53.9

3R

954 NO. 35

. 0

..^^^.IX 504 DECEMBER 1954

I I

MONTANA INSECT PESTS
1953 - ' 1954

Thirty-Fifth Report

of the
State Entomologist

I I P

MONTANA STATE COLLEGE 5MlEPllSl)CfflOfc'Cll[[ECIION
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ^

BOZEMAN, MONTANA ^ ' O 1 Z007

HELENA, MONTANA 59620

Bozeman. Montana

To His Excellency
Governor J. Hugo Aronson
State House
Helena. Montana

My Dear Governor Aronson:

I am submitting herewith the Thirty-fifth Report of the State
Entomologist of Montana. This report contains information re-
garding the status of the more important insects and contra! programs.
A report on the goativeed beetle program is included.

During the biennium 1.517 inquiries were answered concerning
insect identification, control, and general information: 79 meetings
were attended and 5.170 persons were co:itacted in this manner. In
addition. 79 publications, articles, and radio scripts were prepared
and released.

It is apparent from the above figures that Montana residents
are becoming more aware of and more interested in their insect prob-
lems. This office has managed to meet these increased demands so
far. It is anticipated that the activities of this office will not be ex-
panded appreciably during the coming biennium.

Respectfully submitted,

James H. Pepper
State Entomologist

Montana State Library

3 0864 1004 1425 2

MONTANA INSECT PESTS
1953 and 1954

Thirty-fifth Report of the State Entomologist

J. H. Pepper

G. R. Roemhild

L. N. Graham"

INTRODUCTION

The general trend in insect numbers observed in 1951 and 1952 has
been reversed during the last biennium. At the present time it appears
that most of our insect pests are increasing. Although no new insect
enemies have been introduced into the state, it would appear that those
already here are increasing both in number and in their range of distribu-
tion. These increased insect problems are probably due to weather con-
ditions and to the intensification, diversification, and general expansion of
agricultural programs within the state. In spite of the increased occurrence
of insect pests, economic losses have been minimized by improved and more
efficient methods of combatting them.

Range and cropland grasshoppers, which were almost at a historical
low in 1951 and 1952, are again increasing in numbers to the point where
they are causing some damage in man\" regions over the state. Their rav-
ages are felt most in those areas of range land where dn*' weather and
excessive grazing by livestock have alread\- depleted the range. The range
grasshopper investigations currently being carried on by this office in co-
operation with the Agricultural Experiment Station of Montana State College
show that the misuse of range is one of the contributing factors to range
grasshopper population increases.

iState Entomologist; Assistant State Entomologist; Assistant State Apiarist.

4 MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION BITLLETIN 504

In the areas of the state where research is being conducted, the evidence
points out that range lands which liave been very heavily utilized are the
first to show the effects of drought b\- a shift in vegetation from perennial
range grasses to broad-leafed forbs and annual grasses which are conduci\'e
to a buildup of some grasshopi3er species. If we are entering a period of
drv- \ears, all of the available evidence indicates that we can expect rather
rapid buildups of range 'hoppers in those areas where the range is now in
a semidepleted condition.

The problem of grain contamination both at terminal elevators and in
farm storage has become very serious. Therefore, this office, in co-operation
with the Agricultural Experiment Station, has conducted an investigation
during the last year which quantitatively illustrates the seriousness of such
contamination. In all, al)out 40 elevators in the triangle area have been
inspected for contamination. Wherever possible samples were taken from
four areas in each elevator: the boot or pit. main floor deck, top surface of
the bins, and deck of the cupola. In 36 of the 39 samples taken from the
boot, evidence of mouse contamination was present. In a good many cases,
mouse contamination is not always evidenced in the form of droppings but
is shown by the presence of mouse hairs. Mouse hairs, per 8-ovmce sample,
varied from none to as many as 224; and mouse droppings from none to
560 per 8-ounce sample. In all of the samples the onl\' evidence of insect
contamination was found in the boot. In three elevators granary weevils
were or had been present, and moth cocoons were found in five others.
Dermestids were found in four cases. Samples from the deck of the cupola
were very heavib- contaminated with mouse hairs. Only two of the samples
were uncontaminated by mouse hairs or other foreign material. In addition
to mouse contamination, bird droppings were encountered in II of the
deck samples. As many as 836 whole bird droppings were counted in one
8-ounce sample. Ten out of 36 samples from the top of the bins showed
evidence of mouse contamination. Many of the top samples had no other
foreign particles in them than grasshopper fragments, which are virtualh'
Tuiavoidable. Tn ;>11 but fcvr samples taken from the main floor surface,
mouse hairs or droppings or both were present. Bird droppings and feathers
were likewise frequently encoimtered.

In addition to the work done in commercial elevators, 49 faim storage
facilities in the triangle area were also sampled. These samples were taken
from the surface area of the bin. Thirty-one samples out of the 49 showed
var\'ing degrees of mouse contamination from as low as a single hair to
as many as 277 mouse droppings per pound. Fifteen of the 49 samples
showed evidence of bird contamination. The type of storage, i.e., whether
wooden or steel, appears to be of little consequence since poorly maintained
steel storage is often as highly contaminated as wooden bins. The data
indicate and observations corroborate the fact that very little progress has
been made in inspiring the storer to take better care of his grain. In view
of this situation, an attempt will be made to assimilate all the pertinent

MONTANA INSECT PESTS, 1953-1954 5

data relating to this problem in a booklet which can be used by vocational
agriculture teachers throughout the state. The responsibility for this project
will rest niainb' on this office, but the Northwest Crop Improvement Asso-
ciation will tender any aid possible.

The Federal Food and Diiig Administration is aware that much of this
contamination in grain is a\oidable. At the present time it is conducting a
program to eliminate, in so far as possible, the contamination of cereals to
be used for human consumption. Consequentlv. a good deal of this grain
may, in the future, be condemned and declared unfit for food if this situa-
tion continues to exist, .\nother form of contamination has been brought
to our attention by the Federal Food and Drug Administration. This has
been the practice of dumping into farm storage bins fungicide-treated grains
which were not seeded. In the Northwest, during the summer of 1954,
approximately 60 carloads of this fungicide-treated grain, worth almost
$250,000, were condemned by the federal food inspection authorities. In
addition, it was known that at least 10 carloads of insecticide-contaminated
wheat were put on the market. In the latter case, the federal authorities
could do nothing since this wheat was not shipped through interstate
commerce.

