Sees ~~ Royal Ontario Museum of Geology Presented by the heirs of CORE iC. GRAS TE Hamilton, Ont. : ons 7 ; ie] THIRTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE State Museum of Natural History FOR THE YEAR 188¢. TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE JANUARY 14, 1886. ALBANY: WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY, PRINTERS.. 1886. sep 1 1967 1 & a 4, <9 ps VeRsiry of 108 STATE OF NEW YORK. No. 104. mi AooH MBI Y, JANUARY 14, 1886. THIRTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE STATE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. To the Legislature of the State of New York: I have the honor to transmit herewith the Thirty-ninth Annual Report of the Regents of the University as Trustees of the New York State Museum of Natural History, as required by law. H. R. PIERSON, Chancellor. OFFICE OF THE Recents, January 18, 1886. ut oe Ae, BOARD OF REGENTS. TRUSTEES OF THE STATE MUSEUM. HENRY R. PIERSON, LL. D., Chancellor of the Oniversity.. 1... Belecenat fat neteineial sbeias opal! nusterevet) Ninh DAVID B. HILL, Governor, EDWARD F. JONES, Lieutenant- eh | ernor, FREDERICK COOK, Scoretary of State, [ JAMES E. MORRISON, Acting Super- | intendent of Public Instruction, } Ee officio... . Albany. . Albany. ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF THEIR APPOINTMENT. Elias W. Leavenworth, LL. D., 1861................ Syracuse. George William Curtis, LL. D., 1864. .........2....0 West New Brighton. Francis Kernan, LL. D., 1870..... Se CIBC Oh OO AE OB UOT ORD Utica. John L. Lewis, HBSS oo eReER Oe thes Put oo Penn Yan. Henry R. Pierson, STATS Dye Ctaretie stains aisiel orders corsha Albany Martin I. Townsend, LL. Dita yanientec hue: eee LEOY. Rev. Anson J. Upson, DD., ‘DE DLS Ars atacret Nate a tes Aubarn Wiliam L: Bostwick, 1876.....0..... 2. SHO OODOR One Ithaca Chauncey M. Depew, 1877...... BSE aes SSE Boca New York. @harlesahschitGhy lS ic: Ss icctleereche ses opal sem eiereare ces Rochester. iRevaOrrse.. Warren, D:D. 1ST io eis. isciecs sae e+. Syracuse, MesitenwWewussell ll ODr. US(Si sass sens cas clesteins ce Canton. Wb feltare Fee 1S 78... o's. 25. saletcinis a ss rthesieye se ert New York Walitaneeieay.atson: M.D). 188ilec rn cis ssicisiomiceie nore Utica. Hlenty Pe eMEniers LOGON, sf. 4/s/os orks stele. wie's Sears s s/aws lave § Lowville, Bit ClamMemelway: 1G8B.'s...) cbse ceteaesisereees - Brooklyn. Pigmilpoas beanie, 1695! 5.5 )accone ete ae nee ook Albany. Daniel Beach, aa are A Sue” RIE ea Watkins. David) Murray, Li, D., Secretarys. 3.5.52 cee cess Albany. Albert B. Watkins, Ph. D., Assistant Secretary.... Albany. Museum Starr. dames pHalt TLD. 05 sc ss aces Director. POMC SMI OCICS N F5 Uielecerelelaleyd =e Assistant-in-charge. James Wi. Hall, so... oss Barer soe 3 Assistant, Zodlogy and Rock-sections, Charles E. Beecher.............. Assistant, Palzeontology. Jolin Gre PHALGY. Oo \.)6 cies cpp ee, ~i< Special Assistant and guide. dames Ea UsLi Direc cad.cxs pecs State Geologist. J: A] tantner, Ph. D...... He Soke State Entomologist. Olaanlesseleet CCkrs sh der | okyoe etait c State Botanist. i a ay i i y ‘Via an CONTENTS. PAGE 1. Report of the Trustees of the State Museum............ Sie siecorat ci steieys tp 2. Report of the Director of the Museum.................. aieleisisieiefete rn) O Sy LepOLh ote the: State: Botamish sissies! of helene Ue oe owl ee wee e 30 AS Repereorytlre state) Hntomolopists. oye bs i yo selene 's Be etal cieceveccrac 77 Du Pension y Or LUE SMA a ACE oe Micra aia a lua utar Abe a ame gern ree at art at we 127 6. Annelide chetopoda of the New Jersey coast.......-.. pralaysbetel eat slays 128 (eMBORsilssrOmy Lhe PrimMOraral pSlAveseyey (ye ees les bt ave| ete ele hh oiche velaiels 160 8. A new genus of fossil of Lamellibranchiate shell .................. 161 $. Report.on the Archean rocks of the Highlands..... 2.00 0003050 000 165 1 Os Mine Pole Os DUT GIN DY SLONES. vais ole) s/ecc% « ctalsielaiisie Miers s cave, sere aie aisle ain iale 185 11. Report of the State Geologist........... Dreier oasyelalatet ai ct eased atata ciate 226 REPORT OF THE CHANCELLOR. To the Legislature of the State of New York: The Regents of the University, as Trustees of the State Museum of Natural History, respectfully submit their thirty-ninth annual report as required by law. The ordinary operations of the Museum have been conducted without special incident, but with much activity and with substantial results. More than the usual amount of field-work has been under- taken, with a double view of settling certain important geological questions, and increasing the collections of the Museum in needed directions. For a fuller account of the purpose and results of these geological excursions the Trustees refer to the report of the Director, which is hereto appended. The international geological congress, held this year in Berlin, seemed an occasion of such importance as to justify the attendance of the Director. Accordingly, under leave of absence from the Trustees, he attended the sessions in October last, returning after an absence of only a few weeks from a most profitable and interesting conference. Acting in connection with other scientific bodies located in Albany, the Trustees joined in an invitation to the National Academy of Sciences to hold their autumn meeting in Albany. The meetings were held in rooms in the new Capitol, placed at their disposal by the trustees of public buildings. The sessions were well attended and were full of scientific interest, especially in those sciences represented by the State Museum. The work of fitting up the State Hall for the purposes of the State Museum has been carried forward as far as the release of the rooms by the State officers will permit. The suite of rooms on the east side of the upper story has been fitted up with about two thou- sand drawers, and with tables and platform cases. These have been partially filled with material taken from the old Museum build- ing, and from the State collections stored in rented build- ings. The south-east basement room has also been fitted up and used for the storage of specimens. The north-east basement room has also been fitted up for the purpose of carrying on the work of 8 [AssemBLy, No. 104.] making rock-sections,which have now become essential in all minute geological studies. Two rooms on the south-west corner of the second story, which were vacated by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, have also been occupied, one by the State Herbarium and the office of the State Botanist, and the other as a present place for the storage of volumes of the Paleontology. The Trustees are able to report the preparation and issue of the second volume of Paleontology, placed by law under their care. Owing to the ill-health of the Director in the earlier part of the year, and his necessary engagement with other imperative duties, the issue of the volume has been delayed beyond the stipulated time; but the unprecedented difficulty of the task of preparing such a work, and the care involved in securing the exquisitely delicate illustrations have made the delay entirely pardonable, and indeed inevitable. The work now issued completes the volumes on the Lamellibranchiata, which were provided for by the law of 1883. The next volume to be issued is upon the Corals and Bryozoa, and is already in a good degree of forwardness. The preparation and distribution of collections of fossils among the academies of the State have been carried on as far as the strength of the staff would permit. The Museum contains an immense mass of duplicates of various departments which can be used for this purpose, and it is the wish and purpose of the Trustees to use this material for distribution among institutions of learning in the State. It is not, however, in the opinion of the Trustees, desirable to make this distribution so far indiscriminating as to give-collections in places where they are not likely to be used with profit. It seems better to make the gift only to schools, where some interest is awakened in the subject of geology, and where, in consequence, the collections sent will be of substantial benefit. Respectfully submitted, H. R. PIERSON, Davin Murray, Chancellor. Secretary. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. ALBANy, January, 1886. To the Honorable, the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York: GENTLEMEN — Under the requirements of the law organizing the State Museum, I beg leave herewith to communicate the annual report (being the thirty-ninth in consecutive order) upon the con- ditions of the collections in the several departments as far as the same have come under my knowledge or direction, with a statement of the additious made thereto, and the work done in the Museum dur- ing the past year. The report of last year has been printed and delivered, some months since, and the series is now complete with the exception of the thirty-second report, which exists only as a legislative document. That report is an important one, and I would most earnestly recom- mend the early reprinting of the same, together with the plates which accompanied the original report on its presentation to the Legislature, but which were not published with the document edition. Under the conditions of the public printing existing at the time this report was made, and also from the fact that no resolution was passed ordering the usual number of copies for the Board of Regents, I see no impropriety in re-communicating this report to the Legisla- ture, accompanied by a statement of the facts, and leave the matter to the discretion of the committee on public printing. In order to avoid longer delay I have herewith communicated, | from the Thirty-second Report, an important paper on the Annelidze Chaetopoda, which was printed in that Report withont the accompanying illustrations. These had been mislaid by the printer, and were supposed to be lost until last year. I have likewise communicated a copy of a “ Report on Building Stones,” made to the Capitol Commissioners in 1868. It was originally the intention of the Director to make this report more complete by farther examinations of quarries within the State and elsewhere, and to insert the results of tests of strength which had been made during the investigations undertaken for the Capitol Commissioners, but other duties have prevented this work, and the report is offered as a small contribution to our knowledge on the gubject.* * Two hundred and fifty copies of the Report were printed by the Capitol Commissioners. t and the pamphlet is now out of print. [Assem. Doc. No. 104.] 2 10 [ AssEMBLY In my preceding report, I have called your attention to the cata- logues accompanying the thirty-fifth report on the State Museum, and the desirableness of having some extra copies of these catalogues for distribution to persons engaged in similar departments of science, and for annotations by the Museum staff, and by employees or friends of the Museum. The reports are, I believe, all stereotyped, and the expense of such copies would be very small. It has been my desire to have complete catalogues of the contents of the Museum in its several departments; but with our limited staff, and absence of clerical assistance, it has not been possible to accomplish the work farther than has been shown in the successive reports. These catalogues of the thirty-fifth to thirty-eighth reports will be extremely useful in the preparation of a final catalogue of the Museum collections; and I would recommend the preparation of catalogues of the specimens in other departments of the Museum. Owing to the necessity of completing the volumes upon Palzeon- tology, the preparation of a bulletin on the fossil Lamellibranchiata, which was proposed two years since, has been delayed. From the same cause no farther progress has been made toward the publication of the Dictyospongidie, the illustrations of which were brought before you last year. It is desirable that the lithographing of the illustra- tions be proceeded with, since a considerable time will be required to accomplish this part of the work; and more especially, I would urge this course since the descriptions of all the known species of the family are already printed in the thirty-fifth report. ' | have appended to this report a statement of the space now occu- pied, and an estimate of the space required, for the collections and oftices of the State Museum of Natural History, as the same existed in 1883. This, although communicated for the use of the Trustees at that time, has not been printed. I communicate the statement at this time, since it may be useful to have the same in print, for fu- ture reference and comparison. In the last annual report of the Director, reference was made to the exhibit of the State of New York at the New Orleans Exposition. The collection for this purpose, consisting of ores, minerals, building stones, slates, and other natural products of the State, was made in months of October and November, 1884, under the direction and supervision of the Director of the Museum, and nearly all of the material was obtained by Mr. Chas. E. Hall, who visited mines, quarries and mineral localities for this purpose, making large collec- tions himself, and receiving donations from many gentlemen inter- ested. The whole was made without cost to the Museum, except- ‘ ing the time given to it by the Director. At the close of the ' Exposition a large part of the whole collection was donated to the Tulane University in New Orleans, and also some portions to the University of Louisiana. To the former, among other material, was given the rock-column representing the geological formations of the State of NewYork. The remainder, consisting of the native woods of the State, the building-stones, slates and other natural products, has No. 104.] 11 been given to the State Museum by the Commissioner, Hon. D. J. Johnston, of Cohoes. ‘The collection was received in the early part of the summer, was unpacked and placed on exhibition temporarily on tables and pyramidal shelf-cases in the north-east room (No. 31) of the upper story of the State Hall. Recently it has been removed to the south-west corner room on the second floor of the same building, and there arranged on cases so as to be more accessible to the public. There are eighteen dressed and varnished specimen planks of native woods of the State; forty-six specimens of iron ores and associated minerals; twelve specimens of serpentine and ornamental stones; thirty-five of roofing and ornamental slates, and blocks of slate rock; eleven of miscellaneous natural products; and thirty-eight dressed blocks of building stone. The whole makes an interesting exhibit of the economic geological products of the State, and a valuable addition to the already large collection of building stones and iron ores belonging to the Museum. These together with the Museum collection will form a nucleus for a more specialized exhibit of all the natural products representing the economic geology of the State. The appended list of specimens has been prepared by Charles E. Hall who had charge of the collection at New Orleans. Current Work or THE Museum. The current work of the Museum, in the care, increase and preservation of the collections, has been carried on as usual. In regard to the general Zoélogical Collection, I would beg leave to repeat the views which I expressed in my report of last year. I see no reason for any change at the present time, more especially as our resources are all needed in other work of more importance to the Museum, and to the general public. This collection has been cared for in the usual manner. The stuffed skins and the skeletons have been removed from their cases, and thoroughly cleaned, and restored to their positions, with some modifications of arrangement. The specimens in all the other collections of this department have been cleaned of dust, and restored to their former positions. The reports on Botany and Entomology will show you that a large amount of work has been done in these departments. The preparation of sections of fossil corals, for the study of their structure, and the cutting, shaping and polishing of specimens for the Museum collection, has been carried on as heretofore, and with very satisfactory results. During the year 1885, 1,029 specimens of rocks and fossils, arranged in seven collections, were distributed among the following institutions : 1. Academic High School...... RSIS hic) ARS aa Auburn, N.Y. G. R. Cutting, Principal. 2. Canastota Union School and Academy......... Canastota, N.Y. 8. Hancock Union School....... Hancock, Delaware County, N.Y. 2 eansaton sucaneny oe ek Sk Le Kingston, N.Y. F. J. Cheney, Principal. 12 [ AssEMBLY 5, Staten Island Academy... ci. coe ees sle tee os Stapleton, N.Y. F, E. Partington, Principal. | 6) Tihacatihioip School yale pia ventana ee a eiale ets ile Ithaca, N.Y. 7. Stamford Seminary and Union Free School..,..Stamford, N.Y. A. Gardenier, Principal. No. 16 of the original Normal School collections, containing 487 specimens of minerals and fossils, together with a catalogue of the same, was sent to the ithaca elie Scho olae sae aire siemens ween al ate beet: Ithaca, N.Y. The collections removed from the State Museum to the State Hall during the past year and arranged in drawers and table cases are as follows: The Gould types of Mollusca, arranged in table cases. The types of the Cephalopoda of Vol. V, pt. II, Paleontology of N. Y., arranged in drawers. The Niagara Waldron selected collection and types, arranged in table cases. The Emmons collection of crystallized minerals, arranged in table cases. A collection of miscellaneous minerals, occupying about thirty drawers. The collections sent to the State Hall from the private museum and laboratory of Mr. Hall, aud heretofore in his custody, are as follows: Niagara and Clinton groups of Canada— A collection presented to the museum through the Director, from Mr. Waddell, of Hamilton, Ontario, occupying twenty drawers; other collections from Hamil- ton made by the Museum, occupying five drawers; Clinton group of New York, four drawers. Niagara group —Waldron collection, arranged in 330 drawers, with 110 slabs arranged on shelves. Seven boxes and one package of this collection still remain in the basement of the State Hall to be unpacked and arranged. : Coralline limestone, three drawers. Lower Helderberg corals, eighteen drawers. Oriskany sandstone, four drawers. Corniferous limestone, corals arranged in 396 drawers. Large specimens of corals and slabs of same arranged on tables and shelves, over 550 specimens. Corals of the Corniferous limestone in the basement of the State Hall, twenty-six boxes, fourteen barrels, and over 200 on shelves, besides others not enumerated. Corniferous Limestone, fish remains occupying four drawers, and Gasteropoda, six drawers. Hamilton group, corals arranged in seventy-two drawers, with slabs on tables and shelves. Geological specimens, Lake Champlain, two drawers. Minerals and fossils from the Skaneateles Library Association (in exchange), Trenton and Black River limestone, three drawers. No. 104.] 13 Numerous slabs of fossils from various geological formations, on shelves and tables. Besides the above collections and others not enumerated, there are about 200 boxes filled with fossils from various geological formations, which have been removed from Mr. Hall’s premises, and are now stored in the basement of the State Hall. The two basement rooms in the south-east corner of the State Hail areso filled with boxes and casks of specimens that we are already greatly inconvenienced in any attempt at working. The room in the south-east corner is partially occupied by our boxes of fossils, but we | have not control of the same, and it cannot be used as a working- room. The collections of specimens representing the fossil Lamelli- branchiata of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton and Chemung ‘groups have now been pretty thoroughly studied, and the species are separated and arranged in drawers in the private museum of the Director. Altogether, these fossils occupy about 800 drawers, and number more than 30,000 specimens. The second volume of the work, describing these fossils, being now completed, it is important that the specimens be correctly labeled before being removed from their present arrangement to the State Hall. Assoon as this labeling can be completed, I would recommend that selections of specimens be made sufficient for any future use of the Museum, both for its collections and for exchanges; and that the remainder be arranged in series for distribution to the educational institutions of the State. This work will require much time and careful attention on the part of the Director and his special assistant, as well as additional assistance. I would most earnestly recommend that the Director be authorized to employ competent assistants beyond the present Museum staff, and begin the work of distribution of all the duplicate fossils. If this work be not undertaken pretty soon, and while the services of persons competent for the work are available, I am quite sure it will never be done. ‘The fossils in the unarranged and duplicate collec- tions amount to nearly half a million of specimens, and to dispose of this enormous amount of material in a judicious manner will require most vigorous and earnest work, combined with knowledge of the subjects. The details of this work and the disposition of the collections to result therefrom may be a subject for special future discussion and determination ; and while the educational institutions of the State deserve the first consideration, I believe that it is due from the New York State Museum of Natural History, that authentic collec- tions of these fossils shall be presented, or given in exchange, to the scientific museums of this country and Europe. The Paleontology of New York has presented much that is new and very interesting to the science; these volumes are in all the scientific libraries of the world, and I believe it our duty to supple- ment this source of information with the more tangible evidence 14 [ ASSEMBLY, No. 104.] afforded by the fossils themselves; for while our illustrations are not inferior to any, and are superior to the majority of similar pub- lications, every paleontologist appreciates the importance of work- ing directly with the fossils themselves. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant, JAMES HALL, Director, State Museum of Natural History. ADDITIONS TO THE STATE MUSEUM DURING THE YEAR 1885. APPENDIX A. I. BoranicAL DEPARTMENT. Specimens of 7rilliwm grandiflorum Salisb, var. variegatum, from Mrs. L. L. Goodrich, Syracuse, N. Y. Specimens of the fruit of Salisburia adiantifolia Sm., from Miss E. d. Knight, New York, N. Y. Specimens of Festuca elatior L., from Mrs. L. A. Millington, New Russia, N. Y. Specimens of Pyxidanthera barbulata Mx., from Mrs. M. M. Patten, Albany, N. Y. Specimens of Hydrocotyle umbellata L. and Cypripedium acaule Ait., from Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, Baldwinsville, N. Y. Specimens of eleven species of grasses, from F’. Lamson Scribner, Washington, D. C Specimens of ten species of flowering plants and one fern, from F. E. Wood, Clifton, Mich. Specimens of Puceinia Cryptotenie Pk., from W. C. Steven- son, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. Specimens of Crantzia lineata Nutt., from E. 8. Miller, Wading River, N. Y. Specimens of the rare fungus, Siphoptychium Casparya Rostt., from Geo. A. Rex, M. D., Philadelphia, Pa. : Specimens of five species of fungi, from E. A. Rau, Bethlehem, a. Specimens of nine species of flowering plants, two of them new to the State, from E. C. Howe, M. D., Lansingburgh, N. Y. Specimens of fifteen flowering plants, from H. C. Gordinier, Proy. Nek. Specimens of five species of fungi new to the State, from Hon. G. W. Clinton. Specimens of Populus balsamifera L., from Arthur Peck, Sand- lake, N. Y. Specimens of a root with a peculiar enlargement, from C. Van- deloo, Albany, N. Y. Specimens of Cylindrosporium Rubi E. & M., from J. J. Brown, M. D., Sheboygan, Wis. 16 [ AssEMBLY Specimens of the very rare fern, Schizea pusilla Pursh, from Geo. L. English, Philadelphia, Pa. Specimens of eighty-fuur species of fungi, from W. A. Keller- man, Manhattan, Kansas. Specimens of one hundred and fifty-five species of fungi, from H. W. Harkness, M. D., San Francisco, Cal. Specimens of one hundred and ninety-eight species of plants, by collection of the Botanist, one hundred and fourteen of which are new to the Herbarium. List of Native Woods, from the New York State Exhibit at the New Orleans Exposition. (Presented by Hon. D. J. Johnston, of Cohoes.) 1. Board of white pine, 12. Board of chestnut, 2. «¢ Norway pine, 13. “* -red ‘elm, 3. ‘spruce, ” 14. “< maple, 4, “ hemlock, 15. “« white wood, 5. h Prceaar, 16. “¢ poplar, 6. oo Oak, Le “< basswood, i “white ash, ( ean binch, 8. hick ory, | ‘¢ spruce, o: “Wack walnut, 18. + ei beech; 10. “butternut, | “« maple, i “cherry, L “black walnut. II. ZoGrocican DEparTMent. (Additions to Zodlogical Collections of the State Museum, during the year 1885.) A specimen of the Lota inornata (plain Burbot), found at Cohoes, in draining off the factory canal, which is fed from above the Cohoes Falls; 70 feet above tide. Presented by Cornelius Kelly, Cohoes, INE. A common clam (Venus mercenaria) showing a break in the shell, which has been completely repaired by a nacreous deposit. An irregularly-shaped pearl, from the shell of the common clam. A group of twelve pairs of large oyster shells united at their apices; showing the manner of growth. Presented by W. H. Keeler, Albany, N. Y. A very fine specimen of black hare. Presented by Dr. Leonard, Camden, Oneida county, N. Y. By Purchase. Head of buffalo (mounted), specimen, killed on the farm of Henry Gallien & Sons, Belfield, Billings county, Dakota Territory. Two antelope heads (mounted). Ostrich eggs, Batavia, Java. From Frank Lewis, Schoharie, N. Y. III. MinrrarogicaL AND GEOLOGICAL. A slice. from the meteorite which fell at Tunkhannock creek, Rensselaer county. From 8. CO. H. Bailey, Cortland-on-the-Hudson. No. 104.] 17 A large block of asbestos from Pawling, Dutchess county. From C. J. Haight, of Pawling. A collection of iron ores (carbonates) and the associated rocks from the mines at Burden, Columbia county, made in 1883-4 by Prof. J. C. Smock. A collection, consisting of 547 members of crystalline and frag- mental rocks from the Highlands of the Hudson and the adjacent geological formations. Itrepresents nearly 200 localities in Dutchess, Putnam and Westchester counties, Stony Point and Tompkins’ Cove, Rockland county, and the western borders of Fairfield and Litchfield counties, Conn. Made during the autumn of 1885, by Prof. J. C. Smock. 'A collection of lithographic stones and associated rocks, from Lawrence county, Indiana. (36 Nos.) Presented by J. W. Latcher, of Edinburgh, Saratoga county. A collection of specimens from the Mohawk Valley, illustrating the character of the beds at the junction of the Laurentian gneiss with the superincumbent rocks, consisting of gneiss, the representa- tive beds of the Potsdam sandstone, with imbedded pieces of clay slate, breccia, and calciferous sandstone. Made by Mr. C. E. Beecher and Mr. C. E. Hall. A collection of specimens representing a section of the Oneonta sandstone and superincumbent rocks in Chenango cofinty, N. Y. Mr. Geo. F. Kunz, of Hoboken, N. J., has placed on deposit with the Museum a collection illustrative of the rocks of New Hampshire. It is in part a duplicate of the New Hampshire collection of Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, and represents the more common types of the crystalline and semi-crystalline rocks of that State. This collection, consisting of 250 specimens, is very interesting and valuable for purposes of comparative study; it has been placed in drawers in the south-east corner room, and will be accessible to all students of geology. Presented to the New York State Museum by Hon. D. J. Johnston, of Cohoes, State Commissioner to the New Orleans Exposition. (A collection of specimens returned from the New Orleans Exposition, 1885.) No. 1. Column of red granite (polished). International Scotch gran- ite Co. . Jefferson County, N. Y., from R. Forsyth, Montreal. Ze cirondack: erapite (Dlock).. 715. ssp 'ae «sus «nes + oe New York. amy MME OMATIUICS «.5.0)s) a) i alec Women Maly Lalor oo Quincy, Mass. Ree ay EEATINPOL 'ova/c' lt sae ticlniane ey odeiees so Saratoga Co., N. Y. ty, GA ECAMIG,. 2). fa (siteees ss Mount Vista, Saratoga Co., N. Y. Rea rRAADNI UC oe aisles, sa Lier aleh ae ge oie salto ols aie se Keene, N. H. ToS GOTANEORAUTBE s,%,0/ 6h 20s) spat 4 «15-6 dietarhe Ae Le ee Mount Waldo, Me. See Gat WML Yd. creo S's wba a yirlon we Se ..... Hallowell, Me. eC CHRYRIPRE INULIN 32, 215 ralpcilsis) Sian ete ota BS AER ea oc am foes Me. 10. Red granite (Internat’] Scotch Granite Co). . Jefferson Co., N. Y. BUG eae epee pop cet hue ala Se te 2°%) 2 ci uap tke atete oe. Fox Island, Me. [Assem. Doc. No. 104.] - 38 18 | AssEMBLY Pa\sEOC sO TATIGEy ae ties, slsalalahes wile lelayaleie's Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia. 13.3 Potadamaisamasbomes se {\eieyanih tice isl seen eee meet Potsdam, N. Y. 14. Brown stone (from Hughes Bros., Syracuse). Oswego Falls, N. Y. TDs) Sam Gshomer edi Wiis loiiey tasks wan aedeagal nea Amherst, Ohio. AGM BAMES TOMO, CNG xs cise peneliabeeieviatistedeleratey Dorchester, Nova Scotia. A7.Red) Scotch sandstone sis je cia ee le tees Corsehill, Scotland. 18. Shae tebou es Sf. cig cael msae bus Oxford, Chemung Co., N. Y. 19+ Thimestoness) ./ Raa hate Tribes Hill, Montgomery Co., N. Y. 20. Limestone (from Hughes Bros., Syracuse). Onondaga Res’vation. (This stone is used for the U. 8. Court-House and Post-office, etc., at Syracuse, N. Y.) ‘Black marbles. abas Mits Suenos obits Glens Falls, N. Y.- ishhell nmarblen cesses au we Hudson, Columbia Co., N. Y. 23. Dnekahoe marble sii. val Tuckahoe, Westchester Co., N. Y. . Wakefield marble..... sea hs ao ad RR ... Wakefield, Vt. wi Waketeldivarieoated marbles 4 scare aisles hie Wakefield, Vt. iv Hastern|) hennessee, marble.’ is Lee oe felenetets o> Concord, Tenn. Sehwed ‘oramdtet, sel. Gite bios deve la lehnee espn ee Stony Creek, Conn. Brown hemlatites >.) Sencven Clove Mine, Dutchess Oo., N. Y. Mennessee aE lew: ec.) .iie i/o ee ane en eee Knoxville, Tenn. (From A. Tower, Esq., Poughkeepsie, N. Y.) . Verdantiqne marble........5...:. Bolton, Warren Co., N. Y. (From George Ives, Esq., Ticonderoga, N. Y.) By aT CIE AG Ne eat ath tay 2) st Edwards, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. (From the Adirondack Pulp Company.) Oe Mianbleny. sims Whitney Marble Company, Gouverneur, N. Y. . Specular iron ore, red hematite, soapstone, etc., Caledonia Mine, Rossie, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. pi vitkey quart Ze y Leh aie ceil. Fort Ann, Washington Co., N. Y. , Serpentine! mica...) 54. jf. Use Ayers’ Quarry, Gouverneur, N.Y. . Birdseye limestone (polished)... ......0-2 2-62.22 -oe8- Nite . Specular iron ore, red hematite, Old Sterling Mine, Jefferson Con Now, . Slate — Different varieties — roofing and ornamental, Middle Granville, Washington Oo., N. ¥ . Red hematite, breccia, ete., Old Mine, three miles west of Ticonderoga, N. Y. . Ilmenite (titaniferous iron ore) and pig, Adirondack Iron and Steel Co., Essex Co., N. Y. . Magnetic iron ore, Hammondville, Crown Point, Essex Co., NS Aes iMaonetic iron Ore (UMe).< ie te tele e St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. . Magnetic iron ore, Schofield Mine, fourteen miles west of ‘Ticonderoga, Schroon, Essex Co., N. Y. . Magnetic iron, Vineyard Mine, four miles north of Ticonderoga, | Essex 'Co.,.N.) Y: . Magnetic iron ore..... Forest of Dean Mine, Orange Co., N. Y. . Magnetic iron ore, twelve miles west of Ticonderoga, Essex CouiNe we No. 104.] 19 NO: 49, Magnetic iron ore. .Skiff Mine, Crown Point, Essex Co., N. Y. 50. Magnetic iron ore.. New Bed Mine, Mineville, Essex Co., N. Y. 51. Magnetic iron ore..Old Bed Mine, Mineville, Essex Co., N. Y. 52. Iron ore (carbonate)............ Burden, Dutchess Co., N.Y. TV. ArRcH AOLOGICAL. A collection of arrow heads and spear heads, found in the town of Watervliet, Albany county, consisting of 58 examples, from Philip Emerich. A second collection of 48 numbers from the same. A hand-axe of trap-rock from the same. Also a remarkably elongated flint arrow point, found in Saratoga county, from the same donor. One arrow head found on the farm of H. Schoonmaker, Cedar Hill, Albany county. Donor, H, Schoonmaker. VY. Liprary. 1. By Donation and Fxchange. U.8. Geological Survey, J. W. Powell, Director. Fourth Annual Report, 1882-3. By J. W. Powell, 1884. Monographs : III. Geology of the Comstock Lode and Washoe District, with atlas. By Geo. F. Becker, 1882. IV. Comstock Mining and Miners. By Eliot Lord, 1883. V. Copper-bearing Rocks of Lake Superior. By Roland D. Irving, 1883. VI. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Older Meso- zoic Flora of Virginia. By Wm. M. Fontaine, 1883. VII. Silver Lead Deposits of Eureka, Nevada. By Joseph S. Curtis, 1884. VIII. Paleontology of the Eureka District. By Charles D. Walcott, 1884. Dulletins, Nos. 2,.3,'4.°5, 6,7, 89) 10,11) 195 13..04. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1883 and 1884. By Albert Williams, Jr. U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. F. V. Hayden, Geologist in charge. 12th Ann. Rep., 1878, Maps and Panoramas. Vol. IIL. Tertiary Vertebrata, Book I. By E. D. Cope, 1884. Vol. VILL. Cretaceous and Tertiary Floras. By Leo Lesquereux, 1883. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Report of the Commissioners for the year 18838. Report of the Commissioners for the year 1884. Division of Statistics [new series], Nos. 3, 15, 16, 17, 21. Miscellaneous Special Report, No. 3, 1883. War Department, Chief Signal Officer, Gen. Wm. B. Hazen. Report of the Chief Signal Officer for 1871. Report of the Chief Signal Officer for 1872. 20 [ AssEMBLY War Department — Continued. Report of the Chief Signal Officer for 1877. Report of the Chief Signal Officer for 1879. Report of the Chief Signal Officer for 1880. Report of the Chief Signal Officer for 1881. Report of the International Polar Expedition, to Pt. Barrow, Alaska, 1885. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Annual Report for 1883. A Catalogue of Scientific and Technical Periodicals. By Henry Carrington Bolton, 1885. : Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. XXIV: (1) Results of Met. Obs. at Providence, Rk. I. By Alexis Cas- well; (2) Tables of Precipitation in U.S. By Chas. A. Schott, 1882; Vol. XX V, Prehistoric Fishing in Europe and North America. By Charles Rau, 1884. U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Bulletin, Vol. IV, for 1884. Spencer F’. Baird, Commissioner. U. S. Patent Office, Washington, D. C. Ann. Rep. of the Commissioner for 1884. Official Gazette: Vol. 29, Nos. 11, 12,13; Vol. 30, Nos. 1-18 ; Vol. 31, Nos. 1-12; Vol. 32, Nos. 1-13; Vol. 33, Nos. 1-13. Alphabetical Lists of Patents and Inventions, for the quarters ending Sept. 30, 1884, and March 31, 1885. : Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C. Circulars of Information, Nos. 6, 7, 1884. Circulars of Information, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 1885, Historical Sketches of Universities and Colleges in the United States. By F. B. Hongh. : Indiana, Department of Geology and Natural History, John Col- lett, State Geologist. 7th Ann. Rep., 1876. 12th Ann. Rep., 1882. 13th Ann. Rep., 1883. 14th Ann. Rep., 1884. Ohio Geological Survey, Edward Orton, State Geologist. Vol. III, Geology. Vol. IV, Zoélogy and Botany, 1882. Vol. V, Economic Geology, 1884. Maps, Nos. 1-8, 1884. Minnesota Geological and Natural History Survey, N.. H. Win- chell, State Geologist. 11th Ann. Rep., 1882. 12th Ann. Rep., 1883. Vol. I, Geology, 1884. Geolgical Survey of New Jersey. Ann. Reps. of the State Geologist for the years, 1880, 1881, 1883. [From the Regents of the University. ] No. 104.] 21 New York State Survey. Report of Commissioners, 1877. [From the Regents.] New York Agricultural Experiment Station. ist Ann. Rep., 1882. [From the Regents. ] 2d Ann. Rep., 1883. [From the Regents.] Indiana Bureau of Statistics. Extract from 1st Ann. Rep. [From the Regents.] American Geographical Society, N. Y. city. Bulletins, Nos. 3, 4, 1884. Bulletin, No. 5, 1885. American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. city. Amn: Reps. 8,9, 10, 11, 12. Bulletin, No. I. Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 6. Visitor’s Guide to Collection of Mammals. Visitor’s Guide to Collection of Shells, Minerals and Fossils. New York Microscopical Society. Wolz J. Nos, 2, 4, 5565-7 Peabody Academy of Sciences, Salem, Mass. Ann. Reps. of Trustees, 1874 to 1ss4. Johns-Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Studies for the Biological Peparetoryy Nol, jd 3 ee 2, 3, 4. University Circular, Vol. V, No. 4 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Journal, Vol. VII, No. 4; Vol. VIII, Nos. 1, 2, 3. Brookville Society of Natural History, Indiana. No. 1, 1835. Des Moines Academy of Sciences, Iowa. Vol} Bull No:1; California Academy oe Sciences, San Francisco, Cal. Bulletins, Nos. 2, 3; 1885. Rochester Society of Natural Sciences. Ann. Reps., Dec., 1883, and Dec., 1884. Dearborn Observatory, Chicago, Illinois. Ann. Reps. of Board of Directors, 1880 and 1883. [From the Regents. ] Vassar Brothers’ Institute, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Scientific Papers and Transactions, 1881-1883. [From the Regents. | te of Comparative Zodlogy, Harvard College, Cambridge, ass Vol. III, No. 10, C. D. Walcott; “The Trilobite.” [From the Regents. ] Houghton Farm, Orange county, N. Y. “Agricultural Physics ; Series I, Nos. 3, 4 Ex. Dept., Series III; Diseases of Plants, 1883. [From the Regents. ] Library Company of Philadelphia. Bulletin. 22 [ASSEMBLY ~ Washburn College. Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 4. Royal Society of Canada, Montreal. Proceedings and Transactions, Vol. II, 1884. Canadian Record of Science, Montreal. Vol. I, Nos. 3, 4. Botanic Garden and Arboretum, Montreal. 10th Ann. Rep. (Reprint.) Museo Nacional de Mexico. Anales, Tomo III, Entrega 6, 7, 8, 1884-85. Conférence faite au Muséum National. Rio De Janeiro, 1885, par De L. Netto. Edinburgh Geological Society, Scotland. Trans., Vol. IV., Pt. 3, 1883. Scciété Géologique de Belgique, Liége. Anales; Tome X,1; XI, 1883-4. Catalogue des Ouvrages de Geologie, Minéralogie et de Paleontalogie et des Cartes Geologique. Musée Teyler, Haarlem, Holland. Archives; Série II, 4th Partie; Vol. II, 2 Partie. L’Institut National Genevois, Geneve. Mémoires, Tome XV, 1882-1883. “Tsis’’ in Dresden, Germany. Litzungberichte und Abhandlungen Jahrgang, 1884. Festschrift Zur Feierihres 50-jahrigern Bestehens. Bamberg, Bavaria. Bericht VIII, 1884, der Natur. forschender. Gesellschaft. Société unpériale des Naturalistes de Moscow, Russia. Bulletin, 1883, No. 4. Bulletin, 1884, Nos. 1, 2, 3. Kong]. Vetenskaps Akademien. Stockholm, Sweden. Ofversight af Férhandlingar, 42, a Arg., Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1885. Communacaés da Seccao dos Trabalhas Geologicos de Portugal. Tom. I, Fase. 1, 1885. Indian Museum, Calcutta, India. List of accessions, Apr., 1883, to March, 1884. Appendix A, Mar. 31, 1884, App.; Sept. 30, 1884; App., Dec. 31, 1884. City of Liverpool, Free Public Library, Museum and Walker Art Gallery. 32d Ann. Rep. 1885. Edwards. Butterflies of North America. II series, Part XIII. Charles E. Putnam. Elephant Pipes in the museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Davenport, Iowa. S. H. Scudder. Dictyonema and Allied Insects of the Carboniferous Epoch. Notes on Mesozoic Cockroaches. No. 104.) - 23 J. S. Newberry. Deposition of Iron Ores. Eroding Power of Ice. Prof. James Hall. Fossil Corals of Niagara and Upper Helderberg Groups, 1882. Bryozoans of Upper Helderberg and Hamilton Groups. Geological History of the American Continent. H. 8S. Williams. Studies of Spirifera levis. [From the Regents. | A. 8. Packard. Guide to the Study of Insects. Parts 1, 2, 3, 6, 10. [From the Regents. ] 5 Thomas M. Drown. “Technical Training. An Address,” 1853. F. B. Hough. “On Forestry Management.” [From the Regents.] Sturtevant. “Maize: An Attempt at Classification,’ 1883. [From the Regents. ] Troschel. ‘* Das Gebiss der Schnecken.” IT Band, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Lieferungen. Chaper. “Description de quelques Espéces et Geures Nouvreaux de Coquilles vivantes.” Prof. James Hall. Report of the State Geologist for 1882. Beckett. “Indians of North America.” Boston, City Auditor’s Report for 1884-5. Map of Washington county, N. Y., 1853. Maps of eleven towns in Dutchess and Putnam counties. [From J. C. Smock.] 2. By Purchase. Synoptical Flora of North America. Vol. I, Part II. Asa Gray. Mycological Illustrations. [Hymenomycetous Fungi.] Parts I, II. Saunders, Smith & Bennett. Mycologia Europea. Sections I, HI, III. Persoon. Icones Selectee Hymenomycetum. 1-10 Fascicule. Fries. Icones Selectee Hymenomycetum Hungarie. Kalchbrenner. Mosses of North America. Lesquereuxw and James, 1884. New England Bird Life. A Manual of Ornithology. Elliott Cones. Parts: Le 11, 1883. Stractural and Systematic Conchology. George W. Tryon Vols. I, IT, III, 1882-1884. Geology of Rhode Island. Charles T. Jackson. 1840. 1 volume. Das Eozoon Canadense, von Max Hauer, with portfolio of 18 plates, Leipsic, 1885. 24 [ AssEMBLY The Natural History of the Mineral Kingdom. John Williams, Edinburgh, 1810. 2 vols. [DeWitt Clinton’s copy. ] Encyclopedia Brittanica. Vols. XVIII and XIX. Popular History of New England. Howard and Crocker. Volssiy IT 1881. International Scientist’s Directory. S. 4. Casino, 1885. Atlas of Rockland County. /. W. Beers, 1875. Atlas of Westchester County. J. B. Beers & Co., 1872. Map of Dutchess County. (ddlette, 1858. Map of Putnam County. eed, 1876. American Journal of Science: Vol. XXVIII, No. 167, Novem- ber, "1884; Vol." X XTX, «Nos; 169, 170, 179i ia Lina, Aen Voli XXM Nossal 7o. U7G\T ii iS, Lio; SO: American Naturalist: Vol. XIX, Nos. 1-12. Science: Vol. IV, Nos. 98, 99; Vol. V, Nos. 100-125; Vol. VI, “Nos. 126, 128-151. | Nature: Vol. 30, No. 22; Vol. 31, Nos. 4-26; Vol. 32, Nos. 1-20, 22, 23, 24, 26; Vol. 33, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Geological Map of the United States, by C. H. Hitchcock. Julius Bien, New York. Geological Model of part of Blair, Bedford, and Huntingdon Counties, Pennsylvania. By Edward b. Harden, of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. The library has been partly re-arranged, and nearly all of the journals and periodicals to date of January, 1885, have been bound. A manuscript catalogue is in course of preparation, made from a list of the volumes, bound and unbound, pamphlets and maps in the library up to the end of the current year. This catalogue will make the library more serviceable to those consulting it. The accessions to the library of the Museum during the year consist of 35 bound, and 11 unbound volumes; 4 volumes of journals ; 118 pamphlets, and 12 maps, through exchange and by donations. The purchases were 26 volumes, 7 volumes of journals, and 3 maps. The aggregate additions are 83 volumes, 118 pam- phlets, and 15 maps. APPENDIX B. STATEMENT of the Space now Occupied, and an Estimate of the Space required, for the Collections and Offices of the State Musewm of Natural History. 1. GroLoey. There are now arranged in table and wall cases 3,350 specimens of rocks, representing the New York system. Two hundred and fifty specimens representing the section of the Hudson river. These 3,600 specimens occupy 425 square feet of case-room (table and wall cases) on the second floor of the Museum. The additions necessary for a proper exhibition of the geology of No. 104.] 25 the State would require at least an equal amount of space in addi- tion to that now occupied, or about 1,000 square feet. 2. Economic GEoLoGY. The area now occupied in wall cases and floor-room is 180 square feet. Space needed for a proper arrangement and enlargement of the collection, equal to one-half that at present occupied — ninety square feet. The specimens of this department nowin the new Capitol, which will eventually go into the Museum, would require twice the space now used for this collection, or 360 square feet; and in order to provide for a proper exhibition of the iron ores of the State we should require an additional space of at least 200 square feet. 3. MINERALS. Area now occupied by the general collection in wall cases and table cases is as below: One thousand five hundred specimens in cases occupying 413) square feet. Additional area required, 200 square feet. The New York collection of minerals and ores numbers 1,500 specimens, occupying 1,181 square feet. In each of these departments one-half more space is necessary for collections now on hand, without providing for future additions, which ought to require double the space now occupied, or an area of 800 square feet. 4, PALmONTOLOGY. Palseozoic.—There are now 11,700 specimens arranged in the cases on the second floor of the Museum, which occupy an area of 2,175 square feet, disposed of as follows: Square feet. Mitips tet Lexa a Mes 5 sn oy hc aye, ent otsve, Snares Gian Tal nce Ores 1, 125 nipwal eased ais stoic. < a eS SR AP SRR ERS yikes ah 840 Mia GL ES OCTET Re arch a. nas 5 SAE cos esi ate Sela odes Codd tel oben eys 210 Ropal ATCS cc csw at-s:¢ sdephegeeieaa ictal’ ana SrePE ee af 6 2, 175 Of the above number of specimens, 9,000 are from the New York formations. The remainder are chiefly from the coal measures of Pennsylvania and the western States. The number of specimens, the property of the State, which are not on exhibition, 1s upwards of 200,000. Of these, 25,000 are in the Museum in drawers and boxes, 155,000 in 3,200 drawers in the custody of James Hall, 20,000 in boxes in the custody of James Hall. Total number of non-exhibited specimens in Paleontology, 200,000. From this amount there will be taken the specimens oceupying about 1,000 drawers for exhibition in the Museum ; a portion of these are typical specimens. The addition of this material will necessitate an area of 7,360 square feet, or nearly three times the space now occupied by this [Assem. Doc. No. 104.] 4 4 26 [ ASSEMBLY department. In the final arrangement will be more than ‘three times greater than at present occupied by the paleeontological collec- tions of the paleeozoic series or the New York formations and their representatives, or an entire area of 9,530 square feet. SECONDARY AND TERTIARY. The area of table cases now occupied is 300 square feet. The Mastodon and similar remains have a space of floor and table area of 448 square feet, or the total area of this department occupies 784 square feet. The additional material for exhibition now occupies fifteen draw- ers, requiring 120 square feet when arranged in cases. The collection is now comparatively small, and a proper increase in size would require three times the amount of space now occupied, or about 2,244 square feet. WapswortH GALLERY OF CAsts. Area now occupied : i Gc MRc1:137 =) 6 Ge ON Pg AGC eRer eae Ke yrotslog oa” NIWA IE Es 72 square feet. Hiatt oro Onde, yoy ae dacs Ache WOioe, sgersis cata Monae ogee joke 448 square feet. Nearly 100 additional square feet would be necessary for the proper exhibition of the present collection. 5. ZoOLoey. ftadiates and Sponges. Area at present occupied by these collections is 40 square feet. Area to be provided should be about 300 square feet. ConcHoLoay. Gould collection of 60,000 specimens, now occupying 360 square feet, will require an additional area of 180 square feet for the exhi- bition of species which do not appear in the present cases for want of space. The Mazatlan collection occupies................ 180 square feet. The Smithsonian donations require............++4- 75 square feet. These collections should be greatly increased. The New York shells, land, fresh-water and marine, contain 7,000 specimens now arranged and occupying 75 square feet; when completed and properly arranged will require at least one-half morearea. For a representa- tive collection of North American shells, three times the space now serving for this department would be necessary, or 250 square feet. CRUSTACEA. The area now occupied is 20 square feet. A considerable addi- \ No. 104.] 27 tional space is necessary for enlargement, to provide for the present and future collections of this class of animals from the State of New York. Enromotocy.— No space has yet been provided. ‘The number of specimens will be from 4,000 to 5,000. The collections are now in progress. The area needed will be equal to a case 24 feet wide by 40 feet long, or 100 square feet. OstrroLtocy.— There are 120 important specimens with numerous special preparations, which now occupy 216 square feet. The ad-~ ditional area required for proper exhibition of specimens on hand, without provision for future enlargement, would ‘require 108 square feet,or one-half more thanis nowinuse. And for the future increase of the collection an equal area, or at least a total of 600 square feet. OxnirHoLocy.— The area occupied : HOreiGmNSPeCIMACHS. ..'s. 15. . 52 Mees. «e's pears teens 180 square feet. Wewirl ore specimens... sis.) sda «c's sve »+e.+-. -480 square feet. If completed for New York alone one-half more area would be needed, or 220 square feet, making altogether 700 square feet. Mammatra.— The area now occupied is 528 square feet ; twice as much is needed for the proper arrangement of the collection, or 1,000 square feet altogether. The number of stuffed skins of verte- brata, mammals and birds in 1877 was 1,132 specimens. Axconoric Cotiections. — Forty-five square feet is now occu- pied. ‘Twice this area is needed, or 100 square feet. In 1877 there were 1,200 specimens in 590 jars, upon exhibition — and for addi- tions to be made, as much more space,or at least 200 square feet, will be reguired. Fisnes AND Reptitus. — 1,500 specimens, a portion of which are in alcohol —~ stuffed skins and skeletons of fish, occupying an area of 60 square feet, are much toocrowded in their arrangement, and no more space is available: For the present collection at least one-half more space is required. If properly completed for the State of New York, atleast tive times the present area would be required, or 300 square feet of case-room. Brrps’ Eacs.— The area occupied is 24 square feet. No special or proper place has yet been reserved or assigned to this collection, and it should be increased to at least four times its present area — which will require at least 100 square feet. 6. Botany. In all classes there are 7,100 species, occupying 210 square feet of closed wall cases. Additional space required for present collec- tions, 250 square feet of wallcase. Forfuture collections an equal amount of space should be provided. Also for exhibition under glass of a generic collection, and of certain classes, especially fungi, at least 200 square feet. A room for the exhibition of woods, timber, ctc., and showing their application and uses. 28 [ ASSEMBLY 7. ARCHHOLOGY ; ANTHROPOLOGY. The area occupied 160 square feet. The area required for addi- tional display and collections, 160 square feet. SUMMARY. Number of Additional space cia | Poe ae Gealoeyye sci. ti. b 6 ween 3,600 1,000 300 Economic geology...... 180+ 25* g 360 Ju bua¥ey 2) Apa mene RAE Oe 3,000 1,500 800 Paleozoic paleontology. 11,700 30,000 © 7,400 Secondary and _ tertiary paleontology........ 3,000 about 1,000 1,500 on hand, to provide for future ad- ditions. Wadsworth’s gallery — For the proper arrangement.... 100 Zodlogy — More than 80,000 specimens in the following classes, with additional space required in each, making B LOCAL OP. i.e elec tare ols ie Acces atc ietae eee ee nome 1,760 TRACI SEES: cee tereicts ts ccaietate eleie ease coer pereore latte eeetareian ie cade saree 120 Come nology pce scree aie cyslcietsls pre bles shalmcets try otetavee etek sce lass gue 430 WBUSHACETS Hoe oie: 5/aua oa seteyerts sears eta asus lebevefemenal ole Siekstcoa eiereemeere 40 Ein fomOlOgy, 2 cc chahaje. ssh plelere wyetarotey ot sis tele on pas Se ee ine oe 100 Ostealooyisiat a's + «ysis ce ei siciee se ole tyeksmie elictearnnnte feloieiotehoneneheterces 100 Ornithology, 25. Usiaiisascletie ave eas eeh te scuedmeee catteene ans ae eerste nstets 220 Miata rm alags 2s: ca yoisie eqeys tsceys perehean ley Ne asec amen een emer ote 500 Alcoholic Specimens sysiiestod rtei5: ho) sere lete chetteldeie mastete isle toe LOU Birds) MOC os el asieaieck ahs hiss sree Me ettetayetateiejepenee chetelets etvoets 50 dveptiles ame) Mesh fi Sone cours a eetoicie ciated wteqsts classe 100 1,760 Additional space required, square feet. Botany. -- Number of species in all classes, 7,100 ...... 210+- : A generic collection..... HS Sak 5 ese a ot 200 For woods and’ timber, ete se. cece ain caer ar Archeology.) Area OCCU PICd eel oral eho sue ete late eecdeyehene 160 Additional area needed. Twelve thousand specimens now on exhibition in the cases of the Museum. The present area of the Museum is 7,389 square feet, now occu- pied for the exhibition of collections. An additional area of 12,790 square feet is required for the * Blocks of iron ore. No. 104.] 29 proper exhibition of the collections on hand and to provide for a moderate increase. Area occupied by duplicates which are mainly in drawers, 15,000 square feet. Number of drawers in State Museum................. 970 Number of drawers occupied by specimens belonging to the State and arranged in private museum and working POM Mase MICE ELA <5 syetevete aMara: vic < «) = «defuse pe 0! 3, 200 Two-thirds of these drawers may be regarded as occupied by duplicate collections. In addition to the specimens in drawers there are largeslabs and masses of corals which occupy an area equal to 1,000 drawers. Besides the rooms for collections, there should be provided a room for a scientific library, which for the present could be limited to an area of 900 or 1,000 square feet with provision for increase in the future. Worxine Rooms.— For the Botanist a working-room of 18 x 25 feet would suffice, with adjacent room for the collections, of 25 x 380 feet. For the general collections in Zodlogy a room for work and study of 20x 25 feet, a preparatory room, as a work-room, with water, tanks, etc., 25 x 30 feet. GroLocy AnD Patzonrotoey. — A receiving-room with space for library in use of 25 x 30 feet and adjacent to a room of 80x 40 feet furnished with at least 1,000 drawers to contain the collections under investigation and comparison. Also a wook-room with tables and appliances for cleaning, ticket- ing and preparing specimens for study and arrangement. This room should, if possible, be adjacent to a lathe-room, with machinery for cutting and polishing specimens. These two rooms would require an area of at least 1,200 square feet. For general storage of minerals, geological specimens and fossils preparatory to a distribution of the duplicates, a room of 35 x 45 or 40 x 50 feet, with drawers, to contain the specimens and conven- iences necessary for the arranging, labeling and packing specimens. Srupents’ Rooms. — Rooms should be provided for students in special branches of scientific study, since the increased attention to science will soon demand such conveniences. These would require an area of 10,000 feet of floor space. If the building be fire-proof the typical collections may be arranged in the same rooms, but in separate cases, with the general collections of the same department. Considering the condition of the building now occupied by the State Museum, the committee regard it as very important to secure, as soon as possible, rooms for the typical collections in some fire- proof building. The area required would be 30 x 40 feet. Drrector’s Room.— A small room as a private office for con- ference, consultation and correspondence should be provided for the Director of the Museum. REPORT OF THE BOTANIST. To the Honorable the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York: GerntLEMEN —I have the honor of communicating to you the following statement of the work of the Botanist for 1885 : In the prosecution of the work on the State Herbarium, specimens of plants have been collected in the counties of Albany, Essex, Genesee, Herkimer, Orange, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schoharie, and Ulster. Of the collected specimens, those representing one hundred and ninety-eight species have been prepared, mounted and added to the Herbarium. Of these, one hundred and fourteen species were _ not before represented therein. The remaining eighty-four species are illustrated more completely and satisfactorily by the added specimens. Specimens have been received from nineteen contributors. A large number of these represent extra-limital species of fungi, but among those from this State are six species new to the Herbarium, and not among my collections of the past season. The whole num- ber of added species, both collected and contributed, is two hundred and ten; the whole number new to the Herbarium is one hundred and twenty. >>> >>> bbb bbb bbb > C. cinerascens Berk. Clavaria circinans Ph. ; gracilis Pers. C. byssiseda Pers. Tremella pinicola Ph. Siphoptychium Caspari Rostf. Phyllosticta Mitelle Pp. 12 Hamamelidis Px, Dendrophoma Tilize Pr. D. Cephalanthi Ph. Cytispora intermedia Sace. Phoma aquilina §. & P. strobiligena Desm. sordida Sace Phillipsiana 8S. & R. Clintonii Pk. Majanthemi Pk. pheropsis tiliacea Ph. Lindere Ph. Juniperi Pk. wrens tn th th [Assem. Doc. No. 104.] Spheropsis pallida Ph. S. spherospora Pk. S. maculans Pk. Coniothyrium Staphylee Pk. Vermiculari uncinata B. & C. Septoria oleandrina Sacc. 8. Osmorrhize Pk. S. lineolata S. & 8. s graminum Desm. Rhabdospora Xanthii Pk. R. pleosporoides Sace. Phlyctzena septorioides Sace. 1B complanata Sace. Diplodina Ellisii Sace. Zythia ovata Pk. Thyrsidium Micheneri Sace. Marsonia Martini 9. & £Z. Coryneum compactum B. & Br. Pestalozzia Saccardoi Speg. RP: consocia Pk, P. campsosperma Pk, Uredo Ledi A. & 8. Puccinia hastata Oke. Gymnosporangium clavarieforme D. (. Periconia pycnospora Fres. Sporodinia grandis Lk. Illosporium humigenum P. & S. Monilia Peckiana S. & V. Ramulari Geranii Feki. Saprolegnia ferax Kutz. Geoglossum viscosum Pers. Leotia marcida Pers, Godronia Cassandre Pk. Tympanis saligna ode. Stictis Saccardoi Rehm. Lichenopsis sphwroboloidea Sehuo. Ascomyces extensus Ph. Microspheria Ceanothi Pk Valsa rhoophila ©. ¢& E. glandulosa Oke. Ve cenisia Del. Lestadia Msculi Pk, Rosellinia ambigua Sace, R. mastoidea Sacce. Hypoxylon semiimmersum Nits. Spherella maculosa Suce. : macularis A wersi. s. Lycopodii Pk. Diaporthe Carpini Fvkl. D. Robergeana Wiessl. D. galericulata Sace. D. Neillie Pk. D. marginalis Pk. D. sparsa Pk, | Didymospheria bacchans Pass. Leptospheria Typharum Kurst. L. Kalmie Ph. Zignoelladiaphana Sacc, Pyrenophora relicina Sace. Cryptospora Tilize 77. Hypocrea fungicola ‘Karst. Pleonectria Berolinensis Sacc. Not new to the Herbarium. Ranunculus acris L. R. multifidus Ph. Acta alba Bigel. A. rubra Mz. Arabis lyrata L. Barbarea vulgaris 2. Br. Camelina sativa Crantz. Amelanchier Canadensis 7. & G. Potentilla Canadensis JL. Pryus arbutifolia Z. Ribes rubrum JL. iRys rotundifolium Mz. ihe hirtellum Wz. Thaspium aureum Wut. Cornus paniculata L Her. Lonicera oblongifolia. Muhl. Petasites palmata Gr. Senecio aureus L. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum Lam. Castilleia coccinea Spreng. Gratiola aurea Mul. Echium vulgare L. Hydrophyllum Virginicum ZL. Menyanthes trifoliata L. Apocynum androsemifolium JL. Asclepias obtusifolius Mv. A. tuberosa L, Chenopodium album ZL. Atriplex patula Z. Amarantus blitoides Wats A. hypochondriacus L. Euphorbia Peplus Z. Celtis occidentalis L.; Morus alba L. Alnus viridis D.C. Salix longifolia Muh. Populus monilifera Ait. 12% balsamifera ZL. Abies nigra Poir. Ac: balsamea Marsh. Juniperus sabina L. Ariseema triphyllum Tor7. [ ASSEMBLY Orontium aquaticum G3 Triglochin maritimum JL. Cypripedium acaule Ait. C. pubescens Willd, C. parviflorum Salisb. Liparis Leeselii Lich. Uvularia grandiflora Sm. WWI sessilifolia L. Streptopus roseus Mv. Fimbristylis capillaris Gr. Cyperus cylindricus Britton. Carex gynocrates Wormsk. C. sterilis Willd. C. canescens JL. . pedunculata Muhl. © Emmonsii Dew. C. gynandra Selo. C. pseudocyperus L. Festuca elatior L. Osmunda regalis L. Agaricus Austinii Pk. i sapidus Halchb. Lentinus strigosus Sch. Marasmius androsaceus F’. Trogia crispa Fr. aes Vaillantii 7. biformis Fr. adustus Fr. applanatus 7. fomentarius F’7. pinicola #7. betulinus Fr. albellus Pk. chioneus F’7. Irpex cinnamomeus /’. Hydnum mucidum Pers. Stereum versiforme B. &C. S. spadiceum F7. S. versicolor Fr. Clavaria pyxidata Pers. Spheronema pruinosum Pk. j Puccinia Calthe Lk. Ustilago Junci Schw. Fusicladium dendriticum Wallr. Macrosporium Cheiranthi Fr. Glomerularia Corni P#. Uncinula spiralis B. & C. Metaspheria Peckii Sace. ryt hd hd (B.) CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS, Mrs. L. L. Goodrich, Syracuse, N. Y. Trillium grandiflorum Salish, var. variegatum Pk. ‘ Miss E. G. Knight, New York, N. Y. Fruit of Salisburia adiantifolia Sm. Mrs. L, A. Millington, New Russia, N. Y. Festuca elatior L. No. 104.] 35 Mrs. M. M. Patten, Albany, N. Y. Pyxidanthera barbulata Wz. Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, Baldwinsville, N. Y. Hydrocotyle umbellata L. | Cypripedium acaule A7t. Prof, F, Lamson Scribner, Washington, D. C. Chloris verticillata Nutt. = Deschampsia atropurpurea Wahl. Melica mutica Wali M. diffusa vy. nitens Serib. Setaria verticillata Bv. Bromus sterilis Z. B. tectorum JL, Elymus Virginicus Z. Buchlce dactyloides Engl. Arundinaria tecta Mahl. Poa arachnifera Torr. F. E. Wood, Clifton, ‘Mich. Amelanchier Can.yv.oligocarpa G7. Betula glandulosa Mz. Artemisia frigida Wil/d. Calypso borealis Salish. Mertensia paniculat Don. Corallorhiza Macrei (@r. Vaccinium myrtilloides Hook. Comandra livida Rich. Castilleia pallida Auwnth. Aspidium Lonchitis Sw. Physalis grandiflora Hook. W.C. Stevenson, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. Puccinia Cryptoteenie Ph. E. 8. Miller, Wading River, N. Y. Crantzia lineata Vutt. Geo. A. Rex, M. D., Philadelphia, Pa. Siphoptychium Casparya Rostf. E. A. Rau, Bethlehem, Pa. AKcidium Dicentre Trelease. | Fusarium scolecoides S. & Z. iE. tenue Schio. Gonatobotrys maculicola Wint. Gleosporium betularum Z, &é MW E. C. Howe, M. D., Lansingburgh, N. Y. Solidago speciosa ut. | Carex siccata Dev. Rumex Brittanica L. C. alopecoidea Tuckm. Trifolium hybridum JZ. C. scabrata Scho. Aster Tradescanti Z. C. monile 7uckm. Eragrostis Frankii Pwursh. H. C. Gordinier, Troy, N. Y. Negundo aceroides Mwnch. Fedia radiata Mz. Patasites palmata G7. Solidago uliginosa NWvtt. Pogonia verticillata Nutt. S. Vire. v. alpina Digel. Salix longifolia Muhl. Nabalus nanus D. C. Carex Buxbaumii Wahl. Juncus pelocarpus Meyer. Trisetum subspicatum Bo. Aster ptarmicoides 7. & G Hieracium pilosella LZ. aurantiacum JZ. Statice Limonium JZ. W. H. Kellerman, Manhattan, Kansas. Polyporus picipes 7%. Hirneola auricula-Jude Berk. 1 adustus F7. oe llosticta Podophylli Wint. FE fraxinophilus Pk. Labrusce T’hum. Merulius tremellosus Sehrad. Craterellus cornucopioides Fr, Stereum frustulosum Fy. . Chenopodii West. Ampelopsidis #. dé M. smnilacina #. & MM. mero rd Septoria Verbene R. & D. 8. Cerastii R. & D. 8. Verbascicola B. & C. Leptostroma vulgare F’r. L. Actzeze Sehr. Spheronema Persice Schw. Vermicularia Dematium /’. Darluca filum Cast. Phragmidium Potentille Pers. Puccinia nigrescens Pk. solida Schw. Menthe Pers. Silphii Sch. Sorghi Schw. Artemisiarum Duby. Polygonorum Lk. Mariz-Wilsoni Clinton Myrrhis Scho. Cherophylli Purt. Xanthii Sch. : aculeata Schw. romyces Lespedezze (Schz.) i- Hyperici Sch. We appendiculata Lev. Ustilago segetum Lk. Roestelia lacerata Tal. rd a rg hd Po ro gb FEcidium Caladii Schw. fA. Dicentre Tvel. ZB. Qnothere Pk. Ki. leucospermum D. C. Ati. Ficarize Pers. Uredo Smilacis Schz. U. Agrimonie D. C. We Alchemille Pers. Trichobasis Crotonis C ke. Coleosporium Sonchi Pers. 36 [ ASSEMBLY Chrysomyxa pyrolatum Kenig. Synchytrium decipiens Fal. 8. Taraxaci De By. 8. Anemones Woron. Sporocybe byssoides #7. Macrosporium Maydis C. & Z. M. Solani #. & M. Helminthosporium gracile Wadllr. Pyricularia grisea Sacc. Cercospora Gymnocladi #. & M. C. Ampelopsidis Pk. Ramularia rufomaculans Pk. Cylindrosporium Fraxini #. & M. Peronospora gangliformis De By. Cystopus cubicus Lev. Botrytis vulgaris Berk. Peziza nivea Fr. Phacidium Medicaginis Lasch. Exoascus deformanus Fekl. Podospheria tridactyla De By. Uncinula macrospora Pk. 5 adunca Lev. Microspheria Euphorbie B. & C. Eyrsiphe Martii Leo. E. lamprocarpa Lev. Spheria Arthuriana Sace. Diatrype hypophlea B. & C. Rosellinia millegrana Schv. Hypoxylon atropunctatum Schw. H. Sassafras Schw. Gnomonia setacea CU. & D. Melanomma pulvis-pyrius ek. Ophiobolus porphyrogonus Sacc. Spherella maculeformis Pers. Phyllachora Trifolii ek. . Pleonectria denigrata Wint. Hon. G. W. Clinton, Albany, N. Y. Rhabdospora pleosporoides Sace. Phoma Clintonii Px. Illosporium humigenum P. & 8. Lestadia Alsculi Pk. Morus alba ZL. Arthur Peck, Sandlake, N. Y. Populus balsamifera L. H. W. Harkness, M. D., San Francisco, Cal. Montagnites Candollei Fr. Polyporus leucospongia 0. & H. Thelephora Harknessii Ph. Corticium carneum B. & Cke. C. pactolinum @. & H. Hymenula aciculosa #. & H. Octaviana rosea Hk. Polyplocium Californicum Hk. : inquinans Berk. Arcyria vitellina Ph. Cryptosporium Lupini Cke. Chromosporium lateritium C. & H. Cheetophoma atriella C. & H. C: quercifolia (ke. Septoria Aceris B. & Br. Morthiera Mespili Fk. Marsonia Populi Desm. M. Potentille S. & #. M. Neillie Hh. Gloeosporium Pteridis Hk. G. nervisequum Fckl. Septogloeum defolians JTk. 5. Fraxini Hk. maculans Hk. : _ Nuttallii He. iplodia lata C. & H. : Eucalypti C. & #. Pittospori C. & #. millegrana C. & H. Symphoricarpa (0. & Sarothamni C. & H. extensa (. & H. H. Iolo loloolo acre No. 104. | Diplodia Lupini C. & H. D. Amygdali C. & H. D. maculata C. & H. iD: Phoradendri Cke. iD} decorticata (. & #. Macrodiplodia Sambuci Oke. M. Arctostaphyli Vize. Hendersonia Lupini (. & Harknessia Eucalypti (ke. Pestalozzia Moorei Hk. 1B anomala H k. , Dichomera Compositarum (. & H. Phragmidium Fragarie D. C. Uromyces intricata Cke. Ge Terebinthi D. C. U. Nevadensis Hk, U. Spraguee Hk. U Chorizanthis #. & H. Puccinia variolans Hk. evadens Hk. Symphoricarpi A. Harknessii Vize. QEnothere Vize. striata Cke. Solani Cke. Asari Dk. Sorosporium Californicum Az. ay nehytrium papillatum Feri. aol lacbae acdc pluriannulatum Far. Guiphiol pheenicis Poir. Torula glutinosa C. & H. Camptoum cuspidatum (. & ZH. Triposporium elegans Cd. Theclospora bifida Hk. Stigmina Platani Swce. S. Ebeeioues Hk. Chetopsis fusca Cd. Zygosporium oscheoides Mont. Helicosporium vegetum 7} Chalaza setosa Hk. C. fusidioides Cd. C. montellica Saece. C. brachyptera Succ. Beltrania quernea Hk. Hemileia vastatrix B. & Br. Cercospora glomerata Hk. Didymaria spissa Hkh. Dicranidion fragile Hk. Volutella Buxi Berk. Helvella Californica Ph. Peziza tautilla Ph. & H. 12) Escholtzie Ph. & H. 12) labrosa Ph. & H. 12h spherophoroides Ph. & H. Phillipsiella purpurea Ph. & 4. Belonidium fuscum Ph. & H. Cenangium ferruginosum FY. Phacidium Arbuti C. & H. 12 albidum Ph. & Z. IE internum P/), Rhytisma Arbuti Ph. R. punctatum Fr, 37 Stictis-Lupini Ph. & H. Megarrhize Ph. & 7. monilifera Ph. & H. pelvicula Ph. oianedrarn rufulum Spr. : turgidulum Ph. & H. Hysterium connivens (. & H. Jal Eucalypti Ph. & H. SED H. prominens Ph. & H. lake formosum Cke. Male Mulleri Duby. Ailographum acicolum Hk. A. reticulatum Ph. & H. Geopora Cooperi Hk. Spheerotheca lanestris Hk. Asterina anomala C. & H. Capnodium heteromeles C. & H. Lasiobotrys affinis Hk. Valsa Lupini (. & J. agnostica C. & ZH. Diatrype prominens (. & H. iD): disciformis Fr. Hypoxylon stigmateum Cke. Gnomonia Cory li Batseh. Alni Plow. Phomatospora Datisce Hh. Trabutia quercina S. & R. Botryospheria ambigua Sace. Spherella Umbellularie C. & H. S. Dendromeconis C. & 7. Eriospheria investans Che. Diaporthe Lupini Hk. D. gorgonoidea C. & H. Amphisphieria decorticata C. & EH. A. dothideospora C. & H. Valsaria Eucalypti A. & C. PP espe Ceanothi C. & 7. Ogilviensis B. & Br. r consessa (. & E. L. Californica (. & H. Heptameria meszedema Swace. Massaria pulchra Hk. Pleospora vitrispora C. & H. compressa /Tf:. Thy ridium Garrye C. & H. Spheria tumulata Che. S: conflicta Che. S. confertissima Plow 8. epipteridis (. & H. Ss. anisometra C. & H. Dialonectria filicina C. & H. , _ depallens C. & H. dD. _ Euealypti C. & #. Thyronectria virens 7k. Acrospermum corrugatum ZU. Dothidea Sequoize C. & H. Ophiodothis tarda /Th. Plowrightia phy llogona Hk. P, Calystegie OC. & H. PR: tuberculiformis ZU. Lophiostoma congregatum Hk, 38 | ASSEMBLY C. Vanderloo, Albany, N. Yee Specimen of root with enlargement. J. J. Brown, M. D., Sheboygan, Wis. Cylindrosporium Rubi #. & M. George L. English, Philadelphia, Pa. Schizea pusilla Pwrsh. (C.) PLANTS NOT BEFORE REPORTED. Solidago speciosa, NVwdz. Brunswick, Rensselaer county. £. C. Howe. . Eragrostis Frankii, Meyer. Center island near the railroad bridge at Troy. Howe. Agaricus (Trichcloma) rubescentifolius, 7. sp. Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, subumbilicate, at first brown- ish, then smoky-yellow, sometimes obscurely squamulose; lamellze narrow, Close, adnexed, cream y-white or pale yellow, becoming smok y- red in drying; stem glabrous or slightly fibrillose, hollow, pruinose at the top, colored like the pileus; spores minute, subglobose, .00016 to .0002 in. long. Plant subceespitose, 1 to 1.5 in. high, pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem 1 to 2 lines thick. Pine stumps. North Greenbush. Aug. Agaricus lascivus, /7. Woods. Delmar. Sept. The plant is apparently a variety; being odorless and having the pileus almost white. Agaricus cerussatus, /7. Thin woods. Karner. Sept. Agaricus amplus, Pers. Sandy soil. Karner. Sept. Agaricus (Collybia) fuscolilacinus, 7. sp. Pileus thin, convex, glabrous, hygrophanous, even and watery- brown when moist, lilac-brown and rugose when dry; lamellee close, ventricose, adnexed, brownish; stem slender, flexuous, hollow, col- ored like the pileus, mealy or pruinose at the top, with a whitish No. 104.] 39 villosity at the base; spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, .C0016 to .0002 in. long. Pileus 4 to 8 lines broad, stem 1.5 to 3 in. long, about 1 line thick. Among moss and fallen leaves in open places in woods. Adiron- dack mountains. Aug. The species should be referred to the section Tephrophane, Agaricus (Collybia) esculentoides, 7. sp. Pileus hemispherical or convex, umbilicate, glabrous, pale yellow- ish-brown ; lameilze moderately close, broad, thick, whitish ; stem slender, hollow, somewhat tenacious, colored like the pileus; spores elliptical, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .0002 in. broad. Pileus 8 to 12 lines broad, stem 1.5 to 2 in. long, 1 to 1.5 lines thick. Sandy soil. West Albany. Karner and Delmar. Sept. This species resembles A. esculentus in size and color, but it differs in its stem which is not radicated, and in its pileus which soon be- comes umbilicate or more or less centrally depressed. It has a bitter taste, a character attributed to A. esculentus also. Our plant occurred in autumn, but A. esculentus is said to grow in early spring. Agaricus (Mycena) amabillissimus, 7. sp. Pileus submembranous, campanulate, obtuse or acute, glabrous, obscurely striatulate when moist, bright-red or scarlet; lamelle ascending, whitish or tinged with red; stem slender, pallid, subpel- lucid, with a white villosity at the base. Pilens 3 to 6 lines broad and high; stem about 1 in. long. Among mosses and ferns in marshes. Karner. Sept. This species is closely related to A. aciewla of which it may possibly be a large form, but inasmuch as it ditters not only in size but also in its longer and more conical or campanulate pileus and in its differently colored lamellee it seems best to keep it distinct. Agaricus spathulatus, Pers. Ground. Sandlake. June. Agaricus (Pleurotus) atropellitus, Decaying wood and bark both of frondose and acerose trees. Maryland. Helderberg and Adirondack mountains. June tou Oct. Agaricus (Clitopilus) pascuensis, 7. sp. Pileus fleshy, compact, centrally depressed, glabrous, pale-alutae- eous, the cuticle of the disk cracking into minute areas; lamellze rather narrow, close, decurrent, whitish, becoming flesh-colored ; stem short, equal or tapering downward, solid, glabrous, colored like the pileus; spores subelliptical, pale-incarnate, .0003 to .0004 in. long, -0002 to .00025 broad. 40 | ASSEMBLY Pileus 2 to 3 in. broad, stem 8 to 18 lines long, 4 to 6 lines thick. Pastures. Day, Saratoga county. July. The species is closely related to A. prunulus. It has a farinaceous taste but no odor. Its shorter spores, its pileus without any pruinosity and appearing slightly scaly on the disk and tinged with tan color will readily distinguish it from that species. A. prunulus grows in woods in autumn, this species in pastures in midsummer. It is solitary or gregarious. | Agaricus (Nolanea) fuscogriseéllus, 7. sp. Pileus submembranous, convex, conic or campanulate, either with or without a central papilla, hygrophanous, grayish-brown, and striatulate when moist, paler and shining when dry, but the disk or papilla often remaining dark-colored; lamelle moderately close, subventricose, whitish, then flesh-colored ; stem slender, brittle, glab- rous, hollow, slightly pruinose, or mealy at the top, pallid or livid, with a white mycelium at the base; spores irregular, .0004 in. long, .0003 broad. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem 1.5 to 3 in. long, | to 2 lines thick. Mossy ground in open places. Adirondack mountains. Aug. This is more slender than A. pascuus to which it is related, and its stem is not fibrous and silky. Agaricus formosus, 47’. Woods and open places, especially under brakes, Pteris aquilina. Adirondack mountains. Aug. it closely resembles the very common A. asprellus, from which it may be distinguished by the yellowish hue of the pileus. Agaricus depluens, /’r. ‘Decaying wood. Catskill mountains. Gansevoort and Sterling. July and August. Agaricus marginatus, Batsch. Decaying wood. Guilderland. Sept. Agaricus unicolor, /’r. Decaying wood. Adirondack mountains. Aug., In color and size this species bears a striking resemblance to A. laccatus, but its habitat and the character of the spores readily distinguish it. Agaricus blattarius, /’r. Woods. Adirondack mountains. Aug. Agaricus calamistratus, 77. Damp ground. Delmar. Sept. Our specimens had no decided odor, but the essential characters of the species, including the peculiar bluish color toward the base of the stem, were present. No. 104.] 41 Agaricus eutheles, B. & Br. Under pine trees. West Albany. Sept. In these specimens the farinaceous odor attributed to the species was not observed, but the other characters were present. Agaricus alnicola, /’7. At the base of alders and on birchstumps. Delmar. Sept. The American specimens have the bitter taste ascribed to the European plant. The form found on birch stumps has the lamellze rounded behind, while that found at the base of alders has them adnate. The young plant has a noticeable annulns but it nearly or quite disappears with age. Agaricus (Naucoria) elatior, 7. sp. Pileus thin, at first conical or subcampanulate, then convex or nearly plane, glabrous, slightly viscid and striatulate on the margin when moist, livid or grayish-brown; lamellze broad, ventricose, dis- tant, whitish or livid, then dark-ferruginous, white on the edge; stem elongated, slender, hollow, flexuous, slightly fibrillose, pallid ; spores brownish-ferruginous, oblong-elliptical, .0007 to .0008 in. long, .0003 to .0004 broad. Pileus 5 to 10 lines broad, stem 3 to 5 in. long, about 1 line - thick. In sphagnum. Karner. Sept. Related to A. scorpioides. Cortinarius arenatus, /7. Sandy soil under pine trees. Delmar. Sept. A form with longer stem and subconical pileus sometimes occurs in marshes among sphagnum. Hygrophorus pudorinus, /7. Pine woods. Delmar. Sept. _ Our plant does not strictly agree with the description of the species to which we have referred it. The color of the pileus is darker in the center, where it is a brownish-red, but it fades toward the margin, where it is nearly white. The stem is not conspicuously contracted _ at the apex, but in other respects it agrees so well with the descrip. tion of H. pudorinus that it seems to us to belong to that species. Russula crustosa, 7. sp. Pileus at first convex, then nearly plane or centrally depressed, slightly viscid when moist, striate on the margin, brownish-yellow, greenish or subolivaceous, the cuticle cracking and for ming small spot-like areolee or pseudo-verrucee ; Jamellze nearly entire, some of them forked at the base, narrow ed behind and nearly free, white ; stem cylindrical, stuffed or hollow, white; spores white, subglobose, .0003 to .00035 in. broad; flesh white, taste mild. Pileus 3 to5 in. broad, stem 1 to 2.5 in. long, 6 to 12 lines thick. Rocky ground in thin woods. Day. July and Aug. [Assem. Doc. No. 104.] 6 7 42 [ ASSEMBLY. This plant approaches /?. wruginea so closely, that it may be a question whether it is a distinct species or a mere variety. It differs in the breaking up of the cuticle and in having the disk generally paler instead of darker than the rest of the pileus. The cuticle usually remains entire on the disk, which is of a dingy yellowish hue, while toward the margin the color is greenish or smoky-green, though in some instances it also is yellowish or dirty straw-color. The greenish specimens so closely resemble . virescens, that in a dry time they might easily be confused with that species. The viscid pileus and its striate margin will distinguish it. The lamelle are rather narrow anteriorly. Boletus subaureus, ”. 57. Pileus convex, becoming nearly plane, soft, viscose, pale-yellow or golden-yellow, sometimes mottled with darker spots or tufts of hairs, the young margin adorned with a slight grayish tomentum, flesh pale- yellow; tubes subdecurrent, small, angular or subrotund, at first yel- low then ochraceous-yellow; stem cylindrical, solid, glandular-punc- tate, yellow without and within; spores oblong-elliptical, .00035 to .0004 in. long; .00016 broad. Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad, stem 1.5 to 2.5 in. long, 5 to 6 lines thick. Woods. Day. July. This species is intermediate between B. flavidus and B. granu- latus. It-has the stout stem, thick pileus and general aspect of the latter, but the yellow color of the stem and young tubes connect it * more closely with the former. Boletus flavipes, 7. sp. Pileus convex or nearly plane, glabrous, dull-red, inclining to chestnut color; tubes nearly plane or convex, small, snbrotund, pale- yellow, becoming a little darker with age; stem cylindrical, solid, furfuraceous, pale-yellow ; spores oblong-fusiform, olivaceous, .0005 to .0006 in. long, .00016 to .0002 in. broad. Pileus 1.5 to 2.5 in. broad, stem 2 to 3 in. long; 4 to 6 lines thick. Woods. Caroga and South Ballston. July and Aug. Polyporus confluens, /7”. Pine woods. New Scotland. Sept. Our specimens are not at all squamulose, and this character is not attributed to the species by all authors. It is probable that it is not uniform jn this respect. Polyporus Schweinitzii, 77. Pine woods, generally at or near the base of stumps and trees. West Albany. Sept. P. hispidoides is a dimidiate form of this species, and not a va- riety of P.hispidus. No. 104.] 43 Hydnum geogenium, /7. Woods. South Ballston. Aug. I am not aware that this rare and interesting species has before been noticed in this country. According to Fries, the species is very variable, so much so that some specimens might be referred to the section Pleuropoda, others to Mesopoda, and others still to Apoda, to which the typical form belongs. Hydnum farinaceum, Pers. Decaying wood of hemlock. Osceola. eRaeueile rie Wee eet 70 | ASSEMBLY 5. Pileus white, spores globose...... a alw/alela fa etaval 1a cee nia wla(eiera vines nite umn DOE 5. Pileus yellowish, spores not globose....... st sik pisineie =e jm atou\lascyaje rot DAE RULE ILCLIOS: 6. Pileus white, with a white villosity or tomentum ..............0... 7 6. Pileus with a colored villosity or tomentum .......,........s000--- 9 ie Spores elliptical: sire streisie Bec irerei aie fanaicht Ha OOS GOTO SOCELG Sooo sets de ke! 7. Spores globose..... ocrcisie Cate Weieee atcuelnenele Oslalelnabeibistie lata ee wee C. putrigend. 8. Spores less than .0003 in. long .......... Sesiociebasac ...--C. herbarum. 8. Spores more than .0003 in. long ...... SUT Te lee tepals shee .-..-C. versutus. 9. Pileus squamose with a tawny tomentum, spores elliptical. .C. fudvotomentosus. 9. Pileus with a yellowish tomentum, spores globose..... sie wlaletna|diaiatx UM OGNBOLIB, Crepidotus herens, Pk. Sticky Agaric. Pileus thin, four to twelve lines broad, convex, sessile, cuneiform or dimidiate, glabrous, or slightly squamulose, hygrophanous, viscid and striatulate on the margin when moist, white or whitish when dry; lamelle moderately close, narrow, tapering toward each end, sub- cinereous, then brownish; spores edliptical, pale-ferruginous, .0003 in. long, .0002 broad. Decaying wood. Albany. September. The elliptical spores and viscid pileus are the distinguishing charac- ters of the species. I know of no other viscid Crepidotus. The pileus is watery white or gray when moist, and white when dry, unless stained by the spores. The margin is very thin and the pileus is attached to the matrix by white filaments. ‘The species is rare, having been observed but once. Crepidotus haustellaris, 7’. Kidney-shaped Agaric. Pileus thin, four to ten lines broad, lateral or“ eccentric, reniform or suborbicular, plane, moist, slightly tomentose when dry, alutaceous or pale-ochraceous; lamelle broad, subdistant, rounded behind, slightly adnexed or nearly free, pallid, then brownish-cinnamon; stem short, distinct, solid, bulbows- thickened at the base, whitened with a slight tomentose villosity; spores elliptical, .00035 to .0004 in. long, .0003 broad. Dead bark of poplars. Thurman, Warren county. October. Rare. Our specimens differ from the European plant in being smaller and of a paler color. The pileus is also sometimes eccentric, though. Fries describes it as “exactly lateral” in the European plant. The dimensions of the spores are taken from our specimens, no spore characters being given in any description of the species to which we have had access. Fries remarks that the species is “small, regular, not cespitose, especially marked by the subconic stem and almost free lamelle.” Crepidotus tiliophilus, P/. Linden-loving Agaric. Pileus moderately thin, six to twelve lines broad, convex, minutely pulverulent, hygrophanous, watery-brown and striatulate on the margin when moist, dingy-buff when dry; lamelle rather broad, subdistant, rounded behind, adnexed, colored like the pileus, becom- ing ferruginous-cinnamon; stem two to four lines long, about one line thick, solid, often curved, pruinose, with a white pubescence at No. 104. ] 71 the base; spores subelliptical, brownish-ferruginous, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Dead trunks and branches of basswood, Zilia Americana. East Berne, Albany county. August. This plant is closely related to the preceding one from which I have separated it because of its larger size, smaller spores and stem not thickened at the base. The individual’ plants are also sometimes so closely crowded that they appear czspitose. It is possible that inter- mediate forms may yet be found that will connect these. Crepidotus applanatus, /7. Flattened Agaric. Pileus very thin, six to twelve lines long, four to ten broad, vari- able in shape, suborbicular, reniform, cuveiform or spathulate, plane or convex, sometimes slightly depressed behind, sessile or prolonged behind into a short compressed white-tomentose stem-like base, gla- brous, hygrophanous, watery-white and striatulate on the margin when moist; white when dry; lamelle very narrow, linear, crowded, decurrent, white, becoming cinnamon; spores globose, .0002 to .00025 in. broad. . Old stumps and much decayed wood. Common. July to Septem- ber. It is very variable in the shape of the pileus, but it is commonly either cuneate or spathulate. It closely resembles Pleurotus peta- loides in this respect as well as in the narrow crowded lamelle and flattened stem-like base. _As in that species and others of this genus, the pileus quickly becomes convolute in drying, unless it is placed under pressure. ‘The striations of the thin margin are often retained in the dried plant. In the 26th Report, our specimens were errone- ously referred to C. nephrodes, B. & C., from which they differ in the giabrous pileus and crowded linear lamelle. This last character dis- tinguishes it from all our other Crepidoti. It is gregarious and the pileus is often stained by the spores. Crepidotus malachius, B. & C. Soft-skinned Agaric. Pileus thin on the margin, thicker behind, eight to twenty-four lines broad, varying from reniform or suborbicular to cuneate or flab- ellate, nearly plane, sometimes depressed behind, sessile or prolonged behind into a short white tomentose rudimentary stem or tubercle, glabrous, hygrophanous, watery-white or grayish-white and striatu- late on the margin when moist, white when dry; lamellz close, swb- ventricose, rounded behind, white or whitish, becoming brownish-fer- ruginous ; spores globose, .00025 to .0003 in. broad, Variety plicatilis. Pileus coarsely plicate on the margin. Decaying wood in damp shaded places). Common. June to Sep- tember. This resembles the preceding species in color and habit, but it is easily distinguished by its broader pileus and much broader lamellz rounded behind. In drying, the moisture is retained longer by the thin margin than it is by the thicker disk. The striations are some- 1 | ASSEMBLY times retained in the dried specimens, By neglecting the spore characters, squalid spore-stained specimens of this species were erro- neously referred, in the 24th Report, to C. mollis, a species not yet found in our State, though it has been reported from North Carolina, Ohio and Massachusetts. Crepidotus croceitinctus, 7. sp. Saffron-tinted Agaric. Pileus eight to twelve lines broad, convex or nearly plane, sessile, glabrous, sometimes with a white villosity at the base, moist, yellow- ish ; lamelle moderately broad, rounded behind, whitish, becoming dull saffron-yellow, then ferruginous ; spores ferruginous, subglobose or broadly elliptical, .0002 to .00025 in. long. Decaying wood of poplar and beech. Adirondack mountains and Day, Saratoga county. July. This species is separated from C. dorsalis by its glabrous pileus and its less globose spores, and from C. crocophyllus by its larger size, yel- low color and the absence of squamules from the pileus. Its spores are of a brighter ferruginous color than in most of our other species. Crepidotus putrigena, 2. & C. Rotten-wood Agaric. Pileus thin, convex, subreniform, often imbricated, sessile, slightly tomentose with a more dense white villosity at the base, moist, striatu- late on the margin, whitish or yellowish-white; ]amelle rather close, broad, rounded behind, whitish, becoming ferruginous; spores globose, .00025 to .0003 in. broad. Decaying wood. Brewerton. September. This species is perhaps too closely allied to C. malachius, from which it scarcely differs, except in the villose-tomentose pileus. The lamelle are three or four times broader than the thickness of the flesh of the pileus. Crepidotus herbarum, P/. Herb-inhabiting Agaric. Pileus thin, two to five lines broad, resupinate, suborbicular, clothed with a white, downy villosity, incurved on the margin when young, sometimes becoming reflexed, sessile, dimidiate and less downy ; lamellx rather narrow, subdistant, radiating from a naked lateral or eccentric point, white, then subferruginous; spores ellipti- cal, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .00014 to .00016 broad. Dead stems of herbs and dead bark of maple. North Greenbush and Adirondack mountains. August and September. Crepidotus versutus, Pk. Evasive Agaric. Pileus four to ten lines broad, at first resupinate, then reflexed, reniform or dimidiate, sessile, white, clothed with a soft, downy or tomentose-villosity, incurved on the margin; lamelle rather broad, No. 104. ] 73 subdistant, rounded behind, radiating from a lateral or eccentric point, whitish, then ferruginous; spores subelliptical, .00035 to .0004 in. long, .00025 to .0003 broad. Decaying wood, bark, etc., in damp, shaded places. Common. June to October. This species, and C. herbarum appear to run together, and but for the marked difference in the size of their spores I should have united them. ‘The latter is not limited in its habitat to the stems of herbs, and the former sometimes, though rarely, occurs on them. C. her- barum is a smaller species with a thinner pileus, nearly always resupi- nate, and when reflexed, less densely tomentose. Its smaller. spores especially distinguish it. Both appear to be closely allied to the European ©. chimonophilus, which seems to be distinguished by its ubens elliptical” spores, and its few distant lamelle attenuated behind. Crepidotus fulvotomentosus, Pé. Tawny-tomentose Agaric. Pileus eight to twenty-four lines broad, scattered or gregarious, suborbicular, reniform or dimidiate, sessile or attached by a short, white-villose tubercle or rudimentary stem, hygrophanous, watery- brown and sometimes striatulate on the margin when moist, whitish, yellowish or pale ochraceous when dry, adorned with small, tawny, hairy or tomentose scales ; lamelle broad, subventricose, moderately close, rounded behind, radiating from a lateral or eccentric white vil- lose spot, whitish becoming brownish-ferruginous ; spores elliptical often uninucleate, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Decaying wood of poplar, maple, etc. Common. June to Oc- tober. A pretty species, corresponding in some respects to the European C. calolepis, but much larger and with tawny, instead of rufescent scales. The cuticle is separable and is tenacious though it has a hya- line gelatinous appearance. The pileus is subpersistent, and specimens dried in their place of growth are not rare. Crepidotus dorsalis, Px. Dorsal Agaric. Pileus eight to fifteen lines broad, sessile, dimidiate or subreniform, plane or slightly depressed behind, with a decurved substriate margin, slightly fibrillose-tomentose, reddish-yellow; lamelle close, ventricose, rounded behind, radiating from a lateral white villose spot, yellowish, then brownish-ochraceous or subferruginous; spores globose, .00025 in. broad. Decaying wood. Sprakers and Adirondack mountains. June and September. Buffalo. G. W. Clinton. The tomentum of the pileus is more dense and conspicuous about the point of attachment, where it sometimes forms minute tufts or scales. [Assem. Doc. No. 104.] 10 Fia. Fig. Fia. Fig. Fia. HIG. Fig, Fie. Fia. Fig. Fig. Tiers Fic. Fia. Fia, Fie. Fie. Fia. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fia. 22 ta EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1. ASCOMYCES EXTENSUS Peck. A leaf partly killed and discolored by the fungus. An ascus containing Spores x 400. Four spores x 400. AGARICUS (NOLANEA) BABINGeTONIT Blow. One young plant and two mature plants, the two at the left having the pileus moist and striatulate. Vertical section of a pileus and the upper part of its stem. Transverse section of the stem. Three spores x 400. PESTALOZZIA CONSOCIA Peck. Part of a leaf with a discolored spot dotted by the fungus. Four spores, the one at the left immature x 400. PESTALOZZIA CAMPSOSPERMA Peck. A leaf bearing the fungus. Four spores x 400. SPHARELLA LYCOPODII Peck. Two spikes of the host plant bearing the fungus. A slightly magnified scale dotted by the fungus. An ascus containing spores x 400. Four spores x 400, GODRONIA CASSANDRA Peck. Part of a branch bearing the fungus. A receptacle magnified. Vertical section of the same. A paraphysis and two asci containing spores x 400. Three spores x 400. CLAVARIA CIRCINANS Peck. Two plants. Five spores x 400. ” EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2. DIAPORTHE MARGINALIS Peck. Fie. 1. Part of a branch bearing the fungus. Fic. 2. A pustule magnified. Fic. 8. Vertical section of a magnified pustule, showing three perithecia. Fie. 4. Two asci containing spores x 400. Fig. 5. Four spores x 400. DIAPORTHE NEILLLZ Peck. Fic. 6. Part of a branch bearing the fungus. Fie. 7. 90 [ AssEMBLY A Tachanid fly, Gonza sp., reared from a cabbage cut-worm. From Bensamin Wire. A section of cedar, Zhwja occidentalis, showing the burrowing operations of PAlwosinus dentatus (Say). From Warren Kwavs, Salina, Kansas. Larvee of Attagenus megatoma (Fabr.) and Anthrenus varius Fabr. From J. F. Rosz, South Byron, N. Y. Burrows in apple-tree trunk and imago of Xyleborus pyri (Peck) ; also the peach-tree Scolytus, PAlwotribus liminaris (Harris), from a peach tree. From Grorce W. Duva.t, Annapolis, Md. The Colorado potato-beetle infested with a Gamasid mite, Uropoda Americana Riley. From Samuret G. Symmes, Winchester, Mass. Larves of the clover-leaf weevil, Phytonomus punctatus (Fabr.) coiled about stems of grass, and killed by an undescribed fungus. From Dr. E. L. Srurrrvant, State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. Hylesinus opaculus Le Conte, boring under the bark of apparently healthy cedars, Arbor vite. From Pror. C. H. Prox, N. Y. State Botanist, Albany. Allorhina nitida (Linn.), the fig-eater, from a rose-house. From Autor M. Greene, Madison, N.Y. Silpha Americana (Linn.). From H. M. Sropparp, Stevensville, Larve and pupe of the four-lined leaf-bug, Pwcilocapsus lineatus (Fabr.), feeding on sage, Salvia officinalis, at the State Agricultural Experiment Station. From E. 8. Gorr, Horticulturist of the Station. A cluster of eggs of a plant-bug, Huschistes variolarius Beauv., on a ripe strawberry. From Miss A. Goopricu, Utica, N. Y. Cosmopepla carnifex (Fabr.), feeding injuriously upon currants, causing them to fall. From Prof. D. P. Pensatiow, of McGill _ University, Montreal, Can. Zaitha fluminea, in the pupal stage. From F. E. Woon, Pheenix, Mich. Lecanium (nov. sp.) on Ostrya Virginica at the Albany Rural Cemetery. From Hon. G. W. Crutnron, Albany, N. Y Oviposition of the white flower-cricket, Hcanthus niveus Harris, in peach-tree twigs. From O.Wuxson, Keuka, Chemung Co., N.Y. Atropos divinatoria (O. Fabr.), from a bed-room infested by them. From Moreti Coon, East Edmonton, N.Y. Mites—T7yroglyphus sero (Linn.), from smoked ham received from Ohio. From C. H. Wxsszts, New York city. No. 104.] 91 Mites — Tetranychus telarius (Linn.), infesting a quince orchard, near Geneva, N. Y.. From Prof. J.C. Arruur, State Agricultural Experiment Station. Mites— Gamasus sp., infesting a burying beetle, Vecrophorus tomentosus Web. From Dr. 8. A. Russet1, Albany, N. Y. Eggs of a katydid, Microcentrus retinervis Riley, deposited on a shoot of a peach-tree in Coffey Co., Kansas. From James Bucxrnea- HAM, Zanesville, Ohio. Sitodrepa panicea (Linn.), infesting a package of white carrot seed, in the pup, and emerging as imagines December 3, at the Agricultural Experiment Station. From E. L. Gorr, Geneva, ace Seven examples of flies (J/wscide), found July 21st, dead and closely packed within a stem of red elder, Sambucus pubens, with- out any visible cavity leading to their location. Apparently Lucilia and Pollenia sp. Examples of Macrodactylus subspinosus (Fabr.); Cicindela sex- guttata Fabr.; Silpha noveboracensis (Forst.); Aphodius jimetarius (Linn.); Otiorhynchus ligneus Le Conte; Osmoderma eremicola (Knoch) ; Orthosoma brunneum (Forst.); several species of minute fungus beetles, undetermined. Cimbex Americana Leach; Déia- pheromera femorata (Say), and a number of others, as yet unex- ' amined insects. From Hon. Grorcr W. Crinton, Albany, N.Y. COLLECTIONS. About three weeks in the month of August were devoted to collec- tions in the Adirondack region, at Long take, in the northern part of Hamilton county. The altitude of the lake is 1632 feet above tide. This elevation is too great to admit of an abundance of insect life, while it fails to reward the collector with the rare forms which are to be met with at higher elevations — at and above 2,500 feet. Very little is known, as yet, of the insect fauna of this interesting portion of our State. As I have previously written, “The enthusi- asm of the entomologists of an adjoining State has Jed them to explorations of a peculiarly interesting field lying beyond the limits of their own State—the White Mountains of New Hampshire. For successive years the members of the Cambridge Entomological Club have established a midsummer encampment upon the slope of Mt. Washington, during which, through their protracted sojourn of weeks, and opportunity for collecting crepuscular and nocturnal forms, they have been abie to enrich their cabinets and those of their corre- spondents with many rare boreal species, to accumulate much valuable biological information, and to present local lists of Lepidoptera, Cole- optera and Orthoptera, which have been received as special contri- butions to science. 92 | ASSEMBLY ‘“‘ Meanwhile, the extensive Adirondack Region, with its numerous lofty mountain peaks, its deep gorges, its hundreds of lakes — per- haps second only to the White Mountains in point of interest to the entomologist of any locality in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains — has been permitted, year after year, to bury within itself its entire entomological wealth. Previous to the collections noticed in this paper [Lepidoptera of the Adirondack Region*], hardly an insect had been drawn from it. At the present, nothing has been reported of its mountain insect fauna. Many new species are undoubtedly to be discovered there, and the first comparison of its fauna with that of other elevated and more northern regions is yet to be made. é ‘Tt is sincerely to be hoped that, from the growing interest mani- fested in entomology, the numerous accessions to the number of its students, the facility for study afforded by recent publications and in several extensive classified collections, the reproach resting on the entomologists of New York may speedily be removed. And while the thorough exploration of any locality can searcely fail of bringing to light much new material, the ambitious student may have for his incentive the assurance that in the Adirondack Mountains there is open to him an unexplored field where faithful search will assuredly yield him a most abundant return.” The locality of Long lake and the season offered but few flower- ing plants for the attraction of insects. The collections, therefore, - were nearly confined to golden rods (Sol¢dago) and the hardhack (Spirea tomentosa), which were freely visited by Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera for the pollen that they afforded. Of the Hymenoptera, the flowers were especially prolific in Apide, Crabonide, Hucmenide and Andrenide, whilst also yielding some desirable /chnewmonide. In Diptera, several species of the gaily-colored Syrphide (flower flies) were abundant, of which, perhaps, the most interesting form was Spilomyia fusca Loew —a large fly, so singularly mimicking in size, form, color and markings the common “ bald-faced hornet,” Vespa maculata Linn., as to be easily (and generally by other than entomologists) mistaken for it. The species had never come under my observation before, nor has it been recorded as occurring in the State of New York. Its first capture was made on the 11th of August. It continued to increase in number, in both sexes, and the day prior to my departure from the locality (23d inst.) it was more abundant than before. Over forty examples of the species were taken. Nothing, I believe, is known of its larval stage. Several examples of a Conops, undetermined species, were also captured on the Solidago. A large, globose-bodied Tachinid fly, Achinomyza sp., having its tegulee and basal portion of wings of a dull yellow, which I had in former years observed abundantly in.Essex county, N. Y., was also a common visitor to the blossoms of the golden rod. *Seventh Annual Report of the Topographical Survey of the Adirondack Region of New York, 1880, pp. 373-400. No. 104. ] 93 The collections in Lepidoptera were not large, the locality not being favorable to the multiplication of insects of this order. But few species of butterflies were seen.* Danais Archippus (Fabr.) and Pyrameis Atalanta (Linn.) were so abundant ina field of buck- wheat that three or four individuals could be taken in a single sweep of the net. Associated with them were numbers of one of the most brilliant and beautiful of our moths, Plusta mortuorum Guen—a decidedly upland species. Its quick rise from the blossoms of the buckwheat, its rapid flight for a short distance, sudden dropping to the ground and running away to shelter, made it a difficult. insect to capture. The elegantly marked Homohadena atrifasciata Morr., of which the first example taken in the Adirondacks in the year 1876, commanded in exchange with an enthusiastic lepidopterist, other insects of the value of $50, was taken from flowers of Eupatorium purpureum. Coleoptera were not numerous. Several species of pretty Lep- turians were found upon the golden rods, anda single example of ‘‘the large and elegant Leptura scalaris Say,” as characterized by Dr. LeConte (p. 313 of Classification of the Coleoptera of North America), now the type and only species of the genus Lellamira, was driven up ina Solidago bordered road and taken upon the wing. It was seen under the same circumstances in other instances, and when in flight, and displaying the golden sericeous hairs clothing the tip of its abdomen, it resembled so closely a similarly tipped CIRRHINEREIS Quatrefages. Histoire Naturelle des Annelés, vol. i, p. 462. 165. CrrRHINEREIS FRAGILIS (Virfg. Cirrhatulus fragilis LEtDy. Marine Invert. Fauna R.I.and N.J., p. 15, pl. xi, figs. 89-43. 1555. Cirrhinereis fragilis QUATREFAGES. Op. cit., vol. i, p. 464. 1865. 2 a VERRILL. Op. cit., p. 607. 1874. Rare ; a single injured specimen was found which probably be- longs to this species. 152 [ ASSEMBLY Fam. CAPITELLID 2. _ NOTOMASTUS Sars. Reise i Lofoten og Finmarken, p.199. 1850 Fauna Littoralis Norwegie, p. 12. 1856. I have referred the following species to Noromastus Sars, al- theugh somewhat in doubt as to what constitutes a Noromastus. The following species of this genus and of the allied or identical genus Ancisrrta have been reported from our coast: MVotomastus luridus Verriti, Votomastus filiformis Verriti, Ancistria acuta Verritt, Ancistria capillans Verritt and Ancistria minima QvuatTrEFAGss (reported by Webster). It is quite certain that these five species belong to thesame genus, but to what genus? Certainly to ANcISTRIA Quatr., if it is a good genus. But Claparéde says that Ancisrrta is a synonym of Caprretta. But so far no-one has seen the peculiar male sexual organs and setee upon which so much stress is laid as characteristic of Cariretua. Prof. Verrill writes that he has never found them; I have never let a specimen pass without looking for these organs, but to no purpose. Accordingly, while our specimens belong to Awctstrra, they do not belong to Capriretta. It will be noticed that two of our species have been re- ferred to Noromasrus ; and in fact they cannot be said to differ from Noromastvs except in the length, and number of setze, of the ventral rami. But Claparéde speaking of the “ tores hamiféres ven- traux,” says (Glanures, p. 58): “Le développement extraordinaire des tores ventraux du cété dorsal est méme le caractére essentiel des Notomastus,” according to which dictum not one of our species is a Nortomastus, as they have not the elongated ventral rami and nu- merous setze of the type species, Votomastus latericeus Sars. In re- gard to Argenta Quatr., Claparéde(Annel. Chét.du Golfe de N., p- 18) claims thatisa Noromasrvs, and that the type species, A. crwenta Quatr., is Capitella (Notomastus) rubicunda Kerersrem. In this case one must believe that Quatrefages entirely mistook the char- acter of the posterior dorsal seta, since he describes and figures them as capillary. Noromastus Fittrormis Verrzdl.* PLATE (V), VIM, FIGS. 51-04. Invert. An. Vin. Sound, etc., p. 611. 1874. Head very small, pointed, conical. Proboscis apparently smooth ; when magnified seen to be covered with minute papille. First five setigerous segments with capillary setee in both rami, not differing from each other, arranged in each ramus in a single transverse series, containing from eight to twelve sete. After the fifth segment uncini only are found. At first the uncini are quite *] regarded this as a new species, and gave it the specific name of levis; but on sub- mitting specimens of the same form, taken at Provincetown, Mass., to Prof. Verrill, he referred them to his N. jiliformis. No. 104.] 153 long (fig. 51), but few in the dorsal rami, from eight to twelve in the ventral; they grow progressively shorter backward (figs. 52, 53), and along the posterior third their number is much reduced, there being one to three in the dorsal rami, three to five in the ventral ; a few of the posterior segments may be without setee. The form of the uncini changes, as shown in the figures. The anterior segments are biannulate, afterward crossed by from three to tive deeply impressed lines. The anal segment is obliquely truncated ; margin thickened and rounded (fig. 54); from its lower border projects a finger-shaped eirrus, which is distinctly annulated. (A similar cirrus exists on LV. luridus Verr., Ancistria minima Quatr., and on several as yet unpublished species from Beaufort, N. C. I do not know that this cirrus has been previously described as belonging to this genus, or to any in the family.) Color: red to purplish-red in front; flesh-color to bright red behind. Length very variable ; greatest diameter of largest specimen 1.2"™. Common; low water to fifteen feet. Noromastus turiwus Verriill. - Invert. An. of. Vin. Sound, ete., p. 610. 1874. Rare; only one specimen was taken. Young forms of Notomastus ? oi One specimen, evidently immature, had capillary sete only on the first four segments, then uncini only; but about the middle of the body the dorsal uncini were replaced by capillary sete. Pos- terior segments lost. (b). Another form, of which several specimens were found, had capillary setze in all the dorsal rami, uncini in all the ventral. Length of (a) and (b) 10-20™", Found in shells bored by sponge; low water to fifteen feet. Fam. MALDANID 4. CLYMENELLA Verrili. Invert. Animals of Vineyard Sound, p. 607. 1874. | CLYMENELLA ToRQUATA Verrzll. Clymene torquata LeEiDY. Marine Invert. Fauna R. I. and N. J., p. 14. 1855. Clymenella torquata VERRILL. Op. Cit., p. 608, pl. xiv, figs. 71-73. 1874. “6 ot WeEssTER. Annel. Chet. of the Vir. Coast, p. 258. 1879. Very common in sand at low water. MALDANE (Grube) Malmgren. GRUBE. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. 1860. MALMGREN. Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, p. 186. 1865. [Assem. Doc. No. 104.] 20 154 [ ASSEMBLY Ma.Lpank EvONGATA Verrzll. VERRILL. Invert. Animals of Vineyard Sound, etc., p. 609. 1874. WesstEeR. Annel. Chet. of the Virginian Coast, p. 259. 1879. Rare; only oue specimen was taken. PRAXILLA Malmgren. Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, p. 191. 1865. In characterizing the genus Praxitta Malmgren assigns to it twenty-six segments, of which nineteen are setigerous, and five ante- anal without sete. The following species belongs to Praxilla in all other respects, but has more than twenty-six segments, and Jess than five nude ante-anal segments. PRAXILLA ELONGATA 7. 8p, PLATE (VI), IX, FIGS. 55-59. Buccal segment (fig. 55) with a projecting margin, slightly emar- ginate in the middle line above, aud with a very narrow, hard] perceptible incision on each side, a little back of the middle. The cephalic plate has a well-defined, median carina, widest in front, and with a battened, slightly projecting portion, broadly rounded at the apex. Pitter the fifth segment the diameter increases gradually to the tenth; remains unchanged to the thirteenth; decreases gradually to the sixteenth; then falls off suddenly to about one-half the previous diameter, after which it remains unchanged. Segments one, two, four, five and six have about the same length ; three, seven, eight and nine area little longer than the preceding ; ten to fifteen about double the ninth; sixteen to thirty-six a little shorter than the fifteenth; last three equal to each other—together equal to the thirty-sixth (fig. 56). The anterior margin of the fifth segment is raised and rounded, embracing the posterior end of the fourth. The first fifteen seg- ments are nearly cylindrical, segmentation distinct, and crossed by numerous impressed lines; after the fifteenth the form suddenly changes, the anterior end being narrow, diameter increasing regu- larly to near the posterior end, then somewhat suddenly decreasing ; the posterior margin of the ante-anal segment is raised, rounded, forming a sheath for the anterior end of the anal segment. The anal segment is funnel-shaped; margin surrounded by a circle of conical or finger-shaped papille ; very similar to the anal - segment of Clymenella torquata V ERRILL. Setz ; dorsal (capillary) numerous, long, delicate, bilimbate (fig. 57); after the fifth segment there is a distinct, rounded papilla, or dorsal ramus, from which the setee arise; ventral (uncini), on the first three setigerous seyments only one, or occasionally two, to each ramus; these end in three sharp teeth (fig. 58), of which two are very small; along the inner two-thirds are numerous longitudinal Mo. 104.] 