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cept

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

PENNSYLVANIA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

WM. STANLEY RAY,
STATE PRINTER OF PENNSYLVANIA.
1009

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

OFFICIAL LIST.

JOHN HAMILTON, Secretary,
State College, Centre County.

A. L. MARTIN, Dep’y Secy and Director of Harmers Institutes,
Enon Valley, Lawrence County.

JESSE K. COPE, Dairy and Food Commissioner,
West Chester, Chester County.

BENJ. F. MacCARTNEY, economic Zoologist,
Hamilton, Jefferson County.

LEONARD PEARSON, State Veterinarian,
Philadelphia.

M. D. LICHLITER, Chief Clerk,
Pittsburg.

GEORGE G. HUTCHISON, Clerk, Dairy and Food Commissioner,
Warriors’ Mark, Huntingdon County.

FRANK 8S. CHAPIN, Clerk, Economic Zoologist,
Milton, Northumberland County.

LEWIS VANDERSLOOT, Stenographer,
York, York County.

GEORGE F. BARNES, Jfessenger,

Rossville, York County.

ie Nolen

(2)

Orric1rAL DocuMENT,

Peer Ors

OF THE

SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE,

Harrisburg, Pa., January 1, 1902.
Hon. WILLIAM A. STONE, Governor of Pennsylvania:

Sir: In compliance with the requirements of Sections 2, 3 and 6 of
the act of Legislature of March 18th, 1895, establishing this Depart-
ment, I have the honor to present herewith my report for the year
1901, being the Seventh Annual Report of the Department of Agricul
ture of Pennsylvania.

The duties imposed by the laws of this State upon the Depart-
ment of Agriculture are more comprehensive and varied than is gen-
erally understood. The undue emphasis that has been given by the
public press to the law which protects butter from adulteration and
fraudulent imitation has brought many to suppose that this, if not
the only purpose, is at least the principal object for which the Depart-
ment was established, whereas it is but one of many duties, equally as
important and salutary, imposed upon the Department for fulfilment.
The scope of the Department, as outlined in the act creating it, is as
wide as the needs of agriculture. The law directs “That it shall be
the duty of the Secretary of Agriculture, in such ways as he may
deem fit and proper, to encourage and promote the development of
agriculture, horticulture, forestry and kindred industries; to collect
and publish statistics and other information in regard to the agri-
cultural industries and interests of the State; to investigate the
adaptability of grains, fruits, grasses and other crops to the soil and
climate of the State, together with the diseases to which they are
severally liable and the remedies therefor; to obtain and distribute
information on all matters relating to the raising and care of stock
and poultry; the best methods of producing wool and preparing the
same for market, and shall diligently prosecute all such similar in-
quiries as may be required by the agricultural interests of the State

(3)

4 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and as will best promote the ends for which the Department of Agri-
culture is established. He shall give special attention to such ques-
tions relating to the valuation and taxation of farm land, to the
variation and diversification in the kinds of crops and methods of cul-
tivation, and their adaptability to changing markets as may arise
from time to time, in consequence of a change of methods, means and
rates of transportation, or in the habits or occupation of the people of
the State and elsewhere, and shall publish as frequent as practicable,
such information thereon as he shall deem useful. In the perform-
ance of the duties prescribed by this act, the Secretary of Agricul-
ture shall, as far as practicable, make use of the facilities provided
by the State Experiment Station, the State Board of Agriculture and
the various State and county societies and organizations maintained
by agriculturists and horticulturists, whether with or without the aid
of the State, and shall, as far as practicable, enlist the aid of the
State Geological Survey for the purpose of obtaining and publishing
useful information respecting the economic relations of geology to
agriculture, forestry and kindred industries. He shall make an an-
nual report to the Governor, and shall publish from time to time
such bulletins of information as he may deem useful and advisable.
Said report and bulletins shall be printed by the State Printer in
the same manner as other public documents, not exceeding five thou-
sand copies of any one bulletin.

“That it shall be the duty of the Secretary to obtain and publish
information respecting the extent and condition of forest lands in
this State, to make and carry out rules and regulations for the en-
forcement of all laws designed to protect forests from fires and from
all illegal depredations and destruction, and report the same annually
to the Governor, and as far as practicable, to give information and
advice respecting the best methods of preserving wood lands and
_ ge He shall also, as far as practicable, pro-

statistics unt of timber cut during each year, the pur-
pose for which it is used, and the amount of timber land thus cleared
as compared with the amount of land newly brought under timber
flgment nay be tenis and eer othe geen ao i
crease of the timber lands of this Shee eee a
and control of the mandgeinent! ; ul fo a ona a ae
Commonwealth subject m= th : a ee as belonging to the
: e provisions of law relative ther

The said Secretary shall also t d i i on
ee ms ps pee paatetre hereby is charged with the ad-
the preparation, austere ace Ze ie ea Oe
tion, sale or transportation f i # Wine
é of the agricultural products or imitations

thereof, and all laws relating to dis f . .
ee iectuie nua. i. S eases 0 domestic animals, and to
é spection of commercial fertilizers. ;

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 3

“That the Secretary may at his discretion employ experts for
special examinations or investigations, the expenses of which shall
be paid by the State Treasurer in the same manner as like expenses
are provided by law, but not more than five thousand dollars shall be
so expended in any one year.”

To these duties thus prescribed, the Legislature has from time to
time, by direct enactment, amplified their scope and added new items
not originally included in the law.

The Legislature, in creating the Department, realized that the
needs of agriculture are almost illimitable, that agricultural people
have to do with soils, with crops of every kind, with animals and
their products, with fertilizers, implements and machinery, conta-
gious diseases among animals, insects, beneficial and injurious, fun-
gous diseases among plants, forest growth and protection, the purity
of food, soil moisture, roads, schools, taxes, ete.

Upon all of these subjects they need information, and it is made
the duty of the State Department of Agriculture to furnish this in-
formation, so far as the discoveries of science and experience have
made it Macsible:

They realized that the crying need of agriculture is for accurate
information. Knowledge of the plants best adapted to the soil in
each locality; what new plants can be profitably introduced; how the
diseases that attack crops can best be controlled; how the insect
enemies of plants can be restrained or overcome; what fertilizers
can be used to best advantage in each locality; how tuberculosis,
anthrax, black-leg and other diseases among domestic animals can
be treated and prevented; what fruits are best to grow in the several
districts; how forests may be preserved; how moisture sufficient for
the growth of crops can be secured; the principles of taxation that
should be adopted; how better roads can be built; how rural schools
can be improved; how country children can be better educated; how
local agricultural organizations can be made most useful; what ad-
ditional legislation is needed for agriculture, and how it can be se-
cured. The duty, therefore, of this Department is not only to carry
into effect the laws committed to it for enforcement, but also to dis-
cover and disseminate truth in regard to all of the agricultural prob-
lems that arise.

It has been the aim of this Department to endeavor to fulfill these
requirements, to discover the needs of agriculture and provide for
their supply, to keep in touch with the best scientific and practical
people, with the view of securing their assistance in the work of ad-
vancing the interests of agriculture in the State.

What has been done during the past year for the accomplishment

4 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and as will best promote the ends for which the Department of Agri-
culture is established. He shall give special attention to such ques-
tions relating to the valuation and taxation of farm land, to the
variation and diversification in the kinds of crops and methods of cul-
tivation, and their adaptability to changing markets as may arise
from time to time, in consequence of a change of methods, means and
rates of transportation, or in the habits or occupation of the people of
the State and elsewhere, and shall publish as frequent as practicable,
such information thereon as he shall deem useful. In the perform-
ance of the duties prescribed by this act, the Secretary of Agricul-
ture shall, as far as practicable, make use of the facilities provided
by the State Experiment Station, the State Board of Agriculture and
the various State and county societies and organizations maintained
by agriculturists and horticulturists, whether with or without the aid
of the State, and shall, as far as practicable, enlist the aid of the
State Geological Survey for the purpose of obtaining and publishing
useful information respecting the economic relations of geology to
agriculture, forestry and kindred industries. He shall make an an-
nual report to the Governor, and shall publish from time to time
such bulletins of information as he may deem useful and advisable.
Said report and bulletins shall be printed by the State Printer in
the same manner as other public documents, not exceeding five thou-
sand copies of any one bulletin.

“That it shall be the duty of the Secretary to obtain and publish
information respecting the extent and condition of forest lands in
this State, to make and carry out rules and regulations for the en-
forcement of all laws designed to protect forests from fires and from
all illegal depredations and destruction, and report the same annually
to the Governor, and as far as practicable, to give information and
advice respecting the best methods of preserving wood lands and
starting new plantations. He shall also, as far as practicable, pro-
cure statistics of the amount of timber cut during each year, the pur-
pose for which it is used, and the amount of timber land thus cleared
as compared with the amount of land newly brought under timber
cultivation, and shall, in general, adopt all such measures as in his
judgment may be desirable and effective for the preservation and in-
Se contol of the management of il oe nts Songng
Commonwealth, ae tee the re ie ss ama wees ie
MEK Socratic cae a st irate: et law relative thereto.
ee iia Sraak i bere dy i: charged with the ad-
the preparation, BN OE A or ‘ on i a . wre a
tion, sale or beknapoetation of oes oe ora peo
A kes on toe, ahr e oe ic ‘ tural products or imitations
the manufacture and beta sti mpi pee ree ane "

é spection of commercial fertilizers.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 5)

“That the Secretary may at his discretion employ experts for
special examinations or investigations, the expenses of which shall
be paid by the State Treasurer in the same manner as like expenses
are provided by law, but not more than five thousand dollars shall be
so expended in any one year.”

To these duties thus prescribed, the Legislature has from time to
time, by direct enactment, amplified their scope and added new items
not originally included in the law.

The Legislature, in creating the Department, realized that the
needs of agriculture are almost illimitable, that agricultural people
have to do with soils, with crops of every kind, with animals and
their products, with fertilizers, implements and machinery, conta-
gious diseases among animals, insects, beneficial and injurious, fun-
gous diseases among plants, forest growth and protection, the purity
of food, soil moisture, roads, schools, taxes, ete.

Upon all of these subjects they need information, and it is made
the duty of the State Department of Agriculture to furnish this in-
formation, so far as the discoveries of science and experience have
made it possible.

They realized that the crying need of agriculture is for accurate
information. Knowledge of the plants best adapted to the soil in
each locality; what new plants can be profitably introduced; how the
diseases that attack crops can best be controlled; how the insect
enemies of plants can be restrained or overcome; what fertilizers
can be used to best advantage in each locality; how tuberculosis,
anthrax, black-leg and other diseases among domestic animals can
be treated and prevented; what fruits are best to grow in the several
districts; how forests may be preserved; how moisture sufficient for
the growth of crops can be secured; the principles of taxation that
should be adopted; how better roads can be built; how rural schools
can be improved; how country children can be better educated; how
local agricultural organizations can be made most useful; what ad-
ditional legislation is needed for agriculture, and how it can be se-
cured. The duty, therefore, of this Department is not only to carry
into effect the laws committed to it for enforcement, but also to dis-
cover and disseminate truth in regard to all of the agricultural prob-
lems that arise.

It has been the aim of this Department to endeavor to fulfill these
requirements, to discover the needs of agriculture and provide for
their supply, to keep in touch with the best scientific and practical
people, with the view of securing their assistance in the work of ad-
vancing the interests of agriculture in the State.

What has been done during the past year for the accomplishment

6 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of these purposes is partially shown in the following report, and in
those of the Division officers incorporated herewith.

The past year has been one of the most abundant in agricultural
products. There has been more than the ordinary amount of moist-
nre and the rainfall has been pretty evenly distributed.

Some losses occurred in the eastern portion of the State from rain
during harvest, but this was largely local. The prices of farm pro-
ducts were well maintained, and in some cases exceeded those of
1900. Corn, oats and potatoes were considerably higher than in the
previous year, as were also horses and mules. There was a short
crop of apples and pears. Prices, therefore, for these fruits were
correspondingly advanced. Full reports of prices of farm crops and
wages for each county in the State, are given in the report of the
Deputy Secretary, and in the Appendix to this report.

FARM HELP AND WAGES.

Wages of farm help were higher than in 1900, and in some localities
hands could not be obtained at any price. The great demand for
labor by the building, transportation and manufacturing industries,
has drained the rural communities of most of its efficient help, and
has left the farmers to get through with their work as best they
can. The farm labor problem has, therefore, become suddenly very
serious. Fortunately agricultural machinery has reached such per-
fection, that one or two persons can now accomplish more upon a
farm, than six or eight could perform years ago, and yet ia some farm
operations, as in the fruit-growing and dairy districts, much of the
work must still be done by hand, and it is here that the lack of suf-
ficient help is most severely felt.

If the present demand for labor in the manufacturing and other
industries continues, land owners will be obliged to sub-divide their
farms, reducing their size sufficiently, to make it possible for an
ordinary family to perform the necessary labor without hiring addi-
tional help, except for a short time and only upon special occasions.

As labor becomes dearer, or which is the same thing, scarcer, far-
mers will have to adopt more economical methods in their business,
and use their time to better advantage. Wherever possible, gang
plows will take the place of the single plow, four horse harrows will
supplant the two horse drag. The wider mowers, horse rake and
drill will take the place of the present smaller sizes; horses will have
to step more rapidly than now, less time will be wasted in going t

Ne. 6. . DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 7

and from work, conveniences for watering, feeding and siabling of
animals will be adopted, and each farmer will have to study his own
peculiar surroundings and conditions and arrange his crops, his
fields, his work, so as to do the greatest possible amount in the least
possible time, and with the least expenditure of effort. In other
words, the work will all have to be carefully planned in advance, and
arranged with special reference to reducing the cost. This may be
illustrated in the plowing of an acre of ground. The distance travel-
ed is according to the width of furrow slice taken; an eight inch
furrow will require twelve and one-third miles to plow an acre; a nine
inch furrow, eleven miles; ten inch furrow nine and nine-tenths miles;
eleven inch furrow nine miles, and twelve inch furrow eight and one-
quarter miles.

The time required for plowing an acre, going at the rate of one
and one-half miles an hour and cutting a nine inch furrow, will take
seven hours and twenty minutes; one and three-fourths mile an hour
will take six hours and thirty minutes; two and three-fourths miles
per hour will take four hours, and three and one-half miles per hour
will take three hours and eight minutes.

It has been shown by numerous experiments that it takes an
average of thirty seconds to make a quarter turn in plowing. If the
acre is one continuous furrow strip no time will be lost in turning. If
it be half as long, two minutes will be lost; if one-quarter, four
minutes; if one-eighth, eight minutes.

If it be in the form of a square and the furrow slice is ten inches
wide, there will be 125.5 furrows, with four quarter turns for each
time around, consuming two minutes to the round in turning, which
represents a loss of four hours and eleven minutes in the plowing
of an acre in that form.

These figures show the importance of close attention to what are
commonly called little things: Instances of similar character could
be multiplied, showing the losses that occur from inattention to the
details of farming, and which cost the farmer much additional labor
and expense.

The man who drives his cattle one-fourth of a mile twice each day
to water has traveled, in forty years, 14,600 miles, and the man who
pumps water for his cattle ten minutes three times a day will, in forty
years, have lost two and one-half years of 300 days each out of his life.

The solution of the labor problem, therefore, although not wholly,
is however to a far greater extent than is generally appreciated, in
the hands of the farmer himself.

8 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

SUMMARY.

The work of the Department, as indicated in the former part of this
report, is distributed among its various Divisions, and each Division,
through its official head, is entrusted with the carrying out of all the
details of the particular work assigned. The following summary
shows the classification.

DIVISION OF FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. The work of this Di-
vision is educational, carrying information to the districts in which
the farmers’ live, and reached during the past year about one hun-
dred and fifty thousand farming people.

CROP REPORTS. The system of crop reports is made part of
the work of the Institute Division. Careful reporters are en-
gaged in collecting data for the Department in every county in the
State. These data are then arranged and published in the Annual
‘Report.

THE DAIRY AND FOOD DIVISION. This Division is under
the immediate supervision and direction of a Dairy and Food Com-
missioner, who is charged with the enforcement of the laws rela-
ting to the inspection of the character of the various foods on sale
in the State, and the prosecution of those who are found violating
the law. The Commissioner has charge also of the Dairy industry
of the State, including dairy statistics and improved management
of creameries and dairy herds.

DIVISION OF ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. This Division is in
charge of a Commissioner who is known as the The Economic Zoolo-
gist, whose duties are to make examination and investigations into
the insect enemies of crops and report upon their ravages and give
suggestions for their control or eradication. There is assigned to
this Division the Orchard, Greenhouse, Market Garden and Flower
Gardening industries of the State. Information is sent out by him
to those engaged in these industries, giving the latest scientific and
practical discoveries in these lines of work, and as new questions
arise he endeavors to have investigations made and proper solution
discovered to meet the new conditions.

DIVISION OF VETERINARY SCIENCE. The chief of this Di-
vision is by law, required to be “a graduate of some reputable vet-
erinary college.” The law further makes it the duty of the Secre-
tary of Agriculture “to obtain and distribute information on all
matters relating to the raising and care of stock and poultry; the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 3

best methods of producing wool and preparing the same for market.”
This work is consigned to the Veterinary Division. The Veteri-
narian is also a member of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board,
whose duty it is to “protect the health of the domestic animals of
the State,” and powers to adopt means to effect this are granted by
the act creating the Board.

FERTILIZER INSPECTION AND ANALYSES. The work of
the licensing and inspection of Commercial Fertilizers is in the
hands of the Secretary. Agents are employed to collect samples
of goods upon the market, and these are transmitted to the chemists
for analyses. ‘ihe results are published for the information of
farmers and dealers, twice each year.

INSPECTION OF NURSERIES. The Legislature of 1901 passed
an act making it the duty of the Secretary of Agriculture “to cause
an examination to be made each year of each and every nursery or
other places in this State where trees, shrubs, vines or plants, com-
monly known as nursery stock, are grown for sale, for the purpose of
ascertaining whether the trees, shrubs, vines or plants, therein kept
or propagated for sale, are infested with San José Scale or other in-
sect pest destructive of such trees, shrubs, vines or plants.” Where
a nursery is [ree from these insect pests, a certificate stating the fact
is issued to the owner.

CONCENTRATED COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. Under
the act of 25th of April, 1901, all concentrated commercial feeding
stuffs sold in this State, such as “linseed meals, cotton seed meals,
gluten meals, maize feeds, starch feeds, sugar feeds, dried brewers’
grains, malt sprouts, hominy foods, cerealine feeds, rice meals,
ground beef or fish scraps, and all materials of similar nature,” must
have affixed to the package containing them a label “certifying the
number of net pounds of feeding stuff contained therein; the name,
brand or trade mark under which the article is sold; the name and
address of the manufacturer or importer, and a statement of the
percentage it contains of crude fat and crude protein.” The Secre.
tary of Agriculture is charged with the enforcement of this law.

LINSEED OILINSPECTION. The act of 23d of April, A. D. 1901,
provides “That no person, firm or corporation shall manufacture or
mix for sale, sell or offer for sale, under the name of raw linseed oil,
any article which is not wholly the product of commercially pure lin-
seed or flaxseed. Nor shall any person, firm or corporation manu-
facture or mix for sale, sell or offer for sale, under the name of boiled
linseed oil, any article unless the oil from which said article is made,
be wholly the product of commercially pure linseed or flaxseed, and
unless the same has been heated to at least two hundred and twenty-
five degrees, Fahrenheit.” The Secretary of Agriculture is charged
with the enforcement of this law.

2

10 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS. The law creating the Depart-
ment provides for “the employment of experts to make special
examinations and investigations.” These experts are selected by
the Secretary, and the results of their examinations are printed
either in a special Bulletin or in the Annual Report. The investi-
gations are upon subjects relating to the agricultural industry.

BULLETINS. The Secretary is also directed to “publish from
time to time such bulletins of information as he may deem useful
and advisable,” “the number not to exceed five thousand copies of
any one bulletin.” Eighty-seven such publications have been issued
since 1895.

ANNUAL REPORT. Each year the Secretary is directed to
“make an Annual Report to the Governor,” and in this report “he
may include so much of the reports of other organizations as he
shall deem proper.” Thirty-one thousand six hundred copies are
authorized to be distributed; 9,000 to the Senate, 20,000 to the
House of Representatives, 2,000 copies to the Secretary of Agricul-
ture, 500 copies to the State Librarian, and to the State Experiment
Station, 100 copies.

BOOKS OF ACCOUNT. The General Books of Account of the
Department are in charge of the Secretary, and the Special Books
are in charge of the several Division officers.

REPORTS OF DIVISION OFFICERS. Monthly reports of the
operation of each Division for the preceding month are made to
the Secretary by the chief of each Division, and special reports
from time to time are made as may be necessary in order to keep
the Secretary fully informed as to the work of the several Divisions.
At the close of the year, fall reports of the work of each Division
are made out and transmitted to the Secretary, and printed in
the Annual Report of the Department. The care of the library,
the reading of proof and the mailing lists ave in charge of the Chi: f
Clerk,

DIVISION OF FARMERS’ INSTITUTES.

The work of the Department in edue ‘ating the farming people of the
State by means of the Farmers’ Institutes is fully shown in the re-
port of the Deputy Secretary, who is by virtue of his office, the Diree-
tor of Institi >

stitutes. The effects of an organized system for giving in-

"No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, i

struction in agriculture are now plainly seen in the improvement
that has taken place in all sections of the State in agricultural prac-
tice.

Greater care is exercised in the collection and preservation of fer-
tilizers, the cultivation of the soil, the selection of seed for crops, the
manipulation of milk and the food articles manufactured from it, the
health of animals, their food and shelter. Farmers are placing
modern conveniences in their homes, adorning their grounds, improv-
ing their gardens and orchards and are giving more attention than
formerly to the securing of better educational advantages for their
children. The high character and qualifications of the lecturers em-
ployed by the Department to give instruction have greatly imcreased
the interest of country people in the sessions of these meetings. The
attendance is all that can be desired, for in most instances the meet-
ing halls are filled. A comparison of the system adopted in Pennsyl-
vyania with those in use in other States satisfies us that we are not be-
hind in this respect. Our system can be expanded indefinitely as the
needs of the public demand more meetings and the finances of the
Department justify. The work here, as in other sister States, is lim-
ited by our ability to secure a sufficient number of competent instruc-
tors to properly equip the several divisions. Men of mediocre at-
tainments are of no use in this work. The teacher must speak with
authority, and to do this he must know the truth of that which he
asserts and its practical use in agricultural practice. Where to
secure skilled teachers, is the problem that is now on us for solution.
Some capable men are being developed each year, but the number is
by no means sufficient to supply the demand. The Legislature added
twenty-five hundred dollars per year to the Institute appropriation,
making the sum now $15,000. Whilst this will enable the Depart-
ment to add somewhat to the extension of the work, it will by no
means meet the needs of the farming people in institute requirements.
At least $25,000 per year should be devoted to this purpose; every dol-
lar of this sum can be advantageously expended.

The Round-up meeting last June was one of the most interesting
that has yet been held. These meetings bring the lecture force and
the managers of institutes together in conference. The results are
a better understanding of the needs of agricultural people and a more
systematic and effective plan for supplying these needs. Before
these round-up meetings were held, each institute manager was com-
pelled to solve all of the difficulties which he encountered, himself.
Now these are presented before the meeting of managers from all
9ver the State, and in almost all cases a satisfactory solution is found.

The lecturers also get to see what kind of work is demanded from
them. They find that old worn out theories are not wanted, and

12 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc

long-drawn out speeches, having but little of practical value to the
farmer, are out of date. Bright, clean-cut and pointed talks, stated
in an interesting way are now necessary.

For Institute purposes, the State has been divided into five sections.
A separate set of lecturers is assigned to each section, and in a given
county, the same Department workers continue until all the insti-
tutes in that county have been held.

The following distribution of time for holding institutes was made
for the season of 1900-1901.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

No. 6.

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14 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The apportionment shows the number of days that the Department
agrees to furnish at least two lecturers to each county, for institute
work during the season of 1900-1901. It is made on the basis of two
days of institute to every county having not over 1,000 farms; three
days to each county having more than 1,000 and not over 1,500; after-
wards, one day for each 1,500 farms or fraction thereof additional.
This insures Department aid to each county, in proportion to its agri-
cultural interests.

THE DAIRY AND FOOD DIVISION.

The administration of the laws for the protection of the public
against the sale of impure food, as will be seen from the report of the
Dairy and Food Commissioner, has been attended with the same diffi-
culties, that are usual in the enforcement of any law, that places re-
straint upon the natural desires of men, to realize large profits out of
their business. The pressure of competition, in all lines of trade, is
such as to compel business men, to exercise the greatest care in the
management of their affairs, in order to succeed. Skilled experts are
employed, to devise means for cheapening the production of goods
already on the markets, and to discover new, and cheaper articles,
which will imitate and undersell the old.

So long as these cheapening processes do not impair the quality,
affect the healthfulness of the article, or deceive the purchaser, they
are to be commended. But when, as not infrequently occurs, in the
preparation of food products, the nutritive character of the article is
weakened by the addition of cheaper substances, without notice to
the public, or substances injurious to health are introduced, the law
properly interferes to stop such practice, and to prescribe limits, be-
yond which the dealer shall not go.

The Dairy and Food Commissioner of this Department, is charged
with the enforcement of certain laws, which protect the public against
adulteration and fraud, in the preparation and sale of food products.
As is stated elsewhere, in this report, the Department bas endeay-
oved to define, clearly, the requirements of these several laws, in order
that there may be no excuse for their violation, on the ground of
ignorance of their provisions. Those, therefore, who transeress in
this respect, do so knowingly, and are, therefore, justly liable to pun:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1)

ishment for their violation. The exception to this, is on the part of a
retailer, who has purchased goods of a manufacturer, supposing them
to be made in compliance with the requirements of the laws of the
State, but discovers later, that the goods are adulterated, and is
arrested and fined for violating the law.

Where the manufacturer is outside of the State, the law cannot
punish him, and if there were no other means of restraint, he would
be free to sell any adulterated article he saw fit, without fear of
arrest.

In the absence of a National pure food law, the only way by which
he can be reached, is through the man who retails his goods within
our borders. If the retailer understands that he will be held liable
for the character of the goods he sells, he will protect himself, by re-
quiring a sufficient guarantee from the manufacturer, to indemnify
him against any loss that he may sustain, through failure of the
goods to comply with the laws regulating the sale of food products in
this State. This places the responsibility upon the manufacturer,
where it properly belongs.

During the past year, important changes have been made in several
of the pure food laws. An entirely new “oleomargarine” law has
been enacted, with provisions added which, it is believed, will render
its enforcement more effective, than was possible under the law which
it repealed. Sufficient time has not yet elapsed, to fully test the new
provisions, so that it is not possible, as yet, to state how the courts
will construe them. The injunction clause, and the one which makes
it the duty of courts to send the case to the grand jury upon repre-
sentation by a constable, are the particular clauses which need to be
tested.

The new “renovated butter” law is also quite different, from the
old law, regulating this traffic. It is framed on substantially the
same lines as the oleomargarine law, and its enforcement involves
the same methods of procedure. Several suits have been tried under
it which have terminated favorably. There are the “milk and cream
adulteration” law, the amended “vinegar” and “cheese” laws, and
the “fruit juice” law, all of which are committed to the Dairy and
Food Commissioner for enforcement.

The work of enforcing these laws has been reasonably successful
in all of the districts of the State, except in the County of Allegheny.
Phe Dairy and Food Commissioner has treated, in his report, quite
fully upon the condition in that county. The situation there can be
summed up in a few words, namely, public sentiment in that county
is against the enforcement of the pure food laws.

The situation is very grave, and its serious nature is not due to
the mere item of the loss of certain cases by the State, but to the tem-

16 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

porary arrest of the power of the State, to enforce certain of its
laws in that community, and from the fact that its agents, acting
within the limits of the law which they are sworn to enforce, are
punished for their faithful performance of this duty by having the
costs of prosecution placed upon them to the extent of several thou-
sands of dollars in a single court. If this action is to be accepted
as a principle, controlling all prosecutions under State authority,
then there will soon be an end of civil government in this country.

The details of this case are given in full in the report of the Dairy
and Food Commissioner, and are well worthy of serious considera-
tion.

RULINGS ON THE PURE FOOD LAW OF 1895.

The administering of the food law of June 26, A. D. 1895, pro-
hibiting the manufacture, sale or offering for sale of adulterated food,
defining the term “food,” and declaring what shall be deemed an adul-
teration, has been attended with considerable difficulty, arising
chiefly from difference of understanding in regard to the precise limi-
tations of its requirements. In the absence of published rules, upon
the various points covered by this act, manufacturers and dealers
were largely in ignorance of the exact requirements of the Depart-
ment, with respect to the various kinds of goods placed upon the
market. Their anxiety was also increased because of the fact that
any change in the officials having in charge the enforcement of the
law, might result in the adoption of a different policy, which might
greatly embarrass them in their business and occasion serious loss.

The experience of this Department during the seven years in which
the law has been in operation in this State, together with that of
bflicials having charge of the enforcement of similar laws in other
States of the Union and in foreign countries, seemed sufficient to
enable us to prepare a set of rulings that would cover all of the points
in unmistakable language, and be legal in their requirements.

The adoption and publication of these rulings would place on
record for the information of manufacturers and dealers, the exact
present position of the Department, and would also be a guide for
future officials, in their administration of the law, ensuring harmony
of action during its future existence.

The collection of data for this purpose was begun over two years

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 17

ago, and the preparation of the rulings was undertaken about a year
later. A meeting of all of the chemists and attorneys was called
April 19th, 1901, to outline the work and prepare preliminary lists of
points for consideration. Several other meetings were called later
for the discussion of the items that had been prepared. Later still
complete schedules were mailed to each of the chemists and attorneys
for criticism, until at length in a general meeting the present rulings
were adopted and have been published for the guidance of the agents,
chemists and attorneys of the Department, as well as for the informa-
tion of manufacturers and dealers.

The greatest care, therefore, was exercised in the preparation of
these rulings and they are the result of the combined wisdom and ex-
perience of all of the officers of the Department, who have had expe-
rience in the enforcement of this law. This work of the Department
has received the highest commendation from Dairy and Food Com-
missioners in other States and has had favorable criticism by dis-
tinguished health authorities in this State. There was some slight
adverse criticism at the time of its publication by some who after-
wards stated that they had not fully understood its scope. These
rulings greatly simplify the work of the Department and enable the
Dairy and Food Commissioner, his attorneys, chemists and agents
to act in harmony, with perfect RLU ONS of the provisions of
the act which they are to enforce.

FOOD DEFINITIONS AND STANDARDS.

At the same time at which the subject of rulings under the food
law of 1895 was being considered, the question of definitions and
standards for the various foods was also taken up and a list proposed
which has likewise been published for the information of the public.

These definitions and standards are classified under the several
heads of Meats; Milk and Butter; Fruit Preparations; Saccharine
Products; Spices and Condiments; Flavoring Extracts, and Table
Beverages. By means of these definitions, manufacturers can see
precisely what is regarded by the Department as constituting purity,
without having to write to the Dairy and Food Commissioner each
time that they may be in doubt. The publication of these standards
has greatly relieved the Commissioner in this respect, and has proved

2—6—1901

18 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

a great convenience to manufacturers in the preparation of their
goods for sale in Pennsylvania.

The criticism has been made that these definitions and standards
are purely arbitrary, and not having been enacted into law, have no
standing in court and cannot be sustained.

Whilst it is true that the standards are not legal enactments, yet
they are believed to be so manifestly conservative and acceptable in
their requirements as to make it manifest to the courts, that articles
represented to be pure which do not come up to their requirements
are clearly below proper grade and are, therefore, inferior in quality,
and to that extent, a fraud.

FOOD PRESERVATIVES.

In a recent bulletin issued by this Department, giving the chemists
reports upon samples of food analyzed, attention is called to the fact
that perhaps the greatest danger to the public that exists in the
adulteration of foods, arises from the use of antiseptics or germicides
for the preservation of perishable food substances. The use of these
preservatives is such a convenient and cheap method of preventing
decomposition, that manufacturers and dealers are tempted to take
advantage of their existence and dose their food preparations, until
the public is, unconsciously, being medicinally treated by a class of
manufacturers who are either ignorant of the physical effects of
these preparations, or else are regardless of their consequences upon
the health of an unsuspecting public. Milk, butter, oysters, mince
meat, ham, bacon, canned meats, sausage, bologna, cider, catsup, fruit
juices, jellies, jams, marmalades, canned fruits and vegetables are
all liable to be adulterated with one or more chemical preservatives,
such as sulphurous acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, formaldehyde,
borax, etc., in their various forms.

The following table, by T. Lauder Brunton, taken from Pharma-
cology and Therapeutics, 91, will give some idea of the relative value,
as antiseptics, of some well-known substances, of which it will be

seen that the violent poison, Corrosive Sublimate, ‘is by far the
strongest:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 19

Proportions of Antiseptic to
Mediums Required.

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Salicylic acid, 5 1: 60 1: 3003
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The attitude of Hygienists in regard to the indiscriminate use of
certain preservatives in food, can be seen from the reports of the
proceedings of their meetings, wherever the subject has been dis-
cussed. The following extracts from leading authorities in England
and the United States, express the views of these eminent men, and
show that there is no essential difference of opinion among them as
te the harmfulness of chemical preservatives, indiscriminately used,
upon the public health.

“At the meeting of The Sanitary Institute Congress, held at Bir-
mingham, Sept. 27-30, attended by 1,979 members, the president of the
Sanitary Science Section, Dr. Alfred Hill, M. O. H., Birmingham, in
his address ‘drew attention to the enormous use of food preserva.
tives. Many of them had uncertain physiological effects. .After re-
viewing various methods of preserving food—such as by dry heat,
salt, sugar, etc.,—he referred especially to the more modern methods
of adding chemical substances, such as boric acid, borax, salicylic
acid and formaldehyde. For the preservation of milk, butter, cream
and meat, boric acid was principally and very largely used. It had
been shown that borax was fatal to the lower animal and vegetable
organisms, and he contended that it was also injurious, if not fatal,
to higher organisms. Although some authorities argued that the
small quantities in use as preservatives could not be prejudicial to the
human organisms, they overlooked the fact that at present there was
no limit to the quantity which might be added. He wished to point
out practically that several individuals might add a small quantity
successively, so that the resulting amount might be sufficient to
cause an increased secretion from the intestines, with serious diar-
rhoea as a consequence. Opinions of experts, such as Drs. Stevenson
and Luff were quoted to show that the precise amount which might

20 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dos.

be added and yet be harmless had not yet been determined, while the
notions of food purveyors were much too indefinite to be safe” THE
ONLY PROPER COURSE THEN WOULD BE TO PROHIBIT THE
USE OF SUCH SUBSTANCES ALTOGETHER.”

“Dr. Fosbroke (Worcester C. C.), in moving a vote of thanks to the
President, said ‘that he looked upon boric acid in some respects as he
would arsenic, namely, as useful in small amounts and in skilled
hands only. It should never be given as a ee to children
and invalids.’ ”’—British Medical Journal, Oct. 8, 1898.

The following resolutions by the Tndenneeaied Society of Medical
Officers of Health sustain the above view. The British Medical Jour-
nal of 1899, page 1071, in reporting upon the meeting of the Medical
Officers of Health, states as follows:

“Dr. A. Hill read a paper before the Society of Medical Officers of
Health, April 14, 1899, on the ‘Use of Antiseptics in Foods.’ ”

After the discussion the following resolutions were passed, almost
unanimously:

1. “Resolved, That the Incorporated Society of Medical Officers of
Health strongly disapproves of the practice of adding preservative
chemicals to milk and other foods.

2. “That if preservative chemicals are added to any food, a full dis-
closure as to the nature and amount thereof should be made to the
purchaser.”

In the British Medical Journal of August 18, 1900, Albert S. Grun-
baum, M. D., D. P. H., says:

“If we benna rely on the quantity ad quality of a preservative
being always intimated to the purchaser, it might be possible to per-
mit its use within certain limits, but I see no hope of inducing the
trade at large to do so. * * * For most articles of food the ad-
dition of preservatives should be uncompromisingly forbidden. * * *
We should use the experience already gained in surgery. Asepsis
now rules instead of antisepsis, and what we require is aseptic not
antiseptic food. Two physical means are at our command for this
purpose—heat and cold.”

In the discussion that followed, Dr. Walsh stated, that “without a
more accurate knowledge of the effect of these preservative drugs
on the human system, we lacked data on which to found legislation.
In the present transition stage, Dr. Grunbaum’s insistence upon asep-
Sis as against antisepsis of food was the most practical contribution
yet made on the subject.”

The Mason Committee appointed by the United States Senate had
before it experts upon food adulteration, who testified as to the pro-
priety of the use of antiseptics in foods.

The “Journal of the Americal Medical Association,” published the
following comment upon their sessions held in Chicago:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 21

“The recent session held in Chicago by the Committee appointed
by the United States Senate to investigate the adulterations of food,
furnished a splendid opportunity for the ventilation of the entire food
question, and especially that phase of it pertaining to the use of
preservatives. Seldom have so many chemists of undoubted expe-
rience and reputation uniformly and unequivocally agreed to a ques-
tion upon which there was generally supposed to be a decided differ-
ence of opinion. The witnesses called to testify because of their ex-
perience in the examination of food and theiradulterations, comprised
Dr. W. T. Wiley, Chief Chemist to the Department of Agriculture,
Washington; Dr. A. S. Mitchell, Chemist to the Davey Commission of
Wisconsin; Professor A. B. Prescott and Professor Victor C. Vaughn,
of the University of Michigan, and Professor C. 8S. N. Halburg, of the
School of Pharmacy of the University of Illinois. Every one of these
gentlemen laid down the principle that the addition of any substance
which will retard or prevent fermentation or other change of decom-
position in food or food products in its preparation or preservation,
will also retard, impair or prevent the changes of decomposition upon
whach the digestion and consequent assimilation depend, and to that
extent interfere with nutrition. This is the broad principle, and,
measured by it, all antiseptics, antiferments or other preservative
agents of this character, such as salicylic acid and other phenol de-
rivatives, boric acid, formaldehyde, &c., should be relegated to per-
forming their original function, namely, the paralyzing of pathogenic
bacteria in surgical operations and on the cadaver, and not for inges-
tion in the healthy human stomach, except for intestinal antiseptics
and similar therapeutic purposes. Yet there is no principle, perhaps,
without an exception, and such seems to be the case here. Some of
the experts believed that there was a legitimate use for antiseptics,
or, rather, antiferments, in that class of food preparations called
condiments. Thus it was pointed out that catsup could not be pre-
served for a desirable length of time in the average household with-
out the addition of some preservative. Since the quantities used of
such articles by each individual is comparatively small, no harm could
arise from the employment, within certain defined limits, of a pre-
servative agent in this instance. With less force may the same limi-
tation be applied to the preservation of certain saccharin beverages,
although the more largely used of these—such as beer—require no
addition for their preservation—heat and refrigeration alone. The
additions are, moreover, objectionable, from the fact, as pointed out
by Professor Prescott, that their use facilitates the sale of foods
which otherwise would be rejected on account of its apparent in-
ferior quality or liability to spoil; also, according to Dr. Vaughn, in
that the antiferments are employed in lieu of, or to cover up, defective
or otherwise faulty sterilization and, possibly, refrigeration.”

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

bo

The most extended and thorough investigation into the use and
effect of preservatives and coloring matter in foods is that which has
recently been completed by an English Departmental Committee,
whose report and recommendations have been presented to Parlia-
ment for consideration. The Committee was appointed in July, 1899,
by the Hon. Henry Chaplin, President of the Local Government Board
of England, and consisted of Right Honorable Sir Herbert Eustice
Maxwell, Bart., M. P.; Prof. Thomas Edward Thorpe, Vice President
of the Royal Society; Henry Timbrell Bulstrode, Esq., M. D.; and
Francis Whittaker Tunnicliffe, Esq., M. D.

“To be a Committee to inquire into the use of preservatives and
colouring matters in the preservation and colouring of food, and to
report:

1. “Whether the use of such materials, or any of them, for the
preservation and colouring of food, in certain quantities, is injurious
to health, and if so, in what proportion does their use become inju-
rious.

2. “To what extent, and in what amounts, are they so used at the
present time.”

During the two years and more of the existence of this Committee
they held meetings upon twenty-six days, during which they examined
seventy-cight witnesses. Their report includes the testimony of
these witnesses and embraces over 500 quarto pages.

The Committee after discussing the testimony at considerable
length presented their conclusion in the following set of recommenda-
tions.

Recommendations.

(A.) “That the use of formaldehyde or formalin, or preparations
thereof, in foods or drinks be absolutely prohibited, and that salicylic
acid be not used in a greater proportion than 1 grain per pint in
liquid food, and 1 grain per pound in solid food. Its presence, in all
sases, to be declared.

(B.) “That the use of any preservative or colouring matter what-
ver in milk offered for sale in the United Kingdom be constituted an
ffense under the Sale of Food and Drug Acts.

(C.) “That the only preservative which it shall be lawful to use in
cream be boric acid or mixtures of boric acid and borax, and in
amount not exceeding 0.25 per cent. expressed as boric acid. The
amount of such preservative to be notified by a label upon the vessel.

(D.) “That the only preservative permitted to be used in butter and
margarine be boric acid or mixtures of boric acid and borax, to be
used in proportions not exceeding 0.5 per cent. expressed as boric acid.

(E.) “That in the ease of all dietetic preparations intended for the
use of invalids or infants, chemical preservatives of all kinds be pro-
hibited,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 23

(F.) “That the use of copper salts in the so-called greening of pre-
served foods be prohibited.

(G.) “That means be provided either by the establishment of-a
separate Court of Reference or by the imposition of more direct
obligation on the Local Government Board, to exercise supervision
over the use of preservatives and colouring matters in foods, and to
prepare schedules of such as may be considered inimical to the public
health.”

HERBERT MAXWELL, Chairman.
TOE. THORPE,
H. TIMBRELL BULSTRODE,
EF. W. TUNNICLIFFE,
CHAS. J. HUDDART, Secretary.

The high character of this commission makes the report of unusual
value and entitles their recommendations to most respectful consid:
eration,

The committee in effect excludes all chemical preservatives from
food, except salicylic acid and borax or boric acid. It confines the
use of borax or borie acid to cream and butter. When used in cream,
not more than 0.25 per cent. is permitted, expressed as boric acid,
and the amount to be stated on the label. When borax is used, in
butter, not more than 0.5 per cent. shall be used, expressed as boric
acid. When salicylic acid is used in any food, not more than one
erain, per pint, shall be allowed in liquid food, and not more than one
grain, per pound, in solid food, its presence to be declared.

The testimony before the committee was overwhelmingly against
the use of any and all chemical preservatives in food. ‘The Society of
Medical Officers of Health appointed two delegates to appear before
the Commission who were both opposed to the use of preservatives
and also presented the following resolutions from the Society:

“The Society strongly disapproves of the practice of adding pre-
servative chemicals to milk and other foods. That if preservative
chemicals are added to any food a full disclosure as to their nature
and amounts should be made to the purchaser.”

The evidence of the physicians and surgeons is summed up in the
following statement by the Committee: ‘In so far, however, as ex-
pressions of opinion went, the profession was almost unanimous in
its condemnation of the present unrestricted use of preservatives.

“The medical profession was clearly impressed with the importance
of at least intimating, by a system of labeling, the nature and, where
practicable, the amount of the preservative used.

“In the opinion of Sir Lauder Brunton and other witnesses, it is a
serious matter that a medical man should prescribe a daily dose of
any drug to a patient who may, unknown to himself and the physi-

24 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

cian, be consuming an indefinite quantity of the same drug in his
food. * * * * ‘They were of the opinion that there are certain
conditions of human economy in which the administration of drugs,
such as boric acid and salicylic acid, are held to be contra-indicated.
Among such conditions specific reference was made to inflamatory
states of the kidneys, certain states of the digestive tract, and of the
reproductive organs.

“It was pointed out by several witnesses that, inasmuch as certain
of these conditions are likely, in the aggregate, to be of considerable
prevalence, it is a matter of importance that persons suffering from
such conditions should be protected from the danger to which the
unregulated use of drugs might conceivedly expose them.”

The evidence of the Physiologists and Pharmacologists is also
stated by the Committee in the following language: “It may be said at
once, that all of these witnesses strongly deprecated the unregulated
use of preservatives, at least those at present known. * * * The
a-priori objections of physiologists, to certain preservatives and col-
ouring matters, also rested upon the fact, that they are foreign to the
animal body, and that the continued ingestion of these, could not be
treated with indifference.”

Notwithstanding these strong declarations by these several classes
of expert witnesses against the use of chemical preservatives, the
Committee have, nevertheless, allowed the restricted use of salicylic.
acid and borax.

The fact that the Committee prohibits all use of preservatives in
milk, and in food for invalids and infants, is an admission
that they recognize their possible harmful character. There is no
definition, as to what constitutes an invalid, in the sense of liability
to injury, from the use of these drugs. Any one is an invalid, so far
as necessity for care in diet is concerned, whose digestive organs are
weak, or whose idiosyncrasy is such as to render him easily suscepti-
ble to the influence of certain drugs; and since the great majority of
people are affected in one or both of these ways, the only logical and
safe course, so far as protection of the public health is concerned,
would manifestly have been to have prohibited the use of these pre-
servatives in all foods.

But the Committee, evidently, felt that they were limited in the
application of this safe rule, by the peculiar commercial conditions
that exist in England, and they hint at this in the following state-
ment, taken from their report:

“Tt should be borne in mind that under the conditions in which the
population of Great Britain lives, and more particularly that portion
of it inhabiting the large towns, some preserving agent, not necessa-
rily chemical, appears to be needed in the case of no inconsiderable
portion of its perishable food supply. It is common knowledge that

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 25

the food producing capabilities of this country do not suffice in all
particulars for the needs of its population. Under these circumstances
the total prohibition of preserving methods would clearly be likely to
be attended with serious results to the public health, in that large
quantities of food possessing highly nutritive value might in effect
either be withheld from the poorer classes, or be liable to be con-
sumed by them in a condition of incipient putrefaction.”

In other words, owing to the fact, that Great Britain is compelled
to import from distant countries much of her perishable food supply,
therefore, she is, in a sense, compelled to permit the limited use of
some preservative, believed by the medical profession to be injurious
to health, as the least of two evils.

That this a fair presentation of their attitude, is shown from their
permission of the use of boric acid in cream, but not in milk. Of milk
they have a sufficient supply, but not of cream. [ quote the state-
ment of the Committee:

“In regard to cream, the question is somewhat different. We are
of opinion that, wader present conditions, it would be difficult to
maintain or increase the present supply of cream, without the use of
some preserving agent. The presence of some preserving agent is
less objectionable in cream than in milk, because cream is usually
consumed in much smaller quantities than milk; but inasmuch as
cream is now often prescribed for invalids and children instead of cod
liver oil, we consider that the obligation should be laid on the vender
of cream of notifying the presence, nature and quantity of the preser-
vate.”

The present conditions that exist in Great Britain, do not exist in
the United States. We supply otrselves with these articles of food,
which the British people find it necessary to import, consequently we
are in position to insist that the foods offered in our markets shall
all be pure, not only such as are to be offered to the unfortunates,
who from inheritance or indulgence have weak digestions, but to all
of our people irrespective of their physical condition.

If the Commission had been dealing with conditions, such as obtain
in Pennsylvania, it would, unquestionably, have prohibited the use
of chemical preservatives, without exception.

The declaration of the high authorities, whose testimony and con-
clusions I have quoted at some length, should, in the absence of posi-
tive evidence of the harmlessness of any particular antiseptic or food
preservative, have great weight in controlling the action of the food
authorities, who are entrusted with the enforcement of laws, for the
protection of the public health. It certainly is the duty.of these
officials, to construe the laws as strictly as their provisions warrant,
rather than by a too liberal interpretation, to throw open the mar-
kets, to foods drugged by dealers who know nothing of the effects of

3 :

26 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

these chemicals upon the physical system, and whose only interest is
a purely selfish and mercenary one, namely, to secure their preserva-
tion until they have been able to dispose of them at a profit, utterly
careless of what may be the results of their use, upon the public
health.

The following summary, taken from “The Law and Chemistry of
Food and Drugs,” edited by H. Mansfield Robinson, LL.D., and Cecil
H. Cribb, F. I. C., Fellow of the Chemical Society, gives in brief form,
some of the reasons, why Food Commissioners are under obligation
to exercise great caution in permitting the use of antiseptics in food.

The reasons here given for restricting, if not prohibiting, the use
of preservatives in food, will commend themselves to every unpreju-
diced citizen:

(1) ‘* With regard to medical evidence. It is unnecessary to prove
that preservatives are in all cases injurious. Under certain condi-
tions even violent poisons fail in their action, and one instance of
harm having resulted from a food preservative has infinitely more
weight than numerous cases where large, perhaps enormous, doses
bave been taken with no ill effect.

(2) ‘*The fact that the quantities used are small has no bearing on
the mutter. The constant repetition of a small dose may produce
effect, when a single administration of the same quantity would ut-
terly fail to do so. Moreover, any quantity, enough to act as a pre-
servative, is likely to be enough to do harm; for it is difficult to con-
ceive, that a drug which will affect the protoplasm of such hardy or-
ganisms as bacteria, can be without influence on the delicate mucous
membrane of the stomach and other parts of the alimentary canal.

“(3) Lone of these preservatives is a food, or a natural constituent
of food, neither do they enter into the formation of any part of the
animal body.

“(4) On the other hand, they are drugs, and are used in medicine
for certain definite purposes. It is absurd to forbid pharmacists to
prescribe, and at the same time to allow. the butcher, the brewer and
the butterman to dose the general public without their knowledge or
consent.

“(5) They are not really necessary. There are legitimate methods
of preservation which do not involve the use of drugs, such as sterili-
zation by heat and subsequent packing without access to germ-laden
air; or by refrigeration, which, so long as it is continued, renders fer-
mentation impossible. In many cases, some natural constituent of
the article has more or less marked antiseptic properties; e. y., the
sugar in jams and condensed milk, the salt in butter, and pepper in

sausages,
“(6) As long as their employment is allowed, there will always be

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 27

the danger of its being for other than the legitimate purpose, i. e.,
to conceal incipient putrefuction, and to enable stale goods to be palmed

off as fresh.”

The position occupied by the Department of Agriculture in this State
is perfectly clear, and altogether just, both to the public and the man-
ufacturer and dealer. ;

After a most careful investigation of the entire subject of food pre-
servatives, the Department last summer prepared and published a set
of rulings, one of which is the following declaration, relating to pre-
servatives in food, known as Rule 12: Articles of food that can be
prepared by the use of improved processes, so as to preserve them from
decay and change, shall have no preservatives added, other than salt,
syrup, sugar, saltpetre, spices, vinegar and wood smoke.”

This rule requires that a manufacturer who wishes to use a pre-
servative other than those indicated, shall first show that the article
to be preserved cannot be kept without the use of a preservative; and
he must then show, that the particular preservative which he pro-
poses to use, is not injurious to the public health. He must show, not
simply that it has no appreciable injurious effect upon a healthy and
vigorous man, but that it has no harmful effect upon delicate diges-
tion, in either adult or infant. The importance of the public health
is paramount. The legal maxim is as true to-day, as in the age when
first announced: ‘‘ That the safety of the people is the supreme law.”
“Tn default of law the maxim rules.”

If drugs are to be administered, their prescription should be con-
fined to skilled physicians, who administer them for specific purposes,
and discontinue their use as soon as these purposes are accomplished.
But for butchers and bakers, canners and packers, grocerymen and
dairymen to assume such responsibility, and indiscriminately dose
their unsuspecting customers with harmful chemicals, to the jeop-
ardy of health, ought not to be tolerated.

DIVISION OF ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY.

The work of this Division, during the year, is sammed up by the
Economic Zoologist, whose statement is presented in full, in another
part of this report.

The field embraced by this Division is enlarging each year, and the
necessity for expert investigation, in the discovering and application

28 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. -

of proper means for the control of injurious insects, is greater now
than ever before. We find, on the other hand, that the number of
persons educated in this direction is so small, that it is extremely
difficult to secure the services of men competent for the work. The
future development of the fruit industry in this State is seriously
threatened by the presence of insects, whose destructive power has
been fully demonstrated.

