infected states from which pines had been freely shipped, and currants and gooseberries are still allowed to enter the United States from Europe and other foreign countries. The entrance of these canes is doubtless permitted, because it has yet to be definitely estab- lished that the rust spores pass the winter upon them. LOCALITIES IN MINNESOTA WHERE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST IS KNOWN TO OCCUR. In May a professor in Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota, submitted to the Experimental Station, a portion of a diseased pine coming from his farm in Polk County, Wisconsin. This was at once determined by our Plant Pathologist to be White Pine Blister Rust. Incident to a visit in the latter part of May to St. Croix Falls, Wiscon- sin, upon the part of members of the Plant Pathology Division and a member of the Nursery Inspection force, the disease was also found in a Minnesota nursery (which, to avoid personal reference we will designate as ‘‘Nursery A’’), close to the St. Croix River, the proprietor of which had in the spring of 1915 obtained white pine trees at an old nursery in St. Croix Falls, Wis. This last named nursery had pur- chased these pines in one of two shipments, or 1n two shipments of trees from Germany, coming thru an Illinois firm in 1908-09. Later, July 14th, two experts employed by the State Entomologist scouting for the disease along the banks of the St. Croix discovered its presence upon Ribes in the timber at Dry Creek, about 61% miles above Taylors Falls, a mile or more from the St. Croix River, and approximately four miles from the above mentioned nursery designated as Nursery A. Previous to this finding it had been discovered (June 4th) by the Nursery Inspection force in a row of large pines about eighteen years old in a nursery forty miles or more south of the above infested locality. (This nursery may be designated as “Nursery B.”) It was found on currants (uredospore stage) growing 75 feet from these infected pine on June 20th. It is important to note at this point a fact which will be referred to later that, as a result of a most careful investigation by the inspection force upon pines in the early summer and later upon pines, currants and gooseberries no evidence of this disease has been found in other 12 WORK ON THE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST IN MINNESOTA nurseries, and all primary infestations so far discovered occur within two miles of our eastern boundary. This is important in considering the possible source of Minnesota's infestation. Up to date this disease has not been discovered in this state west of the Mississippi River, except on a few pines shipped from Nursery A and destroyed before blisters appeared. On September 25th, 1916, Mr. Coe, a field worker in connection with this disease, employed by the State Entomologist, and Mr. Salmon, working for the U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry, found in the course of a blister rust survey of the St. Croix reigon between Stillwater and Taylors Falls, a fourth “center” of infestation upon wild currants and gooseberries, close to the St. Croix at a point known as Pine Hollow Creek, three miles below Osceola on the Minnesota side. This discov- ery was made so late in the season that leaves were already falling and any attempt towards eradication would have been futile. Many of the pines at this point are undoubtedly now infested. This infestation appears most serious. It was first reported as covering an area of about thirty-five acres, but was later roughly estimated as covering fifty acres. Both here and at Dry Creek the deciduous growth is mingled with pines of various sizes. The latter place has a magnificent stand of large white pines, representing many thousand feet. In both localities pines, currants and gooseberries occur abundantly in ravines of varying width and length, and in these localities the disease was found most abun- dant. There appears to be a definite relationship between this abundance and the drawing of the wind up these miniature canyons. It is quite possible and even probable that further survey along the St. Croix will disclose the presence of the rust in other localities in that vicinity. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF MINNESOTA’S INFESTATION. While it is not possible at this date to state definitely the actual source or sources from which Minnesota obtained this disease, beyond, of course, the one introduction of diseased trees by Nursery A in the spring of 1915, certain facts point most strongly to the probability of its coming from Wisconsin. We know that diseased trees were brought to St. Croix Falls in 1908 or 1909, or in both years. It was a portion of these trees planted at Lake Waupagasset, Polk County, Wisconsin, which first called our attention to the presence of the rust so near our eastern border, and which this year (and previously ?) infested a large area in the neighborhood of the above mentioned lake near the St. B85 roy se WORK ON THE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST IN MINNESOTA nS) The owner of Nursery B below Stillwater, in which the disease has probably been present for more than one year, claims that he has bought only seed from European sources, and that his pines for the past ten years have been of his own raising. The row of eighteen-year- old trees, upon which the blister rust was first found in that locality, was planted there when the nursery was first established fourteen or sixteen years ago, and so far, those in a position to know where the trees came from have claimed inability to state the source. The owner of Nursery A at Taylors Falls, as has already been stated, unwittingly brought some diseased trees from Wisconsin to his nursery in the spring of 1915. So far inspections of all other nurseries in this state have failed to disclose the rust. These facts, and the further fact that we have only found the dis- ease centers thus far along the St. Croix, in no case hardly more than two miles from the river and for the most part close to the river, points strongly to its introduction into this state from Wisconsin, and mani- festly whatever we may do in Minnesota towards its eradication (and it is not assuming to state that all has been done that could be done this summer with the time and money at our disposal) will be futile, unless Wisconsin authorities feel the gravity of the situation and do their part in that state. Both infestations at Dry Creek and Pine Hollow Creek, as well as that at Nursery B, have been discovered by experts in the Nursery Inspection Force, employed by the State Entomologist to scout along the St. Croix, covering the Minnesota side from the upper dam about twelve miles above Taylors Falls to Stillwater and below. Wisconsin, to date, has made practically no similar survey of its side of the river, but has been content to give attention to eradication of pines, currants and gooseberries about Lake Waupagasset and to scouting in the region close to St. Croix Falls. On June 10th the Wisconsin Entomologist issued a quarantine notice, forbidding the entrance into that state of any five-leafed pine. LIFE HISTORY OF THE WHITE PiNE BLISTER RUST. As above intimated this parasitic disease cannot pass from pine to pine, but must go to currant or gooseberry and back to pine. It can, however, pass from currant to currant or currant to gooseberry, both species in the genus Ribes, or from gooseberry to gooseberry. It is transmitted from one host to another by means of tiny spores very much smaller than grains of pine pollen (a spore being hardly visible to the naked eye), which can be borne it 1s believed many miles by the wind. It occurs to us that other agencies which may aid in its Fig. 1. On left: Branch showing fruiting of current year, and evidences of previ- ous year’s fruiting. Note the white membrane (blister) pushing out through swelling in bark. Courtesy of R. G. Pierce, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dep. of Agr. On right: Specimen of lower branch of P. flexilis nine years old, three feet high. Has evidently fruited at least once in previous years. Nursery B, July 28, 1916. Original. WORK ON THE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST IN MINNESOTA IS dispersal are found in birds, various insects, cattle and other quadru- peds, as well as man himself. During May (perhaps also in April) June and early July in Min- nesota open and closed blisters may be seen on twigs or large branches or even on trunks of five-leaf pines. The presence of these blisters, white just before opening and about one- quarter inch across, and more or less elliptical in shape, 1s accompanied by a swollen, unnatural appearance of the bark of the tree on the affected por- tion. Blisters, which have opened, dis- close the yellowish or orange spores (peridermium spores) within. These after a few weeks are disseminated, those reaching the leaves of currants and gooseberries starting upon the un- der side of the leaves, if the weather is not too dry the second stage in the life history of the fungus, attacking the leaves by sending tiny root-like processes into the living tissue and later developing very small yellow masses of spores on the under side. These spores are called uredospores ; they are spread by the wind and prob- ably by some of the other agencies mentioned above, infesting other leaves upon the same bush or upon other bushes. This form of reproduc- tion continues during a large part of the summer, and in this way the dis- ease may spread long distances if cur- rn) To thi i owi : : : pee: a emine and eet cece rants or gooseberries, wild or culti- iquid caused by blis Sone ee bard cue yee i. vated, are abundant. Dunne june and dustry, U. S. Dep. of Agr. July one finds present uredospores. Late in July (July 22nd was our first date at Dry Creek) another stage is found upon the leaves of affected Ribes. The spores in this latter stage are present until Autumn, being known as “teliospores.’ These cannot reinfect currants pr gooseberries, but must go to the bark of pines in order to continue the life of the parasite. As before stated, the disease may remain dormant, or at least not visible on pine for from 16 WORK ON THE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST IN MINNESOTA two to six years, or possibly longer, hence, its occurrence in any state is no reflection upon the work of inspection officials or plant pathologists. The bodies producing teliospores looking like tiny threads less than one-quarter inch long, grow in clusters on the underside of the leaf and are easily visible with a lense. A tree attacked by these spores after a time exhibits a swelling of the bark at the diseased portion, generally losing its natural green color. Very early in the spring, and frequently at other seasons a clear liquid exudes in drops from this discolored bark. This liquid contains microscopic spores known as “‘pycnospores, ” the function of which is not readily understood. The appearance of these drops generally precede the appearance of the blisters. After the peridermium spores are discharged from the blisters on the pines, said blisters remain as open cavities and the bark in the vicin- ity dies, exhibiting later a cracked and discolored appearance and show- ing evidence of a cancerous growth. The region about the blister may in fact exhibit “canker” of some sort during the period of spore dis- charge or before. This was clearly evident in the case of our first find- ing in Nursery B. If the tree is not killed immediately by the attack, and a large tree may not be, it may give off spores every year there- after to infect currants and gooseberries in the vicinity. It is not known that spores live over winter on currant and gooseberry ; so far most of the evidence would indicate the contrary. It has been generally supposed that if all currants and gooseberries within a radius of 1,500 feet from an infested pine or pines were destroved, the danger of the infection spreading would be eliminated, but this year’s observations indicate that this is possibly an unsafe assertion. The life history of this parasitic fungus has been given very briefly, but we believe sufficient data have been presented to make it clear what a difficult problem is before us, 1f we wish to eradicate it in Minnesota, and how impossible the solution of this problem is unless neighboring states offer efficient co-operation for their own protection, as well as for the protection of this state. WORK DURING THE SUMMER AND AUTUMN OF 1916. Immediately upon the discovery of the rust in the two nurseries above referred to, the State Entomologist, by the authority invested in his office, imposed a quarantine forbidding the sale and shipment of any five-leaf pines, currants and gooseberries from either of the above nurseries until the rust had been eradicated therefrom. Acting upon the advice of the Division of Plant Pathology of the Experiment Sta- tion and the Entomologist, owners of these nurseries voluntarily de- stroyed all pines known by them or suspected by them to be infected, WORK ON THE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST IN MINNESOTA 17 and all currants and gooseberries upon the premises, whether infested or not, and whether occurring within the so-called 1,500-foot limit or outside of it. In Nursery B, where infested currants were found in addition to the affected pines originally discovered and 75 feet from the latter, the Entomologist’s deputy continued to find infested branches on young pines in different blocks, exhibiting fruiting areas of this or previous years. Since danger of infestation from these pines in the present season was over at the date of the discovery, the blocks of pines containing same were left for destruction later. The names and addresses of all consignees receiving pines for the past six years, with size and variety of pine, were secured from the proprietors of these nurseries. These were designated as “leads,” and most of them were followed either by the Entomologist himself or a deputy, or by employees of the Plant Pathology Division or of the Federal Bureau. The remainder will be handled next spring if any money ts available for this work. When one understands that some of these leads, con- taining many trees, might take one to a nursery, from which, in turn, many of the same trees had been again sold, requiring further search, it will be realized that the task is not a small one. Suspected trees found by following these leads were destroyed by the owners, or by deputies with the owner’s consent. Nurseries A and B were both plotted, and location and numbers of all five-leafed pines, gooseberries and currants were shown on maps. A systematic inspection of all nurseries carrying pine was started early in the season, attention also being given in June, July and later to currants and gooseberries, as well as pines. No evidence of White Pine Blister Rust was found in other than the two nurseries mentioned. This inspection was quite apart from the regular annual inspection, which latter, this year, has been somewhat delayed on account of this emergency work. On July 7th the quarantine was raised from Nursery A, it having been shown to our satisfaction that all evidences of the dis- ease, both on pines and Ribes had been eliminated from the nursery ; all pines, currants and gooseberries upon the place having been burned. The first conference upon the White Pine Blister Rust of Experi- ment Station authorities was held in Dean Woods’ office, March 2d. At this conference representatives of the Minnesota Forestry Board, the Minnesota Forest Service, the Division of Horticulture and of Plant Pathology, the College of Forestry, and the State Nursery and Orchard Inspection Service were present. It was then unanimously resolved to strongly urge the Federal Horticultural Board to place a quarantine on shipments of five-leaf pines and Ribes from those states, known to be infested with White Pine Blister Rust. The conference 18 WORK ON THE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST IN MINNESOTA further decided to send letters to all Minnesota representatives, as well as to the Secretary of Agriculture and the U. S. Forest Service, stating that we heartily approved the attempt of the Federal Horticultural Board to eradicate the White Pine Blister Rust, and urging the im- portance of passing H. R. No. 9802, if action had not already been taken. Similar conferences were held at intervals during the summer. On June 20th, realizing that we were confronted with an emergency that we could not meet with the funds normally at our disposal, a committee consisting of Dean Woods, Dr. Freeman, State Forester a | ' ’ y 2 we ap 8 eF Fig. 3. A portion of our white pine blister camp on the St. Croix. Pines are more numerous in the locality than the picture indicates. Bartelt photo. Cox, R. G. Pierce’ of the U.~S. Bureau of Plant. Industry, and tne State Entomologist, appeared before your Excellency, stating the existing conditions and asked for an emergency appropriation of $1,000.00 for the use of the Entomologist to enable us to carry on the work of survey and eradication. This request was granted by yourself and the other authorized officials. Your committee’s resolutions at the time contained an intimation that if necessary more funds would be made available. The resolutions, which are here given in full, con- tained also the opinion of the committee that owners of trees and shrubs (nursery owners particularly referred to) who lose same thru necessary destruction should be reimbursed upon the basis of a proper appraisement of their value by a committee appointed for the purpose. WORK ON THE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST IN MINNESOTA 19 This referred only to stock not known to be diseased. At a meeting of our leading nurserymen with station authorities and later by a resolu- tion of the Board of Directors of the State Horticultural Society, it was determined that such a committee should consist of a practical, conservative nurseryman, a representative of the Horticultural Divi- | sion of the State Experiment Station, and the nurserymen who suffered said losses. Mr. John F. Andrews of Faribault and Professor Leroy Cady were chosen to act with the third party as above indicated in each case. RESOLUTIONS PASSED IN GOVERNOR'S OFFICE, JUNE 20, 1916. Whereas, the State Inspector of Nurseries has found a most dangerous plant disease taking root in Minnesota and that it must be immediately eradicated, and has for the purpose of work tending to eradicate said dis- ease asked for the authority to incur not to exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000) expense prior to August 1, 1916; Now, therefore, be it resolved, that it is hereby declared that the situa- tion so reported by the State Inspector of Nurseries is a calamity, and we do hereby consent to the incurring of all necessary expenses by the said State Inspector of Nurseries in combatting and eradicating said disease, known as “white pine blister,” to an amount not to exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000). Resolved, further, that it is the sense of the undersigned officers of the State of Minnesota that, in harmony with an appraisement by a proper committee, the Legislature convening in the winter of 1916-17 be urged to properly compensate nurserymen and others who lose stock through its destruction for the purpose of stopping this calamity. June 20, 1916. (Signed) Je as Ae, IBIONRUN I QNUNTS ee Governor. Ii; Ao Os IZRUEUS,. Auditor. CGO OWING: Treasurer. The Entomologist was fortunate in securing in the early part of the season the services of two good workers, Dr. Reynolds, Plant Pathologist, assistant Professor of Botany of North Dakota Agricul- tural College, and Professor Jensen, formerly a student in our own University and later a graduate student of Cornell. The discovery of the infestation at Dry Creek has already been mentioned and eradica- tion work was instituted here with Mr. Rose and Mr. Badger having under them a force of laborers. These two men and laborers were part of the time on the payroll of the State Entomologist, and at other times on the federal payroll. Teliospores were found here for the first time on July 22d. While this eradication work was taking place at Dry Creek, a camp having been established there to facilitate the work, a survey of the river for twelve miles above Taylors Falls as far as the 20 WORK ON THE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST IN MINNESOTA Upper Dam was being conducted by Messrs. Reynolds and Jensen with- out discovering further infestation. This survey was conducted to and below Franconia. Later Mr. Harry Bartelt had charge of this camp, and did most effective work, outlining with accuracy, we believe, the boundaries of the infested area and supervising the eradication. Meanwhile, Mr. Maynard H. Coe, another employee of the State Ento- mologist having finished the work of supervising the destruction of stock and inspection of Nursery B, started a survey of the St. Croix below Stillwater as far up as Franconia. Thus, a complete survey of the Minnesota side was made from a point below Stillwater to Taylors Fig. 4. Work of eradication. The four men in the background are equidistant from each other, each man ranging slightly behind the man on his right, and the right hand man following the (blazed) line. The party in the rear is checking up the work. Bartelt photo. Falls, and twelve miles above. Mr. Coe was later joined by Mr. Salmon, a temporary assistant of the U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry, and these men on September 25th discovered quite a large infested area at Pine Hollow Creek (in region known as Cedar Point), three miles below Osceola. On September 5th your committee voted to allow the State Entomologist $300.00 additional upon his representation that further expense was necessary in order to eradicate all infested Ribes before frost. Had it not been for your cordial co-operation in this way, both on June 20th and September 5th, we would have been unable. for financial reasons to co-operate effectively in this survey and eradica- tion work. WORK ON THE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST IN MINNESOTA DI About October 5th all field work stopped, heavy frosts causing the leaves on currants and gooseberries to fall. Weekly reports have been filed in the Entomologist’s office by the field men and the writer or his deputy, or both, were frequently in the | | GFF bel “ > 0 > 2a us tems eo ws x =) Shae BOOS OF O Hon OU nH Se oe. .s oS he oj,“ Rais I ons Hag UV wo an ) a ra a o) Pt a | infection center west of the infected center LG ‘ angle bounded by heavy lines includes an side of the scouting activities. a point far eet on either > > ~. 5 ZZ - fe Si 300 ACRES ZY" The rect The side lines are about 1,500 f crosses on property boundary lines indicate extent of | § 4 9 ca S t ¥ Hi iN 1‘ " Ly iH ky ; & A O abundance at a, b, c, d, Creek region. were found in considerable 300 acres. Outline map of Dry 5 Tig. Bartelt. located. 22 WORK ON THE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST IN MINNESOTA field. In getting to Taylors Falls and camp and return, as well as to the infested area at Lakeland and Pine Hollow Creek, the use of an automobile was found most advantageous. It must not be concluded from the findings of the men this year that infestation does not exist in other localities on the St. Croix, for the hosts of currants and gooseberries along the river make it easily possible for infestation to be overlooked. Faithful survey work in this region for several years is necessary. In eradication work the plan which appeared to give the best results consisted in running parallel lines thru the infested area some feet apart, said lines indicated by blazes or other marks. In these narrow lanes workmen uprooted all Ribes, placing the plants in piles for burn- ing. Their work was closely followed by those in charge in an effort to see that no plant was overlooked. Ina survey also to determine boun- daries of an infested area the same general plans were followed, the lanes being wider. In this feature of the work the bushes were piaced in piles by the workmen and then carefully examined by experts in charge. The evident limits of an infested area being found (Dry Creek Camp referred to), a “quarantine” area was outlined, including the infected area and nearly or quite 1,500 feet beyond the limits of infestation as found. At Dry Creek this included over 300 acres and it was over this acreage that the men attempted most faithfully to exterminate Ribes. Later the disease in this locality was found far outside of the area referred to. SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK. 1. White Pine Blister Rust is present in Minnesota, and has been found near our eastern boundary on pine and species of the genus Ribes. There have been discovered four points of infestation along the St. Croix River. Possibly, and probably, another year’s survey will disclose other infested localities in the same region, i. e., along the river. One of the above “centers” is accounted for absolutely, dis- eased trees having been brought in from Wisconsin. With the excep- tion of one or two leads from Nursery A (trees destroyed before blis- ters appeared) this rust has not been found in this state west of the Mississippi River. A careful inspection this year failed to disclose it in any Minnesota nursery, excepting Nursery A, and Nursery B (see above). It is to be noted that since it may not appear on the surface of a pine for some years after infection, it may be present on trees introduced directly or indirectly from Europe, or from some infected nursery in the United States, and owners of said trees be unaware of its presence. oon, 2. From evidence at our command it A would appear that these infestations came from Wisconsin (in the case of \ Nursery A this is an established fact). 