teria ree
Apts yes:

LS.
a, ;
°

St

Say?
a

rene

SSeS z:
iy

<3

Seat

Wake

Eo

sea
Eins

aa

Up

'
fi
‘
i

Ses

+

Ri tic des

ee)
Saat te

~
le re ee

“PY Pretcmwaga Dw ateese tetera ‘ = hmtmatees bE : . . = AAPA REN ARG

34)
J Tedee 7 ye eeee
FT PSone rire

.
.
———— / ~
=) fans °
PR w-Gibson-lavt “5c
— the
4,

ee

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

PENNSYLVANIA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

PART Il.

WM. STANLEY RAY,
STATE PRINTER OF PENNSYLVANIA.
1901.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL,

Harrisburg, Pa., September 1, 1901.
Hon. Wm. A. Stone, Governor of Pennsylvania:

Dear Sir: In compliance with the requirements of the Act of As-
sembly of March 18, 1895, and of the custom which has prevailed
in this Department, I have the honor to transmit herewith Part II
of my annual report for the year 1900. The report contains lists of
oflicers of the various State organizations of farmers in Pennsyl-
vania, together with the Acts of Legislature by which the organiza-
tions were created, and the constitution, by-laws and declarations
of principles under which they act. Some of the papers read before
these organizations are included in the report, and also a number
selected from those presented at the local institutes during the
season of 1899-1900.

Respectfully yours,
JOHN HAMILTON,
Secretary of Agriculture.

1—7—1900

OrrFictaL DocuMENT, NO; 4,

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

OFFICIAL LIST.

JOHN HAMILTON, Secretary,
State College, Centre County.

A. L. MARTIN, Dep’y Secy and Director of Farmers’ Institutes,
Enon Valley, Lawrence County.
LEVI WELLS, Dairy and Food Commissioner,
To May 16, 1900.
Spring Hill, Bradford County.

JESSE K. COPE,

From June 15, 1900.
West Chester, Chester County.

BENJ. F. MacCARTNEY, “economic Zoologist,
Hamilton, Jefferson County.

J. T. ROTHROCK, Commissioner of Forestry,
West Chester, Chester County.

LEONARD PEARSON, State Veterinarian,
Philadelphia.

M. D. LICHLITER, Chief Clerk,
Pittsburg.

GEORGE G. HUTCHISON, Clerk, Dairy and Food Commissioner,
Warriors’ Mark, Huntingdon County.

FRANK 8. CHAPIN, Clerk, Economie Zoologist,
Milton, Northumberland County.

ROBERT 8S. CONKLIN, Clerk, Commissioner of Forestry,
Columbia, Lancaster County.

LEWIS VANDERSLOOT, Stenographer,
York, York County.

GEORGE F. BARNES, Messenger.
Rossville, York County.
(3)

(4)

OFrFiIcIAL DocuUMENT, Nomi:

AN ACT ESTABLISHING THE

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

AN ACT

‘To Establish a Department of Agriculture and to Define its Duties
and to Provide for its Proper Administration.

Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly
met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That
there be and hereby is established a Department of Agriculture, to
be organized and administered by an officer who shall be known as
the Secretary of Agriculture, who shall be appointed by the Gov-
ernor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for a term
of four years, at an annual salary of three thousand five hundred dol-
lars, and who, before entering upon the duties of his office, shall take
and subscribe the oath prescribed in Article seven of the Constitu-
tion. Said Secretary shall be ex-officio secretary of the State Board
of Agriculture, and shall succeed to all the powers and duties now
conferred by law upon the secretary of said Board.

Section 2. That it shall be the duty of the Secretary of Agricul-
ture in such ways as he may deem fit and proper, to encourage and
promote the development of agriculture, horticulture, forestry and
kindred industries; to collect and publish statistics and other in-
formation in regard to the agricultural industries and interests of
the State; to investigate the adaptability of grains, fruits, grasses
and other crops to the soil and climate of the State, together with
the diseases to which they are severally liable and the remedies there-
for; to obtain and distribute information on all matters relating to
the raising and care of stock and poultry; the best methods of pro-
ducing wool and preparing the same for market, and shall diligently
prosecute all such similar inquiries as may be required by the agri-
eultural interests of the State and as will best promote the ends for

(5)

6 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

which the Department of Agriculture is established. He shall give
special attention to such questions relating to the valuation and tax-
ation of farin lands, to thevariationand diversification in the kinds of
crops and methods of cultivation, and their adaptability to chang-
ing markets aS may arise from time to time, in consequence of a
change of methods, means and rates of transportation, or in the
habits or occupation of the people of this State and elsewhere, and
shall publish as frequent as practicable, such information thereon
as he shall deem useful. In the performance of the duties prescribed
by this act, the Secretary of Agriculture shail, as far as practicable,
make use ot the facilities provided by the State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, the State Board of Agriculture and the various State
and county societies and organizations maintained by agriculturists
and horticulturists, whether with or without the aid of the State,
and shall, as far as practicable, enlist the aid of the State Geological
Survey for the purpose of obtaining and publishing useful informa- |
tion respecting the economic relations of geology to agriculture,
forestry and kindred industries. He shall make an annual report
to the Governor, and shall publish from time to time such bulletins
of information as he may deem useful and advisable. Said report
and bulletins shall be printed by the State Printer in the same man-
ner as Other public documents, not exceeding five thousand copies
of any one bulletin.

Section 8. That it shall be the duty of the Secretary to obtain and
publish information respecting the extent and condition of forest
lands in this State, to make and carry out rules and regulations for
the enforcement of all laws designed to protect forests from fires and
from all illegal depredations and destruction, and report the same
annually to the Governor, and as far as practicable, to give informa-
tion and advice respecting the best methods of preserving wood
lands and starting new plantations. He shall also, as far as practi-
cable, procure statistics of the amount of timber cut during each
year, the purpose for which it is used, and the amount of timber land
thus cleared as compared with the amount of land newly brought
under timber cultivation, and shall, in general, adopt all such mea-
sures as in his judgment may be desirable and effective for the pres-
ervation and increase of the timber lands of ‘this State, and shall
have direct charge and control of the management of all forest lands
belonging to the Commonwealth, subject to the provisions of law
relative thereto. The said Secretary shall also be and hereby is
charged with the administration of all laws designed to prevent
fraud or adulteration in the preparation, manufacture or sale of ar-
ticles of food, the inspection, sale or transportation of agricultural
products or imitations thereof, and all laws relating to diseases of

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 7

domestic animals, and to the manufacture and inspection of commer-
cial fertilizers.

Section 4. There shall be one Deputy Secretary, who shall be ap-
pointed by the Governor for the term of four years, at a salary of
three thousand dollars a year, who shall also be Director of Farmers’
Institutes. The other officers of the Department shall be appointed
by the Governor for the term of four years, and shall be an Economic
Zoologist, (*a Commissioner of Forestry), a Dairy and Food Commis-
sioner who shall have practical experience in the manufacture of
dairy products, and a State Veterinarian who shall be a graduate of
some reputable veterinary college, who shall receive an annual salary
of twenty-five hundred dollars each. The Dairy and Food Commis-
sioner shall, under the direction of the Secretary, perform the duties
prescribed by an act approved May twenty-sixth, one thousand eight
hundred and ninety-three. The Governor is hereby authorized to ap-
point one chief clerk of the Department at an annual salary of six-
teen hundred dollars, one stenographer at a salary of eight hun-
dred dollars a year, and one messenger at a salary of six hundred
dollars a year, and the Dairy and Food Commissioner, the Commis-
sioner of Forestry and the Economic Zoologist shall each have a
clerk, who shall be appointed by the Governor, and who shall serve
under the direction of the respective commissioners aforesaid, and
receive a salary of fifteen hundred dollars a year each.

Section 5. That it shall be the duty of the Superintendent of
Institutes to arrange them in such manner as to time and places of
holding the same, as to secure the greatest economy and efficiency
of service, and to this end he shall in each county where such insti-
tutes are to be held, confer and advise with the local member of the
State Board of Agriculture, together with representatives duly ap-
pointed by each county agricultural, horticultural and other like
organizations with reference to the appointment of speakers and
other local arrangements.

Seciion 6. That the Secretary may at his discretion employ ex-
perts for special examinations or investigations, the expenses of
which shall be paid by the State Treasurer in the same manner as
like expenses are provided by law, but not more than five thousand
dollars shall be so expended in any one year. In his annual report
to the Governor, he may include so much of the reports of other or-
ganizations as he shall deem proper, which shall take the place of the
present agricultural reports, and of which thirty-one thousand, six
hundred copies shall be published and distributed as follows: To the
Senate, nine thousand copies; to the House of Representatives,
twenty thousand copies; to the Secretary of Agriculture, two thou-
sand copies; to the State Librarian, for distribution among public

*Abolished by act of Legislature of 1901 establishing a Department of Forestry.

8 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

libraries and for reserve work, five hundred copies, and to the State
Agricultural Experiment Station, one hundred copies.

Section 7. That the Secretary of Agriculture shall have an office
at the State Capitol, and it is hereby made the duty of the Commis-
sioners of Public Buildings and Grounds to provide the necessary
rooms, furniture and apparatus for the use of 'the Department.

Section 8. That all acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith be
and the same are hereby repealed.

Approved—March 13, 1895.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 9

BiSkeou- PUBLICATIONS OF THE PENNSYL-
VANIA DH PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ANNUAL REPORTS.

*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 336 pages, 1877.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 625 pages, 1878.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 560 pages, 1879.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 557 pages, 1880.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, 1881.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 645 pages, 1882.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 645 pages, 1883.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 648 pages, 1884.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 645 pages, 1885.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, 1886.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 650 pages, 1887.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 648 pages, 1888.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 650 pages, 1889.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 594 pages, 1890.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 600 pages, 1891.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 604 pages, 1892.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 718 pages, 1893.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, 1894.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, 878 pages, 1895.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 820 pages, 1896.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 444 pages, 1896.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 897 pages, 1897.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 309 pages, 1897.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, 894 pages, 1898.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1,1082 pages, 1899.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 368 pages, 1899.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1,1010 pages, 1900.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2,— pages, 1900.

*Note.—Edition exhausted.

2

10

No.
No.
No.
No.
1896.
No.
No.

1
13%

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

BULLETINS.

Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 24 pages,

.* List of Lecturers of Farmers’ Institutes, 36 pages, 1895.

The Pure Food Question in Pennsylvania, 38 pages, 1895.
Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages,

Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 38 pages,

.* Taxidermy; How to Collect Skins, etc., 128 pages, 1896.

List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 68 pages, 1896.

.* Report of State Horticultural Association, 108 pages,

Report of Dairymen’s Association, 96 pages, 1896.
Prepared Food for Invalids and Infants, 12 pages, 1896.
Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages,

Road Laws for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896.

Report of Butter Colors, 8 pages, 1896.

Farmers’ Institutes in Pensylvania, 92 pages, 1890.

Good Roads for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896.

Dairy Feeeding as Practiced in Pennsylvania, 126 pages,

Diseases and Enemies of Poultry, 128 pages, 1896.
Digest of the General and Special Road Laws for Penn-

sylvania, 180 pages, 1896.

No.
1896.
No.
No.
No.
No.
1897.

No.

1897.
No.
No.

No.
No.
No.

19:

25.*
26.
27.
28.
29.

Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages,

* Preliminary Report of Secretary, 126 pages, 1896.

The Township High School, 24 pages, 1897.

Cider Vinegar in Pennsylvania, 28 pages, 1897.

Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 31 pages,
Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 19 pages,

Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1897.
Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 74 pages, 1897.
The Cultivation of American Ginseng, 23 pages, 1897.
The Fungous Foes af the Farmer, 19 pages, 1897.
Investigations in the Bark of the Tree, 17 pages, 1897.

*Note.—Edition exhausted.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. li

No. 30. Sex in Plants, 17 pages, 1897.

No. 31. The Economic Side of the Mole, 42 pages, 1898.

No. 32.* Pure Food and Dairy Laws, 30 pages, 1898.

No. 33.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 42 pages.

No. 34.* Preliminary Report of the Secretary, 150 pages, 1898,
No. 35. Veterinary Medicines, 23 pages, 1898.

No. 36.* Constitutions and By-Laws, 72 pages, 1898.

No. 37.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages,

No. 38.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1898.

No. 89.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1898.

No. 40. Questions and Answers, 206 pages, 1898.

No. 41. Preliminary Reports of the Department, 189 pages, 1899.
No. 42.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1899.

No. 48. The San Jose Scale and other Scale Insects, 22 pages,

No. 44. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 62 pages,

No. 45. Some Harmful Household Insects, 13 pages, 1899.

No. 46. Some Insects Injurious to Wheat, 24 pages, 1899.

No. 47. Some Insects Attacking Fruit, etc., 19 pages, 1899.

No. 48. Common Cabbage Insects, 14 pages, 1899. é

No. 49. Method of Protecting Crops, etc., 20 pages, 1899.

No. 50. Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 33 pages,
1899.

No. 51. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 69 pages,
1899.

No. 52.* Proceedings Spring Meeting of Board of Agriculture, 296
pages, 1899.

No. 53. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 1899-1900, 94 pages,
1899.

No. 54. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 163 pages,
1899.

No. 55. The Composition and Use of Fertilizers, 126 pages, 1899.

No. 56. Nursery Fumigation and the Construction and Manage-
ment of the Fumigating House, 24 pages, 1899.

No. 57. The Application of Acetylene Illumination to Country
Homes, 85 pages, 1899.

No. 58. The Chemical Study of the Apple and Its Products, 44
pages, 1899.

No. 59. Fungous Foes of Vegetable Fruits, 39 pages, 1899.

No. 60. List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1899.

No. 61. The Use of Lime on Pennsylvania Soils, 170 pages, 1900.

*Note.—Edition exhausted.

12 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

No. 62. A Summer’s Work Abroad in School Grounds, Home
Grounds, Play Grounds, Parks and Forests, 34 pages, 1900.
No. 63. A Course in Nature Study for Use in the Public Schools,
119 pages, 1900.
No. 64. Nature Study Reference Library for Use in the Public
Schools, 22 pages, 1900.
No. 65. Farmers’ Library List, 29 pages, 1900.

No. 66. Pennsylvania Road Statistics, 98 pages, 1900.

No. 67. Methods of Steer Feeding, 14 pages, 1900.

No. 68. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 90 pages, 1900.

No. 69. Road Making Materials of Pennsylvania, 104 page, 1900.

No. 70. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 97 pages,
1900.

No. 71. Consolidation of Country Schools and the Transportation
of the Scholars by Use of Vans, 89 pages, 1900.

No. 72. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 170 pages,

1900.

4

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 13

aE ELE, EE pe STATE AGRICULTURAL

SOCIN LY.

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES FOR 1901.

PRESIDENT.

Hiram Young, York.

FIRST VICE PRESIDENT.

Cc. H. Bergner, Harrisburg.

VICE PRESIDENTS.

eG OL CHA eVIELL Cc ielelelctetctalers\s\siciaiaeicie\chete’s,cislsisrascisleieveieis| aie Philadelphia.
Pam VAL Tati HELe IVVATR IIIT AISOTI, (oc. «oistelsisla sis lvictsisleie ciel! sie Philadelphia.
3, LESia Bhabha, Shade benlidlen. 5 paso onscomponcd ooo cdadd coooce Philadelphia.
AMG RAG CSM VIO OLNECESe sen cote asolttet a smteiseieielo estore eicls Philadelphia.
Pysee Ncotarel eel re SSM Ui ctee eveletre tenchetotereien «.orislececetens cievo" sei erobenei (ale ajstaiouete Philadelphia.
(hy IDEA MiCl wae TWH Oli weGoreseceosao conten donocoo0 oo.ud Gum Treee.
Coa RO sce ADS Alea laly once poeta boo cece co eo ooo ue Philadelphia.
SRV TUTTE MeN DUCED s wiecersie cic sve telousius cs cteletexttarcievcleLersiereie Analomink,
OP Geor sve Die Stitzels © «svete ce eteccreis ea Stevs epaveustaisa-clnye aie. lei Reading.
PACINO, tien sIVIsyal VINOD tare tenateteroseuesare clevcisiereiavere © Set clorenacsits) ersielere Lancaster.
Ml eA ere sa YK OUITN SYA is wichavcvate siae sinvctacie tesceleie biere Meiogels eisieicleleys Millville.

Bese Eden Eo OO WaT ulaataratave overs sapnci sss cielo reters ei acehevestoave ayers = etavors Dalton.

ye
oo

Bee ee) oct DET eA Wony Mee wc rotate seh cveee (evovoveniet s:o Gua steve mieraz sid eiernl eiavsieOys Pottsville.

Eh en Cee PER OPO MET o. creis ois) sjeisiane 6.sncieseis: er sine wiste.e v/efarielene! sieceie\eis Harrisburg
aL ESTE OUTS led ONC Ese ete: ol cca vrererisieielova crass Wievarete wee clsieletslcieie 6 sisi se Wysox
Ga rNO CARES OTe Fat crete ieretescinie sale: specie late atarecneelera reli vielsie"ie ere Cedar Springs.
if Seanwbveyl! Meyerel otra onhavey Gopanaapodos.on covoncooomdaeboD Northumberland
See et esrarayae Cm bat SOT ores cteialerselieroh a assis oleroyeresorateyedaley ster stolere Huntingdon.
sO FIN seg 3s Oot C CNL OL ion eyes a ateyortcisieysiehsiorereevarereteieicist sielsersielate Critchfield.
PANS, (CEC) Si oii] 8 [FLT Ee eo Goold CR OTIC RenCCIC Or OOREIeC orc Pittsburg.
PAL. JOseyolal (SOS. Goto oboess obobose cue domo cee coopcDoOoT Pittsburg.
ae cD oat 1) St MESGHT ISTO AL TALC ae taveireve fever eo tore ciiereire levee avers (aievev'e olateiele North Liberty.
DOF Coe MOL INICOM ya le cetsfolcitese ents aisle, ove < slats, Sterelase eel mokeeiels Fairview.
A OV Ld TIA E> OW. lew creteteiakelereis (a e\ cuore sievecelsis) eis verereneie ersverevacsiete Springboro.
PME TAI; ae ETL VoW UT Clete Yo) ciaveie «a, «16 sais, Ss sisis s terouneteenetters State College.
owe Daniele Ele METASTINIES,,. eicitatic:ccWarapsvelors cavslorotarshetettetel shores Bellefonte.
LEO S tO VOLO LOW taisralere ais scale a stale tleisvareistulel e etetersteleteTerelovsterere Meadville.
POMEL EW OTs, MIs Eccl a citvaicle crersrecelavelelelejieta crea elevelwieie . Warren.

AT LARGE
VTE ACT SLOMEZ peatptes siciscieicisl sis leleleeteialaieiwatclejeicielelsie sve.c\e Harrisburg.

John Hamilton,

See Leeattueia apeiats. dla aiamiertioen Peieedere aera iateve acele low State College.

14 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

ADDITIONAL MEMBERS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE,

Tew Wee VC CAUMICY, ces cicieets oiled cise 'c) os 0 verses \s «inWioeielate West Chester.
BS MESS PECILLO TLOT GO, vveyec eis steicls = dte'sjeie(ole101 « «-0;spils/aheh sisiers ielousivte Harrisburg.
TTSITOS Meee OTLES 6 Ulerctev crew cei) aria wid ofejoisse oe of ojousperevel eV nisl stareteietals Harrisburg.
RS ST OTs cic cic aic.c o'er ee vie 0ir oles ole e lo.creiohe lous loisia\e(olsetabataRaiats Harrisburg.
Pe INISSIOY:s ccc cs e100 sisie oie oe oninis » clue els o\elelniabainie olshelsherators Hummelstown.

CORRESPONDING AND RECORDING SECRETARY.

BUMS INASSI@ Yio. cielc.cte cc <= a10terelale-slaloisialefeloielatelaetenereiniatteustolalaiere Hummelstown.

Werth: RUERerEOrG ss occcis-ctyetecteretspeeteerettoraatetetelatetel felsieyaiar> Harrisburg.

CHEMIST AND GEOLOGIST.

FRU Sh Ears) Com ore ctereetete rotate aneleleladetetavelalateheyeleratelelstarelshere Harrisburg.

AN AUR Ehasiel Slee! Hellen Ae jc UGrickr ORood GOGO CObOne ao neon Sar Harrisburg.

EVITA YOUN acl stew, o'o, sre rnle siolotelsteteinysio cielo iakeiotayi Tels tietetexals York.

Jae INISSI Ew: sccm BE RS a Caieriicro.oo.c 8 HOM Oe Hummelstown.
IDE WEA WAIST, Geco de SO RERronrierond cp Soc Gaonno€ Gum Tree.
Wi UB AR TIE CEEOT GE, ajoacic ore. «boise eierela\sts eters ofsie atete weaserecetetele Harrisburg.
CE GE Ber PACT eerie ore nis icradotorsiettepera wiale einistelvicielsiebelettanetet Harrisburg.

COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION.

Ghas: 32. VOOrheess, secre. Serato d Smeiete trie heave eee taleks costs Philadelphia.
CoE: Berener, secret tbe sites oeisifersics ometesiecetoracsteietete Harrisburg.
Pie vir MG Caley mrterteta ee oke uae oletstare tate tetieietelietaters chats West Chester.
i DE (ad flo} oY en Miao Andina - SHogowase ongocddas Harrisburg.
eee INISSIEY:, ~ ci. orev cc ese chalet orereiotercinveleetaeteteicisiiele attaletpelerete Hummelstown.

IEMA: YOUTIE,. <i. sce ciitice + <> cnlehcereuaeteereneate tema ototiae York.

shay tes SNISSICY:, wicie woth dulce noc. 0'e = opto meatoned lorapebatt tet stetaleeietey ste Hummelstown.
Ghats ietul S32) deals) 2 EEE mcr GCOS Hic ORO EOOS Harrisburg.
HOVE MOLE 5 cs as-ocrdiw on ae sip seve alaterael eekalodetotel oreptton attest ke oista Wysox.

Ue tC ome Ee LEITOE COT CP he wrciatein ole As 0inroyaiar clobeveleteieh potent eeteteretmiets Harrisburg.

COMMITTEE ON PRINTING.

WittitAr seo e: ce ates vemrtercciieth, sd ai usin ai doer oes ... Harrisburg.
yA s Nea 9 bo ees coeecl cir Ie MCR AOC icine coc Ic Lancaster.
BAY 5 WU AISOM,. nd iatcl aatelele Ria eer ere ope eialeraleyeleve, sleValu ta W eeeatemrantes Gum Tree.

Since deceased.

Off. Doc.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 15

ACT: TO INCORPORATE THE PENNSYLVANIA ciate AGRI-
CULTURAL SOCIETY.

Through the efforts of a number of prominent men of Pennsylva-
nia in the year 1851, the following statute was passed by the law-
making power of the State:

An Act to incorporate the Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society.

Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly
met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That
George W. Woodward, James Irvin, E. A. Thompson, Frederick
Watts, T. J. Bingham and others, who have subscribed the consti-
tution lately adopted by a convention assembled at Harrisburg, to
improve the condition of agriculture, horticulture and the household
_arts, be and they are hereby created a body politic and corporate in
law, by the name of “The Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society,”
and by that name shall have perpetual succession, and have capacity
to sue and to be sued, and may have a common seal, which at their
pleasure may alter or renew; they may take by gift, grant, devise,
bequest or otherwise, lands and tenements, goods and chattels, nec-
essary for all the purposes for which the society was instituted: Pro-
vided, The annual income therefrom shall not exceed ten thousand
dollars, independent of annual contributions by members, and the
same to convey, lay out, apply and dispose of, for the benefit of the
said society, as they under their charter and by-laws may direct.

Section 2. That the members of the said corporation shall have
power to make and enforce such constitution and by-laws as may be
necessary for the good government of the society, and the same from
time to time to revoke, alter and amend, as they may think proper:
Provided, That the same shall not be inconsistent with the Constitu-
tion and laws of this State.

Section 3. That the sum of two thousand dollars, out of any money
in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, be and the same is here-
by appropriated to the said society; and annually hereafter a sum of
equal amount to that paid by the members thereof into its treasury,
affidavit of which fact, and the amount so raised by the treasurer of
the society, being first filed with the State Treasurer: Provided,
Such sum shall not exceed two thousand dollars in any one year.

16 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc,

Section 4. That when any number of individuals shall organize
themselves into an agricultural or horticultural society, or any
agricultural or horticultural society now organized within any of
the counties of this Commonwealth shall have adopted a constitu-
tion and by-laws for their government, elected their officers, and
raised annually, by the voluntary contributions of its members, any
sum of money, which shall have been actually paid into their treas-
ury, for the purpose of being disbursed for the promotion of agri-
cultural knowledge and improvement, and that fact be attested by
the affidavit of their president and treasurer, filed with the commis-
sioner of the county, the said society shall be entitled to receive an-
nually a like sum from the treasurer of their said county: Provided,
That said annual payment out of the county funds shall not exceed
one hundred dollars: Provided further, That but one such society
in any county shall be entitled to receive such appropriation in any
one year, under this act.

Section 5. That the president of the Pennsylvania State Agricul-
tural Society, who shall receive or expend any of the moneys hereby
appropriated, shall annually, on the first Monday of January, trans-
mit to the Governor of the Commonwealth a detailed account of the
expenditures of all the moneys which shall come into his hands under
this act, and stating to whom and for what purpose paid; and a copy
of the said report shall be transmitted to the legislature at as early
a day as practicable, and the original shall be filed in the office of the
Secretary of the Commonwealth. And the presidents of the several
county agricultural societies shall annually transmit, in the month
of December, to the executive committee of the Pennsylvania State
Agricultural Society, all such reports or returns as they are required
to demand and receive from applicants for premiums, together with
an abstract of their proceedings during the year. This act shall at
all times be within the power of the Legislature to modify, alter or
repeal the same.

JOHN CESSNA,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
BENJAMIN MATTHIAS,
Speaker of the Senate.

Approved—The twenty-ninth day of March, Anno Domini one

thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.
WM. F. JOHNSON.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 17

*

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA
STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Subsequently a constitution and by-laws were adopted by the
Society, and from time to time amended until they are as follows:

NAME AND OBJECTS.

The name of the society shall be The Pennsylvania State Agri-
cultural Society. The objects of this society are to foster and im-
prove agriculture, horticulture, and the domestic and household arts.

WHO ARE MEMBERS.

Section 1. The society shall consist of all such persons as shall pay
to the treasurer not less than two dollars, and annually thereafter
not less than two dollars; and also, of honorary and corresponding
members, the names of the members to be recorded by the secretary.
_ The officers of the county agricultural societies in this State, or
delegations therefrom, shall be members ex-officio of this society.

The payment of twenty-five dollars shall constitute life member-
ship, and exempt the members so contributing from all annual pay-

ments.
OFFICERS.

Section 2. The officers of this society shall be president, vice presi-
dent from each congressional district, three-fourths of whom shall be
practical agriculturists or horticulturists, a treasurer, a correspond-
ing secretary, a recording secretary, a librarian, an agricultural
chemist and geologist, and such assistants as the society may find es-
sential to the transaction of its business; an executive committee,
consisting of the above-named officers, and five additional members,
with the ex-presidents of the society, all of whom shall be elected at
the annual meeting in January by the qualified members of the so-
ciety.

OF THE PRESIDENT.

Section 3. The president shall have a general superintendence of

all the affairs of the society.

FIRST VICE PRESIDENT.

That at the annual election of this society there shall be elected
from one of the number of vice presidents, one of said officers to act
2—7—1900

18 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

as first vice president, whose duty it shall be to act as president in
case of absence or the death of the president.

EX-PRESIDENTS.

That whenever the number of ex-presidents exceeds five (5), the
name receiving the lowest number of votes shall be the one dropped
from the list of officers.

OF THE VICE PRESIDENTS.

It shall be the duty of the vice presidents to take charge of the
affairs of the association in their several districts; to advance all its
objects; to call upon farmers to report as to the condition of agri-
culture in their neighborhood; to ask for information as to the
modes of cultivation adopted by different farmers; and, as far as in
their power, to make known the resources of their districts, the
nature of its soil, its geological character, and all such matter as
may interest farmers in every part of the State.

TREASURER.

The treasurer shall keep an account of all moneys paid into his
hands, and shall pay bills when audited and approved by the execu-
tive committee. Each order for payment must be signed by the
president or chairman of the executive committee.

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.

The duty of this officer shall be to invite a correspondence with all
persons interested in agriculture, whether in the State of Pennsyl-
vania or elsewhere, but especially with our consuls in foreign coun-
tries, that new seeds, vegetables, or live stock may be introduced
and their fitness for cultivation and propagation in our climate be
tested: At each stated meeting of the society, he shall read his cor-
respondence, which shall, either the whole, or such parts as may
be selected by the society, form a portion of the transactions. He
shall also correspond with the president or other officers of each
state society in the United States, at least twice in the year, for the
purpose of combined and mutual action, and to be informed of the
results and progress of each other’s efforts; also, to invite mechanics
to forward models or implements for examination or trial.

RECORDING SECRETARY.

The recording secretary shall keep the minutes of the society and
of the executive committee. At the close of each year he shall pre-
pare for publication such parts of the minutes and transactions of
the society as may be designated.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 19

The recording secretary shall have power to approve of such bills
and contracts as he is authorized to make, and the treasurer shall
pay the same.

LIBRARIAN.

The librarian shall take charge of all books, pamphlets, etc., be-
longing to the society, and shall act as a curator to preserve seeds,
implements, or whatever property the society may possess.

In case of the death of any of the officers of this society, the presi-
dent shall have power to fill the vacancy by appointment until the
next annual meeting of.the society.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND QUORUM.

The executive committee shall transact the business of the so-
ciety generally; shall superintend and direct the publication of such
of the reports and transactions as they may deem proper, and shall
designate the time and places for annual exhibitions, regulate the
expenditures, examine all accounts, and keep such general charge of
the affairs of the society as may best promote its interests.

They shall select their own chairman, and meet quarterly, and at
any other time when convened by the president; five members shall
form a quorum.

They shall call special meetings of the society when necessary.

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY AND QUORUM.

Section 4. The society shall meet annually, on the third Wednes-
day of January, at Harrisburg, when all the officers of the society,
not otherwise appointed, shall be elected by ballot for the ensuing
year, and until another election. The polls shall be opened at 10
A. M. and closed at 12 o’clock M., when the result of the election
shall be announced. They shall also hold a general meeting at the
time of the annual exhibitions, and special meetings whenever con-
voked by the executive committee.

Fifteen members shall form a quorum for the transaction of busi-
ness, but no member in arrears shall be entitled to the privileges of
the society.

QUALIFICATIONS OF VOTERS.

Section 5. No annual member hereafter shall be entitled to vote
for the election of officers of the Pennsylvania State Agricultural
Society unless he shall have been a member of the previous State
fair, and in default of a State fair, then three months’ previous mem-
bership shall be necessary.

Section 6. No one shall be eligible to office hereafter who has not
obtained a right to vote under section five.

20 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ALTERATIONS.

Section 7. This constitution may be altered or amended at the
annual meetings in January by a vote of two-thirds of the members
in attendance.

All amendments to the constitution, to be voted upon at the an-
nual meeting of the society in January, must be submitted to the
meeting of the executive committee in September preceding said
annual meeting of the executive committee in September preceding
said annual meeting.

As will be noted by 'the foregoing act of Assembly, constitution
and by-laws, the Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society is not a
stock company, and has no stockholders. Any person, on the pay-
ment of $2, is an annual member, and any person paying $25 at one
time, immediately becomes a life member.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 21

MEMBERS

OF THE

PENNSYLVANIA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

FOR THE YEAR 190I.

MEMBERS EX-OFFICIO.

Hon. WM. A. STONE, Governor.

GENERAL J. W. LATTA, Secretary of Internal Affairs.

DR. N. C. SCHAEFFER, Superintendent of Public Instruction.
DR. G. W. ATHERTON, President of the State College.

HON. E. B. HARDENBERGH, Auditor General.

PROF. JOHN HAMILTON, Secretary of Agriculture.

APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR.

ons He Aj Gripp,/hyrone, Blair) Countyycae. «00 cet sre cece oes. Term Expires 1901
Pee oun=.) Middletown. OauUphin= COMME cn aici isles «oe ei Term expires 1902
Col. R. H. Thomas, Mechanicsburg, Cumberland County, ....Term expires 1903

APPOINTED BY THE STATE POULTRY ASSOCIATION.

Hon. Norris G. Temple, Pocopson, Pa.

ELECTED BY COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

Term expires.

GINS ta oreo ree riers yore AY Ge VViCIOMECT © 2.0 ci-cietiePANeCNOLSVAlLGs Bah eee tOOS
PNWeeHeN Vance eects cwicsic Sere PES UIIINS See yereice es creer Clinton nadccincnde el O08
FAT IMStTONE) Nixcse wee ssrerelels See ply nolden, i. s.-ce ae 1 DA ={=76) ol] ob Td a a ee 1902
HS CAWICT So cccne satiate cle sierele Me Asv CEO sctncckee eseate MeCleany ei Cn eonnccee. 1902
LE Cfo hore Ione ia aie oo Saas aae Ws "(OL MEE. Soa ciacie caer IBCOTOEGs Hones ie wale cue 1902
IBYETA KR Seopa ac Batic pA Sock IOn HG. McGowan, <. 4.9.5. 1Gelfers Mills, .........1904
TS1EnIGS SE omoem ouEesontooodd WNT GOKEL | vctvete ete netete terrence Hollidaysburg, .......1904
PSUAULONG marr. wien veces La PiOlety o. cempitnce stra WWAV SOM : ae sic /acras ste oeea O04
TERUG Se teeta .a sinus Pere ners biaten sieve CS; Balderstonsypecese<-: aS ag. anche ares ere Oe
Ubler irene sate tens cece WW a Edy EL. RIGO ae ere crete note Ute riveree cctecoteiee 1903
Cambrian wcia dee sisdles ssice.ee H. J. Krumenacher:. .... INicktownl -.- sec eee loos
GNITOT OILS aieeie teens Geis ap ccs VV.~ OV 01: El OW CUE cpeotereersiat bc sscre EM POTIUM masse sere. eed GOR
Cg STR OPTI S Aoki AOS Ped dere le MMIC eA. C10t C015 A Gp 8th MERE ERI ERE apt hs Ei Ra ae ri Se é

EMEC tte Mal Tetrct ae) ela wtaiet < chic’ «loins tiecrthe Peta enna etalaselcialislete rs ola Sarewtse Siojacsiacceccid ae vec 1900

22 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Term expires.
Chester, Sponoe sca sa! Bhs Clon g tse aa en Garticos Wrest Grovwel ca. sascee 1903
‘Cifraloray 54 Golodinomowanvaoon os Sy Be MeClellant, cia. cecsrte KinOX 2 wonchcie accent nee 1904
LSATH CIES | Wisiiarsaseoisetertars os Je We NGISOns Schce cataromcs SHa@wMut jipaces.ceie-teeeee 1903
OTITIEOTI A tee aisttre siete ais ae Ue AstHerr, a-cecdtecce oes Cedar Springs, ........1902
OMNIA. seeks esis eke eles Be Ve White; = fcc eecceecen Bloomsbury ss eeeeeees 1903
CrAWLOTG Wiles. asic ee toiserels @ M: W. Oliver), cy. cscnes CONNECAULVIIIG, | 52-5 sees
CUMPCLIANG yy eri -ieie(c eleteleieeieie GC. ERS SMa shor oyetoterayete siekeles= Mount Holly Springs, 1903
Dauphin, Uiseb ieee pee CAL, DAR Deri oso eseercrr ELATTISDUL Sec homeo 1903
TVCLA WATE a F dslewisicrsteisislestate lola J. Milton swt, tesa ees. Dilaneren,,-.. sts ste facteaer 1904
PET erates cin sreye sic vete to's nic eleiw eseleieie Branike Simpson sacerencnie- RIGSWaAy. "choske acer 1903
DENTS OS perctaarel ore cus te eiesei ons) ciagsietanay ans EY AT IC atiees - s.0-S- ea ote OW AVILLEs, oresan creer reece 1904
INV OUtey - cevens: ci \eeieinine cleters Dros MEL ING Zia Sel racers sels raters Merrittstown;," 22. .sene 1903
FOTOS U1 ~-evadteveo-serste stele olor CASS Bandalll, ices sececioines TiOnesta:t 7.7 scmseceeeeee 1904
lhadtaldhiole Sanco asunoscdes ooo COB EPCS Cy sea csere jarcrats eosais oie) WiEhpoNly Konegisoeheeascs 1902
HE TLC O Tee syeccveye on eiota eteveistereler cree R. M. Kendall, --McConnellsburg, ...... 1904
GPEC EG ioe wisp tre civarsiciesionreiine B. F. Herrington, See WA MCS DIS ae cee. eoiee 1904
Huntinedons Geoocecste see G. G. Hutchison, .. Warriors’ Mark, ......1903
Ty aT ais- we ciate erste sjerels cetvarctote Spe NLy Mecibleniy:s...% cre. sain Indiana’ | s.thisawescsrheers 1904
JeTLCTSONG Mic cstcstecisonteeres J. Newton’ Kelly)... .-<ss Granges Access cise sete 1902
SUMLACAS ecto cece meets IVES ER OGIO LS Secieriavs credetecietetets = Mexi GOs eson valerate asm 1903
Lackawanna, anode WV otNOLth Up atone Glenburn yt ead «foie 1903
ANCASTER aasaeccioc meres tae W.-H Brosius;, sce. set ee CEN C1eTiasori ieee 1904
Lawrence, weeeeeee Samuel McCreary, ........ Neshannock Falls, ...1903
TAC DAMON Tcevarereerctsl mete ciactes BE t@ ASN aivielynes emacs wales Hebanony, eeccrces terete 1904
TOTS, Saas sic evsrs isesisi aveletaraietere Jie usr SCHTEIDEL veces verse Fosensacks ajo nea 1903
UAT ZETNTC tector ste /otcieictsicleveonevsicvers A fo} oh cM heeled ohlbhoy=esano on deans Dallas. ites cadiowiet 1902
TaAViC OMIM Ls cote aacisisleciersre ciate AAS de. IRANTCTS mace ot apctscies Hughesville, .......... 1903
IICIRC AIS. Poiai5 %tisls oo secre cto’ Chas! IN: Barnetij.tcsee Port Allegany, svete 1903
MVCN C CIs Merete) cide cicleis,siis(nolerslae csohne Tee Grillin. ae ECT COM ac crevelesstetenctot error 1902
VT T ETA LTD Ste crstay acts alevousie vereleveustaete D. EH. Notestine, a leet oe slo UWI STO WIL, Selers arent cei siets ‘1904
IMTONTOCS aeeiesleticresieieyea (eds ole RUSH. Schwarze .oscccce seisie Aa OMIT Keli teat eet 1902
Montgomery, Sew o eid MC RLOMM terete atom career mictcioiere North Waleés))........0Lo02
MON TOUTS. seis cei sitemeter Je Ke Murray, esse eee EOLESETOVE ethos erick 1904
Northampton, “.eccecece WVite aH AB CCIE tact. sencteleetaste Nazareth wri ae-ni-< ieee 1903
Northumberland, ......... J. Assliseh bach. “oe. seme IMGtOT ee dc cote steele 1903
Perry, j WANE rity: tpi her = felkastehold, og Aomenscobo. INGK OG AS nae certs mercarsiets 1904
PHAGE PNIA, + steciee ie elec era BH onsdale yw. cacchecees Chestnwteblie soca 1904
153); ee Ror emneer rintcnntic Conocinc ro. s cab OOUOLTOOnCODOUCn -cncdcL soc cuatbopagocvan
POLED 5) ois Sieccin ci c(ueih a 0:0 8 19,61. u'e acsnlaars eleheture ete alatoaTetetols areler eis hemiciel aeeteteumtahe terest alehectetar ater ioiats 1900
Schuylkill, J sicvoin.s) WW ine SU OU E ear ele eiataiers chee Pine= Grove, ...c. secs 1903
SMO Ol a rantoclsnic telcusmaisie ecucels J.-B Boyer, .¢.0-..-s.s20+- Mount Pleasant: Mills;.1903
SOMMPEIBEL, Gick nccisciste sie tcleiee's Nene OriLe hielo tne cycle cia. Oritehnfelds os sciccnaseee 1904
SINK ola pe aR oOo ceo: Je WW) FROGS SESS versie tere siete PEL ODINS Vall; eateries afoot 1903
Susquehanna, ............. CW. Brodhead sgaecamene Montrose’... eec0 oes ane 1904
Ao fia: i a og ae IO Ce 1 Die F123 Ko Raa he Site CODY LOLI, iia teeerrares 1902
MMEUAG AY Octave lets role avateire leikio ta cla isle J. Newton Gloversis.icner oe VUCKS DULL] ecm peice es 1902
INIOTIATIE O8 fee icbiwe is loll o (eievatstainieie August Morel. a. saci OU SIL ys aes wank wsrestes gos 1904
SWVEINTON, tas cic-ctiie'e bicloiesisions ainlare Red: Weld. iecckeeee seme Sugar Grove, .........1904
Washington, mae ls ery Shee ULESeCLUSLO WIL, vents 1902
UVEITIS 5. Sino: a tra sictccetant Wiabeininte Warren EF. Perham, ...... Is PCW =a: h gf: cepa pon 1904
Westmoreland, .......esece M. N. Clark, leech. = Claridge, be accobercabiaiemics 1904
VOUT EY. cic c.sine esis Maren eae D. A. Knuppenberg, ...... Make. Carey, is easeind oan 1904
LOVE, dia’ wins 6: oe v'6.0'v. 910.06 v8 ed ine piniwiceinis ale /ee eG oie wie StcleW Rinietaetelsy Viale hiaisie aie'sistas nie eetnis Cee Tare 1901

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 23

PRESIDENT.

Eon. Wiliam A.-Stone; GOvernor, ..:...0.s00c cece Harrisburg.

VICE PRESIDENTS.

Dr. M. E. Conard, La eae etavetiate fast stiavalle eraibvers foley ween ate West Grove.
ROMAN VMAS TO CHIVCEIG ge vac cnra sc. te 10 ole ors suds as bvoraveieee aleieie Yarare cae es Montrose.
tam ey AV VICI OA” core Cuavatnicres isis ¢ co 6/0 ti-ore s's'aciwis seierclalarsieis che sie ave Sugar Grove.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

OFFICERS.

EMOTE ee NS eS COMES, | Sie 'eia's chereve:c cte'e: gate slorera slaleyste sistdtmeretete Harrisburg.
DIOR GST et Tes 20: Sis ce. ontnialk clalete stale iate ose Gus ewe eee eels .Claridge.
Par ce as Ek eed ge aes ene Hughesville.
; Ele Gro MCGOW alls, (cc../, wai ania nietalainle ave siainelaiscrsiels trees esis Geiger’s Mills.
EPs One SIT DE Ye we ier cirstetal cvorera: setae stele acai eiesa ioe siioaleiereie aes sass Lebanon.
Mivs Laly Sino eae Aeonemot cone ot nnie DOoC CAGE Cea ae Pine Grove.
Vieme TU MES Chicora rai cist Sista aoc iefats acl nie aie Sw Miso cle besa Sotelo eee Nazareth.
ESOP ORCOTI maces ora eicle eietators ciolaiee elev lee Pistele Sea Sere eee North Wales.
POMM@ ELA LOMs = SCCECLALY GN leinc So lsicie clers cs aicleln <.etetee nes Harrisburg.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE.

DOMME MICOMs “SCCLCLATY., arco cic cicte, cic oeie-cale as clew'esie-cle Harrisburg.
NV MPRmMIN oeesOO) Pea Key lieve eleven Ahavsielsvaiaia sacs, oe eva\s: visreie craveisyeis a avelean avers Claridge.
APA ions rs MOIVE GC Gr © WA TDs) ne aiais) cpa eels eos Sie bis'sie hes aaisa.s. ere Saves selad Geiger’s Mills.
SVsta Tenet eeEs C Che ieeyeyeey eosin leecieiaciainc 2 cise Scie asreiesis spar salere Nazareth.
:
PEROUA TITS byte cles ie isieie'sicrere «ievaysroiere Thomas Meehan, 2:2... Germantown.
IPOMOIOLISE,. causes cles se care CYTUS VE FWOR. iekiscialse c jelsie Reading.
(GiGi ree PosbBoacacodasLone Dreewilliam Mreary 3... «> State College.
IViGta SULTS COMM mas o's; a0 0 <icininie Dr. Leonard Pearson, .... Philadelphia.
Ching GR One OrIoaenC Dr: Benjamin Lee, ....... Philadelphia.
Microscopists and Hy- Dr. H. Leffman, .......... Philadelphia.
gienists. ipror..©.B. Cochran .rener West Chester.
IRMEOMOIOZIStS, deere victee os Prof. Re Cy Scheidt; .. sca. Lancaster.
7 Dr) He Skinners = sects Philadelphia.
OPNITHOLOLIST ioc eee elo, coe Prof. W. A. Buckhout, ...State College.
Meteorologists, ........... He SRA Demainin. nae once Harrisburg.
die dee EV CA COCK, Mc an sisters weer Quakertown.
MVEPMETALO SIS S ticiniese cies > wlen lols Col H.-C. Demmine sya... Harrisburg.
INTE Wg See ON EICIEC EO CIIOG Prof. Geo. C. Butz, ....... State College.

SFEOIOZISU se cies «nea cvee »... Prof. Isaac A. Harvey, ... Beech Creek.

24 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

STANDING COMMITTEES.

LEGISLATION.
Jason ‘Sexton, Chairman); (ss emees an eerie area te North Wales.
AL Ds: FKANTOr,. sacseicitetiaraessetevessieccinjs'el ape sche leeiaielal testepeacieters Hughesville.
Ge Gs. Hutchison» -sccdceoaeec oe ctiele oe itetieaiaeee Warriors’ Mark.
Touis: <Piollet;: *soceutncrem cee rete ele cies aic cls ce Gres tralepnienete Wysox.
Mion: .Conard,: Secreta eee Sere hers West Grove.

CEREALS AND CEREAL CROPS.

A, ake Weidner. t@hainmteanms Frcs sietectee-cretsere erie siece Arendtsville.

ROADS AND ROAD LAWS.

Ei Got SHa vel yi Caria Mee oke racer icrersictol tase sicveceke tore iotette Lebanon.

FRUIT AND FRUIT CULTURE.

S:;. B.. Heiges, Chairman, Genco ciseces cack cicccnane York.

DAIRY AND DAIRY PRODUCTS.

Shi Barber, (Chainmam,”) i220 nee aaancecweacatata sc Harrisburg.

FERTILIZERS.

Matthew 2Rodgers)) “Chraimmamy xcimeciemer sets cnet Mexico.

WOOL AND TEXTILE FIBRES.

Samuel “MeCreary, (Chairnmamny 20s: oc.icwcece ee sidetre Neshannock Falls.

LIVE STOCK.

Dr. MoM: 5. Gonrad,; Chairman. i ercaceeecte ceo West Grove.
POULRDEY:
Norris’ (1G. Temple,.\Chaimmamy oa. <cmsisc «sles -lets > ereree Pocopson.

FORESTS AND FORESTRY.
Drs: T: Rothrock; Chairman) seis ee PIS Ure,

APIARY.

Prot, Geo, C; Butz; -Chairman,-..%.).)..s.dsoncns es eotate. Collere:

FLORI-CULTURE.

Bidiwin Lensdale, “chairman, wo. . svar cee ress Chestnut Hill.

Off. Doc.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 25

AN ACT ESTABLISHING THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICUL-
TURE.

AN ACT

To Establish a State Board of Agriculture.

Section 1. Ge it enacted, etce., That the Governor of the Common-
wealth, the Secretary of Internal Affairs, the Superintendent of
Public Instruction, the Auditor General, the President of the Penn-—
sylvania State College, aud one person appointed from or by each
agricultural society in the State, entitled under existing laws to
receive an annual bounty from the county, ahd three other persons
appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the Senate, shall con-
stitute the State Board of Agriculture.*

Section 2. One-third of the members appointed shall retire from
office on the fourth Wednesday in January in each year, according
to their several appointments. The vacancies thus occurring shall
be filled in the same manner as above provided, and ‘the persons thus
appointed shall hold their office for three years from the expiration
of the former term. Other vacancies may be filled in the same man-
ner, for the remainder of the vacant term.

‘Section 3. The board shall meet at the capital of the State, at
least once in each year, and as much oftener as may be deemed expe-
dient. No member of said board shall receive compensation from
the State, except for necessary personal expenses, when engaged in
the duties of the board.

Section 4. They shall appoint, and prescribe the duties of a secre-
tary of the board, who may receive a salary, not exceeding fifteen
hundred dollars a year. eS

*Note.—Extracts from the law.

“That when any number of individuals shall organize themselves into an agricultural or
horticultural society, or any agricultural or horticultural society now organized within any of
the counties of this Commonwealth, shall have adopted a constitution and by-laws for their
government, elected their officers, and raised annually, by the voluntary contributions of its
members any sum of money which shall have been actually paid into their treasury, for the
purpose of being disbursed for the promotion of agricultural knowledge and improvement, and
that fact be attested by the affidavit of their president and treasurer, filed with the commis-
sioners of the county, the said county society shall be entitled to receive annually a like sum
from the treasurer of their said county: Provided, That said annual payment out of the
county funds shall not exceed one hundred dollars: Provided further, That but one such so-
ciety in any county, shall be entitled to receive such appropriation in any one year, under
this act.’’—Section 4, Act No. 203, 1851.

“That there shall be but one member of the Board from any county in the State. That any
county asking for representation in the Board must have an agricultural society which shall
raise a sum of money each and every year, for the advancement of agriculture, so as to be
entitled to an annual bounty on the conditions prescribed in the acts of 1851 and 1876.’’—From
Rules of the Board.

26 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Section 5. They shall investigate such subjects, relating to im-
provements in agriculture in the State, as they may find proper, and
take, hold in trust, and exercise control over donations or beyuests
made to them for the promotion of agricultural and general interest
of husbandry. ;

Section 6. They may prescribe forms for, and regulate returns
from local agricultural societies, and furnish to the officers of each
such blanks as they deem necessary to secure uniform and reliable
statistics.

Section 7. They shall annually, on or before the fourth day of
January in each year, by their president or secretary, submit to the
General Assembly, a detailed report of their doings, with such rec-
‘ommendations and suggestions as the interests of agriculture may
require. .

Section 8. The secretary of the board shall, in each year, cause to
be made and published, for distribution, as full an abstract of the
returns from local societies as the board may deem useful.

Section 9. The secretary shall have a permanent office at the cap-
ital, under the control and supervision of the board, which shall be
supplied and maintained at the expense of the State.

This act shall take effect on the fourth Wednesday of January
next ensuing.

Approved—The 8th day of May, A. D. 1876.

JOHN F. HARTRANFT.

CERTIFICATE OF ELECTION TO MEMBERSHIP IN THE
STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

CUNCEP OL TNC... . << cree Agricultural Society.
Sie wae a dea ata County, Pa.

ON Ras See ere Ab ils Coumltyioie sn itreris tis ons 6 as was this day
SEY Beds thiate mate to represent this Society in the Pennsylvania State
Board of Agriculture, for the term of three years, commencing from
and on the fourth Wednesday of January, 190..; and that the said

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 27

Society was organized under, and has complied with the Acts of
Assembly and rules of the Board of Agriculture, as above set forth.

?
(SEAL) President.

ore eee ee eee eee eee eee ees eseoe

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE PENNSYLVA-
NIA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

HELD AT HARRISBURG, PA., JANUARY 24 AND 25, 1900.

Wednesday Morning, January 24, 1900.

Board called to order at 10 A. M., Vice President Sexton in the
chair. The roll call of members showed the following persons pres-
ent:

A. I. Weidner, Arendtsville, Adams county; H. G. McGowan, Gei-
ger’s Mills, Berks county; J. K. Hockley, Emporium, Cameron
county; M. E. Conard, West Chester, Chester county; J. A. Herr,
Cedar Springs, Clinton county; H. V. White, Bloomsburg, Colum-
bia county; S. F. Barber, Harrisburg, Dauphin county; G. G. Hutch-
ison, Warrior’s Mark, Huntingdon county; M. Rodgers, Mexico, Ju-
niata county; H. C. Snavely, Lebanon, Lebanon county; J. L.
Schreiber, Hosensack, Lehigh county; A. J. Kahler, Hughesville, Ly-
coming county; F. L. Sherburne, East Smethport, McKean county;
Jason Sexton, North Wales, Montgomery county; J. K. Murray,
Pottsgrove, Montour county; Wi. F. Beck, Nazareth, Northampton
county; J. EK. Stephens, Acker, Perry county; E. Lonsdale, Chestnut
Hill, Philadelphia county; W. H. Stout, Pine Grove, Schuylkill
county; N. B. Critchfield, Critchfield, Somerset county; C. W. Brod-
head, Montrose, Susquehanna county; F. E. Field, Stonyfork, Tioga
county; J. Newton Glover, Vicksburg, Union county; R. J. Weld,
Sugar Grove, Warren county; D. M. Pry, Burgettstown, Washing-
ton county; M. N. Clark, Claridge, Westmoreland county; S. B.
Heiges, York, York county.

28 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The Secretary announced that owing to the legal limitations of the
terms of membership, vacancies existed in the counties of Adams,
Allegheny, Bedford, Cambria, Cameron, Centre, Chester, Clearfield,
Columbia, Cumberland, Dauphin, Fayette, Greene, Huntingdon, Jef-
ferson, Juniata, Lackawanna, Lawrence, Lehigh, Lycoming, McKean,
Northampton, Northumberland, Potter, Schuylkill, Snyder, Sullivan
and Wyoming. He also announced that a vacancy existed in Wash-
ington county, owing to the death of Mr. McDowell.

The following three counties are not represented on the Board,
namely: Carbon, Elk and Pike.

Upon motion a committee was appointed to wait upon the Goy-
ernor, and invite him to meet with the Board at his convenience.
The committee was composed of Messrs. G. G. Hutchison, H. C.
Snavely, C. W. Brodhead, H. A. Gripp and Matthew Rodgers.

The minutes of the preceding meeting were then read and ap-
proved.

Upon motion the following were appointed a Committee on Cre-
dentials: J. A. Herr, J. K. Murray, F. E. Field, 8S. R. Downing and M.
N. Clark.

Upon motion the following gentlemen were appointed a Com-
mittee on Necrology: S. B. Heiges, M. N. Clark, S. R. Downing,
Jason Sexton, J. A. Woodward and John Hamilton.

While waiting for the report of the Committee on Credentials, a
paper by J. S. Burns, of Allegheny county, on “Live Stock in West-
ern Pennsylvania,” was read by Hon. Cyrus T. Fox, of Reading, Pa.,
Mr. Burns being unable to be in attendance. Discussion was par-
ticipated in by Messrs. Pearson, Hutchison, Conard, Armsby, Ham-
ilton and Snavely.

The Committee appointed to wait upon the Governor reported that
they had performed that duty, and that the Governor would be
pleased to accept the invitation of the Board to be present during the
afternoon session.

The Committee on Credentials presented their report, stating that
the following gentlemen are entitled to membership in the Board:

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 29

|
Term
Name. P. O. Address. | County. expires.

|
‘AArendtsville-~ cc..scc~se scenes er | Adams, 1908
i Allegheny, 1903
Butler, 1903
Ae Bedford, Ac 1903
S PEESROGIN SUE <atslo.cicicrs « cis's’als]e orete' COVED fe vorinic s<\eteAaioncs 1903
Dyer ove her Ramee aac Ono oso. WO Welch @ Roar conaacoOune 1903
Mt Holly (Springs: oecisewss ne W@UMberl AMG: <5 <\cciee cae 1903
c 2 r PMECCHANICSDULE, a «.<issicisicicnte ciaceleiaia Cum perlandeiee a<e- ison 1903
een SCONATOG ue cswec cee! WAG pe CTR) She pee aneaccscdannos (Bae « sandéchauucecouoo 1903
Norris G. Temple, POCO DHDIE» 9 carisaiel sivjacioe Giains ||) @UESTCR reine cso 1903
B. F. Herrington, ... 2 | wWaynesburey 2.3... | Greene, ......... 1901
GG; .Hutehison, ...:. ..-| Warriors’ Mark, .. .---| Huntingdon, ... 1903
J. Newton Kelly,...... i dell PBEGOISVINIGS Potente DETLETSOMS ielslaieiseictetsiarns ines 1902
TORR OGLE OR SS aic's ierateie crave rele stare (eieisieetes Wierd (7) Oc cmon duceepuconoodceeonec ARsbeyeni ey Pees enosuqonndcs 1903
Sega Ee NOT a aces aleta alee tielvia «oles SCRA OS cicins cleias in cielo o's anion nie LY COMING Mae henceet ates 1903
HMeury-W. Northup; <....-<.<.- CHCH DUET cocaine eatla chine seen se Lackawanna, ........e6- 1903
DORM SCHEIDT, .c-c\c<.c00 vise 0 se EVO SCT SAC He aicictc eicicoicieieislatersielsteisivite TRG THEI og oeindadoaoeDTacc 1903
Gras ee NEED ATTCEL: foeio:aicsiaesleweae Poco Allephnany;,.. sccse4--hien se oe MCKEAN 0 celtic ciccac'e aa 1903
Wm. A. Heinen, DVITTEGT US covatneiniacetnln: ol eineiats nia ..-.| Northumberland, 1903
Wirt beck... 5.2 Sai NazaArebh Ubsercramecss ee Northampton, ES 1903
John F. Boyer, ...| Mt. Pleasant Mills, .. sean SEDYVOLCIS, Pera clatejaisinratniela/etcleinis 1903
IDis. Dib, Ene Ae SaA sera oe crnee penn | Burgettstown, .........s.s00s- WaSDINGtON, fic cence on 1902
LAS INU PenDENE:, << «101s!» <'sd-1s «> WIN ENAHNOCK ohne «cis 'cieesinice mince Anite a aancaocadn 1901
See eee ESET DOTS vo 5 Spx aiaiatn'a che 0's welnigiciele PEATPISDUES fo vic oetelcieticis’sisleeiaic'e os vi WAU PHN er. c cancels recites oe 1903
Wien es SEQUE aia nants elem cie eile cleieiecle isis (ERO ses Goaacoooodbonoraspc Sforihale till enonoagasococe 19°3

On motion of Mr. Herr they were elected as members of the Board
of Agriculture, for the period stated.

The following persons were presented as delegates from the sev-
eral counties, representing Agricultural Organizations:

DELEGATES.

Samuel Bream, Adams county.

W. F. Vallershamp, Union county, Farmers’ Alliance.

E. H. Sloan, Columbia county.

Hiram Young, York county; D. Y. Wilson, Chester county; W.
F. Rutherford, Dauphin county, State Agricultural Society.

Dr. S. P. Heilman, of Mount Gretna Exposition Society.

George D. Stetson, Cyrus T. Fox, H. G. McGowan, Agricultural
and Horticultural Association of Berks county.

W. W. Griffin, Chillisquaque Grange No. 277.

A. P. Young, Millville, Columbia county, Grange No. 52, P. of H.

W. R. Barnhart, State Horticultural Association.

W. Addison Rinker, Northampton county, Grange No. 971.

On motion of Mr. Herr, the above delegates were elected to sit as
advising members of this Board.

On motion of Mr. Clark, Mr. Barber, of Dauphin county, was ad-
mitted as a member, on condition that his credentials, which had
been left at home, be filed with the Secretary.

On motion of Mr. Hutchison, the Board proceeded to the election
of officers. The election of vice presidents was declared in order.
The following gentlemen were then nominated: N. C. Schaeffer, F.
K. Field and H. A. Gripp.

30 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Mr. Hutchison moved that J. A. Herr be authorized to cast the
ballot for the gentlemen named. Mr. Herr accordingly deposited
the ballot, and the nominees were then declared elected.

The Board then proceeded to the nomination of an Executive Com-
mittee. The following gentlemen were named: Governor Wm. A.
Stone, M. N. Clark, G. G. Hutchison, J. A. Herr, M. Rodgers, H. V.
White, M. E. Conard, Jason Sexton and John Hamilton, Secretary.
Upon motion, nominations for Executive Committee were closed,
and Mr. Downing was directed to cast the ballot of the Board for
the above gentlemen, who were then declared elected.

The Chairman then proceeded to call for the reports of the Stand-
ing Committees.

LEGISLATION.

Jason Sexton reported verbally and agreed to prepare a written
report.

CEREALS AND CEREAL CROPS.
No response.
ROADS AND ROAD LAWS.

S. R. Downing made a verbal report.

FRUIT AND FRUIT CULTURE.
‘No response.
DAIRY AND DAIRY PRODUCTS.
S. F. Barber made a verbal report. Remarks were made by Messrs.
Hutchison, Armsby, Hamilton, Field, Conard and Rodgers.

FERTILIZERS.

Matthew Rodgers made a verbal report.

WOOL AND TEXTLE FIBRES.
No response.
LIVE STOCK.
No response. :
POULTRY.

C. W. Brodhead made verbal report.

FORESTS AND FORESTRY.
No response.
APIARY.

No response.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 31

The Executive Committee then reported through its chairman,
Mr. M. N. Clark, the following appointments for the year 1900:

“A meeting of the Executive Committee was held at the close
of the morning session of the Board, January 24, 1900, and an or-
ganization effected by the election of M. N. Clark, Chairman, and
H. V. White, Secretary. After careful consideration they recom-
mended the following appointments:”

Advisory Committee: John Hamilton, Secretary, J. A. Herr, H.
V. White and G. G. Hutchison.

Botanist, Thomas Meehan, Germantown.

Pomologist, Cyrus T. Fox, Reading.

Chemist, Dr. Wm. Frear, State College.

Veterinary Surgeon, Dr. Leonard Pearson, Philadelphia.

Sanitarian, Dr. Benj. Lee, Philadelphia.

Microscopists and Hygienists, Dr. Leffman, Philadelphia, and
Prof. C. B. Cochran, West Chester.

Entomologists, Prof. R. C. Schiedt, Lancaster, and Dr, H. Skinner,
Philadelphia.

Ornithologist, Prof. W. A. Buckhout, State College.

Meteorologists, E. R. Demain, Harrisburg, and J. L. Heacock, Ger-

_ mantown.

Mineralogist, Col. H. C. Demming, Harrisburg.
Apiarist, Prof. Geo. C. Butz, State College.
Geologist, Prof. Isaac A. Harvey, Beech Creek.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

LEGISLATION.
Jason Sexton, W. C. Norton, G. G. Hutchison, Col. R. H. Thomas
and Dr. M. E. Conard.
CEREALS AND CEREAL CROPS.

A. I. Weidner, Chairman.

ROADS AND ROAD LAWS.

S. R. Downing, Chairman.

FRUIT AND FRUIT CULTURE.

Prof. S. B. Heiges, Chairman.

DAIRY AND DAIRY PRODUCTS.
S. F. Barber, Chairman.

32 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

FERTILIZERS.

Matthew Rodgers, Chairman.

WOOL AND TEXTILE FIBRES.

Hiram Young, Chairman.

LIVE STOCK.
Dr. M. E. Conard, Chairman.

POULTRY.

Norris G. Temple, Chairman.

FORESTS AND FORESTRY.
Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Chairman.

APIARY.

Prof. George C. Butz, Chairman.

FLORICULTURE.

Edwin Lonsdale, Chairman.

Under the head of new business, Mr. Herr moved that the Board
hoJd a Summer meeting, the date to be fixed by the Advisory Com-
mittee, which was agreed to. Mr. Herr invited the Board to hold
the Summer meeting at Lock Haven. Mr. Hutchison gave an invi-
tation to meet at Tyrone, seconded by Mr. Gripp. A letter received
from Mr. Riddle extended an invitation for the Board to meet at
Butler. Before the result of the ballot was announced, Mr. Hutchi-
son moved that Lock Haven be chosen as the place of next meeting,
which was unanimously agreed to.

Adjourned to meet at 1.30 P. M.

Wednesday Afternoon, January 24, 1900.

Board called to order 1.30 P. M., Vice President F. E. Field in
the chair. ;

The regular order of business as arranged on-the programme was
then taken up:

The first paper was by Hon. S. R. Downing, West Chester, Pa.,
entitled “Whether the Broad or the Narrow Way in the Business of
Farming.” The reading of the paper was followed by discussion
by Mr. Sexton.

The next paper was by R. J. Weld, Sugar Grove, Pa., “Our Farm
Garden.”

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 33

At this time the Committee appointed to escort the Governor to
the meeting, reported that they had called upon his Excellency, and
that they had the pleasure of presenting him in person. The Goy-
ernor was invited to take the chair, and made a brief address, which
was very cordially received.

Auditor General McCauley was called for and addressed the Board.
He made a few remarks, explaining his interest in the work of the
Board.

A recess was then taken to afford opportunity for the members
to meet the Governor. Upon reassembling, a vote of thanks was
voted the Governor for his presence and excellent address.

Major Wells. of the Dairy and Food Division of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, was the next speaker. His paper was, “Farm
Economics.”

The next speaker was Dr. M. C. Ihlseng, of State College, Pa.;
subject, “Geological Relations of Soils.” Discussion on paper was
participated in by Messrs. Armsby, Stout, Hamilton, Herr and Kah-
ler.
In order to relieve the evening programme, which was crowded,
the order of business was changed, and Norris G. Temple, of Pocop-
son, Pa., presented his paper, entitled “Progressive Poultry Raising.”

Upon motion the Board adjourned to meet at 7.30 P. M.

Wednesday Evening, January 24, 1900.

The Board reassembled at 7.30 P. M., Vice President Dr. N. C.
Schaeffer in the Chair.

The first paper was by H. V. White, Esq., of Bloomsburg, Pa., sub-
ject, “Proof Positive that an Investment in Sociability Will Yield
a Profit to Every Farmer.”

The next speaker was introduced by Dr. N. C. Schaeffer, Miss
Louise Miller, of Cornell University, who gave a lecture upon “Na-
ture Study in the Public Schools.” A most interested discussion
was participated in by Messrs. Hamilton, Armsby, Schaeffer, Stout,
Conard, Martin and Heiges, after which a vote of thanks was ten-
dered Miss Miller by the Board. Prof. Heiges then presented the fol-
lowing resolution: “Resolved, That we favor the introduction of
Nature Study into the public schools in Pennsylvania,” which was
carried unanimously.

The next topic was then taken up. “Quick Growing Trees for
Pennsylvania Forests,” by Dr. J. T. Rothrock, State Commissioner
of Forestry. Discussion followed by Messrs. Herr, Stout and Hutch-
ison.

Adjourned to meet at 2 A. M., Thursday morning.

3—7—1900

f

34 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Thursday Morning, January 25, 1900.

The Board met at 9 A. M., Vice President H. A. Gripp in the
chair.

The first paper was by Hon. A. L. Martin, Deputy Secretary of
the Department of Agriculture, on “Agriculture, the Past and the
Present.” Prof. Heiges, after discussing the question, moved the
following resolution: “Resolved, That the United States govern-
ment establish free mail delivery for the rural districts as rapidly
as possible,” which was unanimously carried.

The next was an address by Dr. H. P. Armsby, Director of the
State Experiment Station; on the “Education of the Farmer.” Dis-
cussion by Messrs. Northup and Downing.

On motion of Mr. Downing, the following resolutions were pre-
sented:

“Resolved, That a special committee of five be appointed by the
Chair to investigate the present condition and needs of Agricultural
Education in all its branches in this Commonwealth.

Resolved, That this Committee be instructed to arrange for a
conference upon this subject, at some suitable time and place, with
representatives of the State Department of Agriculture, the De-
partment of Public Instruction, the Pennsylvania State College, the
State Grange, the State Farmers’ Alliance, the Pennsylvania Dairy
Union, and any other State agricultural organization desiring to be
represented.

Resolved, That the Committee hereby provided for be empowered
to represent the State Board of Agriculture in such conference and
to join, in the name of the Board, in such subsequent action as may
be agreed upon, reporting its conclusions and actions to the next
succeeding meeting of the Board.”

After discussion by Messrs. Sexton, Vallershamp, Herr, Barnhart,
Armsby and Mrs. Starr, the resolutions were unanimously adopted,
and it was then moved that the following committee be appointed
to carry them into effect: S. R. Downing. Chairman, West Chester;
W. H. Brosius, Lancaster; M. N. Clark, Westmoreland; Edwin
Lonsdale, Philadelphia, and R. J. Weld, Warren.

The next paper was by Edwin Lonsdale, of Philadelphia, entitled
“Flori-culture as a Profession.”

The Committee on Necrology then presented its report through its
chairman, Prof. S. B. Heiges. The report was, after remarks by
Prof. Heiges, Hamilton, Herr and Clark, adopted by a rising vote,
and directed to be spread upon the minutes, and is as follows:

“Whereas, An All-wise God in his inscrutable providence has seen
fit to remove from our midst John McDowell, of Washington coun-

INET. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 35

ty, for many years a member of the State Board of Agriculture, and
President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society; therefore, be it

Resolved, That as members of the State Board, we miss his,
genial presence, wise and consistent advice, and vast fund of useful
knowledge gained by a long life of careful observation and ex-
perience.

Resolved, That we sympathize with the bereaved members of his
family in this, their irreparable loss, and are consoled by the belief
that he has been called to reap the rewards of a well spent life.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded by the
Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture to his family as a meagre
memento of our sincere sympathy and appreciation of his invaluable
services to the State.

(Signed) S. B. HEIGES, Chairman.
M. N. CLARK,
S. R. DOWNING,
J. A. HERR,
JASON SEXTON,
JOHN HAMILTON.

Mr. Hutchison hereupon made a few remarks for the Committee
on Legislation, giving an account of the enactment of the laws gov-
~erning the manufacture and sale of oleomargarine, renovated but-
ter, etc. Discussion followed by Messrs. Murray, Clark and Herr.

Mr. Field was then recognized by the Chair, and discussed the new
cheese law, claiming that it is practically nullified by the decision
of the Attorney General in his decision of October 27th, 1897. The
hour of adjournment having arrived the further discussion of this
question was postponed until the afternoon session.

Adjourned to meet at 1.30 P. M.

Afternoon Session, January 25, 1900.

The Board reassembled at 1.30 P. M., Vice President Field in the
Chair.

Mr. Clark, of Westmoreland, then moyed that a new Standing
Committee on Flori-culture be appointed, and that Mr. Lonsdale, of
Philadelphia, be chairman of this Committee. Carried.

The next paper on the programme was, “How to Take Care of
Farm Implements,” by J. T. Crill, of Mercer county. There being
no response, the next subject was called for. “ A Plea for Better
Live Stock in Pennsylvania,” by Harry Hayward, of State College,
Pa. There being no response, the next subject was taken up. “The

36 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Care of Horses’ Feet and Teeth,” by C. W. Brodhead, of Montrose,
Pa. Discussion by Messrs. Hutchison, Hamilton, Hoover, Sharp-
less, Clark and Griffin.

The next paper was by W. H. Stout, of Pine Grove, Pa., “The
Farmer as a Factor.”

Mr. Field then resumed the floor which he had surrendered at the
close of the morning session, and continued his address upon the
cheese industry in Pennsylvania. Discussion by Messrs. Sharpless,
Armsby, Hutchison, Hamilton, John Sharpless, Wells and Critch-

field.
_ There being no further business, the Board adjourned sine die, to
meet at the call of the Secretary.
JOHN HAMILTON,
. Secretary.
Approved and adopted June 6, 1900.—J. H.

MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRI-
CULTURE,

HELD IN THE COURT HOUSE IN LOCK HAVEN, JUNE 6, 1900.

The Board was called to order at 10 A. M. by the Secretary. In
the absence of the President and Vice President, Dr. M. E. Conard,
of Chester county, was elected President Pro Tem. -

The minutes of the previous meeting were read, and approved.

The roll of members was then called, and the following persons
answered to their names. Ex-officio members: N. C. Schaeffer, John
Hamilton. Appointees of the Governor, S. R. Downing. Appointed
by the State Poultry Association, Norris G. Temple. Elected by
the county agricultural societies: A. I. Weidner, J. 8S. Burns, W. H.
H. Riddle, J. J. Thomas, M. E. Conard, W. P. Henry, J. A. Herr, H.
V. White, S F. Barber, J. Milton Lutz, A. L. Wales, J. M. Hantz,
C. B. Hege, W. C. Patterson, S. M. McHenry, Matthew Rodgers, H.
W. Northup. W. H. Brosius, Samuel McCreary, A. J. Kahler, Charles
N. Barrett, D. E. Notestine, Jason Sexton, J. K. Murray, William F.
Beck, J. E. Stephens, J. W. Rodgers, C. W. Brodhead, F. E. Field,
J. Newton Glover, W. J. Magee, R. J. Weld, D. M. Pry, M. N. Clark,
D. A. Krtuppenburg, 8S. B. Heiges and Louis Piollet.

The following Committee on Credentials was appointed: Joel A.
Herr, M. N. Clark, Norris G. Temple, C. W. Brodhead and Jason Sex-
ton.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 37

His Honor, W. F. Elliott, Mayor of Lock Haven, was then intro-
duced and welcomed the members and delegates, in a very cordial
address.

Response was made by the Secretary.

The Committee on Credentials reported that they had examined
the papers of members elect submittd to them, and recommended
that the following persons be admitted to membership in the Board:

Jovinconmeaulz, <Opper Manby,, Delaware COs, socsness«es sce te Term expires 1901
Peay Ce Rodeers. Morksville.- Sullivan. ‘CO.; “stcies ccc ste waccrs re Term expires 1903
Samuel McCreary, Neshannock Falls, Lawrence Co., ....... Term expires 1903

On motion, these gentlemen were admitted for the several terms
mentioned.

The Committee further recommended that the following persons
be admitted to sit as advisory members: Representing the State
Agricultural Society, Hon. Hiram Young, W. H. Rutherford and
Henry C. Demming; the Guernsey Cattle Club, John P. Sharp-
less; The Pennsylvania Live Stock Breeders’ Association, E. 8.
Bayard; the Nittany Grange, W. H. Dornblaser; Clinton Coun-
ty Agricultural Society, I. C. Stover, H. F. Sweeley, T. J. Smull,
W. E. Bower and J. A. Bitner; The Chillisquaque Grange, W. W.
Griffin and D. P. Frederick. On motion, these delegates were ad-
mitted to the privileges of the floor.

Unfinished business was called for.

The committee appointed by the Board at its January meeting to
arrange for a conference of the various agricultural organizations
of the State, upon the condition of agricultural education in the
State, reported through its chairman, Hon. Samuel R, Downing.
Mr. Downing read the resolutions under which the committee was
appointed. “Resolved, That a special committee of five be ap-
pointed by the Chair to investigate the present condition of agricul-
tural education in all its branches in this Commonwealth.

“Resolved, That this committee be instructed to arrange for a
conference upon this subject, at some suitable time and place, with
representatives of the Department of Agriculture, the Department
of Public Instruction, The Pennsylvania State College, The State
Grange, The State Alliance, The Pennsylvania Dairymen’s Union.
and any other State agricultural organizations desiring to be repre-
sented.” ;

The chairman reported that a meeting had been called for June 4
and 5 at The Pennsylvania State College, and that the following or-
ganizations were represented: The State Department of Agricul-
ture, The State Board of Agriculture, The State Department of
Public Instruction, The State Grange, The State Alliance, The State
Agricultural Society, The State Horticultural Association, The Penn-

38 rs ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

sylvania Dairy Union, The State Breeders’ Association, The Guern-
sey Cattle Breeders’ Association, The Pure Jersey Cattle Club, The
State Poultry Association, and The Pennsylvania State College.

The conferees after full discussion unanimously adopted 43 fol-
lowing resolutions, being the report of its committee.

“Resolved, That it is the sense of this conference that Nature
Study should be introduced into the public schools of the State.

“Resolved, That this conference request from the next Legislature
an appropriation of $10,000 per year, for two years, for The Penn-
sylvania State College, to defray the expenses of continuing the
preparation and distribution to the teachers of the public schools
of the State of bulletins and leafiets on nature study with special
reference to agriculture.

“Resolved, That this conference urges the Legislature to provide
for carrying into effect the act of June 28, 1895, providing for the
establishment of township high schools.

“Resolved, That we request the State Legislature to make a
sufficient appropriation for the erection and maintenance at The
Pennsylvania State College, of a suitable building for the teaching
of the different branches of agriculture, including dairying and
forestry.”

“Your committee further urges that the conference do not content
itself with simply passing resolutions, but that if the above resolu-
tions or any modifications of them, be adopted, proper measures
be taken to inaugurate an active campaign in their behalf.

“Your committee accordingly recommends that a legislative com-
mittee of five members of the conference be appointed by the Chair
to formulate and urge the legislation asked for by the conference.

“Your committee further recommends that each delegation be
charged by the conference with the duty of presenting the matter to
its organization, and securing the active support of that organization
in the work of the Legislative Committee.

N. C. SCHAEFFER,
Chairman.
H. P. ARMSBY,

Secretary.

The Board, after hearing the report, on motion of Mr. Young, and
seconded by Mr. Herr, adopted the following: “That it is the sense
of the State Board of Agriculture, that the resolutions of the con-
ference set forth the sentiments of this organization, and that the
State Board hereby expresses their cordial approval of the purposes
of the conference as outlined in the resolutions.”

Dr. N. C. Schaeffer, one of the Vice Presidents, having arrived,
was called to the chair.

-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 39

On motion of Mr. Rodgers, of Juniata county, the following per-
sons were appointed a committee to prepare resolutions upon the
death of Hon. George E. Heyburn, member from Delaware county;
Lutz, of Delaware; Rodgers of Juniata; Conard, of Chester; Sex-
ton, of Montgomery, and Temple, of Chester.

Ex-Secretary Edge was called upon to speak to the Board upon
the subject of ‘What He Saw of Farming in His Recent Trip Around
the World.”

Mr. Edge responded in a brief address, stating ‘that until he got
to Italy he saw no agriculture.” He continued, “we do not know
what taxation is, or any other of the discomforts of farm life, as
compared with any other country.”

Hon. G. W. Koiner, Commissioner of Agriculture, of Virginia,
was introduced by Secretary Hamilton to the Board, and was cor-
dially received, and invited to sit as an advisory member.

Adjourned to meet at 1.30 P. M.

Wednesday Afternoon, June 6, 1900.

The Board was called to order at 1.30 P. M.

The regular order of exercises was then taken up.

The first paper was by Norris G. Temple, of Pocopson, Pa., on
“The Breeding and Raising of Water Fowls.”

The subject was discussed by Messrs. Smith, Northup, Hamilton,
Sexton, Heiges, Clark, Herr, Peck, Thomas and Griffin.

The next paper was by Mr. R. J. Weld, of Sugar Grove, Pa., on
“The Rotation of Crops.’ Discussion by Messrs. Glover, Rodgers,
Phelps, Hantz, Hamilton, Clark, Barber, Quigley and Kahler.

The next paper on the programme was by R. F. Schwarz, of Anal-
omink, Pa., on “The Restoration of Worn Out Soils.” A letter was
read by the Secretary from Mr. Schwarz, stating that he was laid
up with a broken foot and could not be present, and had been pre-
vented by his illness from preparing the paper.

The next paper was by C. W. Brodhead, of Montrose, Pa., on “Some
Things Everyone Should Know that Owns or Handles a Horse.”
The paper was followed by a very interesting discussion, which was
participated in by Messrs. Hamilton, Rodgers, Stoughton, Herr,
- Conrad, Heiges, Quigley, White, Edge, Kahler, Barber, Hall, Clark
and Hantz.

Hon. G. W. Koiner, Commissioner of Agriculture of Virginia,
was introduced and addressed the Board. ‘After which the regular
order of proceedings was resumed.

40 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The next paper was by W. C. Patterson, of McConnellsburg, on
“The Outlook.” Discussion by Messrs Brosius and Agee.

The Secretary announced that a question box would be placed
upon the desk, and all were invited to make use of it.

Mr. Riddle called attention to the organization of the State Live
Stock Breeders’ Association, at Pittsburg. Mr. Bayard, the Secre-
tary of the organization, was introduced, and stated the object of
the association, and invited all who were interested, to become mem-
bers. He stated that the next meeting will be held in Harrisburg.

Hon. Alva Agee, of Ohio, was then introduced by Mr. Herr. He
responded in a very interesting speech, and particularly commended
the paper just read by Mr. Patterson.

Adjourned to meet at 7.30 P. M.

Evening Session, June 6, 1900.

The Board met at 7.30 P. M., Mr. Field in the Chair.

The Secretary presented the regrets of the Governor at not being
able to be present at the meetings of the Board; the survivors of
his old regiment were to meet in Gettysburg at this time, and he
had agreed to attend before he knew of this meeting. He desired
to express his interest in the objects and work of the Board, and his
purpose to do all in his power to further its interests.

The regular programme was then taken up.

The first paper was by Hon. Jason Sexton, member from Mont-
gomery, on “Our Wasted Resources.”

Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Forestry Commissioner of Pennsylvania, then
addressed the Board upon “The Relation of the State Forestry Reser-
vations to the Commonwealth.” Discussion by Messrs. Gardner
and Hiester.

The next was a paper by W. A. Gardner of Andrews Settlement,
on “Organization”.

The next paper was by W. H. H. Riddle, of Butler, entitled “The
Agriculturalist’”.

Mr. F. E. Field, of Stonyfork, then addressed the Board upon
“Cheese Making and By-Products.”

Hon. Jason Sexton was called to the Chair during the delivering
of this address.

Discussion by Messrs. Northup, Sexton, Heiges, Phelps, Edge,
Wales and Koiner.

On motion of Mr. Thomas, of Cambria, seconded by Mr. Herr, the
following resolutions were adopted.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 41

“Whereas, There is reason to suspect that impure and unadulter-
ated cattle food is being sold in this State, entailing injury and loss
to both the producers and consumers of feeding stuffs; and

“Whereas, The Agricultural Department of Pennsylvania has
taken measures to investigate the matter, and, if necessary, en-
deayvor to procure such legislation as will protect the people of the
State from such imposition; therefore,

“Resolved, That this State Board of Agriculture heartily endorses
this action of the Department, and pledges its aid in procuring reme-
dial legislation, if the investigation of the subject, now being made
by the Department, shows that legislation is necessary.”

After discussion, it was decided that the Committee upon the
death of Hon. G. E. Heyburn, prepare its report and file it with the
Secretary, to be spread upon the minutes of the Board.

The Board adjourned to meet in Harrisburg, January 23 and 24,
1901.

JOHN HAMILTON,
Secretary.

42 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PENNSYLVANIA FARMERS’ INSTITUTES.

COUNTY CHAIRMEN.

SEASON OF 1899-1900.

County. Name. Place.
Adams? Ss. cosamescneeeenion Ale Weidner. san-cenee ee Arendtsville.
Alleshemy; sh... cateteete tice JA SEE BUS hee renee Clinton.
AATIN StL OM Eee cspitepeeechino cae S25 bly bolderwe.eee ere Leechburg.
IBGCAVEr or noenice mao ‘thomas A. Clifton, ....... Beaver.
Bedtordie i. cack anaes IBY JEWolelF Aerie. Kooeennaue Bedford.
Berks ese catcee Soares ET Gee MeCGOWals -s.-c250 Geiger’s Mills.
BIBRA) Maat Cen eee EDS Las LAT ViGY. 5 We calecleicicieitere Duncansville.
Bradfords, 2... es Be Ie RIOWU SU iconic cre nce Wysox.

UELU(O) ¢-) nee a See a beam bh OAS OB riG Seen OA AoE GOS

IBUtlER so cae hse ten ee to WY ode LG Gr eo tse Butler.
WamPrial i w.2ienceas asec ae Ss wali: RV OMNAS uesrectsarye Aer Carrolltown.
Cameron: secs cae weston tality EN EO Chal Cyprian eet ee ee Emporium.

CAT DONG pie eco eaettno eee e ees VEEN Cl teat eae cee Weatherly.
Centres Ns. ecccec enzsinccenictee COMM AY. Woodward sc ose Howard.
@RESTERF ao oc cee feo DE MLE By (Conard 2:45 oa West Grove.
Clarion tot a ieceh ose Coe EL OT. ass ears ar cteeve - Piollet.
CGlearticl de oc Fentsmenss were AG JUGSOnM Smithy eee cei New Millport.
Clinton Ses acre totereye erates JOS CAMELS T ye ters oan toreetete Cedar Springs.
GCOlUIM DIA cece h eects elie ee eee AVE Gam anaes ete --.-. Bloomsburg.
@rawLOrdy oes cles Detain berks Wie, OLIVET mite caters siersere -- Conneautville.
Cumberland; csseseeeeeeee R. H. Thomas, ............ Mechanicsburg.
Comberland. ene eeeeee cee Bs sD) Biees, vats cstiecieoRins .. Shippensburg.
DAUPHING. viejo oc)- ster veces Deal aw UL DOT an caaaaecect Harrisburg.
DICTA WALES: yo erdeiccodce a clats On adea s.cetrosioe OR oe toe eine

CE Fiat se, svaiaiavassyeeretete Gvotcvstamererere De, IMS Wittman fcrcaetensct St. Mary’s.
MOTICS cides tee ee eae As Tass WiGleS,, iccennasetiecteee Corry.

Mayes We wcnite Ge oe eee eR VIG a ERAUTUBE Atos alodelovetesteretals Merrittstown.
NOLES, cciacinwatrcisere ae sicene Ghas: (AS Randall, .3:..2%.. Tionesta.
TATUNG, asecatevaietereto) olels cre ain oie CH Bs ICE oll os tics te loiter Marion.

MUTE OT his cage ceenimee tien iW; JC. Patterson, go.csacee McConnellsburg.
(GTEEN EF 9 2). eats nea seeeke Afovebow she Stabila AK kSoed dee Nineveh.
lEhbbainhavexeKohay’ Goomaascaoosor G. 1G? -Etutehison >... Warrior’s Mark.
Inciana went arck aac SoM, Michtennys sivenaecste Indiana.

DECTLOT SON Hetetuh eee ne cree dict ON, ely oaso-se wevoutoreern eles Grange.

UDI Ata Sasee ees See ee oe Matthew Rodgers, ....... Mexico.
TACKAWANNE, chiece sonics nies EDS OW. INorthup,sceresresece Glenburn.
MancCaster,. 2.15 csseantooe WowEl Brostus > aoese ase Fernglen.
WAWENGCE, sacwnsoce we eenien Samuel McCreary, ........ Neshannock Falls.

NGG DAMON i<is.c.ccere'eccles sale oldioeve Ee Cen SAViCUis ere ca cn artes: Lebanon,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 43
County. Name. Place.
GSC tee seco evans esr arercsies eer Jel SCMTCIDEL ys. .. Hosensack.
NEWACRIIE. | evinslclels salem wslceere Jo. HNGebrandh,: cess. «i Lehman.
VIG OMMIE Amen ete fcicicaeal tates BAG UL Ea OT re tate seretersicvetets Hughesville.
IMUGI EH our Sense ceyracre eR ae EF. L. Sherburne, .. Hast Smethport.
IWHETUC ETHAN acta e SOO DOSER EE REIL John | Cris ie sete eee Mercer. ©
IVETETLIIN, breitaters retake stciz a. sinleetee Ds Ee INotestimes Veneers Lewistown.
AVP OTRO CAL nce sisters es sie celebeiaiels Randall Bisbing, ... Minsi.
MONtSOMETY,| Serids vic veces Jason \S@xXtON,- .c2.scscice es North Wales.
WOT OTRO Y yas DOM Ce ONC OOO Dee). cect ehaereseteete Pottsgrove.
NOME MEA TOM oie clas sc cists ele WVViTaT sas MISCO Sites sinlcteevsiee Nazareth.
INOLEMUMDErIANG, soa. cscs CHC MieWallianis a <eeeete. Elysburg.
J BASIN aS A aCicin ado CAG CICORIEre J. E. Stephens, . Acker.
ADA Gels sterelelelsovele ec o's Edwin Lonsdale, ......... Chestnut Hill.
ISSTRGS” “ors ogee te AOC HOO CIA ees VEEN MELE TIES ercleieiere lassie Milford.
IE OCCT We tas stepereraietial esse teierelesclsie We, Ate. Gardner sir. cemeres Andrews’ Settlement.
Simao? (Be occa ai oeeian BWV oy ELS COUT Soc aparece tevetters vere Pine Grove.
Siiyleies ess dees honoe 50 bUdeonen JE 2 BOY CR retere sistemas os sere Mt. Pleasant Mills.
POMEL SC Uye mysnesteericisic sis © sie vic N. B. Critchfield, ......... Critchfield.
SUT Vee es cena lerersrale alee aries ave John W. Rodgers, ........ Forksville.
SUSCINRE TRA. Booaonnaereee C. W. Brodhead, .. Montrose.
Tioga, nee eer Lae HE eLG:, .. Stonyfork.
LOSmiioriy * so cqome Ac OnInocmneroeid dis ING, (GION WEIeS conaaddadooss Vicksburg.
WiGIUAN ES Oly Phicrt sence sere salem SWis st Ue ARs Be crt erect Oil City.
BV fel IGT: Ta seater cttetetat ccc, ste sie everele icreuers 15 die WAGIOla Be Ano con Gon ooT Sugar Grove.
AI isliiirertonlge noscsoadcouoond Dy Mas Pryise secierisamrsuisewo.e Burgettstown.
VCS AI anata eachation Bre Ot aria WieGe INOREOMs Mae jelesecine > re Aldenville.
WiCSEMONETANG 5 vices 6 + 3 MSN. Clarkes feenciacrsese Claridge.
\Wwanaraiierse, Zacceo syoopocdo oc Diba ADIN eel ko Vane ca oo GOT Russell Hill.
WG = Sue pica ee SiGe oe SPB EeCISES, | Siacvisie cicicie,cie,© York

LIST OF STATE SPEAKERS ENGAGED IN FARMERS’ INSTI-
TUTE WORK IN PENNSYLVANIA.

DURING SEASON OF 1899-1900.

Alva Agee, Cheshire, O.

J. W. Allison, Mercer.

Dr. H. P. Armsby, State College.
S. F. Barber, Harrisburg.

R. L. Beardslee, Warrenham.
W. M. Benninger, Benningers.
M. S. Bond, Danville.

S. S. Brockway, Greenville.

Prof. W. A. Buckhout, State College.

J.s. urns, Clinton.
Prof. Geo. C. Butz, State College.

M. N. Clark, Claridge.

i A, Clinton; Ithaca, IN. Y.
M. E. Conard, West Grove.
Calvin Cooper, Bird-in-Hand.
N. B. Critchfield, Critchfield.
S. R. Downing, Goshenville.
F. E. Field, Stonyfork.

Dr. Wm. Frear, State College.
J. A. Fries, State College.
Luther Gates, Beaver Center.
Prof. J. M. Hantz, Merrittstown.

44 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Harry Hayward, State College.
S. P. Heilman, Heilmandale.
Prof. S. B. Heiges, York.

Joel A. Herr, Cedar Springs.
Gabriel Hiester, Harrisburg.
Enos H. Hess, State College.

W. F. Hill, Westford.

BE. S. Hoover, Lancaster.

Geo. E. Hull, Orangeville, O.
W. A. Hutchison, State College.
J. B. Irons, Erie.

Jasper T. Jennings, New Milford.
J. B. Johnston, New Wilmington.
A. J. Kahler, Hughesville.

L. W. Lighty, East Berlin.

M. 8S. McDowell, State College.
T. O. Milliken, Cornpropsts Mills.
Rev. J. T. Neel, Rice’s Landing.
C. D. Northrop, Elkland.

Off. Doe.

Henry W. Northrop, Glenburn.
C. L. Peck, Coudersport.

D. H. Pershing, Stauffer.

J. B. Phelps, Conneautville.
Thos. J. Philips, Atglen.

H. H. Russell, Belle Valley.
Oliver D. Schock, Hamburg.
R. F. Schwarz, Analomink.

R. 8. Seeds, Birmingham.
Jason Sexton, North Wales.
Frank Simpson, Ridgway.

A. Judson Smith, New Millport.
W. H. Stout, Pine Grove.

W. H. Thomson, State College.
Cc. W. Williams, Hillsville.

J. M. Wittman, St. Mary’s.
Jno. A. Woodward, Howard.
A. P. Young, Millville.

SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF LECTURERS.