The Curculio, the Apple and Peach Tree Borer, the Black Wooley
Aphis, the Tent Caterpillar, the Grain Moth, the Hessian Fly, the
Army Worm, the Gypsy Moth, the Chinch Bug, the San José Scale
and a multitude of other insects, the control of which is not yet com-
plete, furnish a field for investigation that is of incalculable moment
to the grower of crops.

Prof. E. Dwight Sanderson, of Delaware, in a recent publication,
states that the loss in the United States from injurious insects
amounts to at least three hundred millions of dollars annually. In
other words, that one-tenth of the entire agricultural product of the
country is lost, each year, through the depredations of insects. For
the discovery of instruments of warfare sufficient to overcome these
myriads of devastators, agriculture must look to science.

The country is annually expending millions upon millions of its
income in efforts to discover and perfect more deadly weapons for the
destruction of men, who threaten our institutions and welfare. A
like liberal appropriation would not be out of place, for the discovery
of appliances for the protection of the country against insect enemies,
equally injurious and equally to be feared.

The Department made an effort last winter to have added to its
appropriation a small sum for the work of this Division, but failed to
convince the Legislature of its necessity, and the measure failed.

Some work has, however, been undertaken for the discovery of the
period of activity of the Hessian Fly in the various sections of this
State, and the services of a skilled entomologist have been secured for
this work. Many thousands of samples of growing grain have al-
ready been received from all sections of the State, and examined for
the presence of the larva of this insect. The investigations will
occupy at least a year, and perhaps three or four years, before suffi-
cient data can be secured to justify the offering of advice which can
be relied upon as being safe to follow.

The Department, also, prépared a bill which was presented before
the last Legislature, and passed, which provides for the inspection
of nurseries throughout the State for the presence of San José Scale
and other injurious insect pest or pests. An inspector was ap-
pointed, who has been all over the State during the past autumn, hav-
ing visited one hundred and thirty-one nurseries, embracing an area
of two thousand three hundred and fifty-seven acres. The details of

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 29

his work are given in the report of the Economic Zoologist, before
referred to.

An important convention of official Horticultural Inspectors for
the United States and Canada, was held last November in the city of
Washington, D. C.

These inspectors are charged by their respective States with the
inspection of orchards and nursery stock, for the purpose of discover-
ing whether or not, any injurious insect pest or pests are present, and
to prescribe treatment for their eradication or control.

At this meeting, which was composed of the leading entomologists
of the United States, men who have had extended practical experience
in dealing with insect pests, but who nevertheless differed from each
other in their methods of procedure for their control, the writer of-
fered the following resolution, which was adopted:

“Resolved, That in order to arrive at a common understanding as to
the best insecticides to use for the destruction of San José Scale in
the orchards and nurseries of this country, and in order to secure
definite directions for their application, a committee consisting of
Messrs. Smith, of New Jersey; Webster, of Ohio; Fernald, of Mass.;
Alwood, of Virginia, and Atwood, of New York, is hereby appointed
to prepare a recommendation to this association for its considera-
tion.”

At a later session the above committee presented the following re-
port, which was adopted:

“The committee, after due consideration, finds itself able to agree
upon the following recommendations for treatment:

1. For nurseries: Proper fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas
after inspection.

2. For orchards: Late summer and fall treatment with dilute
solutions of insecticide soaps, oils or other effective insecticides to
kill young scales. Winter treatment with insecticide soaps or oils
sufficiently strong to kill the scale, and which have been proved safe
to trees of all kinds in the region where the application is to be made.”

The guarded nature of the statements in this report, made by the
leading authorities in the United States upon this subject, shows
how undecided even our best equipped scientists are as to the best
methods to adopt for resisting these insect foes.

The need, therefore, for a liberal appropriation to continue investi-
gations along these lines is manifest to any one who has given even
slight attention to the subject.

30 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dee.

FORESTRY DIVISION.

The last Legislature after careful consideration of the needs of
the State in the matter of acquiring control and the subsequent
management of forest lands, passed an act taking the Division of
Forestry from the Department of Agriculture and erecting it into
a separate department of the State government.

The problem of forest management suited to American conditions
is comparatively new, but I am confident that it will be properly
solved by those who have the responsibility for its solution.

I wish to here record my personal appreciation of the ability and
courtesy of the gentleman who was formerly chief of this Division in
the Department of Agriculture, and who now has been advanced to
the head of the new Department of Forestry in this State.

DIVISION OF VETERINARY SCIENCE.

The report of the State Veterinarian gives in detail the important
work of this Division in connection with the State Live Stock Sani-
tary Board. The report shows that a large number of trained scien-
tific men are now engaged, both in this country and in Europe, in the
investigation of the causes of the diseases that attack domestic ani-
mals, and in discovering remedies for these diseases and preventive
methods for the protection of healthy herds.

Much light has been thrown on the origin of diseases by recent
wonderful discoveries in the realm of germ life, or more specifically,
that of bacteriology.

The organisms that produce certain diseases are now known and
easily recognized, and in quite a number of instances the means for
their destruction or control have been discovered. The germs of an-
thrax, tuberculosis, glanders, tetanus, cholera, typhoid fever, diph-
theria have been isolated and their action in attacking the animal
organism fairly well understood.

Remedies of greater or less efficacy have been discovered, and re-
sults reasonably satisfactory have attended their application.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 31

The report of the Veterinarian shows that the Department of Agri-
culture of Pennsylvania is not behind in the work of investigation in
this direction. The Bacteriological Laboratory of the State Live
Stock Sanitary Board, which is practically a part of the Division of
Veterinary Science of this Department, has been doing a large
amount of valuable work. Expressions by individual members of the
recent congress of scientists, held in London, show that Dr. Ravenel,
the Bacteriologist in charge of this laboratory, stands at the head of
his profession, in his investigations into the interchangeable char-
acter of the germs of tuberculosis as between man and domestic
animals. His paper read before that congress, giving the results of
his experiments, and printed in another part of this annual report,
shows that there is at least a strong probability that such inter-
changeability is possible.

The report of the Veterinarian makes clear the fact that we have in
certain localities in our midst, the germs of diseases most dangerous
and destructive to domestic animals, and that these germs, if uncon-
trolled, will speedily spread and do incalculable damage to the live
stock of the State.

The Veterinary Division, therefore, stands between these infested
or infected localities and the balance of the State, confining, so far
as possible, each outbreak to the immediate vicinity of its origin.
What the State has gained by this vigilance, and skilled and promnt
treatment of contagious diseases, it is of course impossible to accu-
rately estimate, but that its value is very great can easily be under-
stood, when it is known that the sale of a single diseased herd has
spread infection far and wide and has resulted in the loss of many
times the original number. The work of this Division is, therefore,
most important to the live stock breeders and owners of the State,
and its efforts to suppress the spread of contagious diseases should
be encouraged by all who have the welfare of the Commonwealth at
heart.

As is the case in all of the other Divisions of the Department of
Agriculture, the work in this Division is also scientific in its char-
acter, and none but the most skillful should be employed in the admin-
istration of its affairs.

To ensure a supply, for the future, of competent men in this work, I
repeat the recommendation made in my last report, that opportunity
should be given and inducements offered to young veterinarians of
ability to work in the laboratory of the Board, gradnally increasing
their compensation as they develop in skill, until they shall prefer to
continue in the service of the State, rather than engage in private
practice. If young men could be assured of permanence in such em-
ployment, the State in future years would be distinguished because

32 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

of its advanced position in the development of agriculture, through
the work of the skilled scientists in her employ.

The work of this Division is so fully set forth in the report of the
Veterinarian, that it is unnecessary to do more here than direct atten-
tion to it without repeating its statements.

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

It is the duty of the Secretary of Agriculture “to collect samples of
commercial fertilizers; to have them analyzed, and to publish the
results for the information of the public.” During the past year
there have been two bulletins issued by the Department, giving the
results of analyses of fertilizers, one giving the results of analyses of
samples taken in the spring, and the other that of samples taken in
the fall. Fourteen hundred and ten samples were collected, and of
these, seven hundred and sixty-one were analyzed. The samples an-
alyzed were classified as follows:

Complete Fertilizers, containing Phosphoric Acid, Potash and Nitrogen,................. 470
Dissolved Bone, containing Phosphoric Acid and- Nitrogen, ..........ccsscccccscescccascace 6
Rock and Potash, containing Phosphoric Acid and Potash, .........cccsecesscccecscccescees 102
Acidulated Rock containing: hosphoric VACA nos ccc ve elclw vja\«101sis\e alcisisiviclcleleisistcleiclaisieleleisic sivielelere | 98
Ground Bone, containing Phosphoric Acid and Nitrogen, .............cseccscccccssvcecscece | Ti
Miscellaneous, such as Potash Salts, and Nitrate of Soda, ....ccccccccccccccccsescccccssece 8

Totslesamples analy ZG iM. 19015 werctcte/ataiciais/s)sislx'e.<\</elnJu\s ojclsie)s s)cieiaielniaje\eieln’vjeieisieisiarsiala cin’aisielejelelaiete’s 761

The analyses shows that manufacturers are, for the most part, en-
deavoring to comply with the law, and are putting out goods up to the
guarantee, and at fairly reasonable cost to the purchaser. In cases
where goods fall below the guarantee in one element, they frequently
overrun in the others thus, to some extent, equalizing the cost to the
manufacturer, although not giving to the purchaser the precise fer-
tilizing constituent which be had a right to expect. I¢ is difficult in
such cases to always determine whether the manufacturer intention-
ally lowered the particular. ingredient, found to be deficient, or
whether it was the result of defective manipulation in the mixing of
the goods.

Until the end of the past year the Secretary, in whose hands is
placed the enforcement of the law, had no direct power to compel its
observance, owing to a clause in the act which provided that the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 33

‘informer be the purchaser and the goods be for his own use.” A new
act remedying this defect was passed by the Legislature of 1901,
which goes into effect Jan. 1, 1902. This act also increases the license
fee on fertilizers sold amounting to 100 tons or less, to fifteen dollars
instead of ten. This increased sum will now about cover the expenses
of collection and analysis.

‘Each year there is compiled and published for the benefit of manu-
facturers, as well as dealers and farmers, a schedule of values for the
various ingredients which are used in the manufacture of commercial
fertilizers, rating these constituents according to the ruling prices,
which prevail at the time, in the wholesale trade in New York and
Baltimore. The schedule of values for fertilizer ingredients for 1901
is as follows:

Cents

per pound.
Nitrogen: |
iim Gamaenie) GANIGE Sepa Sanaa cnooo oboe donc obcunOOcU nod pUROODOUp ODO acdc added conadecandoocuus j 1644
MPMTIN EE SUCES of cieiclescisiwielels/sia einiaiaisin eiatolaleieiniele ole o wlcicle» alcinia nieivlcleiai>\s)e/ele «lr isis ele'e|sisieicie.v e(s\ejeivinisislele sino Ae'e 14
In meat, dried blood and mixed fertiliZeTS, ...... cece cee es ees e eee eer eer enreeeeeceees 16
In cotton seed meal and CastOr-POMACE, ....ccre cc eerreecene cece eseeenccssssscrceveres 16
an fine Sround Hone and taNKaZe, 6.0... ccc ccesccseccaccccccscecsscvccceesecsssecesisies 11
Coarse hone and tankage, ........ ccerceccccccecccccccccsccsercsssesscescssscccccces 9
Binahone acid: |
Soluble in water, in bone fertilizers, ...........cccec cece cece eee e cee e eet eecnsecesvens 5
Soluble in water, in rock fertilizers, ..........-.-...00- “ad 3
Soluble in ammonium citrate, in bone fertilizers, 416
Soluble in ammonium citrate in rock fertilizers, aaa, rie 2%
Insoluble in ammonium citrate, im bone fertilizers, .......ccseeececeecrsereeeceeces 2
nA plein AMMONIUM CILLALe, 1m) LOGI, nc css’ snclecec tice le clicet clo civiccicidvcicescecece 114
Dn fine bone, tankage and ASH, .......... sc cc cscs scccceccccecscrccsveccccsveseccnonses 8%
WMAMCOATSE HONE ANGNtANKASES, .occe ce sce cnc nec wesc seein cde seerivlecsiscvessincssisavccncrecse 216
In cotton seed meal, castor-pomace and WO00d ASHES, .....e eee sere eee e cece cree eee
Potash:
In high-grade sulfate or in forms free from MUPiate, ..... cece see cere seer ee eee eeeee
ist) TWAS, Qaadgnodbdebosnodoaocnaoedn BHO UC oOpE Sn onorococondcDaGoouebrct ponwRoCesenccdr 4,

Potash in excess of that equivalent to the chlorin present, will be
valued as sulfate, and the remainder as muriate.

Nitrogen in mixed fertilizers will be valued as derived from the
best sources of organic nitrogen, anless clear evidence to the con-
trary is obtained.

Phosphoric acid in mixed fertilizers is valued at bone phosphoric
acid prices, unless clearly found to be derived from rock phosphate.

Bone is sifted into two grades of fineness: Fine, less than 1-50 inch
in diameter; coarse, over 1-50 inch in diameter.

The result ened by the use of this schedule does not cover the
items of mixing, bagging, freight and agents’ commission. To cover
these, allowances are made as follows:

For freight, an allowance of $2.00 per ton on all fertilizers.

For bagging, an allowance of $1.00 per ton on all fertilizers, except
when sold in original packages. j

3—6—1501

34 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ~ Off. Doe.

For mixing, an allowance of $1.00 per ton on complete fertilizers
and rock-and-potash goods.

For agents’ commission, an allowance of 20 per cent. is added to the
‘ash values of the goods ready for shipment.

The mean quotations on freight from New York, Philadelphia and
Baltimore to Harrisburg, in January, 1897, was $1.68 per ton, in lots
of twelve tons or over; in May, 1899, quotations by the Pennsylvania
Railroad were: From New York, $2.40; from Philadelphia, $1.70;
and from Baltimore, $1.55; mean rate from the three points, $1.88.

The use of concentrated manures has been increasing in this State
until, during the year, one thousand and one distinct brands were
upon the market, and there was expended for them, according to the
census in 1899, the enormous sum of $4,686,080. The benefit of
their application is no longer questioned by progressive and intel-
ligent farmers, and yet large as is the number of those who use them,
many others who fully appreciate their value, hesitate to incur the ad-
ditional expense of their purchase, for fear lest an unfavorable season
or some insect pest, cause a failure of the crop and the money thus
invested be temporarily lost.

The farm lands of the State have been gradually yielding up their
valuable plant food to the crops which they have produced, until now
in many districts, one or more of the necessary ingredients have be-
come exhausted and the land refuses any longer to yield full crops
without the restoration to it of some fertilizing ingredient which sup-
plies this need. The problem of restoring lost fertility to the soil is,
therefore, forcing itself upon the farmers of the State in a way and to
a degree that demands immediate attention.

The great obstacle in the way of securing abundance of fertilizers
is, of course, the cost; and yet this can in most cases be greatly re-
duced, if the farmer will study his soil and test its requirements.
After doing this he may discover that a single and comparatively
cheap ingredient is all that is necessary, and he can consequently
save the money that he otherwise would have spent for several other
costly ingredients which his soil did not need.

The securing of the costly fertilizer, nitrogen, through the use of
leguminous crops, is now practiced by all advanced agriculturists,
and the time doubtless will come, when the sale to the general far-
mer, of fertilizers containing this ingredient, will largely cease alto-
gether. Many are also discovering that “cultivation is manure.”
Thorough cultivation has done marvelous things for poor soils and
will continue to pay those who practice it a large percentage on the
labor expended. It does this not only in effecting the more rapid de-
composition of the rack cl mts, freeing them for the use of the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 35

plants, but also in conserving the moisture in the soil for the use of
crops instead of allowing it to evaporate and be lost.

The great question for the agricultural people in Pennsylvania to
solve, is that of discovering how to secure abundance of good fertili-
zers cheap. The first duty is to carefully husband and utilize that
which every farm yard contains; grow leguminous plants, cultivate
the soil and then test the land with phosphoric acid, potash and nitro-
gen, applied separately, and note their effects upon the subsequent
crops.

SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS.

The law creating the Department of Agriculture provides for
“Special Investigations” to be conducted under the direction of the
Secretary. The remarkable progress which agriculture has made
in the past few years has been largely due to the work of investiga-
tion conducted by State Experiment Stations, and the Department of
Agriculture in the several States and at Washington. |

Trained scientists in these institutions have been directing their
attention and skill to the solution of problems in agriculture with the
result of gradually elevating the calling into one of the learned pro-
fessions. Science has indeed taken the hand of practice and is lead-
ing agriculture from the realm of empyricism into that of well estab-
lished principles whose laws are as well defined and as certain in their
action, as any others which control in the natural world. In many
cases, scientific investigation upon a single subject must be continued
for several years before any authoritive declaration can be made.
Results must be tested and confirmed year after year before it is safe
to announce them as well established facts. This Department has
been engaged in this character of work for several years. Last year
there were twelve distinct subjects undergoing examination, and this
year seven:

Investigation into the habits of the Hessian Fly, under the various
conditions of climate, soil and location in this State.

Investigation into the habits, life and adaptability of the Honey
Bee to Pennsylvania conditions.

Investigation into the best methods of feeding steers for market.

Tnvestigation into the best practice in the shoeing of horses.

Investigation into the character of the condensed milk industry.

36 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Otf. Doe.

Investigation into the character of the fats used in the adulteration
of chocolate and cocoa. f

Investigation into the character of canned goods found upon the
markets of the State.

Accurate information upon these subjects is of the highest import-
ance to the people of the State, and the Department is endeavoring to
supply this information as rapidly as its resources will warrant.

If the investigation into the causes of the ravages of the Hessian
Fly will enable our farmers to sow their grain at a date when this
insect is not active, or to select a variety of grain that can resist their
attack, many millions of dollars will annually be saved to the farmers
of the State. During the year thousands of samples of growing
wheat have been collected from all parts of the State and examined;
the elevation of all the points of selection ascertained, and the con-
ditions as to variety, date of sowing and character of soil all recorded.
The farmers of the State have been very helpful in securing samples
and transmitting them promptly to the expert who conducts the
examination. As soon as possible the Department should be so en-
larged as to be able to employ, as a part of its regular force, trained
‘investigators who will devote their entire time to scientific work
along agricultural lines. It is through such work that the agricul-
ture of the future must be advanced.

PUBLICATIONS.

The Department has prepared and published during the year its
sixth annual report in two volumes.. Volume one contains 1009
pages, and volume two 348 pages. The law provides for the printing
of 31,600 copies of this report, to be distributed, to the Senate, 9,000
copies; to the House of Representatives, 20,000 copies; to the De-
partment of Agriculture, 2,000 copies; to the State Librarian, 500
copies; and to the State Agricultural Experiment Station, 100 copies.

The number apportioned to the Department of Agriculture is en-
tirely inadequate; the editions of some years being entirely exhaust-
ed. At least 5,000 copies should be given to the Secretary for dis-
tribution in order to meet the demand.

Since the organization of the Department in 1895, there have been
published 87 Bulletins of information to farmers. Seventeen of these

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 37

have been published during the past year. The Secretary is limited
in the publication to 5,000 copies of any one bulletin. As a conse-
quence some editions are exhausted, and no provision is made under
the law for the issue of an additional number. The Secretary should
have authority to print at least-20,000 copies in his discretion. The
demand for Department publications is very great. As evidence of
their value and of public appreciation, there has not been a day during
the past year in which the mail has not brought requests for publi-
cations. They are called for by farmers and agricultural experts all
over the United States and Canada, and numerous requests come from
abroad, England, Germany, Irance, Australia and other foreign coun-
tries. In many cases these letters are accompanied with the request
that the names of the writers be added to our list that they may get
‘future publications.

These bulletins have been found very convenient in replying to in-
quiries for information upon special topics in agriculture. A bulle-
tin treating of the subject is mailed to the inquirer, and in this way
a much more satisfactory answer is given than would be possible in
a written reply.

The following list shows the variety and importance of the subjects
treated in the bulletins published during the past year.

Bulletin No. 71. The Consolidation of Country Schools and the
Transporting of the Scholars by use of Vans; by H. H. Longsdorf,
A.M.,M.D. 8&9 pages.

Bulletin No. 72. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers.
171 pages.

Bulletin No. 73. Synopsis of the Tax Laws of Pennsylvania; by
Gen. Thomas McCamant. 1351 pages.

Bulletin No. 74. The Repression of Tuberculosis in Cattle by San-
itation; by Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Veterinarian. 23 pages.

Bulletin No. 75. Tuberculosis of Cattle and the Pennsylvania Plan
for its Repression; by Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Veterinarian, and
M. P. Ravenel, M.D. 262 pages.

Bulletin No. 76. A Co-operative Investigation into the Agricul-
tural Seed Supply of Pennsylvania; by Prof. George C. Butz. 50
pages.

Bulletin No. 77. Bee Culture; by Dr. C. C. Miller. 103 pages.

Bulletin No. 78. List of County and Local Agricultural Societies;
by Hon. A. L. Martin, Deputy Secretary of Agriculture. 10 pages.

Bulletin No. 79. Rabies; by Mazyck P. Ravenel, M. D. 28 pages.

Bulletin No. 80. Decisions of the Department of Agriculture on
the Pure Food Act of 1895. 19 pages.

Bulletin No. 81. Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs in Penn-
sylvania; by Wm. Frear, Ph. D. 135 pages.

38 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off: Doc.

Bulletin No. 82. Containing the Law Creating a Department of
Agriculture in Pennsylvania, &c. 89 pages.

Bulletin No. 88. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers.
132 pages.

Bulletin No. 84. Methods of Steer-Feeding; by G. C. Watson and
A.K. Risser. 16 pages.

Bulletin No. 85. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania; Season of
1901-1902. 101 pages.

Bulletin No. 86. List of Licenses Granted by the Dairy and Food
Commissioner. 421 pages.

Bulletin No. 87. Giving Average Composition of Feeding Stuffs.
42 pages.

The Bulletins published during the year would, if bound together,
make a volume of 1,822 pages, representing a vast amount of work,
most of it being by experts of established reputation.

LIBRARY AND MUSEUM.

Attention was called in last year’s report to the importance of a
well selected library for the use of the Department, and a small ap-
propriation was asked for to be applied to this purpose. The Appro-
priation Committee did not allow the item, and the measure was
dropped.

A few necessary books of reference were, however, purchased,
which, together with the exchanges with agricultural departments in
other States, has added quite materially to the library equipment. In
estimating the space needed by the department in the new capitol
building, a large room was requested for use as a library and museum.
It is hoped, therefore, that when the Department is finally located in
its new quarters ample provision will be provided for cases for books.

The necessity for a well equipped museum representing the agricul-
tural capabilities of our State, is brought to our attention by the great
National exhibitions being held each year, at which the resources of
the several States are exhibited to the world. Pennsylvania is not
behind the foremost of her sister States in agricultural production,
and yet no exhibit worthy of her position and resources as a producing
State is at hand for use upon such occasions. It is manifestly im-
practicable to prepare a proper exhibit in a single year or without an

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 39

appropriation of considerable amount. If, however, a moderate sum
of money could be appropriated each year in the furtherance of a
museum, very soon the State would have an exhibit of which it would
not need to be ashamed. The appropriation asked for last year for
this purpose was not given, and as a consequence, nothing could be
done to carry forward this important work.

A modern museum in agriculture should not be a place for the mere
piling up of material in order to fill space. It should be educational
in its purpose rather than spectacular. ‘To multiply bushels of grain
or tons of vegetables, or the arranging of sheaves in fantastic form,
has no educational value. Any well conducted city market will show
all this any day of the year. A great State Department of Agricul-
ture cannot afford to appear before an intelligent and discriminating
public with the common-place, every-day productions familiar to
every country child, but must make use of the advanced scientific
knowledge of agriculture and exhibit the results of the application of
this knowledge in the producing of crops. An exhibition of wheat,
for instance, should show the plant in its stages of growth. The
grain, the flower, the roots, the bran, the dust. There should be shown
the starch, the gluten, the oil, the chemical constitution as affected by
fertilizers, soil, moisture, sunshine; should show the soil and its con-
stitution, the insects that affect the plant, the fungus diseases that
attack it, the yield, the fertilizers adapted to its growth, together
with an account of the rainfall which it received, the temperature dur-
ing the period of growth, and all of the facts that had any influence in
the production of the crop. Such an exhibition becomes a study and
is worth the time and attention of any man who is interested in know-
ing the best way to cultivate or manufacture this cereal. An exhibit
at any great fair, to be at all in keeping with the dignity of the State,
should be arranged in Divisions, each in charge of a scientific expert,
to prepare, and afterwards to oversee, while on exhibition. A Divi-
sion of Cereals, one of Forage Crops, one of Live Stock, one on Dairy
Products, others on Soils, Fruits and Fruit Husbandry, Vegetables,
Flowers and Foliage Plants, Insects, Fertilizers, Poultry, Tobacco,
Bacteria, Statistics. Such an exhibit, properly prepared,arranged and
explained, would be worth more to the farming public than all of the
train loads of products usually heaped up in agricultural buildings at
these great fairs. By having such an exhibit, placed in portable
cases, it could be preserved from year to year and serve to interest
and instruct agricultural people for a generation to come, and always
be available for shipment to any part of the country where its pres-
ence is desired.

The Department of Agriculture ought to begin the preparation of
such a Museum, and a proper appropriation for this work ought to be
made by the next Legislature.

40 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

GOOD ROADS.

Good roads for the country districts in Pennsylvania have become a
social and business necessity, and their construction cannot be much
longer delayed.

Social and business conditions have so changed, that agriculture
which forty years ago was supreme among the occupations in the
number of those who pursued it as a calling, is now but one of many
industries and professions which imvite attention. The new indus-
tries which have developed so wonderfully in recent years are mostly
located in the towns and cities, as a consequence, country people, at-
tracted by what they suppose to be greater business opportunities
and social advantages, are flocking to these centres of population,
and the couniry, as has been indicated in another part of this report,
is rapidly losing its strength and influence in the government of the
State.

However widely individuals may differ as to the influence which
bad roads have had upon this movement of population, there is no dis-
puting the fact, that where rapid, cheap and easy transit exists in the
country, the flow is to that district from the near-by cities and towns.
Abington township, Montgomery county, Pa., has highly improved
roads. The population of this township in 1890 was 2,703. In 1900
the population has increased to 3,803, and there had also been formed
a borough of 512 people, making a total gain of 1,612 in ten years.

Cheitenham township, which adjoins Abington, had a population in
1890 of 4,746. In 1800 this had increased to 6,154. Lower Merion
township, in Delaware county, where Mr. A. J. Cassatt constructed
goods roads a number of years ago, increased in population 3,756.
Haverford township, which adjoins Lower Merion, shows a gain of
681. Moreland township, adjoining Abington, shows a gain of 573.
All of these townships have improved roads, whilst Upper Dublin
township, also adjoining Abington township, with unimproved roads,
lost population in the last decade. This locality has been chosen for
the illustration, because here the best roads in the State have been
built, and the effects are seen in the population which flows into these
localities, whilst other places, near by but with unimproved roads,
are losing year by year. Not only has the rural population largely in-
creased in these good road districts, but the value of land has been
enhanced and the character of the citizenship has greatly improved.
It can scarcely be regarded as accidental, that these localities, in -
which the best roads exist, are increasing in population and wealth,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 41

whilst others, near by, and unimproved in this respect, are either
standing still, or retrograding. Quick and easy transportation has
become a necessity in the country as well as in the cities, and popu-
lation will leave a community where this cannot be had.

Free Rural Mail Delivery also joins in the demand for good roads.
This great public convenience cannot exist, where the roads are un-
suitable for travel during any considerable portion of the year. The
farmers are coming to realize this, and are, after a fashion, endeavor-
ing to improve their roads, but the lack of skilled and constant super-
vision makes the effort costly, and the resuits altogether unsatisfac-
tory.

The Hon. A. W. Machen, General Superintendent of the Rural Free
Delivery System, U.S. Postal Department, in a paper presented at the
meeting of the International Good Roads Congress at Buffalo, declar-
ed that “the only obstacle now encountered in the extension of rural
free delivery is the unimproved condition of our country roads. In
many sections of this country the roads are what are called dirt or
mud roads. They are narrow and tortuous, and the only work done
on them is practically confined to going over them with a road ma-
chine or scraper once a year. The principal effect of this work is to
pile up in the middle of the read all the muck and rubbish which has
accumulated on the sides during the rest of the year, so that in wet
weather, unless the soil is very sandy, the whole surface becomes
rutted and is soon converted into a series of mud-holes. This is par
ticularly the case in most of the farming sections of the middle west,
and to a large extent in the south; also as far east as western New
York and Pennsylvania. * * * Goods roads are indispensible
to a really efficient service. *°* * A well-built and well-kept
road will permit of such a service; over bad roads it cannot be main-
tained.”

This statement, coming from the source it does, is notice to the
public that free rural mail delivery will depend for its extension upon
the condition of the public roads.

But the most urgent demand for good roads comes from the public
schools in the country districts. If, as is shown in another part of
this report, the consolidation of the schools is the only solution of
the problem of securing the proper and economical education of
country children, it certainly also is true, that the consolidation can-
-not be completely effected until good roads make the transportation
of the children to and from school possible. Good roads and better
rural schools are dependent upon each other. The latter cannot be
had without the assistance of the former, and country people are now
coming to realize this as never before.

The question of farm labor in the future must be largely solved
through the improvement of the public roads. The great obstacle in

4

42 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

retaining labor in the country is found in the fact that from December
until April there is nothing for the day laborer to do, consequently
he sells his home, moves to the town, rents a house near a factory,
and so is lost to the community in which he was raised. A good
road to the town would to a great extent have remedied this. It
would have enabled the laborer to live anywhere from four to five
miles in the country, retain his home and surroundings, and on a
bicycle, run to town in from twenty to thirty minutes, in time for
work.

Quick, easy and cheap transportation will also enable the country
resident to secure help from the towns in times of special
necessity, such as occur at the time of the planting, harvesting and
care of crops. The towns and cities thus become reservoirs of labor,
where assistance can be had by the country in time of need.

The value of improved roads in affording increased facility for the
marketing of crops, attendance upon church, visits to the store, or
shop, are too well known and appreciated to make it necessary to fur-
ther discuss.

Good roads for the country have become a social and business neces-
sity for country people, and in no State is this necessity greater, or
reform in methods of road construction more needed, than in our own
State of Pennsylvania. We have, in this State, about one hundred
thousand miles of country roads, constructed and maintained under
a system of supervision in which the selection of supervisors, not of
the fittest, but of the most unfit, is asually made. By it men are se-
lected who are willing to stand out on the public roads for a dollar
and a half a day and watch two or three other men do nothing, often
worse than nothing, do positive damage to an otherwise passable
road. As long as this system exists, just so long will our roads be un-
satisfactory. Incompetent supervision, in any branch of business, is
destructive of that business. Road supervision is no exception to
this rule, and this accounts for the deplorable condition of our roads,
notwithstanding the expenditure of over four millions of dollars in
their maintenance each year, or about forty dollars per mile annually
on every mile of road. The wise expenditure of this sum, would, of
itself, give us improved roads in comparatively few years, but, until
a system is adopted which insures proper supervision, we can only
expect, that which we have already experienced in all of the past
years, wasted money and bad roads.

We have been endeavoring, for several years, to get aid from the
State for road improvement, but so far have failed to secure it. State
aid will never be given, and ought not to be given, until the State is
assured that the money which it contributes is more wisely expended,
than that which the townships now raise. A law is now on the
statute books which aims to provide competent supervisors, but is

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 43

inoperative until one million of dollars has been set aside by the
Legislature for road purposes. This law provides in general:

First. For a Board of three supervisors in each township, elected,
one each year for three years.

Second. For road masters appointed by the Board of Supervisors,
to have immediate charge of the roads and oversee the work.

Third. Fora treasurer of the Board, who keeps the books and ac-
counts and attends to all of the clerical work of the Board.

The distinctive feature of this law is, in providing a Board that
shall be continuous; never going out of existence; whose members will
not have to stand over the workmen and see the work done, but sim-
ply give direction to the road masters who shall attend to this duty.
This makes it possible for the most busy man in a community to act
on the Board of Road Supervision, and so the best talent can be se-
lected to give direction in road construction and improvement, in-
stead or the most incompetent.

The law is not a road law, strictly speaking, but a supervisors’ law.
lt constitutes a Board which is continuous; never closes accounts; is
always in existence; always on duty, and the majority of whom will
have had at least one year’s previous experience.

At present, in about all of the road districts, the entire Board of
Supervisors go out of office at the end of each year, and a totally new
and inexperienced set come in. These new men must be educated
in road control, but as soon as they get some information, a new sei
comes in, as ignorant as their predecessors, and the reign of incompe-
tence is continued.

A permanent continuous Board can be educated, and although one
man goes out each year, the information remains in the Board, and in
the course of a few years, the Board is fairly well educated; instead
of being a system of retrogression, we have one of progression and
accumulation. Teach first, how to construct a good road; and second,
how to maintain it. As soon as such boards can be put into control,
then we are ready for State aid, and not before.

Aid from the State in Pennsylvania means assistance from corpora-
tions, money at interest, loans and taxable property other than real
estate. In Pennsylvania, State aid to the townships, means receiving
money from the State, by country people, which they did not contri-
bute, but which comes from other sources.

These other interests, which are thus taxed for road purposes, are
just as much benefited by the improvement of the roads, through the
country districts, as are the country people themselves, and it is not
a bonus or gift, to the country people, to provide State aid from this
fund, but it is simply an investment, on the part of the State, for the
benefit of all of the interests of the Commonwealth.

44 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

CATTLE FOOD CONTROL.

Early in the session of the Legislature of 1901, the Department
prepared a bill for providing for the inspection of cattle foods. The
bill required that all packages of concentrated feeding stuffs, manu-
factured or sold in this State, shall have affixed thereto, in a conspic-
uous place on the outside thereof, a legible and plainly printed state-
ment clearly and truly certifying the number of net pounds of feed-
ing stuif contained therein; the name, brand or trade mark under
which the article is sold; the name and address of the manufacturer
or importer, and a statement of the percentage it contains of crude
fat and of crude protein. This bill, after being amended in several
particulars, was passed and is now on the statute books of the State.
The act did not go into effect until October of 1901. Manufacturers
and dealers were notified of the passage of such a law and a copy
was sent for their information.

Preparations have been completed for taking samples for analysis
after the first of January, 1902. The law requires the labeling of
all packages containing linseed meal, cotton seed meal, gluten meal,
maize feed, sugar feed, dried brewers’ grains, malt sprouts, hominy
foods, cerealine feed, rice meal, ground beef or fish scraps and all
other materials of a similar nature. No foreign mineral substance,
nor substance injurious to the health of animals, shall be mixed with
any feeding stuff sold, or offered or exposed for sale in this State.
A bulletin, giving tables showing the composition of feeding stuffs,
has been published, accompanied with an explanation of the method
of calculation to be pursued. This will aid manufacturers and deal-
ers, as well as consumers, in compounding or mixing grains or other
concentrated feeding stuffs so as to secure a mixture containing the
relative proportions of protein and fat which they wish in a ration,
and also enable them to form a proper estimate of the money value of
the food. Other States have found laws of this character very benefi-
cial and we also may expect similar advantages from the law lately
enacted for this State.

No; 6). . DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 45

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Rural Schools.

—————_

The past year marks an era io the history of the education of
country children in Pennsylvania. An examination of the conditions
which have existed in the country schools by which the teacher was
required to hear an average of twenty-seven classes each day, with
only the present limited course of study, made it clear to the Legisla-
ture that something should be done to relieve the country school
teacher of this burden, and at the same time provide for the giving of
a course of study to children in the country districts equal to that
found in the best town and city schools. This was accomplished by
making an appropriation of $50,000 for the carrying, of the Township
High School Law of June 28th, 1895, into effect, and by the passage
of an act providing for consolidating the township schools into a
single central graded school and for the transportation of scholars
to and from this central school. The operation of these two laws will
make it no longer necessary for parents to send their children to the
town or city schools to be educated, but their academic training, pre-
paratory to entrance into college, can be had in every community.
Necessary additional studies can now be introduced, and the children
can have more of the teachers’ time and attention than was possible in
the isolated school. The deep interest which exists among country
people in regard to the new law providing for the consolidation of the
schools, is seen in the farmers’ institutes which were held in the past
autumn. Expressions of gratification are heard in every institute
meeting, and numerous inquiries come to the Department asking for
documents explaining precisely the method of carrying the law into
effect.

No State has now more advanced legislation in this direction than
ours, and no law passed by any legislature since the enactment of the
consolidation act of 1854, is more valuable to country people. This
one act, in the interest of agriculture, is worth, in my judgment, all
that the Legislature of 1901 cost to the people of the State.

46 ANNUAL REPCRT OF THE Off. Doc.

AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS.

The State is fortunate in having a number of influential and efficient
societies founded for the promotion of the interests of agriculture
within her borders, and which are now actively engaged in fulfilling
the purposes of their creation.

These organizations are purely voluntary associations, composed of
public spirited gentlemen who were interested along one or more lines
of agriculture, and who have found it profitable to meet and exchange
views, hold exhibitions, encourage new methods of practice, and aid
in promoting a more general and intelligent interest, on the part of
country people, in agricultural development and education.

County Societies.

Among the earliest of these organizations, were the county agricul-
tural societies, established originally for the purpose of holding ex-
hibitions of farm crops, animals and machinery. Year after year,
these societies met, and by means of premiums offered for superior
articles, stimulated agricultural people to exercise greater care in
their farming and make an effort to excel in the preduction of some
article or animal which would surpass those previously produced.

Highty-three of these county or local associations are now in ex-
istence in the State, most of them being incorporated and officered
with a president, secretary, treasurer and board of directors. The
reports of these associations for the year 1900, made to the Deputy
Secretary of this Department, show “that the attendance at 49 of these
societies in 1900 was 1,143,071, or an average of 23,327 for each society
so reporting. There were held during 1900, fifty-six agricultural ex-
hibitions in the State. The total premiums paid by forty-nine of
these societies in that year are recorded at $119,830.60, or an average
for each of the 49 societies so reported, of $2,445.52. Thirty-nine
societies offer a total in premiums for 1901, of $183,350.00, or an aver-
age of $3,419.23 for each of said societies so reported. This repre-
sents an increase in premiums offered this year, over and above those
paid in 1900, of 39 per cent. <A total of forty-seven of the societies
herein recorded have a one-half mile race track, and seven a one-third
mile track.”

It is evident, that, as a means of education, these associations have

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 47

exceptional opportunities. The thousands that attend them are there
to see and to hear anything that may be of interest or use. Careful
study, therefore, should be given to the question of the character of
the exhibits and entertainments. ‘The effort should be to have all of
the departments of the fair interesting and instructive. To secure
these ends, the first question that should be taken up is, What do the
agricultural people most need to know? After having discovered
this, then plan to meet their wants. It will soon be discovered that
they are not much interested in things that are inferior or of only
ordinary character. They desire to learn, and in order to make this
possible, the best should be presented and every effort be put forth
to secure specimens, as near perfection as possible in each class.

State Agricultural Society.

The interest excited by the local societies, resulted in the forma.
tion of a State organization in 1851, known as the State Agricultural
Society. The list of members of this society, embraces the names of
a large number of the most influential and capable citizens, that the
last half century has produced in Pennsylvania. Ever since its or-
ganization, this society has held exhibitions each year, most of which
have been remarkable for attendance and interest. Unfortunately,
the society some years ago, became involved, through no fault of its
own, in a debt which has seriously crippled it ever since. It is now,
however, about clear of this incumbrance, and is again ready to occupy
its old position of prominence and usefulness in the agriculture of the
State. In New York State the Legislature makes a large appropria-
tion, annually, to the State Fair Association, to aid in the payment of
the premiums offered, with the result that their yearly fairs are now
regarded as among the best in the United States, and large numbers
of farmers, from other States visit them for the purpose of securing
the valuable information which the exhibit provides. Pennsylvania
ought to do a like service for its State Society, and aid its managers
in their efforts to show to our own citizens and those of other States,
what Pennsylvania agriculture actually is, by exhibiting ber best
products in a general collection, where, at slight expense, they can be
viewed and compared, by all who are interested in this great industry.

The State Board.
The Agricultural Society was organized, chiefly, for the purpose of
holding exhibitions or fairs. After about twenty-five years of expe-

48 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dos.

rience in this method of educating the public in agriculture, some of
our citizens felt that the times required a more scientific form of in-
struction, and in 1876, the State Board of Agriculture was organized
by act of the Legislature, composed of one member elected by each
county agricultural society which was entitled to $100 from the county
treasury, from having contributed a like sum for exhibition purposes.
This new organization, or Board as it was called, devoted itself to
meeting and hearing papers read upon agricultural subjects, and in
discussing these papers, and afterwards publishing the proceedings
in an annual report.

The Board has been of great service to the agriculture of the State,
and the reports of its sessions are among the most valuable of any
found in any of the States of the Union. It still convenes in annual
meeting and has added to its original purpose the active oversight,
under the direction of the Department of Agriculture, of the work of
the Farmers’ Institutes in the several counties of the State. Its ser-
vices, in this respect, are very valuable, and the Board is entitled to
great credit for its intelligent and hearty interest in this important
branch of our educational system.

State Horticultural Association.

This organization is one of the oldest of the unincorporated socie-
ties of the State. It was organized over forty years ago, and has kept
up its meetings ever since. The society was organized, chiefly for the
self-improvement of its members; but like all useful organizations,
its benefits have extended to the entire State. The fruit industry
has been greatly aided by this association, and it ought to be assisted
and encouraged in its efforts to improve and increase the fruit pro-
duction of the districts adapted to this industry.

The Dairy Union.

The Dairy Union is another of the unincorporated societies, organ-
ized in the interest of the dairy industry of the State. It is of only
recent origin, so that the effect of its work has not yet had time to
show as in the case of the older societies. Its ‘purposes are to en-
courage dairy farming in this State, to improve the industry and pro-
tect it against fraudulent imitation products, which threaten its de-
struction.

The State Live Stock Breeders’ Association.

This is also a new organization in this State, unincorporated.
Pennsylvania, until quite recently, has never had a society of breeders

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 49

to look after the interests of this branch of farming, but we have
had to depend for improved stock, upon the individual enterprise of
our citizens, unassisted by others similarly engaged, or by the State
itself, which is directly interested. The State can greatly assist or-
ganizations of this character by publishing the results of their meet-
ings for general information, and by meeting the comparatively small
expenses involved in securing the services of capable lecturers to give
instruction.

The State Poultry Association.

This is the last of the strictly State societies in the interest of
agriculture which are special in their character. What is true of
the Dairy Union and the Stock Breeders’ Association, is also true of
this organization—it ought to be aided by the State to the extent of
securing lecturers and publishing reports.

It is gratifying to know that alli of these organizations are in
thorough sympathy with this Department and have co-operated with
it in its wider work of educating and assisting in the entire field of
agriculture. The Department, on the other hand, has done what it
could to aid all of these societies, and will continue to assist them
in the work of advancing the great agricultural industry of the State.

FARM AND LIVE STOCK STATISTICS.

The census returns for 1900 show that farm property in Pennsylva-
nia has diminished to the amount of $2,615,100 below the valuation of
1890. This shrinkage has been in the value of land, and the improve-
ments and buildings. The value of these items in 1890 was $922,240,-
233, and in 1900, $899,816,930, being a decrease of $22,423,303. On the
other hand, implements and machinery show a gain of $11,870,533;
their value being given at $39,046,855 in 1890, and $50,917,390 in 1900.

Live stock also shows a gain. Their value in 1890 was $101,652,758
and in 1900 $109,590,426, a difference of $7,937,668. These two items
of gain, deducted from the loss on farm land, buildings and improve-
ments, leaves a net shrinkage of $2,615,100.

4—6—1901

50 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The number of farms has increased from 211,557, in 1890, to 224,248,
in 1900. The total number of acres in farms has also increased from
18,364,370, in 1890, to 19,314,972, in 1900. This increase, however, was
in the unimproved portion of farms, whilst the improved portions
show a decrease of acreage.

The improved lands in 1890 are given at 18,210,597 acres and the
unimproved at 5,153,773 acres. In 1900 the improved lands are given
at 12,609,240 and the unimproved at 6,705,732 acres.

The 224,248 farms are operated as follows:

yMOWMEL Ss hse or 51d Ors eee oe Sows ets oh aloe ren 153,031
Part OWNerS; -). 4: ..5 3.0.5 2S tae eee ae 7,074
Owners and tenants; together, “sss eee 2,174
EAMAC CES: sch oa8 tee 2 os Moe neta eee eee 3,703
Cash Ven awig sy 2 need thos ays, cece yt att 23,137
SAC PEMANUS 0). oe <8 eis wars Glee eee rons feet ates 34,529
AGT I eo An he ees PERN pr Arn cnr eon Nr, SS 224,248

The number of dairy cows has increased from 927,254 head in 1890
to 943,73 head in 1900.

Other kinds of neat cattle have increased from 761,800 head in
1890 to 953,074 head in 1900.

Horses have decreased from 618,660 in 1890 to 590,981 in 1900.

Mules and asses have increased from 29,563 in 1890 to 38,635 head
in 1900.

Sheep have diminished from 981,298 in 1890 to 959,483 in 1900.

Swine have decreased in number from 1,278,029 in 1890, to 1,107,981
in 1900.

The following table shows the number and value of live stock in
Pennsylvania as found by the census of 1900:

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

51

NUMBER OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS, FOWLS AND BEES ON
FARMS JUNE 1, 1900, WITH TOTAL AND AVLRAGE VALUES
AND NUMBER OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS NOT ON FARMS.

On Farms. |

| t
oe
2
; | 8
i | =)
| G
Age, in Years. 3 4,
Live Stock. a E
> a
I
> o
=
3 5 FH 6
=) ot > fe)
| Z < Zz
|
(C CURVE GoanRocnadon pepoooUDOSuDnSDDSOn0D nicer as stots tora 421,323 | $3,032,067 | $7.19) | 29181
RIECEU REE Uatcct cls cicicle eins ccieieisiein!islole se a eile 1 and under 2, ..... 108, 681 1,739, 459 16 | 1, 753
SSD, ccnéBocosabsugvoresonSoeBppounaas 2 and under 3, .....| 64,252 1,908, 405 | 29.62 1,358
SUGESEK cose Sat OSS EE BET HEC nee eae 3 and over, ite 16,382 712,704 | 43.50 | 706
SELL EMME yas ciel oie tigre ena Shiwiche Gas » Sloe = li and OVE eo.co. 69,006 | 1, 607, 337 | 22.79 855
HIGGS | Baappsssannanadeecoocosppeadoss 1 and under 2, .... 224, 623 3,705,397 | 16.45 5, 342
Gowsurepe fOr Wi ccc s cece ZHANG OVELs seie.cos 943,773 29,141,561 | 30.87 | 77,954
Cows and heifers not kept for milk,| 2 and over, ....... 48, 807 1,221,261 | 25.02 | 1,366
RES ete cite ne clos wiclalsielvis'e.sieicicie'sicisiesiele [Gpottae nih Beggseacste 28,547 806,696 | 31.76 | 869
TSUDTEIEL | Goncoc Copp Oce BD O00UFCOOORGUCROD 1 and under 2, .....| 36,584 | 1,916,501 | 52.388 | 1,328
[Si3EGr cobedgoopndesseuodoecpooupEEoooOne Zeand Overy st asc en } 525,850 | 38,225,630 | 72.65 | 215,997
PITTS COLES Toes ccicislercieie cies ves seieicle v\eiewn PB pave ley als S6qcedeauce | 1,144 45,876 40.09 50
NET Sect etctalstarciciaiars ain orais/elercissoicis di ciesinys.s Pandeundere2) ier | 3,604 210,286 | 58.34 175
RUNES oA aE Sola (Yaa (inieelalojele eisivicicicie m.cie'biere 2a COMET feats | 38,311 2,651,528 |. 79.59 | 21,942
INSSES ANd) DUITOS) © <6. gece ceiee vic ce -' | MMSE Yee Gooaqdonees 576 | 22.559 | 39.16 601
ILEMRIDEL j06@S00g0d0g0 duo ou ObBDe DOD DEeee Winder yl yrscescnaces 571,583 | 1,327, 924 | 2.32 2,347
RSME ETI COWES) oi ciereicicisisieicsis'aiciniolsiersierciciclelere fond) Over.” caackecs 769,463 2,651,067 | 3.44 3,216
Sheep (rams and wethers), .......... fang! “OVER, e.jco. or. | 190, 020 663,615 3.48 497
Seal IPED el Sotciatetcieraiecaicieisiorcicls sicloinie'sicisiocee rel ALD AE AS. © Severe cieiale | 1,107,981 | 5,830,295 | 5.26 | 150,329
(HIRE, pb epoosanooddocuosenocon JUeOCONeOO AIG a SCS Secret | 2,197 | 8,951 | 4.07 | 6,547
Fowls:* |
MOEA CONUS Staats crete ces icssral ate sts atsicl ates sialara|[ote trcbelete cw: siclaiciers etsislstviersiaigis | 10,553,106 |} |
BRST IV SS setrarctetoteke cis stot ora tate oinenla stotetalst [loa sis tiehesioesniciere Soe nba 259,824 |} 11,634,729 |........ leetsreelerate
(CHS) adendadoadcoUet Sno Sepqcdsclon 4) MoSabocn Paes oc epurpAnres 60, 780 |
IDET: Leah pn opocadesdonodoendevuena| Nodes dodo an ooudnoosneeac 171, 271 |
ERE MUS OUAIT IES MOL) actin sci o osereuate s.cisinjaieiall neve onie:sieqn erevelsiets qoleerctem cle 161, 670 531,578 | 3.29 |........
|——-—______-| —_——.
WELT Ge GINS RiGYe fe 8 Sa shera5| \o5 sondosan coomdeosoeseod| scopedoeosocuT | $109, 590, 426 necanccs sosadas

*The number reported is of fowls over 3 months old. The value is of all, old and young.

tInclu

ding guinea fowls.

POPULATION IN THE RURAL DISTRICTS.

To those who believe that in the population of the rural districts
the State must look for the vitalizing forces that are to overcome the
physical, mental and moral degeneration which is taking place in
city life, the flow of population from the country to the city has be-
alarming. In the last decade the cities and boroughs in sixty-

come

52 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dac.

five counties show a total gain of 1,020,830 in population, and in two
counties a total loss of 61, leaving a net gain in population in cities
and boroughs of 1,020,769.

The country districts, on the other hand, showed a gain in twenty-
four counties amounting only to 113,552. Forty-three counties show
a loss of 90,220, leaving the net gain of population for all of the rural
districts of the State, of only 23,332. The gain, in the country dis-
tricts, occurred, for the most part, in the lumbering and mining coun-
ties. The gain in the ten lumbering and mining counties, consisting
of Cambria, Clearfield, Elk, Fayette, Forest, Jefferson, Lehigh, Lu-
zerne, Somerset and Westmoreland, amounted to 87,665. The aggre-
gate loss to the country districts in the fifty-seven other counties
was, therefore, 64,333, showing beyond, question that the agricultural
population is gradually growing less in the country districts of
Pennsylvania. i

Suggestions are offered, in other parts of this report, as to the
means for arresting this flow. Better schools, better roads, the re-
duction of taxation upon real estate by a more equitable imposition
of tax upon occupations, professions and trades, the dissemination
of scientific information among agricultural people by means of bul- -
letins and farmers’ institutes, the introduction of the study of nat-
ural things into the rural schools, and the extension of free rural mail
delivery, telephone and trolley roads throughout the country.

The country must be made easily and quickly accessible, from the
cities and towns, and the same educational advantages now enjoyed
by the towns, must be introduced into the country.

THE LEGISLATION OF 1901.

The farmers of Pennsylvania have good reason to commend the
last Legislature for its consideration of their needs, as shown in the
large amount of valuable legislation which was enacted in the in-
terest of agriculture. They passed no less than thirty-three distinct
bills directly benefiting the country districts.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 53

Among those of the greatest importance, is the new Commercial
Fertilizer law, which increases the license fee from ten to fifteen dol-
lars for sales of one hundred tons and less, and extends the powers of
the Secretary of Agriculture by authorizing him to prosecute offend-
ers directly without having to do so through some purchaser. Under
the practice and workings of the old law, which provided that the
“informer be the purchaser and the goods be for his own use,” no one
could be punished for its violation.