GENERAL FEEDERS

GRASSHOPPERS

1953 Season

Grasshopper populations on cropland in 1953 were generally higher
than in 1952. A few localized, ver\' se\ere infestations along with some
light to moderate crop damage occurred in Yellowstone, Golden Valley,
Chouteau. Hill, "^weet Grass. Beaverhead, Liberty, Cascade, Pondera, Park,
Stillwater, Big Horn, and Phillips counties. The greatest damage was to
grain crops, although there was some damage to alfalfa. Moderate range
land grasshopper infestations, which caused damage to grazing lands, oc-
curred in Pondera, Yellowstone, Big Horn, Beaverhead, and Jefferson coun-
ties.

1954 Season

Grasshoppers on cropland in Montana showed a marked increase in 1954.
This was especially true in the area of Toole, Liberty. Hill, Chouteau, Pon-
dera, Teton, Cascade, and Fergus counties. In addition, many of the other
counties in the moimtain area of the western part of the state showed light
to moderate damage. Probably the most damaging cropland grasshopper
was Melanoplus bivittatus, although marked increases were noted in popula-
tions of Aulocara elliotti which did severe damage in some areas. Range
land grasshoppers also appeared in larger numbers than they have in many
years. The general area of infestation lies in the western part of the state
and extends east to about the Bear Paw Moimtains and south to Stillwater

6 MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 504

Counh'. Tliis aroa does not have a continuous infestation but contains
most of tlie concentrations and pockets of lieavy population in the state.
Again the biggest increase in any one species is prol)al)ly in Aulocara elliotti,
which caused severe damage on ranges in Golden \'alley, Stillwater, and
Broadwater counties. Camnula pelhicida caused a good deal of damage
to ranges in Beaverhead Count^^ Scattered infestations of various other
species were found in some of the other western counties. Melanophis
occidentalis and Melanoplus mexicanus were present in greater than usual
numbers o\'er much of the western half of the state. The eastern part of
the state experienced only ver\- light damage and is comparatively free of
grasshoppers.

Outlook for 1955

It would appear that we are either approaching or experiencing a
general upward trend in grasshopper numbers. It is, of course, impossible
to accurately predict grasshopper infestations, but, in the light of the current
upsuing in grasshopper numbers, we may be entering a period when we
should expect a large increase with a resulting increase in the amount of
damage on cropland and range land. The numbers of grasshoppers present
could possibK' reach outbreak proportions in a year or two if favorable
conditions continue to persist.

OTHER IMPORTANT PESTS

MORMON CRICKETS {Anabrus simplex)

Mormon crickets were present in greater numbers in 1953 tlian in
1952. Light to moderate infestations occurred in restricted areas of
Powell, Big Horn, Carbon, and Chouteau counties. Some gregarious bands
were reported in Big Honi and Carbon counties and some in the upper
Blackfoot River Valley. In 1954 the number of crickets present, both in
gregarious bands and in scattered infestations, increased greatb". Bands
were reported in at least eight different spots in the state. The biggest
concentration of crickets was in the Pryor Gap area of Big Horn County.
Other gregarious bands were reported from eastern Big Horn Count\' in the
vicinitv of Kirby. Another large infestation occurred in the upper Blackfoot
\'alley in the vicinity of Ovando and Helmsville. Crickets were also reported
from Blaine, Judith Basin, and Golden Valley counties. Generally, scat-
tered crickets were encountered over a good many of the counties in the
western part of the state at higher elevations. Approximately 19,000 acres
were baited in 1954 to combat crickets. About 11,000 acres of this baiting
was done in Big Horn County and the remaining 8,000 acres in northern
Powell Counts'. The outlook for 1955, as regards Mormon crickets, appears
to indicate that we can expect an increase in numbers if favorable condi-
tions continue to persist.

MONTANA INSECT PESTS, 1953-1954 7

ARMY CUTWORMS (Chorizagrotm auxiliaris)

Army cutworms showed an average infestation in 1953. Scattered,
light to moderate damage occurred in Chouteau, Sheridan, and Roosevelt
counties. A ven,' light uneconomic infestation occurred in Stillwater County.
In 1954 damage occurred over a much wider area and was more severe
in general. Cascade, Chouteau, Fergus, Musselshell, Golden Valley, Still-
water, and Yellowstone counties suffered spotted severe damage, especially
in winter wheat. In addition, Wibaux, Fallon, Carter, Big Horn, Carbon,
Gallatin, Jefferson, Madison, and Broadwater counties had moderate local
infestations. Because of the inclement weather existing throughout the
infestation period which occin-s from February to May, toxaphene, which
has been the recommended control spray, has shown erratic results. Con-
sequently, endrin, at the rate of one ounce per acre, was used and gave
excellent results.

WIREWORMS AND FALSE WIREWORMS
(Families: Elatcridac 8 Tcncbrionidac)

Wireworm damage, during the biennium, was general throughout the
state, especially in the regions where wheat and root crops are grown.
The general areas of infestation in 1953 were in the northeast comer of
the state, in the north-central part of the state, in the southwestern part
of the state, and in the northwestern part of the state. In 1954 the areas
were approximately the same except that the central part of the state ex-
perienced more damage than usual. Seed treatment, with one ounce of
lindane per bushel of seed, will eliminate these pests. There is, at the
present time, a change-over being made in many of the seed-treating machines
throughout the state which enables simultaneous treatment with a solution
of aldrin for wireworm control and organic mercury for fungus control.

ARMY WORMS (Pseudaletm unipuncta)

For the first time since 1937 an arm\' worm outbreak occurred in Mon-
tana. Generally, this outbreak followed the Yellowstone River Valley from
Billings east to the North Dakota border. Infestation in small grains oc-
curred in Big Horn, Rosebud, and Prairie counties. In addition, infestations
in sugar beets occurred in Big Horn Count>' and in alfalfa in Rosebud
County. In Richland County the army worms were found to be attacking
sweet com. These pests were controlled quite readily with 3/10 of a
poimd of endrin per acre. In one case where residues were a factor, para-
thion was used with good results.

PALE WESTERN CUTWORMS (Agrotis orthogonia)

No serious infestations of pale western cutworms were reported in
1953. In 1954 moderate infestations occurred in Hill and Musselshell
counties.