155 stric, interrupted by transverse striz, unequally distant from each other; at the fourth setigerous segment the number of uncini in- creases suddenly to ten or fifteen in each series, and the form also changes (fig. 59); they have now five terminal teeth, a short, ex- ternal part is quite narrow, and divided from the stouter, internal part by a deep constriction, simulating a compound seta; the thirty- seventh segment has only the dorsal setze ; to the tenth segment the setee are found in the middle of each segment; after the tenth they suddenly recede to near the posterior end. Three specimens were collected — one perfect, the others with anterior part only; and of these only one, having the ten anterior segments, was observed while living; its general color was yellowish- white, with narrow, red bands on the posterior part of each seg- ment after the fourth, increasing gradually in width so as to occupy one-half the length of the tenth segment; indications of similar bands can be traced on the entire specimen, in alcohol, but not after the tenth segment. Length of entire specimen, 95"™; greatest diameter, 3™™; diam- eter of buccal segment, 2"™. Number of segments, 39; buccal (coalesced with the cephalic), 1; setigerous, 36; ante-anal, nude, 1; anal, 1. Rare ; found in sand at low water, associated with Clymenella torquata V ERRILL. PRAXILLA ELONGATA var. Benepict1 Webs. PLATE (VI), Ix, Fies. 60, 61. Mr. J. E. Benedict found at South Norwalk, Conn., a variety of this species, differing from the form just described in the following particulars : First two segments short (fig. 60), together about equal to the third; after the fifteenth segment the diameter suddenly becomes less, segments short, and, except the last four, equal. (Compare the first segment of fig. 61 with the first of fig. 56.) The ante-anal segments (fig 61), quite short, together equal to the anal; anal cirri longer than in the New Jersey form. Length of an entire specimen, 20™™; number of segments, 37. A young specimen had twenty-six segments, with a length of 3™™. PARAXIOTHEA n.- gen. No cephalic plate. Anterior margin of first segment prolonged as a thin membrane, emarginate above, and with a slightly projecting conical process in the middle line below. Mouth situated on the lower surface of a conical process, arising from the bottom of the cylindrical cavity inclosed by the frontal membrane, not reaching to the front margin of the membrane. First segment with capillary and uncinate sete, similar to those on the remaining segments. Anal segment funnel-shaped; margin digitate. 156 [ AssEMBLY PARAXIOTHEA LATENS 7. SD. LATE (V1), X, FIGS. 62-66. Frontal membrane (figs. 62, 63) forming one-half the length of the first segment; anterior margin slightly reflexed, lobed or scol- loped by shallow incisions, which are continued as impressed lines for some distance, on both the outer and inner surface of the mem- brane; superior emargination broad but shallow. First segment a little longer than the second, about equal to the sixth; second, third and fourth equal; fifth a little shorter; seg- ments six to ten grow progressively longer, but so gradually that the change is hardly perceptible; eleven to thirteen also gain in length progressively, but rapidly, the thirteenth having double the length of the tenth; fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth about equal to the tenth; seventeenth and eighteenth short, equal, together about equal to the sixteenth, a trifle longer than the anal. Diameter of first segment a little less than that of the second; uniform from second to tenth inclusive ; falling off about one-third at the eleventh, after which the decrease is very slight. One ante-anal nude segment (fig. 64) with thickened, rounded, posterior margin, forming a collar around the front end of the anal segment. Anal segment with numerous, short, unequal cirri or digitations, quite similar to Clymenella torquata Verrity, or Praxilla elongata WEBSTER. The dorsal (capillary) setee (fig. 65) are long, delicate, numerous, with a single thin margin. The uncini have the same form on all the segments (fig. 66); they have five sharp terminal teeth, of which - three are small and equal; the fourth longer and larger than the third ; the fifth double the size of the fourth. On the first three segments there are from fifteen to twenty uncini in each series; after the third, from twenty to twenty-five, except on a few of the posterior segments, where there is a smallér number. The first five segments have the sete on the middle line, and a deeply impressed ventral line connects the series of uncini on each segment. After the fifth segment the setee are near the posterior end, and after the tenth the dorsal rami (¢orz uncinigert) are quite large, making the segments somewhat club-shaped. _ Number of segments, 19; of these 17 are setigerous; one ante- anal, nude; one anal. Color (in alcohol) yellowish-white; on one specimen broad bands of umber-brown cross the ventral surface, dividing at the uncini, giving a narrow band on each side of each series of uncini after the fifth. At Great Egg Harbor we obtained two specimens, both of which had lost their posterior segments. The longest has fifteen segments, with a length of 65™"; greatest diameter, 3"™. The description was completed from a single perfect specimen, collected by Mr. James E. Benedict of South Norwalk, Conn., during the same summer. No. 104.] 157 Length of entire specimen, 46"; greatest diameter, 8™™. Found at low water, in sand, associated with Clymenella torquata VERRILL. Fam. HERMELLID. SABELLARIA Lamarck. SABELLARIA VARIANS Webster. Annel. Chet. of the Virginian Coast, p. 259, pl. ix, figs. 133-136; pl. x, figs. 137-139. 1879. Prof. Verrill has described a species of Sapeiiarta (S. vulgaris) from Great Egg Harbor, and in the proceedings of the Academy Natural Sciences of Phila., for 1878,-p. 300, mentions that he has also received the same form from Beaufort, N. C. After care- ful comparison of numerous specimens from New Jersey, Virginia, and North Carolina, I have found it impossible to refer any of them to his species. It will be necessary to compare type speci- mens of the two forms. Fam. AMPHICTENID. CISTENIDES Malmgren. Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, p. 358. 1865. CisrzentpEs Goutpi Verrzli, Pectinaria Belgica Goutp. Invertebrata of Mass., 1st ed., p. 7, pl. i, fig. 1. 1841. Pectinaria owricoma Lewy. Marine Invert. Fauna R. I. and N. J., p. 14. 1855. Cistenides Gouldit VERRILL. Invert. An. of Vineyard Sound, etc., p. 612, pl. xvii, figs. 87, 87a. 1874. Common at low water, One very large specimen was taken; length, 50"; diameter, 9™™; length of tube, 80™. The color of all our specimens was yellowish-white, save as colored red by the blood showing through. Fam. AMPHARETID A. SABELLIDES (M. Hdw.) Malmgren. The following species agree with Sanretiipes grn., except that the uncini begin on the third setigerous segment instead of the fourth, and that the first ramus, though smaller than the second, is not very small. SABELLIDES OCULATA 2. sp. PLATE (VII), X, FIGS. 67-69. On the middle line of the head two minute eye specks, black, ateral. Cirri numerous, light flesh-color. Anal cirri short, obtuse. 158 [ ASSEMBLY Branchis delicate, reaching back to the ninth or tenth segment. Capillary sete, some (fig. 67), with a single, narrow margin ; others (fig. 68) bilimbate. Uncini begin on the third setigerous seg- ment; fourteen posterior segments with uncini only; they have five sharp teeth (fig. 69). Branchiz green with dark green center ; head white; body flesh- color. Length, 18-20™. Dredged, fifteen feet, shelly bottom. Fam. TEREBELLID 4. AMPHITRITE (Miller) Malmgren. MALMGREN. Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, p. 364. 1865. AMPHITRITE ORNATA Verrdll. Terebella ornata LEIDY. Marine Inveri. Fauna, R. I. and N. J., p. 14, pl. xi, figs. 44, 45. 1855. Amphitrite ornata VerRiiL. Invert. An. Vin. Sound, p. 613, pl. xvi, fig. 82. 1874. 4g «< Wesster. Annel. Chet. of the Virginian Coast, p. 262. 1879. Very abundant at low water; sand and mud. SCIONOPSIS Verrw. Invert. Animals of Vineyard Sound, p. 614. 1874. Scronopsis PALMATA Verrdil. VERRILL. Op. cit., p. 614. 1874. WEBSTER. Op. cit., p. 262. 1879. Common; dredged ten to fifteen feet. POLYCIRRUS (Grube) Malmgren. MALMGREN. Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, p. 393. 1865. Poxycirrrus Extmius Verrail. Torquea eximea LErDY. Marine Invert. Fauna of R. 1, and N.J., p. 14, pl- xi, figs. 51, 52. 1855. Polycirrus eximius VERRILL. Invert. An. Vin. Sound, p. 616, pl. xvi, fig. 85. 1874. ae OTH Co 20 J [AssemBLy, No. 104.] 167 . I. Stisstine MOUNTAIN. The isolated and prominent ridge, known as Stissing mountain, is in the towns of Pine Plains and Stanford, Dutchess county. A depression near the north end separates it into what are termed locally as ‘‘ Big Stissing ” and ‘‘ Little Stissing.” The whole length is four and a half miles, and the trend of the ridge is north 20° east. The northern point of the ridge is near the Pine Plains and Mount Ross road; the southern end is about a half a mile north-east of old Attlebury, and not quite one mile west-north-west of Stissing Junction. The eastern side is steep, with vertical cliffs in places; the western slope 1s more gentle and having a more nearly uniform angle of descent. On the east the mountain is bordered by the Pine Plains; on the west and north is the gently-rolling slate and blue limestone country, but largely drift-covered. The average breadth of the mountain varies between one-half and three-quarters of a mile, that is from the border of the plains to the newer rocks at the west foot. According to repeated observations with an aneroid barometer the highest point of the range, near the depression and west of Stissing lake or Thompson’s pond, is 200 feet above the general level of Pine Plains and 1,400 feet above tide. Little Stissing rises to a height of 550 feet above the plains. To the south-south-west the ridge lowers gradually and east of Miller pond it is only 950 feet high. The most southern outcrops of the gneissic rock are not more than 100 feet above the plains’ level, equivalent toa descent of 800 feet in three miles. The surface of this mountain range is so rocky that its cultivation in farms has scarcely been attempted, excepting a very limited area on the western slope, in the gap between Big Stissing and Little Stis- sing. And the limits of the cleared farm lands follow very closely the foot of the mountain and the geological boundaries. The extent of the gneissic or crystalline rock outcrops, which make up this mountain mass, outlined above in general, may be described in detail, as follows: Beginning on the north about a half a mile south of Keller’s Corner, on the Pine plains and Mount Ross road, the eastern boundary line runs a south-south-west course, to the west of Mud pond, separating the gneiss from the argillyte, nearly to the depression or gap. Thence on the same general course it runs at the foot of the mountain and at the border of the Plains, from an eighth to a quarter of a mile west of the lakes. Here the drift formation of the plains lies upon the foot of the mountain. South of the lakes a greyish white quartzite makes its appearance and borders the gneiss in low lying ledges nearly the whole distance to the south-west end of the Stissing mountain belt or range of crystalline rocks. These out- crops of quartzite were seen in close proximity to gneisses at several points along this south-eastern part of the range. ‘Their diverse dips indicate unconformability.* From the southern point of the gneissic * Mather refers to the quartzite at the south-west side of Mount Stissing in his chapter on §‘‘Taconic System” and calls it a ‘‘granular quartz’? and Potsdam sandstoue. Natural History of New York, Geology of First District, pp. 418, 423, 436-437. _Phis quartzite has been examined by Prof. Wm. B. Dwight of Poughkeepsie, who says (in a letter recently received), that he has failed to discover any organisms in it. Lithologically it resembles the Fishkill and Poughquag quartzites, which have been called Potsdam. ° 168 [ ASSEMBLY rocks the bounding line between them and the quartzite beds on the south-west and west follows a quite marked hollow in the surface first in a north-west and then in a more northerly direction to Miller pond. This depression is, in places, a few rods only in width, bordered on the one side by the gneiss, and on the other by the quartzite. Miller pond occupies the depression between the mountain and the blue limestone and slate hills. North of it the quartzite was not observed, the ad- jacent formation being blue limestone near the pond and slate to the north. The outcrops of the limestone are comparatively small; the slate forms a bold and rocky ridge on the west and north-west of the Little Stissing part of the range. From Miller pond to the north end of the mountain the limit of the gneissic outcrop may be said to be about three-quarters of a mile east of the main road from Old Attle- bury to Mount Ross. At the north there is a rather deep depression between the two formations and it is traceable around to the north- east end of the gneiss. A wood road follows it for some distance north from the gap, east of the Simmons farm-house. Excepting near Mil- ler pond the newer formations of slate and limestone are not seen on this western side of the mountain close enough to the gneisses to en- able us to make out their relative position. South of the Simmons place and north of Miller pond there is a narrow outcrop of the blue ~ limestone whose beds dip steeply to the north-west and within sixty feet of gneissic strata, having a steep dip also, but more to the west- north-west. Nearer the pond and to the south of this locality the blue limestone forms low ridges at the foot of the mountain and all the strata stund nearly on edge, dipping in a general north-west direc- tion. Amore interesting locality, and where there is an approximation to contact phenomena, i3 a half a mile south of Miller pond. At this place the gneiss (a feldspathic variety) crops out within ten feet of the grey quartzite and conglomerate. The dip of the former is 80° north 80° west (mag.) and that of the latter is the same, showing conforma- bility. But one mile to the south and near the south end of the mountain the quartzitic rocks and the siliceous conglomerate crop out near the gneiss and their beds dip only about 10° westerly, whereas the gneiss stands vertically and with a nearly due north strike. The quartzite outcrop on the south-east and toward Stissing Junction is marked by a more nearly horizontal position of its beds. The quart- zite outcrops on the east, near J. A. Thompson’s place, have a gentle west-north-west dip, the strata passing under a blue limestone and a red shaly rock lying between them and the gneiss of the mountain slope. The observed phenomena of the closer outcrops of gneiss and these limestones and quartzites appear to prove a want of conforma- bility between them. From the observations made of dips near the foot of the mountain and on three cross-section lines, the inference is drawn that there are close folds whose axes have a general north-east and south-west direc- tion, and are oblique to the trend of the mountain. The northern point of one of these anticlinal folds was seen one-quarter of a mile south-south-west of J. A. Thompson’s residence, and at the eastern base of the mountain. The pitch or angle of inclination was 40° to the north-east, or a little north of north-east. The observed dips ranged from 50° to the east-south-east to 80° north 80° west. In Little Stissing the structure, as indicated by the dips observed, is No. 104.] 169 anticlinal, the strata on the north-west slope and on the crest dipping steeply to the north-west ; on the south, to the east-south-east. On the section over Big Stissing the dips are to the north-west from the crest down the western slope, and to the east-south-east on the east and steeper slope. ‘The same change in the direction is to be seen crossing the mountain on a west-south-west course from J. A. Thompson’s place, one mile south of Stissing lake. The predominant strike is to the north- north-east and the average inclination is 70° to 75° — ranging, in the observed cases, from 60° to vertical But a much more detailed survey of the surface is needed to ascertain the position of the out- cropping strata and to bring out the lines of folding and faulting and the general structure of this isolated range of crystalline rocks. The prevailing types of crystalline rocks in Stissing mountain are gneisses, granites, granulyte and syenite. The most common variety of gneiss is a moderately fine crystalline aggregate of orthoclase, translu- cent quartz and muscovite. The feldspar is white to flesh-colored, and with facets up to +5 inch ; the quartz is glassy to milk-white and appar- ently filling in the spaces between the feldspar; the mica is in fine white to brown scales, which are disposed generally in lines or thin laminz through the rock mass. A black mica (biotite?) is found accompanying the muscovite in nearly all of the gneisses. And it might be termed a biotite-muscovite gneiss. The varying propor- tions of these constituents make up an almost endless gradation — from feldspathic to quartzose and micaceous gneisses. So far as macro- scopic observations go there appears to be a predominance of mono- clinic feldspars, although the triclinic were detected in some of the specimens studied. Granulyte and pegmatyte occur, but are much less common than the gneisses. The former has generally a very slight percentage of mica init. Granite and syenite also are to be seen, but confined to small outcrops, some of which are, probably, intrusive, cutting across the bedded gneisses. In places the presence of a large percentage of mica gives the rock a schistose appearance. And these micaceous gneisses alternate irregu- larly, and are interbedded with the more feldspathic and granulyte strata; or, they are confined to narrow belts or bands in the more com- mon gneiss. ‘They are thinner bedded also, and the stratification is more distinctly marked in them by both the arrangement of their con- stituent minerals and the planes of bedding. The grey, feldspathic gneiss occurs usually in thick beds, and often the stratification is recog- nized by the lines of minerals only. But there are comparatively limited areas of the unstratified or massive rocks, or those in which the bedding cannot be seen. No attempt was made in this survey of the range to define the limits of these areas of indistinctly-bedded and massive rocks. The Stissing mountain gneisses and associated crystalline rocks resemble closely those of the Highlands of the Hudson. Although identification of age based upon lithological resemblances is not as satisfactory evidence as that from paleontological characters, still the relation to the overlying quartzite, the similar structure and the gen- eral facies of the whole appear to justify us in assigning them to the same geological age. Stissing mountain may, therefore, be considered [Assem. Doc. No. 104.] 22 -_ 170 | ASSEMBLY as the most northern outcrop of Archean rocks in the south-eastern part of the State and as an island in the newer and Paleozoic rock formations. * II. Hast or [Dover] Movuntarn. The mountain bordering the valley of Amenia and Dover Plains, in Dutchess county on the east, is generally known as the East moun- tain. Hast and south-east of South Amenia the more prominent peaks are known as ‘‘ Peaked hill,” and the ‘‘ Cobble,” the latter of which is just over the line'in Connecticut. The designation of Dover mountain would appear to be more appropriate and definite, as this range is the highest and most characteristic of the ridges in the town of Dover. The north-eastern part is in Amenia, and it is a continua- tion of the Sharon-Cornwall range.+ The south-western end is marked by the valley of the Webotuck. The part of the range embraced within the State is only about nine miles long, from the Connecticut line, east-north-east of South Amenia to the Webotuck, east of South Dover. In the town of Dover the top is moderately rolling and the whole mountain is a small table-land rather than a single ridge or mountain range. The highest point of this mountain is near the Connecticut line about a half a mile east of the Patchin neighborhood, and its altitude above the level of tide water is reported to be 1,500 feet. The bar- ometric observations on section lines which were followed during the survey last autumn show the highest point observed to be near the school-house in the ‘ mountain district,” and its height as 1,350 feet. The ‘* Cobble,” which is a prominent peak in the landscape from the Sharon and Amenia valley, was found to be about 1,400 feet high. There are no deep gaps in the range and the surface inequalities are, on the average, only about 200 feet, that is, from the ridges to bottoms of the adjacent valleys. But looking off into the Dover Plains on the west, and Kent Plains on the east, the boldness of the mountain and the depth of these bounding valleys are at once conspicuous features of the surface configuration. These valleys have an average height of 400 feet above tide, or are from 600 to 900 feet deep, as compared with the mountain. ‘The outer slopes, descending to these valleys, are very steep in places, precipitous, and hence they are in forest. On the top of the mountain the less rocky and level or gently-rolling portions near the road which cross the mountain from Dover Plains and South Amenia to Kent Plains, Connecticut, have been cleared and inclosed in farms. But this deforested areais comparatively a very small frac- tion of the whole, and the mountain may be described as still wooded. The boundaries of the gneissic strata of this mountain range are traced without difficulty, excepting near South Amenia, where the border of the gneiss appears under the drift of the valleys. Begin- *Mather in his Geology of the First District Natural History of New York, 1842, pp. 548, 612, has a brief notice of the Stissing mountain rocks, in which he calls them Primary. See, also, pp. 436, 437 of same report. + Dr. Percival in his ‘“‘ Report on the Geology of the State of Connecticut,’’ 1842, calls this Dover-Kent-Sharon range of crystalline rocks or ‘‘ granitic formation,’”’ and he repre- sents it on his map by the designation of K., pp. 115-119. No. 104.] 171 ning at the Connecticut line east-north-east of Amenia, the western boundary line crosses the Kent Plains and Amenia road one and a half miles east of South Amenia. Thence it runs in a south-south-west course along the base of the Peaked Hill ridge ; intersecting the road to Macedonia, three-fourths of a mile south of South Amenia; then striking the Hast mountain it follows the course of the mountain, first in a south-south-west, then in a south course, and lastly in a south- easterly direction, to the southern termination of the range, near Webotuck. East of Dover Plains it has an average elevation of 550 feet above the plains level. On Peaked hill and on Dover mountain quartzite borders the gneissic outcrop. See Mather’s Geology of the first District Natural History of New York, pp. 444 and 446. Also Percival’s Geology of Connecticut, pp. 118, 119; Prof. J. D. Dana’s “ Taconic Rocks and Stratigraphy,” Am. Jour. Science (3), X XIX, p. 209. And these two formations were observed in close proximity to one another at several points on this side of the mountain. Contact phenomena were noted at a place near the road leading from the mountain district school-house to Dover Plains. The gneissic strata were found in all but one locality, dipping to the east-south-east and at angles varying from 60° to vertical. One locality showed a dip of 80° westerly. On Peaked hill the quartzite beds dip to the east-south-east at an angle of 40° ; the gneiss east of the quartzite has the same direc- tion in dip, but the amount is 50°. Along the west side of the East mountain the dip of the quartzite strata is 50° to 70* and toward the north-west. Around the southern end, near Ellis lake and near the State line, north of Mitchell’s Mills, the quartzite beds have an east- south-east dip and the angle is trom 40 to 60°. The same direction and like angles were observed on the eastern side of the mountain, and at the west border of Kent Plains, in Connecticut. The bound- ary between the gneisses and the quartzite at the south is near Ellis lake, to the north-east of it — crossing the road, which runs north to the Patchin-Kennedy neighborhood, one-eighth of a mile north of the Dixon-Haviland corner and intersecting the State line about one mile north of Mitchell’s Mills. The eastern boundary follows the border of the Kent Plains. There is a want of conformability between the quartzite and gneiss when they are seen close to one another. And the prevailing dips of the quartzite are away from the mountain—an anticlinal uplift due to the elevation and folding of the gneiss. The position of the strata of gneissic rocks in the East or Dover mountain, as shown by the dips observed along the borders and on two cross sections, indicates the possible existence of a closely folded anticlinal on the western part of the range, combined, probably, with synclinals to the east of it. The strata on the west slope have in general a steep dip to the east- south-east, with a few westerly dips; whereas on the western part of the top the angles of dip are from 45° to 80° and to the south-east. The absence of observed dips on the east slope leave much doubt as to the probable structure of this mountain range. The rocks composing the strata of the East (or Dover) mountain range are gneiss, granite, granulyte, quartz-syenite, syenite-gneiss and mica-schist chiefly ; and other crystalline rock varieties of much less common occurrence and of very limited outcrop. The yariation, 172 [ ASSEMBLY due to different proportions in which the constituent minerals enter into these more common kinds of rocks, is wide and there is an almost imperceptible degree of gradation from one to another. In the range east of South Amenia there is a predominance of a fine, crystalline, banded gneiss, which is in places highly micaceous, associated with a grey granitoid gneiss. A very good section was examined between Macedonia, Conn., and Dover Plains, crossing the East mountain. On the eastern slope many ledges of dark-colored, muscovite-biotite gneiss with syenite-gneiss were seen, traversed by dikes of coarse-crystalline, grey-reddish granite. The latter rock has in places a gneissoid aspect and doubtless there are on this slope some areas of unstratified granit- oid gneiss. Near the top of the mountain there is more of this grey, feldspathic, massive gneiss and granulyte, lessof the micaceous, horn- blendie varieties. The latter are much contorted in strike and appar- ently much disturbed. Small masses of these varieties were observed imbedded in the grey rock, indicating either very abrupt changes in the conditions at time of formation, or, possibly, a breaking up of an older series by the intrusion of eruptive masses. On the southern end of this mountain there is a broad area, occupying nearly the whole crest, of a peculiar-looking gneiss, consisting of flesh-colored ortho- lase, white quartz and biotite. The feldspar and mica are arranged in rudely parallel, thin layers, and the quartz is quite subordinate in quantity. The feldspathic portions swell out into small lenticular masses from one-half to an inch in diameter. They give the mass a rough conglomerate, or rather a pseudo-porphyritic aspect, suggestive of the “‘augen gneiss” of German lithologists. There are no signs of bedding in this rock of massive outcropping ledges, unless this mineral parallelism be taken as indicative of a stratification. And in the mountain mass it may be considered as an unstratified rock; in hand specimens it has the appearance of gneiss. The same rock was ob- served on the top of the range to the north and also on the “ Cob- ble” over the State line, in Connecticut. The outcrops of the west- ern slope show as prevailing types, a dark-colored, fine crystalline, syenite-gneiss, a muscovite-biotite gneiss and a grey, granitoid gneiss. The variation in the strike of the strata of more schistose gneisses on the west side also is remarkable, amounting to 30° within a few yards, in places. Viewed as a whole the central part of the range may be said to be mainly made up of grey, massive, unstratified granitoid gneiss and granulyte, flanked on each side by the more schistose and thin-bedded gneisses and mica schist, and the latter, in turn, by the newer and unconformable quartzytic and quartz schists. As compared with the rocks of Stissing mountain and the Highlands of the Hudson, the rocks of this range have a more banded or striped appearance; they contain rather more black mica (biotite), more flesh-colored feldspar, and in their strike there is more variation, or more contorted. But these lithological distinctions are compara- tively slight and apparently not sufficient to justify a division based upon them alone. Hence the range is here placed as belonging in the Archean series and to the Highland belt.* * Prof. James D. Dana, in his papers on the Taconic rocks, published in the American Journal of Science, has referred to the Dover-Kent-Cornwall range of gneiss and called it Archean.—American Journal of Science (3), vol. XVII, pp. 887-3888; and vol. XXIX, pp. 914, 221. No. 104.] 173 TE: HIGHLANDS OF THE HUDSON. The above designation, or as it is sometimes used, the Highlands, is given to the mountain chain, which extends from New Jersey, through Orange and Rockland counties and, on the east of the Hudson river, through Putnam and Dutchess counties, nearly to Connecticut. The Hudson river crosses it between Peekskill and Cornwall. Its average elevation above the ocean is about 1,000 feet, and it is so much more elevated than the valleys on the north and south that it is some- times designated as a table land. There are, however, some rather deep valleys traversing it on nearly due north and south lines, and many lesser depressions whose general course is from north-east to south-west approximately, and which alternate with rocky ridges, having the same trend. ‘The height of these several ridges is remark- ably uniform, pointing to an original plane or nearly level surface, which, through the denudation of the softer and more exposed strata, has resulted in the corrugated features now observed. The general level of these crests is at once apparent on climbing to them. ‘The valleys are not alike uniform in depth, as for example that of the Hudson river crosses it below tidal level, whereas the Ramapo valley is several hundred feet higher, and that of Peekskill Hollow still higher. The Highlands east of the Hudson may be said to extend north-east from the Hudson river, from Peekskill Hollow and Cornwall to Gar- diner’s Hollow, near Poughquag, and to Whaley pond, west of Paw- ling, in Dutchess county, and to the Pawling-Patterson valley, in Put- nam county. The southern limitis Peekskill Hollow to Oregon ; then an irregular and not well-defined line near Shrub Oak, Jefferson Val- ley, Somers Hollow, and Croton falls to Brewsters. These lines do not include all of the ridges on the north and east, since the Fishkill mountain range continues north through Dover, Amenia and north- east to its termination near Copake in Columbia county. Eastward the ridges follow one another without any well-marked line of division through the towns of Southeast and Patterson, in Putnam county, into Fairfield, Connecticut. On the south-east the hilly country of the northern part of Westchester county border the Highlands. The extreme north-east limit, geologically considered, of the High- lands belt is in the town of Beekman and at Gardiner’s Hollow.* The gneissic rocks at this place are found lying unconformably against the micaceous and quartzose schists of the Dover and West Pawling range. This most interesting locality is less than a quarter of a mile north of what is locally known as the ‘‘ Dug road.” The full descrip- tion of the north-west boundary of the Highlands Archean rocks may be given as follows: Beginning at the north-easternmost point, the PEAS aR a7 AN RS EEE 1S, TNC EN RE *The probable termination of the Highlands belt of Archzan rocks, near this locality, was first suggested to the author of this paper. by a trip through this part of the State in 1880, while visiting the iron mines for the U. S. Census Office. At the close of the season the work of Dr. Percival was examined, and his description of the locality was at once verified. See Percival’s Geology of Connecticut, p. 123. Prof. James D. Dana has represented the Archzean Highlands, as terminating near Poughquag, ona Hale which accompanies an article on the ‘‘ Geological relations of the Limestone Belts of Westchester county, New York.’ Am. Jour. @ * Science (3), XX; facing p. 452. . 174 { ASSEMBLY line of division between the gneiss and quartzite has a south-west direction, along on the iower slope of the mountain, east of Gardiner Hollow brook an average distance of a quarter of a mile, across the Beekman and Pawling turnpike and the N, Y. and N. E. R. R. line, one mile south-east of the village of Poughquag. Thence south-west the boundary is in a hollow, between the two rock formations, as far as the Poughquag station and road south over the mountain ; descend- ing and on the same general course, it comes to the valley about halfa mile east of Green Haven railroad station, and crosses into East Fish- kill township near the Baptist church corner. Across East Fishkill it is located readily by the topographical features. It is near the Hop- kins place, one mile south-south-east of Stormville ; near the resi- dence of D. W. Tompkins and A. Wiltsie, a mile south-south-east of Cortlandtville ; then, in a more southerly course, it runs near the Shen- andoah limonite ore-bed and Fowler’s kaolin mine to within a mile of Hortontown, where it sweeps around to the north and then curves about the north-eastern point of the Shenandoah Corners gneiss ridge, resuming at the village of the same name its general south-west course. From Shenandoah Corners the boundary of the gneissic rocks out- crop, overlaid by the patches of quartzite, is easily traced in a south- west course for a mile and a half, or to the Wickapee creek hollow, near the road crossing that stream. Again bending northward it runs for three-fourths of a mile to the northern end of a northward project- ing tongue of crystalline rocks, then turning westward and south-west for a short distance, it again sweeps around a short and narrow out- crop of gneiss, the quartzite dipping at various angles away from this underlying anticlinal line. Beyond to the west there is another rather sharp curve in the line to the south, around a bold and narrow ledge of the quartzite. Crossing the township line about one mile north of the county line the course is for a little way westward, then it turns to the north and here the quartzite and siliceous conglomerate are seen unconformably resting upon the gneiss. The latter rock has its strata standing almost on edge, with an easterly dip, the conglomerate beds dip at an angle of 20° northward. ‘The boundary has a general north- north-east course, at the eastern foot of Mt. Honness, and quite near to Johnsville, to the Fishkill creek less than a quarter of a mile north of the Johnsville M. E. church. At this point the northernmost end of the Mt. Honness range is attained and the geological line again has a west and then a south-west bearing up the Clove valley a distance of two or three miles. The drift conceals the strata and the south- ward limit of the newer blue limestone is known only by openings for ore in the valley. Its limit is apparently about two miles ina straight line, south of Fishkill village. Passing about the southern limit of the limestone the boundary is then traceable along the west of the Clove creek and to the north-east end of the Fishkill mountain range, proper, which is near the creek, and Fishkill village. Thence south-west for two miles, the foot of the mountain is recognized as the limit of the gneisses also. South of Glenham the line of outcrop is traced in a west-south-west course and three-quarters of a mile south of the creek. Through Matteawan it is located near the public school and a little south of the P. E. church. From Matteawan to the Hudson river the course of this line is south-west, and south of the creek and nearly parallel to it. No. 104.] 