There is also the “wide tire” law, which grants an annual rebate
of one-fourth of the road tax, not exceeding the value of five days’
labor, to all who will use a tire of not less than four inches wide in
hauling loads of two thousands pounds and over.

The hauling of loads of ten thousand pounds and over is prohibited,
under penalty, unless the wagon has tires at least four inches wide.
This is a most important advance in the interest of better roads, since
it aims to reduce the wear upon the public highways, by increasing
the bearing surface of the wheels, making them rollers, smoothing
and compacting the roadway, instead of the knife-like disks which cut
it into ruts. .

Another important law, relating to the improvement of the public
roads, was passed, amending the act of 1899, which provided for the
gathering of stones from the highways once each month during the
Summer season. The amendment provides a penalty not exceeding
ten dollars, to be collected, with costs of suit, from the supervisors,
for failure to pick the stones off from the public roads once each
month for the months of May, June, August and October.

A law was passed for the “Protection of Live Stock” against in-
fection from animals dying of contagious or infectious diseases, such
as anthrax, black quarter, hog cholera, swine plague, rabies or glan-
ders. The carcass of such animals must be disposed of in such a
way as to effectively destroy or sequester the poison, germ, parasite
or infective agent of the disease, with which the animal was afflicted
at the time of death. The forbidding of the former careless methods,
which dragged the carcass to the woods, te become the prey of dogs
or birds or to contaminate streams, is a wise precaution, and will pro-
tect the owners of live stock from ignorant or careless neighbors.

A law was enacted which provides for the “Inspection of Concen-
trated Commercial Cattle Feeds.” Investigation showed that many
of the cattle feeds put upon the markets of Pennsylvania are adul-
terated so as to be almost worthless. The purchasers of such feeds
had no way of discovering their character without going to great
trouble and expense, and thus many thousands of dollars were lost
annually to the farmers in the purchase of worthless material. This
law requires the tagging of all packages containing concentrated

56

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

Act No.

62.

63.

86.

88.

164.

174.

“An act to prevent the adulteration of, and deception in the
sale of linseed or flaxseed oil.”

“To amend the ninth section of an act, entitled ‘An act for the
taxation of dogs and the protection of sheep,’ approved the
twenty-fifth day of May, one thousand eight hundred and
ninety-three.”

“To encourage the use of wide tires upon wagons upon the pub-
lic highways of this Commonwealth, and providing penalties
for its violation.”

“Yo provide for the centralization of township schools, and to
provide high schools for townships.”

“Regulating the sale of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs,
defining concentrated feeding stuffs, prohibiting their adul-
teration, providing for the collection of samples, the ex-
penses of the enforcement of the law, and fixing penalties
for its violation.”

“For the better protection of timber lands against fire, and
providing for the expense of the same, and directing what
shall be done with the fines collected and costs paid.”

“To provide for the prevention of the spread of disease from
the carcasses of animals that die of dangerous or virulent
diseases, or are killed while afflicted with such disease; to
provide for the safe disposal or destruction of such car-
casses; to authorize the State Live Stock Sanitary Board to
make regulations for the enforcement of this act; and to
provide penalties for the violations of this act and of the
regulations that may be made under it by the State Live
Stock Sanitary Board.”

“Relative to adulteration of natural fruit juice, and providing
penalties for violations thereof.”

“To amend section two of an act, entitled ‘An act to prevent
fraud and deception in the manufacture and sale of cheese,
and defining what shall constitute the various grades of
cheese, providing rules and regulations for marking and
branding the same, providing for the enforcement of this act,
prescribing penalties for its violation,’ approved the twenty-
third day of June, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred
and ninety-seven.”

“To prohibit the sale of adulterated, unwholesome or impure
milk in cities of the second class; providing for the licensing
of persons engaged in dealing in milk, and providing penal-
ties for violation thereof.”

“Authorizing county commissioners of the several counties of

Ne.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. = 57

Act No.

183.

208.

bo
C
=]

280.
287.

this Commonwealth to construct any public road, leading to
either end of a county bridge across any river in this Com-
monwealth.”

“To amend the first and second sections of an act, entitled ‘An
act providing for the regulation of the manufacture and sale
of distilled and fermented vinegars; prescribing their stand-
ardandto prevent the adulteration of the same; providing for
the enforcement thereof, and punishment for the violation of
the same,’ approved the eighteenth day of June, Anno Domini
one thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven, so as to pro-
vide that vinegar made wholly from grapes, apples or other
fruits, shall not be required to contain an acidity of four
per centum.” '

“To prohibit the manufacture and sale of oleomargarine, but-
terine, and other similar products, when colored in imita-
tion of yellow butter; to provide for license fees to be paid
by manufacturers, wholesale and retail dealers, and by pro-
prietors of hotels, restaurants, dining-rooms and boarding
houses; for the manufacture or sale of oleomargarine, but-
terine, or other similar products, not colored in imitation of
yellow butter; and to regulate the manufacture and sale of
oleomargarine, butterine, or other similar products, not
colored in imitation of yellow butter, and to prevent and
punish fraud and deception in such manufacture and sale
as an imitation butter; and to prescribe penalties and pun-
ishment for violations of this act, and the means and the
method of procedure for its enforcement, and regulate cer-
tain matters of evidence in such procedure.”

“For the protection of trees, shrubs, vines and plants, known
as nursery stock, against destructive insects; providing for
the enforcement of this act, the expenses connected there-
with, and fixing penalties for its violation.”

“To regulate and define the boundary lines of public roads.”

“To prevent the importation and sale, in the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, of dressed carcasses of lamb and sheep with
the hoofs on.”

“To amend an act, entitled ‘An act to provide for the centrali-
zation of township schools, and to provide high schools for
townships,’ approved April twenty-fifth, one thousand nine
hundred and one.”

“To amend an act, entitled ‘An act to provide for the improve-
ment of the main traveled public roads,’ approved May sec-
ond, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-nine; changing

58 ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Act. No.
the time said act should be in operation, and imposing a
penalty in case of neglect or refusal of supervisors or road
commissioners to carry out the provisions of said act.”

308. “Making it wilful trespass to hunt, trap and take game birds or
game animals upon cultivated lands, and providing for the
punishment of such trespass.”

027. “Defining boiled or process butter; designating the name by
which it shall be known; providing for the licensing of man-
ufacturers and dealers therein, and regulating the sale and
labeling of of the same, so as to prevent fraud and deception
in its sale; providing punishment for violations of this act,
the methods of procedure for its enforcement, and certain
matters of evidence in such procedure.”

399. “Making an appropriation to the State College, to maintain
experimental stations for the purpose of making experi-
ments in the culture, curing and preparation of tobacco, and
providing for the publication of the report thereof.”

413. “To provide for the investigation of the diseases of domestic
animals, and making an appropriation therefor.”

439. “Making an appropriation for the protection of game, of song
and insectivorous birds.”

503. “A further supplement to an act , entitled ‘An act to accept the
grant of public lands by the United States for the endow-
ment of agricultural colleges,’ approved April first, one thou-
sand eight hundred and sixty-three, and making appropria-
tions for carrying the same into effect.”

CONCLUSION.

An examination of the reports of the Division officers shows, not
only the great amount of work performed during the past year, but
also, its variety and importance, to the people of the State. The
Department comes into direct contact with practical agriculture, in
many different directions. Its work, consequently, is of necessity,
wide extended and must be of a helpful nature, in order to be of ser-
vice. This service is rendered through the use of bulletins of infor-
mation, Farmers’ Institutes, nursery, food and fertilizer inspections,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 59

the protection of live stock against disease, the clearing of the mar-
kets of impure and fraudulent food products, and suggesting and
securing of legislation in the interests of the agricultural people of
the State.

The work involves the use of the best experts which the State pos-
sesses in the several directions mentioned, and its value to the pub-
lic depends directly upon the reliable character of the information
which the Department disseminates, as well as upon the nature of
the information itself.

Most of the work, necessarily new from year to year, is out of the
old beaten track of routine, and along paths, many of which, are
comparatively untrodden. This advanced work requires the greatest
care, in its performance, lest mistakes occur which may injuriously
affect some of the great industries that are serving the country, with
honest intentions to deal justly by the consuming public.

The cordial good feeling that exists towards the Department, and
appreciation of its work, by the agricultural people of the State, have
been expressed, in a very gratifying way, by the several great agri-
cultural organizations of the State, in their resolutions of confidence
and promises of support. The untruthful and malicious character of
many of the criticisms which have been made, have been so thor-
oughly demonstrated, that their authors, who are well known, have
come to be regarded as disreputable and their statements unworthy
of credit. The work of the Department speaks for itself, and the cor-
responderwe shows that it has the approval and respect of the best
citizens of this and other States.

I wish to acknowledge the intelligent and hearty support which f
have received from the several Division officers, and the clerical force
of the Department, and also to express my appreciation of the as-
sistance which you have rendered in making the Department more
useful to the citizens of the State, and for the kind consideration
which you have extended to me in our official and personal relations.

Very respectfully,
JOHN HAMILTON,
Secretary of Agriculture.

60 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF THE DEPUTY SECRETARY Anime
DIRVCTOR OF ANSIVTUHS:

Harrisburg, Pa., December 30, 1901.
Hon. John Hamilton, Secretary of Agriculture:

Dear Sir: In presenting this annual report, it affords me pleasure to
record a successful and progressive year’s work. The attendance at
institutes has been fully maintained which, however, has often been
limited by the capacity of halls and churches to accommodate the
crowds. Unusual interest has been shown in the meetings, and a
general increased desire on the part of the farmers of Pennsylvania
for farther instruction and broader knowledge of matters pertaining
to farm life and work, has been manifested. Want of space would
forbid the publishing in detail of a report of 320 days of institutes
held during the season of 1900-1901. In order that a fair knowledge
of the leading topics which were under discussion may be given, we
herewith insert a programme as carried out in my native county of
Lawrence.

PROGRAMME.

Opening Session.

Wednesday Afternoon, January 2, 1901, 1:30.

POTN MA GOO. ais stdin, wen the orion chs iets be Nove, sa caeenae ree eee eee Chairman.
BREA YCD soa. s os wie oS reeks eee myer uma tea eee eS ee Pee ee Rev. Stewart
Music.

The Soil—Its Care, Culture, Food,......... John Smith, London, Pa.
Stock—Care, Breeding and Feeding,.....M. M. Keener, Plain Grove.

Feeding for a Purpose, with Special Reference to Dairying,
Col. John A. Woodward, Centre Co. Pa.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. , 61

EDUCATIONAL SESSION.

Wednesday Evening, January 2, 1901, 7:00.

PLO S ec rae ss. «on 2,¥s, spent $a APB ree trek S sine biiel's eGl 0 '8% Chairman.

Music.
What Education Does the Farmer Need?
Prof. J. C. Ricketts, Slippery Rock, Pa.
Peeeariter as a Student, .........25.06.. ¥F. T. Glenn, Plain Grove.
They Boy on the Farm—His Advantages and Possibilities,
Rev. Stewart, Plain Grove.
The Rights of the Child—Educational and Otherwise,
S. 8S. Brockway, Greenville, Pa.

FARMER’S SESSION.

Thursday Morning, January 3, 1901, 9:30.

OT LEtL, CER EERIMES 750 Bolter San AE Oe ean a Chairman.
Music.

LIDD TS | OS eae ence Ae er Rob’t McCoy, Slippery Rock, Pa.

PUTT EG ORR be er Jas. Peebles, Harlansburg, Pa.

Preparation of Seed Bed, ......+... Dr. I. A. Thayer, New Castle, Pa.

arowing of ‘Mixed Grasses, ........... Hon. S. H. Miller, Mercer, Pa.

62 : ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

WOMAN’S SESSION.
Thursday Afternoon, January 8, 1901, 1:30.

MEDS SS ALS SCCW AU Unc oieiore SG ote cree Rue ca lena eseaeenegs eons alee Chairman.

Music.
How to Lighten the Labor of the Farmer’s Wife,

Mrs. Alex. Bingham, Leesburg, Pa.
In What Way Can the Social Life on the Farm be Improved?

Mrs. M. J. Elliott, Elliott’s Mills, Pa.
How to Make the Country Home Convenient and Comfortable,

Mrs. Harvey Rodgers, Plain Grove.
With additional remarks on the same subject by Col. Woodward.

EVENING SESSION.

Thursday Evening, January 3, 1901, 7:00.

MS A, OMUET, vase 5.5 ects oayed oe oro oahars nee eno stage ier caine er Chairman.
Draining for Profits. ase ante A. J. Coulter, North Liberty, Pa.

Farm Machinery—Its Care, Use and Abuse,

Thos. McCoy, Plain Grove, Pa.
ithe Farmer's Home, ...:. <2 sete suse: eee care C1 ee eee I. A. Thayer:
Beautifying the Home Grounds,....... R. L. Watts, Cambria Co., Pa.

This programme will, in some measure, exhibit the great scope of
information embraced by the institutes, also the different and varied
lines of farm operations carried on by the farmers of Pennsylvania,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 63

ranking, as she does, second amongst all the States of the Union in
population, first in the manufacture of iron, first in the production of
oil, first in the amount of coal mined, while in the value of her agricul-
tural products, such as wheat, corn, oats, hay, potatoes, horses, cows,
swine and sheep, our State stands well to the front. It only requires
a citation of these figures to prove the importance of the institute as
an educational factor in equipping the farmer with scientific knowl-
edge and acquainting him with the most improved methods employed
in all lines of farm work. And the time is fast approaching when
the farmer will fully realize the importance of utilizing the natural
resources afforded him in Pennsylvania for the developing, to a
greater extent, that time-honored line of animal industry—sheep hus-
bandry. The vast verdue-covered mountains and steep hill sides,
upon which the grasses grow luxuriantly, great bodies of which can
be purchased at a moderate price, offer unexcelled inducements as a
business venture. And these lands, too, are within a few hours ride
of cities and centers of population, thus affording the advantage of
home market, thereby eliminating largely the expense of transporta-
tion and cost of marketing. Attention is called to this situation, in
the hope of encouraging, what in all ages has been the most profitable
line of animal industry, but in Pennsylvania, at present, seems to be
more neglected than all others.

Of the many problems confronting agriculture, probably no one is
more difficult of solution than that of the procuring of efficient farm
help. Great numbers of farmers’ sons have been induced to leave
the farm for what seemed to offer more remunerative reward for
labor in manufacturing industries, business enterprises, etc., thereby
causing much anxiety and close application on many farms, together
with long hours of labor on the part of those remaining on the farm
in order to properly cultivate the fields and safely store the crops.

Whilst traveling through the State during the harvest time, it was
not unusual to see the farmers’ daughters out in the harvest field,
driving the binder and mowing machine and building loads of hay and
grain. Thus the queens of the country home have demonstrated
their sterling worth, and that to be useful in life should always ac-
company refinement and culture. The farm labor problem is very
much relieved by the use of machinery. Such improvement has been
made in this direction that the power of one man is greater than that
of four men twenty years ago. The progressive and practical farmer
is rapidly learning to so adjust his operations as to convenience of
buildings, water supply and kindred surroundings, in order to econo-
mize labor and reduce to a minimum the waste in feeding stuffs; also
the successful handling of manures made at the farmer’s barn.

Some years since a careful investigation was made of the waste

64 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

going on in the average barn yard, by leaching out, washing away and
heating. In a careful estimate the loss from these causes alone to
the farmer amounted annually to over sixteen millions of dollars.
As a result of careful teaching on the part of Farmers’ Institutes
during the past few years, great improvement has been made in the
handling of this most valuable product of the farm—in the construe-
tion of the stable by using absorbents, and in better grading and
cementing of the barn yard, thus preventing the leaching out and
washing away of vast quantities of valuable fertility so urgently
needed upon the farm. Even the casual observer cannot fail to notice
the awakening of farmers through the medium of institutes. He is
rapidly learning that upon the fertility of his soil depends his hope
for an abundant and remunerative crop. The condition of his soil
must be studied and known; its wants supplied, and the seed bed
prepared properly with reference to the supplying of moisture and
fertility (in solution) from which the plant may receive nourishment
and bring forth fruitage.

So diversified is the farming of Pennsylwania, that no branch of
_ animal industry can be omitted from the scope of topics discussed at
our-institutes. The dairy cow, her food, care and management; the
barn, how ventilated in order to procure pure air and preserve a uni-
form temperature; the proportions of protein, carbohydrates and fat
contained in feeds, in order to produce the greatest quantity of milk
to a profit. Great numbers of cattle are being fed this winter for
beef, and feeders are confronted with the problem of high priced corn
(70 cents per bushel), hay ($14 per ton), oats (50 cents per bushel), with
brans and concentrated foods correspondingly high; yet a reasonable
profit seems to be in store for the feeder should beef continue to sell
at present prices. Fruit growing is scarcely second in importance;
vegetables and small fruits; the insects that prey upon them, how
controlled and subdued. All of these vital problems are made the
subject of careful consideration at our meetings. Hence the farmer,
handling the things of nature, can only hope to succeed, in so far as
his work is carried on, in strict conformity with the great natural
laws which enter into soil fertility, plant growth, animal life, ete.

To the dissemination of such truths, scientific and practical, as will
openuptohis mind the best methods to be followed in his chosen lines
of farm operations, is one of the important functions of the Farmers’
Institutes. During the entire season of 1900-1901, there were held
335 days of institutes and 848 sessions, with an average attendance
at each session of 170, and a total attendance of 144,328. The total
cost, embracing hall rent, local management, advertising, etc., was
$37.00 per day. Herewith is appended the dates and places, in the
five different sections, where institutes were held, also names of

No.

6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. a)

speakers supplied bythe Departinent, who joined with the local people
in the development of such information as seemed best adapted to the

location.

PENNSYLVANIA FARMERS’ INSTITUTES.

APPORTIONMENT FOR 1900-1901.

SCHEDULE OF DATES, PLACES AND ASSIGNMENTS OF

LECTURERS BY SECTIONS.

FIRST SECTION.

Alva Agee and M. 8. McDowell will attend all meetings in this sec-

EOIN Canoe, waraiserin alates Imray, Gadadoonnodcavoado
BESTE ei ctorciac efecto eieaini/eluiere'e RET ING. | iavelere cintaeleleiors ets 3.
PASO MILOM sn. elie sical cic Juniata,

paeort Royal’ =: e

tion.
Date Place. County. Additionai Lecturers.

Pe ae is steleteiasloicis sie IS VETS Hs cl ve soe ae kele PIGMEStOT a rasce cetera cls C. D. Northrop.

IDEA tha) paeeccogosn New Holland, .......... TAAMLGASECIE eeistc atiefeieteat C. D. Northrop.

iD: Gh Ugnpdooosend Gedarvalles Wao. csietsiceicicre ¢ CHESTER a aeeteeeeirorite« C. D. Northrop and Rev. J, D.

Detrich.
BBC IRHR.. ss ve acewle’ © Ce iccinre clolerelec toe e/ofoisin's ATC AS COT es cieicielelarsoisiciaws C. D. Northrop; and Rev. J.
D. Detrich, Dec. 7

MCN 10M oc ees.sic Coventry Ville; | oc. 3-5 GRESTERS cccce nish einiesicce si L. W. Lighty.

iDy =e bs eee (Ahbchar nil lon "SAS sanodooecs WANCAStET, Ue accemcneiceiels L. . Lighty.
“dae ES eee TURTUOTUMAVLEMS weaeitantatetelaoe oe CWHESTOT. naman cise L. . Lighty.

PEC a1 apra cia PALE VALLE, erate iesn viale,sierelvieswie=r SGOT: ans iatatase siersteceyeeisiereasiese W. F. MecSparran.

LO y.yoe LD aes StewartstOwi. vucil octal PVT TK aw ieietateternniaciee wiclwhatels aie W. F. McSparran.

Dec. 21-22, ........ DEVRY OME orci seahe ele /eleta rele ecerat Aelelics) Bare aG Sanne AO GUS W. F. McSparran.

Dec. 31--Jan. 1, ... New Oxford, ........0.2./ PUAN SS ci tenteie ole etrictoverer aici Ls Peachy.

Jan are hcis ain ae RSET GLEN Gl see jute, ato (ateiniejsialersiviete.ct PTV ANIAS Se cretetelsieteisieie(stere cicieie Ab . Peachy,

Ties Ey See eerie Arendtsville, <2 .0.cc0.00. PAN GUERIN SS rarer eletelale: sioisietetaisiere ie Peachy.

“ns GT appa cane PICKS ONE otac one e/elesince ve Cimberland) ceesc«.-.-. Je Peachy.

JIE TERS | ooeuponeuee Shippensburg, .......... Cumberland, ........... M. E. Conard.

‘LENns Sg ewaodoonaons Hoguestown, ........... Cumberland, ........... M. E. Conard.

dere SbF Sa aepers Orrstow ne ec aeenresioes Franklin, Barber.

BREMEN SPH Zt Seveleferasaiialarniohs Fayetteville, ............ Franklin, Barber.

Bond.

Bond,

Bond,

Bond.

Bond,

Downing.

Downing.

Downing.

. Milliken.

. Milliken.

Kahler and C, L, Peck.
Kahler and C, L, Peck.

Sue Ubaaenih Sosesocgcn0d Franklin,
Wis aie Ae bpersacsanacusras Franklin,
INEGCOMONET Eclat a ciesie cc's oie UU DO TIE airieie'a'elatmca(clarnioieisi</
Beka Vieilleyn, licrcleicle clcleie.c IBNIPICONE tacts sicleteictele eletoteietere 5
Warfordsburg, ;.......- EUEOUI Ne elses sleleletara /

PTLUS UY Se os steis soins wintesnis BYOM ateieisleleiersieietai > aleiele

-. Juniata,
. Somerset,

SSOOP AF nnn ty yds

LDV a tel ieee Se aoeedd .-. somerset,
ie Werene foatciets iste ESO VSIG, wea saictsie:ecetsia's clomelatslale’s Somerset, J. Kahler and C, L. Peck.
SUETIOIVSSU, ceclalciels c\ela’ein(0ieis Bedford, 1 A. Herr.
sa le Aspoonaes WISHETEOWN,, hececcccles IBPOLOnGS sepa een - Joel A. Herr.
Atmel eraya\alarerere WHIiends! FCOVE, | sce sce PCORONG oF sie siscicieiste see's, Joel A. Herr.
PRED Ue ees Sein MLONLOW Ts Ietee'e imo « prerore OVC UTA ene cisteinslete ntlels Gacy Helix:

5—6—1901

Off. Doe.

66 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Date. Place, County. Additional Lecturers.
Feb. 25-26, .....0. a LIPDECANOE cesteresn's aieisie's LAV CULE) limcipatenaweater s pars Os) Mehixe
103) oe Beet anace Merrittstown, .......... WAYVELTON care chic ciccicese G. C. Felix.
Marehiy ds? cc ncctes MeV CSUCETOV.Grn ices cwecisticsicte GHEStErS Heceerccices ts .... Speakers to be supplied.

Prot. B:

Heiges wi

SECOND SECTION.

1] attend all meetings in this section.

Date. Place. County. Additional Lecturers.

- AYO HAE ASA Acasondc PAGEWOOG! (jocceisec acts -sis< Mui aa.) cisiac sisters oe «--> M. N. Clark and W, He ok
Riddle.

IDOL LATE “aacaocnoooer: ANN DTOBES je scicceeee ce see HETLOLATIA 9 Ve cracls Sine adonietotrs M. N: Clark’ and W. H. H.
Riddle.

ID ECS GocenncouS VTC HNO fete wiora nisin stsisialelere IbeXsbezhet:) eS ACRoasoaenonoSaG . N. Clark and W. H. H.
Riddle.

Bees L011 aenele «=i IEA bitesse Sdesonneecesogc Cambrian cc-tsicicieelec --- DW. H. Pershing and Prof a:
M. Hantz.

WECH A2=13 5, <2: eo South) Works: fats. -ciciese's Campriaty -ncsmasrcees ---D. H. Pershing and Prof. J.
M. Hantz.

IDES aE Sb eaecoocooos Marklesburg, .....:... eo PLUTEINE TON" & ceciicececees D. H. Pershing and Prof. J.
M. Hantz.

1D ten ay Gi k: Sr oemmadon GCaliyiitis Picjer-vcmwecierseiciaeiie Emenee don, | scm ES E. Field and A. Judson
mith. 5

Mececl9=20 ea. cance McVeytown, ............ MUL TTUTEN, eisrovs etoile s.elavatersrsrers 2 ee uoald and A. Judson
mith.

Look 2 Nae SaeS AOA Belleville. ccnics cease sis ioie SOME LELUTIN, | Woforateye/eratarssesalefolere “ E. Field and A. Judson
Smith.

Deexsi-jan: 1)... Martinsburg, —---c.-<: erases LEI esaycieietercivieieinesine stasis Thos. J. Philips and A. P.
Young.

AMO OA conic acest PREV IONIC carerere elatsietalsisieieisiciesie Dearie ieta ere isiciswercte’= claeis eeeta Thos. J. Philips and A. P.
Young.

Afra ee acoseae Morrisdale, canmas cscs CLEA eA tacatereieletsteveleicte Thos. J. Philips and A. P:
Young.

Jewel, VERE oaanscuod WWOOdIAaNG.iccoscknena sod O CEG Beaspooser once R. L. Beardslee and J. S.
Burns.

Pa G2108 ote a de Port Matilda; <. 2... Marstele OOMULE 1a atoretsieisie’«/avcversletaisteye R. &. Beardslee and Jaas:
Burns.

Abie sb Dee eee Gentremerall ye jcccmeree ac M@CNUTE 4 oo nis eieme teen ee R. L. .Beardslee and J. S.
Burns. :

“iehoy, ot als Aaasncods Middleburg. sic caciweics aa V LOT Mera cvaislorararniaeteteretere H. V. White and T. O. Milli-
ken

aM G17, 2 occ cre a.- Mt. Pleasant Mills ~.-.Snyder, <ic..ccceccesaecs H. V. White and T. O. Milli-
ken

ini, ob ee eeemeooe EU SSDUTES Feoctecisicic\eis ascis\cisiei= Northumberland, ...... H. V. White and T. O. Milli-
ken

AV eRTN po RO Meters ciore acts Mainville;. 0 .icces.ssle:. SACOlUmM Diagn eeceeeeeeras Frank Simpson and C. D.
Northrop.

Jan 20631. sctiac sew Bloomsburg, ........ see Golumpiae ees assee nes Frank Simpson and C. D.
Northrop.

Inia 1ky Rees TRONTSDULE |) cretcereis cleieloisisie%s Golumplaes aoexcehenitte ..Frank Simpson and C. D.
Northrop,

LS OG PA a etigoaeanue eoNew Berlin, cescscesees nd OVA Sater 's cic cicicte:s oveisisiaveicrs Frank Simpson and C. D.
Northrop,

AED 4B" veisieicisis REPS LOOKS ear Kier ee ctsieciersiae MMO seers recieearns cieice ae D. Northrop and W. H.

5 ‘ tout.

Webs G72 scierdeniccie VWWATSONLOWN, Se ecccc sine ..Northumberland, ...... a D. Northrop and W. H.
tout. :

Mebieisedmee ae see POLESETOVE, casein a ene ... Northumberland andC. D. Northrop and W. H.

Montour, Stout.

Web W=12) cesses Hx Chan@er cemaucere scece IMONCOUT IS oc <cieisincieeeine A. Judson Smith and J. H.
Peachy.

MEDS 13-14, weescenc Linglestown, ............ Dauphin, ............... A. Judson Smith and J. H.
Peachy.

mebe 15-16; .cscccee Hishervilles ci... ccccse ce DAA nies «cielo cac.cs wore A. Judson Smith and J. H.
Peachy.

Vote a) P41 EP Dawn, ~ nm esecean cass 5, ee DaMOM yetaceie<'sicn = ...W. F. McSparran and Calvin
Cooper. ~*

LE 07 ...Schaeffertown, ......... Lebanon, .............. es F. McSparran and Calvin
Cooper.

Te) A eae e JONECSEOWM,. ede se careers -s LIC DEMON, mee sarneaciteavmne W. F. MecSparran and Calvin
Cooper.

1M) «dy eee Sn ATIC RONG) cists retiree Sehuwyluiee ae testers W. F. McSparran and O. D.
Schock,

NCD hm ad yy op vives ete vi Orwigsburge oi... ccemeres Sehw ys os Sek cee sree W. F. MecSparran and O. D.
Schock.

EH AOS esi oc ois.0:s Pap NOPORE: Die se ew steels wee SCOUY LICHT ne neecectterers W. F. McSparran and O. D.
Schock.

ie

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

THIRD SECTION.

67

Col. John A. Woodward and Prof. R. L. Watts will attend all meet-

ings in this section. |
1
Date Place, County. Additional Lecturers.
CE ERECT SE acanodc. Hencc Allegheny, ........«. ..-Dr. I. A. Thayer and Miss
Dec. 3-4, .... Bridgeville g& y ematiaea Diem. aa
- Stroccis wal (VS SSG Be Scab enooT Washington, ....... aen br. De Ay ‘Thayer an ss
Mee, 5-6, .... Centrevil g Saveheaeplen: ee
- oadare UAadenapeobad aeonleyae Washington, .....sccve. Dr. I. A. Thayer an ss
Dec. 1-8, ........... Amity a & Sarah A, Diem.
iD Ts h SS eegonpee Claysville, .......ssce0e. Washington, ........... Cc. W. Williams.
GCS Po-1SE 6. wc nen MIELLETSON © Vejsicts ciciorsrsterste Wn GATORS Sle imicsiseiicelnets ...C. W. Williams.
THCCR ARTA, ceccc ccs PANGME MED: coscacecceclecaels Greenes soecmetteaees see Vea Vatams
WEES IT=18; 2. wc. e ibseyeyy otn eM oaaeapcoeconton ATER REN: <ciscisiec csicteicle J. D. Buchanan and Mrs. Mary
S. Parry.
Mec. 19=20, .....,0 ..Frankfort Springs, ..... BCEAVEr, ....ce.ssceereee J. D. Buchanan and Mrs. Mary
S. Parry.
DEC el=22, 2 cccvcces (OEP bbe\ doves “oaancoeonoood BERVET S ieccinls wleleteluictelaieinisr J. D. Buchanan and Mrs. Mary
S. Parry.
Meceul-Jan. 1, ....rHillsville, ...... Ibi pee “Sagoodoocade --S. S. Brockway.
dizi! 2) SS eeeeese -..Plain Grove, ... ..Lawrence, .. ---S. S. Brockway.
C2 335 SSS Sateen »».Plain Grove, TGA WRETICCLS wi cleraiviete cteiereieie -S. S. Brockway and Dr. I. A.
Thayer,
RU SURGES gitar a chaos afsro:s aie .Jackson Centre, ........ IMEETCER: — Weicclaeecctesieisibiate --S. S. Brockway and Dr. I. A.
Thayer.
Jt OF, Spgennoeneoos Jackson Centre, ..... DEVE TICOLwatalersis ole\cleisisieteiainisiots S. S. Brockway.
PTET Os eo als neeie cies EVIE, © iclelaranciniclernsialote. cis Witla cropodsesouge Sor CRY Dy aetale
aC) ES eee GCS VIET es icieivielsiersineinioln'c IT ET CEN, o awclee'eisioniciels'as efor: ChE. Beck
RIO oe cece LUSDY VILLE. cscs ccccesouses Bra wAOTGe encetasiersielelserete Cc. L. Peck
dio6 ofS baa See OLCR SOND UNE es teicicisieleselsiciers (Climyaderdsh “canaeepeacace -Geo. E. Hull.
UND Gee foes «--- West Springfield, ...... NSE LG ayove sicreieisiatniejes Seles -Geo. E. Hull.
dive. ING Sooceseonded West Springfield, ...... TU oti chesaioie'saiotereiniarsvelays) a1ae Geo, E, Hull and Dr. I. A.
Thayer.
diguie US eagesdecaa ..- Harbourcreek, efohlaiote Pi Iel © peuin clclefeicis.cinie steleieteloiers -Geo. E. Hull and Dr, I. A.
; Thayer.
DE ALRES Geecegegocod Harbourcreek:. ©.) jsjs.00. IDFA" oAeapanocoosdcosune Geo. B, Hull.
oi Ee DVN EC SULT ES = mar elecereisisiareceisteiece IDWS Bpoonoouascondendod W. H. H. Riddle.
abi Ey Centreville, <a.ccacseces « Crawford, ..... wtatoretei steve .-W. H. H. Riddle.
RRMA kw cidsiepin New Richmond, ........ Crawmdordin vrcecistisencteaie -W. H. H. Riddle.
FUERA ROY calciats wcrc asses SS SULIT ee en erniatcloveiaratocletaters ore MENANEOS | ci sisciic eee ae J. s. Burns:
LUG}. Gs ae8hqsuonpe0 Cooperstown, ........... WG f=fe}5 On nodoodnacand] J. S. Burns.
inghoh 18 #Adesecceosse Cooperstown, © ~..0:0 as. WWIII SOR tcccecin niiele cess J. S)-Bitrns; and” Dr: a Ac
Thayer.
HOSTS SRG Aatieis cjcrt s eisieaie SS IMIERTELEV NE Us, lets aioicicisocionttrecie Sivan his) Tt daoonnecoedgonns J; s Burns: tand.) Pr: ce Ae
Thayer.
ESE Mena, wi ie sie l wines PUUTAELEY pire clele ale’s ainiate'sie sys BSIVULCT ON cisicieisvalets c’eteiara aista's Ji 2 burns:
Wepirdl=12) veces .. Winfield Grange, ....... SUIT T SR clone cs anie lesoeis -J. B. Johnston and S. R.
Elder.
1S ce bs [ed Portersville; | os Saisie sis Lepr ~ oooganopendas .00S Jee 3B a Johnnston: and) Ss) it
- Elder.
MGB 1o-1G." 2. cclcccs Talley Cavey, ...... wen PATIOS REN GS & cinistic scetehues J. B. Buchanan.
WIS: 20-20, ees'svecs UGE OAC) ses. sicidos.s cu wielercie Westmoreland, ......... J. S. Burns,
L/P 1 2 ne Manor’ Station... =... fo sec. Westmoreland, ........, J. S! Burns,
Feb ares sae ced SINE MCOM a see oe tas hicleleicinee Westmoreland, ........ . S| Burns.
1S) ea err FASTIN ners oe sta, erstese cose etermere Armstrong and West-J. S. Burns,
moreland.
Jet G2 i ae WIMErtOny osc castes AUPMISULONE. .cctackisicace M. N. Clark and Mrs. Mary S.
Parry.
WOES 3 eo) ol oa Pee eee as WV Grt Wine toni: Weis asivs.cicae APYIMNStrONE). .ctacecs suas M. N. Clark and Mrs. Mary 8.
Parry.
———_—_

FOURTH SECTION.

Rk. J. Weld and Enos H. Hess will attend all meetings in this sec-

tion.
Date Place County.
Oe Ae coerce 3: ayeicie Gillette. se aincsicrescesiveena Bradford,
WE CRD=6;) ciieccelcwz ac DON OM) te akcia,cletercaie a cxse seein ct Bradford,
ICC lH Si os wow Gececes DWV VSO essciciavars inne eters eteibic Bradford,
1D) Eron 8 LS 6 GE eee ees Tunkhannock, <.....06.. Wyoming,
ID oe bea & BR eee ae MEM Cl yo cees joao oseeve Wyoming,
CCII4a=15, “Seon. cee MOLES VINES: Weise cee cece ... Sullivan,
DECENT 18 oc cesicctes c Orwell GA co c.scns .... Bradford,
Dee, 19-20, ...... ... Hughesville, ...... mersievele Lay COMME s cnvcecies ae cdaa

Additional Lecturers.

McDonald.
McDonald.
McDonald.
. Field.
. Field.
. Field.
, Jw. Philips.
2 J. Philips.

Thos

68 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
Date. Place, County. Additional Lecturers.

ID etely PAL Ae aGnpaece . Eagle Grange Hall, .... Lycoming, ......... eee LhOss ae be hilips:

ID yes ee Saga. sw. weranch Grange: ....%syooming s2ivis..cecud Thos. J. Philips.

TCC Shey mone ewniee Re WV VOUS Will Coir scinistersie.<ia'e TOV COMINGS) ccs onc <iveeice Cc. W. Brodhead,

Jan. 1 weehelps sGHADels) aasa sens Clinton, . Brodhead,

Jan, 2 EVVCIISHONG.) “hee ceccece Tioga, . Brodhead,

Jan, 4 RIEL Oe ete alere ovefatcieicie’s acs (eleletae Tioga, V. Brodhead,

Jan, 7 BOUINEAILV.OO, sacle siviee ns Tioga, V. Lighty.

Jan. 8 .. Mansfield, -. Tioga, . Lighty.

Jan. 9, Germania, Meee -. Potter, NV. Lighty.

Shh ree (ls eee ace anc Harrison City, ...... --.. Potter, . Lighty.

RED Iel Lei cree cretion IGOnCSEEN Bec siden oe cimelerers Potter, . Lighty.

ed UPN ele alarm ote clelaiets ore BVPI OWES cle wicietererclersreiete'e cin Potter, . Lighty.

ape ake soon oeeebee FROWICTECS iscsicecrtnrserns -.. Potter, V. Lighty.

Tams fha1650 scjeestees's Port Alleghany, .......McKean, . Young.

WAM ley orn secne SmMeEthpOrts cares crstieieeecte McKean, Young.

Af oe} eect IWATTCN conic austen Fro WGEEER, ayacotp ies tei telalesaterere ree E. Hull.

EIT oe Se RS SARS Columbus, 4 Geo. E. Hull.

diet Sai Seeanaganoae Columbus, Geo. E. Hull and Dr. I. A.
Thayer,

Ths a Soapseneeod .. Clarington, --Geo. E. Hull and Dr. I, A.
Thayer.

Geo. BE. Hull,
..F rank Simpson.

..Clarington,
. Marionville;

Soo igre Senocdocceanndogde Nari Frank Simpson.

Reimersburg, ......-.... Glaniony jan cscscme ceo Frank Simpson.
TELIKAH Bonaqoaanogsoosbaod Glarionine ca. cos nstoaric W. H. H. Riddle.
RE Sepnadag sie RICHATOSVILIC.. cutaciccis cic WELLETSOU. veraae cecil aca, bla Riddle:
Shite |Xc) «he RRA OO MO DOar Ane DEMELSOMS te eehistsisaicisractiee W. H. H. Riddle.
be OS SCANS Paradise: “sci Gice esc ccinse Jefferson), sa sce wee Wie, is. ETS URiddie:

WeER VIC. cen vicdcwiviasiets 5 ogdooneAoad paeiaistatesters R. L. Beardslee.

D PAIS Sec neaecncen @entreville, 7 Frees cee steele IHS toereferseciveaiccinercieinie se R. L. Beardslee.
MED) 2o-20)) wis ceccees is Wei EE Paaoopdoesnnodc IDI, So ananesnoconsodscone R. L. Beardslee.
IED 20=26). <1 siste cre ac: lateeholefaltbra. Goadsosececuc Cameron, Saari oaecait ereike R. L. Beardslee.
IDs), Waly IGanaesadaaos I Piftw OOM seems e ocs Cameron scenester ...R, L. Beardslee.
IND wa Booopseoorss WO ALOUMAR Me eielsterelavelaicietnicie ssetne Clintons eossmieciese caster R. L. Beardslee.
Marchi ies. oceee IDE Ter Doe ogstoceanos0onG (Qibhryteyey, Saoaconanooondcs R. L. Beardslee.

FIFTH SECTION.

Robert 8. Seeds and Prof. George C. Butz will attend all meetings
in this section.

Date. Place. County. Additional Lecturers.

CONS sie sis cicle ateleisjo-e cys Madisonville orcas cle. Lackawanna, ......... Geo, Campbell.
ID, C5 “Gopasennouason Clarks) Summit, \.3--... Lackawanna, ......... Geo. Campbell.
AD COM Be. ncteciciverocieie jetWial wWyeybiwiee Gooscesaodes Lackawanna, ......<.. Geo. Campbell,
IDEs Gh aaokdaanecose IMRAN So GenSdocuncane Ibackawannal. 7 ~. cc ccc cs 6 Geo. Campbell.
ID YOR Reto a eee, AuburniGentre. scosess.: Susquehanna, ......... Geo. Campbell.
ibys Ne eaogeaosceoge MLONIMOSEMaeccie aesmecietces Susquehanna, ......... Geo. Campbell.
MIC CH OR ocrretets rnistsrore IBTOOK VAIN Pace cecceentsns Susquehanna, <....:...¢ John McDonald.
OMEN. rateeperecciois esis New: Milford) scenes Susquehanna, .......... John McDonald.
ID(s Ie GonpeacooenD Above Seo hecoocogocs Susquehanna, .......... John McDonald.
Ibreteh, TES Sseoanecodeog DATO MC ALS yen eyetere eisteiseleieierere Susquehanna, .......... John McDonald.
oobonnoonaes Sherman, .........:0..... Wayne, John McDonald.

IWant WOOd emcnienean a cee.s Wayne, ee McDonald.

Pleasant Mount, Wayne, F. Schwarz,
..Farno, Wayne i F. Schwarz,
.. Bethany, Wayne, R. F. Schwarz,
South Canaan, Wayne, R. F. Schwarz,
MA] fordi ov aoe os otatsiemres eiete Pike, R. F. Schwarz,
= Dey Dingman’s Ferry, ...... Pike, R. F. Schwarz,
DEC SI-dans Mn oes SOUCEKtOM, Gucececevceece Montgomery, W. F. McSparran.
ALE an ene, SDLINGtOwil,” cecsseccecs. Bucks, W. EF. McSparran; and J. D.
Detrich, Jan. 3.
MVeUTINCAY Geman acieec ns: Lower Saucon, .......... Northampton, ......... W. F. MeSparran and J. D.
Detrich.
VANS Us. sinsciciccosen Hecktowm:. cha. ccsesc ccc Northampton, ......... W._F. McSparran.
EM le Ss deiece viclemeie Moorestown! \s.-aeene.ce Northampton, ......... J. Q.' Atkinson.
ain: 9-10 occ cae cece Mts (Bethel: scans Northampton, ......... J. Q. Atkinson,
afm, 1b Ey eee eee Gilbert, Mets osoocdeonee MONTAG eeanccarmonece: J. Q. Atkinson.
Terie Ib eee cosh cea Horticultural Hall, .... Philadelphia, .......... J. D. Nevins. J. D. Detrich
y and L. A. Clinton.
SAMs LG-L7, ceeacecce Bustleton weeceesseeees Philadelphia, .......... J. D. Nevins, L. A. Clinton:
and J. D. Detrich, Jan, 16.
atte 19-19 Wen. cele Northampton, ..!....... Bucksy a-nveesitcouneee .J. D, Nevins and L. A. Clin-
lon.
SMa 8a OO ai yz y saisiee Concordville, ........... Delaware.a-seensveas- sens W. A. Hutchison.
ari g0-o1 > 6s cce ec. Manor sina eee ateee Welawares |. cele cesses W. A. Hutchison
Uy aby Gea Bccneeon Middletown Grange, ..Bucks, ..............ce6 . W. A. Hutchison.
CT AaB, sp cei cis ecier ETATUDOLO sy fietcstsctaetes slelerrinrs Montgomery, .......... Cc. W. Brodhead.
GD Gata. sccecaes caer Centre Point, Saab ntsc once MONTSOMErY. (con. ceenee Cc. W. Brodhead.

BED: Bs essere vecsws WINEMUtSLOWN, «acescss ca SUCKS: becicieemsie cane --.-C. W. Brodhead.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 69

Date. Place, County. Additional Lecturers.

BMeDs UI=12. i ccescas BOyerstOWwn, ..scosscccne TS OTICH MN cles ainiclstaeipieleets pie Dr. M. E. Conard and Jasper
T, Jennings.

LUZ) aks FS Specs Geizer’s: Mills, wavecnnse FSO ia oats abate ss ex Dr. M. £, Conard and Jasper
T, Jennings.

Meb, Wh-16; 2 ccenenn STAT GON sare stelicisiniaiciec. veins RONAN cstepinvaision ssteipiece'siaie's Dr. M. E. Conard and Jasper
T, Jennings.

Feb. 20, PEC EON GP cisie:claiveliiaa/ssiviess tet oy a ae ASAD OOS L. W. Lighty.

Feb. 2 Jacksonville, ...0. ses. Lehigh, . W. Lighty.

Feb. Mast VMEXAS,) srecmvelvcccce Lehigh, . W. Lighty.

Feb. : Cedarville, ...... .-. Lehigh, . W. Lighty.

Feb. ¢ Craig’s Meadows, .- Monroe, . W. Northup.

March New Mahoning, .Carbon, ane . W. Northup.

March ¢ Weatherly, ..... POAC T DOM ai cloasichneucioe tae sola H. W. Northup.

TET Ce (CaO PY TOM saesrcieinieteine sit cieate IL PAS WE CQ BDOOONOBOOSL Jason Sexton,

WSN GR Diss w'slein cicce MOC MIAN G hatcictamiptactoere ciel EAIZOGNE So aremc nce sisisiseieinte Jason Sexton,

PETC G0, \cicinicre.clee Conynenanis Voi. cjeeliesiccs THUZEMNES ec deenisicccinc'eela Jason Sexton,

The general prosperity attending farm operations the past year has
stimulated and encouraged the country agricultural societies of the
State in holding their annual fairs, complete reports from which show
a great increase in the exhibit of all kinds of live stock, fruits, vege-
tables and cereals. The attendance at these exhibitions in 1900 were
over 1,143,071; and premiums paid, $110,830.60. Thirty-nine of the
societies holding fairs in 1901 offered a total in premiums of $135,-
250.00. Forty-seven of these societies have one-half mile race track
and seven one-third mile track.

Whilst visiting many of these associations, at the time of their
exhibitions, in order to gain such information as would be of advant-
age to the agricultural interests of the State, I noted some of the con-
ditions and management of these fairs. A great improvement has
taken place in the way of offering better premiums for all lines of
live stock, which is commendable; also in the appointment of judges
for stock. Many of these societies are striving to secure one expert
judge who is qualified and capable to decide upon the merits of com-
peting animals, or articles, in conformity with established rules and
regulations governing the same. This action is to be commended,
by thus relieving the awarding of premiums from the odium of favor-
itism which might some times be charged against persons serving,
who are acquainted with the exhibitors. Tests of speed on race
courses is to be commended; yet we note that at some of these fairs,
pool-selling and other modes of gambling occupy a prominent place
near the judges’ stand. This action cannot be condemned in language
too strong or forcible. In order that these agricultural societies may
fill the place in agriculture that they are intended, the standard of
morality and the principles of obeying the laws of the State, ought, of
necessity, to be strictly complied with. We speak for the agricul-
tural societies of the State a prosperous future, conditioned apon
the principle of conducting these exhibitions in such a manner as
to give the greatest encouragement to every line of agricultural ex-
hibit, and discouraging what would:seem to be a preponderance of
side shows, games of chance, etc., which tend to lead the minds of
the young away from habits of industry and sobriety.

Off. Doc.

ANNUAL REPORT Ol’ THE

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72 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dov.

PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.

In the matter of crop reports, and prices received by the farmers in
the different counties of the State, the following table will show that
in most of the crops cultivated, fair and remunerative prices have
been maintained. Extremely dry weather in many sections, at the
time the early potatoes were growing, cut the crop short; later rains
in the different counties caused a rapid growth, early maturity and
ripening of the late-planted potato, which was followed by rot, de-
stroying many thousands of bushels after having been grown and
harvested; the figures will, however, show a liberal price per bushel
for those that were marketed.

The ravages of the Hessian Fly in the wheat were not so destruc-
tive as the year previous, and farmers are receiving advanced price
for this cereal; and had the price of the different crops been collected
some months later, the average would no doubt have been much
higher than this table shows for all farm products. The following
table presents the average market price for the various products, as
well as the price of farm labor, wages, etc.:

WVbeae per DUS ie, ¥-.- (vn syst sya o's cee orim < oeeta, toe $0 71
Corn qpeG Us Wel eee. sce ee iegt-coe ee aoe Pe yereiteake, eke 58
Oats: Per sou shel Gere sw eesiepe sues ketal oe ena eal ay 41
LANES fOSie 4 OUTS IKE Etat wepeyen atm a ea aac 9 Sid be notea 58
Ibuclewheat Dem DUSUCl Sata nnc oc ee ete Conan es De
elaine LOW CISC ALOU ie citer rat be isl ec ere ates aay apenas 10 81
Mele PII OUD tPCT LOW eas itor ie ty gets gailer ir aehall: 13 30
PUGESES OR TC AU price rte aie ais afore elle ro)e aia sate ewes 98 00
MES Cre AC secre sci sbas eite sik eee, Pe netee 101 00
WOWs sper MCAS set etka hk ery Uvenoeraeere ore 32 00
SOAINIOS] PCR WEA. e ci de. iopersehacs tale, Maretercive « aaaie anes 3 11
BOS eer MEAG: cece ns nets a cane cue siege cues 3 48
SUGGES WieUc MOCK) OUNNC ara cach nate uetetncher oe ucncusr oyoire 5
Steers for feeding, per pound, ................ 3
Seve. SHOALS, DEE WOUMMGs a. 5 ae shia etree 6
Hate MOSS DCT WOU) fea ctt cole te tee c/o. Creare ete 6
Chickens, dressed, per pound, ................ 12
Chickens. live, per MOWING 30 nate la lta tiem & os 8
PUD PICHS (PE DUSDEM, soaks sreiere the! acttete efags (o9s weve 15
IZeACDENS WEL! DASE U formes ware nine cee een te <a (2
ears. per DUshel .Aciepwe > oie eels onG 3 os 93
PAGS, eT GUArt.... 2 ciate mies e eae se elec {f
ONELTICS,.. DEI «GUALES Pe neaegreee ake tp een eer atten fi

ACKPeETIES, PCr Qualls #. ceca cine cee ae we (é

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 73
RAS MVERVIcs PER QUaLl, «0 ie c. er <'e neem re ns
POLATOCR APE USL . pret cles iransre aie wiehe a + 0 8's, ase 75
Butter, per pound, AU SCOLE, ...0 sense eves 20
Buiter Per Pound av MArKet) v2.5. ese so 22
Milk, wholesale, 100 pounds, .........:..-..% 1)
MUS Cha bL, PO QUA t ie ra1c oh pre iloliyf sn isl\eGuche + «i aya dD
WON MGI OAC ricer le agers ai ule cen aes Messe 5 18
WVOOLSSMOri, WOWASHCG, 2022. nw oe ees eel et 16
WOO: SOL « WASMEO, Gitk clole seen =o sale 2s 21
NvOol, medium WwmWwaSshed)) oo. 5. il meee ae el 17,
WOO MEGUMI WASHER, 285 oe sie. eee bs eye 22
Nano lone unwashed, 285.1. 22h sees eee 18
POON LOMO: BWASHCE. St. 6 5 iste souls Mea o oie eae 23
Barm land. miproved, per acres... 2.240660... 58 00
Harm land: average, Per Acre, .. 2.2.6 snce sss = 38.00
harm wares, by year, with board, .........-.. 168 00
Farm wages, for summer months only, ....... 18 00
Harmwages; by day, with board, ..........5.. 92
Farm wages, by day, without board, .......... 1 23
Farm wages, whole year, without board, ..... 260 00
baron waces, harvest, by day, .......0.2 6.050. 1539
Household help, female, with board, per week,. ya bs)

The Legislature of 1901, recognizing the vast interests which are
involved in agriculture, and the importance of encouraging and fos-
tering the industry, at the request and petition of farmers from every
county of the State, wisely passed an act increasing the appropria-
tion for Farmers’ Institutes to fifteen thousand dollars per annum,
thereby enabling the Department to increase for the coming year the
number of meetings; also to add new and important features, such as
illustrating on canvas the life and habits of birds and insects, and
showing us which of these are our-friends and which are our foes;
also illustrated lectures on forestry and showing its relation to the
water supply, soil moisture and other kindred topics of vital import-
ance to successful farm operations. The institute is now the far-
mer’s school, to which he comes after the year’s work upon the farm,
having his mind filled with problems which can only be solved by the
light of science as applied to agriculture. From a knowledge of
chemistry, botany and etymology, as applied to agriculture, the Far-
mers’ Institute is becoming a great medium through which lessons
therein are reduced to practical application and carried to the far-
mer.