3. Our state forest service estimates that there is approximately twenty-five billion feet of merchantable white pine standing in Minnesota, worth about twenty-five millions of dollars. Thou- sands of young white pine trees are srcox annually planted in an effort to reforest an 2% TAYLORS+ FALLS, Q © Ke 4 : our denuded timber lands. Is Minnesota AS) . . . i willing to allow this menace to go un- = nchecked? FRANCONI 2 4. The tardy development of this 5 disease in pines makes the proposition i. KA of eradication a difficult one, calling for e Ya e survey and inspection year after year for eee a long period. Ga 5. As far as inspection and eradica- tion in Minnesota nurseries is concerned, the State Inspection Service can handle the work, provided enough funds are available, but more extensive po- lice power should be granted the State Entomolo- gist to cover this emergency. He should be em- powered to destroy all suspected trees and bushes ° wherever found whether the disease is apparent or not and to prohibit the entrance into Minnesota and transportation within this state of any of the five- leaf pines. This additional police power of State Inspectors is urged in a recent bulletin issued by the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 6. Nurserymen, Park Commissioners, and citi- zens generally should appreciate the seriousness of = the situation and should refrain from buying or planting white pine for a number of years. If any five-leaf pines on their premises appear to be dis- eased they should communicate at once with the Experiment Station. Currants and gooseberries are ieee best planted at a distance from five-leaf pines. STILL WATE! SOUTH STILLWATR wT Fig. 6. Sketch of St. Croix River from Afton to the upper dam, the area covered by our survey on Minnesota side. Crosses at Dry Creek, Taylors Falls, Pine Hollow Creek and Lake- land mark the four affected localities found this summer. 24 WORK ON THE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST IN MINNESOTA 7. In addition to nursery work, there should be a state wide sur- vey of Minnesota to learn whether this disease occurs in sections other than those examined this year. 8. Any work towards eradication in Minnesota is futile unless Wisconsin, in which state the disease is known to exist, co-operates by continuous and efficient efforts at eradication within her own boun- daries. This statement is also applicable to any other adjacent state in which the disease occurs. 9, Purchasers of stock from nurseries should realize that an Inspector’s certificate is not a guarantee that pines in that nursery are free from White Pine Blister Rust, since as previously explained the disease may be present in the tissues of trees and not be apparent upon the surface. 10. The relation of Nurserymen to the Federal Horticultural Board in connection with this disease. The Federal Horticultural Board in a commendable effort to save the five-leaf pines in the large area west of the Continental Divide have asked (not required, be it noted) nurserymen in Minnesota with those of many other states, not to ship pines, currants or gooseberries west of the Dakotas, and broadly speaking west of a line drawn south from those states. As State Inspector and collaborator with the l‘ed- eral Board, the writer urges nurserymen to heed the suggestion coming from Washington, but expresses the hope that this request on the part of the Board may be modified. While the Board has prevented the introduction of five-leaf pines from Europe, it has placed no quarantine upon pines being shipped from the five or more states in the east known to be infested. Further, there is no restriction at present upon the entrance of currants and gooseberries into the United States from Europe. This unrestricted entrance of currants and gooseberries is probably permitted because so far practically all of the evidence as to spores being carried over on dormant bushes is negative. Such being the case and with the above facts before us, it would appear that dor- mant currants and gooseberries might be shipped with safety into the states, or portions of states lving east of the Divide, Eastern Mon- tana, for example. Personally, we should like to see all foreign importations of nur- sery and ornamental stock into the United States prohibited for a num- ber of years. The White Pine Blister Rust was introduced and dis- tributed before our citizens were aware of its presence. Other diseases as bad or worse might be brought in at any time, to develop later and cause thousands of dollars worth of damage. In this connection we quote from a letter received from J. G. Sanders, formerly State WORK ON PHE WHITE PINE BLEISTER RUST IN MINNESOTA 25 Entomologist of Wisconsin, and now Economic Zoologist of Pennsyl- vania. The letter is dated October 23, 1916. “A short time ago I attended a gathering of State Inspectors of New England, New York and Pennsylvania ai Fall River, Mass., where I went into the feld and observed the work of the blister rust after about eight or nine years’ standing. The destructive possibilities of the blister rust are truiy amazing in these districts, where we found white pines five inches in diameter completely girdled, and branches up to twelve feet in length on old thirty- to forty-foot pines completely destroyed.” 11. A conference to consider the necessary measures for the sup- pression of the White Pine Blister Rust in Minnesota and Wisconsin was called in Dean Woods’ office October 28. There were present: Dr. Haven Metcalf, head of office of Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agricul- ture; Dr. E. D. Ball, of the Wisconsin Nursery Inspection Service ; Dean-ay |. Woods; Dr BE; M. Preeman:; Professor F. 1. Washbizrir: Mr. D. P. Tierney, of the Minnesota Forest Service, and Professor Be G. Cheyney. There were represented: The U. S. Department of Agriculture; the Nursery Inspection Service of Wisconsin; the University and Nurs- ery Inspection Service of Minnesota, the Minnesota State Forestry Service and the Forestry Association. After an exhaustive discus- sion of the subject, all those present subscribed to the following resolution : Whereas, the white pine blister rust is a menace to our native white pine; and, Whereas, the disease is knawn to be present in Minnesota and Wis- consin; and, Whereas, the spread of this disease means the destruction oi all future growth of white pine in these states; and, Whereas, the definite location of these infections is not known; there- fore, Be it resolved, that the legislatures of Wisconsin and Minnesota be requested to make an adequate appropriation each year of the coming biennium for the purpose of scouting out the infection with a view to working out the best remedial measures. For the next biennium, if the people of Minnesota desire the state to make an effort to eradicate this most destructive disease, men and money are necessary. The exact program and expense involved will have to be determined by a conference of officials and experts inter- ested. It is safe to assume that an efficient survey and campaign of eradication will call for the expenditure of a large sum of money. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. I take pleasure in expressing our appreciation of your co-operation, and at the same time that of the State Treasurer and State Auditor, which has enabled us to accomplish much more than would have been possible otherwise. We owe much to the co-operation of the U. S. 26 WORK ON THE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST IN MINNESOTA Department of Agriculture. The state is also indebted to Director A. I’. Woods of the Experiment Station, who has done all that he could to urge the work to a successful end. To Dr. Freeman’s council and advice as Plant Pathologist, we are also much indebted. A large part of the satisfaction felt at the end of the season has been due to the untiring efforts and interest shown on the part of George W. Peake, Deputy Nursery Inspector, who has not spared himself in directive work in the field. The specialists taking part in survey and eradica- tion work have been mentioned in other parts of this report. We are particularly indebted to the Appraisement Committee, Messrs. Cady and Andrews, whose task has not been an easy one. Mr. Grover Con- zet, formerly with the Minnesota Forest Service, has estimated for us the market value of the white pines at Dry Creek, and the Forest Ser- vice has borne a small share of the expense. The original drawing in this report was made by Miss Helen A. Sanborn. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. In addition to the two emergency appropriations of $1,000 and $300 respectively for the summer’s work, it has been necessary to use over $1,000 of the State Entomologist’s appropriation, which would normally go to regular inspection work; or to be exact, $1,026.72. In addition to this the Federal Government has co-operated thru the Bureau of Plant Industry to the extent of about $1,200.00. WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST EMERGENCY FUND EXPENDITURES. Himergency Appropriations, Ime Z0, 1OlO: - enters aes ccs tere $1,000.06 Emergency Appropriation, September 5, 1916.2. j25. 2.cc.6 se ee .. 300.00: $1,300.03 Telegrams (to Federal Horticultural Board), etc:)). 2.2... $9.29 Salaries: Experts and Laborers (Reynolds, Jensen, Rose, Badger, Coe, Ratter and Bootom) 4.5. 2.06 see eee! 681 O01 Circulars of Information and Colored Plates of White Pine Blister Rust tor distelbubtom sae asc-iceenies or & shee 125.20 Expense: White Pine Blister Camp, traveling and miscl. 45482 NETTIE: West ce ee Ale One se te a aN dit a i A See Ses eS 29.68 —— $1,300.00 In addition to the above: Money expended from State Entomologist’s Fund................ $1,026.72 Money expended by Bureau of Plant Industry, approximately..... 1,200.00 Small sums also from the Division of Plant Pathology of the State Experi- mental Station, and from the Minnesota Forest Service. Respectfully submitted, BF, L. WASHBURN, State Entomologist. a LG ) Tay VAT = wre as geal a7, Ahael Y Beh a as pea ttaateret ean (al Me LEE Oiled ey peut h eB THRE S FIG.7. MAP SHOWING INFESTATIONS OF WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST, AS FAR AS KNOWN IN 1916, IN THE UNITED STATES. LA 2 (Adapted from a New York State Circular) Expy. oF PLATE: Black triangles denote infestations of pines, circles those of currants or gooseberries. Shaded belt indicates limits of Eastern White Pine growth as far as included in mapped area. Black circles in darker shaded portions indicate areas of heavily infected currants and gooseberries. Dotted areas indicate centers of infection where principal efforts were made to eradicate diseased plants. REPORT ON NURSERY AND ORCHARD INSPECTION AND INSPECTION OF FOREIGN STOCK FOR THE YEARS 1915-1916 PL, WASHBURN QV ork of 1015: Cineular 67, bebe 1 1916.) The work of inspection has increased materially each year in 2 more and more dD Minnesota and the nursery business is becomin an important asset in this state. We can urge the citizens of Minnesota, in view of the splendid stock and large assortment of hardy fruit trees and shade trees carried by the nurserymen, to plant Minnesota-grown stock as far as possible. The nurserymen appear to appreciate the necessity of combating crown gall on raspberries, and, as a result of their efforts, we find crown gall on raspberries less abundant than in previous vears, though still an important enemy to raspberry growing. In traveling about the state last summer, the Entomologist was struck by the lack of orchards in the central part. There are hundreds of acres of land between Long Prairie and Wadena and north of Park Rapids containing but few fruit trees. In a hurried trip through this section, miles of what would seem to be desirable orchard land were passed between Brainerd, Little Falls, and St. Cloud, with not a fruit tree showing. The Swan River Valley also, where but few fruit trees were seen, should have its gentle slopes and hillsides dotted with orchards. The wet weather last spring and early summer caused a re- markable growth of weeds in nurseries, and the wet ground made it difficult to eradicate these, but nevertheless, the nurseries are in quite good condition throughout the state. The season was favor- able for extensive growth of all nursery stock. In order to permit private citizens to ship a few trees or shrub- bery or plants to friends, or perhaps from the country to their own places in the city, we have inauguated a system of permits, that the law may be complied with. It is only necessary for a citizen to send the name and address of both consignor and consignee, the number of packages and variety of stock each contains, and the probable date of shipment and we issue a permit which takes the place of the nurserymen’s shipping tag, and is accepted as such by the express or freight agent or postmaster. A record is kept of NURSERY INSPECTION 29 parties receiving permits and the numbers of same and if it is evi- dent, from the number of these records that a business of some mag- nitude is being transacted by any party, without proper inspection of stock, issuance of permits to that party ceases, with a suggestion that they conform to the law and obtain a regular certificate. In other words trade. , these permits are not intended for use in the nursery Christmas trees shipped into our cities from wooded sections are of course exempt from the rules of our inspection laws. De- prived of their roots, they could in no way be regarded as nursery stock nor would they in that condition come under the designation of forest trees—the latter being subject to the regulations of the Inspection Service. Express and freight agents should govern themselves accordingly. The presence of crown gall on raspberry or blackberry plants disqualifes a nurseryman from receiving a certificate until the affected block or blocks of plants are destroyed. The presence of the hairy root form of crown gall on apple would also disqualify if observed. The presence on apples of a large amount of crown gall in the “hard gall” form would, when found, call for a request from the inspector that the nurseryman eliminate such stock, for business interest if for no other reason. At the same time, while pointing out to nurserymen the infectious character of the disease, in view of the fact not only observed by the inspector but also claimed again and again by practical growers, that in Minnesota, trees. affected with the “hard gall” form of the disease, are not seriously impaired as to growth and bearing qualities, the Minne- sota inspector does not ‘disqualify a nurseryman if a moderate amount of this disease is found in the nursery. Nevertheless, the fact that these trees so affected are rejected by law in many states (and in fact this form of the disease may be destructive to trees in other latitudes and in other soils) is emphasized so strongly by the Minnesota inspection force that nurserymen need no further stimulus to eradicate it as far as possible when found. If our appropriation would permit, a winter inspection of apple and cane stock while in the cellar, would be helpful in this con- nection. We have inspected 120 nurseries this year, of which nurseries 115 have received certificates, the remaining four not having as yet paid the legal fee and therefore not having as yet been so favored; also dealers’ certificates have been granted to eight dealers. Col- lections have been made to the amount of $625, which has been turned in to the State Treasury and receipt received for same. eyOsaUuUTP UI SIIIISINN 19SAL] IY} JO BUO UT YAOM O} SulpAR}s suLaT, “Ry “BI SASNPUL ee AL SE He) EO se. eS eR ; roche ay fee? + ES, ae NURSERY INSPECTION 31 IMPORTED STOCK. In the matter of imported stock, it is surprising to note that in spite of the war, and all that it means to Belgium, the importations of azaleas this fall (1915) have been nearly as extensive as in years previous to 1914. The azaleas arriving from Belgium in large num- bers have reached Minnesota in excellent condition, showing every evidence of care in cultivation, digging, and packing. Cases of imported stock, including azaleas and ornamentals, to the number of 594 boxes, have been inspected to date, representing approxi- mately 518,330 plants. The allies have placed a very effectual stopper on importations from Germany, the Belgian and we believe also the Holland dealers having to make affidavit that the stock to be shipped via the English channel has been grown in one or the other of these two countries. Further, the amount in cash for which each azalea shipment is sold has to be deposited in an English bank to remain there until after the war. Quoting from a statement in “American Fruits,’ when this is done, a “permit may be issued allowing free passage for such shipment. According to a letter from a Dutch firm of growers, after this became known, the Belgian Exporters’ Association was notified by the German authorities, who have pos- session of that part of Belgium where these plants are grown, that in the circumstances export would not be allowed.” Yet, in spite of this prohibitive decree, Minnesota has been receiving large con- signments from Belgium as above noted. The 594 cases above mentioned came from the following countries: From Belgium, 218 cases; from Holland, 279; from France, 65; Japan, 22; Ger- many, 5; England, 5. We find that stock coming from Holland is, almost without exception, free from insect pests and beautifully packed. This is also true of azaleas shipped from Belgium. These latter plants reach us in such fine shape and so free from insect pests that we have adopted the plan of allowing the importer to unpack ship- ments, keeping them together, and preserving all tags, records, and numbers on boxes (burning packing), pending the arrival of the inspector. This saves us additional trips to a distant locality to examine small consignments arriving later than the main part of the shipment. 32 NURSERY INSPECTION Inspections of Imported Plants. Dec. 1, 1914, to Sept. 1, 1915. NEN aal Oss OVO SAN Oe Oy te Sr ee ie Pereee eS WR Memes oP SD St, _ Number of cases— Romie SLUM eee Cb nant. aes Aen mee ea Lee ee eS Homa ato laia dF nceie ite vt keeper oN Oe Can cnn ae 234 Boromitelinatn Ce Mare at fi eck eee toeet ite Whine ls eee eeeOD) Baad ga) ua Winey Soe or ae ere Se eee peng ak Soe ESecO ga Gr EAN ATV. Pea r3 Sek act ear aces «OS a te 5 Bi Onur eie land sere patos eye ene ER A oar eer ee 4 | | w oO ios) NMunaD er vot plants sas oF) Ge ck ook pak te es She eee ee Number-of cases— Ero ry se loduinmy, st eter eam as DURE ROP LOE Sone Ghee 181 BGO tie Ollaniciaiact eee ee es eens - pone ee ee is srommkinc laridieascetty paar te ae een a eee ee l a DE ‘Totalerniumbersorcasessacte aes ae ee 638 Total mimberdotpplants 2k ise ou osaSs ur eee Roe ae 530,000 Motalenumberopacases trom beleiim: cw. eee 234 Rotaleniumnberiohicasese irom: Ilollandescs. 05.0 See eee eee 307 Rotalenimilb entoricasesutnomnebmancenn ce a lsek 4-0 Siete oe eee ec 65 Rotalaumberotccasesuinorelapatt.-= ieee occ, eat 22, Rotal numberoticasestiromeGetmanys 152. -oscksie-ae ee ee eee 5 TotalentinbernoOficase sein ome lsc Cee ee wee ee ee 5 ‘Potalacases' hy args m.asarcetse tater eke aie a8 reat 3 AVS So AA A OR eee 638 The inspection service works in co-operation with the Federal Horticultural Board, receiving from Washington the notice of all shipments of nursery stock from abroad and being advised of all quarantine measures imposed by the Government. The White Pine Blister Rust. This disease, found on pines and, in one stage, on species of Ribes (currant and gooseberry), has become such a menace to our forest interests that not only has the Federal Horticultural Board forbidden the entry of all pines into this country from Europe, but is also considering a quarantine of areas in the United States already infested. This is a matter calling for the closest co-operation between the Plant Pathologists, the Forest Service, and the Nursery and Orchard Inspection Services in the various states, particularly in those states where lumber interests are represented. For four years we have been watching a planting of imported pines in a Minnesota nursery and, up to date, have not observed the appearance of this disease. Nevertheless, we plan for the com- ing season a careful survey of all nursery stands of species of pines The ae es Fig. 9. Part of a field of 500,000 2-year-old Apple Trees 34 NURSERY INSPECTION as well as those of currants and gooseberries, besides a checking up of all shipments of these forms into Minnesota, and far as pos- sible, their ultimate distribution therein. To do this properly, gen- erous co-operation upon the part of the Plant Pathology Division of the Experiment Station will be necessary. At a recent conference (March 2, while this report was with the printers) of representatives of the Minnesota Forestry Board, the Minnesota Forest Service, the College of Forestry, the Minne- sota State Forestry Association, the Horticultural and Plant Pa- thology Divisions of the Minnesota Experiment Station, and the Minnesota Nursery Inspector, a resolution was unanimously passed to the effect that we strongly urge the Federal Quarantine Board to quarantine those areas (as regards shipment of pines and Ribes) which are known to be infested with white pine blister rust, and the Secretary of the Conference was also instructed to write to the Minnesota senators and representatives, urging them to act favor- ably upon H. R. 9802, introduced by Mr. Wason. Since large consignments of pines, currants, and gooseberries have probably been received from infected areas, by large nurseries in the United States, nurserymen and other importers are urged to avoid placing orders for pines or currants or gooseberries at the present time with wholesale dealers. In this connection it may be stated that a quarantine is just about to be issued by the Federal Horticultural Board, preventing the importation of five-leafed pines, as well as all currants and gooseberries from Canada and New- foundland. This disease is very slow to appear on plantings of pine. Its first appearance dates possibly three years after the pines are set out, in this climate, although it might not appear until considerably later. It is recognized by yellow spots on the bark of the pine with irregular white edges, first appearing as irregular swellings or blisters, which swellings or blisters later break open. The yellow color is caused by the presence of the powdery-like, yellow spores. On currants and gooseberries, it is observed in the form of very small, yellowish powdery masses on the under side of the leaves about the size of the head of a pin. It must not be confounded with the other yellow spores seen commonly on our eooseberries, the patches of which are much larger. Any nurseryman, observing anything at all suspicious upon his pines, should at once report the fact to the Inspection Service. It would be well to advise this office of any plantings of European pines in one’s nursery occurring at any time within the past eight or ten years. ou NURSERY INSPECTION 3 The Entomologist publishes, at intervals during the year, a “News Letter,” mailing to all nurserymen, dealers, and florists on our lists. This publication contains items of common interest to nurserymen, florists, and the Nursery Inspection force. It is to be noted that the above statements regarding White Pine Blister Rust were printed Feb. 1, 1916. Since that date there have been important developments and much work accomplished in this connection. See page 10. The Minnesota Inspection Service feels hardly justified in taking a parental attitude toward our nurserymen similar to what is found to prevail occasionally in some states. In other words, the State Entomologist does not feel authorized either to criticize business methods on the part of his nurserymen constituents, or to pass upon business relations existing between nurserymen and their patrons. A most cordial and friendly feeling exists between the inspector and inspected in Minnesota, and in the light of this friendship, we may repeat to a nurseryman privately a criticism upon stock sold, made to us, if such action upon our part is likely to prevent a repetition which may injure the nurseryman himself. We have also, upon rare occasions, upheld patrons in their claim that satisfactory stock had not been furnished. On the other hand, we do not feel that it les within the power of the Entomologist to interfere with or restrain trade by commenting to any purchaser of nursery stock, upon prices paid or claims made as to value of stock furnished. \WWhatever personal views the inspector may have, he carefully refrains from voicing, believing that to be the most desirable and really the only position to take in his official capacity. A diseased or insect-infested tree or shrub furnished a patron would of course bring upon the nurseryman selling the same the private criticism of the inspector and an admonition. Nursery inspection in this state at present is in an educational stage. It serves as a check upon the introduction and spread of injurious insects and plant diseases, but it does more than that in that it compels attention to pests and diseases hitherto not under- stood or even noticed. Since it is educational and co-operative with University departments, it would seem unwise to separate it from the University at this time and place it under state control, apart from the University, unless a group of allied subjects sufficiently large to dignify it with the name of “Department of Agriculture” be organized for that purpose and precautions taken to guard the work against political interference. Nurserymen appear to be Suet GIN OLE Weg OIL BS inbageeeen aul NURSERY INSPECTION 37 universally in favor of the work being retained by the University. During the spring and summer of 1916, the Inspection Service, in addition to its regular inspection work, plans to begin a survey of orchards in each fruit-growing county in the state to determine whether seriously injurious insects are present, what species are represented, and how serious is the infection. In this connection, it might be mentioned that the English sparrow, when present in an infested locality, has been found to be an active worker in spreading the San Jose scale wherever this scale is abundant; and other birds nesting in the orchards may, in a lesser degree, because of their smaller number, be guilty of the same offense. Orchard- ists, therefore, desirous of ascertaining whether or not this scale is present, would do well to look in the neighborhood of old birds’ nests and in trees or shrubbery which offer favorite perching places for English sparrows., A neglected plum thicket may also harbor this scale. MINNESOTA INSPECTED NURSERIES. 