INSTITUTE SEASON OF 1899-1900.

James Q. Atkinson, Three Tuns.
Martin G. Benedict, State College.
Wm. M. Bigler, M. D., Tilden.
George Campbell, Green’s Landing.
Cc. E. Chapman, Peruville, N. Y.
Prof. C. B. Cochran, West Chester.
Joseph Crist, Critchfield.

Dr. J. P. Edge, Downingtown.
William M. Ely, Solebury.

Abner Fague, Picture Racks.
aed) Harmer Ulaskig Nosy.

G. R. Foulke, West Chester.

Dr. C. E. Goldsborough, Hunterstown.

John Gould, Aurora Station, O.
Dr. Geo. A. Groff, Lewisburg.
George W. Hood, Indiana.

W. Horace Hoskins, Philadelphia.
C. L. Hoyt, Horsehead, N. Y.

G. G. Hutchison, Warriors’ Mark.
W. B. K. Johnson, Allentown.
Helen Stowell Johnson, Corry.

Florence R. Kenderdine, Lumberville.

W. H. Knouse, Swales.
John H. Landis, Millersville.
Rev. M. D. Lichliter, Pittsburg.

Col. W. Penn Lloyd, Mechanicsburg.
Dr. J. M.- Martin, Mercersburg.
Col. Geo. Nox McCain, Philadelphia.
R. E. McDaniel, Springdale.

M. E. McDonnell, State College.
John McDonald, Delhi, N. Y.

Miss M. Alice Meyer, Clintondale.
George A. Mitchell, Vineland, N. J.
Frank N. Moore, North Orwell.
William L. Nesbit, Lewisburg.

M. W. Oliver, Conneautville.

Isaac Parry, Breadysville.

Mrs. Mary S. Parry, Higbee.

Jos. H. Paschall, Ward.

Geo. T. Powell, Ghent, N. Y.
Joseph Beatty Powell, Shadeland.
Anna E. Redifer, State College.
Mattie Reeder, New Hope.

Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Philadelphia
Mrs. Sarah Tyson Rorer, Philadelphia.
Dr. N. C. Schaeffer, Harrisburg.
Noah Seanor, Plumville.

R. 8S. Searle, Montrose.

A. G. Seyfert, East Earl.

O. P. Shaver, Freidens.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 45

John L. Shawver, Bellefontaine, O. Emil Ulrich, Stroudsburg.

Robert M. Simmers, Phoenixville. Prof. Geo. C. Watson, State College.
W. C. Sloan, Sloan. Jas. A. Waugh, Pittsburg.
Wellington Smith, Mifflintown. S. M. Wherry, Shippensburg.

T. B. Terry, Hudson, O. J. S. Woodward, Lockport, N. Y.

Jacob Twining, Newtown.

DEPARTMENT LECTURERS.

PROF. JOHN HAMILTON, Secretary of Agriculture.
HON. A. L. MARTIN, Director of Institutes.

MAJOR LEVI WELLS, Dairy and Food Commissioner.
BENJ. F. MacCARTNEY, Economic Zoologist.

DR. J. T. ROTHROCK, Commissioner of Forestry.

DR. LEONARD PEARSON, State Veterinarian.

APPORTIONMENT FOR THE SEASON OF 1900-1901.

In order that the boards of institute managers may have full infor-
mation in regard to the plans of the Department, as to the institute
work for the coming season, the following distribution of time for
holding institutes is presented.

The apportionment shows the number of days that the Department
will furnish at least two lecturers to each county, for institute work
during the season of 1900-1901. ‘ It is made on the basis of two days
of institute, to every county having not over 1,000 farms; three days
to each county having more than 1,000 and not over 1,500; after-
wards, one day for each 1,500 farms or fraction thereof additional.
This insures Department aid to each county, in proportion to its agri-
cultural interests.

The State has been divided into five sections. A separate set of
lecturers will be assigned to each section, and in a given county, the

‘same Department workers will continue until all the institutes in
that county have been held.

The amount of money to be distributed to the various managers
for local expenses, will be according to the number of days of in-
stitutes held. In order to make the amount ample for the coming
season, the sum has been fixed at $12.50 per day of institute. This
provides $25.00 for each two days of institute, to be used for local
expenses, such as printing programmes, rent of halls, necessary ex-
penses of local managers, ete.

46 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

There will be in addition, the State help of at least 'two lecturers,
which, with the local assistance, ought to carry the work through
in a creditable manner.

Past experience in most of the counties has shown that the two
days’ institute is much more economical and efficient than the one
day meeting. In the one day meeting the time is usually given to
the visiting lecturers to the exclusion of local aid, on the ground that
the people wish to hear the strangers, and as there is not time to
hear all, the visitors are given the preference. This is a serious mis-
take. The main object of the institute is the development of the
local people, and whatever interferes with this, ought to be corrected.
A two day institute gives ample time for all to be heard, and pro-
vides, also for the deliberate and full discussion of matters of in-
terest that may arise. The morning session of the first day is-al-
most always a failure, and ought to be dropped, and the institute
begin at one P. M., and continued for five sessions. This gives time
for the visiting lecturers to reach the ground, and begin the work
with the advantage of a full house.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 47

INo.-7.

99

~reereavrwvewt ott oO WM Oo MN OO HO

“sACC

“QUABM

‘OMI
“erydjepelud

a0 ase etlbiee “uo, WIB YON
es “201u0/T
sie welesijeie *ATBWOS UOT

‘BUUBMBYOV'T

‘syded

‘syond

“KLINNLOO

*g UO0T}IIS

~

oman mn net Oo Ot HN DOD HH DH

oo

‘sABC

“SULULOA AA
eieleieinietpiere(ecclersieyere “Wadde \\
cocanbooagvogaoade “eSOLL
eleanor iateretris (ote ‘UBATIING
AdoosuSconODNed 2 ‘rajnog
Mieamiafelttetieieiettats ‘UBASTOIN

‘SUTULOOATT

eecesieevessecee ‘uosaazjer

*U0JUITO

‘piojpeig

“AINNOO

"p WOT}OEg

ow o wr woo wrtmt © SH 19 16

‘s£UC

“U0PSUIYSE AMA

‘osuBus A
SOHC Ie ‘Ta0I90W

“ploy MBID,

‘I9aABIG

‘aq Ng,

‘Suoijsully

‘Audy solv

“ALNINOO

§ uolyoIg

‘pupla1ouljse |

NRO SC et RN I 0 eT OO CM! ot

‘s£BC

“UTA

Shc ObOCOROUCHDE ‘uourgay

’
prota fetefeteie (siete ‘uopsuruny
ee ‘urydneqd
‘elaquieg

*pleyivalo
Sheed eacaiesen ‘gaquag
‘eiquin[opD

sTate ln) ois' ote a) cleteve)sie¥s ) “areler

‘ALNNOO

‘6 UOTIS

‘BuBipuy |

19° 19) ok) S11) Ce, Hs 00

*s£UC

Peewee rere eee eereees ‘yO

‘Slag

‘laysvouey
hy ie ACC “eyerune
Sivtagalecayelnred aierateimrerny™ ‘uo

‘UT HUB

‘ayoABy

‘puelisquing

‘1ayseyO

“ALNNOO

‘T WOT}0ES

: ‘TO6T-006T HOH CNAWNOLLYOd dV

a2

48 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

DIRECTIONS FOR CONSTITUTING LOCAL COMMITTEES ON
INSTITUTE WORK IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF PENN-
Saga V ANTA. \

The act of March 13, 1895 (Section 5), makes the following pro-
visions: “That it shall be the duty of the Superintendent of Institutes
to arrange them in such manner as to time and places of holding the
same, as to secure the greatest economy and efficiency of service, and
to this end he shall, in each county where such institutes are to be
held, confer and advise with the local member of the State Board of
Agriculture, together with the representatives duly appointed by
each county agricultural, horticultural or other like organization,
with reference to the appointment of speakers and other local ar-
rangements.”

In order to carry this provision of the law into effect, the Director
of Institutes directs that these representatives, one from each county
organization as stated, duly chosen and properly credited, together
with the local member of the State Board of Agriculture, shall con-
stitute a board of County Institute Managers, of which the local
member of the State Board of Agriculture shall be the chairman.
The organizations entitled to representation, are, county agricul-
tural societies, county horticultaral societies, Eaaane Granges and
county alliances.

The duty of this board shall be to confer and advise with each
other and the Director of Institutes, with reference to the appoint-
ment of speakers and other local arrangements for holding insti-
tutes.

It shall be the duty of each county organization named, to notify
the Director of Institutes of the appointment of its representative
and at the same time give a similar notice to the local member of the
State Board of Agriculture, if there is one in that county.

The local member of the State Board of Agriculture, together with
these representatives of the county organizations, shall meet for
organization on the second Tuesday of June in each year, at one
o’clock P. M., in the county town, at the office of the county commis-
sioners. At this meeting the places for holding institutes for the
ensuing season shall be selected, the same to be subject to the ap-
proval of the Director of Institutes. An institute committee will
also be appointed, at this time, for each locality in which institutes
are to be held.

The local member of the State Board, and each duly accredited

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 49

representative of the county organization in attendance upon this
meeting shall, upon the certificate of the chairman of the board of
managers, be paid his expenses, not to exceed two dollars.

In these meetings every member shall have equal voice, and the
action of the majority shall decide. Notice of the action of the board
shall be sent by the chairman to the Director of Institutes, within ten
days after the meeting.

In counties where the State Board of Agriculture has no member,
or when he may for any reason decline to serve as member and chair-
man of the committee, the representative of the county organizations
mentioned, shall elect a chairman and notify the Director of Insti-
tutes of the fact. Or, if after the meeting for organization the chair-
man does not call a second meeting of the committee at least sixty
days prior to the date fixed for holding the first institute, then the
other members shall meet and proceed to arrange for the institute,
first notifying the Director of Institutes of their action.

In case no representative from any county organizations of that
county shall appear in the meeting on the second Tuesday of June
as stated, then the local member of the State Board of Agriculture
shall immediately report the fact to the Director of Institutes and
proceed to arrange for the holding of institutes that year, without
_ further consultation with the local organizations.

All moneys allotted to any county for use in institute work will
be paid to the chairman of the local committee, to be acounted for
by him in an itemized statement, audited and signed by auditors ap-
pointed by the committee, and then forwarded to this Department,
not later than the first day of May in each year.

SUGGESTIONS TO INSTITUTE MANAGERS.

Prepare programme at least thirty days before date of Institute.

Arrangements should be made with persons in your locality who
are to take part, at least eight weeks previous to meeting.

Have a Question Box, and place it in charge of some competent
person whose work will be to carefully conduct the same.

Exclude from Institutes all sectarian and partisan topics.

Print on programme the name of Chairman and members of Com-
mittees.

Thoroughly advertise the Institute by distributing programmes, in-
vitation by postal cards and posters, and secure the aid and good will
of your local newspaper.

: 4—7—1900

a0 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Select a competent Secretary to take notes and report proceedings
of meeting to local papers.

Invite representatives of newspapers to a place at Recording Sec-
retary’s table, and solicit their aid and assistance in reporting pro-
ceedings of meetings.

For a two-days’ institute, provide for five sessions, each session de-
voted to a certain topic, and have no local speaker crowded otf pro-
gramme for want of time, unless unavoidable.

Locate Institutes where a suitable hall or church can be procured
and the greatest number can be accommodated, as these meetings are
for the benetit of the farmers and their families.

Extend a personal invitation to your County Superintendent of
Public Schvols to be present and take pari, especially at the educa-
tional session, without which no Institute 1s complete. Invite all
farm organizations, all school teachers and children, especially the
ladies, to attend and take part in the exercises.

At least three State speakers will be in attendance, and a list of
topics which they are prepared to discuss can be found in the In-
stitute Bulletin. From this list the Committee on Programme can
select such topics as would most interest the farmers in their sec-
tion, and place same opposite the lecturer’s name on programme.

The County Chairman should, as soon as arrangements are com-
pleted for holding Institute, enclose to all lectures expected to be
present, a copy of programme, with letter designating what railroad
station to stop at, and the name of the hotel secured for their accom-
modation. In case Institute is held at a distance from railroad,
speakers should be met by conveyance and taken to Institute. The
expense of getting from and to such stations is to be paid by County
Chairman.

Remember the Institute is for the whole county and not merely for
the town or locality where held. Begin advertising early and do not
fail to let the public know of your meeting.

The State is divided into five sections. Beginning December 3d,
five institutes will be in session at the same time. At least three
State speakers will be present at all Institutes. One State speaker
will be a special representative of the Department and have charge
of the section, and may be regarded as an assistant to the presiding
officer in the performance of his duties.

It is important that the Chairman of County Board of Institute
Managers make a complete report of his Institutes, and mail same to
the Director of Institutes as soon as possible after the close of the
Institutes. Blanks for this purpose will be forwarded him. All es-
says of merit, read before Institutes, should be collected by the
County Chairman, and forwarded to the Director of Institutes. A

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 51

number of these essays are published in the annual report, and we
regret that space forbids that all can not be published. In select-
ing essays for publication, we find numerous essays treating upon
the same topic, all meritorious, yet space would forbid the publica-
tion of more than one essay upon a given topic. These papers are
placed upon file and kept for future reference.

52

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

GENERAL ROUND-UP OF FARMERS’ INSTI-

TUTE MANAGERS AND LECTURERS,

HELD IN THE COURT HOUSE AT LOCK HAVEN, CLINTON COUNTY,

PENNSYLVANIA, JUNE 6, 7, 8, 1900.

PROGRAMME.

Thursday Morning, June 7, 1900.

Call to order ‘at 8.30 A. M.
Adjournment on Motion.

=I

Prof. 'S. B. Heiges, of York county, Chairman.

GENERAL FARMING SESSION.

. “The Soil Our Partner,”

By Hon. Alva Agee, Cheshire, O.

“Soil Improvement, the Keynote of Agriculture,”
By R. S. Seeds, Esq., Birmingham, Huntingdon County, Pa.

“The Water Supply on the Farm and How to Get It,”
By Henry W. Northup, Glenburn, Lackawanna County, Pa.

. “Feeding Cattle for Profit,”

By J. S. Burns, Esq., Clinton, Allegheny County, Pa.

“The Tidy vs. the Careless Farmer,”
By M. N. Clark, Esq., Claridge, Westmoreland County, Pa.

“Twentieth Century Farmer,”
By R. L. Beardslee, Esq., Warrenham, Bradford County, Pa.

“Tdeal Standards in Farming,”
By George E. Hull, Esq., Orangeville, O.

. “Pure Food Laws and Their Enforcement,”

By Major Levi Wells, State Dairy and Food Commissioner,
Harrisburg, Pa.

. General discussion.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 53

,

Thursday Afternoon, June 7th, 1900.

Call to order at 1.30 P. M.

Adjournment on motion.

Hon. 8S. R. Downing, Goshenville, Chester County, Chairman.
1. Written Reports of County Institute Managers.

2. Discussion.

COUNTRY HOME SESSION.

Thursday Evening, June 7, 1900.
Call to order at 7.30.
Adjournment on motion.
W. H. H. Riddle, Esq., of Butler County, Chairman.
Prayer.
PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS.

. “Nature Study in the Public Schools,”
By J. H. Peachy, Esq., Belleville, Mifflin County, Pa.

_

2. “Should Agriculture be Taught in Our Common Schools,”
By Gabriel Hiester, Esq., Harrisburg, Dauphin County, Pa.

3. “Botany on the Farm,”
By Prof. George C. Butz, State College, Centre County, Pa.

4, “Education vs. Ignorance in Modern Farming,”
By C. L. Peck, Esq., Coudersport, Potter County, Pa.

5. “Training for Our Life Work,”
By Enos H. Hess, Esq., State College, Centre County, Pa.

6. “Our Education, Our Capital,”
By W. F. Hill, Esq., Westford, Crawford County, Pa.

7. “Education for the Adult Farmer,”
Dr. William Frear, State College, Centre County, Pa.

8. “Plants for Home Adornment,”
By Edwin Lonsdale, Esq., Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia County, Pa.

9. “Practical Manner for Conducting Nature Study in Our Public
Schools,”
By Prof. S. B. Heiges, York, York County, Pa.

Friday Morning, June 8, 1900.
Call to order at 8.30 A. M.
Adjournment on motion.
S. F. Barber, Esq., Harrisburg, Dauphin County, Chairman.

54 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS.

1. “The Silo, an Economic,”
By Hon. T. J. Philips, Atglen, Chester County, Pa.

2. “Management of Dairy Cows on the Farm,”
By L. W. Lighty, Esq., East Berlin, Adams County, Pa.

3. “Farmers’ Institutes, Past and Present,”
By Hon. 8. R. Downing, Goshenville, Chester County, Pa.
4, “Nine Years with Crimson Clover,”
By Calvin Cooper, Hsq., Bird-in-Hand, Lancaster County, Pa.
5. “The Relation of the Wholesomeness of the wanes to the

Health of its Inmates,”
By Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Veterinarian, Philadelphia, Pa.

LIST OF QUESTIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS.

Friday Afternoon, June 8, 1900.
Call to order at 1.80 P. M.
Col. John A. Woodward, Howard, Centre County, Chairman.
1. Should the blackboard ae chart be more generally used in our
Institutes? Opened by Prof. 8. B. Heiges.
2. What time, if any, node be given to verbal questions and
answers? Opened by Gabriel Hiester.
3. What are the most important topics to discuss at Institutes the
coming season? Opened by J. 8. Burns.
4. How can farm life be made more attractive? Opened by Thos.
J. Philips.
5. What course should Local Managers pursue in order to insure
successful Institutes? Opened by R. J. Weld.
6. What topics should be discussed at the Ladies’ Session, and
should the men engage in the discussion? Opened by Alva Agee.
7. Best method of providing music; what should be its character?
Opened by A. Judson Smith.
8. Is the Question Box a benefit to the Institute? What time
should be given to it? Opened by H. G. McGowan.
9. Should the exhibition of farm products be encouraged at our
Institutes? Opened by Jason Sexton.
10. What line of instruction is most needed by the farmer? Opened
by Dr. M. E. Conard.
11. Should a lecturer discuss a topic in the same ‘locality more than
once? Opened by W. H. Stout.
12. In what way can the Local Manager best advertise an Insti-
tute? Opened by M. N. Clark.
13. What means should be used to procure a general co-operation
of county agricultural societies? Opened by M. W. Oliver.
14. Experience of past season’s Institute work.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 55

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA.

STATE LIVE STOCK SANITARY BOARD.

ily (OBIE

PRESIDENT.

Hon. William A. Stone, Governor.

VICE PRESIDENT.

Hon. Jesse K. Cope, Dairy and Food Commissioner.

TREASURER.

Prof. John Hamilton, Secretary of Agriculture.

SECRETARY.

Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Veterinarian.

AN ACT ESTABLISHING THE STATE LIVE STOCK SANITARY
BOARD.

AN ACE

To establish the State Live Stock Sanitary Board of Pennsylvania,
and to provide for the control and suppression of dangerous, con-
tagious or infectious diseases of domestic animals.

Section 1. Be it enacted, etc., That a Board is hereby established
to be known as “The State Live Stock Sanitary Board.” This Board
shall consist of the Governor of the Commonwealth, the Secretary of
- Agriculture, the State Dairy and Food Commissioner and the State
Veterinarian, who shall be a competent and qualified person as pro-
vided in the act, entitled “An act to create a Department of Agricul-:
ture and define its duties.”

Section 2. That it shall be the duty of the State Live Stock Sani-
tary Board to protect the health of the domestic animals of the State,

56 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

to determine and employ the most efficient and practical means
for the prevention, suppression, control or eradication of dangerous,
contagious or infectious diseases among the domestic animals, and
for these purposes it is hereby authorized and empowered to estab-
lish, maintain, enforce and regulate such quarantine and other mea-
sures relating to the movements and care of animals and their
products, the disinfection of suspected localities and articles and the
destruction of animals, as it may deem necessary, and to adopt from
time to time all such regulations as may be necessary and proper
for carrying out the purposes of this act: Provided, however, In the
case of any slowly contagious diseases only suspected or diseased
animals shall be quarantined.

Section 3. That when it shall be deemed necessary to condemn
and kill any animal or animals to prevent the further spread of
disease, and an agreement cannot be made with the owners for the
value thereof, three appraisers shall be appointed, one by the owner,
one by the commission or its authorized agent, and the third by the
two so appointed, who shall, under oath or affirmation, appraise the
animal or animals, taking into consideration their actual value and
condition at the time of appraisement, and such appraised price shall
be paid in the same manner as other expenses under this act are
provided for: Provided, That under such appraisement not more
than twenty-five dollars shall be paid for any infected animal of
grade or common stock, and not more than fifty dollars for any in-
fected animal of registered stock, nor more than forty dollars for any
horse or mule of common or grade stock and not to exceed fifty per
cent. of the appraised value of any standard bred, registered or im-
ported horses.

Section 4. That the Board or any member thereof, or any of their
duly authorized agents, shall at all times have the right to enter any
premises, farms, fields, pens, abattoirs, slaughter houses, buildings,
cars or vessels, where any domestic animal is at the time quartered,
or wherever the carcass of one may be, for the purpose of examining
it in any way that may be deemed necessary to determine whether
they are or were the subjects of any contagious or infectious dis-
eases.

Section 5. That any person or persons wilfully violating any of
the provisions of this act or any regulation of the State Live Stock
Sanitary Board, or wilfully interfering with officers appointed under
this act, shall be deemed guilty of misdemeanor and shall, upon con-
viction, be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars or
by imprisonment not exceeding one month, or both, at the discretion
of the court.

Section 6. That the State Live Stock Sanitary Board is hereby
empowered to appoint and employ such assistants and agents and to

No. 7. = DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 67

purchase such supplies and materials as may be necessary in carry-
ing out the provisions of this act, and the Board and the members
thereof are hereby empowered to administer oatus or affirmations to
the appraisers appointed under this act, that they may order and con-
duct such examinations into the condition of the live stock of the
State in relation to contagious diseases, including the milk supplies
of cities, towns, boroughs and villages, as may seem necessary, and
to take proper measures to protect such milk supplies from contami-
nation.

Section 7. That all necessary expenses under the provisions of
this act shall, after approval in writing by the Governor and the
Secretary of Agriculture, be paid by the State Treasurer upon the
warrant of the Auditor Genert1 in the manner now provided by law.

Section 8. That this act shall take effect June first, one thousand
eight hundred and ninety-five, and all acts or parts of acts inconsis-
tent herewith are hereby repealed.

Approved—May 21st, 1895.

_AN ACT TO PROTECT THE HEALTH OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

AN ACT

To protect the health of the domestic animals of the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That the importation of dairy cows
and neat cattle for breeding purposes into the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania is hereby prohibited, excepting when such cows and
neat cattle are accompanied by a certificate from an inspector, whose
competency and reliability are certified to by the authorities charged
with the control of the diseases of domestic animals in the State
from whence the cattle came, certifying that they have been exam-
ined and subjected to the tuberculin test and are free from disease.

Section 2. That in lieu of an inspection certificate as above re-
quired, the cattle may be detained at suitable stock-yards nearest to
the State line on the railroad over which they are shipped, and
there examined at the expense of the owner, or cattle as above
specified from points outside of the State may, under such restric-
tions as may be provided by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board,
be shipped in quarantine to their destination in Pennsylvania, there
to remain in quarantine until properly examined at the expense of
the owner, and released by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board.

5

as ANNUAL RHPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Section 3. The State Live Stock Sanitary Board is hereby author-
ized and empowered to prohibit the importation of domestic ani-
mals into the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, whenever in their
judgment such measures may be necessary for the proper protection
of the health of the domestic animals of the Commonwealth, and to
make and enforce rules and regulations governing such traffic as
may from time to time be required.

Section 4. That any person, firm, or corporate body violating the
provisions of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and
upon conviction shall, in the proper court of the county in which such
cattle are sold, ofiered for sale, delivered to a purchaser, or in which
such cattle may be detained in transit, for each offense, forfeit and
pay a fine of not less than fifty dollars or more than one hundred
dollars, or be punished by imprisonment for not less than ten days,
and not exceeding thirty days, either or both, at the discretion of
court. Such person, firm or corporate body shall be liable for the
full amount of the damages that may result from the violation of
this act.

Section 5. The State Live Stock Sanitary Board is hereby charged
with the enforcement of this act, and is authorized to see that its
provisions are obeyed, and to make, from time to time, such rules
aud regulations as may be necessary and proper for its enforcement.

Section 6. That this act shall go into effect January first, one thou-
sand eight hundred and ninety-eight.

Approved—May 26, 1897.

RULES FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE ACT OF MAY 26,
1897.

Dairy cows and neat cattle for breeding purposes may be brought
into Pennsylvania from other States only in accordance with one of
the three following provisions:

1. The cattle may be examined and tested with tuberculin in the
State from whence they come by an inspector whose competency and
reliability are certified to by the authorities charged with the con-
trol of the diseases of animals in that State. Special blanks for re-
porting upon such examinations will be furnished by the State Live
Stock Sanitary Board upon application. Cattle thus examined, found
to be free from disease and brought into Pennsylvania, shall remain
in the possession of the person or persons who own them when

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 59

brought into Pennsylvania until the inspection reports have been ap-
proved by a member of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board or by an
agent authorized to approve such reports. After such approval the
cattle can be disposed of without restriction.

2. Dairy cows and neat cattle for breeding purposes may, if ship-
pers so elect, be examined and tested with tuberculin at suitable
stock-yards nearest to the State line on the railroad over which they
are shipped. Such examinations are to be made by inspectors ap-
proved by this Board and at the expense of the owner of the cattle.

Cattle so inspected shall be marked with a suitable metal tag or
shall be accurately described so that they can be reliably identified,
and a report on the examination and test, with directions for identi-
fication, shall be submitted without delay to this Board.

3. Dairy cows and neat cattle for breeding purposes may be
brought into Pennsylvania without previous examination only under
the following conditions:

A. Notification to the State Live Stock Sanitary Board that it is
proposed to bring certain dairy cows or neat cattle for breeding pur-
poses into this State. Such notice must be accompanied by the
number and a full and accurate description of the cattle, the names
and addresses of the owner and consignee, the date upon which

_they are to be brought into the State, the route over which they are
to be driven or shipped, and the destination.

A blank form to use in rendering this report will be sent upon ap-
plication to the State Live Stock Sanitary Board.

B. Such cattle shall remain in strict quarantine during transit and
after they have arrived at their destination until they have been ex-
amined and tested with tuberculin by an inspector approved by this
Board. Under this quarantine it is required that the cattle shall
be kept apart from other cattle, that they shall remain in the posses-
sion of the person or persons who bring them into this State and that
their milk shall not be sold or used without previous sterilization by
boiling.

Dairy cows or neat cattle for breeding purposes brought into Penn-
sylvania under this provision that are found upon examination or —
test to be tuberculous, shall be strictly isolated and quarantined,
their milk cannot be used for any purpose whatever without previous
sterilization by boiling, and they shall not be moved to other prem-
ises excepting for slaughter. No compensation shall be allowed for
such cattle.

Approved by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board at Harrisburg,
Pa.. November 5, 1897.

LEONARD PEARSON,
Secretary.

60 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

A SUPPLEMENT TO AN ACT FOR THE TAXATION OF DOGS
AND THE PROTECTION OF SHEEP.

A SUPPLEMENT

To an act, entitled “An act for the taxation of dogs and the pro-—
tection of sheep,’ approved the twenty-fifth day of May, Anno
Domini one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three, providing
that the fund raised by the taxation of dogs be applied, in addi-
tion to the loss of sheep, for the loss of other domestic animals
bitten by mad dogs.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That the fund raised by the taxation
of dogs, as provided by the act of the General Assembly, entitled
“An act for the taxation of dogs and the protection of sheep,” ap-
proved the twenty-fifth day of May, Anno Domini one thousand eight
hundred and ninety-three, in addition to the application thereof for
the payment of losses sustained by the destruction and damage to
sheep, be applied for the payment of horses, mules, cattle and swine
bitten by mad dog or mad dogs, and destroyed or necessary to be de-
stroyed by reason thereof. Said damages shall be ascertained and
recovered in the same manner as provided by sections three, four
and five of the said act: Provided,-That in no case shall the value of
each horse or mule exceed one hundred dollars, the value of each
head of cattle forty dollars, and each head of swine six dollars.

Section 2. All acts or supplements of acts inconsistent with the
provisions of this supplement are hereby repealed: Provided, That
this supplement shall not repeal or affect the provision of any special
law relating to the same subject in any county, township, borough
or city in this Commonwealth.

Approved—The 11th day of April, A. 1). 1901.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 61

AN ACT FOR THE PREVENTION OF THE SPREAD OF DIS-
EASE FROM THE CARCASSES OF ANIMALS.

AN ACT

To provide for the prevention of the spread of disease from the car-
casses of animals that die of dangerous or virulent disease, or are
killed while afflicted with such disease; to provide for the safe
disposal or destruction of such carcasses; to authorize the State
Live Stock Sanitary Board to make regulations for the enforce-
ment of this act; and to provide penalties for the violations of
this act and of the regulations that may be made under it by the
State Live Stock Sanitary Board.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That when any domestic animal may
die of, or be killed while afflicted with, an infectious, contagious,
germ or parasitic disease, adjudged by the State Live Stock Sanitary
Board to be of a dangerous or virulent character, and in particular
when any domestic animal may die or be killed while it is afflicted
with any one of the diseases known as anthrax, black quarter, hog
cholera, swine plague, rabies or glanders, the owner or owners of
such animal shall at once destroy or dispose of the carcass of such
animal by one of the methods herein provided.

Section 2. The methods of destruction or disposal shall be of a
kind that will completely destroy or securely sequestor the poison,
germ, parasite or infective agent of the disease with which the ani-
mal was afflicted at the time of death. The following methods of
destruction or disposal shall be allowed: One. Complete burning or
cremation of the carcass, and of all of its parts and products. ‘Two.
Boiling the carcass and all of its parts and products in water, or
heating the same with steam, at the temperature of boiling water,
for at least two hours. Three. Burying the carcass and all of its
parts and products in a place that is not subject to overflow from
ponds or streams, that is distant not less than one hundred feet from
any water-course, well, spring, public highway or building used as
a house or stable, and in the following manner to wit: The grave
Shall be of such a depth that when the carcass and the parts and pro-
ducts thereof are placed init, and the grave is filled with earth and
the top is smoothed to the level of the surrounding surface, the up-
permost part of the carcass and of its parts and products shall be
completely covered; and, further, the grave shall be so protected
that the carcass cannot be dug out or exposed by dogs or other ani-

62 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

mals. Before the carcass and its parts and products are covered
with earth they shall be covered with lime, to a depth of not less
than three inches. Any other method of destroying or disposing of
carcasses, and of the parts and products of carcass, may be prac-
ticed that is specifically approved by the State Live Stock Sanitary
Board.

Section 8. If any person owning an animal that dies while it is
afflicted with anthrax, black quarter, hog cholera, swine plague,
rabies or glanders, or any other infectious, contagious, germ or para-
sitic disease, that is adjudged by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board
to be of a dangerous or virulent character, shall, after notification
by anyone, neglect within twenty-four hours to destroy or dispose
of the carcass and its parts and products in accordance with the pro-
visions of section two of this act, the said person shall be deemed
guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be pun-
ished by a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred
dollars, at the discretion of the court.

Section 4. When the carcass and products of any animal that died
while afflicted with any of the diseases specified in section one of
this act, or of any infectious, contagious, germ or parasitic disease,
adjudged by ‘the State Live Stock Sanitary Board to be of a danger-
ous or virulent character, is not disposed of or destroyed in one of
the ways set forth in section two of this act, and this fact shall be
brought to the attention of an agent of the State Live Stock Sani-
ary Board, the board of health of the township, borough or city in
which the death occurs or in which the carcass of the animal may
be; or when this fact shall be brought to the attention of any mem-
ber of such board of health; or in the event that there is no board of
health having jurisdiction, when any township auditor, of a town-
ship in which such a carcass may be, is notified of the fact; it shall
be ‘the duty of the said agent of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board,
or member of a board of health, or said health board, or said town-
ship auditor, to at once cause the carcass and ils parts and products
to be disposed of or destroyed in accordance with the methods pre-
scribed in section two of this act. ;

The disposal or destruction of the carcass shall be carried out in
a way that is as economical as is compatible with efficiency and
safety, and a fully itemized bill of the expense incurred shall be
drawn up by the agent of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, the
board of health, or the board of township auditors, and forwarded as
a voucher to the State Live Stock Sanitary Board. If the voucher
is approved by said board, it shall be paid in the same manner as
other expenses of said board are paid: Provided, however, That no
charge shall be paid of more than ten dollars for the destruction of
a single careass of a horse, mule. cow. bull. or ox: nor more than

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 63

three dollars for the destruction of a single carcass of a colt, calf,
sheep, hog, or dog.

Section 5. The cost of the destruction of the carcass or carcasses,
as hereinbefore provided, shall constitute a lien on the property of
the owner or owners of the animals at the time of their death; and
it shall be the duty of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board to attempt
to recover, and if possible to recover, by due process of law, from said
owner or owners the amounts expended by it for disposing of or de-
stroying the carcass of their animals, in the enforcement of this
act.
Approved—The 2d day of May. A. D. 1901.

EXTRACTS FROM THE RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE
STATE LIVE STOCK SANITARY BOARD OF PENNSYLVA-
NIA. |

Upon application from owners of tuberculous cattle, the State
‘Live Stock Sanitary Board will furnish tuberculin and inspections
free, on condition that the cattle owner will agree to:

1. Assist in the examination.

2. Separate the cattle found to be tuberculous from those that are
healthy, and have them cared for separately until disposed of, as
directed by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board.

3. Disinfect the stables and correct faulty sanitary conditions, as
directed by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board.

4. Discontinue the use of milk and cream from infected cows, ex-
cept when boiled or heated to 185 degrees F. and kept at this tem-
perature for five minutes.

Upon application from owners of dairy herds, the State Live Stock
Sanitary Board will conduct or direct inspections of cattle and cattle
stables and yards, and will furnish certificates showing the health of
the animals and the sanitary condition of their surroundings: Pro-
vided, That the applicant will agree to bear the necessary expense
of such inspections.

Since it is manifestly impossible for the State Live Stock Sanitary
Board to investigate all rumors or unsubstantiated reports of con-
tagious disease among domestic animals, the State Veterinarian may,

64 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

if in his opinion there exists a reasonable doubt as to the dangerous,
contagious or infectious character of a reported disease, request the
owner or person in charge of the stock, at his own expense, to have
an examination made by a compentent veterinarian, and furnish a
report from such veterinarian to the Secretary of 'the Board. In case
this request is not complied with, the Board may decline to consider
the case.
The following blank is furnished by the Board:

“To the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania:

“Gentlemen: I have had my entire herd inspected and tested with
tuberculin and have reason to believe that some of my cattle are af-
feted with tuberculosis.

“T have had this inspection and test made at my own expense and
now wish to dispose of ‘the diseased animals in accordance with the
rules and regulations of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board and to
avail myself of the assistance afforded by the Commonwealth in such
cases. If such assistance is furnished, I agree to thereafter observe
the precautions and measures and to employ the means recommended
by your Board to prevent the reintroduction and redevelopment of
tuberculosis in my herd.

“My herd includes the following animals: Cows, ........ heifers
GVET LONE year Old) cs. :\ 2). o% , bulls over one year old=)2 o.. aaeee :
RIE CES nsec ie sisopes 50s ,; calves. under one year old; 3... 24.1558 ae :
MeO PALL ches uate ee ise The milk from this herd is used by ...........-
PE ove Rcakden se lopoe) bus sok peda hale aatigs Sassy oH olla ee oe ede) Aten ee ae er

Mine" Cattle pare yotag asics s (eoin ehe eect. anerate fe wie: ais ko fea eee

The inspection and. test were made by ..:.)..:........2.. snes
GEASS Ji 2 eels See OU: 6 aye ids ca fae BUNS ah Ns a ae tee ee 190.0:

“T certify that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, none of the
dairy cows or cattle for breeding purposes in my herd have been
brought from another State into Pennsylvania since January 1, 1898,
without having been subjected to inspection and tuberculin test, as
required by law.

Yours respectfully,

BS) 0s). 6) © a 616) ete. oo ae le, Se) wee elma

The usual application form is the following:
“To the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania:
“Gentlemen: I have reason to believe that some of my cattle are
afflicted with tuberculosis, and T wish to have my entire herd in-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 65

spected, and tested with tuberculin, if such test is deemed necessary
by your representative; and the diseased animals disposed of accord-
ing to the rules and regulations of the State Live Stock Sanitary
Board.

“T understand that this inspection and test are to be made at the
expense of the Commonwealth and, in consideration thereof, I agree
to thereafter observe the precautions and measures and to employ
the means recommended by your Board to prevent the reintroduc-
tion and redevelopment of tuberculosis in my herd.

“I certify that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, none of the
dairy cows or cattle for breeding purposes in my herd have been
brought from another State into Pennsylvania since January 1, 1898,
without having been subjected to inspection and tuberculin test, as
required by law

Yours respectfully,

Caeser CeCe OF CROeOeCO © O 0) ONDRC -OnCu Oma © Ona FOO

(CAGES) Weert oe tas x ce steers
Be ET ee ares oe raat County, Pa.
“My herd includes the following animals: Cows, ........ heifers
ByemOne year OWL s sa... 5. ; bulls, over‘one year old, .2. 3 =. -- ;
SEES Sei , calves under one year old, ....... SLO UR ees oe ree
The milk from this herd is used by ......... 10D cago eee

a CENTER LTC ryote Be shed Moe A eRe sg rac. sacs oes Sis Ws WA

RE ouain Nes) (mes) '6) 6. (8) aie e's) ale.9) 6) © (6) \© 0) 606) 6).6 6, 0 ©) 0.) 8 e).0) ©) 40, o's ©. 0 Oe 6 (0 oe le: 2:6. 6 6 © 6 ee {8
Pee ees «aa © ee) e6e 6 6, 6, 06 alce) 0, (6) 6 (6) 8) @1e; © @' & 8) 0) @ 6.6) 6 (0) ©) 2). Oy.0) 0) @..0) © Oe 6) Cie 2 Oe, © © 2. 0 © 0\ 2.016) 6
SRC Pealiwirel eile lie) e) (ei |e) 0) vs) (o (= («| elve,s) e\(e; alle’ a’ © \@, we) s) 6) 6! 0) 6) (0,0! 6 © «© 60 @ 0) @ 6 a) © [ee 0 © 6 6 6 © 0 0 6) 6) 8 @ «

Shene wiaib elim) al 's! ie! ele) e) 6) 6) /@) @) ees (© 6 © 0 ©) .« ¢ (06. -c, 610 © Cie v © 0 0) 6:6 6.0 0 9) 6 6 6 © (6 8 0 © 6) 616 66 6.6 e;e\e

“The following are my reasons for believing that some of my cattle
are afflicted with tuberculosis:

Mis iielis iat iniie\ cia) 0) (0) ic: ai ele Lelke!/eieie fe) qin ue © © o48).e 6 (0/0, ele «+e \e\ © .6 © 6) 6) 8a (4) (a6, & (@ (eee ia © 6)'e ge ® /6))0) (8 (08
Mion eile Ley allele es) le) (a) 6) 6 ¢ 9 (0:6, ee (6, ae) © (0) 6,6) 6.0 © 6.0 6 o.0,ehe Wie wa) © 0a) e @ ie) 6! (9) 8 ©. 68,6) 6106s) @) 6
ipa eiiea sia @\ (etal 6.0 |e) dice! 0 6 0, © 0) wis, el. © 0. 6 0s) 0 16 6 6 2 6!e, 6 [mo 0 © @ (0 (0 (6\"0, 0) (Bye) 60:0 6 '010 ie 018, © @. je eVe
MEeETeN Sie) o's | louie) Cle 10)(@) (6) 10), 6 <8! ‘b (G7'e <e 8 6\e 16 6-0, 68 0 © 6.0 0's) Ole. 6 (0. ¢.0 16 #48) 0! 8) wes, 0 Ces 6 2.6118 6 6816 (B
MiEMENe i egrelsiel sine syle) \s tia) @ 6, «(6 \¢ (ia 0) ¢)(s 0 2) = 8) ef © cha (0 6 9: '0, © 0 (6 10 6 © © 0.5 0.0 (0.6. 0 6 8.6 «(ees 0,0 80 eee,
Die Mayw is seie) (ele ime) sais a elie) =) @\ (9, @ &) © 1 6| 6 € 8 © 6 6 16 6 1619: 0) W606 6) € (D6) 0) 6). 0.6) 0) 6.0), 600) 0) © '9}\ 8-0) 8) 6 © 8 8
Belial Wilsia lel) 6) e's ee] fe) ee, 0, @..0 © 6 se 2,06 © ee) a @ |e e 86 6 6.0 8 6 0 6) '0).6) 0 6) \e) 6 © es) Oa) (6 ee, 0:2) 0) S07 e

aeseeescereece ees ere en ere ewe eee eee eee eee ee ee eee eseeereeeseee eee ee eee @

5—T—1900

tt ANNUAL RHPORT OF THE Off. Due.

PENNSYLVANIA LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’
ASSOCIATION.

1901.

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES.

PRESIDENT.
(aii. Gh k oie coy in Soe ge domso cn Lon Dane coord dopo OM apolae oxic: \ldenville.

FIRST VICE PRESIDENT.

Inline, WehV ease S55 aad sa6.0c onconionadodno So SUctdaccoD¢ Avondale.

SECOND VICE PRESIDENT.

Ma UPS Shoemaker sod -e cris oetcleis ne eleletalsisiaceteneletemtelaararste Greensburg.
SECRETARY.
Be PSe MB ay ay Gis. ci tiocisiks w wide ere tee oie oes wien c nteiMors ialeis’ay stefetors 201 Shady Ave., E. E., Pitts-_
burg.
TREASURER.

A eae Od DE ql AR ane io Sept Ooi ite Ob ORCC AAO ToD COC W yebrook.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Wi Ge Powell, ‘Shadeland sa. f ct. seisecrespsiets cicero owucie '.. Representing horses.

Ee We Comfort:. Hallsimetomny .cssetess cts ce cole sclera Representing cattle.

Van Berry Clokey aan. vccmetee sie oiatiteteike’s biciairieleelesiore Representing sheep.

Geos WwW. Church; WayMesDume, <hammesr: sett eileclem ee Representing swine.

Géo: CC» Watson state Collese ye aacc neem ak eiop «islets Representing poultry.

ie eA EMICld:, “WieliSDOV Osc tevers atehele bsccceie wettest cholo cers Representing Angora goats.

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE.

WV2) SER. Ee, Riddle) Ciara ec oterees orcretetseieia sisalaleneetel ala Butler.

BR es, SIMEUN COS te aes SE A chads a,c ewtaioce oiaie's (eietatenerete tye toinhebieie Canonsburg.

AMV SAE 2 CEU OS Oiiaie oe. B overe vs sliotivass are sarenin/atern Je oteategereeieraterece tenn Altoona.

Dr. Thomas Tarn bulls, ceiccics onc cuine niatelents weiss Allegheny.

IV Re WMT UIT 5 esas va. sect» vo. v ae sao epus 6s nen cielteeetoratetaens Philadelphia.

VeecSss FRA ee cham cere tie cs ides ccn.e aches pti an tiara cnitetelons 201 Shady Ave., E. E., Pitts-
burg.

AVC: Norton, (eX sQtHiile, os... ..untlee Gee Cen Ville

Nai i. DHPARTMHNT OF AGRICULTURE. 61

COMMITTEE ON FAIRS.

Wis GL TelE vel ee Oy oly heiagic hoi EMO Ge coGcoloc SoReoe Mercer.

RI AUTINGS ee ES LERL INS —eaie en ateyenvie iets eve ve ale + buat Svs awit auniate ciskessiemiereuet sls Espyville Station.
AVIV eee FP RTD Ke nett TN t etayepa te ovat Gibuete sy ete ido ote tein etic Ae olor Jennerstown.

AS SAN VION G Cll tarot erica getty. 6s ts asiece acess estes neers ULYSSES:
HisaleeANUCSD DET AM See cee aie hod oe sachets sis sie elste este sie See GOSHEN:

eee ONG GRSOMme .ne piact. c sivarstslowins nes ovine tee os anre Vas hine ton.

Viger TOME ZENG: ac aie-cjsnersres tees os ets clstushisnvas secede enw GOReECDSDULS;

REO eae eee SUVA CXS vt eras eye Peay ey ats ecfaltebencns <notateie c auchousiateedeiey ave nieve Stele Stoneboro.

DUVMEPA Sree ON ie atere, clereiers ide gneiss ris eneisit: sais laje were aia wee Mercer.

PERV aly. LOM Grbtceccie Mersideieinle ooo seals ao es ahbrecl anes tee ede CHMEUE SQWane:

COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION.

US seIMOyaAe ss (CHAPIN, oie ciereicretcte c1c\0 sisi cel sisicre's la Washington.

Dre oeOMArA! (PCATSOMS) 1 crc cucya tere cis suerere ae eefeiere-s ate atehersianele Philadelphia.

ERO EDDY os ELLY NVA Ly | i wares olnia) o <5, 000" cislay sal sesnerareioiereusysline State College.
ath dds (Owes soononedec5 ce dsodeode sd 7oroonsebaacnGa dune ab Pittsburg.

We SME RS CVGTAS are tovateresy sheer erorre oer ataxe tarcva/ol sith svaloterel siatenavaretero cstv ote Elkdale.

CONSTITUTION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ AS-
SOCIATION.

The object of this association is 'to encourage and advance the live
stock interests of Pennsylvania. :

Article I—Membership. Any reputable breeder of pure-bred live
stock who is a resident of Pennsylvania may become a member of
this association upon the payment of the annual dues.

Article Ii—Associate Membership. Any person interested in im-
proved live stock, and in sympathy with the objects of this associa-
tion, may become an associate member by the payment of the annual
dues, but is not entitled to vote.

Article I1I—Dues. The annual dues shall-be one dollar, payable
(in advance) on or before the annual meeting.

hd ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE Uff. Duc.

THE PENNSYLVANIA HORTICULTURAL SO-
CH.

FOUNDED 1827.

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES FOR THE YEAR 1901.

PRESIDENT.
James M. Rhodes.

VICE PRESIDENTS.

Dr. Geo. Goebel, Henry F. Michell,
Edward L. Boutillier, John McCleary.

TREASURER.
Ss. We seith:

SECRETARY.
David Rust.

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY.

Thomas Meehan.

PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURAL CHEMISTRY.

Dr. Persifor Frazer.

PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY.
- Rev. Ho Cy MceCook, sD:

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.

Chester Davis, Chairman:
J. Cheston Morris, M. D., Thomas Long,
Wm. K. Harris, Wm. Fowler,

John Thatcher, Francis Canning.

MEMBER OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Edwin Lonsdale.

SECTIONS COMMITTEE.
J. Cheston Morris,- M. D., Chairman:
Burnet Landreth, Wm. F. Dreer,

Mrs. E. S. Starr, Robert Craig,
Edwin Lonsdale.

No. 7. DHPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FINANCE COMMITTEE.

Robert Craig, Chairman:
Henry F. Mitchell, Cc. Hartman Kuhn.

LIBRARY COMMITTEE.

Burnet Landreth, Chairman:
C. Hartman Kuhn, George C. Watson,
Je Da eRand, S. W. Keith.

COMMITTEE FOR ESTABLISHING PREMIUMS.

- Hdwin Lonsdale, Chairman:
W. Atlee Burpee,

John G. Gardner, Wm. K. Harris,

John Wescott. John McCleary,
PLANTS.

J. W. Colflesh, Chairman:

W. A. Manda, Chester Davis,

Jos. Hurley, : James Verner.
FLOWERS.

A. B. Cartledge, Chairman:

A. B. Scott, C. Hisele,

Ss. S. Pennock, H. B. Surman.

FRUITS.
John G. Gardner, Chairman:
John C. Lewis, Wm. Warner Harper.
VEGETABLES.

W. Atlee Burpee, Chairman:

Wm. F. Dreer, Wm. Fowler,

S. P. Landreth, J. Cheston Morris, M. D.

COMMITTEE TO ARRANGE FOR AND SUPERINTEND EXHIBITIONS.
Geo. E. Campbell, Chairman:

Deas Connor, C. Hartman Kuhn,
Sidney W. Keith, John Wescott,
David Bearn, Robert Craig,

Jos. Heacock, John Gaynor,

W. K. Harris, Jos. McGregor.

COMMITTEE OF MUSIC AND PRINTING.

Burnet Landreth, Chairman:
David Rust,
S. W. Keith, W. H. Ackley.

HOUSE COMMITTEE.
C. Hartman Kuhn, Chairman:
Wm. F. Dreer, James M. Rhodes.

70) ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.
LIBRARIAN.
David Rust.

COMMITTEE TO EXAMINE AND MAKE AWARDS ON NEW OR CHOICE
PLANTS, FLOWERS, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

PLANTS.
Edwin Lonsdale, Chairman:
Robert Craig, John Westcott.
J. D. Hisele, Alphonse Pericat.
Wm., K. Harris,

FLOWERS.
Alex. B. Scott, Henry B. Surman,
A. B. Cartledge, A. M. Herr.

Samuel S. Pennock,

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
W. Atlee Burpee, de @ttoe i hilows

John G. Gardner, Jos. McGregor.
P. Pedersen,

Exhibits must be ready for examination by this Committee at 3
P. M. on the dates of the regular monthly stated meetings of the So-
ciety (the third Tuesday of each month) and remain on exhibition
until ‘the close of the regular ineeting in the evening.

Exhibitors of new or choice plants, flowers, fruits and vegetables
are required to furnish, in writing, to the Committee, whenever pos-
sible, full particulars about their exhibit, as to its origin: if a seed-
ling, its parentage; if a foundling, under what conditions it was
found; if a sprout, what it sprouted from; also its principal charac-
teristics, and to inform the Secretary of the Society, one week pre-
vious, of their intention to exhibit.

RULES GOVERNING EXHIBITIONS.

1. Entries should be made with the Secretary at least one week be-
fore the opening, with full list of articles and statement of classes
in which they are entered.

2. No exhibit can be staged until the exhibitor has furnished the
Secretary with a full list of all the articles offered. This rule ap-
plies to articles “for exhibition only” as well as to exhibits entered
for competition.

5. All exhibits must be correctly labeled on stiff cards of a uniform
size. These cards will be furnished free by the Society on appli-
cation ‘to the Secretary.

4. All entries not made according to schedule will be disqualified.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 71

5. When possible, exhibits should be delivered at the Exhibition
Hall by 6 P. M. of the evening preceding the exhibition, and all ex-
hibits must be in position by 12 noon on the day specified.

6. All plants shown in competition (except imported plants shown
for the first time in the country and novelties) must have been in the
possession of the exhibitor at least four months preceding the ex-
hibition.

7. All entries must be staged by numbers only, the names of exhib-
itors to be attached after awards are made.

8. No competitor shall receive more than one premium in each
class for which he competes.

9. The Committee awarding premiums may award a certificate
of merit or medal for meritorious exhibits in addition to the regular
premiums of the Society.

10. No person shall be allowed to remain in the hall during the
time the judges and their assistants are at work.

11. The amount of $3.00 shall be deducted from all premiums
awarded to persons not members of the Society.

12. No awards will be made to unworthy objects, even though they
may be the only ones of their kind on exhibition.

13. Exhibits sent from a distance should be addressed to the Sec-
retary, and express charges invariably prepaid.

14. No exhibit shall be removed until the close of the exhibition,
except with the consent of the officers in charge.

15. No card larger that 11 x 14 inches shall be allowed on any ex-
hibits, and all cards must be confined to the exhibitor’s own exhibit.

16. Each person who becomes an exhibitor thereby agrees to con-
form strictly to the rules and regulations.

72 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY.

OFFICERS OF PENNSYLVANIA STATE GRANGE FOR THE
YEAR 1901.

MASTER.

Wie ee LS etacitaeerneaeneies WViEStEONG eres cieeietebeiete sictsierere Crawford county.
OVERSEER.

PAGO SATCU Ar wi sinteioie cexcier New Milford, .............. Susquehanna county.
LECTURER.

Al beree vin "“COLRMEI ee cite HAGULS seumteterelelercis evelelerciereistelslcrsinye Bradford county.
STEWARD.

1sh Jie 1 Cvoyays (sid okshoalteennoeaodeintOlly rat oonewaoncactosoc Cambria county.

ASSISTANT STEWARD.

lererbay lok, Ieee anoneho Oo Goshenvalle sw pyeecricleistesisteiate Chester county.
CHAPLAIN.

Tekin AW, TS, (Gliveraryay sono diballenamilSs —naedaoocooonac Washington county.
TREASURER.

Se SB INI Va ci seretesesievere reine Ibewavslenaloybid=r Goooad5o ona nc Chester county.
SECRETARY.

De ee ATL IMDM ta steve te Haven vevate ASHOMPSONCO Willy eo elsieveleel vielels Juniata county.
GATEKEEPER.

DWM HASES 05, wide icles sieloye vevactole Mall: Brook .c5 cneiseies enisee > Tioga county.

CERES.
Mra. Vv. b. Holiday, o.«.6.. Crooked 1CTeek.= .. actiecer we Tioga county.

LADY STEWARD.

Mrs. Mary Bloom, ....... Lock: Elaivien asec cteaieterss ov. Clinton county.

FLORA.

Miss Florence Rhone, ....Centre Hall, ..............Centre county.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 73

POMONA.
MES lo aeAG DIA VEL celery ciei= PNA GTONNKOS” Bo soos coGOOOOUODE Crawford county.

FINANCE COMMITTEE.

DB) Mewalliams, aarece 12a, RGR G oacoseapados onc Juniata county.
S. S. Blyholder, .......... EeechbDurges. <ceiccenckecicee Armstrong county.
OM Me UECOM merce steislersiarere Warriors) Mane Gasterectecs Huntingdon county.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Hons Wouis Piollet, <2... \WAVSUP-< noorineadnobnt cos cacon Bradford county.
(GS \iiG ORME Oe Bennacmore se OStErOUESArccon rerieteoree etcer Bedford county.
I. Frank Chandler, ....... Moushikenamonyew.cicereinct. Chester county.

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE.

EVOT Vict OLECASVie ier, sets Calta wiSSal,+ .scmemernersclieseets Columbia county.
Hone seam ptomeRices s.r UMM DeLVille; Necae cise e's visie's Bucks county.
Eons weonard Rhone; .....Centre Hall, sianccceccetsl Centre county.

CENTRE OF COMMUNICATION.
SSE ID Aas srercic: ars eleuuiet es ereteyeusieve Washington R. Division No. 7, Washington county.

74 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

THE GRANGE.

ORDER OF PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY. ©

ITS: ORIGIN.

The Order of the Patrons of Husbandry originated in the mind of
O. H. Kelley, a man of New England birth, who went to Minnesota
in his early manhood, and became a farmer in that section of the
country.

In 1864 he was appointed a clerk in the Department of Agriculture
at Washington. ‘Two years later, in January, 1866, Mr. Kelley was
conunissioned by Hon. Isaac Newton, Commissioner of Agriculture,
to visit the Southern States, lately in hostility to the government, for
the purpose of obtaining statistical and other information in regard
to the condition of the South, and report the same to the Department
at Washington.

It was while traveling in the South in obedience to these instruc-
tions, that the thought of a secret society of agriculturists, for the
protection and advancement of their interests, and as an element to
restore kindly feelings among the people, first occurred to Mr. Kelley.

The idea of giving women full membership in the proposed Order
originated with Miss Carrie A. Hall, of Boston, Mass., a niece of Mr.
Kelley, to whom he had imparted his views of the new association
after his return from the South. In the full formation of the Order,
six other men were directly associated with Mr. Kelley, namely,
William Saunders, of the Department of Agriculture, who next to
Mr. Keliey, did most in originating the order, Rey. A. B. Grosh, of
the same Depariment, William M. Ireland, of the Postoffice Depart-
ment, Rey. John Trimble and J. R. Thompson, of the Treasury De-
partment, and F. M. McDowell, a pomologist, of Wayne, N. Y., all
of whom, with one exception, were born upon a farm.

These seven men were the founders of the Order, and for nearly
two years ‘they labored with great energy, and with a faith and zeal
amounting almost to inspiration, until, with the assistance of friends
who became interested in the plan, they completed a well-devised
scheme of organization, based upon a ritual of four degrees for men
and four for women, which is unsurpassed in the English language
for originality of thought, purity of sentiment, and beauty of diction.

Having formed a constitution to govern the Order to which this
ritual was adopted, these men met on the fourth day of December,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 75

1867, and constituted themselves the National Grange of the Patrous
of Husbandry, with William Saunders as master, J. R. Thompson,
_ lecturer, William M. Ireland, treasurer, and O. H. Kelley, secretary.
The remaining offices, for obvious reasons, were left vacant.

The little brown building in which the organization was effected
was at that itime the office of Mr. Saunders, and stood embowered
with the trees in the gardens of the Agricultural Department on the
corner of Four-and-half street and Missouri avenue. Later, the late
Colonel Aiken of South Carolina, and other interested members of
the Order made vigorous efforts to have the government preserve
this historic building, but they were unsuccessful in their efforts.

The first Subordinate Grange was organized in Washington, D. C.,
the 8th day of January, 1868, as a school of instruction, with William
M. Ireland as master.

The. first dispensation for a Grange was granted at Harrisburg,
Pa., the 4th day of April, 1868, but the first regular Subordinate.
Grange to which a charter was issued was organized at Fredonia,
N. Y., the 16th day of April, 1868.

The first State Grange, that of Minnesota, was organized the 22d
day of February, 1869. The new Order made slow progress up to
1872, only 257 Granges having been organized in the entire country.
During the year 1872, 1,105 were organized and the Order bad an
existence in twenty-two: States.

The first meeting of the National Grange, as a delegate body, was
held at Georgetown, D. C., the 8th day of January, 1873, with six of
the founders of the lee and seventeen delegates present, repre-
senting eleven States; six of the delegates were masters of State
Granges, and the remainder were deputies in the Order. In addi-
tion to these, four women were present, viz: Miss Carrie A. Hall,
Mrs. O. H. Kelley, Mrs. D. W. Adams and Mrs. J. C. Abbott. The
total number of Granges organized previous to this meeting was
1,362. Nearly 50,000 charters have been issued to January 1, 1900.

DECLARATION OF PURPOSES OF THE PATRONS OF HUS-
BANDRY.

PREAMBLE.

Profoundly impressed with the truth that the National Grange of
the United States should definitely proclaim to the world its general
Objects, we hereby unanimously make this Declaration of Purposes
of the Patrons of Husbandry:

76 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

GENERAL OBJECTS.

1. United by the strong and faithful tie of Agriculture, we mu-
tually resolve to labor for the good of our Order, our country, and
mankind.

2. We heartily endorse the motto: “In essentials, unity; in non-
essentials, liberty; in all things, charity.”

3. We suall endeavor to advance our cause by laboring to accom-
plish the following objects:

To develop a better and higher manhood and womanhood among
ourselves. To enhance the comforts and attractions of our homes,
and strengihen our attachments to our pursuits. To foster mutual
understanding and co-operation. To maintain inviolate our laws,
and to emulate each other in labor, to hasten the good time coming.
To reduce our expenses, both individual and corporate. To buy less
and produce more, in order to make our farms self-sustaining. ‘To
diversify our crops, and crop no more than we can cultivate. To
condense the weight of our exports, selling less in the bushel and
more on the hoof and in fleece; less in lint, and more in warp and
woof. To systematize our work, and calculate intelligently on prob-
abilities. To discountenance the credit system, the mortgage sys-
tem, the fashion system, and every other system tending to prodi-
gality and bankruptcy.

We propose meeting together, talking together, working together,
buying together, selling together, and, in general, acting together for
our mutual protection and advancement, as occasion may require.
We shall avoid litigation as much as possible by arbitration in the
Grange. We shall constantly strive to secure entire harmony, good
will, vital Brotherhood among ourselves, and to make our Order
perpetual. We shall earnestly endeavor to suppress personal, local,
sectional, and national prejudices, all unhealthy rivalry, all selfish
ambition. Faithful adherence to these principles will insure our
mental, moral, social, and material advancement. .

BUSINESS RELATIONS.

4. For our business interests, we desire to bring producers and con-
sumers, farmers and manufacturers, into the most direct and friendly
relations possible. Hence we must dispense witha surplus of middle
men, not that we are unfriendly to them, but we do not need them.
Their surplus and their exactions diminish our profits.

We wage no aggressive warfare against any other interests what-
ever. On the contrary, all our acts and all our efforts, so far as busi-
ness is concerned, are not only for the benefit of the producer and con-
sumer, but also for all other interests that tend to bring these two
parties into speedy and economical contact. Hence we hold that

No. 7. DHPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 7

transportation companies of every kind are necessary to our success,
that their interests are intimately connected with our interests, and
harmonious action is mutually advantageous, keeping in view the
first sentence of our Declaration of Principles of action, that ‘“Indi-
vidiual happiness depends upon general prosperity.”

We shall, therefore, advocate for every State the increase in every
practical way, of all facilities for transporting cheaply to the sea-
board, or between home producers and consumers, all the productions
of our country. We adopt it as our fixed purpose to “open out the
channels in nature’s great arteries, thalt the life blood of commerce
may flow freely.”

We are not enemies of railroads, navigable and irrigating canals,
nor any corporation that will advance our industrial interests, nor
of any laboring classes.

In our noble Order there is no communism, no agrarianism.

We are opposed to such spirit and management of any corporation
or enterprise as tends to oppress the people and rob them of their
just profits. We are not the enemies to capital, but we oppose tyr-
anny of monopolies. We long to see the antagonism between capital
and labor removed by common consent, and by an enlightened
statesmanship worthy of the nineteenth century. We are opposed
__ to excessive salaries, high rates of interest and exorbitant per cent.
profits in trade. They greatly increase our burdens, and do not
bear a proper proportion to the profits of producers. We desire only
self-protection, and the protection of every true interest of our land,
by legitimate transactions, legitimate trade, legitimate profits.

EDUCATION.

We shall advance the cause of education among ourselves, and for
our children, by all just means within our power. We especially ad-
vocate for our agricultural and industrial colleges, that practical
agriculture, domestic science, and all the arts which adorn the home,
be taught in their courses of study.

THE GRANGE NOT PARTISAN.

5. We emphatically and sincerely assert the oft repeated truth
taught in our organic law, that the Grange—National, State, or Sub-
ordinate—is not a political or party organization. No grange, if
true to its obligations, can discuss partisan or sectarian questions,
nor call political conventions, nor nominate candidates, nor even dis-
cuss their merits in its meetings.

Yet the principles we teach underlie all true politics, all true
statesmanship, and if properly carried out will tend to purify the
whole political atmosphere of our country. For we seek the greatest
good to the greatest number.

7d ANNUAL REPORT OF THE olf, Duc.

We must always bear in mind that no one, by becoming a Patron of
Husbandry, gives up that inalienable right and duty which belongs
to every American citizen, to take a proper interest in the politics of
his country.

On the contrary, it is right for every member to do all in his power
legitimately to infiuence for good the action ‘of any political party
to which he belongs. It is his duty ‘to do all he can in his own party
to put down bribery, corruption, and trickery; to see that none but
competent, faithful and honest men, who will unflinchingly stand by
our interests, are nominated for all positions of trust; and to have
carried out the principle which should always characterize every
Patron, that the office should seek the man, and not the man the of-
fice, —

We acknowledge the broad principle that difference of opinion is
no crime, ard hold that “progress toward truth is made by difference
of opinion,” while “the fault lies in bitterness of controversy.”

We desire proper equality, equity and fairness; protection for the
weak, restraint upon the strong, and in short, justly distributed bur-
dens and justly distributed power. These are American ideas, the
very essence of American independenc, and to advocate to the con-
trary is unworthy of the sons and daughters of the American Re-
public.

We cherish the belief that sectionalism is, and of right should be,
dead and buried with the past. Our work is for the present and
future. In our agricultural brotherhood and its purposes, we shall
recognize no North, no South, no East, no West.

It is reserved by every Patron, as the right of a freeman, to affiliate
with any party that will best carry out his principles.

OUTSIDE CO-OPERATION.

6. Our being peculiarly a farmers’ institution, we cannot admit
all to our ranks. :

Many are excluded by the nature of our organization, not because
they are professional men, or artisans, or laborers, but because they
have not a sufficient direct interest in tilling the soil, or may have
some interest in conflict with our purposes. But we appeal to all
good citizens for their cordial co-operation to assist in our efforts
towards reform, that we may eventually remove from our midst the
last vestige of tyranny and corruption.

We hail the general desire for fraternal harmony, equitable com-
promise, and earnest co-operation, as an omen of our future success.

CONCLUSION.

7. It shall be an abiding principle with us to relieve any of our
oppressed and suffering brotherhood by any means at our command.

No. 7. DHPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. iy

Last, but not least, we proclaim it among our purposes to inculcate
a proper appreciation of the abilities and sphere of women, as is in-
dicated by admitting her to membership and position in our Order.

Imploring the continued assistance of our Divine Master to guide
us in our work, we here pledge ourselves to faithful and harmonious
labor for all future time, to return by our united efforts to the wis
dom, justice, fraternity, and political purity of our forefathers.

SU ANNUAL REPORT OF ‘THE Off. Due.

PENNSYLVANIA FARMER’S ALLIANCE pe!
INDUSTRIAL UNION.

OFFICERS FOR 1901.

PRESIDENT.
IW tASe Gardner. to ccrts siete toss 2a iclaisioeion orate tome eaters Andrews’ Settlement.

Gr way ‘Brantha vier; 2 cece ceitieerecret eee en ee ee New Franklin.

SECRETARY AND BUSINESS AGENT.

SV SOMNWVBIKES sc cacecde teteio eet he cals Sete ere ee Greencastle.
TREASURER

PASTE E We ES ORIY: 0 soisiorojaters cxteceyrene tore revaneteicin levers beveroie ehetesov ele lelererare Pettis.
LECTURERS.

District No. 1, Northeast.
Wis He SEGUIMIOE ors foreteccisusnene sraatarcis ieiavoneteretetelaterstele cvereiotsersuatoraions Waymart.

District No. 2, Northwest.

ere PP TIG),, i b-dsrca slaw ere ye stetetae cre emme nia cete noe oie ereralk Ceiernienerat St. Lawrence.

District No. 4, Southeast.

PASE MM CIAIYVATN,, sals.c'cs.vetalerc'siw slaveld acatal stete)olatstotetmtalstelatsielatetatotsters Fayetteville.

EXECUTIVE BOARD.

WeeAs Gardner, Chairman, soci sci ceteleleivledieiceteerei etre Andrews’ Settlement.
ea OW: AINTET, “SOCrELETY 5. je:ctavcic-si vie: a tevsiorere otataieteteetetestermic Towanda.

As, fo) 21 ECOWAS OTE) 4p 'o.a7sre) v-di0)ies ofein ain.) p chersle cleontevelsream ene srerats Greenville.

PANN > SMOTIY OMG m.. ccs tyrreleevcwlem alae mes acne ee eeeere mieten OL LOnae

OMOR. SBeYP@er, =o necenhwontas £49 conte Ou eee So LACES Ville:

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 81

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA
STATE FARMERS’ ALLIANCE AND INDUSTRIAL UNION.

DECLARATION OF PURPOSES.

Whereas, The general condition of our country imperatively de-
mands unity of action on the part of the farming and laboring classes,
reformation in economy, and the dissemination of principles best
calculated to encourage and foster agricultural and mechanical pur-
suits, encouraging the toiling masses, leading them in the road to
prosperity, and providing a just and fair remuneration for labor, a
just exchange for our commodities, and the best means of securing
to the laboring classes the greatest amount of good; we hold to the
principle that all overpowering monopolies are dangerous to the best
interests of our country, tending to enslave a free people, and subvert
and finally overthrow the great principles purchased to the fathers
of American liberty. We, therefore, adopt the following as our de-
claration of principles: .

1. To labor for the education of the agricultural classes in the
science of economical government, in a strict non-partisan spirt, and
to bring about a more perfect union of said classes.

2. That we demand equal rights, and exact justice to all and
special favors to none.

3. To endorse the motto, “In things essential, unity; and in all
things, charity.”

4. To develop a better state, mentally, morally, socially and finan-
cially.

5. To constantly strive to secure entire harmony and good will to
all mankind, and brotherly love among ourselves.

6. To suppress personal, local, sectional and national prejudices;
all unhealthy rivalry, and all selfish ambition.

7. The brightest jewels which it garners are the tears of widows
and orphans, and its imperative commands are to visit the homes
where lacerated hearts are bleeding; assuage the sufferings of a
brother or sister; bury the dead, care for the widows, and educate
the orphans; to exercise charity towards offenders; to construe
words and deeds in their most favorable light, granting honesty of
purpose and good intention to others; and to protect the principles
of the Alliance unto death. Its laws are reason and equity; its
cardinal doctrines inspire purity of thought and life; its intention is,
“on earth peace and good will toward men.”

8. We are, furthermore, more than ever profoundly impressed
with the importance of unity of action in practice, as well as theory,
in order that the true interests of the country, as well as the town
and city, may be completely subserved.

6—T7—1900

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE.

SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE.
1901

FACULTY.

GEORGE W. ATHERTON, LL. D., President.

HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY, Ph. D., Dean,
Leeturer on Stock Feeding.

WILLIAM A. BUCKHOUT, M. 5.,

Professor of Botany and Horticulture.

WILLIAM FREAR, Ph. D.,

Professor of Agricultural Chemistry.

GEORGE C. WATSON, B. Agr., M. 8S.

Professor of Agriculture and Superintendent of Correspondence Courses

LEONARD PEARSON, B. 58., V. M. D.,

Special Lecturer on Veterinary Science.

GEORGE C. BUTZ, M. §S.,
Assistant Professor of Horticulture.

HARRY HAYWARD, B. &.,

Assistant Professor of Dairy Husbandry.

Cc. A. BROWNE, JR., A. M.,

Assistant in Agricultural Chemistry.

OTHER INSTRUCTORS.
I. THORNTON OSMOND, M. S., M. A.,

Professor of Physics.

LOUIS E. REBER, M. S..

Professor of Mechanics and Mechanical NMnyineering.

No. DHPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 83

~!

GEORGE GILBERT POND, M. A., Ph. D.,
Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Laboratories.
Professor of Mining Hngineering and Geology.
PRED: BE. HOSS; Bo S:, Mees,
Professor of Civil Engineering. -

JOSEPH Me? WillLbARD, BAS
Professor of Mathematics.

FRED. LEWIS PATTER, M. A.,
Professor of English and Rhetoric.

HARVEY A. SURFACE, M. S.,
Professor of Zoology.

CARE Dy DE EER vied.
Assistant Professor of German.

ANNA E. REDIFER,
Assistant Professor of Industrial Art and Design.

IRVING L. FOSTER, M. A.,
Assistant Professor of Romance. Languages.

84 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE AGRI-
CULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

1901.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

THE HON. JOHN A. WOODWARD, Chairman: .............. Howard.
TODA: ELBE Eper sHISGs shy ove.cvere cite, cfaiticre eicracs orotele oterateter clave olstovatctete ee rences Cedar Springs.
EV 2, WEL PTB BSG laicteiess e's 's © olelace vis wictele-scacews cise aloleete ie oie ronal mete Bloomsburg.
SAVE CBT O WWUNTEIN Goce SEIS Gis) sieo. isis feretevazapavetaseia rere eters sterentretersterctoheters Goshenville.
GEO. W. ATHERTON, LL.D., President of the College, ...... State College.

HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY, Ph.D., Secretary of the Committee.

OFFICERS AND ASSISTANTS.

THE PRESIDENT OF THE COLLEGH.

INR. PRHINTEISS! FAM S Bis. ei. rctsiectes DOOD GOI WOO TOSCO OOOCOUIIO c Director.
VBE AIME BURGBPACES. PDE Velie crore te ovatelcrerareliere wins ieterets Vice Director and Chemist.
Wi FANE A. BU CREO UIL 2 Mis IS: 5 crs svstesepeisusielasteteiereisielavela eisvelcitelelaaoienrenerere Botanist.
GHORGE (C5. BULZ, “Mi ST; sijeciz discs wis els.ora alaisteicbersiatere ia aisle /elelaineieeien mnie Horticulturist.
GHORGEHC. WATSON, © MitiSis santas cectaclte o hetone Gitee mines sae Agriculturist.
EV AVEUERYe PED ASYSVVCATEU DD) «BRS S55 Riis alayavalanstersiotais otela rere ave teie tain Acie sory Dairy Husbandry.
NVA OC. PATIVERRSOIN, oases couse iemesieteinctios Superintendent of Farm.
MSS 5 oi Cir bAS (CAT EVAL DINGY, (GEEVAGN. 5a oso cha so taiatelcin olor creme ieavee Meee ee cee Secretary.
Die ACNE sys HEED Ly pyr aay Lrciaictole siceierere's cieieleisleralovertate siaiseiets eycieters Assistant Chemist.
CHARLES AUBHRERTE FROWMNE, Jt, IM. AS, cece cecces ; ;
GASSTUS: Wo NORRIS: oe eta eee he, ee ne \ necie nt
JADE SS) OPS PSIG BW, ) 2 coe cree aloe ean cio ercveca na crates Assistant in Horticulture.
MiEBEGN S: Meb OW Eiais, 4 ic iS; oe oi ono ect coke seein ce «

CHARBES BP. BH TSTEH, UB. ios cise aaeleis oselee is srckelcisae elaieiee ek ) Assistant Chemists.
DVEERIGV LIN ERs UN GREYS PES Sy, ‘sie isieveqereto atiarerale stevie sicremce neers J

VETS SS IVEATY: GUAR IN IBLES Gasteneten delete cine cieieleaiare stoic con otecs eioerere che ane cree Stenographer.
WVivhs Ds CAT ASHER “Bi Si. cee sceae wie es ceter ance eae Fellow in Agricultural Chemistry.
nn gig ca sclere. 9 Spin 8 0lb1@ “oe se RUA wlegereie a atereieun biatomele reared ames Fellow in Dairy Husbandry.

Telegraph, Postoffice, Railroad and Express Station
STATE COLLEGE, CENTRE COUNTY, Pa.
Telephone Connection.

(= The bulletins and reports of the Station will be mailed regularly, free of
charge, to all residents of the State who request it, so far as the supply will
permit. Address, Director of Experiment Station, State College, Centre Coun-
1 feted ote

Visitors will be welcomed at all times and given every opportunity to inspect
the Station and all its departments.

No. 7. DHPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.
1IOW,

President, John Birkinbine.
Vice Presidents, Herbert Welsh.

Wm. S. Harvey,

Richard Wood,

James C. Haydon,

Howard M. Jenkins.
General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock.
Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy.
Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast.

COUNCIL.

At Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe.
Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn.
Albert Lewis.

Allegheny county, Hon. Geo. W. Guthrie,
George M. Lehman,
Henry Phipps.
Berks county, Mrs. George Brooke,
J. H. Sternbergh.
Blair county, Harvey Linton.
Bradford county, C. S. Maurice.
Bucks county, Mrs. Geo. T. Heston,
Alfred Paschall.
Dr. Howard Pursell.
Cambria county, Hartley C. Wolle.
Carbon county, M. S. Kemmerer.
Centre county, Prof. Wm. A. Buckhout.
Chester county, Hugh DeHaven.
Wim. S. Kirk,
Samuel Marshall.
Clarion county, Jos. M. Fox.
Clearfield county, John EH. DuBois.
Clinton county, A. F. Ryon.
Cumberland county, J. C. Fuller.
Dauphin county, E. C. Felton,
Miss Mira L. Dock.
Delaware county, Charles Potts.
Elk county, Hon. George R. Dixon.
Erie county, Ira J. Dunn, M. D.
Fayette county, Hon. Nathaniel Ewing.
Forest county, Samuel D. Irwin.

Sb ANNUAL RHPORT OF THE

Franklin county, Col. 'l. B. Kennedy.
Huntingdon county, Mrs. William Dorris.
Jefferson county, J. C. Cochran, M. D.
Lackawanna county, G. Edgar Dean, M. D.,
Hon. L. A. Watres.
Lancaster county, J. H. Baumgardner,
Hon. C.C: Kanutiman:
Lebanon county, Mrs. Bertham Dawson Coleman.
Lehigh county, Dr. William Herbst.
Luzerne county, Mrs. Eckley B. Coxe,
Col. R. Bruce Ricketts,
Gen. Paul A. Oliver,
I. A. Stearns.
Lycoming county, Dr. B. H. Detwiler,
Hon. J. Henry Cochran.
McKean county, F. H. Newell.
Mercer county, Jonas J. Pierce.
Montgomery county, Dr. J. M. Anders,
B. Witman Dambly,
Dr. H. M. Fisher,
Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger,
Prof. J. Shelly Weinberger,
Dr. Samuel Wolfe.
Montour county, Isaac X. Grier.
Northampton county, Dr. Thomas M. Drown,
Prot. ei. a Obeen.
Northumberland county, G. R. Van Alen.
Perry county, Mrs. John Wister.
Philadelphia county, Hon. W. N. Ashman,
Henry Budd,
Henry Howson,
Joseph W. Johnson,
J. Rodman Paul,
Albert B. Weimer,
Dr. W. P.- Wilson.
Pike county, Arthur M. Adams.
Potter county, Arthur B. Mann.
Schuylkill county, Wm. L. Sheafer.
Heber S. Thompson.
Somerset county, H. D. Moore, M. D.
Sullivan county, Hon. B. W. Jennings.
Susquehanna county, Edgar A. Turrell.
Tioga county, Charles Tubbs
Union county, George G. Groff, M. D.
Venango county, Prof. C. A. Babcock.
Warren county, James O. Parmlee.
Washington county, Wm. Parkison Warne.
Wayne county, Alonzo T. Searle.
Westmoreland county, Hon. Lucien W. Doty.
Wyoming county, James W. Piatt.
York county, Dr. I. C. Gable.

Ott. Duc.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. N7

No.

OITTASTIOM ‘UBUWeUUete TT “W
OTTTAAVTULA “PUBTIPIDON “LL
‘sZulidg WoOjyUvAT “Pleyeltsua “H “M
‘yepund ‘sefAaed “V ‘A

‘plojlByZ “SULIIIG “Ost “JOId

‘dey awoqg ‘uUyOor “M “MM

UM0jS}}0d “YUH Welt M

‘pleyetO ‘S1eTOT WOT
‘SHOJTOM ‘preyoreEy “OD
‘UMOYSAIOG “AayUSsTYOG sSv[qeyyH
‘yaodewryT “430 Sseumoyu,L
‘yoesuesoy ‘lepeoy WITT
‘apTIAuosyoer ‘suey “H “MM
‘aITIASoysny ‘AdueH “(OD 'V
‘aT}seD MON ‘AQSSTID ‘IW “H
"SEIDEN SUBAT “D “iL
wmeuyeYyD ‘slequMiByD “AA 9MaIeD
SLIT SUSTTV “UOSTIIOW “WL
UOMeW ‘3019 “D ‘A
‘UMOJSUBUIAIIYS ‘v[GoD seures
‘yoImasoy ‘arneyy, BULUIL
‘TTemedoyy ‘1ojsqeM BAIBID ‘SIT
‘uouUIeUeyySsNO, ‘saequMeyo “YW ‘TL
‘T]eMiIO ‘UBUIISeA “HY “SB
‘oroqspitg ‘GOH 'O “H
“OTBPAVO ‘Teun “A ‘d

ABIO “YS todd] ‘“TeMprep “UM

‘gel], UeeIy) ‘plolysuapuvy “W ‘L

*£iIeyjeio0eg JO sseippy pure aWeN

‘ uyor
"SHOOT UYOL

sree weeeee

eee eseee

eet w eens

ee ee

ee

te ewww neee

‘SIIB YoouuvyseN

‘SInqsA[o “SUVITTLMOTAL 19)
‘UMO}S}}0q ‘UBUINEePIOH “H ‘£
“1aJSe0IO MA ‘Teqlaiy “Ss asser
"WUBYSIOFY ‘SUIBITITAA DAIBMOFT
‘pleyeiQ ‘“le[nyos UBM
‘SHaJTOM ‘plouseqey ‘S “AH
‘UMOJSAIAS “UBUIIOUIUITZ UOP[ITL
‘yivueTy ‘Youqnery wWeitiiM
eee noes sees ‘yoesuasopyT ‘sulnid uyor

trreeeess ‘QTTTAUOSYORL ‘J[OIOYUIAT “MM Uyor

‘aTITASousny “[eVYOINOW “M “A
“AIBIIMoO, Tenures

‘usysoy ‘UOJe[QWMIBET [VAN
‘UBy}eyO ‘SiequivyD UIMp
‘STINT Sus{TTy ‘uosdu0uL lav
sree ene “UOTIBIAL ‘kpeary "Ss "gS
‘SInqstliey, “MOIWUAIOHoOW sotuer
Liteeeeeeeerere (Qaq7, UND ‘NB 'O “D
teeeeeeeeeses (grepuaoys, ‘Yooasy souler
‘aAOInH FSOM ‘SAITITUd “L ‘sor
seteeeeeseeeeeetes “TOMIQ ‘S88 “I 'O
“SIINA S,Saestop ‘1197 “WH
‘UBUINOIHT ‘MOIIOW “(O ‘“£ “SOUL
‘VIO “38 teddy ‘aM “A WW
re ‘aT sourep ‘AAQ[UNG a) ‘WL

see sae

see eeee

‘jUepIselIg JO sseippy pue suUIeN

‘QITTASSOY ‘YORI “ZO |
seeeess “OTTTAAOTULA “ASTLBD
aT[LAMOO puny

ee i er iy U0} SULIIG A
ee eee ceeecceee ‘uolyeiedo-09 .sueZzIliD
i ‘drysumoy TOSORG EL
ceceee Oe cece recess seecenne FIGHTS Oo (ohn (0)
nieveraeieie Rsieie Hirgt ENDO SLOUIB
i ce ei a ic i) . ‘SinqsA[a
thee eee wane see eee ‘uoluy) SI9IU1e
sees pe eeeecscees ‘worn. SIU IB ST
tec cvecestevase . seeenses ‘ule ysi0 fH
eee neee eee ceeescece ‘O[[IASUBUIJJOFL
oe oe Se ee ‘yourig 199U0lg
teens DIQOOIOS OAD OAGOOUOST Oreitahipy Grier
see eeee seen tee eee nee eens *‘yaodeumry
| ee eee wees Ce a “yoRsuasoFy
eee ener e eee rene . ‘uolug, [Blaysnpuy
a . ee eeee “AOTIBVA. Aouny
sete eens seeee ‘aqnqyiqsul SLOULLE
ADDOODOOUDOUOUOOU TA eneece Peseeees “TORT T
ee ee eeeee AO OOOOOrT seeereerees§ (07810300
teceeseese ‘diysumoy, UO}PSUTYSE AMA
tteeeeceeseesees SUOIIBIDOSSY S§ OUMB iT
er ee i) ‘Ss MOTUILODOW
iii . ‘uny 90d
te eeeseeererseeeees (SIRQUIIB YT [BOIORIG
Se wees “QA0I5 S98 MA
meee ween ee eaee ‘SIdUIB S$ [[9oM1IO
ee eeeeeeeees sielsieinisie miei) MIT OTUN| NS SAOLILG,
eee eee were eee eee nee nee ‘aTBepAevO

ee cry

‘uo]}eDOSssy ,Sd9UIIB
‘uoT}BlOOSsy ,Sdauapazey

CO

eee wee eeee . stews “yIoz
ste eae ween enee ‘uo]Sulyse Mm
sane weet eens . ‘1a}}00g
ewww eeee ‘pue[sequinyIoN
eee eeneene ates ‘£1303 UO
Peewee eee stew eww eeeee ‘ys1ye7q
tees . wee . ‘SuIWlooAT
eee eeeee eee eee eee ‘30U0IMBT
i wee ‘lajsvouey
teen enee seneeee ‘uosieyer
wees ee eeccccees ‘UILyUe.
eae ee eeee ‘purpequing
Dee eee e ween ene ‘1eyseyD
Se i ‘paojpeig
eee ween eee see ewes ‘syieg
Peter eee eee ee eee ‘Kua Sev

‘qniID jo suleN

‘Aqunop

I

‘ALVIS HH NI SANTO

SUAWUVA AO LTSTT

Off. Doc.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

*83-Sz “ydesg _ | woygsTyOT seeeeoes “HOIUSTYeT ‘IOMO “M ‘DO [eeeee* teasereccceeverseceesees (KI9TDOS [BJIISNPUT Ayunog 1 caye fy :o yal (se tar ‘uoqieg
“aed ON ee cee a le ‘untiodwg ‘WniysO “VW ON [ttttttttetststtseststs fuorefoossy [einj}[Nosy AjuUN0D uoseUureD |** “+ ,‘uoreMBD
Shade ee i (ee ey ‘umoysuyor ‘ouley “HE ‘f [*ts'*** ‘uOT}VBPOOSSWY HAV SusAJIq pue [Binj[nNousy AyunoH-yay |******* rae ‘od
"L-h “Wdeg [ce ‘UMOJ[OIIBD |***** ‘UMOJ[OIIBH ‘TayONVAT “A ‘¢ tteeereeseeeeeesoerses “HOIMBIOOSSW [BINI[NVIsy AJUNOD BlaquiRD {ort ‘od
“T8-8Z “sny afalaie e's) 3) 818 ‘Sinqsueqy sees “Sinqsusqiay ‘ysneqieys "SVL [oc eecererereccccecccsccccccescccees ‘A£yaTOOS [einynowsy Sanqsueqa eee ee eeeneeeee « PLIQUIBD
Die Ge CSE TERR RBOORRDCORCTICE IS Chats el (Ocre OOS * ‘JaIjnq ‘Sulssooy ‘dq “M tenn ee eens Peewee eee enene ‘£91008 yeanqnosy AAO IGN |e eee as ee ee + , ‘etn
‘pI-IL ‘des Sis ws icjejslsivinieiseisie MORO (ane=s COLT, MB AOLLa Cor SOPIBYO |rreeess Se hey ‘AJOIOOS [eanjmMoyasy Aoay, |°°°" °°" * ‘od
SL Apa ciklos [ccs cese® “see OLUES) ee ee ‘uojuep ‘YeIIed ‘qd ‘O |: see eee eeereeace sececooeess ‘UOTIBIOOSSW [BININOIsy woyun |°°***********” ‘od
"8g-ezg “ydesg Miaien eis s0\0 e(e ‘epuemoy, | BpuBMo] ‘af ‘[[epueyAnyz ‘Cua ee eeenee teereeeseesseeeres “KaID0g TeAN}[NoJISy AJUNOD pazojpeag |e « ploypRig
“SI-IL “3deg | ++ ‘SanqsAepyToH |" SanqsAeprfloH ‘AB “EL MUeaT |eceeeeeeceeeceeeeeeceeeeseeeeee” (Kaaro0g PRANI[NAsy AJUNOD ayerg [eee TBI
"83-83 “ydas eee oo ‘UMO}ZINY eee ee eeee ‘UMO}ZINT “Iessiy "ST OL [eeece ee ‘kyeTOoS [ean}[noys wv au0jssd Ween een neeeee ‘od
AseeOO, oso" Det aes ‘Sulpeay pe beves ct * “Surpeey ‘xoq “\L snasp AyunoD SHO JO UOTIBLOOSSY [BAIN}[NOIWIOF pus [Vanjpnowsy [oT « SHIOg
"a-% "200 tee wees see ‘paojped eee ee eee ween eee ‘ZyOUDIGE ‘I “ULM |[tereeresceees Sete eee ween ewes ‘£1a100S [ein}[nosy Ayunog paojpeg i + ‘ploJpeg
PRO aL || So see se : “UMO}SHOOH Ogee ‘UMOJSHOOFT ‘AOUBMS "PL ‘27 sitieseleieisieieiei® ‘pezuwayT ‘AyaTOOS [einjypnNosy AvIVA HeedD TW | ‘od
TIVBY ON [tecreccscteeceeeeeeeeeeees ttereeereees OAR ‘UTR "Of Ona OUAUOO aisierelctarivera eraters ‘Kyaloog [eanjnojasy AJUNoD daavog [rts . oAveg
‘TS-8% ‘“sny' seeeseeee (SUTUTUIBIYS [eeeee ‘Sutuueiqsy *‘TeuUODoTT oy [trrtetstesseesseeeees sisa «.bislele eecces UOT}BIOOSSY JIB SUIUUeIIST ‘od
COROT IO OUUCUO BO COCO T LO DLN hor on ‘Sulpur'y SdoyIeg "209 SIN, Osi] [POOPIE GUO SSOD COOL ee eee eeene on ‘uoI7VRID0SSyV IB AWUNOD-ILy, JayxIeg ‘od
"83-93 “3d; FORO Oa ORT ‘uojABC ‘MOLIOTW “GH |*°*°***** vie ‘UoT]BIOOSsW [Bo]UBYOITT puB [eInq[NoWsy u0yARq +‘Su01]suIy
“uo JUIID ‘suing ‘Sg ais eee ee ‘UOT}BIOOSSy Tein} [Nosy uo Ul[p ‘od
“Ilel] ON . “++ ‘umnquerey ‘uund ‘oO ‘f see eeeerene ee ee cect ereeeee eee ceeeveeee ‘UoTIBIOOSSY ITB WNUeABy, «AUS SIITW
Sq, Tae |[POOOIO CHS ooo seeeeereesees |, **‘gITTAs}puery ‘Jauplem ‘TL “v itt" teteeseseeseceeees “TOTMBTOOSSW [TBdIN][NoUSy AjUNOD surepy |" TT oo ‘surepy
. DIINIID rss: “aTTAPBeW “UyOL "IS “H “D |*''SNOILVIOOSSV S.NUWAUIVA ALVLS VINVA'TIASNNGd
fle Sa a Se WOH 91}09H jrvrseresss “Tree eaqueD ‘euoMy "Tee “"" ‘NOLLIGIHXG AYANVASNH AO SNOULVd
ese aa “le Teujeip “WN | ‘erepurmpeH ‘weUITEH ‘d “S Id |"XH ‘SOGNI 9 ‘NVHOGW “IVEOLTNOIMDV VNLAYD “LN
Tydes ‘Wg sny j°*"* ‘earn SUBHTTEM |" “sainqsojuByoow ‘SBUOUWL “H “YU |*'''''*'** “NOLLIGIHX@ OINOId ALVISHYALNI SUADNVUD
TER ONG 1 Sagpe ce cama ten ee neerees* ogoqseude A ‘OISuM “G “mM [ttt CNOLLVIOOSSV IVHUNLINOILYOH ALVLS
ee Rk aris ““UMOYSTeWUINH “AVISSIN ‘d ‘f |*''*** ‘ALAIOOS IVUNLINOIUNDV GLVLIS VINVATASNNGd
‘PISH UeTM ‘PIPH 91904 M *£lBJIINIG JO ssolppy pue JUIEN *AJBTIOOS JO BUIBN 9}eI10dI10H ‘KLNNOO

88

['sieqmem pozefe Aq o1nj}[NONISW Jo prvog oy} UI payNeseider oie y, UL FVM poayIeMm ssoyy]

“006L fO SUo~pgryLy (WOT

burpjoyyT Hof ang pun sarinjaiooy fo sassouppy pup saunir ygun ‘sarjovw0y youngnowbhy yoooT pun hyunog fo 9sv'T

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 89

No.