Respectfully submitted,
A. L. MARTIN,
Deputy Secretary and Director of Institutes.

74 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

REPORT OF THE DAIRY AND FOOD
COMMISSIONER.

Harrisburg, Pa., January 1, 1902.
Hon. John Hamilton, Secretary of Agriculture :

My Dear Sir: I have the honor to make the following report of the
work of the Dairy and Food Division of the Department of Agricul-
ture, for the year 1901.

We have had in employment the usual number of agents, chemists
and attorneys during the year. There has been collected by our
agents, and analyzed by our chemists and reported to the Division,
2,007 samples of the several food products, which are upon the mar-
kets of the State. Of this number, 1,152 samples have been found to
be true to name, or properly labeled, and 855 samples were found to
be adulterated, or not properly labeled. Under the oleo act, there
were issued 227 licenses, and we have received and paid into the
State Treasury, $21,606.00 for the same. In the enforcement of this
act, we have had collected and analyzed 903 samples. Of this num-
ber, 391 samples were found to be pure butter and 512 samples were
found to be oleo. We have prosecuted 353 cases, and of this number,
there were terminated 87 cases; there are still pending, 266 cases.
Prosecutions were ordered before the close of the year upon 159
cases, but as we had difficulty in getting a magistrate, they were
delayed and could not be entered upon this report. We have col-
lected and paid into the State Treasury under this act, $7,567.84 in
fines and costs. There are still in the hands of the sheriffs of the
several counties of the State, about $3,500.00, which is being held
until the question of the right to deduct from this amount the
sheriff's fees is determined.

We have experienced considerable difficulty in some sections of the
State in our efforts to enforce the law, owing to the public sentiment
being in opposition to it. In the month of June there were ignored
by the grand jury of Allegheny county, 123 bills and the costs placed
upon the county. In the month of September there were 594 bills
ignored by the grand jury of the aforesaid county, and the costs
placed upon our agent, James Terry. This action was opposed by us,
but to no avail, and I beg leave to call your attention to the copies of
petitions to the court, which are included in this report. These peti-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF, AGRICULTURE. (6)

tions were refused. We then, after sentence was imposed upon the
agent, and procuring security for the payment of the costs, appealed
the cases to the Superior Court (April term No. 96), where they are
now pending. After an unsuccessful attempt in petitioning the court
to restrain the sheriff from collecting the costs, they were paid under
protest. The appeal to the Superior Court was for the purpose of
having decided the right of a grand jury to place the costs upon a
public officer, who had acted only in the performance of his duty
under the law.

We have found that manufacturers beyond the State borders
have been, for the purpose of evading the law, establishing places
of business in certain sections of the State, having an agent
take orders for oleo from customers and sending the order to the
manufacturers beyond the State borders, where they are filled and
shipped in their own cars to the houses in the State and there de-
livered by the agents. By detecting and prosecuting these agents
we have succeeded to some extent in checking this method and hope
to successfully put a stop to this traffic. To more successfully enforce
the law in the larger cities, we have placed in the hands of the mag-
istrates a docket, prepared by our attorney, and we hope by this
means to be able to check appeals and certioraries of cases to court.

Pure Food Act.

In the enforcement of this act, we have had collected and analyzed
by our chemists, 710 samples, and of this number, 475 samples were
found to be pure, or properly labeled,-and 235 samples were found
to be adulterated or not properly labeled. We have prosecuted 183
cases, and of this number, 82 cases have been terminated and 101
cases are still pending owing to appeals and postponements. We
have collected and paid into the State Treasury $4,883.23 in fines
and costs.

There was, after the most careful consideration, compiled
and placed in the hands of the trade, Bulletin No. 80, “Rulings,
Definitions and Standards of Food Products.” This work has been
of valuable assistance to us in the discharge of our official duties.
Manufacturers are now making an honest effort to have their pro-
ducts upon the markets of the State branded to comply with the re-
quirements of the law. In the beginning of the year, our agents
found the branding of certain articles were not in compliance with
the requirements of the law, but at this date manufacturers, in gen-
eral, appear to be making an effort to have these articles properly
branded.

We have found that the use of preservatives in foods is being
practiced to a very large extent. In our investigations we find that

76 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

this is so, not only in vegetables, but is also found in meats, oysters
and even in dairy butter. ‘This condition should not be permitted to
continue, and if after a test before courts our present law is found
to be inadequate, our next Legislature should be asked to so amend
it that this growing practice can at least be regulated if not wholly
prohibited.

Milk Act.

Under this act we have collected and analyzed 293 samples. Of
this number, 237 samples were found to be unadulterated, or pure, and
up to standard, and 56 samples were found to be adulterated or
skimmed, and a few samples were found to contain a preservative.
There were prosecuted 41 cases and there are still pending 15 cases.
Ags if was necessary to bring some of these cases under the Pure Food
Act, it is impossible for us to give the amount collected in fines and
costs on these cases. In some of the cities we have found that a sys-
tem is in practice among dealers which should be condemned; that
is in drawing and serving milk by means of a stop-cock or spigot from
the bottom of the can. ‘This is unfair, as by this system patrons
do not have fair service. The patrons of these cities should com-
bine and put a stop to this practice.

Cheese Act.

Under this act we have collected and had analyzed by our chemists,
16 samples, and of this number, 11 samples were found to be up to
standard or properly branded, and 5 samples were found to be not up
to standard. At the last session of the Legislature, this act was so
amended that the branding of this article cuts a very small figure.

Vinegar Act.

Under this act there have been collected by our agents and analyzed
by our chemists, 35 samples, and of this number, 25 samples were
found to be pure and 10 samples to be not pure. At the last session
of the Legislature, this act was so amended that if the sample is
found to be of the product of the apple, it will be in compliance with
the law.

Fruit Juice Act.

This is a new act. Under this act we have prosecuted no cases,
as it requires a guilty knowledge before prosecution can be brought.
Renovated Butter Act.

Under this act there have been issued 2 licenses, and we have re-
ceived and paid into the State Treasury $175.00 for the same. We

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. $A

have collected and analyzed by our chemists, 42 samples. Of this
number, 19 samples were found to be properly branded, and 25 sam-
ples were found to be cases for prosecution, of this number, judg-
ment was given in three cases, which have been appealed to court.

Lard Act.

Under this act we have collected and had analyzed 8 samples; of
this number, four samples were found to be pure and four samples
were found to be compound and not so labeled.

To more fully explain the workings of this Division, I have attached
to this report the following tables:

Table No. 1, giving the number and showing the condition as to the
purity of the samples collected by the agents, analyzed by the chem-
ists and reported to the Division during the year. It must be remem-
bered that the agents are instructed to omit from their samples such
goods as previous analysis has shown to be pure.

Table No. 2, giving the number of samples collected under the act,
giving the number that were found to be pure or up to standard or
properly labeled, those found to be not pure or adulterated or not
up to standard; also giving the number of samples collected and an-
alyzed in total.

Table No. 3, giving the number of suits and prosecutions which
were commenced, the number which have been terminated and the
number still pending on appeal or certiorar7 ; also giving the number
of cases which were commenced previous to and terminated during
the year,

78 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

TABLE NO. 1.

Off. Doe.

Which Gives the Number and Shows the Condition as to the Purity
of the Samples Collected.

Allspice, pure,
Apple butter, adulterated, .............. mates
Apple jelly, pure,
Asparagus tips, pure,
Assorted candy, pure,
Baked beans, pure,
Baking powder, pure,
Beans, Pure,-..........
Blackberries, pure,
Buckwheat flour, pure,
Butter, pure,
Butter, renovated,
Butter, oleo, colored,
Butter, oleo, uncolored,
California lemon sugar, pure,
California orange sugar, pure,
Calf’s foot jelly, pure,
Canned beans, adulterated,
Canned corn, adulterated,
Canned peas, pure,
Canned peas, adulterated,
Canned oysters, adulterated,
Canned strawberries, pure,
Caramel butter, pure,
Gatsupaipure ny ve.ccectees
Catsup, adulterated,
Cayenne pepper, pure,
Cayenne pepper, adulterated,
Cheese, pure,
Cheese, adulterated,
Cherry syrup, adulterated,
Chocola,
Chocolate, pure,
Chocolate, adulterated,
Cider, pure,
Cinnamon, pure,
Cloves, pure,
Cloves, adulterated,
Cocoa, pure,
Cocoa, adulterated,
(Gamat “qobin= oy) goes One GAnGHCUDGBOTOD HES onbhesar
Coffee essence, pure,
Coloring matter,
Condensed milk, pure,
Condensed milk, adulterated,
Cream, pure,
Cream-of-tartar,
Cream-of-tartar,
rE COLCK scence
Currant jelly, pure,
Flaked rice, pure,
French capers, pure,
Fruit acid, pure,
Fruit syrup, pure,
Garantose, pure,
Gelatin, pure,
Gelatina, pure,
Ginger, pure,
Gooseberry jam, adulterated,
Grape butter, adulterated,
Grape juice, pure,
Grape juice, adulterated,
Gum benzoine, pure,
Honey, pure,
Honey, adulterated,
Ice cream, pure,
lceine, pure,
Jelly Com., pure,
Jello, pure,
Ko-Ko Brown, pure,
Lard, ‘pure,
Lard, adulterated,
Lemonade, pure,
Lemonade tablets,

AOO as a Sdodonnaceonddopseneaac
adulterated,

pure,

—
Coho Oto toe Epo 69

a)
Be
wWNe

a
Er aaswreroconm eee mn

ett
HOR wero

e i"
LOH DHE He moe Heobi need eM ROH mE rocoto Siu imboe

emon- extract, Pure, see. ccc seccscivcciie earte
Lemon extract, adulterated, .......sssssesee
TAT COVICE) PUTEs. Ricicielelelntesala(cvels cisie/-leleln\aielalsistaleteteists
Time Juice), Pure jo... veces sce cme

IMEACOs FUE HE sor reteirasioeiniceieietsteloiate

Malt Breakfast Food, pure,

Maple Syrup. pure. / sti <ricsis\cresietsinciem nate
Maple syrup, adulterated, .......... sai sielenate
MUNK PUTER |e cotelelete ts slersisicinralefoiervelelecseteteieieteteeiae a
MIS PAGUter ated cv iererrcieisieroseiaialaiorelatet=/e/mcncetets sie)
Milk chocolate! pire), 2 .icjeccs nameicie nie niece ele
IMOIASBES: APULTE! cidursiaivinlc cwiecisisicrelejeicte cleo ators -
WMINISE STG SUC steteainte, clece.o rioterataeiaGleraete
INDOGTSS UTS iieiecic vein aleisieloinia(alaisiataiatate
Olivenroulyepurcs. ee seees cess cacisoe

Olive oil, adulterated,

Oralimes MUO cfrotars orctetereteres arerss cinl clove cteictelatoietstele
Oraneseades | PURE icc sla ecciels eleeisisisaicte teeta
Orange. extract, “pure; cncmicic.vicee we camneee
Orange extract, adulterated, ............. :
Orange Marmalade, PULe, 22... csseessscias
OTFANEe SVU PULCy Mec paie svi einie(cre nisteisia startet 5
Oysters (tubbed)s SpUres cee a eicaeeielelateeiatens
Oysters (tubbed), adulterated,

Reach DUCE, SOUTH verte iclerrererctere sts

Peach preserves, adulterated,

PCaAMUGING. UTES) iets aia a. c/ac cote o clereluiuioie’stslsiotdialtea
POD DOT ULC) © sercistersistsi«ceisieiela lays craielete fs ehalala nisjetareln
Pepper, “AQUIEETALEH,, feiccisteresciiatesantechatelaivei dates
Pineapple extract, adulterated, .......... :
Pineapple JUICE, PUTS) <.c ck sefamieisielelele ciciotere -
Plum jam, pure,

IPOUSON LA DIETS. Weejete cfore sts wlaveiats{s|ccola valor eyaieaie tate
IRPESCEVEVIRMOS aaiereteinpeleleterats saleloetetatsicieieteistets
Preserved butter,

Preserves, pure,

Quince. Jelly; “Pures Vasco mse cisco ersieloteemetere
Quince preserves, adulterated, .......... ne
Raspberry extract, adulterated, ......... ae
RASPDErry JAM. aDULE, oo ican ctisrate an slare seipearatats
Raspberry jam, adulterated,

Raspoerry Jelly, QUren sco. e ee seentioniae
Raspberry jelly, adulterated,

Raspberry juice, pure, ..........
Raspberry preserves, pure, ........... erica
RASDDErry: BYLUD) ULES Fiecleleia cies sicteleiele ctetulaiets
Salad Gils PULLS. oa cie osicieiewaia/ain oinva sistetta raters
Sai Cy DUE ayo! clalelnieicYe/arein oeleleyeisieialalsyoie\e sucieintelstateiets :
Salt pork, pure, ..... Bd anonncenonese coucoctios
Sarsaparilla syrup, pure, ........ Bnnatanesc 3
SSUTSAS OM TOUTS rei) are ie orovare aloteicla lara tein n cfetetalelavaretintare
Sausage, PreSCrved, .ecscscesccccccecccscecce
SHEDaAMOUMELE Gs WOUNE semisieiale/cietelols stein ereraieteiate setae
Soda water tablets, pure, ..........se-sseee
Strawberry extract, adulterated, ..... ann
Strawberry fruit syrup, adulterated, ......
Strawberry Gam, pure; o.2..cscercnwesrvedn
Strawberry, JUICE) “DULeS yo. se icin. cccle cleleinsevivicieie
Strawberry preserves, pure, ...............
Strawberry SYFUP, PUTC, .....e-cecccecccscers
Strawberry syrup, adulterated, ............
SUS are DUC easter oe alesis cichenld cMivreloieie(sietnforalstnie
Supa ney HUTS eters ais cies. c o'eieloine eis slvic cisiniainsalnietaie
Table jelly, pure, ........ Reestesonetes niece
Vanilla extract, DUTC, 26. .cecccvcccenvecncne 5
Vanilla extract, adulterated, ...............
Varnilshiney pure, Siiccssaveunsis cc swale ca eee ome
WANE LST) DUCA ciees wince piele'n soo ws eee Geran eN on
Vinegar, adulterated, ......

White pepper, pure, ........

White pepper, adulterated,

we
3
a

Se

oc

mn
DOSKR EHO EMH MOREE NHN HH HANA OHHHH

Moo

Leg SAREE NSE pen ORC SEE Fe cpee a

CO pak ak tk et

an SRUBS

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TABLE NO. 2.

iF)

Which Gives the Number of Samples Taken and Analyzed Under

Number of butter samples which proved to be oleo,

the Several Acts.

Number of nutter samples which proved to be renovated, .......cseeeeeeseeeseeecevees wines
Number of butter samples which proved tO b€ PULTE, ceseeesecseeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseenrees
Total number of butter samples analyzed, ......... PRBS ia wa talditale cicvelvicaters’ ele wi eisiersiacetet

Number of food samples which proved to be pure,
Number of food samples which proved to be adulterated,

Total number of food samples analyzed,

Number of milk samples which proved to be pure,

Number of milk samples which proved to be adulterated, ........sssseesccscescussvescves Ae

Total number of milk samples ANnAlyZed, ....cecccceecccccesecseserccrsoes ciciniora(eeielevaleratesers

Number of vinegar samples which proved to be up to standard,
Number of vinegar samples which proved to be not up to’standard,

Total number of vinegar samples analyzed,

Number of cheese samples which proved to be up to StanGard, .......-seeeeeeeeee eee eeeeee
Number of cheese samples which proved to be not up to Standard, .......-..sesseeeeeeeeee
Total number of cheese samples analyzed, ........... aiefeteie alstaieiciseletaie(eln/pteletsa(nva Rndtboscists
Number of lard samples which proved tO b€ PULe, ...cseeeeeeesereceerc ce eerccerceceerereeers
Number of lard samples which proved to be compound, ...........+-...- eratatelajevayetetGiarerstere eivare
Total number of lard sampleS ANalyZed, ....cccrcccecrccccccceccssesccrecccccccrssveeeces

Total number of samples analyzed during the year,

TABLE NO. 3.

11

2 |
oo or

HS leo | me Il

Which Gives the Number of Suits and Prosecutions Commenced,
Terminated and Pending. Also Cases Commenced
and Terminated During the Year 1901.

Cases Commenced During the Year 1901.

Previous to

pure food act of 1895, ........

; rd

3 2

g = E

Z 5 =

i] o v

Ay i ie
OICOMANTSATINEG ACENOLs ISIG! Selec tieiaie ele\eleieitie's ++ elnlelsie vinicisle)s ole isiere 295 62 233
BIE OMI eA TINO CCE LOL eT GUM op clee ociels (cic etlolsierejuisis'tiale(elsie-slelae\siaisie'winin|= 58 25 33
MEMO MAULC OM DU LUCIEN Gly Oe OUi lajelclcte cisiclelaicielo’s|clelele\sicleleis stele =\-/s\tyele,0.e | 23 3 | 20
sca whale eve ainioletave oie s ¥-t,cte.c/aiaieye.cis 183 82 | 101
rerbliie, Gee Yare abil: BaosanoonpbaccdaenadcdocondauddonnobodoosppUneGT | 41 16 | 25
asonnoooe dassounoEolRoodomohhtooonoboboLpaadpaeepragos 3 ae 2
IME PATNA CLAD feel RO Tom ceiiccic sisteacisicete cieieisieeminieriore sia cleiereieleitine nice 5 2 £13

80 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Cases Commenced Previous to and Terminated During the Year 1901.

Terminated.
Under soleomarrarine Acts 18995, v-rjecc <sraisisjeinic.cianne «clniora's cisie lelalnja calWelnicteisictiaiste/slelnimintele eetatersien is 153
inderknenovated (outer Ctr OL 1899) vis...crasiererctersiectetetercie site ciclotelelncieteleseve aisteretetaletalerereiaictoteterninicetetciers it
PINGEL EDULE GOOG, OL. OL, T8I0,.. toaa nitro cu rcjarole,niccso.sielocs cieiaielorutoeistetelateianie ere a(ale wlonere etarseete Bicloretenat cteaieeieereae : aol

In connection with this number, there were 394 oleo bills ignored
by the grand jury of Allegheny county, but as those cases have been
appealed to the Superior Court, they are still pending and their num-
ber cannot be included in this report. There were also, as has been
before referred to, a number of cases upon which prosecution has
been ordered, but as they could not be brought forward they are not
included in this report.

Very respectfully,
JESSE K. COPE,
Dairy and Food Commissioner.

IN THE COURT, OF QUARTER SESSIONS OF ALLEGHENY
COUNTX.

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
VS. No. 641, September Term, 190.
S. B. Charters, et al.

PETITION OF JAMES TERRY, Prosecutor.
To the Honorable the Judges of said Court:
The petition of James Terry respectfully represents:

That he is the agent of the Dairy and Food Commissioner of the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, employed in such capacity for a
number of years, and engaged in the performance of his duties as
such public officer during the year 1900, and is so engaged at this
time.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 8]

That among other responsibilities devolving upon him as such
officer, it is his duty to ascertain information and prosecute on behalf
of the Commonwealth, all cases involving the violation of an act of
the General Assembly, entitled “An act providing for the regulation
and sale of oleomargarine, ete., approved May 5, 1901.”

That on the Ist day of September, 8S. B. Charters had in his posses-
sion with intent to sell, offered for sale and sold at his place of busi-
ness in the city of Pittsburg, county of Allegheny and State of Penn-
sylvania, a certain quantity of a substance commonly known as oleo-
margarine; that said substance upon being purchased by George H.
Wilcox, one of the agents of the Dairy and Food Commissioner afore-
said, was placed in the hands of F. T. Aschman, a chemist,
and by him analyzed and found to be oleomargarine, color-
ed in imitation of yellow butter; that said sale so made as
aforesaid, was in violation of the act of Assembly above
mentioned; that in proof of said violation of law aforesaid,
an indictment was presented to the grand jury of Alle-
gheny county, based upon an information made in this behalf by your
petitioner,and upon a hearing had upon such indictment by and in the
presence of the grand jury of Allegheny county on the 20th day of
September, 1901, the following named witnesses were called, sworn
and examined, to-wit: James Terry, informant, George H. Wilcox,
who purchased said oleomargarine from defendant and Prof. F. T.
Aschman, the chemist by whom the same was analyzed; that said
witnesses specifically stated in the presence of said grand jury, as
your petitioner is informed and believes, the acts upon which the in-
formation in this case was based and for which an indictment was
asked; the substance of the testimony of the witnesses aforesaid,
being more particularly set out in affidavits hereto attached and made
part hereof; that notwithstanding the specific nature of the allega-
tions and the testimony produced in support of the same, upon which
your petitioner believes it was the duty of the grand jury to return to
this court a true bill, yet the grand jury aforesaid, wholly disregard-
ing its duty in the premises and ignoring the law governing such
cases, ignored said bill of indictment and has made a return of its
action to your honorable court.

Your petitioner further sets forth, that as a further and stronger
evidence of the said grand jury’s wilful disregard of the law in this
case, and its duty in the permises, it imposed upon your petitioner,
the prosecutor, a public officer, the burden of defraying all costs and
expenses accrued in said legal proceedings.

That your petitioner in instituting these proceedings and in all his
subsequent conduct regarding the prosecution of the same, acted con-
scienciously in the performance of his duty as a public officer, under

6—6—1901

82 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

the direction of the Dairy and Food Commissioner of the Common-
wealth, to whose department of the State government is specially
delegated the prosecution of cases involving violations of the afore-
said act of Assembly.

Your petitioner further sets forth, that in line with the policy of
the grand jury disclosed in the above case, substantially similar
evidence being submitted to it in about 390 other cases upon the same
date, the said grand jury ignored the testimony of the witnesses, and
failed to find and return to this court, true bills according to law; and
furthermore, unlawfully and unjustly placed upon the prosecutor,
your petitioner, the burden of paying the costs in said proceedings.

That in addition to the offense of selling a substance colored in
violation of law as aforesaid, in many of the above cases the defend-
ant was charged with selling oleomargarine without first having had
or obtained a license as is required by the act of Assembly; and
others still, with having sold the same and not delivering it to the
purchaser in wrappers plainly stamped on the outside thereof with
the word “Oleomargarine” or “Butterine,” as is required by law.

Wherefore, your petitioner prays that an order may be made by
this honorable court, directing that the indictment above referred to
be re-submitted to the grand jury aforesaid, which is now im session,
and that your honorable court, if it be deemed meet and proper in the
premises, instruct the said grand jury regarding its duty in the
premises, in order that proper returns may be made and justice be
done in this matter; and such other and further relief as the court
may deem proper in view of the facts set forth in this petition.

And he will ever pray, etc.,

JAMES TERRY,

Special Agent of the Dairy and Food Division of the Department
of Agriculture.

Sworn to and subscribed this 24th day of September, A. D. 1901.
Geo. W. Miller, .

Clerk of the Court.

AFFIDAVIT OF GEO. H. WILCOX.

State of Pennsylvania,
County of Allegheny,

Personally appeared before me George H. Wilcox, who being duly
sworn according to law, deposes and says, that on the 20th day of

Nc. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 3

September, 1901, he appeared before the grand jury of Allegheny
county and in the case of the Commonwealth vs. 8S. B. Charters, testi-
fied substantially as follows: That he was an agent of the Dairy and
Food Commissioner of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; that on
the lst day of September, 1900, he purchased from §. B. Charters,
the defendant, an article or substance which resembled yellow butter;
that said purchase was made in the county of Allegheny from the
said defendant; that the article so purchased was by this deponent
marked upon the wrapper in whicb the same was delivered by the
defendant to the deponent, the date of purchase and the initials of
this deponent, and the sum paid by him for said article, together with
a number identifying the sample; that deponent delivered the said
sample so wrapped and marked as aforesaid, to Prof. F. T. Aschman,
in the city of Pittsburg, to be analyzed by the said Aschman, who
was then and there a chemist employed by the Dairy and Food Com-
missioner.

Deponent further states, that he was sworn and examined by and
before the said grand jury on the date aforesaid, in regard to a num-
ber of other purchases of a like article made by him from various de-
fendants against whom bills had been presented and were then pend-
ing before the said grand jury, this deponent testifying in each of said
cases to the purchases made by him from the said defendants, re-
spectively, giving in each instance the date of such purchase, and the
amount paid, and that he had in each case marked the sample as
above indicated, with the date and place of purchase and the name of
the defendant, and that he delivered each of said samples to the
aforesaid chemist for analysis.

Deponent further states that he has kept the said samples in every
instance from the time of the respective purchases thereof until their
delivery to the said chemist, in his own possession, and that nothing
had been added thereto or taken therefrom, and that the samples in
each instance were delivered to said chemist in the same conditior
which they respectively were at the time of purchase.

GEORGE H. WILCOX,

Special Agent, Dairy and Food Division of the Department 6.
Agriculture.

Sworn to and subscribed before me this 24th day of September.
A. BD. 1901. .

Geo. W. Miller,
Clerk of the Court.

84 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.
AFFIDAVIT OF F. T. ASCHMAN.

State of Pennsylvania, } -
County of Allegheny, i

Personally appeared before me, Professor F. T. Aschman, who
being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says: That he is a
chemist residing in the city of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, that he is
employed by the Dairy and Food Commissioner of Pennsylvania to
make analysis of food products, that on the Ist day of September,
1900, deponent received from G. H. Wilcox, who has made and sub-
scribed the foregoing affidavit, the article or substance stated by him
to have been purchased on the date aforesaid from 8. B. Charters;
that deponent analyzed the said substance and found the same to be
oleomargarine, colored by the introduction of foreign material in imi-
tation of yellow butter; that deponent appeared before the grand
jury of Allegheny county on the 20th day of September, 1901, and
produced before the said grand jury the article or substance (in part)
so delivered to him as aforesaid by the said Wilcox, and so analyzed
and stated to the said grand jury under oath, that he had found the
same to be oleomargarine, colored by the introduction of foreign ma-
terial in imitation of yellow butter; that deponent had, in like manner,
received from various other agents, packages containing substances
purchased by them from a large number of defendants against whom
bills of indictment were then pending befcre the said grand jury, and
that deponent appeared before the said grand jury on the date afore-.
said, and testified under oath as to the result of the analysis made by
him of the substances so delivered to him by the said agent, stating
in each instance that the analysis made by him showed the substance
to be oleomargarine, colored by the introduction of foreign material
in imitation of yellow butter; that deponent was specific in his testi-
mony as to the substance purchased from each of the defendants
against whom the indictments were so pending as aforesaid, and in
each instance produced before the said grand jury a complete state-
ment from his books showing the result of the analysis in each case.

F. T. ASCHMAN,

Chemist of the Dairy and Food Division of the Department of
Agriculture. :

Sworn to and subscribed before me this 24th day of September,
AD: 1901.

Geo. W. Miller,
Clerk of the Court.

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 85

TO THE HONORABLE THE JUDGES OF THE COURT OF QUAR-
TER SESSIONS OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY, PENNSYLVA-
NIA.

The petition of Jesse Kk. Cope: respectfully represents that he ts
the duly appointed Dairy and Food Commissioner of the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania, and that he is charged by the laws of the
State with the duty of enforcing the various statutes, relating to
the sale and adulteration of food products, and also with the duty of
enforcing the law of the State, regulating the sale of oleomargarine,
colored in imitation of yellow butter.

That for the purpose of enforcing said laws, your petitioner, the
Dairy and Food Commissioner, has appointed various special agents
in various parts of the Commonwealth, to ascertain and report
alleged violations of the statutes aforesaid.

That in the performance of the official duty thus imposed upon
your petitioner, as the Dairy and Food Commissioner of the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania, your petitioner instructed agents employed,
as aforesaid, to investigate and report, as to whether illegal sales of
oleomargarine were being made in the cities of Pittsburg and Alle-
gheny and elsewhere in the county of Allegheny.

That the said agents made reports to your petitioner, showing that
they had purchased various articles believed by them to be colored
oleomargarine, from various residents of the cities aforesaid and of
the county aforesaid.

That the articles so purchased by said agents were submitted to
inspection and analysis by a competent chemist, duly selected and
appointed for that purpose.

That the said chemist made report to your petitioner, that the ar-
ticles so purchased as aforesaid, by the said agents, were in each in-
stance oleomargarine, colored by artificial means in imitation of yel-
low butter.

That upon the receipt of the report of said chemist upon the various
articles so purchased as aforesaid, your petitioner in the performance
of his official duty, and for the purpose of enforcing the laws of the
Commonwealth against those who had apparently violated the same
in the sale of the aforesaid articles, your petitioner instructed James
Terry, the Chief Supervisor of the Agents of the Dairy and Food De-
partment at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, to commence prosecutions
against various persons, who had apparently violated the law regu-
lating the sale of oleomargarine, in the manner above stated.

That the said James Terry, in pursuance of said instructions from

86 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

your petitioner, commenced various prosecutions to the number of
about four hundred against various residents of the county of Alle-
gheny, and that in pursuance of said prosecutions and the return
thereof to this honorable court, bills of indictment were duly pre-
pared by the District Attorney of Allegheny county, and submitted
to the Grand Inquest of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, inquir-
ing in and for the said county of Allegheny.

That before the said Grand Inquest, the said prosecutor called,
as your petitioner is informed and believes, the various agents who
made purchases of the articles aforesaid from the various persons
against whom the said bills of indictment were thus presented, and
called also the chemist who had inade an analysis of the said articles,
as above stated.

That in support of each of the said indictments, as your petitioner
is informed and believes, the said Grand Inquest heard the testimony
of an agent of the Dairy and Food Department, who had purchased
from the defendant named therein, the article charged in each indict-
ment to have been sold by the said defendant.

That the said Grand Inquest further heard the testimony of the
chemist, who had analyzed the articles alleged to have been sold in
each case, who testified before the said Grand Inquest, that the
article so sold by each defendant was oleomargarine, colored in imita-
tion of yellow butter.

That notwithstanding the positive testimony submitted under each
of said indictments, showing that each particular defendant had
made a sale of an article as ascertained by analysis, as aforesaid, to
be oleomargarine colored in imitation of yellow butter, and which,
therefore, under the laws of Pennsylvania could not be sold, the said
Grand Inquest on the 20th day of September, 1901, ignored all of the
said bills of indictment to the number of 394, and directed that the
costs of prosecution be paid by James Terry, whose name was en-
dorsed upon each of the said bills as the prosecutor.

That afterwards, to-wit, on the 24th day of September, A. D. 1901,
the said James Terry presented his petition to this honorable court,
setting forth the fact that he had commenced the several prosecu-
tions, above referred to, as an agent of the Dairy and Food Depart-
ment of Pennsylvania, and under the instructions of said Depart-
ment, and that he had caused to be produced before the Grand In-
quest aforesaid, the positive testimony of the person making the
purchase from each defendant, charged in the said indictments sev-
erally with unlawful sale of oleomargarine, and had also caused to
be produced before the said Grand Inquest, the testimony of the
chemist to the effect that the articles sold by each defendant named
in any of the said indictments, was oleomargarine, colored in imita-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 87

tion of yellow butter, and thereupon suggesting to this honorable
court, that the said bills had been ignored by the said Grand In-
quest without giving proper consideration to the testimony sub-
mitted to and heard by the said Grand Inquest, and therefore respect-
fully requesting this honorable court to return the said indictments
to said Grand Inquest or to some subsequent Grand Inquest, in and
for the county of Allegheny, with proper instructions to each inquest,
as to its duty in the consideration of testimony offered to support the
said indictments. That afterwards, to-wit, on the day of ———,
1901, this honorable court declined to submit the said indictment, or
any of them to the Grand Inquest aforesaid.

Your petitioner now respectfully represents, that the prosecutions,
under which the said indictments were presented, were commenced
in good faith for the purpose, and under the circumstances herein-
before fully set forth. That your petitioner had in view at the time he
directed the commencement of said prosecution, no other purpose
than that of enforcing the law, in accordance with his official duty.

That by reason of the action of the Grand Inquest aforesaid, a
large amount of costs, aggregating more than five thousand dollars
($5,000) is about to be demanded from the said James Terry, who
began the prosecutions, with the instructions and under the circum-
stances hereinbefore set forth.

Your petitioner further respectfully represents, that in his opinion,
it would be unjust to permit the finding of the said grand jury, with
respect to the payment of costs, to be enforced against the said James
Terry, or against any person in any way connected with the com-
mencement of the said prosecutions.

Your petitioner further respectfully represents, that he is now, as
he always has been, desirous of enforcing the various laws, with the
execution of which your petitioner is Officially charged by virtue of his
office.

That to permit the said finding of the said Grand Inquest, as to the
costs to be enforced against the said James Terry, would, as already
stated, be, in the opinion of your petitioner, unjust, because he had
acted in good faith and in an official capacity, and as your petitioner
is advised, is entitled under the law and the practice of the courts of
Pennsylvania to be relieved from the payment of costs.

Your petitioner, therefore, respectfully requests this honorable
court to make an order, setting aside the finding of the said Grand
Inquest, as to the payment of costs in the several prosecutions, com-
menced as aforesaid, and further respectfully asks permission to
renew the application originally made by said James Terry, as prose
cutor, for the re-submission of the aforesaid bills of indictment to the
Grand Inquest of the county of Allegheny, with proper instructions

88 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE. Off. Doc.

from this Honorable Court to the Grand Inquest, as to its duty, in
case evidence shall be presented, showing sales of oleomargarine to
have been unlawfully made by any of the defendants named in the
said indictments.

Your petitioner further respectfully represents, that unless he can,
in his official capacity, have from this Honorable Court the aid and
relief hereinbefore respectfully requested, that he will be greatly em-
barrassed in the performance of his official duty, and the Executive
Department of the Commonwealth will be hindered and prevented
from properly executing and enforcing the laws of-the State, regu-
lating to the sale of oleomargarine; and in order that your petitioner
and the Executive Department of the State may receive from this
Honorable Court that aid and assistance, which your petitioner is
advised should be accorded to the Executive Department of the
Commonwealth by the several courts of the Commonwealth, your
petitioner respectfully submits this petition and earnestly prays that
~oHef be granted, as hereinbefore requested.

Very respectfully,
JESSE K. COPE,
Dairy and Food Commissioner.

Commonwealth In the Court of Quarter Sessions of Alle-
VS. gheny County, Pennsylvania, September
S. B. Charters, et al. Session, 1901. No. 641.

Brief of Argument in Support of the Petitions of James Terry,
Special Agent, and Jesse K. Cope, Dairy and Food Commissioner,
Asking for Re-submission of the Indictments in the Above Cases
to the Grand Jury, and for the Striking off of the Order of the
Grand Jury, Directing James Terry, as Prosecutor, to Pay Costs.

Tor the purpose of this discussion, the facts stated in these peti-
tions are to be regarded as true and correct, if so, then each of the
indictments presented to the grand jury was supported by such evi-
dence as established clearly a “prima facie” case against each of the
defendants for an unlawful sale of oleomargarine.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 89

The purpose of commencing these prosecutions was solely to en-
force the law, prohibiting the sale of oleomargarine when colored in
imitation of yellow butter.

The prosecutions were commenced by the proper authority of the
Executive Department of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. A
public purpose was intended to be promoted by the commencement
of these prosecutions. No private interest was considered in setting
the law in operation.

The action of the grand jury has apparently been taken in utter
disregard of the testimony submitted. Such action, it is respectfully
contended, calls for more than passing notice from this Honorable
Court. If the laws of the Commonwealth have been violated, and
the evidence submitted to the grand jury clearly indicated such vio-
lation, then there has been a manifest disregard of duty by the grand
jury, which calls for correction at the hands of this Honorable Court.

This Court is charged ‘with the duty of administering justice and
cnforcing obedience to the mandates of the statutes of the Common-
wealth. To permit a clearly proven violation of the law to go un-
rebuked and unpunished, would be discreditable to the administra-
tion of justice. If the Executive Department of the Commonwealth
is expected, as it certainly is, to enforce the law in accordance with
the mandate of the statutes of the Commonwealth, it must look to
the courts for aid and assistance in bringing offenders to trial.

If it be suggested that the action of the grand jury is not final, and
that new prosecutions may be commenced against the alleged offend-
ers, it is respectfully submitted that a sufficient reply to this sug-
gestion is the fact that costs have already been incurred to a large
amount, in a faithful effort on the part of the representatives of the
Commonwealth to bring alleged offenders to justice, and that these
costs ought not to be borne by any public official, or by any municipal
division of the Commonwealth. If the law has been violated, the
costs of punishing the offenders should, as a matter of simple justice,
be imposed only upon such offenders. To permit these costs to be
borne by a public official, who has acted in good faith in the perfor-
mance of official duty, would be contrary to justice, and in violation
of all judicial precedent. To permit these costs to be paid either by
a county or by the Commonwealth itself, would be to encourage of-
fenders to continue their disregard of the mandates of the Common-
wealth. It would invite disregard of law and continued violations.
The law in question was duly enacted by the Legislative Department
of the State Government, after full discussion and consideration of
the merits of the measure.

It is too late to consider whether the statute is wise or unwise. It
is the law of the Commonwealth, and as such must be enforced by

7

90 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

the Executive Department of the State, and obeyed by the citizens of
the Commonwealth.

This Honorable Court is respectfully and earnestly requested to
consider the grave situation created by the action of the grand jury.
This action seems to indicate that the grand inquest, moved by an
unfavorable opinion as to the wisdom of the law, has chosen to dis-
regard a statute of the State. Such disregard, we respectfully sub-
mit, calls for judicial action, in order that the law may be maintained
and obedience to legal procedure properly enforced.

That this Honorable Court has the power to direct a re-submission
of these bills to a grand jury, with proper instructions as to the
duties of the grand inquest, cannot be doubted.

If it be suggested that the number of indictments presented is ex-
cessive and indicates a disposition to persecute rather than prosecute,
the answer is that where more than one indictment has been pre-
sented against a single defendant, that deféndant has had a license
for several different places of business, and at each of said places of
business, has, upon more than one occasion, violated the law by
making sale of a prohibited article. Even if more indictments had
been presented against a single defendant than was proper under all
the circumstances, this would be no good reason for allowing such
defendant, if violation of law was established by evidence, to go un-
indicted and unpunished.

This Honorable Court has ample power to control the prosecution
of indictments, and if more indictments were returned against a
single person than in the opinion of the court should have been pre-
sented, the Court, from its inherent power to administer justice,
could control the prosecution of said indictments and the punishment
thereunder.

If upon an examination of all the indictments, which have appa-
rently been improperly ignored by the grand jury, this Honorable
Court shall be of the opinion that an unnecessary number of indict-
ments have been presented against any single individual, it can now
direct that only such number of indictments against any single per-
son shall be re-submitted to the grand jury, as in the opinion of the
court shall be proper and right.

In regard to the payment of costs, as directed by the grand jury, it
is respectfully submitted that the direction of the grand inquest upon
this subject is manifestly unjust. That this Court, by virtue of its
inherent power to administer justice, has control over the subject of
costs, cannot be doubted, and the courts of the Commonwealth have
universally refused to require payment of costs by a public official,
acting as a prosecutor in his official capacity, unless it were clearly
shown that the official had acted in bad faith and in disregard of his

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. vl

duty. It is therefore respectfully submitted, that in these cases the
prosecutor, as a public official, has proceeded in good faith and solely
for the purpose of performing official duty, and is entitled to the
protection of the Court.

Guffey vs. The Commonwealth 2nd Grant 66, Mr. Justice Lewis,
delivering the opinion of the court in this case says, pages 68-69: “The
jury have the power to name the prosecutor, but if they name one
against whom there is not a particle of evidence, one who was not tlfé
prosecutor and who had no notice whatever of the proceedings, the
injustice would be so monstrous that it seems impossible to doubt in
regard to the power and duty of the court to grant redress. So if
The jury should name as prosecutor the justice who issued the war-
rant, the constable who executed it, or the district attorney who sent
up the indictment and prosecuted it, without any other evidence
against them, except proof of the performance of their official duties,
the demand for a prompt and efficient remedy would be equally im-
perative. No man can suppose for a moment, that the Legislature
intended to place it in the power of the jury to impose severe penal-
ties upon public officers for the faithful performance of their duties—
where the prosecution is not trifling, but one of a grave char-
acter, where it is not unfounded but founded upon probable cause
existing at the time it was commenced—and where there is no evi-
dence of malice in the prosecution, it is the duty of the court to set
aside the verdict against the prosecutor for the costs. In short, this
is the duty of the court in all cases where there is nothing in the tes-
timony to show that the prosecutor behaved improperly.”

This decision of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania stands un-
reversed and unchallenged. It has been frequently followed by the
lower courts.

Commonwealth vs. Ream 1st County Court Reports 33.

In this case the court of quarter sessions in Lancaster county set
aside the verdict of a jury imposing costs upon a constable, who was
the prosecutor. On page 35, Judge Wickes, delivering the opinion of
the court says “it must be borne in mind that these are not cases in
which the officers returned within their knowledge, places kept in
violation of the law. In that event they would be the real prosecu-
tors, and for their honest mistakes it would be manifestly proper the
county should pay, because the policy of the law would not allow an
officer to be thus embarrassed in the discharge of his official duties.”

Commonwealth vs. Grimm ist County Court Reports 40.

In this case, the quarter sessions of Northampton county relieved
the prosecutor upon whom costs had been placed by the grand jury,

92 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

because he was an officer of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
to Animals, Schuyler. P. J., delivering the opinion of the courts, says:
“The grand jury ignored the bill and imposed the costs on the prose-
cutor. The agents of the S. P. C. A., are regarded as peace officers,
and as such are entitled to the protection of the Court.”

That the Court possesses the power to control the findings of a
grand jury as to costs, is abundantly shown by numerous authorities,
among which are the following:

Commonwealth vs. Bain, Ist County Court Reports 25.

Connoly vs. Lackawanna County, Ist County Court Reports 26.

Commonwealth vs. Jackson Ist County Court Reports 388.

Other authorities might be cited, but it is respectfully submitted
that even these are not needed to satisfy this Court of its inherent
power to control the finding of the grand jury as to costs in these
cases.

These prosecutions were commenced by a public official in the per-
formance of his official duty. He proceeded by the direction of his
superior officer, connected with the Executive Department of the
Commonwealth. That he is entitled to the protection which this
honorable court has the power to grant, we respectfully contend,
and we respectfully ask the court to relieve him from the payment
of any costs whatsoever.

In order that no injustice may be done to anyone entitled to costs,
it is respecifully suggested that this honorable court direct the
re-submission to the grand jury of the indictments in these cases or of
such number of them as the court may deem proper to re-submit.

If true bills are returned, as we respectfully submit the evidence
requires, and the defendants are brought to trial and convicted, this
court has ample power to make such order, in regard to the prose-
cution of more than one indictment against a single defendant, and
in regard to the payment of costs upon the other indictments, as will
be just and proper. If the law has been violated repeatedly by any
defendant, then it would be manifestly proper, in case of his con-
viction upon one indictment, to direct the payment of costs upon
the other indictments, and permit a nolle prosqui to be entered on
the other indictments upon the payment of costs. lo this way the
costs could be imposed upon those, who, after a hearing, have been
shown by the evidence, to have violated the law, and he, who
has acted only in his official capacity and solely for the purpose of
performing his official duty, would be relieved from the injustice
sought to be inflicted upon him by the grand jury.

If this court shall desire to make inquiry into the facts, or if
the facts are stated in the petitions now before this honorable court
are challenged, we respectfully ask that rules be granted to show
cause why the indictments should not be re-submitted, and why the

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 92

prosecutor should not be relieved from payment of costs, so that after
full hearing of testimony by depositions or otherwise, and full argu-
ment upon the questions raised by such rules the court can take
such action as may appear to be proper and necessary in the due
administration of justice, and the enforcement of the laws of the
Commonwealth.

To permit violations of the law to go unrebuked and the violators
to escape under the protection of a grand jury, which has apparently
disregarded proper evidence, would, it is respectfully submitted, be
a menace to government, and an invitation to offenders to violate the
law.

Respectfully submitted,
SAMUEL J. M. McCARRELL,
Attorney for Dairy and Food Division, Dept. of Agriculture.

94 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

REPORT OF THE STATE VETERINARIAN.

Harrisburg, January 1, 1902.
Hon. John Hamilton, Secretary of Agriculture:

Sir: It is with pleasure that I furnish you the following review
of the work that has come to me as State Veterinarian and as Sec-
retary of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board for the calendar year
Terminating December 31, 1901.

The year has been one of great activity and progress in respect
to the development of knowledge of the diseases of animals and to its
practical application. There has also been a marked and gratifying
increase in interest in suppressing the diseases of animals, due, in
part, to a fuller realization of the losses that come from such diseases,
and in part, to the evidence that a successful warfare may be urged
against them.

In the subject of tuberculosis, this increase im interest has been
very great. A cause that helped to bring this about was the British
Congress for the study of tuberculosis, held in London last July.
At this congress experts gathered from all parts of the world to
discuss this most widespread and destructive of all diseases. The
current knowledge of the subject was well reviewed and summar-
ized and several notable contributions to the pre-existing fund of in-
formation were offered.

If not the most important at least the most sensational paper pre-
sented at the London Congress was that of Dr. Robert Koch, of
Berlin. In this paper Dr. Koch cited certain experiments he had
made in co-operation with Dr. Schuetz, wherein he had attempted to
produce tuberculosis in cattle and other animals by inoculation and
feeding with sputum from consumptives. These experiments indi-
cated to him that tubercular sputum from persons is not especially
virulent for animals of some species and notably for calves. From
this observation he drew the deduction that animal and bovine tuber-
culosis are not the same disease nor so closely related as to be inter-
communicable. This dogma was opposed in the congress by Nocard
of France, by Bang of Denmark, by Lister and McFadyean of Eng-
land, by Thomassen of Holland and by Ravenel of Pennsylvania.
Before the close of the congress a resolution was adopted in which
was recommended the continuation of all efforts to protect the public

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 95

from the products of tubercular cattle, and it was also recom-
mended that investigations should be instituted to further test the
point raised by Dr. Koch.

It is interesting to note that Koch was not the first to make the
observations that he reported, if he was the first to construe them
as he did. Similar observations were made in America four years
ago by Smith, Frothingham and Dinwiddie. In order to more closely
examine this subject, to compare the virulence of bovine and human
tubercle bacilli and to measure, so far as possible, the capacity of
bovine tubercle bacilli to produce disease in animals other than cat-
tle, an extensive series of experiments was instituted at the labora-
tory of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board in 1898. These experi-
ments were reported by Dr. Ravenel at the London Congress, and his
report upon them is published, together with his report on the con-
gress, in another part of this volume.

These experiments are confirmed by those of Koch and Schuetz, but
they do not confirm Koch’s deductions. On the contrary, they appear
to show that Koch’s deductions are illogical and unsound. They
show, beyond peradventure, that bovine tubercle bacilli are for most
animals more virulent and in all cases, so far as tested, quite as viru-
lent as tubercle bacilli from man. Hence, instead of indicating that
bovine tubercle bacilli are not a probable source of tuberculosis in
man, these experiments furnish cause to fear, if not to believe, that
tubercle bacilli from cattle are at least as virulent and deadly for
persons than are those from other human beings. Other experi-
ments and observations have been made that tend to show the great
care that should be exercised in the use as food of the products of
some tubercular cattle, and these will soon be reported.

It is important to observe that Koch’s deductions have not been
drawn, nor is his opinion held, by any other research worker in the
field of sanitary science. Moreover, Koch’s dogma is not allowed in
any country of Kurope to limit the work of the suppression of tu-
berculosis of cattle nor to interfere with the inspection of milk or
of meat.

The result of this whole discussion will be to stimulate observa-
tions and experiments that will soon settle the case in some way
so that the subject will be removed from the field of controversy
to establish fact, and opinion in regard to it will crystallize. To con-
tribute to the solution of this important question is a duty and a
privilege,and there is reason for pride in the knowledge that the State
Live Stock Sanitary Board of Pennsylvania is doing its share.

It seems pertinent at this time to consider an opinion that was
offered during the summer, when there was so much discussion of
Koch’s alleged discovery, namely, that if it should develop that tu-
berculosis is not transmissible from cattle to man, there will be

96 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

no further need of efforts to repress this disease in herds. Such
opinions are offered by men who have no knowledge or appreciation
of the extent to which cattle owners are injured by tuberculosis
among their animals. There is no disease of cattle that causes so
much loss as tuberculosis. This is true not only in Pennsylvania but,
we have the words of Bang and Nocard for it, it is true also in the
older parts of the world, where such malignant and rapid diseases
as rinderpest, pleuro-pneumonia and foot and mouth diseases pre-
vail. The losses from this disease are great enough to justify much
greater effort and expense than are now authorized. If the fight
against tuberculosis of cattle were to stop because one bacteriologist
claims that the disease is not transmissible to man, then there is no
ground for public measures to suppress contagious pleuro-pneu-
monia of cattle, Texas fever, hog cholera, contagious abortion, or
the San Jose scale.

The duty to repress the contagious diseases of animals is recog-
nized as a public duty in every civilized country of the world, and
in every State in the United States, and for the reason that it is
essential to the welfare of the public that such diseases shall be sup-
pressed and it is impossible for the individual to do it.

I wish to record the fact that since the general discussion of
Koch’s dogma, the number of voluntary applications for herd tests
has not fallen. There is as much desire now for herd tests as before.
This appears to indicate that Koch’s views have failed to find accept-
ance among cattle owners or that their purpose in eradicating tu-
berculosis is economic rather than for the protection of the health of
the people.

In relation to glanders, the contest this year has been a little more
strenuous. Twenty-one glandered horses and mules have been found
and destroyed. In nearly all cases these were animals that had been
recently brought into the State or had been infected by such animals.

The work of the laboratory during the year has been most valuable.
The accurate, scientific control of the general field work that this
agency has rendered possible has been of incalculable benefit. Ques-
tions of diagnosis in respect to animals that are dead can sometimes
be solved only by the aid of the bacteriologist and pathologist; that
is, by the aid of a properly manned and equipped laboratory. To
leave such questions without full solution, would mean, in some
cases, the loss of information that would make it possible to prevent
similar disease in the future or, in other cases, the taking of more or
less burdensome and expensive precautions that are unnecessary.

For example, by ordinary method of post-mortem examination, it
may not be possible to determine whether a given animal has died of
anthrax. If, on account of this lack of information, no special pre-
cautions shall be taken with an anthrax carcass this disease may

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 97

become established in a new locality and greatly interfere with stock
raising and injure the value of farms in a considerable district. If,
on the other hand, it can be shown that a supposed outbreak of
anthrax is, in reality, some less dangerous disease, special precau-
tion and alarm are avoided. It has, in fact, happened that by the
discovery of the first case of anthrax in a neighborhood the perma-
nent establishment of the disease has been avoided.

The early diagnosis of rabies, which is possible only by the use of
exact laboratory methods, is of such extreme importance that it is
realized as soon as attention is called to it. Ifa person is bitten bya
dog that is suspected of being rabid, nothing is of greater importance
to that person than to know whether the dog was rabid or not.
About one hundred diagnoses of rabies by the use of the new rapid
histological method of Van Gehucien and Nelis have been made in
the laboratory of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board by Dr. Ravenel,
who was the first to introduce this method of diognosis in the United
States.

By means of bacteriological examinations of cadavers and speci-
mens it has been discovered that certain wide-spread diseases of hogs
supposed to have been cholera were in reality another disease.

Diagnosis of glanders, tuberculosis and many parasitic diseases
fave also been made in the laboratory and many specimens have been
submitted for examination and reported by veterinarians and stock-
owners in all parts of the State. The laboratory of the State Live
Stock Sanitary Board is the only one in the State that is prepared
to do this sort of work.

About 55,000 doses of tuberculin were made during the year, and
all of the mallein and anthrax vaccine used in the work of the State
Live Stock Sanitary Board. Besides the work referred to above, a
number of investigations have been conducted for the purpose of in-
creasing the fund of existing knowledge in relation to several of the
diseases of animals. The research work that has been done on tu-
berculosis is discussed in another part of this volume, and will soon
be reported upon in greater detail. Other diseases studied are rabies,
paralysis of hogs, lung worm diseases, dysentery of cows, mountain
disease of cattle and forage poisoning of horses. This work of the
laboratory is supported by a special appropriation of $5,000.00 a vear.

In relation to the general field work of the State Live Stock Sani-
tary Board, I shall report on the following subjects separately:

RABIES.