1915. All certificates issued in 1915 expire November 1, 1916, thus covering both spring and fall shipments of 1916, and avoiding delays in securing new certificates. Certifi- Name of Nursery Town cate No. sinew Anemia eaeNanSenys aca ge saice sce sore sete Aiibertiléecan arsine ete 756 C. M. Peterson Mage Miimmmnesora, Stee IN Uinseinrs ose ss co ooo a co couaNlllvemeILiceh oy amo loin ds occ 158) 12), (C, IBalkeeir Mier Sonu aside UNinSehie vs. oeckt ararcc. >. ..nAlbert bea. 0... 6.20.00 799 Martin Fridholm Wane Weclae INGRSSAPo poosedo deepen ee oa choos! ANillneicie: IEC Giga donk oooges 754 Clarence and Robert Wedge Allessanngina Inrai: imal IRomility lee, 4 s555 55 os oN ealser Sogn oooca ene 804 W. H.. Horton Gollleseroelogestinyy so Sem anes leet inn od Airaouaicds Glocietnaer i: 810 AHRENS Oa NIUIGS Ctuysr cin cee ccc koe te ck eae eS ned NSO Wiloot esac eae 708 Ludvig Mosback JATSIS(ETiOD INI ODPSKSIC Pag eer eee GianClonaie Cc ee on Meee IED NGAUS IIMs Be Porat Aen oe oes 775 C. F. Woodle Wiasrile Cire INGE oy ag oom bins tio aloe ote! ARGDIGH GN) Gorey acts anaes sam peace 779 J. M. Lindsay Baten Balces Nuns enyiseuast in aaa lere ee one Battles Bakes emai ae 815 A. A, DeSmidt INigca Paik INGO INfelmSeiriyo5qcu00cnauocdce a6 SKS Pls. en meets oo aol 808 L. BP. Anderson pple avai OTN IGS tyes ucts siege eet ere eels are elo qe eveitose BYRON esate cede cuascro cmt 792 F. FE. Cutting @sltimcduswNiunseiy wate mele .s sean ee ose see Hae (CarminGlae go ooces odoesc 819 N. N. Oslund SiVetteser NIMS E Ivar ieetee mics a aces ek esas hie So Na Gani yeosrens ounce ee 741 Peter Sivert A field of Young Evergreens Biche innesota M The Nursery Industry in NURSERY INSPECTION Pullmoce County iNiuGsenys se -sas see Canton: —. G. F. Snyder Ine COlkenwo Iseiriny eitiam, 5 iG esine one eouueweu see Cokato .. IN, Ibe ancl 1S ILS ies NogcheStagekianmss eee ee. see eee eee Colxatoner J. W. Beckman dinemVeriohieCounty, Nursery.. «22. s..25) 4.05 Cokato .. John Eklof SER SChUSte tes NIMS mye. a ceccue sa tas As oe pees Crookston meee e. Edw. W. Schuster Miemelyent Nursemyan( Dealers)... 4.4555 ..5. Dawson . Henry Flyen Wine IDellehavey INR Oianes oe 6 aor es oe perme ees a ae Delano .. Chas. Sell MhemGreysolomeNursenyores. «.0s0s.555. 5000058 DD) athianthPeessp een each den. lara (Co 18, INOE Wing agile Ideingl INGESCINYs 4 c66ne0secpadoose ban RaclemBiend seam cme te We WS Welln ast Giraingl BOS INitinseinycoendeeaoosdecsou a: East. GrandeHorkses hans Oscar Wick sire raclcetiNtirSeryicanctss «ate « sseaieecn nese 6 Excelsior A. Brackett Ieli@inianGley leicht lstacied Ge a aaiec:e.ed cies a oceans Ex celsiOrvc eee coset CaSwalacksonmeandeGo: Minnetonka Old Fashioned Flower Garden. ..Ewxcelsior Mrs. N. S. Sawyer Wine vane I glke- INC e ed oon on es Ome a adees Fairmont P. C. Christensen The Commercial Nurseries of Fairmont GB ealenc) mee wrens wi ee oo wha uke Fairmont G. 1D. McKisson Wekaisson's Hainmont (Nursery. sis. 5 60s 2 ees ss JPehheimNOMMe Sas baucwomacec G. D. McKisson Mee MiGrewiSuNUnSeRyne. recur cece oe ee aribawlt=...sceeee: ea ceul”, John Andrews ‘Wie IBieainGh ANMeSeIA eae pi ctabe o cise Gin caine aie emeros Faribault Brand Nursery Co. The Farmers Seed and Nursery Co............Faribault Wim. Kueker Wing Whrilkyresetelinnier: INfibicseieyen opine an BH ee om oe Freeport A. J. Wilwerding dives NitnliggilalcemNiurSetysct. 04h. oc eo aes Garcon (Citi 5 nc donse ese IL. D. Mills pinezBalkcem WitewvaNidhSe tyra. « cesns seis octets Grayling Victor Carlson lnlibielnayrtis, Sosals; INES ios op odes oe aes omeeor lalemme@ll 5 Hughart’s Sons Howard Lake and Victor Nurseries........... Elowande lakes niece W.-H. Eddy The Thorp Northwestern Plum Nursery...... Hubert. : Freeman Thorp Nettenseilarral eStatiOness sits ee cn tee ae a Jeffers Dewain Cook INS IMIOMM, INBNTASKSICR Es incor eeere Rene NOIRE eo eRe oe a ear Kenyon . J. A. Mogren & Son Wine - Ogle (Girowe INiirs@inits as se ones oes ne See Kenyon . P. H. Volstad Wine Sowa Iemayorm INjwieseieys bes 5b ocoo00 Meo ae Kenyon . E. J. Hershaug Wine IKewmmelk INWiSOArs>5 ose secon anc oamaouoace nal N@mmlche = Mrs. Margaret Culle 40 NURSERY INSPECTION INVers ack Pan ea Nitrsenyico et sate ace peace Kern b enliya 2 eis sa ee 818 H. B. Ayers ‘Bhes Sunniyisid ete cities Panini shane fn ae oie aGrescentanee eee 788 Frank I. Harris Phemlewellaninseiy.ce..:0 von coee cer es ee akesGity, 4...0-t5cnbes eee FU Jewell Nursery Co. The Jobnson Nursery(Dealers). 43) 0. -s. lake Gityo.. ee P. G. Johnson Whe National MN arsenyviyk sass ee eee ee Jake |Gitys-. See eee J. F. Anderson TRheySugarsloat Valley- Nursery: ..0.).06 0 aoe Lakes Cityrsass eee 729 Moseman Bros. The Polléson Nursery 2). 92s passes aces tye ealce City eae ee 730 G. A. Tolleson Aine MaryreldseNiirse reset. -.e-0t-1ees oer Eakelancdit ces ese 767 eee Miciy: The Kenyon’s Riverside Nurseries............ amib ertoniaa.s eee J. M. Kenyon hesMiotter, Nitiser yes oat enn ae oe, ae Lamberton... ..3 ee 735 J. P. Motter ‘hte Benson Ning e ings tir o-0.c ee Ne Lindstrom): tae eee 785 J. M. Benson PhesEhisacosWakeaNursery caeers: see een eee Lindstrom 784 Ludwin Carlson sthiesiérenson Nursery e-.a0 e ee ee e itchheld. i. sae oe 737 C. W. Ferguson he Morrison County peNunsecya co ote Little: Falls: peer 801 Cornelius Kelly & Son The Daniels -Nurséery Soe. 2... 5s ee oe Ome Wale yy a een Frank Daniels hes Minnetonka, Niemsetyesce er eee one ee Long dlake 52 eee 713 Douglas Winter OBIE AR Ones INAGNANOT a OC oamaans bacon Ue aoos ub bobo. Long, Ibake'2G eee 712 George Tong Ghey Eonsdalen Nursery te ee ee Lonsdale . 757 John Vikla The, Luwerne Nursery: .oes fo Sen as da ee NU eEne 8 ane eee GE .Older The: Madison* Nurserys. 7 sence ee ee ae ae Madison: .35:1.5.., eee ee eee M. Soholt es Alan (1D call tg) eer st aie one oar ee Mankato <.) caeee eee 21 The Mankato, Nursény.cks 62 in.5.sn oy ene an katoe: ) ee 731 LZ. Smith MoM Sinottes: (Dealer) s,s 4a Mankato 24 the-Dodse, County Nursery, te ae Mantorvill eee 781 W. E. Fryer DhesOrton warks Nutsery.u..-e sc eee ee Marietta... eee 751 Ce. Orton Theikidder INupsenyes.oc sae et eee Marshall ..--...5@e0 R. F. Baker Phe Board‘of Park Commissioners... ....-..... Minneapolis. 9.) oes ae ee Theo. Wirth Dive. Parmer Nursery i iuceu.s cdots ~4 0. ene apolic. haa e. = eae 803 E. A. Farmer eyOSaUUIPY Ul Aaysnpuy Adasiny oy “SI SIA saaiy, ajddy AyzyeaM pjo-sead-¢ Jo play Vv 42 NURSERY The ieee INGLIS Ginyettras opener cole sin Screws cae (Ne Franklin Holtzermann s Chicago Store Co. ae Holtzermann The Re TmineapOlismNiUnSs einysi segs ose eer es A. Norlander Northrup, King & Co. John Hawkins The Ruedlinger Nursery C. N. Ruedlinger DhesVanes Grover Nits eicyers seit wo eine cere: A. M. Shepard Teigland’s Nursery J. L. Teigland The Variety Mickel Oleson The Combercroft Farm and Nurseries..... G. E. MacComber The Pioneer Nursery The Pioneer Nursery Co. The: Northfield Seed and Nursery Co....... J. M. Punderson The Dunsmore Nursery Henry Dunsmore ‘he tlinton” hallss Nurseryss.o. 2a eee T. E. Cashman The Mitchell Nursery D. M. Mitchell The Owatonna Nursery ade WWiesely, DRhe Elmwood Select] Nursery. --1s. = orc ces ot Frank Brown & Son hee Eee batwersNiins elas soi nee xe ae Jos. H. Bauer The Graham Nursery O. J. Graham ‘Ehes Diner kivieraNiUnseiny. COmaccms cero. coerce J. W. Witham The Plainview Nursery Rk. W. Chapman The Preston Nursery C. E. Snyder The Evergreen Lawn Fruit Farm.......... leks ME Harrison The pane Sarah -Specialitiye-Parimiecs ok he Gabriel The Vi inegar Wim. Sandrock The Sacred EfeantasNursenye-e hire ee J. T. Flagstad & Son The ae Cloud Nursery Co. H. Gamble, Sec’y The “St. James Nursery and Greenhouses. . John J. Hill ahie wee 3: Andersson The Batley Nursery J. VecBatley: The Hoyt Nursery Bee royt The Park Nurseries Holm & Olson (Dealers).. (IDEAS) ioe cof gies ae Mier Roses riallsNnirs enya; een oetoee ee Hin iitektarimdecr nese ces deca aie creeks Gill aNitins eiaymaneeieareeiet oe CDealers) pers e Andersson: Nursery........... INSPECTION _» Minneapolist< 5:4. cme Minneapolis: epe nee 22 Minneapolis ae seer 793 Minneapolis) 35 42a 27 Viinmeapolis” -s...eeee 718 Minneapoliss.. a... e eee O Minneapolis sear orer 719 Minneota’,.::: atone «Montevideo: aero user 746 7 Niemadiigien s=ss eee 716 News Uilmis 45-6 eee 733 Northield(ee eee 706 >. Olivia cacao ee Cee 752 Owatonna os. oe 760 Owatonna. 42.02... asco Owatonnay ease eee 762 Paynesvailles 244.0 eee .Perham 809 Panes Gityiz occ eee 816 PUKE IRGHVEE Gu cade eo Sco 704 a Pllaninivdewal ere seen eee 787 Preston 774 Rochester, =. Soaps0. onan Rocktord) 72s. see 814 RidShhtomdigs.] sees eee 789 SactredjHleartc 7 eee 745 ~ot. Cloudia ic... eee St: Jiawmess me eee 769 StstPaullye. cc cane OU StPaul eee ore 726 (ot: Paul...s.b2 aera ee St. Paulo. 5 see NURSERY INSPECTION 43 ites Nicollet cz -Sibley (County Nurseries ....St. (Peter... 202.0202. 45-736 C. Edwin Swenson pote a Neinincer se Nunsery. 4 sn noe keine cae: SINS UNM es oo Se So cee oo Il L. Meininger shine \ imme mackan Niuysety ors ..tatatene. oaks SOtamDUICk wl tics oh: ates ss 703 Paul P. Klevann Mn eROtranda Nir Seiya eed G08 o. SarSiocieeo's Peis oss Aavlors Malis... perches 108 G. W. Strand Miata nyse tenIN Wie SE tny ei te aon of hata t 2 agigtente coe. Sees ERY Teese Saleen neon eV, J. PB. Ericksen hes Maplehmnst NuUssetye oa cc cok ate eee se NViallitinanaie arse sacra cine cone 780 Grace E. Kimball ihe GabinwoodaNunsery ois <:ecinuo cs 64s Sees WG iNaeNel bce Gudea open SS) O. J. Wetherald itierD cephaveneaNimcseiy ain. jee ct one aaise oie AVA ViZatae 2) sueee Gel aane oe 715 A. O. Hawkins diireskienodowallle Nunsentesey.n-meaeuseesoe ae - WEIN ZBUlie I cian thee olin pare aie 798 FE, X. Ferodowill Athiemi awikans OnsINUESER ye, «.cec1 ou, eke see ete a 08 Wianzatdl atic menwns t 710 Chas. Hawkinson WY @Sie (C@mooied! INUMSGIN? sdonoscducsncaeescausas Wiest Commi coccasesonc 782 F. J. Cowles dishes Sen Dee Rachardson: NiaGSeGy .c, ...6s.\< eee 2 WAVSEOHVEDENEHO): Saasataocacooe Ths S. D. Richardson Wine: Wim peo) INSET 565o60s4e5e000en560r WA ISOMEIDENEO) Loo ddeoacaces 772 John Van Blair dbase either Nuns ery. aire aor on eee dae ee aes WSINGME) ces donscheoaccce UO Gy Ae Pietthe, a Son The University Fruit-Breeding Farm Nursery..Zumbra Heights........ 702 State of Minnesota NURSERIES IN MINNESOTA NOT HOLDING CERTIFICATE OF INSPECTION FOR 1916. suntewealcer Valews Nucseny: andek naitabtanrti 21.2.5. 2.4 ape ors faust Excelsior P.M. Perry aims Ome NiIRS eiay erate ieee tee Race Pease cac clesiee orn iohec au ett aon ess on Minneapolis F. H. Ellison Mom tiiML ei INIUMS ey ar acme tis suka trae tee recon ale steiner dcankcbtc eto Minneapolis (Cz (Cy leheraieese MICA ey Sew NIMS Chyenner ys Een Le faassen s ditein so sda ate Ao Onamnia Oliver Wyse We wish to acknowledge helpful assistance from the Plant Pathology Division of the Experiment Station during the year’s work. We have been fortunate in having the services, this year, of Mr. G. W. Peake as Deputy Inspector; we have also had occasion to employ extra help in order to inspect nursery or imported stock. \Ve append, herewith, his report of work for the year just ended: During the past year, there have been some changes in our methods of orchard and foreign inspection; that is, we are now trying to locate such pests as San Jose scale not only in our nurseries, but in our orchards. Our appropriation does not allow for very much of this work, but during the last season, some little work was accomplished along these lines and the coming season we are planning to extend this work so as to quite thor- oughly examine an area of several counties. This work will be reported daily to the office of the State Entomologist where all records will be kept on permanent file. In our foreign inspection, we have found the best of 44 NURSERY INSPECTION co-operation in regard to care taken by greenhouse and nursery men. We have asked always that all packing be carefully collected and burned and have met with no opposition to this important ruling. In many cases it is expensive and inconvenient to go to a town out of the Twin Cities for each box of foreign stock shipped in and we have allowed the shipment to be unpacked and packing burned to await the final shipment in that locality or until we had more time for work. So far, we feel this is satisfactory for greenhouses, but of course for nursery stock which comes in the spring, we would not care to try it. Stock from Holland and Belgium and France came in even greater abundance than it has in years past. The imported stock, as a rule, was in very good condition and but few pests—none of any great importance—were found. In several cases we found an abundance of aphids and of oyster shell scale; some few other minor pests which were destroyed by dipping the dormant stock in tobacco solution. The inspection of foreign stock in the spring of the year was accom- plished, for the most part, by the Deputy Inspector, but at certain times, when large shipments of stock arrived at several places at the same time, or an extremely heavy shipment at one place, help was secured from experts in the Divisions of Plant Pathology, Horticulture, and Entomology. Through the courtesy of these men, we were able to keep the inspection work up to date. During the early part of the summer, an extended trip was taken to trace some few shipments of mountain ash which originally came from Michigan and on which we had evidence of the possibility of San Jose scale being present. In no case was the scale found on these shipments, although many of the trees had died and been destroyed, so it was im- possible to determine if scale had been present. The summer inspection of nurseries was hampered to some extent by the weather conditions in the early part of the season, but although we had about forty more places to visit this year than last year, the sum- mer work was completed so that it did not interfere with the inspection of imported foreign stock which came in this fall. The amount of imported stock from Europe ts practically the same this year, but it is coming in very late—in many cases due to slow transportation after it reached the port of New York; that 1s, on our own railroads. The coming year, the imported nursery stock to be planted out, of course, will be inspected, as in the past, and the summer work, we hope, will be greatly helped by the fact that provision was made for more ex- tensive field records and collections and closer co-operation with the vari- ous sections of the Division of Entomology. During the past year, only one nursery was found with nursery stock infested with San Jose scale. This stock had been imported from New York State and lined out. This nursery now has a modern fumigation house and fumigates all stock leaving the premises, besides thoroughly spraying with concentrated lime sulfur all trees near those which were found to be infested. This was the second nursery in which San Jose scale has been found in the last two seasons and provisions have been made in both cases to see that the scale was destroyed and all stock fumigated before leaving the infested nursery. In both these cases, the stock came from another state and was lined out in the nursery where it was later found. We have been trying to gradually build up the inspection work, so as not only to eliminate the possibility of the spread of pests from nurseries, but also to make a survey from year to year of the various counties in which are found old orchards most likely to be affected with some pest. Because of the fact that Holland stock is so very free from pests and arrives in such first-class condition, and that other states are not inspecting this stock. I should recommend that we do not inspect Holland-grown and inspected stock for greenhouse purposes, but the consignee should be advised to take every precaution to help us keep out the various pests by carefully saving all packing and refuse and burning same; also the boxes if they are made of old lumber; and carefully examining each plant for the brown tail nest or the gypsy moth egg mass. As before stated, we should be advised of the arrival and receive the num- ber of cases and their identification number. The Nursery Industry in Minnesota Fig.13. Digging trees with a Power Digger 46 NURSERY INSPECTION During the past season, the usual insect pests were in evidence, although the poplar beetle (Melasoma scripta) did not do as much damage as in former years, partly due to the seasonal weather conditions and partly due to improved methods of control which some of our nurseries employed. A pest which has not been in evidence to any extent heretofore (found in nurseries in southern part of state previous to this F. L. W.), but which was very abundant this year, was the woolly aphis which was found on apple, mountain ash, hawthorn, and elm. The oyster shell scale is abun- dant in some localities, although it has apparently done no great amount of damage where found. It is easily controlled and should be exterminated. Plum and apple aphis were also abundant and the red-humped caterpillar on apple was found several times. The snowball and high bush cran- berry in most cases were affected to an extreme extent with green aphis. The raspberry Byturus was, as always, very much in evidence, as were mites and aphids on boxelder. One or two cases of saw fly on blue spruce, both Kosters and Colorado, were reported. The following list gives the record of the various pests and host plants which were found in nurseries during the last season: On Apple Grapes Aphis Phylloxera Buffalo tree hopper Lilac borer Oyster shell scale Plum Red-humped apple-tree cater- Aphis pillar Black aphis Round-headed apple borer Curculio Saddle-back caterpillar Red-humped apple-tree cater- San Jose scale pillar Trumpet leaf miner Scurfy scale Scurfy scale Poplar Woolly aphis Poplar beetle Ash (Green) Raspberry (Red) Aphis Byturus Ash (Mountain) Snowy tree cricket San Jose scale Snowball Woolly aphis Aphis Boxelder Spirea Mite work Ayyhis Aphis Strawberries Compass Cherries Leaf curler Red-humped apple-tree cater- Nematodes pillar White Pine Currant (Red) White Pine blight (Aphid) Aphis Willow Saw fly Aphis Elms Poplar beetle Cockscomb gall Aphis Scurfy scale Woolly aphis San Jose scale PLANT DISEASES Apple Plum Cedar rust 3rown rot (on twigs) Fire blight canker Mildew Heart rot Shot hole fungus Scab Raspberries (Black cap) Shot hole fungus Anthracnose Tipburn Crown gall Currant (Red) Raspberries (Red) Leaf rust Anthracnose NURSERY INSPECTION 47 Currant (Black) Cane blight Shot hole fungus Crown gall Grape Yellows (Bad) Powdery mildew Roses Moneysuckle (Lonicera) Mildew (Bad) Mildew Spirea Lilac Mildew Mildew Strawberries Maple Leaf Anthracnose Tar spot, Maple FINANCIAL STATEMENT Dec. 15 1914, to Dec: 1, 19115: Gacinmo rimsiierniclee atin See ee rene tin ae ee ee eee SIE OOO A\ppieopirieinom aor IONIC 5 oanosonoemsoob as clased oe nb on or 3,000.00 ——__ $4850.10 Demin Mins peCwors Sabine 4 soocacconcubewonemonecea dao $1,383.30 Clerk and Accountant ..... AE ee ares OO Expert Assistants, Trav eling is xpenses, Sete eee eee 338.05 Miscellaneous (Apparatus, Office Supplies, etc.)......... 91.81 Gina ew RA aN a ey eee ee, mee Rainn, 29.25 ele MliGiCM ty ee preemies ee Me Oe tent Ss Ah, mers 10.00 Traveling expenses ‘of IDEIDbNy NING DECHOR.6 sacoe. cob abc 1,187.15 SS Alt89556 TRIBUTE ree Ne BS yo Oe cau ie te Mate e nt RUNG sn RRO EPR ORR Re ctr Ten ee $1,660.54 COLLECTIONS—NURSERY FEES. (Caislar oan slezisaidle Dees pale We ke el gre er Bree ae) AR ren iA aCe ty Ree $10.00 & CSrinlineates NSswieG TO alenilers (IOUS) coscecceoascoctoacecsucaocds 40.00 LUE CeamiCaies teoheadl HO mbreseryamemn (ICIS) saedocacoccanccdsoubeos 575.00 $625.00 Oct. 6, 1915. Deposited as per State Treasurer’s receipt No. 2883.....$485.00 Dec. 2, 1915. Deposited as per State Treasurer’s receipt No. 3063..... 140.00 $625.00 NURSERY INSPECTION IN MINNESOTA. 1916. The season of 1916 was favorable for the development of dis- eases and insects in the nurseries, the usually common pests being much more abundant than in most years. The Tussock Moth was especially abundant, and did considerable damage in certain nur- series. One of the red spiders was so plentiful in some nurseries as to make entire blocks of stock look sick, with leaves wilted and brownish. (In some cases the drouth helped to make this condi- tion.) Leaf hoppers, fall web worm, aphids on apples, plums and currants, poplar beetle on poplars and willows, snowy tree cricket on raspberry, blight on poplar, anthracnose on gooseberries and cur- rants, leaf spot on currants, blight on apple, gray bark or spur blight, anthracnose and crowngall on cane fruits were some of the pests reported. 