*g-% “220
‘WI-IT “3deg
ee)

‘L-¥ “ydas
“ayey ON
"18-93 “3dag
‘¥-3 “}PO
“pes ON
‘T2-8T “ydes

"82-61 “deg
"Q-Z °300
T2-81 “3dag

‘L-b “jdag
“1JBJ ON
"62-LE “ydag

‘PI-3E “3de9
‘IyeI ON
‘72-12 “sny

FI-TE “ydas

‘TE-8T “3dag

“P-8 °390
“yey ON
‘Ly “Wdes

‘p-% ‘“ydeg
“IyeI ON
‘1yel ON
‘IJ@l ON

"80-97 “Jdas
‘TE-8% “SnW
"9-F “ydes
‘SI-6 *300

“Iyel ON
‘$I-IL ‘ideag
‘L-¥ “jdag
“83-93 “deg
“Iyey ON

‘** “UOTTAL
Us yIT4 IE
‘yJOIezZeN

eee eee ee es re i iy

} ‘UOUTIN ‘Ined UpApo
weyetqied ‘UBUIOIn “VW ‘HL
eo ‘Ya1VZeN “Snel at in
‘alTfAued “S9M “SE “MA

‘Sinqspnoijg |*****‘Sinqspnois ‘aegqey "TT ‘H
ee ec ee “UMO}ST Mary ‘UOJ TUB ET OW) ‘Vv

‘13019 teow eens ‘19019 Tt ‘£IMOW ‘a ‘our
* O10Q9U0}S |*"** ‘o1Oqau0}g ‘1e[MO "FE “085
tt teeeteseeeetersereeererelseeeees CQiodyjaMg ‘Moe sewer
‘AUBSITITVY WOd |''**‘Auvsalpy Wog ‘paoojop ‘gq ‘Lf

seer eee eres see

teow eee reee

se weeeee

ee

eee weneee

fee eeee

‘a[[TASeq snp
eee eee ee eee ee ‘SBIIed
weer ree ewes “UMOWOSILTVY

‘ITITAsoysny “AIUs_ 'O 'V
eee eee ‘SUIled ‘u0]ION “ULM.
‘UMOWOTTV “IYOW “M “AA

see eeeeeesene Ono)

‘uouRqoay

‘aoueqey ‘suvaw ‘a “M “Id
‘a[BpUeUITIOFT ‘UBUITIEHT “dS “Ad
“aTIsepO MON |o*** ‘aTIsep MeN ‘AQSSIID “MM “HH
Werteeeeeeereeeeetecesere lees trgaspouBry ‘aqlepueyid "Uv
“]eeees “eqqoTIByA “puBig ‘]T UOUTS
reeeeeeseeeesereseeeeeeeeslceeeceseees (UINGUALD ‘STIG OBBST

ere ee

se eeeeseee ‘Tesoy 110g

zp stnigias Ueaneiteeets

ee ee ey

‘BuBIpUr

“ss ekOY WOT ‘1leSsuyuoIH “N ‘Lc
‘AQUMBNSKUNG ‘UMONMYIW “W ‘A
****(KOUMBINSXUNG ‘SBA ‘O ‘d
nese “QTTTAMOoIg “THU OFIUM EL YS)
seseeeeeees ‘BUBIpUT ‘AIGTEL PARC

‘ees HIBI SIOWIGM “JON "VW 'M
soeeee “FINQSeUABM ‘IOWIBO ‘“S ‘LC
‘SinqsousemM ‘Sodiq ‘YW ‘L&
**sTaByoIMmIeg ‘uPUIyIeEd “MM ‘OD
‘SInqs[[euuoOHoP, ‘U0S.190318d ‘DOM
“sss MOTUOTU “TTBUSIBT “MM “MA

teeress * OLOQUIDM ‘JUPNOIg uyor
teeeseoeSIngsyjeM ‘Sdloud ‘T ‘VW
seoes “DISM ‘TTBUOSBQ “FL udesor
teoveseeee (SINGS[UIVET ‘1oISOTFL “O
see eee er eee "ZYBAy) ‘UBUIJJOFT "Mm Tp

‘QISITIeO “BOIDOW "HM
‘sSulidg ospliquiey ‘1eqeg ‘SS "Vv
‘s'oTTTAynNBeUUOD ‘AOURIO YUBIVT
‘Sanqswoolq ‘Js0X ‘N ‘VW

‘atTTAsayoeM ‘“lewWod ‘YU ‘Lf
eee eeeee ‘pIeyreeID ‘meyqs star ate
tereeeee” (WOTIBIO “UOT ‘Uy sey alan =|
*proyxO ‘plojxO “TMH WwW “SOUL
see eeeeeereccecsececsesceelsseerseses fTOIGGTID) ISOAA ‘reayT “gf

teem mere ww eens

eee eee

‘dinqsouke MA

‘sToeyolmieD

eee eee eee

‘uMO JUOTU

se eeeeee
ee eceerere
CO

** *SInqs}718M.

eee ey

ay

Wee meee ee meee eee erseenee

eee meee en eeene

‘QISTIIBO eoceccere
*‘*sSulidg ospliquiep
eeeeeee ‘aT[TTAJnBveunO0D
‘sinqswmoo[q

Sdeereee tee enee

‘plepsBeI9

een eeeereeee

eee e eee

see wenee eee ee eeee

ee rr

‘UOT}BLOOSSY IPB puv YAVG SuUIAMC uowIWw
ee “UOT] B1D0SsV IIB 2781S elUBA[ASUUOd
sreeeeees SKIQIOOG [BINI[NOAsy AJUNOD uoJdUIvYyyION
tree eeeeeererteeeeeseeseeeers HKIGID0G TRIN}[Nosy s}UN0D INoWUOW

ee eeeee

ee ‘£91009 Tein} [Nosy Ayunop s01U0W
eee ey ‘AyaTOOS Teanqnowasy Ajyun09 UWI
a ‘UOT BLOOssSyV [Bin [Nosy [e1}uaD Idd.19
eo) “Aja T00g [Bini [Nosy Ayunop 19019
‘AJelOoS ,sdepesig puv [BinqNoAsy
Pete w ere e twee ener eenseeeaee ‘AyeO0g [einqnoasy Ayunop UBasTOW

eee eee eee ee ry

‘qnID SaeuIey AdTTeA AdUNT!
UOT} BIDOSSY [BAIN}[NoJIsy uoluy seBiTeq
Ce ‘£91009 [einjy[nNoysy Ayunop ysiyay

Oem ee ewe wee eee rene eeneee

eee eee ry

‘UOT BIOOSSY Ale AaTTBA uUoURgaT
*** TO]JBJOOSSY [BINI[NO]JOFZ puv [vanjy[Nolsy AJUNOD uouweqaryT
Ce ‘£yaT00g [Binj[nosy Aqunop aoUdIM BT
reeees*KI9IN0G [BAIN}[NO]JAOFT puv [Vinjy[Nojasy AjuNoOHD Asjsvourry]
SP ieseeaieisis ‘AYATOOS [BAN YNoIsy AjuNOH JojsvouRT
‘qnI® S19UIe, UInqusTy puB UoJSsUIqY YWON

CO

oe ‘£91009 [ein} [Nosy Ayunop ey elune
tite eee eeeeeereeeeereereerens (Car0g TeanyNoWsy LAUMBINSKUNg
Ce ‘uoT] BID0SsSy Ie AJUMBYNSXUN
‘AVaTOOS Teanypnowsy AjuNOD uossayor
Ce *£yaT00S [eanjypnopsy Ayunop eBuBIpUuy

Ce i iy

secre eee e essere cccseneee ‘£91008 Teanq[nosy AyunoD uopsuljuny,
eee cc cece etc ccccceseceesnees ‘UOI]BIOOSSY JIB Sinqsauce A
tresses “AI9TI0N0G [BAINI[NOWAOFT puv [BAN}[NoAsy AJUNOD suseaIH
BOG HOBUNGUS ‘721003 TeoyueyooN pues [einy[NoNsy AJUNOD sudseIH
BO OOOCOMODOUGGE ert ‘AjyeTooS [eanjNowsy vsA0D Sig
eee eer ere rere eee eee ee ee ee ee ee ‘uo]}]BID0SssV ITB T 9}9AR YT

eee CPPCC eee eee eee eee eee eee ee *kya100g Tein}[nousy OIOQUIPOL
eee eee eee eee ee er *AYaIN0G Tein} [nNousay S1INnQs31B MA.
‘AyaINOG [wan}[NoWsy AjVUNOD s1BMBTEC
Ce ‘Ayunop urydneqg jo AYaIOOS Tein} Nosy
seeeeeerereeeseseees FKI9TDN0G [BIN}[NoIsy pus ye SUJANG 27e15H

Ce i

Se

‘AyaINOg Teanqpnousy AjyunoHM puvpszaquing
Or ey ‘A1a1ID0G [ein Nousy p1IOIMBID [e1juaD
‘uoj}yBIoossy [BAN}[NOLIsy AJUNOD pIOIMBID
Ce Oe ‘£19100 [B1n} [Nosy Ayunop eiquin[op

eee ry

PP emer rece rere renner eeeseseeee ‘kyaTO0S [einj[nousy ‘kqunop uoqWWryToO
. Oren eee eee ee ee eeeeeee ‘Aja 1009 TeanjyNo sy Aqunop pleysealo
Od ‘uol,BTDOssy ITB T Aqunop uolIB[pD
SOOO eee eee HEHEHE EEE RHEE HEHEHE HEHE EEE ‘kya100g [einyNousy plojxoO
Tee eee eee *AJeTO0g [einj[NoNsy Ayunop 1938949

trees o DUBlequINny.ION
eocccvcce ‘od
teererees tojdureyyION

teeeeeecesoeces 4 INO UOW

teem ewww eweneeee e J01U0TT
eee weer e wees « UWIN
Feet we wens ‘od
rs ‘19010 IN
eee eee es ‘od
Co iy ‘uUBayFOW

+ ‘SUyULOOAT
eee ecrccseseese » ‘OULIZNT
teetescceecoeece CUStuary

ee

eee e twee enee ‘od
eee eee ween « uoUuBgayT
been eee weeeee « Q0UAIMBT

eee ‘od
see een ee eeeee « ‘JasvouByT
sere eeneee « BUUBMBYOVT
Steet ewww enene - Byerune
Seen eee e eee ‘od

sete ewww eeee ‘od

eee e eee eeee « WoOsIeyer
i « ‘BUBIPUL

sere eet eeee « UOpsuyjuNA
see eereeeeeeecs ‘od
see eeeeeeeecece ‘od
sieibisieieieseini OTT aOAE)
er « U0JINA
27} 0ABT

Sere eee eeeeree

sin slsiuiaisie.slaisisie.e(s. sisi Mr Oily
eee nent ew renee ene «210
eee eee eee e eens « AIVMBIOG
se eee wee ewneee ‘od

eee eee e anne » Upydneq

eeecccccvce « PUBLIoquIND
Sonn ‘od
seeeserveseses | NH IOTM BIO

Petree een eneee

« BIQuInfoD

eee eee

*,‘19}89q0

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

90

‘juowyIeded styy Aq pedAfedel waM aWIES 1OJ S}Sanbet 0} Sat[dei ou ‘pazjTWIO are sa}zep atayA\—'a}0N

"gg-9¢_ “deg
‘-T "0

‘Té-61 “dag
‘IZ-ST “3dag

‘b-3 “2O
"8a-E¢ “deg
‘PI-IL “ydag

IIB] ON
62-92 “das

“11B] ON
*80-Ge ‘deg
‘CL-IT “}dag
“13-93 “ydas
‘6I-8T “ydag

"G-§ "300
‘lé-82 “Sny

IIB] ON
“LI-&T “AON

‘Ié-8T “dag

*PIPH UUM

ee ‘IaAOUBET st eee ween “IaAOUBTT ‘yuqUg 10) ‘WH
retteeeeeeeeeeeee CIO [oteteee ees merase -‘yaox ‘uldey “or
‘yoouueyyuny, |*‘yoouueyyuny ‘splousery *N “AV
‘poomsunox |***** ‘Sunqsusaly “1azZ[OH “A MW

eee wee ee re wee ‘Aueyied i itckecaeearrs) “M. ei

ste" “UMOJS}JISING |UMOS}JISING “GF “"UOSUAAIS ‘q ‘UY
tresesess “UOUSUTYSBAY |**‘UORZSUTYSeAA “oY}ASIO “GS ‘ses
ee ‘AWD uo eee eee ‘AYO Ilo ‘1a}1[1apurE_T "NI “7

“UT[MUBIV. “ToT sewer
‘Teuyong ‘ajTOM aed “p
Bate aitaeterwieraiste eietaicl| ic siarstelsvera avers » ‘urpsted, ‘“asTqou “EH

‘ ‘pleysuem )""""*** “preysueyl “uljsny ‘qd “M

“* “plegyseM “‘pleyisaM ‘suog yuBly

‘paojreyy Cr i i ‘paojare yy ‘souor “mr COT
** “9so1qUOyT |***** “eSOIJUOTT “UIOMSILT “WV OM
* “OTTIASyaOT |" **** “MOTATIIIAT ‘MOUATOW “N ‘O
Doro CoOMeMN aaa teers Gasraulog ‘URUIOH ‘f “EH

me “ss ‘geopuRrueys ‘ayeselddy vT
sresecees “SINQSSIMIO |*""**’ “BinqssimiQ ‘uMorig ‘q ‘“W

*eees SQIodsiapnop ‘WeqsPT "Ss ‘qd
CEOORROD Slidolad=fezy onqlol@y wpyikzrae Sat or)
“* “erydjeperiyd “ysny praed
tteeeeeeees “QIOMMAN “U@AIC “WO

* “eyydjaperryd
- ses “QIOdMaN

‘PIPH a0 ‘AIBJeI0Ig JO SSeIppy puv JWIeN

‘AJOIOOG [Banq[NoWsy 1eaouRyy
‘ApaToos [eanj[nojasy AyUNOD yIox

“* “Ajetoog [Ranq[nosy AJUNOD Suruso04 Ay
* “AjaIOOS [BINNS y puBlarouryssa \\
“+ “Ajaloog Peanqynoasy AjVUNOD auAVvA,
5 ‘UOIPBIDOSSV [Bin}[NoWsy uolUy
‘UOTPBPOOSSW [BAN}[NoTAsy VluUBATASUUaT U1e}se\\

‘UOT}BOOSSY SuljjOIJ; puvw ares AWO TO
‘Aja}oog [einy[NoUsy AjuN0D oSueue,
sees “Kato0g Teinjnosy AQuNOD uoluy
vreesess “osuBiyy BuNWUIOg AJUNOD BSOLy,
tee ewes sees ‘uo BID0ssy IV ayyAus
‘AJOTOOS [BINyNoUsy Ao~eA enbsauvmoy

wets “AJaTOOS [BAN{pNoUsSy pazojyaeTPT

‘AjatooS [VanqpnNosy AJUNOD BvuuRyanbsng
vrrreess “AJoTOOg [BAnz[NoUsy AZUNOH UBATTINS
+ ‘AJOTOOY TBinynowsy AjuNOD Jasaawi0g
é piisieis * ‘AjalOog [BinjNousy uMo sunny
‘AjoTOOS [BAN}[NTVAOFT puv [eanj~nowsy SINQSSIMIO

tee eee eeee

‘UOI}BIOOSSW Sdapsaig: PUB ,SIAWIRT
‘AJO}OOY [BANZ[NOAOFT puwe [wanjnoasy AJUNOD 190g

“* ‘Sjatoog [eunq[no40F BIURATASUUAag
‘AjoTOOS TBanjnoasy AjuNoD sasegq

Ce emcee ret eee eeteees serene sees

*AJATOOG JO auleN azes10ds0g

aise * ,‘Suyu04 Ay

‘puvlaloulysa

ae este fans « OUABAL
ein ‘od

*« UOTSUIYSeM

od

“od
* ,‘BuuBeyenbsng
« UBATTINS
** ¢‘JasIaULOS
iatnta ia ole/isie,iteta ‘od

es « TbyAnyos

‘od

teens aqOg
+ BIYdlapeliyd
watea aC Raaip won - slag

“ALNQNOO

[‘saeqmem pejeja <q any[nII18y Jo prvog ey m1 peinesosder are y BY WIM peyxrem ssoyy]

‘Panwuijquog —saipowoy youngynowby ywooT pun hkyunog fo ysvT

No. 7.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. a1

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE POULTRY ASSO-

Norris G. Temple,

PAG GPA TO LG ser. steieleyatejcite)s

rank) OZETS sy ei. ce

Gis avy Wvore isis eas aa eocon

Jo mien Smith, .«.....
WATTS) de INCENSE claw oc

Walter R. Hibberd,
Chas. T. Cornman,
Ww. M. Benninger,

Norris G. Temple, .....
BE PEVOS ELS, caste clsleiec
Gees WVIOOGS © carcte crores s.0
And Board of Directors.

Norris G. Temple, .....
Aten VATNOIGS ~. 25 cjeierersicie

CIATION.

OFFICERS FOR 1901.

PRESIDENT.
Ain bGrOcDICO UGA bE O00 Co OU CHAO G00R0 CODON GC Pocopsen.
VICE PRESIDENT.
SOO OGL BODO DO0RS DOOUUOdG DOC TOUS JOGEaOnG Dillsburg.
SECRETARY.
PMS rare aout avo keV ns biel ouslel Soke wie gtelsiere Glu ater ote eave dues West Chester.
TREASURER.
erased sastite Boten.s vsexere ierovone eave cave er aiare le austere dacerevetels Leaman Place.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
NS Seeuersias 9 Novela ni srelelc caaeldaoie cisiehemesisieiversiesee eo MeCSthUE. Eli:
Pak ae ah A te Sie NRA ee ln one edo Naa lals Newville.
Fe St ROE OS OT UID ODT OCIsic DTEEIID O CAC OER RAS Frazer.
a REST PHats Gino exoiove eipierereielavsravaxe’supisvalesjevege te: sie.e-eevers Carlisle.
Sayeialoiehcle tore cts atin manatalerpiaks shersuale sis[s)s Messe co Vt. Gretna.
COMMITTEES.
Executive Committee.
REARS OOO TOD Pica bobis UCN’ Dba ono OOUnoEOD man o Pocopson.
MAT, Sea tei aveyeievarakerarel ohare afe locean usr asian oveisrelevee ote West Chester.
Pe eo eerre a iaratormte ere rereia saree Seare. oa sjatal a atel eiel-ese sieteteiors Leaman Place.
Legislative Committee.
Les Gade BCA BaD DG ODOCD SDS Onc Go Dodou danDs Pocopson.
Bae Nec cclcinbeiies Wve ste tite tie! stehavone detedeuatellalsfeastattere, Gist vceVauetste Dillsburg.

92 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE POULTRY ASSOCIATION.

Constitution.

ARTICLE I.

The name of the corporation shall be “The Pennsylvania State
Poultry Association.”
ARTICLE II.

The object of this corporation shall be to encourage and promote
improvement in the breeding and the management of poultry, pigeons
and game, and the preservation and protection of the latter; to as-
certain by experiment and to collect and disseminate reliable and
practical information relating thereto; to work in unison with the
State Board of Agriculture, and if possible with all poultry and agri-
cultural societies throughout this State; to recommend competent
persons as judges, to furnish advice when called upon and to settle
disputes that may occur at poultry shows.

ARTICLEH III.

The principal place of business of said corporation shall be in
Pocopson, Chester county, with branch offices in Philadelphia, Har-
risburg and Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

ARTICLE IV.

The said corporation shall have perpetual existence.

ARTICLE V.

This corporation shall consist of such persons as shall signify in
writing their desire to become members and shall pay on application
one ($1) dollar as membership fee and one ($1) dollar as yearly dues
and shall present their application in writing to the secretary, who
shall issue a certificate of membership.

ARTICLE VI.

The officers of this corporation shall be a president, first vice presi-
dent, secretary, treasurer, and five (5) directors (three-fifths of said
directors to be practical poultry raisers) and one (1) vice president for

_ No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 93

each county, represented by membership in the corporation, who shall
be elected by ballot, by a majority vote of the qualified members at
the annual meeting, and shall serve one year, or until their succes-

sors are elected.
ARTICLE VII.

The annual meeting of the corporation shal]i be held in the city of
. Harrisburg on the first Tuesday preceding the fourth Wednesday in
January, each year, at such time and place as the executive commit-
tee may direct.

ARTICLE VIII.

Any officer or member may be censured, suspended or expelled
from the corporation for neglect of duty, unfair dealing, wilful mis-
representation or dishonesty in matters connected with the objects
of the corporation, such censure, suspension or expulsion requiring
a vote of all the members present at a meeting called for that pur-
pose, thirty (80) days notice in writing having been given each mem-
ber by the secretary. '

ARTICLE IX.

Any member upon the payment of fifteen ($15) dollars at any one
time shall be constituted a life member and shall be exempt from the
payment of any further dues.

94 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PENNSYLVANIA DAIRY UNION.
OFFICERS FOR 1901.

PRESIDENT.

Josephus Sharpless; tecccnc coe eee: GOR eee London Grove.

NG Py LOTS so ape cast soevere ie vet ess ara verwroteret enero aiauae i versie rom fee Oe le ene Granville Centre.

SECOND VICE PRESIDENT.

ATCHIG MBUWNNES ® piace cree ad biter en Cicer latobiete Corsica ere «oes... Mdinboro.
TREASURER. 4

Re ESAT GOR 3. “aisicia ciaicieie cise. 2 eases ahs tale lecrate mustelolelttenare tebire tore reloreece ele Harrisburg.
SECRETARY.

De er eis AUP GI A. 0-4 wie csaapeiaws ouesilovs sle/ehavarvstolotere caw lets erro Momeeieiole die eier Harrisburg.

ESS We 2COMTOL Ge arts sics oro shetsniare ole ante siele: ereatelelolete tice chines heres Fallsington.

er OER ARO We swierein ie iaiale ro 0 ieteia ele oe col olniaie a See halotels een otazenslnpaneetievare Coudersport.
JesCr -SHAPPIESS 2 ce aici ww ehdlecc citicters eiesehe siers ioel afer ocie see tenets aioe London Grove.
Ds ANICICELTILED Sf. cicperare ro2-oronscseetere evel ole eo tanaue ovanelasesal olet at icine erro Marble.

Mt I, IML salad 20s oie lans azo re oie poral ase ae e slahe pees) ora net melita GLOVE Lem elIbn ess
Ce iy MOMS Eso dist Sid oun seein ce eeatexer Vous ONC sees TOTO Sita stele ene testi teers ies Katan.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 95

NOTE.—The Secretary was unable to give the minutes of the
meeting held at Corry in 1900. Before the close of the meeting the
following gentlemen were named as delegates to the meeting of the
State Board of Agriculture, to be held in January:

Messrs. J. C. Sharpless, H. W. Comfort, L. D. May and C. L. Peck.

The following resolution was offered by Mr. Moore:

Resolved, That the committee consisting of S. F. Barber, W. H.
Comfort, C. P. Faucett, P. M. Sharpless and Archie Billings, appoint-
ed to investigate the dairy needs of the State of Pennsylvania be
continued, and that this organization bear part of the expense of
postage necessary to carry out its report.

96 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF
PENNSYLVANIA.

OFFICERS FOR 1901.

PRESIDENT.
Howard) Av Chases. ajc cccireescrereic sie) e-eeonielole aereieine che cieiele(ers eivioiereleieeinie Philadelphia.

Wal VATs {COO DCI acid causisis, 6.0) stare! staterelenats ,c10 ciece aie! elelu ele lajors ejoleiseteleye srelernetele Bird-in-Hand.
EL OTUS VV cre OO TE CAS Viz roe ole :ctosieunse evovedetote olelalo leva re roleta taioncVoieiel s/etetocorereyoiarare hovel Catawissa.
WVU PD) LITA CWAVe 5 riteretelersreisioreis teleleleteieisieletelereinislalctererslojaictelerereleleers slciatsletelereteterste Carnegie.

IBITO SAB TVET GF rotates Siera oveyeravcialue (etevavalce tevele lave’ slaversleve eeraisials Miotaie el elovaretexavere Waynesboro.

BV VAIN EA EES TTC OT are ctevatvey te orsierctelereielo icicle steve alovelete aie ateietown elelarotetesiotateteteretate Christiana.

SAINT TAO 2 VO OIA) ie eta ahescvovoleleteiereWetetesaleyaletaterotstererevenoreteleveltsiels iateievsle teleyavelerotstere Morrisville.

Nou. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURHE. 97

CON STITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE STATE HORTICUL-
TURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA.

Article 1. This society shall be entitled “The State Horticultural
Association of Pennsylvania,” and its object shall be the advance-
ment of the science of horticulture and pomology.

Article 2. Any person may become a member of this society by a
vote of a majority of the members present at any meeting, and by
paying into the treasury the sum of one dollar annually; or the pay-
ment of one dollar to the treasurer, at any time, shall constitute mem-
bership, and entitle said member toa copy of the proceedings. The
payment of ten dollars at one time will constitute life membership.

Article 5. Its officers shall consist of a president, three vice presi-
dents, recording and corresponding secretary and a treasurer, all of
whom shall be elected annually by ballot.

_ Article 4. The following committees shall be appointed: A commit-

tee of five on nomenclature; a committee of three on insects, of whom
the professor of entomology shall be chairman; an executive commit-
tee consisting of the elective officers of this association and three of
whom, including the president, shall constitute a quorum; and a gen-
eral fruit committee, consisting of one from each county represented,
with a general chairman of the whole, each member of the fruit com-
mittee to have the privilege of appointing two assistants.

Article 5. The society may, at any time, elect honorary members.

Article 6. The society may, from time to time, appoint professors
on entomology, botany, horticultural chemistry and geology.

Article 7. This constitution may be altered or amended by a vote
of two-thirds of the members present at any regular meeting, notice
of the proposed amendment, in writing, having been previously
given.

Article 8. Seven members shall constitute a quorum for the trans-
action of business.

BY-LAWS.

Article 1. The committee on nomenclature shall collate and decide
the standard and synonymous names of all fruit known in the soci-
ety with the authorities for each, and report. so far as practicable,

7-—7—1900

98 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

at each regular meeting, and record the same in a book kept for that
purpose.

Article 2. The general fruit committee shall carefully and thor-
oughly investigate the subject of fruit culture in general. Each local
committee of three shall collect such useful and interesting informa-
tion in relation to the subject as may be in their power, and embody
the same in monthly reports, to be made to the general chairman;
such reports to be by him examined and embodied in his annual and
semi-annual reports. Also that the said county cqammittee shall
form ad interim committees for their respective counties, and further
that said ad interim committees are hereby authorized to publish
the reports in the “Gardener’s Monthly,’ or such other paper, as
they may select, the same having been first submitted to the chair-
man of the general fruit committee for his approval: Provided, That
said publication shall be free of expense to the association.

Article 3. The annual meeting of the association shall be held on
Tuesday before the third Wednesday of January of each year, at such
a place as the executive committee may appoint, at which ‘time the
election for officers shall take place; said officers to serve from the
close of the meeting at which they are elected to the close of the suc-
ceeding annual meeting, at which an exhibition and discussion of
fruits shall take place and other business transacted in the following
order:

Ist. Reading of minutes of previous meeting.

2d. Roll call and dues collected.

od. Election of officers.

Ath. Reports of officers.

5th. Reports of standing committees.

6th. Reports of special committees.

7th. Unfinished business of former meeting.

Sth. New business.

The nomination and election ef new members shall be in order at
any time during the session.

Article 4. Other meetings may be convened by the executive com-
mittee at such time and place as they may appoint.

Article 5. No mentber who is in arrears for dues shall be eligible
for any office, or serve on any standing committee; and any member
who shall neglect to pay his dues shall cease to enjoy the privileges
of membership.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

99

PROGRAMME OF THE FORTY-FIRST ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL
ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA, HELD IN
OUD CYryY HALL; PITTSBURG, PA. JANUARY
16, AND. 17, 1900.

AAOoTrR Whe

ie)

10.

isle

ORDER OF BUSINESS.

Tuesday, January 16, 9.30 A. 4.,
. Opening Announcement.
. Address of Welcome, Hon. Wm. Diehl, Mayor of Pittsburg.
. Reading of Minutes of Previous Meeting.

Roll Call and Collection of Dues:

. Election of Officers.

. Reports of Officers.

. Reports of Standing Committees.

. Appointment of ‘Standing Committees.

Tuesday, January 16, 2.00 P. M.

Report of General Fruit Committee,

H. C. Snavely, Chairman, Lebanon, Pa. i
Strawberry Culture,

J. W. Allison, Mercer, Pa.

2. Is it Advisable to Grow Small Fruits in Young Orchards?

W. B. K. Johnson, Allentown, Pa.

3. Some Things Essential to Success in Horticulture,

D. W. Lawson, Dayton, Pa.

. Some Points in Door-Yard Planting and Decoration,

L. B. Pierce, Tallmadge, O.

5. Question Box,

10U

AT.

18.

19.

7a

28.

29.

. Musie, “Robin Adair,” (Arr, by Buck),

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Due.
Tuesday, January 16, 7.30 P. M.

Christ M. E. Church Quartette.

President’s Annual Address,
Prof. S. B. Heiges, York, Pa.

Music, “Excelsior,” (Balfe). Duet
Duet by Messrs. Stevenson and Brockett.
Some Famous Orchards I Have Visited, Including an Ac-

count of the Insect Foes,
Prof. W. G. Johnson, Professor of Entomology,
Maryland Agricultural Coilege, College Park,
Md. (This lecture was illustrated by views from
“magic lantern.)

Music, “Sweet and Low,”
Barnaby Quartette.

Wednesday, January 17, 9.30 A. M.

. Report of Committees.
. Unfinished and New Business.
. Peach Growing in Western Pennsylvania,

D. McCollum, Washington, Pa.

. Ornamental Horticulture,

Wm. H. Moon, Morrisville, Pa.

. Advancement of Flori-culture in Allegheny County the Past

Forty Years,
P. S. Randolph, Pittsburg, Pa.

. The Packing and Shipping of Fruit from a Commission Mer-

chant’s Standpoint,

Thos. Renton, Castle Shannon, Pa.

Wednesday, January 17, P. M.

Potato Culture,
Hon. Alva Agee, Cheshire, O.

General Observations on Fruit Growing,
Howard A. Chase, Philadelphia, Pa.

Crown-Gall of Apple and Peach Trees,
Prof. George C. Butz, Professor of Horticulture,
State College, Pa.

No. 7. DKEPARTMBHNT OF AGRICULTURE. 101

30. Selection of Varieties; How to Plant, Pick and Store the
Apple,
Hon. W. R. Barnhart, Greensburg, Pa.
31. Should Our Legislature Enact a Law Regulating the Shape
and Size of Fruit Packages?
For General Discussion.

SUBJECTS FOR DISCUSSION.

32. Can Hill Culture of Strawberries Be Made Profitable on an Ex-
tensive Scale?

33. What is the Proper Season to Prune Grape Vines?

34. What is the Most Favorable Soil and Location for a Peach Or-
chard?

35. Name the Hardiest and Best Varieties of Strawberries for Gen-
eral Culture.

36. Best Vines for Home Adornment.

37. Shall Pennsylvania Fruits Be Represented at the Paris Exposi
tion in 1900?

38. The Canker Worm. What Are Its Habits and the Best Met?
ods of Destroying It?

39. What Can Be Done in Pennsylvania to Secure a More Perfect
Nomenclature in Fruit? Should Misnamed Varieties, Although
Best Entered for Competition, Be Ignored by Judges at Fairs,
or Should the Proper Names Be Affixed and Prizes Awarded?

40. Finely Ground Bone Meal Applied to Small Fruit Plants in May
Has Proven Very Satisfactory, but Some Recommend Liquid
Manure. Which Is Preferable and Most Advantageous?

41. What Are the Best Varieties of Apples to Plant for a Commer-
cial Orchard in Pennsylvania? The Fruit Is to Be Shi, ped
to Philadelphia and Pittsburg Markets.

42. Fruit Trees and Vines Were More than Usually Exempt During
the Past Year from Ravages of Injurious Insects. Can this
Be Attributed to the Spraying Done in Previous Yezrs, or
Was It Due to Climatic Conditions?

43. Can the Evaporating of Fruit and Other Products Be Made Profit-
able in Pennsylvania?

44, Is the Horticulturist and Fruit Grower Reaping His Just Share
of the Prosperity that Is Abroad in the Land? If not, Why?

45. Has Flori-culture Received the Attention and Encouragement
that It so Fully Merits? Can not this Society Devise Some
Plans to Increase the Interest in this Popular Branch of Hor-
ticulture?

46. Should the Ben Davis Apple Be Planted in Pennsylvania?

47. What Are the Best Hardy Roses for General Cultivation?

102 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

48. In View of the Fact that the State Makes Liberal Appropriations
for the Education of Farmers Through the Medium of “Farm-
ers’ Institutes,” Would It not Be Perfectly Right and Proper
that at Least a Small Amount Should Be Devoted to Horti-
culture, the Amount to Be Judiciously Expended wee the State
Horticultural Association?

MEMBERSHIP.

LIFE MEMBERS.

Bartram, J. Hibberd, Milltown, Chester Co.
Brinton, Wm. P., Christiana, Lancaster Co.

Chase, Howard A., 1430 S. Penn Square, Philadelphia.
Chase, Charles T., 1430 S. Penn Square, Philadelphia.
Calder, Dr. James, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co. (deceased).
Cornelius, Robert, Philadelphia.

Engle, Henry M., Marietta, Lancaster Co. (deceased).
Engle, John G., Marietta, Lancaster Co.

Engle, Enos B., Waynesboro, Franklin Co.
Ermentrout, Hon. Jas. N., Reading, Berks Co.

Fox, Cyrus T., Reading, Berks Co.

Garrettson, Joel V., Floradale, Adams Co.

Good, C. W., Waynesboro, Franklin Co.

Hayes, Charles P., Philadelphia.

Heyser, Jacob, Chambersburg, Franklin Co.
Hildrup, W. T., Harrisburg, Dauphin Co.

Hacker, William, Philadelphia.

Hiller, Casper, Conestoga, Lancaster Co. (deceased).
Hiller, Peter C., Conestoga, Lancaster Co. (deceased).
Landis, Israel, Lancaster, Lancaster Co.

Hoopes, Josiah, West Chester, Chester Co.

Landis, Israel, Lancaster, Lancaster Co.

McCormick, Harry, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co.
McCormick, James, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co.

Martin, J. O., Mercersburg, Franklin Co.

Meehan, S. Mendelson, Germantown, Philadelphia Co.
Pannebaker, Wm. N., Lewistown, Mifflin Co.

Reist, Peter S., Lititz, Lancaster Co.

Scribner, Prof. F. Lamson, Knoxville, Tenn.

Shaffner, Jacob, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co.

Swift, Rev. E. P., Mt. Oliver, Allegheny Co.

Thomas, George B., West Chester, Chester Co.
Thomas, Edwin W., King-of-Prussia, Montgomery Co.
VanDeman, H. E., Parksley, Accomac Co., Va.
Wertz, D. Maurice, Quincy, Franklin Co.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

103

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Barry, P., Rochester, N. Y. (deceased).
Downing, Charles, Newburgh, N. Y. (deceased).

Ellwanger, George, Rochester, N. Y.
Edge, Thomas J., Harrisburg, Pa.

Garber. J. Be, Columpia, Pa. (deceased).

Heiress, Protos. 5, Yorks Pa: .
Meehan, Thomas, Germantown, Pa.
Michener, Dr. E., Toughkenamon, Pa.
iRarsons, Prot. 5, 5.) Hlushings, IN. Y-.

(deceased).

Parry, William, Parry, N. J. (deceased).
Rathvon, Prof. 8S. S., Lancaster, Pa. (deceased).
Rowe, Hon. D. Watson, Chambersburg, Pa.
Rutter, John, West Chester, Pa. (deceased).
Saunders, Wm., Washington, D. C. (deceased).

Stitzel, George D., Reading, Pa.

Thomas, John J., Union Springs, N. Y.
Warder, Dr. John A., North Bend, O.

(deceased).
(deceased).

Wilder, Marshall P., Boston, Mass. (deceased).

Wickersham, Dr. J. P., Lancaster, Pa.

Willetts, Rev. Dr., Philadelphia, Pa.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Achelis, George, West Chester.

Adams, Wm., Enslow.

Allison, J. W., Mercer.

Ammarell, Charles, Reading.

Armsby, Dr. H. P., State College.

Baker, Dr. A. C., West Chester.

Balderston, John L., Kennett Square.

Barnhart, Hon. W. R., Greensburg.

Bartram, Frank, Stephen Girard
Building, Philadelphia.

Bickel, Isaac, Reading.

Bolton, W. P., Hopechurch.

Bone, George, Thorndale.

Bockstose, Wm., Castle Shannon.

Border, Wm., Reading.

Boyd, M. H., Atglen.

Boyd, BH. L., Connellsville.

Bracken, J. W., Hollidaysburg.

Breneiser, ©r., Charles, Reading.

Brenneman, J. D., Harrisburg.

Bricose Wa, Carrick,

Brinser, E. C., Middleton.

Brumbaugh, A. J., Reading.

Bucher, Dr. J. Riley, Lebanon.

Butz, Prof. Geo. C., State College.

Burkey, Joshua R., Reading.

Burns, J. S., Clinton.

Bromell, J. Horace, Cheyney.

Carnahan, M., Carnegie.

‘Carter & Son, J. I., Chatham.’

Clark, M. N., Claridge.

Clemson, Ji: W., Halifax:

Collins; R: A:, Rodi:

Comfort, H. W., Fallsington.

Cooper, Calvin, Bird-in-Hand.

Creasy, Hon. W. T., Catawissa.

Darlington, Frank P., West Chester.

Davis, W. H. H., West Chester.

Day, Theodore, Dyberry.

Derr, Cyrus G., Reading.

Demming, H. C., ‘Harrisburg.

Dickson, John, Mt. Lebanon.

Dunn, Henry J., Reading.

Dunlevy, M. C., Carnegie.

Engle, Ezra B., Marietta.

Erb, Amos H., Lititz.

Fergus, W. P., Mustard.

Fink, Fredk., Green Tree.

Fleming, J. W., Farmers’ Deposit Na-
tional Bank, Pittsburg.

Foster, C. A., Carnegie.

Foster, T. C., Harrisburg.

Fryer, W. J., Woodside.

Grant, Jeremiah K., Reading.

Gearing, H. C., 2000 Sidney St., Pitts-
burg.

Hamilton, Prof. John, Harrisburg.

Hall, BE. H., West Chester.

104 ANNUAL
Harnish, H. H. Hubers.
Harris, L. C., Perryopolis.
Harrison, Orlando, Berlin, Md.
Handenshield, J. E., Carnegie.
Hawley, Jesse G., Reading.
Hiester, Gabriel, Harrisburg.
Herr, Joel A., Cedar Springs.
Herr, Danl. D., Lancaster.
Herr, Alders J., Lampeter.
Hirschinger, John, Enslow.
Hoke, David, Hanover.
Hochberg, Wm., Whiteash.
Hochberg, Jacob, Job.

Hormel, P. T., Oakdale.
Ingram, E. T. West Chester.
Jamison, J. E., Swales.
Johnson, W. B. K., Allentown.
Johnson, R. F., Carnegie.
Keller, Col. D. C., Reading.
Keppel, Samuel B., Sinking Spring.
Kready, John, Mt. Joy.

Koons, Dr. P. R., Mechanicsburg.
Leer, Samuel W., Woodville.
Leinbach, Joseph A., Reading.
Leinbach, Geo. A., Reading.
Longsdorf, C. L., Floradale.
Longsdorf, D. E., Mechanicsburg.
Long, H. R., Mt. Lebanon.
Lutz, Frank, Gayly.

McGowan, J. G., Geigers’ Mills.

McGowan, Howard G., Geiger’s Mills.

McFarland, J. Horace, Harrisburg.
McKenna, John, Green Tree.
Marshall, Mrs. J. L., 289 Fourth Ave-

nue, Pittsburg.
Mashey, Mrs. Geo.; 6736 Penn Ave.,
Pittsburg.

Meehan, Thos. B., Germantown.
Merritt, Hon. Thos. P., Reading.
Miller, J. W., Tippecanoe.
Moon, Wm. H., Morrisville.
Moon, Samuel C., Morrisville.
Morrow, Thos. J. E., Hickman.
Murray, J. K., Pottsgrove.
Myers, A. D., Altoona.

Neil, John, Cannonsburg.

Ort, Henry, Lewistown.

Obold, John H., Reading.
Patterson, J. G., Stewartstown.

REPORT OF THE

Peters, Earl, Uriah.

Persing, E. E., Sunbury.
Philip, George, Mt. Lebanon.
Pyle, J. W., Willowdale.
Rakestraw, Thos., Willowdale.
Rife, Jacob L., West Fairview.
Roesler, F, Carnegie.

Rupp, D. C., Shiremanstown.
Rupp, Jno. F., Shiremanstown.
Root, A. W., East Petersburg.
Rush, J. G., West Willow.
Schaeffer, Dr. N. C., Lancaster.
Scheick, Jacob, Carrick.
Scott, J. W., 3 Union St., Pittsburg.
Scott, John, Cliffmire.

Sellers, H. W., Bailey Ave., Pittsburg.
Seyler, D. M., Basket.

Scheidy, Danl., Pine Grove.
Shatter, Dr. J. Al, Carnot:
Schock, Oliver D., Hamburg.
Snavely, H. C., Lebanon.
Smith, Paul, Beadling.
Shimer, A. S., Redington.
Sohn, Henry, Woodlawn.

‘Stalze, John R., Library.

Strachan, Wm., Banksville.

Stahle, Col. J. A., Emigsville.

Scholl, Calvin P., Fisherville.

Shearer, Joseph, Reading.

Smeych, Danl., Lancaster.

Stein, Geo. E., Craley.

Sites, J. Landis, Ridge Ave., Harris-
burg.

Stout, Wm. H., Pine Grove.

Thomas, Joseph W., King-of-Prussia.

Tucker, O. M., 1114 Franklin Ave.,
Pittsburg.

Wagner, Geo. A., Alinda.

Wakefield, S. M., Redstone.

Wallize, H. C., Sunbury.

Wentzel, Aug. L., Reading.

Williamson, E. C., Morrisville.

Williams, Dr. C. C., 24 Washington
Ave., Pittsburg.

Wild, Wm., Carrick.

Woods, T. A., Harrisburg.

Zigler, Amos, Rowenna.

Zerr, EH. M:, Geigers Mills.

Off. Doc.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. . 106

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE
STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF
PENNSYLVANIA.

HELD AT PITTSBURG, PA., JANUARY 16 AND 17, 1900.

Pittsburg, January 16, 1900.

The Forty-first Annual Meeting of the State Horticultural Asso-
* ciation of Pennsylvania was held at Pittsburg, Pa., January 16 and
17, 1900.

After some preliminary work in the arrangements of decorations
and exhibits, and a pleasant interchange of greetings between the
members from the eastern sections of the State and their friends
from Allegheny county and vicinity, the meeting was called to order
for business at 11 o’clock, by President Heiges, who expressed his
great pleasure in meeting for the first time so many enthusiastic
horticultural friends west of the Allegheny mountains and hoped
for a pleasant and profitable meeting. He took pleasure in intro-
ducing Mayor Wm. J. Diehl, of Pittsburg, who cordially welcomed
the members, as follows:

ADDRESS OF WELCOME BY MAYOR W. J. DIEHL.

“Gentlemen of the State Horticultural Society of Pennsylvania:
Without indulging in the formality of any prefatory remarks, I bid
you a most hearty welcome to Pittsburg, and on behalf of the citi-
zens extend to you the cordial hand of hospitality, with the
sincere hope that your stay among us will be an extremely pleas-
ant and enjoyable one. I feel certain that those to whom your care
has been entrusted, the local committee of arrangements, will do all’
in their power to make it so, and that they will succeed to your
entire satisfaction I haven’t the least doubt.

“While Pittsburg cannot boast of being anything area in the
way of a fruit raiser, it is a wonderful producer in the industrial line,
leading the world in that, and all that has made Pittsburg, spread-
ing its fame to every inhabitable part of the globe, is open for your
inspection, and will certainly well repay that inspection. But we
Pittsburgers are big consumers of fruit, and excellent customers for
the fruit grower, while at the same time we count the fruit growers
among our very best friends for the good things of life which they

Rg

106 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

supply us with in such abundance and luscious quality. Therefore,
it is that we are glad to have you with us, and to give you the op-
portunity of sampling Pittsburg’s hospitality, which has the general
reputation of being about the best to be met with in the land. It
has been about 35 years now, I believe, since Pittsburg has had the
pleasure of entertaining the State Horticultural Society of Penn-
sylvania, it being that long ago when the society last met in this
city. For that reason we want to make your present v isit with us a
memorable one in every respect, and desire that when you leave us
for your homes at the conclusion of the business which draws you
here, you will take away with you the most pleasant remembrances
of your visit to Pittsburg as well as the united opinion that your
forty-first annual meeting was the very best in the history of your
honorable society.

“The more plentiful our supply of fruit is the more healthful, as
well as the longer and the happier life it means for us all, so that
humanity is greatiy indebted to the fruit grower, one of the grandest
as well as one of the most grateful and beneficial enjoyments of life.
Despite, therefore, the evil brought upon mankind as the result of
Eve eating the forbidden fruit, mankind has been very largely
blessed by the labors of the fruit grower.

“Once more bidding you a very cordial welcome to Pittsburg, I
will say good morning, and leave you to the hospitable care of the
Gardeners’ and Fruit Growers’ Association of Allegheny County
and the Florists’ Club of Pittsburg, your particular hosts during your
stay in the city, with the firm belief that they will do as well by you
in making your visit a pleasant one aS we all expect them to.”

RESPONSE TO ADDRESS OF WELCOME, BY PRESIDENT S. B. HEIGES.

In behalf of our society, Mr. Mayor, it affords me great pleasure
to accept your cordial and hospitable welcome. I have been a mem-
ber of this Association for 37 years. It was organized as the ‘‘Fruit
Growers’ Society of Eastern Pennsylvania,” and we now realize that
we ought years ago to have made greater efforts to awaken an inter-
est in our work in the western part of the State.

I do not know a better field for horticulture and fruit growing
than Western Pennsylvania. I have been in institute work, both
farmers’ and teachers’, in every county of the Commonwealth. I
have served on the State Board of Agriculture in the State, and I
know there are immense fields open for the energetic and industrious
horticulturist. I have made this question somewhat of a study, and

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 107

(hrowing aside all prejudice, I know of no State where conditions of
soil and climate are more favorable than in Pennsylvania. We have
lowlands, hillsides, high mountains, hilltops and plateaus where
are grown every variety of fruits and crops known to the temperate
zone.

Yours is a historic town, and it is known to everyone who has
read the early history of our State as “Fort Duquesne,” or Fort
Pitt. ‘Here one of the English generals lost his life. Your greatness
depends upon your varied and extensive manufactures. You are the
“Birmingham of America” and you have great markets here that
should be supplied from the surrounding country. Again, Mr.
Mayor, I trust you will accept our thanks for your cordial welcome.

MINUTES.

The Secretary read the minutes of the last annual meeting which
were approved.

The President announced ‘that everyone interested in agricul-
ture, horticulture or the objects of our society will be welcomed
as members. The fee of annual membership is one dollar; life mem-
bership, ten dollars. \Ve have the promise of Secretary Hamilton
that the reports of our proceedings will be printed by the State, and
every member will be entitled to a copy. Tliese reports usually have
illustrations of the new and valuable fruits of Pennsylvania origin.
I have recently leoked up the records and found that 253 varieties
of apples originated in this State.

After a short recess to enable those wishing to become members
to enroll their names, business was resumed and Treasurer Moon
read the following list of ‘those who desired to be enrolled as mem-
bers:

LIFE MEMBERS.

Charles 'T. Chase. S. Mendelson Meehan.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

William Adams. J. W. Fleming.
J..W. Allison. W. P. Fergus.
W. R. Barnhart. Frederick Fink.
Wm. Bockstoce. CsA, Hoster:

EK. L. Boyd. Wm. J. Fryer.
W. H. Briggs. H. C. Gearing.
J. S. Burns. C. W. Good.
M. Carnahan. 1, Cy Harris:
M. N. Clark. EE Ei ee elarni she
R. A. Collins. J. 2. Handenshield.
Ei Wie Comfort: S. B. Heiges.

John Dickson. Daniel D. Herr.
M. C. Dunlevy. John Hirschinger.

108

P. T. Hormel.
Jacob Hochberg.
William Hochberg.
W. B. K. Johnson.
R. F. Johnson.
Saml. W. Lee.

ANNUAL RHPORT OF THE

Thos. Rakestraw.
D. C. Rupp.
Jacob L. Rife.

F. Roessler.

Dr. J. A. Shaffer.
Col. J. A. Stahle.

Off. Doc.

H. R. Long. H. C. Snavely.

D. E. Longsdorf. Wm. Strachan.
Frank Lutz. H. W. Sellers:

John McKenna. Jacob Scheick.

Mrs. J. L. Marshall. Paul Smith.

Mrs. Geo. Mashey. John Scott.

James G. McGowan. John R. Staltze.

J. W. Miller. O. M. Tucker.

Wm. H. Moon. William Wild.

S. C. Moon. Edward Williamson.
Thos. J. E. Morrow. Henry Sohn.

John Neil. I. W. Scott.

Geo. A. Philips. S. M. Wakefield.

J- W. Pyle. CG) Williams; MD:

On motion the aforenamed were elected members of the associa-
tion.

Messrs. Wm. H. Moon, Dan’! D. Herr and J. S. Burns were ap-
pointed a committee to nominate candidates for the several offices
for the coming year.

The following additional committees were named by the Chair.

To Select Place for Next Annual Meeting: Howard A. Chase, H.
C. Snavely and J. W. Miller.

Auditing Committee: D.C. Rupp, J. W. Pyle, H. H. Harnish.

Nomenclature: W. B. K. Johnson, M. C. Dunlevy, Thos. Rake-
straw, A. C. Rineman.

Deceased Members: J. S. Burns, J. E. Handenshield, H. R. Long.

Final Resolutions: W. R. Barnhart, J. W. Miller, M. C. Dunlevy:

Adjourned.

Afternoon Session, January 16, 1900.

The Association having been called to order by the President, Mr.
Wm. H. Moon submitted the following list of officers for 1900:

PRESIDENT.
SeETOW ATO. Ase CHABES wisi c'o'clecie'ee anleisrsiniotets eiciefaleee siaGtoleielerulsieloialeinie)s\ors\nva(e Philadelphia.

Calvin Cooper, ..... Side wieub,wlalatelotalote’y) oleic asa oveanmacayaremerelets ABT MICOSAO0DS Bird-in-Hand
Daniel D. BRerry sxpetec. nisiciiticesscte oeulels cot ectenmiabipalaisia oars sine oh wei si Lancaster.
Megs: DUNMIOVY’,, coast orsare a eet ae sila Ae Da ete ee etnies sie e's tees etc AC eT ee

No. 7. - DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Luy

RECORDING SECRETARY.

Sree vet TA ER et vin ai, cicievanere ot vicicieteleclslovarciatenel eit ciemineicieietslsislalaiaists else cls wceeise/es Waynesboro.
CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.
AVVAIIN Es. SESEUDEO Hy leyaesiedelsieleietetetsyclatetsie,aja'aiels'e’e.ais afelnynjnietciaielaleiaieleyeisielers\ere es Christiana.
TREASURER.
RELIES ence lV OO Me tiarateretersrelateleiaieiateletelcicle'sh ale a(e/elele'e/e/e’elelel ele cl eiajelalelers) efeleislole Morrisville.

On motion, the report of committee was accepted and the afore-
named were duly elected by ballot.

The names of the General Fruit Committee were then read, as fol-
lows:

GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE.

Henry C. Snavely, Chairman, Lebanon, Pa.

FAAS (COMME, aes cieicivieie ce Onl, OHS SOOLL, se.a-ee 7 HLOonadale:
Allegheny county, ..... eee Hand enshields ...\. +6 Carnegie.
Armstrong county, ...... OS DON aA GSOMMe cc eleare a siers Kittanning.
PSC AVC COUMEY 5 © civjcitin)cssiclels EAS eas ECTS ICIS vsjeielctoie(oreleie Green Garden.
EGTONGGCOUNEY Gs msccssoneINe Clay Taitz, <5 ses 00 0/6 Bedford.
Berks county, ............ Howard G. McGowan, .... Geiger’s Mills.
SES PeDIT= COLE Vis, rccciercievclenere eyes Hredk.. Jaekel, Saicccsc< sac Hollidaysburg.
Bradtordycounty, 3... +0. Tey VIVAL ES. “arta cispteras sieiaieve Towanda.
BUCKS CCOUNGY.- este civsecsie1sonsic We EN eV OOM) a eacrisisicneiesels Morrisville.
ESTE PLCTR COULD Ys ersie, «aisle salels/ are Wer. He Riddles faassen. Butler.
Cambria COURLY: G20. -..0e Ia Makin, <j.---..---. JOHNStOWN.
Cameron county, -.......< Be aC oy oi lto ls ee Ree no hoedooe Emporium.
Carbone COMMU. 5 vii tracy ciecisl BACT, fa cciscaters nie wtotore ns oteie East Mauch Chunk.
@entre “COUNTY. © c.scscs. ce Geon CO. Butz, ec scusoclsinsctcies State College.
Chester county, .......... Thos. Rakestraw, <..-<.-. Willowdale.
Clarion county, .......... GET SElenry:. csscccsecs ees Piollet.
Clearfield county, ........ Samuel) alle <ccecsccceses McGee’s Mills.
@linton’ County) sacle cee TOC PAL EVOTEs | tle ceciecresisiele Cedar Springs.
COMM DIA, (COUNEY.. pascmiecieicidion ane @1UMe's ere nreretetcleialerele Benton.
Crawford county, ..... oe Jas. Turmer,. «.......-..0- Meadville.
Cumberland county, ..... Apayon Is 1ohois escacoocdoonDS Shiremanstown.
Dauphin; county, ..... 0... Gabriel Hiester, .....0..«. Harrisburg.
Delaware county, ....... .- Joseph H. Paschall, ...... Ward.
IBJLS COUT AS na ocenoonces we ranks SimMpSOn,, bse se LeLO Wel y
BIEN COUNELY ste cats see eieteys eb Gs eVOUNEN Se. sc psohietoce Northeast.
HAVECELG : COUMGY., os cr iciclec.e Aa lest Alo Wil isle Raye ooo adc Merrittstown.
HORESEn COUMLY:, » «cries sclee (Oh NG ARE ENIS Booaoanodsmdc Tionesta.
OL Em COUTEY Zt te ofeleis oieictes One VV ok GrOOG sper ele nicreieiietitieiels Waynesboro.
iM oiwovel KO balagsy Soriecoconoo Gleam Gl iteshicWbhes Baooageoude Hustontown.
Greene. county, ......... Soll Ave KEnwAainee aes AanuooT Carmichaels.
Huntingdon county, ..... Geor We Owens specie cat Birmingham.
PIidlanayCOUMLY:, «c-«vense > MM. MCHenry,, ccsvene os Indiana.
Jefferson county, ...... wieeiler Nei ISCIL 7. meer ciseeiaiss siecle Grange.

Juniata ‘county: .<........ J. . Jamison. -...:.......swales:

110 ANNUAL REPORT OF THEE Off. Doc.
Lackawanna county, ..... EDS Wie INOLtR Up nace ite Glenburn.
Mancaster COUN, <2... Galvin Goopenrs feo sitelsi eters Bird-in-Hand.
Iawrence county, ........ Samuel McCreary, ........ Neshannock Falls.
ebanon (COUNTY, Ssocies. «ne ISOS seralzIndelhyy 6 Goa acid sone Lebanon.
MGMT eGCOUNCY:, loan .cicie «cies IW. B:_K Johnsontye. cence Allentown.
Luzerne county, Ps SUETOM gS komeyete setotersdae oot Exeter.
Lycoming county, ........ Peter IRCedery cts cischesian: Hughesville.
MekKean \CoOuUnNtY, «..cens.s Di Cz, WOU S boceutetet vusierticte’s Smethport.
IVIESTCET Ss COUMEYS. Mies ashe oe: sree A. 'B} Greenlee; |...) tisee clase New Lebanon.
Mifflin county, .D. E. Notestine, . Lewistown.
(VTOMRO CV COUIMTYG, yee inieeteiars Re HS GHiWaEZ i easieres elec Analomink.
Montgomery county, ...... JNOFGP ETC GG weasiccevsemicne Pottstown.
Montour county, <........ Dee IMI TA gona a eatetiege cots Pottsgrove.
Northampton county, 2 ASE So UNGeh str ee cere Redington.
Northumberland county: We 2. INeESbDit; nee eens Lewisburg.
Perry county, . George A. Wagner. ...... Alinda.
Philadelphia county, ..... S. Mendelson Meehan, .... Germantown.
IPHKE COMMEYs oo peners caren 25 oe John H. VanEtten, . Milford.
Potter county, oh Of VAUStin:, .. Austin.
Schuylkill county, ........ W. H. Stout, .. Pinegrove.
SMVGer iCOUMMbya vem pele tit Jno. He. Boyer; . Mt. Pleasant Mills.
Somerset county, EOP SRAVeI se eatslee octraaieer Friedens.
-Sullivan county, .. Jno. W. Rodgers, .... Morksville.
Susquehanna county, Cu Wee BGOGheAG™ see ie ae LOMEnOSe:
AMOSEMecoibhahinae ehpsnGne soos Se MES aseie + sm oh soterae Brookfield.
\Cfitonal Ceybhalnys seSacoagnaase TeeNe Glover, ae ev oye key ere tahaierenate Vicksburg.
Vienaneo..county, =........ As dpe walle . Franklin.
WivGzlie ceben Yeroibhanting, | oencaees os Winn COW Grace eeutn: exerts Warren.
Washington county, yPressleys Weechs sar taeeee. Bulger.
Wihvale:COUNtYs «scien steers THEOGOLEMDAY., ts steccitees Dyberry.
Wiestmorcland=scounity, 2. Aa wENUbly) fe. iiriee le crlnente Scottdale.
Wiyomines county; ~....-... Wm. D. Avery, . Tunkhannock.
VAIO Tce GC OUINGY 57 eereicic clei erearoreiate COlMIG PAD tS Canes camels Emigsville.

A paper entitled “Strawberry Culture,” was read by J. W. Alli-
son.

“Ts It Advisable to Grow Small Fruits in Young Orchards,” was
then read by W. B. K. Johnson.

After some remarks on Mr. Johnson’s paper, L. B. Pierce, of Tall-
madge, Ohio, discussed, “Some Points in Door-Yard Planting and
Decoration,” which was very practically illustrated by sketches on
the blackboard.

On motion adjourned.

Evening Session, January 16, 1900.

One of the most entertaining and enjoyable attractions of the even-
ing session was the delightful music furnished by a talented quar-
tette. The opening selection “Robin Adair,’ was received with
rounds of applause.

J

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE: lil

The addresses of the evening by Prof. Heiges, Secretary Hamil-
ton, and P. S. Randolph, were all extempore, and were well worthy
a report in full, instead of ithe brief synopsis of each which is given.

The first speaker of the evening was President Heiges.

At the close of President Heiges’ very excellent address, P. 8.
Randolph, of Pittsburg, gave an interesting talk on “The Advance-
ment of Flori-Culture in Allegheny County ‘the Past Forty Years.”

President Heiges then introduced Prof. Jolm Hamilton, Secretary
of Agriculture, who made an Address on “Pennsylvania as a Fruit-
Growing State.”

On motion adjourned.

Wednesday Morning Session, January 17, 1900.

After being called to order, Mr. Chase, Chairman of Committee to
select a place for next annual meeting, reported in favor of Harris-
burg. On motion, report of committee was adopted.

On motion of Mr. Moon, President Chase was made ex-officio mem-
ber of Committee on Legislation.

On motion of Mr. Snavely, the President was authorized to appoint
a committee of five ‘to represent this society at the annual meeting
of State Board of Agriculture.

Prof. Heiges. of Committee on Legislation, appointed at last an-
nual meeting, reported as follows:

Believing that a great State like Pennsylvania ought to have a
Department of Horticulture and Pomology, I was instructed to
draft a bill to that end. -It was approved by the Committee on Leg-
islation, was duly printed, passed first reading and was placed on the
calendar. Other matters apparently of more importance took prece-
dence, and the bill failed to pass.

Pending the consideration of the bill, I consulted with the Secre-
tary and Deputy Secretary of Agriculture, and both gave me valu-
able suggestions. .

The following letter from Prof. Armsby, of State College, was
read by the Secretary. ?

State College, Centre County, Pa., January 9, 1900.

Mr. E. B. Ergle, Secretary State Horticultural Association, Waynes-
boro, Pennsylvania:

Dear Sir: Please accept my thanks for the program of the Forty-
first annual meeting of your association recently received. I regret
very much that other engagements will prevent me from being pres-
ent at that time.

112 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

At the recent meeting of the State Grange, | had the honor to
present the subject of the “Education of the Farmer.” At the close
of my address, provisions were made for the appointment of a com-
mittee to investigate the condition and needs of agricultural edu-
cation in Pennsylvania and to report at the next meeting of the
State Grange. I am to present the same subject at the meeting of
the State Board of Agriculture and it is not improbable that that
body will appoint a similar committee. The Pennsylvania Dairy
Union has also appointed a like committee upon the subject of dairy
education. The Committee of the State Grange was specifically di-
rected to confer with any committees that might be appointed by
other agricultural organizations.

It has occurred to me that if anything like organized action is
likely to be taken by the several committees in the interest of agri-
cultural education, the State Horticultural Association ought to be
represented. Had it been possible, I should have arranged to attend
your meeting and should have asked permission to present the mat-
ter. ‘

As that is impossible, I take the liberty of writing you in regard
to it, and hope you will consider it of sufficient general interest to
present at the proper time. It seems to me that ‘the subject is one
which should interest every thinking agriculturist or horticulturist,
and I believe that there is serious danger that Pennsylvania will
fall behind in the march of progress unless she wakes up to the re-
quirements of the situation. I may be mistaken in this, but if there
is even a probability of its being correct, the matter certainly de-
serves notice.

With best wishes for the success of the coming meeting, I am,

Yours very sincerely,
H. P. ARMSBY,
Director.

On motion of Mr. Chase, the Committee on Legislation was author-
ized to co-operate with other organizations in securing legislation
in the interest of the farmer and horticulturist.

“Ornamental Horticulture” was the subject of a paper read by
Wm. H. Moon, Morrisville, Pa.

The President appointed the following committees:

To Attend Annnal Meeting of State Board of Agriculture: Henry
W. Comfort, H. C. Snavely, D. D. Herr, H. A. Chase, Col. J. A.
Staple.

Committee of Arrangements: J. Horace McFarland, Jacob Shaff-
ner, D. C. Rupp, Jacob L. Rife, E. B. Engle.

Mr. Thomas Renton read a very practical paper on “The Packing
and Shipping of Fruit from a Commission Merchant’s Standpoint.”

\

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 113

QUESTION BOX.

The following questions were discussed:

1. Has any Grower from South Western Pennsylvania Handled
Paying Crops of Japan Plums?

Several persons from Western Pennsylvania had planted Japan
plums, but the experience of all was they were not a success.

Mr. Allison: At my home, about 60 miles from here, I have had
one crop of Ogon and one crop of Abundance in about 6 years. Buds
of Abundance swell in February and are usually injured by spring
frosts. I consider the Japan plums worthless in this section.

Mr. Chase: Climatic conditions in Western Pennsylvania seem
peculiar. This is the first time I have heard that these plums are
not fruitful. In the eastern portion of the State we have but one
trouble, and that is that they are too fruitful. We are obliged to
pull off from half to two-thirds of the fruit. In New Jersey and in
Western New York there are immense orchards from which the
fruit is shipped in carloads. They undoubtedly have their weak
points, but in many sections they seem to be the only varieties that
can be grown at all.

The President: I have Abundance, Burbanks, Satsuma, Wickson,
_ Agate, Red June, and others, and all overbear. I am usually obliged
to thin twice, and in some cases ‘three times. While not equal in
quality to the European varieties, they are valuable on account of
their productiveness and ease of cultivation. :

Mr. Barnhart: I have tried all my life to raise plums, but have
found none better than a small yellow plum which originated in
Westmoreland county.

2. What Are the Best Six Varieties of Apples for Western Penn-
sylvania?

Mr. Wakefield: I don’t believe we have six varieties of apples that
have proven satisfactory in Western Pennsylvania. I was reared
upon the farm and we grew many different varieties of apples, and
I could not conscientiously recommend any for Western Pennsyl-
vania except Baldwin, Grimes Golden and Kome Beauty.

Grimes Golden is one of the best and most valuable. I hear much
about York Imperial and have bought three different varieties under
that name, and when I went to Liberty street in Pittsburg, I found
I did not have it at all. I know that the three varieties named will
do well in this section.

Mr. Fergus: Rambo is our best variety. Next is Seek-no-Further,
but it must be grown in upland, or it will be no good. For family
use I prefer Roman Stem. Rome Beauty is all right. Ben Davis,
too, is profitable. Northern Spy will rot while you take it to town.

X—7—1900

114 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Baldwin does not do well for me, but succeeds well with my neigh-
bor.

Mr. Miller: Rome Beauty is very satisfactory as a fruit, but the
tree is not long lived.

Mr. Barnhart: For my locality the best varieties are Baldwin,
Northern Spy, Maiden’s Blush and Rambo. Northern Spy does not
rot with me. Keeps as well as Rambo.

A Member: I would name Rome Beauty, York Imperial, Grimes
Golden, Baldwin, Smith’s Cider, and Jonathan.

Mr. Wakefield: I think my friend can get a more profitable va-
riety than Jonathan. If Mr. Miller will apply kainit he will see a
great change. Rome Beauty and Grimes Golden, in fact all varieties,
must be fed. I will plant Grimes Golden and make more money
than from any other variety.

A Member: Baldwin and Grimes Golden are my best varieties.
They have made me most money. I am not quite satisfied with
York Imperial.

3. Can Hill Culture of Strawberries Be Made Profitable on an
Extensive Scale?

Mr. Allison: I consider the matted row more profitable than hill
culture.

Mr. Chase referred to the thirty-seventh topic and inquired of Sec-
retary Hamilton what, if any, arrangements have been made for a
display of Pennsylvania fruits at the Paris Exposition. He under-

stood that the Horticultural exhibit will be National, not State.

Prof. Hamilton: I do not know what is the purpose of the authori-
ties at Washington. There will doubtless be a display, but, as sug-
gested by Mr. Chase, it will be National.

The thirty-third topic on programme was taken up. ‘What is
the Proper Season to Prune Grape Vines?”

Mr. Snavely: Any time after the foliage has dropped and before
the sap starts. It must not be done when ihe wood is frozen. In
summer I would prune to two buds beyond the cluster. In case of
a severe winter.early spring pruning would be preferable.

Adjourned.

Wednesday Afternoon Session, January 17, 1900.

The President called the members to order promptly at 2 o’clock,
and reminded them that an early adjournment was desired in order
to give the Committee of Arrangements ample time to vacate the
hall for an evening meeting of another organization.

Hon. Alva Agee, of Ohio, was introduced, who gave a brief address
on “Some Points in Potato Culture.”

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 115

Mr. Agee was followed by Hon. W. R. Barnhart, of Greensburg,
Pa., who read a paper on “Selection of Varieties; How to Plant,
Pick, and Store the Apple.”

NOMENCLATURE.

Mr. Johnson, Chairman of the Committee on Nomenclature, sub-
mitted the following report:

D. C. Rupp, 18 varieties of apples.

H. M. Engle & Son, Paragon chestnuts, Japan chestnuts, 1 ya-
riety of apple.

C. U. Good, 5 varieties of apples, 3 plates labelled Gibbs, have all
the characteristice of the Limbertroig and the committee believe it
to be such.

I. E. Hendenshall, 1 variety of apples for a name, believed to be
the old German Such no Weiter (Seek no Further).

Wm. Strachan, 1 variety of apples.

J. Muzzir, 4 varieties of apples.

Wm. Wild, 2 varieties of apples, 4 jars of pears, 2 jars of straw-
berries.

Mrs. Rossman, 3 varieties of apples.

Rake & Pyke, 10 varieties of apples.

EK. L. Snyder, 2 varieties of apples.

W. R. Barnhart, 9 varieties of apples.

John McKenna, 3 varieties of apples.

W. B. K. Johnson, 3 varieties of apples, 1 jar Johnson quince.

Howard A. Chase, 6 varieties of apples, five new and pruning
sets.

G. B. Robinson & Co., and Geo. H. Beckert each made a very elab-
orate display of tropical, semi-tropical and home grown fruit and
vegetables; special mention is made of Black Hamburg and Malaga
grapes, strawberries, Boston market lettuce, shaddock and aspara-

gus grown by Phillips Bros., and Dickson & Sons, of Neville Island.

J. A. Roehrig, a very handsome display of fruits and vegetables.

H. J. Heinz, of Allegheny City, has fifty-seven specimen samples of
condiments, canned goods and table sauces.

Ernest Fisher, special mention of Thedias.

Gustave & J. H. Ludwig, elaborate collection of cut flowers and
specimens of American Beauty Rose and Orchid.

Ernest C. Ludwig, show plants and cut flowers.

L. J. Neff, Chinese primulus.

Randolph McClemence, grand stage decoration; also exhibits of
fine store plants, such as Crotons and fine Dracemas.

John Boder, exhibit of fine Knitted Palms.

Blaha & Fass, two groups of fine decorative plants.

116 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Thomas Ulam, decoration of smilax, holly and laurel.
Wm. Loew, an artistic bouquet, made of vegetables; also decora-
tion made of dried palms. ‘
Michael J. Fish, of Philadelphia, representing R. Portner, of W.
M. Woodruff & Co., fine display of cut roses.
Pittsburg Floral Co., decoration of wild smilax.
Lawson Carnation sent by Galvin, florist, of Boston, arrived in
bad condition.
W. B. K. JOHNSON,
THOS. RAKESTRAW,
M. C. DUNLEVY,
LINCOLN I. NEFF,
Committee.

RESOLUTIONS.

Mr. Barnhart, Chairman of the Committee on Final Resolutions,
submitted the following: 2

Whereas, In the arrangements made for the comfort and con-
venience of the State Horticultural Association at the Annual Meet-
ing just closing, which are far beyond the expectations of our mem-
bers; therefore, be it

Resolved, That the thanks of this Association be and are hereby
tendered to the Allegheny County Fruit Growers and Gardeners’
Association, and the Florists’ Association of Pittsburg for their un-
tiring labors and efforts for a successful and interesting meeting;
for the elaborate method and taste displayed in the arrangement of
the fruit, floral and vegetable exhibits, and for the courtesy and
kindness evinced in every effort made for this most successful meet-
ing. :

Resolved, That our most hearty thanks are due Christ M. E.
Church Choir for the part taken in our evening entertainment.

Resolved, That our thanks are due to the Press of the city for
their most satisfactory reports of our proceedings.

Resolved, That our thanks are due to the mayor and the citizens
of Pittsburg for their presence and kind words of encouragement.

W. R. BARNHART,
J. W. MILLER.

‘Mr. Chase: I can not let these resolutions pass without adding a
word in behalf of our western members. I have attended the meet-
ings of this society for nearly a quarter of a century, but I must say
that we have never received the royal welcome and widespread local
interest that has been shown here , and I would add only one word
of caution; don’t invite us again, unless you wish us to come.

Prof. Heiges: TI also fee] like adding a word. I have attended

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 117

these meetings for almost 40 years, and I most heartily endorse all
that has been so well said by Mr. Chase. Nowhere have we had
such a hearty welcome; nowhere such a display of fruits and flow-
ers. With this meeting I sever my connection with this association
as its presiding officer, but I shall always recur with feelings of
pleasure to the interesting and profitable meeting we held here.

Mr. Moon: After having heard from the veterans, probably a word
from one of the boys will be in order. I have attended a few meet-
ings and was presiding officer of this Association for five years,
and I always had an idea that Pittsburg was a great city for smoke
and hustle, and that all the good things in Horticulture were cen-
tered east of the Susquehanna and on the banks of the Delaware.
I am ready, now, to acknowledge my error and to say that I will
go back east from one of the finest and best meetings I ever attended,
and if life is spared us and we are again honored with an invita-
tion, we will surely accept.

On motion, the resolutions as read were unanimously adopted.

The following preamble and resolutions were read and adopted
by a rising vote:

Whereas, It hath pleased our Heavenly Father to remove from
earth and from the membership of this association, Wesley Fulmer,
~~ of Castle Shannon, Allegheny county, Pa.; therefore,

Resolved, That while we bow in submission to His Divine will,
yet in his death we, the members of the State Horticultural Asso-
ciation of Pennsylvania, feel that we have lost an esteemed friend
and faithful co-worker.

Resolved, That we extend to his bereaved wife and family our
sincere sympathy in this their sad bereavement.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded by the
Secretary to Mrs. Fulmer, and they be spread upon the minutes of
this society.
J. S. BURNS,

J. E. HANDENSHIELD,
H. R. LONG,
Committee.

Prof. Heiges: I believe that I knew Mr. Fulmer more intimately
than any of our eastern members. I met him frequently at Farm-
ers’ Institutes, and found him a man of noble character. He was
an experienced nurseryman, abreast of the times, familiar with the
newer varieties of fruits. It was through his individual efforts
that we met here, and I personally requested my friends to vote in
favor of Pittsburg.

118 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE . Off. Doc.

PRESIDENT S. B. HEIGHES ELECTED AN HONORARY MEMBER.

Mr. Snavely: We have just heard words spoken kindly and ten-
derly of the dead. We have with us a gentleman who has been en-
gaged in the horticultural work for 40 years. He has been for many
years a member of this Society: and during the past four years its
presiding officer. He has been Pomologist of the Department of
Agriculture at Washington, and I feel that it is due this Association
that upon his retirement from the presidency, it honor him by his
election to honorary membership. I move that he be elected an
honorary member of this association.

The motion was put by -President-elect Chase aa unanimously
adopted.

Prof. Heiges: I would do violence to my feelings did I fail to ex-
press my appreciation of the honor you have conferred. I have
given this association the benefit of my experience in past years,
and now to have my name associated with those of Barry, Downing,
Meehan and others, is more than [I deserve. I thank you most
heartily.

Adjourned.

PAPERS SELECTED FROM THOSE READ

AT THE

HELD AT

LOCK HAVEN, PA., JUNE, 1900.

(119 )

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 121

PAPERS SELECTED FROM THOSE READ AT THE GENERAL ROUND-UP OF
INSTITUTE MANAGERS, HELD AT LOCK HAVEN, PA., JUNE, 1900.

IDEAL STANDARDS IN FARMING. |

———

By GEORGE E. “HULL, Mercer county, Pa.

A successful and wealthy manufacturer of railroad iron, when
asked the secret of his success, answered, that his success lay in
his persistent endeavor to make each succeeding batch of iron bet-
_ ter, if possible, than the last one made; and that all should ap-
proach as near as possible to an ideal standard, or model of merit, as
a manufacturer could produce.

The celebrated Madole hammer, and Henry Disston saws, which
every carpenter recognizes as the very best tools of their kind, the
mowers, the reapers and binders, which have successively come ‘to
the front and to the aid of the farmer, and every other article that
is to-day manufactured which has a recognized merit and standard
value, won its reputation through the determination of the manu-
facturer to produce and put upon the market a first class article.
This principle of honorable success, so applicable to the manufac-
turer, who successfully manufactures his goods after an ideal stand-
ard, is no less applicable to the breeder, the stockman or the gen-
eral farmer. The farmer, like the manufacturer, who is ambitious
to be successful in his calling, should ever be guided by an ideal
standard or model of merit, which should lead him onward and up-
ward, not only morally and socially, but also as to his farm, its
management, its equipments and conveniences, as well as the selec-
tion, breeding and marketing of his stock. In full sympathy with
this spirit of progress, and always profiting by his own ex-
perience, and also by the experience of, and information given by
others in social intercourse and through the press, with that fore-
sight and discerning judgment which becomes the progressive far-
mer, he should endeavor to make every step taken one of progress;
and this must necessarily be to insure future prosperity to the
farmer in this country.

The brood mare, the brood sow, the bunch of breeding ewes, every
bunch of sheep selected and fed for the shambles, every bunch of

9

122 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

lambs bred, should be the most even in size, the finest and best in
quality, and in every way the most desirable and salable of any
stock preceding them. Finally, the standard of their excellence
should be their own advertisement and their market. The credit
or debtor balance at the year’s end on the pages of the ledger de-
voted to the farm stock, depends not only on the management and
the feeding of the stock, but also, on its yearly weeding and selec-
tion. And upon the quality of the standard chosen as a model or
guide in the management, settles the problem as to profit or loss in
labor and investment.

It is a maxim “that the sheep possesses for the farmer a golden
hoof,” and while this should be true, comparatively speaking, the
saying is just as likely to be erroneous, as the remark we have often
heard made that ‘sheep were profitable as grubbers.” “Do men
gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles?” There can be but one
answer to this question, and that in the negative, and I do not know
of a single instance in my recollection where any man gathered suc-
cessfully, wool and mutton from hazel, burdock or thistles. We
often see the plan tried, but the scheme is never successful.

The start in a race frequently determines the result. The prep-
aration of a seed bed often determines the result of a crop; hence,
also, in the beginning or start in a farm enterprise, upon the stand-
ard chosen by which we select or breed our farm stock, with clear
and well-defined ideas as to what purposes we select for, or breed
for, determines whether or not the enterprise is to be crowned with
success, and the hoofs of our farm stock prove to be golden.

The farmer whose ambition is guided by cool and judicious judg-
ment in the management of a mixed husbandry, is probably as
likely to succeed at present under the influence of prevailing cir-
cumstances to send his grain fed to stock and the stock itseif from
the farm on golden hoofs as any other class of farmers; like other
rules, however, this principle is subject to exceptions. And yet we
confound this principle of a mixed husbandry with a principle which
often breeds disaster, as in carrying some of all kinds of stock we
are likely to overcrowd our feeding capacity in winter, and our pas-
tures in summer. The sales are not sweeping at any one time, lessen-
ing the amount of stock at a single sale to the capacity of the
amount of feed on hand to carry the stock through a protracted
drouth or long winter. Every careful and foresighted farmer who
foresees the unwelcome expense of having to buy feed in seasons
of scarcity, to carry his stock through a protracted drouth or long
winter, will avert the danger by adjusting the amount of his stock to
the corresponding capacity of his feed.

It is an old adage and a true one, that “a danger foreseen is half
averted.” And the farmer who realizes this standard fact that

\

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 123

we are at all times subject to late spring frosts, drouths in summer,
long winters and frequent shortages in some of our various kinds
of feed crops, and at all times is prepared for the emergency by a re-
source supply of feed, is not the man who is ambitious to sell his
farm in this community of home markets and go west. As we
think over the list of names of farmers of our acquaintance in almost
any neighborhood, we observe this fact; that, with possibly the
dairyman excepted, who has all the necessary help within his own
family, the farmers have been the most prosperous and progressive
who have carried out a plan of mixed farming or mixed husbandry.
Farmers who have not gone wholly into sheep raising every time
sheep were high in price, or principally into horses when they were
the most wanted, or into something else at the time of its boom;
but, on the contrary, have gone on in the even tenor of their way,
keeping some of most all kinds of stock, whose ideal standard is
ever a good and marketable quality, instead of quantity, and whose
ideal life as a farmer is independence and contentment, for content-
ment, if under comfortable circumstances in the middle walks of
life, is independence. And it is an old proverb always truthfully
told, that the greatest wealth that a man can possess is content-
ment.

There never was a successful manufacturer of any kind of a
commodity, or any man who had under his care and control a com-
plication of affairs, who had foresight and discernment enough to
direct, govern, and successfully manage his own business, but what
was necessarily an independent thinker. This is equally true con-
cerning the farmer. A man may follow some antiquated system of
management, as he has always done, and also his ancestors before
him, or he may sell goods for such a percentage of gain, and me-
chanically complete the circle of an annual business by rule. But
the man who stands master of the situation in his business in any
calling in life, must realize that we have entered an age of improve-
ment, and under the almost startling changes from the old modes to
the new ways, which are to-day successfully engaging our attention,
he must think and act for himself or get left in the race. And any
move that he may make in any way in the management of his affairs,
should be made so far as possible with a knowledge of what others
are doing in the same line of business as his own, but with a con-
siderate independence of the course they are pursuing in that line
of business. If the majority of merchants throughout the country
that are engaged in the dry goods trade, should change, and go into
the hardware, or into some other specialty, because the merchants
in that line of trade had done the best during the past year, that
business then would be overdone and many of them would see hard
times and even fail.

124 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Should the majority of the men in the professional callings
throughout the country adopt one profession, there would not be room
enough in Webster’s proverbial “up-stairs” and the majority would
fail, while those who remained true and unwavering in their special
branches previously chosen would do well.

And yet we, as farmers in this country, too frequently make just
this kind of a mistake. Too many of us do not do enough indepen-
dent thinking and acting. Like drowning seamen, we are too apt
to grasp some project of bright promises that unexpectedly looms
up, and swamp it to the inconvenience and peril of the majority.
The man who is continually changing the standard of his farm
operations, shifting from one specialty to another, in constant pur-
suit of that line of farming which is paying the best at the time of
the change, usually hoes a hard row. Said a man to me a few years
ago, “I do not know why it is so, but it is just this way with me;
when I get anything to put onto my farm, let it be stock, or seed,
I have to pay exorbitant prices for it, and when I get any farm
stock or produce ready to sell it seems to me that all creation has
the same article on sale. The price is then always low, and I do
not get much for it. If I could sell my farm, I believe that I would
engage in some other business.” The simple story of this man’s ex- -
perience, so honestly and discouragingly told me is not an uncommon
one, and is easily explained. He was always ready for the com-
mencement of a new race, for which he paid large entrance fees, and
in which he was always just as sure to get left. Always paying in-
flated prices for the article most in demand at the time of its pur-
chase.

To illustrate: When butter was bringing a good price, this man
was always looking around for another cow or two. Because, as
he said, butter paid now better than anything else on a farm. When
the usual periodical high prices in sheep came around, he found him-
self out of that kind of stock, since he had sold the last ones he
had at a sacrifice to get rid of them; but as he always went into
the business of sheep raising just under these circumstances, he
never failed to buy. But when he again got his stock bred, grown
and ready for the market, he found that thousands of other farmers
had done precisely the same thing. The market was now glutted
with the article he had now on sale and our friend would again be
obliged to sell his surplus stock at a sacrifice to relieve his pasture
or to get through the winter. When potatoes were scarce and high in
price, he bought seed and planted more than his usual acreage to
potatoes, and was usually disappointed at the price he was obliged
to accept for his crop, after digging, storing, and hauling to market.
He would sell his team in seed time or in harvest, lose valuable time
in looking for another and finally pay as much more money for an-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 125

other team than he sold for. Thus vascillating and ever changing,
his progress was always slow, always cramped and discouraging.
His row was a hard one. This man and his family were known in
the neighborhood where they lived to be hard workers. From morn-
ing until night the year around this man and his family were seem-
ingly busy at something. His crops were unusually good, as they
were well cared for. But the financial part of his management
always seemed to be a succession of failures. By way of compari-
son, let us make use of a brighter illustration, as a proof that farm-
ing as an enterprise need not necessarily prove to be unremunerative
and disastrous, as to both pleasure and profit on an eastern farm.
A neighbor of this farmer on a farm no larger or better, with family
expenses no less, with no better start in life, and yet a farmer who
has always seemed to hold time by the forelock, never being driven
to a financial move, but successful, as a practical business farmer,
whose products usually brought remunerative prices, and whose farm
stock seemed to all go off on golden hoofs. The key to this man’s suc-
cess lay simply in this fact; he adhered strictly to a principle of a
mixed husbandry. And his farm productions were all model stand-
ards of merit.

Never being enticed to deviate from, or change his well chosen
—standards as to kinds, quality or capacity, no matter how strongly
the attention of other farmers might be turned towards something
else which seemed to be paying the best at the time. He could
always be found in possession of one or two good brood mares, a
brood sow, a few good stock and butter cows and a few well selected
' breeding ewes.

Every year he turned off one or two good horses of his own rais-
ing, at prices which made his neighbors nervous to hear about. He
usually sold his calves thrifty and shapely in the fall, and was al-
ways a matter of encouragement to despairing ones to hear this
man tell what he had made from his cows that year; his stock of
ewes were always of the best of the larger grade, irrespective of any
fine breed, (except in the case of the sire), which he continually
weeded from year to year, throwing out the weak, old or defective
ones, and drawing his recruits from the best ewe lambs, which
he rarely sold. He invariably had a few premium buck lambs,
which brought good prices among his neighbor farmers for stock,
and raised the average of all the lambs sold, which, added to the
amount of money the wool sold for from the ewes, netted him an
income from his flock, the exact amount of which never indicated
hard times. Having to buy nothing on the top of an inflated mar-
ket, but often being enabled to sell some of his various kinds of
stock on such a market, and it always seemed that he had some kind
of stock or farm products that everybody wanted, and by keep-

126 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ing within the capacity of his farm, and not being subject to disap-
pointing failures in scarceiy anything, he was, in the majority of
cases, enabled to feed his hay, forage and grain to his farm stock
at a protit, and finally turn everything off on golden hoofs. Two
examples which we commonly see portrayed in the different phases
of farm management and farm life.

Finally, farmers, upon the standard which measures our aspira-
tions in the different branches of farming largely depends our success
or failure in the special branches chosen, and to which we must
now be fully awake, and upon the standard chosen as a model for
our guidance, depends the Success or failure and worldly rating for
all men in any occupation in life. Let us then, as a means of in-
formation, and making our farm life lighter, our rewards greater,
and our lives brighter, take advantage of every opportunity that
presents itself to raise the standard of our ideas, as to our homes,
our farms, our conveniences and privileges, the quality of our se-
lections and products, and through the influence of standard books
and periodicals, which should adorn our tables, and through social
intercourse with one another, as on occasions like the present, cir-
culate an exchange of opinions that will tend to lengthen, deepen
and broaden everything connected with farm life. Born of those
privileges which are said to make it honorable, independent and de-
sirable.

NATURE STUDY IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

By J. H. PEACHY, Bellville, Pa.

From the remotest rural district, as well as from the crowded
city, comes the oft repeated call for better educational advantages.
That cry has never ceased since the adoption of the free school
system. May it be prolonged until every country boy shall have
opportunities equal to those of his city cousin. It is a lamentable
fact that the country boy labors at a disadvantage. Many excuses
are made, but no good reasons are offered for this unwarrantable
condition. Not alone is his time in school limited to the minimum,
but the course of study leaves untouched, that which confronts him
in the pursuit of a business—the most important of all the indus-
tries known to the category of man’s usefulness. If agriculture

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 127

is the basis of all other industries, then all honorable means should
be employed for its advancement. Nothing should be done to crip-
ple its interests. Nothing should be left undone that would en-
courage its promotion, or result in securing more satisfactory re-
sults for those who labor to feed the world.

To this end and for this purpose we turn to the public schools,
the university of the common people, as the surest means of securing
higher attainments in agriculture. If knowing precedes doing, then
training must necessarily be the rule of action. In the performance
_of any duty, assigned or undertaken, there must be some prepara-
tion in order to accomplish the purpose. If this be true, and if the
former’s business does not differ materially from any other, then a
knowledge of the fundamental principles governing his interests
will evidently guarantee better results, and a little more prosperity
just now would not be very embarrassing.

But we do not wish to heap any more burdens upon the children
of the public schools. The curriculum is already heavily loaded.
To further increase the labor of teacher and pupil without a corre-
sponding decrease is questionable. But by striking out and insert-
ing, studies bearing upon the future usefulness of the toiling mil-
lions might be introduced without endangering the interests of the
schools. We advocate no radical changes; rather a gradual intro-
duction of elementary science. We favor this, because it would
have a good effect upon the interests we represent, by bringing the
child in closer relation to the things in nature which shall require
his attention in after life. ;

What would you think of a commercial school that did not teach
the principles of penmanship? What is your opinion of a school of
medicine without instruction in chemistry? What is your idea of
a normal school that does not have a training class? What must
you think of a public school in the rural district, with a farmer for
school director, and the financial support coming from farmers,
taught by a farmer’s son or daughter, who was educated at a col-
lege whose professors chose farmers for parents, and farmer’s
daughters for wives, walking in wisdom’s ways from first to finish,
and nothing taught in that school, attended principally by prospec-
tive agriculturists, that touches the great underlying principles of
their future business. Great nature, with all her abundant wealth
of resource and’ beauty, utterly disregarded in the instruction given.

Is the picture overdrawn? Do you know of such a school? If so,
are you in any manner responsible for such a condition? Is it any
wonder that you complain of the bright boys leaving the farm? I
am surprised that the so-called dull ones remain at home. They are
educated away from it. Genius goes, where the money flows. ’Tis
natural that it should. The business centres need the bright boys,

128 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

yea, must have them to advance the commercial interests of the
world. We dare not charge their going to our system of education.
We have no quarrel with that. ‘The subject matter, however, does
not meet the requirements. In other words, country schools do
not prepare country children for country life.

Education is the preparation for complete living. The better the
preparation, the more complete the living. The more directly our
education pertains to our life work, the better will be its application;
the closer will be the relation; the stronger will be the attachment;
the brighter will be the prospects of a successful termination.

Believing that the introduction of nature studies into the public
schools would be a wise means of training for future usefulness,
especially for farmers’ sons and daughters, we cheerfully recommend
such instruction. The farmer’s business brings him in daily contact
with nature. He should be on familiar terms with his surroundings.
His is the most natural occupation, approaching nearer to the pur-
pose of the Creator than any other calling. His dependence upon
nature’s resources should intensify his interest in her laws, creating
an increasing desire for a better understanding of the silent forces
that contro] his business.

To this end should the education of farmers be directed. To se-
cure such results we must look to the public schools. But few pros-
pective farmers will receive the training given in an agricultural
college. The public schools must begin their work during the forma-
tive period of life, when the mind of the child is in the most impres-
sionable state. Children have inquiring minds. They are ever
anxious to see, and when their curiosity is aroused, can ask difficult
questions. How the eyes sparkle; how the lips move; how the
countenance lights up; and how the young heart beats at the
thought of a new discovery. What joy unspeakable to the mind of
a thoughtful child just entering the great domain of nature. What
means for the development of thought, easily accessible to the home
and the school rooms, unnoticed and unemployed by parent or teach-
er. And yet men grow eloquent in praise of the great work being
done along educational lines. Great good has been accomplished,
but those doing the work have been poorly compensated.

But how much more might be accomplished for the great cause
of education, if simple lessons from nature’s book would be taught
in the schools. It would be like seed sown on good ground, and
would bring forth fruit an hundredfold. Such instruction would be
likened unto that of the Great Teacher, who went about doing good.
His illustrations were taken from nature. Plain, practical, com-
prehensive teaching, being natural in application, clear in thought,
beautiful in construction. A student of nature must necessarily
be a close observer. He must be qualified to compare, contrast, ar-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 129

range, classify. These accomplishments are the result of study and
culture. Some are especially gifted in this direction, even in youth
displaying certain qualities of mind and heart, while others less
fortunate in the beginning, must have the dormant faculties of the
mind aroused by outside influences. This is partially the business
of the schools.

The pupil must not only be taught to think, but be given something
to think about. What better subject matter can be chosen to inter-
est and instruct children than the things in nature, so bountifully
and so beautifully arranged for our consideration. The tangibility
of the little things within easy reach, afford splendid apportunities
for the cultivation of the observation. Teachers frequently com-
plain that their pupils are slow to comprehend what they read.
That they have difficulty in understanding the meaning of problems
in arithmetic, and slow to understand the explanation. In part this
may be attributed to inattention. Is this a natural condition of the
mind of the child? Or, is it the fault of wrong principles of teach-
ing, We hope they are not classed with those that “Eyes they have
and they see not; ears they have and they hear not.” ‘Better say
their observation has not been trained. They have not been taught
to see. Had their curiosity been aroused by lessons in nature stud-
ies, or by examining the little things that pass by unnoticed, their
ability to grasp and hold ideas in the mind would have
been strengthened by application, thereby proving that know-
ledge is power. This practical knowledge would also prove
beneficial in the various pursuits, when preparation becomes
the great factor in the problem of human life. Two values may be
given for the result. The satisfaction of knowing a thing, and the
ability to do it.