During the year, rabies has prevailed to an alarming degree.
Nearly all parts of the State have been visited by rabid animals and
much loss has come from bites inflicted by them. Four apparently

7—6— 1901

98 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

well authenticated cases of deaths of people from rabies have been
reported and the following numbers of animals are known to have
died of this disease; 5 horses, 68 cattle, 24 sheep, 27 hogs and 146
dogs. There is no doubt that there were many more deaths not re-
ported, and some reports not confirmed are not included in the above
list. Fifty-six diagnosis of rabies in animals (horses, cattle and
dogs) have been positively established in the laboratory of the State
Live Stock Sanitary Board. The rapid method of diagnosis has been
studied and tried thoroughly by Dr. Ravenel, and its great value is
now established. The particular value of this method is that it
enables one to ascertain within three or four days whether a sus
pected dog was actually rabid. This is most important when a per-
son has been bitten. If it is found that the dog was not rabid, need-
less alarm is avoided, while if it is shown that the animal was rabid
there is ample time to employ the Pasteur protective treatment.

The plan has been continued this year of quarantining the dogs
that have been exposed or, in restricted areas, that may have been
exposed to the bite of a rabid dog. This has been the means of con-
fining dogs that have subsequently developed rabies. Under these
conditions such dogs could be destroyed before they had a chance to
spread disease. But the disease is so very wide spread that even
when it is repressed in a given locality there is constant danger of
its introduction from without, so that unremitting watchfulness
must be maintained.

The last Legislature enacted the following law which was approved
by the Governor April 11th, 1901:

“A supplement to an act, entitled ‘An act for the taxation of dogs
and the protection of sheep,’ approved the twenty-fifth day of May,
Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three, providing
that the fund raised by the taxation of dogs be applied in addition
to the loss of sheep, for the loss of other domestic animals bitten by
mad dogs.

“Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That the fund raised by the taxation
of dogs, as provided by the act of the General Assembly, entitled ‘An
act for the taxation of dogs and the protection of sheep,’ approved
the twenty-fifth day of May, Anno Domini one thousand eight hun-
dred and ninety-three, in addition to the application thereof for the
payment of losses sustained by the destruction and damage to sheep,
be applied for the payment of horses, mules, cattle and swine bitten
by a mad dog or mad dogs, and destroyed or necessary to be destroyed
by reason thereof. Said damages shall be ascertained and recovered
in the same manner as provided by section three, four and five of the
said act: Provided, That in no case shall the value of each horse or
mule exceed one hundred dollars, the value of each head of cattle
forty dollars, and each head of swine six dollars.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 99

“Section 2. All acts or supplements of acts inconsistent with the
provisions of this supplement are hereby repealed: Provided, That
this supplement shall not repeal or affect the provisions of any special
law relating to the same subject in any county, township, borough or
city in this Commonwealth.”

This law makes it possible for the owners of animals dying of
rabies to receive remuneration from the dog tax fund. I anticipate
that the effect of this law will be beneficial, in that it will make a
charge on the counties in which rabies prevails and will tend to in-
crease local interest in repressing the disease.

There has been and is yet in some places the utmost apathy in re-
gard to the repression of this very dangerous disease. It seems safe
to trace much of this apathy to the wide spread opinion that rabies
does not exist—that there is no such disease. This most astonishing
mental attitude results only from wilful ignorance—from closing the
eyes to the clearest evidence.

Rabies is as distinct a disease as anthrax, tuberculosis or small-
pox. The foolish and harmful views that have been circulated on
this subject have had the effect of greatly favoring the spread of the
disease. When people are encouraged to believe that a thing is
mythical, they cease to work against it. But the large number of
deaths from rabies and the increasing distribution of this disease
should arouse the public to a realization of the need of actively sup-
porting measures directed against it.

In a previous report I have taken occasion to cite the experience of
England in dealing with rabies. It is interesting to note that this
disease has been entirely exterminated from England, Scotland and
Wales, not a single case appearing last year. This shows what it is
possible to do by appropriate measures, thoroughly enforced. The
system so successfully employed consisted in the quarantining of all
dogs, under which they were required to wear muzzles and to be kept
on a leash, and the prohibition of the importation of dogs. Of course
this plan in its entirety is impossible in Pennsylvania, because dogs
can not be kept from entering from other States. But by muzzling
dogs in all localities where rabies is know to exist (and by confining
them as well) for 100 days after the appearance of the last case of
disease, much can be done to keep it in check. If rabies can not be
exterminated, there is every reason to expect that it can at least be
kept within such bounds that it will be the source of much less
danger.

If there were ten times as much rabies as there is, there would,
probably, be less difficulty in enforcing the simple and unoppressive
measures adopted by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board. But so
long as only four people and 270 animals are dying of rabies each year,
the need for muzzling dogs at certain times seems to some people to

100 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

be trifling as compared with the temporary inconvenience of their
pets. Hence much difficulty is experienced in enforcing the quaran-
tine of dogs during outbreaks of rabies.

TUBERCULOSIS.

As is stated above, voluntary applications for tests of herds have
not diminished as a result of the discussion of Koch’s remarkable,
and it is believed unsound, dogma. On the contrary, more herd tests
have been asked for this year than ever before. Since the funds
available for the work of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board have
not been increased, it results that it has been possible to comply with
a smaller percentage of the requests for herd inspections this year
than hertofore, although the actual volume of work done has remain-
ed as before. Since voluntary applications for herd tests have in-
creased so largely it has been possible to sort the applications still
more rigidly than heretofore and make the tests in the herds most ex-
tensively infected. At present, no herd is tested at State expense un-
less it is known before hand that it is contaminated by tuberculosis.
If there is any doubt on this point, the owner is advised to have a
test made at his own expense. This arrangement is made necessary
by the fact that there are so many applications on file for the in-
spection of herds that are positively known to be tubercular that it
is not considered fair to use any part of the limited amount available
for work on herds that may be sound. While it is not possible, on
account of the scarcity of funds, to make complete tuberculin tests
of all herds covered by owners’ applications, it is possible to make
physical examinations of all herds in which there is reasonable
ground to fear the existence of tuberculosis. By this physical exam-
ination, the more advanced and most immediately dangerous cases
‘an be discovered and removed, bad sanitary conditions can be cor-
rected and thus, although the disease is not eradicated in such a herd,
an appreciable start is made toward repressing it.

There is still much damage done by the sale of tubercular herds.
When it becomes evident, through the death or debility of some of its
members, that a herd is tubercular, some owners submit to the strong
temptation to sell their cattle. They reason that, by so doing, they
are violating no special law, that they will receive more for their
possibly diseased, but still healthy looking, cows than the State will
pay, and they are escaping further loss. Of course there are manifest
drawbacks to conducting this sort of business in the locality in which
one lives. So such cows are usually sold to a dealer and are removed
by him to some distant place, perhaps to another State. I believe
that this sort of traffic should be discouraged by special legislation
and by providing a safe market for tubercular cows. By a safe mar-

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 101

ket, I mean such an outlet for them as exists in Switzerland, for ex-
ample. In that country, cows found upon tuberculin test to be tuber-
cular are not destroyed if they are still in the earlier stages of disease,
but they are marked by cutting a piece out of the ear in a characteris-
tic way, so that every one may know that the cow is tubercular. Then
the sale of cows so marked is not prohibited but, by the obvious mark
that is everywhere understood, every one is warned that this cow
must, for the safety of the owner and his herd, be kept in such a way
that disease can not spread from her. This is easily accomplished
by keeping the cow in a stable apart from healthy cattle, by having
her pastured apart from them and by heating her milk to 165 degrees
I’. for ten minutes. Some of these tubercular cows when kept under
these conditions continue to render useful service for two, three or
even for four years. Cows that would be a source of great danger
and loss in a herd may be kept in this way with profit. Their calves
are almost always born healthy and may be reared in health if they
are removed soon after birth and are kept away from tubercular
cows, and are fed on the heated milk of such cows or on the milk of
healthy cows. If herds of cows in the earlier stages of tuberculosis
were established, but only under inspection and quarantine, their
milk could, with proper precautions, be used for many purposes and
such herd would furnish a safe outlet for the reacting cows from
other herds. :

I do not advance this plan as a recommendation but as an idea
worthy of consideration. In order that the spread of tuberculosis
imay be checked,it is necessary to prevent the scattering of tubercular
cows among healthy herds. So long as there is not sufficient public
money available to buy all tubercular cows, it may be worth while
to provide a market for them so that their owners can get rid of them
without too much loss and in a way that does not jeopardize the
health of the herds they go into.

The Jaw governing the inspection of cattle coming into the State
has worked well and smoothiy during the past year. An agent has
been continuously employed to control shipments of cattle into the
State and to see that they are inspected as the law requires. His
services have been effective in securing a strict observance of the
law. The dealers are now interested in its enforcement and render
valuable assistance to this end.

During the year about 17,000 cattle have been inspected and of
these, 812 were found to be tubercular and were destroyed. The tu-
bercular cattle were in 467 herds, comprising 5,541 members, all of
which were tested with tuberculin.

As a further review of this subject, I beg to submit the following
paper on The Control of Tuberculosis of Cattle, read by me before the

102 ANNUAL REPORT OF TRE Off. Doe.

Inter-State Association of State Live Stock Sanitary Boards, at Buf-
falo, October 8th, 1901:

“When a scientific or an economic question is at issue it can be
settled so that it will stay settied only by careful, painstaking study
of the facts and by their truthful presentation. What this person
or that person supposes or guesses or thinks, or what the prejudiced,
bombastic, self-advertising speaker or writer may say, contributes
nothing to the solution. Facts are what are wanted, not theories;
knowledge is what is needed, not empty belief. Moreover, it is well
to apply to the study of controversial questions the logical and or-
derly method that is applied to the solution of a scientific problem,
and not depend upon a helter-skelter accumulation of disordered evi-
dence and rush at any cost to what is believed to be a popular verdict,
after the manner of the yellow press.

“All of this is patent, but unfortunately, it appears to have been
lost sight of in certain quarters in connection with the discussion of
tuberculosis of cattle. The atmosphere has been so filled with the
smoke of controversy that in order to present the case clearly it ap-
pears to be necessary to go back to the elements of the subject and
endeavor in an unbiased way to gain from first sources our own infor-
mation upon which to base our opinions.

“Let us consider some actual occurrences. Truth is sometimes
stronger than fiction, and facts may be more startling, and are always
more impressive, than theories.

“(1) A farmer in Delaware county, Pennsylvania, had a herd of
native cows that had belonged to his father, and wishing to improve
them, purchased two pure bred cows and a bull at a public sale. In
time, these cattle sickened and after a lingering illness characterized
by wasting, they died, but not until some of their progeny had been
added to the herd. The breeding of the new strain and its fusion
with the old herd continued and, from time to time, a bull or a cow of
the adopted breed was purchased. But every winter, in spite of good
feed and care, a few of the cattle became poor and after a variable
time would die of a disease that was finally recognized as tubercu-
losis.

“Kvery effort was made to check the spread of the disease by in-
creased food, by out-door life, by stable care and by medical treat-
ment, but without avail. One winter 6 cows died in the herd of
thirty. Eventually the whole herd perished of tuberculosis. A rare
case, some one may say. Yes, arare case, because it is not customary
for cows to be held after it is known or feared that they have tuber-
culosis; they are usually sold to the bologna butcher.

“(2) The owners of a famous dairy herd of pure bred cattle in a
neighboring State once consulted me in regard to tuberculosis in their
herd. They were constantly losing good cows, and could never feel

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 105

reasonably sure that a promising heifer would live to reach maturity
and by her performance testify to their skill as breeders. It was
very discouraging, and it was unpleasant when their customers re-
ported, after a few months or years, that the animal purchased has
died of tuberculosis and that the disease had afterwards appeared
elsewhere in the berd. Advice was given as to the plan that might
be followed to repress the disease, but probably it was too formidable
an undertaking, for [ was not again consulted and a short time after-
wards the entire herd was advertised as free from tuberculosis and
was sold.

(3) Some years ago two car loads of cows from New York State
were sold at public sale in one of the counties of western Pennsyl-
vania. These cows are believed to have come from one herd. With-
in a few months many of them died of tuberculosis, and within a few
years all had perished of tuberculosis or had been killed or sold on
account of the existence or fear of this disease. The veterinarian in
this district, a very cautious and skillful man, has told me that he
never knew of any tuberculosis among catile there before the arrival
of these particular cows from New York, and that afterwards the
disease spread largely in and from the herds of which these cows
were members.

“(4) A herd of cattle famous in Pennsylvania a decade and a half
ago was known to be badly infected with tuberculosis. Many of the
most valuable cows died, the younger catile were unthrifty, develop-
ment was too uncertain and the owner became dissatisfied. The herd
was disposed of at public sale. Tuberculosis in eleven herds has
been traced to cattle distributed by this sale. The following may be
cited as an illustration: A farmer in an interior county of Pennsyl-
vania had been breeding cattle for about a quarter of a century and
had never had any disease among his cattle other than the simple
ailments and accidents that occur as a matter of course. One cow
was purchased at the sale just mentioned. This cow did well the
first season, but afterwards ran down in condition, and after a long
illness she died. Later, other cows were lost in a similar way, and
when the herd was tested, it was found to be extensively infected.
Many other herds in the locality were tested, but no more tubercu-
losis was found, except in one herd that contained a cow from the
infected herd.

“(5) About ten years ago, I was requested to apply the tuberculin
test to a herd in which many cows had died of tuberculosis. TI re-
ported that a large proportion of the cattle were infected. Nothing
more was heard by me from the owner; but subsequently I learned
that the entire herd had been sold to a dealer who took it to Ken-
tucky.

“(6) Recently, in Pennsylvania, a herd of sixty-five cattle was

104 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

tested with the result that sixty were found to be tubercular. There
was absolutely no reason to suspect that anything ailed this herd
until after the introduction of a young bull from a New York State
herd in which there is considerable tuberculosis. This bull died
when he was three years old, of a lingering, wasting disease that was
accompanied by coughing. The deaths from tuberculosis in this
herd have not been numerous, and probably for the reason that the
owner makes a business of selling cows, marketing each one as soon
as possible after she is developed. But there is reason to pity their
purchasers.

“T shall not occupy your time by citing more illustrations of
the ways by which tuberculosis is spread nor of the losses to cattle
owners. It would be easy to fill a long paper with accounts of in-
stances wherein tuberculosis has ruined herds and their owners, or
wherein, to avoid ruin, men have sold infected herds and have scat-
tered disease and ruin widely.

“In this country, there is less tuberculosis than abroad, because the
country is younger and the disease has not had time to spread—to
soak into the vitals of the cattle industry. In the older parts of the
United States, there are localities where the prevalence of tubercu-
losis approaches the prevalence in the badly infected countries
abroad. There are herds in this country that are infected to the
extent of 100 per cent. of their members, and it could be no worse
than that anywhere. This degree of infection has been found in iso-
lated instances in every Eastern State. So it is evident that condi-
tions exist in some parts of the United States that are decidedly fav-
orable to the progress of tuberculosis.

“The slaughter house statistics of European countries show the
frequency of tuberculosis among the animals killed for food. In Hol-
land, about 13 per cent. are tubercular; in Prussia, 15 per cent; in
Saxony, 30 per cent.; and in some slaughter houses one-half of all
cattle killed are tubercular. In England, McFaydean says 30 per
cent. of the cows are tubercular. Of course, these are not American
statistics but they show to what extent the disease will spread under
certain conditions. We have the words of Professor Nocard, the
greatest French authority, and of Professor Bang, cf Denmark, for
it that tuberculosis causes far more loss than cattle plague, foot and
mouth disease, anthrax and pleuro-pneumonia combined. Moreover,
serious losses from tuberculosis of swine result from feeding skim
milk and buttermilk from tubercular herds.

“Some of the supernatural individuals who write for papers, are
in the habit of lightly throwing aside European experience as though
it were of no consequence to us. On this point President Charles W.
Eliot, of Harvard Universtiy, has said: “It is a disgrace to organized
education that any nation should refuse, as our own people are so apt

No. 6. DEPARTMENT Ol AGRICULTURE. 105

to do, to learn from the experience of other nations; the schools must
have failed to teach history as they should have done. As Benjamin
Franklin says: ‘Experience keeps a dear school; but fools will learn
in no other, and scarce in that.’ ”

“The nations of Europe have made the mistake of doing nothing
to repress tuberculosis until it has gained a vast distribution and is
causing frightful losses. Now the problem is staggering in its im-
mensity. The task of repression would have been easy a generation
ago—now it is great enough to embarrass the strongest government.
It is eating into the cattle industry of Germany as a cancer, it is dis-
tressing live stock owners and may be classed as an important cause
of agricultural depression. Renneberger estimated that the losses
from tuberculosis of caitle amount in Germany to 90,000,000 marks a
year, and Wilson estimates the English losses at 5,000,000 pounds
sterling a year. And this is the disease that certain writers state is
of no importance and requires no special attention! Such persons
attempt to deny facts that are as plain as any in history.

‘Why should we not learn by observing the errors and misfortunes
of our fellow nations? If the wagon in front of yours becomes stalled
in the mud, why not avoid the hole instead of finding out by bitter
experience that it is quite as difficult and deep for your own wagon?

“Tuberculosis has a good start among the cattle of many parts of
this country. If one fact is clear in regard to this disease it is that
its tendency is to spread, and it has spread and is spreading in every
part of the world contaminated by it, including our own, with the ex-
ception of a few localities where active repressive measures are in
operation. But, some say, this is due to the “artificial” way in which
cattle are kept or to bad stables. This opinion again shows lack of
knowledge of facts in relation to the clear history of this disease. It
is reported on the best authority that tuberculosis is becoming more
prevalent among the cattie always out of doors in the generally
healthy climates of New Zealand, Queensland and the Argentine Re-
public. Unquestionable instances have been recorded wherein tuber-
culosis has gained extensive prevalence in unstabled herds in Iowa,
Montana and British Columbia.

“In order to test this question and to ascertain the influence of
ordinary and the best stabling conditions on the spread of tubercu-
losis in two infected herds, and to determine whether any stabling
conditions, accompanied by the most scrupulous care, could be de-
pended upon to prevent the spread of tuberculosis among cattle, the
following experiment was conducted under the auspices of the Penn-
sylvania State Live Stock Sanitary Board.

“Pwo stables were erected, each containing six stalls. One stable
was large, light, well ventilated, and so constructed that it could
be kept scrupulously clean. The floor and mangers were of cement,

8

106 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

the walls had a smooth coating of cement, the ceiling was plastered
and painted. Between the cows there were stall partitions made of
matched, dressed lumber and painted. These partitions kept the
cows and their feeding places entirely apart. There was no contact
between the animals. The stall partitions and all of the wood work
within reach of the cows were washed with an antiseptic solution
every day. The cows were watered from separate buckets. The
other stable was built in the ordinary way. It was lighted by one
window and no special arrangement was made for its ventilation.
The floor was of hard clay. The cows were held by stanchions and
were fed from a feeding floor extending in front of the entire row of
stalls.

“Tn each stable were placed four healthy and two tubercular cows.
The tubercular cows were interchanged from stable to stable every
ten days in order to equalize the exposure.

“The experiment continued 17 months and at its close, it was
found by testing the cows with tuberculin and also by post-mortem
examinations that all of original healthy cows in the ordinary stable
had contracted tuberculosis and two, or one-half, of the originally
healthy cows in the model stable had contracted tuberculosis.

“This experiment tends to show that the conditions which cattle
are kept have a decided influence on the spread of tuberculosis. But
the experiment shows very clearly that where the stable conditions
are very much better than are practicable on any farm, the spread of
tuberculosis cannot be wholly prevented, so long as tubercular and
healthy cows are permitted to occupy the same stable.

“Now, if we conclude, as we must, that tuberculosis of cattle is a
serious disease, that it is causing burdensome losses, that it is spread-
ing where effective measures are not enforced against it, that it is
not due to local stabling conditions and that its progress in other
countries and in certain places in this country justify the expectation
that its ravages will become greater and more burdensome each year,
it follows that something should be done to lessen the present and
to ward off the approaching calamity. -

“When we come to the consideraiton of the measures that should
be adopted, we again enter a field of controversy. All sorts of plans
have been proposed, all sorts have their advocates, but only one class
of procedures have been found in practice to be effective. So long as
tuberculosis was regarded as due to breeding or heredity it was not
repressed. Many herds have been bred down from pure blood to
mongrel, as by crossing Jersey cows with Ayshire, Simmenthal or
Normandy bulls, in the unrealized hope that in this way tuberculosis
might be bred out. Many expensive and beautifully constructed
stables have been erected for tubercular herds, in the unrealized hope
that by improving the sanitary conditions the disease might be

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 107

driven away. Many tubercular herds have been forced to rough it in
airy barns, in open sheds or even in the unprotected field in the barren
hope that such treatment might harden them to withstand the at-
tacks of the tubercle bacillus. These attemps have been made for
years; they have not succeeded.

“Tuberculosis has, however, been eradicated from thousands of
herds by the application of measures that logically follow the ac-
ceptance of the absolutely proven and all-important fact that tuber-
culosis is a contagious disease.

“Since tuberculosis is a contagious disease and is propagated by
contact of tubercular with healthy cattle, and by the products and
places contaminated by tubercular cattle the way to eradicate this
disease is clear. Remove healthy cattle from contact with those
that are tubercular and with their quarters, heat the milk of cows in
the visible stages of tuberculosis, prevent the sale and distribution of
cows suffering with tuberculosis, and the thing is done.

“The principle is siinple, easy to grasp and is promising. Fortu-
nately we do not have to theorize as to its value. It has been put
into practical operation on an enormous scale in many parts of the
world, and has been the means of actually repressing this disease.
The first thing is to show cattle owners the facts, to teach them
what tuberculosis is, what it has done, what it will do if unrestrained,
how it spreads and the measures that are effective against it. I
know that farmers are, as a rule, very anxious to rid their herds of
tuberculosis just as soon as they know that the disease is present,
and know what it is and what it means to them. But the procedure
is expensive and unless the State will bear a part of the burden it is
too much to expect farmers to sacrifice their cattle, their sole in-
come producing property, in many instances, for the good of the
public. So a common and perhaps natural thing to do is to sell all
Suspicious animals, and by preference to a dealer who will take them
away out of the neighborhood and, if possible, to another State. In
this way the individual avoids loss from the death of cattle on his
hands, but by so doing he scatters the disease. This danger is in-
creasing, and from the fact that breeders are becoming better able
to recognize tubercular catile and are more anxious to get rid of
them. Hence, cattle buyers are each year exposed to more risks
unless they know the origin of the cattle they buy or know that they
have been properly inspected.

“Some States are expending great effort and large appropriations
in a successful effort to eradicate tuberculosis. These States cannot
be expected to permit other States not so careful to ship their tuber-
cular cattle to them without restriction.

“This is a very great and pressing danger and is of especial im-
portance to the States of the east—the States that import the lar-

108 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

gest number of dairy cows. For the cattle raising and exporting
States the subject is not so vital. The New England States, New
York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey are thickly populated, they con-
sume a great deal of milk and in them the dairy industry is highly
developed. Nearly all of these States are large importers of cows.
However, in upper New England and in western New York and
Pennsylvania, cows are raised to be sold to other sections. Pennsyl-
vania purchases each year about 16,000 cows from other States, and if
only 38 per cent. were tubercular, it will be seen that many new
centers of tuberculosis might be established.

“In order to meet this danger, laws have been enacted by several
States requiring all dairy cows and cattle for breeding purposes
brought from other States, to be tested with tuberculin. Numerous
difficulties are met with in the enforcement of this law, but these are
gradually being overcome, and there can be no doubt that the general
effect of this protection is-most beneficial.

“Among other results, it causes shippers to buy with care and to
select sound-looking cows from healthy districts. It also has the
effect of making farmers discriminate in the purchase of cattle and to
demand tested cows. But there is little advantage in buying healthy
cows if they are added to diseased herds. They are so much fresh
food for the tubercle bacillus. It is quite as important to extinquish
the fires that are burning in our own herds as it is to prevent the
entrance of brands from without.

“Tuberculosis of cattle cannot be eradicated by force. Successful
measures, unless they are so costly as to make them impossible in
most countries, require so much prolonged attention to details, so
much and such constant care that unless the owner of the herd and
his employes are in sympathy with the work, the most exacting law
will fail. But why should not the owner of a tubercular herd be
anxious to eradicate the disease and co-operate with the State to this
end? He will be, provided the method employed is not more costly
and burdensome than the disease itself. This has been demonstrated
in Pennsylvania.

“Under the Pennsylvania plan, the State makes no effort to entirely
free a herd from tuberculosis, excepting when the owner applies for
State aid and agrees to do his part of the work. The owner is requir-
ed to furnish help during the inspections, to keep the tubercular
cattle entirely apart from those that are sound, to disinfect the prem-
ises occupied by them, to correct faulty sanitary conditions, and to
do all that he is requested to do, and all in his power to keep his herd
free from tuberculosis in the future. - Under these conditions the
State makes the inspection and designates the tubercular and the
healthy cattle. The animals in an advanced stage of disease are at
once appraised and destroyed. Those showing no clinical evidence

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 109

of tuberculosis may also be appraised and destroyed, or they may be
established as a separate, quarantined herd, and their milk used or
sold after proper pasteurization. To keep tubercular cows alive
under these necessary restrictions is the exception. To care for them
separately is troublesome, and to dispose of heated milk profitably is
difficult. So this method, which is practically the Bang system, is
not popular. If our herds were larger and if tubercular cattle were
more numerous the farmers’ decision on this point might be different.

“If the dogma recently launched by Koch were true, the keeping of
tubercular cows in separate herds apart from healthy cattle would at
once become more popular, for their milk could then be sold without
heating and could be used freely and without question as food for
babies and sick people. But as live stock sanitarians, we must not
overlook the important fact that bovine tuberculosis is readily trans-
missible to calves and swine through the milk of tubercular cows, and
if this disease is to be checked among farm animals, one of the most
important precautions is not to feed tubercular cows milk to anima!s.
This fact is not based on indirect inference and back-handed reason-
ing, as Koch’s dogma is, but is supported by thousands of cases of
natural infection and by scores of accurately controlled. scientific ex-
periments.

“In addition to the voluntary eradication of tuberculosis as above
described, advanced cases and cows with tubercular udders are,
wherever found, placed at once in strict quarantine, and are kept in
confinement until destroyed.

“This general plan has the entire sympathy and support of the
cattle owners of Pennsylvania. Under it in six years nearly 6,000
tubercular cattle have been destroyed and the prevalence of tubercu-
losis has been reduced more than one-half. There are constantly on
file at least three times as many applications for State aid as the ap-
propriation will cover, and as a result a great many herd owners carry
out the general plan here outlined, under State supervision, but at
their own expense.”

ANTHRAX.

Anthrax has persisted in several of the old centers and has ap-
peared this year in a few localities where it was previously unknown.

Serious loss has in each case been prevented by vaccination.
During the year, 560 animals have been vaccinated on farms where
the disease had appeared, either this year or in years past and where,
therefore, the animals were imminently exposed.

No animal has died of anthrax after full protection with vaccine
until the immunity has expired, after about a year. Several instruc-
tive instances of the value of anthrax vaccination have occurred dur-

110 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

ing the past season. In one instance, anthrax was known to be
endemic on a certain farm and all animals on that farm were vac-
cinated. The owner bought some young cattle that were not vac-
cinated, turned them into his pasture and three or four died of
anthrax. On another farm anthrax appeared for the first time in
1900. The cattle and horses were vaccinated and there were no
losses until the winter of 1901, when one horse died of this disease,
thirteen months after vaccination. In repeated instances, many
cattle have died of anthrax on a single farm or on several farms along
a stream and the disease has stopped completely as soon as vaccina-
tion was practiced.

By vaccination it is possible not only to save the animals pro-
tected, but it is also possible to prevent the establishment of new
centers of infection.

The following law was enacted by the last legislature:

AN ACT

To provide for the prevention of the spread of disease from the car-
casses of animals that die of dangerous or virulent diseases, or are
killed while afflicted with such diseases; to provide for the safe dis-
posal or destruction of such carcasses; to authorize the State Live
Stock Sanitary Board to make regulations for the enforcement of
this act; and to provide penalties for the violations under this act,
and of the regulations that may be made under it by the State Live
Stock Sanitary Board.

“Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That when any domestic animal may
die of, or be killed while afflicted with, an infectious, contagious, germ
or parasitic disease, adjudged by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board
to be of a dangerous or virulent character, and in particular when
any domestic animal may die or be killed while it is afflicted with any
one of the diseases known as anthrax, black quarter, hog cholera,
swine plague, rabies or glanders, the owner or owners of such anima!
shall at once destroy or dispose of the carcass of such animal by one
of the methods herein provided.

“Section 2. The methods of destruction or disposal shall be of a kind
that will completely destroy or securely sequester the poison, germ,
parasite or infective agent of the disease with which the animal was
afflicted at the time of death. The following methods of destruction
or disposal shall be allowed: One. Complete burning or cremation of
the carcass, and of all of its parts and products. Two. Boiling the
carcass and all of its parts and products in water, or heating the
same with steam, at the temperature of boiling water, for at least two
hours. Three. Burying the carcass and all of.its parts and products
in a place that is not subject to overflow from ponds or streams, that

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Lit

is distant not less than one hundred feet from any water course, well,
spring, public highway or building used as a house or stable, and in
the following manner, to-wit: The grave shall be of such a depth
that when the carcass and the parts and products thereof are placed
in it, and the grave is filled with earth and the top is smoothed to the
level of the surrounding surface, the uppermost part of the carcass
and of its parts and products shall be completely covered; and, fur-
ther, the grave shall be so protected that the carcass cannot be dug
out or exposed by dogs or other animals. Before the carcass and its
parts and products are covered with earth they shall be covered with
lime, to a depth of not less than three inches. Any other method of
destroying or disposing of carcasses, and of the parts and products
of carcass, may be practiced that is specifically approved by the State
Live Stock Sanitary Board.

“Section 3. If any person owning an animal that dies while it is
afflicted with anthrax, black quarter, hog cholera, swine plague,
rabies or glanders, or any other infectious, contagious, germ or para-
sitic disease, that is adjudged by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board
to be of a dangerous or virulent character, shall, after notification by
anyone neglect within twenty-four hours to destroy or dispose of the
carcass and its parts and products in accordance with the provisions
of section two of this act, the said person shall be deemed guilty of a
misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine
of not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, at the
discretion of the court.

“Section 4. When the carcass and products of any animal that died
while afflicted with any of the diseases specified in section one of this
act, or of any infectious, contagious, germ or parasitic disease, ad-
judged by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board to be of a dangerous
or virulent character, is not disposed of or destroyed in one of the
ways set forth in section two of this act, and this fact shall be
brought to the attention of an agent of the State Live Stock Sanitary
Board, the board of health of the township, borough or city in which
the death occurs, or in which the carcass of the animal may be; or
when this fact shall be brought to the attention of any member of
such board of health; or in the event that there is no board of health
having jurisdiction, when any township auditor, of a township in
which such carcass may be, is notified of the fact; it shall be the duty
of the said agent of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, or member
of a board of health, or said health board, or said township auditor,
to at once cause the carcass and its parts and products to be disposed
of or destroyed in accordance with the methods prescribed in section
two of this act.

“The disposal or destruction of the carcass shall be carried out ina
way that is as economical as is compatible with efficiency and safety,

112 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

and a fully itemized bill of the expense incurred shall be drawn up
by the agent of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, the board of
health, or the board of township auditors, and forwarded as a voucher
to the State Live Stock Sanitary Board. If the voucher is approved
by said board, it shall be paid in the same manner as other expenses
of said board are paid: Provided, however, That no charge shall be
paid of more than ten dollars for the destruction of a single carcass
of a horse, mule, cow, bull, or ox; nor more than three dollars for the
destruction of a single carcass of a colt, calf, sheep, hog, or dog.

“Section 5. The cost of the destruction of the carcass or carcasses,
as hereinbefore provided, shall constitute a lien on the property of
the owner or owners of the animals at the time of their death; and it
shall be the duty of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board to attempt
to recover, and if possible to recover, by due process of law, from said
owner or owners for amounts expended by it in disposing of or de-
stroying the carcasses of their animals, in the enforcement of this
act:”

Approved—The 2d day of May, A. D. 1901.

3y this law it is required that the carcasses of animals dead of
anthrax shall be disposed of in some safe way. It is highly impor-
tant that this shall be done with great thoroughness in every in-
stance. The germs of anthrax are present in vast numbers in every
drop of blood of animals dead of this disease. As the carcass putre-
fies and becomes part of the earth, and as fragments of it are spread
by birds, by animals or by water or wind, these germs are scattered.
They have, through their spores, the most remarkable vitality.
They are capable of living in the soil and maintaining their power to
produce disease for as long as seven or eight years. Hence, the mani-
fest importance of immediately burning or deeply burying anthrax
carcasses and of well disinfecting the places contaminated by them.

As an instance of the importance of early diagnosis, and to illus-
trate the character of the operations against anthrax, I attach a re-
port on this subject:

“September Ist, 1901.
“Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Veterinarian:

“Sir: I visited the farm of Mr. H. M. Chilson, four miles south of
Forksyville, on August 29th, with the expectation of obtaining speci-
mens for laboratory research, thinking that the disease affecting his
cattle was the same as appeared in Carbon and other counties during
the past year.

“When I arrived I found no caitle sick and none had died within the
past two days. Mr. Chilson was sick in bed and Dr. B. E. Gamble,
the attending physician, told me he believed he was suffering from

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 113

authrax. I found he had a number of large, malignant-looking pus-
tules on his right arm, or rather forearm. I made cultures from these
and after reaching the laboratory found { had almost pure cultures of
the anthrax bacillus. It appears that when Mr. Chilson’s first two ani-
mals died, seven days previous to my visit, he removed the hides. He
had been working in the oat field the same day and no doubt had
scratched his arm and thereby inoculated himself.

“These first two animals were buried, but all subsequent animals
were burned immediately after death. I ordered the graves to be
burned over with dry brush or straw and then well limed. The hides
that were removed had been kept in a box, which I ordered burned,
both box and hides. ‘Mr. Chilson has lost five head all told, and Mr.
Williams, an adjoining farmer, one head, which bad been burned.

“These farms are situated along Loyalsock creek, and I am told
there is a tannery at Laporte, about 16 miles up the stream, which
may be the source of this outbreak. There is only one farm between
this point and Laporte, as most of the country is mountainous.

“Mr. Williams told me the stream had been low and of a filthy char-
acter during the latter part of July and the first few weeks in August,
then there was high water, which washed back over some of the land
where cattle were grazing.

“Very truly,
“SAMUEL H. GILLILAND.”

As I have in previous reports discussed at some length the method
to be employed in burning and disinfecting on account of anthrax, I
shall not go into this subject here.

During the past few years anthtax appears to have become more
prevalent in the United States although, unfortunately, there are
no general statistics to show the exact situation. During the past
year there have been more or less extensive outbreaks of anthrax in
Wisconsin, illinois, the southern part of the valley of the Mississippi
and in British Columbia. Since the disease is now so wide spread in
the United States, there is the possibility of its occurring anywhere,
and stock owners should ever be watchful to require the immediate
cremation of any animal dying of a disease resembling anthrax, unless
death is known positively not to be from this disease.

BLACK QUARTER or black leg has prevailed to a less extent this
year than for several years past. Animals have been vaccinated on
infected farms where the disease has prevailed; usually during an
active outbreak, and all but two have been protected successfully. It
is important in this disease, as it is in anthrax, and it is required by
law, that carcasses shall be burned, boiled or safely buried.

&—6—1901

114 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS OF CALVES. Certain years, and
especially following wet seasons, the lung worm of calves (Strongylus
micrurus) is common. The young of this parasite live for a time in
wet, marshy places whence they are taken by cattle along with grass
or water. The young worms then wanders up the oesophagus to the
pharynx and then down the wind-pipe to the lungs, where they grow.
The eges and embryos are coughed out and may fall within the reach
of other cattle.

Calves are disturbed by this disease very much more than old
cattle are. When heavily infected, they cough, breath with difficulty,
become emaciated and they may die. After death, the white thread-
like worms may be found mixed with mucous and packed into the
bronchial tubes.

The treatment consists in the injection of appropriate substances
into the trachea, but this is accompanied by some risk, and should
only be done by an experienced veterinarian. By feeding concen-
trated, highly nutritious food and by using a tonic such as iron, one
can often carry the calves past the period of greatest development of
the parasites, after which they rapidly recover.

This disease is not infrequently mistaken for tuberculosis; its
symptoms strongly resemble those of advanced tuberculosis, but the
course of the disease and the lesions are quite different and suffice to
make it easy to distinguish between them when attention is drawn to
the matter.

GLANDERS. Twenty-one cases of glanders have been found in
the following counties: Allegheny, Beaver, Bradford, Bucks, Butler,
Carbon, Clearfield, Clinton, Cumberland, Franklin, Lancaster, Me-
Kean, Philadelphia, Sullivan and Susquehanna. Many more cases
were reported that upon investigation proved to be some other dis-
case. In most cases the horses were fresh importations from other
States, or they had been stabled closely with glandered horses re-
cently brought from without the State.

It is gratifying to note that there was not a single case of glanders
in Luzerne or Lackawanna counties, showing that the rather exten-
sive outbreak there last year was completely up-rooted.

In two instances there were evident attempts to conceal outbreaks
of glanders and to surreptitously remove diseased horses. It is for-
tunate that these attempts did not succeed.

HOG CHOLERA. The losses from hog cholera during the year
are estimated at $60,000, as against $100,000 last year. Should more
hogs be brought into the State from infected regions, larger losses
will result.

Hog raising and feeding are not conducted on anything like as
large a scale as natural conditions justify and the inclination of far-
mers favor. This is due to the great losses from hog cholera in the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 115

past and the fear that the disease will again cause serious depreda-
tion if hogs are brought together in large numbers. At distilleries
and creameries, hogs are not extensively fed on account of this dis-
ease. If an effective vaccine or antitoxine were available for the
protection of hogs, a great industry would be added to those existing
in this State. It was hoped a few years ago that the investigators
of the Bureau of Animal Industry had discovered a preventive; but
later results do not appear to have fully sustained the early hopes.
There is, however, reason to believe that such a preventive may be
found, and if so, it will quickly be made available for the use of the
hog raisers of Pennsylvania. At present it is necessary to continue
to depend on quarantine, separation and disinfection.

Some outbreaks of fatal contagious disease among hogs are not .
hog cholera nor swine plague, although resembling these diseases in
many respects. Of course an antitoxine or a vaccine effective against
hog cholera could not be expected to be effective against this other
disease, and so it is important that the contagious diseases of swine
shall be studied and more accurately differentiated. This study is
now in progress in the laboratory of the State Live Stock Sanitary
Board.

Expenditures.

For the fiscal year ending May 31st, 1901, the State Live Stock
Sanitary Board had available, $40,000 for use in suppressing diseases
of animals. The expenditures under this fund may be classified as
as follows: For tubercular cattle, $24,947.50; for glandered horses
and mules, $764.75; for inspecting tubercular cattle and herds, $4,-
404.38; for inspections for the suppression of diseases other than
tuberculosis, and for vaccinating against anthrax and black leg, $3,-
771.99; for cremating carcasses, serving quarantine notices, for sup-
plies, postage, office help and miscellaneous expenses, $3,396.79, and
for expenses of enforcing the law requiring the inspection of dairy
cows and cattle for breeding purposes brought into Pennsylvania,
52,014.59.

Respectfully submitted,
LEONARD PEARSON,
State Veterinarian.

116 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF THE ECONOMIC ZOOLOGIST.

Harrisburg, January 1, 1902.
Hon. John Hamilton, Secretary of Agriculture :

My Dear Sir: I have the pleasure to present herewith a report of
the work done in the Division of Zoology, for the year ending Decem-
ber 31, 1901.

The following act of General Assembly, relating to the protection
of trees, shrubs, vines and plants against destructive insects, etc.,
was passed by the last Legislature:

AN ACT
For the protection of trees, shrubs, vines and plants, known as nur-
sery stock, against destructive insects; providing for the enforce-
ment of this act, the expenses connected therewith, and fixing
penalties for its violation.

“Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That no person shall knowingly or
wilfully keep any tree, shrub, vine or plant in any nursery in this
Commonwealth, nor knowingly or willingly send out from such nur-
sery any tree, shrub, vine or plant affected with San José Scale or
other insect destructive of such tree, vine, shrub or plant.

“Section 2. It shall be the duty of the Secretary of Agriculture to
cause an examination to be made, at least once each year, of each and
every nursery or other place in this State where trees, shrubs, vines
or plants, commonly known as nursery stock, are grown for sale, for
the purpose of ascertaining whether the trees, shrubs, vines or plants,
therein kept or propagated for sale, are infested with San José Scale
or other insect pest destructive of such trees, shrubs, vines or plants.
If, after such examination, it is found that the said trees, shrubs,
vines or other plants, so examined, are free in all respects from any
such dangerously injurious insect pest or pests, the said Secretary,
or his duly authorized agent, or other person designated to make
such examination, shall thereupon issue to the owner or proprietor of
the said stock, thus examined, a certificate setting forth the fact of
the examination and that the stock so examined is apparently free
from any and all such destructive insect pest or pests.

“Section 3. Should any nurseryman, agent, dealer or breker send
out or deliver, within the State, trees, vines, shrubs, plants, buds, or

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AL I

cuttings, commonly known as nursery stock, and which are subject to
the attacks of the insects designated in this act, unless he has in his
possession a copy of said certificate, dated within the year thereof,
or wrongfully be in possession of said certificate, he shall be guilty of
a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be punished in accordance
with the provisions of section eight of this act.

“Section 4. All nursery stock, as designated in this act, sent out by
any nurseryman, agent, dealer or broker within this State, shall be
accompanied by a copy of said certificate attached to each box, bale
or package. A certificate issued by an official of the United States,
setting forth the fact that the nursery stock is free from any and
all such destructive insect pest or pests, shall be accepted in lieu of
State inspection. Also, empowering all transportation companies to
reject all nursery stock not accompanied with a certificate of inspec-
tion.

“Section 5. Whenever any trees, shrubs, plants or vines are shipped
into the State from some other State, country or province, every pack-
age thereof shall be plainly labeled on the outside with the name of
the consignor, the name of the consignee, and a certificate showing
that the contents have been inspected by a State or government
officer, and that the trees, vines, shrubs or plants therein contained
appear free from all dangerously destructive insects. When nursery
stock is shipped into this State, accompanied by a certificate as
herein provided, it shall be held to be prima facie evidence of the facts
therein stated, but the Secretary of Agriculture, by himself or his
assistants, when they have reason to believe that any such stock is
infested with dangerous insects, shall be authorized to inspect the
same and subject it to like treatment, as provided in sections six and
seven of this act.

“Section 6. If, after examination, it is found that any nursery stock,
either in a nursery or sent forth to deliver in this State, if found to be
infested with San José Scale or other destructive insect pest or pests,
it shall be the duty of the Secretary of Agriculture, by himself or his
duly authorized representative or agent, to take means to control,
prevent the spread of, or secure the extermination of such insect pest
or pests, and shall have power to enter upon premises and order the
treatment or destruction of such dangerously injurious insect pest
or pests, or the nursery stock infested therewith, giving written
notice to the owner or person in charge of the premises or nursery
stock so infested. Such notice shall contain a brief statement of the
facts found to exist, whereby it is deemed necessary to treat or de-
stroy said trees, shrubs, vines or plants, and shall call attention to
the law under which it is proposed to treat or destroy them. In case
of objection to the findings of the inspector or agent of the Secretary
of Agriculture, an appeal shall be made to the said Secretary, whose

118 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

decision shall be final. An appeal must be taken within six days
from the service of said notice, and shall act as a stay of proceed-
ings until it is heard and decided.

“Section 7. When the Secretary of Agriculture, or the person or
persons appointed by him, shall finally determine, in accordance with
the provisions of this act, that any tree or trees, shrubs, vines or
other plants, must be treated or destroyed, he shall aotify in writing
the owner or the person in charge of said infested stock or property,
and shall direct him, within a time and in a manner prescribed in such
notice, to treat or destroy such infested property. If the person so
notified shall refuse or neglect to treat, destroy or disinfect said
property, in the manner and within the time prescribed in the said
notice, the Secretary shall cause such property to be so treated, and
he may employ all necessary assistants for that purpose; and such
person or persons, agent or agents, employe or employes, may enter
any or all premises in any township, borough or city, necessary for
the purpose of such treatment, removal or destruction, and he shall
certify to the owner or person in charge of the premises the amount
of the cost of said treatment, removal or destruction, and if not paid
to him within sixty days thereafter, the same may be recovered to-
gether with the cost of action.

“Section 8. Any person violating the provisions of this act or offer-
ing any hindrance to the carrying out of this act, shall be adjudged
guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction before a magistrate or
justice of the peace, shall be fined not less than ten dollars and not
more than one hundred dollars for each and every offense, together
with all the costs of the prosecution, and shall stand committed until
the same is paid. All necessary expenses, under the provisions of
this act, shall, after approval in writing by the Secretary of Agricul-
ture and Auditor General, be paid by the State Treasurer upon war-
rant of the Auditor General, in the manner now provided by law:
Provided, That not more than four thousand dollars shall be so ex-
pended for this purpose in any one year.

“Section 9. All penalties and costs recovered for the violation of any
of the provisions of this act shall be paid to the Secretary of Agri-
culture or his agent, and by him be immediately covered into the
State Treasury, to be kept as a fund for the use of the Department of
Agriculture in the enforcement of the law, and may be drawn out
upon vouchers signed by the Secretary of Agriculture and approved
by the Auditor General.

“Section 10. The provisions of this act shall not apply to florists’
greenhouse plants, flowers and shrubbery, known as greenhouse
stock.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 119

“Section 11. This act shall take effect on the first day of August,
Anno Domini one thousand nine hundred and one.”
Approved—The 10th day of June, A. D, 1901.

This law relating to the inspection of nurseries, will, in time,
very materially lessen the loss to the fruit interests of the State, by
injurious insects, and will be of inestimable benefit to the pur-
chasers of nursery stock. It is a well known fact that the nursery
is one of the greatest distributing agencies of the San José Scale and
other destructive insects, and it was for the purpose of striking at
the reot of this great evil that the passage of the law was so strongly
urged. The loss, annually, to farmers and fruit growers in the State
by injurious insects and fruit tree diseases is enormous, and the Divi-
sion of Zoology, working through the law prohibiting nurseries from
selling stock that is infested with injurious insects and diseases,
hopes to assist in diminishing this loss. The importance of intro-
ducing young trees that are free from disease is very manifest, and
at the same time lends additional encouragement in an effort to suc-
cessfully combat such tree diseases that have already gained a foot-
hold. Through the agency of the nursery, diseased stock has been
sent into localities free from such, and has introduced, in this man-
ner, dangerous tree diseases heretofore unknown, the complete
eradication of which may take years of earnest effort to stamp out.

Under this act it is essential that all shipments of nursery stock,
whether from within or without the State, be accompanied by a copy
of the certificate of examination by a State or a United States official,
having the authority to issue same, showing such stock to be entirely
’ free from the San José Scale and other destructive insects; and also
empowering transportation companies to reject all stock not ac-
companied by a copy of the certificate of inspection.

The following letter was sent to all the transportation companies
in the State, with instructions to notify their agents to reject all
nursery stock not accompanied by a certificate of inspection:

“Dear Sir: Your attention is respectfully called to the last clause
of Section 4 of the act approved the 10th day of June, 1901, a copy of
which is herewith enclosed.

“Under this act transportation companies are empowered to reject
all nursery stock not accompanied by a certificate of inspection.
Will you not notify your agents to refuse to receive nursery stock
that does not have attached to it a certificate showing that it is free
from San José Scale and other injurious insect pests.

“Very respectfully,
“JOHN HAMILTON,

“Secretary of Agriculture.”

120 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

Therefore it is apparent that all purchasers of nursery stock should
carefully examine all shipments received by them, and see that they
are accompanied by the proper certificate of inspection.

The work of the inspection of nurseries began August 1, 1901, and
Mr. Enos B. Engle, of Waynesboro, Franklin Co., was appointed to
conduct the examinations. After compiling as complete a list as
possible of the nurseries of the State, the following letter was mailed
to each:

“Harrisburg, August Ist, 1901.

“Dear Sir: Enclosed herewith find copy of Nursery Inspection Law,
passed by the last Legislature, and which goes into effect at this date.

“Mr. Enos B. Engle has been appointed Special Agent of the De-
partment of Agriculture, to make inspections. He will enter upon his
duties at once, and visit the nurseries as rapidly as possible. All
communications with regard to nursery inspection should be ad-
dressed to Hon. Benj. F. MacCartney, Economic Zoologist, Harris-
burg, Pa.

“Very respectfully,
“JOHN HAMILTON,
“Secretary of Agriculture.”

Upon making the first examination of a nursery, the Inspector sent
the following report to the Division:

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA.
Department of Agriculture.

NURSERY STOCK INSPECTORS’ REPORT.

Hon. JOHN HAMILTON,
Secretary of Agriculture,
Harrisburg, Pa.:
Dear Sir:
I have this day completed the examination of the Nursery Stock of

Bree ere ara eto Male tsalye 2 fet oh Tans » LVOWD AC. ccs sees owe did ces
: did not
WOUMCY, Ob fee ewes east , Pennsylvania, and | did find the
San José Scale, or other dangerously injurious insect pest or pests
present.
The general condition of the Nursery is’: ..>... 22. <= ss. see oa
Hieoceu pres: about -7. cman on acres: MOStly. Of... . +). ..7 ose

Oc.) © 0/0, © ¢ 6. 0. « 8 0) 6 6 6 6 0s 6 Ue 0 6 Fi we Cun © 0) s © 6a 6 (a ©, .e)(0 6) (6)ce, 6. 6y8 026 6) 0) 8 mw Gud (eset a ene

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 121

is a igh Steers ;
There | ; fumigation house on the premises, and stock

is no j

sent out ie = fumigated.
is not

; be
I, therefore, recommend that a certificate granted.
be not
(SISTER) Meee toot tee. wate eustate wtorene a ante
Remarks, Special Agent.

eis etn akeis! ale. )is, @:.c).« (¢ ave © ue 0) ee 0/0 0) pie le (e1@) (@.1e) 6) 0.0) 0:6, 0 66 6 0) 0 6 8.09.6) \0 se" 68) 6 8
ivan) elalie' a) oi © 0 «(4s (ee) ©, 8, ©) @ = (6 6. \e)\e| 0) 9) 6.6) (6, (0, © 6).0) 016 18 (9 )\0) 8 0°: [0)\6 9 9 © ‘ee ¢ 4 6 8 6) © eh ee
ai nitei nee e ie)'e\'s @ 0 « «ee 60 (ele ic. ¢ 0 © '0, 8.6) 0 o (6 0.6) © (0 Oe) © 86, © (0 0.0.0) & (6 656,08 © 6 6) © 0.0) 00 B
Caimi stata le) (¢lel.6 6,6 0 « 60) 5 0 6 00 © © © 6 © @ 0 6) © 6 € 0 0 0 6 0s 6 0 2 6 6 8.00 8° @ @ 0 © 0: 0 0 0 6 ee 4 @

hie hini ei uilelle) 10) pile) ee oie o © Gs ja © ,en0.,0 © 6 0 0 0 © © 66 5 66 © @ 0 © (eo 0.0 0) 6 9 © 8) ©. 6.0 0 © © 0 (0 6 ©

If the report showed the nursery to be free from San José Scale,
and other dangerously injurious insect pest or pests, the following
certificate of inspection was immediately forwarded:

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CERTIFICATE OF INSPECTION OF NURSERY STOCK.
THIS IS TO CERTIFY That the stock in the nursery of

MEL? OE cec3 6 i RR ea ee ne State of Pennsylvania,
was duly examined in compliance with the provisions of the Act of
Legislature of Pennsylvania, approved the 10th day
of June, A. D. 1901, and it was found to be appa-
[SEAL.] rently free from SAN JOSE SCALE and other dan-
gerous injurious insect pest or pests. This Certifi-

cate expires July 31, 190 .

Dated ME arris Due UP area oy ola wee 190

6! ie} 0} (0.6; 01 (0) 0] 0) 0 ©) 1e): 6! 6,0) 0\ 6 © 6.0116) =\(6)1¢) 0) @ (8) 6), 01/0 10 © 0) e

Secretary of Agriculture.