8 MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 504

RED-BACKED CUTWORMS (Eaxoa ochrogaster)

Several severe infestations occurred in western Montana in 1953. Most
of these infestations were confined to gardens and truck crops. Only light
infestations occurred in the same general area in 1954.

BLISTER BEETLES (Family: Mcloidac)

Blister beetles are apparently becoming more important in the eastern
part of the state. In 1953 blister beetles attacked potato fields and caragana
hedges in Dawson County. In 1954 Nuttall's blister beetle (Lytta nuttalU)
was present in large numbers in Dawson, Wibaux, and Richland counties
in small grains, gardens, and in alfalfa.

CRESTED WHEAT PLANT BUGS (Labops hesperius)

Damaging populations occuned in several crested wheatgrass fields
in Cascade County in 1953. There was little damage from this insect in
1954, and only one light infestation was reported from Chouteau County.

FLEA BEETLES (Epitrix sp. and Systena sp.)

Several seedling sugar beet fields in Richland County were seriously
damaged in 1953 and 1954. Economic populations occurred on potatoes
in Gallatin Count\^ in 1953.

WESTERN CHINCH BUGS (Blissus — new species near occiduus)

In 1953 two single, localized infestations occurred: one confined to
crested wheatgrass in Big Horn County; the other involving adjacent areas
of crested wheatgrass, barley, oats, and sj^ring wheat in Beaverhead County.
The damage in both cases was severe. This insect was also observed in
native range, primarily on Stipa comata and Agropyron smithii, where it
caused no apparent damage. It was not reported in 1954.

WHITE GRUBS (Phyllophaga sp.)

A single economic infestation occurred in a potato field in Cascade
County in 1953. In 1954 these insects were found to be very abundant
in a winter wheat field in Gallatin County; however, no apparent damage
resulted.

INSECTS DESTRUCTIVE TO FIELD CROPS

SMALL GRAINS

WHEAT STREAK MOSAIC

In 1954 many of the wheat fields in north-central and eastern Montana
exhibited a yellowish and unhealthy appearance early in the spring. On
examination these plants proved to be infested with thrips and vidth a mite.
The thrips later were proven to be of little consequence in producing the

MONTANA INSECT PESTS, 1953-1954 9

tmhealthy appearance of the plant. Investigation showed that the mite,
Aceria tiilipae, was carrying a virus known as wheat streak mosaic. We
know that this disease has been in Montana for a number of years. How-
ever, the combination of weather conditions and the cultural practices
generally followed dining the summer and fall of 1953 were probably the
cause of the large buildup in these mites and the resulting outbreak of
wheat streak mosaic. The mites, which transmit the virus from one plant
to the other, must live on and be transferred from one green plant to an-
other. They do not live on ripened or dead plant tissue. The spring of
1953 was comparatively wet. Consequently, many farmers did not get
their spring wheat planted until late in the year. This resulted in green,
immature fields being present well into the fall. In addition, winter wheat
was generally planted earlier than usual in the fall of 1953. Therefore, the
small number of mites, which were present in the spring wheat, were able
to transfer into adjacent fields of green winter wheat. The population of
mites, thus uninhibited, reached tremendous numbers and resulted in the
outbreak of wheat streak mosaic, which was experienced in the snring of
1954. In some cases, this damage was very severe and infested fields were
total losses. In all cases where this occurred, it was found that winter
wheat had been seeded early and was up before adioining fields of spring
wheat had ripened. At the present time, there is no known cure for wheat
streak mosaic. Therefore, cultural practices are the best and most effective
methods of control. Winter wheat should not be sown next to a field
of spring wheat until the spring wheat is ripened or harvested. Likewise,
the elimination of volunteer wheat plants is important so that virus-bearing
mites cannot be transmitted from one crop to the next.

ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Macrosiphum granarium)

Economic infestations were more widespread in 1953 than in 1954.
Ravalli and Lake counties suffered considerable damage in 1953. Light
infestations occurred in Daniels, Libert\^ Roosevelt, Richland, Sheridan,
Teton, and Toole counties. These aphids were present in light noneconomie
infestations in the same general areas in 1954.

SAY'S PLANT BUG (Chlorochroa sayi^

Severe but localized infestations occurred in Chouteau County in winter
wheat in 1953. In 1954 one local, severe infestation occurred in McCone
County.

WHEAT JOINTWORM (Harmolita trittci)

Widely scattered light to moderate infestations occurred in Sweet Grass
and Stillwater counties in 1953. Light infestations occurred in Stillwater
and Fergus counties in 1954. This pest has never been a serious enemy of
wheat in Montana, with infestations rarely exceeding one percent. How-
ever, due to the nature of the injury, it is rather outstanding in the field.

10 MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 504

There is no knowni chemical control for this insect, but some cultural prac-
tices appear to be of value in its control.

WINTER WHEAT MITE (Paratetranychus praetensis) -

This pest of wheat has so far been found in only one county in Mon-
tana and in only one small area. Winter wheat fields in Chouteau County
during the fall of 1953 and the spring of 1954 showed some local marginal
damage by this mite.

WHEAT STEM SAWTLY (Cephas cinctus)

Reports and limited surve\s during 1953 indicated that the infested
area remained about the same and that damage was neither unusually high
nor unusually low. Although the season was generally late for the emerging
adults in 1954, the infestation appeared to be more widespread than in the
previous years.

WTSTERN WHEAT APHID (Brachycolas tntici)

A few light infestations occurred in Broadwater Count}' in the general
regions where they had occurred in 1951 and 1952. A few very light infes-
tations occurred in Stillwater Count\'. In 1954 western wheat aphid was
present in the triangle area in those places where winter wheat was seeded
into fallow sround from which \-olunteer plants had not been eliminated.
In general these infestations were not of economic importance.

CORN

CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera)

A few light to moderate infestations occurred in the southeastern and
western part of Montana, especially in sweet com raising areas. Generally,
this pest was not as prevalent as it has been in the last two or three years.

EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis)

The European corn borer which was first reported in Montana in 1951
appears to be at about the same economic level as it was at that time.
Borers are present in small numbers in irrigated com in Prairie, Dawson,
and Richland counties. No new economic infestations were observed during
the past biennium.

EUROPEAN EARWIG (Forficula auricularia)

This insect is common on com in all of Montana west of the Continental
Divide and in southwestern Montana east of the Continental Divide. It is
apparently very readily attracted to com and has extended its area of infes-
tation by being transported in corn ears from one localitv' to another.