48 NURSERY INSPECTION No new infestation of San Jose scale was found this year, and those found the two years previous have been completely stamped out. The startling part of last season’s work was, of course, the find- ing of white pine blister rust in two of our nurseries. But by heroic methods on the part of the owners of these nurseries we feel justifed in saying it has been stamped out within the boundaries of both places. We propose to keep all files in the clerk’s room and under her direction. An assistant on full time should be secured for the clerk. All lists of equipment held by each individual man should be filed with the clerk, and each man should be responsible to the clerk for the proper return of same. The question of the use of an auto has come up often and in the spring of 1915 Mr. Peake purchased a car privately and charged mileage to pay the running expense. The last two seasons, 1915 and 1916, the inspection work has largely been carried on with the use of this auto in making our circuits and although the cost is somewhat more than railroad fare and auto livery (when only one inspector is concerned), yet the work is so greatly facilitated that it would be a step toward inefficiency to attempt to do the work without an auto. Further, when two or more inspectors are work- ing together it is a saving. It does not seem just, however, that the inspectors should have to invest their own capital in a car on the small salary paid, especially when it has been shown that the mileage does not quite pay current expenses on the car, to say nothing of depreciation in value, interest on the investment, fire and theft risk, tires, etc. That is the reason for asking for a small car, equipped to do the work, to be owned by the state. The car should be light and should be equipped with facilities to carry not only the personal luggage of the inspectors, but also equipment for a field laboratory, such as a dissecting binocular, two spencer hand lens, typewriter, stationery, killing bottles, two breeding cages, ete. If there are two regular inspectors on this car all of the time it probably can be run for about 7c a mile, which would be fully as cheap as railroad fare and livery hire for two men and from two to three times as efficient in the work of inspecting throughout the state. If this car is obtained we expect to co-operate with the county agents working with each for a day or two when in his territory and in this way being of educational value to the farmer who is growing fruit of any kind. NURSERY INSPECTION 49 The following circuits are the most economical as to time and money in the inspection of nurseries if a car is to be used. CIRCUIT A. Nurseries in and near Minneapolis and St. Paul, and the Lake Minne- tonka region, including the following: The Baker Nursery, the Board of Park Commissioners of Minneapolis, the Farmer Nursery, the Franklin Nursery, the Minneapolis Nursery, the Rose Hill Nursery, the Hunter Nursery, the Ellison Nursery, Ruedlinger Nursery, the Vine Grove Nursery, all of Minneapolis; Cabinwood Nursery, the Deephaven Nursery, the Ferodowill Nursery, the Hawkinson Nursery, the University Fruit Breeding Farm, the Lake View Nursery and Fruit Farm, the Brackett Nursery, Highlands Fruit Farm, Minnetonka Old Fash- ioned Flower Garden, the Daniels Nursery, the Minnetonka Nursery, around Lake Minnetonka; the Tong Nursery, Long Lake, Hughart’s Sons’ Nursery, Hamel, both also in the Lake Minnetonka district; the J. C. B. Anderson Nursery, the Hoyt Nursery, the Bailey Nursery, the Park Nurseries, St. Pawliveayk andiGemeteres, allvot St. Raul CIRCUIT B: St. Paul to Newport and St. Paul Park, Red Wing, Lake City, Plainview, La Crescent, Houston, Preston, Canton, Mabel, Spring Valley, Austin, Walt- ham, Albert Lea, Owatonna, Mantorville, Byron, Rochester, West Concord, Kenyon, Cannon Falls, return to St. Paul. CTRCUIL CE: St. Paul to Farmington, Northfield, Lonsdale, Faribault, Medford, Deer- field, Waterville, Mankato, St. Peter, Winthrop, New Ulm, Garden City, St. James, Sherburn, Fairmont, Winnebago, Adrian, Luverne, [ulda, Jeffers, Lamberton, Tracy, Tyler, Marshall, Cottonwood, Minneota, Canby, Marietta, Madison, Dawson, Watson, Montevideo, Granite Falls, Sacred Heart, Ren- ville, Olivia, Raymond, Willmar, Atwater, Litchfield, Dassel, Cokato, Howard Lake, Delano, Buffalo, Rockford, Hamel, St. Paul. CIRCULE D: St. Paul to Lakeland, Stillwater, Taylors Falls, Lindstrom, Cambridge, Pine City, Hinckley, Onamia, Askov, Kerrick, Nemadji, Cloquet, Duluth, Eveleth, Virginia, Hibbing, Grand Rapids, Grayling, Kimberly, Aitkin, Brainerd, Hubart, Pine River, Little Falls, St. Cloud, Monticello, St. Paul. CIRCUIT E. St. Paul to Paynesville, Starbuck, Alexandria, Elbow Lake, Fergus Falls, Battle Lake, Parkers Prairie, Perham, Crookston, East Grand Forks, War- ren, Mentor, Bagley, Bemidji, Black Duck, Cass Lake, Itasca Park, Nevis, Hubbard, Eagle Bend, Long Prairie, Grey Eagle, Freeport, Avon, College- ville, St. Paul. These routes include most of the towns where nurseries will be inspected. In carrying out the white pine blister rust survey the number of towns and plantings visited will total many times this list. 50 NURSERY INSPECTION SUMMARY OF FOREIGN NURSERY STOCK RECEIPTS. Dec. 1, 1915, to Dec. 1, 1916. No.of No. of Shipped from Cases. Planits: Va) Unita a eh oie, soe: Pa ee nL era ace eee A Be nh ee op. ee are ARE nee 372 128,758 Bel coatatraay ees pre derctas Rt oeoaeu seeeeEE O e nics nahi oe ee 104 3,831 FUT CC ee hey PR OC Cicer ae er te ISP ee Tae ee oe Ro 55 385,280 JED OR ee ET GL peepee ABs ENE OA gerne oe EE yan A aia, ei eee nt RE 6 15,154 i Bye tera b (a key pees ee RO WO aire gated i eae a MAIC tr enh ce ens 8 1 200 UIE M obo err it ae eis cite UP Rn Os an OD ean rt Dea TCR =e 28 1573 SCOtl amd’ tere ck. Pena neee Ne nets eee: seta anda eae Nae gems 3 16,000 EDO allen eey ie Sere ee ese na a oC tee SM ae ene Rae EO IO 550.796 This represents 108 shipments. All plants were inspected by us. While no stock Has been received from Germany during the year, it is surprising to note that in this, the third year of the war, there were 32,466 more plants imported than in the second year (1915). This importation of foreign stock is a menace to our domestic plants and trees, however, because of the diseases and insects, which may find their way into the country in spite of a thorough inspection of the stock, and we believe it would be highly advisable for the United States to discontinue all importations of foreign stock to this country with the exception of such stock as is brought in by the U. S. Dept. of Agr. for experimental purposes. When we look at the vast amount of damage done in the past, and the property loss at the present time caused by these imported pests, as in the case of the chestnut blight, the citrus canker, the brown tail moth, and the white pine blister rust, we feel that a quarantine against all European stock is advisable. MINNESOTA NURSERIES INSPECTED AND HOLDING CERTIFI- CATES GOOD UNTIL NOVEMBER, 1917. Certificate Name of Nursery Number Inspected by ithe -Albert sea; Nurseryn aes. colbert: ikea sar. cotrcteeeee 843 Aug. 24 FEF. L. Washburn O. M. Peterson Minnesota State Nursery (Dealer) aiearat cterineeroc eel Nibert\ueay saci ara deve caters 39 The=South Sides Nursenys....-. Albert Ikea oo .2eno cee 842. Aug. 24 F. L. Washburn Martin Fridholm Wiedge Nursery. in ee ce eon wed Nibert sWeatitencces see eek 884 Sept. 14 G. W. Peake Clarence Wedge Alexandria Fruit Farm and IN GPSOinyites coker rcke chia eee ores Nlexam diials was shasuerskercievorys 859 Sept. 14 W. D. Valleau W. H. Horton Petnndale:7)ie eis cie o/c ivi cetinecve tee NSE OW solueiiue dant ieee thers 888 Sept. 11 W. D. Valleau Ludvig Mosback Atwater: Bruit) Barm Dealer). Atwaters sel ote Gieiereteirac et. 38 The= Austin’ Nursermye. 2c aoa aed MTG EIT rerneele cS abhor aes 845 Aug. 24 F. L. Washburn C. F. Woodle The Turtle Creek Nursery.....: AUISEIMN east ota ee Beene 844 Aug. 24 F. L. Washburn J. M. Lindsay An Ne Kansman, ines CDealers) Austin: oes eens cre 32, septa ol The Battle: WakewNurserye..eanebattle sakes «sincere. 925 Sept. 13 W. D. Valleau A. A. DeSmidt The J. E. Swedberg Nursery GDeallers)) \sscee eee oe chee BartlesI-akek jth aseiencse: 27 April 6 Laudenback Nursery .......... Rae Mia ic cocweue sine tee ara eIane 863 Sept. 4 G. M. Corzet Tom Laudenback NURSERY INSPECTION iol pear Certificate Name of Nursery Number Inspected by Wah-wah-taysee Lodge ........ Battalo, stag atacenetecsersse 855 Sept. 13 EF. L. Washburn T. W. Ingersoll Mhem Byron NUaGSetyes se). cee ~ By mOmtens «cutee cuciersshate eeavare 928 Sept. 1 G. W. Peake F. E. Cutting O. J. Wenzel, (Ow kavrrobs Whkerstinys Go peed quod. Cambrid cena icc 909 Sept. 18 G. M. Conzet N. N. Oslund IREHETHESUVEEUS) certs seblersiecsta esta e=ets « Gamlbiy nuova etotaecers e ntsies da soss: 929 Sept. 29 Freeman Weiss Fillmore County Nursery...... (Canton cocina: weer 858 Sept. 13 Freeman Weiss Geo. F. Snyder INOrHA Sipe slitianty qomacoooe co06 Cokatorycencertniienn tetas 922 Sept. 20 F. L. Washburn Beckman Wright County INUESEFY.. a... Cokatonatecsiteis seen 915 Sept. 21 F. L. Washburn John Eklof SMES INGHESAZ GeaoooasecodG (CiRKO ia ~acoogebaadood 908 Sept. 19 G. M. Conzct Edward W. Schuster WelanoewNursenye eens aces oes Delian ORs tye calyctewcrenslons ook 856 Sept. 20 F. L. Washburn Chas. Sell ; Bee yeolee pareery Ce RNG oie raltatlay, seins cisteegs aye obatre eek 930 Sept. 12 W. D. Valleau E. avlomcmraclembendaiNurseny..s/aclersend te. age sie -1-ts i 898 Oct. 13 G. W. Peake T. W. Taylor East Grand Forks Nursery..... East Grand Forks........ 932 Sept. 19 G. M. Conzet Oscar Wick Brackett Nursery? s << o srei« si crs HxcelSione.enctcysrtecacis ete 834. Aug. 15 F. L. Washburn A. Brackett The jbeepbaven INUTSeRy= = aree B xc elSioi sey see Gereestse ere 849 Sept. 1 F. L.. Washburn . Hawkins The Seta. IDymebhs INekBIS Ga oe Wxcel Sion tie sntette cane cuscee 835 Aug. 15 F. L. Washburn C. P. Jackson Land Co. Chass wblawisinson Nitinsenyniei elke KCEISIOI! «ie oo -1en-)s een = 850 Sept. 1 F. L. Washburn Chas. Hawkinson Minnetonka Old Fashioned liGwerGar-deriger. scc)steiescice-c-0 EE Xcelsior sattoe noe ess Siaier 836 Aug. 15 F. L. Washburn Mrs. N. S. Sawyer chimes NUTSERY) seserec e/svelele oleic EXCElSIOT@. te, sca e eee 825 April 18 Geo. Nelson William Schmid ebb tiremmamnaSmNtInSeKyen COs er. re OXCEISION aici ly-ie ene lei S27 eee Mayme Gam \Vembiealce W. J. C. Thurmann Zumbra Heights Fruit and I2OwUiAy Teh egos poo oeCuG HxGelSion i acre noe eice ae 871 Sept. 25 F. L. Washburn August Sauter Amber Lake Nursery ‘Co...-... IPehheanorte Geach oouve web S72 Octo ln Gees eae P. C. Christensen Commercial Nurseries of Bainmont Dealers)! 2.0.0 eee PaWtinaOlNe 6 ponododoaceaoe 36s © cto Oh Ga Wr beake BPatmmont Niunseries) .....c.+.< IDEMLAMMOSE vaddogdedchee so Oa Oct 15 lua Gam Wine eake G. D. MclKisson ihesstesjoiny Nursery Cos... ain nt mrerenieeia teenie 823 Mar. 19) (G.) We Peake 13}, IDS Sits, [olara The Andrews Nursery......... Ranibartltmarcreyecces cece eee S8oen Novas oun GeeWe Peale John P. Andrews ibkeainiel INibemeny, KCobs saccnaceeuo IDeNoloebllines'S aaa coco oo 857. Aug. 19 Peake & Wenzel Barinerse SeeducceNUrserye CoO. . Maribault wpacceisee eee cles 883 Aug. 16 Peake & Wenzel Wm. Kueker Northern Nursery Co. Dealers) ye Ay oracicea crite: enacecs Ramaibatilitweariciekeeenteeccs 37 Evergreen (Nursery cscs. ssc. Hal stadicsecs he tice chte-sis: tacene 911 Sept. 21 G. M. Conzet O. A. Th. Solem Hughart’s Sons’ Nursery...... amelie skye. cucneaet eters 837 Aug. 18 F. L. Washburn Hughart’s Sons MhenGroveland Nursery.-.....- Hopkins, Ri I. Di. 2.2... 824 April 13 ew, Miller Vinegar Hill Nursery.......... NOUStOM Rapes trois ee eee 893 Sept. 12 Freeman Weiss Wm. Sandrock Howard Lake and Victor INMUIRSENLES) beveters cx ces ucyeune eerie Howard! Bakewna-te nl - 873 Sept. 20 F. L. Washburn W. H. Eddy Netiers; dinial® Stations. ..5...... Wi@IEOTSisteacyctncerticwa seatcaces ole 931 Sept. 30 Peake & Weiss Dewain Cook Phew Nenyon Nursery...+...-.- IMeny Ota cn: dene cision ee 926) Sept ls Gaawe Heake J. A. Mogren & Sons @OakzuGrovel Niirsetiy.. se .cer.cos JRGiah doyateree acl tacieucitoe clans OAR Ania a0 olen GomiV\ieueeake P. H. Volstad MherSouthekKenyon Nursery. NemyOnl 2 ccs. se4 ee aeee S74 a Sept. 9 lee |G: Weaeeeake E. J. Hershaug Kenrick Eaiit) sbanm.-)-re cot ae IKEre ote Sean Ree oa ee 916 Sept. 21 C. D. Valleau Margaret Culle Ayers Jack Pine Nursery...... iKaimlbenl eyaerrase ersierere ced eceroe Sor June 17° RoC. Rose 18f Ayers Cyr Lo NURSERY Certificate Name of Nursery Number PhemewelleNunserys Gros, spo nise Meake) |Cibyie er. ceratelen-ters Toren 829 The Johnson VNurSery ss 6 tic ci. lene BakewG@ity 225 bisce 2s ccae 882 P. G. Johnson . es Natronal: Nursery (Co-5.. 2... . MaketiCitys jackeciean voce 851 .. Anderson Sugar Moat Valley, Nursery Co... Lake: City, Sats. creckotsrsiens 862 Moseman Bros. : Polleson\ Nursery) (Coc). 2.2.03 Rake Gity: wa ancnkas creer 890 G. A. Tolleson The Mayfield Nurseries........ Walkcelartdl egos teavereeocegerths 900 ie es May; ers The Chisago Lake Nursery..... PenTadSte Omit sz, -.jeyeh weenie rover. 875 Ludwig Carlson The Ferguson Nursery - ea ire eaaocicinany sleltarcap tons Bitchifiel de toon stars srecsusetee 35 C. Ferguson The aae INAS CTY e chepestevereye. ole Wome. Walker rrerrjerrreetsiete 831 France P. Daniels The Minnetonka Nursery...... some leaker wcrc asain 861 Douglas Winter The Lonsdale Nursery......... onsdallew oerctcte se scicucerel 923 John P. Vikla The Madison Nursery.......... Mia disome cs exc cstascuho ene 876 M. Soholt Mankato» Nursery oo ccc 8. Miamkatol =. ieee sn ote 899 ZAG tShaabh ial MoSMs sinotte, CDealier)iae se) ankato seyret orice de eueene 31 Dodge County Nursery........Mantorville ............ 887 Fryer Orton Park Nurserys. to. sacs Miariettars asc crs arkstsiefaren: 918 C) Jj. Orton Minnesota State Nursery Co....Marshall......<2.3..-:.% 886 He Cz Baker ithe Weenkielde Nursery, Cossee Medtords aa. wvs aie ete 933 J. F. Brady. The Medford Nursery......... Medford) str at Nereus oir 840 Grace Patton Eaton Go Rainsaasceee pie acto aons Wal dire diiiaye cow etenesMtaneieaayere 889 Harry Hranklin® Baker. .osn10 ss Maniieapolis.. scr. sctherre 904 1 4629 Harriet Blvd. W. H. Boefferding Co. Withee yolhicey Bitpmocemte voc 30 @Dealers) wie es Sor keer 1221 Washington N. @edar Hill Nursery. ss. se ace Minneapolis, aiscecie seit mtsn> 905 C. N. Ruedlinger 2929 Colfax S. Dhe, Farmer Nursery: acsarcer « Mimmeapolis’ (.ishe.c) <= 40 hers 919 E. A. Farmer Linden Hills Sta. The Minneapolis Park Board...Minneapolis ............ 892 Theo. Wirth 327 City Hall Northrup, King & Co. Miurinieapolis sc). sc scene 33 (Dealers) sevice nok cnenso ete 26 Hennepin Ave. Rose. EulliNursenysssacece cones IN GiovaVert Yolliine BS Be eoe ous 920 John Hawkins Eustis & Como S. E. MeiglanidisaNunsery 2 cess ace Minneota tac.ccis..sd resi 877 J. L. Teigland Commbere soit Barm (Si Nursery:. a Wemadin vo.0%sces oe aes 924 G. E. MacComber Nevis aoe iteohiayen Seine pING KAS: go oawooao hedcS.co UG 910 Jas. Arrowood EF. Iie Epp ees ets ee eee Lkaks New Brighton, Box 72... 848 [SK EB ail ese ay h stereo e INewpontiticiercricinisislcsete: 921 Pioneer INursery, (Cov. 5. 8k ws New (Wilmore sceaeeees 860 Wim. Pfaender Northfield Seed &) Nursery Co... Northfield |..:...2.0.--- 839 Jas. M. Punderson North St. Paul Horticultural INARI octaencla ta eet cee North Stee pauline rene 826 J. K. Dixon & B. Ballard Dunsmore Nursery ........... Oliviansy cscs etar cere 869 Henry Dunsmore Clinton Falls Nursery Co...... @\vatoOnnacr prayer reer 852 Thos. E. Cashman Mitchell” Nursery ©o:). 2.2.52.) Owatontiale-e see see 867 D. M. Mitchell The sOmatonns Nursery....2.0..{ @watonman sae seeks nent stese 841 J. Wesley The Tieweed Select Nursery... Paynesville ...........-. 907 Frank Brown & Son INSPECTION Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Sept. June Inspected by G. W. Peake, G. M. Conzet, Of. Wauzels Geo. Nelson, Freeman Weiss Conzet & Peake G. W. Peake G. M. Conzet Weiss & Peake Conzet, Peake & Nelson G. W. Peake me *, L. Washburn Peake Peake Peake Peake GoW G. W. Ge We GWE & Wenzel Peake & Weiss Peake G: W. Peake G. W. F. L. Washburn G. M. Conzet G. W. Peake Peake F. L. Washburn G. W. Peake F. L. Washburn G. W. Peake Geo. Nelson G. W. Peake C. D. Valleau G. M. Conzet G. W. Peake TF. Weiss Peake & Weiss F. L. Washburn M. Dorsey Peake & Weiss O. J. Wenzel Wenzel & Weiss F. L. Washburn C. D. Valleau (Shi ISS) NURSERY INSPECTION Certificate Name of Nursery Number Inspected by pees Baers Ntirse hy mana. Rernhamine coats coer 894 Sept. 13 CU. D. Valleau Miannmesota NorthernuiNursenes:.bine City ~cyec ene 854 Sept. 11 C. D. Valleau R. E. Killmer & O. J. Gra- ham. The Preston Nursery.........- PreStOmly cqetaictererscterteyeitas 895 Sept. 14 F. Weiss c Snyder llc Oe RGM, cb oo cob tesmod rin COvOM era teeter 901 Sept. 17 S. Marcovitch Silver lake Plant) Farm... - .- Princeton, R. F. D. 2.... 906° Sept. 17 S. Marcovitch Herman J. Lowell Glendale Hruite armen. «ce Remvalll Guyane cenieches ee 878 Sept. 26 Peake & Weiss G. A. Anderson paee corel peceialty IDSA, SOS INOCWOMON Gogaaabdcadasor 838 Aug. 18 F. L. Washburn : rke Sacred Eleart INursenya.. ti = SacredmHieant=asrimas ete 868 Sept. 27 Peake & Weiss J. Flagstad & Sons The St. Cloud Nursery Co. (eallers) rece icccsicteke custo rene ote Ste (Clouds nak een vanes 29 May 19 The St. James Nursery & Greenhouses. cyte ees oie Steiames)escaccse tthe Geeatede CO3emOctm2/ Ge eWeerbeake Ve Yo. Lets The J. C. B. Andersson Nurs- CIE {hs an parce e Oe Sis. Wet Sy eue docbmeacen 853 May 20 G. W. Peake J. C. B. Andersson Emporium Mercantile Co. (Dealers) Mapereriact verter Spall: eect citer tare see 28) eNprilaZOP a Hoyt Nursery Company........ S Pearle ae eeees 917 Aug. 25 Geo. Nelson C. B. Hoyt Hoyt & Hamline Ave. NeinversaeNorthenns INurSeniesms St. eeattlien scm alee seco. SO Se iavae2 Sie Col \ineelzedice E. C. Killmer 1511 Raymond Ave. J The Park Nurseries........... Steal tas aeeeee tee S79 Age 12 Os} ae WVienzel Holm & Olson, Inc. 20 W. 5th St. Nicollet & Sibley County WNicieS CIES eeeetv cr claw Sic aieesrene StauBeter: ceccccuaneruiteccc ROT Orin, AS (Geen, Ietealke C. Edwin Swenson i The Meininger Nursery........ Sherbrurncaseemnr eee Gis O cts lee GemVWeeebedlkce L. Meininger Minnewaska Nursery .......... Starbucks gacecssence nt cans 870 Sept. 14 C. D. Valleau Paul P. Klevann StaemaclS INS? coocsgckskeor MayJorsekallsa eee 866 Oct. 29 F. L. Washburn Geo. W. Strand ites Whyville wNiunsenyens occ eile oe Asvile tarcHys aoe ae eae ete SOS Sep ta 29m Game bealce J. P: Erickson Baleromasice Sone (Dealers) j-sViergaso as cies ccs sci 34 Maplehursty Nursery, «i.e ie \Wialthamiy.cs-soeeeaomne 864 Sept. 25 Geo. Nelson Grace E. Kimball Cabinwood Nursery ........... Wray zatas. ies es yD) eter 832 Aug. 9 F. L. Washburn S. J. Wetherall Ferodowill Nurseries ......... Wena, IS 185 IDS iS 6 o5 6 833 Aug. 8 F. L. Washburn Frank X. Ferodowill West Concord Nursery........ West Concord .........- 881 Sept. 2 Peake & Wenzel Fred Cowles The S. D. Richardson Nursery.. Winnebago ............. sso Nov. 1 G. W. Peake _ S. D. Richardson Winnebago Nursery ........... WiVAtaM@ DENY 5 Goon oo coda oc 912 Nov. 1 G. W. Peake - Guyver puzee he Pfeiffer Nursery.......... WAIN Talay Aer he cee Sette 847 Aug. 26 F. L. Washburr C. A. Pfeiffer & Son : cae te The University Fruit-Breed- imps Harm: Nursery <.-66-.- + Zumbray Heights. ee 896 Sept. 25 F. L. Washburn State of Minnesota Bul NURSERY INSPECTION FINANCIAL STATEMENT. Dec. 1, 1915, to: Dec.4, 1916: Balance gece ie Ol Sas taer erent Ric eerie LEE ci pl OO Ula ND DLO PislattOnm ell On Roeser apni cere: puso ly by oe Seek eet enee carte 3,000.00 DeputyeelanspectonS: Salatyeoreiatep wears a ee eee Lane $1,552.50 Clerical Service .... a ereis Ce ee oe al OASIS Expert Assistants, Trav eling ‘Expenses, Sten tant chs ie: 778.63 Miscellaneous (Apparatus, Office Supplies, etc.)...... ate 65.15 Erin GU Ome eterno os oe Ne TR os OS eae 61.60 Telephone ...... et entics PE Ric 5255 Traveling Expenses of “Deputy Inspector... ee Pad es ee ROO EOS Wntused! Balance 24 stir Anion owe tore ee eee 2.41 Balance iD ecrs Pael OM Ore ae, escheat ee eee a ec Ee COLLECTIONS—NURSERY FEES. Cash on hand, December, 1915 (two fees). aie wrth ene ae ce ee 108 Certificates issued to Nurserymen (1916). PAS Paria Rad ate ae a 13 Certificates issued to Dealers (1916)...........c.00ceeceenee Dec. 6, 1916. Deposited as per State Treasurer’s receipt No. 4652.. Hennepin County Bank exchange charges.. Dec. 19, 1916. Deposited as per State Treasurer’s s receipt No: 471154 Feb. 7, 1916. Deposited as per State Treasurer’s receipt No. 4934.... $4,660.54 $3,431.00 $1,229.54 $615.00 $382.34 $615.00 INSPECTIONS FOR WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST, SEASON OF 1916, WITH NAMES OF INSPECTORS. Date Number of Owner Town 1916 Inspector Ribes Pines OSM Peterson ns Albert Veas:.. june 3..Conzet. Beaker: saae se 100 ©. M. Peterson®....Albert Lea. « Aug. 24. Washburn, Peake “742. 100 Martin Fridholm = Albert dcea.... June: 2 Reake. Conzet = ..55 0 alee Martin Fridholm ...Albert Lea.... Aug. 24.Washburn, Peake ..... rc Clarence Wedge ...Albert Lea.... June 3.Conzet, Peake... 10,000 Clarence Wedse = Albenrte Wea. a Septal 42 Reakee nee imine 11,000 Ron. Bakers ec te Abert Weats... jane. 2. beake sGonzet)..) 240s ae We El Srlortont .. oa lexandniaess Sep tml4encallleanins vata citer Peweite eae State of Minnesota.. ae a caatteersi Septi2onGonzet wit eee 405,000 Eudvis Miosbaeks on 7ASkov. = 49s Sept lle Wy alleaions seen OKO cis oo c Gai Wioodlersr 2 NLIG UDO wa ceaney. Aug. 24.Washburn, Weiss ..... Je SMe eanidisatys ss. ctu Austin’ .....2. Aue. 24. Washburn Wieiss: 2.) -02 eee \WWeealclers ID aiyees: Bald agle. May 30 ;Conzet a!) Ginvec d Uneaten Tom Laudenback . jBagley.- se. Seppe 45 COnzetec meee ae INN DS SyaiGlite de ook Battle Lake . Sept 3. Valleauzs ae. sate Sk eee iP. Anderson)... Bemidji ai. 2. Septx24.Conzet wos Cee fh AWe Ingersollh “sa buttalom aa sae Sept SeVVaShibiicineeaesn) ann ee Been Gui bit ous eee BATON ns Beaton I Dols IEMKO Seb ac case Sodce 9,016 Rigel aa (Gxblibaler, 5 aaa ByGOni nha Oe Diiele ealcese Vien el manana 9,000 NGAN EO GIIGES se Bac Cambridge 72. SeptalS.Marcovitchae4] eee PetenaSivents: o suss: Ganbyseoe aoe Sep tac om Weiss sel ealkces 5 sameness NURSERY INSPECTION Date Owner Town 1916 Inspector Georaesee Snyder. Cantona. .cio. Seis USS WWiGiss = coe sno oc J--W Beckman: -+- COMAUO so 5b coo Seo AU Wasi Monerrin Go5 sec Jolom JEISNOi 550 65 sol COUGRIO 655 seco SSDlts Alls NWVEISI Mp BIR 6 5 bi ae Neu earan dene leeenaan COkatOmna aie Sei le Wialsinlpiicm me ener Edw. W. Schuster..Crookston » Seine IS COMZer sosessaoc Clagimnles Sell s6 does ID@IEAG so 500 Doe SEIS AUS WEIS MINCE. Cero (Cs JES IR@Ge4 oa be coo DUIlitt Gl Salco oc Seo Ws Wailcantt noo co cove TT, WY 5 Wawnl@iPs eco ood PaclemBendinn © chain beaker eans as anee OscaneVicks 7a. 5neq ast Grand HOnks =e Sepil9Conzety: .i420.: ING IBYFELCUEKCUE S15 a9 0 66 Pxcelsiore-. 4. ue 15. \Washbunml me. 2- IN; (QO, Jolene A005 5 aoc Excelsionue.: ehy Sil. Coven, JPeAkKess Os EbawikinSts. ara Excelsior... sept le Washburn t.-4..- Pee MRMRerivyics cine Excelsior .Oct. 7.Washburn, Peake C. P. Jackson Land CORE hose Excelsior oo AN 5) WEisInlpibirinn se 5 soc Charles Hawkinson. Excelsior 6 Wig Sil Come, Ieee esn Charles Hawkinson. Excelsior so SEDs I Weslo gsc 6/6 Mrs. N. S. Snyder... Excelsior a Aries WE Welsinbyohea Goo u os Walliam: Schimidimr 62 xcelsior 7 Apr. 182Nelson? 2.3.3 0.4 NWSE See goooollaeeelsioie 54 54 Seas ANNES Mlonbioat foes oc IP, C,, Charisiemeem.. 5 Rehirmiemer 5545, OCH GILIPCAINE by a6 coe old - CoD se VMiCkGissonee a Haigmonitten Oct ol iecake se. nee e Bo IB. Sits JOM coo oe DENA ME a5 5 Whee WO RENE no co bu coor John Andrews... Hanbault 4. = June: 8.Conzet, Peake. Jolim 12. Amici. olavclloeulle 65565 Nowe SIRE Sobeucco de Brand Nursery Co..Faribault ..... June 7.Peake Brand Nursery Co..Faribault ..... Aug. 19. Peake Walliamukereker. «9. HManibault s. 4... june Peake 2s25 ase. - William Kueker....Faribault ..... Aug. 16.Peake, Wenzel.. Je At Bovey. sllereGMl® 54 oe Jialye: LOs Nishi turns = @. A. Th Solem,....Halstad <..-.. Septa2lsGonzet cnt oe Hughart’s Sons ... iblattiel es 9 Aug. 18.Washburn ...... William Sandrock..Houston ..... Seip IZ WEIS bos. goa oc Wo IRL Sale byog encores Howard Lake. Sept.20.Washburn ...... Dewatne Cook seer. (ethers ace Sept. 30.Peake, Weiss ... J; A. Mogren & SOmMS so6c Soa co INCOM ghisse- June 9.Peake UieANs Mogren & SOM sos PR CUMONEE a er Se pin ol ReAKe! cay) staat. IP. lal Volstad. bas Tacs INGmBVOiN 56 Jo 56 ANGIE, Sl IPERS ea aellerschianeceeeers IN@MEYOM. “Gobo og S@O IU GIRGARE Gooodoodoe Jewell Nursery .... Lake City..... May 26.Washburn, Peake Newielle Niunseryaere bake Citys. -eAtiow22 eeakemn.. a: scr Amie 23" Conzer eater Aug. 24.Nelson, Weiss, Wenz ellis aera: IP, (G5 JOMMACHs ooo 5c Wakes City... Auge 22. Conzet, Peakes.- pelea ridensonm ae Lake City..... Aus. 22.Conzet, Peake... Moseman Bros. ....Lake City..... Aug. 23.Conzet, Peake... GaeA Lolleson.. 3. Lake City..... Aug. 22.Weiss, Peake.... TENE MMaiy.eaeeat acre ILeikellenng! 5.656 lulene 27/ and 28.Peake, Conzet... et ela yrs ears cots icakeland see aver 2 9 ee alacun eae eer IL Aaa aice epotecnt coeaene Bakelandis. =... une d2 \Viashibuinene rns: owl Mayin...2:¢. + lakeland ..5. June 26: Washburn; Peake iby IL, Wiley. ecko on ac llalkelamal 52.56 Jina 48. IPERS! oboe ox Ihe I, WIR 5 ge boc oo LalkellamGl jo 560 Jie SO) to Aug. OD ie ee Goes Reake; ot ont Number of Ribes Pines 300 12 5,000 100 Ge BEI60 Rs eae eee 960 epee 8 550 2 400 27,092 1,302 eee 14 are 670 90,000 4,000 2s. ca 9,065 439 a 00 ee be 1,550 1,200 50 NURSERY INSPECTION Number of Date Owner Town 1916 Inspector Ribes [ee Mayes aot ae. akeland.s:sesitlyje2. 7 - Wiashibunt esse gee 3.6. AOA nore hecwarie See Me Mes Malye Aye loy eaves ss Bakelanditsn. ouiulys LOS Wia'shhib urine eee L. L. May “Pakelandieae sen) iliyell Sie eGakien try seater meee [Beales IWileny slakelanda. sess eptaco BVaGl, AL NiIQoyy suche tiocs ooooe JE suleren Miaiycct sectsteyeicis x6 Lakeland ..... OcEs soe Eko tase ee eae Mayra Sec Bakeland: 2.2. Oct, 21 Rony errs Cole meee inate 5 cediorc Ludwig Carlson ....Lindstrom .... May 30.Conzet, Peake... ..... Ludwis Carlson .... Lindstrom ;.. June 12: Peake, (Conzet... “2: IDA Wantengas-) see: Mone: Walken frais mane Beaks cit wees 250 France P. Daniels...Long Lake .-./Aug. 8. Washburn 522: -.0 seer George: lone —.:..longeake™s. Aue. .6..V ashbunne = 2. cr- Jommee. Wiklas..eo. Lomsdalems- 5, NiOvocet Cae’ prepay tage eee (Ca Oldetere rt [eiverie® sae -r- Sept. 30. Wieiss; -heake. Sete ones Me-Soholt ... -... 2. Madison= +... «Sept. 28:.Peake, Weiss:..=9 3/000 eZ eSmithisegea 8 Mankato... 5: Ocis 27--Peake sh..ck. eee W. E. Fryer........Mantorville ... June 10 toml2Z= eb eake tiers are eae 300 Wek. Pryer..<. >... Mantorville .j)Septs 2. Peake, Wenzell] sar GajeOrtoneas as ac Mariettar ea. Sept 2eobeake Weiss. can eee = A OEIC OR ROE Marine Mills.. Sept. 10 and ell nReaker fe fay ccs seers RG, eaker. ee. se Vass nal ara. Sept:20. Peake,’ Weiss)... sees ee reeBradys St <0. vuedtondar, cn: Nowe O28 caked ies Son eee Grace Patten Eaton. Medford ..... 1 Aig 22) Wiashbutiie accion eee @ Babinsaase. ic. Mhildred: 3-244. Septye7,Comzet soi. eee Harry Franklin Baker ae eases Minneapolis .. June 1.Washburn ...... 100 Harry Franklin Bakken! Qeaacicrertoe Minneapolis: ..'Octs, 2. Peake? gos: o.~ nee torte i A Jharnietan eae ac Linden Hills Sts: cMiplis=: s. Jumer (65 Realsean mc. ys een By At (armen... c% Minneapolis .. Oct. 6.Peake Mpls. Park Board..Lake of Isles Bilvidiieneees June sa \Washibunn' = oc aera Glenwood Pk. June 3.Washburn ...... Columbia Hts. June 3.Washburn ...... John Hawkins ..... P. O. Box 495 Minneapolis. June 2.Washburn ...... ..... John Hawkins ..... Minneapolis .. Aug. 16. Peake, Nelson... 15,000 GAG] Munteriesace. Minneapolis .. June 7.Washburn ...... eee GC @ hunter. - Minneapolis) a.) NOve.2)l ee Caliearaeiarne circ a ey shetolandien sar Minneotas =.-7. SeptsZzosbeakesWWieisse= 25) eiaeee ©; EBs. Gustatsonn. Mound ee. 4. July<492Washburn 255... eee G. E. MacComber..Nemadji ..... SeptmiZzavialleaserce see James Arrowood ...Nevis ........ Sept. 29.Conzet ein iin Ot Baileys oe as Newport ..... Sept. 21. Weiss, Marco- MALtChe Reinet Ce William Pfaender ..New Ulm ....Oct. 1.Peake, Weiss.... Jas. M. Punderson. .Northheld’ ©. Jane: 1) Conzet. Peake! 2 2. Jas. M. Punderson..Northfield ... Aug. 22. Washburn, Peake, Wienzely oe 2,000 Henry: Dunsmore .... Olivia’... ss... Sept: Zo; Reake. Wieissis. 