If the report stated the trees to be diseased, a notice to this effect
was sent, with instructions to destroy the infested stock at once; and
if upon second inspection the nursery stock was found to be free from
San José Scale and other dangerously injurious insect pest or pests
a Certificate of Inspection was given. It was necessary, in several
instances, to make a third examination before the stock was found
to be entirely free from dangerous tree diseases.

9

122 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

The work of inspection was completed about the middle of De-
cember, 1901, and shows that there were one hundred and thirty-one
nurseries examined. Of the total number, twenty-nine were examin-
ed the second time, and five the third time.

Out of the total number inspected, one hundred and twenty-one
were granted certificates to sell and ship stock, and ten were re-
fused. Of the thirty-four nurseries having the second and third in-
spections, there were twenty-six granted certificates. This last
Statement is of a great deal more importance than is really apparent,
and the law accomplishes the part which it is primarily intended.
The statement shows that there were twenty-six certificates granted
out of a total of thirty-four nurseries having more than one inspec-
tion, and sets forth the important fact that these nurseries were sub-
jected to treatment sometime between the first and subsequent in-
spections, and that all dangerously injurious insect pests were en-
tirely eradicated.

The following is a tabulated form of the counties containing nur-
series in the State, with the number of nurseries and acreage com-
prised in each:

|
|

|
io
~ | -
Te
5 | 5
g | cS]
Counties. Re} H an
° | °
be H he
2 | 3
5 fe
2 5
Z Z,
BACH SATTYSS eoulere ict Aeros atetasnrersyste ol chev cenerva si clone al span) evel aoe ler elorevatovers Wlatanale ers varereretons tone ote hes alate patentee 33 99%
PANTO SRST Y ashi areca mrercvolcioto om atotarelas Savers a winralaie aie sya) elaseressvare ete latolevorelare:cfelsicpuic (slave eietereisveree clare 2a 20
FES OT Wi Falake ctassyelorene mreievena lo) ots ae ol ote Yolo alas 4:5 0,5 %a lo thchole aie ©, slerermaievelciale S/e/ere ats whe eave) clove esayerors 1} §
SCOR OLE msec ee cain oS re Te ee ee eter aie causa tin the iarelaieba aisle Sent sisehek saree ee 3 | 9%
BY ee ares a erotves elaine ears oe aod ala lw Cara a tyayona ford alate lors acave winks saelalaSelslovere ties ela elena a relere ine 3 3%
ISU Ei da cory OP EMO SE OL CROTON on OGL nook Heme ce OTOBEane apn aooopandacanescenoraces 3 13
PERU NES sas rete anc coy crates eh taks fea sovsvata case atesere rar apetenreateva be a a7are ont vare ue wstolo lov auereherom in terale oa toteietee veins ale 6 241
SPU LO Ke pail terete cancer shot ere) ator tate ravere eiolars katate fatetere ave a einin te, vie vatccsie alors sata avennats ate qieva afar aia Ui) 20
GR SSCC IA eset caps ee oid, Oe axe ea o ao Saeace one oh eebttone oy bersles Hans Maeiae HueaiiieteGs Sane Wal 89314
(Gel pitelgs Be ARR eae errr Ar SMC Seen aGR one Cot tial arin ne Debene O ar yi Gare a Cty He 1 | 8
Cumberland, ast See, 3 101
Dauphin, 3 | 3516
Delaware, | 32
THOS icie cis 2 | 5
DAP ER VOL EG siaisclonstarere’ cvs le Volare’ suavals)acacpinncyee re ove etevelalerareisiotersioter aie esayareveize a ane lolote, fete aie ose enemnice ten 1 | 20
PEN IPEV TRC LLIN oe Cavcies cova owcnssictete cis vei scictotnis o eseisieis, iain ie mtesersinve iaieteicis lessinei telewiemtcieis clever elmer nee 5 | 6
Huntingdon, i 1 |} Be
AUNT Ce rare erspe rst viele re co epoca ie erate nia ecto dic ncemiara tate ears ateiele Sle, Same tan eee tain ate pl 15
Lackawanna, 1 | 2
IBEW ORG) dy! PAs one So ceanno oaGncin Boma oUn OOo ote Con suo dn DOaIeD allocone ron chor coc 11 | 76
PEA TONICO. Felaycck ricer eceerterers eee eievereh toa chacen aearel ale Bicol eters Gettin scot renielelocha tis serene : 4 | Ths
1h) 0) F41 eenee RNB MCC CRBS O be ro hote ioe Moc Lert BaD CO SBE EL DOO SUC h or Eot pancmeorer ce wy 22
MSF COMMAS, - x cnn: staschutase, (ara wimichaseiate als ta Ssiwliala wlata'avelais ece.ata staieiinia) are'nialava se aye pial ecclacd¥ alate wyaoes 1 1
WET COL. innit 7 aida Secon 4 12
Montgomery, 13 264%4
Northampton, aa 1 2
1/2) AOR ARO At gene cr METS Ecco Den eetioGe Moo DE OSOch cet GbOLOabnt GOene F aa | 35
Philadelphia, 4 31814
BOTECKSOES 1a. .sie)oreia='a\arere cloislerare;s 6 efeatarejepe, slatrreisre atecnieis terete Va sree sors) afaiatetatalayare sister stare ave ater 2 | 21
METRATAS 2) aa cloia a hie ok aioe o Seiden bw wy akan paragece Akard hetatcobe eg tletece, See Rie teLd a ate he a aaa ct ates it 6
IVES EMOTCTAMG oo o.c.sccsiaie. 2:0 avin Wakaeutels cin moiaietelalngs cia tebetvaetei ciel g are aie ernie er kc este eiehe u 10
* at ul | BCC OCC ADOC OSE TORRE eCtICe cr IUPOE dele Cob ne Gur Un ace un ach sddeaaeraitad < 3 49
PORE ) His w's,0,0 die Bro aaiasere'e o,0;clas ele d Goveie cake une lateteraiaets wat al hath aleet eon) tenn aeeceeee 131 2,357

Nc 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 123

The above table shows that there are two thousand three hundred
and fifty-seven acres devoted to the industry alone in Pennsylvania.
Twenty of these nurseries, comprising eleven hundred and eighty-five
and three-quarter acres, are reported to be in very good condition;
sixty nurseries of nine hundred and fifty-six and three quarter acres,
are in good condition; thirty-three, aggregating one hundred and six
and one-half acres, are in fair condition, and eighteen, comprising one
hundred and nine acres, are in indifferent and poor condition. Of the
latter, thirteen nurseries of seventy-five and one-quarter acres, are
reported to be poorly kept, thus showing a very smail percentage of
the total acreage to be in poor condition.

Many of the nurseries are equipped with fumigating houses, while
others contemplate the erection of similar plants. Hydrocyanic acid
eas is used in fumigation. ;

The Departments of Agriculture of other States having a nursery
inspection law, are acting in co-operation with this Department in
this matter, and have been of material assistance in carefully watch-
ing shipments from this State, of diseased nursery stock, and stock
shipped without the certificate of inspection attached thereto.

The office work of the Division has been quite extensive. Hun-
dreds of letters have been received and answered, bulletins sent out,
and inquiries relating to various injurious insects and tree diseases
have been addressed to persons pertaining to the work of this Divi-
sion. The sending out of notices relating to nursery inspection to
transportation companies, the filing of all reports and the issuing of
certificates, have also taken up considerable of our time.

To make mention, briefly, of the many injurious insects sent to the
Division for determination and remedial measures, the tent cater-
pillar was the most prominent. It was abundant in all sections of
the State, and was found on both shade and fruit trees. Special at-
tention was given each and every inquiry, and it is to be hoped that
the injury caused by this insect will be greatly diminished the coming
year.

The Angoumois grain moth, was again troublesome in the eastern
section, although it seems to have been less destructive than last
year, owing, no doubt to the information given in treating the subject
in full, and the general dissemisiation by this Division during the
former troublesome peviod of this enemy to our grain crops.

Very respectfully,
BENJAMIN F. MacCARTNEY,
Economic Zoologist.

OrriciaAL DocuMEN?,

No. 6.

SYNOPSIS OF THE TAX LAWS OF PENN-
SYLVANIA.

By THOMAS McCAMANT, Late Auditor General of Pennsylvania.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS.

“Article [X, Section 1. All taxes shall be uniform upon the same
class of subjects, within the territorial limits of the authority levy-
ing the tax, and shall be levied and collected under general laws;
but the General Assembly may, by general laws, exempt from tax-
ation public property used for public purposes, actual places of
religious worship, places of burial not used or held for private or
corporate profit, and institutions of purely public charity.

“Article IX, Section 2. All laws exempting property from taxa-
tion, other than the property above enumerated, shall be void.

“Article IX, Section 3. The power to tax corporations and cor-
porate property shall not be surrendered or suspended by any
contract or grant to which the State shall be a party.”

TAXATION FOR STATE PURPOSES.

i. This consists of a tax on the capital stock of corporations, lim-
ited partnerships and joint stock associations, domestic and foreign,
dving business in the Commonwealth, or having capital or property
employed therein, except National banks and incorporated State
banks and savings’ institutions, and foreign insurance companies;
a tax on the shares of stock of National and incorporated State
banks and savings’ institutions; a tax on the gross receipts of trans-
portation and transmission companies, derived from business done
in the Commonwealth, and on the gross receipts of notaries public;
a tax on the gross premiums of domestic insurance companies, de-
rived from business done in the Commonwealth; a tax on the pre-
miums of foreign insurance companies, derived from business done
in the Commonwealth; a tax on county and municipal loans and
the loans of private corporations; bonus on charters; a tax on the

( 125 )

126 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

net earnings of private bankers and brokers, and unincorporated
banks and savings’ institutions, and incorporated savings’ institu-
tions without capital stock; a tax on collateral inheritances; a tax
on mortgages, judgments and moneys at interest, and on vehicles
for hire, and annuities, known as a tax on personal property; a
tax on writs, wills, deeds, e¢ cetera; mercantile licenses; whole-
sale liquor licenses; retail liquor licenses; brewers’ licenses; dis:
tillers’ licenses; bottlers’ licenses; billiard licenses; eating house
licenses; brokers’ licenses; auctioneers’ licenses; peddlers’ licenses;
theatre, circus, etc., licenses; a tax or fee on commissions of notaries
public; a tax or return of excess of fees collected by county officers,
and a return of fees, or tax or licenses, collected by State officers.

2. Settlements of accounts for all of said taxes, and for all
moneys due the Commonwealth, save in the case of foreign insurance
companies, bonus on charters in most cases, tax on commissions of
notaries public, and fees or licenses returned by State officers are
made by the Auditor General and State Treasurer, under act of
March 30, 1811, relating to the settlement of public accounts, (P. L.,
1810-11, page 145), and the several supplements and amendments
thereto.

>. In the case of foreign insurance companies, the State Insurance
Commissioner collects and returns the tax or license said companies
are required to pay, under act of April 4, 18738, (P. L., page 26), and
in case of bonus on charters granted under the General Corporation
Act of April 29, 1874, and supplements thereto, the Secretary of
the Commonwealth collects and pays into the State Treasury either
the full amount or the first instalment, before charter is granted
or authority to increase capital stock is filed; and in the case of
tax or fees on notaries public commissions and fees of State officers,
the moneys collected as such are returned directly to the State
Treasury, and no settlement is required to be made by the Auditor
General and State Treasurer.

4. Settlements for tax on capital stock, gross receipts, gross pre-
miums, bonus on charters, with the exceptions above stated, tax
on loans of private corporations, tax on bank stock and tax on
matured stock of building and loan associations, are made against
the companies owing the tax; settlements for tax on net earnings
are made against the bank, banker, broker or corporation owing the
tax, and for tax on personal property and county and municipal
loans, the settlements are made against the county or municipality
liable for the tax; in the case of the collateral inheritance tax, tax
on writs, wills, deeds, etc., and the different classes of licenses,
as stated, settlements are made against the county ofiicer charged
with their collection. A copy of each settlement thus made, show-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 127

ing the tax or other moneys due the Commonwealth, is mailed to
the treasurer of the corporation, county or municipality, and to the
prothonotary, register, recorder or other person owing the tax.*

5. Parties dissatisfied with settlements made against them can
appeal therefrom to the court of common pleas of Dauphin county,
within sixty days from the date of the copy of settlement mailed
them, by filing their appeal with the Auditor General and giving se-
curity, as provided in section 11, of the aforesaid act of March 30,
18i1; and the act of April 7, 1870, (P. L., page 57), clothes the court of
common pleas of Dauphin county with jurisdiction to hear and de-
termine “all suits, claims and demands whatsoever, at law and in
equity, in which the Commonwealth may be the party plaintiff, for
accounts, unpaid balances, unpaid liens, taxes, penalties, and all
other causes of action, real, personal and mixed.”

6. Section 12, of the act of March 30, 1811, as aforesaid, makes
the amount of every account due the Commonwealth, settled under
the said act, a lien from date of settlement on all the real estate of
the person or persons indebted, and on their sureties, throughout the
Commonwealth, and the act of April 14, 1827, (P. L., 1826-27, page
471), authorizes and requires the Auditor General to send prothono-
taries certified copies of said-liens, and have them entered of record
in the several counties of the Commonwealth. Section 31, of the
General Revenue Act of June 1, 1889, (P. L., page 437), makes taxes
a lien upon the franchises and property of corporations, companies,
associations, joint stock associations and limited partnership, from
the time said taxes are due and payable, and provides that in cases of
judicial sales taxes due the Commonwealth shall be first allowed and
paid before any judgment, mortgage or other claim, and section 14,
of the General Revenue Act of June 7, 1879, (P. L., page 119), has in
it practically the same provision.

7. Section 30, of the General Revenue Act of June 1, 1889, as
afcresaid, (P. L., page 486), makes all balances due the Common-
wealth on accounts settled by the Auditor General and State Treas-
uver bear interest at the rate of twelve per cent. per annum, after
sixty days from date of settlement, and any judgment recovered

*In the case of State tax on personal property, the State Treasurer issues
his precept to the Board of Revision of Taxes of the city and county of Phila-
delphia and to the county commissioners of other counties, authorizing and
requiring them to collect the tax with which the county stands charged, and
as soon as possible after the close of each year, an account is settled by the
Auditor General and State Treasurer against each county, and a copy thereof
mailed to the Board of Revision of Taxes of the city and county of Phila-
delphia and to the county commissioners of the other counties of the Com-
monwealth.

128 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

thereon is to bear interest at the rate of twelve per cent. per annum
until paid. Section 3, act of April 9, 1867, (P. L., page 58), makes the
Same provision as to balances due from corporations.*

8. Payments of moneys due the Commonwealth must be made
within sixty days from date of notice of settlement, and section 36, of
tbe act of March 30, 1811, as aforesaid, requires receipts for moneys
paid into the State Treasury to be signed by the State Treasurer
or some one in his employ and for whom he is answerable; and
section 8, of the act of April 10, 1849, (P. L., page 644), requires
such receipts to be registered and countersigned by the Auditor
General to make them good and effective in law.

9. Auditor General and State Treasurer, or either one, are author-
ized to examine the books and papers of corporations, institutions,
companies, associations and limited partnerships to verify the accu-
racy of returns made by them.

Act April 28, 1899, section 11, (P. L., page 72).

10. Unless extension of time for payment of indebtedness due
Commonwealth is given, by way of payment in instalments, as
authorized by section 13, of the aforesaid act of March 30, 1811,
accounts unappealed from are, by section 2, act of April 21, 1857,
(P. L., page 266), to be certified to the Attorney General for collec-
tion, after the expiration of ten days from the sixty day limit within
which appeals may be taken; and debtors are required by section 3,
act of April 7, 1870, (P. L., page 57), to pay the Attorney General a
five per cent. commission, in addition to debt and interest.

11. The financial year of the Commonwealth (the year for which
reports of the Auditor General and State Treasurer are made) ends
on November 30th. Resolution of April 21, 1840 (P. L., page 742).
The year for which appropriations are made by the Commonwealth
begins on June Ist.

See General Appropriation Act of May 138, 1899, (P. L., page 364), and
other General Appropriation Acts passed at previous sessions of the Gen-
eral Assembly.

REGISTRATION.

1, All limited partnerships, banks, joint stock associations, asso-
ciations, corporations and companies, whether formed, erected, in-
corporated or organized under the laws of this Commonwealth or
any other State, doing business in the Commonwealth, are required

*Accounts for bonus bear interest at the rate of six per cent.—Alliance Coal
Mining Company case, 13 W. N. C., page 324. In the past, six per cent. only
has been charged against delinquent county and county officers’ accounts.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 128

to register in the office of the Auditor General, under a penalty
of $500.
Act June 1, 1889, section 19, (P. L., page 427).

2. Recorders of deeds must certify to the Auditor General the
articles of association of limited partnerships and joint stock asso-
ciations filed in their offices, and for their services, are entitled to a
fee of twenty-five cents in each case.

Act June 24, 1895, section 1, (P. L., page 230).

3. Stock brokers, bill brokers, exchange brokers and private bank-
ers, must register with the Auditor General, within sixty days after
they commence business, under a penalty of $1,000.

Act June 27, 1895, section 2, (P. L., page 396).

4. Secretary of the Commonwealth to furnish Auditor General an
abstract showing name, location, amount of capital stock, and name
and address of treasurer of corporations chartered by the Governor.

Act April 29, 1874, section 3, (P. L., page 76).

5. Corporations to notify Auditor General of changes in officers,
changes in location of offices, and time and place of meeting of
stockholders.

Act June 1, 1889, section 19, (P. L., page 427); act June 8, 1893, (P. L.,
page 355).

TAX ON CAPITAL STOCK.

1. All corporations having capital stock, and every joint stock
association and limited partnership, whether incorporated or or-
ganized under the laws of the Commonwealth, or of the United
States, or of any other state or territory, or foreign government,
doing business and liable to taxation within the Commonwealth, or
having capital or property employed or used in this Commonwealth
by or in the name of any limited partnership, joint stock associa-
tion, company, association, corporation, copartnership, person or
any other manner, except in the case of banks, savings’ institutions,
foreign insurance companies, and building and loan associations, are
required to make report annually in the month of November to the
Auditor General, giving information that will enable the Auditor
General and State Treasurer to determine the value of their capital
stock for purposes of taxation; and any two of the following named
officers, to wit: President, chairman, secretary or treasurer, are
required, under oath, to appraise the capital stock at what it is
worth, between the first and fifteenth days of November, not less
than the average price for which it sold during the year, and not

9—6—1901

130 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

less than the price or value indicated or measured by net earnings,
ov by the amount of profit made and either declared in dividends or
carried into surplus or sinking fund, and to forward said appraise-
ment, with their oath, and report as aforesaid, to the Auditor Gen-
eral; if the Auditor General and State Treasurer, or either one, are
dissatisfied with such report and appraisement, or if no report and
appraisement is made, they are authorized to make a valuation of
the capital stock upon facts contained in the report or other in-
formation in their possession, and settle an account for tax, interest
and penalties.
Act June 8, 1891, section 4, (P. L., page 233.)

2. A penalty of ten per cent. is to be added to tax in case of
failure to make report and appraisement before December 31, and
in case of failure for three successive years to make report and
appraisement, the officers so failing are subject to a fine of $500 and
imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, either or both, at

the discretion of the court. |
Act June 1, 1889, section 22, (P. L., page 431).

3. Corporations, joint stock associations, limited partnerships and
companies, from which reports are required, are made subject to
and must pay into the treasury of the Commonwealth a tax of five
mills on the actual value of their whole capital stock, whether com-
mon, special or preferred, such payment to be made within thirty
days from settlement of their accounts. Interests in limited part-
nerships and joint stock associations are deemed capital stock and
are taxable as such. Corporations, joint stock associations and
limited partnerships liable for capital stock tax, are not required
to report to local assessors and pay further tax on securities owned
by them in their own right and included within the valuaticn of
their capital stock, but when such securities are held by them other-
wise, they are required to report to the local assessors and pay tax
thereon the same as individuals.*

Act June 8, 1891, section 5, (P. L., page 236).

4. So much of the capital steck of corporations, limited partner-
ships, or joint stock associations organized for manufacturing pur-

*Railroad companies whose lines are partly within and partly without the
Commonwealth, are taxed on the proportion of their capital stock which the
miles of their main track in the Commonwealth bear to the total mileage of
the companies; telegraph companies are taxed where the relative value of
the tangible property representing capital within and without the Common-
wealth cannot be accurately ascertained, on the proportion of their entire
capital stock which the length of their lines within the Commonwealth bear
to the total length of all their lines; palace car companies, whose cars run
into this and other states, are taxed upon the proportion of their capital

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 131

poses, as is invested in and actually and exclusively employed in
carrying on manufacturing within (he Commonwealth, except com
panies engaged in the brewing or distilling of spirituous or malt
liquors, and such as enjoy and exercise the right of eminent domain,
is exempt from the payment of tax.

Act June 8, 1893, (P. L., page 293).

5. In the case of fire and marine insurance companies, the tax is
at the rate of three mills on each dollar of the actual value of the
capital stock.

Act of June 8, 1898, (P. L., page 353).

6. In the case of companies incorporated to maintain a bourse or
exchange haJl, or a meeting place for merchants or other business
men, or for the exhibition of manufactured articles or natural
products, that portion of their capital stock that the bourse hall or
exchange represents is exempt from taxation; but if in any year a
dividend is declared upon the whole capital stock, companies are

taxable for such year upon their whole capital stock.
Act June 10, 1893, (P. L., page 417).

7. Companies organized and incorporated to distil liquors and
selling the same at wholesale, are required to make report and pay
annually a tax of ten mills upon every dollar of the actual value of
its capital stock of all kinds.

Act July 15, 1897, section 2, (P. L., page 294).

8. A four mill tax is required to be paid upon full paid, prepaid,
and fully matured or partly matured stock of building and loan asso-
ciations, upon which annual, semi-annual, quarterly or monthly cash
dividends or interest is paid, such tax to be deducted from the cash
dividend or interest paid, and returned to the State Treasury. Do-
mestic corporations must make report to the Auditor General and
foreign corporations to the Banking Department, and said Depart-
ment must certify to the Auditor General the amount of stock out-
standing subject to tax; upon failure to pay tax, the foreign corpora-
tion forfeits its right to do business in the Commonwealth; no tax
is required to be paid upon matured stock upon which periodical
payments are required to be made, or upon such stock after it has-

matured and is in process of payment.
Act June 22, 1897, section 1, (P. L., page 178).

stock which the total number of miles traveled in Pennsylvania by their cars
bears to the total number of miles traveled by all their cars in all states;
bridge companies connecting Pennsylvania with other states are taxed on
one-half their capital stock—Erie R. R. Co. case, (98 P. S. R., page 127);
Western Union Tel. case, (15 W. N. C., page 331); Pullman Palace Car case,
(107 P. S. R., page 156); Trenton Bridge Co. case, (9 Am. Leg. Reg. O. S.,
page 298).

132 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
TAX ON BANK STOCK.*

1. National and incorporated State banks and savings’ institutions
with capital stock, to make report to Auditor General, on or before
June 20th each year, on oath of president, cashier or treasurer, set-
ting forth number of shares of capital subscribed for or issued and
the actual value thereof, ascertained by adding together the amount
of capital stock paid in, the surplus and undivided profits, and divid-
ing this amount by the number of shares. Auditor General to sat-
isfy himself of the correctness of such valuation, and to assess a
four mill tax on each dollar of the actual value of each share of
stock, and to settle and forward each bank a copy of account for
tax. Copy of settlement forwarded to bank to be posted, and
stockholders notified, and Auditor General to hear any stockholders
on the subject of valuation within thirty days after settlement of
account. Bank to pay tax within forty days after settlement, from
its general fund or collect the same from its shareholders. In case
of failure to pay tax, make report or neglect or refusal of officers
to appear before Auditor General, if summoned, he shall, after
ascertaining value of shares from best information obtainable, as-
sess tax on said shares, add fifty per cent. penalty thereto, and collect
the same according to law. Bank responsible for tax in case of
neglect or refusal to post copy of settlement giving notice to share-
holders. In case bank elects to collect annually from shareholders,
the four mill tax on all shares subscribed for or issued, and pay
the same into the State Treasury on or before March 1st, the shares
and so much of the capital and profits of the bank as are not in-
vested in real estate are to be exempt from local taxation, and such
bank shall not be required to make any report to the local assessor
or county commissioners of its personal property owned in its own
right or pay any tax thereon. In lieu of this rate of taxation, banks
may elect to collect and pay into the State Treasury, on or before
March ist, a ten mill tax on each dollar of the par value of all its
shares subscribed for or issued, and by so doing the shares, and
so much of the capital and profits of the bank as are not invested

in real estate, shall be exempt from local taxation.
Act July 15, 1897, section 1, (P. L., page 292).

BANK EXAMINATIONS.

1. To bear the expenses of examination by the Banking Depart-
ment of the Commonwealth of incorporated State banks, savings’ in-
stitutions, trust companies, and all corporations having power of

*Shares of National banks located in other States are not taxable in Penn-
sylvania.—Tappan vs. Merchants’ National Bank, 22 Wall., page 490.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 133

receiving money on deposit, each corporation is to pay annually $25,
and $5 for every $100,000 or fraction thereof of capital stock it has
in excess of $100,000, also two cents for each $1,000 of assets it has;
corporations without capital stock to pay $25, and for $1 for each
$100,000 or fraction thereof of assets it has in excess of $100,000.

Act February 11, 1895, section 4, (P. L., page 7).

TAX ON GROSS RECEIPTS.

1. All railroad companies, pipe line companies, conduit companies,
steamboat companies, canal companies, slackwater navigation com-
panies, transportation companies, street passenger railway compa-
nies, and other companies, whether they be corporations, joint stock
associations or limited partnerships, doing business in the Com-
monwealth, and owning, operating or leasing to or from another
corporation, company, association, joint stock association or limited
partnership, any railroad, pipe line, slackwater navigation, street
passenger railway, canal or other device for the transportation of
freight, passengers or oil, and all telegraph and telephone compa-
nies doing business in the Commonwealth, and all express companies,
firms, copartnerships and joint stock associations doing an express
business in the Commonwealth, and every electric light company,
palace car company and sleeping car company doing business in
the Commonwealth, are required to pay an eight mill tax upon each
dollar of gross receipts received from passengers and freight trans-
ported wholly within the Commonwealth, and from telegraph, tele-
phone and express business done wholly within the Commonwealth,
and from business of electric light companies and transportation
of oil done wholly within the Commonwealth; said tax to be paid
semi-annually on the first days of January and July. Reports are
required to be made to the Auditor General every six months of gross
receipts received, and for neglect or refusal so to do for a period
of thirty days, a ten per cent. penalty is to be added to the tax and
collected as other taxes are collected. In cases where works are
leased, the tax is to be apportioned according to the terms of the
lease, but for the payment of the tax, the Commonwealth first looks
to the company operating the works. ;

Act June 1, 1889, section 23, (P. L., page 431); act April 28, 1899, section
2, (P. L., page 72), as to express companies.

2. Notaries public, except in the city of Philadelphia, are re-
quired to pay into the State Treasury, fifty per cent. of their annual
gross receipts in excess of $1,500.

Act April 14, 1840, section 3, (P. L., page 335); act March 10, 1810, (P. L.,
1809-10, page 80).

134 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Notaries public in the city of Philadelphia are required to pay
into the State Treasury on or before December 31st, five per cent.
of the gross amount of their receipts, under penalty of forfeiture
of their commissions.

Act May 20, 1865, (P. L., page 846).

TAX ON GROSS PREMIUMS.

1. Insurance companies or associations incorporated under the
laws of the Commonwealth and doing business therein, except com-
panies doing business upon the purely mutual plan without any capi-
tal stock or accumulated reserve, and purely mutual beneficial asso-
ciations, whose funds for the benefit of members, their families or
heirs, are made up entirely of the weekly or monthly contributions
of their members and the accumulated interest thereon, are required
to make report in writing, through their president, secetary or other
officer, to the Auditor General, semi-annually, on the first days of
January and July, of their premiums and assessments received dur-
ing the preceding six months, and to pay into the State Treasury
in the last days of January and July an eight mill tax on each dollar
of gross premiums received from business transacted within the
Commonwealth. This report is to be made under oath, and a ten
per cent. penalty is to be added to the account of any company whose
officers neglect or refuse, for a period of thirty days, to make re-
port or pay tax.

Act June 1, 1889, section 24, (P. L., page 433); act June 27, 1895, section
1, (P. L., page 409).

FOREIGN INSURANCE COMPANIES.

1. No person can act as the agent or solicitor in this Common-
wealth of an insurance company of another State or foreign gov-
ernment, in any manner whatever relating to risks, until the act
establishing an Insurance Department has been complied with on
the part of the company, and there has been granted by the Insurance
Commissioner a certificate of authority showing that the company is
authorized to transact business in the Commonwealth; and it is
made the duty of every such company to make report to the Insur-
ance Commissioner in the month of January, under oath of its presi-
dent or secretary, showing the entire amount of premiums received
by said company in this Commonwealth during the preceding calen-
dar year, and to pay into the State Treasury a tax of three per cent.
upon said premiums; and the Insurance Commissioner shall not

renew the certificate of any company until such tax is paid.
Act April 4, 1873, section 10, (P. L., page 26).

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 12

or

2. Tax, as above stated, reduced to two per cent.
Act June 1, 1889, section 24, (P. L., page 433); act June 28, 1895, section
1, (P. L., page 409).

o. One-half the net amount received from tax on premiums of
foreign insurance companies is required to be paid the treasurers
of cities and boroughs. Such payments to be based upon the return
of tax received from companies doing business in cities and bor-
oughs, as shown by the report of the Insurance Commissioner. War
rants for such payments are to be drawn by the Auditor General.
payable to the treasurers of the several cities and boroughs entitled
to receive the tax.

Act June 28, 1895, section 2, (P. L., page 409).

TAX ON LOANS.*

1. All public loans, except those issued by the Commonwealth, are
taxable for State purposes. Act April 29, 1844, section 32, (P. L.,
page 497); all public loans except those issued by the Common-
wealth or the United States are made taxable for State pur-

poses, at the rate of four mills on each dollar of the value thereof.
Act June 8, 1891, section 1, (P. L., page 231).7

2. Treasurers of counties, incorporated cities, districts and bor-
oughs, on payment of dividends or interest to any holder or agent
claiming the same, on any scrip, bond or certificate of indebtedness
issued by said city, district and borough are to assess the tax pro-
vided for State purposes upon the nominal value of each and every
evidence of debt.t This tax is to be deducted by said treasurers
on the payment of the interest or dividend, as aforesaid, and to be
held by them until paid over to the State Treasurer; and the said
treasurers to be subject to the same penalties and liabilities as
are prescribed by laws in relation to tax on bank dividends.

Act April 29, 1844, section 42, (P. L., page 501).

5. Treasurers of counties and cities, and burgesses or other chief
officer of boroughs and incorporated districts to make return, on
oath, to the Auditor General, of the amount of scrip, bonds or certifi-
cates of indebtedness outstanding by counties, cities, boroughs and

*This tax is upon the nominal or par value of the Joan. Loans held by non-
residents are not taxable—State Tax on Foreign Held Bonds, (15 Wall.,
page 300, 326).

yAct June 30, 1885, section 1, (P._L., page 193) and act June 11, 1889, section
1, (P. L., page 420), made such loans taxable at the rate of three mills on the
dollar, but the act of June 8, 1891, as aforesaid, increased the rate of taxation
to four mills on the dollar.

tThis does not relate to schcol districts—See case of Wharton vs. School
Directors, 42 P. S. R., page 358.

136 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

districts, on the first day of January, together with the rates of
interest thereon, under the penalty of $5,000, to be settled, sued for
and collected as debts due by defaulting public officers are collected.
The said treasurers are to deduct the State tax on the payment of
interest or dividends on debts due by the county, city, borough or
district, and return the same to the State Treasury within thirty
days thereafter; and it is made the duty of the Auditor General to
settle the accounts of the several treasurers, fix the tax due and
unpaid and transmit notice of amount by mail to the officers making
returns; and if the amounts due are not paid within sixty days the
Attorney General is to sue and collect the same.
Act April 30, 1864, section 4, (P. L., page 219).

4. The scrip, bonds and certificates of indebtedness of any county
owned by any public corporation within the county, the income of
which is appropriated to the support of the poor and the mainte-
nance of public roads of such county, are exempt from taxation for
State purposes.

Act March 24, 1877, (P. L., page 44).

5. Bonds issued by a county for payment of riot losses, are taxable
for State purposes at the rate of one-half mill on the dollar.
Act June 1, 1881, (P. L., page 37).

6. All loans issued by any corporation created under the laws of
the Commonwealth, or of the United States, or of any other State or
government, including car trust securities and loans secured by
bonds or any other form of certificate or evidence of indebtedness,
whether the interest be included in the principal of the obligation
or payable by the terms thereof, are taxable for State purposes at
the rate of four mills on the dollar. Act June 8, 1891, section 1, (P.
L., page 231).*

7. The treasurer of each private corporation incorporated under
the laws of the Commonwealth or any cther State of the United
States, doing business in the Commonwealth, upon the payment of
any interest on any scrip, bond or certificate of indebtedness issued
by such corporation to residents of this Commonwealth and held
by them, to assess the tax provided for State purposes upon the
nominal value of each and every evidence of said debt, and to re-
port, on oath, annually, on the first Monday of November, to the
Auditor General, the amount of indebtedness of the corporation
owned by the residents of the Commonwealth as nearly as the same

*Act June 30, 1885, section 1, P. L., page 198), and act June 1, 1889, section 1,
(P. L., page 420), made corporate loans taxable at the rate of three mills on
the dollar. The act of June 8, 1891, as aforesaid, increased this rate of tax
to four mills on the dollar.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 137

can be ascertained, and to deduct the four mill tax on every dollar
of the interest paid as aforesaid, and to pay the same into the State
Treasury within fifteen days after the 31st day of December, each
year; his compensation for this service to be the same as city and
borough treasurers for similar services, and for failure to assess and
pay over the tax a penalty of ten per cent. is to be added to the tax
of the corporation in default.
Act June 30, 1885, section 4, (P. L., page 194).

8. Compensation of treasurers of corporations for assessing and
collecting tax on corporate loans is five per cent. on the first $1,000
or fraction thereof; one per cent. on the second $1,000 or fraction

thereof, and one-half per cent. on all sums in excess of $2,000.
Act April 15, 1834, section 42, (P. L., 1833-34, page 344); act April 5, 1842,
section 11, (P. L., page 239).

BONUS ON CHARTERS.

1. Every company chartered under the General Corporation Act of
April 29, 1874, or accepting the same, or under any general or spe-
cial law, except building and loan associations, and corporations
not for profit, is required to pay into the State Treasury a bonus
of one-third of one per cent. upon the amount of its authorized capi-
tal stock, and a like bonus upon any subsequent authorized increase
of capital stock; and a similar bonus is to be paid upon the author-
ized increase of capital stock of companies heretofore incorporated.
The company is not to exercise any corporate powers or go into
operation, nor is the Governor to issue letters patent until such
bonus is paid, and the Secretary of the Commonwealth is not to
file proceedings for increase of capital stock until he is satisfied such
bonus is paid.

Act June 15, 1897, (P. L., page 156); act May 8, 1899, section 1, (P. L.,
page 189).*

2. In cases of reduction of capital stock, under the twenty-third
section of the General Corporation Act of April 29, 1874, corpora-
tions are not liable in the aggregate for a greater bonus than one-

fourth of one per cent. upon the capital as altered and reduced.
Act May 22, 1878, (P. L., page 97).f

*See the following previcus acts as to payment of bonus, to wit: Act May
1, 1868, section 15, (P. L., page 113); act March 22, 1887, section 10, (P. L., page
13); act May 7, 1889, (P. L., page 115).

+See act May 29, 1885, section 15, (P. L., page 36), as to natural sas com-
panies.

10

138 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oit. Doe.
TAX ON NET EARNINGS OR INCOME.

1. Stock brokers, bill brokers and exchange brokers, and private
bankers, are required to make a sworn return to the Auditor Gen-
eral, on or before the first Monday of December, annually, setting
forth the total amount of their receipts from commissions, discounts,
abatements, allowances, and all other profits arising from their
business, during the year that ended on November 30th, immediately
preceding date of return, and to forthwith pay into the State Treasury
three per centum upon the aggregate amount contained in such re-
turn; the revenues derived from this source to be appropriated to
the State sinking fund.

Act June 27, 1895, section 1, (P. L., page 397).

2. Penalty for neglect or refusal to make said return, and to
register with the Auditor General, is $1,000, to be settled and col-
lected as taxes on bank dividends are settled and collected.

Act June 27, 1895, section 3, (P. L., page 398).

3. All corporations and limited partnerships, foreign or domestic,
doing business in the Commonwealth, and not subject to tax on cap-
ital stock or gross premiums, except incorporated banks and savings’
institutions with capital stock and foreign insurance companies, are
required to make report, on oath of some officer, annually upen the
first Monday of November, of their net earnings or income received
from all sources during the preceding year, and to pay into the State
Treasury within sixty days thereafter, three per cent. upon such
annual net earnings or income, in addition to any tax on personal
property to which they may be subject. For neglect or refusal to
make report on or before December 31st, such corporations and
limited partnerships are liable to a penalty of $1,000, to be added to

their tax. Manufacturing companies not subject to this tax.
Act June 1, 1889, section 27, (P. L., page 435).

4. All incorporated savings’ institutions without capital stock are
required to pay $25, and $1 for every $100,000, or fraction thereof,
of assets they have in excess of $100,000, to bear the expenses of

examination of their accounts by the State Banking Department.
Act February 11, 1895, section 4, (P. L., page 7).

TAX ON COLLATERAL INHERITANCES.

1. All estates, real, personal and mixed, of every kind, situated
vithin the Commonwealth, whether the person or persons dying,
seized thereof, be domiciled within or out of the Commonwealth, and
all such estates situated in another State or territory, or country,
when the person or persons dying, seized thereof, shall have their

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 139

domicile within the Commonwealth,” passing from any persou who
may die seized or possessed of such estate either by will or under
the intestate laws of the Commonwealth, or any part of such estate
or estates or interest therein transferred by deed, grant, bargain,
or sale, made or intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment
after the death of the grantor or bargainor, to any person or persons,
or to bodies corporate or politic, in trust or otherwise, other than to
or for the use of father, mother, husband, wife and children and
lineal descendants born in lawful wedlock, or the wife or widow of
the son of the person dying seized or possessed thereof, are made
subject to a tax of five dollars on every one hundred dollars of the
clear value of such estate or estates, and at and after the same
rate for any less amount, to be paid to the use of the Common-
wealth; and all owners of such estates, and all executors and ad-
ministrators and their sureties, can only be discharged from lability
for the tax, by paying the same over for the use of the Common-

wealth. Estates of less value than $250 not subject to tax.
Act May 6, 1887, section 1, (P. L., page 79).

2. Bequests, devises and residuary legacies to executors in lieu of
commissions, to be taxed on all amounts in excess of what courts
consider fair compensation for services rendered.

Act May 6, 1887, section 2, (P. L., page 79).

3. Tax on reversionary interests not payable nor interest charge-
able, until actual possession is acquired. Tax to be assessed on
value of estate at time right of possession accrues to owner. Owner
may, however, pay tax before coming into possession,.if he desires
to do so; and in such cases, the basis for assessment of the tax is
the value of the estate at the time of payment of tax, after deducting
the value of life estates or estates for years. Tax on real estate to
be a lien until paid. Owners of the personal estate to make return
of the same to the register of wills within one year from the death
of the decedent, and enter security for the payment of the tax;

otherwise, tax to be immediately payable and collectible.
Act May 6, 188%, (P. L., page 80).

4. A discount of five per cent. is allowed on tax paid within three
months after death of decedent. If not paid at end of one year from
death of decedent, twelve per cent. interest to be charged. In cases
of unavoidable delay from claims, litigation or other cause, whereby
an estate or part thereof cannot be settled within one year from death
of decedent, only six per cent. interest chargeable on tax due from
the unsettled portion of the estate; and where such unsettled estate,

*Real estate and tangible personal property situated without the Common-
wealth not subject to tax. Bittinger’s Estate, 127 P. S. R., page 338.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

or portion thereof, is not productive of six per cent. interest, parties
entitled to the same only to pay such interest as they realize from
the estate during the time tax is withheld.

Act May 6, 1887, section 4, (P. L., page 80).

5. Tax on pecuniary legacies and distributive shares, if in money,
to be deducted and paid by executors, administrators and trustees;
if not money, payment of tax to be demanded by executors, adminis-
trators or trustees upon appraised value of such legacies or distrib-
utive shares, and they not compelled to pay or deliver legacies or
distributive shares, except on payment of tax. On failure to pay
tax, specific legacy or article subject to tax, or portion of the same,
to be sold at public sale, after notice to legatee, and balance to be
distributed as directed by law. Tax retained by executors and ad-

ministrators or paid into their hands, to be promptly paid over.
Act May 6, 1887, section 5, (P. L., page 80).

6. If legacy is for a limited period, upon a condition or contin-
gency, tax to be retained upon whole amount, if in money; but if not
in money and apportionment is necessary, orphans’ court to make
apportionment of same to be paid by legatees, and for further order
relative thereto.

Act May 6, 1887, section 6, (P. L., page 81).

7. When legacy is a charge on real estate, heir or devisee to
deduct tax before paying legacy, and pay the amount so deducted
to the executor. Tax to remain a charge on real estate until paid,
and payment to be enforced by orphans’ court in same manner that
payment of legacy is enforced.

Act May 6, 1887, section 7, (P. L., page 81).

8. Executors and administrators to notify register of wills of
real estate subject to tax, within six months after they enter on
their duties, or if the fact be not known to them within that time,
then, within one month after they have knowledge of the same;
and owners of estates subject to tax, upon the vesting of the estate
to give immediate information to register of wills.

Act May 6, 1887, section 8; (P. L., page 81).

9. Duplicate receipts for payment of tax to be taken by executors
and administrators, one to be sent to the Auditor General, who
shall charge the register of wills receiving the tax with the amount
of the same, countersign the receipt and seal the same with the seal
of his office and return to executor or administrator sending the
receipt to him. The receipt so sealed and countersigned is a proper
voucher in the settlement of accounts of executors and administra-
tors, but in no event are they to be credited in their accounts with

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 141

the payment of the tax unless receipts for the same are sealed and

countersigned by the Auditor General.
Act May 6, 1887, section 9, (P. L., page 81).

10. On assignment or transfer of stocks and loans subject to
tax, the same to be paid at time of transfer to register of wills of
county where transfer is made; otherwise, corporation permitting
the transfer, to be liable for the tax.

Act May 6, 1887, section 10, (P. L., page 82).

11. Where portions of legacies paid have to be refunded to pay
debts proven against an estate, after tax has been paid, a proper
proportion of said tax is to be refunded, if not paid into State
Treasury.

Act May 6, 1887, section 11, (P. L., page 82).

12. Registers of wills to appoint an appraiser to fix valuation
of estates subject to tax as often as occasion requires. Appraiser
to make a fair and conscionable appraisement, and to fix the cash
value of all annuities and life estates growing out of an estate, the
tax upon which shail be payable immediately. Persons dissatis-
fied with appraisement may appeal, within thirty days, to orphans’
court, on paying or giving security to pay costs and whatever tax
court fixes. Court to determine all questions of valuation and lia

bility of estate for tax, with right of appeal to Supreme Court.
Act May 6, 1887, section 12, (P. L., page 82).

13. Appraisers of estates not to take fees or rewards from execu
tors, administrators, legatees, next of kin or heirs; for so doing
registers of wills to dismiss them from service, and on conviction
for such offense they are to pay a fine not exceeding $500 and be
imprisoned not exceeding one year, either or both, at discretion
of court.

Act May 6, 1887, section 13, (P. L., page 82).

14. Registers of wills to record in book returns made by ap-
praisers, and may give certificates of payment of tax from such
record; and they are to furnish monthly statements of appraisements
to the Auditor General, and the Auditor General to record such
statements. Taxes remaining due and unpaid for one year to be
collected through proceedings in the orphans’ court, on bill or

petition of registers of wills to enforce payment.
Act May 6, 1887, section 14, (P. L., page 83).

15. Orphans’ court authorized to cite executors and administra-
tors of delinquent estates to file account, or cite executors, adminis-
trators or heirs to show cause why tax should not be paid. Notice
to be published when personal service cannot be had. If tax found

142 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

to be due and unpaid, delinquents to pay the same and costs. Reg-
ister of wills or Auditor General to employ an attorney of the proper
county to sue for and recover delinquent tax; and Auditor General
to allow registers of wills, in the settlement of their accounts, costs
of advertising and other reasonable fees and expenses incurred in
collection of tax.

Act May 6, 1887, section 15, (P. L., page 88).

16. Registers of wills, on filing bond with the Auditor General,
to be agents of Commonwealth for coilection of tax, and for their
services in collecting tax they are allowed to retain for their own
use five per cent. upon amount of tax collected, if the same amounts
to less than $200,000 in any one year, or four per cent. upon the
amount collected if the same is $200,000, and less than $300,000 in
any one year, or three per cent. upon the amount collected if the
same is $300,006, or more in any one year.

Act May 14, 1891, (P. L., page 59).

17. Registers of wills to give bond, with two or more sureties,
in such amount as the orphans’ court may direct, conditioned for
the faithful performance of their duties, and for the accounting and
paying over tax collected. Bond, on its execution and approval by
orphans’ court, to be forwarded to Auditor General.

Act May 6, 1887, section 17, (P. L., page 84).

18. County treasurers to collect tax until bond is given by regis-
ters of wills.
Act May 6, 1887, section 18, (P. L., page 84).

19. Registers of wills to make monthly returns to Auditor Gen-
eral of moneys received for use of Commonwealth, and pay same
into State Treasury.

Act May 24, 1893, section 1, (P. L., page 125).

20. Neglect to make return and payment, to work a forfeiture of
commissions, and subject delinquents to a ten per cent. penalty on
their accounts. a

Act May 14, 1893, section 2, (P. L., page 125).

21. Twelve per cent. interest to be paid on delinquent accounts.
Act May 24, 1893, section 4, (P. L., page 125); act May 6, 1887, section
19, (P. L., page 84).

22. Lien of tax to continue until same is paid, but is limited to
property chargeable with the tax. Tax to be sued for within five
vears after due and demandable, otherwise presumed to be paid,
and to cease to be a lien against purchasers of real estate.

Act May 6, 1887, section 20, (P. L., page 84).

PGs 6: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. — 1438

23. Appraisers of estates subject to tax to be allowed $2 per day,
and necessary traveling expenses, to be itemized, sworn to, and be
subject to approval of Auditor General.

Act June 26, 1895, section 1, (P. L., page 326).

24. Expert may be appointed appraiser where interests of Com-
monwealth require the services of the same. Registers of wills
to certify to the Auditor General the necessity for the services of
expert appraisers, and such appointments not to be made without
approval of Auditor General. Additional compensation may be
allowed experts, but no payment for such service to be made until
itemized statement of services rendered and compensation recom-
mended is rendered, under oath, to Auditor General for his approval.
Clerks or employes in offices of registers of wills not to be appointed
as experts.

Act June 26, 1895, section 2, (P. L., page 326).

25. Tax erroneously paid may be refunded, when it is made to
appear to the proper courts that estates are not subject to tax on

account of lineal heirs being subsequently discovered.
Act March 22, 1899, (P. L., page 20).

26. Tax erroneously paid in other cases may be refunded on sat-
isfactory proof of such erroneous payment rendered State Treasurer
by registers of wills, but applications for re-payment must be made

within two years from date of payment.
Act June 12, 1878, (P. L., page 206).

TAX ON PERSONAL PROPERTY.

1. All personal property of the classes hereinafter enumerated,
owned, held or possessed by any person, persons, copartnership, or
unincorporated association or company, limited partnership, bank
or company, resident, located or liable to taxation within the Com-
monwealth, or by any joint stock company or association, limited
partnership, bank or corporation whatsoever, formed, erected, or
incorporated by, under or in pursuance of any law of the Common-
wealth or of the United States, or of any other State or government,
and liable to taxation within the Commonwealth, whether such per-
sonal property be owned, held or possessed by such person or per-
sons, copartnership, unincorporated association, company, joint stock
company or association, limited partnership, bank or corporation,
in his, her, their or its own right, or as active trustee, agent, attor-
ney in fact or in any other capacity, for the use, benefit or advantage
_of any other person, persons, copartnership, unincorporated asso-
ciation, company, joint stock company or association, limited part-
nership, bank or corporation, is made taxable at the rate of four

144 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

mills on each dollar of the value thereof, and no failure to assess
or return the same shall discharge such owner or holder from
liability for tax thereon, to wit: All mortgages, all moneys owing
by solvent debtors, whether by promissory note, or penal or single
bill, bond or judgment; all articles of agreement and accounts bear-
ing interest; all public loans whatsoever, except those issued by
this Commonwealth or the United Siates;* all loans issued by or
shares of stock in any bank, corporation, association, company, or
limited partnership, created or formed under the laws of the Com-
monwealth or of the United States, or of any other state or govern-
ment, including car trust securities and loans secured by bonds or
any other form of certificate or evidence of indebtedness, whether
the interest be included in the principal of the obligation or payable
by the terms thereof, except shares of stock in any corporation or
limited partnership liable to tax on capital stock or relieved from
payment of tax on capital stock; all moneys loaned or invested
in other states, territories, the District of Columbia or foreign coun-
tries; all other moneyed capital in the hands of individuals citizens
of the Commonwealth. This section not to apply to building and
loan associations, nor to bank notes, or notes discounted or nego-
tiated by any bank, banking company, savings’ institution or trust
company.
Act June 8, 1891, section 1, (P. L., page 231).

2. Board of revision of taxes in Philadelphia and county commis-
Sioners in other counties, to furnish assessors annually with blanks
supplied by Auditor General; and assessors to furnish taxables with
said blanks, and on them returns of property subject to taxation
are to be made. Returns to be sworn to by taxable persons, and in
case of copartnerships, unincorporated associations, and joint stock
associations and companies by some member thereof, and in case
of limited partnerships and corporations by the president, chai~-
man or treasurer. Where business is done by a corporation, joint
stock association or limited partnership in more than one county,
return is required to be made only in the county where the principal
office is located. Obligations of public or private corporations, the
tax upon which is required by law to be collected from the holders
of such obligations and paid into the State Treasury by the corpora-
tions themselves, are not to be included in returns.; Prior laws

*County and municipal loans, and loans of private corporations are taxable
at their nominal or par value. All other loans, school bonds included, are
taxable at their actual value.

yObligations of public and private corporations referred to are county and mu-
nicipal loans and loans of private corporations. School bonds are not returned
by the district that issued them; they must be included in the return made by

a taxable.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 145

relating to the collection of the tax upon such obligations to remain
in force.
Act June 1, 1889, section 2, (P. L., page 421).

3. Affidavit to return of taxables, to be made before assessor,
or person authorized to administer oaths. Oaths to set forth *hat
return is full, true and correct. Making false returns punishable by
a fine not exceeding $500, imprisonment not exceeding seven years,
and disqualification from ever being a witness.

Act June 1, 1889, section 3, (P. L., page 422).

4. Assessors authorized to administer oath to taxables, free of
charge; and for accepting return not sworn to or charging for oath,
they are subject to a fine not exceeding $500.

Act June 1, 1889, section 4, (P. L., page 422).

5. Assessors to make return from best information obtainable, on
failure of taxables to make same, after ten days’ notice. To examine
lists of judgments and mortgages, and charge defaulters with amount
of liens and interest, and add thereto taxable property coming to
their knowledge from other sources. Returns to be revised by
county commissioners and board of revision of taxes, from records
in their offices, and evidence secured from persons and papers, in
form prescribed by Auditor General. Fifty per centum to be added
to revised and estimated returns. Taxables may substitute sworn
return for estimated one, on or before day fixed for appeals from
assessments, by presenting satisfactory reasons for not previously
making return.

Act June 1, 1889, section 5, (P. L., page 422).

6. Assessors and taxables arranging to make false returns to be
guilty of conspiracy, and on conviction to be sentenced to pay a
fine not exceeding $1,000, and to imprisonment not exceeding three

years.
Act June 1, 1889, section 6, (P. L., page 423).