175 As thus described in detail, the line represents the boundary of gneisses and quartzitic rocks across Beekman township; in Hast Fish- kill there are separate outcrops of the latter at the border of the gneisses, near the Baptist church ; south of Stormville and near the Hopkins place ; near the Shenandoah iron mine ; at Shenandoah Corners ; in the Wickapee hollow ; in Fishkill Hook south of Johnsyville, and near the town line south-south-west of the same village. In Fishkill township the border is drift and alluvial beds (in part), excepting the limestone in the Clove valley and the limestone, quartzite and slaty rocks in Matteawan, but the latter are isolated outcrops and separated from gneiss of Fishkill mountain on the south by much drift. Hence, the relative position of these sedimentary strata is not determined by any contacts or any closely out-cropping beds in this town. The relation of the Poughquag-Fishkill quartzite to the under- lying crystalline rocks of the Highlands is shown by several good sec- tions, one of which has been referred to on page 173. Another and more interesting locality is in the town of East Fishkill, nearly two miles south-south-west of Johnsville, or three miles south of Brincker- hoff station. The mountain road leading southerly and passing West Hook district school and the Adams place, ascends, first, over the quartzite and then up the projecting tongue of gneiss. On the east and west side of this gneiss the grey-white quartzite strata crop out, dipping on the west side 35° to the west-north-west and rising up in a nearly vertical cliff 100 feet high above the gneissic base or substratum. The dip of the same rock, as seen on the east and north-east of the gneiss, is 20° north and 35° east. And the rock is in some beds a fine shaly sandstone. Overlying the latter, near the foot of the hill, a _ blue, magnesian limestone appears, having the same dip to north-west. Another interesting locality where the quartzite is in close proximity to the underlying granitic rock is on the McCarthy place, one and a half miles south of Johnsville. At this locality the rock is marked by the presence of a scolithus, which suggests the horizon of Potsdam sandstone. The beds dip north 55° east, 40° ; and are within 200 feet to south of a granitic ledge. Perhaps the best section showing the quartzite reposing unconform- ably upon the gneisses of the Highlands is south-east of the deep Poughquag cut of the N. Y. & N. E. R. R., and one mile north-west of the West Pawling R. R. station. In the deep cut the quartzite beds dip easterly at angles from 15° to 20°. To the south-east in the next (low) cut, the same rock has its strata dipping to the north-west at an angle of 20°, and the gneiss within 300 feet of the former, but lower on the slope dips at an almost vertical angle to the south-east. The same rock forms the base of this Poughquag spur on the north.* A narrow and isolated outcrop of granitic rock north of the Fish- kill creek may be described in this place, since it belongs appar- ently to the Highlands belt of crystalline rocks. It is traceable from the large carpet mill and the creek at Groveville through Glenham, north of Fishkill village to Vly mountain where it disappears under *On the Poughquag-Fishkill quartzite, and its relations to the Archean rocks, and the overlying limestones, see articles by Prof. J. D. Danain Am. Jour, of Science (3), III, pp. 250-256; (3) XVII, pp. 885, 386, and (3) XXIX, pp. 209, 221. 176 [ ASSEMBLY the slates and drift. It is five miles in length; its breadth nowhere exceeds one-third of a mile, being greatest in the village of Glenham, where the Reformed church stands on the north margin and the Public or Union School-building is near the south side of the outcrop. At the north-east end, Vly mountain represents its breadth. Through- out its surface is rocky, but it is not very prominent above the adja- cent formations of slate and limestone, excepting in Vly mountain where it attains an elevation of 250 to 300 feet above the Fishkill plain. The formation on the north-west is a bluish-black slaty rock, but it was not found cropping out near enough to this crystalline rock to indicate its true relation to the latter. The blue limestone bounds it on the south-east. And the beds of this rock dip south-east or from the granitoid rock, but the concealed distances between their outcrop (nowhere less than 100 feet) are too great to permit any conclusions as to their exact position in reference to one another. There is doubt about the crystalline rock being stratified. The only locality where it appears to have bedding is near Glenham, and the dip is there nearly vertical north 10°-15° east. But the parallelism in the min- erals is all that is evidence of stratification. There are two principal varieties of rock in this short and narrow outcrop. One is a pinkish-colored granite, consisting almost wholly of orthoclose and a milk-white quartz. It has a little brown mica in small, scattered scales through its mass. The other variety is a green- ish-grey rock made up of a triclinic feldspar, orthoclose, white, opaque quartz and a very little black mica and hornblende. Inasmuch as the prevailing types of rock are unlike the characteristic varieties of crys- talline rock in the Fishkill mountain so near on the south there is doubt about classifying this little belt with the Highlands. And it is placed here provisionally until the district can be more thoroughly studied and the rocks be examined microscopically. * The south-eastern boundary of the Highlands Archzan rock may be described as having a general southerly course from Gardiner’s Hollow near Poughquag in Dutchess county, to Towner’s Station in Putnam county, and a south-west course from the Connecticut line, east of Brewsters, by Croton falls, Jefferson valley, Shrub Oak and Oregon to Peekskill Bay at Annsville. The rock of the adjacent formation throughout much of this distance is mica schist. Near Oregon, there is a very fine-grained, black, hydro-mica schist and the same rock continues bordering the gneissic outcrop thence more or less all the way to the Peekskill cove. On the Hudson river, the nearest ledges to the gneiss, which crops out on the north of the cove, are south-east dipping strata of greyish quartzite ‘and a feldspathic quartzite in the bluff between the cove and Peekskill. Beginning at the north-east, in Gardiner’s Hollow, north-east of Poughquag, the eastern limit of the Archean gneisses coincides with a slight surface depression whose general course is south 20° west (magnetic) from the so-called ‘‘Dug road” to the Beekman and Paw- * This rock was called an ‘‘altered sandstone”? by Prof. James Hall and Sir William Logan, in a paper read before the Natural History Society of Montreal, Oct. 24, 1864, by T. Sterry Hunt. See Am. Jour. of Science (2), vol. XXXIV, p. 96. Prof. Dana calls it a ‘‘ granite-like stratum’’ and a stratified formation, in his deserip- tion of the Taconic schists and associated limestones in that part of Dutchess county. Am, Jour, of Science (3), XVII, p. 386. No. 104.] 177 ling turnpike. The gneiss is conformable in strike and dip with the micaceous schists of the mountain on the east; and in some of the outcrops these widely-marked and typical rocks are within thirty feet of one another. The schist makes up the crest of the mountain; the gneiss forms a western and lower ridge of the same general range. And it is first south of Poughquag that the gneisses rise to a height equal to that of the schist ridges. South of the Beekman and Pawling road this geological boundary has a south-west’ course to Whaley pond, which lies in a depression, marking the limits of two diverse rock systems or terrains. From the south-east side of the pond and where the railroad comes to the water’s edge, the line of division goes, first, easterly for a short distance, then on a south-east course, east of the Whaley pond and Reynoldsville road, to the Putnam county line. The mica schist, more or less garnetifer- ous, makes up the most of the ridge west of the Pawling-Patterson valley and approaches close to the outcropsof the gray, fine-crystal- line biotite gneiss near the bottom of the hilland near the N. Y. & N. HE. R. R. line. They are so close in places as to exhibit the structural relations with certainty. Crossing into Putnam county the course of the boundary is south for two miles, being one mile east of Ludington- ville and following the lower part of the western slope of the Iron hill range and near the middle branch of the Croton river. From this valley it bends south-east around the southern end of Iron hill; and then hasa north-east course nearly to the villageof Four Corners, where it again takes a turn to the east and east-south-east and is also the south limit of the Patterson limestone valley thence to Towner’s station on the Harlem railroad. The exact location of the line across the narrow valley, followed by the Harlem railroad, is difficult, on ac- count of the drift and more recent formations which cover the rocks, It is possible that the limestone of the Patterson valley stretches south as far as the Croton lakes, but beyond that the gneissic rock outcrops extend quite across the valley. ‘The boundary may run southward, following the contour of a limestone tongue as far as this lake, or one and a half miles south of Towner’s station. Or it mayrun in adirect easterly course across by this station. Hast of the last-mentioned place the line has a more tortuous course, going first north-east, then north for a half a mile, around a rocky hill, west of Couch’s Corner; thence east and east-south-east, at the northern base of the rocky ridges which rise up at the southern border of the great swamp. Haines’ Corner is near the limit northward of the gneisses. East of Haines’ Corner the alluvial deposits of the Croton river valley conceal all the older strata and make the location doubtful. Passing over this strip of alluvial and drift deposits the eastward extension of our line is put in the Quaker brook hollow, which is a deeply wooded valley, having the high schistose-rock hills of north-east Patterson on the north and the harder-grey gneisses on the south. This valley appears to have been worn down in the softer schists at their junction with the gneiss. It is a topographical as well as a geo- logical feature. The boundary line, as thus traced, crosses into Con- necticut near the head of this Quaker brook hollow. Between Towner’s station on the north and Brewsters at the south, the east- ward extension of the Highlands Archean has a breadth of six miles, [Assem. Doc. No. 104.] 23 178 [ ASSEMBLY and it is traced into New Fairfield and Danbury, Connecticut. Dr. Percival did not recognize in it the same general characters as in his “ sume that the earliest life consisted of infusorial protophytes, which } lived in conditions such as prevailed during the deposition of the first, sediments. And they may have given rise to much of the carbon-/ aceous and siliceous deposits so common in these crystalline gneisses, \ limestones and associated strata. A priori we should not look for the, preservation of the earliest microscopic forms in beds which have been so metamorphosed as the older crystalline rocks. The presence of\ limestone, graphite and apatite with beds of iron ore prove as much } for the existence of life as the reverse. Again the term Azoic is/ expressive of a negative condition and not in harmony with the other? » terms of the geological scale. Itis not as consistent with Paleozoic, ~— Mesozoic and Cenozoic as Archean, which refers toa period of geologi-. * Am. Jour. of Science (2), XXXIX, pp. 96-97. (Notice of a paper read before the Nat. Hist. Soc. of Montreal.) + Am. Report of tne State Geologist, for 1864, map facing page 23, { Geology of New Jersey, 1868, Portfolio of maps ; Map of Northern New Jersey. § See pages of this report. { Am. Jour. of Science (8), III, pp. 253-254. q Am. Jour. of Science (3), XVII, p. 879 Wigs Am. Jour. of Science (3), XIX, p. 191; XX, pp. 21-22; and 368-375; XXII, pp. 105-108, tt Am. Jour. of Science (3), XXIX, pp. 209, 221, oe 184 [ ASSEMBLY cal history, and the term 4zoic is aa applicable to large areas of un- doubted newer formations as to the Highlands rocks, if the absence of life remains be the basis of our nomenclature. Lastly the possibility of future discoveries of the slightest traces of even th lowliest forms of life renders the continuance of Azote doubtful. Archewan is not open to these objections, including, as it does, the earliest rocks, or / original crust of the earth and the first sediments deposited in that aw “era in which appeared the earliest and simplest forms of animals.” * Adopting the term Archwan, the possibility of a subdivision upon lithological grounds has been pointed out in the statement upon structure.t ‘he more massive and. unstratified out-crops, or granit- oid gneissic areas constitute the older central masses about which the more distinctly bedded and schistose rocks have been deposited. And they belong to two well-defined horizons or periods of Archean time. At present there is no evidence from any remains of life to separate the one from the other. They are distinguished by their diverse lith- ological characters and geographical position. It may be said here that the rocks of the New York Highlands resemble closely the typi- cal gneisses and other crystalline rocks of the Laurentian of Canada, but this resemblance, of itself, appears insufficient to decide the fact of exact equivalency of horizon in the case of so widely-separated forma- tions. The identification of a Huronian group by means of rock characters has not been made out, nor do there appear to be, so far as the present reconnaissance goes, any out-crops which can be thus recognized as corresponding to the typical Huronian rocks. Provisionally, the formation in the Highlands, as outlined in the preceding sections, is designated as Archean. It may be Laurentian also.§ The reconnaissance in the country south of’ the Highlands and in Westchester county shows the existence of a great variety of crystal- line rocks. Aside from the out-crop of the Cortland series of Prof. Dana, and the limestones there appear to be two great classes of out- crops, as in the Highlands, but not counterparts of one another in all respects. The Highlands type of a grey, massive, granitoid gneiss approaching a granulyte, is recognized but not developed over so wide belts, apparently, as to the north, in the Archean district. | Far more common is the other class, in which are here included the micaceous gneisses and mica schist marked by the presence of biotite and less frequently by garnets, and the hornblende schists which con- tain biotite also. These micaceous and hornblendic rocks are dark- colored, and are schistose in structure. In stratification the bedding of the latter is thin and more contorted in strike. To the ordinary observer they look possibly more like the common fragmental rocks than do the more massive grey, granitoid gneisses. They seem to * Manual of Geology, by Jas. D. Dana, 1874, p. . See, also, am. Jour. of Science (3)» XXVIII, pp. 313-314. i + Pages of this report. i § It is properto state in this connection, that in the absence of all paleontological evi- dences of age, this recourse to the nature of the rocks is not considered as altogether and absolutely scientific, since lithological resemblances cannot be regarded as conclusive proofs of geological age. They indicate like conditions, and these conditions when found prevailing over wide areas of out-crops, which are overlain by rocks of known horizons, may be suggestive of equivalency of age when taken in connection with the relation to adjacent fossiliferons formations. | See page of this report. MAP or tre ARCHA-AN AREAS oF tue HIGHLANDS, EAST oF tHe HUDSON RIVER in NEW YORK. 3 : 3 Sa Ses re Aimeniaville® ast or Dover M Scott Hill /, UNION ALE! sTTEAWAN Ye ras SS SSN A SS . Sy SS LY SS PEEMSK/ Scale 6%10 Miles to one Inch. No. 104.] 185 differ from the schists east and north-east of the Highlands, in having less quartz and more biotite and hornblende, and in being not so gene- rally laminated in structure. From the mineral aggregation it is evident that they contain more iron than the former and much less silica in form of quartz. ‘These differences, it should be here said, are not apparent always in hand specimens. ‘They come out when the district is viewed more or less as a whole and by the field geologist who has had some experience in the crystalline rocks to the north, in the Highlands and in the country to the north-east of the Highlands. On account of want of time it was not possible to trace out the out- crops, marked by these diverse characters, or to determine how their outcrops are related. From the occurrence of areas of grey, granitoid gneisses in the Highlands on the north, it is reasonable to assume that like belts or isolated areas will be discovered in the Westchester county region also—the southward continuation of the Highlands Archean formation. The existence of a main belt or range with its outliers on both the north and the south, in Archean time, is quite as probable as that of like separate outcrops in the formations of subsequent eras. And it appears to be so highly probable an hypothesis that it is presented in this report as the one ‘est suited to meet the facts and to explain the structure of a part of Westchester county. What designation shall be given to these typical schist formations is not so important. The term Manhattan gneiss or series, proposed by Professor Hall in , commends itself, coming from the typical localities on New York Island and the adjacent parts of Westchester county. Note.—Reference should be made here to the work which has been done by Prof. Dana on the geological structure of Westchester county and New York Island, particularly in mapping the limestone belts; in showing the position of the strata in these belts and that of the adjacent schists and gneisses; and in the study and description of the rocks compos- ing them. What Prof. Dana has donein the limestone out-crops adds very largely to our knowledge of the district and is of great value in the study of the gneisses and associated crystalline rock of the adjacent territory. A like carefully-executed survey of the gneisses. and schistose rocks will, it is believed. demonstrate that hypothesis which is set forth as our working basis. [ Assem. Doc. No. 104. | 24 REPORT ON BUILDING STONES. By Pror. JAMES HALL The following report on building stones was communicated to the Commissioners of the New Capitol in 1868. The report was called for before it could be properly completed, and much material intended for incorporation, was never finally prepared for publication. At that time the author was promised further facilities for continuing and com- pleting the work, but these were never granted, and the report, in its very incomplete and unsatisfactory condition, has remained as origin- ally published. The small number of copies at that time issued was quite insufficient to supply the demand; and the author has been fre- quently solicited to republish the report. This has been postponed from time to time, in the hope of being able to add matter of interest, and especially some tables of the comparative strength and resistance to crushing force. But these data still remain as they were recorded in 1868; and there is no prospect of being able to resume a work which, if properly carried out, would be of important economic value. The report is herewith communicated as originally presented. It forms a part of the work accomplished by the author since assuming the charge of the State Museum of Natural History in 1866. It may very properly be regarded as the result of museum work. It is illus- trated by the museum collections of marbles, building stones, etc., chiefly in the material occupying the shelves along the sides of the entrance-hall of the State Museum on State street. January, 1886. PRELIMINARY REPORT. [Communicated to the Commissioners of the New Capitol in 1868.] Hon. Hamton Harris, Chairman of New Capitol Commissioners : Dear Sir — According to instructions received from yourself and Hon. J. V. L. Pruyn in June, 1867, I proceeded to examine the quarries of building stone within the limits of the State of New York, and also those in adjacent States from which materials had been, or were proposed to be offered for the building of the New Capitol. To this object I devoted the greater part of my time during the remainder of the season, returning from my last journey on the 4th of December; leaving the investigation, however, very far from being completed. During this time I visited many of the quarries within the State of New York and others in the State of Massa- chusetts, and some in Connecticut, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and Ohio. : In order to have before you the tangible results of this investiga- tion, I have brought to Albany, and deposited in the Geological Rooms, specimens from the greater part of the quarries examined. In nearly all cases the specimens were freely contributed by the proprietors of the quarries, and some of them in the most liberal and handsome manner, as I shall have occasion to mention in the course of my report. Other specimens have likewise been promised for the collection, from quarries examined, and from others not visited. The materials now arranged in the Hall of the Geological Rooms, though far from complete, constitute a valuable and instructive series of building stones; from among which, I believe, satisfactory selections may be made, not only for the construction of the New Capitol, in its foundations and superstructure, but they will serve as a guide for architects and others in the selection of materials for other purposes. I had hoped to be able to finish my observations upon the quar- ries, and the general distribution of building material, during the present season; but other duties have prevented this, and I would respectfully suggest that some further examination, particularly in some parts of New York, be authorized by the Commissioners before the Report shall be considered complete. I venture to suggest this, SSIES -/S-~@<&Eaa—§ = 188 [ ASSEMBLY believing that a more acceptable service could not be rendered to the building and economic interests of the State; and the New Capitol Commissioners have an opportunity of rendering this service’ to the general welfare of the community, while fortifying themselves with all available information to govern their own action in the selection of materials, not only for the exterior walls, but for interior use and decoration. For the latter object, I would very earnestly recommend that specimens from all formations yielding marble, or of limestone bear- ing a good polish, be used in some part of the New Capitol work, With this object in view, I have already procured specimens of some of these stones, but the collection in this department is scarcely begun. : I have already recommended to you certain localities from which foundation stones may be obtained. In this statement, I think I omitted, or did not detinitely specify, the locality of gneiss or granite in the Highlands on the Hudson river, of which the quar- ries at Breakneck and Butter hill offer good examples. As a preliminary to our inquiries after proper building stone, we may first consider what are the materials with which we have to deal. The rocks or varieties of rocks offered in nature, and from which we are compelled to make our selections, may be named under the following heads: . 1. GrRanirEs, including SreNnITE, GNEIss, etc. 2. MARBLES, 0”? METAMORPHIC CRYSTALLINE LIMESTONES. 3. LimestTones, not metamorphic, compact or suberystalline. 4, Sanpsronges ov FREepsTONES, and their varieties resulting from admixture of clay or carbonate of lime, etc. ‘In the first place, it should be understood that under each of these heads there is an almost infinite variety in texture, color, power of resistance to pressure, durability, ete. ; that the substances named are very widely distributed, and that they vary in different and dis- tant localities; that a sandstone is rarely a purely siliceous rock, or a limestone a purely calcareous or calcareo-magnesian rock ; other materials foreign to their strict constitution, according to the usual designation, enter into their composition, and, for the most part, to the injury of the mass. In the purely sedimentary rocks, which have undergone no subsequent change, the sandstones are more or less permeated by argillaceous matter or clay, which constituted a part of the original sediment, and which may be uniformly mingled throughout the entire mass, or may form thin layers or seams separating the harder layers. In either case it is a dangerous ingredient; for no rock with clay seams can long be exposed to the weather, without a greater or less degree of separation or disintegra- tion; and when any considerable amount of the same material is distributed through the mass, its ready absorption of water renders it equally dangerous to the stability and integrity of the whole. Placed beneath the surface, and beyond the reach of frosts, the con- ditions are different, and such rocks last for an indefinite period of time. Sete d PPI NEE een SO hd eee YP ges me ws wag owen otal nite te SR = a BIL layla he ee ar 2 oOo pie! 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Briel wea cuamidniotig toais 4 “ ? - . » FI we hl ” a s~ Sele a 6 a hes ee mA : ie cold ge De A EL Doo Sep AE, A PAP PST ay Saher Rh Oy ; ane aye Oe oven Rite eae < parie> Ss a es Reni, patel oa ot . ee aati gah pth mene int 5 ad ea ee eae En - - . PAE - Sn nag ee lm Le ey Sen ese eer ae Mere es Pe ET ffl ape ete Sets ee ee ee ~ Pie ty AE ep ti le i terete Nab sen PS yey eM Ally 5 LAS ee et en See rn az a Be, eee 2 ~ “ ” 3 Nae Mocs rome ~ . i pe ee E > Xe ae > OAT Be POE ae a R's ms eli aed ad ouiais pe eh Stier te om, No 104.] 189 The same remarks hold true with regard to limestones; and there are few limestones that are not marked by partings of shale or clay, which, in the course of time, weather into open seams, causing those unsightly appearances so common in structures of this kind. In the granite and crystalline limestones, other causes, as the want of cohesion among the particles, presence of destructive agents or liability to chemical changes, and seams or patches of foreign matter, are symptoms to be guarded against. It is not because a rock offered as a building stone is a granite, a marble, a limestone, or a sandstone, that it is good or bad; but this characteristic is to be sought in other conditions, and the objectionable feature may be accidental or adventitious. . One other condition should be remembered. These materials used for building are not promiscuously distributed over the country, but are restricted to certain geological formations, and can only be found within certain limits. Although we find granite, gneiss, and various sienites, with crystalline limestone, in the mountainous regions of Northern New York, it would be quite absurd to look for rocks of this kind in the Catskill mountains. We find white and variegated marbles in the region skirting the Highlands on the east, and extending through Western Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont; but no well informed person expects this material in the _ Helderberg mountains, or in the hills of the southern counties of New York. Investigation has shown that certain kinds of rock, or rocks of similar but very distinct characteristics, are confined to ‘certain geological formations, and do not occur out of these; and again, that these formations have certain limits which are already defined and well understood. Geology has so well defined these matters, and the association of certain rocks and minerals, that when told that a known geological formation covers a portion of country, we know what kind and character of rocks and other mineral pro- ducts to expect. In a State where the geological structure is so well known as that of New York, 1 think I may be allowed to speak of the various building materials under the heads of the several geological forma- tious to which they belong, or in which they occur; thus conveying general information, while treating of the special subject. All the Grantres, granitic, sienitic, or gneissoid rocks of the State are confined either to the northern portion, known as the Adirondack region, from the name of the high mountain range in its central part; or to the Highland region along the Hudson river, which is of the same geological age as the northern portion, and all belonging to the Laurentian System. In the northern part of the State, CrysTaLLINE LIMESTONE, of various colors, is associated with granitic or gneissoid rocks; the same is true, in a less degree, of the granitic region of the High- lands. The Wuire and Vartecatep Marsres, so much in general use, belong to a different geological age and constitute a distinct belt of 190 [ AssEMBLY formation, running to the eastward of the Highlands generally, and occupying portions of Westchester and Dutchess counties in New York, and thence extending into Connecticut’ and Massachusetts. The ordinary gray or dark-colored bluish limestones and the various colored sandstones have a much wider distribution, but are still limited to certain belts of country. Treating these in their order, we may arrange and discuss them as follows: I, GRANITES, INCLUDING SIENITES, GNEISS, OR GNEISSOID AND SIENITIC Rocks ; THEIR GEOLOGICAL Postrion AND GEOGRAPHICAL Dis- TRIBUTION. The term granite, in its strict signification, means a crystalline rock composed of quartz, felspar and mica in intimate mixture,,the separate minerals being composed of crystalline grains. It is a very common condition of the granitic rocks, that the mica may be absent, and in its stead we have hornblende, and in this form the rock is termed a sienite.* On the other hand, the presence of mica in thin scales, forming lamination, or rendering the lines of bedding visible by coloration or otherwise, produces what we term gnezss ; though Se geologists would apply the term gnezss to all stratified granitic rocks. The proportion of mica in gneiss is not necessarily larger than in some of the granites; but the faces of the thin lamine being arranged parallel to the lines of bedding and the freest line of © cleavage, causes it often to appear in larger proportion.t Quartz, felspar and hornblende without mica or with a very small proportion of this mineral, constitute some of the best granites; while in the lighter gray or whitish gray granites, the quartz, or quartz and felspar, are the chief component parts, and there is little either of bornblende or mica. The grains or aggregations of these minerals may sometimes be so large that each one presents its dis- tinctive mineralogical or individual character, becoming so coarsely crystalline as to be unfit for building purposes. GRANITES oF New York. In the lower portion of the Adirondack region, or the Laurentian System bordering Lake Champlain and extending from Saratoga to Clinton county, the rocks consist mainly of a gray gneissoid granite, which is sometimes traversed by coarser crystalline veins, and some- times nearly or entirely losing its gneissoid character from the small proportion of mica, but always regularly stratified. The latter character is presented in the exposures at Little Falls and other places; *The Egyptian sienite or syenite, according to DeLesse, contains mica. +A distinction has sometimes been made between gneiss and granite, that the one is stratified and the other not. This does not hold true; for nearly all, if not all, the gran- ites that are extensively quarried are stratified, and I believe all of them cleave in one direction more freely than in another, while the other free line of cleavage or breaking is rectangular to the first. No. 104.] 191 while the true compact gneiss is seen at the quarries in Saratoga county, and the partial or entire absence of the mica characterizes the rock at many localities farther to the north. ‘This gray gneissoid rock graduates downward, throngh alternating beds of variable character, into a hornblende rock, and becomes a compact dark- colored sienite extremely hard and tough in its character. The same general features prevail in the granite rocks in the Highlands as exposed along the Hudson river, the strata being tilted at a high angle. In many places, however, the lines of bedding become obscure, the mica is to a great degree absent, and the rock assumes the character of a true granite. The principal points of exposure, where the gneiss or granite of the Highlands has been quarried, are at Butter hill, on the west side of the river, and at Breakneck on the east side. In some portions of the mass, at both of these localities, the rock loses in a measure its gneissoid character, and presents a comparatively even admixture of the component parts. At both localities the rock is penetrated by trap dykes, which have affected the beds adjacent to them; and these, together with other causes, have produced a more than ordinarily fractured or jointed condition of the rock. In the higher part of the Laurentian series, and in localities more inaccessible to means of transportation, we have the highly felspathic granites of the central portion of the Adirondackregion. These are usually coarsely crystalline and of a dark color, but weathering to a lighter hue. They have nowhere been brought into use for building purposes; and not being within the limits of reasonable cost of transportation, it is scarcely worth while to indicate their localities more particularly. Granires oF New ENGLAND. The granites examined beyond the limits of the State belong to an entirely different geological age from those of New York, and present a different aspect in the aggregation of their component parts. They moreover differ among themselves, in a very extreme degree, both in color and texture; varying from the dark-colored compact sienite of Quincy and the neighborhood, through the lighter- colored varieties of the same locality and that of Chelmsford and other places, to the greyish-white varieties like that of Rockport on Cape Ann. All the quarries that I have examined along the coast are free from mica ; and when hornblende is not present, we have the quartz and felspar only. The dark colors are usually due to the presence of hornblende; the reddish or brownish colors, to the colored felspar ; and some of the quarries offer a granite of quartz, brownish felspar and dark hornblende, giving thus within these ranges a considerable variety of color, due either to the original color of the substances, or to the proportions in which they are mingled in the mass. The principal quarries that came under my observation were those of Quincy and Weymouth, Rockport on Cape Ann and Dix island 192 | ASSEMBLY in Maine, with others of less importance. The collection embraces specimens from each of these places. All of the granites (sienites) quarried along the coast are durable stones; a character determined as well from their abundant use in building, as also from their exposed surfaces in nature, which have withstood the action of weathering for centuries without perceptible disintegration. The granites of the interior of New England, as of Concord and Fitzwilliam in New Hampshire, Hallowell in Maine, Medfield in Massachusetts, Westerly in Rhode Island, and of Barre, Berlin and other places in Vermont, are compounds of quartz, felspar and mica. They are, for the most part, light-colored and fine grained. The felspar predominates, and they are easily wrought and bear fine working. The Concord granite, which is now so largely in use, occupies a long hill near the town of Concord in New Hampshire, which has a direction or range from north-east to south-west. It is quarried at several places on this hill, within a moderate distance from the town and railroad. The rock presents distinct lines of bedding with an apparent dip to the north-west, as indicated by seams or lamine of different color, and also by the splitting of the rock both in the line or rift (so termed by the workmen), and in the direction perpen- dicular or vertical to the lines of bedding.* The beds of this granite are unequal in thickness, varying from one to three or four, or even five or six feet, which can be split in any desired lengths. The texture is pretty even, with some coarser beds, with occasionally some blotches of coarser or finer, or lighter or darker material. The granite of Fitzwilliam, a locality some forty miles west of Concord, occupies a hill having a direction from north-east to south- west, with the dip apparently to the north-east. In texture and quality it is very similar to that of Concord, the prevailing beds perhaps a little thinner, the thickest being four feet. The rock is easily worked, and can be dressed with great facility.t A mile northward of the principal quarries the rock is somewhat coarser in texture, but of similar light gray color, readily worked, and making a handsome building stone. The granite of Hallowell in Maine is similar in texture to that of Concord and Fitzwilliam. There is also a light-colored granite in the town of Medfield in Massachusetts, from which the Court-house in Dedham has been built. In color and texture, this granite differs but little from the Concord granite, being perhaps a little coarser. The Court-house was erected more than forty years ago ; and considering the time and the less perfect dressing of the stone as compared with work of the present day, the building still presents a very fine appearance. The granites of Barre, Berlin and other places in Vermont, are of *In splitting the blocks vertically to the bedding, I am informed by the foreman of the quarry, Mr. Ros, that they open much more readily in lines east and west and north and south, than in any direction oblique to these. +1 am informed that the statues on the Horticultural Hall in Tremont street, Boston, are from the Fitzwilliam granite, the structure itself being of Concord granite. No. 104.] 