The changed conditions of the farmer demands a better education.
This demand is better satisfied than in years gone by. But the
ereat majority of farmers have not fully realized the importance of
more scientific knowledge. They count money spent in education
as practically wasted, unless they have an exceptionally bright boy,
whom nature has intended for one of the three professions. They
do not consider that the farmer’s business requires the hardest kind
of thinking. Seemingly satisfied with that antiquated expression,
“only a farmer,” they do not appreciate the true worth to be gained
by a better knowledge of the relationship that exists between the
farmer and his natural surroundings. Until this is taught and
taught correctly, we shall continue to hear the old, old story, grum-
bled oved, and over, and over again of “farmin’ don’t pay.”

The only remedy that appeals to the understanding is better edu-
cation for the boys and girls. Teach them how God in His infinite

9I—T—1900

130 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

wisdom has prepared the earth for the habitation of man. How
these natural resources, when properly applied, will supply our
physical needs. Give them the testimony of the rocks, teaching
them that the little pebble means much more than an obstruction
to the unprotected toe. Something of the formation and composi-
tion of soils, and how they are affected by climatic influences. Give
instruction upon insect life, their characteristics, their destructive
and beneficial tendencies. Teach them of plant life and plant
growth; the dangers arising from the devastation of forests; how
the beautiful birds are our friends; the life of a grain of corn; the
history of a pumpkin seed. Teach these and numberless other inter-
esting things in nature, that affect the destiny of the human family.

Teach them also that there is a beauty value in education that
cannot be over-estimated. The love of the beautiful is a fit com-
panion to the love of the good; a sure foundation for a pure life.
Kind nature displays her varied beauty in innumerable forms. On
every side are evidences of the beautiful, fitted to create in the mind
of the child higher ideals and more noble aspirations. We need not
wander far from home to be benefited by these elevating influences.
The little flower by the wayside; the stately pine on the mountain
top; the waving fields of golden grain; the green slope overlooking
the valley, the silvery stream winding through the rich meadows,
are full of beautiful thoughts for the teacher. The golden sunset
fading into the gathering might, the flickering clouds, the ever-
changing sky, the sun in his matchless glory, are interesting sub- .
jects for ‘the children. The poet whose heart was full of the love
of the beautiful could view the rainbow and cry out—

“Triumphant arch, thou span’st the skies
When clouds begin to part.

I ask not proud philosophy,
To teach me what thou art.”

Let the country schools prepare country children for country
life, by teaching the subject matter that touches their future busi-
ness, and the farmer will become what he ought to be—the biggest
man in all the country.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 131

BOTANY ON THE FARM.

By PROF. GEORGE C. BUTZ, State College, Pa.

The study of any science makes men more thoughtful upon the
facts and principles of that science. Farming operations are placed
upon a scientific plane when we regard their relations to the princi-
ples of the sciences appertaining to them.

The study of agricultural chemistry directs our thoughts not to
the grain or hay we feed our animals, but to the muscle and milk-
forming elements contained in them; not to the manure of the barn-
yard, but to the plant food in it. The study of soil physics likewise
turns our minds from the plow and the harrow to the aeration and
nitrification of soils and the conservation of moisture. The study
of botany regards not the fodder, the stubble, nor the ears on the
corn plant so much as the form of life in it subject to the influences
of light, heat and moisture, all of which may be modified by our
methods of culture. The time was, not long since, when botany was
a science wholly apart from the practices of agriculture. The
height of the botanist’s ambition was to know every plant in exist-
ence, give it a name and a place in his “General Plantarum,” and
when thoroughly dry and dead, place it in the catacombs of his her-
barium. He loved his plants more, being dead, than alive. Vow,
however, the science of botany is one of the most helpful studies
that the thoughtful farmer can pursue.

The living plant, not the dead plant, is the subject of considera-
tion, its organs of nutrition, its adaptability to cultivation, its strug-
gle for existence, its capabilities under judicious treatment, its
power to resist its natural foes, the possibility of its permanent im-
provement. and so on.

In studying the structure of plants, we learn that however much
they differ from each other in size or habit of growth, every part
present may be referred to one of the three essential parts of a
plant, namely, the root, stem or leaf. The stem being the axis
of the plant, it furnishes a channel for communication between the
leaves in the air and the roots in the soil. The stem may be so
modified that it resembles a leaf, as in the flat-stemmed seaside
grape (Muehlenbergia platy clada), or it may form underground,
imitating a root, as in the potato. Nevertheless, it is still a stem,

132 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

performing the functions of a stem. Thus it is that the potato tu-
ber has “eyes” or buds which are commonly borne upon stems and
may be used to make cuttings for propagation, just as the stem of
a grape vine or current bush may be used. As branches proceed
from buds on the stem, and likewise the large triple thorns upon
the heney locust proceed from buds on the stem, therefore the
thorns are merely transformed or deformed branches or lateral
stems. So, too, the tendril upon pea vines are demonstrated to be
modified leaves, the scales on winter buds to be deformed leaves
and the gorgeous and wonderful parts of flowers from the calyx to
the pistil are only leaves greatly changed to perform a special func-
tion. Facts like these, discovered only with close study and pro-
found reflection, help us to a clearer understanding of the principles
underlying our operations of pruning and training fruit trees and
vines. How is it that a branch of a pear tree that is a shy bearer, if
bowed to the ground will, in the second year, bear fruit, while the
upright branches continue fruitless, or that the scion of a seedling
apple grafted on a mature tree will produce fruit buds in the second ~
year; or why does a dwarf pear bear at an earlier age than a stand-
ard; or why will the young fruit tree injured by borers bear earlier
than the unharmed tree? The explanation is simple enough when
we know that the flower bud is only a transformed leaf bud brought
about by the slower movement of sap through the bent over pear
shoot, or the wound between the scion and stock of the apple graft,
or the less congenial quince stock of the dwarf pear, or the check
upon the growth due to the injury of insects in the trunk of the young
tree.

The roots of plants as considered in modern botany perform a
most remarkable work in the economy of plant life, and a clear know-
ledge of their character and function, the length and depth to which
they extend themselves, has brought about many innovations in our
methods of cultivation. The great bulk of the material assimilated
to form the tissue of the plant, its leaves and fruit, must enter the
roots and by them be forced to the extremities of the branches.
In the case of an apple tree bearing 40 bushels, or a ton of fruit, not
only that ton, but several tons of material are gathered by the thou-
sands of little rootlets at the extremities of the root system.
Where, then, is the force by which such weights of material are raised
to the tops of trees? It is possessed by the roots acting like a force
pump with as many little valves as there are cells in their construc-
tion. The root pressure is exceedingly great and has been carefully
measured in a large variety of plants. We have seen evidencs of it
in the excessive flow of sap from late pruned grape vines (the bleed-
ing). A strong vine will in the first day after it is cut exude a quart

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 133

of sap. If the soil is very damp and transpiration from the plant
is slight, owing to a humid atmosphere, the root pressure is so great
that drops of water will be forced out at the points in the margin
of leaves. I have frequently observed this, particularly upon plants
in the greenhouse.

The actual measurements of root pressure place more clearly be-
fore us the magnitude of the force. As early as 1720, the Reverend
Stephen Hale attached mercurial manometers to stumps of the
European grape and obtained a maximum pressure of 43 feet of
water. In 1874 W.S. Clark, of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege, made many tests, in which he obtained for the Black Birch a
pressure of 84.77 feet of water, and for a strong vine of our native
summer grape (Vitis aestivalis) a pressure sufficient to sustain a
column of water 88.74 feet in height. In a unique experiment per-
formed upon a mammoth squash by this same observer, the root
pressure of growth was measured in terms of pounds. The young
fruit was harnessed in two hemispheres of strap iron firmly riveted
together and a strong lever carrying weights was adjusted over the
cage to keep the hemispheres together as the squash was increasing
in size. As the tissue gained strength the weight was increased
until the total weight raised by the growing squash was 5,000
pounds or two and a half tons. Facts like these picture to us the
wonderful nature of the plants about us and turn us to thinking
how we may take advantage of this or that force, how we may aid

a plant to develop symmetrically and yield more abundantly the
crop we desire.

Turning our attention for a moment to the third part of the plant
structure, the leaves, we learn by a microscopical study of their
structure that they are formed to do a vast and important work in
the economy of plant life. Transpiration is taking place from the
surface of the leaves; the water, which was the carrier from the
roots to the leaves of the plant foods taken up in the soil, is being
evaporated from the combined area of the leaves. This area in the
average apple tree is an acre in extent and several tons of water are
evaporated by it in a single growing season. The leaves are termed
the “lungs of plants,” performing that function for plants corre-
sponding to the breathing of animals, and to aid in this, the leaves
are possessed of thousands of breathing pores through which gases
pass into and out from the leaves. These breathing pores are found
upon all green parts of plants, and in some cases are so numerous
that 180,000 of them have been calculated to the square inch. The
unnatural loss of foliage is to a plant as hurtful as the loss of lungs
would be to the animal. Hence, we can understand why a peach
tree defoliated by the disease called Leaf-curl will drop all its

134 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

peaches, or the currant bush stripped of its leaves by the currant
worm fails to perfect its fruit. The plant foods gathered by the
roots and forced to the extremities of plants are not in condition to
be used in the development of fruit or any other tissue until it has
been assimilated by the leaves; that is, the converting of inorganic
material into organic material. The active agent in the leaf in the
matter of assimilation is the chlorophyl, that which gives the green
color to leaves, and is so very dependent upon light for its existence.
We know so well the fate of potatoes sprouting in a dark cellar, or
seeds sprouted away from light. We know, too, the superior qual-
ity of the peach or apple developed in the full sunlight on the south
side of the tree as compared with the insipid fruits from the dense
and shaded portions of the tree. We have seen, too, the endeavor of
plants to absorb the greatest possible amount of light in the phenom-
enon known as heliotropism, when every leaf is turned to the sun
as it progresses from the east to the west in its daily course.

Studies like these: help us to understand the philosophy of the
practical problems of thinning seedlings where they crowd in the
row, of pruning thick-headed trees, of removing vigorous weeds, etc.,
ete.

Then, when we pass to the study of those special organs of plants
which are clustered in the flower and known as the reproductive
organs, we seem to be taken into the very confidence of plants
and are permitted to learn more of the secrets that are withheld
from the thoughtless and unobserving. We learn of the self-steril-
ity of some flowers, the prepotency of certain pollen, and the ad-
vantages of cross-fertilization. We can then appreciate the phi-
losophy of mixing varieties of fruits in the orchard and strawberry
bed, and of separating widely the sweet from yellow corn and the
melons from cucumbers.

It seems to me that such a study of botany as I have briefly in-
dicated will furnish a training for the mind of the farmer and or-
chardist that is not unlike the training afforded the doctor in the
study of physiology. I believe, too, that the former is as helpful
to the farmer in prescribing for unhealthy plants as the latter is
to the doctor in his practice of medicine.

How can we intelligently treat a plum tree diseased with the
Black-knot unless we know the true nature of the disease. I often
refer in this connection to the farmer who regarded this disease of
the plum as being like the “hide-bound” condition of a horse and
undertook to relieve a young plum tree by splitting the bark of the
trunk from the fork to the ground on three of four sides. Whena
year later I asked him if his treatment destroyed the Black-knot, he
replied, “Yes, but it also destroyed the tree.” I believe there is no
better way to get a farmer to properly care for his knotted plum

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ; 135

and cherry trees than to have him acquire a knowledge of the fungus
—the microscopical parasitic plant, that is preying upon his trees,
repeatedly throwing off thousands of invisible spores by which the
disease spreads and becomes so prevalent, destructive and unsightly.
But this is only one of many plant diseases which, when we under-
stand their nature, we may intelligently treat and overcome. The
modern botany I am recommending for the farm considers these
parasitic fungi and leads our thought into a knowledge of the myriad
forms of cryptogamous plants which are to-day such a potent
factor in determining the success or failure of almost any agri-
cultural or horticultural crop.

Even a very limited study of botany will dispel from our minds
those legends and false notions about plants that should be buried
with the nineteenth century. The United States, so far in advance
of other nations in many respects, the cynosure of all foreign eyes,
could have removed from her agricultural communities those black
stains of foreign superstitution about plant life, if we would all
study botany. How often we hear echoes of the ancient notion ex-
pressed in the following rhyme:

“Sow peas and beans in the wane of the moon;
Who soweth them sooner, he soweth too soon.;

That they with the planet may rest and rise,
And flourish with bearing, most plentiful wise.”

Hiow frequently, too, we meet farmers who insist that chess or
cheat in their wheat fields sprang from good wheat seed. Such ab-
surdity is not very unlike the common association of plants in witch-
craft so prevalent in 'the rural districts of European countries.

TRAINING FOR OUR LIFE WORK.

By ENOS H. HESS, State College, Pa.

Before we discuss the proper training for a life-work, we should
first determine what our life-work is to be, There are but few ques-
tions which confront a young man that are of more importance
than this one. Nature has given us the power by which we can
become successful in some certain line; then let us follow out na-

136 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ture’s plan. In the words of Sydney Smith, “Be what nature in-
tended you for and you will succeed; be anything else, and you
will be ten thousand times worse than nothing.” Ralph Waldo
Emerson says, “The crowning fortune of a man is to be born with
a bias to some pursuit which finds us in employment and happi-
ness.”

It matters not what the occupation is, save that it be an honor-
able one. “The notion that the three black graces, Law, Physic, and
Divinity must be worshipped by a candidate for respectability and
honor has done incalculable damage to society. Better be the
Napoleon of bootblacks or the Alexander of chimney sweeps than
a friendless and shallow-pated attorney who, like necessity, knows
no law, watching vainly for victims in an unswept chamber where
cobwebs in dusty magnificence hang, with no companions but the
gaunt spider, a few dog-eared, bilious-looking volumes, and a stale,
political newspaper.”—Matthews.

We may change our occupation for one that we deem more con-
genial, but like

“Tompkins, who forsakes his last and awl
For literary squabbles,

Styles himself poet, but his trade
Remains the same—he cobbles.”

So, we, if born farmers, will remain farmers until doomsday. “It
is not the calling or station in life,” says Matthew,” that gives dig-
nity or nobility to the man, but the man that dignifies the calling.”
Exemplary men in the contemplated profession should be consulted,
who can give us information which were we to obtain through
our own efforts, would cost us a large amount of money and time.

We are often hindered from making a proper choice by those
who love us most dearly. It is the duty of parents and friends
to aid us in making a proper choice. In no case, however, should
their desires be changed to mandates, as no one can succeed in a
profession for which he does not have a natural taste. Michael
Angelo, the great artist, neglected school to copy drawings which
he dared not bring home. What a great loss to the world it would
have been had he not had the courage to follow out nature’s sug-
gestion.

When once the choice is made, there should be no delay in the nec-
essary preparation for the chosen work. “The greatest weakness
of our young men is fickleness, and where one of them perseveres
in a calling which he ought to abandon, a dozen abandon their call-
ings who ought to stick to them.” Some young men, especially of the
wealthier class, think that the choosing of a profession which com-
pels them to be on duty in all seasons of the year compels them to

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 137

forego many pleasures, but is it not true that “the miseries of idle-
ness are tenfold keener and more numerous than the most laborious
profession.”

The one and all absorbing purpose in the training of the athlete
is, that he may develop his strength and power of endurance to
enable him to come out ahead when the trial comes. Is there
not a similar purpose in the training for our life-work? The ath-
lete develops those muscles which are most needed in his special
line of work. Should we not follow out his example? But how
can we, if we lack a purpose in life? The world’s activities are too
wide for us to try to master them all. In the words of Pope, “One
science only will one genius fit; so wide is art, so narrow human
wit.” We should not be simply good, but be good for something,
and say, as Paul of old, “This one thing I do.”

In these days of close competition, we must concentrate our en-
ergies upon one thing if we wish to succeed. With proper con-
centration, we will be like steam in the cylinder of an engine, with
force to perform boundless work; without concentration, we will
be like the steam sent out loose into the atmosphere which changes
into mist and soon becomes invisible. William Pitt went straight
from College to the House of Commons and in two years became

_ Prime Minister of England, reigned for nearly a quarter of a century

virtual king, and carried his measures in spite of the opposition of
some of the greatest men England ever produced. The simple
secret of his success was that his whole soul was swallowed up in
the one passion for political power. If we stick to our business,
our business will stick to us. A jack-of-ali-trades has long since
been stamped as a master of none. There area few exceptions, such
as Cicero, Bacon, Dante, Scipio Africanus, and Leonardo de Vinci,
but they only serve to prove the rule.

On the other hand, we become too narrow to be perfect in even
the one thing we have taken up. In many professions there are
subjects which at first thought appear irrelevant to the main work
in hand, but are yet of the utmost importance. A dairyman, for
instance, may have for his chief aim the manufacture of butter; but
what good will the butter do him if he does not have business talent
enough to sell it for the highest possible price? Some men are
continually improving their minds at the expense of their bodies,
while others are using only their physical strength and think that
their minds, like wine, will improve with age when not.used. Is it
not true already that in order to find a perfect man we must take
a brain from one, a heart from another, senses from a third, and a
stomach from a fourth. Many neglect the moral side of their na-
tures, but we should be men first, and then follow out the hints na-
ture has given us as to adaptability along a certain line.

10

138 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Another sterling quality which young men should cultivate, is
originality. The men who are making the greatest success of their
work are the ones who think for themselves; they are the men who
are ever getting better methods of doing things and taking the
short cuts. If we copy from others in everything, we cannot ex-
pect to prosper. “The echo is never as loud as the original, neither
is the copyist as strong as the one from whom he copies.” If we
see some one else doing things in an improved way, we should make
use of the other’s knowledge and experience, but let it be re-cast so
that, although it was borrowed, let it become our own. The Greeks
were noted for their power of learning from others, and yet they
transformed this knowledge in such a manner that when coming
forth from them it was distinctly Grecian. Nothing is more certain
than that when a business pays very large profits, its race is nearly
run, as the copyists all take it up.

Closely associated with originality, is self-reliance. A person
may get along very nicely as long as he has some friends to help him,
but when thrown upon his own resources he finds himself to be de-
fective and fails because he has not trained himself to do the best
he can and leave the rest undone. He is the one that is hoping
that some rich friend will die and leave him a large inheritance; he
wants the government to make laws to help him and fails to realize
that “no law which the wit of man can devise can make the idle
industrious, the thriftless provident, or the drunken sober.” The
men who are best able to judge tell us that it is not helps but ob-
stacles, not facilities but difficulties which make men. Yet parents
will toil night and day in order to gain something more than a live-
lihood in order to be able to give their children a start in the world;

they succeed thus far, but ‘the start is about as often in a downward
as an upward direction. The knowledge that we shall some day
inherit unearned property is almost certain to dull our energy.

We sometimes meet people who imagine that they are so weak
and inferior to other people that nothing good can be done. To
those, 1 would beg to hold forth one whose thoughts have had, are
having, and will have a world-wide influence and yet it was said
of him, ‘this bodily presence is weak, and his speech contemptible.”
I refer to Paul. If a person relies on his own resources, he soon
finds out that every moment must be put 'to good account and
learns therefrom the great lesson of industry. ‘He finds that his
great talents are improved and his moderate ones have their de-
ficiencies supplied. “Industry supplies the want of parts, patience
and diligence, like faith, remove mountains.” Men complain of not
being able to secure a position, but “it always has been and always
will be more difficult to find talents for the places than places for
the talents.” There are many men who possess first class ambition

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 139

and third class powers. Shakespeare says, “It is not in our stars
but in ourselves that we are underlings.”

It is the one who takes heed of the small things and does not
trust to luck who succeeds. A loss of time must always be care-
fully guarded against for it is making use of the spare moments that
enables us to get ahead of our competitors. ‘Lost wealth may be
replaced by industry, lost knowledge by study, lost health by tem-
perance and medicine, but lost time is gone forever.” In the words
of Franklin, “Dost thou love life, then do not squander time for
that is the stuff life is made of.” Elihu Burritt acquired a mastery
of eighteen languages and twenty-two dialects, not by rare genius,
which he disclaimed, but by improving the bits of fragments of time
which he could steal from his occupation as a blacksmith. It may
not be squandering time to take an occasional day off for an outing,
for with many of us it is no paradox to say that we are in such a
hurry to live, that living in any true sense of the term becomes
impossible. The farmer and laboring man needs more intellectual
work, while the teacher and student needs more physical culture.
It is the sound mind in the sound body that achieves success.

A young man must also have “decision of mind, but this, like
vigor of body, is a gift of God; it cannot be created by human effort;
it can only be cultivated.” Our whole future often depends upon
the decision of a moment. A moment lost, and all is lost. The dif-
ficulty has to be conquered or it will conquer us. If we conquer we
will be strengthened by the eiffort. If it conquers us we will be
weakened and be less able to wrestle with the next difficulty, and
before we are aware of it we are on the downward road to ruin.
Victory or failure may always become a habit with us which will
either lift us up beyond even our own expectations or drag us down
to depths lower than the deepest seas. Metastasio held so strong
an opinion as to the power of repetition in thought and act that he
said “All is habit in mankind, even virtue itself.’ The bond which
habit binds you with becomes stronger the longer you practice the
habit. Beginning with cobwebs, it ends with chains. We may ac-
quire habits of study as well as those of loafing, if we only start
right. The six most important habits in business, ones that are
worthy of careful cultivation are——“application, observation, method,
accuracy, punctuality and dispatch.”

A person may possess all of the above named qualities and yet not
succeed, for the reason that he does not have proper manners.
Whole books have been written on the subject, but the matter is
epitomized in the golden rule—“‘Do to others as you would have
others do to you.” “It has been truly said that spite and ill-nature
are among the most expensive luxuries in life.’ How true it is that
“He that ruleth his own spirit is greater than he that taketh a city.”

140 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

If we get cross, we should never show it. A little act of kindness
has frequently made a man a fortune. Mr. Butler, of Providence,
Rk. L., opened his store one night after all the doors were locked to
give a little girl a spool of thread. His act of kindness became
known and spread like wild-fire over the town and resulted in bring-
ing him a large increase in trade. We must be gentlemen at all
times; we must copy after our Saviour, who was reverently styled
by an old English poet, as the ‘first true gentlemen who ever lived.”

All of these things seem nice to talk about, but there is probably
no one who realizes the difficulty of putting them into practice more
fully than the speaker. Back of it all there must lie a hidden yet
divine force which is usually termed “will power.” ‘Wherever there
is a will there is always a way.” Some years ago an English car-
penter was asked why he took so much pains in planing the magis-
trate’s bench, which he was then working upon. His reply was, “I
want a smooth bench to sit upon when I become magistrate.” In
after years, he actually became magistrate and sat upon the very
bench he made so carefully in former years. That is an example
of what “I will” can do. Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton says “The
longer I live, the more I am certain that the great difference be-
tween men, between the great and the insignificant, is energy, in-
vincible determination.” An honest purpose once fixed, and then
victory or death. This quality will do anything in the world and no
talent, no circumstances will make the two-legged creature a man
without it. Men having this quality will be helped by opposition.
As the height to which a rubber ball rebounds depends upon the
force with which it is thrown upon the ground, so their success de-
pends upon the opposition they receive; the harder they are op:
posed, the harder they will work. Matthew says, “The school of
adversity graduates the ablest pupils and the hill of difficulties is
the best of all constitutionals for the strengthening of mental back-
bone. Great men can no more be made without-trials than bricks
can be made without fire.” Study the lives of many of the noted
men of this country and you will find that they had to struggle for
existence when they first started in life. Franklin, Patrick Henry,
Clay, Webster, Jackson, Lincoln, Grant and Garfield were all the
sons of poor parents.

We should not give up if we fail in the first attempt, for many men
have become noted for things in which they made utter failures the
first time. Daniel Webster is a most striking illustration of this.
As a schoolboy he would commit a selection to memory, but when
the time came for him to stand up in front of the school to declaim
it he was unable to rise from his seat and remained speechless. A
number of most thorough preparations ended in the same way, but
he continued in making an effort, and now, although dead, he lives

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 141

in the minds of the people as one of the greatest orators America
has ever produced. ‘No man can end with being superior who will
not begin with being inferior.”

We must learn to labor and to wait; let us do our duty and not
worry about results, because worry kills more men than work; and
again, if a man wants a higher salary, let him do his work in such a
manner that his employer sees that he is worth more and thinks that
he cannot get along without him, and the salary will come without
his asking for it. We must have the same determination to succeed
that Thos. Carlyle showed when he had his first history of the
French Revolution, which took him several years to complete, burnt
by a maid-of-all-work in the house of a friend to whom he lent the
book; instead of giving up in despair, he set right to work to get out
another volume which, without a doubt, was far superior to the
first volume and served to give him his reputation as a historian.
Audubon had his work on American Birds eaten by two Norwegian
rats, but replaced it in three years. Whena lady once asked Turner
what his secret was, he replied, “I have no secret, madam, but hard
work.” This is a secret that many never learn, and they don’t suc-
ceed because they don’t learn it. More pay and less work is what
most men are after. All occupations have some unpleasant work
about them that has to be done, but, as Douglas Jerrold says, “the
most humble work or trade has some pleasant side about it, for if
I were a grave digger or hangman, there are some people that I
could work for with the greatest of pleasure.”

After saying so much of how to attain success, we might consider
for a few moments what success and failure is. Matthews says,
“True happiness consists in the acquisition and not in the possession;
man was made for activity, and by pursuing what hope wants we get
this needed activity.” Success in life should be considered as a
means and not as an end and we should never lose sight of the
fact that contentment is more than kingdom. Was the only divine
life ever lived on this earth a success humanly speaking? Are you
entitled to pronounce your fellowman who has humbly tried to copy
it a cipher, because he has not, like you, courted applause and made
some little nook or corner of the earth ring with his name? There
is no possible valuation of human character which would make the
slightest showing in the stock-list and hence success, truly under-
stood, must be sought, not in what we have, but in what we are. It
has been said that we do not choose our own parts in life and have
nothing to do with those parts. Our simple duty is confined to play-
ing them well; and when we shall have done all the things which are
commanded of us, we are to say “we are unprofitable servants, we
have done that which was our duty to do,”

142 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

EDUCATION FOR THE ADULT FARMER.

By Dr. WILLIAM FREAR, State College, Pa.

Mr. Chairman: I hoped I might be excused from delivering an ad-
dress this evening, but I shall try to make my remarks brief, because
we have a very long programme.

When I speak of education of the adult farmer, I speak of edu-
cation in different ways. When I speak of the education of the
artist, the education of the poet, and the education of the clergy-
man for his calling, Iam at once thought of as speaking of a school;
and so of training in law, or training in physics, or in aesthetics;
and so it may be thought at once, What does the man mean when
he speaks of the education of the adult farmer? Now, we under-
stand, of course, that in this enlightened land of ours, everyone must
have some education; and, if we meant schooling, such as given
to our youth, we will grant that the farmer must have it. ‘And, in
the next place, why necessary to speak on such a subject to the
adults of this audience?

When I speak of the education of the adult farmer, I have some
other thoughts in mind. We all strive for success in life, and to
each it may have a different signification; it means something dis-
tinctly different, as the individual differs one from the other. Many
men measure as the degree of their success their cash; but when
they come to look at the truth of their own success in life, wherever
they have found themselves successful, they have discovered that
success is not measurable in such small terms as this; but, as has
been already said, it is the result of that degree of usefulness which
brings the true contentment and happiness that can be obtained
on this mundane sphere.

A man’s success is not measured by what he has, but, as has been
stated by the last speaker, in what he is. Now, success in a business
does not depend simply on the amount of cash you get from that
business. The man that goes out with the idea that for this day’s
work he will get one dollar and a half or two dollars, or, if he is
a high priced man, twenty dollars for that day’s work, and then
measures his success by the number of dollars he is getting for the
number of hours he has given, has a very poor idea of what success
is in life,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 143

That man is happiest who, possibly starting out with that idea
of success, gradually becomes interested in his work; gradually sees
that the work is worth doing well, rather than the return of dollars
and cents. He thus advances like the humble bud, which gradually
develops under the sunshine of spring into the beautiful flower; and
it is to him the colors of the rainbow, and as pure and spotless as the
lily, whose work comes to him a beautiful thing, even if it brings
nothing but a most meagre financial return. The man who does
not have an education for his work is simply unable to see the duties
that lie in it, or to see the utilities in it, and so is unable to gaina
beautiful conception of the work that he has to do.

Now, if we look at the lives of the apostles, we will find that one
of them, to whom reference was made just a few moments ago, as
possibly a person of another order, was above all the rest, the suc-
cessful and the initial man. And if we look at the life of Saint Paul,
we might possibly find those long days, that he sat at the feet of
Gamaliel, as affording possibly some of the explanation. If, then,
he was in his own mind contemptible of speech, he no doubt learned
logic and oratory; and in the spirit of it he found the secret of that
success that led him to say in that spirit to the Romans, “I magnify,”
—not himself, but his calling. And if a farmer is going to succeed,
he must magnify his calling; he must not allow his own dissatisfac-
tions, his own temporary disappointments, or the cavils of others,
to disconcert him for one instant, or lower his ideal of the usefulness
of his work, or what is worthy of himself in its doing.

And now I would like to add to that a thought, to help us realize
possibly a little more fully what the work of the farmer is. People
have often said to me, “What does a farmer need to know? What
does he need to spend time in study for? As though farming was
done by mere rule without change; as though the forces of nature
with which the farmer has to contend were not at all subject to
control, instead of being, on the other hand, placed here just as
were the animals in the garden of Eden to become the subjects of
man, his master. We look around a country community to seek
for the highest educated man of his calling, and we agree very pos-
sibly on the country physician, with a country school educaton, an
academic or college course, and three or four years under a specialty.
And what is he taught to do? To try and keep an animal going, whose
nature is, as anybody knows, that he shall go down and stop ulti-
mately. How about the farmer? He has but a different species to
keep going, and over animals whose highest qualities and capacities
are scarcely known to-day. He has developed by appropriate meth-
ods the Short-Horn, with the luscious porterhouse steak, the beau-
tiful Hereford for equally good roast beef, and the large milk pro-
ducing Holsteins, together with the delicate and beautiful Channel

144 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Island cattle, with the rich fat in the milk; and with the same meth-
ods he has taken and developed the Cotswald, or the fine Merino
sheep, and has determined the size and shape of the lapel that he
shall wear; and through long years he has produced these results
of magic.

What did the Creator mean when He made this wonderful heart of
ours, but to impress his matchless work upon man. And what is the
farmer doing, but becoming, as it were, a sort of assistant creator,
to impress at his end the thought—the idea—which he has in his
brain. ‘And so we may well magnify our calling; we may well
find in it the incentive to our greatest and highest education.

Now, there is another reason why the adult farmer should be edu-
cated, and his calling be a calling of importance; and that is for
the reason of the youth in the land. We wonder why the boy leaves
the farm. I do not wonder at ail. My wonder is that so many stay
on the farm, when we hear as much as we do in country communities
of the utter hopelessness of the occupation of the farmer. When the
boy is led to believe that success on his farm consists in being a little
more advanced—that is, in supplying the mental faculties with food
a greater number of hours a ‘day, instead of applying more hours to
muscular work—that the mastery should be of the mind, and much
more than heretfore, then there would be a different tale to tell,
and one far more satisfactory.

Now, if we older adults will not show in our lives an appreciation
that brain is as potent in farming as any other occupation in life,
we cannot expect these aspiring young fellows to become enthusias-
tic and anxious to take hold of an occupation which will bring them
the least return on the money and labor invested. After we have
worked in this way, we cannot expect them to remain where the
results of their efforts do not promise more to them, and they in ad-
dition to remain as mere tools in themselves. We must impress as
of the first importance a careful study of the fact that, above all the
productive callings of the land, farming gives a field for the exercise
of the highest brain power.

I will merely touch upon another reason why the farmer of to-day
should apply the highest education to his farming, and that is be-
cause he is compelled to from a business standpoint. So long as
others did not, it was not necessary for us to apply more brain than
it was our pleasure to apply. But what business in life, or where
is the business man who is competent, where he does not apply to
his business a bright mind as well as muscle; and who now con-
siders a farmer is just as competent without the former of these
qualifications, if he has the latter? Now, I will not stop to show
how this is. Every one of you will think of instances in your own
experience showing clearly how important this fact is to each of us.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 145

We will, however, consider very briefly the ways of other men
who have been considered competent, but who have been led from
darkness into light, that success comes not by the exercise of more
muscle, and working more hours of the day with the muscles, but
by applying brain properly; by applying labor saving methods; by
applying that which would, save material, and by utilizing material
in new ways. Some of you have been visiting the paper mills and
the silk miils; and I need not stop to suggest to you what you saw
there for saving labor, in making one pair of hands with brains do a
great deal more than fifteen or twenty pairs of hands did thirty or
forty years ago, and in some instances doing more than forty or
fifty could have done at the time mentioned; and, furthermore, the
ability to turn into white sheets of printing paper pieces of wood
that twenty-five years ago we burned up, because we did not know
what to do with it. On the farm we have this same field for the
application of those methods—not as large, perhaps—by which
manufacturers have been able to thrive in the face of competition.

Having merely outlined the thoughts which I have been accus-
tomed, under the same title, to give to others, I will close with an
anecdote, which some of you have heard, but which will serve to il-
lustrate somewhat my idea of the present as compared with the
past, and the methods which the farmer must use if he would suc-
ceed. Some years ago the father of a gentleman, known, I think, to
nearly all of you, was on a visit to the Sahara. The late Senator Ger-
ard ©. Brown’s father was one of the first men to engage in the
business of purchasing wild animals for the menageries of this and
other lands. On one occasion he was traveling over a part of the
Sahara Desert with some men, going to a place to get supplies.
He was the only man supplied with the best fire-arms. He was for-
tunate in having in his possession one of the most modern weapons,
a newly invented magazine gun. About mid-day he was attracted
by a number of dark objects appearing above the horizon. As they
came somewhat closer, he found them to be men mounted on horse-
back; and, turning to his men, said to one of them, “Billy, who are
those men?” The man replied, “They are hostile Arabs.” Now,
any one who knows what a hostile Arab is, also knows that the
band coming toward them was a band of thieves and murderers.
After thinking a mement, Mr. Brown turned to his interpreter, and
said to him: “Billy, I wish you would shout to those people, and
tell them that they had better pass us by; as we are out on business,
and it is not worth their while to disturb us.” The interpreter did
as he was told, but without any effect, for the Arabs formed for
attack. Their method of warfare is to ride in such a manner as to
circle around the party they are about to attack, gradually closing

10—7—1900

146 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

in on the ill-fated band; and so they began to gallop their horses,
each man leaning forward on his steed, with a long lance in his right
hand, grabbing his animal around the body with his heels, and
holding on to the bridle or mane with the left hand. As they gal-
loped, circling around closer and closer, it was observed that they
numbered about twelve men, with their spears. As they kept gath-
ering closer and closer, and Mr. Brown, seeing that they were not
going to obey his injunction, he told his interpreter to tell them to
stop, or he would shoot. ‘This the interpreter did, but their actions
were such as to indicate that they were unfriendly, aud would with-
out hesitation slay the whole little party in cold blood. So this
typical American, having had experience in such things before, raised
his gun and aimed at the man supposed to be the leader of the foe.
On firing, the man dropped to the ground. The survivors closed
in in one solid phalanx on the party, nearly every member of which
trembled with the expectation of instantaneous death. But with
that same American nerve, and with that same steadiness and accu-
racy of aim, our American friend fired again from that same maga-
zine gun, without reloading, and he continued at this work until
five more men had gone down. Then the apparent leader of the
survivors, realizing that this was a new fire-arm, had them draw off
to a safe distance, to escape the seemingly inevitable consequences.
Then they were seen to gesticulate, and after a short parley, on
the end of one of their lances was elevated a white rag. Then one
of them rode to within hailing distance, and called: “How often
does your master load his gun?” ‘The interpreter, without waiting
for instruction, replied, “Once every new moon!”

Pennsylvania farmers, what shall we have, and what shall we
do, to meet the competition which we are bound to have in the next
twenty years, if not in the next decade? ‘What are the boys, grow-
ing up on the farm, going to have to compete with that which they
will have to contend against within the next twenty years? Shall
they have the long lance of the Arab—the appliances of your great
grandfathers—or shall they have the magazine gun of modern re-
sources? It will rest for you to determine. I trust it will be the
magazine gun.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 147

THE SILO AN ECONOMIC.

By THOMAS J. PHILIPS, Atglen, Chester county, Pa.

—S

The wonderful development and change of the present generation
is as apparent in the country as in city or town. The passing from
scythe and cradle to mower and self binder marks a new era as dis-
tinctly as the trolley car or are light. The rich virgin soil of the
prairie offers its produce in our own markets, cheaper and better
than we could produce them a few years ago. And we owners of
the older and worn-out acres feel the competition keenly, and are
forced to direct our attention to something that will yield income
without further wasting our resources. The dairy has become al-~
most universal in this and neighboring States. The general purpose
cow of our fathers has hid herself in the mountains, and a new
butter making machine has taken her place. The merit of this new
machine being recognized, her food and environment required at-
tention. The quality of her product being established, the pro-
gressive dairyman directs his attention to quantity, and through his
ability to feed into this machine crude products cheaply depends his
success. The number of pounds of dry matter she can assimilate
has been calculated to a nicety, also the proportion of food necessary
to build wp the waste in muscle, fat and energy, and at the same time
furnish the greatest possible amount of butter-fat, is a never ex-
hausted subject at.a Farmers’ Institute.

When the produce of our own soil or that purchased from other
farms, can be transformed into milk in quantity and quality at a
price that will afford a profit on the money and labor invested, the
business is a comfortable one; therefore, it is equally important that
the cost of the food be reduced to the minimum, as it is that the fin-
ished product shall command the highest possible price. If you
will indulge me a few minutes I will try and explain from the stand-
point of a Chester county farmer. Though only an hour or two from
the great cities of the east, our goods sell upon their merits, in
competition with yours and every other dairyman. If we have the
advantage of cheaper rates of freight to market, we are handicapped
by the increased cost of our feeds, higher priced lands, more ex-
pensive living and decreasing fertility, or what amounts to the

143 0. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

same thing, continual expense to maintain or increase the- produc-
tive quality of our farms. We are forced by sheer necessity to direct
our attention to economics in a dozen directions that were not
dreamed of when I was a boy. Thirty years ago, when I milked
my first cows, their product sold for a price we never even hope to
receive again. The shrinkage was gradual, but finally reached a
point where there was absolutely no margin for profit. Staring the
situation square in the face, I found that a cow consumed about 28
pounds of dry matter each day, and in order to get it into her I di-
vided it into bulky, ruminating food 18 to 20 pounds, and concen-
trated food in the shape of grain 8 to 10 pounds per day. But the
quality of these foods furnished such varying results, differing in
different animals, that I was again compelled to consult the cow -
not only as to her appetite, but as to her ability to digest and as-
similate that food. Dry hay and corn fodder, excellent in them-
selves, required too much of the vitality of the animal to convert a
sufficient quantity into blood. I experimented with moist, partly
digested corn in the form of ensilage, with excellent results. And
after six years experience would not know how to keep a dairy
without a silo. Having a silo it is possible to do either of two
things: Keep more cows on a given number of acres, or keep the
same number as under the old system, but keep them better and
much cheaper, and release all hay except clover for sale, thus adding
another money crop, and a profitable one.

The wholesale markets have returned us from 12 to 14 dollars per
ton for timethy hay this year; an average cow will eat 15 pounds of
this hay per day and 5 pounds of cut corn fodder in addition. The
hay is worth 93 cents. I can substitute 28 pounds of corn ensilage,
which furnishes about the same number of pounds of dry matter, in
a much more palatable and digestible condition for 24 cents, in-
cluding all proper charges and expenses, thus saving 74 cents per
day per animal. This calculation presumes that*an equal quantity
of concentrated foods are used with both the hay and ensilage,
but as a matter of fact the ensilage contains not less than 2 to
5 pounds of corn, and that much of the carbohydrates can be de-
ducted from the grain ration with equal results, adding 14 cents
per day more to the profit account. The saving of 8} cents per day
during the 180 feeding days of the year, when there is neither pas-
ture or green crop substitutes, in feeding the 937,000 cows in Penn-
sylvania, as shown by the census of 1890, means a gain of $81,987
per day, or a grand total of $14,757,000, a sum three times greater
than that lost by the use of oleomargarine and other butter substi-
tutes. What proportion of the almost one million cows in this
State are kept in herds of 10 or more, I have no means of knowing,
but it can readily be seen from the above figures, the result of my

No. 7. | DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 149

own experience and practice, that it certainly will pay every dairy-
man having ten or more cows to build a silo and feed corn ensilage.
Even though he has to borrow the money, he can make no invest-
ment that will pay him a greater profit. The one I built six years
ago has paid for itself six times.

A silo is an air-tight building or place to store fodder, corn, clover,
rye, or other green food, preserved in such a manner as to retain
a large part of the qualities of the original product. We borrow
the idea from the French; there the thrifty farmer of ten or a dozen
acres is accustomed to store his crop in a pit in the ground and ex-
clude the air by putting on weight or pressure. And the early silos
of this country were constructed almost entirely below ground.
These were usually long, narrow, shallow walled pits, but did not
prove satisfactory as to keeping silage and were inconvenient to
feed from. These defects were soon remedied; that stone cemented
box was turned on its end, giving height and pressure, and if the
corners were rounded the transformation was a perfect success.
Perhaps that is too strong a term to use in connection with any
stone silo. Very rarely, indeed, do they prove entirely satisfactory,
though many are still used; when the walls are lined with wood,
conditions improve. The round or tub silo is doubtless the cheap-
est to build; that is, it will cost less per cubic foot of capacity than
any other shape. Buta silo is usually filled in from four to eight
days, in good weather, but is emptied daily through the cold and
storms of winter, which is the real labor. And the location and
shape should conform to the convenience of feeding. Outside of
the barn, but adjoining it at one side of the driveway, is possibly the
place best suited on most farms. The one I am most familiar with
is thus situated, rectangular, 20 feet by 12, and 25 feet high or deep,
9 feet below the ground surface and 16 feet above, with the acute
angle taken off—two of them being built that way, the others being
used for ladders and funnels, made by adjusting separate boards
as the filling goes on, like the boards of a granary, and removing
one at a time as they are exposed when feeding. They deposit the
silage at two points directly at the cows heads. ’Tis no more labor
to throw down and feed a bushel of ensilage than a rack full of hay.

As ensilage is the product of a foliage plant, and corn gives more
tons to the acre than any other crop, we can raise, it should be our
aim to produce the greatest possible quantity consistent with qual-
ity. All parts of our State are not equally good corn lands. A va-
riety ‘that will yield 25 tons per acre in the southwest would not
mature at all in the northwest. In Lancaster and Chester coun-
ties some varieties of the southern white grains are always used.
My preference is the white horse tooth of Virginia; it bears one
good ear, occasionally two; grows very vigorous and tall; on ordi-

150 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

narily good soil, with fair culture, it yields 20 tons per acre; five
acres will produce 5,000 rations for one cow; planted in rows 42
inches apart and 8 or 9 inches in the row, makes stiff, handsome
stalks 14 feet tall, that will withstand all ordinary storms. When
the grains have passed from the milky to the putty condition and the
more mature ears show traces of brown on the husks is the time
to cut off close to the ground, run through a cutter, distribute the
stalks, blades and grain evenly over the whole surface of your silo,
tramping enough to detect the soft places, keeping the middle full.
If very dry, over ripe or frosted, add a fine spray of water, either
on the elevator or sprinkle in the silo. When full, pull off the ears
from the last load, feed them to the cows or pigs, cut the fodder
and gather up all offal and waste and put on the top; wet thor-
oughly (a barrel of water will not be too much), tramp solid, sow
half bushel of oats over the whole, and the job is finished. A mouldy
crust of 6 or 8 inches will exclude the air from the top in a few
days and form an air-tight covering. It will heat up to 120 degrees
and settle two feet or more. When the lid is removed, you have the
cheapest and best bulky food for a dairy cow that I know anything
about, except clover hay. Why will farmers feed a ration costing
22 and 25 cents per day and cry hard times, when he can get equally
good results from 18 cents per day? Yet they do, and I fear always
will.

I have spoken of corn silage and winter feeding only, because I
have had no experience with any other. I represent a grazing farm,
where we pasture 50 head of dairy stock through the summer months,
and only want an economical feed for the winter. The silo enabled
me to sell already this crop year, hay enough to pay the entire cost
of that silo, $209, and yet have 18 tons baled ready for shipment.
Possibly I have told the most of you here nothing new, but if we,
as farmers, add variety, coupled with profit, to our business, reduce
the hours of labor, stimulate our brains, aiming to reduce the cost
of our products, rather than increase the quantity, we have solved,
in a great measure, the future of agriculture and determined who
will succeed to the acres when we are done with them.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 151

THE RELATION OF THE WHOLESOMENESS OF THE STABLE
TO THE HEALTH OF ITS INMATES.

By DR. LEONARD PEARSON, State Veterinarian.

During the past decade great progress has been made along dairy
lines and most important improvements have been effected in regard
to feeding cattle, increasing production, and in caring for milk. Bul-
letins, papers and speeches almost without end have been written
or delivered on these subjects and the advice thus freely given has
been followed by so many dairymen that milk is now produced at less
cost and in better condition than ever before. There is still, how-
ever, much room for improvement in this direction. Many cows are
maintained at a loss by the farmers of Pennsylvania, the special nu-
tritive needs of animals kept for different purposes are unrecognized
by many feeders, and milk shippers and butter makers are still an-
noyed and exposed to loss through receiving milk of poor quality.
But the foundation principles are now’ widely known and improved
methods have been taken up by some one in almost every community,
so that it is clear that leaven is working and that improvements will
be made at a more rapid rate from now on.

To accelerate the rate of improvement and to inaugurate new re-
forms for the benefit of farmers is, I believe, the purpose of every-
one present at this meeting. If this is true, suggestions as to
needed and practical reforms will not be out place. It appears that
there is always a tending to lop-sided development and, in this
connection, the doctrine of producing the greatest possible amount
of milk at the least cost for feed, regardless of every other con-
sideration, has been preached so forcibly and so persistently that
almost every other factor in dairying has been pushed into the back-
ground. I beg to suggest that the chief element in the dairy in-
dustry is the cow. The first consideration should be for the cow.
The cow should be the best that can be had and should be kept in
such away that she will be constantly in a condition of good health
and high efficiency. This means that the functions shall be nor-
mal and free and this is possible only when the physiological needs

152 Ps ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of the animal are studied and met. ‘That these needs are not gener-
ally recognized, is clear to one who considers the manner in which
the majority of herds are cared for and housed. When it is sug-
gested that certain improvements should be made, a common remark
is that farmers cannot afford to improve their barns and premises
with milk, selling for the low price that it does. While this is no
doubt true, in large measure, it is not the principal reason for fail-
ure to provide more sanitary stables, because new stables are
built every now and then and the better arrangements that could be
introduced without increased cost are frequently neglected. Hence
it is clear that there is not at this time the general recognition of
certain needs of the animal that must prevail before important ad-
vance can be expected. Without going into this subject to a greater
length than is permitted in this paper, I can scarcely do more than
enumerate the chief factors in this problem.

First—Licut. If we judge the appreciation of the value of light
as a health preserver and health giver by the amount of it that is
admitted to the average stable, we must come to the conclusion that
it is generally regarded as injurious rather than beneficial. Even
in new stables the glass area is restricted to exceedingly meagre pro-
portions. Who is comfortable in a gloomy, darkened house? We
all know the depression caused by such surroundings and also the
enlivening and cheering effects of light. Light has a direct effect
on metabolism, on the resistance of the tissues to disease producing
organisms and influences and on bodily vigor. Light is a disinfect-
ant. Every one has noticed that fungi and other lower members of
the vegetable kingdom grow in dark places and that they are killed
by sun light. To cultivate bacteria in the laboratory it is necessary
to keep the tubes containing them in the dark. If exposed to the
sun the creatures die. There is an important lesson in this observa-
tion, and a powerful argument for light in the stable.

Moreover, it has been shown by direct experiments made at the
laboratory of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board that like ani-
mals kept, fed and exposed to disease in the same way, except as
regards light, will live considerably longer when kept in a light
place than when kept in the dark.

We have learned that light is necessary in the house, and we
should learn that the stable should be flooded with life-giving, heal-
ing sunshine to a larger extent even than the house.

Second—Air. Air is food. The great need of the system for air
is shown by the promptness with which an animal will die when de-
prived of it. Contaminated air is even worse than contaminated
forage. Every one has experienced the evil, depressing effects of
breathing the vitiated air of a crowded and poorly ventilated hall.
If the conditions producing such depression are continued long

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 153

enough the effect will be permanent. Bad air lessens the vitality
and strength of animals that have to breathe it. It reduces their
ability to resist disease, it irritates their respiratory tracts and it
interferes with nutrition.

There is little excuse for subjecting animals to an unbalanced
ration of air. The supply is plentiful and universal and will be
within the reach of every animal unless it is deliberately excluded.
The fact that it is so frequently excluded shows that this cheapest
but most valuable of foods and of medicines is not appreciated at
anything like its true value.

It is impossible in this short paper to describe the principles and
practice of ventilation—that must be a separate task.

Third—ExeErcisE. Perhaps the subject of exercise does not strictly
come within the title of this paper, but it is so clearly related to
the other topics that it can scarcely be disregarded in this con-
nection. To be brief, it is well known that exercise of any part of
the body leads to development, and disuse leads to atrophy. With-
out exercise, the muscles, lungs and heart cannot be properly devel-
oped, the body cannot be properly nourished, there is but little abil-
ity to resist unfavorable conditions of life, and decay, disease and
death result. It may be economical for a time to keep cows without
exercise, but as a permanent system of herd management it is sure
to lead to disastrous results. We cannot expect to rear cattle
having well developed lungs, strong hearts and active functions if
they spring from ancestors that do not have these necessary quali-
ties. And all of these depend on a sufficient amount of bodily exer-
cise. It is often said that exercise lessens milk flow so much that
it cannot be allowed projitably. This is an error. The cows that
have made the greatest milk records have been exercised. Cows
give more milk when exercising at pasture than when tied up in a
stall. It has been shown that cows of the Simmenthal breed in
South Germany that do the work of oxen are profitable milkers and
that the flow of milk is not lessened materially by the hard, muscu-
lar work they have to do. The most severe test is the one that is
long continued—the test of time. Can any advocate of the practice
of keeping cows without exercise point to a herd that has been kept
in this way for fifteen or even for ten years that is not now composed
of small, delicate, poorly developed and unprofitable cattle? I sub-
mit that a plan of herd management that destroys the quality of a
herd in fifteen years should be discarded.

Fourth—-Comrort. ‘To do her best, a cow should be comfortable.
If the animal strains without avail to gather up the food that has
been pushed beyond her reach, if she is unable to turn her head to
lick the place that is a source of annoyance, if the stall is too nar-
row or too short or the floor too uneven for comfortable repose, the

an

154 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

animal cannot be expected to do her best. It is easy to arrange
comfortable ties, mangers, floors and other fixtures and all of them
return a goed rate of interest on the cost through the benefits that
come from peace and contentment of the cow.

Fifth--CLeanuiness. The great struggle for the milk producer in
these days, and it is a struggle that will become stronger in the fu-
ture, is to keep the number of bacteria in the milk within the nar-
rowest limits that are possible. In this effort, many things are done
that increase the wholesomeness of the stable. By keeping down
the bacteria bearing dust, the germs of disease are at the same time
repressed. Conditions that are most favorable to health are least
favorable for bacteria. Briefly, some of these conditions are: The
absence of rough surfaces, deep recesses, cobwebs and the like that
harbor dirt and bacteria; water-tight floors and gutters; good
drainage; careful and complete removal of manure, ete.

During recent years it has become the habit of many sanitarians
to refer to the germ diseases as filthy diseases. Much can be said in
favor of this phraseology. The germ diseases find the conditions
best suited for their spread and development in dirty places. If
cleanliness is not next to godliness it is at least next to wholesome-
ness. The value of good sanitary construction as opposed to the
old stabling conditions has been clearly and forcibly shown by the
experiments, previously described, carried out by the State Live
Stock Sanitary Board. By these experiments it is shown that good
air, light and cleanliness are important and powerful factors in
checking the progress of tuberculosis and in promoting bodily vigor.

If any one has the opinion that good stables are necessarily ex-
pensive stables, he should disabuse his mind of this false idea. The
difference between good, wholesome stables and stables that promote
rather than prevent disease is not so much in cost as in an apprecia-
tion by the builder of the value of light, air, comfort and cleanli-
ness,

THE SOIL OUR PARTNER.

By Hon. ALVA AGEE, Cheshire, Ohio.

There are few sorrier spectacles than the man who, owning a
portion of the tillable land of the earth, and dependent upon it for
income, looks upon the soil as a lifeless thing and upon farming as

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 155

a lifeless occupation. It were just as well for him, and better for
agriculture, if he, too, were lifeless. The ownership of land is a
privilege not accorded to a majority of human beings, the mass of
humanity working for a fixed wage that meets only the bare necessi-
ties of life. Single-handed the wage-earner works at others’ dictation.
The man who owns some land, and gives himself to its tillage, finds
himself engaged in intellectual work, in full partnership with a
living soil that must be fed even as he must be fed, and that will
then help him to secure an income in proportion to his ability in solv-
ing the prcbleims that arise in aiding the soil to do its work. Mental
drones may continue to vex and harrass an honest, well-disposed
soil, and reap a meagre harvest while branding agriculture as the.
natural work of the dullard, but their number must grow less under
the competition of those who see what the soil would do for them if
they could understand it and give it a chance to do its best.

In the partnership formed by the soil and the farmer for the pro-
duction of crops, each furnishes some capital, the farmer providing
the smaller part of the material capital, but assuming control be-
cause, presumably, he furnishes some brain power. The control is
characterized by inefficiency, even in the case of the most studious.

What does the soil furnish? Many things. I name only a few.

1. Each acre of agricultural Jand furnishes tons of the mineral
elements essential to plant growth. Of the ten essential soil ele-
ments, it provides in nearly every case six or seven in abundance in
available form. Of the remaining three or four, namely, nitrogen,
phosphoric acid, potash and lime, it provides tons in an unavailable,
inert form. Let us fix this fact in mind, and keep it ever before us.
All of the elements of plant food in commercial fertilizers and sta-
ble manure are in agricultural soils in quantities per acre measured
by the ton. They are there in insoluble forms. The soil is not
helpless when left alone, and its gain by partnership with man de-
pends upon the degree of man’s intelligence. If the man does not
understand, the soil can do better shifting for itself. It will then
use weed seeds to produce a growth that will shade it so that favor-
able chemical changes within may occur. It will receive gain from
acids used by the roots of the weeds. It will have the mulch made
of leaves and stalks. It will be put into condition to admit air, and
to hold moisture. It will do the work of changing tough plant food |
into available fertility without aid of man, but must work slowly.
Man can interfere and make the condition worse, or make it better,
hindering or hastening the process of renewal, according as he has
ability or lacks ability. If he continue to rob the soil of the plant
growth it provides for its own feeding, the poor, crushed soil be-
comes heartless and practically dead. If he help it to seeds of plants
superior to its own weeds, and lets these best plants do their full

156 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

work of releasing fertility, the soil is the gainer by the partnership.
It is an awful thing to be unequally yoked with a fool, and if soils
could talk, some men would have to leave the neighborhood.

2. It furnishes moisture. This is a big undertaking. The plant
food of the soil enters the tiny mouths of the feeders in solution.
It is water that runs the machine. The plant food goes to its place,
and the water passes into the air. The soil furnishes to the plant
and air, through transpiration and evaporation, 300 to 400 tons of
water to secure one ton of dry matter in our crops. In a short
paper that befits such an occasion as this, there is no time to cata-
logue all the many offices performed by the silent partner in the pro-
duction of crops. We emphasize the supplies of mineral plant food
and of moisture, and the soil’s ability to improve its own condition
in most cases, gaining in capability when man does not meddle, and
gaining faster when a wise man assists.

Let us turn to the other side of the partnership. What does the
studious, intelligent farmer furnish?

1. Control of soil moisture. I name this first because it is ab-
solutely first in importance. The rains of the year are used by
the soil as a source of supply. Deep down in the earth is stored
the water of winter and spring rains for use in the time of stress,
when the plants are employing moisture freely and the hot air is a
robber. Then it comes to the surface to replace the portion used
by the air, and the soil thus provides for its plants. But the con-
trol is inadequate. There is excess or deficiency. The man that
assumes to control in the partnership, and would have net income,
prevents excess by underdrainage. Such investment, when needed,
is usually very profitable. I pity the man and the soil that work
together in the mud. AI] chance of profit is drowned before the
harvest. Solomon says that the “borrower is servant to the lender,”
and debt is sickening, but I borrowed money for my first two miles
of tile underdrainage, and found it the means of accumulating a
little capital. If the supply of moisture promises to be inadequate,
then it is conserved by a mulch. Material is placed between the
water that rises and the hot air above. In the flower garden leaves
may be used. In the truck patch I have used rotten straw. In the
field the practicable material is earth so loose that moisture can not
be lifted through it to the air. All these materials are good, but
only the last is practicable in field culture. This calls for the use
of the weeder, the harrow, and the cultivator with fine teeth set to
run shallow.

2. He sees that humus is provided. The soil can do this of itself
only slowly. It has no choice of seeds, but must take what winds,
water, etc., bring to it. The farmer provides the seeds of plants
capable of furnishing rich organic material. This is to the soil

No, 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 157

what leaven is to dough. It changes a disheartened, dying soil into
a hearty, hustling, live soil. It is that which makes the ditlerence
to-day between unprofitable and profitable land, nine cases out of
ten.

He unlocks the stores of inert fertility by remixing the particles
and airing them. ‘The air is life. It is by means of plow, harrow
and other pulverizers that he secures the change in the relative posi-
tion of all particles and the admission of air so that chemical changes
may occur. It is tillage that fits the soil to be a winner. Tillage
to the soil is what exercise is to the prisoner of the cell. It is the
difference between a living death and physical vigor.

4. He supplies some readily available plant food when the soil
has failed to have on hand a full amount in available form. This is
yery often the case, because the soil has been handicapped in its
work along this line by a lack of suitable plants, or of air, or of
water, or of time by reason of man’s greed of immediate returns, or
possibly of original stock of some element or elements. Again is
intelligence at a premium. If profit were uot a consideration, the
farmer could dump into the soil all the elements of plant food. But
profit is a consideration—the one big consideration with most people.
The man must learn what element or elements in available form are
lacking. He must either bring this from a distance and give it to
the soil for its use, or he must be wise enough to apply some material
that will by chemical action unlock the stock the soil has on hand.
Usually he does both in a single act—supplying an element of plant
food which in itself, or its carrier, unlocks as well as feeds. In this
work of fertilization are problems too big for lawyers and doctors,
and almost too big for studious farmers.

5. He furnishes the seeds of plants. In this he presumes a good
deal unless he has studied the tastes of his partner well. The soil
has not only its preferences, but there are some plants it can hardly
produce at all. Few of us ever learn the possibilities of our soil
in the way of income because we do not provide the seeds for the
crop best adapted to the soil for income-bringing. Our trick is to
plant the crop we have the habit of planting, and then kick if returns
do not satisfy. Itisa kickety-trickety way of farming that makes
the soil tired. Into what plants can the soil of this field and that
one put the most money? A problem full of delight to a man suf-
ficiently intelligent to possess a moral right to boss an industrious
soil.

6. He furnishes protection to the plants from insect and fungous
foes. The soil would hardly need such protection for its products
if it were running a rotation of crops. There would be such variety
and so much less invitation to attack by concentration of plants that
insect and fungous foes would get a less sure establishment. As it

158 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

is, man turns to the experiment station for assistance, and becomes
an adept in the use of insecticides and fungicides, or else does noth-
ing but lament that times are not what they once were. With all
the aid of science, there is room for lamentation too often.

He does more. He does that he should not do, and leaves undone
that he should do—too often. But it is a glorious thing to be in
control of a part of God’s earth—to study, to plan, to try, and to
win in some measure—each year determined to be more intelligent
in that control. He who will not do this should go to the city or
get off the earth. %

SOIL IMPROVEMENT THE KEYNOTE OF AGRICULTURE.

By R. 8. SEEDS, Birmingham, Pa.

The bell, in ancient times, was to the people about as important
as the steam whistle is to-day, and in casting the bell the most im-
portant feature in its construction was the keynote. The keynote
to the bell is as essential as soil improvement to agriculture. This
seems to be more apparent every year. I notice at the Fifth Annual
Round-Up of the Michigan State Farmers’ Institute at Ann Arbor,
February 27, 1900, the programme was:

1. The Soil from a Chemical Standpoint.

2. The Soil, as a Bacteriologist Sees It.

3. Maintaining Fertility with Green Manures.
4. Soil Physics. Moisture Most Important.

This is and ought to be the paramount question of the farmer, and
I have somewhat changed my mind on the subject. I said last year,
at Bloomsburg, that the first and most important thing for the
farmer was fertility; the second, the home, and third, education.
I now think there are twenty things very essential for the farmer.
One is the home, one is education, and the other eighteen are the
improvement of the soil.

I would have preferred to talk on some other subject on this oc-
casion, for it seems to me I hear every man say in his mind, “Well,
here is Seeds with his hobby again.” But, being requested to speak
on this subject, I expect you to take your medicine willingly.

For years I have noticed the land in Pennsylvania go down in
productiveness, and crops grow smaller every year. Many crops
freeze out in the winter or dry out in the summer time. Neither
wheat or grass grow as large as they did in my grandfather’s days,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 159

and the farmer has looked for something to brace up his land and
help him through, many turning to lime and commercial fertilizers,
and many to their sorrow. Commercial fertilizer would never have
been made had there not been a demand for it. If the farmer’s soil
had been satisfactory he would have no use for it. The humus and
vegetable matter have been worked out until much of the soil
has been almost ruined. if this be the case, and true, then the most
important subject is soil improvement.

I have heard for years, that we can raise anything if we have
lots of water. This is true, and when you consider that soil filled
with vegetable matter (compared with soil that has not been worked
out), contains as high as 50 tons more water to the acre, can you
imagine the value of ‘this when you are raising in a dry season, corn
and potatoes that are 70 to 80 per cent. waiter.

I have watched the power of this kind of soil along side of land
that had been skimmed, and you could see the blue milk soil starve
the plants almost to death. In watching the action of such soils,
I often thought of Dr. Rothrock’s pictures and description of streams
drying up as the forests have been cut and the vegetable matter on
the earth’s surface burned up by forest fires, and as the ax and
forest fires rob the earth of water supply, so does the plow and
binder rob the soil of humus, vegetable matter and water holding
power. While many have laughed at me, with my vegetable matter
hobby, I have watched with pleasure the rapid improvement in my
soil year after year until I can look with pleasure on as fine clover
and grain as stands in Huntingdon county.

The last winter was very severe on clover and wheat, many wheat
fields being plowed up and millet being sowed to get hay in this
part of the State, and many of my neighbors are complaining, while
my wheat is good and my clover is as fine as any I see this year,
on land that seven years ago was covered with daisy, sorrel, golden-
rod and briers. I do not think you can find a weed in the field to-
day. This is all due to plowing down vegetable matter. At Blooms-
burg, last June, I overheard some men saying, I could not get fer-
tility and improve my soil with vegetable matter for less than one
dollar an acre., I now make the assertion that I am going to get
the cost down to 60 cents an acre this year.

Since last June Round-up I plowed down cowhorn turnips and
crimson clover, commencing to turn them under November 21, and
put the field in oats this spring. I went to Chester county May 26,
1900, to attend a Farmers’ Institute and I did not see a better field
of oats on my way down or back, and this field had nothing but the
vegetable matter, and seven years ago the field was so poor it
would not raise anything. On the 18th of May, I was spreading
manure on a hill above the oats field and looking on the oats field

160 - ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

it had the appearance of a dappled gray horse, only the spots were
as regular as if you had laid the spots off with a tape line or measure
of some kind. I was puzzled to know the cause and at last came to
the conclusion that the spots were where the corn shocks had stood.
Now, what was the cause? I put on my thinking cap and ere long
came to the conclusion that the corn shocks stopped the growth of
the crimson clover and cowhorn turnips and started them to decay
sooner than the rest that grew on till November 21. The vegetable
matter on these spots was decayed and available plant food before
the rest and showed up in the oats. You could see them as plainly
as you could see the field; it was during the dry weather and you
could not orly see the difference in the oats, but could walk to the
spots and see a difference in the color of the ground. On this field
I plowed down near $20.00 worth of fertility to the acre that cost
me less than $1.00. In addition to this cost, I produced nearly all
this fertility or vegetable matter on either side of the soil I cul-
tivate. I mean from the subsoil and air.

On the sixth of last August I took with me to a Perry County
Farmers’ Institute, crimson clover plants 7 inches long and cowhorn
turnip plants 9 inches long, and laid them on my rule before about
two thousand people. (Deputy Secretary A, L. Martin saw me do
it.) Four weeks after I had sown the seed I was producing the
plants from the subsoil and air. They used to laugh at me for
talking this way; they do not laugh any more; they have raised
the valuation of my farm from $15.00 per acre to $40.00. They
laughed at me for mowing my young clover in the fall to make it
stout, and the old clover to keep it from going to seed, and many in
the Juniata valley who laughed at me will not be bothered this
fall cutting their old clover for seed or to keep it from going to seed;
all this hinges on holding to vegetable matter for soil improve-
ment.

I believe I can farm a field forty years in succession with the help
of vegetable matter and have it better then than when I commenced.
You can not do it with lime or commercial fertilizers. They used
to farm land in the west for years in succession and burn the straw,
but they are going to quit. They have been farming land in Pennsyl-
vania for years and leaving the dollars run through the barn-yard
fence, but they are going to stop it. Iam nearly through building a
straw shed to my barn, covering the barnyard, and boarding it up,
making it warmer than my stables have ever been. I am trying
to get in position to manufacture fertility and keep it from getting
away from me. I can not see the use of buying fertility and letting
that which we already have run away. I am going to start a fer-
tilizer factory at my barn and produce stock as a by-product. Ihope
to be able to raise a three year-old steer in 24 months. If I can keep

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 161

him warm in winter and from getting hungry and thirsty I believe
I can do it. If 1 can, I get rid of a year’s work, and if I sell $100
worth of steer twelve months sooner I[ gain $6.00 in interest, besides
that, my fertility is much better than when I take 36 months to
produce a three year-old steer. This is a point in figuring soil im-
provement.

I was talking along this line at a local farmers’ meeting some time
ago, and after the meeting a farmer eame to me and said he had a
shed where part of the barn manure was kept and the balance went
into the barnyard, and when put on the land he could see that one
load from the shed was worth three loads from the yard. On my
way to Chester county week before last, I saw from the car window
beautiful farms, with grand buildings, in good repair, fences white-
washed and everything clean and neat as a new pin. Many had
gone to the trouble and expense of putting a nice stone wall (not a
fence) with a shingle roof on it, around their barnyards, and I could
see the colored manure water coming through the wall and running
down along the roadside in a neat little ditch made for that purpose.
The day will come when this will be a thing of the past. You could
see the crops in the fields needed that fertility; the farm needed it
for the improvement of the soil.

This is one of the mistakes of life that has a price to it. Another
mistake of life is raising 100 bushels of wheat for $65.00, and leaving
$100.00 worth of that which improves the soil run out of the barn-
yard and leak away. Taking care of the barnyard manure, the
fertility we have, applying it on grass as soon as possible after the
manure is made, always spreading it as hauled out, getting vegetable
matter as cheaply as possible to plow down, and holding on to, and
using our red clover before it gets away from us, is, in my opinion,
the milk in the cocoanut, the keynote of soil improvement.

MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY COWS ON THE FARM.

By L. W. LIGHTY, East Berlin, Pa.

THE MAN.

The first factor of success is the man or manager; hence no profit
can be made on a farm with dairy cows unless the man is a lover of
11—7—1900

162 ' ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the dairy cow. If your are a lover of that sleek, fat cow, I sug-
gest do not try your hand at dairying; better invest in race horses
or breed bulldogs, for she will eat you out of house and home
if you want to transpose her into a dairy cow. I repeat that it will
not pay to keep a 150 pound butter cow, but still I have the best
of reasons to believe that the average cow of Pennsylvania falls
below 150 pounds of butter per year. The man who is not willing
to sacrifice his liberty to the cow, to attend, yes, attend personally
to her every want and do it cheerfully and pleasantly had better de-
vote his time and land to some other line or specialty. (Our Na-
tional Department speaks highly of goat and skunk farming. This
is a mere suggestion as an outlet for some would-be but very un-
successful dairymen). If a man needs a few bad dogs (good dogs
are dead dogs), and a few worse boys to drive his cows to and fro,
I am in serious doubt if his special forte is dairying. Ifa man, for
conscience sake, or any other constitutional reason, wishes to
avoid all labor on every holiday, legal or otherwise, noted and un-
noted in the calendar, that man wants to let dairying alone. The
dairy cow wants to be fed and watered every twelve hours, and
milked about that often, and that means 730 times a year; and the
man who is born tired will never make a good dairyman.

THE COW.

The next factor in the problem is the cow, possibly it is the biggest
factor. Not long ago a party remarked to me, “Lighty, any fool
could make money with cows that produce as much butter as yours
do.” I could not tell if that was aright or left-handed compliment.
One of the greatest stumbling blocks for the would-be dairy farmers
of our country is the general purpose, and all-purpose cow combined.
They say, we will hit two birds with one shot, and shoot over the
whole tree; then exclaim, “Do you see those feathers fly?” Yes;
they fly; and so do the birds. To make a long story short, the dairy
cow is one that has been trained from her youth up, has inherited
from many former generations the special power and capacity to
transform a large amount of cheap roughage grown on the farm into
good milk; in other words, she produces the maximum quantity of
good milk at the minimum cost to the dairyman. Find me a cow
that eats a large quantity of hay, silage, stover, ete., with an ap-
propriate proportion of grain, and then gives 40 to 60 pounds of
milk daily for 300 or more days in the year, and I will show you
every time a cow of a special type, a type built on dairy lines anda
cow that will not produce beef profitably, nor will her progeny.
These types, the dairy and beef, have been discussed so fully and
so frequently that I will not weary you with a repetition. Dairying
with your beef bred cows is and must of necessity be a losing busi-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 163

ness. You can save the purchase money of a hay rake by raking
your hay with the springtooth harrow. So you can also do your
dairying with your beef bred animals, and the one will be as mnch of
a financial success as the other.

THE SHELTER.

In our varied climate, with its wide extremes of temperature,
shelter for our cows is quite an item of expense; and we must even
do considerable thinking at times to keep our cows comfortable at
all seasons. If you are watchful you will soon notice that as the
degree of discomfort increases the profit decreases. In winter we
need a warm, well ventilated, well lighted stable (let us call it a
cow-house), and in summer a protection from the heat and flies.
At the same time this cow-house should be so arranged as to be
quite convenient for the feeder and milker. Prof. Roberts in his
recent excellent work “The Farmstead,” illustrates quite graph-
ically how with scattered and inconvenient farm buildings the profits
of the farm may be absorbed by the labor involved in doing chores.

In constructing a shelter for our dairy cows there are a number of
important considerations. We want to keep the cows comfortable,
healthy and perfectly clean. We want to get the feed to the cows
with the least possible work. We want to draw the milk with the
least possible contamination. We want to save all the manure. I
do not wish to consume time in amplifying these topics, but if you
will allow, Mr. Chairman, I wish to state that in my experience I
found more good health was poured into my cow-house through a
half dozen windows, 2x3 feet, during a sunshiny wintery day than
was contained in a half ton of condition powders.

FEEDING.

It keeps the average cow hustling on an average pasture field
in the midsummer sun to feed all the flies that swarm on her the
whole day long, without giving a thought to secreting milk. It is
not advisable to try to develop working oxen out of our dairy cows.
To have them do their best, we should bring the food to the cow,
instead of sending her out to hunt it up. The pasture as it often
is when we turn the cow in is the ideal, but very soon it becomes
otherwise. In yonder lot clover is abundant and in full bloom; in
one corner flows a sparkling brook of the best clear water, shaded
with a clump of trees and undergrowth. Here is an almost ideal
condition for our cow. She can fill herself with clover by taking
but a few steps, and then drink all the water she wants and use
the balance of her time in digesting and assimilating her food and in
manufacturing the product for which we keep her.

What have we here? First, we have the best succulent feed.

164 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Second, we have it so plenty and convenient that the cow need not
expend undue energy to secure her daily feed. Third, we have a
balanced ration. Fourth, the cow need not consult us as to when
and how much she shall drink. Fifth, the cow is perfectly comfort-
able. Just at this time nature brings about these ideal conditions,
but they are very short lived. Nature study occupies considerable
of our attention just now, and I want to say to my fellow dairymen
that nature will teach us very much more if we only become her pu-
pils; then it teaches our city boys who race over our fields and
meadows in quest of butterflies, bugs and caterpillars. All we need
to do is as nature teaches us in the fore part of the month of June.
Put that cow into June conditions the whole year.

Do not say it cannot be done, because it can, my friends. If we
will only use the brains the good Lord has given us with some pur-
pose. We can give that cow good, succulent feed the year through.
We can always place it so she need not exert herself more than she
must in yonder lot where clover is very abundant. We can, all of
us, with the greatest ease calculate a balanced ration and compound
it from our available feeds. We can easily have an abundant supply
of the best water convenient. We can make our cow perfectly com-
fortable. ,

These are the conditions and they can be supplied on almost every
farm, and by any farmer who is a lover of the dairy cow.

PAPERS SELECTED FROM THOSE READ

Boa MeRS INSTITUTES

DURING THE

SEASON OF 1899-I900.

( 166 )

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 167

PAPERS SELECTED FROM THOSE READ AT FARMERS INSTITUTES DURING
THE SEASON OF 1899-1900.

FARM FENCES AND WAYS OVER THE FARM.

By Hon. G. W. HOOD, Indiana, Pa.

It is a fundamental principle of our law, that every man must
keep his cattle on his own land, and, if they stray away into other
people’s grounds, he is liable for any damage they may cause by the
trespass.

At commen law, it was necessary that every man should keep a
constant watch over his animais, or, if he did not do this, to sur-
round his land with a fence.

The first and primary object of the fence, was to keep his own
animals in, and not to keep other people’s out; and if any land-
owner kept cattle, he was bound to erect a fence around his entire
close, whether his neighbor kept any cattle or not; but, of course,
the same rule applied to his neighbor, because if he kept any he must
surround his farm with a fence also.

But it was discovered that two parallel fences would be useless,
aud be attended with very considerable expeuse, and as one and the
same fence would answer for adjoining proprietors, it was provided
by statute, March 11, 1842, “that when any persons shall improve
Jands adjacent to each other, or when any person shall enclose any
lands adjoining another’s land already fenced in, so that any part
of the first person’s fence becomes the partition fence between them,
in both these cases, the charge of such division fence, so far as is
enclosed on both sides, shall be equally borne and maintained by
both parties.”

By the same act, the auditors of the respective townships were
made fence viewers, whose duty it was. within four days after notice
given, to view and examine any line fences, and to make out a cer-
tificate in writing, setting forth whether, in their opinion, the fence
of one which has been already built is sufficient, and, if not, what pro-

168 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

portion of the expense of building a new or repairing the old fence
should be borne by each party; and they should set forth the sum,
if any, which, in their judgment, either one ought to pay to the
other, in case he should neglect or refuse to repair or build his pro-
portion of the fence—a copy of which certificate it was their duty
to deliver to each of the parties; and if any of-the parties refused
or failed, within ten days after copy of the certificate of the viewers
had been delivered to him, to proceed to repair or build the fence
as required, the party aggrieved had a right to build the fence, and
bring suit against the delinquent party for value of the same, be-
fore any justice of the peace, or alderman, and recover as in action
for work, labor, service rendered, and materials found.

It follows, therefore, that if any adjoining owner does not keep
up his half of the partition fence, and my cattle get through and in-
jure his crop, he has no redress against me, since his own neglect
was, in part at least, the cause of his injury.

But at common law, if my cattle escape through my neighbor’s
defective fence, and stray upon the lands of another, and there in-
jure his crop, I am liabie in damages to him, though my own half of
the fence is good, because, so far as third persons are concerned, I
am bound to keep my cattle on my own land; and if I have any
redress at all, it is against my neighbor who failed to keep up his
part of the partition fence. At common law, also, if I turn my cattle
into the road, and they wander upon the lands of another, or if
some careless person, crossing my farm on a hunting or fishing ex-
cursion, leave down my bars, and my cattle escape into the high-
way, and thence into my neighbor’s grain field, I am liable to him
for damages they may cause. On the other hand, if you are driving
your cattle along the road, and, without any fault of yours, they
run upon the land of another, and you drive them cut as soon as
you can, you are not responsible for the damage done, because you
had a right to drive them along the highway, and if you exercised
proper care and attention, you could do no more. The law recog-
nizes a difference between being lawfully and unlawfully on the
highway.

The common law, is, as I have stated, that every man is bound to
keep his cattle on his own land; and this is the rule in ‘this State,
unless the acts of Assembly impose duties upon land owners other
than those of the English common law. Under the provision of the
act of 1700, which has recently been repealed, the owner of cattle
was held liable for all damages caused to the owner of enclosed land,
if he fenced according to law; and it has been held under that act
that unless improved lands are enclosed by a fence, the owner is in
default, and cannot maintain trespass for damage by roving cattle;
and the owner of improved lands must fence them, both to restrain

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 169

his own cattle and to shut out the roving cattle of his neighbor. This
is the doctrine laid down in the celebrated case of Gregg vs. Gregg
reported in 55 Penna. State 227, but would not be the law to-day.

If adjoining land owners agree not to make any common division
fence, each is liable to the other for the trespass of his cattle. But
where a division fence has stood for twenty-one years, one of the
owners cannot remove it without the consent of the other; neither
has he any ownership in the material of the part erected by himself;
and where one party unlawfully removes a portion of a partition
fence, and sets it upon his own ground, this does not authorize the
owner to fence up to it, on his neighbor’s land. Neither can one of
the owners of adjacent unimproved land call upon the other to con-
tribute to the charge of a division fence.

The duty to maintain partition fences exisis only where both par-
ties improve their lands. It would certainly not be just to make a
man, whose lands is in woods and not improved, and on which he
raises no crops, to pay expenses of maintaining and building a
fence which can be of no possible benefit to him. Hence the policy
of this law to compel those only who are benefited by the fence, to
either build it or be liable for delinquency in not building it.

Aside from this, however, no man is compelled to build or keep in
repair a partition fence on the line between him and his neighbor.
If he prefers, he can have his own fence; but he must put it on his
own grounds, and maintain and keep it in repair at his own expense,
and if cattle break through his close and enter upon the lands of
another, he is liable; so, on the other hand, his neighbor can have
his own fence also; but he, too, must build on his own ground, and
will alike be liable in damages if his animals break over his close.

If a division line between two farms passes through a wood lot,
neither of the owners is obliged to erect a fence; but if either
owner allows his cattle to pasture in the woods, he must not let
them pass the boundaries of his own land, or he will be respon-
sible. »

As to fences along the line of railroads, the law is somewhat
different. A railroad company is not bound to fence its road, and
is not liable to owners of stray cattle killed thereon. Neither isa
railroad company liable for the value of cattle killed on its track,
though they escaped from a properly fenced enclosure without the
knowledge of the owner, and were killed at an intersection with a
public highway. And where a railroad company, in purchasing
the right of way, binds itself to fence the road through the other
party’s land, but neglects to do so, if the cattle of the latter stray
upon the track, and are killed, the owner cannot recover for the in-
jury in an action of tort. Railroad companies are not bound to pay
for losses incurred by actual negligence; and if cattle unlawfully

12

170 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE * Off. Doc.

stray upon their track, and are killed, the owner must suffer the con-
sequences, because he should have kept his cattle on his own lot,
and not allowed them to stray on others’ lands.

WAYS OVER THE FARM.

A way over the farm may be granted on a special permission, as
when the owner of the land grants to another the liberty of passing
over his grounds to go to church, to market, to mill, or the like, in
which case the gift or grant is particular, and is confined to the
grantee alone. It dies with the person, and if the grantee leave the
country he cannot assign over his right to another.

A way may be also by prescription, as if all the inhabitants of
a certain town or village, or the owner or occupiers of a farm, have
immemorially used to cross such a ground for a particular purpose;
for the immemorial usage presupposes an original grant, whereby a
right of way may clearly be created. Prescription rests upon the
presumption of a grant, but to authorize such a presumption, the
user must be adverse, and under a claim of right.

The period of twenty years has been adopted in England, in anal-
ogy te the statute of limitations in relation to land, which bars an
entry after twenty years adverse possession. In Pennsylvania the
period of limitation is twenty-one years and the same period has
been adopted to give rise to the presumption. So where a way has
originally existed, it may be a rebutted evidence of non-user for the
same period, which gives rise to a presumption of extinguishment;
but where it has been acquired expressly by grant or reservation,
it will not be lost by non-user, unless there was a denial of the title
or other act on the adverse part to quicken the owner in the asser-
tion of his right.

Twenty-one years actual occupation of land, adverse to the right
of way, and inconsistent with it, bars the right; but it must not be
understood that a man acquires a right of way over the lands of
another, in twenty-one years, to such an extent, and with such a
liberty, as 1o wander over the farm just where he has a mind to, and
just where his pleasure and convenience suits him. No man can
gain such a right, becanse that would be an intolerable nuisance to
the farmer.

To gain the right by twenty-one years use, he must have actually
used the identical and particular way, or road, under a claim of right
to do so, and not with your consent or permission. It is not neces-
sary that any one owner should have used it twenty-one years; if
successive owners have unitedly used it for that period of time, it
would be sufficient as far as time is concerned. But if this prescrip-
tive right of way was gained only by using it for some particular
purpose. as for hanling wood or timber from a woodlet beyond, that

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. lit

would not authorize the person to continue to use it for all purposes
after the wood had been taken off.

A right of way may also arise by act and operation of law. For,
if a man grants me a piece of ground in the middle of his field, he at
the same time tacitly and impliedly gives me a way to come to it, and
I may cross his land for that purpose and not be a trespasser; for
when the law giveth anything to one, it giveth impliedly whatsoever
is necessary for enjoying the same.

By the law of the Twelve Tables at Rome, when a man had the
right of way over another’s land, and the road was out of repair, he
who had the right of way might go over any part of the land he
pleased, which was the established rule in public, as well as in pri-
vate ways; and the law of England, in both cases, seems to corre-
spond with the Romans.

The ways, of which we have been speaking latterly, are termed
“ways of necessity,” and are always strict “necessity.”

The necessity must not be created by the party claiming the
right of way. It never exists where a man can get to his property
through his own land, and it will be to no purpose for him to set
up the plea that a road through his neighbor’s land would be a better
one, more convenient, or less expensive; neither will it do for him
to claim that a road through his own land would be too steep or too
narrow, as the case might be. It is only where there is no way
through his own land, that his right of way over the land of another
exists, and a right of way, of necessity, extends only to a single
way.

But, whereabouts shall be the way? ‘The owner of the land over
which it exists, has a right to locate it in the first instance. with
this limitation, that it must be a convenient way. If he fails or
refuses to locate, or makes an inconvenient way, or unreasonable
location, the right devolves upon the grantee of the way.

The right of way, of necessity, ceases with the necessity which
gave rise to it; so that if a public road is opened, or the grantee
purchases other lands which give him a way, or it becomes suddenly
impassable by natural causes, such as the overflowing of a stream,
or the falling of trees in a storm, he would have a right to deviate
to oneside until the stream would fall, or he had an opportunity to
remove the obstruction.

All these rights of way are liable to become nuisances to the
farmer, and may frequently lead to litigation, and it is important
to know that it matters not in what manner a right of way is ac-
quired over your land, you have the right, in the absence of any stipu-
lation to the contrary, to erect suitable gates or bars at the entrance
thereto from the highway; and if another party leave them open,

172 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and cattle get in and yours get out, he is liable to you for the dam-
age which ensues.

In Pennsylvania, the manner of procedure to obtain private ways
is provided for by act of the Legislature, approved June 13, 18386,
by the provision of which act the several courts of quarter sessions
have power, in open court, upon the petition of one or more persons
for a road trom their respective dwellings, or plantations, to a high-
way, or a place of necessary public resort, or to any private way lead-
ing to a highway, to direct a view to be had of the place where such a
road is requested, and report thereof to be made at the next ensuing
term of court.

If it shall appear to the court ordering the view, by the report of
viewers, that such road is necessary, the said court shall fix the
width of the road, and direct it to be opened accordingly, and the
proceedings in such cases shall be entered on record; and from
thenceforth such road shall be deemed and taken to be a lawful
private road. '

All private roads shall be opened, fenced, and kept in repair by
and at the expense of the person or persons respectively, at whose
request the same was granted or laid out, and by their heirs and as-
signs. The damages sustained by the owner of the land through
which any private road may pass, shall be estimated in the manner
provided in the case of a public road, and shall be paid by the per-
son at whose request the road was granted or laid out, but no road
can be opened until the damages are paid.

The expense of the view of a private road, as well as the expense
of the view to assess damages sustained by the owners of the land
taken, must be paid by the person or persons applying for the road.

HYGIENE ON THE FARM.

By IDA M. DICKINSHIED, Hosensack, Pa.

Hygiene is the art of preserving health; that is, of obtaining the
most perfect action of body and mind during as long a time as is al-
lotted to each one of us. In other words, it aims to make growth
more perfect, decay less rapid, life more vigorous, and death more
remote. |

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 173

Our bodies are like a house that can be rented for a term of years
under the most reasonable conditions. All that is asked of us in
return is that the premises should be kept in good repair. Surely
the terms are not hard, not difficult to comply with, but light and
easy as they are, the penalties attached to non-fulfillment are heavy.

Disease never occurs until the laws of health have been broken
somewhere, either by violation of personal or public hygiene. Very
often we cannot follow the rules we should, however much we may
desire to do so. For instance, pure air is an absolute necessity for
health, but we may have little or no control over the air which sur-
rounds us and which we must draw into our lungs. We may be
powerless to prevent other persons from contaminating the air,
thereby striking at the very foundation of health and happiness.

A supply of pure water in sufficient quantity is a sanitary neces-
sity. Without it injury to health inevitably arises, either from too
small a quantity or more frequently from the presence of impuri-
ties. The germs of typhoid fever often lurk in apparently the
purest springs and wells. The water itself is pure, but is contami-
nated by the surroundings, drainage from the barn yard, chicken
coops, other outbuildings, and pools of stagnant water find their
way into the springs and wells. This has been proved by putting
salt in suspicious places; in a short time the salt was detected in
the water of the well or spring.

It is seldom we see any provision made to carry off the household
waste water. Too often all the cleansing and the family washing
is done near or at the water supply. and nothing provided to carry
off the waste water; the man of the house should make provision
for this, and he little thinks, perhaps does not know, that by utilizing
the waste water it can be made a source of considerable profit.
Grape vines and trees respond readily to a dose of soap suds. How
much better to nourish your trees and vines than to cause ill health
and disease by contaminated water.

The carrying off of rain water so as not to sink into the ground
too near the house is a matter of great importance. There should
be a hundred feet or more from any avoidable or unavoidable nui-
sance to the water supply. It is impossible to over estimate the
importance of pure water for the welfare and comfort of man.
For the preservation of a proper degree of cleanliness of our bodies,
our clothing, our dwellings or the articles with which we have to
come in contact, it is indispensable.

Farm houses are not always built on hygienic principles, but it
lies within our power to remedy many of the defects causing us to
have impure air from improper drainage. ‘As the air of the cellar,
is, so will the air of the house be. A cellar should be well ventilated
and made as dry as possible, and daylight and sunlight allowed to

174 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

come in. The living rooms should be thoroughly ventilated and
well treated. We should not keep out all the fresh air and try to
delude ourselves with the idea that it requires more coal and wood
to make the room comfortable again. Many are ignorant of the
fact that it requires more heat to warm impure air than to warm pure
air. Open the doors and windows, if only for a few moments, and
have fresh air to breathe instead of breathing over and over again
the same air. Sleeping rooms and beds require daily ventilation.
This is a matter of importance we should never neglect. Pure,
fresh air is a blessing we should not banish from our homes.

Great care should be taken in the selection of our food—the qual-
ity and quantity. Aiming to select such foods as are nourishing
and digestible, then have them well cooked and well baked. We
cannot have fixed rules for diet. Every man should be his own
judge as to what and how much he should eat. He must, however,
bear in mind that the amount of food and exercise must be balanced.
Great mental and physical work can be borne well if hygienic prin-
ciples of diet, exercise, etc., be attended to. Milk has so often ‘been
the carrier of contagion that everything which in any way could
affect it should be carefully examined. In order to do so we must
begin at the barn, and if I am allowed to suggest a few words to
the other side of the house, would say, keep the barn, the surround-
ings, and above all, the cow stables, as clean as possible. Animals
as well as man must have pure air and clean surroundings. Next
comes the dairy. The milk cans and even the water they are washed
in should receive attention.

Were the laws of health and physiology better understood, more
sought after, how great would be the effect. It would almost
change the face of the earth. Let us hope that matters of such
great moment may not always be considered of less importance than
the languages of extinct nations, or the unimportant facts of dead
history.

NATURE STUDY.

By Miss MARY SHEARER, Saxton, Pu.

Unlike most school subjects, nature study has not been reduced
to a conventional form—the same for every town and every school.
Nature rings endless changes upon herself; she has her seashore,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 175

her rural, her mountain aspects; her moods for summer and for win-
ter and the shifting times between. For every change of place or
date there is a new dress from her infinite wardrobe. To compass
nature is not to be thought of. The vastness of her field forbids
and the hopelessness of the task is a blessed feature of the study.
This is one study, at least, where mere acquisition may be thrown
to the winds and one study where the higher aim—that of keeping
the child in an ever enlarging sense with the world that excites his
wonder is not so easily missed. It will be a sad day, not only for
the child, but for the adult, if this delightful wonder ever relapses
into indifference.

Nature is a theme on which the child may try his tools; it gives
him something to talk, write, read or think about; something to
count, measure, weigh, draw, watch or otherwise to test; some-
thing to draw him out and tax him on all sides. How finely the
study fits into the spirit and aptitude of the unspoiled child, widening
his mind as it widens its horizon, and kindling his soul as it opens
up new prospects to his delighted vision; capital foundations in
awakened interest and a longing for more may be laid for the later
years when nature is more clearly seen. The world is a great pic-
ture book. Whenever we walk or ride over its surface we see the
picture stories on its stones and leaves. We see the grand proces-
sion of its seasons, the winds, the storms, heat and cold, sunlight
and shadow, and we read in the rocks the history of the world.

The most important object of nature study is not the acquisition
of a knowledge of plants, animals, etc., but it is to interest ,pupils
in nature and to cultivate in their hearts a love for it. The second
aim is to train the pupil to observe, express and compare (see, tell
and reason), to form the habits of a careful investigation and clear
and accurate statement, and to develop in him a taste for the beau-
tiful. Last comes the acquisition of knowledge. For the attain-
ment of any of these objects, interest, power, or knowledge each
pupil must study the object itself. A book should not be used by
the pupil, and the teacher should simply interest and guide the pupil
in his work. The pupil should get his facts from the objects (plants,
animals or whatever it may be he is studying), and not from the
teacher. The examination of the objects rather than 'the words of
the teacher should impress on the minds of the pupil the ethical
truths.

Observation is of little value unless its results are expressed by
the pupil. The forms of expression are: Motion, stitching, model-
ing, drawing, painting, making and oral and written language. For
the children in the kindergarten and primary grades, motion, stitch-
ing, modeling, drawing and painting are often more expressive than
language. Language, the most universal method of communicating

176 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ideas, must be emphasized in all but the earliest years of the course.
The clearest and most exact way of expressing form, position and
relation is by drawing.

Often the simplest and quickest way to give pupils clear, sharp
ideas about the objects they are studying is to have them draw ob-
jects before reducing observations to writing. Drawing gives better
ideas of form and relation than can be obtained from a word descrip-
tion.