7. Recorders of deeds to keep daily record of mortgages and arti-
cles of agreement to secure payment of money, and of assignments
of the same, and to file the same monthly with county commission-
ers and board of revision of taxes.

Act June 1, 1889, section 7, (P. L., page 424).

8. Prothonotaries to keep daily record of judgments and other
instruments to secure debt that are ent2red of record, and file the
same, monthly with county commissioners and board of revision

of taxes.
Act June 1, 1889, section 8, (P. L., page 424).

10—6—1901

146 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Ott. Doe.

9. County commissioners and board of revision of taxes to certify
to proper county record of mortgages and judgments held by non-
residents, and also record of satisfaction, when satisfied.

Act June 1, 1889, section 9; (P. L., page 424).

10. County commissioners and board of revision of taxes to fur-
nish assessors’ statement of mortgages and judgments filed with
them.

Act June 1, 1889, section 10, (P. L., page 425).

11. Assessors to compare returns of taxables with statement fur-
nished by county commissioners and board of revision of taxes, and
note any excess of taxable property in making their returns to

county commissioners and board of revision of taxes.
Act June 1, 1889, section 11, (P. L., page 425).

12. County commissicners and board of revision of taxes to charge
taxables with excess of taxable property returned to them by as-
sessors, and notify taxables of the same, and that the increase of

valuation is subject to appeal.
Act June 1, 1889, section 12, (P. L., page 425).

13. County commissioners, board of revision of taxes, assessors,
recorders of deeds and prothonotaries failing to discharge duties
imposed upon them, to be subject to a fine not exceeding $500 and

imprisonment not exceeding one year. .
Act June 1, 1889, section 18, (P. L., page 426). -

14. County commissioners and board of revision of taxes to cause
to be assessed annually upon stages, omnibuses, hacks, cabs and
other vehicles used for transporting passengers for hire, except
steam and street passenger railway cars, and upon annuities yielding
annually over $200, a tax of four mills on each dollar of the value

thereof.
Act June 8, 1891, section 2, (P. L., page 232).

15. Auditor General to furnish county commissioners and board

of revision of taxes with blanks, books, notices and papers.
Act June 1, 1889, section 15, (P. L., page 426).

16. Three-fourths of the taxes based on returns made to the
State Board of Revenue Commissioners and actually paid into the
State Treasury, to be returned to counties, in payment of expenses
incurred in assessing and collecting the tax; and in consideration
thereof no claim is to be made on the Commonwealth for abate-
ments, tax collectors’ commissions, extraordinary expenses incurred,
uncollectible taxes, or for keeping record of judgments and mort-
gages.

Act June 8, 1891, section 3, (P. L., page 2382).

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. i47

-17. Counties and cities to collect tax, and on first Monday of
September io pay into State Treasury what is then collected, and
the balance on second Monday of November immediately following.
Ten per cent. penalty to be added to all taxes due and unpaid by a
county or city on second Monday of November, to be charged against
each delinquent taxpayer; and city and county treasurers are per-
mitted to retain for their own use from the gross sum of money
paid by them into the State Treasury the commissions named and
prescribed by existing laws.*

Act June 1, 1889, section 17, (P. L., page 426).

18. Lenders of money not to require borrowers to pay tax, and
in cases where borrowers pay tax, the same to be considered usury,
and to be subject to the laws governing the same.

Act June 1, 1889, section 18, (P. L., page 427).

19. Auditor General, State Treasurer and Secretary of the Com
monwealth mace a board of revenue commissioners to equalize as-
sessments and taxes for use of Commonwealth.

Act May 24, 1878, section 1, (P. L., page 126).

_ 20. County commissioners and board of revision of taxes to send
State Treasurer for use of board of revenue commissioners sworn
statement of property subject to taxation for State purposes, as
returned to them by assessors, and to answer, on oath, interroga-
tories and inquiries addressed to them by board of revenue com-
missioners. Failure to furnish statement or answer interrogatories
to be a misdemeanor and be punishable as such; and statement and
answers may be compelled by mandamus.
Act May 24, 1878, section 2, (P. L., page 126).

21. Board of revenue commissioners to determine value of prop-
erty made taxable by law, adjusting and equalizing the same, so
as to make all taxes bear equally upon all property subject to tax-
ation for State purposes in proportion to its actual value; to ascer-
tain value of items subject to a specific tax, and quality and value
of classes of property liable to an ad valorem tax, and when so
ascertained to make a statement of the same, assigning to each
county the quantity and value of taxable property therein, and the

quota of tax to be raised therefrom.
Act May 24, 1878, section 3, (P. L., page 126).

*Compensation of county and city treasurers is one per cent. on the amount
_ of tax paid into the State Treasury. Act June 11, 1840, section 7, (P. L., page
614); act May 13, 1856, section 9, (P. L., page 569). Tax is paid on the issuing
of the State Treasurer’s precept under act May 24, 1878, section 5, (P. L.,
page 127).

c

148 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

22. Record of valuation to be made by board of revenue commis-
Sioners in duplicate, and one copy filed with Auditor General and
State Treasurer.

Act May 24, 1878, section 4, (P. L., page 127).

25. State Treasurer to send copy of record of valuation to county
commissioners and board of revision of taxes, and issue his precept
requiring them to collect tax on the amount of valuation and prop-
erty ascertained to be liable for taxation; and in cases of increase
in valuation of property subject to taxation, statement of quota
or amount of tax due on account of such increase is to be trans-
mitied to county commissioners and board of revision of taxes,
and they are to collect and pay into the State Treasury the sum fixed .
by the board of revenue commissioners.

Act May 24, 1878, section 5, (P. L., page 127).

24. Counties aggrieved by action of board of revenue commission-
ers may appeal to court of common pieas of Dauphin county. Court
to fix time of hearing, and notice to be served on Auditor General
and State Treasurer thirty days before hearing.

Act May 24, 1878, section 7, (P. L., page 128).
25. Court to hear and determine proceedings on appeal.
Act May 24, 1878, section 8, (P. L., page 128).

26. Court to ascertain errors and certify amount of same to

Auditor General, who shall give credit therefor to counties.
Act May 24, 1878, section 9, (P. L., page 128).

27. Appeals not to suspend or postpone collection of taxes.
Act May 24, 1878, section 10, (P. L., page 129).
28. Board of revenue commissioners to keep journal of proceed-
ings and report to Legislature.
Act May 24, 1878, section 11, (P. L., page 129).
29. Tax collected on any excess of valuation to belong to counties.
Act May 24, 1878, section 12, (P. L., page 129).
30. Board of revenue commissioners to receive a salary of $300
for each member.
Act May 24, 1878, section 18, (P. L., page 129).

TAX ON WRITS, WILLS, DEEDS, ET CETERA.

1. Prothonotaries of courts of common pleas, recorders of deeds
and registers of wills are required to demand and receive from
parties applying for process or services sums as follow hereafter,
to be taxed in bill of costs, to abide the event of suits, and to be
paid by the losing party.*

Act April 16, 1830, section 1, (P. L., 1829-30, page 272).

*No tax to be allowed on any appeal or on any writ or process issued out
of the Supreme or Superior Court. Act May 19, 1897, section 3, (P. L., page 68).

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 149

2. Prothonotaries to demand and receive on every original writ,
except the writ of habeas corpus, and on the entry of every amicable
action, the sum of fifty cents; on every writ of certiorarz issued to
remove the proceedings of a justice of the peace or alderman, fifty
cents; on every entry of judgment by confession or otherwise, where
suit has not been previously commenced, fifty cents; on every tran-
script of a justice of the peace or alderman, twenty-five cents.

Act April 6, 1830, section 3, (P. L., 1829-30, page 273).

3. Recorders of deeds to demand and veceive for every deed,
mortgage or other instrument of writing offered to be recorded, fifty
cents.

Act April 6, 1830, section 4, (P. L., 182€ 30, page 278).

4. Registers of wills to demand and receive for probate of a will
and letters testamentary thereor ‘fty cents, and for granting letters
of administration, fifty cents.

Act April 6, 1880, section 5, (P. L., 1829-30, page 273).

5. Recorders of deeds to collect for use of Commonwealth on each
of the following commissions, $10, as follows: Health officer, laza-
retto, physician and port physician, Philadelphia; prothonotary,
clerk of oyer and terminer, clerk of quarter sessions, clerk of orphans’
court, register of wills, recorder of deeds and sheriff.

Act April 6, 1830, section 7, (P. L., 1829-30, page 274).*

6. Prothonotaries, recorders and registers to give bond to Common-
wealth for collection of tax.

Act April 6, 1830, section 9, (P. L., 1829-30, page 274); act March 15, 1832,

section 1, (P. L., 1881-32, page 185); act April 14, 1834, section 76, (P. L.,
page 355).

7. Court of common pleas in each county to appoint an auditor
to audit accounts of county officers for tax and fees due Common-
wealth, and make report to the Auditor General. Auditor to re-
ceive from county treasury $1.50 per day for his services, except in
Philadelphia, where compensation is $2 per day; and Auditor Gen-
eral may appoint an additional auditor for Philadelphia, at $2 per
day, payable out of State Treasury, and he shali also fil) all vacan
cies and make appointments where court neglects to do so.

Act April 14, 1846, section 10, (P. L., page 415); act March 15, 1847, sec-
tion 1, (P. L., page 354); act March 27, 1848, section 1, (P. L., page 270).

8. County officers to make monthly returns of moneys collected
for Commonwealth and monthly payments into State Treasury.
Act May 24, 18938, section l, (P. L., page 125).

*See act February 10, 1851, (P. L., page 50), as to Sullivan county.
+See section 4, act April 6, 1871, (P. L., page 477), as to Allegheny county.

150 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

9. For failure to make returns and payments, as aforesaid, they
forfeit fees, and are subjected to a ten per cent. penalty to be added
io tax.

Act May 24, 1893, section 2, (P. L., page 125).

10. Books may be examined and accounts settled Fifty per cent.
_to be added to accounts for neglect to make returns, and if amount
be not paid within fifteen days, said accounts are to bear interest
at twelve per cent. Auditor General and State Treasurer may in-
struct Attorney General to proceed against sureties.

Act May 24, 1893, sections 3 and 4, (P. L., page 125).

MERCANTILE LICENSES.

1. Ketail vendors or dealers in goods, wares or merchandise to
pay an annual license of $2 and one mill additional on each dollar,
gross, of business done annually. Wholesalers to pay $3 and one-
half mill on each dollar, gross, of business done annually. Dealers
or vendors at a board of trade or exchange to pay twenty-five cents
on each $1,000, gross, of goods sold.

Act May 2, 1899, section 1, (P. L., page 184).

2. Persons who sell to dealers and vendors, to be classed as whole-

salers, and all others as retailers.
Act May 2, 1899, section 2, (P. L., page 184).

3. County commissioners to appoint mercantile appraiser an-
ually, on or before December 30th. In cities of first class, Auditor
ireneral and city treasurer to appoint five appraisers, all of whom
shall not belong to one party, and who shall serve for three years.

Act May 2, 1899, section 3, (P. L., page 184).

4, Auditor General to prepare and furnish mercantile appraisers
with blanks to be distributed to vendors or dealers; to contain re-
quest for information as to volume of business done; report to be
sworn to and volume of business done during the calendar year to

be the basis for rating the license.
Act May 2, 1899, section 4, (P. L., page 184).

5. Blanks to he filled and returned to appraiser within ten days
from receipt of same; failure to do so, to be reported to county
treasurer; and treasurer then to require owner or business manager
to appear before him with books and accounts for examination, and
he may issue subpoenas and attachments to compel attendance of
owners and others, and production of books, to secure information
as fo business done; and to settle account for tax found due. Re-
fusal to produce books and papers and appear before treasurer, ta
be punished by a fine of $1,000. Treasurer to settle an account

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 151i

against Owners neglecting to make report, and send them certified
copy of settlement; settlement to be subject to appeal for thirty
days, and to be final if not appealed from. Treasurer to collect
accounts not appealed from.

Act May 2, 1899, section 5, (P. L., page 185).

6. Appraiser to forward blanks to vendors or dealers ten days
before he visits their places of business, and to visit them personally,
require them to make returns of sales, and to administer oaths to
them; if dissatisfied with returns made, he to ascertain and assess
license, and leave notice specifying classification, amount of license
to be paid, and time and place where appeal will be held. Appeal
to be held by county treasurer and appraiser, save where there is a
board of appraisers, who shall hear appeals. Vendors or dealers
dissatisfied with the rating of mercantile appraiser to have right of
appeal to county treasurer and mercantile appraiser, who are re-
quired to hear them; and if dissatisfied with finding of county
treasurer and mercantile appraiser or board of mercantile appraisers
in reference to their classification, they can appeal ito court of com-
mon pleas, which shall hear and determine appeal within twenty
days, or at its next sitting. On failure to attend appeal, no defence
to be set up in suits for recovery of license that could have been
heard on appeals.

Act May 2, 1899, section 6, (P. L., page 186).

7. Unpaid licenses to be sued for within ten days after July 1st,
by county treasurer, but if he is satistied license cannot be collected
he shall make report thereof to Auditor General, and give reasons,
and Auditor General may exonerate him from collection of license,
and in that case no suit to be brought.* Licenses to be paid to

State Treasurer monthly.
Act May 2, 1899, section 7, (P. L., page 187).

8. Failure of mercantile appraiser to visit places of business and
furnish notice of classification and license, to be punished by a fine
of $100.

Act May 2, 1899, section 8, (P. L., page 187).

9. Assessors to certify to county treasurers lists of dealers and
vendors, and corrected list to be certified to Auditor General by

county treasurer.
Act May 2, 1899, section 9, (P. L., page 187).

10. Commissions of county and city treasurers, fees and mileage,

and laws relating to advertising lists, to remain as now fixed by law.
Act May 2, 1899, section 10, (P. L., page 188). -

*See act March 11, 1870, (P. L., page 374), as to Allegheny county.

152 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

11. After publication of lists, constables to report to county treas-
urer all omissions from list, and to receive a fee of fifty cents for

each omission reported.
Act May 2, 1899, section 10, (P. L., page 188).

12. Dealers to have signs on places of business, under penalty
of $10 for not doing so.
Act May 2, 1899, section 11, (P. L., page 188).

13. Retailers commencing business after date licenses are issuable,
to take out license for fraction of year, at rate of $20 for whole
year, but full license required, unless persons commencing business,
as aforesaid, do not, within one month after such commencement,

apply for and take out license.
Act April 7, 1830, section 6, (P. L., page 389); act March 4, 1824, section
5, (P. L., 1823-24, page 34)..*

14. License to be taken out for each store.
Act March 24, 1824, section 3, (P. L., page 33).

15. Manufacturers and mechanics not having a store or warehouse
separate and apart from manufactory or workshop, exempt from

payment of license.
Act February 27, 1868, section 1, (P. L., page 48).

16. Manufacturers and mechanics selling goods, wares and mer-
chandise other than their own manufacture, in excess of the annual

value of $500 to pay license.
Act April 9, 1870, (P. L., page 59).

17. Farmers selling their own produce, or occupying stalls in a
market or sidewalk, not required to pay license in cities of first
class.

Act April 18, 1878, section 5, (P. L., page 28). See also case of Barton
vs. Morris, 1 W. N. C., page 543, holding that farmers cannot be rated and
made pay license for selling produce in a market.

18. Mercantile appraisers to receive a fee of fifty cents on each
certificate of license granted (to be collected from person to whom
license is issued) and six cents per mile, circular, for each mile
necessarily traveled in the discharge of their duties. In Philadel-
phia county, they receive sixty-two and one-half cents for every name
returned by them to the city treasurer, to be paid and deducted
from the amount collected for the State for licenses, and three cents
per mile for each mile necessarily traveled in the discharge of their

*Licenses under said act of April 7, 1830, date from May ist, but as returns,
under act of May 2, 1899, have to be made for the calendar year, it is question-
able whether licenses can now be taken out for a fraction of a year under
acts of April 7, 1830, and March 4, 1824.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 153

duties; the same mileage is also allowed in the county of Allegheny.
Appraisers must make affidavit to their accounts for mileage, and
such accounts are paid out of the State Treasury on the warrant of
the Auditor General.
Acts February 27, 1865, (P. L., page 4); May 24, 1871, section 3, (P. L.,
page 1127; April 22, 1846, section 12, (P. L., page 489); April 11, 1862, section
3, (P. L., page 493), and April 15, 1850, section 8, (P. L., page 472).

19. Mercantile appraisers’ list to be published by county commis-
sioners in three newspapers of general circulation in each county,
one of which is to represent the minority party of the two principal
political parties of the county, and one of which may be a German
or Welsh paper, but such list need not be published in more than
two newspapers if the county commissioners desire to limit the
same. In cities of the first class Auditor General and City Treasurer
to direct list to be published in four newspapers. - In Berks county,
the list is to be published in four newspapers, two of which are to
be newspapers printed in the German language.

Act April 20, 1887, section 1, (P. L., page 60); act April 28, 1867, (P. L.,
page 1307).

20. Newspapers to be allowed usual rates of advertising charged
to private customers for such publication, not to exceed thirty cents
per line for four insertions. Amount paid for advertising not to
exceed ten per cent. of moneys received the preceding year from
class of licenses advertised. Bills to be certified to county treas-
urer by appraiser, and treasurer to pay same; and, on approval
by Auditor General, to receive credit for amount paid in settlement

of his account with the Commonwealth.
Act April 20, 1887, section 2, (P. L., page 60).

21. All State accounts to be audited by Auditor General.
Act April 20, 1887, (P. L., page 60).

22. To be no pay for advertising, nor fee to appraisers, for fictitious
name or names of persons not residing at places designated.
Act April 20, 1887, section 4, (P. L., page 60).

23. Appraisers to give notice in Philadelphia that licenses must be
taken out on or before June 25th.
Act April 18, 1855, section 1, (P. L., page 244).

24. Appraisers in Philadelphia to sit as a board of appeals for
thirty days after first publication of list, to correct erroneous assess-
ments; on expiration of thirty days, and after list has been finally
adjusted and placed in hands of city treasurer, said treasurer to
appoint collectors, not exceeding six in number, to collect delinquent

licenses, and ten per cent. additional for their services,
Act April 18, 1866, section 2, (P. L., page 104),
iia

154 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

25. If payment is not made within thirty days after demand made,
the amount thereof to be levied by distress and sale.
Act April 18, 1866, section 3, (P. L., page 104).

26. Appraisers to furnish list to county or city treasurers, and
copy to be transmitted to Auditor General within thirty days there-
after; and treasurers to collect the licenses from the persons charged

with the same, together with his own fee and the fees of appraisers.
Act April 16, 1845, section 8, (P. L., page 534).

27. Amount of licenses to be charged to county and city treasurers,
and they not to be discharged therefrom (if not exonerated by
Auditor General) unless suits are brought for their recovery, and
pressed to judgment and execution, and the amount paid into State
Treasury on or before October 1st.

Act April 11, 1862, section 3, (P. L., page 493).

28. Licenses to be paid to county treasurer.
Act May 11, 1858, section 11, (P. L., page 673).

29. Treasurers to keep book account of moneys received for li-
censes.
Act March 4, 1824, section 4, (P. L., 1823-24, page 34).

30. Licenses to be sued for and recovered by action of debt, with
right of appeal.
Act April 11, 1862, section 4, (P. L., page 493).

31. Neglect of duty by aldermen and others to be punished by
fine of $100.
Act March 4, 1824, section 7, (P. L., 1823-24, page 34).

32. In Pittsburg and Allegheny cities, the city treasurer collects
mercantile licenses, and he is required to give bond to the Common-
wealth by act of February 18, 1871, section 1, (P. L., page 88).

33. In Scranton city, the city treasurer collects mercantile licenses.
Act March 30, 1867, section 7, (P. L., page 632).

34. In Carbondale city, city treasurer collects licenses.
Act May 4, 1857, section 1, (P. L., page 387).

WHOLESALE LIQUOR LICENSES.

1. Wholesale liquor dealers to pay for the use of the Common-
wealth for licenses in cities of first and second class, $1,000; in
cities of the third class and all other cities, $500; in boroughs, $200;
in townships, $100. Licenses to be paid into State Treasury within
ninety days.

Act July 30, 1897, section 1, (P. L., page 468).

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 155

»

To be licensed for one year by courts of quarter sessions.
Act June 9, 1891, (P. L., page 257).

3. Rectifiers, compounders, storekeepers or agents net included
in any other classification for license, and who have stores, offices
or places of business in the Commonwealth, are required to pay
the same license as wholesale dealers.

Act July 30, 1897, section 1, (P. L., page 468).

RETAIL LIQUOR LICENSES.

1. Persons licensed to sell at retail any vinous, spirituous, malt
or brewed liquors, or any admixture thereof in any house, room or
place, hotel, inn or tavern, to pay in cities of first and second class,
$1,000; in cities of third class, $500; in other cities, $300; in bor-
oughs, $150; in townships, $75. To be paid to county treasurers for
use of counties in the following proportions: In cities, the sum of
$100; in boroughs and townships, one-fifth of amount of licenses to
be paid to treasurers of counties for use of counties, and the balance
to treasurers of cities, boroughs and townships for their respective
use; the money paid in township treasuries to be applied to repair of
roads.

Act June 9, 1891, (P. L., page 428).

2. Licenses to be granted by courts of quarter sessions, and in
cities of first class mercantile appraisers are to receive a fee of
$2.50, to be collected from the applicant for license.

Act May 18, 1887, (P. L., pages 108, 109).

3. Retail liquor dealers to pay an additional license for use of
Commonwealth, as follows: $100 in cities of first and second class;
$50 in other cities; $50 in boroughs; $25 in townships.

Act July 30, 1897, section 2, (P. L., page 469).

BREWERS’ LICENSES.

1. Brewers to pay annual license fee according to the production
of their breweries, graded on the number of barrels produced the
preceding year. Each brewery to be licensed separately, and new
breweries to pay for first year $1,000. The graded license of brewers
runs from $250 on breweries producing less than 1,000 barrels an-
nually to $6,000 on those produicng more than 300,000 barrels
annually. They are to produce satisfactory evidence to the court
of quarter sessions or State Treasurer when they make application
for license of the number of barrels they brewed the preceding year.
State Treasurer to license brewers of malt and brewed liquors whe
sell to licensed dealers only the product of their breweries in pack-

156 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

ages of not less than twelve pint bottles, or in casks of not less than
one-eighth barrel. The price of such license is $1,000, and the Jicense
is to be framed and exposed in view in the brewery licensed. Other
brewers to be licensed by court. Brewers and distillers permitted
to deliver their product within the county where licensed, and their
delivery wagons to have marked on the side the name of the licensee
and the number of the license in letters and figures not less than

four inches long.
Act July 30, 1897, (P. L., page 464).

DISTILLERS’ LICENSES.

1. Distillers like brewers are to pay an annual license fee accord-
ing to the production of their distilleries, graded on the number
of barrels produced the preceding year. New distillers to pay for
first year $1,000. The graded license of distillers runs from $100
on distilleries producing less than 50 barrels annually, to $2,000 on
those producing more than 20,000 barrels annually. Distillers are
licensed by courts of quarter sessions, and not by State Treasurer,

but other provisions relating to brewers are applicable to distillers.
Act July 30, 1897, (P. L., page 464).

BOTTLERS’ LICENSES.

1. Bottlers to pay an annual license fee of $500 in cities of first
and second class; $350 in other cities; $350 in boroughs; $125 in
townships.

Act July 30, 1897, section 1, (P. L., page 468).

2. To be licensed by court of quarter sessions.
Act June 9, 1891, (P, L., page 257).

BILLIARD LICENSES.*

1. Billiard rooms, bowling saloons and ten pin alleys to be licensed
annually, under penalty of fine not exceeding $500 or imprisonment
not exceeding three months.

Act April 10, 1849, section 19, (P. L., page 573).

2. License to be $30 for first table or alley, and $10 for each addi-
tional table or alley; but no license to be paid on such tables or
alleys connected with institutions for relief of insane or diseased
persons, and in possession of private individuals who have them not

for pay or public use.
Act May 15, 1850, section 2, (P. L., page 772); act April 14, 1851, section
9, (P. L., page 570).

~ *Pg0) ‘is put a variation of the game of billiards, and keepers of pool tables
are liable for license.—Willems vs, Commonwealth, 12th W. N. C., page 471,

.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. L57

3. In Bedford, Carbon and Monroe counties, and at Cresson
Springs, Cambria county, Loretto Springs, same county, and Ephrata
Springs, in Lancaster county, license is at rate of $2.50 per month
for every month the billird room, bowling saloon or ten pin alley

is in use.
Act April 8, 1852, section 6, (P. L., page 281); act March 22, 1860, (P. L.,
page 229); act April 5, 1862, (P. L., page 276); act February 27, 1863, (P.
L., page 77); act April 10, 1867, (P. L., page 1076).

4, One-half the fines for keeping billiard rooms, bowling saloons
‘and ten pin alleys without license to be for use of prosecutor, and the

other half for use of Commonwealth.
Act May 15, 1850, section 4, (P. L., page 772).

5. No license to keep billiard room, bowling saloon or ten pin

alley to be granted in Wyoming county.
Act April 27, 1852, section 6, (P. L., page 468).

6. Bagatelle tables to be licensed in Allegheny county. Rate of
license is $5 annually for each table, together with a fee of 50 cents
for the county treasurer and 374 cents for the mercantile appraiser.
Keeping tables without license, punished by a fine of not less than
$10, nor more than $100, but such tables can be used in institutions

for the insane and diseased without license.
Act May 11, 1853, section 9, (P. L., page 673).

7. Mercantile appraiser to return to county treasurer all persons
keeping tables.
Act June 11, 1853, section 10, (P. L., page 673).

EATING HOUSE LICENSES.

1. Keepers of eating houses, restaurants, oyster cellars or other
places where refreshments are sold, and not liquors, to be licensed
annually, if their sales amount to $500. They are to be rated by
the mercantile appraiser and to pay license varying from $5 to

$200, in proportion to the sales they make annually.
Act April 10, 1849, sections 20, 21, 22 and 28, (P. L., page 547).

BROKERS’ LICENSES.

1. Stock brokers, bill brokers, exchange brokers, merchandise
brokers and real estate brokers, to be licensed annually, and to pay
therefor three per cent. upon their annual receipts from commis-
sions, discounts, abatements, allowances, or other similar means

used in the transaction of their business.
Act May 15, 1850, section 7, (P. L., page 773).

158 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

2. Mercantile appraisers to assess brokers, aceording to the
amount of business done, in the same manner as required in case

ef vendors of merchandise, subject to right of appeal.
Act May 15, 1850, section 8, (P. L., page 773).

AUCTIONEERS’ LICENSES.

1. Auctioneers to be rated with merchandise brokers, and to pay
in the same manner as brokers, three per cent. upon their annual
receipts from commissions, abatements, discounts, allowances or
other means used in the transaction of their business. In Phila-

delphia the license not to be less than $500.
Aet June 26, 1873, (P. L., 1874, page 332).

PEDDLERS’ LICENSES.

1. Persons disabled from procuring a livelihood by labor may be
licensed to peddle, for which license they are required to pay to
travel on foot, $8; with one horse and wagon, $16, and with two
horses and wagon, $25. No license to extend further than the
county for which it was granted, save wholesale peddlers, who are
required to pay for license to travel with one horse and wagon, $40,
and with two horses and wagon, $50.

Act April 2, 1880, (P. L., 1829-30, page 147); act April 16, 1840, (P. L.,
page 433).

2. Punishment for peddling without license or refusing to show
license is a fine of $20.
Act May 9, 1889, (P. L., page 150).

3. Disabled soldiers and sailors permitted to peddle without li-
cense on following conditions: Production of pension certificate
as evidence of disability, or certificate from a United States examin-
ing surgeon that a living cannot be procured by manual labor, and
a certificate from a prothonotary that affidavit has been filed with
him setting forth that the soldier or sailor desiring to peddle is the
owner, in his own right, of all the goods he proposes to peddle.
These certificates and the soldier’s or sailor’s discharge from United
States service, are evidence of right to peddle.

Act June 9, 1891, (P. L., page 250).*

+The special laws relating to peddling, passed prior to the adoption of our
present State Constitution, are too numerous to give. Some prohibit peddling
altogether, others require a special license for a county or city, and others
place conditions and limitations on the granting of a license. The only safe
rule to be observed by any one who desires to peddle is to make inquiry of
the treasurer of a county wherein he proposes to peddle what requirements
and restrictions there are on peddling in that county.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 159
THEATRE, CIRCUS, ETC., LICENSES.

1. Owners and lessees of buildings fitted up and used for theatrical
or operatic entertainments or for the exhibition of museums, to
pay an annual license as follows: $500 in cities of first class, $400
in cities of second class, $75 in cities of third class, and $30 in bor-
coughs and townships.

For circuses and menageries the license to be the same as is
required for theatres, and when exhibited in a building the license
is to be paid by the owner of the building. When exhibited in a tent
or similar enclosure, the license is to be paid by the proprietor of the
circus or menagerie. The proprietor of a circus or menagerie exhibit-
ing in a tent or enclosure can take out a yearly license for the entire
State, on the payment of $1,000. Licenses for theatres, circuses and
menageries to be issued by county treasurers. Penalty for exhibit-
ing without license is a fine not less than $100 nor more than $500.

Act June 24, 1895, section 1, (P. L., page 249).

DUTIES OF COUNTY TREASURERS.

1. Each county treasurer, before entering on the duties of his
office, to give bond to be approved by two of the judges of the court
of quarter sessions in such penalty as the judges shall deem sufii-
cient, condition for the faithful discharge of all duties enjoined
on him in behalf of the Commonwealth, and for the payment accord-
ing to law, of all moneys received by him for the use of the Common-
wealth. Bond to be acknowledged, recorded and forwarded to Audi-
tor General. |

Act April 15, 1834, section 34, (P. L., 1833-34, page 5438).

2. State Treasurer may require new bond in case of death of sure.
ties, or in cases of insolvency or failing circumstances.
Act May 7, 1855, section 75, (P. L., page 507).

5. County treasurer to act as the agent of the State for the collec-
tion of the several classes of licenses, as aforesaid; to keep separate
accounts of all moneys received by him on behalf of the Common-

wealth.
Act April 15, 1834, section 38, (P. L., page 548).

4. To make monthly returns and payments of moneys received for

use of Commonwealth. Failure to do so to work a forfeiture of

commissions, and a ten per cent. penalty to be added to amount due.
Act May 24, 1893, section 1, (P. L., page 125).

5. On failure to make monthly returns and payments, books and
accounts may be examined, and an account settled by Auditor Gen

166 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

eral and State Treasurer, and fifty per cent. to be added to any
amount found due.
Act May 24, 1893, section 3, (P. L., page 125).

6. Account may be placed in hands of Atiorney General, and to
bear twelve per cent. interest from fifteen days after settlement, or
sureties may be proceeded against immediately.

Act May 24, 1893, section 4, (P. L., page 125).

7. County auditors to settle and adjust the accounts of the county

treasurer with the State Treasurer.
Act April 15, 1834, section 49, (P. L., 1833-34, page 546).

8. To send copy of report to Auditor General.
Act April 15, 1834, section 59, (P. L., page 547).

9. Appeal may be taken from report to court of common pleas.
Act April 15, 1834, section 56, (P. L., page 547).

10. In Allegheny county, the auditor appointed by court to audit
the accounts of the prothonotary, audits the account of the county
treasurer for licenses, and the county comptroller for State tax on
personal property.

Act May 1, 1861, section 18, (P. L., page 454).

11. Treasurer may be removed from office for failure to transmit

bond to Auditor General.
Act April 15, 1834, section 36, (P. L., 1833-34, page 543).

12. Bond to be delivered up one year after settlement of his ac-
counts.
Act April 1, 1835, (P. L., 1834-35, page 101).

13. Commissions of county treasurers for moneys collected on
behalf of the Commonwealth are five per cent. where the amount
does not exceed $1,000; one per cent. when the amount exceeds
$1,000 and does not exceed $2,000, and one-half per cent. on all sums
in excess of $2,000. Act April 15, 1834, section 42, (P. L., 1833-34,
page 544). On State tax on personal property, he is allowed one per

cent. on amount paid into State Treasury.
Act June 11, 1840, section 7, (P. L., page 614); act May 13, 1856, section 9,
(P. L., page 569).

NOTARIES PUBLIC COMMISSIONS.

1. Governor authorized to appoint as many notaries public as in
his judgment the interests of the public may require, but $25 to
be paid into State Treasury for each commission issued.

Act February 19, 1878, (P. L., page 36).

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 161
FEES OF PUBLIC OFFICERS.

1. Prothonotaries, clerks of courts of quarter sessions and orphans’
courts, registers of wills and recorders of deeds, to pay into State
Treasury, after deducting clerk hire and office expenses, fifty per
centum on any excess of fees over and above $2,000 received by them
annually. If one person holds one or more of said offices, the fees
received from the several offices held to be aggregated, and fifty per
cent. of the excess over and above $2,000, and necessary clerk hire
and office expenses, to ascertain and report to the Auditor General
all excess of fees received, as aforesaid. Act April 2, 1868, section 8,
(P. L., page 11); act May 6, 1874, section 1, (P. L., page 125); act March
10, 1810, (P. L., 1809-10, page 79), as to counties not covered by
acts of April 2, 1868, and May 6, 1874, as aforesaid. This latter act
provides for return to State Treasury of fifty per cent. of all fees
received annually in excess of $1,500.*

2. Attorney General to pay into State Treasury all commissions

received by him in excess of $7,000 per annum.
Act April 7, 1870, section 3, (P. L., page 58).

3. For fees and licenses to be collected and paid into State Treas-
ury by the Insurance Commissioner, see act April 4, 1873, sections
6 and 7, (P. L., page 25); act May 1, 1876, sections 38 and 45, (P. L.,
pages 64, 65).

4. For fees to be collected and paid into State Treasury by the
Secretary of the Commonwealth, Secretary of Internal Affairs, Audi-
tor General and State Treasurer, see act April 27, 1871, (P. L., page
242); April 15, 1873, (P. L., page 75); April 1, 1837, (P. L., 1836-37,
page 132), and April 22, 1846, (P. L., page 486).

5. Health officer, Philadelphia, to collect and pay into State Treas-
ury for certificates of health issued by him to steam vessels arriving
from foreign ports, $10; to sailing vessels, $5, and to coasting vessels
arriving from ports south of Saint Mary river, $2.50.

Act June 5, 18938, section 6, (P. L., page 298).

MISCELLANEOUS.

1. The Commonwealth receives some revenue annually from es-
tates of persons who die intestate, and without known heirs or
kindred. In all such cases, said estates escheat to the Common-

wealth.
For law regulating escheats, see act May 2, 1889, (P. L., page 66).

*In Allegheny county, under act of April 6, 1871, (P. L., page 416), and in
Philadelphia county, under act of March 31, 1876, (P. L., page 13), the fees
received by county officers belong to the county. Commonwealth vs. William
B. Mann, et al= 16892. S) Re page 290; Commonwealth vs. Allegheny county,
168 P. S. R., page 303.

11—6— 1901

162 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Deposits in savings’ institutions remaining unclaimed for thirty
years, to escheat to Commonwealth.
Act April 17, 1872, (P. L., page 62).

. There is paid into the State Treasury annually certain sums of
money for analyzing commercial fertilizers, but as the moneys thus
paid in are used to defray the cost of the analysis made, they cannot
properly be considered a revenue of the Commonwealth.

The act providing for the analysis of fertilizers is the one of June 28,

1879, (P. L., page 180).

4. Persons, firms and corporations manufacturing and selling oleo-
margarine, butterine or any similar substance, are required to be
licensed by the Department of Agriculture, and the moneys received
for such licenses are to be paid into the State Treasury, but as they
are used as a special fund by the Department of Agriculture in
detecting and suppressing frauds in the sale of butter, they cannot,
like the moneys received for analyzing fertilizers, be considered a
general revenue of the Commonwealth.

The act regulating the sale af olecmargarine and butterine, and pro-
viding for licenses is the one of May 5, 1899, (P. L., page 241).

5. To aid in the building of the low grade railroad, extending from
the mouth of the Mahoning creek, in Armstrong county, to the
mouth of Bennett’s Branch creek, in Cameron county, $38,500,000 of
bonds were taken from the sinking fund of the Commonwealth, and
in lieu thereof, bonds of like amount, of the Allegheny Valley Rail-
road Company, were substituted.

These bonds-are guaranteed by the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad
Company, the Northern Central Railway Company and the Pennsyl-
vania Railroad Company, and they are dedeemable at the rate of
$100,000 per year, and the interest on the balance, at five per cent.
per annum, is payable until all are redeemed. These bonds and the
revenue derived therefrom constitute an asset of the sinking fund,
applicable to the payment of the interest and reduction of the pvrin-
cipal of the State debt.

Act of March 30, 1869, (P. L., page 730).

6. ae i operation of what are known as the Humes Acts
of June 6, 3, (P. L., page 75), and June 23, 1885, (P. L., page 140),
the Bee NEN has $2,775.00 of United Aes: four per cent.
registered bonds that were purchased with surplus moneys in the
general fund of the State Treasury. These bonds and the interest
received thereon also constitute an asset of the sinking fund, ap-
plicable to the payment of the interest and reduction of the principal
of the State debt.

Ne 6, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 163

-

7. The New York and Erie Railroad Company, now the New York,
Lake Erie and Western Railroad Company, was required, by section
5, act March 26, 1846, (P. L., page 181), to pay into the treasury of
the Commonwealth annually the sum of $10,000 for the privilege of
passing through portions of Pike and Susquehanna counties with
its lines of railroad, but such annuity is now to be returned, on
warrant of the Auditor General, to the said two counties.

Act May 11, 1899, (P. L., page 289).

8. The Commonwealth also receives small revenue from fines, pen-
alties and other miscellaneous sources, under different acts of
Assembly.

TAXATION FOR COUNTY PURPOSES, OR COUNTY RATES
AND LEVIES.

1. The subjects of taxation for county purposes are all real estate,
to wit: Houses, lands, lots of ground and ground rents, mills and
manufactories of all kinds, furnaces, forges, bloomeries, distilleries,
sugar houses, malt houses, breweries, tan yards, fisheries, ferries,
wharves, and all other real estate not exempt by law from taxation ;*
also horses, mares, geldings, mules, and neat cattle over the age of
four years; and all offices and posts of profit, professions, trades
and occupations, and all single freemen above the age of twenty-one
years, who do not follow any occupation or calling.

Act April 29, 1844, section 32, (P. L., page 497); act April 15, 1834, section
4, (P. L., 1833-34, page 512).

2. No tax in any county to exceed the rate of one cent on every
dollar of the adjusted valuation.
Act April 15, 1884, section 7, (P. L., 1833-34, page 512).

3. Where valuation of taxable property as fixed by last triennial
assessment has been raised to more than three hundred and fifty
per cent. above its former valuation, no county, special county or
building tax to exceed in the aggregate three and one-half mills on

*Corporations of a public or quasi public character that must have the
right of eminent domain in order to perform their functions, such as canal
companies, railroad companies and gas companies. are not subject to local
taxation on so much of their real estate and other property as is indispen-
sably necessary to the exercise of their corporate privileges. Lehigh Coal and
Navigation Co. vs. Northampton Co., 8 W. & S., page 334; Railroad vs. Berks
Co., 6 P. S. R., page 70; Coatesville Gas Co. vs. Chester Co., 97 P. S. x., page
476. In Philadelphia, railroad property, (superstructure of road and water
stations only excepted) are subject to taxation for city purposes. Act April
21, 1858, (P. L., page 385). In Pittsburg, real estate of a railroad company is
subject to taxation for city purposes.—Act January 4, 1859, section 3, (P. L.,
page $28).

164 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

the dollar of the valuation, shall be levied without approval of court

of quarter sessions.
Act May 24, 1878, section 2, (P. L., page 134).

4, County commissioners to make estimate of probable expenses

for ensuing year, at first meeting after general election.*
Act April 15, 1834, section 1, (P. L., 1833-34, page 571).

5. To issue precepts to assessors every three years, requiring them
to return list of taxable persons and property, together with a just
valuation of the same; said valuation to continue until next triennial

assessment. :
Act April 15, 1834, section 2, (P. L., 1883-34, page 511); act April 22, 1846,
section 16, (P. L., page 490); act May 15, 1841, section 6, (P. L., page 395).

6. Assessors to be sworn, and form of oath to be taken herein
given.
Act May 15, 1841, section 2, (P. L., page 393); act July 27, 1842, section
9, (P. L., page 445).

7. Objects of taxation to be assessed according to actual value,
and at such rates as the same would sell separately, and county
commissioners may raise or reduce assessments, but not to impose
a different rate per centum on different townships; and all rates to

be levied on assessments as returned and corrected.
Act May 15, 1841, section 4, (P. L., page 394).

8. Real estate encumbered by ground rents, dower or mortgage
to be estimated at its full value, and ground renis to be assessed
against owners, unless it is stipulated that lessee shall pay the

taxes.
Act May 15, 1841, section 7, (P. L., page 395); act April 1, 1845, section 1,
(P. L., page 280).

9. Real estate that has been improved between periods of triennial

assessments, to be re-assessed.
Act April 10, 1849, section 34, (P. L., page 577).

10. All real estate to be assessed that was omitted at triennial

assessment.
Act April 28, 1868, (P. L., page 105).

11. Timber lands to be returned separately.
Act June 13, 18838, (P. L., page 112).

12. Assessors to make returns in interval between triennial as-
sessments, noting changes occasioned by transfer of real estate,

destruction of buildings, new inhabitants, et cetera.
Act April 15, 1834, section 11, (P. L., 1833-34, page 513).

*See section 5, act of June 8, 1893 (P.L., p. 394), as to counties with a popula-
tien of 150,000 or over.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 166

13. Assessors to make returns in cases where false ones have been
made by taxables, and persons aggrieved may appeal, and county
commissioners may make an abatement, if they deem the same
proper.

Act May 15, 1841, section 5, (P. L., page 394).

14. Assessors subject to a fine not exceeding $200 and imprison-
ment not exceeding twelve months for failing to assess persons ard
property, and for assessing property and taxable objects at a greater
or less value than they know the same to be worth. In Allegheny
county, court of common pleas empowered to cite delinquent as-
sessors to make returns, and remove them from office for failure to
do so, and appoint others in their places.

Act May 15, 1841, section 3, (P. L., page 394); act April 15, 1869, (P. L.,
page 981).

15. To be subject to a fine not exceeding $40 for not complying
with precept issued to them. |
Act April 15, 1834, section 24, (P. L., 1833-34, page 515).

16. Assessors subject to a penalty of $20 for refusing to serve,
but not to be chosen for second term without their consent during a

period of ten years.
Act February 28, 1835, section 2, (P. L., 1834-35, page 45).

17. Tax to be apportioned among the different wards, townships
and districts, but not to exceed in one year one cent on the dollar
of the adjusted valuation, and to be lowered in proportion as the

tax on property is lower than one cent on the dollar.
Act April 15, 1834, section 7, (P. L., 1833-34, page 512).*

18. Transcripts of assessments to be made out and transmitted
to assessors on or before second Monday of April, together with

statement of rate per cent. and day of appeal.
Act April 15, 1834, section 8, (P. L., 1833-34, page 512).

19. Assessors to give taxable notice of their ratings, and of time

and place of appeal.
Act April 15, 1834, section 9, (P. L., 1833-34, page 513).

20. County commissioners to give three weeks notice, by advertise-
ment in newspapers, of time and place of appeal.
Act April 15, 1834, section 10, (P. L., 1833-34, page 513).

21. Assessors to give notice to taxables in years following trien-
nial assessment, in cases of destruction of buildings and improve-

*See section 2, act May 24, 1878, anfe, for cases where valuations have been
Taised more than three hundred and fifty per cent.

166 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ments, new inhabitants in districts, and changes in valuation of
personal property. :
Act April 18, 1834, section 12, (P. L., 1883-34, page 618).

22. County commissioners to attend appeals, hear persons ap-
plying for redress, and grant relief, if complaint appears reasonable
and just; but no abatements to be made in years other than one in
which triennial assessment is made, except in case of destruction of
buildings and improvements.

Act April 15, 1834, section 13, (P. L., 1833-34, page 513).

23. Assessors to attend appeals, to prevent impositions from being
practiced on county commissioners.
Act April 15, 1834, section 14, (P. L., 1833-34, page 514).

24. Assessments to be regulated according to alterations made,
and duplicates thereof to be made.
Act April 15, 1834, section 15, (P. L., 1833-34, page 514).

25. County commissioners to hear appeals at subsequent times
before payment of tax, but appellant to give notice to the proper
asseSsor.

Act April 15, 1834, section 16, (P. L., 1833-34, page 514).

26. County commissioners to constitute a board of revision. To
be sworn and deposit oath in office of recorder of deeds.
Act July 27, 1842, section 10, (P. L., page 445).

27. County commissioners to give public notice of aggregate value
and assessments made, showing the whole amount of taxes as-
sessed on each ward, district and township; and to also give notice
of a day for finally determining whether any valuations of asses-
sors have been made below a just rate.

Act July 27, 1842, section 11, (P. L., page 445).*

28. Returns of assessors to be open to inspection of taxables be-
tween time of publishing assessments and day fixed for finally

determining whether any valuation is too low.
Act July 27, 1842, section 12, (P. L., page 446).

29. Board of revision to ascertain whether returns of assessors
have been made in conformity with law; whether property has been
valued at a sum it would bring at public sale; to hear and consider
communications of taxables informing them that property has been
reduced too low; to raise the valuation of property that they believe

to have been reduced too low, and may adjourn from day to day.
Act July 27, 1842, section 13, (P. L., page 446).

*See special acts of March 21, 1862, (P. L., page 148), and April 15, 1863 (P.
L., page 372), as to Huntingdon and Blair counties.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 167

30. To hear and decide appeals, after notice to taxables, in ali
cases where valuations have been raised, revised and equalized.
Act July 21, 1842, section 14, (P. L., page 447).

31. Failure of members of board of revision to be sworn, or to
discharge the duties of the board, not to invalidate or hinder collec-

tion of tax.
Act April 29, 1844, section 47, (P. L., page 502).

32. Appeals may be taken by taxables to court of common pleas,
and court to hear and determine the same; but such appeals not
to prevent collection of tax. In cases of reduction by order of
court, excess to be returned to persons paying the same.

Act April 19, 1889, (P. L., page 37).*

TOWNSHIP RATES.

1. Supervisors authorized to levy a tax not exceeding one cent on
the dollar, upon real and personal estate, offices, trades and occu-
pations, for the purpose of laying out, opening, making or repairing
roads and highways, and for making and repairing bridges, and for
such other purposes as may be authorized by law.

Act April 15, 1834, section 25, (P. L., 1833-34, page 515).

2. Supervisors also authorized to levy a rate and collect the same
for the purpose of discharging any just debt due by a former super-
visor.

Act February 28, 1835, section 7, (P. L., 1834-35, page 46).

5. In every case in which a rate or assessment shall be laid for
township purposes, the same shall be levied upon the basis of the
last adjusted valuation made for purposes of regulating county rates

and levies.
Act April 15, 1836, section 27, (P. L., 1833-34, page 516).+

4. Supervisors to call to their assistance the township assessor
in laying an assessment, who shall furnish them a correct copy of

*See act April 1, 1836, section 52, (P. L., 1835-36, page 445, and act May 5,
1854, (P. L., page 574), as to appeals in Philadelphia, Bucks and Allegheny
counties. See also other special acts as follows: April 3, 1851, section 11,
(P. L., page 316), as to Montgomery county; May 5, 1854, (P. L., page 571), as
to Allegheny county; April 7, 1862, (P. L., page 301), as to Somerset county;
April 26, 1850, section 7, (P. L., page 627), as to Schuy!xill county; April 9, 1869,
(P. L., page 301), as to Westmoreland county; May 10, 1871, (P. L., page 665),
as to Schuylkill, Dauphin, Somerset, Indiana and Cambria counties; March
6, 1872, (P. L., page 215), as to Lancaster county.

y7The subject of taxation for county purposes are the same for township
purposes.

168 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oif. Doe.

the last adjusted valuation in the township, and give his aid in
making the assessment.
Act April 15, 1834, section 28, (P. L., 1833-34, page 516).

5. Assessments to be entered in a book by supervisors and to be
signed by them and deposited with town clerk, if there is one, but
if not, then to remain with supervisors; to be subject te inspection
of inhabitants and taxables free of charge, and copies to be given
on demand made and payment of fees.

Act April 15, 1884, section 29, (P. L., 1833-34, page 516).

6. Supervisors and town clerk liable to a penaity of $3 for refusing
to permit inspection of book, or furnish copies.
Act April 15, 1834, section 30, (P. L., 1833-34, page 516).

7. Supervisors to give notice to taxables to work out their road
taxes, before issuing duplicate and warrant for collection of -tax,
and to fix times and places and give opportunity to work out taxes.

Act April 15, 1834, section 34, (P. L., 1833-34, page 516).

8. Duplicates to be made out and warrants issued to collectors to

collect tax.
Act April 15, 1834, section 33 (P. L., 1833-34, page 516).

9. Township commissieners, in townships with a population of
at least 300 to the square mile, to levy an annual tax for township

purposes of not more than one per centum.
Act April 28, 1899, section 7, (P. L., page 107).

10. Duplicate of assessment of tax to be delivered to township
treasurer for collection; treasurer to give notice that duplicate is
in his hands, and to allow a discount of five per cent. on taxes paid
within sixty days.

Act April 28, 1899, section 15, (P. L., page 109).

11. Treasurer to proceed to collect tax from taxpayers at expira-
tion of three months from time of receiving duplicate; may appoint
deputies for that purpose, and he and his deputies to have all
the power conferred by law on township tax collectors.

Act April 28, 1899, section 16, (P. L., page 110).

12. Any one or more taxpayers of a township or road district may
acquire right to make and repair roads and bridges.
Act June 12, 1893, section 1, (P. L., page 451).

13. To petition court of quarter sessions, setting forth willingness
and ability to make and repair roads and bridges at their own ex-
vense. Supervisors to inspect work, and see that repairs are made.

Act June 12, 1893, section 2, (P. L., page 451).

—— a

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 169

14. Petitioners to give bond.
Act June 12, 1898, section 3, (F’. L., page 452).

15. Notice to be given supervisors of intention to petition court.
Act June 12, 1898, section 4, (P. L., page 452).

16. Court being satisfied with petition and bond, to order contract
to be entered into with supervisors. Contractor to provide for
work at expense of petitioners, free of cost to township or road dis-
trict, and to pay township officers for their services.

Act June 12, 1898, section 5, (P. L., page 452).

17. Road taxes not to be levied and collected for year in which
contract, as aforesaid, is made.
Act June 12, 1893, section 6, (P. L., page 453).

18. Persons aggrieved by an assessment may appeal to court of
quarter sessions, and court to make such order thereon as it shall
deem expedient.

Act April 15, 1834, section 36, (P. L., 1833-34, page 517).

19. Collection of tax may be stayed until determination of ap-
peal.
Act April 15, 1834, section 37, (P. L., 1833-34, page 517).

20. Appellant to give bond in an amount equal to the tax charged
against him, conditioned for the payment of such sum as the court
thinks should be payable.

Act April 15, 1834, section 38, (P. L., 1833-34, page 517).

21. Where there is no township treasurer, supervisors to pay out
moneys received by virtue of their offices.
Act April 15, 1834, section 40, (P. L., 1883-34, page 517).

22. Townships and boroughs connected in the assessment of
county tax, to make separate assessments, and elect their own
assessors and other officers.

Act May 8, 1855, section 10, (P. L., page 511).

23. Where indebtedness of a township or district exceeds limit of
tax authorized, or where proper officers refuse to levy tax to pay
debt, court of quarter sessions may compel assessment and collec-
tion of special tax to pay such debt, by mandamus. If such tax is
considered too onerous, court may order same to be levied and col-

lected in yearly instalments.
Act March 31, 1864, (P. L., page 162).
12

170 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

BOROUGH RATES.

i. Boroughs authorized to levy and collect annually for general
borough purposes a tax not exceeding one cent on the dollar on
the valuation assessed for county purposes; and all property, offices,
professions and persons made taxable for county purposes are made
taxable for general borough purposes. This not to apply to any
borough, the indebtedness of which has been increased by a vote of
its citizens, until such indebtedness is paid.