193 a whitish-gray color, with the component parts very distinctly granular and evenly mixed throughout, containing less mica than the Concord and Fitzwilliam granites, and producing one of the finest building materials in the country, possessing a fine color, strength and durability. IL. Marszes, on Meramorpuic Orysratiine Limestones; THEIR Gro- LOGIOAL Position AND GEOGRAPHICAL, DisrriBution. Crystalline limestones are everywhere interstratified with the gneiss rocks of the Laurentian System, but usually forming a very small proportion of the entire mass. These limestones frequently contain a large proportion of other minerals, as serpentine, augite, ete.; often producing a marble of variegated character which is quite ornamental. When free from these materials, it is often grayish or bluish-gray, and generally coarsely crystalline. Limestones of this age follow the line of outcrop of the gneiss of the same system, appearing to the northward in.Saratoga county, and extending thence with more or less continuity through Warren, Essex and Clinton counties. In St. Lawrence and Jefferson counties, the crystalline limestones of the same age are more extensively de- veloped, and have there been known and used for along time. The same limestones likewise occur in Lewis county. In some localities these limestones are cut and wrought asa marble; but generally they have only a local use, though some of them with the serpentine admixture may yet prove of general commercial value. The white and variegated marbles of commerce are mainly con- fined to the geological formation known as the Quebec group, which underlies a belt of country extending from Canada through Vermont, the western part of Massachusetts and Connecticut; thence into the eastern part of New York, through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary- land, ete. The marbles of this group are largely quarried in Westchester county; and the quarries of Tuckahoe and Scarsdale, and other points, furnish large quantities of the material for buildings in New York city and elsewhere. The rock is rather coarsely crystalline, but compact and durable. The same marble, on the west side of the synclinal axis, is quarried at Hastings and at Sing Sing, and also at several places in Dutchess county. The formation is abundantly developed in Litchfield county, in Connecticut, and at Stockbridge, Shettield, Egremount, Barrington, Alford and other places in Massachusetts. In its northern extension, the same formation furnishes the mar- bles of Vermont, at Rutland, Southerland Falls, Brandon and other places. Neither to the eastward nor to the westward of this formation are there any extensive beds of white or variegated marble, and the great sources of this material for building and ornamental purposes is to be songht in this range of rocks. [Assem. Doc. No. 104.] 25 194 [ AssEMBLY III. Livestones Not Mrtamorpuic, Compact oR SUBCRYSTALLINE } THEIR GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL DisrRrBurion. The limestones used in building, or for foundations, canal locks, bridge abutments and other solid masonry, are very widely distrib- uted, and in great variety within the State of New York. In their geological order, we have the Chazy limestone, the Tren- ton limestone group (embracing the Birdseye, Black river and Tren- ton limestone proper), the Viagara limestone, the Lower and Upper Lelderberg limestone groups, and the Tully limestone. These limestones vary from a dark bluish-black or black color to bluish-gray, gray, or sometimes reddish or brownish-gray. 1. The oldest of these, the Coazy LimEsTONE, as its name indicates, oceurs at Chazy in New York. It forms the island known as Isle la Motte, and other islands in Lake Champlain, and extends likewise into Vermont and Canada. It exists in heavy beds, and is largely quarried for different purposes, as will be mentioned hereafter. 2. The TRENTON LIMESTONE GROUP, in one or more of its members, occurs both on the east and west shores of Lake Champlain, and is extensively quarried at Willsborough and other places. The same rock oceurs at Glens Falls and in the neighborhood of Saratoga Springs. It likewise extends along the Mohawk valley from the neighborhood of Hoffman’s Ferry to Little Falls, and is quarried at Amsterdam, Tribes Hill, and other places. At Little Falls the con- tinuity of the limestone formation is interrupted by the southern extension of the Gneiss formation, but it comes in again to the south and west beyond this, and is extensively quarried at Jacksonburgh on the south side of the Mohawk river. The same formation ex- tends, by the way of Trenton Falls, through Lewis and Jefferson counties, everywhere offering quarries for building-stone and for lime. 3. The Niagara Lrmestone, though extending further to the east- ward, acquires little force or thickness till we reach Monroe county, where it has a considerable thickness on the Genesee river, and some of the beds of the formation are valuable as quarry-stones. It is only in the neighborhood of Lockport, however, that the lower beds of this formation become important as a building stone. The principal working beds are a light gray stone, varying in some in- stances to a brownish color from the admixture of organic remains. The’same limestone occurs at Niagara Falls and vicinity, extending thence through Canada West to Lake Huron. The upper parts of the formation are of a brownish, or often of an ashen gray color, with irregular bedding and of unequal texture, as well as marked by cavities and crystalline masses of calc-spar, selenite or compact gyp- sum, celestine, ete. The stone of this part of the formation is adapted only to the heavier and coarser masonry, and care is re- quired in its selection to secure a strong and durable stone. No. 104.] 195 4. Tur Lower HetpersrerG LIMEsToNE formation, in its most easterly extension within New York, appears in the Helderberg mountains and extends west as far as Herkimer county. The lower beds of the formation afford a very excellent building stone of a dark-bluish color, which, when polished, is nearly black. It is principally quarried at Schoharie and Cobleskill; it is likewise worked at Carlisle and Cherry Valley, and toa small extent at points west of the latter place. The middle portion of the group consists of a gray or bluish-gray subcrystalline limestone, but affords no beds of great value for building material. The upper member of this formation is a gray subcrystalline limestone, sometimes variegated with brownish spots from organic remains. It is quarried both for a building stone for rough masonry, and likewise for a marble, bear- ing a pretty good polish, and the variety of color from the fossils gives it a handsome appearance. 5. Tar Upper HeitperserG Limestone formation consists princi- pally of two members, the ONonpAca and Seneca limestones. The former was so named from its having been extensively quarried in Onondaga county ; and the latter, from its greater development in Seneca county. This formation, or group, extends through the State of New York from the Hudson river westward to Black Rock on the Niagara, Constituting the higher limestone of the Helderberg mountains, it approaches the river, and continues in its outcrop along the river counties as far as Kingston in Ulster, where one of its members is largely quarried for various building purposes. The Onondaga lime- stone ts worked at various points along its outcrop ; but the principal quarries are in the county of Onondaga, to the southward of Syracuse. From this neighborhood, the stone was used for building some of the locks on the Erie canal in its original construction, and has been extensively used in the enlarged canal, as well as in the buildings of Syracuse. The upper member of the formation is quarried at Springport in Cayuga county, and largely in the neighborhood of Seneca Falls. From this point through the western counties one or both the members of this group are more or less extensively quar- ried, and used in building, or for door and window caps and sills, foundations, and other masonry. 6. The TuLLy LrvesTonE constitutes a belt of formation of from one to twenty-five feet in thickness, lying above the shales of the Hamilton group and below the Genesee slate. The geographical extent of this formation is very limited, having no great thickness or importance to the east of Cayuga county, and almost entirely disappearing on the west within the limits of Ontario county. It is mentioned here among the sources of building material, but it is rarely in such a condition as to be reliable for this purpose. 196 [ AssEMBLY [¥,. SANDSTONES OR FREESTONES, AND THEIR VARIETIES; THEIR GEOLOGI- cAL Postrion AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIsTRIBUTION WITHIN THE Strate oF New York. 1. The PorspAm sanpstonE formation is the lowest member of the unaltered stratified rocks. The formation consists of numerous beds of varying thickness, and of a gray, white, buff or red color. The rock is naturally fine-grained and compact, and in many local- ities furnishes a strong durable material. The beds are usually thin, but generally sufficiently thick for the ordinary purposes of con- struction. In its eastern extension, this formation occupies a considerable area in Washington county, and is especially conspicuous in the neighborhood of Whitehall. It occurs at numerous places along the west side of Lake Champlain, and is especially developed in the neighborhood of Keeseville. In some parts of Clinton county the rock is too friable for any economical use beyond furnishing sand for glass-making. In Franklin county, at Malone, the rock has been extensively quarried and used for building and flagging stones for many years past. At Potsdam, and other places in St. Lawrence county, the stone is of a reddish brown color, close-grained and compact in texture. The rock continues of similar character in Jefferson county on the north side of the Black river valley. Its commonly striped or variegated color offers an objectionable feature for general use in building. 2. SANDSTONES AND ARGILLACEOUS SANDSTONES OF THE QUEBEC AND Hupson River groups. Certain parts of both of these groups of rocks furnish building stones of greater or less value. The greater part of the stone known as blue stone (the Malden blue stone belongs to a different formation and has a different character), along the Hudson and Mohawk valleys is derived from one or other of these formations. The higher beds of the Hudson river group have also been quarried in Oneida, Oswego and Lewis counties, but they are not extensively used. The quarries along the Mohawk river below Schenectady have fur- nished a large quantity of this blue stone, for foundations, water tables, and for entire buildings. Where the strata are but little disturbed and lie nearly horizontally, the beds are easily worked, and the blocks are readily dressed. The rock can be quarried in regular masses and of any required dimensions. In the valley of the Hudson, the rock is so much disturbed that the strata are broken, and do not readily afford the means of furnishing large quantities -of regular formed blocks for masonry. Nevertheless they are largely used for foundation stone, and many thousands of tons are annually quarried along the river. At and below Poughkeepsie, the stone of this character, quarried along the river, is of the Quebec group. The strata all consist of an argillaceous sandstone, very compact and strong, but breaking irregularly. Those which break into large masses are very strong, and make excellent foundation stones; but I believe none of the beds are used for dressed stone. No. 104.] 197 The two formations lie side by side along the Hudson river valley, extending northward through Washington county and into Vermont and Canada. To the westward, the Hudson river group extends along the Mohawk valley, and thence in its upper members through Lewis and Oswego counties ; overbearing in its upper part some heavy-bedded gray sandstone which is available for foundations and rough masonry, but I am not aware that it has been much used in the superstructure of buildings. 3. Tae Meprina SANDSTONE formation, from its eastern extension in Oswego county to the Nigara river, furnishes building stone in some of its beds, which, in some localities, is good and reliable, while in other parts of the same formation it becomes rapidly disintegrated upon exposure to the atmosphere. It is quarried at Fulton and other places in Oswego county, and at a few points in Wayne county. It has been heretofore quarried on the Genesee river below Rochester ; but the more reliable quarries are at Holly, Albion, Medina and Lockport ; and again it crops out in the bank of the Niagara river above Lewiston, where it can be worked with facility. The formation furnishes valuable flagstones in the neighborhood of Lockport. 4. SanpsToNES OF THE CiInTon Group. The Clinton group is made up of a series of shales, thin beds of limestone, and impure shaly sandstone with more perfect beds of the latter. In Herkimer county, on the south side of the Mohawk river, there are some beds of brown sandstone in this group which are worthy of attention. The material is mainly siliceous and the texture good. So far as known, these beds are limited within the width of the county. In the same neighborhood, and lying above the brown beds, there is a considerable thickness of gray siliceous sandstones of the most dur- able character. So far as known, the rock has not been quarried to any considerable extent, and its economic value is, therefore, not — fully known. In other parts of the Clinton group, there are thin flagey beds which are used for rough building or foundation stones. 5. Tue Oriskany SANDSTONE, though a good and valuable stone in some of its strata, does not occur in such thick or extensive beds as to render its use very extensive, and, except locally, it is unknown as a building stone. 6. FREESTONES OR ARGILLACEOUS SANDSTONE AND FLAGSTONE OF THE PorTAGE GROUP AND UPPER PART OF THE Haminton Group. In Eastern New York, the upper part of the Hamilton group and lower part of the Portage group yield an abundance of the finest flagstone - yet known in any part of the country. Some of these beds become thick enough for building purposes; and the fine “blue stme” of the Malden quarries on the Hudson river (now much used), is from the lower part of the Portage group. In Central New York, the upper part of the Portage group yields an abundance of fine-grained argillaceons sandstone, which isnotalways durable, In the extreme 198 [ AssEMBLY western counties of the State, however, some of the beds are dur- able, and make a valuable building stone. The extension of the same formation into Ohio yields the famous fine-grained standstone of Berea, and the gray freestone of Amherst and vicinity ; the latter of which is now so largely used for building in New York and Philadelphia, Cleveland and Buffalo, and which enters into the construction of the Houses of Parliament at Ottawa. This sandstone, like all others of the same class of rocks, is very variable iu its character at different points along the outcrop of the formation ; owing chiefly to the greater or less proportion of argil- laceous matter contained in the mass, and sometimes the almost entire absence of that material. The latter condition exists in some of the beds at Berea, but more particularly in those of Amherst and neighborhood. 7. THE SANDSTONE AND ARGILLACEOUS SANDSTONE OF THE CHE- MUNG GROUP are very irregularly distributed over the southern counties of the State. The beds fit for building-stone are usually intercalated between shaly beds, andsometimes continuous for many miles; while the coarser masses are not frequently lenticular in form, thinning away in every direction, or ending in thinly laminated beds which are unfit for building stone, but may be used for flag- stones. The stone varies in different localities and in different beds, from fine sandy layers of a light gray color, to more or less of an argilla- ceous character with a dark olive-brown color. It is not possible to trace any set of beds continuously through the country, and the rock can scarcely come into general use for building purposes. In certain localities, the arenaceous beds will prove of great value to the immediate neighborhood. 8. New RED sAnpstone. Within the State of New York, this rock is limited to the county of Rockland; extending from Haver- straw along the river, beyond the limits of the State into New Jersey. The same sandstone has a wide area in the Connecticut river valley, and it is from this region that we chiefly know it in its uses as a building stone. Within the State, the stone has been quarried at Haverstraw, and on the river bank below; though it has not been extensively used from these localities, so far as 1 know. The quarries in New Jersey have been more extensively worked; and from the stone there obtained, some fine structures have been erected. The same formation extends through Maryland, where it has furnished material for the erection of the Smithsonian Institu- tion and other buildings in Washington. The brown stone, in its varieties, is well known in all the Atlan- tic cities, and has been more extensively used than any other in the country. I have sketched, in a hasty manner, the general geological and geographical distribution of the principal building stones which may be brought before you for consideration. The portions of the No. 104.] 199 country oceupied by these have been roughly traced in different col- ors upon the map accompanying this report, so far as it covers the ground. I shall hope to have an opportunity of completing this work, and presenting such a map as will illustrate the important points relating to the subject of materials for construction and orna- mentation. Va On tux Seecrion or Burtpine Stones, AND THE CAUSES OF THEIR Decay. In the selection of building stones for the exterior walls of a build- ing, color, texture, and durability are objects of the first importance; and all of these ought to be combined, to render the structure per- fect. Too little attention has been given to the subject of building stones; while on the one hand we are largely using a brown stone, which gives a sombre, cheerless aspect to the structure, the opposite extreme has been sought in the white marble, or that which is more nearly white in color. In contrast with these we have the red glar- ing color of brick; and it is only partially that this offensive aspect is palliated by painting of neutral tints. In a few eastern cities and towns we find the light gray granites now used in preference to the brown freestone, the white marble, or the dark granite, which have been much in use in past years. No one can fail to experience the sensation of relief afforded by the structures, of light-colored granites in the city of Boston, or those of the buff or dove-colored limestone in the city of Chicago, or of the light gray freestone of many buildings in Cleveland and other places and of the buff-colored brick of Milwaukee. In these cases we have not the excessive reflection of light, or the glare which comes from white buildings whether of marble or of painted brick; nor the sombre, cheerless expression of the darker stone, caused by its great absorption of light. It is only necessary to consider the ef- fects produced by the structures of these different materials upon one’s own sensation, in order to determine what are the most agreeable tints, or those which please the eye and produce a cheerful im- pression upon the mind. - In the majority of structures, the necessities of locality, cheap- ness, or other causes compel the erection of structures from ma- terials most accessible ; but these considerations are not imperative in the cases of an important public building. In many cases where the rock is homogeneous throughout and the color uniform and satisfactory, it is only to be inquired whether the coloring material is such as will produce decay or disintegration of the particles. When the general color is produced by the aggre- gation of different materials of distinct coloration, the character of each one is to be considered, and its effect upon the whole ; and it is important to have such material comparatively fine-grained, and 200 [ ASSEMBLY the different parts as uniformly mingled together as possible. As a general rule, it is only in the darker stones that thecoloring matter has any tendency to disintegrate the mass. In the selection of building stones, the simple presentation of a sampie is not enough. The'rock in plage should be examined in the outset ; for in its natural outcrop it has been exposed to the action of the weather, in all its influences, for many thousands of years. One of the principles taught in elementary geology is that the soft and decomposing rocks appear in low rounded or flattened exposures, or entirely covered by the soil or their own debris, form- — ing no conspicuous feature in the country ; while on the contrary the harder rocks stand out in relief, producing marked and dis- tinguishing features in the landscape. It not unfrequently happens that the geologist, having familiarized himself with the succession and character of the rocks of a particular locality or neighborhood, by seizing the features and character of the prominent beds, is able to trace them in succession along the escarpment or mountain range as far as the eye can reach, and to approach them from any distant point with assurance that he has not been deceived. The strata which make these features in the landscape are the ever-enduring rocks, which have withstood the action of the atmos- phere through a period a thousand times longer than any structure of human origin. One cannot doubt that if properly placed in any artificial structure, they would still withstand the action of the elements. These escarpments, in their natural situation, may be coarse, rough and forbidding, more or less dilapidated or unequally dilapidated from the effects of time ; but as they there present them- selves, we shall be able to see their future in any structure exposed to the same influences. It is true, however, that no artificial structure or position will ever subject the stone to the same degree of weathering influence to which it is exposed in its natural position, but the same changes in degree will supervene upon any freshly exposed surfaces. In its natural position the bed has been encased in ice, washed by currents, saturated with rains and melting snows, frozen and thawed, and ex- posed to the extreme of summer heat without mitigation. The rock which has withstood these influences is quite equal to with- stand the exposures of a few centuries in an artificial structure. Yet there are occasionally modifying influences and conditions which have sometimes subdued the permanence of a durable stone, and given preference to others less durable. It therefore becomes necessary to carefully examine all these conditions, and to determine net only from the rock in place, but also from its physical consti- tution, whether it will meet the requirements of the structures proposed. It not unfrequently happens, in working a quarry, that layers are reached which have not been exposed to the weather, and it is then necessary to test the strength and power of endurance of the stone. This may be done by repeated exposure to freezing and thawing, by No. 104. ] 201 testing the strength or power of resistance to pressure, ete. The exposure to freezing and thawing will not only determine its power of resisting the action of the weather, but will determine also whether such foreign ingredients as iron pyrites may exist in the mass. Chemical analysis may be resorted to for the purpose of comparison with specimens of known composition and durability ; but chemical analysis alone cannot determine, without other testing experiments, the strength or power of endurance of the stone. In some countries, and in certain localities in our country, the evi- dence obtained from ancient structures is available in determining the durability of the stone which has been used. Yet it would seem that this information has been of little avail in many places, where the rebuilding of edifices is repeated every century. Experience in ‘many cases does not teach the lesson anticipated ; and when a dilapi- dated structure is pointed out, the argument is made that “ these stones were not well selected,” or they were obtained “at the first opening of the quarry, and were not as good as now furnished.” And again, as already remarked, there are few cases in which parties are permitted to select the material without prejudice, the influence of interest, or the absence of important information. Examples are everywhere before us of the improper selection of materials for buildings, and these examples do not deter from their use in the erection of others. When good material is abundant and accessible, it will be used ; in other situations, comparatively few durable struc- tures are likely to be erected. VI. GENERAL CoMPOSITION AND COMPARATIVE DvuRAbBiILiry oF Bumpine STONES. All the stones used in building, under whatever name they may be known, are composed of a few essential elementary minerals ; these are: 1. Sriica or QUARTZ; 2. ALUMINA-CLAY or ARGILLACEOUS MATTER; 3. CARBONATE OF LIME; 4, CARBONATE OF MAGNESIA. Beyond these, except in crystalline rocks, the presence of other material is almost non-essential to the composition of the stone, often accidental or adventitious, and usually injurious to the integrity of the mass. The ultimate chemical composition of a stone has little to do, as a general rule, with its character for durability; nor will a chemical analysis determine the value of a stone for building pur- poses. PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF THE AGGREGATES OF THE SEVERAL NAMED SUBSTA NOES. 1. The silica or quartz may occur as a mechanical aggregation of [Assem. Doc. No. 104.] 26 ee ————— 202 [ AssEMBLY particles of sand simply cohering among themselves, or by the inter- vention of some argillaceous, ferruginous, or calcareous matter act- ing as a cement; or lastly through a ae solution and cementa- tion of the siliceous particles themselves. In the latter case, and where the mass is pretty purely siliceous, the process may have gone so far as to give a vitreous rock known as quartzite. In many cases, however, the siliceous or arenaceous deposits present great in- equalities of texture, from thé aggregation of coarse particles or small pebbles among the finer materials, always to the injury of the strength and durability of the mass. Under certain other con- ditions, these mixtures become crystalline rocks of various character. 2, The clay, or argillaceous matter by itself or with a small ad- mixture of silica, and often more or less of carbonate of lime, becomes a slate or shale rock, but quite unfit for building stone; and as a general rule, any rock in which argillaceous matter predominates is unfit for a durable building stone. 3. Carbonate of lime and magnesia, or the former alone, consti- tutes extensive beds of solid and durable stone, but which is often deteriorated by the presence of argillaceous matter. In many lime- stones, the mass consists of an aggregation of fine particles which have been deposited in the form of a fine calcareous mud. Other and often very extensive beds are visibly composed of the debris of shells and other organic bodies, cemented together by the finer par- ticles of caleareous mud, or often by the partial solution of calcareous matter. Under the influence of subsequent conditions, these simple mechanical aggregations of calcareous matter, or the calcareous mag- nesian deposits, become crystalline marbles of various colors. In the purely siliceous stones, or quartzites, the mass is too hard and brittle for easy working or comely shaping of the pieces; an admixture of clay or argillaceous matter being essential to the possi- bility of working stone whose basis is silica. When, however, this argillaceous material becomes excessive, the stone is liable to rapid disintegration from the action of the weather. While the silica absorbs but an extremely small quantity of water, the clay will absorb largely ; and this, on freezing, will destroy the stone more or less rapidly. Some of the argillaceous sandstones, on drying in a hot sun and then being suddenly wetted, will crack and crumble into pieces. The same effect is often produced by the sudden freezing of large blocks which have been freshly quarried, and which still retain their water of absorption. When the argillaceous matter is evenly and intimately mingled with particles of silica or quartz, and not intoo large proportions, ; the stone will last along time, and will disintegrate but slowly; but when the argillaceous material is in seams or lamine of deposit, it is far more injurious, and every such seam in a block of stone must sooner or later lead to its destruction. The manner of this is very simple. The clay seam absorbs water, and, holding it while freez- ing, the seam expands; if disintegration does not immediately follow, the seam is widened so that it admits more water on the next aM i! No. 104.] 203 occasion ; and so on successively with alternate freezing and thawing until an unsightly crevice is produced, which constantly widens and encroaches more or Jess on the adjacent parts till the stone is de- stroyed. This condition occurs in the gray or light-colored freestones, as well as in the brown ones; but in the brown freestone or sandstone, there is a further cause of destruction. The coloring matter, which is also in part the cementing matter of the grains of sand, is ferru- ginous, the siliceous grains are covered with peroxide of iron, and this substance is intimately combined with the argillaceous matter of the mass which cements the particles. Experience has everywhere proved that the brown sandstones or freestones are not durable stones; their destructibility is not only due to the presence of argillaceous matter, but to the oxide of iron ; for the gray or neutral- tinted stones, of the same composition otherwise, are much more durable. As an evidence of the rapid decomposition of the red or brown sandstone when the siliceous element is deficient, we may sometimes find a large area, which, when broken up, decomposes so rapidly that it becomes in a few years an arable soil. The same is essen- tially true in some parts of the Medina sandstone. In order to demonstrate this fact, it is only necessary to examine any building of brown stone which has been erected for a period of twenty-five years. The State Library building is an example in point. The Capitol and the Albany Academy have been longer erected, and were originally of better material than the Library building. The basement of the old City Hall in New York is an example of the same kind, where the brown stone, from its inherent destructibility and from the presence of clay seams, presents a dilapidated appear- ance; and other examples might be mentioned. In Europe the same condition exists, and many old buildings of the red or brown sandstone are falling in ruins. In the lighter-colored sandstones, we have mainly to guard against clay seams and too large a proportion of argillaceous mixture in the mass. Beyond this, the presence of iron pyrites is to be looked for. This mineral is present in so many rocks of this character, especially those with a bluish or greenish olive tint, that it is to be suspected in all such stones. It should be remarked, moreover, that iron pyrites(sulphuret of iron), when in visible grains, nodules or crystals, is not so dangerous or destructive to the rock as when disseminated in fine or imperceptible grains through the entire mass. This mineral, however, may be so disseminated and not prove entirely destructive, since in some stones it decomposes from the first exposure to the weather, staining the exterior of a rusty hue, and thus continuing to exude as an oxide of iron so long asany of itis reached by the moisture of the atmosphere; at the same time the free sulphuric acid unites with the lime or magnesia, if either be present, or to some extent with the alumina in the absence of the other substances; and this chemical change may sometimes 204 [AssEMBLY go on for a long time, without seriously aftecting the texture of the stone, producing no important result beyond the unsightly appear- ance. Generally, however, the decomposition of the pyrites pro- duces the gradual destruction of the stone. We have in the State of New York a class of argillaceous sandstones largely in use as building stones, and which are less known in any other State. They are of the character of rocks formerly known as “ Graywacke,’ and the name might be usefully retained to designate the argillaceous sandstones of the Hudson river group, the Hamilton, Portage and Chemung groups. These beds of the Hudson river . group are known as blue stone, which is a compact argillaceous sandstone consisting of variable proportions of these materials, The name blue stone is equally applicable to the heavy-bedded compact arenaceous layers, and the thin-bedded slaty layers, which are largely used in the foundations of ordinary buildings. Much of. the heavy-bedded slaty rock of this character, which is quarried along the Hudson river valley, belongs to the Quebec group; but I am not at this time aware of any quarries in the same formation, which furnish dressed building stone. In the Hudson river group, this rock occurs in many localities, in very regular beds which are cut by vertical joints presenting clean, straight faces, and are thus laid in the buildmg. The composition of these stones (that is, in the proportions of silica and alumina) often varies in the distance of a few rods; but, if well selected and laid on its natural bedding, it makes a durable building material. Much of it, however, becomes stained from the decomposition of iron pyrites, which after a length of time, either leaves the surface of a permanently rusty brown color, or the decomposition goes on till the rock crumbles or scales off in thin laming. Sometimes the faces of the joints are coated by thin lamine of carbonate of lime, arising from the solution and infiltration of calcareous matter; and this forms a permanent coating, which resists all further change from atmospheric influences. Itis of the greatest importance that these stones be carefully selected, or otherwise they soon become disin- tegrated. The flagstones, so abundantly supplied from the upper part of the Hamilton group and lower part of the Portage group, are among the most enduring of the compounds of silica and alumina. The material is a fine-grained compact argillaceous sandstone of a blue or grayish-blue color, which, when free from seams, is scarcely in- fluenced by the action of the weather. These beds are not only used for flagstones in most of the Atlantic cities, but in Albany, Troy, and other towns along the river and elsewhere, this stone is used for door-steps and caps, window-sills and caps, water tables, etc. The stone is very strong and durable, sometimes slightly staining from the decomposition of iron pyrites, but rarely or never undergoing disintegration from that cause, The blue stone of Malden on the Hudson river, which has of late come into use for ashlar, door-steps and sills, pillars or pilasters, window-sills and caps, water tables, etc., is obtained from some No. 104.] 