Nature study will not succeed unless it is co-ordinated with other |
studies. It should not and must not be pushed in as an extra, but
must be made the basis of much of the other work of the school.
Experience shows that when used in connection with language and
drawing it gives to these subjects a life and interest they never
before possessed. The study of nature forms a fitting introduction
to much of the most beautiful in literature. The opportunities for
connecting such work with geography are numberless. Through it
even arithmetic may have a new life infused into it.

There are so many subjects in which the child must be tested, not
so much by standards within him, by which alone he can be fairly
judged as a child but as by standards without of arbitrary marking
and based on notions of scholarship. In these he must be held to
account from the start. But in nature study it is not so, at least on
its culture side—his free spirit should go untethered a longer time.
Of course his scientific house must be founded on a rock or the
floods will sweep it away, but tests of scholarly attainment need not
come till physics, chemistry or botany emerge as a separate study.

Nature study is winning the schools and the children, but with
all the gain that it is making, there is still many a teacher who moves
along in the old narrow ruts as if the highway that leads up to her
school room door never knew such a thing as the chinmunk’s hide-
and-seek in the wall that borders it or the call of the musical wood
thrush from the thicket hard by.

“Whether we look, or whether we listen,
We hear life murmur, or see it glisten.
Every clod feels a stir of might,
An instinct within that reaches and towers,
And, grasping blindly above it for light,
Climbs to a soul in the grass and the flowers.”

No. 7.- DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 177

THE BIRDS AND THE FARMERS.

By HARVEY CLARK, Mann's Choice.

When nature is undisturbed there is kept up a balance between
plant and insect life mainly by birds, which constitute nature’s
great check upon the excessive increase of insects. By the process
of agriculture man brings together in one area great quantities of
certain plants which he uses for food, and in this way furnishes
abundant food for certain insects, which often seriously affect the
profits of these crops. Thus, we largely lose the balance which
nature would maintain, and some means should be taken to increase
the number of birds; whereas, on the contrary, the tendency of
man’s operations has been to destroy the birds, and in that way we
can account for the immense damage every now and then by great
‘myriads of noxious insects. The actual benefit birds render to man
in destroying insects of all sorts cannot be fixed. It is roughly es-
timated that there are about ten times as many species of insects in
the world as there are species of all other kinds of animals com-
bined—mammals, birds, reptiles, shell-fish, and all the various forms
of life. Some writers estimate that the number is twice as great
as this—twenty times as many insects as all other forms of ani-
mal life. Now, of the aphides (plant lice), one during our ordinary
summer, will become the progenitor of 13 generations from the open-
ing of spring until the winter kills them off again; and as a rule,
there are 100 young in a brood.

As to the amount of vegetable matter insects consume, it is cal-
culated that an ordinary caterpillar will increase in 30 days from the
time it hatches from the egg, about 10,000 times its own size.

Tf the increase of the human body during a natural lifetime were
in the same ratio as the caterpillar’s, man would at the age of ma-
turity weigh 40 tons. This gives an idea of the enormous rate of
growth of caterpillars, and, proportionately, the enormous amount
of food which they consume. It has been estimated that about
10,000 caterpillars could very easily destroy every blade of grass
in an acre of cultivate ground. Took at the ravages of potato bugs,
army worms, and grasshoppers in the west. They destroy the vege-
table matter over wide areas.

12—7—1900

178 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ‘ , OL Doc:

It has been calculated that there are about 700 to 1,000 individual
birds to be found in every square mile of rural district. ‘Suppose
each bird consumes about 50 insects during the day (a very mod-
erate estimate, because parent birds visiting their young do so a
hundred times a day, and each time bring an insect or some article
of food, according to the nature of the bird); at this rate of figuring,
750 birds to a square mile, with 50 insects per bird per day—in the
State of Pennsylvania in a day there will be consumed one billion
seven hundred and sixty millions insects; or, in the course of six
months, 316,800,000,000 insects. Though probably a very moderate es-
timate, this willafford some idea of the immense benefit man derives
from birds agriculturally. Many birds considered injurious to man
will, on careful examination, tell a different story. The common
crow—blackbird, common in this vicinity, arrives from its winter
grounds in numbers about the first of March, gradually increasing
in numbers, and occurring all through the Middle, New England and
Southern States. This bird has a bad name among the farmers,
because it pulls up the seed corn, and later on feeds on the mature
corn, and to a certain extent on fruits. Therefore the farmers every-
where are down on the blackbirds. Some years ago, however, a
Government Bureau in Washington, D. C., was directed to investi-
gate the food habits of birds; and an immense number of bird stom-
achs were secured and then bottled in alcohol and studied under the
microscope, and the proportion of animal and vegetable material,
also the exact species of plants and insects that were contained, in
a great many cases has been ascertained. It was found in the case
of the blackbird that fully one-half of its food consisted of insects.
In the case of the young blackbirds, they for several weeks are fed
entirely on insects. The digestive organs of the young blackbird
do not develop the heavy, thick coating of the adult blackbird for
quite a time, and it would be impossible to digest corn and wheat
until it becomes almost an adult bird. The first food of the young
blackbird is almost invariably spiders; then larger soft insects,
finally, the several kinds of beetles. Hawks and owls have been
badly misjudged. Farmers shoot them on sight, because they
do a great amount of mischief. Investigation by the Department of
Agriculture shows that out of 73 species of hawks and owls in the
United States, there are only five really injurious to agriculture.
In all the others the proportion of noxious insects in their food is
very much in excess of a lot of our common hawks, there were 2,212
stomachs examined, and these contained in their food supply 56 per
cent. of field mice (very injurious to all sorts of crops), 27 per cent of
noxious insects, and 34 per cent. consisted of poultry. The chicken
hawk is a great friend, instead of an enemy, to the farmer, rarely car-
rying off any chickens, but feeding almost exclusively on field mice

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 179

and grasshoppers. In an examination of 562 stomachs of chicken
hawks, 278 contained field mice; 171 others, small mammals; 47
noxious insects, and 54 poultry. The actual contents of the 562
stomachs consisted of the remains of 40 small birds, 12 chickens,
52 mice, and several thousand insects. This shows that for every
chicken taken there were 50 mice, and probably as many as 1,000
or 2,000 insects, which considerably more than offsets the loss of a
single chicken to the farmer. Notwithstanding the favorable show-
ing, laws have been continually passed in Pennsylvania offering
bounties for the slaughter of hawks and owls. Furthermore, the
heads and scalps of other small birds which are not hawks or owls
at all, such as whip-poor-wills, night-hawks, and other such birds,
are brought into our county authorities, who are a good deal more
politicians than ornithologists.

These laws are still in force in some States, and in very few is
there any law protecting hawks and owls. The United States De-
partment of Agriculture has circulated thousands and thousands
of the reports from which I have given you some extracts, yet they
seem to have no effect upon farmers at large. The Legislature of
Pennsylvania passed a law some years ago protecting hawks and
owls. It was in operation for one session. In the next a bill was
introduced legalizing the killing of hawks and owls, showing the
impossibility, almost, of keeping laws of this kind in force in the
face of the popular prejudice. Some birds indisputably destroy
considerable quantities of ripened grain, fruits and berries, such as
the red-winged blackbird. Crows undoubtedly destroy a great deal
of grain; but in the case of the blackbird, he does quite as much
good as harm. The Baltimore oriole destroys considerable quanti-
ties of grapes in certain sections, but he is very largely an insectivor-
ous bird at other times, when he subsists almost exclusively on in-
sects. While the red-headed woodpecker feeds in summer almost
entirely on insects, during certain seasons he does considerable dam-
age to raspberry and blackberry crops. ‘The robin, king birds,
meadow larks, cedar birds, thrushes, cat birds, and sparrows are,
during part of the year, very injurious; but as a rule there are
very few of these birds but that amply make up for the damages to
the crops by the insects they destroy at other times of the year.

In conclusion, I say, every farmer should use his influence to pro-
tect the birds.

180 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR FURNISHING AND DECORATING
COUNTRY HOMES.

By LAURA M. DICKIE, Homer City, Pa.

In a western town there is situated a college for young men and
women in which appears this significant motto: “The honor of a
house is hospitality; the blessing of a house is piety; the happiness
of a house is contentedness; the ornament of a house is cleanliness.”
With this ornament lacking it will not be the abode of health and
comfort.

Then the first consideration of the home should be in regard to
its healthfulness. This is maintained when the household is kept
at its best. ‘That “order is heaven’s first law” has passed into a
proverb, and order embraces fitness, arrangements, simplicity, and
above all, neatness. It should begin with the cellar and end with
the attic.

Every farmers’ house should have a good cellar—one that will
withstand the cold of winter and the heat of summer. There should
be an outside doorway and also an entrance from the kitchen.

Now, we pass to the kitchen. Here we should find a good range,
a table and chairs, a sink placed underneath pipes that carry the
water into the kitchen, a cupboard well supplied with cooking uten-
sils, and on the floor a good rag carpet.

Off from the kitchen should be a pantry containing flour bins,
shelving for canned fruit, etc., and a cupboard for aprons and tea-
towels.

Every farmer’s house should have a dining room. This should
be an airy room—one that can be kept cool in summer and clear of
annoying flies. This room does not require a great deal of furniture,
but what there is should be of the most substantial kind. It may
contain in addition to table and chairs, a china closet and side-
board.

Whether a hard wood floor should be bare or carpeted is a question
on which housekeepers do not agree. The cleanliness of the bare
floor is an argument in its favor, but many prefer carpet as it dead-
ens the sound of footsteps.

The living room or sitting room, as it is commonly called, should
be the most attractive place in the house. All the furnishings

No. 7. . DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 181

should be of the most substantial and comfortable kind, with nothing
too good for use, and nothing that will be harmed by exposure to
sun and light. In this room there should be a large table, a couch,
a book case, good lights and comfortable, easy chairs.

In the parlor, especially, one might be tempted to be extravagant,
although a nice, neat parlor can be furnished without containing
upholstered furniture. Here could be found comfortable chairs, a
sofa well supplied with pillows, a stand or table on which is a lamp,
a brussels carpet and some rugs on the floor, and an organ in one cor-
ner, or, if the purse will permit, a piano instead.

The bedrooms should be well lighted and well ventilated. Each
one should be furnished with a comfortable bed, a dressing case
which should be as generous as possible in drawers and mirror, a
washstand, a towel rack, a toilet set, one easy chair ‘and one plain
one, a small table, and a rug. If means would permit, a couch, a
writing desk and book shelves could be added. Matting makes the
most desirable covering for the floor, as it is much healthier than
woolen carpet.

In these, as well as in the other rooms in the house, the furnish-
ings should be simple or elaborate as the taste would suggest or
the purse permit.

Now, as to decorations. It has been remarked that the best dec-
oration for the kitchen is a good looking woman who is a good cook.

In the other rooms, as with the furnishings, so with the decora-
tions. They may be either simple or elaborate.

Pictures may adorn the walls, bric-a-brac the mantle-pieces, and
curtains the windows, while house plants may be placed in the win-
dows of any or all of the rooms, but everything should be artistic.

CURING CLOVER.

By T. N. RALSTON, Elderton, Pa.

‘In presenting to you a way of curing clover hay that we have
adopted and practiced the last three seasons we would not have
you understand that we want to spring something new on the public,
with no merit in itself, but will endeavor to show you what we have
done and how we have done, and the purpose for doing it in this
manner.

In June of 1897, we were caught with four acres of clover which
was cut on Friday afternoon and rain fell on it immediately after
it was cut.

182 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Saturday morning proved warm and foggy, clearing at noon. In
the afternoon of Saturday, even before the rain-drops had all dripped
off, and no sign of wilting had taken place, we began raking and
piling this clover and had it all on shock by evening. Sabbath,
Monday and Tuesday following, it rained at intervals. Clearing
on Wednesday. On Friday, just one week from the time it was
cut, we began to put it in the barn. We turned the shocks over on
the side and pulled them apart, leaving the hay as much on edge
as possible. We succeeded in getting this hay into the barn in fair
condition. This hay seemed to be about as green, soft and pliable,
with heads and leaves on, as before it was cut, and it practically con-
tinued in that condition until used.

You will excuse me, but I must say right here, although I had
made up my mind to try this way again, every time I fed that hay,
during the winter, and watched how the stock relished it, I resolved
again to cure my hay in this manner.

When the haying season of ’98 came aloug we had twenty acres
to cut. We started the machine at the right time and cut and
shocked the twenty acres as soon as possible, regardless of weather.
Had it all cut and on shock before we put any in the barn. This
experiment proved to be satisfactory.

The past season we cut ten acres in the same manner, cutting two
crops. This was not so satisfactory on the first crop as the other
two seasons had been, the cause being, I think, that we permitted
the clover to get too ripe. It did not retain its green color so well,
turned a little pale; otherwise we see no difference. The second
crop this year is in better condition.

You can see samples of first and second crop of this year’s hay
here on the table.

Having these three years of experience, would say, that for best
results we would commence cutting when the clover is in full bloom
with a very few heads turned brown. Would cut in the morning as
soon as the clover is fairly dry, and follow with the rake as soon as
it has wilted a little; say one-fourth dry, or even less.

Stop cutting in time to have all shocked up before night, making
shocks medium size, pbuilding them with as little slope as possible
on the side until we arrive at a convenient height, then round off
with a blunt top, just enough to keep the wind from turning the
hay off shock. This is to get a uniform cure. If the shock is too
sloping and runs to a point, the top will be over dry, while the
buttom will be uncured.

In four or five days after we have done shocking “the flag will be
out,” or, a more intelligent expression would be to say, that in four
or five days from time of cutting the shocks will turn a beautiful
golden brown. This indicates that the hay is cured. This brown

IN(OELG DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 183

color seems to be just on the upper side of outside straw; all green
under.

An hour before hauling in, if convenient, have two men or boys
(for two can do this better than one), go along and turn the shocks
on their sides, and, commencing at the top (one man being on each
side), catch in witha fork, six inches down from the top, and set that
layer back two or three feet on its edge. Then another layer back
against the first one, and so continue until you have done with the
shock. The object is to shelter hay from the direct rays of sun, and
to allow the hot, dry air to circulate freely through the hay and carry
of all surplus moisture.

Now, the purpose of all this is to show that not only better clover
hay can be made in this way than in the old way, but that it can
be made cheaper and without the customary worry that attends
clover haying time, and to show that the great secret of making
clover hay is to cure it in the shade. Avoid the sun as much as pos-
sible.

Better hay; because it is not injured by sun, rain, or dew, and it

is not what we understand by the name clover hay—a dry mass of
brittle stalks, with the leaves all gone, or a mass of mouldy stuff
unfit even for bedding.
_- But we do have in this manner of curing, a mass of cured clover,
relished by all of our animals, from a bullock to a chicken, and the
only difference I see between clover before it is cut, and clover after
being treated in this way, is one is in a green state, the other is in
a cured or preserved state.

Cheaper hay—why? Because you concentrate all your energy and
force on one thing ata time. You start your cutter; draft in all the
men and boys about the place to help pile up. If it looks like rain,
go ahead. If it does rain some, between showers go ahead and get
the clover cut and piled; one or two good rains will do the hay no
harm while green. Rather it will do good, as it seems to heat up
and cure out better. So you can rush the cutting and be ready to
put the hay in when it quits raining, and it always has quit, so far.
So don’t worry about having your hay spoiled. To have this matter
of worry lifted off our mind is a great relief. The energy it saps
out of a man cannot be estimated in dollars and cents.

Now, we have tried to show you what we have been doing, and the
natural principles we have been trying to discover and work out in
making clover hay, and although we feel that we are far short of per-
fection, yet we do feel that we are on the right track, and with the
aid which we wish to solicit from our learned men in agriculture we
hope to arrive at better results in the near future.

184 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

IMPORTANCE OF SMALL THINGS.

By MATTHEW RODGERS, Mewico, Pa.

There is no spot om earth from which a path does not lead straight
to the sun. And there is no condition in life that is not in direct line
to true and noble success. Good soldiers must make themselves
such. The highest commissions in the gift of the government can-
not make a man a good soldier. Regardless of circumstances, the
making of our lives is in our own power, whether we are soldiers,
business men, or farmers. The most of us being farmers, or at least
dependent on the products of the farm for our livelihood, and this
being a farmers’ institute, we will consider a few of the small things
in connection with the farm, the farmer, and his family.

We liave often been told to never despise the day of small things. —
In choosing this subject I at first thought it was a small subject,
and would be easy to handle, and not much to write about, but the
more we consider the subject and study the amount of small things
we find needing attention about the farm, the more we get in deep
water, and fear the subject too weighty for the one who has under-
taken to handle it. We will imagine, now, that we are to have
charge of a farm next year. Of course, we all know we must have
horses, wagons, etc., but the innumerable amount of small tools
that is also needed, such as plows, harrows, cultivators, weeders,
planters, drills, forks, hoes, shovels, harness, chains, etc., etc., must
all be got in readiness beforehand. It will not do to have to go
for a plow-share when ready to plow,a few mower sections when
you go to mow, or a horse rake tooth or two when the hay is dry;
hay-ladders not in shape when ready to haul hay, binder out of order
and no twine when grain is ready to cut. We have all seen some of
these* kinds of troubles, if not with ourselves, with some one that
needed to have their work done on time, as well as us.

While school boys, we often read, “Large streams from little
fountains flow; tall oaks from little acorns grow.”

As the little acorn was the seed that produced the mighty oak,
then every seed planted will produce its kind. The seeds being
small things, they are also some of the important things for the far-
mer to look after, for if we do not begin right, we can never expect
to end right. You all know the old saying, “All’s well that ends
well that has not a bad beginning.” ‘See, then, that the seeds are

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 185

of the kind and variety that are best adapted to our climate and
soils. That is one of the small things that is very important for
there are different varieties of soils in our country, and the grain or
vegetables that do well on one soil may not do well on a different
soil.

There are so many little every day occurrences that turn up that
we need to cultivate the mind to be ready for any and all of these
things. For instance, a horse has been wocked until quite warm,
is then given all the cold water he wants, and a case of colic is the
result, while a little thought might have prevented it. The cows are
turned into the young clover, and a case or two of bloats, and prob-
ably a dead cow. We see the fence down somewhere and think we
will repair it to-morrow, but before we get there Jones’ hogs have
been in and rooted out all our early potatoes. It would be a small
thing to make these repairs when we see they are needed. Remem-
ber, a stick in time saves nine.

The matter of caring for our land and prevent washouts as we
see them is a small thing if attended to at the proper time. I think
no farmer has had more to contend with in this matter than myself.
When I commenced to farm where I am now, the fields were riddled
with gutters and washouts. With a little work after the fields are
~geeded in directing the water in the way you want it to go may save
you a sight of labor in after years.

It is said that home is a home if it is ever so homely, and we are
pleased to have it. Like the man with his wife in making his speech
said, if everybody would have thought as much of his wife as he
did, they would have all wanted her; a wag in the back part of the
house called and said; “Yes, if everybody would have known her
as I did, no one would have had her.” We must make the best of
what we have and remember that the one who has cast her lot in
with us for life will need to be looked after, and her burdens made
as light as possible. And one of the small ways we can help her is to
have good dry wood and plenty of it. It is a thing we must have,
and the work of getting it must be done some time, and it is just
as easy to do it in time and save having bad fires, smoking stoves,
and scolding wives, for there is nothing so annoying and trying on
a woman’s temper as green wood and a smoking stove. I hear some
one say, I would like to have the wood dry and ready for my wife,
but I do not have the time to provide it for her. I will tell you how
to get the time. You will have it in this way; rise one hour earlier
every morning during the year, and by so doing you will have gained
300 hours, or 30 working days of 10 hours each, and that will give
you plenty of time to do many of the little things you complain you
have no time for. We should make the home a pleasant place by
being pleasant and cheerful ourselves; meet everyone with a pleas-

13

186 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ant word, or, in short, always have on our company manners; take
them with us at all times; they are some of the small things and not -
heavy to carry.

The temper is a small thing, but hard to control. We should try
to control it by first controlling our voices; that is another of the
small things; never allow ourselves to speak loud or harsh to any-
one when we are excited or vexed. Remember that a soft answer
turneth away wrath, but grievous words stir up anger, and by that
means we will be able to keep our hiréd help with us; that seems
like a small thing but is one of the vexed questions of the day—
how to keep the needed help on the farm. Pay them what you
agree to promptly and cheerfully, and get them to be interested in
the work by consulting with them about what should be done.
Have them feel that they have some of the responsibilities and that
they are somebody and that their judgment is of some account, and
if they are level-headed they will do the best they can. While it
is our duty to be kind to each other it is also a matter of business as
well as duty to treat all our animals kindly, care for them in the
very best manner; it is a small thing at the time, but will eventu-
ally be money in our pockets. Make the farm and home as beauti-
ful as you can. It is a very small thing at the time to plant a few
shade, fruit and ornamental trees. Remember, the farm is not a
place to be lived on to-day, and move away from to-morrow, but a
home to be made beautiful by all the small things that can be added
to please the eye; a place where children are to be born and reared,
and where parents are to die; where new generations are to go into
the fields and reap, as the aged pass away. I fear that too many
farms are mere ranches where wealth is piled up for some other
generation without a smile or enjoyment by the occupants.

HOW ONE GIRL HELPED.

By Mrs. ELIZ. PARRY, Hatboro, Pa.

Gabriel South was not a successful farmer, if success means money
enough to provide a comfortable living and pay your honest debts.
Each year found him less able to meet the interest on that dreadful
mortgage, for dreadful it had become to him, and like a voracious
monster whose appetite must be appeased with the money which
represented so many of the good things he might otherwise have had.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 187

This interest would have given his girls those pretty things in
which girls so delight. It would have given his boy that better
education he so much coveted. It would have bought that strong
team the heavy work of the farm demanded. It would have brought
water to the house and barn, the wind doing the pumping and carry-
ing.

To some of you, one hundred and fifty dollars does not seem much;
you have given it for the ring that glistens on your wife’s finger.
You cannot imagine how so small a sum could put dark curtains
round a man’s conscience, and so shut out the light that he would
be apt to swerve from the path of strict integrity. His neighbor,
in talking over matters, had said to him, “You are foolish to expect
to get along doing as you are doing. I am not a man that ever had
much schoolin’, but I know a few tricks that are worth more than
all your book larnin’. Ill tell you one or two, if you won’t give them
away, for it don’t do for too many to catch on. Now, when I want
to hire a man, | always look out for one who has no friends in this
part of the country. When his time is about out—and I never have
any money for him between whiles—when his time is about out, I
trump up some dreadful charge against him, threaten him with the
law, etc. The outcome is the man is so frightened he is glad to get

_ away—wages or no wages. Our girls, when we have any, we man-

age in the same way. Oh, it’s easy, after you learn how, and those
fellows eat so much anyway, they don’t earn more than their board.”
Various other “ways that were dark and tricks that were vain” were
recited for Gabriel’s education. But one night, the light of a burn-
ing barn showed to this worse than “Heathen Chinee” that in some
of these games two could play.

As the stress of poverty became more and more heavy, he brooded
over these confidences and temptations of his rich neighbor until
his mind was so clouded with melancholy that he hardly knew the
right from the wrong and almost lost faith in the justice of God or
the integrity of man.

Seeing her father’s distress of mind, his oldest daughter often
asked herself the question, what can I do to help?

She knew that school teaching was out of the question, as her
education had not been such as would enable her to obtain the cer-
tificate necessary to enter the ranks of that profession. As that
door was closed, was there any other she could open? A friend of
hers taught music, going from house to house on her bicycle in
good weather, and using one of the farm horses when the roads
were bad. But the song of the birds, the humming of the bees, and
the joy of the young life within her were the only factors in her mu-
sical education. On this farm, the piano and the mortgage had not

188 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

made acquaintance; the one frowned so darkly the other dare not
trespass. But this heroine, though she might not be an accomplished
linguist, though she could not finger with skill the harp or banjo,
could set a patch neatly and darn a stocking in a manner her father
and brother thought more handsome than any embroidery. One day,
when she was visiting a cousin, one of those overburdened women
whose patch-basket is never empty, and while doing what she could
to reduce the size of it, she told of her desire to be a support and not
a burden. As they were sewing and talking, this cousin said to
her: “Julia, how I wish you would come over every week and help
me with my mending. I would be very willing to pay you, and you
do your work in such an efficient manner, I know there are others
who would be glad to do the same. I do not seem to be able to keep
any help, although I pay all the wages they ask, and while it is pos-
sible by good management to get along with the rest of my work, to
have to sit up night after night patching and darning when the
others have gone to bed is that last straw that breaks the camel’s
back. .

It seemed like queer employment, but why not? The fathers of
the family would certainly approve of having the buttons all on
and no holes in their stockings; but few favored fringes on their
wristbands or coats out at the elbow. Would they not think their
money as wisely expended for these things as given for lessons in
music? And as for the mothers, their verdict was a foregone con-
clusion. When her friends found she was not above receiving the
honest penny for honest work, she was much in demand. Not only
to lower the mending basket, but to have the oversight of those so-
cial affairs in which a neighborhood delights, but which often prove
such wearisome things to the givers. One woman thus expressed
herself. “Certainly I would like to entertain—have a little party
every once and a while, but I cannot afford a caterer or to buy my
provisions already prepared, and I never will go through what I
did the last time I tried to pay some of my social debts. The half-
done turkey, the greasy oysters and that big spot of cranberry on
the table cloth filled me, thrilled me with such terrors never felt be-
fore, and like the Raven, I said, ‘Nevermore’.”

To be able to enjoy their friends’ conversation and not have their
thoughts distracted by a thousand wonders as to this and that,
whether this thing was burning or that cooking; whether the chil-
dren were upsetting the ink bottle or pulling off the table cloth, ete.,
etc.; to have someone arrange the table, and serve the meal in an
artistic manner; to turn on the lights at the proper time; to attend
to all these as well, if not better than they; was what many had
prayed for and but few hitherto attained. Julia’s home training
had been such that she just fitted this waiting niche, and for her

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 189

labors she received not only her pay, but the heartfelt thanks of her
employers.

The first few dollars that she had earned gave her a taste for more,
and, being a girl of original ideas, of executive ability, and what is
most essential, of health and strength, she soon found other work
that willing hands could do. About the time currants were ripe,
she said to her mother: “Last summer, when Aunt Maria was here,
she told us she paid twenty-five cents a glass for currant jelly and
it was not so good flavored as ours. When father goes to market,
I think I will send a few glasses, and if he sells it a little lower than
the grocery stores do, perhaps we can get custom for it. Shortly
after this conversation took place, a letter came from the aforesaid °
Aunt Maria asking if they could not make for her some jelly like
the kind she had eaten when she was there. She would be willing to
pay what she did at the store, and would know it was pure and
clean. Quite a number of Aunt Maria’s friends sent orders for ~
jelly, when she let them taste its sweetness, and told how she came
by it, until from that neighborhood no currants went to market
in the raw state. This was such a paying employment that when
currants were gone other fruits took their place and went through
the same process.

While the jelly season lasted the mending basket may have been
somewhat neglected, but it was never despised, and in after days
she often said her first step upward was in one of these. Her
father had said to her in the fall: “Julia, if I should get two or three
turkeys to keep over, do you think you and I could raise a flock next
summer?” As none of their near neighbors were in the business and
no woodland near in which they could hide, she thought and said,
“Why not?”

Many a farmer’s wife has been reduced to a very limp condition
by the four C’s—cows, cooking, chickens, and children—but found
there was deeper water yet to cross when she tried to go on to
turkey. In this present embarkment a man was at the helm, with
his seven league boots, and when the rains descended he could pull
this cargo of turkeys to a safe Ararat and be none the worse for it,
thanks to a very sensible custom men have of dressing to suit their
occupation. Here also,.a woman was engaged who did not have the
supper to look after and a lot of sleepy children to wait on just at
the time when the turkeys should be hunted and fed. Of course,
under this management, they were enabled to turn quite a good
deal of their corn and wheat into turkey meat, and received good
prices for it. The tail feathers adorned the hats of many a belle, and
though they brought but little a bunch, they helped to increase the
pennies in the pile.

One day, when at the store, she saw a small bottle marked,

190 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

“Gherkins,’’ and upon asking its price, was told it was twenty cents.
Instantly the thought came, “Why not?” Bottles were cheap, there
were barrels of vinegar in the cellar for which there seemed no sale;
they had the land on which to raise the cucumbers, and best of all,
she knew how. Was not her mother noted for her good pickles
among all her acquaintances? And was not she her mother’s own
daughter? ‘That year, and not that year alone, the truck patch con-
tained more than one long row of cucumber vines. They had to
fight the beetles, to counteract the drought with the hose, the pick-
ing was back-breaking business, but when orders came for more
pickles just like the sample, the troubles of the past were forgotten
in the joy of the present. After a time, as she did not abate in the
excellence of the jelly or pickles furnished her customers, she had
as many orders as she could fill. Her father, finding how much
better prices could be had for the manufactured article than the raw
material, altered his manner of farming, and in connection with
jelly and pickles a canning factory was established. By these com-
bined means the mortgage was not only driven from the farm and the
piano invited to enter, but there is a home market in that neighbor-
hood for all first class vegetables and fruits, and the burden of debt
lifted from many a weary laborer.

LIGHTING, HEATING AND VENTILATING THE HOME.

By Miss MELVINA LUSK, Volant, Pa.

The home is recognized as the place most frequented by man-
kind in general. Whatever is related to the home should be con-
ducive to the health and happiness of those who spend the greater
portion of their time in it. To serve this condition, the manner of
its lighting, heating and ventilation is of no little importance. De-
fects in this line produce a needless injury to health in many homes.
With the present abundance of information on the subject of healthy
homes, why should they be constructed and regulated on otherwise
than approved methods? A few facts of my own and others’ ob-
servation may be presentable.

It is well known that light exercises a salutary influence upon the
whole system. Yet its hygienic importance should be more studied
than it generally is in the building of our houses. We know how
the plant or vegetable struggling to grow in darkened rooms be-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 191

comes feeble and light in color; and how persons living in poorly
lighted apartments become pale, less vigorous, and sickly. All
houses, then, should be so arranged that each room may be well
lighted, and the kitchen and sitting room being the apartments most
used, should be planned for the most pleasant and best lighted por-
tions of the house. Don’t be afraid to let in the sunlight; not that
we should live the entire time in the strong sunlight, but that there
should be means to admit the direct rays of the sun into any room
in which we live. There may and should be curtains or blinds to
modify the light, not to exclude it all the time, as is frequently the
case. ‘

The penetrating influence of the sunbeam will do more to impart
vigor to the body and the glow of health to the cheeks than any
quantity of medicine, though both are often a necessity. The limited
amount of sunshine that finds its way into the narrow courts and
alleys of the large cities is partly the cause of the stunted growth
and pale faces found there. We are told that it is the increased in-
tensity of the sunlight in southern climes that makes them so bene-
ficial to many invalids. It is also demonstrated that sunlight is
capable of destroying germs of disease. Sir James Wylie states that
“the cause of disease on the dark side of an extensive barrack in
_ St. Petersburg have been uniformly for many years in the propor-

tion of 3 to 1 to those on the side exposed to strong light.” ‘Do not
such facts favor the well-lighted room? Besides the invigorating
effect of light on mental and bodily health, its presence makes a
room more pleasant and inviting. High windows are recommended.
In regard to artificial light, little may be said, except that sufficient
should be furnished to render easy what is done with its aid. In
working or reading with both natural and artificial light, it should
fall upon the work or reading matter from over the shoulder, not
where the rays fall directly upon the eye.

Notwithstanding the beneficial effects of light, no amount of sun-
light will afford sufficient heat for human comfort in the winters
of this temperate climate. The rooms of our houses must be heated
artificially, and with the absence of natural gas in this section, coal
_ and wood burnt in some manner are the only accessories. In heat-
ing, the aim should be to furnish an even temperature, somewhere
between 60 and 70 degrees, as rooms too highly heated will lessen
the generation of heat in the body, and likewise the power of re-
sisting cold; this fact may be illustrated by a sudden change from a
hot to a cold climate. If an inhabitant of Cuba were quickly trans-
ferred to Greenland, the cold would be almost unendurable, and if,
after he had become accustomed to the cold of Greenland, he is re-
turned to his native island, the heat would be as unbearable as was
the cold in the first instance.

192 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oft. Doe.

It is a well known fact that the open blazing fireplace, although an
expensive form of heater, is the best for ventilation, happiness and
home cheer. The stove furnishes more heat, but is not so good as
a ventilator, because with the open fireplace a much larger amount of
heat and air are carried up the chimney. It is shown that the un-
pleasant heat of stoves may be partly avoided by providing stoves
which have a large surface of metal, so that the heat may be dis-
tributed evenly over the iron without heating any part to redness,
since red-hot iron allows the passage of harmful gases formed in the
burning of coal. A disagreeable feature of the stove is the dry air
which it furnishes. In all heating, a certain amount of moisture
must be present to meet the requirements of comfort. An open
fire door does not dry the air to any great extent, but the stove should
have a receptacle for water.

Steam radiators are objected to on account of their lack of ventila-
tion and their greater expense.

The warm air furnace brings from outside of the house a constant
current of fresh air, carries it over heated surfaces, and discharges
it by means of pipes into the different apartments. It is highly rec-
ommended for heating purposes, since it serves asa partial ventila-
tor, supplies a moist air, and, if adapted to the building in which it is
placed, does not allow the escape of gases, smoke or dust into the
rooms which it heats. -To supply pure, warm air, it is necessary that
the fresh air pipe open directly into the fresh out-door air.

There is a close connection between the methods adapted for
heating and those intended for ventilation. Ventilation is defined
as the problem of changing the air in a room with sufficient rapidity
without at the same time creating draughts. It is generally under-
stood that such a change is necessary in an occupied room, because
each occupant in every act of respiration is drawing from the air
of the room a certain quantity of oxygen and giving out in its stead
a quantity of poisonous carbonic acid gas, besides impure exhala-
tions from the skin. In a large number of homes no means are used
to remove this foul matter, and what was rejected by the body is
rebreathed again and again, not only by the person first rejecting
it, but by all the inmates of the room. In the blood thus poisoned
is laid the foundation of disease. No building materials, and no
windows nor doors are absolutely air-tight; if they were so, some
modern buildings would be unfit to sustain life, and the history of
the “Black Hole of Calcutta,” with its high death rate, might be re-
peated in many churches and school houses of the present day.
Since pure air is free, and since the rooms of our houses may be sup-
plied with it and still be comfortable with a little extra fire, why
need we suffer with head-ache, lassitude and disease as a result of
its continued lack?

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 193

Ventilation depends upon the principle of warm air rising when
surrounded by cold air. There must be two openings to produce
a thorough change of air; one for the removal of foul air, the other
for the admission of fresh air. This may be easily accomplished in
a living room in cold weather by lowering the upper sash of the
window, as this affords an escape at the top for the air of the room
and the entrance of fresh air between the upper and lower sash, or
an outflow of air may be secured by means of the open stove, a
chimney or ventilating shaft, and an admission by the door or win-
dow, if the hot air furnace is not used. Dr. Bell suggests that an
efficient foul air shaft may be fitted to the common stove by inclos-
ing the stove-pipe in a pipe two or three inches greater in diameter,
being left open at the end next to the stove. In summer, ventilation
may be provided for by opening windows at both top and bottom on
the sheltered side of the house. Sleeping apartments and the bed-
clothing should be aired each morning. In the sick room is even
more need for ventilation. Instances are known where the patient
has been compelled to lie in a very small, close, hot room, and al-
lowed to breathe with difficulty the stifling air, besides enduring the
suffering of disease. It was formerly believed that every precau-
tion should be taken to prevent persons ill with small-pox from
_ breathing fresh air. When a lady in South Carolina has this dis-
ease, her friends, after they thought life was extinct, caused her
body to be removed to an open shed. The pure air revived the vital
spark and she recovered. When the vapor breathed from the Jungs
begins to collect in drops upon any window, it is time to increase the
supply of fresh air.

Thus, to furnish a room that is both healthful and pleasant de-
pends upon the quantity of air admitted, as well as upon the man-
ner of supplying light and heat; when our houses, therefore, are
properly lighted, heated and ventilated, much will have been ac-
complished toward the making of the model home.

INTENSIVE FARMING.

By B. H. DETWILER, Hughesville, Pa.

I have been assigned the pleasant duty of discussing for your con-
sideration to-day “Intensive Farming.”
The farming of to-day is not the farming of a half a century ago,

13—7—1900

194 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

though prices rule about the same. The advantage of farm ma-
chinery does not equal the additional cost of living, and we are
drifting more deeply in debt. We cannot, with our higher educa-
tion, return to the manner of living of that period, nor would it be
desirable. Then not one man in twenty had an overcoat, and one
pair of shoes was the allowance of a growing boy or girl for win-
ter’s use. When they were worn out, we went barefooted. All
classes were economical. My grandmother’s story may illustrate
it. On Sundays they would walk within sight of the church, carry-
ing their shoes, and on returning home would remove them. In all
departments ofthe household this rigid economy was enforced.
Money was made and farms paid for by savings. All labor was
manual. It was work every day; women worked in the fields with
their husbands and children; besides doing the household duties.

My father, for that period, was a prosperous farmer. He kept a
dairy farm of 40 cows. My mother milked ten of them daily; she
considered it no hardship—it was the custom of the country. All
rode on horseback. There were no wagons for pleasure; even in
1855 there were no covered wagons in the prosperous Lycoming
Creek valley. Three minutes gait was a fast horse and 2.40, phenom-
enal. One hundred dollars would buy the pick of horses. These
were the good old times to which distance lends enchantment.

The grain merchants in Philadelphia made corners in wheat at
their option, from the Susquehanna and Lebanon Valley products.
These were sold from the farms and a legacy of exhausted lands was
left. By the judicious use of lime, fertilizer and rotation of crops,
some of its wasted fertility was restored, yet we cannot compete
with the virgin west in cereals. We have our farms and a crushing
competition with the incubus of indebtedness.

The question that interests us beyond anything, is how we can
make farms remunerative and keep our children interested in the
farm and farm life. We cannot recede into the ways of the past;
nor is it necessary, as we have a higher intelligence which we must
use to lead us into ways that are profitable and pleasant. We must
have larger crops of farm products. We must plow less ground and
make the land more productive, raise better crops, more cattle and
make more manure and take better care of it. Accepting the fact
that we cannot compete with the great west in cereals is no reason
why we should not raise them; but, instead of selling them at these
ruinous prices, have enough cows, pigs and poultry to consume them,
marketing them and their products, reserving their excreta to be
restored again to the farm in the shape of well decomposed manure,
neither leeched nor burnt. In either case, we have only organized
matter instead of highly nitrogenized plant food.

The ammonia we see escaping from freshly cleaned horse stables

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 195

and compost heaps is worth 14 cents a pound. A handful of gyp-
sum or plaster scattered over the stables or escaping vapor, will
fix it so that it cannot be volatized. Where ground is reasonably
level, the sooner manure is placed on it the more benefit will be
derived from it by the farm. The simple fact that you place ex-
ereta of cattle upon land does not enrich it any more than the same
plant would have done had it been left on the ground. The grain
you give the animals is the agent that enriches the farm and the
grain you sell impoverishes it.

The farm buildings should be large, airy, roomy, filled with sun-
shine, with large airing courts protected from the cold winds. Cat-
tle should be soiled, not pastured, as they tramp more grass than
they eat. Scrub cattle are an expense, not a profit. The bull is
half of the herd. It isa matter of prudence to have your herd tested
for tuberculosis and not purchase an animal that is not tested. Sev-
eral of our most admirable herds have been nearly exterminated by
the introduction of fine cattle with tuberculosis. The Singerly
herd has this unsavory record. The tuberculin is furnished-by the
Agricultural Department free of expense, and with the aid of a
clinical thermometer and a hypodermic syringe you can test your
animals without any expense and determine whether your cattle are
immune. ‘The demand for cattle is size, with the butter and milk
strains fully developed.

It is advisable to decide whether you will raise milk or beef cattle.
You cannot combine the two profitably; they are distinctly separate.
In order to secure size I am favorably impressed with the Durham
cow, crossed with the Guernsey bull. This theoretically would give
a large frame with the noted milk and butter strain of the male.
They would be the ideal large, yellow skinned cows, which are as
much in demand as the yellow legged chicken. I would not pasture
a foot of ground, beyond using in pleasant weather and enclosure
for sun and exercise; where a farm has a woodlot it would be well
to use it for this purpose. In addition to preventing the waste of
pasturage and solidifying the ground, it would save the expense of
fencing, which is a large item of fixed charges independent of the
item of lost ground. A farm of 160 acres has a loss by roads and
fencing of five acres, worth on an average $500, for which you pay
taxes and receive no benefit. It isa matter of economy to raise your
calves and keep them growing. <A stunted calf is like a stunted
pig—of no value. When a steer is two years old it should weigh
from 800 to 1,000 pounds. It has not cost you anything beyond your
labor, and being soiled, all the excreta remains as a valuable plant
food. A test that I made in a small way illustrates it. Two lots,
150 by 200 feet, gave a scanty subsistence to my cow. The land was
in a high state of cultivation. By keeping the cow in a shady, cool

196 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

shed with a yard, I had enough grass for her and four horses. The
cow gave more milk, kept in better flesh, and the horses appreciated
the change.

The succession of soiling crops you-fully understand, and by its
use you can quadruple the number of cattle the farm will maintain.
A silo is indispensable and inexpensive. My friend, Mr. Manley,
of East Canton, put one in his barn two years ago, 17 by 14 in the
clear. Independent of his own labor it cost him $69, with a capacity
of 120 tons. Prof. Hamilton assures me that he can raise 16 tons
of corn silage per acre, and that it requires four tons with clover
hay and bran to keep a cow or steer for 200 days. It is well to use
roots for your cows. At the Danville Hospital farm four acres
gave 108 tons of mangle wurtzel. The corn on 35 acres yielded 4,500
bushels of ears. The farm has 81 cows, whose average yield for 365
days is 15 pounds. We have not found it profitable to pasture them.
In addition to this milk, the Hospital purchases from the neighbor-
ing farmers from three to four hundred dollars’ worth of milk per
month annully. We have not been able to secure an appropriation
to erect silos, which we hope to build in one season. I prefer a cir-
cular or octagonal silo. Independent of succulent winter food,
it gives cheap food when the high temperature produces a crop
failure.

There is a constant demand for large milch cows in the dairying
district near Philadelphia, where they place their dry cows in the
shambles and find it more profitable to purchase fresh ones. It is
more advisable for the farmers to ship jointly their cows to this
market in carload lots, than to sell them to dealers, who make
large returns. Where herds are once established they are a source
of permanent income with increased fertility of the farms. I pre-
sent a clipping from the “Dairyman” that expresses farm production:

HOW MANY COWS ON EIGHTY ACRES?

“How many cows can I keep on eighty acres of land where corn
will go sixty bushels to the acre, clover two to three tons to the
acre, but land too rich for oats—all goes to straw. Would have
a rotation of corn, barley and clover, cutting the latter for hay
one year, and pasturing in it the second year, and following with
corn after manuring.

Hillsboro, Wis. Gk he

A man could easily keep forty cows on eighty acres of such land,
but what with horses and other stock, and some general farming, it
would be better to commence with a smaller number.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 197

HOW LARGE A SILO?

The same inquirer asks:

“How large a silo would I need, and how much corn would I have
to plant to fill it? I would have about forty tons of clover hay in
addition to silage. Bran is worth from $10 to $14 per ton.”

Two silos are much better than one. One silo, sixteen feet in
diameter and twenty-four feet high, will hold sufficient silage to
feed thirty cows two hundred days, which will suffice for winter.
But there will come the summer drouth and other exigencies, which
can not be in any other way so successfully met as with silage.
Therefore, a second, but smaller silo should be built for summer, say
fourteen feet in diameter and same depth. Eight acres of corn
should fill the larger silo, and five acres the smaller one.

We would recommend for winter use, if your cows are in full
flow of milk, as they should be, about as follows:

DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS.

a ”

¢ 3 9

Formula for Ration. 8 E &

3 d 2 3

5 o ’g 5

> a) ra |

= fu a »

a Ay 16) B
ME Wage GUE GoouSbok oncncovesuddoobued SonodnondonabodsoonUoO08On 7.92 .39 4.20 21
TH) Heth GENES TIERS ncotonbasscobocubbapanoceocnudoapondccseacopenbuc 8.47 -68 3.58 17
PENIS BT ATI eae aia iets c ecicleleeialetevsicne nie ee eine aie oslsie Soctass se ae RR See 3.54 | 50 1.54 12
Am UP See 1UIE CENA COU s are letalt cin ciclefetsietereieveraje s'olclelaleicisicievsicicie’sselsioiie evetele is ejsisiels 3.65 | 81 1.94 14
| 2.36 11.06 64

PES Ceuta stata Pay ctateteta ateyeteveie/ie etaletsierctotarreis eisfele/einislelosisvslelaiervelsielersictels | 23.69

Give in addition as much other coarse fodder as cows will eat.

He asks further:

“Which would pay best?—Iaise the steer calves (I have a Dur-
‘ham bull and native cows), and feed them on skim milk and barley,
or have the Jersey or Guernsey, and feed the milk and barley to
pigs, and veal the calves?”

If one proposes to make a business of dairying and wants to keep
cows for profit, he ought to set about getting a herd of dairy cows.
He cannot get such a herd with any certainty by using a Durham
bull, but should have a Guernsey, Holstein or Jersey. We cannot
choose among these breeds for other people. Each has merits
peculiar to itself.

198 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

COST OF SILO.

The two silos above described, if built on the stave pattern, will
require not far from 6,000 feet of lumber and nine thousand shingles,
and from sixteen to twenty hoops of five-eighths-inch round iron.

It is not advisable to have too protracted rotation of crops. Clo-
ver should be turned down after one mowing. The soil has the ad-
vantage of the clover roots and its nodules of nitrates, and where
timothy is desirable it would better be a separate crop. Timothy
exhausts soil quickly and does not produce a good ration for cattle.
When clover is properly cured by fermentation in cock, it is not dusty
and makes an admirable ration for horses and cows. Sheep are
more profitable and would be an excellent addition to the farm
revenue, were it not for dogs, who raid them and demoralize in a
night the work of years. The goat will make a valuable substitute
for sheep. They do well on wild lands and are antagonistic to the
dog crop. You can have them browse on slashings for eight to nine
months annually. They are more prolific than sheep, and can safely
be turned in the wheat fields. They will eat the briars and sprouts
in preference to the tender grain or grass. In five years they will
clear wild lands, so that they can be used for cattle ranges. They
furnish a superior food. Germans tell me they prefer a kid to a
lamb, and I see no reason why they should not be the coming venison.

Ve import from Europe and Asia $20,000,000 of skins annually.
The goat I would prefer is the Angora, large, long-haired, hardy,
and a dog fighter. The hair is used for mohair cloth, worth 30 cents
a pound. <A buck will clip ten pounds and a doe from four to six
and some say six to eight pounds. The market for the meat would
be in the coal regions among the Huns and Slavs, who have been
educated to appreciate this valuable animal. :

Another special culture should be the hog. hey are a good sub-
stitute for the wheat as a cash producer. They are omniferous
eaters, do well on a clover field, turning the skim milk with brewers
grains (10 cents a bushel), shorts and-cake meal, into hard cash.
They are more profitably disposed of when ranging from 150 to 175
pounds.

Poultry is frequently a neglected factor in the farm economy,
living the best they can, raised without system, producing eggs when
they bring the least money. The large egg producers are the small
varieties, but are not a marketable fowl. As a general all around
fowl I prefer the Plymouth Rock or Dorking, large, strong, active,
good layers and bring good prices when marketed as broilers or full
developed fowls.

At present a dozen eggs will buy a pound of butter. Fifty chick-
eus, hatched early in the spring will lay in November and catch this

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 199

profitable trade, and will discount the profit of two cows at the
price of one cow’s feed, with less loss and less labor. All these farm
products to be profitable require careful attention. It is seldom
a success as a sole factor in this country, but in France they have
large and profitable chicken farms, conducted solely by women.
The profitable farming includes the utilizing of everything upon
the farm, draining every foot of wet land and especially preparing
the ground for the crops. There should not be more ground plowed
than can be manured, either with barnyard manure or fertilizers
and fully comminuted. The roller should follow the plow before
the furrow becomes dry, then harrowed, and harrowed so frequently
that the ground is like an ash heap. You have then a seed bed
that the rootlets of the crop can secure its plant food.

Lime is a good means of changing the humus of the soil into this
plant food, but it is pooreconomy to lime your ground unless you have
enough vegetable matter for it to burn up, without this humus you
burn your land. The cheapest way to restore the humus in my opinion,
is to plant oats with a fertilizer. When changing color, plow down
as a seed bed and upon this plant your wheat or rye with grass, fol-.
lowing this with lime and you have made a rapid advance in the
fertility of your soil. Nature has given the soil enough phosphorus,
unfortunately not available with our extravagant farming, but with
a shorter rotation of crops. Clover plowed down with its won-
derful crop of roots, and your experience confirms this statement.

The reason rye is not a good crop to plow down green is that
there is less than one per cent. of phosphorus in its ashes, while oats
have about 12 per cent. Unless the ground is in good title and has
enough plant food in it available for the crop, farming does not pay.
The hard work is done, and medium crops repay the husbandman.
Many farmers have too much land wasted in neglected fence rows,
sprouty-land and worthless trees. Illustrating this point, one of
my farmer friends has a valuable river farm. He is a good farmer,
works hard, makes a good living and but little money. Across from
his barn he has a four-acre flat, spouty piece of ground. A spring
has made a run through it. There is fall enough to drain it. This
land would, under proper cultivation, produce 12 tons of hay annu-
ally, or 50 or 60 tons of corn silage, yet it is a tramping place for
hogs, cows and chickens.

Another friend had a large farm in partnership with his son-in-
law. They concluded to divide the farm. With half the land he
has, with more time and better farm work, his barns and granaries
are as full as he had with all of his land. He had a swampy, spouty
lot near the house, but had no time to care for it. He has it drained
and it is far the most productive piece of land on his hill farm, worth

200 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

more than some of his large fields and is right at his barn, with half
of his farm is paying off the mortgage.

The reason we have impoverished land, is that the humus is ex-
hausted. Phosphorus is present but not in available form for plant
food.

Timothy is a strong feeder and impoverishes the soil. Clover
hay is an ideal food. When cured in cock, it is free from dust and
has made its fermentation in the field. There is no profit in rely-
ing upon fertilizers for a crop. It is expensive and exhausts the
soil. The farmer’s fertilizers is his barnyard manure, enriched by
passing through his stock with grain food. It is the farmers’ bank,
and when leached by the rains and burnt in the yard, it is merely
vegetables decomposed and of little value, the ammonia being both
volatile and soluble.

It is a good plan when the fields are reasonably level, to place
the manure upon it as fast as it is made, not in heaps, but broad-cast.
There would be a certain loss by evaporation, but if mixed with
plaster in the barn, it would fix the ammonia.

The first point in intensive farming is to have your ground in
a proper state of cultivation with a surplus of plant food. Stable
manure is the sheet anchor, and stock is the manure maker. The
nearer the fields are enriched like the garden, the more intense can
by your farming.

On my experimental grounds I had a short crop of hay, plowed
the timothy sod, planted the eight row yellow corn on the third and
fourth of July. It made a good crop of ears, but the premature
frost was about ten days too soon. Next year I will plant a couple
of acres of timothy sod, after curing the hay ten days earlier and ex-
pect to have a fully developed crop of corn and fodder, two crops in
one season. In its cultivation, the season being unusually dry, I
followed each shower with the cultivator, forming a dust blanket,
preventing evaporation. I estimated to have between two and
three acres, upon a hill. It never suffered from the drought and
yielded 175 bushels with a fine lot of corn stover. A large amount
of this corn was soft, but by Jate husking will make good cow feed.
A clover sod, after yielding a crop of hay, will furnish a corn crop
annually of the early maturing varieties, or would make excellent
Silo corn.

The necessity of the farm is the caring of stock with ample food
supply. The preservation of the animal excreta, the feeding of the
roughage to high grade animals with the grain your farm produces,
whether cows, pigs and poultry, or more profitably, all combined,
selling the concentrated products, not the crude material, in this
way securing the highest returns for your labor. This cannot be ac-
complished unless you provide ample, comfortable -shelter for your

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 201

stock. They must have warmth, or you will have to supply extra
food for this purpose, with impaired assimilation. An hour’s ex-
posure to cold winds with icy water, will perceptibly diminish the
milk secretion and fat forming capacity, in your stock. ;

Your homes should be beautiful—flowers and all kinds of fruit
trees planted. A profitable tree to plant, independent of your or-
chards, is the walnut. They are deep rooted, fast growing trees,
delight in low rich grounds, sheltered from the winds, and in less
than half a century will pay for the farm. The walnut will have
its cycle of demand and there is none growing to fill it. The ground
can be farmed close to the tree and the shade does not injure the
grass and grain like the maple.

Utilizing all waste grounds and products, husbanding your fer-
tilizers, wonderful crops will repay your labor, and your income
from your fine stock will enable you to live with that comfort that.
is now a stranger to most farm homes, and your days will be days
of pleasantness, and your lives will be cast in pleasant places.

TRUSTS.

By F. W. WHEATAM, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Out of the three or four subjects which were suggested to me for
this occasion, I rather ambitiously chose to talk to you upon the
subject of the trust problem, although I was well aware that with-
in the limits of an address such as I would be expected to prepare
for you, I could only touch upon the most general features of the
subject, and point out to you, in the most general way, what merit
was claimed for the institution on the one hand, and what dangers
were apprehended from it on the other. Nevertheless, considering
the importance of the subject, and how vitally the outcome of it
will affect us, not only as a nation, but as individuals, I have pre-
sumed, not to give you my own thoughts of the matter, but to gather
together the best thoughts of the best thinkers, and lay them before
you, so that your own thoughts may be quickened, and your own
ideas developed, along the line of what is shortly bound to be the
all-absorbing economic question of the country.

This trust problem will become an issue in politics, and our fran-
chises will be sought to maintain, to check, or to overthrow it, and
it is our duty, therefore, as good citizens, {o learn what we may

14

202 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

about it, from the best sources available, calmly and dispassion-
ately, before the argument becomes clouded by party bias, and
pressed upon unduly and perhaps unfairly by party zeal.

I do not wish to be understood to say that partisan sources of
information are more reliable than party sources. I would not ask
you to turn to the President of the Standard Oil Company for an
unbiased and unprejudiced expression involving the merits and de-
merits of the trust. Nor, on the other hand, would I expect you to
rely upon the opinion of the Governor of Texas, or the Hon. Mr.
Peiffer, as to certain dangers which they claim are bound to attend
upon every aggregation of capital. But there is a tendency, not
easy to overcome, when the battle is on, and the issue has been
drawn, for Republicans to believe what they consider to be Repub-
lican doctrine, and for Democrats to believe what they consider to
be Democratic doctrine, and when that time arrives, the goats sep-
arate themselves from the sheep and the time for calm, dispassion-
ate argument is past.

It is my idea, therefore, that before that time is reached, it is
our plain duty, just so far as we may, to inquire into the matter,
and to reach a fair conclusion as to its merits, its dangers to us and
to our fellows, if such are likely to exist, and to devise the best
methods of checking, counter-acting and overcoming those dangers.

A trust is defined to be an organization or association of industrial
corporations, a majority (at least) of the stock in each of which is
transferred to a central committee or board of trustees, who, while
issuing to the stockholders certificates showing their interests and
rights to dividends, exercise the voting power of the stock, in elect-
ing boards of directors for the various associated corporations, and
in other ways, and thus direct their policy for the common object of
lessening competition, regulating production and lowering its cost,
and increasing profits.

The trust is a creature of the “end of the century,” and its advo-
cates claim that it is a necessity of the times. When trade was
small and the market restricted because of the absence or ineffi-
ciency of transportation, individual capital and individual effort ©
sufficed to meet the demands of trade.

When the facilities for transportation came to be developed, and
the ability to produce was multiplied; when the stage coach gave
way to the locomotive, and the hand cleaner to the cotton gin; in
other words, when the market was broadened and the manufacturer
and producer had the goods and the product ready for the market,
individual capital and individual effort was driven to the wall by
competition against larger individual capital and greater individual
effort, and in its struggle together and combining capital and effort
in the common cause.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 203

This led to partnerships, general and special, and to limited as-
sociations of various kinds, and to joint stock companies; and when
demands for aggregate capital became larger and men were not
willing to stake their all in a single enterprise, corporations were
invented, so that the liability of the contributor might not be
general, but special, and dependent upon the amount of his interest
in the concern.

A man would be rash to assert to you that corporations are an
unqualified good—but in my judgment he would be equally rash if
he were to say to you:that they were an unqualified evil. Their
necessity and their general power for good is quite apart from the
incidental evils which attend some of them, and the balance is so
largely in their favor, that even those who are most prejudiced are
bound to concede that they have been, and now are, powerful and
potent factors in the material prosperity of the country.

Let me call your attention to expressions of learned jurists upon
this subject—expressions called forth by important trials pending
before them, wherein the cause for and against corporations has
been urged and fought by men learned in the law, and learned in
the subject which we are considering:

Says Judge Caton, of Illinois: “Corporations have become among
the greatest means of state and national prosperity.”

Our own Judge Gibson, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
Pennsylvania, says, in Commonwealth vs. Carlisle:

“The combination of capital for purposes of commerce, or to
carry on any other branch of industry, although it may in its conse
quences operate on third persons, * * * is a common means
of the ordinary course of human affairs which stimulates to competi-
tion, and enables men to engage in undertakings too weighty for
one individual.”

Says Mr. Justice Field, of the United States Court, “As a matter
of fact, nearly all enterprises in this State, requiring for their execu-
tion the expenditure of large capital, are undertakings by corpora
tions. They engage in commerce; they build and sail ships; they
cover our navigable streams with steamers; they construct houses;
they bring the products of earth and sea to market; they light our
streets and buildings; they open and work mines; they carry water
into our cities; they build railroads and cross mountains and deserts
with them; they erect churches, colleges, lyceums and theatres;
they set up manufactories, and keep the spindle and shuttle in mo-
tion; they establish banks for savings; they insure against acci-
dents on land and sea; they give policies on life; they make money
exchanges with all parts of the world; they publish newspapers
and books, and send news by lightning across the continent and
under the ocean. Indeed, there is nothing that is lawful to be done

204 . ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

to feed and clothe our people, to beautify and adorn their dwellings,
to relieve the sick, to help the needy, to enrich and ennoble human-
ity, which is not to a great extent done through the instrumentality
of corporations.”

Now, trusts, as we have seen, are merely combinations of cor-
porations, where aggregate capital is combined, and put under the
control of a central board, and unless that process of association is
fraught with some particular evil, the power of the trust to develop
material good and prosperity ought to be greatly enhanced, without
disproportionately increasing its liability to do harm and to impede
prosperity.

All of the arguments which are advanced against trusts dwell upon
the alleged increased ability and disposition of aggregate capital
to make for the wrong, to create monopolies, for example, and thus
stifle competition and destroy individual industry, to decrease wages,
thereby lowering the cost of production and increasing profits, and ~
to increase the price of the trust product.

They put behind them the argument that the ability of the trust
to make for good and for the general prosperity is also enhanced,
and they ignore the fact that the only. trust which can become a
monopoly is one that can gain control of some natural resource,
such as oil, and that the Standard Oil Company, the commonest
illustration of a trust monopoly, has never had a wage difference with
its men, and while it has bettered the quality of its product, has kept
the price of it down, so that it is just a trifle more expensive than
daylight. ;

There is one aspect of the argument against the trust, however,
which I think may be conceded: it does tend to prevent competition.
Now, there is an old saw, more flippant than truthful, that “compe-
tition is the life of trade.” In these days, when capital is embarked
in special enterprises involving costly machinery, it is impossible
to withdraw it, or even reduce it, if the business becomes unprofit-
able. Competition in such cases leads quickly to a marking down
of prices, each getting lower and lower in price, to hold or secure
trade, and it is known as “cut-throat” competition. If it is the life
of trade, it is the death of the trader. It is one of the very things
which has led to the formation of trusts, for I can assure you that
when a manufacturer has to decide between “trust or bust,” the
outcome of that decision is not at all uncertain.

“Tf it be true, also,” said a learned judge, “that competition is
the life of trade, it may follow such premises that he who relaxes
competition commits an act injurious to trade; and not only so,
but he commits an overt act of treason against this Commonwealth.
But I apprehend that it is not true that competition is the -life of
trade. On the contrary, that maxim is one of the least reliable of

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 205

the host we may pick up in every market place. It is in fact the
shibboleth of mere gambling speculation, and is hardly entitled to
rank as an axiom in the jurisprudence of this country. I believe
universal observation will attest that in the last quarter of a century
competition in trade has caused more individual distress than the
want of competition.

“Indeed, by reducing prices below, or raising them above value (as
the nature of the trade permitted), competition has done more to
monopolize trade, or to secure exclusive advantages in it, than has
been done by contract. Rivalry in trade will destroy itself, and
rival tradesmen seek to remove each other, rarely resorting to con-
tract, unless they find it the cheapest mode of putting an end to the
strife.”

In deciding a case in the Exchequer of England in August, 1888,
Lord Coleridge said:

“It must be remembered that all trade is, and must be, in a sense,
selfish. Trade not being infinite, nay, the trade of a particular place
or district being possibly very limited, what one man gains another
man loses. In the hand to hand war of commerce, as in the con-
flicts of public life, whether at the bar, in Parliament, in medicine,
in engineering, men fight on without much thought of others, except
a desire to excel or defeat them. Very lofty minds, like Sir Philip
Sydney, with his cup of water, will not stoop to take an advantage,
if they think another wants it more. Our age, in spite of high au-
thority to the contrary, is not without its Sir Philip Sydney, but
these are counsels of perfection which it would be silly indeed to
make the measure of the rough business of the world, as pursued by
ordinary men of business.”

For a certainty, if the words of these men be true, the lessening of
competition by the formation of trusts, is not hurtful to trade, but
rather beneficial.

So many people persist in referring to trusts as “gigantic monopo-
lies,” that they have come to be generally known as such, and a mo-
nopoly is one of the things that the free-born American citizen natur-
ally resents. It was well said by one of the delegates from Penn-
sylvania to the Trust Congress at Chicago last September, that “if
consolidation of industrial plants prevented competition and cre-
ated monopolies, all thinking men would condemn them; but if, as
some believe, they only prevent that competition which is injurious,
and stimulate that competition which is beneficial to the public,
then, instead of curses, they are blessings.”

If any considerable number of people persist long enough in
calling an enterprise by a hard name, it will get to be known by that
name, whether it deserves it or not.

I have already suggested to you that the creation of a monopoly,

206 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

by the aggregation and combination of capital in the form of a
trust, was not possible, except in those cases where the product of
the trust was some natural resource, like anthracite coal or oil, and
the trust might secure practically all the product.

But even in these cases, ability to substitute something else for
the product monopolized, that it to say, that fear of competition
which is quite as efficaceous as competition itself, will keep down
the price of the product to a point which will return to the capital,
no more than a fair compensation. When the copper trust raised
the price of copper until it returned more than a fair margin of
profit on the capital invested, another copper trust was formed, and
the monopoly in copper was straightway destroyed. I rather in-
cline, therefore, to the views of that class of economists who believe
that when the incidental evils, such as discrimination, secrecy,
over-capitalization, boycotts, etc., have been provided against, the
question of monopoly will not be a serious problem of the trust.

Now, there are certain evils, incident to aggregated capital,
whether it be in the form of large partnerships, joint stock compa-
nies, corporations, or trusts.

And among these evils are, (1) The ability of the large shipper to
secure a discriminating rate, or what amounts to a discriminating
rate of transportation; (2) The ability of the large dealer to tem-
porarily discriminate in prices until local competition is driven out,
and to boycott rivals by offering an extra profit to customers who
will handle nothing but the trust product; and (3) the absolute se-
crecy which shrouds the books ‘and acts of the corporation or trust;
and (4) the practice of over-capitalization, or “watering stock.”

I am not one of those who believe in legislating against natural
laws, and I believe that the laws of trade are quite as irresistible
and quite as much above the commands of a legislative enactment,
as the laws which govern the motions of the planets.

But the incidental evils which I have called to your attention, as
likely to accompany the formation of trusts, are not laws of trade,
but perversions of the law, invented and carried out by men for their
own selfish ends.

Many of these evils, if not all of them, may properly be made the
subjects of legislation, and an enforcement of wise laws, passed in
this behalf, will, in my judgment, do away with them to such an
extent at least that they shall cease to be threatening.

If Iam correct in the views which I have expressed to you, then
the truth about trusts is found somewhat close to the assertion of
John Stuart Mill that “when markets are large and a large opening
for exportation, large systems of business are effective. Large es-
tablishments are substituted for small ones. This change from
small to large is wholly beneficial. It may have some drawbacks,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 207

but when once the system of large establishments is established,
the change from large to larger systems is an unqualified benefit.”

The trust properly organized—that is, not over-capitalized—and
prevented as it may be by wise legislation, from obtaining discrimi-
nations in its own favor, and against its competitors, with its books
open to the proper authorities at all reasonable times, is a wise and
potent combination to increase the development of the country, and
enlarge its material prosperity by widening and extending its mar-
kets, and whatever makes for the general welfare, is pretty apt to
make for your welfare and for mine.

I have spoken to you, thus far, of trusts, as aggregations of cap-
ital, and that is not only in strict accord with the definition of the
lexicographer, but it is the popular and generally accepted idea.

I may say to you in passing that trusts are not confined to cap-
italists, and that the great labor organizations of the country, like
the Amalgamated Association and the United Mine Workers, are
to all intents and purposes, upon the same lines, and calculated to
bring labor the same beneficial results, that the associations of cap-
ital are supposed to bring to the allied corporations. They, too,
have their evils and abuses, which it is not my purpose to bring to
your attention, and they, too, are quite as susceptible to defense,

__ and indeed to commendation, as the trusts of their employers, when

managed honestly and for the purposes for which they were created.
They recognize the principle that competition in labor is not life to
the laborer, and by restricting competition, within reasonable
bounds, and protecting the laborer against unwarranted or unjust
attacks on the part of the employer; controlling apprenticeships, and
regulating the hours of employment, etc., they have helped to make
him, what we are all proud of, the most efficient, and the best paid
workman in all the world.

I bring these things to your attention to show you that the value
of trusts is recognized not by capital alone, but by labor also, and
that they are quite as efficient, offensively and defensively, for the
workingman, as they are for the millionaire

It may be true that the existence of the one requires the existence
of the other, but be that as it may, the fact remains that in the last
thirty years, during which both have sprung up, the average of wages
in this country has risen sixty per cent., and the cost of living has
steadily decreased.

According to the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department,
the iron and steel trusts will send abroad in this year of our Lord
1899, more than a hundred millions of dollars’ worth of iron and
stee1—$20,000,000 more than they sent last year, and this in the
face of advanced wages to their workmen, and increased cost of ma-
terial.

208 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Just how trusts will affect the farmer, I say to you frankly, is
not entirely clear to me. No less eminent authority than Mr. Have-
meyer, in his testimony before the Industrial Commission, seems to
be of the opinion that it will cheapen the raw material. Now, while
I can understand that Mr. Havemeyer, one of the so-called sugar
kings, might be of opinion that sugar as a raw material would be
cheapened by the sugar trust—because it is a product directly af-
fected by that trust—I am at a loss to understand how anything
which you, as general farmers, might grow, could, except indirectly,
be affected by combinations of capital in no way dealing with your
products.

I assume, now, that there can be no farmers’ trust—no combina-
tion to restrict the production and control the prices of farm pro-
ducts. The interests are too numerous and diversified, the markets
too broad, the opportunity for easy competition too great. If, then,
the price of your products is not cheapened by the trusts, and your
production is not restricted, and your markets are not narrowed,
I cannot see how you can be harmed in these respects.

On the other hand, if the outcome of the trusts is to cheapen the
things you buy—your oil, your sugar, the machinery with which you
till the soil, the clothes which you wear, the books which you read,
and the things with which you adorn and beautify your homes—in
these respects, at least, the trusts are a benefit to you. No matter
what may be your fears as to the result of this problem, I beg of
you to examine the matter carefully, and without apprehension. Do
not permit your minds to become biased with the idea that the
trust is a great octopus, with its arms stretched out to throttle in-
dustry.

Such a state of affairs could never exist in this country; and if,
in the development of industries, it should ever transpire that the
fears of the alarmist were realized and the trusts should really be-
come the blood-thirsty monsters which they are depicted, the free
people of this “government for the people and by the people” would
rise in its wrath and wipe them off the face of the earth.

I have no more fear that this will ever happen than I have that the
alarmist will be able to turn backward the hands of time, and put
us once more in the age of the stage-coach, and the sailing vessel.

Trusts are the natural result of industrial evolution, and, prop-
erly controlled, and fairly protected in their legal rights, along the
lines of our experience, prosperous as we have been, and prosperous
as we are, they will carry us forward to still greater prosperity.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 209

PUBLIC ROADS.

By C. H. RICH, Woolrich, Pa.

Public roads, the annihilator of distance, the great channels that
bring the commercial interest in close relation with the marts of
the world, and is the solution of stagnation in commercial centres.
It is a civilizer as it brings the dark recesses of a country in close
touch with the sciences and business commerce of enlightened lands.

The permanent highway is one of the prime features in our pres-
ent commercial system. It is not only the advance agent, but a
builder in the formation of civilization. In all ages the extent and
condition of the highways have been the measure of prosperity and
power of the people or government. It is true, to a certain extent,
that steel supplants the primitive dirt road in binding the widely
separated territories, while the more closely connected communities
are linked and made more practicable by a good, permanent road-
bed for the use of vehicles; this means is preferable and more econ-
omical than steel and steam, which open to a more profitable use
the varied resources, otherwise will lay as dormant as has been
the experience of the past centuries that have not availed itself of
this pre-eminently potent factor, and which constitute the most
striking proof of an onward march in advanced civilization. For
these and sundry reasons, the subject of permanent roads, must and
is not only beginning, but is far advanced, and shows in a parallel
ratio quantity and quality of permanent roads with prosperity and
civilization all inter-dependent.

It is no longer a question of doubt that no single influence has
done more in the developing of the United States, as railroads, in
conjunction with good public roads, since the public roads are the
feeder of steel roads, which coming universally perpendicular to
and forming necessary tributaries, as well as feeders to the railroad,
public roads are hence the beginning and ending of every general
railroad system, to a greater or less extent.

Inasmuch as the river Gurudi divided the Gauls from the Helve-
tians, and separated all business relations, so are countries sepa-
rated from each other by either natural causes, as mountains, rivers,
forests and distance. Then the dire disasters culminating, aye revo-
lutions themselves, with strange relations, are all more or less at-
tributable to the want of better public road system.

14—7—1900

210 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

What of the rebellion? History and fact will bear well on the
point.

Famine, floods and tornadoes are caressed by the great arm of
public road system, and their agonies, distresses and despair are
alike alleviated, rocked to sleep by the close, sympathetic touch
of the more favored brother who is not encumbered by transporta-
tion facilities in supplying the wants at once through these dis-
tance-annihilating channels of good roads.

Not only this, but it is a tax raiser, as it enables you to reach the
markets when goods and grain are wanted, and not after the market
has been closed. It is a bond lifter, as it is time saved in traveling
(time is money, if properly employed), that can be utilized to a more
advantageous employment on the farm or in the shop.

Who would not go with the farmer in his dreams, as he passes
down the public highway, level as the floor, viewing the verdant
fields and inhaling the aromatic sweets of a thousand flowers?
Health, with its ruddy glow, pervades his face, as the light of day
dispels the darkness of night. Behold his two horses which skip as
lambs, behind that farmer’s former six-horse load on bad roads,
now chaffing the bit in high spirits under the improved system.

PUBLIC ROADS AND HOW TO IMPROVE THEM.

To take out the hindering causes to successful, permanent road
building, if we succeed on these points, we will have reached the
goal of expectancy.

Do you see that man traveling yonder? Let us drive slow as we
pass. Yes; I notice the feline curvature of his vertebrae; his head
hugged between his shoulders like an owl—his horse has stopped—
the driver moves slowly out over the front wheel, climbs down the
spokes like a chicken thief on a ladder—he reaches the ground—then,
with one finger wipes the dew-drop from the end of his nose—he
walks back toward the rear end of the wagon, gets out a three-foot
two-inch stick, with a six-foot four-inch lash, moves front and as-
sumes the position of a horse trainer. With a few cuts of the whip
the horse again starts—the man now walks along the side of the
wagon with his left hand on the right side of the wagon bed. I
notice his hair of a dark dusty color, hanging in strings or tassels
about his neck and ears—that old, greasy hat, with a dinge in front
and a ragged hole at the side, which looks like the ragged edge or
armor plate of an American vessel blown up by a Spanish torpedo,
affords the head gear. As he walks along, I notice his face—
brown, dirty and greasy, and strubbly whiskers protruding there-
from. He has a brown pair of overalls on, one leg with large ragged
hole at knee, the bottom in frills and six inches from his unbuckled
shoe top, while the other seems to be fairly good, reminds me that

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 211

the storekeeper must have shown him only the one leg of the over-
alls over the counter to sell by, and the other kept towards himself
to make profits on; but, notice his strange movements, as he puts
the whip inside the wagon; one hand goes down in his gray, bleached
and greasy coat pocket and brings up the bowl of a clay pipe, four
years and nine days old; by the dark shade and pungent aroma of
several weeks older still, the stem, one inch in length is put in his
mouth, after the bowl has been filled with “pull down shed navy.”
It is then adjusted so that both nostrils will come over the bowl of
the pipe; this will now afford the proper economy by utilizing all the
escaping gases. He now reaches again for the whip to take the place
of the dinner the horse has missed, by being six hours on a road,
in accord with the driver’s views, but only two and a half miles
long. I notice the cracker of the whip as it strikes the old collar,
and eleven strands of diiferent length fall to the ground. What
about the horse? Not to go into detail, as there are many fine
points for an anatomist to reflect upon, and has nothing to do with
road condition, only the eifect of some cause—neither has the wagon
—but let us look at it. It has three wheels of an antedeluvian
pattern; one borrowed from his neighbor Jones, three and a half
miles distant, the tire of which is half set on and half set off. The
The figure that it cuts on the ground is of a parabolic nature. The
hubs of the three wheels project so that three turkeys could roost
without being crowded on each hub, and in fact looked as though
it had been kept for that purpose. But the apparent image of the
man, the chief arbiter and controller of our road; I see him yet, with
his mouth stretching across the wide desolation of his face, a foun-
tain of falsehood and sepulchre of ruin. His family consists of a
baker’s dozen, two girls and eleven boys. Election is on—a super-
visor to be elected. We vote for economy; we vote for mud trough
and dust trails. These require no taxes, no pride, no brain, no re-
ligion, no law, no nothing. Weare nothing and a nothing is elected.

Q. E. D., he carries out his constituent’s wish, by perjuring his
soul when he say by solemn oath that he will keep the roads ina
passable condition and easy of access at all times and at all seasons
of the year. No religion, when he care not for the life of beasts of
burden. No pride, the demoralized condition tells for itself. No
brain, as they would certainly show in judgment exercised. Now,
fellow citizens, “when the foundations are gone, on what shall the
structure be builded?”

We have tried to show you very meagerly the real condition that
confronts us in regard to improved public roads. Who are you
going to vote for at the spring elections, with the gang of fellows
whom I have just described, who are ruinous to the best interests
of society—anarchists opposing all public interest. Good roads

212 _ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

must be built on scientific principles... You can no more build good
roads with fools and idiots, than you can run Republican form of
government with the same element, and it will be just in proportion
to the amount of intelligence shown—a fountain cannot rise higher
than its source, neither can the reform of a party be greater than
its constituents.

This has been verified in political affairs. It is verified in township
public road affairs to-day. What is more preposterous than to as-
sume that a man who all his life never earned over one or two hun-
dred dollars a year and never ran any more business than a pick
and shovel be elected to the office of road supervisor to lay the
number of mills of tax. Collect same and squander three or four
thousand dollars of the people’s money annually in a vain attempt
to patch dirt roads, when if judgment were exercised over townships
that are now in apparent bankruptcy, would to-day be among the
civilized and prosperous portions of our land, again, as the telephone
and telegraph connect distant lands in thought, the roads convey
and carry out the purport of the mind. As money is a medium of
transmitting the values, so is a good road a medium for the trans-
mission of commerce and is the ultimate nieans and end of inter:
locking mind, money and commerce: These three great forces with-
out the modus operandi of good public roads would be paralyzed and ~
utterly fail and is operative only in proportion to the means af-
forded. Then educate the masses that the highest possible results be
obtained; with education the greatest amount of enjoyment is ob-
tained. He lives most, who thinks most and enjoys the labor of his
thought. The great advantages to be gained shown in figures are
so stupendous that we at this time have refrained from compiling
as they have been given on a farmer occasion, and seen useless until
we can comprehend our real position, and resort to the means to
help ourselves, namely the ballot. Vote for our land’s improve-
ment, our home’s improvement, and God, as he is in the scientific
road, a principle that alleviates the condition of his created beast,
and the highest possible enjoyment of mankind.

——— —

PAPERS SELECTED FROM THOSE READ

BEFORE THE

feo tei BOARD OF AGRICULTURE,

AT THE

JANUARY AND JUNE MEETINGS, i800.

(218)

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 215

PAPERS SELECTED FROM THOSE READ BEFORE THE STATE BOARD OF
AGRICULTURE AT THE JANUARY AND JUNE MEETINGS, 1900.

LIVE STOCK IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA.

By J. 8S. BURNS, Clinton, Pa.

During recent years the live stock industry in this section of our
State has undergone a very great change. Electricity has sup-
planted the use of a great number of horses about our large cities,
and that, too, a class of horses that were of little use in other lines
of city industries. We refer to the “chunks” that were used by
street cart lines. This left in the hands of the producers a vast
number of this class of horses, and they in turn had their effect
upon other grades of horses, and the result was a glutted market.
Producers, as a class, quit breeding horses, and to-day young horses
of good quality are exceedingly scarce and command remunerative
prices. Of course, that class that was so rapidly worn out by street
ear lines does not meet with much inquiry, except for farm purposes,
and that largely because of their low price. But the massive draft
horse of symmetrical form, for city teams, and the high stepper,
with arched neck and good spirit, for the man of wealth or pleasure,
are in good demand, and command paying prices; but they are
not here, and few in sight.

A few years ago a great many of our farmers would, once or twice
a year, drive a number of fat cattle to the Pittsburg market and sell
them direct to the butcher, receiving the full return for their product.
But later a change was wrought, and if the farmer sold his cattle
on the market at all, it must be done through the agency of a com-
mission man. And the farmer who thought to dispose of them other-
wise would soon realize that a combination of forces was operating
against him, and sooner or later he would find himself “froze out”
and completely at their mercy. Next came the birth of the dressed
beef combine, and the farmers, feeling themselves handicapped on
every hand, became discouraged. And this, with the opening up
of many railroads, caused many of them to turn their attention to
dairying. And the great numbers who embarked in this business

216 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

eventually brought the price of milk below the cost of production,
and by the fall of 1899 many dairymen had decided to dispose of their
herds; and some had already done so, when a sudden rise in the
price of milk turned the tide, and at present it is bringing remunera-
tive prices; and milk dealers have runners out in many sections so-
liciting milk supply.

About ten years ago wool began a downward tendency, and so
continued until 1896, when it reached a rock bottom of 10 cen'ts for
unwashed, and 15 cents for washed fleece, per pound. Of course,
there was no money in sheep under these conditions and husband-
men, almost with one accord, placed their flocks on a glutted market
and disposed of them at ruinous prices. In some cases, even as
low as 50 cents per head for very fair quality of sheep. These men
turned their attention to the other lines of farm productions, and
largely to the dairy, because at that time, cows were high, and
dairy products commanding remunerative prices. A few of the
more prudent, however, retained their flocks, carefully culling them
from time to time, and disposing of the refuse. And in some cases,
the older and larger ewes were bred to a ram of the mutton breeds,
and the lambs sold to the butcher. Another feature of the case, has
been the springing up of numerous railroad towns, and of course, a
dog is a very necessary adjunct to a village home; and they so fre-
quently have wrought depredations among the flocks of the country
that husbandmen often declare they will have to abandon sheep
raising entirely. It is true, our State laws, of more recent enact-
ment, afford some relief to the farmer in making good his loss; but
it does not save the life of his sheep when a lot of hungry dogs get
among them. LBesides, it is scarcely possible to estimate the actual
damage to a flock of sheep that has been worried by dogs. Asa
rule, the farmer would be better off to destroy the flock and dispose
of the pelts. But the reaction in wool, so long looked for, and so
slow to come, is at hand, and in spite of these adverse conditions
farmers are glad to secure high class breeding ewes at from $4.00
to $5.00 per head. And farmers anticipate receiving 40 cents for
their wool in 1900.

In the swine industry there has, perhaps, been less variation in
breeding, relative to numbers, than in other lines of live stock; and
largely because each crop is marketed, in turn, regardless of the
condition of the market, thus making room for the next. There
has been a decided decrease in the number of young swine wintered
each season; farmers realizing that there is more profit in young,
early maturing swine, placing the spring crop on the market the
following fall. Besides, the demand of the market is, largely, for a
smooth, fleshy made pig weighing from 175 to 225 pounds live
weight. And March or April pigs can easily be made reach this

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 217

weight, and if desired, be marketed before Thanksgiving, which for
the small grower, is the better thing to do, as poultry will, toa
great extent, supplant the use of pork, from this until after holi-
days.

Poultry in all its various branches is grown in this section of the
State to considerable extent; and usually finds a good market. But
the amount raised in sections adjacent to our large market centres
would be inadequate to the demand were it not for the vast numbers
shipped from other localities. As we gaze upon the tons of poul.
try found in the Pittsburg market during the holiday season, we
naturally inquire, What will be done with all this? But it is all
disposed of and room made for more. And here, again, early mar-
keting is essential on the part of the farmer and small grower. And
in this connection the condition of the Ohio river becomes interest-
ing. A rise will bring boat loads of poultry from points below, and
they are dumped upon the market, often causing a glut for the time
being. And if a good stage continues, it will have a depressing in-
fluence upon the market. Hence the importance of local growers
marketing early.

OBSERVATIONS.

From much of the foregoing, the old and trite.conclusion is again
forced upon us, that no class of people is more given to rush from
one branch of our industry to another than we Americans are. At
a time when one line of our products is depressed and yielding little
more, or perhaps less than the cost of production, some other com-
modity is enjoying a lucrative period. Then there is a rush from the
one to the other, irrespective of the cost. And we are sure to aban
don the one at a sacrifice and equip for the other at boom prices.

We are aware that our worthy Secretary of Agriculture is an
advocate of specialties, and we have all respect for his good judg-
ment, yet we are constrained to say, that in our experience a system
of mixed husbandry is better adapted to the wants of the ordinary
farmer than specialties. There has never been a time when we were
not able to realize fair prices from at least one commodity and thus
relieve the stringency of our money supply, and perhaps enable us to
hold some other product for a better market. But we are compelled
to recognize the fact that not every one can divide his attention
among many lines of agriculture, either from lack of taste or quali-
fications. So, first of all, it is important to carefully study ourselves,
and know what we are fit for. Then carefully study our business,
and pursue it with as high a degree of intelligence as we can com-
mand, and not neglect to cultivate good staying qualities with our-
selves. ’

During the recent years of depression, there was never a better

15

218 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

time for farmers to stock their farms with animals of high merit,
for at one time or another they have been available at prices seem-
ingly within the reach of any farmer; yet it is surprising how few
embraced the opportunity. There has been greater improvement
in swine, poultry and sheep, in the order named, throughout this
section, than in horses and cattle. It is not uncommon to see a
herd of smooth, even-bred hogs, or a flock of poultry, uniform in
color and breeding. But among our cattle, with but few exceptions,
and especially our dairy herds, every color and size may be seen.
And now that beef cattle are coming into repute, some would fain
persuade us that a Jersey steer is as good for beef as a Short-horn
and would have us waste our time, energy and feed, and then destroy
our powers of mastication and regard with distrust everything that
comes from the butcher’s block. The facts are, good feeding steers
cannot be secured from home producers.

And finally, amid all this struggle and turmoil, farmers have
stemmed the tide and lived through it all; and, to the best of our
knowledge, none have passed from this great stage of action through
the agency of want or privation. And the well-to-do enjoy con-
veniences and advantages unknown to some of us when young.
Carpets cover the floors, pictures hang upon the walls, musical in-
struments supplant the spinning wheel and knitting needles. And
we rejoice that such great changes have, and still continue to come.
There is no class of people deserve more of the good things of this
life than do the farmers. There is much to be deplored; many
things that need correction; but it requires the dark to add lustre
to the bright side of life. And, after all, this world is not such a
bad place to be, and some of us will undergo a very radical change
of mind, if we leave it a moment sooner than we can help.

FLORI-CULTURE AS A PROFESSION.

By EDWIN LONSDALHE, Philadelphia, Pa.

Flori-culture is a branch of horticulture, and horticulture is a
branch of agriculture, and agriculture is the foundation of all in-
dustries.

[t is somewhat difficult to determine just where horticulture be-
gins and agriculture ends, so closely are their interests interwoven.
The farmer is more or less interested in horticulture, and the gar-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 219

dener is more or less interested in agriculture, and flori-culture lays
claim to its share of attention also.

While agriculture is the oldest among the professions, and horti-
culture comes in a good second, flori-culture is possibly the most re-
cent of all. Everyone connected with any of these three professions,
however, can without hesitation be pronounced tillers of the coil.

Our grandfathers and grandmothers would have scouted the idea
of offering for sale their beautiful and fragrant blossoms, though
as gifts nothing would be more freely given or better appreciated
or give more genuine pleasure; but to barter them for gold or silver
would to them have been sacrilege in the extreme; and as nothing
is so.appropriate for gifts as flowers and gives more pleasure, and
because everyone who desired to have flowers to give and could not
have them without buying, was, in this commercial age, the founda-
tion of flori-culture as a profession.

Twenty-five or thirty years ago nearly all the retail flower stores
in Philadelphia had a greenhouse establishment of their own for
growing cut flowers for sale, and when additional flowers were
needed, the retailers often found it necessary to buy from each other
or from greenhouses in the suburbs; and the gardeners and pro-
prietors of amateur establishments were frequently tempted by coin
to help out when the demand for-flowers was superior to the supply

The greenhouse establishments in the suburbs of Philadelphia in
those days, where cut flowers were more or less a specialty and where
the florists yet did a general retail business, found after a few years’
experience that the wholesale part of their business, where they
disposed of their surplus among the city retailers, was very much
the most satisfactory. And that was the cause of establishments
being started about twenty years ago, both outside and inside the
city limits for the purpose of growing cut flowers to sell exclusively
at wholesale to the city retailers, and since that time numerous
places for the same purpose have been started, which have met with
encouraging success. ‘

It was found that where a retail and a wholesale business was con-
ducted jointly there were conflictions. When the suburban green-
houses needed the most flowers, the city florists could use them in
greater numbers also.

About the time stated above, namely, in the year 1880, many flow-
ers found their way in regular shipments both from New York and
Boston, but at the present time there are more Philadelphia grown
roses sold in Boston that there are Boston roses sold in Philadelphia.
Boston and New York were both in advance of Philadelphia in the
production of cut flowers in those days, and possibly they are to-
day in many respects. The growers for both those cities have a dis-
tinctly different way of disposing of their flowers at wholesale than

220 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

they have in Philadelphia. For instance, the majority of commer-
cial florists growing flowers to be disposed of among the retailers in
the Quaker City have their own salesmen, and some of the proprie-
tors even sell their own product, delivering the flowers at the differ-
ent stores daily; whereas, in both Boston and New York wholesale
markets are established where the retailers buy early in the morning
what they expect they may need during the day.

It is only a few years ago that nearly every florist built his own
greenhouses. He was a carpenter, steam fitter, painter, glazier and
florist in combination, and the materials used in the course of con-
struction were of the very cheapest possible character. He tried to
cover as much ground with a given piece of glass as possible, and in
many cases it was questionable economy, though, as a rule, in those
days it was the only way open for an ambitious young man, with
very little cash capital, to start into business for himself.

This is certainly a commercial age, and the rapid development of
the business of flower growing for sale has been enormous, almost
beyond belief during the past few years. In the ages to come, when
an adequate history of the development of commercial flori-culture
shall be written, it may be made to appear as though it had almost
sprung up in a night.

It seems only the other day that a greenhouse one hundred feet
long was considered the correct and extreme length practicable in
which to grow plants and flowers, but a week or two ago in the flori-
cultural trade papers there were illustrated articles published, giv-
ing plans, etc., of two rose houses in course of erection in Natick,
Mass., seven hundred feet long. It would seem that now surely
the limit had been reached, but when we realized that in comparison
with the days (only a short time ago) when greenhouses were heated
by what is known as the old-fashioned flue system—which means
that a fire was built in a furnace at one end of the greenhouse, and
terra cotta or glazed drain pipes of suitable size, or brick flues, were
used to conduct the heat and smoke to the other end, and that heat
sufficient would sometimes be radiated in transit, or en route, so to
speak, to keep out frost and incidentally to grow plants and flowers
for sale—that to-day we hardly know what is in store for us, or
what to expect in the future, especially when we consider how elec-
tricity has displaced the horse in methods of transportation on the
streets of cities and towns and upon the country roads; then, why
may not electricity be applied in some of the routine and laborious
work necessary in a large establishment where flowers are the
staple articles grown?

The primitive method of heating plant-growing structures above
referred to was only once removed, as it were, from the window
garden of the dwelling-house.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 221

The window gardens of our great grandmothers were the fore-
runners of our modern up-to-date steam heated greenhouses of to-
day, and woman was the first to assume the care of plants and
flowers in an artificial way. They would take up in good time the
sensitive exotic, and tenderly care for it long before the chilly north-
west wind swept o’er the snow clad hills and breathed the frozen
tokens of nature’s enforced rest.

The rapid development of flori-culture as a profession is largely
due to an organization known as the Society of American Florists,
and to the trade journals which as a consequence followed in its
wake. The 8. A. I. meets in convention in a different city in the
month of August for three or four days every year, and papers ap-
pertaining to flori-culture and discussions thereupon form the greater
part of the proceedings. It was organized in the year 1884, for the
purpose of developing commercial flori-culture and bettering the con-
dition of florists, as the Farmers’ Institutes, State Boards of Agri-
culture and U. 8. Department of Agriculture, and kindred organ-
izations were originated for the purpose of benefiting ‘the farmer
and improving agriculture.

Farmers and florists have some things in common. The regults
of their labor and skill are the products of food for plants. Phos-
phoric acid, potash and nitrogen are just as necessary and essen-
tial to produce a crop of flowers as they are to produce farm crops.
The farmer has an advantage over the florist to a great extent.
Special fertilizers are prepared for him for the various crops he
grows; whereas, the florist is largely in the dark in this respect at
the present time. Much money is annually wasted by florists, I
am sure, in the purchase of fertilizers. Bone is one of the most
popular fertilizers with them, and its chief ingredient is phosphoric
acid, but whether it is as essential as a plant food to the production
of flowers as it would be where a crop of seed, as corn, or wheat, or
any other similar crop, where grain is the object in view, is a prob-
lem not yet solved. Potash, as used by the florist, is furnished
through wood ashes principally, and the bulk of the nitrogen comes
from farmyard manure, that from the cow stable at the present the
most preferable. Nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia have to
be used with great caution, for so much damage has been done
to crops in the past under glass through the indiscriminate use of
these salts that in many establishments the use of them has been
abandoned entirely. This state of affairs has been brought about
largely through the erroneous idea that because a small quantity of
the essential plant foods should prove beneficial, a larger quantity
ought to prove more so.

The Florists’ Hall Association is an offshoot of the parent society,

222 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and would not have been organized, nor could have been operated
successfully had not the 8S. A. F. been at the head of it.

I have no means of knowing how many feet of glass in this country
there are devoted to the growing of flowers, but up to August Ist,
last, 11,209,865 square feet of glass were insured in the said associa-
tion. It originated among the florists and is managed entirely
among themselves. During the past year claims for losses by hail
have been paid amounting in the aggregate to $5,337.39. It is
understood, of course, that all the glass devoted to commercial hor-
ticulture is not insured in this very useful association, but it is
rapidly becoming more popular on account of its excellent manage-
ment and by the prompt payment of losses after they have been re- |
ported and duly veritied.