9 a aee Thos. E. Cashman..Owatonna ... Jun. 4-5.Peake, Conzet...100,000 Thos. E. Cashman. .Owatonna WunesloeVWashibtinnies pee Thos. E. Cashman. D. M. Mitchell...... ~.Owatonna . Auge. 25). Owatonna syne 22 Wenzel, Weiss, Conzet, Peake. Conzet, Peake... Pines NURSERY -INSPECTION Sy Date Number of Owner Town 1916 Inspector Ribes Pines D. M. Mitchell...... Owatonna . Aug. 27.Wenzel, Weiss, Reakes iy svar Ieee \Viesley nee sciae Owatonna 5 Nie 2S). \WWASIMD iE ¢ dete codge=. moaue Frank Brown & Sonica eeseneccriae Ray nesvilleus- septs lo Wallen ithc) iss os rome aebise Bauer sa. cote: Reman Septal 3). Valleau ec aone fsck oben R. E. Killmer and O)} Jn Graidaiones cos lPnae (Gita ovoo Sem Wl Wailleeitt osecoceot Benj. Rochell and (Geo, BENZ Soo0c08 Pine Hollow Greeks sa. 2n8 Oi, S Wem otie Gsebend bosne conse Cake Snyderssaccie brestOMmis ce OCti= Ge WeISS Jo) 5a .en eae 800 3,000 EL, WW. Ielaveaig@m. 55 sIROCineSsuee Goa Guin ZO AWaSiMoiinml Gheeeg socen coos He We Harrison....kochester -:.- Sept. PRP Cake ecioneynte a seats. Mprataceae BS (Ce Byala ay ees nro Rockford . . Aug. 18.Washburn ...... Sea PE OS cites are Siz James . ee OCH 2/ SRC AKe, ea ces mene nes SE J. C. B. Anderson...1285 Portland Nien Stes deel Mla AU XSAN aia Gedo din deeds. obiedisc Gera Hoy teraccsecre- Hoyt & Ham- line Avs., St. Pale cheats May 31.Washburn ... 12 (CoB oilalonie Geo ccinee Sito IPEWika cisco oA Nue2 5eNelsoniea ae ketone ech e emee rere Eolm ce Olson. Ine s20 We Sthy St: Sin Pail .9,., Mere Sil (Come Peake 5 200) 500 lolli 2 Ollgoms ney Se) Pel sy 34 o's ene: OS PEIKS Se odscsean cooud. “sanse lslolkaa 2 Oilsoims Inae 5 Sie Payell 3 545 - Jraave227.7P eakesn isin eh cape cmtner laa Eolnmeca Olsonelinca: Ste maulgeeeer ewe. 2 VVienzell Conzet, iReake. Niels onic =ixaole were ©, Edwin Swenson..St:. Peter)... - Och, 26: Peake es ae tc, (Pe ewe J. Plagstad & Sons..Sacred Heart. Sept.27.Peake, Weiss.... 2,500 1,000 oe Meinimgerica secs: Sherbunnassaes: OCtas2 Peake asec cui eee iPauill IP) ieilewerabas 5 5s Stezurlbielke 5450 Septel4s Valileatia tus aeoeis anette i sh ae Ca eee Siniliwienierr 4.4 June Zilweeake .s4hceaseo Adlock sie 38S Raa Re Siollliwaniese 65,5 time AS IPeIKS Gesu dsaccu. obece Seine (Geo, WW SiseeinGlss osc Tenors Ieihis. Ways 24) Peake sococccoes obodce 100 Geom We Sirande se. May lors Hallsa Maye 30s@onzet. Peakesa) eae 300 hid oe oO Sen a aot Taylors Falls. June 28, ZO eS VP ealkew tn cstnnn cd van anh nl une ee Wa ie elena eens Taylors Falls. July 4, Sly srall Oot Ol See APutee UP cota Bae aoe ee .. Taylors Falls. July 6.Washburn 0: BRU EAI ERG ORS EAE Taylors Falls. July 16 tonZ4u wPeake vires sae te Re eh acp eal aa ara Taylors Falls. July 20 £LOVZZ, sa VWViashibtirn). aon: AAR a DIAN Soa et GS See Taylors Falls. Sept. 3, Are SS Oe ale mates son: SE OR’ a ene: RO RTE Soe Maylors, ballse- Sept. 1s2 VWiasbibugiles = sees eee See OU eels Rectan ad oe Tavlors Falls. Sept. 18 aul IO, \Weisiniybiod IPEWKS e555 goace Se Sipe Ces eee aC IAe Taylors Falls. Sept. 23 aynnGl: iba PRI ee RBG ao ook Geo. W. Strand..... Tavlos lls, Oc, ZO Weisner 4 occ50 sogoc Paw onicksonpreersee Givlenenae ca acre Sept. 29. Peake, Weiss OO0OR SS Soe Wie tileraililieeseier RIED. No: 1 WaAyZaz), po Ae OWES soscao secon coone Frank X. Ferodo- SVs conse cwtercessesn era REED se Nionwd! WERE coo Mime SoWelshaoniiad cosscs codec 30 58 NURSERY INSPECTION Frank X. Ferodo- AU UN te Otc ae ere RAED ENOwels Wiayzaitaae ns Ato; On VaShibtiigi -eeace eee Carl Delatttre 2. +. Wiayzatalees oe JulyetrsaVViashib tiphiee eae eee Few RG Bacleyens seer WWicly.Zaitae cee July. | SiWashburnie ss. 4. - Leora 1 Pred=Gowles)..-.2- -vwest Concords une: 9: Peake seat se eee Bese: Ered Cowles: 7.2. =. Wiest Goncornd Sept, -2ekeake, Wienzels.. |. eee SD} Richardson=.sWinmnebaco &. Nova leBeakea. s.r cis an ee Guys Van. Duzee-..- Winnebago=.. sNiove i. Peake a. - sane C. A. Pfeiffer & SOME See tote aan Wanlotia’ 25 cso Aug. 26.Washburn ...... 4,000 42 Fruit Breeding Malti Whee webs cials Gambra sets. Sept.Z25; Washburn. sane 50000 = aeeeee The following is a list of the men and the time spent by them in the survey and eradication of White Pine Blister Rust for the season of 1916: GoaWiepedken stra nantucine eA be ee ee hie cull seine: GNinsCOnz ete sips neko balsa k en ee aA eee Aus. 16 to 31 ine Sept. 19 tor30une OPIRVie nz Ole yt aavetnc ns) oe De eet Ruta ey ane rae! Aug. 6 to Sept. 2 inc. REPS (Coy BRIO SCRE Aon rachn taetaatsa eee Te July 16 to 31 ine. Auge |) to line IDR Me Biadio eire..ce Avie satan cuneate evan OMtO nsec: Auge lato oti sinic: bes Jers eta ccts States nanoes eee one set ees ae June 27 to Aug. 7 inc. aS wel ey mOldsn cowie ioce so eee ety et eet ULTIC RC ORE OMA O/C! Miarynavain din CO Cr inc arse eae a Ie: June 28 to Oct. 5 inc. Wie = Viallleain ease is 1 i eee S ep tell OS tomo mincs Georse Nelson, tatters: aes oem aw coli Oma OO Aug. 20 to 24 inc. Aniov nln OG: Sept. 25 to 27 inc. Fire emilatie WWiClS Siz tte ala serene ea oO ae ee Aug. 20 to 24 inc. Aug. 27 to 31 ine. Sept. Il to 15 ine: Sept. 25 to Oct. 1 inc. Si Mia Comitchia xt sence Meee io Sate nee eerie anes Sept. 16 to 19 ine. JohneRarAni dre wStansws so ce ee ee June 22, 26, 27. July 21. Edna Seaveya(Clerical@clielp)pemaser oer eee June 7, 8, 23, 24. July 18, 19, 20, 21, 22. Harriet ©? Jiohnson) (Clerical Help) ieee one July. 5,46; 105 1253 tom Signe July 20, 22, 24, 25. liCemMENB alleys siceinn & een oe CRN eye SEER On Ganise WH CtOn BOOLOE east a erty eee ec ee are ee Aug. 1 to 15 inc. Aug. 16 to 26 inc. Aug. 28 to 31 inc. SeptaleeZ: JOC GRA ter keke fant eRe bs eee eae Dense eet Ante. Isto? laine Aug. 16 to 26 inc. A meeting of the National Committee for the suppression of white pine blister was held at Albany, N. Y., November 20 and 21, 1916. Membership of the committee was enlarged to include four from each state. In Minnesota State Forester Cox, Dr. E. M. Freeman, and F. L. Washburn were designated as representatives with the privilege of appointing a fourth. (Later: F. W. Wilhelmi of Cloquet has been appointed as fourth member. F. L. W.) MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON ECONOMIC WORK; ORCHARD AND SHADE TREE INSECTS, SPRAY- ING, TRUCK AND FIELD GROPS. ALG) RUGGEES A number of lectures to Farmers’ Clubs, Nature Study Clubs, and other organizations were given at Glenwood, Sauk Centre, Excelsior, Faribault, Lake Elmo, West St. Paul (Men’s Garden Club), St. Paul, Osseo (Minnesota Garden Flower Society), Min- neapolis. Spraying demonstrations outside of the University Farm were given at Hugo and Preston. Irom time to time letters and calls over the telephone reach us of some serious damage being done to trees, field or farm crops and truck crops. If we cannot give the information from the descrip- tion, whenever possible, we personally investigate the injury and give practical methods of control. About ninety of these trips have been made during the last biennium, and in some cases the trouble has been so serious that we have had to repeat our trips later and see that certain recommendations were carried out. At Sauk Centre and Glenwood the trouble with the trees was an outbreak of Cottony Maple Scale. This meant a city problem of spraying. ‘These cities bought spraying machines and effectually stopped the work of the insect. Potatoes at Princeton were badly attacked last year with leaf hopper and plant bugs. These insects were not killed by our ordinary methods of protection, hence we are now working on a project which we hope will ultimately give us methods of control of these forms. At New Richland the corn is being killed by wire worms under rather peculiar circumstances. We have a definite problem here to work out on the control of this insect. Many reports of this character come to the office, and by these personal investigations we are able to give considerable help, often leading to more detailed study of the insect by the mem- bers of the department. Our specific problems for investigation at present have the following titles: 1 insect Collection: 2. Spraying. S38) Orchardrand Shade (tee Insects: 4. Field Crop Insects. 5. iruck-Crop-Insects. 6. Weed Insects. 60 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON ECONOMIC WORK Insect Collection. This department has a fairly large collection of insects for a department of this kind. There are so many forms of insect life that it is utterly impossible for one man to know all of them. Com- paring the specimens sent in with those in the collection is necessary for an up-to-date department. It isa fact, however, that unless such a collection is attended to constantly and additions made, it will rapidly deteriorate. With this in mind we are, as much as time and funds permit, adding to our collection and having experts on groups work up the newly collected material. This past year we have been fortunate in having in the city Mr. M. P. Somes, a well- known Orthopterist, who has gratuitously given a month or more of his time to naming and arranging our groups of Orthoptera and also in helping us with the collection of Coleoptera, particularly in naming specimens taken at Itasca Park. Our collections are now so large that an expert of this sort should be employed the entire time to act as curator and make collections te keep the collection usable. Spraying. In our spraying experiments we have demonstrated that,— 1. Arsenate of lead if properly used, is a better spray for pota- toes than Paris Green. 2. In the regular orchard spraying a dormant spray of Lime Sulphur is usually not necessary. 3. Three sprayings of the orchard, if properly done, will keep the insects and diseases under control. When arsenate of lead is to be used on potatoes, the important thing is to get it on early, before the grubs hatch from the eggs. It can be put on when the spring beetles are flying and, sticking to the leaves through the rains, the poison will be present for the young grubs to feed upon as they hatch. We have found that two sprayings during the season will keep the potato bug in check. When diseases are present, arsenate of lead will mix well with the Bordeaux Mixture, thus making an ideal spraying mixture. A dormant spray 1s given primarily for scale insects, particu- larly the San Jose Scale. In no orchard of the state have we found this insect. We do, however, find oyster shell scale and scurfy scale. When these latter scales are found it may be necessary to use the dormant spray. It is a common belief that this dormant spray is effective against such spores of disease as scab. In our MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON ECONOMIC WORK 61 experiments in co-operation with the Plant Pathology Division here at the University Farm we have found that this dormant spray is of no particular use against these diseases, the later sprayings being the most effective. The three important and effective sprayings of the orchard should be given as follows: 1. As the flower buds begin to show color; in the apples when the center bud of the flower cluster begins to show pink. 2. Just after the blossom falls; in the case of apples, and when the fruit is the size of very small peas, in the case of the plum. 3. The third spraying should be given two or three weeks after the second in the apple, and in the case of plums, just as the fruit begins to show color. The materials to use in the spray each time are,—three pounds of arsenate of lead paste or one and one-half pounds of arsenate of lead powder, one and one-fourth gallons of lime sulphur, if the specific gravity reading is 32° on the Baume scale, in fifty gallons of water. If plant lice are doing damage.at the time of any of these sprayings a half pint of a 40% nicotine sulphate solution may be added to the mixture with excellent results. Orchard and Tree Insects. One of the most important tree insects studied critically is the oak twig girdler (Agrilus arcuatus), an insect not previously re- ported from the state. The life history of this insect has been care- fully studied, and all its damage worked out in detail. This pest is a flat-headed borer, a very close relation to the oak bark borer, that is killing so many oaks in the southern half of Minnesota. The oak bark-borer works in the main trunk of the tree, killing from the trunk up. This one works from the twigs down the limbs, often meeting the work of the bark borer. The majority of the dead limbs seen on the red oak is due to the work of this little twig girdler. The work of the insect is first noticed during August. At this time the leaves on the twigs hang dried out as if by blight. Egg shells will be found at the base of these leaves, and the hatched grubs tunneling beneath the bark of the twig, cut off the food supply to the leaf. These grubs or larvae burrow on down the stem some- times beneath the bark, sometimes in the center of the twig, and in July of the second year have reached their full growth. tistube- neath the bark in the wood of the limb, often six or eight feet from its entrance burrow, it pupates. The last of July and the first of 62 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON ECONOMIC WORK August the small metallic beetles are found flying and laying eggs at the base of buds. Control. The only practical method of control is to keep all dead and dying limbs trimmed from the trees. Although the great- est damage seems to be to the red oaks we have found the eggs and larvae of this insect in other species, such as bur and white oaks. The dead limbs on any oak, therefore, are open to suspicion and should be pruned whenever seen and the cuttings burned. A detailed report on this insect is being prepared for publica- tion. Field Crop Insects.* In our study of field crop insects special attention has been given to the insects of corn, clover and wheat. The insect of corn which is being studied is the Corn Ear Worm. Our studies on this insect have just begun, but indications are that the entire life cycle of the insect is not passed within the infested locality and hence the control measures usually recommended are not applicable to our conditions in Minnesota. The Clover Seed Chalcis which affects the seed has been studied for a period of years and has now been completed. We have found many interesting things in the life history of the insect, and are able to make definite recommendations for its control. The infestation of clover seed varies from as high as 40% in 1910 to as low as 4% in 1912. The average amount of seed claimed by these insects is probably at least 25%. It breeds freely in red clover, both medium and mammoth and in alfalfa. It has been taken in Crimson clover but apparently does not breed in white clover and alsike. Control. Cutting the first crop of clover for hay while the heads are green or pink; or pasturing the clover until June 15th or 20th; or clipping it back in May, allowing in each case the second crop to grow for seed, will prevent loss from this insect. Volunteer clover and first year clover should be kept from blooming as this would allow the insects to breed where the cutting or pasturing as outlined starves the pest into submission. The Wheat Stem Maggot is the important insect of wheat being studied at the present time. A considerable amount of damage is done to wheat, rye, barley, corn and bluegrass every year by this insect; often as high as 25% in parts of neighboring states. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON ECONOMIC WORK 63 At present we can suggest only general methods of control, such as,— 1. Stacking the grain and threshing from the stack. This would prevent the escape of all the flies, which naturally emerge in the fall, except those emerging from the outer layers of the stack. 2. Trap crops may be used to attract the insect and later de- stroyed. 3. Plowing under volunteer grain after harvest and keeping wild grasess in check by clean cultivation. Where fall wheat is sown, the sowing should be done as late as possible in the fall, which is also a good control measure for Hessian fly. Small Fruit Insects.* Two important insects of small fruits studied have been the Strawberry Weevil and the Raspberry fruit worm. The Strawberry Weevil damages the blossoms and prevents the formation of fruit. The insect itself is very small, only about 1-10 of an inch in length, yet is capable of destroying 20 to 90% of the buds in a strawberry field. We have found that in Minnesota the weevils hibernate entirely within the strawberry field under the straw and leaves in the old bed. When the plants blossom in the spring the insects are present ready to do the damage. Control. Old beds serve as excellent breeding places for these insects and hence when the weevils are present the one-crop system is recommended. If two crops are to be obtained, the field should be thoroughly cleaned of weeds after the fruit harvest and the bed should be burned over. In other words, make a new bed alter every harvest. Spraying as recommended by other experimental stations has given poor results in Minnesota. The Raspberry fruit worm is recognized as the small, brownish white worm that one often finds clinging to the core of the berry. Berries infested with this grub are smaller and discolored, and make necessary the picking over of all raspberries intended for the table. The weevils pass the winter as pupae in the soil near the base of the plants. In the spring when the young plants are about six inches high the insects leave the ground as beetles and feed on the tender leaves and buds. Often 10 to 15 per cent are thus injured. The King and the Miller varieties are most severely attacked, while Cuthberts and Black Caps are more or less immune. *Mr. Simon Marcovitch has done the investigational work with these and with weed in- sects. o+ MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON ECONOMIC WORK Control. Cultivation as late in the fall and as early in the spring as practicable close to the stems of the berries will disturb their hibernating quarters, and by direct injury or exposing them to changes of winter temperatures many will be killed. Spraying the canes in the spring, when the young plants are about six inches high, with arsenate of lead, two pounds of the powder to fifty gallons of water will be very effective. These precautions, with no neglected canes in the immediate vicinity will control the insect. Weed Insects. In our studies up to this time about twenty of our common weeds have yielded thirty different species of insects. Some of these insects have been so abundant that the weed was not allowed to spread in that locality. This is a benefit that such insects may bestow. On the other hand, some weeds harbor insects which in turn attack our cultivated crops. Sometimes again, a weed insect may appear quite harmless except to the weed, but if a particular crop perhaps of some closely related cultivated form were grown near it, the insect may attack the crop in preference. Such being the case, it is very important to know as much as possible concern- ing weed insects and thus be prepared for what the future may bring. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON ECONOMIC WORK 65 NOTES ON PARASITIC AND HOUSEHOLD INSECTS Cc. W. HOWARD The housefly is the insect of this group which has attracted perhaps the widest attention. Many observations have been made locally upon its life history and habits, but special attention has been given to two points, its control and the method by which it passes the winter. The latter point is one of the few regarding the housefly which has not yet been satisfactorily solved. Our investigations upon this subject will be completed the coming spring and the results published then. \WWork on control has been confined to conditions met with in small towns and on farms. Fly control in cities has been reduced to a comparatively easy routine system, but in rural districts it is not always so convenient to put control measures into operation. In many places it is not possible to carry out the measures recommended in any way at all adequate. Having this in mind and also the part which the fly plays in the transmission of human diseases, particularly of intestinal diseases, we have placed considerable emphasis on the improvement of sanitary conditions upon the farm, thus preventing the flies from gaining access to material which carries disease organisms. A leaflet has been pre- pared outlining our recommendations and this has been widely distributed, two editions having been already exhausted. Feeling, however, that an optical demonstration would be more effective, a large model of a farmstead, 10x15 feet, was constructed, showing all of the farm buildings and the various methods for fly destruction, from the hauling out of manure daily to spreading it thinly upon the field where it will dry quickly, to the maggot trap and manure closet or bin. A complete model of a septic tank connected with the bath room and kitchen in the house, showed how to dispose of household sewage so that flies could not get to it. A fly-proof milk house, with screened enclosure for airing the milk buckets, and fly-proof, sanitary earth closet completed the exhibit. These models have been exhibited twice at the State Fair, and at three county fairs, Wheaton, Brown’s Valley and Winona. It has at- tracted so much interest that we plan to exhibit it at other county fairs next fall. 60 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON ECONOMIC WORK The biting stable fly, a close relative of the house fly, but a blood-sucking insect, 1s a serious pest of stock in Minnesota. Some time has been given to studying it under local conditions. Its life history 1s in general like that of the house fly, breeding principally in stable manure. Control measures are similar. Our next search will be for a good repellant which may be applied to animals to prevent its attack when breeding cannot be controlled. At present there is no material on the market for this purpose, which is suffi- ciently cheap, or effective when applied. The relation of this insect to swamp-fever of horses has also been under investigation, but will be reported upon elsewhere, as the work was done under a different fund. Horse flies are, next to mosquitoes, the worst pest of stock in the northern part of Minnesota. Funds have not made it possible for us to carry on as intensive a study of these insects as they deserve. In places where farmers are trying to build up dairy farms, the presence of these flies has reduced the milk supply as much as 66 per cent in two weeks and in three nearly 100 per cent. There is also a very large, but not easily recognized, insidious loss to animals from the annoyance caused by these flies and the result- ing nervous reaction, as well as by the loss of blood, for they are possessed of very large, piercing mouth parts and blood may flow from the wound for a long time after they have filled themselves and flown away. ‘There is only one generation each year, the adults appearing in spring and early summer in enormous numbers, dis- appearing in about four weeks. Five species are common in the northern part of the state. These seem to breed in low-lying, wet land surrounding swamps and muskegs, it requiring ten to eleven months for the growth of the grub in these wet places. Probably more extensive cultivation and drainage will reduce the numbers of the flies by removing their breeding places, but further studies of these flies must be made as soon as funds are available, before authoritative recommendations can be made. The connection of these flies with swamp-fever has also been investigated. There is a growing demand for more information upon mos- quitoes, mostly from the cities, but also from farming districts. While a quite complete survey for species found in Minnesota was made several years ago, our knowledge of these insects has increased very much in recent years and a new survey has been begun, not only to ascertain the kinds of mosquitoes occurring in the state, but also their habits and life histories. This survey is now well under MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON ECONOMIC WORK 67 way; a list is published elsewhere in this report. The opportunity was also given in 1916 to conduct an anti-mosquito campaign for the Minneapolis Real Estate Board, which proved very successful and is resulting in a more extensive campaign of the same sort planned for the summer of 1917, coupled with an anti-fly campaign. This information about mosquitoes will not be of use to cities alone, for they are one of the serious pests of stock, although often over- looked as such. In 1915 they were so numerous as to be one of the principal causes for a decrease in the milk flow of dairy cattle. An important pest of the household is the cockroach. So far no really satisfactory, quick-working remedy which could be used by any housewife has been suggested. We are now at work per- fecting a remedy which promises to be quickly and completely effective. Several other insects have come under our attention, but owing to lack of assistance and funds it has not been possible to take them up as definite problems for investigation, such as our local ticks, sand flies (Simuliidae), weevils found in grain and dried cereals, carpet beetles, clothes-moths, lice upon cattle, etc. THE WHITE MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH A. G. RUGGLES Fig. 14. A full grown caterpillar; male moth; wingless female moth just emerged from the cocoon and beginning to lay eggs. In certain years the caterpillars or larvae of this insect are probably the most abundant of the leaf eating forms found in the state. Basswoods, elms and maples are the principal trees attacked. The past season has been favorable for the development of these insects, and in many places throughout the state the egg masses may be seen in large numbers on the trees mentioned. Unless something is done the caterpillars will do a tremendous amount of injury this year. This insect is primarily a shade tree pest, although if not con- trolled it will work on trees in the orchard. The control of this insect is usually a city problem, which means the cooperation of individuals and the city government. With these things in mind, some knowledge on the habits and forms of the insect will be valu- able in controlling it. LARVAE. The larvae are the most beautiful of our caterpillars. The head is coral red, with a pair of long black plumes projecting over it. At the opposite end of the body is a single black plume. On the back are four whitish brush-like tufts looking like miniature THE WHITE MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 69 paint brushes, and just behind these are two red tubercles. The young caterpillars are hairy and only about 1/6 of an inch in length. They often spin a silken thread by means of which they lower them- selves upon a sudden jarring of the tree. Being very light they are readily blown at this time to neighboring trees, hence spreading the infection. These young caterpillars feed only on the epidermis of the leaf, but as they get older more and more of the leaf is eaten until when full grown all the leaf is eaten but the midrib and per- haps a few of the larger veins. It takes five to six weeks for the caterpillars or larvae to mature. At the end of this stage they begin to wander over the tree and from tree to tree looking for a place suitable for pupation. When found the larvae spin cocoons in which many of the hairs of the body are interwoven. About a fort- night is spent as pupae in these cocoons. ADULTS. About the first part of July the adults make their appearance. The females are wingless creatures and rarely ever leave the cocoons until the eggs are deposited, after which they die. The males are beautiful little moths with delicate feathery antennae and hairy legs. The wings are marked with several shades of gray and have a wing expanse of nearly one inch. EGGS. The eggs are laid on the discarded cocoons of the female in masses each containing from one hundred to five hundred eggs. A frothy white secretion covers and binds the eggs in a solid mass. HIBERNATION. The eggs in these conspicuous white masses remain over win- ter. About the last of May and the first of June the eggs hatch and the young begin feeding on the leaves. CONTROL. Fortunately there are a large number of predacious and para- sitic insects that prey upon the Tussock Moth and often keep it in check. Fungous and bacterial diseases also play a part. In some years, however, conditions are not favorable for the development of these forms and the Tussock caterpillars become abundant and do considerable damage. Of the hundreds of egg masses that we have examined at the present time, the great majority of the eggs appear to be perfectly healthy, and unless these enemies are very abundant during the early stages of the caterpillars great damage may be looked for in June, 1917. 