205 heavier beds in the Portage group along the base of the Catskill mountains. The stone has great strength and durability, wearing very slowly when used for steps, and possessing the great merit of retaining a certain degree of roughness of surface. The dark color may be regarded as the only objectionable feature. In the central and western part of the State, the Portage sand- stones are of a lighter color, usually more friable than those of the eastern outcrops. Many of the beds are of a greenish or olive-gray color, occurring both in flaggy and heavier courses, which are easily dressed and present a very good appearance. The frequent presence of iron pyrites, causing both staining and disintegration, offers an objection to their extensive use. In the western counties, however, - some of the beds are nearly gray, having lost the greenish or olive color almost entirely, and at the same time have less argillaceous matter in their composition, with scarcely a trace of iron pyrites. The stone from these beds has a very uniform gray color, a fine texture, and if quarried and dried before exposure to the frost, is a very durable stone. In Ohio, the arenaceous beds of the Portage group furnish the friable gray sandstone from which grindstones are largely manu- factured, and from which more recently large quantities of building stone have been furnished. The cohesion of the particles is slight, and the stone is very brittle on first quarrying, but becomes stronger and harder on exposure, and, if properly selected, resists the effects of the atmosphere in a remarkable degree. The strong cohesion of the particles, therefore, is not always a requirement for durability, though it is for strength, either as resisting direct pressure or the effect of tensile force. It should not be forgotten, however, that neither all the beds of this stone, nor all parts of the same bed, are uniform in texture, composition or durability, and it will not be surprising, if in its in- discriminate use it may sometimes prove unsatisfactory as a building stone. The argillaceons sandstones of the Chemung group are generally or comparatively free from iron pyrites, and range in color from gray to olive or dark olive-brown. When quarried and exposed to drying before freezing, they are comparatively durable stone; but they cannot be safely quarried during winter, or exposed to freezing soon after quarrying. Building stones from this group, within the State of New York, have long been used, and new quarries have been opened at many points, though the stone has usually but a local importance. The more important structures erected from this stone are the buildings of the Cornell University at Ithaca. MANNER OF LAYING. Sandstones or freestones, and all the varieties of argillaceous sand- stones, should be laid in the building according to the natural bed- ding of the rock, so that the wear of the elements may act upon the exposed edges of the laminge. Since it isimpossible to have any great 206 [ ASSEMBLY thickness of stratified stone, especially sandstone, entirely uniform and homogeneous in texture, or without interlamination of shaly matter, it follows that by turning the blocks upon their edges, we shall in one case have the face of a harder or coarser layer, and in another of a softer layer of the same rock, thus exposing the wall to unequal weathering. Not unfrequently the face of the stone is the line of the soft shaly parting, and the effects of this practice may often be seen in the scaling off of an entire surface of a block of ashlar for several square feet in extent. Such examples may be seen in some of our buildings, which have been erected within the past: twenty-five years. Had these blocks been laid in an opposite direc- tion, the edges of the shaly seams only would have been exposed, and their destruction would have been comparatively slow. The sandstones separate usually with great freedom along the line of bedding, and thus offer great facilities for dressing the surface in the direction of the laminz ; and from this cause, and the desire to pre- sent as large a surface as practicable in each block, has arisen the practice of setting them upon their edges. A block of stone may, however, be split in the same direction, through one of its more sandy layers, and the objections urged may not be so palpable. An equally reprehensible practice is the cutting of step-stones from blocks with distinct shaly partings, which produce exfoliation and consequent inequality of the surface. MopeE oF DRESSING. In the use of argillaceous sandstones, as well as some other rocks, there are some considerations as to the mode of dressing which should not be forgotten. There are some stones which, -if dressed elaborately, disintegrate rapidly upon thesurface. This comes from the crushing of the material under the tool;* the natural texture and cohesion of the particles being thus broken up, it absorbs more water, and on freezing, decays rapidly and becomes unsightly. Many stones that are untit for finely dressed work are nevertheless quite durable if rough dressed ; that is, by dressing the joints close and a smooth space along the edge, while a greater part of the face is left roughly broken without tool-work of any kind. During wet weather, the moisture will collect at the numerous projecting points or edges, and much of it drops off which will be absorbed by a smooth dressed face of stone. The effect of freezing is much less destructive under such conditions. Moreover, a moderate degree of weather-wearing on such surfaces is less conspicuous than on finely dressed stone. The dressing of the stone in the University buildings at Ithaca is a “good example of this kind of work. * The term deadening of the surface is used by the workmen to designate this condition. No. 104.] 207 LIMESTONES AND MARBLES. In limestones and marbles, the conditions of durability and causes of destruction, as a general rule, differ little from those of sandstone. There is nevertheless one point of distinction, which may be noted in the outset. In all the marbles and older stratified limestones — that is, of the Silurian, Devonian or Carboniferous age — the want of co- hesion among the particles, or a friable condition of the rock, may be regarded as fatal to its durability as a building stone; while on the other hand, as has been observed, some of the friable sandstones harden by exposure to the weather. In the calcareous deposition termed ¢ravertin, however, which is a deposit of modern origin, the mass, on first exposure, is soft and friable, and is frequently cut into - blocks of the required shape and dimensions by the axe or saw; after being laid up in the wall it hardens and becomes quite indestructible. Some limestones are said to possess this power of hardening upon ex- posure, In almost all limestones, as well those which are unaltered as those which have been metamorphosed, and are known as marbles par excellence, there is a considerable amount of argillaceous matter, either present in seams parallel to the lines of bedding, or dissemi- nated through the mass. In the dark-colored uncrystalline or com- pact fine-grained limestones this matter is evenly distributed through the mass, and, when only in small proportion, produces no noticeable effect. Some of the varieties of this kind of limestone will stand the exposure of a century, without any essential or injurious change. The compact fine-grained blue limestones without seams are therefore among the most durable stones we have. ; In the gray or bluish-gray subcrystalline limestones the argillaceous matter, instead of being distributed throughout the mass, is usually presentin the form of seams which are parallel to the lines of bedding, or distributed in short interrupted laminew. These seams, whether continuous or otherwise, are fatal to the integrity of the stone; and there is scarcely a limestone structure in the country, of twenty-five years’ standing, which is not more or less. dilapidated or unsightly, from the effects of absorption of water by the clay seams, and the al- ternate freezing and thawing. When laid in the position of the original beds, which is the usual mode, the separation by the clay seam is slower; but when used as posts or pillars, with the lines of bed- ding vertical, the change goes on more rapidly. In the dressing of limestone, the tool crushes the stone to a certain depth, and leaves the surface with an interrupted layer of a lighter color, on which the cohesion of the particles has been partially or entirely destroyed; and in this condition the argillaceous seams are so covered and obscured as to be scarcely or at all visible, but the weathering of one or two years usually shows their presence. The usual process of dressing limestone rather exaggerates the cause of dilapidation from the shaly seams in the material. The clay being softer than the adjacent stone, the blow of the hammer or other tool breaks the limestone at the margin of the seam, and drives for- ward into the space little wedge-shaped bits of harder stone. A care- ful examination of dressed surfaces will often show the limestone along the seam to be fractured, with numerous thin wedge-shaped sliy- 208 [ ASSEMBLY ers of the stone which have been broken off, and are more or less driven forward into the softer parts. In looking at similar surfaces which have been a long time exposed to the weather, it will be seen that the stone adjacent to the seam presents an interrupted fractured margin; the small fragments having dropped out in the process of weathering. Limestones of this character are much better adapted to rough dressing, when the blows are directed away from the surface instead of against it, and when the entire surface shall be left of the natural fresh fracture. By this process the clay seams have not been crushed, nor the limestone margining them broken, and the stone ~ withstands the weather much longer than otherwise. The attempt at fine hammer-dressing is injurious to any stone; for the cohesion of the particles is necessarily destroyed, and a portion of the surface left in a condition to be much more readily acted upon by the weather. The gray, sometimes brownish-gray, subcrystalline limestone, which - is not metamorphic, is usually composed of fragments of organic remains more or less comminuted, with the interstices filled with fine particles of the same, or with an impalpable calcareous mud. In such rocks, the fragments of fossils being crystalline, withstand the weather- ing action, while the intermediate portions wear away, leaving a rough and sometimes unsightly surface. The disintegration from this cause is slow ; and in the absence of clay seams, a structure of this kind of stone may remain a long time without material deterioration. One of the best limestones of this character, and perhaps the best in the country in relation to freedom from clay seams, is the encrinal lime- stone of Lockport, which, at that point, constitutes a portion of the lower part of the Niagara limestone. The Onondaga limestone, in the quar- ries south of Syracuse, is one of the most useful and serviceable of these limestones, and when free from clay seams, is equal to any other limestone in color, quality and durability. In some portions of the Onondaga beds to the westward, and in somesimilar beds of gray lime- stone in the Lower Helderberg group, the mass requires firmness; and the want of compactness or close coherence among the particles allows the infiltration of water, which, charged with carbonic acid, acts still further to lessen their cohesion. In some of the Lower Silurian limestones, the entire mass of the dark-colored beds is completely penetrated by irregular ramifications of siliceous matter, which, in their position and relations, seem as if they may have been fucoidal or spongoid bodies growing upon the bottom at the time of the deposition of the calcareous de- posits, The beds of this character furnish a strong and durable material for rough masonry and foundations, and some of the beds bear dress- ing with satisfactory results. In the process of metamorphism, the limestones have become more or less changed to a white, bluish or grayish-white color, or to varie- gated white and gray. ‘The seams of argillaceous matter which mark the line of bedding in ordinary limestones have undergone some chem- ical change, and have become chloritic, taleose or micaceous, of a greenish, bluish or variegated color, but nevertheless still retaining the same relations to the calcareous part of the mass as in their normal condition. Although they are no longera clay or shale, but have under- gone some chemical change, these parts are nevertheless usually softer and weather more rapidly than the surrounding calcareous portions ; or No. 104.] 209 if not entirely weathering out, some parts of the lines or bands of color are more susceptible to the action of the weather, because unevenly disintegrated, and finally present an unsightly surface. Bands or stripes of color, in all the marbles, indicate a different texture and com- position from the other parts of the mass, and all examples of this character will weather unequally. Such stones, therefore, should be used with great caution in all structures intended to be permanent. In some of the marbles there are numerous spots of soft tale-like sub- stance, which weathers more easily than the surrounding stone. These will either weather to different color, or from softening readily’ on exposure, give opportunity for the growth of minute lichens, thus covering the stone with dark specks or blotches. Under other cir- -cumstances these spots may be of different color, but scarcely less un- sightly, and in the end working the gradual dilapidation of the stone. The white marble of Lee in Massachusetts is everywhere marked by these taley spots, and the monuments and gravestones in the ceme- teries of the neighborhood are covered with black specks and blotches. The marbles, however crystalline they may be, are not free from the same impurities that affect the unaltered limestones ; and iron pyrites occurs in these, both as segregated veins or lines of accumulation, interrupted strings or nodules, and disseminated in minute particles throughout the mass. A good example of the latter may be seen in some marble at Sheffield in Massachusetts, where the stone contains minute particles of iron pyrites, which, becoming decomposed on exposure, gives to the entire surface a slight rusty hue. The same change supervenes in the dressed marble ; and some of the blocks in the New City Hall of New York show the rusty hue immediately after having been laid in the wall. This may be a case in which the change will cease after a time, for want of access of moisture to the interior portions, or by the filling of the pores with sulphate of lime produced by the decomposition of the pyrites, and thus protecting the deeper portions of the stone. Besides the ordinary seams or lines of color in the direction of the bedding, many of the marbles are marked by the presence of irregular veins or lines of segregation, which are different in composition and texture from the surrounding rock, and though sometimes not very different in color, and, therefore, showing little in the outset, will nevertheless usually decompose more readily than the adjacent stone. Veins of this kind are of common occurrence in some of the marbles used for building, and may be observed in their full effect in the State Hall and City Hall of Albany. These veins usually consist of some soft tale-like mineral with magnesian limestone and iron. The prre white marble, free from seams or veins of any kind, constitutes the smallest part of any or all marble quarries. The columns in front of the ‘‘ old United States Bank,” in Philadelphia, offer one of the best examples of the destruction of marble from the several cavses men- tioned. Although erected scarcely fifty years since, the bedding seams are weathered and opened to such a degree as to present an aspect of extreme dilapidation, and less than half a century more will effect their entire destruction. The simple presence of magnesia alone does not necessarily impair the enduring quality of a limestone. Some of the hardest and most [Assem. Doc. No. 104. | 27 210 | ASSEMBLY enduring limestones we have are magnesian in character, having such proportions of lime and magnesia as constitute a dolomite. ‘This is the character of the Niagara limestone and of some of the older lime- stones of the Silurian series, both in their normal and metamorphic condition. Asa general rule, however, the magnesian limestones, in their normal condition, are more friable, more porous and less firm in their character than the pure carbonates of lime. The presence of iron in magnesian limestones, either as an oxide or a carbonate of iron, may often aid in hastening their decomposition. ‘They usually weather to: a brownish hue, which is sometimes yellowish or drab-colored, but more often, in the unaltered condition, to anashen gray. The yellow- ish color is due to iron in some form, either as an oxide or a carbonate. In the selection of limestones for structures of any kind above ground, care should be taken to avoid the shaly seams which are the principal cause of decay ; and though the stone containing them may endure for many years, they yet present an unsightly appearance. We have, in the city of Albany, a good example of this in the wails of the Reser- voir on Eagle street in Albany ;and numerous other cases of similar character might be cited. In all these examples, it may be observed that the dilapidation comes from the cause specified, and no other ; for in most of the structures exhibiting this defect, the tool-marks are not yet obliterated from the surface of the solid limestone. Limestones of this character, however, are perfectly safe and fit for any foundation or other work placed beyond the reach of freezing and thawing ; and they possess a strength and power of resistance to pres- sure, which fits them for the heaviest structures. Although limestones, in their normal condition, as well as the marbles, are liable to decay from the action of rain-water charged with carbonic acid, yet this cause usually operates so slowly on the walls of a building that the tool-marks are rarely obliterated in a quar- ter of a century.* The more porous limestones, and some of the marbles which notoriously lack cohesive power, may be more affected by thisaction. The liability to be decomposed and disintegrated by this process is always sufficiently shown in the natural surfaces of quarries ; and in some cases we find the exposed beds crumbled to a mass of sand, while the layers beneath the reach of water and frost are comparatively solid. + GRANITE AND GRANITIC Rocks, In the extensive class of rocks coming under the head of GRANITES, the conditions of durability and causes of decay are somewhat modi- fied by the chemical changes which have supervened among the original mechanical aggregations, and the crystalline character which they have assumed. In these rocks we have quartz, felspar, mica and * The dark compact limestone at the base of the Lower Helderberg group, in some speci- mens in exposed situations, has retained the tool marks for nearly a century ; and lettering cut on blocks of this stone, more than a century since, are still fresh and well defined. These examples may be seen in an old church in Schoharie, known as the Old Fort, from having been thus occupied during the revolutionary war; and in the Lutheran Church near the Court-house, where some lettered stones, from the first church erected in that town, have been laid in its foundations. + In this process, the water dissolves a small portion of the stone as far as it reaches, and thus separates the particles still more; and the further access of water, which freezes in the stone, produces a rapid disintegration of the mass. No. 104.] 211 hornblende to deal with as simple minerals of definite constitution. The quartz or silica is in a crystalline condition. The felspar, a crystalline mineral, is composed of a large proportion of silica with alumina and a small proportion of potash, and often a small amount of soda and lime, with a trace of iron sometimes amounting to more than one per cent. The mica, also crystalline, is composed of silica with a larger proportion of alumina than in felspar, and a lesser per- centage of potash or other alkali, with from three to six per cent of iron. The hornblende is likewise crystalline, and composed of a large proportion of silica with magnesia and lime and sometimes alumina, containing also a variable amount of iron, which sometimes reaches to fifteen or even twenty per cent. We have therefore no new mineral substance introduced into the compound. The alumina, which was in mechanical mixture with the silica in the original stone, has combined chemically with a portion of that mineral, including also some potash, soda or lime, and thus pro- duced the felspar and mica. Other portions of the silica, and some- times of alumina, have combined with the magnesia, lime and iron, to produce hornblende. All these materials have existed in their normal condition in the mechanical or sedimentary deposits, and have taken their present form through chemical action during subsequent metamorphism. ‘These crystalline aggregates may be coarse or fine, and the different minerals be present in very variable proportions, or even one or two of them absent from the compound. The prevailing compounds are of quartz, felspar and mica; or quartz, felspar and hornblende. The aggregates may likewise be of very different colors, the quartz being usually translucent, the felspar varying from white to reddish brown; the hornblende, of a dark green or black color, while the mica may be of any shade from silvery white to a dark brown or black. The predominance of these, or of any one or two of them, usually gives their hue to the mass. The granites or sienites, in which hornblende predominates, are generally of a dark color; and those where quartz and felspar predominate constitute the lighter-colored granites. Asa general rule, the granites are more reliable as a durable building material than any other class of stone, and yet some varieties of them are rapidly decomposed by the action of the atmosphere. In these granites where felspar greatly predominates, or where this mineral occurs in large crystalline masses, there is danger of decomposition. The action of the weather upon the alkaline constituents of the min- eral is the primary cause of the destruction; but this change goes on slowly, and, in the walls of a building, would scarcely affect the ap- pearance of the surface in half a century. The presence of finely dis- seminated iron pyrites is often a cause of destruction in the gneissoid and granitic rocks. Some of the fine-grained felspathic granites with mica are subject to a slow decomposition or disintegration of the surface, by which thin films are exfoliated. Such examples can be seen in some of the older granite buildings of the country. Fewer causes of decay are inherent in the ordinary granites than in any other stone used in our build- ings; and with proper care in selection, a granite structure is com- paratively indestructible from the usual action of the elements. 212 [ ASSEMBLY But it should not be forgotten that a// the granite of a quarry may not be of the high quality desired; and in this rock, as well as in any other, though not usually to the same degree, there will be waste and refuse material. Though generally more free from iron pyrites than the other rocks, yet this mineral does occur in all the granites, and there is rarely a building erected that does not show its presence ; but in all the quarries examined, from which building-material is obtained, this mineral occurs only in scattered and inconsiderable amounts. In those granites, where the crystalline mixture consists of fine or moderately coarse grains of the different substances intimately min- gled throughout the mass, we may count upon a durable building material, and one subject to a less degree of change from atmospheric agencies than any other stone in our country. VIE Moves oF DETERMINING THE CHARACTER AND STRENGTH OF BUILD- ING STONES. In the erection of all public structures, or those of any considerable magnitude, the strength and durability of the material is of the first importance, and that which should receive the most careful attention. In large and heavy structures the strength of the material is of more importance than in ordinary ones, which never approach a test of the strength or power of resistance of the material composing them. Even with all the experience we have had, and the experiments that have been made, there seems to be no settled opinion of or knowledge among engineers regarding the real strength of the various kinds of stones, either in regard to their direct resistance of pressure or their lateral strength. According to the report of Prof. Henry, the com- missioners appointed to test the stone preparatory to the erection of the extension of the United States Capitol, found that the practice heretofore adopted for testing the strength or resistance to pressure was very defective, and the results unsatisfactory. If the result thus ob- tained be admitted, and of which there can be no doubt, the statements heretofore recorded on these points, and the tables compiled from the experiments made, are to be regarded with many grains of allowance in favor of the stone tested. While the instruments employed by Rennie and others were defective, the plan of placing the block of stone to be tested between steel plates with a sheet of lead intervening, in order to equalize the pressure from irregularity of the surface of the stone, or want of parallelism in the opposite faces, gave very im- perfect results. In experiments reported by Prof. Henry, we have the example of a cube of marble placed between steel plates, with lead intervening, giv- ing way at a pressure of 30,000 pounds; while another block of pre- cisely similar character placed directly in contact with the steel plates, sustained a pressure of 60,000 pounds. “This interesting fact was verified in a series of experiments embracing samples of nearly all the marbles under trial, and in no case did a single exception occur to vary the result. The explanation of this remarkable phenomenon, now that the fact is known, is not difficult. The stone tends to give way by bulging out in the center of the four perpendicular faces, and No. 104.] 213 to form two pyramidal figures with their apices opposed to each other at the center of the cube, and their bases against the steel plates.” “In the case where rigid equable pressure is employed, as in that of the thick steel plate, all parts must give way together; but in that of a yielding equable pressure, as in the case of interposed lead, the stone first gives way along the outer lines, or those of least resistance, and the remaining pressure must be sustained by the central portions around the vertical axis of the cube.” This fact, so clearly demon- strated, shows very conclusively that all experiments made upon blocks of stone with the intervening yielding material are fallacious, and really give us but one-half the actual power of resistance possessed by ' the stone tested. - When we add to this fact also the practice of engi- neers as usually stated, that owing to imperfections of the material and other causes, it is not considered safe to load a stone with more than one-eighth of its crushing weight,* it will be seen that we are very far within the safe limits to which any stone may be loaded and retain its integrity. By this process, Prof. Henry has shown that the marble of Lee, Massachusetts, will sustain a pressure of 23,917 pomnds to the square inch. This marble was adopted for, and has been used in the capitol extension or new Capitol at Washington. In strength it is not supe- rior to many other marbles, nor equal to some of the ordinary com- pact limestones, and is much inferior to the granites. In composi- tion it consists of the carbonates of lime and magnesia, and is a true dolomite, as shown by the analysis of Dr. Genth and Dr. Torrey, con- taining minute proportions of iron and manganese. The experiment of using a dolomite on so large a scale will ultimately demonstrate whether a stone of this composition can be relied upon as a durable building material. As before stated, however, the simple presence of magnesia is not of itself evidence of the rapid decay of the stone; a small proportion of iron in some form, or combined with some other mineral, may effect the destruction of a magnesian limestone that otherwise appears sound and durable. Less attention seems to have been given to the lateral strength of stone, than its importance would warrant. When we see, even in buildings of recent erection, the window sills and caps cracked through, and these parts giving way and becoming dilapidated and unsightly, it is evidently a matter of no small importance to be able to decide what amount of weight can be borne by stones of certain dimensions. This knowledge also becomes of the highest importance in view of the manner in which the foundations of heavy buildings are laid; the gradual retraction of the width above relieving the lower and outer layers of stone from the direct crushing force of the superincumbent walls, but testing its lateral strength. t In estimating the strength of a stone to resist pressure, it is not safe to predicate an opinion upon examples of cracking or breaking in the walls of a building, whether before or after its completion ; for a little inequality in the bedding may produce such a result, when, if evenly bedded, the stone would have borne many times the load it has * According to some engineers with but one-twentieth of its crushing weight. + The results of experiments, showing the power of resistance to pressure of several of our limestones, marbles, granites, etc., will be found in an appendix to this report. 214 | AssSEMBLY sustained. In a large and heavy building it is all important that the foundations be firm and unyielding, for on this depends the integrity of the entire structure. Beyond this it is important that the stone be evenly cut, so that the bed of each succeeding block should rest evenly upon those below it. From an inequality in dressing two adjacent blocks of stone to the same thickness, leaving at their junc- tion one of them projecting slightly beyond the other, I have seen the superincumbent block of granite cracked quite through. This break- ing was not due to pressure alone, nor to want of strength in the material, as was evident from the perfection of the wall below, but entirely to the pressure bearing upon the center of a block resting on an uneven bed, or supported at the two ends and not in the center. VIII. CAUSES AFFECTING THE DURABILITY oF A BUILDING STONE, WHICH ARE INHERENT IN THE STONE ITSELF. The causes of disintegration and destruction in the ordinary build- ing stones have already been mentioned under each one. They may be recapitulated, however, in this place. 1. Want of proper cohesion among the particles producing inherent weakness. ‘This condition may arise from the loose aggregation of the crystalline grains of carbonate of lime, or of the compound of car- bonates of lime and magnesia, sand, ete., without intervening cement, or from want of the pressure necessary to consolidate the mass. We have examples of this in the friable marbles and some sandstones. In some cases this condition occurs where the rocks have been much dis- turbed since their deposition and partial or entire consolidation. But this condition as frequently occurs in rocks which, so far as we know, have not been subjected to change, and lie in their original horizontal position. One of the most remarkable examples occurs in the western extension of the Potsdam sandstone, much of which, in some parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota, may be easily quarried with pick and shovel, and readily crumbles into an incoherent sand. Above the Pots- dam the St. Peter’s sandstone has still less coherence, and is shovelled out in the same manner as the ordinary sand of the drift of the sea beach. From this incoherent condition of the mass, we have all grada- tions to the most strongly coherent rock. This condition of the par- ticles, be it in greater or less degree, affects the strength and durabil- ity of the stone. Blocks of stone, wanting proper cohesion, may crack or be partially crushed bysuperincumbent weight ; but ordinary judgment will guard against using such improper material. The cohesion of the particles or grains composing a stone does not depend upon their hardness or density ; for the grains or crystals composing a mass of marble, and having half the density of grains of sand, often produce a stronger stone than one made up of the better material. 2. Porosity. The porosity of a stone is, in most instances, directly dependent on the degree of cohesion among the particles. Crystailine masses are usually less porous than mechanical aggregations; and where the interstices between the crystals are filled with a finer material, it has been shown that the latter is porous and absorbent, No. 104.] 215 while the former resists the penetration of fluids. In some of the crystalline limestones, the cohesion is so slight that the water admit- ted, and freezing, has gradually broken up the mass, and we have a bed of calcareous sand, of several feet in thickness, lying above the rock which yet retains its ordinary consistence. ‘Some of the fine- grained and compact mechanical aggregations of rocks resist the absorption of water in a remarkable degree. 3. Argillaceous matter in distribution or in seams. I have already shown that the presence of a considerable proportion of argillaceous matter distributed throughout the mass, be it calcareous or siliceous, has a tendency to weaken and destroy the stone. Its presence in seams or thin laminz produces the same result, as we have numerous examples to show. 4, Iron pyrites (sulphuret of tron) and other foreign substances. Tron pyrites (sulphuret of iron), whether intimately permeating the stone or occurring in masses, layers or irregular nodules, is more or less injurious and destructive. When not immediately destructive, its decomposition renders the surfaces unsightly by staining the stone, and finally breaking or disintegrating it wherever this mineral occurs. When disseminated through the mass, as it frequently is, it produces slow but entire disintegration. It is not an uncommon thing to find masses of rock, in their native position, completely disintegrated or softened to the depth of several feet by decomposing iron pyrites. This feature is especially observable in the gold region of Virginia, North Carolina and other Southern States. In numerous instances, and sometimes over wide areas of country, the rocks containing iron pyrites are decomposed by percolat- ing rain water, to the general water-level of the surrounding country. In limestones or dolomites, the presence of iron pyrites operates disas- trously ; forif magnesia be present, the sulphuric acid from the decom- posing iron pyrites produces a soluble efflorescent salt, which exudes to the surface and forms white patches, which are alternately washed off and replaced, but leaving a whitened surface probably from the presence of sulphate of lime. If the limestone be entirely calcareous, the salt formed (a sulphate of lime), is insoluble, and therefore produces less obvious results. In some cases, however, the lime of which the mortar or cement is made may contain. magnesia, and the decomposition of the iron pyrites in the adjacent stone produces an efflorescent salt which exudes from the joints. This condition is not unfrequently observed in buildings constructed of the blue stone of the Hudson river group. As an ex- ample, we may notice the efflorescent patches proceeding from some of the joints between the stones of St. Peter’s Church on State street in Albany. The presence of iron in a low degree of oxidation tends to the de- struction of the stone containing it. This is observed in the greenish shales and sandstones and in some other rocks; and this condition of iron, as well as in the form of a sulphuret, may do much injury where it exists. 