MONTANA INSECT PESTS, 1953-1954 .11

ALFALFA AND CLOVER

ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica)

This pest of alfalfa is occurring over an ever-widening range in Montana.
Almost all the counties in the state, except those north of Deer Lodge and
Silver Bow counties in the western part of the state, have infestations of
this insect. At the present time this pest has reached the northern border
of Montana on approximately a 300-mile front and has penetrated about
80 miles into Canada. Since Montana has worked out an efficient method
of combatting this pest, the Provincial governments of Alberta and Sas-
katchewan have requested assistance from this office in initiating a control
program in those areas. Technical assistance, in the form of advice and
in the loan of instructional aids, has been given. At the present time, the
best method of control is in the use of heptachlor or dieldrin applied at
the rate of ¥4 pound of the active ingredient per acre.

LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigrirostris)

Several damaging infestations were reported in Lake Count\', and one
field of ladino ckn'er in Ravalli County was seriously damaged by this
insect. Although this weevil appears to be present on almost all clover
plants in the state, it apparently reaches economic proportions only in widely
scattered areas.

LYGUS BUG (Lygus spp.)

The incidence of Lygus bugs has been rather high during the last
biennium, especially during mid- and late summer. Some control measures,
using toxaphene. have been necessary over widely scattered areas of the
state where alfalfa seed is produced. Treatment for these insects is made
after 7 o'clock in the evening or before 7 o'clock in the morning to protect
the valuable pollinators— the honey bees and the alkali bees.

SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL (Sitona cylindncollis)

The damage by this insect was confined largely to the western part
of the state. Some marginal defoliation of alfalfa occurred over widely
scattered areas.

VARIEGATED CUTWORM (Peridroma margaritosa)

In 1953 light to moderate infestations occurred in alfalfa fields in
Prairie and Rosebud counties. No economic infestations were reported
during 1954.

ALFALFA SEED CHALCID {Bruchophagus gibbus)

Although no extremely severe infestations of this insect were known
to exist during the biennium, very light and widely scattered infestations
occurred over most of the alfalfa-seed-producing areas in the state. Trash
removal and crop rotation on a community wide basis are the best weapons
we have against this insect.

12 MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 504

PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi)

Only light infestations of pea aphids on alfalfa occurred in 1953; how-
ever, there appeared to be quite a large buildup in 1954 in most of the
alfalfa areas. In most cases, the control measures recommended for lygus
bugs took care of the aphids. WTiere alfalfa was used for forage, this insect
was virtually eliminated when the hay was cut.

POTATOES

COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)

Local infestations occmTed in Dawson, Lewis and Clark, Sweet Grass,
and Ravalli counties in 1953. Gallatin, Madison, and Lewis and Clark
counties had higher than usu.al populations dvning 1954. This beetle is
readily controlled wnth DDT. The gt-neral recommended practice has been
to apply this insecticide in 100 gallons of water per acre. At the present
time there appear to be indications that good control may be achieved with
as little as 25 gallons of water per acre, provided conscientious and eff'-
cient methods of application are used.

POTATO PSYLLID (ParatHoza cockerelli)

Several moderate infestations occurred on potatoes in Carbon County
in 1953. There was little activity and no infestation reported during 1954.

FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix sp.)

These insects were present on potatoes in economic proportions in
Gallatin Countv' in 1953. They were present in Gallatin, Madison, Park,
Fergus, and Lewis and Clark counties in higher than nonual populations
in 1954. Either toxaphene or DDT controls this insect.

SUGAR BEETS

BEET WEBWORM (Loxostege sticticalis)

Severe infestations occurred on sugar beets in Custer, Rosebud, Treas-
ure, Big Horn, Yellowstone, Carbon, Broadwater, Richland, and Roosevelt
counties during the biennium. Three local infestations in alfalfa were
reported along the Yellowstone River in 1954. In Gallatin County in 1953
these insects invaded seed and canning peas and produced a considerable
amount of damage.

BLACK CUTWORM (Agrotis ypsilon)

Severe damage occurred in many sugar beet fields in Big Horn County.
The damage was primarily caused from subterranean girdling of plants in
the crown area after which most of the damaged plants would die. There
were no economic infestations reported during 1954.

MONTANA INSECT PESTS, 1953-1954 13

SUGAR BEET ROOT MAGGOT (Tetanops atdnchl)

This insect has not been of too much importance, and only one infesta-
tion was reported from Carbon Coimt\'.

PEAS AND BEANS

PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisl)

This insect was present in moderate numbers over most of the pea-
growing area of the state during the biennium. However, no severe infes-
tations were reported.

PEA WEEVIL (Bruchus pisorum)

No economic infestations of pea weevil were observed or reported dur-
ing the biennium.

INSECTS DESTRUCTIVE TO GARDEN AND TRUCK CROPS

CRUCIFERAE

CABBAGE MAGGOT (Hylemya brassicae)

This garden pest continues to be common throughout most of the
state. If transplanting water containing chlordane is used in areas known
to be infested, the cabbage maggot seldom becomes a serious problem.

IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM (Pieris rapae)

No outstanding infestations were reported in 1953. In 1954 some
light to moderate infestations were observ'ed in the western part of the state.

ROOT CROPS

ONION MAGGOT (Hylemya antiqua)

This p>est continues to occur in gardens generally throughout the state.
However, it is quite easily controlled by the use of chlordane at the time
of planting.

INSECTS DESTRUCTIVE TO FRUIT CROPS

ORCHARDS

BLACK CHERRY FRUIT FLY (Rhagoletis fausta)

During 1954 a rather extensive trapping program invoking the east
shore of Flathead Lake and the surrounding area indicated that this pest
was much more widespread and causes a higher incidence of infected fruit
than was previously known. Spray programs using tetraethyl pyrophosphate
and parathion gave excellent results in controlling this insect. However,
the presence of unattended orchards and individual trees around homes
which receive no control measures provides a constant source of reinfesta-
tion of the commercial orchards in the area. There is still no indication
that this pest may be harbored in the native wild cherry.

14 MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 504

PLUM NURSERY MITE (Vasates fockeui)

and

BIG-BEAKED PLUM MITE (Diptacus gigantorhynchus)

Populations of these mites were below economic importance in 1953.
However, in 1954 a general outbreak occurred on the east shore of Flathead
Lake and had to be brought under control by the use of miticides.