70 THE WHITE MARKED TUSSOCK MOTE The best remedy of all is to collect and destroy during the fall, winter and early spring the egg masses. These egg masses are easily seen when the leaves are off the trees and can then readily be scraped off and destroyed. City foresters, in cities where these luxuries are available, have men go over all the trees under their control and scrape off these masses with long handled hoes made for the purpose. The egg masses are collected in pails and de- stroyed at some central station. The owner of private property having his trees infested should have them treated in the same way. When city authorities have no jurisdiction for this work, public opinion should be aroused and all cooperate to find a means of collecting and destroying these egg masses. Many cities have se- cured the help of school children, paying them a certain amount for every quart, or for a certain number of egg masses. This action has often proved very successful. Ege masses treated with creo- sote oil and turpentine has given good results in killing the eggs. If the egg masses cannot be collected this treatment should be tried. When the eggs are allowed to hatch, non-infested trees, if the limbs do not intertwine, may be protected by banding the trees with some material like cotton batting or tree tanglefoot that will hold the caterpillars until they can be destroyed. Bands of any kind must be watched constantly during the period otherwise they will be of no value. If the tree affected is not too large it may be jarred, which will cause the little ““‘worms” to descend on their silken cords. Not being able to climb back on the silk, the bands on the tree trunk will then prevent their ascent. Spraying large trees with arsenicals is more or less impractical, and is very expensive. If the tree is not too large, an arsenical poison like arsenate of lead or paris green may be used at the rate of three pounds of arsenate of lead powder, or one and one-half pounds of Paris green to fifty gallons of water. The smaller the caterpillar when the spraying is done the better will be the results from spraying. COOPERATION. In controlling the Tussock Moth it is necessary, therefore, to cooperate with your neighbor in— 1. Destroying the egg masses, either by gathering them or wetting them with creosote, 2. Banding the trees to prevent the ascent of the fallen larvae, or, 3. To spray the infested trees. Cooperation in any method of control is essential to success. DISTRIBUTION OF FISH TO MINNESOTA FARMERS F. L. WASHBURN The State Entomologist’s office is frequently required to undertake economic work, which has nothing to do with insects. This is practically the case in almost every state where the office exists. In the present instance we refer to the distribution of fish to Minnesota farmers in 1916. The Secretary of the Department of Commerce expressed to the Director of the Experiment Station a desire on his part to assist farmers throughout the country by granting them upon proper representation of their needs and conditions on their farms, consign- ments of fish suitable for these conditions. The Director allotted this work to the State Entomologist, and this proposition on the part of the Secretary of Commerce was made public throughout the state. Many applications for fish were received by this office. To these applicants blank federal applications were sent and addi- tional questions compiled by the writer. Careful consideration of these answers and consultation in regard to each applicant with our State Fish Commissioner resulted where such was possible of an endorsement of the application on the part of the State Entomolo- gist and the Director of the Station. These endorsed requests were forwarded to the Department of Commerce at Washington, and the Bureau of Fisheries as far as they were able distributed fish to the successful applicants. Some approved applications could not be taken care of this year and are now on file at Washington. We append herewith list of Minnesota citizens furnished with fish under the above condi- tions, giving the number and variety of fish and the date shipped, also list of citizens whose applications are at present on file at Washington. APPLICATIONS FILLED. A. G. Anderson, R. F. D. No. 2, Long Prairie, Minn., 425 black bass. Sept. 6, 1916. Ewald Baufeldt, R. F. D. No. 3, Elk River, Minn., 600 sunfish (bream). Sept 1, 1916. H. D. Blanding, Detroit, Minn., 425 black bass. Sept. 12, 1916. W. P. Cockey, for Baltimore Investment Co., Piedmont Apartments, St. Paul, Minn., 600 sunfish (bream). Sept. 19, 1916. F. M. Green, Menahga, Minn., 340 black bass. Sept. 6, 1916. Vitalis Johnson, R. F. D. No. 2, Fertile, Minn., 340 black bass. Sept. 12, 1916. DISTRIBUTION OF FISH TO FARMERS NI bo C. H. Meyer, R. F. D. No. 4, Detroit, Minn., 450 sunfish (bream). Sept. 12, 1916. C. E. Olson, Underwood, Minn., 340 black bass. Sept. 19, 1916. Arthur Peterson, R. F. D. No. 1, Box 15, North Branch, Minn., 150 crappies. Sept. 27, 1916. Paul Schafer, Morton, Minn., 150 sunfish (bream). Nov. 17, 1916. Anton Schill, R. -F> D. No. 3, St. Cloud, Minn., 255 black bass: Sept: 6, 1916. Also the following received just after the close of the biennial period. L. E. Russell, Tamarack, Minn., 100 crappies. Dec. 5, 1916. Albert Breese, Little Falls, Minn., 100 crappies. Dec. 5, 1916. T. E. Gangstee, Currie, Minn., 300 catfish. Dec. 5, 1916. Philip Lander, Adrian, Minn., 200 sunfish (bream). Dec. 5, 1916. APPLICATIONS ON FILE (UNFILLED). George Estrem, Atwater, Minn., pike, perch. N. J. Fabian, St. Paul Park, Minn., rainbow trout. W. C. Lounsberry, Larsmont, Minn., brook trout. Edward Peterson, Crookston, Minn., pike, perch. Louis A. Posz, Winona, Minn., brook trout. Earl Simpson, Winona, Minn., brook trout. Mrs. Lena Thayer, Lake Lena, Minn., pike, perch. We are assured by the Federal Bureau having this in charge that the above unfilled applications will be considered in 1917. THE COMMON MOSQUITOES OF MINNESOTA Cc. W. HOWARD There is a growing demand in Minnesota for information about mosquitoes which will aid in work to be carried out for their control. During the past four years collections and observations have been made whenever possible, and particularly so during the summer of 1916 in connection with the Minneapolis Mosquito Campaign. Reference books on mosquitoes are not easily accessible to those not in close touch with a large library and the study of mosquitoes is so new that the multiplicity of names and of species would prob- ably confuse the layman. Tor these reasons, a preliminary account of the commonest and most important Minnesota mosquitoes may be of use to those interested 1n anti-mosquito work. In this account it will be taken for granted that the reader is familiar with the fundamental facts of mosquito life. If not, Bulle- tin No. 55 of the Farmer’s Library Series of the Minnesota Experi- ment Station should be secured, or the Tenth Annual Report of the Minnesota State Entomologist for 1905. There have been twenty species of mosquitoes recorded so far from this state, only eleven of which seem to be common. Further collections will probably produce several more and to the list might be added one or two species which are non-bloodsucking and are not considered as true mosquitoes, in spite of their close similarity in appearance. The habits of each species of mosquitoes vary and to control it efficiently these must be known. It is necessary to be able to recognize common species, and for this one must be somewhat familiar with the grosser morphology. It is also often necessary to determine the species of a mosquito while it is still in the larva stage without waiting for the adult to emerge. The accompanying diagrams of an adult mosquito and a larval mosquito will give these points much better than by a written description. No mention will be made of the pupa stage. It 1s so similar in all of the mosquitoes as to offer no easy means of identification of species. Whenever pupae are found, larvae will also be present and can be collected as easily. In studying mosquitoes the larvae can be dipped up with small nets made of tea strainers over which a piece of fine cheese cloth has been sewn. From this they should be at once transferred to a 74 THE COMMON MOSQUITOES OF MINNESOTA pail of water for transportation to the laboratory, where they can be isolated in tubes of water and each one or each kind reared separately to the adult stage. If it is not desired to take them into the laboratory for study, they can be dropped into eighty per cent alcohol, in which they will remain in good condition for study for a long period. Specimens can be removed, whenever desired, and placed on a slide for study under the microscope, or they can be rotary ™ puith brushes, antennal tuft vevseee G MLENNG S thorax . eye tarsus ire ea | E thoracic ff -¢ S f hem hair tupts while bandee tibia white banded beak¥..- Bee i z v3 : ’ weet cbanmenah 3rd! Py gwen hair tufts basal segment i € 4th... Ue ie ‘ee, ea So Pasalubandes 8 basal end of segment... = sth SO eee ried apices] ond of segment fo. : : sbical segment. it eee, i se : : b eke” 3 . me i ss ae r vy tarsus Fhe At emcee oe ey Y/ s ; = “anal siphon fF starsel jaunt : : ates ee ve bose... rae: op ulyase ‘oth Oren =——*| Lip =n ae ate of scaless : Y fee NB ei eG 7 ae dao ¢ Mev eveen sn yf ‘ att x we ee-ee- Cpe Ni / P . ‘y 2) yi a s x apex anal Luft wince If oe aN ie tersal Jornt ee ee e SS ) +.) soon pines Jo ee ~ ath tarsal jounbsrae ; Se Re WEA ocl gills ope ee Acncite, oClicuneeerivcs=csceceias aaa: on s® Larsal jeont Fig. 15--Adult mosquito with Fig. 16—-Mosquito larva with parts named (from Smith). parts named (from Smitn). cleared in xylol and mounted in balsam on a microscope slide for permanent study. The adults are in most perfect condition for study when reared from the larvae in the laboratory and killed at once. Mosquitoes captured in the open are often so mutilated as to be unrecognizable. As soon as the mosquito has emerged, place it insa cyanide bottle and leave it there until dead. When dead empty it onto a smooth surface, such as a sheet of glazed paper. Never touch the specimen with the fingers and even if forceps are used great care must be exercised not to rub off scales or otherwise THE COMMON MOSQUITOES OF MINNESOTA 7 qn injure the specimen. Most mosquitoes are too small for a service- able insect pin to be used in pinning. It is best to use small blocks of pith or cork, about twice as long as wide. Through one end thrust an extremely fine pin, known as a “minutien pin,” and impale the mosquito either through the thorax from front to back or from side to side. Through the other end of the block force a large insect pin. The cork should project to the left of this large pin and the mosquito should have the head forward and legs projecting toward the left. On the large pin place a small label, bearing the place and date of collection and other important information desired. The specimens can then be stored in a cork-lined, tight-fitting insect box. Minnesota mosquitoes may be grouped roughly into (1) those which breed in artificial collections of water in the vicinity of human habitations or those which we may call domestic mosquitoes, and (2) those which breed in natural collections of water either perma- nent or temporary, open or in woodlands. These restrictions are not entirely binding, for the domestic mosquitoes may, under stress of circumstances, breed in swamps and the second group occasionaily in artificial collections of water. The former group includes Culex pipiens and Culex restuans. The rest of our mosquitoes belong to the second group. We have several of the peculiar northern forms which produce only one generation in the spring, and whose eggs lie over winter at the bottom of swamps or in wet or damp places where snow water will collect the following spring, providing a suitable medium for the growth of the larvae. These large spring broods may fly con- siderable distances from their breeding places. These facts make the control of our mosquito pest a peculiarly difficult one. In cities control measures must be directed first against the domestic forms. This means prevention of breeding in rain barrels, rubbish heaps, sewer catch basins, roof drains and any other place where water may collect and remain for a couple of weeks. This can be accomplished by covering the water receptacles with netting or oil, or by cleaning up rubbish heaps so that old tins will not hold water, placing oil in sewer openings, keeping roof drains cleaned out, etc. Measures against the swamp-breeding forms must be car- ried out at the same time, must extend well afield and must be carried out at the proper time to reach the early spring breeding forms as well as the late forms. Where marshes cannot be filled or drained, they must be sprayed with kerosene or petroleum oil at frequent intervals. The first spraying must be carried out early 76 THE COMMON MOSOUITOES OF MINNESOTA in the spring to get the early species. Later a spraying as often as once in two weeks may be necessary.. Woodland pool mos- quitoes may be controlled in the same way, although not many of them will annoy man unless dwellings are close to the edge of the woodland. Key for Determining Adult Mosquitoes. The following key is based as far as possible on grosser, easily recognized characters, recognition characters: Ja Wings spotted. B. Two dark spots on front margin of wing; last vein white with end black. Anopheles punctipennis BB. Wines with four distinct brown spots; last vein all brown. Anopheles quadrimaculatus Wings not spotted. B. Tarsi white or yellowish banded. Cc Beak with a wide white band near the middle of its length. ID): A large brown mosquito, with brown and white scales producing a mottled appearance. Bands on base of tarsal segments. , Mansonia perturbans DD. A smaller, greyish mosquito. Tarsal bands on both base and tip of tarsal segments. Culex tarsalis CC. Beak unbanded. D. Joints of tarsi bearing white band only at the base of each segment. FE. A small dark species; white bands at the base of the abdominal segments strongly constricted on the median line; wings lightly scaled. Aedes sylvestris EE. A large species; wings thickly scaled; anterior edge black: thorax with a broad dark median stripe. Aedes abfitchu DD. Joints of tarsi with a white band at both base and tip of each segment; last joint of hind tarsus usually en- tirely white. Aedes canadensis BB. Tarsi unbanded. C. Thorax striped, or spotted. ID Thorax with two white longitudinal stripes. Aedes trizvittatus DD. lwo small white dots, one on each side of median line, and a U-shaped mark at the base. (These may be lacking. ) Culex restuans DDD. Thorax golden scaled with broad dark brown band in middle. Aedes auroides CC. Thorax unmarked. D. Small dark brown species; abdominal bands wider in middle than at sides except on seventh segment which is wider at the sides; legs and beak black. Aedes fuscus DD. Medium sized brownish species; bands of abdominal seg- ments of moderate width. Culex pipiens Sy N THE COMMON MOSQUITOES OF MINNESOTA TABLE TO DETERMINE MOSQUITO LARVAE A. No breathing tube on eighth abdominal segment. Lie parallel to sur- face of water. Anopheles punctipennis Anopheles quadrimaculatus AA. Breathing tube present on eighth abdominal segment. Be Seales on eighth abdominal segment not more than sixteen in number. Cc. Breathing tube three times as long as broad or longer. D. Larva fairly large, breathing tube stout. 1B Twelve elongate scales in a single row on eighth abdominal segment. Twelve to sixteen spines on breathing tube, each with one mod- erate tooth, and sometimes a few smaller ones below. Aedes fuscus EE. Ten to fifteen scales in a partly double raw tapering apically; fourteen to eighteen spines on breathing tube, simple or with two or three teeth. Aedes sylvestris DD. Larvae small, about one-fourth of an inch long; breathing tube slender, at least five times as long as broad. Aedes auroides CC. Breathing tube very short and pointed, fitted to puncture plant roots to which larva remains attached. Mansonia perturbans cales twenty or more in number, forming a large patch. Breathing tube short, not more than twice as long as broad; scales on eighth abdominal segment fourteen to twenty- two in number, with stout apical and slender lateral spines with two or three serrations, sometimes simple. Aedes trivittatus CC. Breathing tube moderate, two and one-half to three and one-half times as long as broad; scales twenty-five to fifty in number with small apical and smaller lateral spines; six- teen to twenty-four spines on breathing tube with four or five serrations on basal half. BB. OW Aedes canadensis CCC. Breathing tube not less than four times as long as broad. D. Breathing tube of moderate length, sides a little in- flated. : 15. Tracheal gills moderately long; tuft on anten- nae at or before middle of length. Culex pipiens EE. Tracheal gills rather long; tuft on antennae be- yond the middle of the length. Culex restuans DD. Breathing tube very long, five times as long as wid- est diameter. Aedes abfitchit Culex pipiens Linn—The House Mosquito. This extremely common mosquito was probably introduced into North America from Europe and is always closely associated with man, being seldom found far from his habitation. It is a city form, being more often represented in rural districts by its close relative, 78 THE COMMON MOSQUITOES OF MINNESOTA Culex restuans. A flight of a few hundred yards from its breeding place is the usual extent of its wanderings, but it is now thought that it may slowly find its way from one to three miles from its place of origin, when an area becomes overstocked with individuals. It may be easily recognized by its yellowish-brown color, and the absence of all bandings or markings except for a narrow white band on the base of each abdominal segment. In structure it is slender and of only medium size, often being so small as to be able to penetrate window screening of the size mesh usually employed. The female spends the winter hidden away in warm cellars, stables and storehouses. During warm days in winter and early Fig. 17—Good breeding places for the household mosquito. spring it may emerge and will take a meal of blood if opportunity offers. As soon as the season becomes sufficiently warm it emerges from hibernation and is ready for oviposition. The eggs are laid during the latter half of the night in small, boat-shaped rafts which float on the surface of the water and resemble, superficially, small masses of soot. Each raft contains from fifty to four hundred eggs. These eggs hatch in twenty-four hours if the weather is warm, the larvae dropping into the water below. Culex pipiens nearly always chooses artificial collections of water on which to place her eggs; such as rain barrels, tin cans on dumps holding water, sewer catch basins, clogged roof drains and THE COMMON MOSQUITOES OF MINNESOTA 79 even flower vases in a house, but will also oviposit in ground pools if the water is sufficiently polluted. They prefer water which is slightly or excessively foul, but we have several times taken the larvae in water collected in cattle foot prints; pools on the margin of ponds and similar places. The size of the collection of water is not essential, the prime requisite being that it remain permanent long enough for the larvae to mature. The wigglers will reach full growth in from six to seven days if the temperature and food supply in the water is suitable. The pupa stage lasts ior irom one to three days, the entire life cycle may, therefore, be passed in twelve days under optimum conditions. Brood follows brood until frost appears. As the season advances the numbers increase until a locality may be completely overrun with them. Rainfall is not favorable to their development for, under such conditions, eggs and larvae will be washed out and destroyed. Extremely dry weather also is unfavorable, drying out most of the breeding places, except in such places as sewers, where water collects and lack of rain prevents their being washed out. The larva is pale yellowish in color and slender with the anal siphon at least four times as long as wide and the sides slightly swollen. The antennae rise from the sides of the anterior part of the head and have the hair tufts beyond the middle point. The scales on the eighth abdomal segment are thirty-five to forty in number, are well separated and form a low triangular patch and each scale has a long fringe on the sides. The breathing tube has twelve to fifteen spines in each row, each spine with three or four long teeth. This species, while it does not occur in the extreme north of the American continent, is probably found in every part of Muin- nesota where conditions favorable to its development exist. We have taken it in the following places: Adults. University Farm—23 to 28 of June, 1916. Near a pond. St. Paul—24th June, 1916. Minneapolis—June 26th, 1916. Minneapolis—July 15, 1916. Near a marsh. SO THE COMMON MOSQUITOES OF MINNESOTA Larvae. University Farm—12 May, 1914—in edges of a marsh. St. Paul—27 May, 1914—in pond polluted with sewage. University Farm—13 August, 1913-—in water in cattle foot prints. University Farm—18 August, 1916—tin buckets. St. Paul—18 August, 1916 Minneapolis—26 August, 1913—-in rain barrel and edge of pol- rain barrels and sewer catch basins. luted swamp. Fig. 18—One way in which to keep mosquitos from breeding in rain barrels. Specimens of adults are also in the department collection bear- ing the dates May 20, 1896, June 12, 1896, July 6, 1896, and Novem- ber 5, 1896. No mention is made of locality from which they were taken, but it was probably in the vicinity of the Twin Cities. Culex restuans Theob—The White-Dotted Mosquito. This mosquito is so closely associated with and so closely resembles Culex pipiens as to be easily mistaken for it. In colora- tion it is slightly darker. Under a hand lense two small round THE COMMON MOSOUITOES OF MINNESOTA 81 white dots can be seen, one on each side of the thorax, near the middle of its length. Immediately behind these is a U-shaped white line. These markings are very frequently not present, mak- ing it more difficult to separate it from Culex pipiens. Most refer- ences to the household mosquito in the past have probably included both of these species. The life history and habits are very similar to those of Culex pipiens. The