The Chrysanthemum Society of America is another offspring which
has done good work. The nature of its duties, so far, has been
confined to the protection of the buyers of new Chrysanthemum
plants from purchasing novelties of the popular Queen of Autumn
of doubtful value. Committees are appointed annually to meet
once in each week during the chrysanthemum season in the larger
cities, as New York, Boston, Philadelphia and Chicago, and to exam-
ine seedlings or sports. No less than six tlowers must comprise an
exhibit, if to be considered by the committee. Two dollars is the
entrance fee, and this has the eifect of simplifying the committee’s
work, for no matter how enthusiastic the owner of a new variety
may be, he becomes immediately critical of his own production when
cold cash must accompany his entries for exhibition. These new
candidates for public favor in seedling chrysauthemum are judged
according to a scale of points, and when eighty-five or more are
awarded out of a possible one hundred, a certificate of merit is
granted by the society.

The American Carnation Society is another child of the 8S. A. F.,
and is run upon somewhat different lines than are those of the
Chrysanthemum Society. An annual meeting and an exhibition of
new and meritorious varieties of carnations is held in connection
therewith the third week of February in the different cities. Last
year it was held in Philadelphia, where this society first saw the
light of day in the year 1591. This year it will be held for the second
time since its organization in Butialo, N. Y.

Wonderful strides have been made in the improvement of the
carnation since the society was organized in the Quaker City in the
year as before indicated. Thirty-five cents per dozen was the pre-
vailing retail price in those days, but during the past year the new
Boston variety, “Mrs. Thomas W. Lawson,” led in price in that mar-
ket at $9.00 per dozen. The premium price, however, has been
reached by a variety which so far has no other name to designate

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 223

it from other varieties than ‘The Three Sixes,” (or No. 666). “The
Lawson Piok,” which the Boston variety is commonly called—which,
by the way, is cerise in color—was boomed into prominence largely
by the name which was given to it, namely, that of the wife of one
of Boston’s leaders in social and financial circles, which in itself
ordinarily would have been thought sufficient to attract public at-
tention; but other superior business methods were made use of in
bringing it before the public that has enhanced its value until orders
for plants during the past three months have aggregated the enor-
mous number of three hundred and fifteen thousand (815,000).

It is stated on authority which cannot be disputed that $30,000
was paid to the originator of that variety for the entire control of
the output of both flowers and plants until the end of the year 1900
of this famous “Boston Pink.” The purchase money has already
been secured even if the average price was only ten cents per plant.
By referring to the advertised prices, quantities of 5,000 and over
have to be ordered before so low a price as ten cents each have been
conceded.

The time for the dissemination of plants of the New York va-
riety, known up to the present time only as the “Three Sixes,” or
No. 666, before referred to, has not yet been decided upon, so that
the fixing of the price of the flowers is entirely in the hands of the
owners. At the present time it is selling wholesale in New York
city at five dollars per dozen. ‘The first five dozen, which were sold
to a retail florist in that city, were disposed of at retail a few mo-
ments afterwards for sixty dollars, or at one dollar for each flower!
Not such a bad price for carnation blooms.

A florist cannot protect his floral productions by patent, no mat-
ter how meritorious they may be. When he once sells plants of a
new variety, he at once puts the purchasers thereof in direct business
opposition to himself, giving opportunities to cut prices if they feel
so disposed.

Philadelphia has no phenomenal varieties among flowers at pres-
ent which it can claim as being its very own, and in which no other
city can share its glory, but the Quaker City has the distinguished
honor of being the first city to start the upward tendency of prices
among fancy carnations, when the variety Helen Keller sold at re-
tail in the year 1894 at $2.50 per dozen. Immediately prior to that
time $1.00 per dozen seemed a very high price, even for the most
select.

A Rose Society now seems to be assured of ultimate success, after
various ineffectual efforts to establish it. It deserves the sympathy
and support of every commercial florist in the country, for the rose
is the queen of flowers, and has had more influence in elevating the
profession than any other one flower, or, I may say, than all the

224 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

other flowers combined. It was the bright, crimson and fragrant
rose General Jacqueminot—commonly called “Jacque”—which first
sold at what was considered at that time extravagant prices among
flowers. When it was first offered for sale in the winter season
all that was asked for it was $1.00 per dozen, but a genius with the
commercial instinct highly developed quite commendably succeeded
in bringing the price up to $2.50 each.

At the time of the first convention of the Society of American
Florists held in Cincinnati in 1884, a trade paper was born, and the
society and the said trade paper have been going hand in hand ever
since, and have had a wonderful effect in developing commercial
flori-culture. The paper to its stockholders was a paying venture
from the start, a substantial dividend annually being declared, and
continued doing so even after a rival entered the field. And within
the past two or three years another and a third weekly publication
devoted to commercial flori-culture has been started. While the
stockholders in these weekly publications may not be making much
money in their enterprise, the profession at large and the public indi-
rectly are reaping the benefit therefrom, because each paper is try-
ing its utmost to give the best possible service for its respective
subscribers for the price of its year’s subscription.

A year or two ago and for several years past, Begonias could be
bought at Christmas for 50 cents apiece. The past Christmas—
that of 1899—Begonias growing in the same amount of soil, less
than half a peck, were sold at $8.00 per plant. Some plants of the
same variety in smaller sizes were selling as low as $2.00 each, but
none sold lower. In explanation: It was xot so much that times
were better than last year to warrant the increase in price, nor was
there much difference in the method of culture, but it was the offer-
ing of a new and very meritorious variety that caused the difference
in price. The variety referred to is of French origin, and is a cross
between two distinct species, namely, Socotrana and Dregii, and it
is so nearly what may be termed a mule in flori-culture that seed-
bearing flowers are very rare indeed; so much so that instead of
forming seed it goes on producing beautiful pink mule flowers in
vast numbers, and remaining cheerful and bright much longer than
it would do if the usual number, for begonias, of seed-bearing flow-
ers were produced. I may state in passing that there is what is
well known as male and female in the floral kingdom as well as
there is in the animal creation. In some families of flowers the
male and female organs are complete in the same flower, though in
the begonia the male and female flowers are distinct and separate
individuals.

Flori-culture has become firmly fixed as one of the recognized in-
dustries, and will continue to be so for all time; but the difficulties

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 225

to succeed will grow greater with each succeeding year—especially
does this apply to the grower of flowers. It is not only necessary
to know the necessities of plant life as thoroughly as it is possible
to know them, but it is also necessary to have a thorough business
training, with the commercial instinct well to the fore, and an abun-
dant amount of executive ability to carry out every essential detail
in a growing establishment to a successful conclusion.

The retail florists in the larger cities are aristocrats in their bear-
ing and methods, with their tastefully embellished delivery wagons,
their automobiles or teams of high steppers, and with their assist-
ants in livery, emulating that which is worn by those occupying simi-
lar positions with their customers; all of which has been brought
about within the past ten years by superior business ability, and by
being strictly abreast of the times.

An intelligent, well educated boy raised on a farm and who is
not afraid to work and has the right stuff in him to make a good
farmer will make a first class florist. Some of the best and most
successful florists to-day are those who were raised on a farm.

Many of our most successful florists have the commercial instinct
more highly developed than they have an innate love for flowers, and
this essential characteristic for commercial purposes must be more
pronounced in the future than it has been in the past, because the
competition is sure to become keener. Well do I remember the time
when it was stated with great assurance that no person who had
not a natural and real love for flowers could ever succeed as a
grower thereof. This may have been true before commercial flori-
culture had assumed its present proportions, but it is not true to-day.

A “rosy-pink” view of flori-culture, as a profession, has been in
some degree attempted. It must not be understood, however, that
there is no “yellow” or “blue” side to the business, because there
is, for no glass that is made has yet been sufficiently annealed to
make it elastic or pliable enough to yield gracefully without a
fracture to the pelting force of a vigorous hail storm. Nor can the
structure be so well built as to withstand the tempest. The adverse
elements in a few minutes could destroy, and have destroyed fre-
quently, what a florist had spent his whole life in accumulating.

15—7—1900

226 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PROGRESSIVE POULTRY RAISING.

By Hon. NORRIS G. TEMPLE, Pocopson, Pa.

A gold mine, if worked successively, will finally cease to produce.
So to-day it is with many of our farms; they have been overworked
and as a natural result have ceased-to be as productive as they once
were. This condition has forced many general farmers to special-
ize; some have taken to stock raising, others to fruit growing, many
to dairying and market gardening, and a few to raising standard bred
and market poultry, while a large number are combining two or
more of the foregoing. It is highly probable that not one man out
of every hundred you meet in the daily walks of life has any idea
of the magnitude of the poultry industry of this county, and the
money making capacity of the much berated hen.

The time has passed for profitable poultry raising by haphazard
trust-to-luck methods. In the good old days, fowls were a by-pro-
duct of every farm and village establishment. Eggs chosen at ran-
dom were placed under the most accommodating old hen. To-day,
poultry raising is a practical, scientific business proposition; nothing
is left to chance; every point from the selection of breeders and
proper food to the final market is madeamatter of thoughtful study.

A building for shelter, not necessarily elaborate, but which is
dry, warm and light, preferably with windows to the south and di-
rect sunshine during as much of the day as possible. These condi-
tions are essential to health and success; if the hens are confined
to any great extent, there should be provided an open shed facing
the south in which a liberal supply of cut straw or fodder is con-
stantly kept.

The rock upon which many a poultry venture has been wrecked,
is impure air. Fowls domesticated are, from excessive in-breeding,
much more susceptible to disease than fowls in a state of nature.
An inadequate supply of pure air intensifies this weakness until the
stock becomes debilitated and the eggs produce chicks that no
amount of coaxing can induce to live.

An article on selection of breeds and on breeding contained in
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 41, covers this important ground. A mistake
is oftentimes made in selecting fowls of a breed that is not suited for
the purpose for which they are to be kept. If egg production

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 227

is the all-important point, it is a most serious mistake to
select a breed of fowis that is not noted for this product. If,
on the other hand, meat is the chief object, am expensive mis-
take will be made if any but the heavy bodied fowls are chosen.
The small, active, nervous, egg-producing breeds cannot compete
with the larger Asiatics for meat production. Then, too, if
fowls are kept for both eggs and meat production, some breed of
the middle class should be chosen. These, while they do not attain
the great size of the Asiatics, are sufficiently large to be reared
profitably to supply the table with meat, and at the same time have
the tendency for egg production developed sufficiently to produce
a goodly number of eggs during the year. The Wyandottes and
Plymouth Rocks are good illustrations of this class of fowls. It is
one of the most profitable practices among poultry raisers to cull
out the stock for winter. Jeep all the best layers that are not over
one year old and select your largest and best developed pullets. It is
not the number of hens that are kept which tells the dozens of eggs
that will be sold. A great many females are allowed to remain all
winter which do not lay an egg during the whole time; these are the
ones that keep down the dividends. It often seems to be a hard
provision of nature that our hens should lay plentifully in summer
when eggs are ten (10) cents a dozen and go back on us completely
in the winter when eggs are worth three times as much; but the
truth is that it is the fault of neither nature nor the hen; the whole
truth is, we do not get our stock into proper condition to lay eggs:
We are not fair to the hens. If there is one fact established beyond
doubt, it is that the fondness of fowls for bugs and worms is not
an unnatural taste. The animal matter thus secured supplied a
most important element in the fowl’s food, and it is largely because
the hens cannot procure this food in winter that they cease to lay.
In recent years the practical poultry man has been able to double
his egg supply in the winter by a careful study of egg producing
foods. Prominent among these must be placed green cut bone; a
food that is easily and cheaply obtained, and that is undoubtedly the
greatest egg producer ever fed to poultry. The bone when finely
cut while it is still green, supplies that element of animal food so
needed and so relished by fowls; taking the place of the insects
which the hen devours so greedily in summer. A perfectly regular
system of feeding should be adhered to; nothing, perhaps, is
more beneficial to the condition of the fowl. After careful consider-
ation, adopt a system of feeding which best commends itself under
the conditions. The fowls will become accustomed to the hours
of their meals and will look for them. The morning feed should
consist of a mixture of bran, ground corn and oats, equal parts,
and a small quantity of animal meal which could be prepared the

228 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

night before and allowed to steam; to this mixture may be added
chopped clover or small potatoes. At noon scatter sparingly among
the cut straw, wheat or buckwheat, and at night give a supply of
cracked corn and oats. The above bill of fare, with cabbage twice
a week and the liberal addition of green bone with plenty of fresh
water will insure a return that must foot up on the right side of the
balance sheet, from the sale of eggs alone.

Having eggs from a well kept and vigorous stock, our next thought
is to see that they are properly incubated. Too low or too higha
temperature, an excess or lack of moisture, tend to impair the con-
stitution of the chicks and may even prevent their hatching. We
must be very careful about temperature and ventilation; the latter
is the more important of the two, for the reason that through the
hen nature has provided a nearly uniform temperature, and in
artificial incubation the regulation of the temperature has been
about perfected; whereas neither nature nor man has yet succeeded
in giving a uniform amount of ventilation. With the hen the amount
of ventilation varies with the temperature of the surrounding air
and location of her nest; with the incubator it varies with the
temperature. In a recent article on care and feeding of chicks, it is
stated “whether our ultimate purpose is to secure broilers, roast-
ers or breeding stock, the first steps to be taken are the same. For
the first one or two days the chicks must have no food whatever
and for the succeeding three or four days they must be fed very
sparingly. Nature has provided for the sustenance of the chick
for twenty-four hours by the withdrawal into the abdomen of the
contents of the yolk-sac remaining unabsorbed at the time of hatch-
ing, and feeding too early often results in digestive disturbances.”
They may, however, from the start have free access to water and
sand. When uncared for and allowed to run with the hen, their sup-
ply of water is chiefly dew, and their first picking, gravel, sand, dirt
and other indigestible objects. This may be considered the natural
method, and we can not vary from it. The significant feature of
this natural method is that for the first few days, until it has gained
strength to forage for itself, the chick gets very little to eat.”

What we feed is not so important as the quantity given, although
some foods are more nourishing that others. When the chicks are
twenty-four hours old they should have hard boiled eggs, bread
crumbs soaked in milk, or perhaps what is best of all, rolled oats.
They should, when four days old, be taken from the hard boiled egg
diet, and wheat and finely cracked corn substituted. Everything
about the ccop, if hatched by hens, or if a brooder is in use, should
be kept clean and sweet, and no more food thrown down than the
chicks will eat greedily.

One of the secrets of success in raising poultry is feeding little

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 229

and often, say every two (2) hours, until three (8) weeks old, when
the meals may be reduced gradually to three times daily; and the
chicks at this age should be given all they can eat.

A few chicks together will thrive and grow faster than when
crowded. One-half the failures ure due to crowding. In a majority
of cases the chicks trample the excess of number to death until the
minimum is reached, and the poultryman should save them trouble
and himself the loss by reducing those together to the lowest pos-
sible number in the first place.

The mating, breeding, hatching and rearing of turkeys, ducks,
geese and guinea fowis, may very properly be classed with our
topic, yet time and space forbid me entering upon them at this time.

PROOF POSITIVE THAT AN INVESTMENT IN SOCIABILITY
WILL YIELD A PROFIT TO EVERY FARMER.

By H. V. WHITE, Bloomsburg, Pa.

To the careful and candid student there is nothing more sure
than that all the forms of life are governed by law. From the lowest
forms of vegetable life to the highest intelligences that walk the
earth, all are under the governing principle of a law superior to
themselves. From a sociological standpoint we may look upon all
the diversified phases of human existence as the direct or indirect
results of a compliance with the physical, moral and spiritual laws
by which the Great Creator has decreed that our lives shall be gov-
erned, or on the other hand a lack of conformity thereto.

Man is a social being, and if he would attain to his highest and
best he must live in accord with the great plan under which he is
day by day permitted to enjoy this life. Every one has learned by
observing the common forms of life, that a single stalk of corn in the
field, the calf alone in the isolated pasture, the bird confined in the
cage, all become puny and fail to fulfil the missions for which they
were created. Give to each the surroundings and associations which
nature intended they should have and they not only will put on a
better appearance, but each will be of far more value. If this be
true of the vegetable and animal world, how much more is it true
of man.

Who that has given the subject one moment of consideration can

230 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

doubt the kind, beneficent and loving purpose and law of that divin-
ity which directs and fixes the course of our every day lives and
recompenses our toil and endeavors according to our deserts, ever
bringing us closer together and more in accordance with Him, who
furnishes the soil we till and gives the needed intelligence to fill
our allotted place in the great plan of human economy. We are
placed here to help each other. No man can live for himself and by
himself and prosper. In that community where there is free inter-
course there are marks of thrift and comfort on every hand and the
outside world recognizes it.

It very often occurs to me that the chief reason why so many
farmers fail to get their full share of comfort out of their homes and
their home life is because they live too much within the confines of
the farm and the building called the home. They are too selfish
and egotistical. Too often they are heard to say, “I have worked
hard and taken very little rest. This farm is in better condition and
the buildings are much larger and better than when father was liy-
ing, and what was good enough for father and mother is good
enough for me and my wife.” Now, he is honest in his opinion;
he believes what he says, or the greater part of it, because he has
not acquainted himself with his surroundings. If he would employ
the leisure that comes to him, in common with all farmers, in visit-
ing in a sucial way among his neighbors and friends, both in and
beyond his immediate community and take Lis good wife with him,
they would see the advances and improvements, and discuss them
and adopt some of them, until they would learn that the shortest
and best way to success on the farm is by keeping abreast of the
times.

While this farmer is thus improving his mind and making his
home and surroundings much more comfortable and valuable by
his social intercourse with the world about him, he is also learning
new methods of farming and feeding, and discovering new and better
markets for his products; catching the latest style of dressing his
pork and beef for the market, packing his butter, eggs, vegetables
and fruit so that they will open up nicely when delivered; and in
the multitude of little things never thought of before he is now
adding to his comfort, his wealth, and his standing in the commu-
nity, without adding one cent to the cost of living or production.
More than this, by social intercourse farmers learn what variety of
corn, oats, Wheat and other grain is giving the best results, and seed
is procured, one from the other, and the crops are improved without
the cost of experiments by each. The same is true of stock. How
easy to find a farmer who thinks a cow that yields 125 pounds of
butter or the sheep that shears 3 pounds of wool is a first class ani-
mal, until he learns that a neighbor, whom he does not consider

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 231

any better or smarter than he is, has cows and sheep that produce
twice or thrice as much as his at the same cost. It is a revelation
to him and would have remained a mystery had it not been for that
social call last winter, when for the first time in ten years he had
visited his neighbor’s home and became acquainted with his family
and his methods.

Another has been growing corn, oats and wheat in regular rota-
tion—nothing else—and doing his farming in the most careful and
Scientific manner. For many years he had a profit each season and
was doing well, but of late the balance will come on the wrong side
and he has been steadily going back. He has worried and figured
and economized but all to no purpose. A friend out the valley who
started when he did is still doing well and keeping up with the times,
and he decides to go and see him. He takes his wife and they visit
for a day—the first time in years. They were received cordially,
spent a most enjoyable time, and returned home feeling like differ-
ent people. The wife talked of the comforts found here and there
in the home—all inexpensive but ‘‘so nice and convenient.” If they
had been subscribers to the Rural New Yorker she would have re-
minded her husband of the “Home Comfort” item in the December
number under “Hope Farm Notes” where is so.aptly told the story
of the old lady who visited the churchyard and viewed the elegant
monument to the memory of a friend of her youth and after contem-
plating its beauty and apparent fitness, solemnly remarked: “I
would rather have my monument erected before I die.” She prob-
ably could have induced the husband to read further and note that
the choice of a monument was “a good range and hot and cold
water in my kitchen.” Then that farmer would push back his chair,
close his eyes, and picture his wife in such a kitchen, and finally ex-
claim with H. W. C.: “Now there is some sense in the thought that
we should be permitted to enjoy our tombstone.” Rousing himself
from his reverie, he would promise to inaugurate these comforts
at the house as fast as possible, then he would tell what he saw on
his visit. The stables full of young cattle, the pens crowded with
pigs, and the coops swarming with fowls—“all growing into money.”
The friend had explained that with the changed conditions of the
markets he had found it necessary to convert his grain into stock,
pork, eggs and poultry to make his farm pay. He declared the ex-
periment to be a success and that he had not only made more money
but it gave him ready cash at all times and he found it much more
pleasant and interesting than the old way. It brought him in con-
tact with the outside world and gave him a knowledge of and ac-
quaintance with business men and their methods and tactics.

All this was new to our farmer but he found it interesting and
made a start at once along the same lines. The first visit was fol-

232 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

lowed by many social calls, the intimacy of their young days was
renewed, and now that locality counts two happy and prosperous
families instead of one. Yes, more than this, for when two men
and two women begin to compare notes and make changes in the
home and on the farm the neighbors will very sooon prick up their
ears and call around to investigate. Prompted by curiosity at first
it may be, but ere long the social call will take the place of the
curious, and good feeling will prevail throughout the community.

Sociability is a part of man’s nature. It is a large factor in that
law which directs and controls him. Point out a farming district
that has a well organized and well attended Grange, a live debating
society and reading circle, and a district high school, and you will
find neat houses well furnished and comfortable; large barns with
stables and sheds for the stock and implements; good stock and
equipment; happy and intelligent fathers, mothers and children.
The very atmosphere is resonant with the acclaim of success that is
patent on every hand, while the heads of the households are regu-
larly investing the surplus to be ready to purchase the farm of any-
one who may be so shortsighted as to attempt to go his own way
and think this social life “nice but not profitable.”

In this age of combines and trusts it has been suggested that the
farmers must poo] their interests in one vast corporation and hold
their products until the market will consent to pay the price fixed.
Can this be done? We answer, no; most emphatically, no. Why
not? Because the farmers as a class lack confidence in each other
and mankind in general, and no amount of argument along the most
feasible lines of combined effort would convince the average farmer
that you were not laying some skilful plan to trap him and gather in
his hard earned shekels.

Yet the farmers are nearer together to-day than ten years ago.
They know each other better. Sharp competition has driven them
to join hands and unite interest for mutual protection. This has
raised the social scale to a much higher level. They read more;
they dress better; their children are brighter, more talented, and
better educated; they drive better horses, carriages and wagons;
they go to the Farmers’ Institutes more and more each year; and as
they improve their social opportunities they increase their wealth in
almost every instance. The time is coming when an organization of
farmers will be just as practicable, and when effected, will be just
as cohesive as any organized body of men on earth, and, permit the
prediction, more honest and humane than the average, because the
social atmosphere in which the farmer grew and developed was
purer and better. Give us the district high school, with nature’s
studies and the more advanced branches taught in our cities and
towns, the rural free mail delivery to bring the farmers’ families

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 233

in closer touch with the outside world. In short, educate the farmers
socially and our hills and valleys will be dotted with their pretty
homes, our markets will be filled with the choice products of their
labors, and their coffers will become plethoric with that for which
all mankind are so earnestly striving.

If this short paper has failed to convince you of the truth of its
text, I trust some thought has been suggested that may encourage
you to put forth your best effort to aid in solving this great problem
that is of such vital importance to all.

OUR FARM GARDEN.

By R. J. WELD, Sugar Grove, Pa.

In presenting this subject to the members of the State Board of
Agriculture, I wish to say at the outset that it is presented from the
standpoint of a practical dairy farmer who keeps a garden purely
for what there is to be gotten out of it towards making the family
table more varied and attractive. Farm gardens should be located
as near to the house as possible for two reasons, namely: So as
to be near at hand when the house-wife wishes to draw from them
for the table; and secondly, so that they may be seen every day
by the farmer, for of all the crops on the farm, none require closer
watching and more thorough cultivation, at just the proper time,
than does the garden crop.

Our garden is only 80 feet from the kitchen door, and every part
of it can be seen from the house. It slopes to the southeast and
is of a gravelly soil, with a hard, stony subsoil. The soil is not what
we would consider an ideal soil for a garden, but location and soil
do not go together in our case. The garden must be well drained,
either naturally or with tile. Our plan is to manure the garden
heavily late in the fall, after everything has been harvested, and
then plow deeply, thus turning the insects which may be housed up
for the winter on top and leaving the ground in a condition to get
full benefit of the frost in pulverizing our stiff, tenacious soil.

The turning under of the heavy coat of manure adds to the me-
chanical condition of the soil, which must be looked after where
the same plot of ground is used for a garden year after year. If
we had ayailable ground, we would practice seeding down a portion

16

234 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of the garden every five years with clover and plow that under as
a green manure crop. By this means of getting humus into the
soil, we would be able to use more commercial fertilizers, thus
avoiding the seeding of the garden with weed seeds in the barnyard
manure.

As soon in the spring as the ground will permit, we commence to
stir the soil, using first, some deep working harrow, such as the
spring-tooth, and later, a smoothing harrow to fine the surface.
After planting has commenced, a weeder may be used to good ad-
vantage.

From the opening of spring until the garden is harvested, cultiva-
tion must be thorough and often to keep the weeds under control
and the soil in a fine mellow condition and to conserve moisture.

In selecting garden seeds, we find that the best obtainable are
the cheapest, and that it is the most satisfactory to depend upon
some reliable seedsman for our seed.

Our experience is that by planting everything in rows, running
the entire length of the garden and three to three and one-half feet
apart, so that we can use a horse cultivator, we get very satisfactory
results and lessen the hand work very much. With us, in the north-
ern part of the State, about the middle of April is as early as we
can commence to plant.

If the soil is dry enough and the weather warm, at that time, we
plant a few early potatoes and peas, planting them in furrows
thrown out with a shovel plow, putting in some manure or commer-
cial fertilizer, and covering rather shallow. If, after coming up,
there is danger of frost, the plants may be covered with dirt until
the danger is past.

For early potatoes we use the Stray Beauty and Maull’s Thorough-
bred; the former is an early variety but a light yielder. With peas
and sweet corn we make two or three plantings, so as to have them
ready for the table at different times through the summer. For a
trellis for the pea vines, poultry netting twenty inches wide stretched
along the row will be found practicable, cheap and durable.

The smaller vegetables are planted in rows the same as the larger
ones, first marking out the ground, then with a shovel plow throwing
out a furrow just where the row is to be. This furrow is filled with
manure nearly to the top of the ground. The dirt is then hoed back
into the manure, making a ridge; this ridge is raked down, using
first a potato hook with long tines and then a garden rake, so that
when the ridge is ready for the seed the top of it is down nearly
on a level with the surface and we have a fine, mellow seed bed.
The seed is planted by hand, the soil being firmed by tamping with
the back of a hoe. I suppose that the superiority of different varie-
ties of vegetables varies much with localities. With us, however,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 235

we use the Iceberg, Big Hanson, or Boston lettuce, the long red
radish, the Egyptian blood beet, the silver skin onion, the hollow
crown parsnip, the half-long carrot, the Hubberd squash, the win-
ter luxury pumpkin and the Giant Pascil celery.

The squash, cucumber and melons are planted in hills, keeping
the hills in rows, however, so as not to interfere with cultivation.
In planting these latter we first dig a hole about twenty inches in
diameter and 8 to 10 inches deep, filling these holes with manure
and covering with about two inches of soil, then place a box around
the hill and plant the seed on the inside, putting in a number and
thinning to four or five good, strong plants. The boxes protect the
young plants and are left until the vines start to run.

The tomato, cabbage and celery plants are started in boxes in
the house. The tomatoes being transplanted to the cold frame as
soon as the weather will permit. By the use of the cold frame, we
get good stocky plants with fruit already set, by the time we can
set them out in the garden. In setting these large plants out, we
dig a iarge, deep hole, putting in some manure, then by taking up
all the dirt that we can make cling to the roots of the plants and
using plenty of water, and taking care to have the surface of the
ground around the plants of dry, fine soil, we are able to trans-
plant the plants without having them wilt enough to injure them.
By this method we get ripe tomatoes in July, which is several weeks
ahead of our neighbors.

The cold frame is made by digging down into the ground about
two feet, preferably on the south side of a building or on a south
slope, and placing a frame the size of two window sash or a reg-
ular cold frame sash in the hole, letting the frame come up Six or
eight inches above the top of the ground and having the top of this
frame slant to the south sufficiently for the rain to run off readily.

About March 1, we put in eight or ten inches of horse manure,
tramping it thoroughly, on top of which we spread two or three inches
of dirt and cover up with the sash. After the contents of the bed
are thoroughly warmed up, we put in the plants. If the small black
fleas or swales attack the plants, sprinkle the ground with air-
slacked lime. As the plants grow and the weather becomes warmer,
they will require an abundant supply of water. The sash should be
opened or taken off entirely during the day, so as to harden up the
plants. The celery plants are transplanted into large boxes, where,
if they are given an abundance of water, they will make good,
strong plants by July 1, when they can be put out. While visiting a
large market garden this past fall, we noticed that the celery was
planted near to the surface of the ground and hilled up, instead of
being set in trenches; the gardner claimed that he got better re-
sults by so doing.

236 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

For cultivation in the garden after everything is planted, we use
a Planet Jr., five-tooth cultivator. For working close to the small
plants, we put on a set of one and a quarter-inch teeth; these go
deep and do not throw dirt onto the plants; after the plants get
large, we use a three-inch set. By persistent cultivation and hand
hoeing we are able to keep the garden free from weeds and in a fair
condition of mellowness throughout the season. By following these
methods we are rewarded with an abundant supply of garden truck,
which is a source of gratification and causes us to remember that
“it is good for man to enjoy the fruits of his own labor.” No farm
garden is complete, however, unless it contains a strawberry bed,
which must be reset every third year, and raspberry and currant
bushes sufficient to supply the needs of the family.

FARMING ON A LARGE SCALE.

By Hon. 8. R. DOWNING, Goshenville, Pa.

Has it been shown that, as a rule, farming on a large scale, in the
broad way of large capital and labor used, pays better than the nar-
row and rather up-hill way of farming, the little, old-fashioned
manner of agriculture?

There is near our place in Chester county a farm of 600 acres, with
two sets of buildings, the latest machinery, a creamery, traction
engine and mills for grinding , all under control of an expert man-
ager, with handsome teams in Philadelphia for the delivery of
butter, together with a colony of colored men to work on the farm,
milk and care for 50 cows, and yet a sale board is set out on the
road I travel to West Chester referring to an agency for the sale
of thisfarm. In another part of our county is another farm of much
less acreage and fewer cows, where the milk is mainly purchased,
made into butter and distributed in Philadelphia by teams owned -
by the proprietor of the farm and creamery. This owner, it is said,
makes money, hiring little, and using much less capital on his farm
than that used on the 600 acre farm having a less number of cows.

Again, I have in my mind operations on a large scale, where what
is termed sanitary milk is produced and bottled from Guernsey and
Jersey stock, where baths are located in barns and milkers pass
among the herds in costumes spotlessly white, and yet rumors fly

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 237

about their operations that there is not a lavish gain and the lack of
promptness in paying feed bills seems to verify the rumor. In these
operations, the milk is totally produced by herds and on the farms
owned by the operators.

Now, Mr. Charles E. Hires, proprietor of the factory for con-
densing milk located in Malvern, in our county, has neither farms
nor herds, and, singular to say, because of this lack of farm and
herds, he may make money. ‘The hardship seems to be in carrying
a farm and herd in a large operation including the manufacture of
butter and its delivery to customers.

Can you remember, fellow farmers, of having seen in print any
statement showing profits from large farm undertakings, where large
acreage is involved and large capital employed in the matter of gen-
eral farming. You may have so read, but I have not. On the other
hand, the wail of Henry Ward Beecher and Horace Greeley is re-
membered by us older farmers to the effect that farms are expensive
luxuries.

But we remember, I think, that from far off years up to yester-
day, statements have been continually made in public print of
profits from small patches of potatoes, the little orchard, the few
chickens, the eight or ten cows, the short rows of strawberries, the
narrow belt of asparagus—indeed, the little farm well tilled.

Ought we not in this to be pretty well satisfied that a small acre-
age well tilled, and little money in farming well applied, does, as a
rule, reach farther in welfare to us than greater acreage and large
expenditure to the more wealthy and the esteemed fortunate.

In this estimate I have often thought that it would be good policy
for some farmers who stand upon the brink of loss to sell out and
go back to the beginning, and, instead of feeding and manipulating
40 profitless cows, to start again with 15 big, hearty, first class cows
that will milk “even up” with the 40 stags formerly owned. So with
horses, sheep, swine, or chickens. So with fruits, too, and crops.

Labor and capital are costly. We should, [I think, ask: “How
can we grow the best with the least labor and capital?” The answer
may be, simply by having no more to do than we well can do
mainly within ourselves and family. Should we trace the successes
in farming cited in the agricultural press, would we not discover
that those abundant returns in a money way come of the family
itself—father, mother, sons, daughters. These are intelligent, de-
voted, interested laborers. There is a difference as toilers on the
farm between a colony of southern negroes and the family whose
home is the farm on which they reside. So that, can we not con-
clude that a family operating a hundred acres carefully can get
as much out of that acreage in the way of profit as the negroes may
lose on 600 acres to the proprietor thereof. And this may be a
wonderful profit.

238 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Good farm laborers are scarce. The fewer the laborers we de-
pend upon the greater the chances of a paying husbandry. So with
the farm; the larger it is, the greater the risk, and vice versa.

In this connection, there must be considered capability. It re-
quires to-day a wonderfully capable man to make even a hundred
acres pay, far aside from 600 acres. To compel 600 acres to return
three per cent. on its assessed value in our county requires a measure
of good management and labor that if it has ever been known among
us, is exceptional.

Now, I would like it if we could point to the splendid farms of
our wealthy neighbors and say that these farms pay handsomely.
This for the reason that we would desire to branch out and paint up
and shine personally as money getting business men by taking the
broad way of venture and faith and enterprise. We want room in
which to spread. So do our boys and girls. But whatever I may
or may not like, it seems to me, and perhaps to you, that God has
placed us just where we ought to be, and I think we certainly should
be thankful that it is rather on the farm, if it is small, than in Wall
street or the bucket-shop business. It is a good thing, too, I
think, that food is plenty and that none of our dependants the
world over are starving because of the extortion of the farmer, how-
ever the middle fellow may or may not squeeze the poor. The
farmer is certainly more free of judgment to come on this score.

A PLEA FOR BETTER LIVE STOCK IN PENNSYLVANIA.

By PRoF. H. HAYWARD, State College, Pa.

In the early history of agriculture, the wealth of the husbandman
was estimated by the size of his studs, breeds and flocks, while his
wealth to-day is nearly always estimated by the amount of land his
deeds call for, his live stock being seldom considered. However,
according to the last census report, it is safe to say that the value
of the live stock in Pennsylvania is a little over 85 million dollars,
and I believe it is possible to so improve our stock that the same
number of head would be worth 150 million dollars. If there is
one thing that the farmers of Pennsylvania need at the present
time, it is a higher appreciation of the value of and a more active
interest in a better class of live stock than they now own.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 239

I once htard a prominent man, who is a close observer, say: “If
you will tell me what a people eat, I will tell you how that people
stands among civilized nations.” I feel with equal certainty that if I
can see or know what kind of live stock a farmer has, | can tell not
only how he stands as a farmer, but also how he stands as a citi-
zen among his fellow men. It is impossible to breed a dairy cow
that will produce 700 pounds of butter in a year, a steer that will
dress 70 per cent. of meat to the cwt. live weight, a sheep that will
shear 40 pounds of wool, or a hog that will win at our large live
stock exhibitions, without close study of the many questions
which arise in developing such animals. One must not only study
the laws of breeding and of nutrition necessary to produce and per-
fect, but he must also study the various crops he raises to feed, as
well as the methods employed by those breeding animals similar to
his own. In addition to this, he must meet his fellow breeders,
which Proverbs tells us “sharpens men as iron sharpeneth iron.”
Furthermore, the man who breeds a high class of stock and succeeds
in it will get much more out of life as a farmer than he who takes
no interest in the quality of his horses or cattle.

The writer is well acquainted with a breeder, the fame of whose
Holstein cattle has spread over all this country as well as Canada,
who began life with no capital, but with an appreciation of the value
of good cattle. With a determination to succeed as a breeder and
with a perseverance that overcame the many obstacles that beset
him, he has made himself very well-to-do and his herd has a repu-
tation exceeded by none. He is far happier in his achievement and
has reared a far more enduring monument to himself than some
fellow farmer who has frittered away a lifetime for the uncertain
fame of a small politician. This breeder is but one of the young
men who have risen from obscurity to prominence in the breeding
of fine cattle. Do you not suppose such a man has enjoyed life,
with all his hard work, much more than the farmers of this State
who have nothing in particular to interest them? Some of you
may say this is all sentiment and we cannot invest our money in
improved or blooded stock for mere sentiment.

In order to meet this fairly, let us define the term “improved
stock.” “Improved stock” is that class of animals that will give the
greatest net return for food consumed. In the care of beef cattle,
for example, the steers having a large percentage of blood of any
of the beef breeds, will, perhaps, not gain more pounds per day
than the scrub steer nor make his gain on less food, but he will put
more meat on those parts of his body that furnish the high priced
cuts than will the scrub steer. What is true of the steer in this con-
nection is also true of the other meat producers—the sheep and

240 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the pig. Twenty-eight per cent. of a good carcass of beef sells for
nearly 64 per cent. of the total value of the carcass. ‘The high priced
cuts are the ribs and the loins, and in growing beef, or any meat
producing animal, it should be the aim to feed or raise only those
individuals that will put the maximum amount of flesh on these
valuable parts. In case of dairy cows, “improved animals” are
those that will produce a maximum amount of milk and butter for
a given amount of food. Or, in case of the general purpose cows,
those that will produce a large quantity of milk and beef. This
ability to do well is termed quality in live stock. It is possessed in
great measure only by high grade or pure bred stock and is the most
important factor to be considered in all farm animals.

This plea for better stock is made, please remember, for your sake,
brother stock owner, and I wish to call your attention to a few
points, feeling sure that you, as well as your stock, will be ma-
terially helped if they are observed. Three essentials to success in
stock raising may be briefly touched upon: These are breeding,
feeding, and care or management. If these are once mastered, a
breeders’ success is almost assured.

In regard to breeding, this much may be said here. Choose those
breeds for which you have a natural fondness and which are adapt-
ed to your conditions. Do not choose the Hereford or Angus
cattle if your farm is rough and hilly, or the Ayrshires if your pas-
tures are low and grow an abundance of grasses. Start right by
investing in a few superior animals, rather than in a larger number
of inferior individuality. Do not cross breeds, but stick to the breed
of your choice through thick and thin. Select your sires with great-
est care. A hundred dollars extra invested in the right kind of a
sire may return you a thousand extra in his superior offspring.
Select individuals, rather than pedigrees, but study to become fa-
miliar with a large number of the most prominent individuals of
the breed in which you are interested, that you may be able to es-
timate a pedigree at its correct value. Do not invest too heavily
in single families or strains in the height of their popularity; rather
try to make a family of your own herding popular and reap the
benefits yourself. Do not yield to the temptation of breeding for
some fancy point at the expense of general utility. If you succeed
in raising a cow that will produce 700 pounds of butter in a year,
no one will ask if her tongue is black or whether she has a Flandrine
or a Selvedge escutcheon.

In regard to feeding, it may be said, without much fear of con-
tradiction, that a poor feeder never made a successful breeder, and
that a successful breeder is always a good feeder. He may not
understand the chemistry of foods nor know how to compute a bal-
anced ration, but he does know how to give a calf, a lamb, or a pig,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 241

such food and at such times as to have each gain steadily every |
day of its life up to maturity; but if one does know the relative
value of the several foods at his disposal, he can nearly always save
money in compounding needed rations. It is an art to feed live
stock of any kind in such a way as to secure the best possible results.
We feed enough, in most cases, but we do not pay enough attention
to what we feed and how we feed. It does not pay and is not nec-
essary, as a rule, either to grind or to cook food for most kinds of
stock. But it does unquestionably pay to supply the lambs, the
calves, and the colts with the choicest of early cut hay, with a little
oats, bran and oil meal, rather than to feed them straw, corn fod-
der, or corn. When animals are young they will make their gains
the cheapest. We want them to make all possible gain not only
because they make it cheaply at this period of their lives, but be-
cause, if they are colts, we want them able to begin work. If they
are dairy calves, we want them to grow as much as possible without
becoming coarse, so that they will start with 300 pounds of butter
production in a year, when two years old. If they are steers that
are to be fed for beef, they should be finished when thirty months
old. To accomplish results of this kind, it is necessary not to allow
them to lose their “milk flesh” nor to stand idle a single day, since
a Stagnation in growth at any period means loss to the owners.

Feeding does not consist merely in putting a certain amount of
food before an animal once or twice a day, but, after studying the
peculiarities of each individual, in satisfying, so far as possible, his
every want. There is a German adage, “The eye of the master
fattens his cattle.’ Too much emphasis can not be put upon study-
ing to know the wants and needs of the animal you are caring for.
It is the keystone in the breeder’s arch of success. The principles
which every successful breeder must bear in mind are few; the de-
tails involved in working them out are many and cannot be definitely
stated. The most important of these principles, as summed up
briefly by Prof. Shaw, may be stated as follows:

Ist. Animals must possess quality before they can be fed with
marked success—quality usually involves the consideration of breed-
ing, form, and handling when making selections for feeding.

2d. More food is required to make a given gain as the birth period
is receded from, in consequence of the decreasing activity of the as-
similative functions and the increasing requirement of food for
maintenance with advancement of age; hence early maturity is an
important essential in all animals.

3d. When periods of stagnation occur before maturity, the food
of maintenance during such periods brings little or no return. Usu-
ally the loss is proportionate to the continuance and completeness

16—7—1900

242 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of the period of arrested development. When development is com-
pletely arrested, the only return for the food and labor of feeding
is the manure.

4th. When development is seriously arrested at any period before
its completion, the feeding quality of the animal is affected ad-
versely. This arises, in part at least, from the disarrangement in
the equilibrium of the system which permanently impairs the vig-
orous action of the digestive powers.

5th. When development is unduly forced by stimulating foods
while the animal is still young, its feeding quality is injured for all
time. }

6th. In fattening animals, when they are so ripened that they
cease to make good gains, further feeding can only be done at a
loss. Experience and close observation are necessary to determine
when this stage is reached. The aim, therefore, should be to so
gauge the period of ripening that the animals will be ready for
disposal at that season when markets are usually good.

7th. In selecting a ration for feeding, due regard must be given
to the chemical constituents of the food or foods which compose it.
These will vary with the class and age of the animal and the purpose
for which it is being fed. The aim should be to form a ration suited
to the wants of the animal at that time.

Sth. In nearly all cases a mixed diet is superior to one composed
of any one food, since a single food seldom contains all the elements
of a perfect food; the exceptions are grasses for maturer animals,
and new milk for the young.

9th. The value of foods cannot always be estimated by their cliem-
ical constituents, as foods of nearly the same composition have op-
posite effects upon the system.

10th. Discomfort from any source, as for example, cold, heat, in-
sects, or excitement, arrests development and therefore produce
loss in proportion to continuance and intensity.

These are the principal laws governing the feeder. In themselves
they appear and are simple, yet it requires a master hand to work
them out; but the reward attending the effort to observe them is
ample. What gives more satisfaction to the farmer than to see a
bunch of calves or lambs doing well in rapid growth and develop-
ment? It not only gives satisfaction to the eye; it also lines the
pocket and builds up the farm.

The other essential to successful stock-keeping, is care or manage-
ment. As I go up and down this great Keystone State and see
cattle humped up in the cold wind, and as I look into the dark, cold
barns and stables, I am convinced that if we could only realize that
it actually pays in dollars and cents to make our stock comfortable,
we should set about doing so. Warm, dry, and well ventilated sta-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 243

bles are necessary to the well doing of stock. Of course, not all
our old barns can be made into models at once, but a few dollars
‘spent in battens will do a great deal toward saving the feed bill
and a little white wash, containing some chloride of lime, spread
over the stables some rainy day, will do much to make the stable
light, and to destroy any lice that may be in the cracks waiting to
make some calf or colt uncomfortable all winter. In short, any-
thing we can do to make our stock comfortable, healthy, and thrifty,
makes for success.

We will consider one other inducement which the Pennsylvania
farmer has to raise pure bred stock. It costs no more to raise a
registered animal than it does to raise a scrub or a grade. Other
things being equal, a pure bred animal is just as good as, and in most
cases better, as a wool, meat, or milk producer, than a grade or a
native. A pure bred is much more reliable as a breeder, and, in
many cases, a young pure bred will bring twice as much money as
a native or a grade for a breeder. Whatever it brings above the
price of a grade is, of course, clear gain to the producer. Not very
long ago, I saw a breeder sell his herd of cattle, which, with a few
exceptions, he had bred himself, for $22,000; an average of $216
per head for old and young. Last spring a breeder in the west sold
his herd of cattle for $47,000; and there are scores of breeders who
regularly sell thousands of dollars worth of pure bred stock of their
own raising each year. Some whom I know personally are gather-
ing a moderate fortune in this way. Furthermore, by breeding fine
pure bred stock, one can, by exhibiting at the large fairs, not only
advertise his stock, but can also win considerably more than enough
to pay his expenses. I am acquainted with some breeders in this
State who annually win from $500 to $750 more than expenses in
this way. I believe there is no surer way for a young man, with
reasonable business ability and a fair education, to succeed, from a
financial point of view, than by building up a herd of pure blooded
cattle.

In view of the facts which have been presented, it seems to me
that all the farmers of T’ennsylvania ought to rise up and push the
“scrub” off their farms and in his place, substitute the animal that
will pay for his keep and yield a good rate of interest besides. A
little care and forethought will enable anyone to do this, and when.
it is done, Pennsylvania farmers will enter an era of unprecedented
prosperity.

244 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

GEOLOGICAL RELATION OF SOILS.

By PROF. M. C. LH LSENG, State College, Pa.

No State in the Union is so well favored of nature as is the Com-
monwealth of Pennsylvania, which well may expect soon to be
again called “Penn’s Woods.” Her vast mineral resources in iron
ore, coal and oil have been demonstrated; her manufacturing indus-
tries are recognized as placing her in the first rank of the sisterhood
of States; her ability to supply the world’s demand for building ma-
terials must soon be admitted, and the systematic procedure of her
agriculturists are rapidly developing her untold agricultural possi-
bilities. To this same end, too, the natural agencies are contribu-
ting their potency. But whether or not the efforts of both are in
harmony, or the harvests as generous as they should be, have not
yet been ascertained. Doubtless every farmer is tilling the soil
which he finds on his lands with the best means and under the best
guidance at his command. But does every farmer protect that soil
from the ravishments of the natural forces? Does he join hands
with them to ensure the existence of an arable soil on his farm
when spring comes? Does he appreciate what his forest land is
doing for him to protect the farm? Every soil represents the re-
sults of a certain amount of energy. It is not a final product of
nature, but is merely one intermediate stage of the existence of
all mineral matter in its process of decomposition from rock to
liquid, and from mountain to sea. If this superficial! deposit is
not arrested in its descent to the ocean, the question for next spring
is, whether or not nature will create a new soil of equal fertility.
My purpose, therefore, is to consider the forces operating to pro-
duce such deposits and the origin and distribution of soils within
this State.

Over the State of Pennsylvania there falls upon every acre of
ground during each year more than 20,000 barrels of water. Some
States are more copiously supplied, and many are producing higher
agricultural values than Pennsylvania on an aggregate rain and
snow fall of but 15 inches, or 8,000 barrels. Most of the water flows
off from the surface to some creek and thence to the ocean, the
smaller portion penetrates the earth and disappears below or rises
into the upper air to be again condensed and precipitated as rain.
All of it either dissolves or washes away material from the surface,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 246

every cranny, crevice or pore of the earth or rocks is entered,
channels are eaten away, fragments are loosened, rocks broken
up and disintegrated, and mountains are destroyed. No rock is
free from its corroding influence; no mineral can resist its attack;
everything succumbs to the universal force; everything yields be-
fore this ceaseless agent. Mountains are sculptured and surfaces
denuded, their debris transported into the valley, over the valley,
down the valley and thence to its home, thé ocean depths.

Here, throughout the ages, is accumulating the wash from con-
tinents more or less remote. Along the coast, the waves break
down the cliffs and deposit clean, pure sand. Far out in the deep,
come washings from the Rockies, slimes from the richer valleys, de- .
cayed vegetation and myriads of animal organisms collected by
covetous inland waters in their steady journey to the sea and buried
under its dark mass to form a soft, black, rusty ooze. Soon it
hardens and becomes a layer of rock.

As the ocean floor is now, so it has remained for ages past; so
must it remain for time to come. Though its floor may rise or
fall and the level change, the sea is the same yesterday, to-day and
forever.

At some future time the hardened sands at the shore and the lime-
_ stones now in the deep sea will be elevated, just as has happened to
the sandstones and the limestones which now form the land on which
we tread. West from the South Mountain range, Pennsylvania has
been under water, its 38,000 feet of rock crust ef the earth having
once lain cold and dormant at the bottom of the sea. Prepared
throughout, who can say, what unrealizable periods of time, for the
use and enjoyment of man with organic and mineral elements for
supporting vegetation, these several limestones and sandstones once
rose dripping from the sea and were folded into the rolling to-
pography of the earth’s surface. Grand as were these forces in-
volved in uplifting the ocean bottom, no less so is the corroding
power of the gently falling rains and snows to which all land every-
where yields. Proud mountain domes and ranges acknowledge its
supremacy. Valleys fill and the ocean accumulates a fresh sedi-
ment. The whole history of the visible land consists of upbuilding
and destruction, rebuilding and disintegration by the action of
forces which have left gigantic monuments of their mighty power.
Of this everlasting contest between the destroying and upbuilding
forces of nature, the broken rock and pulverized earth are an ever
present witness.

Such has been the geological history of this State with its varied
rock formations and horizontal, and in the eastern half of the State
tilted and eroded. Such has been the history of that superficial
covering with which we are now most concerned, and throughout

246 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the ages have been prepared for the habitation of land animals, not
only the rock foothold which has been constantly increasing in
area, but also an earth-covering out of which spring all life.
Throughout the ages the ocean has locked within the soil that coy-
ers her floor, mineral and organic elements; and these were not lost
by the rock when it rose from the sea.

The rock waste contains all the elements that existed in the orig-
inal rock, and our soil is but a counterpart of that deposit on the
oceans’ floor. The contribution of continents have successively
produced lime, clay or sand muds that contain all the mimeral in-
gredients favorable for the growth of vegetation, and for ages all
the forces and powers of the mighty ocean have been engaged in
rendering them fit for such uses as man has put the soil to. As the
unhardened floor of the sea is an exceedingly rich soil, the consoli-
dated masses of limestone, sandstone and shade, though mountains
of which we passed on our way to the meeting, are but condensed
plant food, requiring only the completion of the processes by the
agency of rain to create a medium into which the vegetation may.
insert its roots and from which may be extracted all the nutrition
requisite for its growth.

I have no hesitation in affirming that this product of the waters
possesses every essential for cultivation. The poorest and most
stubborn clays have untold possibilities for the service of man. Of-
ten these treasures are securely locked and require a system wiser
than our own to find the key. But no soil is so lacking in fertility
that it would not grow a generous crop if it be kindly and wisely
nurtured.

The bulletins from the Cornell University, confirmed by others
from elsewhere, state that almost any soil in their State should
produce three times the potato crop it does, and would produce
it with proper cultivation. Why, then, is the crop not larger? Why
is an incipient exhaustion so marked in many of the counties of
this State? Is it deficiency in the soil? Is it the neglect of tillage?
Is it the failure to manure? Answer these questions as you may,
I declare that the husbandman may rotate his crop, may fallow his
land, may turn under his crimson clover and will have thereby a
richly producing tract; yet, if he fails to gain mastery over the
torrents that fall on his land, that remove its soluble elements, that
wash its fine soil mulch, the exhaustion which will follow the de-
pletion is more certain and more rapid than that which ensues from
the harvesting of such crops as tobacco. He cannot expect to reap,
as some have, the forty-sixth consecutive planting of wheat, twelve
bushels to the acre, almost the average of the United States, with-
out the use of any fertilizer. This seems a bold proposition, but a

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 247

determination of the amounts of nutritive elements extracted by
the two media will modify this.

Before this assemblage it would be presumption on my part to
attempt to discuss the elements that make for continued fertility.
I am sure, however, that we stand on common ground when I as-
sert that rock dirt is not soil, any more than peat, and to be arable,
a soil must in addition to from five to ten per cent. of organic matter,
possess such a porosity and texture as will allow of the circulation
and retention of at least the same volume of water.

The plant food, which is necessary for a generous growth of vege-
tation throughout periods of excessive rain and of protracted drought,
is made soluble and available by the action of the atmosphere on
the soil and by humus collected from decaying vegetable matter.
It consists of the alkalies and phosphoric acid which are found in
limestone, sandstone and shales from which the soils are derived.
The richest supply is in the limestone, whose origin is in the deep
sea, which contains the decomposed organic matter and the orig-
inal caleareous material secreted by shell and coral remains built
beneath the sea. Wherever its decomposition furnishes a soil in
place, there the fertility reaches a high limit. All over the world—
the Great Valley, the Little Valley, Morrison’s Cove, Genesee Valley
_—limestone soils are of the highest degree of productiveness, not
only when cultivated, but even when undisturbed by artificial agents,
as is witnessed by the “Oak Openings” and other luxuriant native
forest growth subsisting thereon. Limestone is easily acted on by
the atmospherical agents and by the solvent power of the waters,
which readily dissolves material and renders it capable of assimila-
tion by the myriads of rootlets which easily penetrate its soil; but
in that process nine-tenths of the rock is dissolved and carried
away to the sea. The residual soil of a limestone is composed of
clay and sand, only one-tenth the volume of the original rock.

Sandstones are more porous than limestone and are less soluble;
they lose, therefore, less of their constituent grains and are more
readily attacked by the mechanical agencies we have mentioned,
than are limestones. Their soils are loose, very porous, and unless
replenished by natural drift from the limestones or the shales,
would be unprofitable to agriculture, because the soluble ingre-
dients, the nutritive elements, are lost by the descent of the ground
waters. Sandstone soils, too, are more likely to be deficient in the
alkalies than are the limestones and we therefore find native, only
a forest growth of stunted timber of inferior kinds.

Shales furnish a heavy clayey waste, because they are made of
comparatively insoluble clay with a cement of lime or sand, and,
though rich in the alkalies, are poor in phosphoric acid. They yield
readily to the attack of the atmosphere, furnishing a residual clay

248 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

which is close, compact, little soluble and easily washed away. The
native shale soils are usually stubborn. Their compactness pre-
vents percolation of ground waters, retards the process of soil mak-
ing, and therefore requires more careful treatment than is desirable.
Without rational treatment, they are totally incapable of support-
ing ordinary field crops, though fruit trees and forest thrive well
upon them.

As these three are the only varieties of rock, furnishing several
grades of soil, analysis may be adduced to show that the plant foods
which they contain are ample in amount; but they require the ac-
tion of other agencies to render them arable and capable of bearing
ripened vegetation to the highest degree. Of the 4,500 tons of water
falling upon every acre of the surface of the earth, a large propor-
tion exters the soil as an effective element of food as a medium for
transporting the nutrition and as an important and physical agent
in cultivating the soil, while the larger amount is lost by imme-
diately passing from its surface, carrying with it such fine material
as is capable of transportation.

We shail see presently the necessity for restricting the amount
of this surface wash; meanwhile, let us consider what is transpiring
below the surface. The rain in its descent through the atmosphere
dissolves from the atmosphere the all-powerful carbonic acid, which
decomposes the organic matter in the earth and produces what we
choose to call humus. This has the property of absorbing moisture
and soluble substances, and also, with the oxygen of the air, of act-
ing as a reducing agent to fix many of the necessary compounds of
plant food. When these waters enter the soil they are capable of
circulating through it according to its capillarity, and the degree
of capillarity is determined by the fineness of the earth. A coarse
sand has little capillarity and will not restrict, the free descent of
waters. It is therefore incapable of retaining much of the moisture
that enters during the rains and long before the drought ends will
have disappeared. Little benefit accrues to shallow rooted crops
and the soil becomes irreparably exhausted. Limy soils are quite
dense, have a medium degree of fineness and of absorption. A finely
decomposed clay has a high capillarity and a power of imbibing
fifty per cent. of its volume of water. A soil which is exceedingly
close, like a native shale soil, does not permit much circulation of
the rains and their soluble contents, but it sheds the waters which
are soon lost in the sea. Only a medium soil containing a proper
mixture of clay and sand is capable of circulating the solvent waters
without allowing too much to descend. This happy medium may be
procured by natural processes of mixture or by our artificial pro-
cess of cultivation. Those waters which have entered the crust of
the earth have disappeared beyond reclaim. They are not within

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 249

our control, and it is only by the admixture of an amount of clay
to the porous material, or by the formation of a dense subsoil that
we can prevent their escape with all the soluble contents which they
have extracted from the rock. It is, therefore, with the waters’
which are to be retained in the soil, and those which should be ar-
rested on the surface, that we have any concern.

Every ton of dry organic matter produced upon the farm requires
from 250 to 500 times its weight of moisture in the soil. An acre
of potatoes requires 1,300 tons of water to circulate during the
growing season; an acre of oats requires 1,000 tons to supply the
evaporation from its foliage and to carry the nutriment from the
soil to the plant. To retain such an amount out of the 4,500 tons
which fall, requires skilful husbandry and the most careful prepara-
tion of the soil. This calls for such a state of fineness that the
texture of the soil will hold and circulate the amount required. Cul-
tivation accomplishes this to a great degree, and yet not as vigor-
ously as the natural agencies which are engaged in aiding the farmer.
The mechanical movement of the solutions, their freezing and their
expansion, opens the pores to the water in the rainy season and to
air in the dry season. The air with its oxygen furnishes the final
element of the decay and sets free the plant foods, mineral and or-
ganic. That process of cultivation, which will retain this nutritive
element and prevents its extraction and removal by the surface
waters, will prove the best means of prolonging the fertility of the
soil and of ensuring frequent harvest. If, in addition, the land be
enriched by returning to it all organic wastes, the process of restora-
tion is more rapid than the process of exhaustion, and our system of
farming ceases to one of spoliation. A generous soil properly cared
for will continue to furnish all mineral nutritive elements; and,
with the organic elements provided for, the conservation of the
moisture within the soil and the torrents upon its surface becomes
our sole aim. A soil which has the highest degree of capillarity will
not only circulate through its mass the ground waters, but will also
carry them to the surface, where, during periods of drought, they
will accumulate to be evaporated and lost. If the surface is not
cultivated so that its clods are broken the evaporation from the soil
is more rapid than the exhalation from the foliage on the plants,
and if the drought is protracted the crops are burned. The object,
then, of tillage is to retain the moisture by preventing loss at the -
surface, and this loss alone is not insignificant, for untilled soil evap-
orates at least 100 barrels more per acre in a given season than
does a properly cultivated soil. This evaporation is also at the
expense of heat and becomes cold. A light colored clay is exces-
sively so. Its wheat is winter killed. But this evaporation of the
water from the surface has still another effect. It deposits in the

17

250 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

top soil all the soluble elements which it contained; not only are
they inaccessible to the myriads of rootlets which are many inches
below seeking this available food, but they are exposed to ‘the tor-
rents and floods of the first rain which carry them off to some lower
level. This soil ought to be caught in its descent to the sea. This
product is nature’s richest gift to her sons of the soil. Ignored or
neglected, she returns it again to her vast treasury, the sea, there to
remain until she bestows it again upon a more provident race. This
rich soil covering has been mellowed by all the agencies that con-
tribute to a proper mechanical condition, and is saturated with the
soluble elements leeched out of the soil below and can be observed
on the side of any slope nearby the farm. ‘This is a rich and cheap
fertilizer, than which nothing is better, and it is the material to
which the late Col. James Young referred at one of your meetings,
when he declared that this was the fertilizer from which he had the
best returns. He recovered in the winter time what the previous
year’s rains had removed from his land.

Of this slow, unnoticed removal of our soil covering all are vic-
tims. From all lands, from every tract, washes away immense possi-
bilities which must be arrested if we would prevent the ultimate ex-
haustion of our soil. For just as long as the natural processes con-
tinue, so long will this covering form and as promptly will it be re-
moved. If all our agriculturists would adopt Col. Young’s method
they would retain the productiveness of their fields and. prevent a
diminution in the agricultural value of the farms. The process of
cultivation, which we have already seen decreases evaporation of
the surface waters, contributes to prevent surface wash, for it ren-
ders a surface, which would otherwise be smooth, so rough that
the rains will penetrate the top muich and enter into the interior.

I believe that the present German system of assessment of agri-
cultural lands is based upon this principle, that certain rock forma-
tions produce soils of known fertility and porosity. A reasonable
amount of cultivation, but without the use of artificial fertilizers,
produces a given value of crop, and this represents the interest of
the capital which nature has supplied the farmer. The capital is
assessed. If the harvest does not reach the expected returns the
fault is with the farmer, not with nature.

The amount of this wash is greater from an uncultivated soil than
- from a thoroughly porous soil. It is greater from the rich limy
soils than from the porous, open, sandy soil. It is greater from
plowed than from spaded lands. (A mechanical subsoil spade, by
the way, would be a desirable farm implement). It is greater on a
hillside than in the bottoms. Hence, in the west and northwest
portions of our State, where the lands are generally high, with the ‘
rocks horizontal, the soil is subjected to but little wash, particularly

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 251

as it is covered by sod and forest. And this protection of the soil
surface by the sturdy growing tree is of immense value to agricul-
ture. The southern and eastern counties, however, have a complex
topography and their rocks are highly inclined and they suffer very
much from the scour and the transportation of the soluble elements
of their rocks from hill and dale. Impoverishment threatens their
lands. Those which exceed an inclination of 15 feet in 100 should
be devoted to forests only, because the depletion of their surface is
more rapid than the possible replenishment from natural sources.
Timber is the only crop that can be harvested there without imme-
diate loss of fertility. Fields having a slope nearly as great, should
not be plowed any more than is necessary to bring them to the
state of good grass lands. Late fall plowing would be better than
early spring plowing. The encouragement of rye or other green
crop during the winter months should be regarded. To one cog-
nizant of the vast storehouses of riches in and under the soils, the
main causes for the depletion of our lands appears to lie in the
reckless effort to win for the plow, lands totally unfit for the un-
natural form of cultivation (since it must be conceded that the pro-
cesses employed in obtaining the crops are essentially unnatural),
and in the extravagant waste of the riches of the soil in the absence
of adequate provision against the ravishments, of surface waters.
~Several methods have been suggested here, and elsewhere, and it
is skilful husbandry and our imperative duty to generations to come
to preserve these natural soil fertilizers.

The subject lies at the very foundation of public prosperity, and,
except through intelligent comprehension of this question, no hope
of amendment is possible. I do not pretend to have discussed this
subject from an agricultural point of view, but wish to show the
results of certain phases of geological inquiry which have as vital
and as definite a concern for the agricultural and forestry interests
as the other lines of geological investigation have for the econ-
omies of the mineral industries. Geological agencies furnish the
basis for the soils, geological forces contribute to their replenish-
ment, and when man’s efforts are in harmony with geological pro-
cesses, abundant harvests will be the reward for untold genera-
tions.

The following analyses of limestone and sandstone will illus-
trate the point raised. It will be noted that the only change in the
character of the sandstone soil as compared with its primary rock
source is in a slight reduction of the silica, sand, and a correspond-
ing increase of the other constituents. The sample taken is from a
location where there was little accretion from any source than the
underlying rock.

252 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
Sone eaee : —-

Sandstone. = oO

3 z = a

° 33 ra

fe a a 4
Water and organic matter; 25,2605 sce esc cnsteiles sincleliels cleivicie cae 0.6 2.6 4.7 10.9
Sites, EEG paadgoodpondn oon dono0osMoonconaeac sooaeaonnenToosboegn 91.7 81.8 78.8 73.0
PAC TNRAAL TIEV CLV: © “cjarc.e'0/a/e tele o.a\o atatAfoln/oaovar erate rate otavel tt elptoter teeta ageehelnleTele ta] etors BIA 7.6 9.7 9.1
JRE pe OI OR apagdboces onoodccnnacscoc canoboicscinocdonco0 sudo 1.8 2.8 2.6 2.7

Sedentary limestone soils, on the other hand, manifest a great
change by the solution and disappearance of their soluble lime-car-
bonate which is reduced from 78 per cent. nearly 2 per cent., while
the insoluble silica accumulates until the original 5.1 becomes 65
per cent., and the soluble silica increases from 1 per cent. to nearly

12 per cent.

Limestone.

wd

iS)

°

(4
WAter ana OTS AnIC AIMEE S cteerereicieterteiaislelereletolelo\eleielele/atatetelslsleleveversvatere(s 1.2
ifetsye blo Gi ble Epa GogoapphooonGouacdoconaboucaooDesontbaonccEs 5.1
Sieihei od usher ok osnankhogaoocagounad.s0un Ano caconbbonuoodadtensadsedc 1.0
ANS OMDLSs ALUTAINA® © <je5ep0;ssareiste cicia/="=telais iaics=s¢'e es safe ¢ svofelolerstatsersieice.cisveseiete 2.3
Syeihbi olen Nhe SaocauensdoanuonodoondadopnOooDoDonDpaoAdooaodvO0uL 0.6
Galeium: ICarbonatess Mime? cacleyeresemcraralaleiafaoieterelerelatatsveelebetewisietsisisistetelare 78.1
Les Herel aL ES pumeyatereistals/cvaininicie eisieieseleseieis olelolalstereiere misiniaeistnts tieiotemasta\eyerate 0.1

Sub-soil.

Soil.

_
hia aie ee a
nwonanas

Arable.

PAPERS READ AT THE ANNUAL MEETING

OF THE

Pennsylvania Dairy Union,

{HELD aT

CORRY, PA., DECEMBER 12 AND 13, 1900.

(258 )

(254 )

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 255

PAPERS READ AT THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE PENNSYLVANIA DAIRY
UNION, HELD AT CORRY, PA., DECEMBER 12 AND 13, 1900.

THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN BREED.

By S. HOXIE, Superintendent of Advanced Registry of Holstein-Friesian Cattle Club.

Public interest in this breed is rapidly increasing in the richer
and more important dairy sections of this country. At the last
annual meeting of the Holstein-Friesian Association of America,
65 new members were received. Its total membership was 748,
which had nearly doubled in five years.

This breed is imported from North Holland and Friesland, two
provinces of the Netherlands devoted to dairying in the almost exclu-
sive use of this breed. Here the breed originated. The farmers of
these provinces are descendants of the ancient Friesians and their
cattle are lineal descendants of the cattle bred by them two thou-
sand years ago. From the earliest account of dairy husbandry
these cattle have been used and developed for dairy purposes. North
Holland has been mainly devoted to cheese production, and Fries-
land to butter production. As an illustration of the extent of the
latter production, the following statistics are quoted from Cham-
ber’s Encyclopedia. The area of Friesland is 1,253 square miles
(53 less than the State of Rhode Island). In 1874, England imported
from Friesland 40,763 cwt. of cheese and 266,041 cwt. of butter.
Reduced to pounds, these importations were 4,565,456 pounds of
cheese, and 29,796,592 pounds of butter. In 1879 the number of
cows in Friesland was 144,802. Assuming an equal number in 1874,
this importation of butter from Friesland was an average of 2053
pounds for all the cows, old and young, owned in that province.
Kven if there was no home consumption and no sales to other coun-
tries, these exports alone sufficiently demonstrate the great ca-
pacity of this breed. To destroy the force of these statistics, its
enemies have sometimes assumed that a part of this exportation
was oleomargarine, but this is easily met by the fact that oleomar-
garine was not known in Friesland at that date.

256 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

THESE CATTLE IN OTHER PARTS OF EUROPE.

If allowed to spread without artificial restrictions, the value of
a breed may be judged by its aggressiveness; in other words, by
the territory over which it spreads in competition with other breeds.
Especially is this true of dairy breeds found as such breeds are, only
in civilized countries and on valuable lands. ‘This breed is found in
more countries, occupying more territory, and probably producing
more milk, cheese and butter than all other dairy breeds combined.
These facts are brought forcibly to our attention by the reports of
American consuls in ‘the commercial centres of Europe in answer
to inquiries made by our Department of State in 1883. Going south
from the two Netherland provinces, North Holland and Friesland,
where this breed originated, and from whence it is mainly sought,
it has spread over the provinces of Utrecht and South Holland, al-
most exclusively occupying them. Farther south is the Kingdom
of Belgium, the most densely populated state in Europe. Three of
its provinces are largely devoted to dairying, Antwerp and East and
West Flanders. The peculiar location of Belgium makes it equally
easy for the dairymen to import from England, North Holland and
the Islands of Jersey and Guernsey. The government has granted
subsidies for the importation of foreign breeds to improve the stock
of the country. No country is so well situated to pass judgment
of the various breeds. The dairymen of this country have been act-
ing the part of a great jury. Their suffrages are shown in the re-
ports of the consuls accredited to its provinces.

Says Consul Stewart of Antwerp: “Antwerp prefers to improve
her stock by the introduction of the Dutch race, because the dairy
is the result aimed at and but little attention is paid to other pro-
ducts. The cow is valued only by her milk-giving qualities, and for
this purpose the Dutch are much the best.”

Says Consul Wilson of Brussels: “In the province of Antwerp
the production of milk and butter and the raising of vegetables for
London and Antwerp markets are found so much more profitable
than the growing of beef cattle that the farmers of that district will
have nothing to do with but such cattle as produce the largest
amount of milk upon the smallest amount of food, and for this they
prefer the pure Dutch cow or her crosses with the Flemish ani-
mal.” ;
Says Consul Tanner of Liege: “So far as the different breeds of
cattle in Belgium are concerned, they are as numerous as there are
localities of different names, and there has not been that general
and universal effort to retain purity of breed in Belgium such as
has been the case in England. There has been an effort, however, to
this end in a few cases of families of rank, who have been very par-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 257

ticular about the pedigrees of their cattle, and therefore in this way
there are several breeds that have retained untarnished pedigrees
most faithfully. The breeds to which I allude present now in out-
ward appearance and in results, for both the dairy and for beef
cattle, that cannot be surpassed in the world. This is more particu-
larly true of the breeds known here as the Hollendais or Dutch cow,
and the Flamande or Belgium cow. ‘There is a strong likeness be-
tween these two breeds that suggests unmistakably, to a judge of
cattle, a common origin. * * * The Hollendais or Dutch cattle
on the whole, I think, are generally more esteemed than any other.”

Eastward from its place of origin this race has spread even more
extensively than southward. It has extended even to Russia, where,
at the mouth of the river Dwina, nearly under the Arctic Circle, it
has produced the Kolmogorian breed, the most highly valued cattle
of that country. Whether it might not have spread westward into
England and the Channel Islands, but for laws restricting importa-
tions from the continent, cannot be said. It is however asserted by
Professor Low, an eminent English author on breeds of cattle, writ-
ing in 1840, that early importations of Dutch cattle exercised great
influence on the formation of the Teeswater, afterwards known as
the Shorthorn breed.

TEE YP ORY TEE BEE Eb):

This is technically called the milk and beef form. It is especially
strong in all vital particulars. It embraces strength and capacity
for milk production. The bones are fine, compared with size, and
the chine broad and strong, compared with the high and sharp
chine of the extreme milk form. The loin and hips are broad and
smooth, and the rump high and level, compared with the angularity
usually shown in the milk form. The twist is roomy and the thighs
and hocks well apart. Passing forward, the shoulders are smoother
and more compact than in the milk form, but of lighter weight than
in the beef form. The brisket is not so wide and low as in the beef
form and the chest is not so deep, but the width of the beef form
through at the heart is closely retained. In the milk form the ab-
domen is usually swung low, and the ribs are steep and flat, but in
the milk and beef form the ribs are wider sprung and the abdomen
more trimly held up, though no less capacious. The general ap-
pearance of the bull is strongly masculine, but that of the cow is no
less feminine than in the milk form.

The average measurements of full-age cows (cows five years old
and upwards), received to the fourth volume of the Holstein- Friesian
Advanced Register were as follows: Height at shoulders, 51.8
inches, at hips, 53; length of body, 64.9, of rump, 21.4; width of hips,

17—7—1900

258 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

21.9; girth at smallest circumference of chest, 75.6. The average
weight in good milking condition was 1,262 pounds. The scale of
points of the Holstein-Friesian Association of America is intended
to be descriptive of this type.

IS THIS BREED A GENERAL-PURPOSE BREED?

If a general-purpose breed is one that is equally valuable for each ~
and every leading purpose for which cattle are used, it is not such
a breed. This breed excels in milk production, it is superior for
veal production, and valuable for beef production. If this combina-
tion of qualities defines a general-purpose breed, it is such a breed.
For generations the natural conditions under which these cattle have
been developed have been most favorable for this combination of
qualities. Looking upon one of its model cows, the broad loin and
rump seems just the place for the growth of the finest quality of
beef and the fit support of the capacious udder. The straight quar-
ters and well rounded body cannot detract from milk production.
We know that her calves are large at birth and that they grow and
fatten with great rapidity. In Holland and Belgium this combina-
tion of qualities and uses is universal. We quote from an address
of Professor Roberts, Dean of Cornell Agricultural College, made in
1878, before New York Dairymen’s Association. He said: “I had
the good fortune during the past summer to spend some time in
North Holland and Friesland. * * * If anywhere on the face
of the globe there exists a race of uniformly good milkers, the
Dutch have them. * * * The cows, no matter how good, are
seldom kept till they become wornout shells; valueless for beef and
not fit to propagate their kind, but are sold for beef while they are
vigorous enough to put on flesh profitable alike to producer and
consumer, and of no mean quality. I ate of it for three weeks and
the English beef for two, and while not so fat as the Shorthorn, it
was to my taste superior.” Bulls of this breed are not castrated in
Europe with a view of finally feeding them for beef. The surplus bull
calves are invariably vealed. That European methods of handling
cattle will eventually be adopted in our richer dairy sections, as the
population increases, can scarcely be doubted.

CONSTITUTIONAL VIGOR OR VITAL FORCE.

This is the element that produces endurance under great strain
of any sort—in the race horse under the strain of terrific speed, in
the milch cow under the strain of enormous production. Under the
strain of a severe climate is is called hardihood. Take the calves
of two breeds of cattle; of the one it is difficult to keep them alive
or to make them grow; of the other there is no difficulty of this kind.
The difference lies in the difference of constitutional vigor. What

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 259

is its invisible cause or source? Is it in a particular temperament—
the nervous temperament? ‘There is no proof of this. Indeed, ani-
mals of the nervous temperament not unfrequently lack this vital
force. Of one thing there seems to be an assurance. Incestious
breeding tends to a reduction of its strength. The Holland breeders
have never practiced such breeding. It may be weakened by breed-
ing from immature bulls or from cows worn out by age or disease.
The Hollanders never breed from such cows and rarely from such
bulls. In proof that this breed has maintained a high standard of
vital force, we point to its use in almost every climate, including
that of Northern Russia, nearly up to the Arctic Circle. Here in
America it is as hardy as our native cattle. Its calves are raised
without difficulty. Taken from their dams at three days old and rea-
sonably fed on skim milk and a little oil meal, they grow like weeds.
Given plenty of food, no matter if much of it is roughage, they will
drop their calves at two years old and henceforward are profitable
to their owners. Allow me to quote from an address of Professor
Carlyle, of Wisconsin Agricultural College.

“A farmer in Illinois, operating an extensive dairy of over 200
cows, is delivering milk in Chicago on the recommendations of the
physicians and surgeons there. He receives twelve cents a quart
for his milk wholesale. * * * On visiting his farm he gave me
an idea which I have never heard presented before and which I am
confident is going to be elaborated, especially for the milk supply
of cities. * * * The Physicians’ and Surgeons’ Association of
Chicago frequently visit him on his farm, and they have asked him
if he can give any reason why his milk has more vitalizing power
than any other milk they can get. The gentleman remarked that he
had never thought of such a thing, that he had always considered
one milk as good as another, provided it had the same percentage of
butterfat and milk solids. They remarked that if they had a patient
that was very much run down and weak, and they gave him of the
milk from his herd, they found it had more life-giving, vitalizing
power than any other milk they could get, even though it was no
richer in its chemical properties. The point I wish to make here is
that there is such a thing as vitality in milk, and that it is of equal,
if not greater importance than its chemical composition, especially
for the milk supply of cities. And there can be no question but
that the vitality of milk is closely associated with the vitality of
the animal producing it. Strong, vigorous cows, such as the Hol-
steins and milking Shorthorns, and some few families of the Jer-
sey and Guernsey breeds, are animals that are bound to be required
for this purpose. The physicians recognize the importance of a
strong vital temperament in the human mother, and I do not see
why it does not apply with equal force to the cows.”

260 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

FEEDING QUALITIES.

Professor Carlyle, in his address, from which the above paragraph
is quoted, adds: ‘The Holsteins have this vitality and strength.
They have the great digestive and assimilative powers required for
the production of large quantities of milk from coarse, cheap fodder.”
In 1864, John H. Klippart, then Secretary of the Ohio State Board of
Agriculture, was sent to Europe to study the agricultural methods
of its most progressive states. The King of Wurtemberg was then
deeply interested in the investigation of cattle breeds, and in the
formation of a new breed called the Rosenstein breed. Large es-
tates were devoted to these purposes. The observations of Mr. Klip-
part in regard to these objects are found in the Ohio Agricultural Re-
port of 1865. I quote from page 210. “But then the North Hol-—
land races, (North Holland and Friesland cattle), were desirable
for the large calves they dropped and the early maturity of these
calves. During the period they were in milk, the cows appeared to
be in poor condition but they fattened rapidly when dry; so were
the oxen readily fattened. They, however, always required an ample
supply of food, but were by no means choice as to the quality of the
food, and as they readily crossed with the natives, they were selected
as one of the permanent races to be retained on the estate at Weil.”
This estate was the one devoted to the formation of the new breed,
and this breed was used as its foundation. The conclusions I have
here quoted were arrived at, from forty-three years of careful scru-
tiny by highly qualified, and impartial investigators, studying at
the same time under their immediate care all the other leading
breeds.

Under this head, allow me to again quote Professor Roberts.
“Somebody,” he says, “away back in the dim past, laid down the
rule that ‘animals consume food in proportion to their live weight,’
but seeing that this would never do, they immediately added, ‘other
things being equal.’ This amendment effectually annuls the rule,
for other things never are equal. Can anyone for a moment im-
agine that two twelve hundred pound well built Shorthorn cows
will consume as much as three coarse-headed, gothic-ribbed eight
hundred pound ones? The chances are that two of the smaller
ones would consume more than the two larger ones. From often
quoting this rule and giving little weight to the saving clause, we
are likely to be led into error. The truth is, animals never consume
food in proportion to their live weight. Age, conformation, inher-
ited constitution, and many other things, have a great bearing as
to the amount of food that is required for support. But it is un-
necessary to prove what is a self evident fact to all. Believing as
{ do, I can but recommend that the cow for the dairy be raised on

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 261

the farm, that she be of good size, with springing rib, a strong loin,
and low flank; that she be closely scrutinized in calf-hood and
weighed and measured in early cow-hood; that if she from any way
prove deficient, none of her progeny be permitted ever to find a
place in the milk or breeding state, no matter how fancy her paints,
or how long her pedigree.”

MILKING QUALITIES.

Quantity of production and persistency of milking are well known
characteristics of this breed. I had official charge of the cow Clo-
thilde at the close of her years’ record of 26,0214 pounds. She was
then giving from 53 to 57 pounds of milk daily. There has been re-
ceived to the Advanced Register of the Holstein-Friesian Associa-
tion, 77 records ranging from 15,000 to 30,000 pounds of milk in a
year. Dropping her calf at two years old, an average heifer of this
breed in good health, well fed and cared for, will produce 6,000
pounds of milk in ten months. She will increase this amount each
and every year until she is five years old, when she will give from
10,000 to 12,000 pounds in a like period. The quality of milk will
average about 3.5 per cent. fat and about 9 per cent. of solids-not-
fat. The nutritive value of the solids-not-fat will be more than
equal to that of the fat as in most other breeds, but as in other
breeds, the commercial value will be much less. Here allow me to
venture a prediction. Science is discovering so many uses for milk
solids-not-fat, and not many years hence, their commercial value will
be as high as that of the fat. Then will come the hey-day of the
dairy farmer.

In 1895, a system of official testing was adopted to determine the
capacity of this breed for butter production. It was perfected in
1898. The tests are for seven consecutive days. They are made
by agents sent from and responsible to our experiment stations.
The fat is determined by the Babcock test and the butter estimated.
In cases of extreme large records, re-tests are made. During the
last official year 255 such tests were reported. The rules require
that they be arranged into seven classes according to the ages of the
cows. The number of cows and average products of each class were
as follows:

Cows five years old or over, 95, averaging; age, 7 years, 5 months,
2 days; milk, 419.6 lbs.; per cent. fat, 3.45; estimated butter, 80
per cent., fat, 17 Ibs. 15.3 oz.; 85.7 per cent. fat, 16 lbs. 12.2 oz.

Cows between 43 and 5 years old, 12, averaging; age, 4 years, 8
months; milk, 409.4 lbs.; per cent. fat, 3.29; estimated butter, 80
per cent., fat, 16 lbs. 13.3 0z.; 85.7 per cent. fat, 15 Ibs. 11.4 oz.

Cows between 4 and 43 years old, 11, averaging; age, 4 years, 3

262 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

months, 7 days; milk, 371 lbs.; per cent. fat, 3.45; estimated butter,
80 per cent., fat, 15 lbs. 15.9 0z.; 85.7 per cent. fat, 15 lbs. 15.8 oz.

Cows between 34 and 4 years old, 30, averaging; age, 3 years, 9
months; milk, 367 lbs.; per cent. fat, 3.82; estimated butter, 80 per
cent., fat, 15 lbs. 2.2 oz.; 85.7 per cent. fat, 15 lbs. 2 oz.

Cows between 3 and 34 years old, 22, averaging; age, 3 years, 2
months, 25 days; milk, 359.7 lbs.; per cent. fat, 3.39; estimated but-
ter, 80 per cent., fat, 15 lbs. 3.9 0z.; 85.7 per cent. fat, 15 Ibs. 3.7 oz.

Cows between 24 and 3 years old, 25, averaging; age, 2 years, 9
months, 15 days; milk, 308.4 lbs.; per cent. fat, 3.32; estimated
butter, 80 per cent., fat, 12 Ibs. 12 0z.; 85.7 per cent. fat, 11 Ibs. 14.4
OZ.

Cows under 23 years old, 62, averaging; age, 2 years, 9 days;
milk, 277.5 Ibs.; per cent. fat, 3.2; estimated butter, 80 per cent.,
fat, 11 lbs. 1.8 0z.; 85.7 per cent. fat, 10 lbs. 5.9 oz.

Here the inquiry frequently arises: “Why use the two factors, 80
per cent. and 85.7 per cent., to convert the fat found in the milk to
equivalent of butter?” The latter is used because it is the factor
adopted by the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and
Experiment Stations, the former because the results reached by it .
more justly compare with records that have been made by the churn
and received in past years to our Advanced Register. We have
several hundred of such records sworn to by the owners of the cows
and by their assistants in making them. These records are valuable,
although made by an inexact method liable to great abuse unless
guarded by the strictest practicable regulations. They are the
only means we have of knowing the capacities of the great cows
of our breed that lived and died before the invention of the Babcock
test. During the last six months I have closely examined the but-
ter tests made by the churn that have been reported in the dairy
and cattle journals that have come to my desk. My object has
been to ascertain the amount of fat, found in the milk, that was re-
quired in each case to make a pound of butter. Only a few of
such records gave any clew by which this was discoverable. In a
majority of tests where it was discoverable I have found that from
75 to 80 per cent. was required, a few required less than 75 per cent.,
one a trifle more than 70 per cent., a few required over 80 per cent.,
but none required as much as 85.7 per cent.

SYSTEMS OF REGISTRATION.

In the Netherlands and Friesian herd books, entries of bulls cannot
be made before they are stock-getters, nor cows before producing
calves. Every animal must also show superior physical develop-
ment. The entry gives the age and description, including height
at shoulders, height at hips, length of body, smallest circamference

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 263

of chest and width of hips. In such requirements we recognize pro-
visions against degeneration of the breed. Our American herd
books enter all animals of pure blood whatever the age or devel-
opment. The Advanced Register of the Holstein-Friesian Associa-
tion of America adopts the European method and adds to it a mea-
surement of width at the thurl (called by anatomists the great tro-
canter), and a standard record of milk or butter production. In the
early history of this association this system encountered great oppo-
sition. It is now generally regarded as peculiarly valuable to the
breed and to breeders who are active in the advancement of its in-
terests.

AYRSHIRES.

— - ——-

By C. M. WINSLOW, Secretary Ayrshire Cattle Club.

The Ayrshire is strictly a dairy cow, originating in the county of
Ayr, Scotland, and attracting public attention about a hundred
years or more ago. Her origin is veiled in obscurity, and whether
built up by judicious selection from the native stock of the coun-
try, or the foundation was laid by cross-breeding from one or more
foreign breeds, is difficult to determine. There are, however, handed
down to us accounts of various importations by the landlords of
the old Durham breed, both males and females, and there are many
striking characteristics which strongly indicate either a foundation
from the old milking Shorthorn or a strong cross from that breed.
But, however all that may be, they have been bred for so long ina
direct line that their characteristics are fixed and readily perpetu-
ated.

The Ayrshire is a spotted cow with a greater or less proportion
of white, red or brown, varying in its proportion with the taste of
the breeder. She is a solid, compact animal, weighing at maturity
about 1,000 lbs; small, bony head, upright horns, full eyes, large muz-
zle, thin neck, sharp shoulders, large barrel, broad hips, deep in the
flank, giving her a wedge shape. Her udder is capacious, running
well forward and back, with teats wide apart, being about three
inches long, placed on the four corners of the udder. AIl appear-
ances of an Ayrshire cow indicate large milking capacity. She is
tough and hardy, seldom having anything ailing her, either in body or
udder. She has a vigorous appetite, not at all dainty in her food,
eating with a relish whatever is placed before her, good or bad.

264 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

She is a rapid feeder, and soon getting her fill, she goes to chewing
her cud, which she is nearly always doing in a rapid manner—either
lying down, standing or walking, and I have often seen them when
started into a run, keep on chewing as they ran. If there is any
food in the pasture, the Ayrshire will find it.

She is a very uniform and persistent milker, drying off slowly and
milking up to calving, if desired. She is quiet and pleasant in her
disposition, if kindly treated, or if let alone, but will resent abuse.
She is intelligent, quick to learn and of a retentive memory. Can
be easily taught to take the same place in the stable, and will al-
ways go to that place until removed to another.

She is not easily disturbed at milking time, pays no attention to
noise in the stable, and gives her milk as readily to one milker as
to another. She is a very economical producer of milk, giving a
large amount of milk of good quality for the food consumed. Offi-
cial tests have shown her to produce 4 per cent. milk at less than
two cents per quart average.

The place where an Ayrshire cow particularly excels is in pro-
ducing milk for the retail trade in towns and cities. It is produced
at a small cost, if of good quality for inspection, has a good body to
it, and never looks blue; has good keeping quality and will bear
transportation without churning or souring; will, after standing
over night, easily remix the cream into the milk, and when once re-
mixed will not readily rise again.

The milk is particularly adapted for table use and for invalids and
children, being attractive looking and evenly balanced in cream and
butter-fat, making it a complete food, and easily digested. Another
quality of Ayrshire milk is the quality of the curd, which, instead
of being leathery and tough, is easily crumbled to pieces, rendering
it more easily digested.

People with weak digestive organs, and young children, thrive
on it and are uniformly free from stomach and intestinal troubles.
While the Ayrshire seems by nature to be particularly adapted to
the production of milk to be used on the table and in its original
form, still she is no mean butter cow, but as her cream rises slowly,
it will be found advisable to use a separator to extract the cream,
and when extracted there is no noticeable difference in the churn-
ability of Aryshire cream from that of any other breed. An average
Ayrshire cow will give, on fair keep, from 6,000 to 7,000 Ibs. of milk,
which will make from 250 to 300 Ibs. of butter. Selected breeds,
however, will do much better, giving from 7,000 to 8,000 lbs. of milk,
and from 300 to 400 Ibs. of butter.

We have many well authenticated and official records of single
cows giving from 10,000 to 12,000 lbs. of milk, and from 400 to 600

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 265

Ibs. of butter. While we do not claim the Ayrshire to be a beei
animal, or even a general purpose cow, still, as she is of fair
size, and an easy keeper, she will at any time pay the cost of raising,
if it is desired to beef her. She has heavy hind quarters and thick
loins, and butchers always like them because they cut up well and
the meat is nicely flecked with tallow, even as a two-year-old.
Steers, pure bred and grades, are of fair size, mature early, fatten
quickly, and are as profitable for beef as it is possible for a dairy
breed to be.

I have seen oxen of this breed and they appeared to be good ones.
They were fair size, handsome looking and sprightly, and were said
to be tough and enduring.

In concluding, | would say that while the Ayrshire breed has never
been pushed into public notice, she is a popular cow with all who
‘know her or have tried her, and she is steadily gaining friends, and
I notice that it is very rare for a man to let her go when once he
has obtained an Ayrshire cow; and her friends all speak well of
her, and she seems to have but few enemies. ‘She is a good, all-
round useful cow.

Mr. Peck: Mr. Peck said that while the Holstein, the Jersey and
the Guernsey had done much to develop the dairy business, he re-
garded the Ayrshire as one of the best dairy cows and best adapted
to all conditions. That while an admirer of the Ayrshire, he could
recognize the merits of the other breeds as adapted to other condi-
tions. Every breed has its weak as well as its strong points, and
the dairyman wants to know the weak as well as the strong points.
One of the defects of the Ayrshire is that the milk globules do not
cream as readily as the milk of the Jersey. This is one of the de-
fects. She is perhaps more liable to milk fever than the Holstein
or the Jersey, but the veterinary surgeons have overcome this diffi-
culty until we are able to obviate much of the loss arising from this.
She is well adapted to grazing in a hilly country. She is strong,
agile as a goat and possessed of a wonderful amount of nerve and
vigor. She is one of the best cows for crossing with other breeds.
I have found the Ayrshires possessed of great digestive powers, and
if any disease gets into the herd, it is never an Ayrshire. ‘There
has never been a diseased udder in my herd. She will find food for
herself where another cow will starve. She is a persistent milker.
As a persistent milker, I do not think she has a superior in any
other breed, and she will take on flesh very readily. ‘In the cross
of the Jersey and the Ayrshire I have produced the finest cows I
have ever seen; they are finer cows and handsomer than either the
Jersey or the Ayrshire. I think the cross between the Jersey and
the Ayrshire will produce more milk and butter than the Jersey, and
the quality is up to the market demand.

18

266 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

THE JERSEY COW.

_ By E. H. SIBLEY, President of the Pennsylvania Cattle Club.

Did the Jersey breed originate, as some have supposed, by the
union of the deer and the cow in some dim, musty epoch in the morn-
ing-time of the world? Unfortunately, this is one of the ques-
tions to which no positive answer can ever be vouchsafed; for in
that remote period, no historian was present to record the facts”
for a curious and interested public at the close of the nineteenth
century of the Christian era.

The supposition, however, is a most natural one. The fine, taper-
ing head, the open nostrils, the full liquid eyes, the symmetrical
shape, the graceful carriage, the mild disposition, the soft hair and
the delicate shadings of fawn of the coat are all both noteworthy
and suggestive characteristics.

If we leave, now, the realm of uncertainty and conjecture, and
enter the domain of events duly chronicled, we find that as early
as 1789 these cattle were so highly esteemed in their native home on
the Island of Jersey that an act of the local legislature was passed
which prohibited the importation of all foreign bred cattle, and
imposed heavy fines on all connected with such a transaction, and
provided, furthermore, for the slaughter of animals that had in this
way reached the Island, and went even to the length of decreeing
the forfeiture of the vessel itself which had brought them thither.