PEAR SLUG (Caliroa cerasi)

During 1953 one economic infestation on cherry trees was reported
from Mineral Count\^ During 1954 economic infestations occurred in
Broadwater, Gallatin, Lake, and Ravalli counties.

BLACK CHERRY APHID (Myzus cerasi)

Although populations of this pest were normal or below during 1953,
there was an increase in numbers during 1954. Delayed dormant oils
applied in late spring control this pest very well.

CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella)

No unusual outbreaks of this insect occurred during 1953. In 1954
one infestation in an apple orchard in Carbon County was reported. This
pest is usually not dangerous where spray schedules in commercial plant-
ings are followed closely.

PEAR LEAF BLISTER MITE (Eriophyes pyn)

Where orchards received preventative spray treatment this pest has
not become abundant. However, it does continue to seriously infest most
western Montana orchards that do not receive treatment. In 1954 it was
reported from Lake, Ravalli, Missoula, and Flathead counties.

SMALL FRUITS

CURRANT FRUIT FLY (Epochra canadensis)

Although the currant fruit fly is wide!}' distributed throughout the state,
it was reported only from Sweet Grass County in 1953. There were no
economic infestations reported or observed in 1954.

RASPBERRY CANE BORER (Oberea bimaculata)

Light to moderate infestations occuned generally throughout western
Montana during the biennium.

RASPBERRY ROOT BORER (Bembecia marginata)
Severe infestations occurred throughout many areas of western Montana.

MONTANA INSECT PESTS, 1953-1954 15

STRAWBERRY LEAP ROLLER (Ancylts comptana fragariae)

No economic infestations of this pest were reported or observed during
the biennium.

INSECTS DESTRUCTIVE TO ORNAMENTALS

DECIDUOUS ORNAMENTALS

ASH PLANT BUG {Neohorus amoenus)

This pest has definitely become more abundant during the last two
years. In 1953 damaging infestations were reported or observed in Gallatin
and Yellowstone counties. In 1954, however, the entire southwestern part
of the state had slight to moderate damage. Heavy damage to ash occurred
in Gallatin, Yellowstone, and Fergus counties.

COTTONWOOD GALL MITE (EHophyes sp.)

Infestations occurred in Musselshell, Yellowstone, and Chouteau coun-
ties in 1953. In 1954 infestations occurred in Yellowstone, Teton, Cascade,
and Chouteau counties.

COTTONWOOD LEAE-STEM GALL (Pemphigus populi-tramversus)

An infestation was reported in Sweet Grass County in 1953. Infesta-
tions were reported from Golden Valley, Cascade, Teton, Big Horn, Rosebud,
and Yellowstone counties in 1954.

VAGABOND GALL (Mordwilkoja vagabunda)

This aphid on cottonwoods has been reported from the triangle area
and the south-central area of Montana both years of the biennium.

A TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma sp.)

Moderate to severe infestations occurred in Flathead, Lake, and Galla-
tin counties in 1953. There were no infestations observed or reported
during 1954.

POPLAR BORER {Saperda cakarata)

Poplar borers appeared to be more prevalent during the past two years
than they had been for some time. Severe infestations occurred in Big Horn
and Deer Lodge counties, and moderate damage was found in scattered areas
over the state.

ELM LEAF CURL APHID (Enosoma amencanum)

These aphids were quite abundant in 1954 although there were few
reports of their occurrence in 1953. Some towns in the state had to initiate
control programs to combat this pest. Organic phosphates, applied under
high pressure to penetrate the curled leaves, gave good control of this insect.

16 MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 504

SPIDER MITE (Order: Acarina)

Many light to moderate infestations of spider mites occurred on rasp-
berries and coniferous trees ov'er most parts of the state during the biennium.
These infestations are always more severe during dry weather and especially
during the midsummer months. Malathion spra\s have been used in most
control programs with good results.

COTTONY MAPLE SCALE (Pulvinaria vitis)

Only one infestation of this pest was reported during the biennium.
This occurred on box elder in 1954 in Park County.

OYSTERSHELL SCALE ( Lepidosaphes ulmi)

Oystershell scale was present during the biennium ov^er wideh' scattered
parts of the state, especially in unattended orchards and on bacWard fruit
trees. ^^'here severe infestations developed, they were controlled very
readily with dormant sprays.

VIRGINIA CREEPER LEAF HOPPER (Erythroneura ziczac)

The \'irginia creeper leaf hopper has caused much damage throughout
the state during the last year. The central part of the state, Chouteau and
Cascade counties in particular, appeared to be the hardest hit. In some
areas Virginia creeper had to be pulled out. as it was damaged beyond a
point where it could be rejuvenated. This pest is successfully controlled
with DDT sprays and dust.

ROSE CURCULIO (Rhyncbites bicolor)

The rose curculio occurred in ecomonic numbers in Lake, Gallatin,
and Missoula counties during the biennium. Local and moderate damage
occurred throughout most of the state. Since this insect may live over and
reproduce on wild roses, there is little which can be done to eliminate it
from areas where these wild hosts exist. However, it may l>e prevented from
damaging garden roses by the use of a DDT spray.

SPINY ROSE GALL (Diplolepis bicolor)

One infestation of this insect was reported from Lake Count\' on roses
in 1954. This hymenopterous insect causes unsightly galls to form on the
main stem of rose bushes.

POPLAR SAWFLY (Tnchiocampus viminalis)
One infestation of this pest was recorded in Libert\- Countv' in 1954.

THE GRAPE LEAF HOPPER (Erythroneura comes)
In 1954 Beta grapes in Fort Benton were infested In tliis sucking insect.

MONTANA INSECT PESTS, 1953-1954 17

CONIFERS

BLUE SPRUCE GALL APHID (Adelges cooleyi)

This periodic pest was present throughout most of the state during
the biennium. Inquiries were received from Gallatin, Yellowstone, Silver
Bow, and Musselshell counties. A new organic phosphate of low human
toxicity' known as malathion has been used very successfully against this
insect, which causes cone-like swellings on the new terminal growth.

SPRUCE LEAF-TIER (Epinotia nanana)

No cases of spruce leaf-tier infestations were reported during the
biennum.

PINE LEAF SCALE (Chionaspis pimfoliae)

Pine leaf scale was present throughout most of the state during the
biennium. Probably the worst infestations occurred in Yellowstone, Fergus,
Big Horn, Musselshell, and Toole counties. Although this insect is known
as the pine leaf scale, its preferred host under Montana conditions appears
to be Colorado blue spruce. This insect is controlled with timely applications
of dormant sprays or with organic phosphates.