adults hibernate over the winter and place their eggs in rafts on the water the following spring. Generation suc- ceeds generation through the summer. Artificial collections of water, small collections on the ground, holes in trees, etc., are chosen for breeding places. As a rule they prefer cleaner water than does Culex pipiens. In most of our collections we tiave found the wrigglers of these two species mingled except in localities distant from large centers of population where Culex restuans was the only species found in such places as rain barrels. The adults do not enter houses quite as readily as Culex pipiens, but bite with the same voracity. they larvae can be distinguished fromthe larvae or Culex pipiens by the fact that the tuft of hairs on the antennae is at a point below the middle. There are a few more spines on the breath- ing tube and the tracheal gills are longer and not so pointed as in Culex pipiens. We have taken Culex restuans in Minnesota, as follows: Adults. University Farm—June 23, 1916. St. Paul—June 24, 1916. Larvae. University Farm—August 13, 1916—in water in cattle foot prints. Monticello—Aueust 21, 1916—in rain barrel on farmstead. Minneapolis—August 26, 1913—in rain barrels. In the departmental collections are the following records as to date of capture, but no locality is given: tume 5; 1896; June 12, 1896; July 6; 1296. Aedes sylvestris Theob—The Swamp Mosquito. This mosquito and Culex pipiens are the commonest mosquitoes in Southern Minnesota. In the more swampy, unsettled northern portions of the state other species are more abundant, at least during 82 THE COMMON MOSQUITOES OF MINNESOTA the early part of the summer. But this form seems to remain well represented until autumn, a killing frost being necessary to bring about their disappearance. It is a medium sized, dark brown or blackish mosquito, having a prominent white band at the base of each tarsal segment. The abdominal segments also bear white basal bands, which are so strongly constricted in the middle as to appear divided into two. They appear very early in the season. In the vicinity of the Twin Cities they, with Aedes canadensis, are the first mosquitoes to appear in the spring. Larvae may be collected in early May and adults from late May and early June to early October. They frequent the vicinity of houses, but seldom enter. They are, how- ever, vicious and persistent biters. The life history is as follows: The winter is passed in the ege stage, the eggs lying at the bottom of pools of water. These eggs hatch in the early spring, as soon as snow and ice are melted, the resulting larvae producing the early invasion of mosquitoes. which appears late in May or early in June. Brood succeeds brood throughout the summer and early autumn as rapidly as conditions allow. The eggs seem to hatch unevenly so that the succession of broods is not well marked. They prefer open pools and swamps for oviposition, whether of a permanent or temporary nature. Occasionally they are found in woodland pools. They will not breed in water polluted with sewage. The name of “Swamp Mosquito,” which has been given it, is very applicable, as they are our commonest swamp-breeding form. Unhke the common domestic form, Culex pipiens, this mos- quito can travel long distances from its breeding places, as far as five miles having been recorded, but it probably seldom goes more than half a mile to a mile. The larva is of moderate size, variable in color, usually with dark spots on the head. The tuft on the antenna is one-third of the distance from the base. The breathing tube is one and one-half to three times as long as wide. The spines on the siphon consist of fourteen to eighteen in each row and may have two to three heavy teeth near the base. The scales on the eighth abdominal segment are thorn-shaped, ten to fifteen in number, well separated and ar- ranged in-a double row. A very short, fine fringe of hairs can be seen on the edges. This species occurs from New Jersey to British Columbia and will probably be found all over Minnesota. We have taken it at the following places: THE COMMON MOSQUITOES OF MINNESOTA 83 Adults. St. Paul and Minneapolis—June 26, 1916. Minneapolis—July 15, 1916—near a swamp. University Farm—July 23, 1916. Fergus Falls—August 21, 1912. Minneapolis—September 5, 19106. Crookston—September 27, 1912. University Farm—Cctober 5, 1916—in street car. Fig. 19—An ideal place for the production of swamp mosquitos such as Aedes canadensis Larvae. University Farm—May 12, 1914, and July 2, 1914—in lagoon and in cattle footprints, near lagoon, holding water. In the department collection are specimens taken at Crookston, August 13, 1896, and at St. Paul, May 19, 1896, August 25, 1896, September 13, 1896, and September 29, 1900. Aedes canadensis Theob—Woodland Pool Mosquito. This mosquito resembles Aedes sylvestris except that it has a white band at both base and tip of each tarsal segment, making these tarsal bands apparently of great width. The distal segment of the hind tarsi is entirely white. It prefers woodland pools for its larvae, but they may also be found in open ground pools with the larvae of Aedes sylvestris. s+ THE COMMON MOSQUITOES OF MINNESOTA , 4.5, 10. 12. 14. 15. 17,-19:-20. Bi 22. and 34 days, respectively, or an average of 17.18 days. Larval Stage. When the larva is first hatched, the head as well as the body is somewhat translucent in color, but after a couple of hours, the head begins to turn brown. The first larval stage is somewhat convex dorsally, especially anteriorly, head brownish, mandibles dark brown, folds of trunk intricate and hairs scarce; four long anal hairs, very distinctive, but difficult to see. The larva does not burrow up the stem more than three or four times its own length. In no case have | ever found a single larva inside of or feeding upon the bulbous roots of Cyperus escu- lentus, although in the insectary they were fed upon the bulbs exclusively. The exact number of molts is not known, however, it 156 MINNESOTA BILL BUGS. is certain that two molts occur as their cast skins were found— the second casting being found when the larva was about one- quarter inch in length. In the field, the larval period was found to last from June 29 to August 20, and very probably extends well into September; how- ever, the life of an individual larva is much less. The occurrence of larvae and pupae as late as October 9 is no doubt due to the long egg-laying period. Following this and other observations, the prob- abilities are that this species passes the winter as a pupa or larva, inside of the pupa cell. On the inside of and near the base of the plant, the larva, when fully grown, makes for itself a somewhat elliptical cell out of the borings. This cell 1s rounded at either end and almost parallel on the sides. Inside of this, the larva pupates. Some time before changing to the adult stage, the pupa gradually changes to a dark brown and remains so even after the adult stage is reached, but later the color turns much darker. Occasionally some of the brown color will remain, even after emergence into the open. From the above information, it is quite evident that S. venatus has but one generation a year in this state. Sphenophorus zeae. On June, 1913, S. seae was found contemporary with S. venatus in all of its habits, at Savage, Minnesota. The owner of the piece of land where most of the observations were made informed me that he distinctly remembers seeing holes in the corn leaves in 1903 and that he believes he observed similar injury in 1898. Adjoining an area of sedge was a field of corn that was very badly infested with S. venatus and S. seae. To the north was a strip of last year’s corn left unplowed, while the other half of the held was plowed and seeded to potatoes. Volunteer specimens of the yellow nutgrass, Cyperus esculentus, was found throughout the potato field in spite of thorough cultivation. The rows of cern next to the hayfield contained a good deal of the yellow nutgrass which gradually became less as the distance increased. On August 20, another visit showed the presence of the eggs and larvae of S. zeae in abundance in much of the volunteer sedge in both the cornfield to the west and the potato field to the north. Many empty pupa cells were found, thus indicating that many adults had emerged. As late as October 9, a few larvae and pupae were found in the field, as well as many empty pupa cells. All larvae brought in MINNESOTA BILL BUGS. iN Sy pupated on the following day. They must therefore pass the winter as pupae or adults, or both, within the pupa cell. Two parasitic cocoons were found, one of which was inside a cell of S. zeae, judging from«the remains of the larvae in the cell. The other cocoon was apparently ina cell of S. venatus. So far as observations go, the native food plant of S. zeae is the same as that for S. venatus. The adult beetles will leave the native food for the corn when it is near by, and feed upon it with the same relish and the same habits as S. venatus. No eggs of S. seae were found in corn. The larvae have not been found in corn, but like S. venatus, Spend) them lives at the base of and in the central recion of the vellow nutgrass, the burrow not being longer than three or four times the length of a larva. In this burrow, it makes for itself a similar but larger elliptical cell of the burrowings and pupates therein. The beetles travel on foot, although the power of resistance to drowning is very great. Twenty-four adults of S. venatus were completely submerged in water for different periods of time, up to seventeen hours and were found to suffer no harm. From this, it may be inferred that if high water occurs at the proper time, it 1s quite possible for many adults to be carried long distances and infest a new field of sedge farther down the river. Food Plants. Practically all of the Sphenophori feed naturally upon some one or more species of Scripus although other plants are often attacked. Such is the case with S. venatus and S. seae. Both species pass their entire life history in association with the yellow nut grass, but when sprouting corn, wheat or timothy is near by, it is very likely to be attacked and, in fact, the adults prefer the corn to the native food. Leaves of Cyperus esculentus containing holes in rows were very similar to those of corn. Generally speak- ing, grass crops that are not too far from Scripus are subject to attack. Under artificial conditions, it was found that the adult beetles will feed upon several other plants as, for example, Se venatus will feed upon potato leaf and stem, leaves and stem of fox-tail or wild barley, crown and flower of dandelion, timothy, oats, wheat, corn, and yellow nutgrass, but showing preferences for yellow nutgrass, corn, wheat, oats, and timothy. Pepper grass, sweet clover, wild lettuce, milkweed, horseweed, rageweed, hayweed 158 MINNESOTA BILL BUGS. (Ambrosia sp.), cabbage, lettuce and bean were not touched. S. seae will at least refuse mammoth red clover; alsace clover, and ragweed. Methods of Control—(Mainly for S. venatus). I’xcept in rare instances, attacks from billbugs are confined exclusively to river-bottoms and lake shore lands when a field of corn and possibly wheat, oats or timothy is planted beside a field of the yellow nutgrass or where all or a portion of the vellow nut- grass is “turned over.” In Illinois, where S. parvulus exists, timothy appears to be a very dangerous crop to plant, but so far as observed, S. venatus and S. zeae do very little if any damage. Fall and spring plowing does not appear to control either species for two reasons; first, from a practical point of view it would be next to impossible to destroy all of the sedge, unless a very thorough method of summer fallowing was carried out. This would mean a year lost in time and money, especially so on river bottom land, which is subject to partial losses by high water; and second, from preliminary experiments where two adults of S. venatus were placed at the bottom of and inside of a two-inch glass tube with different heights of field placed on top of them. When two, three, and four inches of soil was placed on top of the beetles, they all reached the surface in three, four, and seven days, respect- ively. In another lot, where two, two and one-half, and three and one-half inches of wet, compact soil was used, the beetles reached the surface in approximately three to ten days. It was discovered that with this wet soil, they would come to the top and go back down again. On July 10, 1913, when the experiment was again tried, four specimens of S. venatus were placed at the bottom of a tube one inch in diameter, having fourteen inches of damp but not wet field soil in it. On July 18, or eighteen days after, one adult reached the surface, but for two and one-half days this adult remained a half inch below the surface before coming to the top. On July 22 another adult reached the surface and on August 2 the third reached the top, but it was not until August 3 that the last billbug made its escape, in a total period of twenty-four days. To be conclusive, similar experiments should be tried under field condi- tions; however, the hint given is that late spring plowing might prolong the period of emergence, provided the adults hibernate near or on the surface; otherwise spring plowing would probably be a detriment. MINNESOTA BILL BUGS. 159 From a study of the life-cycle, it will be seen that the best time to plant corn is at least ten days (15 is better) after the adults make their appearance in the spring. The greatest amount of dam- age is done before the mating season. Another significant fact is that there are years of abundance and years of comparatively few billbugs, the former following a year of high water. Just what part parasites play in this role is still a question. Two other methods of control suggest themselves; crop rota- tion and the use of poisons. Where practicable, drainage would no doubt be of considerable help, provided the extra expense would be compensated for. Crop Rotation. Rotating corn with potatoes, timothy, or wheat, to be again followed by corn, does not rid the feld of billbugs. If rotation ts followed, fall plowing, followed by the disk-harrow or harrow, 1s advised; again harrow or disk in the spring, if a new field of Cy- erus esculentus was broken in the fall. Sow the field to a root crop, such as beets, or seed to onions or cabbage. This will demand very thorough cultivation, thus keeping down volunteer nutgrass. Manure in late summer or early fall and seed to clover, or manure and fall-plow, seeding to corn the following spring, this to be fol- lowed by a legume. Other combinations may be worked out according to controlling local conditions as: First Year—Onions, beets or cabbage. Early cabbage may be followed by certain varieties of beans or peas. Field to be manured and plowed in the fall. Second Year—Corn, timothy, wheat, or potatoes. Third Year—Seed to clover or some other leguminous crop. While the above may not be an ideal crop rotation for bottom land, yet the yellow nutgrass must be completely killed out or the land summer fallowed. Poisoning. Since the adults are very greedy when they first make their appearance in the spring and are known to be very fond of ear corn, it is quite probable and even possible that broken bits of ear corn could be soaked in water containing sweetened arsenicals and then scattered about over the field. The objection to this method would be the possible killing of birds; however, the evidence of birds being killed by arsenical spray methods is negative. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON MINNESOTA BIRDS; THEIR ECONOMIG RELATIONS TO THE AGRIGULTURIST.* F. L. WASHBURN. The increasing interest in our birds prompts the Entomologist to add to the information published with colored plates in Circular 32, from this office, by issuing the present leaflet. It is manifestly out of the question to discuss all of our bird residents and visitors, or even to list and figure them in a circular. It has been our aim, therefore, rather, to describe, briefly, different types representing certain groups common in Minnesota. There has been a great demand for Circular 32 on the part of schools and it is hoped that these brief accounts of Minnesota bird life may also be of service. We are particularly fortunate, through the kindness of the artist, Louis Agassiz Fuertes, of Mabel Osgood Wright, the living author, and the Macmillan Company, publishers of “Citizen bird,” to be able to present here a few of the excellent and accurate illustrations with which that publication is adorned. It is with the greatest pleasure that we acknowledge our appreciation of the courtesy extended by the above. > *Also printed as Circular No. 35. USEFUL BIRDS 161 THE WOOD THRUSH AND WILSON THRUSH. The distinct, sharply-outlined, large, round, black spots on the white breast and under parts of the Wood Thrush, together with Wilson Thrush. 162 USEFUL BIRDS its larger size, will at once distinguish it from the following species—the Wilson Thrush or Veery, with which it vies in the matter of song. In the latter species, the white breast is more or less tinged with cream and dotted with small, somewhat indistinct brownish, wedge-shaped spots. Its upper parts are brownish but not as bright as in the Wood Thrush. The first-named bird is 8% inches long; the latter (Veery) a little over 7 inches. Both lay greenish-blue eggs in a coarse nest modelled somewhat after the nest of the robin, but the nest of the Veery is on or close to the ground. The beautiful song of both of these birds, coming from the dense woods, if once heard, is never forgotten and they are both important insect-eaters; in fact, the entire thrush family, tho occasional members may be attracted to berries and fruit, notably in the case of the robin, must be credited with being benefactors of the farmer and fruit raiser. _ Forbes, after a somewhat exhaustive examination of their food habits, states that 61% of the food of thrushes consists of insects. THE BROWN THRUSH OR BROWN THRASHER. The excellent illustration here given is sufficient to enable us to recognize this very common bird of our thickets and _ fields. Rufus brown above, with black spots on a white ground below, its USEFUL BIRDS 163 colors and conspicuously long tail make it a notable object when it seeks a prominent position on a lofty branch, preparatory to singing. Its song, while striking, will not compare, we believe, with those of the two preceding nor with that of the cat bird. One of its chief charms, perhaps, lies in the fact that it is an ac- companiment of the welcome spring weather. \Ve have been so Smuck byatne little. rayne credited to° Olive > im -Gitizen: Bird,’ which certainly is very descriptive of its habits and song, that we venture to repeat it here: “My creamy breast is speckled (Perhaps you’d call it freckled) Black and brown. “My pliant russet tail Beats like a frantic flail, Up and down. “In the top branch of a tree You may chance a glance at me, When I sing. ‘But Pm very, very shy, When I silently float by, On the wing. “Whew there! Hi there! Such a clatter. What’s the matter—what’s the matter? Really, really? “Digging, delving, raking, sowing, Corn is sprouting, corn is growing. lamtpnte plants te ! Gather it, gather it! Thresh it, thresh it! Hide it, hide it, do! (I see it—and you.) Oh! I’m that famous scratcher, H-a-r-p-o-r-h-y-n-c-h-u-s__r-u-f-u-s—Thrasher Cloaked in brown.” 164 USEFUL BIRDS While the brown thrush may take a little fruit or grain, it is a good insect-eater and, as a ground feeder, scratching amongst fallen leaves, it picks up many injurious insects, and it must be admitted, some useful forms as well, the ground beetles, for example. tHE CAT BIRD: The writer has been so forcibly reminded of the beautiful song of this bird by the extremely natural appearance of the drawing, that he is led to include it here as a plea for the bird, upon the ground of its qualities as a songster. USEFUL BIRDS 165 THE YELLOW-BELLIED WOODPECKER OR SAPSUCKER This illustration will prove helpful in enabling one to dis- tinguish between this injurious form and other woodpeckers which are useful. In striking contrast to other birds whose tongues are extensile for extracting borers from infested trees, the tongue of this species has a somewhat “brushlike” tip. It cannot be pro- truded to any extent, and is thus modified for an entirely different diet from that of other members of the same family. That it seri- ously injures birches, maples, mountain ash, apple, evergreen, and other trees by girdling them with holes in its seeking for sap and cambium goes without saying. It may and probably does consume a few insects which are attracted to the bleeding holes, but not in sufficient numbers or of the right kind to compensate for the injury inflicted upon the trees. The bird is about 8% inches long. The adult male has crown and throat red, breast black, and belly a shade of yellow. The female has no red on throat and the red color of the crown is sometimes replaced by black. The downy wood- 166 USEFUL BIRDS pecker, which is one of our most useful birds, is under 7 inches in length and has a scarlet band on the back of the head in the male— not on the crown. On account of its small size and difference of coloration, it need not be confused with the species under discussion. THE BELTED KINGFISHER. The above virile picture gives an excellent idea of the appear- ance of this vivacious, noisy, and, it must be confessed, at times in- jurious bird. Naturally a lover of wood-bordered streams and ponds, its noisy rattle is a fit accompaniment to the sound of run- ning water and it is here that it takes frequent toll of fish which might otherwise have lived to fill the angler’s creel. Fish in ponds and streams, therefore, suffer as a result of its rapacious appetite, but its depredations become of marked importance when it habitu- ally takes its food from ponds or streams of those who raise trout on a commercial scale. Frequently, the shot gun is used by the fish- breeder in self-defense; or taking advantage of the bird’s habit of frequenting a perch over the water, whence it can see its prey be- low the surface, a steel trap is placed on the top of an upright pole planted in the pond and the marauder captured therein... Its white eggs are placed at the end of a long burrow in some bank near the water. USEFUL BIRDS 167 THE AMERICAN REDSTART. I-uertes’ fine drawing illustrates the male (1) and female (2) of this beautiful bird. One of a large group of wood-warblers, ex- amp!es of which (Blackburnian, Maryland yellow-throat, Chest- nut-sided, and Yellow-rumped) are shown in color. The male 1s striking, not only on account of his brilliant coloring, but also on account of his conspicuousness, since he is extremely active and this activity coupled with the above mentioned brilliancy of coloring, makes him.an object to catch the eye of even an indifferent observer. As if conscious of his beauty (breast, head, and back a deep, lustrous black; long wing-feathers at base a-rich Salmon; about half of the outer~ tail feathers, “sides of breast, and body beneath wings deep salmon) he is continually spreading and flirting his tail, extending his wings, and making short flights from the trees seeking insects, much after the man- ner of our common fly-catchers. The female is much duller-col- ored, greenish-gray on head and back and yellowish where the male is salmon. 168 USEFUL BIRDS THE GREAT NORTHERN SHRIKE; BUTCHER BIRD. \ \, \ x iene | iS / ne \ eo iz Nay x | VN \ A misconception regarding this bird prevails among many, a mistake which is encouraged by its name and perhaps added to, unfortunately, by the illustrations frequently seen, showing the bird with a captured sparrow. It is true, however, that he. kills sparrows and other small birds, a fact evidently fully appreciated by his intended victims, since a panic among them is caused by his appearance, but he atones for this by killing and devouring field mice, shrews, and injurious insects. It is to his credit, also, that he is a persistent enemy of the English sparrow—a bird respon- sible for many ills and now recognized as one means of dispersal of the much-dreaded San Jose scale. The great northern shrike is common in our fields until late fall, sometimes as late as De- cember in the latitude of Minneapolis, and even later in the south- ern part of the state, and recognized by his peculiar flight, close to the ground, by his size and coloration. He is about 10% inches long, black, gray, and white. At times, he is something of a song- ster. Amongst injurious insects captured, we might mention grasshoppers and various caterpillars. USEFUL BIRDS 169 AMERICAN CROSSBILL. A frequent visitor from the North in the fall and during the winter. More common in the timber and wooded country than in open sections, though occasionally seen on some high tree in the middle of a large city. Wherever observed in this latitude, they are always tame and easily approached. The writer has found them in July in the upper Red River Valley, feeding upon the in- sect contents of poplar galls. These were probably young birds and their occurrence here at that date would indicate the birds breeding at no very great distance. 