The reason why the Islanders were so anxious to preserve their
cattle from being mixed with other breeds was, that the Jerseys were
superior to all others as dairy animals. If we search for the causes
of this superiority, they may be difficult to ascertain. Many great
results proceed from causes so numerous, so subtle and of such pe-
culiar combination that the faithful analyst, after many attempts,
confesses the vagueness and the inadequacy of the constituent fac-
tors he has arrived at.

It will be generally conceded that the white race is superior to
the black, the yellow or the red; yet the white race has reared
some of the grandest triumphs of civilization in the same latitude,
the same elevation and in the same lands from which they have ex-
pelled the native inhabitants, who had utilized practically none of
nature’s boundless resources. So, while I shall mention a few of

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 267

the elements contributing to the success of Jerseys as dairy animals,
I may be permitted to hold that there is still something more needed
to explain their greatness, and for the sake of convenience, I shall
simply designate it as their essential nature.

Jerseys are characterized as being of a highly organized type.
They are dairy machines of great power and efficiency.

As helpful factors in the development of Jerseys, the following
points may be briefly mentioned:

1. The small size of the Island of Jersey and the enforced economy
in the use of land. The total area of the Island is only 62 miles, and,
as there are some thousands of land owners, the cattle cannot be
allowed to roam about, but are tethered by short ropes, removed
several times a day to fresh grass, led to water, and led to and from
the stable.

2. The mild climate, which is due to the genial influence of the
Gulf stream. The orange and the lemon ripen without protection;
the grass is green and nutritious throughout the winter.

3. The division of the land among a comparatively large number
of owners, thus affording to these cattle the advantage of being
under the master’s eye. The inhabitants of the Island of Jersey
are designated as “gentry.” Their material condition and average
intelligence is said to be vastly superior to that of the poorer peas-
antry of other parts of Europe.

4, The fertility of the soil, which, with other conditions named,
insures a high quality of feed. Through a great number of genera-
tions, there has been thus acquired or fixed the ability to profitably
digest and transform good food into valuable products for the
owner. 3

But a question that is of special importance to us in this country
is, “Do Jersey cattle in the hands of American breeders sustain the
reputation for dairy excellence which they enjoy at home?” I an-
swer, in substance, as did the Queen of Sheba in reference to the
wisdom of Solomon: That the reports current have failed to do the
subject justice.

Many a European, who on his native heath might have passed his
life in obscurity and poverty, comes to this land of freedom, progress
and boundless opportunity, and achieves both fame and fortune.
The Jersey cow, during a few generations in the hands of skilful
American breeders, while retaining the essential points of quality
and adaptation to dairy work, has vastly increased her capacity for
usefulness. Jerseys were always noted for their persistency and
uniformity as milkers. They have, therefore, for a long time been
preferred by prudent managers to other cattle that might give a
larger flow of milk in the earlier period of lactation, but that were
not the equal of the Jerseys in eveness of production throughout the
milking period.

268 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

In the face of the numerous records now available, i hope the re-
proach will no longer be cast on the Jersey that she is a small
milker. On the contrary, American bred Jerseys are large milkers
when judged by the year, which is the best standard by which to
gauge a dairy animal. Moreover, any breed of cattle which will
produce a cow such as the one owned by Col. Lewis Walker, of
Meadville, viz: Jimp, 86488, that gave nearly 500 pounds of milk in
one week, aud such a cow as the queen of Milier & Sibley’s herd, viz.,
Adelaide of St. Lambert, 73652, that gave 82% pounds of milk in one
day, and over one ton of milk in one month—such a breed, I say,
has earned the right, without restriction to yearly totals, to be
classed among the breeds that produce heavy milkers.

As regards the yearly yields of milk in the Jersey breed, I may be
pardoned for mentioning a few records which deserve wider pub-
licity than they have hitherto received. In the herd of Miller &
Sibley, two Jersey cows, Matilda 4th and La Petite Mere 2nd, each
gave over 16,000 pounds of milk in one year, while a two-year-old
heifer, Fawn of St. Lambert, owned by the same firm, gave within
the limits of twelve months ending before she was three years old,
over 10,000 pounds of milk. Jersey breeders have paid so much
more attention to the quality of the milk than to its quantity that
not many milk yields, in comparison with butter yields, have been
published; but judging from the herd with which I am most familiar,
I should say that there is a large number of Jersey cows that have
given with ordinary feed and care and carrying a calf as usual, be-
tween 10,000 and 12,000 pounds of milk in a year. Ten daughters
of Miller & Sibley’s bull Ida’s Rioter of St. L., averaged 7,218 pounds
of milk apiece as heifers with first calf. It would savor of mere
egotism than I trust that you impute to me, if I were to claim that
no other Jersey breeders had equally good animals. It is worthy
of note that the milk of Jersey cattle when sold for family use com-
mands higher prices than that of other breeds.

But however interesting this phase of the subject might prove,
I am warned that to bring this paper within the limits designated,
I must content myself with the meagre references already made to
the milking qualities of the Jerseys, and proceed at once to discuss her
pre-eminent claims as a butter maker. So large is the proportion
of cream to the whole milk, that many years ago the owners of Jer-
seys in this country, began to set the milk by itself and churn it
in order to measure the cows’ butter capacity. Well authenticated
records of tested animals of the Jersey breed, making 14 pounds or
more of butter in one week, now amount up to several thousands.
They were made in the cold winters in Canada, as well as under
the sunny skies of Texas. They were made by the millionaire fan-
cier, and by the working farmer. They were made by college pro-

-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 269

fessors, and by those who could not write a single page of manu-
script without misspelling one or more of the words employed. In
short, so pronounced were the merits of Jersey cows as rich milkers,
and hence as heavy butter makers, that their merits were recognized
by their owners at once, if these owners were possessed of an ordi-
nary degree of the qualities of perception and intelligence.

The American Jersey Cattle Club has accepted, approximately,
4,200 tests of cows making upwards of 14 pounds of butter a week.
On an average, one cow in every nine tested makes 20 pounds or
more, and one in every sixty-one makes 25 pounds or more, while
one out of every 179 tests, 28 pounds or over. In connection with
the tests accepted by the club, it should be borne in mind that the
blanks furnished for the purpose, require more than forty different
details for each cow tested. In those cases in which an employe
makes the test, an affidavit is required before a justice of the peace
or a notary public, and the owner must certify that he has full con-
fidence in the statement made by his representative. To supply
all the points of information demanded by the Club, makes the prep-
aration of the paper a burdensome task to many people. It would
seem to the writer a conservative estimate that not over two-thirds
of the number of tests actually made have ever been reported on the
blanks formulated by the Club. Many people, moreover, have
churned separately the milk of a Jersey cow for, say six days, five
days, four days, or three days; and finding that the cow made during
this period from two pounds to three pounds or more of butter a
day, they have been just as well satisfied as to the capacity of their
cow as though they had continued the test for seven days; yet no
record of any test is accepted by the Club for less than a full week.
It is not by any means unlikely that at least one-fourth, and perhaps
one-half, as many more Jerseys have shown for a shorter period
than that fixed by the Club as the basis of publication, a capacity
for butter of two or more pounds a day. For every case of an au-
thenticated butter test of over 14 pounds a week by the churn in
any other breed of cattle, the claim would surely be far within the .
bounds of accuracy that there were ten such butter tests of Jersey
COWS.

But fortunately for the sake of establishing the supremacy of
the Jersey as a dairy and family cow, we are not compelled to rely
upon the statements of owners or partisans. At the World’s Fair
in 1893 there was a contest of breeds, under rules and conditions
which had been the subject of consideration and which had been in
the process of formation for nearly a year and a half previous to
adoption. The meetings for the purpose of determining these rules
were called by Hon. W. I. Buchanan, Chief of the Department of
Agriculture of the World’s Columbian Exposition. The following

270 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

clubs or associations were represented at these meetings and as-
sented to the rules finally decided upon: The American Jersey Cat-
tle Club, The American Guernsey Cattle Club, The American Short-
horn Breeder’s Association, Holstein-Friesian Association, American
Devon Cattle Club, Red Polled Cattle Association, Brown Swiss
Cattle Association, and American Ayrshire Association. The com-
mittee in charge of the tests was composed of men eminent in the
line of dairy work. They were Prof. I. P. Roberts, of Cornell Uni-
versity; Prof. S. M. Babcock, of the University of Wisconsin; Prof.
H. P. Armsby, of State College, Penna., and Prof. M. A. Scovell, of
the Kentucky Experiment Station.

Although accommodations had been provided for all the breeds
of cattle represented at the conventions on rules, and although the
several associations or clubs had each pledged cows to the contest,
yet, as a matter of fact, only three associations actually did produce
the cows for the purpose. These three organizations were the Amer-
ican Jersey Cattle Club, the American Guernsey Cattle Club, and
the American Short-horn Association.

One of the contests was for cheese and for the solids contained in
the whey. The duration of the test was fifteen days, and each breed
was represented by twenty-five cows. The Jerseys gave, during this
time, over 2,300 pounds of milk more than the Guernseys, and over
1,100 pounds more than the Short-horns. The Jerseys produced
321 pounds more of cheese than the Guernseys, and 374 pounds more
than the Short-horns. In the scoring of the cheese as to quality,
the Jerseys surpassed each of the other breeds, and exceeded in net
profits the Guernseys by $31 and the Shorthorns by $38. It required
less Jersey milk to make a pound of cheese than of the milk of either
of the other breeds.

The second competitive trial was for ninety days, and was for
butter, for milk and for the solids other than fat, and included, also,
the item of gain or loss in live weight. The results were similar to
the ones in the cheese contest, so far as Jersey supremacy was con-
cerned. The Jerseys surpassed their nearest rivals, the Guernseys,
by over 900 pounds of butter, and the Short-horns by over 1,300
pounds. In the matter of solids other than fat, the excess of the
Jerseys over the other two named was 963 pounds and 714 pounds
respectively. In values, the produce of the Jerseys was greater than
the Guernseys by $326; and greater than the Short-horns by $413.
It required less Jersey milk to make a pound of butter than was the
case with either of the competitors, and, furthermore, the cost of
feed was less per pound of butter produced.

The third test was for a period of thirty days, and in order to ac-
commodate the American Guernsey Cattle Club, who represented
that unless their request was complied with they would not be able

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 271

to compete, the number of cows in each breed was reduced from
twenty-five to fifteen. If there is a certain element of sameness and
monotony in the outcome of each of these contests, the writer can
only plead that he is not responsible. It is merely another case
like that of the small boy in Sunday School, who was suddenly asked
by a gruff teacher, “Who made the world?” The reply of the fright-
ened child was, “Please, sir; it wasn’t me.” So far as monotony
goes, I am sure that the competitors of the Jersey did all they could
to prevent it, but in vain. In this third test, as in the others, the
Jersey again finished at the front, making 113 pounds more butter
than the Guernseys, and 174 pounds more than the Short-horns.
The net profits of the Jerseys, after deducting the cost of feed, ex-
ceeded the Guernseys by $37 and the Short-horns by $75.

The three tests already briefly recounted, having cost the Exposi-
tion management over $70,000, the heifer test was reduced in length
by Chief Buchanan from thirty days, as originally planned, to twen-
ty-one days. It being optional whether to enter this test, the Guern-
sey breeders decided not to take part init. Therefore, only Jerseys
and Short-horns participated. In order not. to weary the audience,
many details have already been purposely omitted; and as regards
this last contest, the situation may be summed up by saying that
for the fourth time the Jerseys were victorious in yield of milk,
amount of fat in the milk, in the amount of butter produced, in the
value of the butter and in the net. profit per head.

The rules provided for an award for the best five cows of any
breed, but the records showed that the Jersey breed was entitled
to the honor of having the entire five members.

For further details of these careful, elaborate and impartial series
of experiments under the direction of men eminent for ability and
character, I respectfully refer any inquirer to the pamphlet on the
subject by Mr. Valancey E. Fuller, and published by the American
Jersey Cattle Club. This pamphlet, in a compass of fifty-five closely
printed pages, sets forth every fact, and notes every particular that
the most thorough student or curious investigator could desire.

In view of the vast amount of evidence that is now at our dis-
posal, is it at all surprising that the Jersey cow, is daily making
hosts of new friends? At one time, she was regarded in this coun-
try as a luxury for the rich. To-day, by the logic of events, she has
demonstrated herself also a necessity for the poor.

(272)

PAPERS READ BEFORE THE

salgee Horticultural Society

AT THE MEETING HELD IN

HORTICULTURAL HALL, PHILADELPHIA, 1900.

18—7—1900

s .
.

a Re re ee a eet ae Lee ee ee ee f

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 275

PAPERS READ BEFORE THE PENNSYLVANIA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GROWING PRIMULA CHINENSIS FOR EXHIBITION.

By JOHN HOBSON, Gardener to Edward A. Schmidt, Radner, Pa.

It is a well known fact that every plantsman has his favorites
amongst plants. He may grow a great variety and feel an interest
in all of them, but there is always a few that have greater attrac-
tion for, and that are certain to receive greater attention from the
grower.

The primrose I have always thought to well deserve good treat-
ment. I hope I will not be considered egotistical when I say that
I am very proud of the fact that for upwards of a quarter of a cen-
tury I have been invariably successful, both as a grower and ex-
hibitor of this plant.

My treatment is, to sow the seeds in March or April in pots or
pans half-filled with drainage in a compost of two parts leaf mould,
one part fibry loam, one part sand, the whole to be passed through
a fine sieve. After the pots are filled with the compost, they should
be watered and allowed to stand for a couple of hours. Then sow
the seed while the soil is damp, and cover lightly with sand. I pre-
fer putting the pots ina warm temperature until the seeds come up,
but after that grow them in a cool house. If we get pots of the
same size and cork the drainage holes, fill them with one-third
water, and place the seed pots setting in them, a more numerous
and even crop of plants will be the result.

When the young plants have formed a couple of leaves, pot
singly in the same compost into two and a half inch pots and keep
them shaded for a few days until they become established. Then
they may be placed in a position where they will receive plenty of
light and air, but no strong sun. When the outside of the balls
show plenty of young roots, but before they become pot bound, we
re-pot into four-inch pots, and again, when these are well filled with
roots, we give a final shift into six-inch pots.

Fine plants can be grown in pots of this size, but when the plants

276 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

are extra strong we have sometimes made the last potting in seven-
inch pots with fine results.

The soil used for the last two pottings consists of two parts light
fibry loam, one part leaf mould, one part decomposed cow manure,
and one part sharp sand. I have added to this for the last four years
one-fourth Yadoo. The whole compost I pulverized by chopping up
with the spade; by this I retain all the fibre, which is a valuable part
of the mixture. A frame with a north aspect I consider the best
place for them during the summer. In this they can be conveniently
shaded during bright sunshine and afterwards have full exposure
to the light and air and have the advantage of the benficial and in-
vigorating effects of the night dew. Bury the pots to the rims in
ashes or any other material that will keep the roots cool. Towards
the end of September they may be removed to the greenhouse and
placed near the glass. The foliage is damped once a day in fine
weather with the hose or syringe and grown in a night temperature
of from 45 to 50 degrees during winter. When they fill the pots
with roots we give liquid waterings once every 10 days of a mix-
ture of English soot, sheep manure and cow manure. We vary this
occasionally with sprinklings of bone or Thompson’s manure. With
a view of giving room to the free development of the trusses, I peg
down the leaves and leave the centre open.

The Primula is generally infested during summer with thrip and
green fly on the leaves. Fumigations with tobacco or dipping the
plants in a solution of lemon oil and water will destroy them. Small
grubs sometimes bore into the stem at the base of the plant, doing
much injury. <A couple of pinches of slaked lime put on occasionally
will get rid of them. There are several fine strains of Primula. The
plants exhibited by me at our February meeting were of the Wil-
liams strain. This variety I have been growing for nearly thirty
years and I don’t think that any of the newer kinds are superior for
exhibition purposes.

TWELVE BEST HERBACEOUS PLANTS FOR THE AMATEUR.

By JAMES BOYD, Haverford, Pa.

To name the “Twelve Best Herbaceous Plants for the Amateur”
is indeed a difficult task for a true lover of flowers. It would be
much easier to name fifty, and in turning over in my mind the mer-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 277

its of my many favorites, I have tried to select only those that are
perfectly hardy and easy to cultivate. I have also chosen a fair
proportion of low and tall growing plants and have tried to make
the list cover the season from early in the spring until late in the
fall. They are as follows:

Arabis Albida. This pretty rock-cress is of the easiest culture,
grows only about five or six inches high, and puts forth its fragrant
while flowers in April so profusely as to completely hide the —
foliage. It is a neat little plant, likes the sun, and is easily in-
creased by division. It does well in rockery or at the edge of
border.

Iberis Sempervirens. This pretty candy-tuft has clean evergreen
foliage which is completely hidden with large white flowers early
in May. It is perfectly hardy in this section, requiring no protec-
tion, and if soil is not too heavy, will seed itself. The Gibraltarica
variety is considered by many to be prettier, but it is not as hardy
as the Sempervirens.

Iris Germanica. The German Iris is a very satisfactory plant in
every way. While, perhaps, not quite as beautiful as the Japanese
Iris, it requires no special soil or protection, and is therefore much
easier for the amateur to grow. There are many named varieties,
and if I could choose but one, I should select the Iris Pallida spe-
ciosa, which, I believe, is the same as “Mlle. Almira,” and has light
blue flowers of immense size. It will grow almost anywhere, but
prefers the sun, and should be divided and transplanted every three
or four years.

Papaver Orinetale. These beautiful showy poppies have hand-
some foliage and do well in common garden soil. They are very
hardy, produce their gorgeous flowers in May, and will sow them-
selves. All of them are fine, but if I had to make a choice, I should
take “Parkmanii,” which is of deep scarlet with a black blotch at
the base of each petal. They give excellent effect amongst shrub-
bery.

Veronica Rupestris. This pretty creeping “Speedwell” grows only
three or four inches high; flowers late in May and makes a beautiful
Sheet of blue. It is exceedingly pretty among rocks, and a few
evergreen boughs thrown over it in the fall will keep the foliage
fresh and green, ready for an early start in the spring.

Paeonia Officinalis Rubra Plena. All of the herbaceous paeo-
nies are beautiful and satisfactory plants for the amateur to grow.
They improve with age, are perfectly hardy, and their bright, glossy
foliage makes them attractive even when the bloom has passed. If
I could only select one, I should take the plant named. It has
double brilliant crimson flowers, which are borne in great profusion
in May. Paeonies make a fine show when grown in a mass.

/

278 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Correopsis Lanceolata. This well-known plant is a mass of golden
yellow flowers in June. It succeeds in almost any position, but I
find it better to raise new plants from seed every second or third
year, as I get more bloom from two or three year old plants than
from older ones. It will seed itself where soil is not too heavy. A
mass of these makes a beautiful show.

Delphiniums. These hardy larkspurs produce their long spikes
of flowers in June, and if the flower stems are removed, a second
crop may be expected late in the summer. They are all beautiful
and most of them are easily grown. When cut down at winter’s
approach, if the crowns are covered with coal ashes, they are pro-
tected from the weather and from snails, which sometimes prove
very troublesome. If I had to select one, I should probably choose
“Formosum” with its long spikes of beautiful deep blue flowers
with white eyes. This, however, is not quite as hardy as some of
the other varieties, but well repays a little extra care and attention,
such as a forkful of long litter late in the fall. It is well to divide
and transplant them every three or four years.

Phlox. The dwarf perennial phloxes are certainly very beautiful
and desirable. Ly removing the flower stems as soon as the first
bloom has. passed, a second crop is generally secured, and a slight
covering after the ground is frozen in the fall will insure their ap-
pearance the following spring. There are many colors from which
it would be very difficult to select a single one, but I consider that
none are finer than “William Robinson,’ which has large flowers of
a salmon rose color with dark centres.

Hollyhocks. These old but fine plants have always been garden
favorites. For many years, however, they have been troubled with
a disease which has made them unsightly, and for this reason they
have lately been much less grown. Different preparations have been
recommended to cure this trouble, but the ordinary amateur has
neither the time nor inclination to bother with such, and if he is
unfortunate enough to have his plants infected, he had better de-
stroy them at once by burning and start a fresh crop in another
part of the garden. Hollyhocks are easily raised from seed, and
young plants are not as subject to the disease as older ones. The
“Allegheny Hollyhock” is a beautiful fringed, semi-double flower
and does not seem to be affected by disease. It is certainly one of
the finest herbaceous plants we have, and ought to be in every col-
lection. They are strong growers and the flowers show many beau-
tiful shades. It is well to plant them near a building or a fence
to protect their tall, flower-laden stalks from the wind.

Rudbeckia “Golden Glow.” This plant is of a vigorous growth
and produces great quantities of golden yellow double flowers late
in the summer. It grows from five to seven feet high, according to

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 279

the soil, and increases rapidly. I find it does better if divided every
second or third year. Several small clumps planted in well enriched
soil around a stout stake or post four or five feet high makes a
beautiful sight late in summer. The stems can be tied around the
post so as to entirely conceal it, and the flowers extending above the
top of the post, droop in every direction like a fountain of gold.

Anemone Japonica, “Queen Charlotte.” This beautiful plant is
one of the last to bloom in the garden. It commences to flower early
in September and continues to put forth its large semi-double white
flowers tinged with pink until cut down by hard frost, and it takes
quite a hard frost to knock it out.

The twelve plants named, cover the season from April to Novem-
ber, inclusive. Three are low growing, six of medium height, and
three tall. Two of them are white and the others embrace shades
of red, yellow, pink and blue. Seven of them are good for cutting.
None are so rare as to entail much expense or trouble in procuring
them—and all are perfectly hardy.

I am well aware that I have not mentioned many beautiful herba-
ceous plants that are equally as fine as those I have named, and some
of my professional friends may think I have much to learn in regard
to perennials, but I venture to assert that any amateur who starts
his garden with the plants I have named will, if he has any love for
flowers, be so well pleased that he will quickly wish to double or
treble his list. ;

CULTURE OF CALCEOLARIA HYBRIDA.

By WM KLEINHHINRY, Gardener to P. A. B. Widener, Ogontz, Pa.

There are two distinct classes of Calceolarias—those known as
shrubby are used in some parts of Europe for planting out in sum-
mer time, and there are the herbaceous or hybrida varieties. It
is of the latter class, which is the better for pot culture, that I will
talk to you about this evening.

They are grown from seed, and the best time to sow the seed is
in the months of July and August. The seed should be sown in
pans or small boxes in a mixture of even parts of well decomposed
sod, leaf mould or peat in which some sand has been mixed. Care
should be taken to choose a shady situation for the seed pans and
as cool and airy as possible. After the plants are well up, they

280 ANNUAL REPORT OF THT! Off. Doc.

should be pricked off as soon as large enough to handle, again using
pans or small boxes; this time using two parts well decomposed
sod and one part leaf mould and a little sand. After a day or two
of careful shading, they should be gradually given air and a posi-
tion selected as near to the glass as possible. When strong enough
they may be potted into two and a half inch pots and placed ina
frame outside, if possible, with the sashes elevated sufficiently so
that a free circulation of air may be assured at all times when the
weather is favorable. In the outside frame they may remain until
cool nights set in, by which time they should be large enough to
be repotted into three-inch or four-inch pots, according to the
strength of the plants. By following the method recommended,
some of the very largest will become sufficiently large to occupy a
seven or an eight-inch pot to advantage.

The temperature in the winter months for these cool greenhouse
plants should, whenever possible, be kept down to from 45 to 50
degrees in daytime, and at night from 42 to 45 degrees.

The greatest care must be exercised in the watering, especially in
the winter-time. They suffer a great deal if allowed to become too
dry, and one overdose of water will almost kill them.

Its greatest enemy in the insect line is the green fiy. To overcome »
this trouble, tobacco stems must be liberally placed between the
pots.

This is the method I used last year and had very good results. I
had in the months of April and May plants full of bloom, growing
in six-inch pots two feet across, and they were grown in a natural
way without training, which surprised many of my gardener friends
who called to see them. In the collection of over three hundred
plants, it was hard to find two alike, so varied were they in their
shadings and markings. Among them were some very nearly clear
white; one was a pure canary-yellow, and again one was a canary-
yellow with large spots very nearly black.

I hope, with the brief cultural directions given, that my fellow
gardeners will take them in hand and make an effort to grow them,
for nothing, in my opinion, gives more pleasure than a collection of
well grown Hybrida Calceolarias.

No, 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 281

THE CULTIVATION OF SWEET PEAS.

By WM. ROBERTSON, Gardener to John W. Pepper, Jenkintown, Pa.

In accordance with the recent resolution adopted by this society,
that winners of prizes should give an account of their methods of
growing the exhibits, I have prepared a short paper on Sweet Peas.

It has been my practice to prepare the ground thoroughly in the
fall, and to sow the seed early in the spring, as follows: In Novem-
ber, dig a trench 10 inches wide and one foot deep. Then put four
inches of well decayed horse manure in bottom of trench, tramp it
firm, and put two inches of soil on top of this manure. Then give
a liberal dusting of pure bone meal, and cover this with rough soil,
and let the trench remain in this condition until spring.

Sowing the Seed. This depends greatly upon the weather and
condition of the ground, but the seed should be in, not later than
the middle of March. Should the soil in the trench be too wet,
take some dry soil from the shed, and put one inch of this in the
trench. Sow the seed and cover with one inch of dry soil.

The white varieties are more liable to rot and should not be sown
before April 1st; these varieties also require dryer soil than the
other colors. These two conditions must be strictly carried out in
order to have success with white sweet peas.

It is a good plan to have a ridge along the side of the trench to
prevent surface water from running into the trench. Do not fill
up the trenches with soil while the vines are growing. Allow a
slight grade down into the trench, and by keeping the ground culti-
vated, the spring rains usually wash all the soil into the trench
which is necessary to be about the vines. As warm weather ap-
pears, use a mulch in the trench, and give a good watering as the
ground gets dry.

This has been my method of cultivation, and its success can be
seen from the fact that I have been awarded first prize for three
consecutive years, in the competition for the Henry F. Michell
prizes, for best general display of sweet peas exhibited before this
society.

It is advisable to sow named varieties, in order to secure a full
collection of the grandest blooms.

In my opinion the following varieties are the leaders in their dif-
ferent colors:

19

282 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Pink—Blanche Ferry, Katherine Tracy, Miss Hunt, Princess Be-
atrice, Apple Blossom.

White— Blanche Burpee, Queen of England.

Red—Cardinal, Firefly, Splendor.

Blue—Navy Blue, Countess of Radnor, Monarch.

Yellow—Primrose, Mrs. Eckford.

Orange Pink—\ady Mary Curry.

HOW TO PREPARE AND PLANT A PERMANENT ASPARAGUS
BED FOR PRIVATE USE.

By JOSEPH HURLEY, Gardener to J. M. Rhodes, Ardmore, Pa.

Asparagus is a vegetable that ought to be in every private garden;
therefore, it is one of those things the planting of which should not,
be put off from year to year, but should be done just as soon as the
property has been secured and the owner has made up his mind to
build his home.

A great many people are deterred from planting an asparagus
bed because it takes so long for it to come into bearing; hence the
greater the necessity for starting at once.

LOCATION.

Having made up your mind to plant the asparagus bed, the next
thing to do is to choose a good location, and by that I mean one
with a southern exposure and sufficient fall to carry away all sur-
plus water. On fiat, level land, where the water is apt to lay, you
can help it considerably by putting broken stone about one foot deep
in the bottom of the trenches. This will keep the water away from
the crowns at all times.

PREPARATION OF BED.

For a good and lasting bed of asparagus, it is necessary to pre-
pare the ground thoroughly by digging the whole bed over to a
depth of at least four feet. First remove all top soil one spade
deep and cart it away to a pile close by the bed, so as to have it
handy when the bed is dug over, to spread again over the surface.
You now proceed to open your first row. This can readily be done
by carting the dirt over and beyond where your last row is to be;

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 283

then put in the bottom of the trench a layer of manure six inches
deep, then a layer of dirt off your next row; again a layer of manure,
and so on every other layer of manure and dirt until you have the
whole bed dug over.

When digging, keep a sharp iookout for stones, and remove al!
of them, no matter how small, as they will interfere with the cut-
ting; especially so if you want white grass.

SOIL.

The best soil for growing asparagus is a rather light, sandy soil.
Not only will it produce you the nicest heads, but it will produce
three heads to the one that you will get from a heavy clay soil. I
would recommend that wherever the soil is not naturally light that
it be made so in preparing the bed by mixing sand or some other
light material with it.

PLANTING.

Having had the whole bed dug over, we now start to dig trenches
for the plants. These should be dug twenty inches deep and four feet
apart, and the plants in the row not less than three feet; and where
room is no object I would recommend putting the plants four feet
apart in the row and covering the crowns to the depts of two or
three inches.

Spring is the best time to plant; do not do it in the fall, as the
crowns will rot, or at least nine-tenths will, so you will have to re-
plant in the spring after all.

Two-year-old roots are generally used, and I would advise anyone
planting a bed of say five hundred roots, to order from the nursery-
man at least one thousand and pick from them the strongest crowns
and those that have been the least injured, and throw the remainder
away.

TREATMENT.

All that is necessary to do the first year is to keep the bed free
from weeds; this will have to be done with the hoe. Care should
be taken that there is not too much soil hoed off the banks, as it
all drops into the trenches and is liable to smother the crowns.

The second year the treatment is about the same as the first, ex-
cept that you can go a little deeper with the hoe. Each time you
hoe you can pull a little soil off the banks around the growing
plants, so that about August, when you have hoed for the last time,
you will have about twelve inches of soil above the crowns.

In the third year, if you have succeeded with your bed, you may
begin cutting, and from time to time as the bed requires digging,

284 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

you can keep adding a little more soil off the banks to the crowns,
so that by the middle of June, when you have let it grow for the sea-
son you will have your bed level on the surface.

CUTTING THE GRASS.

Cutting the grass should always be done by the same man, and
wherever practicable, I would recommend that it be done by the
gardener; and if he has not time to do it, then he should select the
most trustworthy man he has under him, for it requires good judg-
ment, especially when you are cutting white grass, for if you are
not careful in observing the proper angle at which you insert your
knife you will cut off the young shoots that have not yet appeared
above the ground. By having the same man cut the grass every
day he becomes familiar with every crown in the bed and he will
soon learn ‘the proper way to insert the knife. Of course, where
green grass will do, so much care is not necessary in cutting.

GENERAL REMARKS.

Two or three applications of salt during the cutting season will
be very beneficial not only in helping to keep the bed free from weeds, '
but I think it improves the quality of the crop.

Karly in November, when the summer’s growth has ripened, and
before the seed has a chance to drop, the bed should be cleaned by
cutting away the stalks with the scythe and burning them up. The
bed should then have a good top dressing of well-rolled cow manure
from three to four inches deep, free from straw, so that it will dig —
in nicely in the spring. The bed should be dug carefully in the
Spring as soon as the ground is dry enough and before the young
shoots appear. <A dressing of ground bone, or soot, or in fact any
commercial fertilizer, applied in the spring, will be very beneficial
to the crop.

The old adage: “Whatever is worth doing is worth doing well,”
applies to asparagus more than to any other crop. And if you
take good care of your asparagus bed it will take good care of you
for ten weeks in each and every year.

PAPERS READ AT THE ANNUAL MEETING

OF THE

STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION

OF PENNSYLVANIA,

HELD AT

—

286 )

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 287

STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF
PENNSYLVANIA.

PAPERS READ AT ANNUAL MEETING JANUARY 16 AND 17,
1900.

REPORT OF GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE.

By H. C. SNAVELY, Chairman.

It was well on in December when I was assigned the duty of pre-
paring the report of the General Fruit Committee. I had prepared
and sent out the blanks for reports as speedily as possible, and
quite a number of the members of the committee and others to whom
the blanks were mailed responded promptly. The reports from the
various counties are not as full as a year ago, when almost every
county in the State was reported. The reports in my hands, how-
ever, cover every section of the State, so that a fairly accurate re-
port can be made up of the results of the past season.

Generalizing these local, reports upon the different varieties of
fruits, as well as other pertinent matters, I report as follows:

APPLES.

Taking the State over, the conditions were favorable for a good
yield. The quality of the fruit, as a rule, is reported good. The
greatest injury to the crop, it appears, occurred during the dry and
very warm weather in September and October. In some instances
the fruit was scalded on the trees, and in nearly every report the
complaint is that the warm weather ripened the fruit prematurely
and impaired the keeping quality.

No causes are assigned for the failure of the apple in about eight
or ten counties of the State.

It appears that the northeastern part of the State had a good
crop. The north central part light, the northwestern part a good
crop, the southwestern part a short crop, while the south central

288 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and southeastern portions of the State produced a large yield. It
is reported that out of one town in Susquehanna county there were
shipped over $31,000 worth of apples.

Prices of apples varied from 15 to 75 cents per bushel. In sec-
tions where the yield was large, it seemed for a while as if there
would be no demand at all for the fruit, while portions of this State,
as well as other sections of the country wanted the fruit and were
willing to pay the growers remunerative prices.

We collect these facts four or five months after it can be of any
practical use to anyone. Why can not this association or our De-
parement of Agriculture gather these crop statistics at a seasonable
time of the year, publish and send them out promptly, so that all
may know before or during the time of harvesting the crop where
fruit is plentiful or where it is a failure? Usually it would be a
means to prevent fruit from going to waste or leave the grower at
the mercy of the buyers on the one hand and on the other hand
those wanting fruit could know where to get it. Such an arrange-
ment would prove beneficial to all. The United States Department
of Agriculture gathers up these crop reports from all over the coun-
try and issues monthly bulletins, and the wide-awake farmer surely |
profits thereby.

Years ago I urged upon this association the possibilities of Penn-
sylvania as an apple growing state, and as the years went by the
possibilities became clearer and brighter, but no systematic, intel-
ligent efforts were made to promote this industry. This associa-
tion was the pioneer in the work, and a large balance stands to its
credit. The work of its members was disinterested. ‘I ask, now,
Mr. President, has not the time come when it is a plain duty for the
State to aid in the advancement and promotion of an industry that
will so much contribute to the welfare and wealth of the people.

PEARS.

The yield of the pear crop was not as satisfactory as last year.
A year ago, while the apple crop in the State was a failure, fifty cor-
respondents reported a good crop. This year sixteen correspondents
report a good crop, seventeen a medium or fair crop, and twenty-five
a poor crop.

The cause assigned for the failure is cold weather in winter and
spring, while blight still prevails to a large extent. Some report
trees about all killed by blight, including the Kieffer.

Whenever mention is made, prices were, as a rule, fair for this
fruit.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 289

PEACHES.

In 1898, a short crop was reported, but the results of the past year
(1899), were disastrous. Peaches were next to a total failure. Only
in a few counties has any of this fruit escaped the abnormally low
temperature. These will appear in the notes from the corres-
pondents.

Peach yellows seems to be as destructive as ever, and with the
loss of two successive crops, peach growers have become disheart-
ened.

The low temperature in January and February caused the failure *
of the last crop.

PLUMS.

Of this fruit, the Japanese plums appear to be largely in the lead,
and but for this class of plums, the crop would have to be reported
a failure. The Wild Goose bore prodigious crops the past sum-
mer. Fruit of this variety can be had every year if other varieties
are grafted into the trees to insure pollination. It must be remem-
bered that the flowers of the Wild Goose are usually dichogamous.

It has been claimed that the Japans are exempt from the black-
knot. This claim does not hold good, for I observed black-knot on
Abundance trees. Since the Japans are doing better than others,
I presume they will be planted to the exclusion of something better,
but I predict that he who can go on the market with Prince Engel-
berts or German Prunes will have the call.

QUINCHES.

As usual, quinces are reported a failure. The reports say poor,
scabby, knotty, wormy. Less than a dozen correspondents report
a satisfactory crop.

One correspondent writes that he literally whitewashed his trees
with Bordeaux mixture, and the fruit was perfection.

CHERRIES.

More than three-fourths of the correspondents report a good or
large crop of cherries. The sour cherries and the native black
cherries appear to do best. Crops of the larger and finer fruit are
frequently lost by rotting. This can be prevented in most cases by
a thorough spraying with the ammoniacal solution just about or
before the fruit begins to color.

Of the sour cherries, Early Richmond is mostly mentioned, and of
the sweets, Gov. Wood, Black Tartarian, and Yellow Spaniard are
the general favorites. f

19—7—1900

290 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

GRAPES.

Last winter proved very destructive to the grape vine. In many
instances the vines were killed down to the ground. In others, the
buds were damaged. While this obtained to a considerable extent,
it was not general, for some correspondents report crops of the best
quality.

It seems that thorough spraying of the vine is essential to secure
perfect fruit. The Concord still stands at the head. Niagara,
Moore’s Diamond and Worden are frequently mentioned. Camp-
bell’s Early seems to be disappointing.

SMALL FRUITS.

The majority of the correspondents report a satisfactory yield
of small fruits, especially the strawberry, but prices were generally
too low to leave a margin on the venture.

In many instances the canes were winter-killed of the raspberry
and blackberry.

Drouth in some localities cut the raspberry yield.

VEGETABLES.

About two-thirds ofthe correspondents report conditions favor-
able for vegetables. In fact, only a few speak of this crop as a
failure. Either the early summer or late summer was satisfactory
in nearly every instance. Potato blight was probably more de-
structive than usual, and it seems that Bordeaux mixture, even
though applied early and often, did not save the vines.

STRAWBERRY PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

There is obviously constant progress in the planting of shrub-
beries and flowering plants to adorn the country home. True, it is
not general, but by the introduction of nature studies in the schools,
the homes of the rising generation will be adorned with flowers and
plants. And this is as it should be, for no people should be more
lavishly surrounded by the beautiful in nature than the dwellers
in the country.

SPRAYING FOR FUNGI AND INSECTS.

With few exceptions, the benefits resulting from spraying for in-
sects and fungi are conceded; but, judging from the reports of corre-
spondents, it is not practiced to a great extent; not to such an ex-
tent as would prove profitable to the fruit growers of the State. Re-
ports come from portions of the State that the crop was large, of
good size and color, but very wormy. Now, a wormy apple is never
a first class apple, no matter how large or finely colored. To attain

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 291

satisfactory results with grapes, it seems spraying is necessary;
spraying early and often with fungicides is the price one must pay
for fine grapes in most of the sections of the State.

In general, good judgment is required as to when and how often
an orchard or a vineyard, or in fact any kind of fruit, should be
sprayed.

FERTILIZING AND CULTIVATING.

While spraying is an essential to success, the proper feeding and
cultivating of orchard, vineyard and small fruits can not be neg-
lected. The vigor and productiveness of trees and plants is in pro-
portion to the available plant food in the soil, and the tillage given
to enable the plant to utilize it.

Trees under such conditions are better able to produce crops under
unavoidable adverse conditions.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS BY CORRESPONDENTS.

L. W. Lighty, East Berlin, Adams county, reports the York Im-
perial apple as one of the best keeping and selling apples. Pears,
a short crop, except Kieffer, which sold at good prices, but the after-
math was a full crop of profanity. Mr. Lighty says he never finds
new varieties of strawberries to pan out according to originator’s
descriptions. Cumberland still a leader in his section, with Haver-
land a good second. Spraying is practiced to a considerable ex-
tent, but usually without satisfactory results, which may be due
to improper application or at the wrong time.

D. P. Forney, Hanover, York county, says of spraying: Not gen-
erally practiced, but where carefully done is of great benefit. Pear
blight destructive.

J. S. Burns, Clinton, Allegheny county, reports pear blight very
destructive. The fruit crop in quantity and quality was way below
that of 1898.

Oliver D. Shock, Hamburg, Berks county, reports a very large crop
of apples of fine quality. Smokehouse more abundant and finer
than ever before. Mr. Shock says that even now (Christmas), farmers
are only getting from 30 to 35 cents per bushel. Price of berries
ruled very low.

Cyrus T. Fox, Reading, Berks county, reports the largest apple
crop in a number of years. Fruit of fair quality. Of plums, the

292 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Japans and German Prunes did the best. The cherry crop was so
large that it is feared it may take several years for the trees to re-
cuperate. The crop of small fruits, especially strawberries, was so
large that prices were unremunerative. The grape crop was good
and as usual, Concord was the leader, though fine Eatons were grown.
Hundreds of barrels of wine were made of the Clinton and Iris.
The season was favorable for a large crop of vegetables, and prices
were low. Spraying for fungi and insects is better appreciated and
understood, and many are providing themselves with outfits for the
work.

H. L. Harvey, Duncansville, Blair county, reports a good crop of
small fruits, and bringing good prices in the Altoona market. Not
much spraying, but where done results are good.

R. M. Welles, Towanda, Bradford county, reports the apple crop
good as a whole, but not general. Fruit quite wormy and not keep-
ing well. Idaho pears rotted badly. Japan plums he considers reli-
able. Notwithstanding the low temperature for twenty days in Feb-
ruary last, no injury was done to Japan buds. He regards the En-
glish Morello the most reliable cherry. Black Tartarian and Yellow
Spanish rot badly. Buds and vines of the grape were injured very
materially. Buds and vines of the Niagara, Empire State, Brighton
and Brilliant were killed, while Concord, Worden, Jessie, Lady,
Moore’s Early and Moore’s Diamond passed through the winter in
fairly good condition. He pronounces the Diamond a fine, hardy
grape. Of Campbell’s Early, he says: “It grew and bore well, but
had very loose, open clusters and did not ripen on account of rust and
mildew.” Hesays: “My experience is, that to succeed with nearly all
kinds of fruit, I must spray, spray, spray, persistently.” For apple
tree moth, he says: “I put heavy paper bands around my large
Fameuse apple tree, removing them weekly, killing the apple moth
worms underneath, then replacing the bands. I killed hundreds of
the worms and had to keep it up for six weeks.”

W. H. Moon, Morrisville, Bucks county, reports a much larger
yield of apples than usual. Unsprayed trees produced fair and fine
fruit. Japan plums will likely be the most profitable.

EK. H. Cocklin, Cumberland county, reports an immense yield of
apples, of good quality and keeping well. Of plums, the Abundance,
of the Japans, and the Prince Engelbert, of the Europeans, succeed
the best. Of grapes, Concord and Niagara are the best. Munson’s
seedlings unsatisfactory. Strawberries a fair yield; have not found
the ideal strawberry yet. Spraying for grape rot and the codling
moth has given good results.

Jacob L. Rife, West Fairview, Cumberland county, says of
cherries, that the Ida, Black Tartarian, Cumberland and Early Rich-
mond are the best varieties in his locality.

Gabriel Hiester, Harrisburg, Dauphin county, says the peach crop

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 293

was a total failure, except one variety, name unknown; resembles
the Melocoton type, which average five baskets per tree of excellent
fruit.

L. G. Young, North East, Erie county, reports the grape crop as
the largest and best ever grown. His town shipped one thousand
cars. Of plums, he prefers the Lombard, Shipper’s Pride, Moore’s
Arctic and the gages of the European type, and Abundance, Bur-
bank and Red June, of the Japans. Of peaches, he reports all va-
rieties winter-killed, except Alexander, Nager, Hill’s Chile, Crosby,
Lewis & Hine’s Surprise, which produced a good crop. Mr. Young
adds that on the whole their experience for 1899 was satisfactory,
and says this may be the explanation: “We give our trees thorough
cultivation and care, using potash freely, as well as ground bone.”

C. W. Good, Waynesboro, Franklin county, reports from near
Mason and Dixon’s line, and what he says is of interest, especially
for his section of the State. “Speaking for myself and family, we
have had a season of the finest fruit products that.it has ever been
our duty and pleasure to be thankful for. Apples were in the lead
by far. We are now eating Kennards, Starks and York Stripes.
Later we will attack Gibbs, Delaware Red Winter, Lancaster Green-
ing, Albemarle and such. Later still, sometime next summer, Ment-
zer after Lumbertwig and some others. No Ben Davis in our bill-
_ of-fare. York Imperial, Grimes Golden, Winesap and Mickley’s
Rambo were so good we could not keep them on account of buyers’
inclination toward them.” Mr. Good adds that he did not get hungry
or dry enough to try the Kieffer pears the past season.

Geo. N. Owens, Birmingham, Huntingdon county, reports insect
pests on the increase. Little or no spraying in his section. He
says: “I tried lights among the trees at night last season and feel
encouraged to make further efforts along that line.”

Daniel D. Herr, Lancaster, Lancaster county, puts the Cumberland
raspberry at the head of the list for size, quality and hardiness. The
Kieffer pear is still at the top, while the York Imperial apple is
planted largely, it is giving way to the Ben Davis, Stark and Gano.
The Japan plums are holding their own and are really the only varie-
ties worth planting in his section.

W. P. Brinton, Christiana, Lancaster county, says quinces were
more plentiful than usual and of better quality. Pears above an
average crop, but in some instances the San Jose Scale marred the
appearance of the fruit.

W. B. K. Johnson, Allentown, Lehigh county, reports a heavy crop
of Johnson quinces; he sprayed heavily with Bordeaux mixture—
so heavily that the tree had the appearance of being white-washed.
The result was a crop of perfect fruit. Of strawberries, Glen Mary,
Bouncer, Bubach and Gaudy did best. The favorite blackberry is

294 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the Allen, a seedling of Early Harvest. He notes that pear trees
are dying as a result of the low temperature last winter. Lehigh
county had about 20 per cent. of a peach crop. Spraying on all
kinds of fruit is necessary to keep control of insects and fungi.

P. Suton, Exeter, Luzerne county, says the apple crop was large,
but quality poor. The scalding hot sun damaged apples greatly and
literally ruined some varieties. Baldwin are full of brown specks
all through, and scarcely more than one in ten is fit for use. He
says he finds it pays to thin out apples, pears and plums. Fruit on
properly thinned trees attains twice the size. Of sixty varieties of
strawberries in cultivation, he singles out Glen Mary, Wm. Belt, Pet,
Hall’s Favorite, Clyde and Margaret.

D. C. Young, Smethport, McKean county, says Concord is the
only grape that thrives in his locality. Apples do well, and also
pears in sheltered locations. Strawberries, raspberries and black-
berries grow naturally in profusion, and when cultivated, the yield
is remarkable.

A. B. Greenlee, New Lebanon, Mercer county, says nefrly all va-
rieties of apples grew very irregular in shape. Fruit free from scab.
Much damage from the codling moth, and most by the second brood ,
in August and Sere Blight attacks all kinds of pear trees,
Kieffer included. |

Howard A. Chase, Philadelphia, reports for northern Monroe an
average crop of apples of the best quality and a good demand. Of
plums, a full crop of Japans, Red June, Abundance, Burbank, Chabot
and Satsuma. Of grapes, Moore’s Diamond is one of the best for
home use.

Jno. P. Fredd, Pottstown, Montgomery county, reports peach yel-
lows very destructive. Japan plums succeed best, but consumers
are rather shy of them.

S. S. Shimer, Easton, Northampton county, reports a half crop
of peaches in some of the orchards; in others none. Baldwin and
Smith’s Cider the leading apples.

S. M. Meehan, Germantown, reports a fair ordinary crop of peaches
in his locality. Good crops of grapes when bagged or sprayed.
Poor results without. Spraying is becoming general with the intel-
ligent fruit growers and is conceded to be beneficial.

E. O. Austin, Austin, Potter county, says: “Pear blight has de-
stroyed many of our high bred trees, but seedling trees, producing
fruit of fairly good quality are never injured.” The unprecedented
drouth and terrible heat in September and October injured the apple
crop. A few orchards on very high ground produced enormous
crops. Cabbage club root has rendered the growing of cabbage
' impossible in the best gardens.

C. W. Brodhead, Montrose, Susquehanna county, reports a very

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 295

good yield of apples, and says an item in a country paper states
that $31,000 was paid out for apples at Montrose last fall. The
growers receiver $1.00 a barrel, the shipper furnishing the barrel.
Notwithstanding this showing, the orchards are not pruned or cared
for as they should be. But little spraying, and much wormy fruit.

W. H. Stout, Pinegrove, Schuylkill county, says spraying is neces-
sary; benefits unquestioned. It is difiicult to get good crops of
fruit in his locality with about all the insects and fungous growths
in the long catalogue to contend with. Yet the market the past
summer was overstocked and prices ruled very low.

S. M. Baker, Brookfield, Tioga county, says spraying and other
attentions to trees neglected, consequently but little good fruit.
Scabby and wormy fruit is plenty enough.

Pressley Leach, Burgettstown, Washington county, says: “We
sprayed two of our orchards last spring and the other three we let
go without spraying. The two we sprayed had a good crop of good
apples, and the other three had very few apples and the fruit very
inferior. He further states that those who spray have fruit and
the unsprayed orchards fail to produce.

Theodore Day, Dyberry, Wayne county, reports the apple crop
the largest ever grown, but pears a very light yield. A few peach
trees bore, standing on high dry land exposed to the winds. Mr.
Day proposes to introduce disease among the caterpillars; he has
done this twice before.

A Ruth, Scottdale, Westmoreland county, says blight has killed
about all the pear trees except the Kieffer and the Early Katharine.
Of spraying, he says not much practiced and no success. Advocates
keeping hogs in orchard to eat up wind falls and wormy fruit.

Prof. S. B. Heiges, York, York county, says that apples from un-
sprayed trees are not keeping so well. The comparative failure
of the pear he attributes to the low temperature last spring.

Col. J. A. Stahle, Emigsville, York county, says the Haverland
strawberry bears immense crops and to some extent supersedes the
Cumberland. Under the head, shrubbery, plants and flowers, he
reports: “Splendid; our roadsides are covered with wild and culti-
vated sorts.”

H. G. McGowan, Geiger’s Mills, Berks county, says that Dr. Funk,
of Boyertown, had a fair crop of peaches. He says with them the
question is how to keep apples. Cellars are too warm, caves seem
to be failures, and cold storage too expensive.

J. N. Pyle, Willowdale, Chester county, reports an immense crop
of apples of remarkable size, considering the overloaded condition
of the trees. Good crop of pears. Peaches nearly a failure; a few
trees bore a fair crop; these stood in sod and were heavily mulched

296 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

with corn fodder. Those who bagged or sprayed their grapes had
fine crops; where not practiced the rot did great damage.

Jno. F. Boyer, Mt. Pleasant Mills, Snyder county, reports some
peaches in his section. He says: “I had prospects for more peaches
than any man in this State last summer, but on the 19th of July a
hail storm struck our place and in less than thirty minutes I lost
five thousand dollars. The entire peach crop was gone.” He adds
that nearly all his other crops were ruined at the same time.

Jos. H. Paschall, Ward, Delaware county, says: “Many of the
apples were stung by the’ curculio before the bloom was all off, and
made permanent blemishes. We don’t seem to have any effective
means of fighting this insect.” He speaks very highly of the Pyle
apple, and says it might be taken for a York Imperial, only that it
has better shape, size and color. In his opinion it is an acquisition
that ought to be disseminated. ‘A large crop of plums, the com-
mon blue doing the best. Of spraying, he says one great advantage
is in keeping foliage in a healthy condition.

Jos. W. Thomas, King of Prussia, Chester county, reports a large
crop of fine apples. Large crop of pears and plums. A fair crop of
peaches.

Mr. Chase: If in order, I would state that I do not think this re-
port should be filed without commendation for its excellence. I
think these reports should be prepared and published in the autumn
when the information contained might be of more practical value.
Probably some arrangement might be made with the Department of
Agriculture to have the information compiled and promptly pub-
lished by the Department.

Mr. Johnson: As far as disseminating a knowledge of the Penn-
sylvania fruit crop is concerned, it would be a good idea. However,
the information would be only local, and would give ne idea of the
crop at large throughout the country. No journal has done more
toward securing prompt and reliable reports in this direction than
the American Agriculturist. I have taken the paper for some 20
years and have found its reports generally trustworthy.

President Heiges: My views on this question are in accord with
those of the President-elect, Mr. Chase; that the information com-
piled by the Chairman of the General Fruit Committee should be
made public much earlier. Frequently such information would be
of value to our horticulturists and fruit growers.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 297

STRAWBERRY CULTURE.

By J. W. ALLISON, Mercer, Pa.

From a comparison of the different varieties of fruits consumed,
from the amount of capital engaged in growing and the number of
people employed in gathering and distributing, there is no fruit
grown, unless it is the apple, that compares with the strawberry.
Indeed, it grows and is grown for market in a wider range of lati-
tude than even the apple. The markets are supplied with this berry
for at least one-half of the year.

Where but a few years ago it was grown by a few growers near the
large cities, and who had superior facilities for marketing, it is now
grown hundreds of miles from these markets, to which it is sent, not
in car lots, but in train loads, and from there distributed to the sur-
rounding towns and villages.

This fruit, which but a few years ago was considered a luxury,
and not only looked upon as such, is now considered a necessary ar-
ticle of food, and in its season enters into the daily consumption of
all classes. Having thus attained the importance it has, it becomes
those who are engaged in its production, to understand how to grow
the best fruit most economically.

The first requisite for success is soil in proper condition. This
fruit is not particular about the kind of soil, whether sandy or clay.
Some varieties love sand, others clay, and some are at home in either.
There are four essentials for success, in whatever soil the fruit is
grown: The first, is moisture when needed; the second, nitrogen to
give growth to vine; the third, phosphoric acid to give quality to
fruit; and the fourth, potash to give beauty.

The soil must be such that all surplus water can easily escape, if
not by natural channels, then by artificial drains. There must also
be plenty of moisture in the soil at all times during the growing sea-
son, and more especially during the time of growing and ripening of
the fruit. This can be controlled by filling the soil full of humus.
Humus can almost always be provided in supplying the second es-
sential, nitrogen. The supply of nitrogen can be best obtained, and
in the best form, from stable manure. As stable manure does not
contain enough phosphoric acid and potash in proportion to the
amount of nitrogen there, the third and fourth essentials, must be
gotten from commercial fertilizers containing these elements. A

20

298 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

good formula for land of ordinary fertility is about twenty cords
stable manure and one thousand pounds super-phosphate (running
fifteen per cent. phosphoric acid and five per cent. potash) per acre.
This will give a balanced ration, which we must have in fruit grow-
ing. For fear of ravages of white grub, land should be cultivated
the year previous to planting in berries, to some hoed crop.

The best success I have had is on ground on which a crop of corn
or potatoes had been grown, and sown to crimson clover in July,
and this turned under. The clover adds to the humus and nitrogen.

PREPARATION AND PLANTING.

The soil should be plowed deep and harrowed thoroughly. Most
varieties are deep rooted, hence the necessity of deep plowing. The
harrowing is very important. It should be continued with rolling,
if necessary, until the soil is thoroughly pulverized. Plants should
always be taken from vines that never bore fruit, and the best plants
are obtained from beds that are grown for plants and not for fruit.

These plants, when lifted, should be handled as carefully as plants
of the tomato. They have a large leaf surface, and unless protected
from the sun and wind, the moisture they contain soon evaporates
and they die. When lifted, all dead leaves and runners (and if to
be planted immediately and the sun is hot, part of the green leaves)
are to be removed. The root should be pruned to about three
inches in iength, as the plant forms new roots before it resumes
growth; and as the new roots are generally within this distance of
the crown of the plant, it is better to prune the useless portion.

The best and speediest way I have found to set the plants is to
mark the ground with the ordinary corn marker, weighting it so it
will mark about three inches in depth. If the ground is in proper
condition the weight of the driver will be sufficient. Running by
stake, if the driver has a straight eye, your rows will be as straight
asa line. Never mark farther than plants are set, so that in plant-
ing, the fresh cool soil comes in contact with the roots. In planting,
you require a boy to drop and a good careful man to cover, who
should get down on his knees, holding the plant in one hand against
the side of the mark, and drawing the soil up against it with the
other, being careful to get the plant at exactly the right depth. The
roots being pruned and the ground being marked to about the same
condition, with a little practice this is easily done. Two motions and
two handfuls of soil are all that are necessary. A smart man will
cover from seven to eight thousand plants in a day.

The time to apply commercial fertilizers is muniediaiels before
the setting of the plants, by sowing it along the row. At this time
use one-third of the amount you intend to use. The balance should
be used about the last of June, sowing it on each side of the row.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 299

This can be best done by going along one side of the row and back
on the other. The sowing should be immediately cultivated in, and
it is there ready for use by the young plants. The cultivator should
be started as soon as plants are set, and kept going until fall.

If grown in matted row, no two plants should be closer than six
inches, and the row should not be allowed to get more than eighteen
inches in width. When the ground becomes frozen in the winter,
apply the mulch. Stable manure, in which plenty of wheat straw _
is used for bedding, makes the best mulch, though any material that
does not lie too closely will do. When spring growth begins, if
mulch is too thick for plants to get through, remove part and leave
it between the rows.

There are many other points that might be discussed, such as va-
rieties, fertilization of the pistillates, protection from late spring
frosts, etc., but time will not permit.

IS IT ADVISABLE TO GROW SMALL FRUITS IN YOUNG OR-
CHARDS?

By W. B. K. JOHNSON, Allentown, Pu.

In reference to growing small fruits in young orchards, I notice
there are some exceptions to my experience, whether soil, climatic
conditions or the management has anything to do, is not clear to

me, and will not endeavor to enter into that part, but leave it for
~ discussion.

About fifteen years ago 1 set out a pear orchard of some four
hundred and fifty trees; in part, I planted the Ferndale raspberry.
The first two years the pear trees made an ordinary growth for
transplanted trees; the raspberries made a strong growth, coming
high into my pear trees and beneficial to the trees. The third year I
kept the raspberries lower, consequently spreading more, by forming
branches. The tops of the pear trees were free from any shade,
making a very satisfactory growth, and the raspberries shaded the
stems of the pear tree so that not one was sun scalded on the south-
west side of the tree. I had my high water mark the following year
with the crop of raspberries, which was, from a little less than three-
quarters of an acre, four thousand three hundred and sixty-eight
quart boxes. The balance of this orchard was in other crops, to

300 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

which we will allude later on. I have grown other small fruits and
low hoed crops ever since.

My next was a quince orchard of about six hundred trees; in
this I have grown mostly strawberries, potatoes, and once or twice
cabbage. I might here state that I grow strawberries in matted
rows, thinning them out to allow each plant about three inches
space. The last or third year, I let all the runners grow. After
the crop is gathered I turn them under; when I think it advisable I
sow crimson clover, and when this gets inte bloom turn it under.
I want all the vegetable matter I possibly can get without souring
my soil. When I see it has all it will bear for the time being, I put
in potatoes or cabbage with good results, and after this is taken off
my soil is in a condition for another planting of strawberries. I
cover all my strawberry plants in the fall with stable manure; in
the spring rake it off in between the rows. In this manner my
ground is frequently worked. The quince roots will not remain on
the surface, but striking downwards, making growth of from three
to five feet in a season; and as to fruit—well, when men like P. J.
Berckman, Ex-president of the American Pomological Association,
are astonished to see such large and perfect fruit, wanting some sent
to his home in Augusta, Georgia, should be convincing that small
fruit is no detriment to a quince orchard, when properly managed.

Since then I set out about twelve hundred apple trees, and about
three hundred plum trees. The plum orchard I work very similar
to the pear and quince orchard; for my apple orchard I take four-
year-old trees; in this I set seedling apples, pears, plums, etce.,
growing nursery stock. I keep away far enough that the digging
will not injure the roots of the young orchard trees. By thus plant-
ing I save labor, time and expense, and my orchards receive frequent
stirring of the soil, clean culture, with strong, thrifty trees. I be-
lieve in taking as much from one acre as I can. I do not believe |
in working two acres when the same, or better results can be had
from one. I do not believe in killing weeds a foot or more in height;
but I do believe in stirring the soil that weeds do not get a start.
Sometimes, in a wet season, it is difficult to keep weeds down. I
find it pays to hire extra help to keep weeds under control, to the
benefit of the trees or crop grown.

The question may be asked: “By growing two crops at the same
time, it must impoverish the soil?” to which I say, it does not. With
me nothing goes on the brush pile to be burned, even the trimmings
of nursery stock is put on a big pile and just as soon as it becomes
brittle enough to be worked is plowed under. Formerly I used
about fifty tons of stable manure to the acre. I use very little now;
the crimson clover takes the nitrogen from the air, while phosphoric
acid and potash I apply in chemical form. My soil is better and

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ; 301

more capable to stand two crops from one acre, than formerly the one
crop; my currants, gooseberries, strawberries, potatoes, cabbage,
turnips, and even the red and black raspberries are all in young
orchards, with a few varieties of blackberries. I would not advise
the thorny varieties of blackberries in a young orchard, for as the
wind sways the canes they are very apt to scratch the bark of the
young trees.

Experience is a good teacher, though frequently expensive. I
paid for it and may pay again; but, in order to learn our soil, ex-
periments are necessary to be made; without it we may never learn
what that soil of ours is capable of doing, when and how to assist
it, returning more plant food than the previous crop took, never
allowing a deficit, but always an abundance of food stored in the
soil whereon the plant may feed, by feeding it with good, wholesome
rations, changing here a little and there a little. As a spot here or
there may be deficient in vegetable matter, or there a hollow where
too much nitrogen has been washed and not enough potash or phos-
phorie acid; or, in other words, familiarize yourself with the soil.
We are then apt to make less failures than when we treat promis-
cuously poor knolls and rich hollows alike; yet the best of us are
liable to make mistakes, and generally through a little neglect. For
instance, several years ago, I thought my currant patch would not
be any the worse to have some crimson clover turned under; so I
sowed some. The ground being rich, the clover made a good stand
and a good growth; work was pressing me in the fall, and the clover
stood all winter. In the spring, work pressed still harder, help
scarce, and the clover got in bloom; as it had made a rank growth,
it shaded my currants, they making scarcely any new growth. It
ruined my crop, and a poor crop the next year; since, it has made up
for lost time. Ever since, Iam more careful how long crimson clover
is left standing in currant and gooseberries. I have seen others as
bad off with weeds, and they looked just as mine did—a sickly un-
profitable investment. JI would as soon expect a good yield of po-
tatoes, cabbage or corn where weeds get the master hand, as to
grow a thrifty young orchard in grass, corn or any other crop shad-
ing the tops of the trees, or roots covered with a continuous sod.

In passing and repassing to my orchard and nursery grounds
daily, I pass a young orchard of about seventy trees, planted about
a dozen years ago, in a continuous sod. The soil naturally as good
as mine, but my five-year-old orchard trees are as large as those with
a much better color. Mine receive good culture and attention, while
those do not, and never did since they were planted. This is not the
only one I see; but could name a number of such instances. Such
men are invariably the ones who say fruit culture does not pay.
What a young orchard wants is a frequent stirring of the soil to re-
tain the moisture by breaking the capillary attraction, to let sun-

302 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

light and air penetrate the soil. With the foliage fully exposed
to the sun and a free circulation of air through its branches, with
plenty of food to draw upon, I feel safe to show you a healthy
growing tree. In my red raspberry patch I have about two hundred
peach trees, and I question if finer and healthier trees are in my
county. In the spring I run through them with a one-horse plow,
afterwards with the cultivator, let them stand until fruit is gathered,
when they are again worked with the cultivator, enough for both
peach and raspberries. When trees are getting to have a top ten
feet and over in diameter, then they will shade the ground some on
the north side. When the branches are kept low, it certainly will
show its effects on small fruit, yet in my pear orchard fifteen years
old, with branches leading upwards, I can scarcely see any difference
in the strawberry yield. In my quince orchard, ten years old, and
low, I see it more plainly; but what hoed crop would not be simi-
larly affected, and so long as it continues to pay better than a hoed
crop, I expect to continue it; and so long as I find it beneficial to
work my orchards, I will try to raise something to pay for the labor,
which is a net gain. However, I have the very best reason to be-
lieve that neither young nor old orchards should be two or more
years in sod, for the roots are sure to strike upwards; then, it mat-
ters not how shallow you plow, you cut the feeders of the fruit, and
as these roots are cut, in just this proportion your fruit will either
drop in dry weather or be undersize. Again, those feeders lying on
or near the surface, whether in sod or not, will suffer from an ordi-
nary drought more than if these feeders are kept lower down with
a blanket of fine earth on top, when the warmth of the sun and effects
of the air penetrating such soil.

I suppose you have all noticed the dropping of fruit in a dry spell
in July and August is much more in an uncared orchard than in a
well cared for orchard. Did you ever stop to think why? I saw
it time and again in an uncultivated orchard. You nearly always
find dead limbs, and the living branches and-smaller twigs looking
black in the morning while the tree is damp. Draw those black,
sooty looking twigs through your hand and you will find it black.
This covers the pores of the bark and closes them so the tree has to
struggle for life. With a poor growth, such trees can at best bring
only scabby, imperfect fruit. So long as the fungus is left to cover
the vital point of evaporation of the sap part, forming wood, para-
sites of all sorts are almost sure to follow the weak or sickly, un-
cared for tree, while the stronger resists the attack. As my time is
already overdrawn, I will conclude by saying that so long as my
orchards hold the same reputation outside the county as they do
now, and my small fruit bringing the best prices in the market, with
quick sales, while others have trouble, I see no reason why I should

Nort. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. : 803

not continue to grow small fruit in my young orchards. Gentlemen,
this is a broad field; I hope the discussion will give us more light
than I am able to give in so short a time; let us learn from one an-
other.

Mr. Barnhart: What would Mr. Johnson do with an orchard that
has been five years in sod.

Mr. Johnson: I would bring it into cultivation. Try and get a
healthy look and growth, and then you can expect some fruit.

Mr. Allison: Cultivation induces wood growth. How do you
bring the trees into fruiting?

- Mr. Johnson: I first want trees large enough to be able to bear
fruit. I want them to make a good wood growth. They will then
make fruit spurs and bear fruit. -

Mr. Snavely: I would break up a five-year-old sod in orchard by
using a disc plow or spading harrow. To induce wood or fruit
growth, would fertilize as the occasion requires.

The President: I have seen an orchard killed by plowing; all
the feeding roots have been cut off. If we plow deep before plant-
ing, and set trees the proper depth, there will be no trouble. Con-
stant cultivation will not make excessive wood growth. Nitrogen
is the wood-maker. We must have new wood if we want apple trees
to bear every year. I have no trees that do not bear every year, but
I never allow them to overbear.

SOME POINTS IN DOOR-YARD PLANTING AND DECORATION.

By L. B. PIERCE, Tallmadge, Ohio.

There is a popular idea among country people that landscape
gardening is not an art for the masses; that its practice and what-
ever advantage may accrue are only for the wealthy and idle. They
also affect to believe that the orchard form of planting in squares,
or a helter-skelter way of planting where there is most room, are
much superior for a farmer to the skilful planting based upon true
artistic principles.

That these common beliefs are all wrong, I think I shall be able
to demonstrate in what I shall have to say at this time.

In the first place, the principles— the A, B, C of landscape garden-
ing are no more difficult to acquire or remember than the funda-

304 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

mental principles of simple arithmetic. You can enumerate them
upon three fingers, or label them A. B, C, if you choose, but before
I give them, perhaps it will be well if we understand clearly what
landscape gardening means. Most people have associated the term
with the expensive and oftentimes hideous grounds of millionaires, |
have conjured up in their minds an exaggerated meaning which
they imagine it takes a bit of dictionary to define. It does not,
however, for the art is simply the planning and laying out of
grounds, large or small, with a view to the most beautiful effects.

Now, if you will read between the lines, you will see that nothing
is said about costly stone walks, rustic summer houses, wooden
trellises or wire fences. People associate landscape gardening with ~
masons and bricklayers, and carpenters and blacksmiths, but it is
all wrong. How does nature do? You go into northwestern Penn-
sylvania, where the maple is abundant, and look at a natural land-—
scape late in October, and you see all the colors of the rainbow in
vast gorgeous masses which you do not tire of admiring; yet you
see no summer houses, no clematis scantily covering a gingerbread
trellis; no iron gate posts or carved stone lions. Nature does her
landscape work with trees and grass and shrubs, and her nearest
approach to anything artificial is the occasional dead stump of a
lightning riven oak standing sentinel-like out of an ocean of green.
Analine dyes and mineral paints are desperately cheap in these days,
but nature discounts the prices of the druggist a thousandfold. Give
her but a rod wide of ground and she will paint your pig-stye and barn-
yard, and your neighbor’s tumble down sheds in twenty shades of
green, ranging from the blue of the Colorado spruce at one extreme
and the silver gray of the Nordmann fir at the other. To use a
slang expression, she can paint “clear out of sight.”

She will not do her painting on bits of cardboard and hang them
in a row like samples in a paint store, but she will drape them in
pendant festoons from the far reaching arms of the Norway spruce,
or hang them in graceful beauty on the sprays of hemlock and cy,-
press, to gleam in the bright sunshine, and bow and tremble in the
tiniest breeze like the nodding plumes on a maiden’s hat. If you
live in a mountain region, and sombre evergreens are in such abun-
dance that you are already sated with their beauty, then nature will
give you a score of naked forms of equal beauty for your winter pic-
tures, and you need not go out of Pennsylvania woods to get them.
The red-twigged dogwood, the green-twigged wahoo, the white-
limbed sycamore and birch, the tortuous-branched coffee tree, the
grey-barked beech, the red-berried alder, the witch hazel, the pussy
willow are samples along this line.

In summer, the material Nature offers you is multiplied tenfold,
and much of it grows right on your own hills and in your own valleys.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 305

Some of the lesser forms are the dwarf june berry, the hop tree, the
buckeye, the sassafras, the red bud, the pink and the white dogwood,
several sorts of spirea, the wild bush honeysuckle, the red wax berry,
the wild currant, the trumpet creeper, the woodbine, the bittersweet,
the glaucus magnolia, and the native rhododendron. Among herba-
ceous forms, some are scarce enough and pretty enough, to hunt up
and transfer to your grounds. The orange milkweed, the cardinal
flower and four varieties of lady slipper, occur to me at this moment
as warranting the trouble.

“To gather up these rich native materials and supplement them
with the best foreign forms from the nurseries; to arrange them in
groups with curving outlines upon the outer borders of a well kept
lawn is the sum and substance of landscape gardening.” I told you,
I think, that a “formula of three postulates would embrace the
rules of practice. They are as follows: (A) Preserve open lawn
centres; (B) Plaut in masses, not isolated. (C) Avoid straight
lines.”

These are easy rules to commit to memory, but you will find many
difficulties in putting them into practice the first time. The first
rule seems very easy. Just refrain from planting anything except
around the outside. That is easy, indeed. When, however, you go
about it, you will suddenly find that you do not know much about
trees after all, and that it is much easier to plant an orchard at cer-
tain required distances than to plant a narrow border varying in
width around your dooryard. The first snag you will run up against
is that the trees which you plant along roadsides and somewhat in
your yard are not exactly adapted to the new style of planting. If
you look around in pastures and along roadsides you will see that
maples and oaks and elms only reach their finest development when
standing alone, and that they take up a good bit of room.

You will find specimens with horizontal limbs thirty feet long and
the drip of such trees will fall upon more than thirteen rods, or one-
twelfth of an acre. Of course, you will see that a dooryard of half
or three-quarters of an acre cannot tolerate more than two of such
trees, and that they cannot be grouped. It would be like grouping
spread umbrellas in a show case made for milliners’ goods. If you
were a Vanderbilt or Rockefeller, with a forty acre lawn, the case
would be different, of course, and you could do some magnificent
grouping, as is sometimes seen in pastures and along lanes.

The great trouble with the dooryard planting of the past is that
the wrong material has been used and it cannot be arranged in
accordance with the rules of good taste. People confound shade
trees with ornamental trees and always unite the two, as if shade
was all there was in desirable planting. In ornamental planting it
is true as in other things, that we cannot eat our cake and keep it.

20—7—1900

306 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

We have got to give over a little ground unreservedly and un-
grudgingly to purely ornamental purposes. We can crop an or-
chard for twenty years and pasture it forever, if grass continues to
grow, but we cannot figure on getting anything out of ornamental
ground except flowers and beauty, and room for necessary walks.
When we get into a frame of mind which recognizes this cardinal
principle in ornamental planting, then we can work intelligently.

As we study upon the problems before us, we will find that there
are trees other than shade trees, and that some are peculiarly adapted
to grouping. These are mostly conifers, commonly called ever-
greens. For myself, I am very partial to them, perhaps because I
have most time in winter to sit in the house and look at and admire
them. In Ohio, where evergreens only grow wild to a very limited
extent, the conifers give a distinct character to a place which no
other planting can give, besides being valuable in sheltering from
cold northern and western winds. Their protective powers are won-
derful. In the shelter of a magnificent bank of Norway spruce to
the northwest of my own home, I can unfold and refold a newspaper
with scarcely a rattle of the paper when the wind is blowing a gale
of sixty miles an hour on the other side. They seem to give off
considerable warmth, for when the thermometer is three or four de-
grees below freezing point, the snow will melt for 20 feet to the
leeward of the group.

There must be something pleasing about the shelter of the trees,
for when my neighbors let their poultry out on pleasant winter days —
they come over and loaf all day on the sunny side of them, although
it is thirty rods from their own home where they are fed and have a
comfortable house. I have with me photographs of these wind-
breaks, which will be handed around presently. I have before
hinted that evergreens may be at a discount through a large part
of this State because they form so prominent a part of the natural
landscape.

Where a man or his family have a prejudice against evergreens,
bushy forms of deciduous trees may be used. The purple fringe, the
white fringe and the common dogwood may be cut back and made
to throw out stems near the ground, assuming bush forms. I have
a purple fringe with more than fifty stems, and at a distance in the
winter it might pass for a large syringa. The white lilac grows
twenty feet high, the purple one twelve or more, while the syringa
grandi-flora grows sixteen feet in height and eight or ten broad. It
is one of our very finest large shrubs, but not generally planted be-
cause the flowers are not fragrant. These, with the other syringas,
the snowballs, and red willows, or dogwood; the Tartarian honey-
suckle, the Japanese quince, the golden spirea and the single and

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 307

double deutzias form a magnificent collection wherewith almost im-
pentrable screens can be planted answering almost as good a purpose
in small grounds as conifers.

The two forms of tree or bush-growth conifers and many-stemmed
shrubs lie at the very foundation of all landscape work, and you
might as well try to. have a lawn without grass, as a model artistic
place without very free use of these materials. They are beautiful
in themselves; they shut out unsightly objects; they separate the
ornamental grounds from the fields around them; they form back-
grounds for herbaceous and annual flower-beds—in short, they give
a character that single-stemmed, trimmed-up trees cannot. They
are not only a frame but a part of the beautiful picture you are try-
ing to make about your home.

ABOUT THE ARRANGING.

I have now come to a most difficult part of my work, which is to
show, without a steriopticon, the disposition of trees and shrubs in
carrying out the rules previously laid down; but perhaps I can give
you a simple illustration going to show that the most artistic forms
of planting are also the most economical and satisfactory in the long
run.

Take a bit of paper and make four rows of four dots each, just as if
you were making a plan for an orchard of 16 trees, the dots being in
squares. Let these 16 dots represent 16 trees which exactly fill your
front yard, the front of the house standing between the two middle
trees in the fourth row. Let your dots be one inch apart. Now
rub out the four middle dots and place one in each corner half an
inch from the corner tree. You will at once see that by the simple
re-arrangement of four trees in sixteen, you have made nearly your
entire lawn free of trees. Your lawn is open to the sun and rain.
It is an unbroken mass of green in summer and an equally uninter-
rupied plain of snow in winter.

As the sun circles around, the shadows come and go, first on one
side and then on the other, a constant change from morning until
night in place of the monotonous shadow that clings all day to the
common cluttered dooryard. It costs no more to plant the trees in
the new way than the old, but you are a constant gainer as the years
go by. You canruna lawn mower, a scythe, or even a horse-mower
unobstructed; you can see out and passersby can see in; you have
changed from the stiff and stilted methods of the orchardist and
vegetable gardener to those of nature and the artist. Ever after, if
you have used suitable material, the God of Nature will add new
beauties to your work year by year until your home has a character
peculiarly its own.

Although this is but a crude and rudimentary attempt to plant a

308 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

dooryard, you will see that it carries out fully the three rules laid
down. 1. By removing the four central groups, we clear the whole cen-
tre of the lawn. 2. We make groups of four in each corner. 3. We
have a slight curve in the hypothenuse of each triangular group which,
if the trees sat upon the ground like fully furnished evergreens,
would show a curved edge to the lawn at each group. In short, in-
stead of a square orchard with equi-distant trees, we have an open
lawn of irregular octagon form, four of which sides are curved.

Now, when we change these trees from the common type, or
trimmed-up form seen in all dooryards—which, as I have before
shown, are not adapted to grouping—when we change these to trees ~
that are, we have made a beginning that covers the whole art, and
we have but to modify or change the general arrangement to attain
any end which presents itself.

Let me suggest some planting in these corner groups which will
give you some idea of what may be done, removing the trees which
may be supposed to have been set and using other forms. We will
take first one of the corners nearest the street, using common well
known shrubs.

We will plant in the corner a syringa grandi-flora. In front, or
toward the lawn we will plant two of the fragrant sorts, one bloom-
ing a week later than the other. In another row we will plant four
golden syringas, which bloom like the others but have golden leaves
all summer. Next we will plant some of the spirea Van Houtii,
and as we are planting the hypothenuse. of a triangle, each row
lengthens and we will need about six plants. The two longest rows
should be slightly curved. This spirea has long, drooping branches
which trail to the ground in a fountain-like form, and it makes an
admirable plant to connect the lawn with taller shrubbery. Now
we have a triangular group of shrubs flowering in May, facing the
lawn, with the tallest at the back side so that each has a fair show.
They do not occupy ground necessary to the lawn because they cut
off a corner; neither do they interfere with the mower. When the
shrubs are small the ground should be forked up and kept clean, to
insure rapid growth, and this work can be done with less average
labor and with no marring of the lawn as if the plants stood singly
scattered in the grass. After two or three years the shrubs will
need no attention and the lawn mower can be run to the edge of the
shrubbery and there will be no clipping with grass hook or house
shears around each plant, as in single planting. The group would
take thirteen plants, the general nursery price of which is about $2.00
per dozen. '

We will take a corner next the house for our second planting—the
one on the side where the cold winds come from. We will plant
in the corner a Colorado Blue spruce, then three hemlocks, and in

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 309

front five retinispora aurea. The latter is, to my notion, the finest
small evergreen we have in cultivation. It belongs to the cypress
family, is perfectly hardy and wonderfully beautiful either for
grouping or as a specimen tree. The new growth is of old gold
color and keeps bright from May to October, when it changes from
gold to a dark green, retaining this color until growth starts in
the spring. At the topiary garden on the Hunnewell place, in Wel-
lesley, Mass., there are huge wedge-shaped sheared masses of this
evergreen eight feet high and twenty long, which I have seen twice,
and in the August and September sun they gleamed like a fret work
of furnished gold. This combination of trees I have in different form
on my own grounds. The group as suggested takes nine trees which
could be purchased for from three to five dollars, according to size
ordered.

Now we will go past the house to the other corner and plant it to
entirely what is generally known as red willow, but really is a mem-
ber of the dogwood family. This shrub, which grows wild in the
Central States, has most of its branches cinnamon color and would
not be recognized as the beautiful red winter shrub it makes when
grown on rich, dry soil, and annually cut back and old wood thinned
out. It is a deep crimson when the leaves drop, and grows brighter
and brighter until the new leaves start, when it changes to a greyish
green. A group makes a most effective and striking winter orna-
ment to a lawn, and in large lawns the effect is enhanced by having
ing beyond it a Norway spruce or other dark green tree.

We have still one corner down by the road to fill, and we will
place first, an althea, then each of Tartarian honeysuckle, and golden
spirea. Then a row of four or five Japan quince.

This finishes our little lawn for the present, and before we go
any farther I wish to call attention to two important points. One
is that by the group system we can occasionally add a new shrub or
tree to our collection without dissipating our lawn as when we plant
something in the middle of the biggest spot of grass we have, as
most men and all women invariably do, unless educated to a higher
standard. The men have to mow around the various bushes, so they
learn wisdom along this line sometimes. In planting the new bush,
we may place it most anywhere next the group as little promontories
do not injure the outline of the lawn to any extent. Exactly asa
lake is made more attractive by bays and projecting points, so a
large lawn may be judiciously treated in the same way. In a large
lawn not already over planted, cne may start new groups with one
or two plants at a time, and thus keep up with the times, making
quite a unique collection in time. In fact, it is not best to complete
_the planting of a place all in one season, or in two, as one wants
something to do year by year, in the way of new planning and plant-

310 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ing. A fiuished place is not as interesting to most owners as one to
which something may be added and the artistic method of planting
in groups give abundant scope in this direction.

The second point I wish to make is, that groups and masses form
the very best backgrounds for the display of our finest bedding
plants, the bedding plants having more character because of con-
nection with heavier planting behind them. It is upon the same
principle which guides an artist in hanging an important picture.
He first covers the wall with a suitable background. It is cheaper
and easier to arrange beds where but one side is open to critical
inspection. A bed entirely surrounded with lawn must have plants
of uniform size, and a certain number must be used to complete the
concentric rows, but this is not so important where a background is
furnished. You can make your bed narrow or wide, as proportion
is not such a matter of prime importance as in a bed set in the open.
In the planting we have been doing, the row of spireas would not be
a good place to bank flowers against, because the trailing branches
of the spirea make a finished connection with the lawn which could
not be improved by any planting of flowers. On the other hand,
the rigid stems of the ’yrus Japonica on the other side of the yard,
with their glossy green foliage and good height would make an
excellent background for a bed of cannas. They would not inter-
fere with either, as the pyrus blooms more than a month before it
is time to plant cannas. A double row of peonies could be planted
in front of the red group, and with no interference in this case either,
for the dogwood is most interesting in winter when the dried peony
stalks would have been relegated to the bonfire heap. <A bed filled
with some of the beautiful coleus our florists are giving us in recent
years would do excellently in front of the retinosporas. In fact,
they could find no more congenial background than the beautiful
soft golden foliage of the retinospora. I might go on for an hour
telling you-of forms and combinations of beauty which can only
be had at their best where the system of planting I am advocating
is used. :

Perhaps, as you mentally review our little lawn as we have planted
it, you will wonder whether I am going to leave this imaginary door-
yard without any shade trees. Certainly not. But the number and
location of shade trees is a matter that cannot be determined off-
hand.

The frontage of the house and size of lot should determine both the
number and position. If the dooryard we have been considering
is but six rods square and the house faces the south, then one good
tree just to the left of the front walk and twenty feet from the steps,
and another on the west side near the fence, just below the evergreen
group would be enough, As to varieties to plant, that is too big a

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. sii

question to discuss at this time. In the present case, for the tree
down in the yard near the fence, the best one would be a Norway
maple. It has a certain strong individuality of character not com-
mon to native maples. ‘The tree near the walk might be a cut-leafed
birch, a catalpa speciosa, a European linden, or a European horse-
chestnut. I will dismiss the shade tree question with a single refer-
ence to two trees which have been greatly overlooked. I refer to
the Scamston weeping elm and its cogener, the Camperdown elm.
As we get them from the nurseries, they are grafted upon rigid
stocks eight or ten feet high and fall in fountain form like the Kil-
marnock willow. The Scamston will, in a few years, have the top
resting with its trailing branches upon the ground, and there are
trees where a doorway has been cut in one side of the canopy leading
into an arched umbrella-like arbor of great beauty. Both varieties
grow a little oblong in form of top. The foliage is much larger
than the common elm.

There was a beautiful specimen in the Boston Public Gardens 10
years ago, which I sketched, and the drawing, with quite a number
of other sketches of weeping trees, was printed in. Vick’s Monthly.
In shape it was like a large load of hay, the tips of the pendant shoots
nearly touching the ground. The largest leaves measured 6x9
inches and the whole growth was Juxuriant and pleasing beyond de-
scription. The Camperdown has more rigid branches, is quite flat
on top, and is an ideal tree to plant in a small yard near the house
to hang a hammock under. The only good specimen I know is in
Akron, Ohio. The two trees are confused in nurseries and there are
not more than three or four places in the country where I should ex-
pect to get the kind I ordered true to name.

Now, my friends, perhaps I have occupied all the time I am entitled
to and yet have barely touched upon all that might be said upon this
topic. I do not want anyone to go home and copy exactly the plan
talked about. I have just supposed a square dooryard in front of
the house, not because it was the best form, but because it could be
easily made to show the A, B, C principles of correct planting. A
really artistic dooryard should extend back some ways and be wide
enough to show considerable side lawn on at least one side. Then
again, the balancing of sides with similar shaped groups is not in
the best taste, and is rarely possible except in laying out wholly new
places in a clear level field.

The shrubs and trees I used to illustrate the work are old varie-
ties and form a very small part of the material which modern nurser-
ies have gathered in the ornamental line. What I used answered
the purpose of showing the planting as to placing of sizes, and also
gaye hints in regard to adapting planting to the whole of the year,

312 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

instead of a few weeks, as much of the planting around country
homes is apt to do.

Some important matters, like placing drives and walks, and fram-
ing beautiful pictures by proper disposal of close planting, I cannot
even hint at. The fact is, my friends, it is a pretty large contract
to try to make plain even the rudiments of skilful dooryard planting
in a half hour’s time. Few realize the slow evolution of the pres-
ent advanced theory and practice of landscape gardening. I was,
during the later years of his life, so fortunate as to enjoy the friendly
acquaintance of Adolph Strauch, the landscape architect, who left
Springgrove Cemetery, Cincinnati as a monument to his creative
genius. One morning he took me into his office and showed me his
library which cost for books, engravings and folios more than $3,000,
besides several hundred dollars for the bookcases and cabinets to
hold them. This whole library was devoted to landscape gardening,
and Mr. Strauch, a German by birth, in addition to the American
language, had mastered French and Italian, that he might read
what was written in those languages, along the line of his profession.
This library was the work of several hundred authors, going back
to the beginning of landscape improvement in the sixteenth cen-
tury.

When you think of this art as commanding such an army of
skilled workers, you will, I am sure, forgive me for telling you so
little in a brief half hour. It is not a topic to call out flights of
fancy, or bursts of oratory, and it was lucky for me that it was not,
for I am neither a poet nor an orator. In conclusion, allow me to
thank you for your patient listening.

AN ADDRESS.

By 8S. B. HEIGES, President.

I have promised my self to occupy but a short period this evening.
During the 37 years that I have been a member of this society, I
have spoken a number of times, and can recall no phase of horti-
culture or pomology upon which I have not expressed myself. How-
ever, I have a few practical thoughts which I will try briefly to pre-
sent.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 313

FAILURE OF APPLES.

We have heard from different sections of the State, of the failure
of apples owing to drouth. I can frankly say I fear rain more than
drouth. If, by proper cultivation and subsoiling, we conserve the
moisture that is in the soil, our orchards and crops will seldom
suffer for want of rain. A cistern five feet in depth may be doubled
in capacity by increasing its depth to ten feet, and by the same prin-
ciple we can double the capacity of our soils for conserving moisture.
The rains that fall during the spring and summer months are not
sufficient. Those that come in the fall and from melting snows in
winter are the ones that carry fruits and other crops to perfection.
If trees are planted one or two inches deeper than they stood in
the nursery row, in properly prepared ground, and then thoroughly
cultivated, the feeding roots will remain at the proper depths, and
no injury result from after culture. In cultivating orchards we
often make the mistake of cultivating too deep. If the soil is kept
covered with a dry earth mulch, we cut off the capillary tubes and
prevent evaporation. The soil should never, in the summer season
especially, be allowed to become hard or baked, and should have shal-
low culture after every shower. I have observed, time and again,
after scraping away one or two inches of dry, loose surface soil, that
underneath there would be enough moisture to mature the fruit.

NATURE STUDY.

Another line of thought is the introduction of “nature studies,”
and the principles of agriculture and horticulture in our public
schools. It is my firm conviction that this is the tendency of the
modern education. The State of New Jersey has issued a number
of bulletins on the subject, and our own Agricultural College has
begun the same line of work. I can commend it most heartily, be-
cause I know from experience that great interest can be awakened
in the minds of the young in this direction. When a teacher, I
taught my scholars how to bud and graft; and when Principal of
the State Normal School at Shippensburg, I instructed the students
to plant and prune, and I found that the girls were quite as expert
as the boys.

STUDY OF INSECTS.

Another line of study that opens up a wide and interesting field
for the young is the insect world. It is remarkable how readily
pupils learns to recognize the various classes and species, whether
useful or destructive, and the amount of damage they do. When we
realize that $100,000,000 are lost annually in the United States, and

from seven to thirteen millions annually in our own State, we can
21

*

314 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

form some idea of the importance of this study. But not all insects
are our enemies, and we might learn also to know some of our best
friends.

BOTANY.

We should also learn something of practical botany. We should
know the name and habit of every weed which grows in our gar-
dens and farms. I believe if a census were taken of our farmers,
not five per cent. could name the weeds that grow on their own
farms. ‘Born and reared upon farms, they know they are weeds and
that is all. They don’t know whether they are annual, perennial or
biennial, and I know instances where by trying to exterminate them
they have multiplied them by dividing the roots.

PRICE OF WHEAT.

I have on several occasions, not only before this association, but
at Farmers’ Institutes, expressed my conviction that the day for
dollar wheat has passed, and with it has gone also the opportunity
of the United States to control the wheat markets of the world.
The price of wheat is now fixed by the “Mark Lane Express,” and »
is governed by the crops of other nations that none become too
strong and active competitors. German and English capital have
developed the wheat belt of the Argentine Republic, and in one year
23,009,000 bushels have been exported. India and Russia, too, have
unlimited resources in this direction, and the completion of a rail-
way from Russia to Port Arthur is not solely for the purpose of
maintaining an immense steel clad Russian navy at that point. We
are informed also, that at intervals of about ten miles along the line
of that railway as it is being built, hamlets are established and stu-
dents are put in charge of the serfs who are aided and encouraged
by the Czar in bringing the millions of fertile acres under cultiva-
tion. This outlook surely is not encouraging to the American
farmer who pins his faith to wheat as a money crop.

This should admonish our farmers and horticulturists to turn
their attention to fruit. In no branch of agriculture would they
have less competition. There is demand in England for our best
apples. Nowhere in Europe can they be grown as easily and suc-
cessfully as here. Is it not evident, then, that our boys should study
these questions? The bulk of the practical business transacted in
Carnegie’s office at Homestead, is embraced in the four fundamental
rules of arithmetic, fractions, percentage and discounts. Much of
the time devoted to geography, reading, ete., might be more use-
fully employed in nature studies. If these remarks shall lead to
further discussion of this important subject, the time will not be
spent in vain. I thank you for your kind attention.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. $15

ADVANCEMENT OF FLORIL-CULTURE IN ALLEGHENY COUN-
TY THE PAST FORTY YEARS.

By P. 8S. RANDOLPH, Pittsburg, Pa.

Flori-culture has advanced very rapidly and has become a very
important industry since I entered the business forty years ago.
The houses were usually built 30 to 75 feet long, each heated by flues
or separate boilers. Watering was done with the ordinary watering
can, and much valuable space was lost in order to make room for
the cumbersome step-ladder which was necessary, not only in the
watering, but in all the details of greenhouse work. Yet there were
doubtless as fine plants grown then as now, though not without
greater expense. At that time there were but two florists in Alle-
gheny county, except several that were connected with nurseries
in operation here.

Three or four years after I began business, Peter Henderson in-
troduced his system of heating with hot water. This effected quite
a saving in labor and fuel, as one fire would answer for five or six
houses. About this time began the demand for bedding plants and,
in consequence, the trade increased rapidly. The trade in cut flow-
ers then was rather crude. The Camelia Japonica was the leading
flower then, and a florist’s wealth was estimated by the number of
camelias he had. Blooms that were extra fine brought $1.50 to
$5.00 each, and flowers usually averaged 50 cents each, that would
not now bring five cents apiece, as they are not desirable for cut
flowers, owing to their lack of fragrance and absence of stem. Cen-
tre pieces were made with wet sand. Bowordias were also popu-
lar then, and Carnations were rapidly coming into favor also. Roses
usually were not to be had until about March 1. Boston florists
grew fine tea roses, such as “Bon Silene,” and ‘“Safrano,” varieties
that are seldom seen now.