RED SPIDER (Order: Acarina)

These pests were present in greater than usual numbers throughout
large areas of the state and did considerable damage to evergreens in the
south-central part of the state.

SPRUCE NEEDLE MINER (Taniva albolineana)

One infestation of spruce needle miner was reported during the bien-
nium from Lake County.

SPRUCE BUDWORM (Choristoneura fumiferana)

Although this insect is primarily a pest of timber trees, reports of infes-
tations on ornamentals in towns of the southwestern part of the state have
been received. Huge flights of the night-flying adults were lured into tovm
by the electric lights.

DESTRUCTIVE HOUSEHOLD INSECTS

CLOVER MITES (Bryobia praetiosa)

Clover mites continued to represent a major household pest throughout
most of the state during the biennium. Reports and inquiries concerning this
pest were received from almost every county in the state. Since control of
this pest is very difficult, a program is being planned to work out the most
efficient methods of control.

18 MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 504

CLOTHES MOTHS (Family: Tincidac)

Althougli clothes moths are present throughout the state, they are gen-
erally held in check by the efficient insecticides which are available for
combatting them. Few inquiries were received since most housewives can
get excellent results by using these readily available chemicals.

DERMESTIDS (Family: Dcrmcstidae)

The presence of these insects in the state is surprisingly common. In-
quiries have been received from practically all the larger towns. Generally,
the chlorinated hydrocarbons will control tliese insects very well. However,
where severe infestations which are hard to contact are found, cyanide
fumigation may be necessary.

COCKROACHES (Family: Blattidac)

Cockroaches continue to be present throughout most of the state with
the exception of the northeastern comer.

TERMITES (Order: Isoptcra)

Infestation in newsprint was reported in Prairie Count\'. An infestation
on a ranch was reported in Sweet Grass County, and several houses in
Mineral and Chouteau counties were reported to be infested in 1953. In
1954 houses in Dawson and Phillips counties were found to be infested. In
most of these cases, commercial pest control operators exterminated the
termites.

CEREAL INSECTS (Orders: Colcoptcra and Lcpidoptcra)

Cereal insects as household pests have not been too prevalent during
the biennium. However, occasional cases arise where they do infest cereals
stored in cupboards and in panbies. These infestations are readily elim-
inated by destroying the infested cereal, cleaning up the storage area, and
then spraying with either DDT or chlordane.

FLIES (Family: Muscidae)

There is nothing that will help more in a fly elimination program than
good sanitation. At the present time, good sanitation in conjunction with
the newer bait-t>'pe fly poisons can keep housefly populations below nuisance
levels.

ANTS (Family: Formicidac)

These insects occur generally in and around households throughout the
state. In some cases, breaks in foundation walls have provided ready en-
trance for these pests. Chlordane, either dusted or sprayed, in and around
the runways of ants, appears to give excellent control.

MONTANA INSECT PESTS, 1953-1954 19

POWDER POST BEETLES (Order: Colcoptcra)

One infestation by powder post beetles was reported in Lake County
in 1954. This particular infestation had apparently been active for a
nvunber of years, and extensive repairs to the infested store were necessary.

LONG HORNED BEETLES (Family: Ccrambicidac)

One infestation in a log house in Cascade County was reported. Surface
treatment of logs with oil solutions of DDT prevent further infestation, and
the deep-boring lai-vae are killed by injecting insecticide into the logs.

STRAWBERRY ROOT WEEVIL (Brachyrhinu^ ovatus)

These insects migrate into houses in the fall in search of protected
quarters to spend the winter. Although they are harmless, their presence
elicits many requests for information about them from home owners.

INSECTS DESTRUCTIVE TO MAN AND ANIMALS

MOSQUITOES (Eamily: Culicidac)

The results of the mosquito investigations in northern Montana indicate
that the mosquito problem in this area and similar areas is a direct result
of irrigation. Over 90 percent of all mosquito production in the study
area resulted from the farmers' use of irrigation water. Most of the condi-
tions that resulted in mosquito breeding were directh' related to heavy soils,
insufficient land preparation, improper irrigation practices, and inadequate
maintenance of irrigation and drainage facilities. It is also noteworthy
that over 70 percent of the mosquito production came from fields which
were being used for crops. Some of the more water-tolerant crops, such
as bl'ie joint, were the worst offenders. Since the mosquito problem is pri-
marilv related to irrigation, the need for research to determine better and
more efficient methods of applying and removing water is obvious. In addi-
tion, this research would furnish valuable information regarding the rate
at which water penetrates the soil, the movement of underground water,
and other crops and farming techniques suitable for use wherever this prob-
lem is present. Without a doubt, the mosquito problem in the Milk River
Valley has affected the entire economy of the area, for workers are reluctant
to enter mosquito-infested areas if work is available elsewhere. With proper
application of water, new crops and diversification in farming may be
possible.

With improved irrigation practices, Culex tarsalis, the mosquito vector
of western equine encephalitis and St. Louis virus, would be decreased in
numbers to the point where the threat of these diseases would disappear.
The co-operating agencies, which include the United States Public Health
Service, the Montana State Board of Health, the Montana Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, the Blaine County Mosquito Committee, and the State

20 MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 504

Entomologist, have requested and received co-operation from the Soil Con-
servation Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, to carry on the
work necessary to continue this project. At the time of writing, only pre-
liminary phases of this work are underway.

Elsewhere in Montana the mosquito problem persists as usual. Five
mimicipalities requested information and aid in carrying on mosquito control
work. Four others merely requested information but did not initiate an
active control program. Because of this apparent interest a rather compre-
hensive publication is planned which \vill outline the best methods of
mosquito control.

CATTLE GRUBS (Hypoderma lineatum and Hypoderma hovis)

Data gathered from within the state and from other sources indicate
that chemical control of this pest leaves much to be desired. All controls
have heretofore been directed at the grub in the animal's back— at a time
when the damage has already been done. It was thought that by killing
these grubs the populations could be reduced in futiire generations. In
some instances, where cattle have been treated for a number of years, the
current population of warbles is the same as before the treatment was
started. Tn the light of this evidence many stockmen have discontinued treat-
ment for this pest.