170 USEFUL BIRDS THE BOBOLINK. This dandy amongst birds—a favorite of bird lovers and sub- ject of many a song and poem—is a common and welcome summer resident here, filling the fields with drunken melody, while his more modestly-colored mate is sitting quietly on her nest,, well hidden in grass or clover. So familiar to all is this songster that with the above excellent illustration before us, no verbal descrip- tion 1S necessary. The beauty and song of the male bird are but transient qual- ities, for after the breeding season, he loses his fine clothes, be- comes dull olive-colored, streaked with black, like the female and young, and, in the fall, flocks southward to wild rice marshes and cultivated rice fields, wintering in South America. At night one frequently realizes flocks of these birds are passing, by hearing their metallic “Chink” in the darkened sky above. As “reed bird” and “rice bird,” they find their way into the markets of the East and South, fattened by voracious feeding in the rice fields. While with us in the North, they eat large numbers of injurious insects. USEFUL BIRDS Wi THE RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD. However injurious the group of blackbirds become in late summer and fall, in the spring and early summer they almost or quite pay for their depredations by consuming large numbers of injurious insects. The Red-wing is a welcome arrival in the early spring. Its really melodious note at that time is tuneful comfort to bird lovers, after a long winter devoid of feathered singers. At that time, the position taken by the bird in uttering its char- acteristic note or notes discloses to advantage its scarlet shoulders well set off by glossy black of wings, body, and tail. The gray: ish-brown female, streaked with black, we may not notice, but the male compe!s attention. The Department of Agriculture has made an exhaustive study of this bird’s food habits and finds about 7g of its diet consists of harmful insects and weed seeds. Locally when in large flocks, as above intimated, it—with others of its tribe—may be very harm- ful and a resort, on the part of the farmer, to extreme measures is justified. lef 2 USEFUL BIRDS THE WHIPPOORWILL AND NIGHT HAWK. These two birds, sometimes confused by the uninitiated, yet perfectly distinct species, are both insect-eaters and one of them— the Whippoorwill—not often seen and not very well known. It is a bird of the woods, unless disturbed, flying only by night, and characterized by its peculiar note, oft-repeated: “Whip-poor-will!” ” “Whip-poor-will!” “Whip-poor-will” with a “cluck” or “chuck” before each call, audible to one close at hand. This song, quite forceful and penetrating, is heard in the first part of the night and just before dawn. In coloration, the bird harmonizes closely with the wood colors. \When flushed, it disappears with absolutely noiseless flight. Night Hawk. The Night Hawk, on the other hand, is markedly a bird of the open, frequently in flight in the afternoon and early in the evening, high in the air, uttering at frequent intervals his rather USEFUL BIRDS i7/S harsh cry and occasionally, on half-closed wings, darting down to the earth with a booming sound, made, it is claimed, by the rush of air through his primary wing feathers. The two eggs of the Night Hawk are laid on the ground or in the fields, or even on a flat rock, with no semblance of a nest; occasionally, they are found on flat roofs of buildings in cities. The Whippoorwill’s eggs, also two in number, are laid on the ground or on a log or stump in the woods, likewise protected by no nest. The coloring and mark- ings of the two birds also serve to distinguish them. The Whip- poorwill’s colors partake of the browns, while the Night Hawk is grayish. The tail of the former has the three outer feathers white for about two-thirds their length. Further, the end of the tail 1s rounding. The latter-named bird has a conspicuous white patch on each wing; its tail is forked. The Whippoorwill feeds largely on moths and beetles; the Night Hawk on May flies, gnats, dragon flies, grasshoppers, ete. THE QUAIL. Amongst our game birds, the Quail gets most of its grain after the crop has been gathered; it eats insects, some of them very in- jurious; large numbers of potato beetles and chinch bugs have 174 USEFUL BIRDS been found in its crop; army worms, cut worms and wire worms form a portion of its diet. It appears to be growing more abund- ant in the State from year to year, and working farther north each season, yet its occurrence in any latitude in any year naturally depends upon the severity of the preceding winter and upon gen- eral climatic conditions. The Virginia Quail or Bob White is holding its own fairly well in Minnesota in spite of our severe winters, pushing its way farther north when conditions are favorable. This bird is such a good friend of the agriculturist that it deserves protection, although its fine qualities as a table bird make it an object of pursuit on the part of hunters. Potato bugs and even chinch bugs have been found in its crop and grasshoppers as well as many other varieties of injurious insects compose a large proportion of its bill of fare. THE AMERICAN WOODCOCK. A somewhat rare bird in Minnesota, frequenting the low, wooded, water-courses and generally resorting to the higher lands only during the night. This beautiful game bird is pre-eminently a night-flier and a night-feeder. Its large eyes, placed well toward the top of its head, are not only enabled to gain impressions from above, when the bird’s soft beak is buried in the mud, but also are in a position to receive all available light. When flushed, the bird rises softly, directly upward until clear of the brush and then pauses an instant before starting away from the intruder. Their four buff-colored eggs spotted and blotched with brown, are laid on leaves on the ground in an excuse for a nest. This bird has no economic bearing upon agriculture. It is protected in Minnesota until 1918. USEFUL BIRDS ily n THE HERRING GULL AND COMMON TERN. The gull family is a group beneficial to farmers living in a prai- rie country. The Black Tern, found so abundantly about our prairie sloughs, and perhaps the most abundant representative of the group in Minnesota, is a good triend ofthe farmer, for when the sloughs are dry, and even before, they consume large numbers of grass- hoppers. Amongst others of this family (gulls), Franklin’s Rosy Gull is one of the chief breeders within the State’s borders and is a voracious eater of grasshoppers, and, while no illustration of this bird is available, we are pleased to be able to present an excellent drawing of the Common Tern in this publication which will serve to illustrate the group. The Herring Gull—a good scavenger upon the shore of lake or ocean, typifies the larger members of the family and the species itself, while not as abundant perhaps as other gulls which breed in some of our lakes—is, nevertheless, a Minnesota summer resident, arriving in the southern part of the state early in April, shortly after that working its way north, where some at least nest in our larger lakes, notably Lake Mille Lacs. I have observed them at Devils Lake, Otter Tail County, in October and also find the fol- lowing observations amongst my notes taken some years ago: “At Lake Mille Lacs, after the wind has been blowing from the East a day or more, these gulls and the two following species, namely, L. delewarensis and L. philadelphia, are plenty along the west shore, flying up and down the beach and occasionally alight- ing to pick up small lacustrine mollusks washed ashore with the Iwo) USEFUL BIRDS weed matter. About two miles from the south shore of the lake lie three barren, rocky islands, which are frequented by the gulls in the breeding season. The larger of the three, called Stone Island,—or Spirit Island by the Indians,—containing about three- quarters of an acre and with its top about 20 feet above the sur- face of the water, affords on its rocky surface a nesting place for hundreds of gulls.” Stomachs of the Herring Gull are found to contain grasshop- pers, fish, mollusks, and, in one instance, the remains of a marsh Tae ke The Common Tern. hare, probably consumed as carrion. Professor Aughey reported finding in the stomachs of each of four Black Terns from 47 to 8&4 erasshoppers or locusts, and in two stomachs examined, from 28 to 59 other insects. USEFUL BIRDS leer THE MOURNING DOVE. It is unfortunate that the Mourning Dove has been so long included amongst our game birds, as it deserves protection, and we are glad to note that by an act of the Minnesota Legislature at its 1915 session it was placed upon the constantly protected list. A bulletin from the United States Department of Agriculture (TF ar- mers mmlletin 13, “Bureau “ot Biological Survey) reports the finding in one stomach of sev- enty-five hundred seeds of yellow wood sorrel; in another sixty-four hundred seeds of foxtail, and in a third twenty-six hundred seeds of slender pospalum, forty- eight hundred and twenty seeds of orange hawkweed, nine hun- dred fifty of hairy vervain, one hundred twenty of Carolina cranes- bill, fifty of yellow wood sorrel, six hundred twenty of panic grass, and forty miscellaneous weed seeds. The drawing is included here for comparison with that of the Passenger Pigeon or Wild Pigeon with which the species is some- times confused. THE WILD PIGEON. A vanished bird. Several reports from various localities in Minnesota have reached the University of the occurrence of this beautiful bird so common years ago within the confines of the state, but these rumors appear to have arisen either from con- fusing the Mourning Dove with this species, or to have been fakes, pure and simple. So far, the reward of $1,000 for a pair of these birds nesting has not been claimed. The writer has been, in the past, familiar with the appearance of the Passenger Pigeon at the time when it was extremely abundant in Minnesota and must confess to having been startled a few years ago in traveling by train from Crookston to Bemidji, at catching a momentary glimpse from the car window of two birds in flight amongst the trees, wonderfully resembling in size, color, and shape, the Pas- senger Pigeon of yesterday. No opportunity was afforded, how- 178 USEFUL BIRDS The Wild Pigeon ever, to prove this and he dismissed the idea as absurd.* The glory of discovering the existence (if it does exist) of this former summer resident still remains for some aspiring ornithologist. There is no need of confusing these two birds. The wild pigeon is 16% inches long; the ground dove only 1134 inches, approximately. The upper parts of the former are dove-colored or bluish-slate with metallic reflections on the sides of the neck of the male, while the upper parts of the dove are grayish-brown. The nests of both consist of small twigs loosely put together and containing in each case two white eggs. *In this connection it may be noted that Francis L. Palmer of Stillwater, Minn., a student of birds, claims quite emphatically to have observed one of these birds on May 31, 1915, near the above named town, which is in the south- eastern part of the state. His observations were published in “Bird Lore” for July-August, 1915, page 289. USEFUL BIRDS 179 THE WOOD DUCK. The Wood Duck A bird like the woodcock and some others, rapidly growing more scarce in Minnesota and included here with the Golden Plover as representing our “vanishing birds.” Strikingly tropical- looking is the male bird. In the above excellent illustration imagine the sides of the face and soft crested crown, green with purplish reflections, contrasting sharply with the white of the upper throat, the breast a rich, purplish chestnut, finely spotted with white; sides yellowish, delicately penciled with black, with ends of flank feathers sharply barred with black and white. Back blackish or brownish, with green reflections, and long wing feathers, bluish with green reflections. The eye (iris) bright red. A veritable prince amongst ducks, capable of domestication and worthy of most careful protection. What fisherman, wading a wooded stream, or Nature-lover idling on the bank of a secluded pond, has not been delighted by the flashing colors of these beautiful birds as they leave the water, startled at the approach of an alien, or entranced as they disport themselves in sylvan pool, quite un- conscious of the admiring glances they invite! Dr. P. L. Hatch, in his notes on the birds of Minnesota, 1892, voicing his enthusiasm over this duck, breaks into song as fol- lows: “The most truthful and esthetic description of the mature 180 USEFUL BIRDS male could reach no nearer the limning reality than the coldest prose could paint the rainbow. Science, after all her most impos- ing assumptions, would sit down and weep before the task in black despair. The impotence of all attempts has smirched the skirts of hope by what has been essayed in its systematic, as well as its vernacular nomenclature. Air sponsa! Shades of Linnaeus, weep cold, clammy tears for thine irremedial dereliction! Wood Duck! Summer Duck!” Unlike the majority of ducks, these birds breed in hollow trees overhanging the water. They are typically North Ameri- can, ranging from Florida to Hudson Bay, but wintering far to the south of our most southern borders. Protected in Minnesota until 1918. THE GOLDEN PLOVER. A bird also uncommon, in that it 1s here irregularly during the migrations, remaining with us only a short time, and now, we believe, rapidly disappearing. The illustration is given here as representing the type. The Killdeer or Ringneck Plover, common in low-lying fields and frequently seen about the barnyard, easily recognized not only by its rather plaintive note but particularly by the black band across the white breast, consumes the larvae of many injurious insects found in pastures and meadows; it eats wire- worms, caterpillars, grasshoppers and crickets and the eggs of the two latter. While with us, the food of the Golden Plover consists chiefly of grasshoppers and other insects. Together with the Upland Plover or Field Plover, another vanishing bird, it is protected in Minnesota until 1918. USEFUL BIRDS 181 THE BLUE HERON. Another of our wading birds, wrongly referred to frequently asp Crane.) he cranes, be it said,-are rather birds vot the plains and prairies—not of wooded sections, where we find these fisher- men abundantly represented. Its food consists of frogs and fish, but grasshoppers and field mice are not scorned. Like the king- fisher, it may become destructive when frequenting the ponds of the fish-breeder. 182 USEFUL BIRDS THE SNOWY OWL AND GREAT HORNED OWL. beam I oe , Nii. a7. Snowy Owl. After Fuertes. As supplementing a plea in behalf of birds of prey as a class, we introduce here figures and brief notes of two of our owls. first-named, to be sure, is not a common bird in Minnesota. When seen, it is generally in the winter season, at which time we have occasionally observed it in the bare fields. Our field notes, how- ever, show that this bird was met with occasionally in Otter Tail County in October and November, some years ago. It is, however, distinctly a boreal bird, pushing its migrations southerly only in its search for food. USEFUL BIRDS 183 The Great Horned Owl, however, arriving here sometimes as early as February, is a common bird within our state borders. Rabbits, gophers, muskrats, field mice, and other night-prowling Great-horned Owl. After Fuertes. animals represent a large share of the diet of this owl; poultry, too, if farmers allow their turkeys and chickens to roost in tops of trees, on sheds, or on exposed farm wagons. Even skunks (note the illustration) are highly prized by them for food; in fact, when captured, they are frequently strongly scented with skunk odor. With the exception of the skunk, which is ordinarily a useful citizen, the other mammals mentioned must be regarded as injurious— most of them decidedly so; hence this owl is, to a large degree, a benefactor. 184 LIST OF ANNUAL AND BIENNIAL REPORTS LIST OF ANNUAL AND BIENNIAL REPORTS AND OTHER PUBLI- CATIONS OF “THE SPATE ENTOMOLOGIST OF. MINNES@OMEX AND OF THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, .UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, BETWEEN 1895 AND DECEMBER 1, 1916, BOTH DATES INCLUDED. (List and Index covered by period from 1895 to 1914 compiled by O. J. Wenzel, and published April 4, 1916, as State Entomologist’s Circular No. 38.) REPORTS (Annual, Biennial, or Special) Some of these publications are still available, but the majority of the edi- tions are exhausted. 1895 Ist Rep. Lugger (Iexp. Sta. Bul. 43) General insect conditions, Chinch Bug, Locust, ete. 1896 2nd Rep. Lugger (Exp. Sta. Bul. 48) Chinch Bug, Animal Para- sites, Mosquitos, Flies, etc. 1897 3rd Rep. Lugger (Exp. Sta. Bul. 55) Grasshoppers and Locusts. 1898 4th Rep. Lugger (Exp. Sta. Bul. 61) Butterflies and Moths. Special Report Lugger (lexp. Sta. Bul.64) Black Rust or Summer Rust (Out of date). The Hessian Fly, Migratory Locusts or Grasshoppers. 1899 Sth Rep. Lugger (Exp. Sta. Bul. 66) 3eetles. 1900 6th Rep. Lugger (Exp. Sta. Bul. 69) Bugs. 1902 7th Rep. WVashburn (Exp. Sta. Bul. 77) General insect conditions, Hessian Fly, Grasshop- pers, Chinch Bug, ete. 1903 8th Rep. Washburn (léxp. Sta. Bul. 84) Spraying Methods and Compounds, Nursery Law, Insects affecting Forest Trees, etc. 1904 1904 1905 1906 1908 1907-08 1909-10 1911-12 1913-14 on LIST OF ANNUAL AND BIENNIAL REPORTS 18 9th Rep. IV ashburn (Exp. Sta. Bul. 88) Insects affecting raspberries, blackberries, gooseberries, strawberries, grapes, mel- ons, squashes, cucumbers, Mediterranean flour moth. Special Report, Ilashburn Mediterranean Flour Moth. 10th Rep. [Vashburn (Exp. Sta. Bul. 93) Flies of Minnesota. 11th Rep. [Vashburn (Exp. Sta. Bul. 100) The Cabbage Maggot and other injurious insects of 1906. Special Report, Iashburn (See Bul. 108) 12th Rep. HVashburn (Exp. Sta. Bul. 112) General insect conditions, Apple Leaf Hopper, Grasshoppers, Grain Lice, Crown Gall, Tree Insects, Cabbage Maggots, Tree- hoppers, Black Flies, White Grubs, Stalk Bor- ers, “Jiggers,” Bee and Wax Moths, Plant Lice, etc. 13th Rep. Washburn General insect condition, cutworms, army worms, grasshoppers. apple leaf hopper, cabbage maggot, San Jose scale, gypsy moth, brown tail moth, household insects, — stalk borers, grain plant lice, borers, etc. 14th Rep. IVashburn General, grasshopper, blis- ter beetles, wheat stem maggot, cutworms, grubs, clover seed chalcid, shade tree pests, typhoid fly, corn bill bug, household insects, mice, rabbits, etc. 15th Rep. [Vashburn General insect conditions, useful birds, spraying, fly control, warble flies, truck crop pests, wire worms, Odonata, Acridtidae, ete. LIST OF ANNUAL AND BIENNIAL REPORTS AGRICULTURAL. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS, FROM SEES DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. (Exclusive of annual or biennial reports, the first twelve of which appeared as Experiment Station bulletins. ) 1888. 1888. 1889. 1889. 1&0. 1891. 1£92. 1893. 1893. 1899. 1904. 1908. 1908. 1908. LG: 1911. 1914. No. 3: Lugger (with Horticulture). Report on the Rocky Mountain Locust in Otter Vail County. Lugger. Fungi which Kill Insects Especially as Affecting Chinch Bugs and Locusts. Lugger. (Rocky Mountain Locust.) Lugger. Insects Affecting Willows and Poplars. Lugger. Contains “Syringing with London Purple to Kill Curculio on Our Native Plums”; and “Oak Caterpillars.” Lugger. Sheep Scrab and How To Cure It. Lugger. Migratory Locusts in Minnesota in 1891. The Fruit Fly, etc. See Special Report. Lugger. The Classification of Insects and Their Relation to Agriculture (Out of date). Lugger. Black Rust. Lugger. The Chinch Bug. Washburn. Vhe Importance of the Study of Entomology-— How To Collect and Preserve Insects. Washburn. The So-called “Green-bug” and Other Grain Aphids in Minnesota in 1907. See Special Report. Ruggles & Stakman. Orchard and Garden Spraying. Washburn. Cutworms, Army-worms and Grasshoppers. Somes. The Acridiidae of Minnesota (Also continued in 15th Report of the State Entomologist). 1908. 1908. 1908. 1908. 1903. 1908. 1909. 1909, 1°09. 1609. 1909. 1910. 1910. 1911. 1911. 1912. WAZA 1912. 1913. alse 1914. 1914. 1914. 1914. 1914. 1914. 1914. 1916. 1916. 1916. 1916. 1916. 1916. No. LIST OF ANNUAL AND BIENNIAL REPORTS 187 CIRCULARS OF INFORMATION. Washburn. Crown Gall in Minnesota. Washburn. Mediterranean Flour Moth. Washburn. Remedies for the Cabbage Maggot. See Press Bulletin No. 32. Washburn. Destruction of Lawns by White Grubs. See Press Bulletin No. 33. See Press Bulletin No. 34. Washburn. The Cabbage Maggot on Radishes. Work of 1908. Washburn. San Jose Scale Possibilities in Minnesota. Washburn. Household Insects. A. The House Fly and the Clothes Moth. Washburn. The Museum of the Division of Entomology at the Minnesota Agricultural College. Washburn. The Danger of Introducing the Gypsy and Brown- tail Moths in Minnesota. See Press Bulletin No. 39. Washburn. Household Insects. B. Fleas, Bedbugs, Cock- roaches, Carpet Beetles or Buffalo Bugs. Washburn. A New Method of Combating the House Fly. Washburn. Household Insects. C. Mosquitos, Ants, Silver Fish and Crickets. Washburn. The Minnesota Fly-trap. Ruggles. Shade-tree Borers. Washburn. A. The Minnesota Fly-trap. B. Suggestions for Campaign Against the House Fly, Now Known as the Ty- phoid-fly. IWVashburn. Twenty Common Insects of the Vegetable Garden and Remedies. Moore. Fumigation of Greenhouses with Cyanide. Moore. Two Raspberry Pests, Which May Be Controlled By Pruning. Ruggles. Some Tree-destroying Insects. Washburn. Inspecticn of Minneseta Nurseries and Imported Stock in 1913-1914. Washburn. Useful Birds Found in Minnesota. Howard. Control of Flies in Rural Districts. Moore. The Cucumber Beetle. Washburn. Further Observation on Minnesota Birds; Their Economic Relations To the Agriculturist. Marcovitch. The Red Rose Beetle. Washburn. Entomologist’s Report on Inspection of Minnesota Nurseries and Imported Nursery Stock for the Year 1915. Wenzel. Index, Minnesota State Entomologist’s Reports. Williamson. Some Insect Enemies of Corn. (Special Bulletin No. 8, Agricultural Extension Bulletin. ) Washburn. Work on White Pine Blister Rust in Minnesota, 1916. 188 LIST OF ANNUAL AND BIENNIAL KEPORTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION PRESS BULLETINS. 1901. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1908. 1908. 1908. 1910. HL 1913. 1914. No. 12. Forbes. The Rocky Mountain Locust. No. 13. Forbes. The Hessian Fly. No. 15. Washburn. A Remedy for the Mosquito Evil. No. 16. Washburn. Criddle Mixture for Grasshoppers. No. 19. [Vashburn. A Plea for Some of Our Common Birds Based on Their Food Habits. No. 22. Washburn. Insects and Insect-like Animals Attacking Live Stock in Minnesota. No. 22. [WVashburn. Results of Work of 1905 with Cabbage Maggot. Suggestions To Growers of Cabbage, Cauliflower and Rad- ishes. No. 26. MVashburn. An Entomological Calendar. No. 28. Washburn. 1. Vhe Fall Web-worm a Menace in Minnesota. 2. Autumn Remedies for the Stalk Borer in Flower Gardens. No. 31.) Washburn. Suggestions To Those Contemplating Spraying. No. 32. Washturn. Insects Affecting Wheat and Other Grains in Minnesota during 1907 and 1908. (Ent. Cir. No. 10.) No. 33. Washburn. Some Destructive Shade-tree Pests. (Ent. Cir. No. 13.) No. 34. Ruggles. Spraying for Plum Curculio. (Ent. Cir. No. 14.) No. 39. IVashburn. Grasshoppers and Army Worms in Minnesota. (EntsGir No. 20>) EXTENSION BULLETINS. No. 23. [Vashburn. Some Common Insects and Their Control. No. 42. Washburn. Flies and Their Control. No. 54. Washburn. Some Four-footed Farm Pests. The following leaflets and reprints, many without date, we found in our library files and elsewhere: The Cottony Maple Scale and How Vo Destroy It. Squirrels, Chipmunks and Flying Squirrels. Sparrow Circular. Frog Farming. Pocket or Pouched Gophers. Skunks. Black Rust or Summer Rust. Lugger. Gnawers or Rodents. Gophers. Insects Injurious to Small Fruit. Lugger. Tent Caterpillars. Printed letter giving directions for combating chinch bug. 1906. 1906. 1909. 1913. 1916. Washburn. The Advantages of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas Treatment for the Mediterranean Flour Moth and Other Pests in Flour Mills. Washburn. The Mediterranean Flour Moth. Washburn. Some Minnesota Insects and Useful Birds. (Large chart, colored. ) An Act Providing for the Inspection of Nurseries and Orchards. Special Bulletin No. 8, Williamson. Some Insect Enemies of Corn. LIST OF ANNUAL AND BIENNIAL REPORTS 189 TECHNICAL PAPERS: 1907. Brues. Three New Hymenopterous Parasites of Pegomyia brassicae. 1908. Vickery. A Comparative Study of the External Anatomy of Plant Lice. Minnesota Insect Life, a periodical leaflet published by the State Entomol- ogist and Staff, on the first of April, May, June, July and August, of each year, the purpose of which is “to place before farmers, nurserymen, fruit growers, gardeners, housekeepers, and others timely items, which will be of value in sug- gesting methods for preserving their property from attacks of insects,’ was first published in June, 1910. Copies of Insect Life are still available except Nol lea Now Wolk to Now Viol lle Non 7s Vols LIL No. 10: MINNESOTA NURSERY AND ORCHARD INSPECTION NEWS LETTER. Vol I, No. 1, Sept. 1, 1915. Vol. I, No. 2, Dec. 6, 1915. Vol. I, No. 3, April 20, 1916. Vol. I, No. 4, May 29, 1916. Vol. I, No. 5, June 18, 1916. Wolk Nos.6, Sept 15) 196: The News Letter, issued at irregular intervals by the Entomologist, pur- poses to convey to Minnesota Nurserymen news items concerning current work of inspection and interesting facts regarding nurseries, in so far as they relate to our work and are of value to nurserymen. a SMITHSONIAN INSTIT of IN | 9 “fe : , * yp aN rs di Scoe