I want to say of Peter Henderson, that he was the best florist I
ever knew, and freely gave information for the benefit of others,
although in the same business. His book, entitled “Gardening for
Profit,’ was a mine of information on that subject. During recent
- years the Society of American Florists came into existence. <A trade
paper has also been established, which is of great value to enterpris-
ing florists. The society meets annually in some leading city, and
our brightest men give their experience and are glad to tell what

316 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

they know. 1 can.well remember when we had but two or three
varieties of Zonale Geraniums. The General Grant was introduced,
and although it had small flowers, it had an exceedingly large truss,
a brilliant scarlet, and there is not a better bedding geranium to-day.
Holland and French bulbs were comparatively rare, or at least not
used largely for bedding as now. Planted in October and Novem-
ber, they make a brilliant display in early spring.

When I came here in 1864, the florist business was, in a measure,
in its infancy, and oftimes the outlook not very bright. Some of
the duties are not always pleasant and agreeable, but to one who has
his heart in the work, it is entertaining, and no one need be ashamed
to follow it. We cannot, perhaps, expect to get wealthy, but can
make a comfortable living.

PENNSYLVANIA AS A FRUIT-GROWING STATE.

By Pror. JOHN HAMILTON, Secretary of Agriculture.

Before taking up the subject upon which I expect to speak, I want
to commend the views, in regard to education, advanced by your
President in his address this evening. I believe we must improve
agriculture by beginning with the rising generation—the children—
inculeating in their minds a love for nature and nature study.

In arranging for our Farmers’ Institutes last fall, this idea of
nature study in our common schools was made a special feature of
our institute work. The results thus far have been most gratifying.
The audiences have been enthusiastic in their approval and are in-
quiring why a movement in this direction was not begun years ago.
We need nature study in our public schools, and we will have it be-
fore many years. You all are familiar with the changes that have
been effected in our leading colleges in teaching the natural sciences,
Within twenty years the same revolution will take place in our com-
mon schools.

In order that our teachers can have literature to which they can
refer, the Department of Agriculture is now in correspondence with
more than 200 leading educators in the United States and Canada,
with the view of securing a list of the best standard works on the
natural sciences adapted for use as a library in our public schools.
We hope in this way to secure advice from the most capable instruc-
tors in this country on this important subject. But this is prelim-
inary to what I want to say.

Niort. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 317

I was very anxious to come to this meeting. 1 wanted to meet
and talk with the men who have stood by this society up to the
present time. Your organization has done and is still doing good
work, and should be encouraged. It has done much to develop the
horticultural interests of this State and much yet remains for it to
do. Years ago, the hills in Juniata county were a synonym for
poverty. The lowlands and meadows only were deemed worthy the
attention of the farmer and fruit grower, until a shoemaker, a gradu-
ate of David Miller’s fruit farm in Cumberland county, planted a
peach orchard there and became the pioneer of a great and profit-
able horticultural industry. I am informed that in one year there
came into the Mifflin banks $100,000 for peaches alone. This is one
of the practical results that has followed the teachings of this so-
ciety. ‘Yours is not a selfish organization, but your experiences,
your successes and failures are given freely to all who may care to
profit by them. Surely this organization will not entertain the
thought of abandoning its work now.

Excepting California, this is probably the best State in the Union
for fruit growing, and even California does not grow as good fruit
as Pennsylvania. I think it can be proven by abundant testimony,
that for flavor, our fruit, especially apples and peaches, stands at
the head of the list. New York apples cannot compare with ours in
richness and delicacy of flavor. So with plums, pears, cherries and
berries of all kinds. Our fruits compare favorably with those grown
anywhere in the country.

In one very important particular we have much to learn in this
State, and that is how to handle and properly prepare and ship our
fruit to market. We can learn much from California in this direc-
tion, and can easily see why fruit that is inferior in quality will often
command a much better price and sell more readily than that of
better quality that is carelessly handled and packed, and even more
carelessly displayed in our markets and on our fruit stands. It is
surprising how handsomely a little care in this direction pays, and
how small a figure quality really cuts in the sale of fruit. People
want things to look well; be attractive to the eye. Our tastes in
that direction have greatly improved, and some of our growers
don’t seem to know how much appearance has to do with helping to
sell. The masses among our fruit growers have not yet waked up
to this important point. In New England there is much more care
and taste displayed in this direction. Their fruit is carefully picked
and assorted. Apples are put into first, second and third grades,
and their second grade is sold in our markets at better prices than
our average grower gets for his best. There is with us great room
for improvement; room for increased crops, and need for greater
care in the preparation of our fruit for market. Fruit from this

318 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

State should be known as Pennsylvania fruit, and as such, if prop-
erly handled, it will command the highest price. We need also to
impress upon our people the fact that the highest grades of fruit
never go begging. We ought, as a society, to send to our farmers
and fruit growers information showing them how to grade their
products to best advantage. Much that is offered for sale should
never get into our markets at all, and no fruit should be considered
strictly first class unless entirely free from scab, knot, worm-holes
or blemishes of any kind.

Now, a few words as to what the Department of Agriculture of
Pennsylvania has done and wants to do for horticulture in this
State. You know, there are a number of Divisions in the Depart-
ment, but no Horticultural Division. There is no place where the
interests of horticulture have special attention, except in the State
Horticultural Association. Lately, the Department of Agriculture
has taken up the matter of horticulture and market gardening,
through the Division of Economic Zoology. For the present, and
until the interests of horticulture have further aid and recognition
from the State, that Division must look after this work. Some pre-
liminary work has already been done. Postmasters in Pennsylvania
have been written to, and over 30,000 names of persons interested
or engaged in horticulture and fruit growing in this State have been
secured. Many of these are amateurs and are not engaged in fruit
growing for commercial purposes, but from this list there have been
selected about 1,000 names of the best fruit growers in the State,
and with their aid we hope to collect and publish information that
will be of great value to the horticultural interests of the Common-
wealth. We have no appropriation, but will do the best we can until
we are able to get together and see what we can get from the Legis-
lature to foster this industry.

We need a law to regulate the sale of nursery trees and prevent
unscrupulous nurserymen from selling infested or diseased nursery
stock in the State, and that will protect other States from receiving
diseased nursery stock from us. We need a law, also, that will
regulate and determine the size and capacity of fruit packages.
When we buy a box, a basket or a barrel of fruit, we want definite
information as to how much we are receiving. New York now has
such a law and has a fixed standard for fruit packages.

There is one thing more of which I wish to speak and in which we
are interested. We want to encourage the canning industry in this
State. I never fully realized the magnitude or possibilities of this
industry until I visited some canning establishments in Geneva,
New York, last year. I want to read you some figures showing
what it means to that vicinity. For one factory farmers raised in
one season 575 acres sweet corn. 375 acres peas, 125 acres string

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 319

beans, 50 acres lima beans, 350 acres squashes, 75 acres pumpkins,
75 acres asparagus, 12 acres rhubarb. Another establishment canned
35,000 bushels apples, 7,000 bushels pears, 10,000 bushels plums;
peaches, they could not give me the amount; 1,500 bushels quinces,
300,000 quarts raspberries, 50,000 quarts blackberries, 50 tons cher-
ries, and large quantities of currants and gooseberries. You can
imagine what a market this gives for home products, and what bene-
fits it brings a community.

In conclusion, I want to say again, that I am glad to meet with
the fruit growers of Pennsylvania, and to say to you that the Depart-
ment of Agriculture is willing and anxious to help to strengthen
your hands and assist in making your organization more than ever
a power for good to the horticultural interests of the State.

ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE.

By WM. H. MOON, Morrisville, Pa.

The topic assigned me is one of unbounded magnitude and interest
to the true lover of horticulture and may include in its scope the
small plot surrounding the home of the humblest peasant, the
prosperous day laborer, the gentleman in medium circumstances, or
the multi-millionaire. Any or all of these may be either possessed
of or devoid of horticultural ornamentation.

It is not the size of one’s possessions surrounding his domicile
that necessarily determines its attractiveness. But the evidence of
that taste and study of tree, vines and shrubs and the love and care
of them which produces the best results that suggest to the passerby
the beauty and charms of a well kept home grounds. It is well
that there are many individual tastes and opinions all with one com-
mon object. It is this diversity that makes ornamental horticul-
ture such an interesting study for the student of nature and prevents
the effect of sameness.

The study of ornamental horticulture is one of never ending re-
search. The study of adaptability to every detail in location, eleva-
tion, situation, outlook, present effect, future results, hardiness, hab-
its, growth, town foliage, flower and fruit. These topics all require
the greatest familiarity to produce the best results. The idea that
none but the very wealthy can be possessors of ornamental grounds

320 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

around their dwellings is a fallacy. The most unique effect is often
found where the owner, having a taste and fondness for rural pur-
suits, devotes a portion of his own time to the adornment of his
grounds, acquainting himself with every new acquisition, studying
its growth, admiring its characteristics and forming an attachment
for these silent neighbors which prove beneficial in diverting the
mind from the rush and turmoil of a busy world to the more quiet
and restful one of a rural home. Contrast with this the millionaire
quoted by a recent English author, who said that “of all the bills he
had to pay, he begrudged most the expenses connected with that con-
founded garden.”

By the adjective describing the esteem in which this portion of his
possessions were held, what could be expected from such a land
owner? What encouragement to employes to produce the best re-
sults? When they know their efforts are not appreciated and that
the pittance paid is given grudgingly. Did it ever occur to you the
great number of persons owning country places, either those to be
ornamented in a horticultural way, or those already planted and im-
proved, who have little or no taste or interest in horticulture; who
do not know a shrub from a tree, a deciduous from an evergreen, a
huckleberry bush from a hollyhock. There are thousands of such’
land owners who want their grounds ornamented because it is popu-
lar to have them so. On one topic most of them have an opinion;
they want shade. They want it at once. They want the growth of
20 years or more transplanted to them and set down so that there
will be no interruption in growth or withering of foliage.

Many of these look upon horticultural topics as effeminate and
beneath their consideration. One of the minor matters only worthy
of the direction of their wife and daughters. Consequently, when
they learn the estimated cost of proper horticultural ornamentation
of their grounds they are surprised at the expense. The rule es-
tablished in England, we believe, is ten per cent. of the cost of the
house to be set aside for planting the grounds. We presume this
rule is lable to great variation, according to the size of the tract.
A gentleman may talk very knowingly to his coachman and groom
regarding his stable and its inmates, he may direct about his kennel,
he may seem very intelligent and up to date when discussing about
his yacht, but when he comes to dictate to his gardener, he is all at
sea. He cannot appreciate his best efforts; he does not see the
beauty of his latest acquisitions, but measures his value and ability
by his early vegetables, sweet corn or green peas, or his choice straw-
berries or grapes.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 321

ORNAMENTATION OF AVENUES.

The planting of avenues with ornamental trees affords an opportu-
nity for diversified taste and effects. Whether the wants of a specu-
lative land company who desire to mark out streets by planting
trees, and are anxious to obtain the cheapest and quickest results,
regardless of quality are to be met, with such varieties as silver
leaved maple and Carolina poplar; or whether more enduring and
graceful effects are sought after in the selection of the Norway or
sugar maple or other trees of this character, we cannot but admit
that each has its place; each are useful in their way. The newer in-
troduction from the Orient will very probably some day divide
honors with the aforementioned sorts. For surely the Oriental
Plane tree or European buttonwood combines characteristics of
rapid growth with compact dense form of habit, large foliage, and
longevity to a degree that make its increased demand self evident.
We believe the better this variety becomes known the more gen-
erally will it be planted.

The effect of avenues planted with cut-leaved birch, where loca-
tion and climate are suitable, is very striking and worthy of imita-
tion where novelty is more desirable than dense shade. The Salis-
buria Japan Guigko, or Maiden Hair tree, may be classed among the
comparatively odd or grotesque avenue trees which is being increas-
ingly sought after, as differing materially from the old standbys,
such as elms, maples or poplars. The oddity of its growth, the ir-
regularity of its branches and the peculiar shape of its leaves all
have a relieving effect. Of all the choice avenue trees where time is
not the sole object sought after in obtaining results, where the soil
is not contaminated with city gas, coal ashes, cinders or other evi-
dence of advanced civilization injurious to tree growth, and where
the air is equally free from poisons, for such a choice location, we
know of nothing handsomer than the oak, either the Pin, Red, or
Scarlet oak. The symmetrical habit, the beauty of summer and
autumn foliage, their longevity and general appearance characterize
the oaks as a class of trees that have few equals and no superiors.

LAWN ORNAMENTATION.

Having thus discussed avenue ornamentation, we will turn to the
lawn and grounds surrounding a dwelling where formerly the plant-
ing of a few straight rows of trees at right angles was considered
all that was necessary to supply shade, whilst the occasional inter-
mingling of a few large growing evergreens and an occasional flower-
ing shrub planted singly completed the requisites for a finished
lawn. ‘Contrast this with the advancement of to-day, when the
shade is provided by the selection of some handsome growing decidu.

21—7—1900

322 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ous trees of cleanly habits, sufficiently diversified in variety to
avoid sameness and sufficiently dissimilar in foliage to furnish con-
trast, the size of the lawn and character of buildings, the outlook
and elevation will suggest the number of trees required. The
beechs, American, European and Purple-Leaved, the American white
ash, lindens, American, European Silver-leaved Norway, Sugar and
Sycamore maple, Oriental buttonwood and oaks in variety, includ-
ing Red, Scarlet, Pin and White oaks, are all desirable and specially
adapted for such planting, while an occasional chestnut or walnut
suggests not old shade but other pleasure as time advances.

The shade of a lawn having been provided, the balance of the
planting is ornamentation and should include as great an assort-
ment of evergreen and shrub effects as space will permit without
overcrowding. The selection of choice evergreens for a lawn is a
pleasure to the admirer of this class of trees. The diversity in
character, form, habit, growth, and foliage is charming, and the
choice of specimens adapted to each nook in the lawn is a study
enjoyed by the true lover of horticulture. The stately Picea and
Abies families, including the Norways, European and Nordmann’s
Silver fir and that beautiful Glaucous foliage acquisition of the
Rockies, the Colorado Blue spruce and their various allied relatives,
together with numerous varieties of pines, offer a choice combine
from which to obtain trees of medium to large growth, which can be
planted singly as specimens, or interspersed with the deciduous
trees already selected. The smaller growing evergreens include the
dwarf arborvitaes, hemlocks, dwarf spruce, junipers and the large
family of Retinosporas, with their striking and varied colored fo-
liage. All these provide rare novelties for planting singly, in groups
or on borders in connection with shrubs, grasses, ete.

The evergreen effect is charming, whether viewed in all the various
shades of a luxuriant spring growth, later when they have attained
their autumn maturity, or in the winter when covered with the
newly fallen snow. No planting is complete that does not include
a goodly number of flowering shrubs and climbing vines. ‘The
former, when wisely selected and judiciously arranged, can be made
to present an attractive feature of the lawn the entire season.
Bloom alone is not the only recommendation to many shrubs. The
variety and contrast in color of foliage is very striking and adds to
the bloom effect.

The names of the desirable acquisitions in this class may be said
to be legion and too numerous to mention here.

The vines must not be forgotten. Where an old stump or other
desirable location can be found, they should be used freely, as well
as around the porches and trellises. The sloping banks may be pre-
vented by washing and made to hlossom as a rose by planting the

No. 7. DHPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 323

Rosa Wichuriana, the Vimca Menir or some of the rapid growing
honeysuckles. When possible, aquatic effects should be introduced
and those attractive water lilies of different shades, and the other
aquatic novelties added.

Thus far and no allusion to hedge planting without which a plant-
ing would hardly be complete. The old-fashioned thorn hedge, with
its irregular openings and evidences of neglect has been supplanted by
the more modern California Priest, of all the deciduous hedge plants
we believe the most desirable. Its popularity is gaining and its ease
of growth and culture place it beyond its rivals. The choicest ever-
greens for hedges are the Norway and Hemlock spruce and the
American arborvitae; each have their advantages, which location and
object sought after alone can determine. Another feature of horti-
cultural interest now rapidly on the increase is the establishment of
_ parks in all large cities and in many not so designated. This shows
a commendable interest in the cause and is a feature to be approved
of from an educational and charitable standpoint as well.

When we recall the fact that the first park in England was estab-
lished during the reign of Henry the First, early in the sixteenth
century, and was surrounded by a wall, we cannot but admire the
advance of civilization, which makes the parks of to-day the centre
of horticultural adornment, either native growth or acquired, the
drive of the wealthy, the recreation ground of the toiler and the play
ground of the poor; the breathing spot for all who long for the
fresh air of the country and the shade of the forest. The reputation
of a city’s parks are among its plaudits. Many of us who have
never before had the pleasure of visiting your city have heard of the
beauty and attractiveness of your Schenley, Highland and Allegheny
parks, and as time advances and means become available, there is
no question but what their value and availability will be greatly ad-
vanced under the present efficient and competent management.
What is true of Pittsburg is equally so of other cities throughout
this broad land. With increasing prosperity ornamental horticul-
ture should meet with a new impetus, and in the next decade make
more rapid strides than in the past.

Mr. Pierce: What is the best handbook or catalogue on this sub-
ject?

Mr. Moon: I do not think of anything up to date. The best source
of information is the various catalogues.

Mr. Pierce: I was much interested in the paper just read, although
I cannot agree with the author in all points. While the elm is one
of the finest trees, I do object to Japan Guigko. It is a deciduous
tree, with the habit and appearance of a conifer. To me it is one of
the most disagreeable and inartistic trees we have. Like the Can-
ada thistle, the more you have the worse you are off. JT saw in Fre-

324 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE off. Doe.

donia, N. Y., some Cut-leaf Weeping birch that were the finest trees
of this kind [ever saw. They were about 50 years old and not yet in
the height of their beauty. As to the oak, it is one of the hand-
somest of trees, but there is some objection to it as a lawn tree
owing to the fact that it drops its foliage all winter and is in con-
sequence a source of trouble to the lawn mower. Sweet gum is even
more beautiful than the maples, and is hardy within 380 miles of
Lake Erie.

Mr. Moon: I agree with Mr. Pierce as to the magnificence of the
elm as an avenue tree. It cannot be surpassed where it succeeds,
but it does not thrive everywhere as in New England. ‘As to the
Sweet gum, I have known it from boyhood but have never known
it to sucker, as stated by Mr. Pierce. It is as common as any na-
tive tree, and one of our finest trees in Eastern Pennsylvania. I
have sold it for cemetery planting, but it is objectionable for that
purpose because the gum and moisture which drop from the foliage
will discolor the stones.

Mr. Pierce: From my observation, I was under the impression
that the sweet gum suckers—what I took for suckers—may have
been seedlings. ;

THE PACKING AND SHIPPING OF FRUIT FROM A COMMIS-
SION MERCHANT’S STANDPOINT.

By THOMAS RENTON, Castle Shannon, Pa.

This subject can be best considered by starting right from the
ground. The grower must learn by experiment and by conferring
with his brother horticulturist, what varieties will suit his soil, and
the condition under which he intends to market his crop; and on
this point it would appear that great benefit can be derived from
such associations as your honorable body, and that you should have
the active and earnest co-operation of intelligent and progressive
growers. The classification and grading of all lines of produce, is
getting to be of more importance every year, and the grower who
attempts to grow and handle fruit as it was done a generation ago,
cannot expect any greater success than is secured in any other busi-
ness by old fashioned and out-of-date methods. If the grower is
close to a home market to which he can haul his produce and handle
it himself, he will soon learn what varieties and what packages hest

Nv. 7. DEPARIMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 325

suit his needs. But if, by reason of his location, he is compelled to
seek distant markets, then the question of what varieties he shall
grow, and what package he shall use becomes of the greatest im-
- portance. As an example, take strawberries. You know some
handsome, luscious varieties which are excellent for the grower who
can haul them to market and sell them within a few hours, but which
are so soft and tender that they would be worse than useless to the
one who is supplying distant points. What is necessary in the latter
case is something that is hard and firm enough to stand transporta-
tion and present an attractive appearance when-it reaches its des-
tination.

Everything should be carefully sorted, and in most cases it will
pay to make two grades, which should be plainly marked on the
packages. Then they should be faced or topped out with some of the
brightest so as to show up handsome and attractive when opened
for sale. Use new, clean packages only, as a slovenly, dirty vessel
will spoil the appearance of the finest goods, and it is poor economy
to use them under any circumstances. If for no other reason, re-
turnable packages should be avoided, as they get weather stained
and dingy, and discredit your shipment at first sight. The gift
crate has many points of advantage. You estimate your crop and
buy crates enough to carry it, and avoid the unpleasant and unprofit-
able experience of going to the station for returned crates which
have not arrived, while your fruit is ripening at home and nothing
to ship in. If you always have a new crate your fruit will show at
its best, and the cost is not much, if any greater when you take into
consideration the baskets and divisions which are largely missing
and the proportion of crates which are sure to be lost every season.

It would take too long to go over the different packages used for
various articles and the methods of packing in each case, and no
doubt this matter is more or less familiar to all present to-day, but
this principle should always be borne in mind, that any packages,
of whatever size or shape, used for shipping fruit or vegetables,
should be perfectly stiff and rigid. Any package which sags or
gives in any way, will cause the contents to become bruised in the
handling enroute, and either lessen their value or cause total loss.
I have an unpleasant recollection of receiving a consignment of
plums in slatted crates, where only one nail had been driven in the
end of each slat. The crates changed their shape every time they
were lifted, and the contents had gone to pulp and seeds by the time
they reached us.

Before leaving the subject of packages, allow me to say a word in
regard to the disposition shown in the past few years to use scant
or short measures. The slang name here is “dinks.” AJl will admit
that the “dink” was “conceived in sin and brought forth in iniquity.”

326 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Due.

This abuse has grown to such proportions that the State of New
York has passed an act regulating packages, with which I am not
familiar enough to criticize it, but it is certainly true, that legisla-
tion along the same line is badly needed in Pennsylvania, and I have
no doubt that your association could exert a great influence in this
direction. Possibly the best course would be to compel makers to
brand the capacity on each package, and allow the people to use
any size they prefer, and an act of Congress which would apply to all
the States would be best, as it will avoid complications which will
arise from different acts in the yarious States. All the large cities
receive consignments from many different States, and a package
which fulfilled the legal requirements at point of shipment, might
cause a violation of law at place of sale, and this can only be ayoided
by national legislation. If your association will give attention to
to this matter, it will have great weight in effecting the much needed
action.

And now a word in regard to the matter of shipping your products
to the best advantage. The most perishable will have to be shipped
by express, and should be put on such trains as will insure their ar-
rival on the market as early as possible, as the best trade is always
during the early morning hours. Refrigerator cars work very well
during the early months, and southern produce is successfully han-
dled in that way, for the reason that it is taken out of the cars into
a comparatively low temperature; but during our hot weather,
goods which have been in cold cars, decay very rapidly when ex-
posed to the air, so that for this latitude, the express service seems
to be the best that can be obtained.

BEST MEANS OF SELLING FARM PRODUCTS.

And now we come to consider the best means of selling farm pro-
ducts to obtain the best possible results.

The grower cannot afford the time nor expense of making a trip
with each shipment. He is needed at home to attend to the gather-
ing and packing of his crop; must see that everything is properly
graded and put up in good shape for shipment. And then he cannot
keep posted on prices unless he is in constant touch with the market.
Fluctuations are sometimes very rapid (especially in the most per-
ishable articles), and it requires experience, knowledge and con-
stant attention to be able to handle them intelligently. It is just
here that the necessity for the commission man comes in. I know
that we hear and read a great deal about bringing the producer and
consumer together, but I have never seen nor heard of any practical
scheme to eliminate the middle man in the problem of disposing of
perishable produce. On the scale on which business is done to-day,
one man can’t do everything. You must employ one to plow, an-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 327

other to reap and another to sell the product. If the farmer is rea-
sonably careful in selecting the house to whom he makes his ship-
ments, and will ship regularly to that house, I believe he will secure
the best returns for his goods. Nothing is gained by dividing ship-
ments amongst several houses, and thus putting your own goods
into competition, besides cutting your shipments so small that they
have little value to the receiver. And the practice of changing fre-
quently and shipping to those who quote the highest prices, is the
cause of much of the dissatisfaction which we hear from shippers.
Any house which throws out the bait of extravagant quotations is
doubtful, and when you get price lists from strangers quoting above
those of reliable houses, or offering to handle goods for less than the
regular rates of commission, or make no charge for hauling, etc.,
it is evident that careful inquiry should be made in regard to such
houses before consigning anything to them. The commission busi-
ness is not a benevolent enterprise, and the expenses have to come
out of it somewhere. One great item of expense that has been added
in recent years is the local soliciting. In the beginning, some
houses which could not secure business in the ordinary way, put
men into the different fields to secure shipments. The sharp com-
petition which resulted, has compelled many who are opposed to the
plan, to do likewise or lose the business. If you will figure the
wages and other expenses of the solicitor and set it off against the
legitimate commission on the shipments he secures, you will see
that the solicitor is an institution that should be abolished. His
one object is to get shipments in order to hold his job, and many of
them will misrepresent the market, libel their neighbors, or resort
to any means to accomplish their purposes.

It would be well if growers could make more frequent visits to
the markets to which they ship their goods; especially during the ship-
ping season. They can get an idea of the condition in which their
goods arrive, and also of the changing conditions which affect prices.
‘There are many causes—the good prices of to-day may attract in-
creased shipments and cause an overstock to-morrow; a wet day
may keep many buyers at home, and thus decrease the demand; the
delay of an hour or two in the arrival of the express train, and the
condition of the atmosphere during time of transit may cause the
goods which were apparently in good shape when shipped to arrive
in poor order. These are only some of the causes which may dis-
affect priees and give the shipper the impression that he has been
unfairly dealt with, and he should be very sure of his case before he
makes accusations of untruthfulness and dishonesty.

The commission man who expects to continue in business is com-
pelled to use his best efforts in the interest of his patrons as a mere
matter of good business policy, for without he can count on a large

328 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

number of regular shipments, he cannot successfully conduct his
business. It seems to me that the interest of each is so-much the
interest of the other, that what we need to do is to get into closer
and more intimate relations with each other and work earnestly
and intelligently for the good of all.

Mr. Altfather: New packages always give better results than old
ones. It is also best to send full packages but not larger than
standard size.

Mr. Moon: In New Jersey 16 quarts is considered a standard
basket, and must be so branded. In Maryland 18 quarts is said to
be the standard size. The question is whether it would not be best
to sell all produce by the pound.

SOME POINTS IN POTATO CULTURE.

By ALVA AGHEE, Cheshire, Ohio.

An abundance of decayed organic matter in the soil favors the
growth of the potato plant and the development of the tubers. It
keeps the soil loose, furnishes plant food, and holds moisture.

If the use of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash in commercial
fertilizers is necessary for largest profit, it is well to take half the
nitrogen from nitrate of soda and the remaining half from a slower
form, such as dried blood. The phosphoric acid can be gotten
cheaply from high-grade acidulated rock. I do not fear the potash
in the form of muriate if it is broad-casted before planting, so that
rains may wash out the chlorine matter. So far as my experience
goes, the quality of the tuber is not adversely affected by the mu-
riate when this precaution is used.

“Seconds,” or potatoes too small for market, may be good seed.
If they are setts of vigorous vines, and are small because they did
not have time to become large, they have the required vitality; but
if they are setts of weak vines, and are small because the parent
stalks were weak, they do not have the needed vitality. I prefer
to err on the side of safety by using large potatoes—tubers of me-
dium size—for planting, cutting to pieces of two eyes each, and
planting single pieces fifteen to eighteen inches apart in rows thirty-
two to thirty-six inches apart.

Potatoes should be planted deep, and the strongest buds are made
when the first growth is made in or near the light and air. That

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 329

Wueaus a deep furrow aud very light covering. | have learned to
discard the covering disks of planters, and the seed is left in the bot-
tom of the furrow, having as a covering the small amount of fine
soil that rolls upon it from the sides of the furrow as the planter
shoe passes. This method gives a strong, heavy sprout. As soon
as it appears, a harrow or weeder is used on the ground, thus par-
tially filling the furrows. When the potato plants appear through
this, a second harrowing fills the furrows, giving loose, clean soil for
the potatoes.

The potato scab is a fungous disease that may be in the soil. If
it is on the seed to be planted, the germs are killed by use of a solu-
tion of corrosive sublimate, but when it is in the soil, the problem
is more difficult. After four or five years experimentation, I am
firmly convinced that a slight souring of the soil, by plowing down
a green crop in the spring, furnishes conditions under which the
scab germ can not thrive. - During these years I have used rye for
this purpose, plowing the growth under when about twelve inches
high, and have cleaned some very foul land of this disease.

The prevention of early blight in a way practicable to an exten-
sive potato grower puzzles me. I apply the Bordeaux mixture with
an arsenite until vines fill the middle in our early planted fields,
using a barrel and pump on a one-horse wagon, with a spraying at-
tachment to the wagon that covers four rows at atime. This spray-
ing kills or drives away the flea beetle, whose work probably induces
attacks of early blight, and it may prevent attacks of other insect
and fungous foes of the potato, thus aiding the best possible growth
before the customary time for appearance of the blight. That time
is in midsummer, when some very hot and showery weather usually
prevails for at least a few days. In such weather I have, as yet,
very little faith in preventives of early blight. If money were no
object and the vines were kept thoroughly coated with the Bor-
deaux mixture throughout the growing season, using knapsack
sprayers for this purpose and making applications after every rain,
the blight might be controlled. I do not know.

The late blight is not a prevalent disease of the potato in Penn-
sylvania, appearing only in quite cool and moist summers,

Methods of cultivation of the potato depend upon the character
and condition of the soil. When it is loose and properly drained,
level and surface cultivation is decidedly best. For ease and cheap-
ness in handling the crop, light and substantial bushel boxes are
almost a necessity.

330 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Duc.

SELECTION OF VARIETIES; HOW TO PLANT, PICK AND
STORE THE APPLE.

By W. R. BARNHART, Greensburg, Pa.

The American tourist abroad, in looking with admiration out over
the fine, large well cultivated farms of England, the rich valleys,
hillsides and vineyards of France, the thousands of fertile acres, in
a great state of cultivation, in Germany, the garden spot of the
world for delicious fruits in sunny Italy; all producing most won-
derful crops af the cereals, vegetables and fruits adapted to their
soil and climate, and for the preservation of the human family, he
will at twilight in the eventide, when in conversation with the peo-
ple of different nations, look over homeward and exclaim! “My
own dear America,’ with your Republican form of government, with
your inexhaustible mineral wealth, with your vast area of broad’
acres and variety of soil and climate, so well adapted and sufficient
to feed the world of almost all kinds of the best cereals, vegetables
and fruits of the age, you are to me the dearest spot on this universe.
America, with all your fine fruits of different kinds, both large
and small, there is nothing to compare with or to take the place of
the apple.

The apple stands out over and above every other fruit. It is the
fruit for the masses; it is the fruit for all; it is the fruit for the most
part of the year. While some of the States produce more, larger
and finer looking apples, our own great State of Pennsylvania pro-
duces the finest flavored apples of this country. In 1876, at the
Philadelphia Exposition, after a careful examination of the apples
from the different States, I came to the conclusion that California
and Oregon were the only States that had finer specimens of the
good old reliable varieties, than I had taken from my orchards at
the time for our county fair. I did not then know that they lacked
in flavor. I had at that time more than thirty different varieties in
my orchards. I wanted to learn something of the different varieties
for my own benefit and the benefit of others. I am willing to give
my experience and mistakes in selecting varieties, in planting too
close, in filling in my apple house with sawdust, for the general
good. We hear people talk about the mistakes of Moses, and of
late of the mistake made thoughtlessly by Admiral Dewey;—why
concern ourselves so much about the mistakes of others, that will

Nowe. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 331

do us nu guod, when considering our own might benetit ourselves
and fellowmen. It is a mistake to have too many varieties of ap-
ples in an orchard for home use or market. We want to have a se-
lection of high grade varieties that will suit our locality and mar-
ket. We don’t want a low grade, mean, flat apple for home use or
for market, when we can just as well have good apples.

SELECTION OF VARIETIES.

1 will not have time in this paper to tell of my mistakes in select-
ing varieties. I will give you a list of the varieties, and the number
of each, that I would plant now, after some thirty years experience,
and this list will be different in a few cases from what it would have
been ten years ago. Taking 100 trees for a basis, we will say Early
Harvest, Red Astrakhan and Early Strawberry or Summer Queen,
each two trees, making six for summer apples; Maiden Blush eight,
Fall Pippiai two trees, making ten for autumn apples; Baldwin thir-
ty, Northern Spy, Winter Maiden Blush and Rambo each ten, Rox-
berry Russet, Newtown Pippin, White Pippin, Greening, Smoke-
house and York Imperial each two. If you can get the Bosler,
Grimes Golden and King grafted up, we will say four of each; other-
wise they will not last to pay for planting and we will then add to
the Northern Spy and Winter Maiden Blush each five, and to the
Rambo two, making the 100 with 84 winter apples. This selection
of summer and autumn are all fine sauce and cooking apples; the
Maiden Blush is the best bearer and sauce apple in the orchard.

The Baldwin is still at the head of the list as a grower, bearer,
keeper and for home use or market. It is uniform in size, high color
and you pick more from the tree than almost any other. It has
more good qualities than any other, not as fine flavored as the Nor-
thern Spy, yet a good, high grade apple. We never get too many
Baldwins. The Belleflower is rich, only too rare an apple. We
have given it up entirely. The Northern Spy is the finest flavored
apple we have from mid-winter until spring; the tree is a good grower
and hardy, and fairly good bearer. The apples rot much the first few
months in the fall. The Winter Maiden Blush I don’t have; yet
from what I know about it, I think it would be one of the four best
winter varieties for home use or market. The Rambo has not been
doing well for some six or eight years, until this year it appeared
to come back to its old place, as the apple above every other apple
as an eating apple in its season from fall to February; the tree is
a strong grower, inclined to height, and a great bearer. To my
mind the Rambo is not surpassed by the Seckle pear or Crawford’s
Early peach. Roxburry Russet is the only russet I would think
of planting; have had the Golden and English. Bosler or Fall-
water was our best bearer and keeper, but like the King and Grimes

$8z ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Duc.

Golden, the borers or something kills the bark and they die. If
grafted up, I would want to have them, especially the Bosler, which
comes in well in the spring. I don’t think as much of the Smoke-
house and Greening as formerly; the Greening grows too large for
me, and not enough of them on the tree. I think we are a little far
south for them, and about as far south as the Baldwin and Northern
Spy will do their best. York Imperial, I want a few for long keepers,
and to remember my good friend from York county, who wants his
apple sauce in snits. Ben Davis, I have them now, and some here;
don’t want to plant any more of them; they are coarse, rough, light
in weight, I think, and don’t handle like any other apple in the or-
chard. I found out this fall, in picking, that the birds would not
eat them like they did other apples on the trees. I found they tried
or sampled one and quit; this is one thing in their favor. Newtown
Pippin is a good, long keeper; tree a very slow grower, not as
profitable as many others. White Pippin is a more productive apple,
and a good keeper and bearer, as well as a great grower,
and called for in market when known. We have some more good
varieties for winter in our locality, however, I have mentioned
enough, as we want only the best and most profitable, and not too
many varieties.
HOW TO PLANT THE APPLE.

Select a high location, as far from the creeks or bottom land as
is possible to avoid late spring frosts. Take good, dry, deep, rich
soil, or make it so by drainage, plowing lime and manure; it won’t
pay to wait on poor, thin, wet soil to grow trees. Order thrifty,
low top, two-year-old trees, with good roots—and by cutting back
for a few years, we get a good, large, low tree—one you can gather
the fruit from fast and easy. Mark out your ground in straight
rows, both ways forty feet apart, with a stake for every tree, and
with your outside rows ten feet or more from the fence. Take a
fence board six feet long with a pin in each end and a notch sawed
out on one side in the middle of the board. Take your board and
lay it down with the stake in the notch, drive in your pins to make
your mark, take away the board and stake and dig a hole for the
tree, which should be plenty large and deep enough to fill with some

rich surface soil; set the tree in so that it will be an inch deeper

than it was in the nursery, and comes in the notch of the board with
the pins in the marks previously made, working the fine soil well
around the roots with the hand; tread gently with the foot, and
your trees are planted straight both ways and well done.

Mulching with straw is good in a dry season. Have a stake a
foot from the tree on the northwest side to tie the tree to for pro-
tection, say forty feet apart; I know it will strike Young America
that this is a waste of ground. My experience has proven to me

No. 7. : DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 333

that if you have apple trees far enough apart you will have great,
large, thrifty, low-topped trees, full all around and up over and
through the whole tree, making three or four acres of apples on one
acre of ground. I would rather have ten trees with sufficient room
than thirty crowded together. My orchard being planted too close
did all right for a number of years until the trees grew large and to-
gether, so that with all my thinning out and cutting out my trees
were injured. The lower limbs could not bear and died, and I had
but one acre of apples on an acre of ground, and then all on the tops
of the trees, and hard to get at, as we could hardly get our ladders
around and between the trees, and so high up it was both slow and
dangerous work to pick the apples. I am not the only person that
made this mistake. We plant peach trees between the apple trees
and also an extra row of peach trees between the apple row, making
three peach for one apple, excepting the outside rows; the peach
will be ready to take out before they will injure the apple trees.
Varieties to plant, where and how to plant, are the two essentials
in growing apples.

PICKING APPLES FROM THE TREES.

In this we have long since dropped the old fashioned way, with
bag on your shoulder, which was both hard on the man and apples.
We used baskets made for the purpose for some time, when we
found that tin buckets made for the purpose holding a half bushel
was the most convenient, and much better for the apples. In pick-
ing apples in this way you need not bruise them at all. Picking
apples is not as much in the moon as in the handling of the fruit,
notwithstanding the old time notion. Take your bucket, hook and
a long, light, linn wood ladder, and line, and go right around the
tree from bottom to top, then up the tree, through the centre, to
get what you could not reach from the ladder, having some little
chap to empty the bucket as let down by the line from the ladder or
tree. Some years ago, I used two buckets so I did not need to wait,
and I picked one day seventy-five bushels of Northern Spy, and the
next eighty-eight bushels of Baldwins. I worked fast and hard, had
full, nice, low-topped trees to work on, and I did my work well,
cleaning the trees nicely, and handled my apples right. Sometimes,
when the apples are real good we empty the buckets from the tree
right into the barrels and take to the house without assorting them;
most generally we empty on piles under the trees and sort them and
put in barrels to take to the house. We think the open, sweet po-
tato barrel, when we can get them, are the best to keep apples in.

HOUSE FOR APPLES.

Some ten years ago | built an apple house that will hold five hun
dred barrels of apple three tiers high. The building is twenty by

334 ANNUAI REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

twenty-four feel; the front on a level with the surface, and a foot
declining at the rear; with the inside of the wall filled up with coal
ashes for protection from “varments,”’ as well as frost, and the out-
side of the wall banked up with ground. A strong frame with six
by two-inch studding and rafters, boarded on both sides and ceiled
under the roof. I had this real well filled with sawdust throughout
the building, excepting I used coal ashes between ceiling and roof.
Two windows with double shutters, one door wide enough for two
men with a barrel to pass through with ease, with a single and dou-
ble door, the latter opening in the inside and only shut in cold
weather. The floor is laid with six-inch boards one inch apart, with
a six-inch pipe entering under the upper end of the floor and extend-
ing two feet under ground, one hundred feet away from the house
towards the northwest and in an upright position ten feet high, with
a four-foot funnel turned in same direction. The house has a ven-
tilator on the top in the centre, and with this great current of air
coming in under the floor, the ventilation is simply complete; it
is my own idea, taken from the ocean steamers forcing air down
into their ships. Besides the air coming in under the ground this
depth and distance is rather cool in summer and moderate in win-
ter. Slight changes of the weather don’t affect the uniformity of |
the house. The fact is, in mid-summer you find a cool atmosphere
in the house, as well as moderate in mid-winter. I have had Bald-
wins put in when picked from the trees, in open barrels, that have
not had over a half dozen rotten apples in a barrel, when marketed
in February, and have taken forty barrels of Baldwins to market in
June. Boslers were not sufficiently ripe to eat in February. I
then had fresh, well kept apples that had lost none of their fine
flavor and bright appearance, which is very desirable. You don’t
want apples from a close cellar after using them that are kept in
this way.

Alas, for my mistake here again, the sawdust caused the whole
structure, excepting the roof which had the coal ashes, to take the
dry rot; the six-inch square post and the studding, all solid white
oak, was completely rotted, also the lining and the pine painted
weather boarding in places as thin as paper. I suppose I packed
the sawdust too lightly, as it was the cause of all this trouble. Well,
I had a house to build, and the trouble was to build the house with
the roof on first. I asked Mr. Rask, of Greensburg, if I could do so;
he said, yes; that he had heard of a man in Sweden that built a
chimney by commencing on top, (this was a good ways from home).
We propped and tied the roof and took out some of the old timber—
some were not quite rotted off—and put in new, and so on all around.
We used two rows of three-inch studding with prepared cold storage
paper next the weather hoarding and hetween the stndding, and also

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 335

next the worked pine lining, making two air spaces. We are not
ready to claim that we have this house right now, as harvest set in
before we had the inside work completed and not having much of
an apple crop this year we did not take the time to finish the house.
I expect to have a complete job, even if we must put up the third
studding to keep the fruit over winter. The apples I have here are
not like they would be in point of flavor if I could have kept them
in the house all winter.

ee

OrFiciaL DocuMENT, NO

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

A.
Page
AGE HON = AVA ihe TS Ome OUP IPA CIONS tyre es slot sieicie @ oes, « c's esl siete: a1 <clala on en:
SOMEsPOMMES En p OLA LOMCUIE UME par sreteieisterers)s: ars aii c1cie) sic, «loys cicisjo) CASS eh SO 328
IG LEAS@ING Ju) Viste OLA WDC Ve CUMGUN CS 5 crs) ois: 6 cis Sc, ules ovis Gis o:5le ara: « Slate esis baie lueieeiee 297
B.

BARNHART, W. R., Selection of varieties; how to plant, pick and store

EVER DPD DLCs epapets vere oie assalerele leroie wile tual oh stage rors ache rotererereishesevecie tele te mis Bie torciciotersveie eo aveusvete la 330
BOYD, JAMES, Twelve best herbaceous plants for the amateur, .......... 276
BURNS, J. S., Live stock in Western Pennsylvania, ................se00- 2S
BULEZ Ae ROkY GHORGE C., Botany onsthe farms, cr... -6 ss sitet ciesec cece cece 131

c
OMAK SEUNEUVEDY,. Dhebirdssand! the farmenss secjia-/ysriciem sess acon 177
D.
DEW BR oe Fl .4 eINteENSivie farmin Ss, - cis:cteicpere cise ois: o opctenetelesit ne tei ae eee 193
DICKIE, LAURA M., Some suggestions for furnishing and decorating

GOUMDETTY A NOMA Sin w creneis mis ves oie, af c/atetallavava\olaewioneteraue; ovc\sfesesafelosate\ ef sieteieterersictanaterctel soretehe rovers 180
DPUCKMENS HLH D TDA. Hiveiene on the farms, <ncwwennsminecticccic<coseseee 172
DOWANENG. “HONS. R., Harming on alaree Scale, sr <2. ««- cic acieisclee eee OO

F.
EREAR, DRA WILLIAM, Education for adult) farmers) 45.00. ..ece sees 142
( 387)

»—7—1900

338 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Ee
Page.
HAMILTON, PROF. JOHN (Secretary of Agriculture), Pennsylvania as a

afruit-growinge State, a<,..cc 2 cise 0 shistasseie were ele eieeena eet aie cia 316
HAYWARD, PROF. HARRY, A plea for better live stock in Pennsylva-

TULA) Pea Ticve so sc. cies ved vials seiataloseiciora Slotataneiaheterstecofabe sTotacs te [otaie:ere (ota ste teie ela io aan che tara 238
HBDIGEHS, -PROE.:S. B., An. -aGdressy aecccterisckesiaceclel scvclsic ioe l= > cetoterstsiee teeta ree 312
HESS, PROF. E. H., Traiming for? Our Wie WOT we siecjecic's elec cieclcicl ce siaclaee ice 135
HOBSON, JOHN, Growing primula chinensis for exhibition, .............. 275
HOOD, HON. G. W., Farm fences and ways over the farm, ............... 167
HOXIE; S., Lhe Holstem=Priesian: breed), eee. cis cies sic sleteiaeiteiotatee eters ene 255
HULL, GEORGE E., Ideal standards im: farnvine ee -c enleevelels ero laste ie ane eaters 121
HURLEY, JOSEPH, How to prepare and plant a permanent asparagus

DEG ULOR PLUVALE USO Mra icysleyatele faicpetehot e's: ojcletelelc vere terete ince otaletu ajatelors’=) foley aiovetaretetc ye totem 282

i
IHESENG, PROF. M.-C:, Geological relationvo£ SOUS; cojeine ae =e) et eee
Ue
IOEUNSON. War tba KS iseit advisable to grow small fruits in young or-
CHALGS,, ce ctsperetereterers'e fete aie) orerare operate ietareieteysyatedeka a betoteetetetalata(ovdlcter = ohtelaten si ieteteretater leiere 299
K.
KLEINHEINEY, WM., Culture of calceolaria hybrida, ................... 2%9
L.
LIGHTY, L. W., Management of dairy cows on the farm, ......... ...... 161
LONSDALE, EDWIN, Flori-culture as a@ profession,” ...2..:.-...-0+-ese- 218
LUSK, MISS MELVINA, Lighting, heating and ventilating the home, .... 190
M.
MOON), “WM: M., ‘Ornamental Norticulture ree iejects. © cle c ie selcent sels eee
i=),
PARRY. MRS. ELIZA; How one girl Helped tec ctoasiccies ss an |cle «.nciste seein 186
PRACHY, J. H.,. Nature study in the public schoolsy, c..cc <0... «cece sete eee 126
PEARSON, DR. LEONARD (State Veterinarian), The relation of the

wholesomeness of the stable to the health of its inmates, ............ 151
PIERCE, L. W., Some points in door yard planting and decoration, ...... 303
PHILIPS. THOMAS: J:.: The silo ansG@CQnOmMiG, vecicewsmac os ticstnetcn: ac bode een

NO is DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 339

Ewe
Page
EAMES OIN seis Naw Glia eK CLO VST’, ie cretelererctorarecots atsteiwsereie,eCusverere eee oie e'cle co: dye cee crate 181
RANDOLPH, P. S8., Advancement of flori-culture in Allegheny county the
PAST LOLA ViCATS secrekicisarenclelsicls cise dareheislaisisvee eie's 6.ciersua cYetelole sinaiecgaiviae alate « eleceeye 315
RENTON, THOMAS, The packing and shipping of fruit from a commis-
SLOMMEMICECHAMESMISEADOMOLME,, asics c.cre le oi croeicis wicia carcrarsieiclicverevese ac vie a sierevee ee 324
Eerie fogs Omer pie UIUC RTOS aicrsts ote scieiehote. cle afeidve ye uteieieisine wie ernest erlelelete arelee oa sue Bide be 209
BRODCHRs. MATTHEW, Importance of Small things, cc. c.cac.ccescecessyne 184
ROBHEL SON, WiM., Lhe cultivation of Sweet peas, 2. cc... 22+ .c os ccsloes nc oe 281
S.
SEEDS, R. S., Svil improvement the keynote of agriculture, ............... 158
EMRE AGEUBYEC ae Vil Sim VieAshOY ame NeiLUIne; SUG Va eae wteee sieteis sisi asecineiie, ee/@am ciciae one 174
SHER ayeaels Flos Len WeeIieCTS CY 1G Olwea tices tetersisietemicls #61 cicrelsiene oie: ecs e/end) oie sae bias dso lete Sas 266

SINAGWsMiie, His Report of Seneral fourecGCOMMIttee, 2.20. ene ne code see SM

ans

CLeMeLe HON. NORRIS G., Progressive poultry raising, .......%.-...000 226

Ww.
NEED nes dis mOUE Samy AIG CM vie tapeairecec cre lers aioe snes) sieiovsiel sueleraa love sye.cie ca‘esi oes aun eres 233
VATU ACTA Ieee EOS VV cepa TN TUL Sb Sis cehiavers e tele seeoirarsue etey slaleiaie ich atese alewosriesaeravetey axeleie niScioeis ie a 201
WHITH, H. V., Proof positive, that an investment in sociability will yield
AO Lit MACON COMET ay LEVIS OTe se cic! sfersicustacs feyuspevesalesio« oie: siesal sie aie el eeeieiaie: eetcetereim aie, ots 229

Wa TINISILON 6 (Ch aullicg. AAS OES pncona gan nucb oO CSc bund bon CORE OnEUp onMe catonatoac 263

Bare

( 340 )

OFFiciAL DocuMENT, No. 7.
| INDEX OF SUBJECTS:
A.

Page
Actrestablishing” Department (Of -AcricultUres, (races cists 0 scicer ssitivcicsivs ces cise 5
Act incorporating Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society, ................ 13
AGEeEStaplishine: State Oard Of ASTICUIEUTE, i. oc. .c1cis.0 010,010 00 vies cles elelssje ce 25
Acteestablishine State Live Stock Sanitary Board, 2.2.26 cscessscneseacees 55
Nectaproceetine, health Of GOMESLIG ANIMAS, oo... 2. 0)5 cnc wie cs oct cee aces winia oaleiele bys
Nem eSippleMmentetoO,. fOr taxation! iOf (GOSS) 5... .clyc csi as sie + «(cis s.ersteie sie clalercerssee 60
Act for prevention of disease from carcasses of animals, ................. 61
MPSS CH GUE SO TLE SE VINO Cs clas cis clale ejereleiorsleis)inisl orele. s.0 cereveielle voieletsrsiete/eiel ofeie etiesetonessacrensea 158
ETCH EULA eG METIS LIV 5) HS GUL Ya OL 5. iin/e olarioin/sic\olre\(elelicie lore) sias)« e)etovoielejce clei ojo! eines: eletsasel=:arerere 131
PAIN CTTG AT? OA LIV CLONE SO CLOUY 5, «cle oieic: ovale, are sole iso clot etalie wie Lele a'clel/eie'reitis. wie clela tet sherereray eters eters 222
ATCT Cam cerSeyii@aetles CUD — obicis wreltaiciecieisvalere's\chereleleye, atelersia eicieis) sep a: e/elersietes ¢.e-aieiels 269
Apples, selection of varieties; how to pick and store, ..................eeee00 330
ANNES (ANE Tass Tha eeie weil, Egon on eoacocnceccoduU oR UoULOODOBeDeOOD ASC 330
PRE DIES ES CLEC OMNO fevieh LOLS oi ielsicis)cle\stsiaie nie) cleatere)(epailelisleie!cl sie eis eie)lale [o/ejeisisja-s sa\svp's sie orale 331
NCS Owe CO “Dlaink air OLCHALG | “ele ars .cfere.c.c siale «aisle isiele's.s else c/s\(e sls) sisi sieye'e)e)sie)/s) sie 332
DLS DIC KINE LOR MWIMCCE USES tec cjete seit cicreleveisieivis, elele sie eles iole a) (ole"s! je stoye/sisisjaheierels 333
MESSE ee FPO UISC MPR OTe a aetevefetierof erelelel sie ele! ctalete ole ovel«/a)s(ereleforaleteisiel («ele evei« (elelieis/eis o)sieloie) wveifeleleler aie 333
Asparagus bed, how to prepare and plant for private use, ................ 282
PASSTVRG OMIS eD CC ee OGD El OTs Oly mire Meteora sclels, ecotatel afefets evoyelefclersieroire\s) 6\s,oyereleleielajors/olsi sisusiefelelsners 282
SWE ASISMO COS Cpa aulOMe Os ayein (cis, ofsieisieiaicreicrele eievele lolisjsvere\ss ol ioe7accte, alee calc) crefstencieiete 282
NSN AAC TIS POCO Me SOM hOlar vec sleks «cic sieve, ciciasoKeis: ste7are aie) ele Siete, aioie foinselaya¥era "craic eer slotsvelsinrotete 283
NSH Ara SUS mOCO et RCALIMeM TE OLs. — seve cfeis:e/sicle. ais) o1e:sie cis) o\creie'e,s evsievelsinieie/) cvesisieiavejsveleieueisie 284
PASAT SS UCU ib ULC spmperenaratsia niet ovetater 0} ololeteWe) olenaiei« (otayie/aarctsiceeltere Vorsloneove/at oLetevslovelaleyeicie crele rere tetehercdeioiets 263
AQHTDSIRS CREE, \OMPaha TWIes Soooaucodnoucec 700 vooCodoa COO DDO dEdoD0 O46 0000 coOnooee 263
ASTRO GRU. ORIENTA ole, Go. qodeogenbbacmblc caopdug dbo cdo oUoEContooo0KogaE HE 264

B.

SINGS TT Cee me hee Te TAV OTS let ea cila's,c/aiels) wiz eseceleie’ opaicereveteveaievolendkete e airais caleverelstereterelae alate: crores leis 177
irA eeCnell sUsehilnessl CO! LALIMCTS 5, cjeiccterelelorstc!rieislelelonsin’</e)si w(oreic «}a alee olsisiclole/e slaisiele 178
SIPC See WiEOME LV TOSCO reise ois lene o sisis fere's ise srolsiwielste)ete:e:e.nllelelejaie) creyele\etnie\e] e/e)e(dlelelera/eie 178
PEST Slope wy ROTO LC CELTS alc eia'e usr ais’ suerai duame/ ofars’ ate ase ycfouetel olelelede, oletec nia daelereiererens: ofeie-e/a)e whiieycie 179
leinshehy Our Wels ThA, soe AoOmEOD ODOC UOT mODOOUr DIO NCL.0 CCOODUOOOL OO HOneoonondGod: 131
TOES whl Som OLael) CY AGED NU Ge) ntelleleieiale elbicle/viclsy> = /nisieiatstsinis) a’ cle: oe \isleleie|nlalajalsisi n\ele'slelelsie 10

(341)

342 ANNUAL REVORT OF THE ; Off. Doc.

Cc
. Page.
Calceolaria ‘hybrida,, CUltUTe WOL 5. sieves occa isiele © s)ora.cccletee ie aioe orale ei aiele attest eter nee tate 279
Canning industry in Pennsylvania, need of encouragement, .............. 318

Cattle, the Hiolstein-Friesian breed) tece®.cessscssee sce ee cae eee eee 255

Cattle; ‘the: Ayrshite breed... .ccs.0<2t 0. oee scence eee aon ee eee 263
Cattle;; the-Jersey: breed, <2.cGhocc nes arawenicos eer ceo sak eee Coane Sonne 266
Clover; SGurime, . wicc. cis. seeimeeetae Jee oe ee Der Oe ae eee ee 181

lover, <mmethod, of Curiney iss. «ce smsee eR Gie steers oeice eee Oe 182
Common law and its relation to cattle, ........... F Gian 8 OS Sota CRORE BO OD 87 168
Common, ‘law, rules” Of," seis waowacewantnrs siete cea ECE CRE OLE ee 168
Common law-as to ways over Ehe fare acca cc.cs cco eee eee eee eee 170
Common: law as to right Of Waly), éslocineiss/a:cuiese oer stelnie.n cielo alee os See Cee ete eae 170
Country ‘homes, suggestions: for decorating, 2.5. ...<ces- <1 eeseee eine meio 180
Country homes, requirements fOr, 7. ocecies one socie someersese eesti naeraeae eee 180
Cows, the chick element in dairy industry «22 2scce ere seein ase 151
Cows; exercise and. Comfort: Of,” sc ces.2s aris cisteieletcie eee eitteie eakaciereiare nae eit eee 153
Cows; Cleanliness OF. (cysis)<, foes, says ejscasis aie od ovotoratsiarers he alerera/sisrehe slete eels) oiare Ee eoeae 154
Cows, mana remenit Of rhea corsrusvs o; 3 avereretclel ates cloteld ouataiers Pcie Glove ies cto oracle eens eats 161
Gows,. “Sheltering: hcg ociasaere coalesce wit kare SOI nie ae eee 163
Cows, — £000. £OK, isec. cies, cateecate Settle so: Slee. 0 dieser one ety ates ioe eae eS ae eres 197

D.

Dairying, ‘factors of ‘SUCCESSeaM,» ca csieccec ciiete cistere erties ie eee Meer een 161

Dairying, importance of shelter and food for COWS, ..:........ccseeeseescces 163

Dairying number Of COWS LOE: soso ce cote ese tie naiee Nae Ce eee eee 196
Dairy=cows: on: the. farmiy oOo oos. dcsieel a ce see sort late oe ee eee ee Oe eee 161
Dairy ~cows;, *managcement: Of, 2 csck.de< sce oo slew, ses een ce een eee Selene 161
Dairy Union, Pennsylvania, officers Of, ....... a cidiedt eceid oke ose SE EEE 94
Dairy Union, Pennsylvania, papers read at annual meeting, ............... 253
Department, list Of OMG als seicvurese s-oreleie oie taleveio ee Ge eye oye wretepere wie e niet eeney oka anos 3
Department of Agriculture, act esta blishimes, 92s crevice «ic ce'-scnle = areiel-ieisie’syereteaemiete 5
Door yard decoration, SOME DOLNUS. LIV, - ocsice nic,ctale-storete tore, ce ieters'e! oy cuerel lovee tei nivenctoneteneie 303
Door, yard: decoration, rules: dor, c.ccc acces cise sis seo ws ccie cele ieieioisins picts ee eaiaers 305
Door yard decoration, materials for, ............. cine Somnath hee eee 305
Door yard decoration, arrameine? Of, soc c secs ee cole eels a siclaisivinie seleie ei eteeaetete 307
E.
Hducation, & preparation for icorreet: livins | .ccac.occcemecine eer ines 128
Haveation;..demands. LormPeteery Ziicasciasre clover ici cisnicie’olc o's inisin\otce/eteraiereate esteem 129
Education for the adult farmer, | sctseeeueiecwicns asses elec oes ste Welsieeleieeaetae 142
F.
Marm, “potany ON) the, vss s.cacer,cow heme oblawnclsemlene ausle Gictdletviam elem, </ ela eee 131
Karin, “Gairy, GOWS. ON tHe, 2. < s:0cders eelerelemis « mistamtaeretaniars te stetute ert tele ie bl cera iaiel aie aan 161
Harm: Jaws as to WaySOVer’ they s\csw bias ciclstechere i aie Seales (areta om shone eure te cre sieeerenenaeat 170
Parm; hygiene on the; daccioc:. ios od cece cans Uelslacittan oh mes ale mtaemate Gs scis ieee atten 172

Parmercan independent ‘thinker: .sicsccdiceg uns nguleew aces on eRe Seen 123

Nusis~ DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BENE Tee CO U CA COM Sh OMe UMC mck CLUID Gc yeroresetet cca ote ye(e yn ater.n\c"s (orelielsie| cisieia\s/a\siavspeteiaiacevedels ois ncre
Armen. TrEASOnSstOr the eaMuCaviOl Of GIGS Ged cere cdereias. 0 «1c cies iol swccssiaissie ale ties'e. eile
iD Draoieres yates Moe oi uit aes! my nemo" A vee camindco Goce oO COROODOUOOOGO CC SDdeoeSC
Farmer and sociability, the, ........... DE CIES BOtic DIG 6 CBSA OOD TOCICTE RCC Oner Ac
JDB WES TISTES ATL OVS. [ONES See ppp Oooe aso be DOSED COOUCOO EU COC OOD DOSS Oo Ramo ooOonc
DENTIN. WOE Sinn iil eas cosocceoau Cae > OCOOCOOO OC CCU OCD DEaE On mEICaac
ISS eit. In eSIyESS ~ sh do shes be SASOSOOOROUDE Ee GOOD DORUnOO.SCOUUCo OSCR eps aonoron
Ranimites as) COUIPALCG, Wilh CATLHET GAYS) siejcme cicero ecicicrelivieis sie oles oe cisierea.s,00 sie
Mamie need Of TArSe WULNGINESS IMs cscijoaeocicie sie oie se ccine sc Sisseeis's eed syeeee
REM Se OMera, TALS) SCALC. Fates crs eva.c)steic/s1e cis s,s c\e\enc nysiainieie, 010) sisi wel) visieleie ie oievelsicis rosuale
Bepatnerenees.. Laws FELALIMNE) COs Gece rerete era sisie evole!sicleieisiclele wjvi.c/0),0) aie cle sicle: sls eleieveeie eielelere
Paintin Gb. “We Gancanvoctin pbacauog 62 co pmo O UO DOOUUUDOO CTO DOND OOO GD DapoUabS
[Paeian eens Gal ities Sool oanooeteucdoos dob acueannod 00 ONO GotiC ono nooar oe omarod
Hania een me SCleChiOne Ol (SCCM HOT sy tls as tsyaiciclelssVeleiciese! o/0\+1s/e(el fs ol o/e\e(e1 of=. o/e! a: oLauelele\al=
eee Ser AU ice te Ol GEL SIIO isc ee efetsielasaiemie austaheisis lated sibveless| occ, ojeim e(e)iesevnlel ecseies (s\icis/e yest
Farmers’ Alliance, constitution and Da LAA WSO seg ro venetche Ie cteve arate) averor\ove/aseetoststan of Sr
TERMITES MCHIUGSe IES tx Obiose cts «crete ioleotersisiave oicvarsiaotazeseisivie) sisvalele “= \o.0/s .¢, <)012\5) o(c\/sje/eleieite:s (aie orefaite meals
KEIR San SEILIECS on COMM EY: Cl All eI O fens ere ee iare)<) sie) 0. o\6: 616.0, 0,0.8:5,0, 214 \s)sunje)aiels oinje) etal
Banners einSticuteses WISE OL MO LALC LECEUTECES fi sicccrec1<) 0)o-sjcle)c;ole « c)o1e s10leeisiie.s) slainieleisiale
Harmers7 institutes, supplemental List, Of IECEULES, ....<. 206 <0 cele sr snns sisice
HArMersSaMStILIELES. Department, IEGEMEEIS 5 © o< «.0.0.c,.cjensicicre@ clei ne 010 014.6) osisivisincisivtsls
Farmers’ institutes, apportionment for season 1900-1901, ............. pei lara tere
Farmers’ institutes, directions for constituting local committees, .........
BEIEMICKS Se HUStILUCeS ,oLOUNG—Up. WIECCTIMA OL, siesis occ wie/s eeicis iw ipieiy's cle cists cheiajonetalers
Farmers’ institutes, programme of round-up meeting, .....................
Farmers’ institutes, papers read at round-up meeting, .....................
HA IneES ee ISCiL Geese a DCLSe MCAG! ails, leicvetersicaleleneheleratefare alele)o) ateicha, cxnlopeielerofene/etevareliele els
Bencesvon ithe darm law elaine GHETEEO ss 2. )tetcieis steiotele sleleleisiele c/o sheiete sloleisle cleysterere
IPG Se lhe: SE- 6) soimontesPi iim Geeaecoveccoua nop Sob. OUD CUD OCCOUoocd: GouoOr oat.
IP loyerereisih ones shale Gavia Ob adee cost cacoOe coon COM UDOODU COO GUD COD CUCU mono ad cc
AOI CMtMEe ily -A TLE SEN VaNCOULLE Vig) so) sleisieotcic css 010 «\e c/o: 61s) vio: ele'e. elvis cle ole cisle)s slefeletels
HOLCSUILya ASSOCIATION: NOMNGEES ANG. COUMGIIVOE, 52 cj ceiec cere wlvicjscc aie cole oiciels.o:elsetele
Fruit, packing and shipping of, from a commission merchant’s stand-
(GNP s gacdoagbeauachonuccoc COB EOC OnOOUO Doon UAOOUOHG OC OCOUC COO ROUCOOEp 200
ISTE. TOW, TERKELESS: “So Rd coon nob HaODOODo conc bo GoD UD nUIgg 0000 Adon obo Coac Gang odor
PEL TaCT TEs ee LOTTI CL Si COMM Om oh CIC lncnr tedster ciova.s o,eio ovo/eleints-/stela/eyatei=)syelaeya\lststsiaeieictels oystatoynrevetonctenere
PGi CS UaITC AMIS MOLES CHILI Pom versversccayeleleteiels cleleis el elels/ovslalele'el'e/ejalele tatells cine) sieislotels fel siwiete
Bie SeleCEOUE spICKIN ES ANG | SEOLIM Sy Olisirecyctcsioiele/e/e(eteleye'oi siete) olere ovals) els\ess/aia\ejeveyel oie aie

G.
GERI StALG, \OMLCOTS Of 5 ccia s c.0' 0,010) «1s; 15y8)eleie.a\ehermtel isles elebsres/ofoieceliajelstedeietetetaiciac iors tal =
MecH ee IL SSC MOTEL Sota) (Ob gp mmetetetouetever aver cts vee a ste! 201 51-<:0170°s)'s lavni's'o, alo) ojotle ee ole! ein telovaretohensP esate vets syle eretrecle
Crowle sprint are bimensis fOr GXMIDITION fcc crs cslce efnicio5)elclsieinlelele) viere!s's! sic s/aieiel sie
18k

ET ePDACECOUSUDIANILS LOL UME -QNIACCUT:) ss: resis n'ovahs/e[uicfais’sieve) sinin; »Slsinja\elsivys olbherenis rte
ELOISE = tre retihy GOUCCL Ey ircicta ia te’s\ sree veisinn aipisusieie a svalfulele,ereas/ete. wana, e's ale claicve.s) aiekacte tom cate
PIGS eiT 6 PeSiatl aCACELE, HISTORY. OL.) fevers cts wie cie olanre.c vie o(slere wisle cle nie reiciews a tevatole wi siciete

Halstein-Friesian cattle in Europe,

119
165
167
218
219
315

85

324
325
325
326
330

72
74
275

344 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Page
Holstein-Friesian. cattle; type Of, ).isaccdes. ceties costed cee tench eee Ene Ee 257
Holstein-Friesian’ cattle; constitutional vizorv0f, .-e0-4- sas seleiteneeenenee 258
Holstein-Nriesian cattle, feeding qualities Ofte. .2-. s+. cm eve aise ceca nets 260
EHolstein-Eriesian’ cattle, milking qualities sof, 22.4. sce see- coe ee seeeeeeennee 261
Holstein-Friesian cattle, system of registratiom of, <..-..-....«cs.0.+++seee 262
Home; importance of small things in thes: ac -ceseas keoneoee eee eee eee 185
Home, izhtine and: heating the, Sadecs sacs once ene oc cccien | COE 190
EVOMES, country, suseestions for decoratinew toe woeeeeeee deere eeetee 180
lonies; country, decoration of door yardss -cee coe eee eee eee Ree eEenrneee 303
Horticulture, sornamentaly? .2i2 dares. cee sah ee oe coe cee char ee eee eee 319
Horticultural Association, officers) Of, ..-ccadeees sehen een eo eee 96
Horticultural Association, constitution and by-laws of, ...............-.ee0- 97
Horticultural Association, programme of annual meeting, ...............+:- 99
Horticultural Association, -membership Of. secon ec cee cesses cs cae eee 102
Horticultural Association, minutes of annual meeting, ................... 105
Horticultural Association, papers read at annual meeting of, .............. 285
Horticultural Association, report of general fruit committee, .............. 285
Horticultural Association, observations of correspondents, ................ 291
Horticultural Society of Pennsylvania, officers and committees of, ........ 68
Horticultural Society of Pennsylvania, rules governing exhibitions, ....... 70
Horticultural Society of Pennsylvania, papers read at annual meeting of, 274
How’ one Birl’ helped! \iic... sewciesmetite sieelesnieinle ten sie caeseeee sche een Eee aes 186
Hygiene’ on: ithe farms waist crocctlecrs cree Sia roc atetstols onsale. ote rats Dione iets aoe eee eee 172
I.
Institutes, farmers’, County Chainrmengot, “aetocc-cio crcieccleeisteite ei eiieteieine aietete eieeiere 42
Institutes; farmers:, list of State lecturers; oi celscciicetene oclemicierae acetate 43
Institutes, farmers:, apportionment for 1900-1905) 2 cere as + saiceete s oreiersieteieneate 45
Institutes, farmers’, suggestions to county Managers, .........eccceececece 49
Institutes; farmers’, round-up meeting Of; cpaietas cis ce cste ccsere wecioetetercitsicerae 52
Institutes, farmers’, papers read at round-up meeting, .................000- 119
Institutes, farmers:, sMaDersyVeaG: at, -<ciniciie ssvevee oi clei nicisle syelersielsin e.a]slcccvovetelaisneinee 165
TNtEONSiVE PALATES oc cxcrefavcse sre geet 6,015 010 wpsjeieva ors) phiote “ares a eioyosei'scel's ‘eve crepey che, oioraiey Sele at eleteicreteters 193
J.
Jersey’ breed Of cattle; “Oriein™ Of 5 eae ices cers cia oslore accloicle ote.s ale) eyeteliclelasale)s)e)<) fe nennereneee 266
Jersey breed of cattle, important) pointe sin, ss e-ci.- oc» osicieitee eile sakes ee ene 267
sersey breed of cattle laree milKers Aiea. .laie cle syste sisters in) slevele « a etetcteys cvnvalePeiplel senate 268
Jersey breed of cattle, SUpreMACy- OFAC Ree cycteicic se c)0 sclerele s «<< eletelelstersjoneeeepntern tere 269
L.
land) Treasonssfor IMPOVELiISMed,, sore acti ctectalereteereinietarciote syle wicteai ola\'o les aici 200
Handseane gardening, principles) Of, . snare creivcter alte areieve'ele sieieiais o1c) ipo enteleieieieratag 803
TSCler OL EAT SIME CE eis rad aiicco5:% oie 6's: nse twlal eyoreloletNeretetetnieierateemea eels Talents ielcinre tere teloiersterei nana 1
Lifes work, training fOr;. <5. cscs 2.6 core asutelna sv ieleemaeroevele se eimteieiesics in Sureroemistete 135
MALO WOTK CHOICE LOL pais sie eiv-ayore iasraiase' ‘orn breie Sreiei nate ove RATS ololale oie She Meret Oss alelc! ore ete een 136

Life work, concentration of. ......... .... LBA eth andie WN Wis aS MERI HIeR Pais. 'o. 18) ate heen 137

No. 7 ’ DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 345

Page.
tC OTK NASON Se hOl, wiailllEerL Is» \.tenerathaterstereretenecavepete (axel overs! oy ies! argh eaetvaleliatehe reais romare tetas 138
TLS. Wyong Lermarsyes bien glebs is akele nh oll ten A Amani Gee Ou Goa © An COMO eam an Gr Ormncrc.cerr orc 138
RES WO LK ORISIIM LEG Ys LIM, tate vers wiscies, 4c otsiagis eielel oevatd dla avalluie lela Slats ere'ana chalstayets loteheel Siekeetens 138
He MmWOMK CUA CATIONS LOTS) salar eieste/eys.e's ernie teiecsieatioreysieteyeleneei ete ticla'sussbefeys aim ate tele paacers 139
AIS EO IDE DATCMVeM ty OL CLAS Mcete Sree ietehe loisi jai io) opd-w iste mtaredareyee eveletetered siaetc oie 2iivie: «|p euerateuels 3
St OLE OS PARlLIMEMPEDUDTIGAUIONIS', i5:. i. 6:c0<.5 elas sows e.o cle che remh etetorel cieclols ss naye leseueterore 9
SOL Carta Mer OUI TLIUS Ss ya if.5.'0) sissiaeseiae teers, oolsce.8 ele iove ole epacmieeanee, <isvsieto/avereeanete 10
MS CMO smEeN IMU S ee CUNO Sy | stoue theres chess e:isis vaiacsteioie's la aces) aria taye, e.st apetamareiene eratenane clerei/eleyerenorelaeratate 87
MS Ome caliaericuleural SOCIEGICS',: coc. sue vies wes. viovo'w oieboorsw cichs s ciie crave stelern dl eteiohetencieieie 88
Mice STOCK Sanitary IbOArGs OMLCCTS JOE, ccc alsejerse is opeteie cis +o eimreicla eee eonsaeien ere 55
Migenstock Sanitary, Board, act establishing. ).. 5... .--60.+- css sece eee eee 55
Live Stock Sanitary Board; rules for enforcing act, .............ceeencccsece 58
aver Stock Sanitary bO0ard. extract Of TUES Of) 5.05.5 .sc ese saeco peice seis 63
iivienS tock, Breeders? ASSOCIATION: (OMICERS OL 5) <j: o/c cei ms 5 olla a lseyeie clers siciare 66
ivmceStock Brecders;, ASSOCIaLION, HCONStILULION OL, ......).. . 2 -s se mte ani meee 67
VER SDOCK In! VWWiEStCRMe ie SITS VLIW scree c orcleoicyein «\e)0se) e1die.07m 0/0 0/0 al nyel 0 oe a anavoiiele al ahanete 215
ive stock in Western Pennsylvnia, observations, ...........ccccceescvcccee 217
ive Stock 1m Lennsyivanial., PlEAPLORWOCCLET,. §.\. 2. .\.0j00 «00 ala ac ccm ci eel eres aetertes 238
HAVER SEO CKS SLIT LOMO CET a naacrreeet eleis sce ew iapslaye wire eles lekere: cuchererouy ove ersrencvenctoneiene 239

TUARREY RIFoVol eas a oreteeiolicl(= Mokau dcosedu ou 0 cdo Cone ORM n AC nome eOnerAaocsenaaoacse: | 2Ke0)
TITAS -StaOVOLeN MUSeYo Nar ONES a Gnod bog God CODA OMORIEEIaS GOOG EOOenAsr one cRoconacacsnco, | (Zell
AMEROCK DIN GLDLES Mo DRESS MOR 5 enc cx sce win es iooynie\eleisaye: «| eieiieisiia/e\o/ialel evaleneihereneuetenete 241
Wier Stock Cake (Ati MTA AP STNEMIL COL: 5 ese se. 6:0: ore lore (eretelisois1c10) es 2/ she ee puja calc) eey sledstaieiete 242
IVEMSCO CK NEV IIS OLmreSISECTE Gs Cites, <ieshewieisieis, «/sise'e 1s w\vopeusig /e)iotel sis a tiers aco teonslelenaca cotetemets 243
Maverstock,, the Eolstein-Mriesian breed Of. ...).2c.< cece + sees otis cele ss veciepe) mZOO
Mi eCMmSLOC nthe AwESHITe:. DTCCH OL, aaj. ccleic ieee se es site so. ae ele oable © esielelaare 266
IVC ESLOCKe MUN MUIEHSEY. DTECCO) Of py las ciste cieisre cine oie s esiaeytie cil! © sce, che) /al'ele, wiabovakevelclehestepeitnrs 266

M.

Minutes of annual meeting, State Board of Agriculture, .................... 27
Minutes of annual meeting State Horticultural Association, .............. 105

N.

MTR ORES ETL a 1p (o.cy sian) cs .clereistol claveretels aus. aie.'o srosaleleiele sielasevete/oiera [alee oheiel steqavelistel sue etenelebeteteteteteys 174
MumIneCES TING ya Inethie PUDlCASCHOOIS, | <a cso iite.cce toler ccrc/aelsl are ioreleicue tote helenae tenet earetatel l= 126
O.

Outornik, ID esob ener hisig Pepin Goeoncd odo CoOact coco cou CoUoEsequcHnondcenacss 3
Officers of Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society, ......................- 13
Officers of State Board of Agriculture, PO eckten anne, Aa MARIE cry PMR AS SS 23
OnicerswoL State wave Stock, Sanitary WSOarG cc cieve stele 2b xieslotcle wisieic si cieis'oltienoerere 55
Omicers ot Wivesstock Breeders’ “ASSOCIATIONS | otic « .\s seisied nie «iv ole sinle v aueieieleicie sie 66
OffiicersvoL, Pennsylvania, Elorviculiural SOGCICLY,) co sia. ome + alesis =) siclee ree 68
OMmcersaol PAtronsvOL, US DANG) bie cte cic cctele stulelNle ins Avalein.s vroleiebedaiatats (4/0) nisie.e oar 72
Omicerse Oly eaEMers, — AUuiAn COs yee sive volte statevelacaratel letetnteupias ain:le-e shelensattel piatacsitela is oie yera 80
OflecersiOL Sues © OULU: ASSOCLIACION, fesiae civicisieiniacls ism cipleiely = sles color teaverelerela s,s) 51s 91
OLE SES RO Leese LLL O Ty erarain cular s.61 tial etter evore elalerersyatennte atfelaceistel<oee ulate ers ope vayeinteyaieiciata elwtsy'ehe 94

23

Poultry raising, Importance OL feeding) los ccs sie o< dele co viv. cl clemiehevepate crmisie Dee\elate

346 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc
Page.
Officers ‘of State) Horticultural Association,» «sss. cesses ner ceenee one 96
Orchard ;, how: to plant appletreessin. 0... occ cncd cdnecerne Chee ee ee 332
Orchards MeLowilne small fruits: 1m, ick. panes see ce eet iee ae eee 299
Ornamentalynonticulture, importance Of3 t:c7 ce oes cnee ee eee eee 319
Ornamental yborticulture, lawn ornamentation, sicaceeds sesesaeeeccncekeeee 321
12%
Patronssor -Elusbandry, officers; State Grane. aecacceoetelee eee oeee eee 72
Patrons ot Huspandry, (Orisiniol the Grange, nc. deseo ccicclee ee eee nee 74
Patrons of Husbandry, declaration of purposes Of. 2 ..5.- ).0+s cos eeen eee 75
Pease IS Week; CUlLIVATTOM. OF 5 | mtjsrcre:ctetciatayorss=-Sce Cail dual stenare ous fay aiet olecehetals Bove poole otersoetenetee 281
Pennsylvania: asa) rut lero wile (State: «caacenec casei see onic eee 316
Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society, act establishing, ................ 13
Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society, officers and committees of, ....... 15
Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society, constitution and by-laws of, .... aby)
Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture, members of, ................+00- 21
Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture, officers of, .................se06- 23
Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture, act establishing, ............... 25
Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture, minutes of annual meeting, .... 27
Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture, papers read at annual meeting, 213
_ Pennsylvania State Live Stock Sanitary Board, act establishing ,........ 55
Pennsylvania State Live Stock Sanitary Board, officers of, 55
Pennsylvania Live Steck Breeders’ Association, officers of, ..............+.-- 66
Pennsylvania Live Stock Breeders’ Association, by-laws of, ................ 67
Pennsylvania, Etorticultunal Society: officers; Of, sc.csceceee. cece eee tacos 68
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, rules governing exhibitions, 70
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, papers read at meeting of, ........... 275
Pennsylvania, Marmers” Alliianee; OfiGers: Of, cc sc c.cieeeieaaisiele Sereiateve isto eet 80
Pennsylvania Farmers’ Alliance, constitution and by-laws of, .............. 81
Pennsylvania State Collewes Pacult yO, circ racic cerovarciele’s os, ove) o/=:cysi0i wisleyetotenete Peverenees 82
Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experiment Station, officers and
ASSISTANIES: FOES Triaccta terse ete prs rsleieio halve c aa, rochevaretstale telwiciebcevere ol bic ciated ciaieie sists ciate teeta ae 84
Pennsylvania Forestry Association, officers and council of, .............. 85
Pennsylvania State Poultry Association, officers Of; Soccecm <r c-eomieie 91
Pennsylvania State Poultry Association, constitution of, ................... 92
Bennsylvania Dairy: Winton) ORLCSES ROMs! bape crereterstetatev aiercllele tell ot ckeliclate teteltete cts <ietenstalet= tee 94
Pennsylvania Dairy Union, papers read at annual meeting of, ............ 253
IBTaAmes:* USEPUCtUNEG: SOLS. chetais Dove resnawidvsictoovnke eyorecgoratata etein «eter ela Grolerecel's oleae Wetelere ete 6reh cl taeaetentie 131
PONIES TOOtS “OF 5» <aic.s0ie Sterate Gene ie bic ayetereree cuslenrevetints tele sins) 4 (ats bape Lehetorase tay euevea aeons coke leer ne 132
IBROS:, “LEAVES OF 64 cieveciccicte’s.e are.rereieiniershasche so exeuetevs, Bayete eive, task el fovea sy slopesdte yee (ch alia tail oienstemte 133
Plants; herbacecus, twelve best for A@MaALCUL, 22 ioc ne cee een co cele cmlemeasinelnis 276
BRiants. culture ot caleeolania iy Dridaly Weeroteras v= sleve\iejertersiole’s <!e1<)s)chel se letalolee ieee 279
EGtate, CULbIne: DOMES: TMG! fb eke << <sairecscleiets oa ieiere c's, okn oteist sol erni a a na eaetetel eerie iein ie eretete 328
POutorCuUleure, KiNGlOL SEG, sascvelscwie > Wace ciche cies tierce eels foi sunt etiats foleye yale eee iatets 328
Potato culture, prevention Of GiSGASE, 2./c aes cvcleie ceive eteleis lees c/smsie s\n telah. sie sieleie eter 329
EPOuLry se A SSOClatiOn., OtlCers Of, luis css oe sete ert sient atevs oan cis'sidercels wieheigieeteneteiere 91
POmltrnye ASSOCIA tlON,, CONSEICUTIOM TOE Fics cea oie seis sit fe ae lel ola sea fe Tae aim crore. we] eieleelehel inp 92
BGM nan eHieCeed LAGLOM: 171) PATI EG) in. cielnloreusi cielo aiciwis ie ete viele/eiate(e/u le(a)crsnieoen vite 198
POMC Yen eISINE, PROSTESSIV CG) 0%. occ syeb copiers inte fetal oiele le singer useless oe cslctatn tla’ ile-4)m/>relatara eats 226
POUICrORUESISINE., LOWS LOL ge \iels:ccacotsie. © oF cseievalaalee nspieie minysier arse '</pin eg niettinenays (bye. aratiete retete 226
228

ii

INo:) 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 347

Page.
POMEL AISI elev LNG Ure Oley We ra nrstare itis rare, e's evajel oer) evalletetsl el eorelaiteis) eisai efeketelern aiahopane levers 228
Ei POSES uF CUM EO tranlteleausccietere hic eyeleteieletercsercucrensie eatelellel Vina’ syene alis.c. cve:lejavete er efaieierelie osienare 275
EUOLICAUOMS TO fy SPE UMMC Ee crate ce eie s tcrsts 1a) sies ere! sroyetaleussaNlePeteueyepeseisis| elias le! e106 e nysie) atemetsyare 9
TTP TUCO AG SER reysvays tere relena eis tore/ercreteiata ls calece7e $ ouetavaileve:ayrcial lot elietecous ava tareitesevebatay eietaus feat (ars aiiave le ef csatehs 209
PUDILGEFOAGdsS.HONVs COMM PROVE ENICTINS ray archere;s aie sie e/cln) 2) steicieyele eusleteyslel eleve/eiescveln o/e(evevalere 210
PI CESCHOOlS eMC UE EN SEUG Ys Ly cixvcye cree, ic cic ene overs ailo/o\e)anejeieim oiel eletaiutessicie)eivic'e ee evsyelsion 126

18s
SEVOSUCLSH at PUL Gee atca oraverape te verstenctaratis te leis ieioliele ete stevens iels/er alctaivecc’ ste -okainicolese ele vere: etevere el evelieler et avehererete 209
s.

DLO MareUTIOMeEC ONO LINN Cet sare on felss eeeroncies eyesaiora re mcarereliar crete arieleve ster eveser sielioie vecnis, ciareteve aietoete 's Gvellerele aaa 147
SLOPE A CSE LO ULOMI Olt ley a aveycvetetacte cis. a7aitecevateloneralek ae) etetece ss: ate. a,lerarreterte leh sav aiatlelevels ein avarctele tetas 149
SION U RST COED Tey scalars: ctereetereaehelierey eit slevensiehelelevars wiles: cece: « JOadocn osBocIDNORDOG COsRUOKOCUHOC 197
SMO MMCOSROL felis rayateie chests eieiiave slots vale aametenstennia; cle. overs is Ia sre levelotetlaue o2a alesse aioe lo tatalelatn et ebetalobene 198
Same Me Glaa S Siew OAT SE Ody ae apecoctievs hcl ctw ors cols ceis:0, aver eroserorcrel'el'e levee evelialele cele uiekeuelel ee cveloienene 184
SEAM eU em iaTs OL Led Pep, O CLIT Su OU CHUL TSC Sian p pe yetesvc)e' sets; ojeie: avec ateyis sb evate. oben eleteve lel win te arevere Cho) ERATE 299
OGLE CVO tee ANTI TGA Me Ey) OTESUS outs, sorely a ua) slce alte suse aires sbomaverelroteue ape: eveuershene ate she reper cvetetenste 221
SOCiMUMy a Nein VestmMent tOnewe!LAnTMer,, Sivc... cise o ciecretsinicte neiae ehelereinicioleric eiciere 229
SOCK ny meee Ole TANTS: TACUIE,, 4 (5 .cs:chovavm steve crane cretenelcrereileto ohencisteh siete ovale clateielom tore 232
SGT OTT? apo ATAU TNC Te ow cleylovere: cteriecc) wteves/Sial'siaieylaleie felciiatcrcein: al systole la/ay ages nv olaeve scat oneliaasecre oie aevencavetersletereelen 154
SOMME nace ett, MURATA SIMIGSIs 1) oan ce, wlone:asi/ocou (ose ue eyfaisvelote teyererey oilers yetebelisveve claves ettaressvaterobetauciefn esate 155
SOilll, Vlora lave) ate aaKere pavonoilol ialbmanks} ae oo aeaHeaomoaTdogeAaeco decors Gouopeasoceer 156
SPV ZSLA DLS SIME TOT EOI i areles cis avsicvsiecateraretanevelictes fora ova benereliate ata dahon bie SPave setene ah Seaver 160
PSO MI MMLIENA POETS OVC TUMENA Lea a raratefesone veers Sere eicvasionorsvissrensasiisie ove otlavs "ol ecalateks feyehers seis bare seve retlehcletcvens valerate s overs 158
SOUS Se Ol OL Caleore lol OM mG fens reairclateresssie io eral crc, averse aretars oles shale oiaveve re euelavaceteslotclovneve mine 244
Sills, CECE COI adoc nc GobdU COAG UCT E ODE. OLDE OR COTE AS GE TOG cats So EERHOCCSnintas ah 244
Sans, Teleniloral, Che MNEs omBlea cob Bo nde UG OER DOR RCO oot soo ao ne Oomrs ona so 244
SSMS ame) ToL aL Tl Ie ae crs etame rey cvs ic ealeyege pei avers losers verre ora eMetereieteis eisai oueial onc it there Giolialielcaheleleleimiansionae 245
SOM sola teh OO Ga horie syartsstevercys sich ersversucsa) serch sral-etele ialeyolexe cleus letersy al sielavercietere Grass sicimventheistate afte 247
So nlSe Vins IeH Ollopowetese. gales} PU Camis SORTED A Me COR IEISG GOCE OE EISO Gn a dckcrnnioDicoice 247
SOUS Wie S et MOM ESOS. *syerc.s:avscsvecenstevsis os'sy0)5/a/at-era joisia/e/ano wievons cpslsenateh alevetanaccve aravecermonetealicle rele 248
POLS ame ED OUI Gua TOL 515) atsslvoucy al slave ateter al e,eh s/eiisteyeietes sucvertts: aolerereiisvelele aversuevee's, a oreratenenereletenatelavene 249
Stable, relation of its wholesomeness to the health of its inmates, . Age) last
SU OLOe MSN UIUC ee LP? cUMe EMME Y Ue arayraiehyete fa) <isiecaire taevel wire hove etraverchets delare rareve-e: 6 aialiaal pete etemes. alee 162
Sree, IGhieteraGLOne MCGGE GMM, eis ,cis +, a:cclocaistere aie sleie ele sist'sleleieressieleie Velesorarelethehebsiorelerere 152
State Agricultural Society of Pennsylvania, act establishing, ............. 13
State Agricultural Society of Pennsylvania, officers of, .............e.see- 15
State Agricultural Society of Pennsylvania, constitution and by-laws of, 17
Site BOandvOleNeriCUlLUres IMEMDErS! Of cern o «x cease cies blvciteree sclesie tieelne 21
State Board of Agriculture, officers and committees of, ...............00:- 23
Statew bOard OLrMoneul tunes: Act! ES HUDITSHIME,, cet cie«tloieie cate ain) crels aieleioisinveloinierere 25
State Board of Agriculture, certificate of membership, ..........ceececeeeees 26
State Board of Agriculture, minutes of annual meeting, ................... 27
State Board of Agriculture, papers read at annual meeting, 213
DiaLremMeve Stock Sanitary wo OArGd,) OMlCErsS) OL) iarecicjs;ciuicicisreve'a/ole mleieiensclmieveinvere eters 55
Statewivesstock Sanitary, Board, ‘act establishing) o.meiesecccocameice cies 55

348 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Page.

State Live Stock Sanitary Board, act protecting health of domestic
UTULTIVAT S| Saispe 's.ojate ae tolay'ss Sie a: e oxahela 0) oleie tats, sreltoraiere wet cLaiet note Ra Ren oie ae ae 57
State Live Stock Sanitary Board, rules for enforcement of act, ........... 58

State Live Stock Sanitary Board, extracts of rules'of, .......:.ccnccececece 63

StatesGranSewOMieCers. OF, | s.cjiclaseecawreree waa cre ee eres Oa le ate ae ae 72
State, Colleses faculty OL; sn! sac s:svawis cscvotectetm eter eettesthe aa gerele laine ae ae 82
States oultry Association, officerstob awn ccsemsae. ese chineieninicsn oo ace cae 91
platccebortuicultural, Association: @OmeCcers Olam cee shee eieicee ee eee 96

State Horticultural Association, constitution and by-laws of, ............. 97
State Horticultural Association, programme of annual meeting,
StatevHorticultural Association, membership vot. <2-n4ccesine essen eee 102
State Horticultural Association, minutes of annual meeting,
State Horticultural Association, papers read at annual meeting, ........... 285

State Horticultural Association, report of general fruit committee, ....... 285
State Horticultural Association, observations of correspondents, .......... 291
State Horticultural Association, address of president, ..................... 312
Straw Derssy; CulPUriessa asc petastocteunte cists reyes eis’cove feel eke halo rele vey everett coweuetiete co stheisloneialekerebexsiea a ok roerenete 297
Strawberry culture, requirements for SUCCESS) =.'. cece ewieekie eee eee 297
Strawberry culture, preparavion@oL SO, ..):<1 cresieleite icicle atte eee eee eee 298
Sweet wean), cultivation OF 5% <x, ctetoeiarim sos cis vate ata nerstetenpaelevecl ore ee toneaeIe toe iets 281
TS:
PTSMT SUES 5 PV) vars caret any Stel cei ano afote (ale? autale foh a tokareneretore o <\voilieotere tel elec yeraotttctees enor a ever cioraresevste oho veus elope etree 201
FBPUSES: GOLMEGD: acc sosic aie aves arsrevetarcrallers: ad opctioveva ere Nre'a (oo steel arate ovale intednte Ines exstoloustel ear erase eetehers 202
TMrUSts May NOt: DE SVD Gv sicceccc-gsiecesisisve olsiosote.c oleic ws eisialels wie ee apevaleete etal wleereverner alee 203
Ab UESiUsjs cen eeabecaVERONTey ceWeteRUaISHEN Ar on 4 qolbo Cabo EOD OOONU ON DOD AGU UES UDO CIIOUm Ob ogusS: 204
TBYUISES Se CVA mie OTM g) © cts ar clolel s\ote icin mkctessicislel ovaleicccrclel= c/a (e/susieieicioretelele skevenstersietot faletcie ite tates 206

rusts, LNelr LelAtiON) CO LATIMES erst oleiiacl- ie <eleicia/elelloleteloela ots Vina chan Bate aus la tosatags Ree 208

a as Le,
Bey ae

iE

~
Cie
afar

Ath

‘
+

a

‘
x

.
¢
bd

Te

er!

3 5185 00258 5790

ee ee ee 5 ee SOP ee Oe eee £5 OS Ss eras FOG, 9g) IF Uae Be ee, AP

nt wis iAt

’

hunks sts) |!
7

a

ave S133 1
¥

May
a

ed

|

CERNE eg ere ire megan oe nett

Fema ere finite Semenn so an

| ~ aang