CATTLE LICE (Orders: Mallophaga and Anoplura)

Cattle lice continued to be a problem throughout the state especially
during the winter months. Since treatment for lice involves a good deal of
hand labo'-, a research program using the self-applicating type of back
rubber will be carried out. During the biennium another species of louse,
Solenopotes capillatus, was found to occur in the state. This brings the
number of species to four. The other three are: Haematopinus eurj'stenius,
Linognathus vituli, and Bovicola bovis.

SHEEP TICKS (Melophagus ovinus)

This parasitic fly occiu-s state-wide wherever sheep are raised. A
rotenone spray is the most practical method of combatting this insect.

HORN FLIES (Siphona imtans)

The incidence of horn flies appeared to be about normal during the
biennium. In 1953, however, the season extended longer than normal
because of the warm, open fall. Aerial application of insecticide to range
cattle was attempted during the summer of 1953. The animals were first
bunched by plane and then sprayed with DDT. Excellent control was
achieved for a month at a cost of about 40 cents per head. The back-rubber
type of applicator appears to work quite well when it is in a convenient,
readily accessible location and when there is little competition from brush
or other objects which can be used for rubbing.

MONTANA INSECT PESTS, 1953-1954 21

MISCELLANEOUS

THE GOATWEED BEETLE PROGRAM

At the present time it is almost impossible to predict the over-all success
of the Chrysolina beetle in eliminating goatvveed from Montana ranges. In
general, the outlook is quite optimistic considering the adverse weather
conditions which existed during the past two years. Even with these de-
terring conditions some of the colonies have shown remarkable progress.
It appears that the most siiccessful of these colonies are located in areas
where conditions for the growth and reproduction of goatweed are best;
generally, the sunny slopes which have a deep, rich, water-retaining, but
well-drained soil. Colonies in shaded, damper situations have not, as a
rule, been well established. Likewise, the goatweed in these areas does
not show the vigor and vitality evident in the former areas. It is impossible
to tell how many colonies have been redistributed during the last biennium.
Many farmers and ranchers have collected colonies from established sites and
redistributed them on their own premises. To encourage and facilitate this
work, a color movie has been prepared which illustrates the proper techniques
to be used in gathering, transporting, and replanting goatweed beetle colonies.
In regard to the colonies which have failed to become established, a study
of the fall growth of the goatweed may prove to be of some significance.
Ordinarily the plants produce basal growth in the fall which serves as food
for the larvae of the beetles. Under some conditions it appears that this
growth either does not exist or, at best, is very limited. Some work of this
type will be done in the fall of 1954. Another insect which attacks goatweed
is a root borer, Agrilus hyperici. In areas where Chrysolina has had limited
success, this root borer has cleared out dense goatweed stands. An attempt
to establish these borers is planned where this condition exists in Montana.

BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE STATE APIARIST OF MONTANA

1953 AND 1954

Durinc the iiast biennium the State Apiarist has carried out the various
duties as prescribed by state law. He has been greatly aided in this work
by the amendments to the Montana Apiculture Law which were passed by
the 1953 session of the legislature. The State Apiarist operates on the prem-
ise that regulation should be resorted to only when education fails, and
it is toward this end that work has been directed. In the furtherance of
this idea, manv contacts have been made with small beekeepers, the so-
called "hobby beekeepers." A short resume of beekeeping and what to
expect from it has been written and distributed to many 4-H Club members,
FFA members, and other hobb\ists interested in keeping bees. The State
Apiarist has aided several amateurs in becoming established in a part-time
beekeeping business and has, in addition, been instrumental in finding buy-
ers for at least four large commercial beekeeping operations.

The State Apiarist is constantly being called upon to supply information
to out-of-state beekeepers who are interested in conditions relative to bee-

22 MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 504

keeping in Montana. In addition, a new and more efficient system of
keeping records on all Montana beekeepers has been set up. A qnarterly
publication. The Montana Beekeepers, is being published and goes free of
?harge to all registered beekeepers.

The State Apiarist is frequently called upon to act as the arbitrator
between beekeep>ers in territon,' disputes. Other duties involve inspection
and quarantine of all bees on comb and other possible disease-carrying equip-
ment which is brought into the state.

In 1954 Montana had 166 registered beekeepers, 63 of whom are
commercial men who make all or at least the greatest percent of their living
from bees; 103 registered small beekeepers or hobbvists: plus an undetermined
number of small nonregistered beekeepers. While having nonregistered
beekeepers is undesirable, it has been impractical for the State Apiarist to
find and register all of these small beekeepers. The State Apiarist has
allowed treatment of American Foulbrood with sulfathiazol and terramycin
when it could l)e determined that such treatment was properly carried out.
This so-called leniency has allowed the beekeeping industry to expand into
many heretofore unworkable locations, which were so contaminated with
American Foulbrood as to make beekeeping unprofitable if not impossible.
These areas were in the vicinit\- of rimrocks. trees, and old buildings which
harbored contaminated bees, and under such situations it is impossible to
eliminate them with present known methods. A more distressing problem
than American Foulbrood has been relatively recent outbreaks of European
Foulbrood. The State Apiarist has set up experimental work on this bee
disease and is at present recommending the use of dihydrostreptamycin and
terramycin as a possible cure.

Beekeeping has expanded from 30.000 colonies in 1941 to around 62,000
colonies in 1954. Howe\'er. the large honey crops of the 1940's are appar-
ently a thing of the past. However, Montana still rates far above the na-
tional average in honey production and even above the average for the
western part of the United States, as is showTi in the following table.

POUNDS OF HOXEY PER COLONY

Year — 1948

Montana - 122

United States 36.0

Western U. S 52.9

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

58

60

80

83

87

40.6

41.5

46.4

49.5

40.5

52,6

51.0

61.8

74.8

51.5

MONTANA INSECT PESTS, 1953-1954 23

The most logical explanation for this decrease in honey production per
colony is the overcrowding of bee territory' by beekeepers and the partial
elimination of volunteer sweet clover and alfalfa from Montana highways,
railroad rights of wa\-, and irrigation ditches with herlMcides. Weed spraying
has also tended to limit the production of sweet clover honey, which for
many years has made Montana famous both nationally and internationally
on the honey markets. In many cases clover is being replaced not by grass,
as was the original intent, but by weeds, which are undesirable from the
standpoint of honey production.