5. Sizeof constituent grains or particles. ‘This feature has already been alluded to under the head of granites, sandstones, etc. When the separate minerals of a granite are in large crystalline masses, it is an objectionable feature and a cause of decay. Coarse sandstone, ora 216 [ ASSEMBLY mixture of fine grains of sand with pebbles of various sizes, does not usually endure well. Similar sandstones or conglomerates, when par- tially metamorphosed, and cemented by silica, or some siliceous com- pound, are less affected by the weather and are more durable. In the crystalline marbles, some of the coarser varieties are weak from the wart of cohesion or cementing matter between the crystals. The same is equally true occasionally of those which are more finely crystalline ; and we sometimes find a coarsely crystalline marble stronger than a finer one, in similar beds but a few miles asunder, or even beds in the same quarry may differ in this respect. The coarsely crystalline marble of Tuckahoe is stronger than the finer-grained marble of Sing Sing and other places in the neighborhood. So far as the marbles are con- cerned, all the crystalline forms, be they coarse or fine, may be strong or weak. The fine-grained marbles, which show scarcely a crystalline structure, or such only as the calcareous muds might take on in their metamorphism, are the most durable stones of this kind. 6. Cementing materials. I have already alluded to this feature under the preceding head. When the cementing material is clay, or where argillaceous matter predominates, it is rapidly disintegrated by the absorption of water, and freezing and thawing while thus saturated. Where the cementing matter is calcareous, it will dissolve more slowly, and only through the agency of rain water carrying carbonic acid. Where the cement is siliceous, it is essentially indestructible from the effects of the atmosphere and water. The cementing material of the Tertiary sandstones of which the Old Capitol, Treasury and other buildings in Washington were con- structed, is clay and carbonate of lime, and its rapid disintegration from rain and frosts is always observable. As before noticed, some friable sandstones become harder on exposure, and this change has been presumed to be due to the formation of a siliceous cement on and near the surface. Sometimes probably a silicate of lime, or a small quantity of calcareous matter held in solution in the interstices of the stone, may become precipitated as solid carbonate of lime, in accordance to a well-know law, on exposure to the atmosphere. Every geologist knows that not only sandstones, but all other rocks are more easily shaped and trimmed when freshly broken from the ledge or quarry, than after they have remained for some time exposed to the atmosphere or even carefully packed. The hardening or tough- ening process, however, extends but a little way beneath the surface, and the interior of a block remains essentially as when first quarried. IX. CAUSES AFFECTING THE DURABILITY OF A STONE, WHICH ARE AC- CIDENTAL OR DUE TO ARTIFICIAL OR EXTRANEOUS CONDITIONS. Many stones, which with proper treatment or under favorable cir- cumstances might prove a durable building-material, are brought to a rapid decay by conditions to which they are subjected in the structure. 1. The action of freezing and thawiny. 'This alternating process of freezing and thawing is the most trying to the durability of a stone, of any or all the conditions to which it is subjected. Of course this de- pends upon the climate or latitudein which the stone is exposed. The No. 104.] 217 Caen stone of Normandy, and some of the less coherent limestones of modern geological formations are strong enough and quite durable for buildings in Southern Europe or where the frosts are not extreme ; but in a climate like our own, they are rapidly destroyed by the alter- nate action of freezing and thawing. ; Some of the finer sandstones, which have a considerable amount of argillaceous matter, are perfectly capabie of withstanding moderate freezing ; but the extreme changes from a moist condition, or one sat- urated with moisture, to the extreme of freezing,.are fatal to their durability. As before repeated, any stone in which clay enters largely, or a porous stone of any kind, is liable to decay under the extremes of wet and frost. The penetration of moisture among the particles of the stone, and its expansion on freezing, destroy the cohesion of the parts, and the succeeding rains wash away the loosened particies. In this way, during a long succession of years, the surface is disintegrated and the structure gradually crumbles. Although some stones are more susceptible to these atmospheric influences than others, yet none are entirely free from its effects. Even the changes of temperature, without frost or moisture, operate upon the masses of stone and cause a motion of the particles. The observations of Prof. Horsford upon the pendulum suspended within the Bunker-hill Monument show that this massive structure “is scarcely for a moment in a state of rest, but is constantly working and heaving under the influence of the every varying temperature of its different sides.” When to this is added the extreme action of freezing and thawing, it cannot be surprising that the poorer materials will fall into dilapidation, or that the best selected building-stone will ulti- mately give way. This cause operating everywhere, at all times and through all seasons, is a far more active agent in the destruction of buildings than all the others operating together; and though it may sometimes require years for an appreciable change to be accomplished upon a sound material, it is nevertheless constantly going on, however slow the change may be. 2. The improper laying of stone by presenting the faces of laminz to the weather, often hastens the disintegration of the mass. I have already alluded to this especially in regard to the brown freestone which is now so extensively used, and which presents such uneven weathering, from being in part laid according to the bedding, and in part with the bed facing the exterior. 3. The vegetation of microscopic lichens takes place upon the surface of the stone, when, from any cause, that surface becomes roughened so as to afford a lodgment for the seeds or spores of these plants. These growing, still further hasten the disintegration of the stone, and accu- mulating about them the fine dust floated by the atmosphere, become points for the absorption of more water, which on freezing still further roughens the surface, and the patch of lichen gradually extends. These lichens often gain attachment upon the surface of a finely dressed stone, from some little inequality of texture, or from softer material that more readily becomes decomposed, or more readily accommodates the growth of the plant. Such stones in time become partially or entirely covered by lichens, and present an unsightly aspect. The [Assem. Doc. No. 104.] | 28 218 | ASSEMBLY amount and degree of this growth varies with position in reference to the sun, and with a more or less elevated situation. It should not be forgotten, however, that any stone giving root to lichens is not one of those which most easily disintegrate ; for in these the destruction goes on so rapidly, that the surface does not allow the growth of such plants. The lichen-covered rocks in nature are usually those of great strength and durability. None of the softer or rapidly » decaying rocks produce this vegetation. 4. The solvent action of water is never so great upon artificial struc- tures, as upon the rock in its natural position; for in the latter case, it is usually aided by a covering of soil, through which the water is filtered; and if not thus covered, the rock is exposed in broad surfaces to much greater action than in the walls of a building. 5. The oxidizing influence of the sun’s rays is only considerable when aided by moisture, and in this condition scarcely operates except upon iron pyrites and iron in a low state of oxidation. 6. The effect of electricity. Prof. Henry, after citing the effects pro- duced by water charged with carbonic acid, says: ‘‘ Again, every flash of lightning not only generates nitric acid — which, in solution in the rain, acts upon the marble — but also by its inductive effects at a dis- tance, produces chemical changes along the moist wall, which at the present time are beyond our means of estimating.” 7. Liffects from sulphurous gases produced by burning coals. In the unexpected gradual dilapidation of the New Houses of Parliament in London, the causes have been sought and apparently found in an agent heretofore little regarded as one producing serious deterioration - of buildings. The stone is a magnesian limestone from Bolsover moor, _ and was selected as having been found to retain its integrity and to have preserved in a very perfect degree some of the carvings in South- well church through a long period of time. The same material, and from the same locality as stated, has been used in London with a very different result. An examination made a few years since led to the belief that this disintegration of the stone was caused by the action of sulphurous vapors arising from burning coals; which lodging with the soot against the sides of the building, and especially in sheltered positions under the projecting eaves and mould- ing, and thus remaining saturated with moisture under the most fav- orable conditions for acting upon the stone. To this cause, in London, we may attribute some portions of the effects observed in this and other examples. Now it should be recollected that in this densely populated city, with its proverbial- ‘‘ London fogs,” and the burning of bitumin- ous coal, the rising of the soot and its condensation on the side of buildings during the heavy damp weather and fogs, would, as a matter of course, produce some effect upon the stone. Such conditions, however, can scarcely exist in any Atlantic city r (even if in any American city), with our drier atmosphere and the sul- phurous gases mainly from anthracite coal, which gives no soot. In the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, where bituminous coal is burned and the soot lodges against the buildings, we might possibly look for some effect; but the comparative dryness of the atmosphere would-probably counteract the otherwise evil effects from this cause. In considering this cause of deterioration, we shall find it only applicable to special locali- No. 104.) 219 ties; and even in these it may be well to inquire whether other causes have not combined with this one, to produce the results recorded.* I have received from Prof. J. P. Lesley, of Philadelphia, the following observations regarding the influence of climate in different localities, upon stone of identical or similar character. In speaking of the dura- bility of stone in ancient structures it becomes necessary to know the conditions of climate before a just comparison can be made. ““One of the two obelisks erected by Thothmes III, at Heliopolis fifteen or sixteen centuries before Christ, was transferred to Alexandria and is now known as Cleopatra’s Needle. It is of sienite, so streaked with hornblende, obliquely, as to suggest original stratification. Along these streaks; which are of irregular width, atmospheric erosion hastaken place, by the ejection of one group of crystals after another, upon the melting away of the felspathic element. The whole face of the stone has suffered from the same action, but generally to a less degree, than at these exceptional places. Especially all the sharp cut edges have been rounded off. Wherever the solar disc, for instance, occurs, there is now nothing but an unsightly hollow, where originally had been cut a sharp clear circle, with a vertical wall around a central convex tympanum. thus: now: “ All the hieroglyphs from pyramidion to base have suffered in this way. Some are almost indistinguishable, except in the very best slant- ing light of the sun. One or two of the four faces also have suffered more than the others, showing that the prevailing winds have deter- mined the degree of erosion. The climates of Cairo and Alexandria are so different from one another, the former so constantly dry and the other so uninterruptedly wet, that we have a right to ascribe the most of this destruction to the sea air since the removal of the obelisk from its original to its present site. But all the monuments of Egypt, at least up to the first cataract, show marks of atmospheric erosion, in spite of the loose assertion often repeated by travelers, that they are as fresh and their lines as sharp as when the chisel cut them. This is not true of any monument in the open air; but is approximately true of the intaglios in the tombs. Many of the monuments of the middle and classic empires are built of such inferior kind of stone, the only wonder is that they have not tumbled into ruin themselves, through the slow wear and tear of the surface, by the atmosphere. And yet Egypt is one of the driest parts of the world. It must be re- membered, however, that the stratum of air, which lies at night upon the broad bottom of the valley, is charged with the exhalations of the river, canals and irrigated fields, and in this stratum the monuments stand. When the sun rises this moist air-mass is broken up and car- ried over the mountain walls into the desert.” *It may perhaps be worth while to inquire whether the effects ascribed to sulphurous gases are really due to such influences alone. A writer in the “Builder,” for Oct. 30, 1858, says that the river front, ‘‘to the height of the area windows, was built of the Bolso- ver moor stone, but that the remaining upper part, to my wonderment, was built of stone obtained from Anston, in Yorkshire, 2 stone not even alluded to in the report,’’ 7. €., the Report of the Commissioners. If this be true, the theory adopted in explanation of the cause of decay may require some modification. e 220 [ ASSEMBLY ve RESULTS OF THE TRIALS OF THE STRENGTH OF SOME OF THE SPECI- MENS SUBMITTED TO THE CAPITOL COMMISSIONERS, MADE AT WASH- INGTON IN NOVEMBER, 1868. Specimens of the gray gneiss of Saratoga county of one inch cubes placed between steel plates, sustained a pressure of from 16,800 to 25,600 pounds ; the lowest number doubtless from imperfection. The — average of these specimens gave 22,666 pounds as the crushing weight per square inch. Of the dark colored sienite, the range was from 18,000 to 25,700 pounds as the crushing weight; the lowest number in this case result- ing from the want of entire parallelism in the two fases of the cube. The average of four specimens gives 22,575 pounds as the crushing weight per square inch. A single cube, of one and a half inches, from one of the beds of Tribes Hill limestome, sustained a pressure of 66,300 pounds, or 25,022 pounds to the square inch, before breaking. A similar speci- men from another layer of the same limestone, sustained a pressure of 54,400 pounds, or 24,622 pounds to the square inch. Three specimens of limestone from the Cobleskill quarries, in blocks of one and a half inch cubes, gave a range of from 51,000 to 72,700 pounds of pressure before breaking, being an average of 27,407 pounds to the square inch. A single cube of one and a half inches from another bed of the same limestone, gave 21,066 pounds as the crushing weight, to the square inch. Three specimens of compact white marble from Alford, Mass., in one and a half inch cubes, sustained respectively 26,300, 26,900 and 27,000 pounds before breaking, giving very nearly 12,000 pounds as the crushing weight, per square inch. These experiments sustain the opinion previously expressed in my report, that these compact limestones are stronger than the marbles, and equal to many of the granites. In regard to the lateral strength of these stones, we have a right to infer from the close grain and compact texture, as well as tenacity shown in the process of crushing, that they are also superior in that character. I may remark in this place, that the stone used in the New Capitol foundation at Washington, is gneissoid rock or mica slate, and has not the strength of the gneiss and limestones here recorded. The remaining collection of specimens submitted for trial.have been left with Prof. JosepH HENRY, and the results of the experiments will be reported at a future time. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant, JAMES HALL. Norre.— The remarks upon the red or brown sandstone (freestone), are mainly based upon an experience of the Connecticut river stone and in a smaller degree upon that from New Jersey. The sandstone of the same age on the Potomac river, in Maryland, known as the Seneca No. 104.] : 221 creek sandstone, has in many examples proved extremely durable ; and I have been shown a specimen of this rock, taken from one of the old locks on the river where it has been exposed to the elements for eighty years, and the stone is stillsound. This specimen, however, is very compact, highly siliceous, and with no visible seams of argilla- ceous matter. The observations made upon buildings already erected of different material, have been, with few exceptions, omitted from the present re- port, but may be published at a future time. Probably no better service could be rendered to the future architecture of the country than an unsparing exposition of the condition of various buildings and public edifices erected of stone. When it is considered that very few of these have existed for fifty years we shall be prepared to appreciate the extreme dilapidation and ruin which must ensue within the next century. The map presented with the report is colored to show the sources of the several kinds of building stones, as granite, marble, sandstone, etc., in New York and New England, but it will not be published at the present time.* [The author begs the indulgence of his friends and the public, in offering so incomplete a report upon a subject of so much importance as that of building stones of the State and country. The investigation requires much more time to make the result at all worthy of being presented in printed form. This time it has not been possible to give during the past year, and the publication at this moment is beyond his control. The matter has all been put in type and the first thirty-two pages printed off during the absence of the writer, in conse- quence of which several typographical errors have occurred. The memoranda in the margin of some of the pages were made for the writer’s use in giving an abstract of the report, and were not intended for printing. ] XGLe CATALOGUE OF THE PRINCIPAL BUILDING STONES IN THE COLLEC- TION WHICH HAVE BEEN SUBMITTED TO THE COMMISSIONERS FOR THEIR INSPECTION, OR WHICH HAVE BEEN COLLECTED DURING THE EXAMINATION OF QUARRIES. A. Granites and Granitic Rocks. 1. Quincy Granite. Dressed block of one cubic foot. Old Quincy quarries, from the Quincy Railway Granite Company. 2. A smaller dressed block of the same, brought from the quarry at time of examination. 3. Quincy Granite. Light colored, a small block partially dressed, brought from the quarries of Rogers & Co. 4, Gray Granite. A rough block, brought from the quarries at Rockport, Cape Ann, Mass. 5. Porphyritie Granite. A block six by twelve inches, partially dressed, Fall River, Mass., from Geo. Wrighton, Esq., of New York. 6. Gray Granite. Dix island, Maine, from Messrs. Learned & Dickson. 7%. Gray Granite. Concord, New Hampshire, a dressed block of one cubic foot, from the Quincy Railway Granite Company. *This map still remains as at the date of this report. 222 | ASSEMBLY 8. Gray Granite. A cubic block of six inches square from the same. 9. Gray Granite. Fitzwilliam, New Hampshire, a dressed block of one cubic foot, from Runels, Clough & Co. 10. Gray Granite. Berlin, Vermont, a dressed block of ten inches square, from M. E. Howard. 11. Gray Granite. Barre, Vermont, a dressed block of one cubic foot, from Mr. I. P. Harrington. 12. Gray Granite. Barre, Vermont, a dressed block of one cubic foot. 13. Gray Gneissoid Granite. Greenfield, N. Y., a dressed block of one cubic foot, and two dressed blocks of six-inch cubes with several larger rough blocks of the same, from John H. White, Esq., and Dr.. R. L. Allen of Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 14. Dark Colored Sienite. Greenfield, N. Y., adressed block of one cubic foot and two other blocks of six inch cubes, one of the latter polished on two sides. 15. Gray Gneissoid Granite. Luzerne, Saratoga county., N. Y.,a dressed block of one foot by two feet, from Col. B. C. Butler of Luzerne. 16. Gray Gneissoid Granite. Several rough blocks from Moreau, N. Y., from Mr. W. B. Conant. 17. Gneissoid Granite. Luzerne, N. Y., a block of two feet long, twenty inches wide and one foot thick, from Dr. R. L. Allen. 18. Gneissoid Granite. Butter hill, Highlands, N. Y., a rough block, from Hon. A. M. Sherman of Newburgh, N. Y. 19. Light Gray (nearly white), Granite. Specimen of 12x8x2 inches, cut and partially polished. Said to be from St. Albans, Vt., but believed to be from Berlin, Vt. From Mr. Charles E. Young of Oswego, N.Y; 20. Sienite. ‘Two rough specimens from Warren county, from Mr. John Higgins of Troy N. Y. B. Marbles of White or Variegated Colors, Metamorphic and Crystal- line in Character. 21. Variegated and Monumental Marble. Sutherland Falls, Vt.; one dressed and partly polished block of one cubic foot; three blocks of one foot face by six inches thick, polished on one face ; one block of one foot face by six inches thick, one face sand-rubbed and moulded ; one block of 12x12x10 inches, one face polished ; two blocks of six- inch cubes polished and variously dressed. These specimens were all presented by the Otter Creek Marble Co. 22. Berkshire Marble, Silver Blue Marble. Alford, Mass. ; one block of a cubic foot, variously dressed and polished on one side. 23. White, or Slightly Clouded Marble. Lakeville, Connecticut ; a block of one cubic foot, dressed with one side polished; from H. Tudor Brownell, Esq. 24. Marble, Bluish or Dove-colored. Lakeville, Connecticut; a cubic block of one foot, two faces polished ; from H.,Tudor Brownell, Esq. 25. White Marble. Sheffield Mass.; a block of 10x10x8 inches, one side polished ; from one of Mr. Chester Goodale’s quarries. 26, Clouded Marble. Sheffield Mass.; a block of one cubic foot, No. 104.] 223 one side polished; same as the marble used in the Girard College. Quarry of Mr. Chester Goodale. 27. Striped Marble. Sheffield Mass.;a block of one cubic foot, one side polished. Quarry of Mr. Chester Goodale. 28. White Statuary Marble. West Rutland, Vt. ; dressed block of one cubic foot, one side polished. 29. Striped Marble. “West Rutland, Vt. 30. Brocatella Marble. West Rutland, Vt. 31. Marble, Muddy Layer. West Rutland, Vt. 32. Striped Marble. West Rutland, Vt. The preceding five speci- ‘mens are blocks of one cubic foot each, three of the lateral faces dressed in various modes with one face polished, the upper side show- ing the fracture of the stone. These blocks are from the new quarry of Sheldon & Slason, presented by the owners through W. C. Rowell, Esq., of Rutland. 33. White Crystalline Marble. Tuckahoe, N. Y.; a dressed block of one cubic foot, one face polished, the upper side showing fresh frac- ture; from Masterton & Hall. 34. White Crystalline Marble. Tuckahoe, N. Y., a cubic block of six inches square, one face polished; from Masterton & Hall. 35. Clouded Marble. A block of 10x7x5 inches, dressed, with one face polished. 36. Clouded Marble. A dressed block of 8x5x4 inches (blocks 54 and 36 have been received as coming from Dutchess county, par- ticular source unknown). 37. Clouded Marble. A dressed cubic block of six inches square, one side polished ; from the Berkshire Marble Company, Alford, Mass. 38. White Crystalline Marbie. A dressed block of 12x8x6 inches, with one face polished ; locality unknown, probably Tuckahoe or Hastings, N. Y. 39. White Marble. A dressed block of 9x9x6 inches, locality un- known. 40. Clouded Marble. A dressed block of 6x6x9 inches; locality unknown.* 41. White Crystalline Marble. A dressed block of 16x12x8 inches, with one face polished ; from the State quarries at Sing Sing. 42. Gray Crystallme Marble. A dressed block of one cubic foot, one face polished ; Hastings, N. Y. 43. White Marble, coarsely crystalline. A dressed block of ten inches cube, one side polished ; Hastings, N. Y. 44. Gray Marble. A block of 12x12x18 inches, two sides dressed ; from Stockbridge, Mass. 45. Serpentine Marble, Verd Antique. A dressed block of eleven inches cube, with one face polished ; from the quarry of Mr. Walton, Port Henry, N. Y. 46, Serpentine Marble, Verd Antique. Port Henry, N. Y. A specimen dressed as a pillar with sqare base of 9x9 inches and 145 inches high, moulded above, with cylindrical shaft of two feet high ; from Sherman, Esq. of Port Henry, Essex county, N. Y. 47. Serpentine Marble, Verd Antique. A rough slab of 12x18x4 ; Port Henry, Essex county, Noy) * Several specimens have been sent to the collection without the localities having been communicated to the writer. 224 [AsseMBLY, No. 104. ] C. Limestones not Metamorphic. 48. Gray Limestone. Lockport, N. Y.; finely dressed block of one cubic foot; from B. & J. Carpenter. 49, Dark Blue Limestone. ale: Oe weeee . 407-408 COMOCATOTUINY ote uecaieie oes haley 9.6)8 cy ils Aiea aetcae een w en aa 409-415 i ET) ae) ot; Map PRGRReRRDeH HONG Aagitag: Hei: Seite Liga re! SSS RL Ueeter si re ge Oe 416-425 Gl yptocardian cop cn ctes yao bic mien) geuere ie) shel olay austere ae 426-427 PB CANGUIIM ge os sti Mors ate, suc tobsrenePes wate a wate’ ch chs Shc as eceuley Bel Veneta ame neiate 508-509 PalBOMVY aie sie lsle ss eyactuh eRe eto ae eee Se cles ake eens ae 509-510 Promacrus eit feb ec 6 & ae ole SIDE oa rea a ee 5 510 Cytherod Om vaste. oe: 36) s Ae eta oisions pein eee rene eee 511-512 Climo pisth ay. cya's' ss uces aieketceuaus “2 Op eesyrpel Newel Cae MEA tee 512-513 IMOdtel la 6.2 ee ee eae So ti OL thee Oo 514 MMe psi onan ss ates: cu votes ince’ ae 8) age enol aceon me rniee ae 515 Amnigenia........ to oleate ap bate asso itso aoe eel ERROR Ie ee 516-518 TABULAR ARRANGEMENT OF GENERA AND SPECIES ....... 519-540 ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT OF GENERA AND SPECIES... 541-552 OMEN DIBSXG! fac) Stel a, cue, Shas 15) 9s leh ees ei caer ela ater ae ee eda 553-561 No. 104.] 229 SUMMARY. n sill 4 a Sect : =) iS) ie") n c. Co) = - * o 3 NAME. 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(a seis sera aeroatcreciel tor 1 j A ae .. | 65 “fae PRG |pkeoe || ECOTODILOS Se cin ck cpicclaveceasece TEST peeten Piseutpee AL es 3 eels pale eet wealeweopinna: .-)c0cn snentmoocuenes a 11) | SEN | Soen| Arse al eae Riese ine Xe MP MCLENOGESMA. 2.2500 mcisiecicecneiels Seccat line : Neel ae § eAllbe PROM [lero Ee Mal NOPCCVS icra vcberenieetne(cie es clos ais pH ee PN se loca lee - | - XV 1G | ESYSSOPUOLIAS @<)-7< osc cereniece wiecieter BP Waal oe 4) Goel laced (Pas 1 | Vil | Mytilarca sc ...c.c | sGONeGGHoaee Date eo) coculeit elit ae Sue Zee RAVE te) WMGOSSClOthia) .-tecaeccice paces ss i ens|| tec |.- Pal oan Heel peor | - XVIII} 2) Modiola..... celeigiab ulead iersielaie aie Bi ete |e el hoceel hetscel| koe laure : EXSIOXG 24a) NEO GIOMOLP Ale. \ccclele sas ceveciee GYM Baa ayia Vinee Lolita SAP om ol lees 7 ib Woo XX. | 13 | Goniophora ..............- PACeS Oi slate ics : 4 Slee EXOT: | OMICTORON( 5) -/- shies rerece cisiote eel sse'g sce. # 1 Arse, |e ue 1 é PROMS ee Eta ONT CU Bi ote were clvacinig estate asverercisiai- CE eral hae & 1 5 PRAM {ea ON CULECS eects olclalcjetcielsistoisie'siz terse ] Ct ean hae a ee 3 NORTE [Me ed ave: sonccicscte aeceehes cs eon: ACH aE TN pees: ol ae ete rea | 2 KEK 120) || Palzoneilo 22. bec. cs). me aoe Be 1 LOB) 4 Tg 3 ‘ PRON A e53| MACKOGON «<2: 3c cite chereitieleitieicter = Poe eed (Pies, Sc? 1 1 4 EXONGVAT |b 3) | PtyCbOGeSMA sscc. ccccnecte cents Bet | eee Wiel dia U0 (ae IP 2 | : BONG PTE lerdal ON VASS Ar a's wicrm Nels clesinnicis siete ae Tl eee dy oes ll & BOA oe 5 EXORGE RG oT RG MAIMIMYSIAs cnc eniecscne esc) Lop oe Jes | Lo aA es PAN Boe BXeXeXal iol |pnuthydesma.o sons tceneeeessnnee es Tob bese] ack 4H) Des | Bee PRONG e121) HGMONGI a sco ccieecsieces occs eee h lSeretoel Ve ea aca | PE 7 3 Or PROX MO a SD HCNOCUS 2s cs ccs eee cere nice yl eel ora) bt) ie mOulese OXON Coon Spat hella. ccs caccececscite vies kelecnl eel ee Eee Weel | ec | 1 1 EXOXSKEEVE IG 1S Conocardiuin..62 5. e.ccs.en acess 3| 3 7B eater 2 oF XONGRGV Gol | oPanenka ss) nso docconses case ee Al ek eas} een yal eaeaeae lage a [a 24 I os PRONGRVAI MlG ly ptocardiays=.cisesaecceen ee: Bl Meee bea al oes Wepre Ea ae be Z XOXOXC VIET LAivereecardittines,-ceectesches scene: Ser ecu | Weel ies | i by) ee 3 XXXVIII |} 1] Paracardium.. Beit |e) soem Mecha be! a hee Se svete EXOXGXAIENOND ABM (PararGa ein ass sneircain snreeiloue ne Fas) Heat oe Pk een eas Diheeee Ex enol | Cardio psisie, le Chmitariax vo. .cuce ose cose. oes Salter se 1 Be aa NEVA Io. | se noladellacss:. 5 ccsdeseoee esses. Bull Mee | oe 1 a oe Xe BX Gol EH bhonia sons cc cmasseces Cel ae 2 se “ Efe | Orth onobiar. cic .siessciccimecesccccls sic Ate al brat 1 levers 55 ee ali | FP alOSOlE NY 522 os ere cioe ols caretcine ae amd cra lars «| ees a - lS eG MCV PEICAarGginia. oc aceesueenactes 1 DAN or an 1 PAN C55 LITT | 4] Paleanatina... .. sooedadgosac0e BO ee By All eee | ac 4 5) jc WaUVea es erorhyNChus) 2... caccasieclssecees- mets tae sou | ey lita 3 Benois MWe 10s GIOSSIteS iso oof. soealomtes ersiec 1 perce less, lenge 1 PVA etare Hivimella iar occ) wcisecncneoactcle WE | Prctonllf ree 1 e EVeRTS 23) Sanguinolites. 0.05 c2c-c. scence cs Pe heel hae 2 ; TAVEM SPST a Paleo mya: « 2.010 ssatees oct cretideercics ALE RS gS : : Ae TPO Pe Tae TOMACTUS «cs «os co.cc clientele eel celas hee aE 1 50 LX Me FOV EHCrOG ON), <-.--.- vce seieisvisls reine rect (heen ees alsiie ts a0 2 XI eae @linopistha =~; .saei-scedeee se ctee Aalto Cliree j TR Wired fo ee < LXII Pe PENTOGIGILE os, tcc tinsel cinta ciate cahoots « Baan eae oe 5 3 EXE Sas Werambonia, s 2.02 <0 2 sdecs sts 1 se MOL Miers «| sty [aioe TEREVee | ala PAMINIF ONL ... IF WN GI. State Mus. Nat Hist. 39 Plate. 2. a AT Weed,Parsons & Co Albany, NY ae e = “ ve ’ A , { au hd bf . Ae S94 - a he ~ : ie. Gals ~~» KS - i ee ate - ive 7 = +i 4 ‘ - 2 ae re ~ y ne Ps a < ‘ ey . 4 Ps . Us c , > 4. .§ Nar > ms c : > a inf - r: or pa. % i Aes! ; i . eh. MES x) 4 e ou j 2 ne i > - P o C2) el =e ye : ee ee Bee” 2 Pi: a of 1 = ie") » “4 ve eer 4 ‘ : Pa i : : ue . id ay * < a4 ay tae tea ~ y ld ¥ PESO RRT RSA TR Re 2 Oi tate :F aos : «. it Ff < ‘ aN wet 7 Re Sabie > ested die hk 3 : EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3. Fic. 1. Veins of the pulmonary cavity. Fics. 2, 3, 4. Showing the position of the pulmonary cavity. State Mus Nat. Hist. 39. TRITEILI OX TENTION OIE Ss. Plate 3 } c TITS NG TQ oO : i VA» SAW NAN Hh eS J SS i — ) G. B. Simpson, del Weed,Parsons & Go Albany; NY - i} Lf 7 i Puen om J YEA oe - Pa wi 4 i "inde ' 0) noe ‘ , di A - “ot mdi a ‘ 2 - ’ i] : ‘ . ; . ; j b « ’ = 4 * - ny t = ae ; 7 ’ ort a A sf to ; iy x ain ee “ ute ’ « ee - tid x w _ ‘ Sei 7 é ke : : a yer a4 at avr a 4 4 Ne) > ri y3 * A) ve ““ ro ‘ »/ ' [ , ‘or Ps A ~ > 4 = ais: Re ; i : aoe s ba m “ +e “> es ws te BaonD ‘ Cod gi Ce RE SR He CN Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. o Fig. o Fig. Fig. NS EN a EXPLANATION OF PLATE (1) 4. LAGISGA IMPATIENS 2. Sp. Page 129. Head, seen from above, X 15. . Foot, seen from behind, X 20. Long ventral seta outer third, X 230. Dorsal seta, outer half, X 230. Elytron of the first pair, X 15. Elytron of the usual form, X 15. Papilla found on antenne and cirri, X 230. ANAITIS SPECIOSA 2. Sp. Page 1381. Foot, with dorsal and ventral cirri, 12th segment, X 15. . Seta of medium length, outer third, X 7u. Plate a) + Staie Mns Nat. Hist 39 a : rr } As + 4 7 tod 3ig 2585 eh5agac ay 52344 ae | 4 4 : * 5 ae aa ee ee ee ee 4) it ee | tape Lo sl p avd Ne) ae es y g. Ae Fig. Fig. Fig. 10. g. 11. . 12, Sess . 14. 15. 16. If 18. 19. ig. 20. s EXPLANATION OF PLATE (II) 5. PHYLLODOCE ARENZ 2. sp. Page 133. Foot with cirri, from 24th segment, X 40. Foot with cirri, from middle of body, X 40. Seta, outer half, X 450. ETEONE ALBA 2. sp. Page 184. Head and buccal segment, X 25. Foot with cirri, from 8th setigerous segment, X 40. Foot from middle of body, X 40. Seta, X 450. PODARKE OBSCURA Verrvll. Page 135. Foot from middle of body, X 20. Seta from ventral ramus, X 230. PODARKE LUTEOLA 2. Sp. Page 135. Foot from middle of body, X 20. Seta from ventral ramus, X 280. FT LA\ MEN eG NINYINY 7 J Plate (2). 5. tate Mus Nat. Hist 39 D WeedParsons & Co Albany: NY - - * -_ a ae i. Feat Oe ps 9s - Th eee : + é « eS Pe fhe = aw 1.0. raity ah s tid 7 eae - 7 a or) ars dl o hw Ste Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig 5S Fig. 5 Fig. Fig. Fig Fig. Fig. EXPLANATION OF PLATE (III) 6. NEREIS LIMBATA JLhlers. Page 139. . Foot from 5th setigerous segment, $, X 20. . Foot from middle region, ¢, X 20. NEREIS CULVERI 2. sp. Page 140. . Head and buccal segment, X 40. . Proboscis, seen from above, magnified. . Jaw piece, X 40. . Foot from first setigerous segment, X 20. . Foot from fifth setigerous segment, X 20. Foot from thirtieth setigerous segment, X 20, . Foot from posterior segment, X 40. . Anal segment and cirri, X 20. Plate (3).6. ANOINTED OL Pic} State Mns Nat Mist 39. Weed,rarsons & Lo Albany, N 1 EXPLANATION OF PLATE (IV) ?. NEREIS CULVERI 2. sp. Page 140. Fig. 31. Ordinary seta, outer part, X 450. Fig. 32. Falcate seta, outer part, X 450. . NEREIS TRIDENTATA 2. Sp. Page 142. 33. Head, proboscis, and buccal segment, X 40. 34. Proboscis, ventral view, X 40. 35. Foot from first setigerous segment, X 120, 36. Foot from anterior segment, X 60. 37. Foot from posterior segment, X 60. s. 38, 39, 40. Sete of different form, X 450. gq’ 09" 0g" aa" 09’ 09 taj ff Fafa i GONIADA SOLITARIA 2. Sp. Page 146. Fig. 41. Foot from tenth segment, from behind, X 60. Fig. 42. Foot from twenty-eighth segment, from behind, X 60. f. Plate (4) State Mine Nat Hiet 39 & Go. Albany, NY ons ed,Pars Ne A qh i oe a. = aia) ew d t Ae Sony: 30! ; é i 3 i] Spee fe . j : ee i 4 ’ [ yoy vi, es : oan; P ‘ s! ae a ak 4 i J ' f - ve rit ( 147 ! q + . r mn ’ -% eres EY se, (- ii = > a é ; 4 . = ie E ; if fer ‘ a ; hes ; Pe te of f “ind Aye | ai rend an ' ; y See . ia =r ‘ , i =, : i? 4 or, Ate at eu?) f a a, 4 had + HE: AER BA RISD MITE A. AAT : ae ‘ ryt UNE ee eb a) we ge, Cue . i 4 t a Pua] Fi a ’ Vinge 5 5 o> id ea: 7 , ie : ist ee Tek . he 74 = e) ter tee 2 aay rh .. 4 i SI DE As SRS ccs ary, ‘| F 2.4 WY er, oe Mae oe . rae i Ge . ee ir — ad, ‘ a 4 ue (5S fae ; ‘ 1 EE eee / ; i hee ‘ts Palys Pr oe PES Leo oe ee 4 ? - i * oe RAr ee heat F0it 4 i Pa Ys Lapua : Set SE e we AT P : og | Matas. be it \ SURO BERS 1 heat ie, ea a yes ae! ogee | Te oe ey (oF OP EMy EMT Mrs as Oe et Wes) 4, ‘ 7 . 1 oi EXPLANATION OF PLATE (V) 8. GONIADA SOLITARIA 2. Sp. Page 146 Fig. 43. Foot from 45th segment, from behind, X 60. Fig. 44. Seta, outer half, X 450. POLYDORA LIGNI 7. Sp. Page 148 Fig. 45 Head and first segments, without tentacles, X 70. Fig. 46. Seta from fifth segment, X 450 Fig. 47 Ordinary ventral seta. X 450 STREBLOSPIO BENEDICTI n. gen. él sp. Page 149 Fig. 48. Anterior dorsa) seta, X 750. Fig 49. Posterior dorsal seta, X 750. Fig. 50. Uncinate ventral seta, X 750. NOTOMASTUS FILIFORMIS Verr. Page 152 Fig. 51. Uncinus from anterior segment, X 750 Fig. 52. Uncinus from middle segment, X 750 Fig. 53. Uncinus from posterior segment. Fig. 54. Posterior segments with anal cirrus, X 70 ANINIEIWOTA EAE IMON POND A . State Mus. Nat Hist.,39. Plate(s) 8 Weed Parsons & Co Albany NY vt; Aes ¥ 7% é he! cuare } - “ Rf ee rene pay i. ag = } nO HG EDT LRT ta ee tity} egy “i . perc as § sey lt ee 45 ye a 2 r Brokat aT oe ee By WA bc Ly, fe os Pea woe dental bine) ame foes vad Drie gis {14 he NOE eh iB aly detiten “to bro 30 Pale 1S RAR: SB iecary oi 20M: Fig. Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig 5 55 56. 57. 58 59 60 61. EXPLANATION OF PLATE (VI) 9. PRAXILLA ELONGATA 2. Sp. Page 154. Buccal segment, ventral view, X 15 Posterior segments, X 15. Capillary seta, X 230. Uncinus, found on first three setigerous segments, X 230. Uncinus, form found after the third setigerous segment, X 230, PRAXILLA ELONGATA var. BENEDICTI 2. var. Page 155 Anterior segments, side view, X 15, Posterior segments, X 15. A\ IG AIMINIEIGIOD Plate -(6) 9. st.39 State Mus Nat Mm WeedParsons & Co Albany, NY. 62. EXPLANATION OF PLATE (VI/) 10. PARAXIOTHEA LATENS 2. gen. et sp. Page 156. Buccal segment seen obliquely from above, X 15. Buccal segment, side view, X 15. Posterior segments, X 15. _ Capillary seta, X 230. Uncinus, X 230 SABELIIDES OCULATA 2. SD. Page 157. . Capillary seta, with single margin, X 230 68. _ Uncinus, X 450 Capillary seta, with double margin, X 230. ANIEIWORA, (GIEVATR IPP OND A State Mus Nat.Hist. 39 Plate (710. _ Weed Parsons & Co. Albany NY. MEA Tit Ane 3 Py ae IXPLANATION OF PLATE 11. DACTYLOIDITES BULBOSUS. Page 160. Fig. 1. A small specimen, showing the six rays marked by concentric lines at their distul extremities. Fig. 2. A larger specimen in which the bulbous expansious are distinctly stalked. Roofing slate, Middle Granville, N. Y. Plate LL aie) Staie Mus Nat. Hist. 1s & Co Albany, NY o38 c a 5 arene aT $ f f ren if PY Dieses feat, i 3 a) Pee ith ee A , , LT TE EE! 7. ‘ ye" Lf Vareake 4,3 | Firadhs! Bee Mahe. Oey i4ngee " * Mri is EXPLANATION OF PLATE 12. SPIRODOMUS INSIGNIS, Beecher. Page 162. . A transverse section, taken from about 45™™ from the anterior end of a specimen, . A transverse section, posterior to the middle of the specimen fig. 4. . Id. Section of the conjoined valves, at about the posterior quarter of their length. . Id. Ventral aspect of a specimen, which is a partial cast of the interior, showing the form of the shell, the muscular scars, pallial line and crenulated margins. . Id. The left side of the embedded specimen in the rock, showing the expanded crenulate margins of the valves and the pallial line. Waverly group. Warren, Pennsylvania. State Mus Nat.Hist 39. Plate 12. CE Beecher del. Weed,Parsons & Co Albany, N 1 Nid New York State Museum Science Annual report N 39 (1885) Physical & Axpplied Set Serials PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY Vy ie Wy f x on 7 , *. ah