HONEY AND BEESWAX PRODUCTION IN MONTANA
FOR THE YEARS 1942-19.53

Year— 1942 1944 1946 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953

Honey 4,600 4,444 3,432 7,808 3,596 3,720 5,200 5,146 5,742

(1,000 Ibs.i

Beeswax 150 102 69 141 61 60 94 93 98

(1,000 lbs.)

Col. of bees 36,000 44,000 52,000 64,000 62,000 62,000 65,000 62,000 66,000

Avg. per col. 128 101 66 122 58 60 80 83 87
(lbs.)

GENERAL STATEMENT ON THE PROGRESS OF DISEASE CONTROL

Montana has for the past several years maintained about the same
over-all percentage of American Foulbrood. Some years one area will be
heavily contaminated; it will be cleaned up, and the ne.xt year this disease
will break out in another localiU'. The approximate over-all American Foul-
brood percentage has been about 4. .5 percent infection, as indicated b\- yearly
inspection records. Ho\\'ever, it must be kept in mind that this figure is
probably high because of the fact that most inspecting has been done where
the State Apiarist has anticipated the heaviest infection. This naturally
would give an improperh' weighted figure.

24

MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 504

TABLE OF INCIDENCE OF AMERICAN FOULBROOD IN COLONIES
INSPECTED BY THE ASSISTANT STATE APIARIST

1953

County Tot

ol colonies

Colonies inspected /

^. F. 8. found

Destroyed

Beaverhead

1,143

47

0

0

Big Horn

3,057

473

17

15

Blaine

2,946

360

0

0

Carter

87

16

0

0

Custer

1,386

27

0

0

Dawson

1,201

72

4

4

Fallon

8

8

0

0

Flathead

903

273

26

26

Lincoln

132

22

0

0

McCone

840

47

1

0

Petroleum

270

41

0

0

Phillips

1,032

306

7

7

Powder River

846

72

6

6

Prairie

668

14

2

2

Richland

1,785

602

54

54

Roosevelt

1,292

105

4

0

Sanders

1,026

402

8

8

Valley

1,984

183

22

22

1954 (Incomplete)

-

Beaverhead

1,143

16

0

0

Big Horn

3,057

380

2

2

Carbon

235

91

0

0

Lewis & Clark

1,608

200

12

10

Missoula

533

402

19

17

Musselshell

235

1 1

0

0

Park

1,953

306

6

6

Ravalli

2,471

1,102

78

76

Rosebud

1,074

17

8

8

Stillwater

1,219

300

15

15

Sweet Grass

1,599

602

72

62

Yellowstone

2,287

32

0

0

MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 504 25

CONTENTS Page
INTRODUCTION 3

GENERAL FEEDERS 5

Grasshoppers 5

1 953 Season 5

1 954 Season 5

Outlook for 1955 6

Other Important Pests 6

Mormon crickets 6

Army cutworms 7

Wireworms and false wireworms 7

Army worms 7

Pale western cutworms 7

Red-backed cutworms 8

Blister beetles 8

Crested wheat plant bugs 8

Flea beetles 8

Western chinch bugs 8

White grubs 8

INSECTS DESTRUCTIVE TO FIELD CROPS 8

Small Grains 8

Wheat streak mosaic 8

English grain aphid 9

Say's plant bug 9

Wheat jointworm 9

Winter wheat mite .- 1 0

Wheat stem sawfly - 10

Western wheat aphid 1 0

Corn - 10

Corn earworm 10

European corn borer 10

European earwig 1 0

Alfalfa and Clover 1

Alfalfa weevil 1

Lesser clover leaf weevil 1

Lygus bug - 1

Sweet clover weevil 1

Variegated cutworm - 1

Alfalfa seed chalcid 1

Pea aphid - 1 2

Potatoes - 12

Colorado potato beetle 1 2

Potato psyllid 12

Flea beetle 1 2

26 MONTANA INSECT PESTS, 1953-1954

Page

Sugor Beets 1 2

Beet webworm 12

Black cutworm 1 2

Sugar beet root maggot 13

Peas and Beans 1 3

Pea aphid 13

Pea weevil 13

INSECTS DESTRUCTIVE TO GARDEN AND TRUCK CROPS 13

Cruciferae 1 3

Cabbage maggot 13

Imported cabbageworm 1 3

Root Crops - - - 13

Onion maggot 13

INSECTS DESTRUCTIVE TO FRUIT CROPS -.-13

Orchards — - 13

Block cheTy fruit fly ---. .-.- 13

Plum nursery mite end big-becked plum mite ...14

Pear slug - 1 4

Black cherry aphid - -- 14

Codling moth - 14

Pear leof blister mite W

Small Fruits - 14

Currant fruit fly 1 •^

Raspberry cone borer 14

Raspberry root borer — 1 4

Strawberry leaf roller 1 5

INSECTS DESTRUCTIVE TO ORNAMENTALS -15

Deciduous Ornamentals 15

Ash plant bug 1 5

Cottonwood gall mite 15

Cottonwood leaf-stem gall - 15

Vagabond gall -. ...15

A tent caterpillar - - 1 5

Poplar borer -- 15

Elm leaf curl aphid - - - 15

Spider mite -- ' °

Cottony maple scale 1 6

Oystershell scale 1 6

Virginia creeper leaf hopper 16

Rose curcuiio -- - - ' o

Spiny rose gall ' o

Poplar sawfly - - ' °

MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 504 27

Page
The grape leaf hopper 16

Conifers 17

Blue spruce gall aphid 17

Spruce leaf -tier 1 7

Pine leaf scale 17

Red spider 1 7

Spruce needle miner 17

Spruce bud worm 17

DESTRUCTIVE HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 17

Clover mites 17

Clothes moths 18

Dermestids 18

Cockroaches 18

Termites -. 18

Cereal insects 18

Flies 18

Ants 18

Powder post beetles 1 9

Long horned beetles 19

Strawberry root weevil 19

INSECTS DESTRUCTIVE TO MAN AND ANIMALS 19

Mosquitoes 19

Cattle grubs 20

Cattle lice .....20

Sheep ticks 20

Horn flies 20

MISCELLANEOUS 21

The Goatweed Beetle Program 21

BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE STATE APIARIST .21

1953 end 1954 ..._ 21

Pounds of Honey per Colony 22

Honey and Beeswax production, 1942-1953 23

General Statement on the Progress of Disease Control 23

Incidence of American Foulbrood, 1953 and 1954 24

3 REPORTER PRTG. 8 SUPPLY CO.

H-"