Act June 26, 1895, (P. L., page 346).*

2. Town council to have power to assess, apportion and appro-
priate such taxes as shall be determined by a majority of them
necessary to carry the rules and ordinances of the borough into
effect, but in assessing the tax, due regard must be had to the valua-
tion of taxable property taken for the purpose of raising county
rates and levies.

Act April 1, 1884, section 8, (P. L., 1833-34, page 166).

3d. Town council to constitute a court of appeal, and prior to the
collection of tax, inhabitants to be informed of amounts of tax and
of time and place of appeal. Court of appeal to have no other powers
than to determine the apportionment of the tax and to remedy any

grievance that may occur.
Act April 1, 1834, section 18, (P. L., 1833-34, page 167); act April 3, 1851,
section 3, (P. L., page 323).

4, Chief burgess to issue his warrant for collection of tax.
Act April 3, 1851, section 7, (P. L., page 324).

5. Tax may be levied on owners of dogs, not to exceed $1 on the
owner of one dog, or $2 on the owner of one bitch, and such addi-
tional tax as may be deemed proper on the owner of more than
one dog or bitch.

Act April 3, 1851, section 2, sub-division XXV, (P. L., page 322).t

6. Dog tax may be appropriated for support and maintenance of
vublic libraries.
Act May 238, 1887, (P. L., page 164).¢

*In the class of borcughs herein excepted, the tax rate for general borough
purposes is limited to one-half cent on the dollar of valuation for county pur-
poses.—Act April 3, 1851, section 2, sub-division XXIV, (P. L., page 322).

7See, under “General Provisions,” fost., act May 25, 1893, as to taxation of
dogs in cities, boroughs and townships.

tSee act May 25, 1893, P. L., page 186), as to taxation of dogs in townships,
boroughs and cities.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 171

7. Boroughs authorized to levy a special or additional tax not

exceeding eight mills on the dollar of the valuation.
Act April 16, 1875, section 1, (P. L., page 55).*

8. Tax thus raised to be used in erection and maintenance of fire
plugs, hydrants, gas lamp posts, and gas or kerosene lamps, for
supplying borough with light and water. Act to be accepted by
council, and consent of citizens to levy such additional tax to be
obtained at special election.

Act April 16, 1875, section 2, (P. L., page 55).

9. May also be used in erection and maintenance of electric lamps
and the supply of electric light, and in the purchase of hose for
fire engine companies.

Act June 16, 1891, section 1, (P. L., page 302).

10. Boroughs that have heretofore accepted act of April 16, 1875,
as aforesaid, may expend funds raised by said tax in supplying them.
selves with electric light.

Act June 16, 1891, section 2, (P. L., page 303).

11. Boroughs may license theatrical exhibitions, concerts, circuses,
shows, mountebanks and jugglers, and other exhibitions within their

limits.
Act May 5, 1876, (P. L., page 112).

12. Authdrized to change water rates fixed or limited by genera
or special laws.
Act May 24, 1878, (P. L., page 118).

13. May license auctions.
Act May 7, 1887, (P. L., page 98).

14. Court of quarter sessions may direct by mandamus, collec-
tion of special tax to pay debts. when tax authorized to be collected
is insufficient to pay the same, or when officers refuse to levy addi-
tional tax; and such tax may he directed to be collected in one or

more annual instalments.
Act April 22, 1887, (P. L., page 61).

15. Special tax to be levied to pay indebtedness of districts an-
nexed or detached from boroughs in cases of changes of borough
limits.

Act June 1, 1887, section 1, (P. L., page 285).

16. May license hacks, carriages, omnibuses and other vehicles
used for hire.
Act April 22, 1889, (P. L., page 39).

*An amendment to this section by act of May 1, 1876, (P. L., page 93), ae
declared unconstitutional in Barrett’s Appeal, 116 P. S. R., page 486.

172 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

17. May levy a sinking fund tax, to be in addition to other taxes,

to redeem bonds issued to pay borough debt.
Act June 24, 1895, section 2, (P. L., page 250).

18. Transient licenses for sale of merchandise to be issued; not

to be less than $25 nor more than $200 per month.
Act May 2, 1899, (P. L., page 159).

POOR RATES OR TAX FOR SUPPORT OF POOR.

1. County commissioners to furnish directors or overseers of
poor with a correct copy of last adjusted valuation of subjects and
things made taxable for county purposes, which said subjects and
things are declared to be taxable for support and maintenance of

poor.
Act June 8, 1881, (P. L., page 75).

2. Overseers of poor of any township, having first obtained the
approbation of any two justices of the peace of a county, empow-
ered to make an assessment not exceeding one cent on the dollar
of valuation, as afaresaid. Overseers of poor in boroughs to perform
the duties and be subject to the same laws as overseers in townships.

Act April 15, 1834, section 26, (P. L., 1833-34, page 515); act April 3, 1851,
section 17, (P. L., page 325.)

3. Overseers of poor also empowered to levy a tax to discharge
a just debt by a former overseer.
Act February 28, 1835, section 7, (P. L., 1834-35, page 46).

4. Assessment to be made on last adjusted valuation made for
county purposes.
Act April 15, 1834, section 27, (P. L., 1883-34, page 516).

5. Overseers of poor in making an assessment, to call to their
assistance the assessor of the township (or borough).
Act April 15, 1834, section 28, (P. L., 1833-34, page 516).

6. Assessments to be entered in a book, and be signed by over-
seers and lodged with town clerk, if there is one, but if not then
to remain with overseers. To be subject to inspection of taxables,
and copies to be furnished on payment of fee. °

Act April 15, 1834, section 29, (P. L., 1833-34, page 516).

7. Overseers subject to a penalty of $3 for refusing inspection of
book or to furnish copies of assessments.
Act April 15, 1834, section 30, (P. L., 1833-34, page 516).

8. To cause duplicates to be made, and to sign the same, and issue
their warrant to the collector, authorizing and requiring him to

collect tax.
Act April 15, 1834, section 33, (P. L., 1833-34, page 516).

EE

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 113

9. Parties aggrieved by assessment may appeal to court of quarter
sessions, which is empowered to make such order thereon as deemed

expedient.
Act April 15, 1834, section 36, (P. L., 1833-34, page 517).

10. When debt exceeds an amount overseers are authorized to
collect in any year or when overseers refuse to levy tax to pay
debt, courts may compel the collection of special tax, by mandamus.
If the amount of debt is considered too large to pay in one year,
court may order tax to be levied and collected in yearly instalments

until debt is paid.
Act March 31, 1864, section 1, (P. L., page 162).

11. In counties where there is a house for the support and employ-
ment of the poor, poor directors are required to make an estimate of
the yearly cost of maintaining said house, and furnish the same to
the county commissioners, who are to add the same to their yearly

estimate of county expenses before levying county tax.
Act May 8, 1876, section 5, (P. L., page 151).

12. The last preceding assessment for county rates and levies to
be the basis of taxation for poor purposes, and county commission-
ers are authorized to levy a tax not exceeding ten mills for support
of poor of county and payment of current expenses. Tax to be levied
before third Monday of February, and collected the same as other

county tax.
Act June 4, 1879, section 14, (P. L., page 81).

13. Building tax may also be levied, but the same not to exceed

one-half the amount levied to pay current expenses.
Act June 4, 1879, section 15, (P. L., page 81).

14. Where poorhouses have been destroyed by fire, tax may be

levied to re-build and furnish houses so destroyed .
Act April 10, 1879, section 2, (P. L., page 19).

15. Office of overseer of poor abolished as soon as poorhouses are
built and poor removed to same, and outstanding taxes collected and
debts paid.

Act May 8, 1876, section 14, (P. L., page 153); act June 4, 1879, section 18,
(P. L., page 82).

16. Local laws, under which poorhouses have been erected and

are maintained, not repealed.

Act June 4, 1879, section 21, (P. L., page 82); a May 8, 1876, section
16, (P. L., page 153); act March 24, 1877, section 6, (P. L., page 42).

SCHOOL RATES.

i Bisel directors and controllers of each district to determine,
on or before first Monday of May, amount of tax to be levied for

174 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ensuing year, which, with State appropriation, and revenue from
other sources, shall be sufficient to keep schools in operation not

less than four nor more than ten months.
Act May 8, 1854, section 28, (P. L., page 623).

2. Subjects and things taxable for county purposes, declared to
be taxable for school purposes, and to enable school directors to
assess and apportion tax, county commissioners are required to fur-
nish them a copy of the last adjusted valuation of subjects and

things taxable for county purposes.
Act May 8, 1854, section 29, (P. L., page 624).

3. School directors or controllers to levy and apportion tax on
or before first Monday of June; tax not to exceed the amount of
State and county tax authorized to be levied on objects, persons and
property taxable for county purposes, and all taxes levied in each
year to be contained in the same duplicate.

Act May 8, 1854, section 30, (P. L., page 624).

4, Assessors to assess such persons as remove into districts be-
{ween last assessment and first day of May or who may have been
omitted from last assessment, and return their names with amount
of tax payable, to school directors, who are to levy and collect tax

as in other cases.
Act May 8, 1854, section 35, (P. L., page 625).

5. Warrant for collection of tax, signed by president and counter-
signed by secretary of school board, to be issued to collector requir-

ing him to collect taxes in the duplicate placed in his hands.
Act May 8, 1854, section 31, (P. L., page 624).

6. Minimum occupation tax to be assessed upon male taxables of

the age of twenty-one years.
Act April 11, 1862, section 5, (P. L., page 472).

7. Offices, posts of profit, salaries and emoluments of office, to
be taxed at regular rate of school tax of district, upon the whole

amount of the valuation, and no more.
Act April 11, 1862, section 6, (P. L., page 472).

8. Tax to be limited to subjects contained in last adjusted valua-

tion for county purposes, certified by county commissioners.
Act May 8, 1855, section 11, (P. L., page 511).

9. Taxables in independent districts to be designated by letters
a) 98
Act May 8, 1855, section 3, (P. L., page 569).

No. 6. DEPARTMEN © OF AGRICULTURE. 17

10. County commissioners to cause separate assessment to be
made in new districts, and furnish copy of same to secretary of
district.

Act May 8, 1855, section 7, (P. L., page 510).
11. Boroughs and townships connected in assessment of county

tax, to be separated in assessment of school tax.
Act May 8, 1855, section 10, (P. L., page 511).

12. Building tax not to be collected during pendency of proceed-
ings in court for division of township or district, save where neces-
sary to re-build school house accidentally injured or destroyed, or
to pay building debt previously contracted.

Act June 18, 1874, (P. L., page 284).

13. Real estate held in trust to be taxable for the benefit of the

district within which it is situated.
Act April 11, 1862, section 7, (P. L., page 472).
14. Tax not exceeding one mill may be levied and collected for

purchase, improvement and maintenance of a library.
Act June 28, 1895, section 3, (P. L., page 411).

15. In cities of third class, school and building tax to be levied
on assessment made for city purposes, and copy of such assessment

to be made and certified to school board.
Act May 25, 1897, (P. L., page 85).

16. Special tax, not exceeding amount of regular annual tax, may
be levied and is to be applied to purchase of ground, the erection
and furnishing of buildings, the payment of a debt contracted in
purchasing ground and erecting buildings, completing improvements
in school buildings contemplated at the time of their erection, fenc-
ing and improving grounds in connection with the erection of build-
ings, for payment of expenses of fuel used in heating buildings, and
for the payment of the expenses of janitor employed to care for school
buildings.

Act May 26, 1897, (P. L., page 94).

17. A license of $25 to be paid by transient retailers of merchan-
dise in townships, said license to be for use of the township school
fund.

Act May 2, 1899, (P. L., page 159).

COLLECTION OF TAX.*

1. Tax collectors to be elected every three years in boroughs and

townships. To give bond annually, to be approved by court.
Act June 6, 1893, (P. L., page 333).

*See “Unseated I.ands,’’ post.

176 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

2. County commissioners empowered to appoint a collector for

one or more wards in any city of the third class.
Act April 10, 1899, section 1, (P. L., page 34).

3. Such collector can collect tax in any ward whether a resident
of the same or not, but he must be a resident of the city for which he

is appointed.
Act April 10, 1899, section 2, (P. L., page 34).

4. Duplicates of city tax, when completed, in cities of the third
class, to be placed in hands of city treasurer on or before June first,
who is to receive and collect the same. To add three per cent. to
delinquent tax on September Ist, and one per cent. monthly there-

after on delinquent taxes until paid.
Act May 28, 1889 ,Article XV, section 7, (P. L., page 7).*

5. City treasurer, in cities of third class, to be school treasurer.
To give bond, subject to approval of board of controllers, and addi-
tional security may be required when school funds are endangered,
and in case of default in giving such additional security another

treasurer may be elected.
Act May 28, 1889, section 4, (P. L., page 275).

6. School tax in such cities to be collected the same as city tax,

and collectors of city taxes to be collector of school taxes.
Act May 28, 1889, section 5, (P. L., page 275).+

7. Courts of quarter sessions and county commissioners empow-

ered to fill vacancies in office of tax collector.
Act June 25, 1885, section 2, (P. L., page 187); act July 2, 1895, section 1,
(P. L., page 484); act April 15, 1834, section 18, (P. L., 1833-34, page 514).

8. Term of office of collector, in boroughs and townships, to eo

mence on first Monday of April after his election.
Act June 25, 1885, section 1, (P. L., page 187).

9. On failure to give bond and qualify, on or before fourth day
of term of quarter sessions next ensuing his election, court to de-

clare office vacant.
Act June 25, 1885, section 2, (P. L., page 187).

10. To be sworn and give bond.
Act June 6, 1893, (P. L., page 333); act June 25, 1885, section 3, (P. L.,
page 187); act April 15, 1834, sections 19 and 48, (P. L., 1833-34, page 514
and 518).

*See act February 27, 1860, (P. L., page 85); act May 1, 1861, (P. ., page 667);
act April 14, 1863, (P. L., page 434). and act March 29, 1872, P. L., page 642), as
to Allegheny City.

7See act February 27, 1860, (P. L., page 85); act May 1, 1861, (P. L., page 667);
act April 14, 1863, (P. L., page 434), and act March 29, 1872, (P. L., page 642), as
to Allegheny City

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 177

11. Authorities empowered to levy taxes in boroughs and town-
ships, to issue, on or before August Ist, duplicates, with their war-
rants attached, authorizing and directing collection of tax. Road
tax may be worked out, but when lawful and necessary to collect
the same in money, such collection may be made by collector, or
supervisors or road commissioners, but when collected by collector
he is to receive as compensation five per cent. of the amount collected
by him.

Act June 25, 1885, section 4, (P. L., page 187).

12. County commissioners to issue warrants, with duplicates at-
tached, for collection of State and county tax in other places.
Act April 15, 1834, section 20, (P. L., 1833-34, page 514).

13. Collectors in boroughs and townships to have same powers,
in collection of taxes, heretofore vested in collectors of county tax,
and be subject to same liabilities and penalties for neglect or viola-
tion of duties of office.

Act June 25, 1885, section 5, (P. L., page 188).

14. Collectors in boroughs and townships to provide book, with
list of taxables and amount of taxes charged. Book to be open

to inspection and delivered to successors in office.
Act June 25, 1885, section 6, (P. L., page 188).

15. Collectors in boroughs and townships to give notice by hand-
bills that duplicates have been issued to them; and persons making
payment within sixty days, entitled to an abatement of five per cent.
Five per cent. additional to be charged against persons delinquent

for six months or more.
Act June 25, 1885, section 7, (P. L., page 188).

16. Collectors in boroughs and townships to attend in person or
by deputy, at place fixed by them, on Thursday, Friday and Satur-
day of each week of the last two weeks of the sixty days designated

for receiving taxes, to receive and receipt for taxes.
Act June 25, 1885, section 8, (P. L., page 188).

17. Collectors in consolidated boroughs, to continue in office until
terms of office expire, and thereafter one collector to be elected,
who shall give bond, collect taxes, and have powers of collectors

under general laws.
Act June 6, 1893, section 12, (P. L.,- page 339).

18. Collectors in boroughs and townships entitled to a commission
of two per cent. on all taxes on which an abatement of five per cent.
is allowed, and five per cent. on all taxes afterwards collected; but
where total amount of taxes charged in a duplicate is less than

12—6—1901

178 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oft. Doe.

$1,000, collectors to receive three per cent. on all taxes on which an
abatement of five per cent. is allowed. A full settlement to be
made by collectors not later than three months after expiration of

terms of office.
Act June 2, 1891, (P. L., page 175).

19. Collectors of State and county tax in other places to receive
as compensation five per cent. on all moneys collected.
Act April 15, 1834, section 52, (P. L., 1833-34, page 519)*

20. All tax collectors to make monthly returns, and to pay over,
monthly moneys collected as taxes, less their commissions. To file
duplicate returns with borough councils, and take duplicate receipts

from borough treasurer for payments made.
Act July 9, 1897, section 1, (P. L., page 242).

Failure to comply with aforesaid provision, to be punishable by
fine not exceeding $100.
Act July 25, 1897, section 2, (P. L., page 248).

21. Exonerations may be made of taxes assessed in boroughs and

townships, as heretofore.
Act June 25, 1885, section 10, (P. L., page 189).

22. Accounts to be settled by borough and township auditors, and
a separate account to be stated for each different tax collected. Col-
lectors of State and county taxes to settle with county commis-

sioners.
Act June 25, 1885, section 11, (P. L., page 189).

23. Taxes charged on unseated lands to be certified to county

commissioners to be collected as heretofore.
Act June 25, 1885, section 12, (P. L., page 189).

24. Act not to apply to taxes, the collection of which is regulated
by local laws.
Act June 25, 1885, section 13, (P. L., page 189).+

*See act of April 10, 1862, (P. L., page 377), as to Delaware county, applica-
ble to Chester city.

+See local laws as follows: Allegheny county, 1861, page 450, and 1866,
page 390; Armstrong county, 1873, page 357; Bedford county, 1868, page 1017;
Bucks county, 1859, page 294, 1864, page 177, 1867, page 201, 1868, page 588,
and 1878, page 604; Cambria county, 1872, page 994, and 1899, page 111; Carbon
county, 1866, page 966; Chester county, 1868, page 595, 1869, page 553, and 1872,
page 820; Clarion county, 1854, page 171, and 1865, page 511; Cumberland
county, 1867, page 836, and 1873, page 661; Franklin county, 1853, page 128;
Fulton county, 1864, page 373; Greene county, 1855, page 528, 1857, page 168.
and 1869, page 808; Huntingdon county, 1872, page 179; Indiana county, 1872,
page 954, and 1878, page 472; Jefferson county, 1857, page 53, and 1871, page

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 179

25. On failure to pay tax within thirty days after demand made,
collectors to levy amount by distress and sale of goods and chattels
of delinquents, and in case property sufficient to pay tax cannot be
found, delinquents may be sent to jail.

Act April 15, 1834, section 21, (P. L., 1883-34, page 514).

26. Warrant for collection of tax to be effectual for two years.
Act April 22, 1846, section 21, (P. L., page 490).

ld

27.

Females, infants and persons of unsound mind not to be

arrested or imprisoned for non-payment of tax.
Act April 15, 1834, section 45, (P. L., 1833-34, page 518).

28. Goods and chattels of persons occupying real estate, liable to
distress and sale for non-payment of taxes assessed against such

real estate, the same as if they were the owners of the real estate.
Act April 15, 1834, section 46, (P. L., 1833-31, page 518).

29. Courts may require collectors of special taxes to give bond, and
in case of failure to do so they may appoint collectors of such tax.
Act May 25, 1878, (P. L., page 150).

30. Collectors prohibited from suing for taxes during time war-
rant is effective.
Act April 15, 1834, section 50, (P. L., 1833-34, page 519).

31. May sue for taxes after expiration of warrant.
Act April 11, 1848, section 3, (P. L., page 524).

32. Executors and administrators of deceased collectors, author-

ized to collect unpaid taxes.
Act March 26, 1867, section 1, (P. L., page 45).

33. May employ persons to act for them.
Act March 26, 1867, section 2, (P. L., page 46).

34. Collectors may appoint deputies, with approbation of county
or township treasurer.
Act April 15, 1834, section 51, (P. L., 1833-34, page 519).

35. State, county and poor taxes placed in hands of collectors, to
be credited to county treasurer, if previously charged to him, and
charged to collectors; collectors to give bond and make monthly

returns.
Act June 8, 1891, (P. L., page 212).

1079; Lawrencs county, 1859, page 13, 1861, page 81, end 1873, page 717; Lu-
zerne:» county, 1866, page 966; Monroe county, 1867, page 1322; Montgomery
county, 1860, page 665, 1868, page 342, 1871, page 659, and 1872, page 279; Union
county, 1872, page 1055; Washington county, 1855, page 528, and 1857, page
168. See also act March 14, 1860, (P. L., page 166), as to Westmoreland, Fay-
ette, Adams and York counties, and act April 8, 1862, (P. L., page 339), as to
Luzerne county.

180 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

36. Collectors of State and county tax to make returns under

oath.
Act April 22, 1846, section 19, (P. L., page 490).

37. County commissioners to file with prothonotary certificate of
amount of taxes due by a collector; and such certificate to be entered
on docket, and to have the effect of a judgment, and execution may
be issued thereon. 3

Act February 28, 1835, section 3, (P. L., 1834-35, page 46).

38. Clerk to county commissioners to enter names of collectors
and amount of duplicates on minutes of their office, and furnish

copy to county treasurer.
Act February 28, 1835, section 4, (P. L., 1834-35, page 46).

39. Collecters in boroughs and townships to furnish numbered
receipts for payment of tax in book provided by county commission-
ers, containing stub. Memoranda corresponding with receipts to
be made on stub.

Act June 25, 1895, section 1, (P. L., page 296).

4). Sheet, containing numbers of receipts, dates of payment,
names of the taxpayers, amount of tax, and district in which tax-
payers are assessed, to be sent county commissioners twenty days

before election.
Act June 25, 1895, section 2, (P. L., page 296).

41. Sheets to be bound, and kept for public inspection.
Act June 25, 1895, section 3, (P. L., page 296).

42. Violation of act punished by a fine not exceeding $200 and
imprisonment not exceeding one year, either or both, at discretion

of court.
Act June 25, 1895, section 4, (P. L., page 296).

43. Road or poor taxes in townships and boroughs may be col-
lected by levy and sale, the same as school and county taxes are

collected.
Act May 22, 1895, (P. L., page 111).

44. In townships having a population of at least three hundred to
the square mile, tax levied by township commissioners to be col-
lected by township treasurer, who is required to give notice of the
placing of the duplicate in his hands, and to allow a discount of
five per centum on all taxes paid within sixty days. After three
months, tax to be collected by him or his deputies, as now collected

by township tax collectors.
Act April 28, 1899, sections 15 and 16, (P. L., page 110).

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 18]

45. Township treasurer in such townships to give bond, take
charge of township moneys, and have his accounts audited annually
by township auditors.

Act April 28, 1899, section 138, (P. L., page 109).

46. Payment of occupation or poll tax for others prohibited, ex-
cept on written order signed by the electors authorizing the same,
thirty or more days prior to an election.

Act July 15, 1897, section 1, (P. L., page 276).

47. Collectors prohibited from receiving or receipting for occupa-
tion or poll tax except from electors themselves, or on their written
and signed order authorizing payment of tax.

Act July 15, 1897, section 2, (P. L., page 276).

48. Unlawful to note on receipt obtained in violation of act.
Act July 15, 1897, section 3, (P. L., page 276).

49. Violation of act punishable by fine not exceeding $200, or
imprisonment not less than twenty days nor more than six months.
Act July 15, 1897, (P. L., page 276).

50. Collectors failing to perform duties, subject to a penalty of $50.
Act April 22, 1846, section 20, (P. L., page 490).

51. No person to be re-appointed collector of county tax until
amounts received on former duplicates are finally settled and paid

over.
Act April 15, 1834, section 42 (P. L., 1833-34, page 518); act February 28,
1835, section 5, (P. L., 1834-35, page 46).

52. Abatements and exonerations to be made for mistakes, indi-

gent persons, unseated lands, etc.
Act April 15, 1834, section 48, (P. L., 1833-34, page 518).

53. Receipts not to be given for unassessed or exonerated taxes,
nor shall such taxes be received, unless persons exonerated volun-
tarily appear and tender payment; and names not to be added to lists
of taxables returned by assessors. Penalty for violating section is

a fine of $100 and removal from office.
Act May 27, 1841, section 8, (P. L., page 402).

54. Conversion, misappropriation and failure to pay over taxes
by tax collectors, to be deemed embezzlement. Persons offending,

and their accessories, liable to a fine not exceeding $500 and im-

prisonment not exceeding five years, either or both.
Act June 3, 1885, (P. L., page 72).

55. County treasurer to issue warrant to sheriff to take body and °

seize effects of defaulting collectors.
Act April 11, 1799, section 18, (8d Smith’s Laws, page 399).

182 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

56. County commissioners to issue warrant to sheriff to sell prop-
erty of defaulting collectors seized by him.
Act April 11, 1799, section 19, (8d Smith’s Laws, page 399).

57. Sheriff to execute deed for real estate of defaulting collectors
seized and sold by him.
Act April 11, 1799, section 20, (8d Smith’s Laws, page 399).

58. Sheriff’s failing to pay over moneys received for taxes, to be
proceeded against.
Act April 11, 1799, section 21, (8d Smith’s Laws, page 399).

59. Collectors to return to county commissioners lands upon which
sufficient personal property cannot be found to pay tax, in all
cases where owners fail to pay the tax; and said lands to be sold
the same as unseated lands for non-payment of taxes. No sale to

be made until taxes are delinquent for two years.
Act April 29, 1844, section 41, (P. L., page 501).*

60. Owners may redeem real estate sold for taxes in the same
manner as if the same were unseated, and assessed and sold as un-
seated.

Act May 18, 1879, section 1, (P. L., page 55).

61. Owners may show that there was sufficient personal property
on real estate sold to pay taxes, which might have been seized by

collectors, and in such cases their title not to be doubted.
Act May 18, 1879, section 2, (P. L., page 55).

62. Notice to be given of sales of land for taxes.
Act March 22, 1850, section 7, (P. L., page 306).

63. County commissioners to purchase for use of county lands
on which bids are insufficient to pay arrearages of tax; to keep
record of the same, and charge taxes against it for five years, but
not to be placed on tax collectors’ duplicates.

Act July 8, 1885, section 1, (P. L., page 268).

64. Rates of taxation for local purposes to be certified to county

commissioners, and charged against said lands.
Act July 8, 1885, section 2, (P. L., page 268).

65. Right of redemption to remain in owners for five years, and
to be conveyed to them, on payment of taxes, interest and costs.

*See act April 5, 1842, section 6, (P. L., page 242), as to Dauphin county; act
March 6, 1868, section 2, (P. L., page 275), as to Lycoming county; act Feb-
ruary 16, 1867, (P. L., page 214), as to Potter, Warren, Bradford and Sullivan
counties; act February 18, 1870, (P. L., page 174), as to Elk county; act March
12, 1869, (P. L., page 340), as to Potter county; act April 15, 1869, (P. L., page
19387), as to Tioga county.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 183

Moneys received to be paid to townships and districts entitled to
receive the same.
Act July 8, 1885, section 3, (P. L., page 268).

66. Right of redemption having passed, lands may be sold by
county commissioners at public sale, and to be assessed against pur-
chasers.

Act July 8, 1885, section 4, (P. L., page 269).

67. Tenants liable for road tax, and may deduct same from rent
due, and sue and recover same [rom owner.
Act April 6, 1802, section 8, (8d Smith’s Laws, page 516).
68. Liable for all taxes on lands they occupy; and may either
deduct same from rent or recover them from owners.
Act April 3, 1804, section 6, (4th Smith’s Laws, page 201).

GENERAL PROVISIONS.

1. Where township lines divide a tract of land, the assessment
it to be made in the township in which the mansion house is situated,
but this is not applicable where mansion house is in an incorporated
city or borough.
Act July 11, 1842, section 59, (P. L., page 331); act April 25, 1850, section
15, (P.'L., page 572).

2. When line dividing a township and a borough, or two town-
ships, passes through mansion house on farm land, owner may
choose place of residence of occupants of said house; but if this is
not done, occupants to be regarded as wholly within the township,

and to be assessed accordingly.
Act May 24, 1878, (P. L., page 181).

3. When county lines divide a tract of land, and when lines sepa-
rate a borough from a township or one borough from another, as-

sessment to be made where mansion house is situated.
Act June 1, 1883, (P. L., page 51); act May 23, 1871, (P. L., page 1067).

4. Estates of decedents may be taxed in names of decedents, or
their respective executors, administrators or heirs. Tax to be a
lien for one year from first day of June following the assessment,
and may be collected from persons in possession. Expiration of
lien not to prevent collection within the time provided in other cases.
Not to repeal other laws fixing a different time for existence of

liens.
Act April 22, 1846, section 23, (P. L., page 491).

5. Persons transplanting on their own premises, on side of public
highways, fruit, shade or forest trees, of suitable size, to be allowed

184 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

where roads run through or adjoin cultivated fields, in abatement
of road tax, $1 for every four trees set out; rows of elms to be sev-
enty or more feet apart; rows of maple or other forest trees, except
locust, to be fifty or more feet apart, and rows of locust to be
thirty or more feet apart. Trees to be set out the year before de- -
mand for abatement is made, and to be living and well and protected

from animals at time demand for abatement is made.
Act May 2, 1879, section 1, (P. L., page 47).

6. Credit to be allowed for trees transplanted in place of ones
dying.
Act May 2, 1879, section 2, (P. L., page 47).

7. No abatement to be allowed in excess of one-fourth of highway
Act May 2, 1879, section 3, (P. L., page 47).

8. Persons cutting down, killing or injuring such trees, liable to a
penalty of fifty cents for every tree cut down, killed or injured, to
be collected as road taxes are collected and paid to supervisors.

Act May 2, 1879, section 4, (P. L., page 47).

9. Owners of tracts of uncleared land containing not less than fifty
trees to the acre, and each tree measuring eight or more inches in
diameter at a height of six feet above the surface, to receive from
county commissioners, during the time the trees are maintained in
sound condition, a sum equal to eighty per cent. of taxes annually
assessed and paid on said land; but the amount paid is not to exceed
forty-five cents per acre, and no one owner to receive payment on

more than fifty acres.
Act May 25, 1897, (P. L., page 88).

10. Rebate of one-fourth of highway tax to be allowed to persons
owning and using on public highways draft wagons, with tires not
less than four inches wide, for hauling loads of not less than two
thousand pounds weight; said rebate not to exceed five days’ labor

on highways or its equivalent in cash to any one person.
Act June 25, 1895, section 1, (P. L., page 288).

11. Persons complying with act to make proof before supervisor,
on oath.
Act June 25, 1895, section 2, (P. L., page 288).

12. Supervisors and road commissioners to contract annually en
first Monday of April for removal of loose stones by tax-payers from
main highways during April, May, June, July, August, September
and October.

Act May 2, 1899, section 1, (P. L., page 164).

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 185

13. Authority may be delegated to pathmaster, and compensation

for work done to be credited on road tax.
Act May 2, 1899, section 2, (P. L., page 164).

i4. Supervisors, road commissioners or other officers having charge
of the construction or repair of township roads, authorized to collect
a cash tax not exceeding fifty per centum of rate of assessment for
yvoad purposes, for purchase of a lot and erection of a building for
general township purposes, and for re-payment of moneys borrowed
for that purpose.

Act June 26, 1895, section 3, (P. L., page 325).

15. Appeals may be taken from assessments to courts of com-
mon pleas.

Act April 19, 1889, (P. L., page 37), ante.

16. County commissioners in counties where county treasurer col-
lects taxes, empowered, on petition of five hundred or more taxables,
to change dates on which reductions for prompt payment of taxes
shall cease.

Act June 30, 1885, section 1, (P. L., page 204).

17. To give notice, on or before July first, to county treasurer of
changes made, and any change so made to continue from year to
vear until again changed.

Act June 30, 1885, section 2, (P. L., page 204).

18. Cities, boroughs and townships empowered to tax dogs. Tax
to be fixed by county commissioners and councilmen at not more
than $2 for a dog, or more than $4 for a bitch unless she is spayed,
in which case the tax is to be the same as a dog. Tax to be paid
to county or city treasurer, and to constitute a fund for payment of

sheen damages. Dogs under four months old not to be assessed.
Act May 25, 1893, section 1, (P. L., page 136).*

19. Assessors to return names of persons owning or keeping dogs,
and county commissioners and councilmen to assess a tax sufficient
to pay damages sustained from loss of sheep.

Act May 25, 1893, section 2, (P. L., page 1386).

2. Persons sustaining damages from loss of sheep may complain
to justices of the peace, aldermen or magistrates. Township, bor-
ough or city auditors or controllers to be notified; they to examine
into claim and make report. Owners of dogs destroying sheep, to
pay claims for damages, or kill their dogs.

Act May 25, 1898, section 3, (P. L., page 137).

21. Where damages are sustaimed, report to be delivered to county
commissioners or councilmen.

Act May 25, 1893, section 4, (P. L., page 1387).

*See act June 12, 1878, (P. L., page 198); act June 10, 1881, (P. L., page 112);
act May 5, 1889, (P. L., page 222).

13

186 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

22. Warrant to be drawn on county or city treasurer for amount of
claim, to be paid out of sheep damage fund, but effort must be
made to ascertain whose dog did the damage.

Act May 25, 1893, section 5, (P. L., page 186).

23. County commissioners or councilmen to notify owners of dogs
that destroyed sheep, to kill them, and on failure to do so constable
or police to kill them, and for this service he is to receive a fee of
$1, to be paid out of sheep damage fund.

Act May 25, 1893, section 6, (P. L., page 188).

24. Dogs declared to be personal property and made the subject
of larceny, and owners liable for all damages done to sheep.
Act May 25, 1893, section 7, (P. L., page 138).

25. Justices of the peace, aldermen and magistrates entitled to
a fee of $1 in each case, and auditors and controllers to receive $1
per day for every day spent in investigating claims.

Act May 25, 1898, (P. L., page 1389).

26. A fund in excess of $200 at the close of the year, to be paid
into county or city fund to be used for county or city purposes.
Act May 25, 1893, section 9, (P. L., page 1389).

27. Special laws not repealed.
Act May 25, 1893, section 10, (P. L., page 139).

28. Municipalities increasing their indebtedness, to levy an annual
tax before issuing obligations.
Act April 18, 1895, section 1, (P. L., page 37).

29. Tax to be sufficient to pay the interest and redeem the princi-
pal of the obligations not later than thirty years from date of in-
crease of indebtedness.

Act April 18, 1895, (P. L., page 37), act May 11, 1897, (P. L., page 54).

30. County commissioners issuing’ bonds to, erect workhouses,
authorized to levy special tax of one mill on the assessed valuation
for county purposes, to pay interest and redeem principal of bonds
so issued. ’

Act June 26, 1895, section 15, (P. L., page 381).

531. County commissioners authorized to transfer into general
county fund, tax moneys placed to credit of any city, borough or
township, that have remained uncalled for during a period of ten
years, provided right to money is not in dispute.

Act July 15, 1897, (P. L., page 285).

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 187

32. County commissioners to give notice in not more than five nor
iess than two newspapers of intended sales of real estate purchased
by them for non-payment of taxes.

Act July 2, 1895, (P. L., page 421).

33. Surplus bonds given by purchasers at tax sales, to be acknowl-
edged, and deposited with county treasurer before deed is given.
Bonds to be recorded by prothonotary in a book provided for that
purpose, and to be filed in his office.

Act May 8, 1861, section 1, (P. L., page 47).

_ #4. Prothonotary entitled to a fee of fifty cents on each bond. To
give certified copies of bonds, to be received in evidence same as

original bond.
Act May 8, 1895, section 2, (P. L., page 47).

35. Transient retailers of merc@iandise in- cities, boroughs and
townships, to be licensed. Such license in cities and boroughs not
to be less than $25 per month, nor more than $200 per month. In
townships the license-to be $25 per month, for use of school fund of
township. Failure to be licensed, to be punished by a fine not less
than $100 nor more than $200, and on failure to pay same, person
offending to be imprisoned, not exceeding thirty days.

Act May 2, 1899, (P. L., page 159).

36. Taxes to be first liens on real estate, except in cities of first
and secend class. To be returned to county commissioners, where
they cannot be collected from owners or tenants, and recorded in
tax lien record. Returns to contain full statement of delinquents,
kind and amount of tax due, description of properties against which
assessed, also, that sufficient personal property to pay tax could
not be found; and to be signed and verified by oaths of persons mak-
ing returns. To be a lien when recorded. Record to be notice to
all persons, and certified copy to be evidence. Record to be satis-
fied on payment of taxes.

Act June 2, 1881, section 1, (P. L., page 45).—Altered, post.*

*See act April 5, 1844, (P. L., page 199), as to Allegheny county; act March
15, 1847, section 2, (P. L., page 366), as to Lancaster; act April 10, 1848, (P. L.,
page 348), as to Harrisburg; act April 10, 1848, section 1, (P. L., page 485), as
to Columbia borough; act April 11, 1850, section 5, (P. L., page 453), as to
Centre county; act February 27, 1860, section 2, (P. L., page 85), as to Allegheny
City; act April 4, 1870, section 11, (P. L., page 866), as to Lycoming county;
act April 1, 1873, (P. L., page 509), as to Delaware county; see also section 1],
act May 4, 1889; sections 1 and 2, act May 22, 1895; act June 4, 1897, and sections
1 and 2, act of April 28, 1899, post,

188 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

ot. Taxes to be first paid out of the proceeds of judicial sales, after
payment of costs. Sales, except for collection of taxes, not to
affect liens of first mortgages. Taxes paid by lien holders may be
recovered with interest, by producing receipt of county treasurer,
to be entered on record of lien of judgment or mortgage, or added
to claim for purchase money.

Act June 2, 1881, section 2, (P. L., page 46). Altered.: See section 1,
act May 4, 1889, sections l’ and 2, act May 22, 1895, act June 4, 1897, and
sections 1 and 2, act April 28, 1899, post.

58. Collectors wilfully returning to county commissioners taxes
that might, with proper diligence, have been collected, to be liable
to persons injured thereby. Act not to repeal local or special
laws.

Act June 2, 1881, section 3, (P. L., page 46).

39. County, city, borough, township and school taxes not to be
liens until entered of record in prothonotary’s office. Tax liens
and liens for municipal improvements, to be revived within five
years, to continue the lien.

Act May 4, 1889, section 1, (P. L., page 79). Altered, see sections 1 and
2, act May 22, 1895, act June 4, 1897, and sections 1 and 2, act April 28,
1899, post.

40. Lien of taxes to be divested by judicial sale, provided amount
of purchase money equals amount of taxes.
Act May 22, 1895, section 1, (P. L., page 111).

41. Tax collectors and county commissioners to give notice to
persons selling property of amount of taxes against the same, if
said taxes have not been certified for collection; and persons selling
property to pay taxes out of proceeds of sale.

Act May 22, 1895, section 2, (P. L., page 111).*

42. County, city, borough, township and school tax not to be a
lien on real estate for a longer period than three years from first
day of January next succeeding year in which due, unless entered of
record in prothonotary’s office. Tax liens and municipal claims
eptered of record, not to be liens for more than five years unless
revived by scire jacias within that.time. Liens entered of record
prior to May 4, 1889, not to remain liens longer than three years
unless revived within said three years.

Act June 4, 1897, (P. L., page 123).

43. Prothonotaries to make up dockets of unsatisfied county, poor.
road, school, borough and township tax liens. Such dockets, on

-

*See case of Taylor vs. Bowling, 5th Superior Court Reports, page 225.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 189

completion, to be evidence and notice of unsatisfied liens, but original
dockets not to be notice or evidence.
Act April 28, 1899, section 1, (P. L., page 120.)

44. Prothonotaries to enter im separate dockets, in alphabetical
order, all unpaid county, poor, road, school, school building, borough
and township tax; and dockets to be notice to all persons. Tax liens
not to be entered upon general judgment index.

Act April 28, 1899, section 2, (P. L., page 120).

45. County commissioners may sue out writ of estrepement to
prevent the cutting or removal of timber or the peeling of bark on
lands returned to them for non-payment of tax, and such writ to
continue in force until tax is paid.

Act May 4, 1889, (P. L., page 83).7

46. County auditors to settle accounts of county commissioners,
county treasurer and directors of the poor.
Act April 15, 1834, sections 48 and 49, (P. L., 1833-34, page 545); act June
2, 1881, section 1, (P. L., page 44).

47. Report to be filed with prothonotary, and to have the effect
of a judgment.
Act April 15, 1834, section 55, (P. L., 1833-34, page 547).

48. Appeals therefrom authorized, and court may direct an issue
to be tried by a jury.
Act April 15, 1834, section 56, (P. L., 1833-34, page 547); act April 14,
1838, section 16, (P. L., 1837-38, page 460).

49. Execution may issue against defaulting officers.
Act April 15, 1834, section 58, (P. L., page 547).

50. Auditors of townships and boroughs to meet annually, on
the second Monday of April, and audit, settle and adjust accounts
of supervisors, road commissioners, borough and township treas-
urers, and such other township officers as may by law be referred to
them.

Act April 24, 1874, section 1, (P. L., page 112); act March 31, 1876, (P. L.,
page 12); act April 15, 1834, section 102, (P. L., 1833-34, page 555).

51. To post hand-bills containing itemized statement of receipts
and expenditures of borough councils, road commissioners, super-
visors, overseers of the poor and school directors; and to file cony
of statement with town clerk and clerk of court of quarter sessions,
to be subject to inspection by citizens. Act not to interfere with
laws requiring publication in newspapers.

Act April 24, 1874, section 2, (P. L., page 112).

ySee act April 8, 1862, (P. L., page 317), as to Jefferson and Potter counties.

190 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

52. Auditors failing to comply with act, to be subject to a penalty
of $20.
Act April 24, 1874, section 3, (P. L., page 113).

53. Boards of school directors to place in hands of auditors, at
close of school year, itemized statement of receipts and expenditures,
with books, papers and vouchers, and statement of assets and lia-
bilities. To be examined and approved by auditors if found cor-
rect, then spread upon minutes of board, and published by hand-bills
or in two newspapers having largest circulation among citizens in-
terested. Failure to perform duties to be punished by a fine not

exceeding $300.
Act May 1, 1876, (P. L., page 91).

54. Any taxpayer may appeal from report of auditors to court,
in behalf of borough, township, ward or district.
Act May 1, 1876, (P. L., page 88).

55. Accounts of poor districts composed of part of cities, boroughs
and townships of a county, to be audited on second Monday of Jan-
uary by a board composed of the senior auditors of each city, bor-
ough and township of which the district is composed. Auditors to
receive $1.50 per day for their services.

Act June 8, 1881, section 1, (P. L., page 85). This act not to repeal special
laws. Act June 8, 1881, section 2, (P. L., page 85).

56. In Allegheny county, controller audits county accounts and
accounts for State tax.
Act May 1, 1861, (P. L., page 450).

57. In counties containing over one hundred and fifty thousand
inhabitants, controller to be elected, and to audit all county ac-
counts and State taxes for which county is liable. Other accounts
of county treasurer with Commonwealth to be audited by auditor
appointed by court of common pleas, under act of April 21, 1846,
and supplements thereto.

Act June 8, 1893, (P. L., page 393).

58. Counties, cities, boroughs and townships receive revenue from
retail liquor licenses granted by courts of quarter sessions. The
amount of such license in cities of the first and second class is
$1,000; in cities of the third class, $500; in other cities, $300; in
boroughs, $150, and in townships, $75. Said amounts are to be paid
to the county treasurer and distributed by him as follows: To coun-
ties, $100 on each license granted in all cities they contain, and the
balance to the cities for their own use; and in boroughs and town-
ships, one-fifth of the amount of each license is given the county,
and the balance the proper borough or township. Moneys thus paid

-) |.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 191

into a township treasury to be used in keeping the roads in good
repair.
Act June 9, 1891, (P. L., page 348).

59. In counties containing over one hundred and fifty thousand in-
habitants, county officers to be paid by salary, and all fees received
by them are to be paid into county treasury for use of the county.

Act March 31, 1876, (P. L., page 13).

UNSEATED LANDS.*

1. Unseated lands to be valued and assessed in the same manner
as other property.
Act April 3, 1804, section 2, (P. L., 1803-04, page 519).7

2. County surveyors, on application of county commissioners, to
make returns of unseated lands, containing number of acres in each
survey or warrant, original warrantee names, and full description
of land, and to receive from county treasury four cents for each
warrant or survey returned by them. ‘To be subject to a penalty of
$100 for failure to make return. County commissioners to enter in
a book the number of acres surveyed, and names of original owner
and boundaries of each tract returned, as aforesaid.

Act April 3, 1804, section 1, (P. L., 1803-04, page 518).

3. Holders of unseated lands to furnish county commissioners
descriptions of tracts held by them, also original warrantee names,
and the nature, number and date of original title, together with
date of conveyance to them and names of grantors, within one year

_after conveyance made to them; and for failure to furnish this state-

ment, quadruple tax to be assessed on lands.
Act March 28, 1806, (P. L., 1805-06, page 644).

4. Assessment of road tax’‘on unseated lands, returned by asses-

sors in mistake as seated lands, to be deemed valid.
Act April 12, 1842, section 21, (P. L., page 266).
*See “Collection of Tax,” an/e. -
7See act of March 30, 1831, section 30, (P. L., 1830-31), as to appeals from
assessments of unseated lands in Crawford, Hrie, Warren and Venango coun-
ties, and acts of March 15, 1832, (P. L., 1831-32, page 153), and January 25, 1872,
(P. L., page 65), as to Huntingdon, Pike and Wayne counties; act May 3. 1852,
section 6, (P. L., page 522), as to Centre county.

192 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

5. Returns for collection of taxes on unseated lands to be made
on or before the first day of February in each year, and if not so
made such returns not to be thereafter received and the taxes not
to be liens on real estate; but this section is not to be so construed
as to exempt assessors and collectors, and their bail, from liability
for not making their returns according to law.

Act April 21, 1856, section 2, (P. L., page 477); act February 23, 1858,
(P. L., page 45.)

6. Supervisors and collectors of road and other taxes to make
returns of exonerations claimed on or before the first day of Feb-
ruary in each year; and county commissioners not to grant any ex-
onerations after that time, and the county treasurer not to sell any
lands returned and the taxes exonerated after that time.

Act April 21, 1856, section 3, (P. L., page 477); act February 23, 1858,
(P. L., page 45).

7. Unseated lands to be assessed for poor tax in the same manner
as other real estate, and when not voluntarily paid, the collector
or overseer of the poor of the proper district, to certify the same to
the county commissioners, as in the case of road and school tax;
and county commissioners to enforce collection with taxes assessed
for county purposes, and when collected to be paid to overseers of
poor of the proper district by orders drawn by county commissioners
on county treasurer.

Act May 14, 1874, (P. L., page 155).*

8. Taxes charged upon unseated lands not to be collected by
borough and township collectors, but to be certified and returned by
authorities levying the tax to county commissioners, to be collected
as heretofore.

Act June 25, 1885, section 12, (P. L., page 189).

9. All taxes levied upon unseated lands to be paid by owners
within the year for which levied, and in case of failure to do so, six
per cent. interest to be charged from first day of the year following
that for which tax is levied until tax is paid or land sold for taxes.

Act June 6, 1887, (P. L., page 368).

10. County commissioners may direct county treasurer to receive
in advance for a term not exceeding six years a sum which in their
estimation, will be equal to the taxes that ought to be imposed
upon the land during said time.

Act March 13, 1815, section 8, (P. L., 1814-15, page 180).

*See act January 30, 1862, (P. L., page 8), as to Columbia county.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 193

11. Tenants occupying or possessing lands, to be liable for pay-
ment of taxes becoming due during occupancy or possession; and
may recover the amount of the same from the landlord or defalcate
the amount in the payment of rent due, unless any contract or agree-
ment previously made would be impaired thereby.

Act April 3, 1804, section 6, (P. L., 1803-04, page 522).

12. Joint owners may pay their proportionate share of tax, and
county treasurer to receive and receipt for the same; and he may
sell the residue of shares or interest in the lands on which taxes
are due.

Act April 25, 1850, section 31, (P. L., page 574).

13. Receipts for taxes on unseated lands, acknowledged before a
judge or justice of the peace, may be recorded in county where lands
lie, and the records thereof or-certified copies of the same, to be
evidence in all cases in which original receipts would be evidence.

Act March 9, 1847, section 1, (P. L., page 279).

14. Judge or justice of the peace to take acknowledgments of re-
ceipts, at cost of parties applying for same, on being required so to
do, but applications for acknowledgments to be made within thirty
days from date of receipts.

Act March 9, 1847, section 2, (P. L., page 279).

15. County treasurers to enter payments of taxes on unseated
iands made to them in book kept for that purpose, and to give certi-
fied copy, under official seal, of entries in book showing payment of
tax, at request of person paying the same; and each treasurer to
receive twenty-five cents from the person demanding receipt or
certified copy.

Act April 30, 1879,’ section 1, (P. L., page 34).

16. County commissioners to procure and furnish county treas-
urers with book and seal, and all payments of taxes on unseated
lands to be entered in said book.

Act April 30, 1879, section 2, (P. L., page 35).

17. County treasurers to commence sales of unseated lands for
taxes on second Monday of June, and may adjourn from day to day;
and to make sale of tracts as a whole or in part, sufficient to pay
arrearages of tax and costs, and to execute deeds; and to give sixty
days’ notice of time and place of sale in two newspapers, if so many
are published in the county where the lands lie, but if not then in
one newspaper in or nearest to the county where the lands lie, under

138—6—1901

194 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

penalty of $50, but neglect to make publication not to invalidate
sales.

Act March 13, 1815, section 1, (P. L., 1814-15, page 177); act March 29,
1824, section 5, (P. L., 1823-24, page 168); act March 9, 1847, sections 1 and
2, (P. L., page 278).*

18. Duties formerly enjoined on sheriffs, with reference to sales
of unseated lands for taxes, to be performed by county treasurers.
Act April 4, 1809, section 1, (P. L., 1808-09, page 192).

19. Fees of county treasurers on sale of unseated lands for taxes,
are as follows: Advertising each tract, including printer’s charge,
50 cents; selling each tract or part thereof, 37 cents; writing and
signing every deed, $1.50; acknowledging every deed, 25 cents; writ-
ing and filing every bond to secure purchase, 25 cents.

Act March 28, 1814, section 24, (P. L., 1813-14, page 364).7

20. No fee to be charged by county treasurer for advertising any
land for sale for non-payment of tax, when owners pay the same on
or before March first previous to day of sale in year advertisement
is made.

Act April 21, 1856, section 4, (P. L., page 477).

21. Notice of sales of unseated lands for taxes, by county treas-
urer, to be also given by written or printed advertisements, set-up
in at least three public places, one of which to be at the court house,
stating that sales for arrearages of taxes will commence on a certain
day; and each treasurer to make sale, in whole or in part, of such
tracts as~he finds necessary to pay arrearages of tax and costs,
and to execute deeds to purchasers, and acknowledge the same in
open court of common pleas; and to take from purchasers bonds with
warrants of attorney annexed for any surplus money that may re-
main after satisfying and paying taxes and costs, and to file said

*See act April 11, 1838, section 4, (P. L., 1837-38, page 325), as to sale of un-
seated lots in borough of Beaver, in Beaver county; acts may 4, 1864, (P. L,
page 765), and April 11, 1866, (P. L., page 620), as to Berks county; act
April 5, 1842, section 6, (P. L., page 242), as to Dauphin county; act April 8,
1842; section 18, (P. L., page 261), as to Lebanon county; act March 6, 1868,
section 1, (P. L., page 275), as to Lycoming county; act March 2, 1867, (P. L.,
page 340), as to Centre county. See also section 1, act March 30, 1897, ost.
requiring six weeks notice of sales of unseated lands, to be given.

7See act April 11, 1866, (P. L., page 711), as to Luzerne and Clearfield coun-
ties; act March 18, 1868, (P. L., page 375), as to Bedford county; act February
20, 1867, (P. L., page 226), as to Northumberland county; act March 18, 1870,
(P. L., page 491), as to Centre county; act April 2, 1870, (P. L., page 832), as
to Clinton county; act March 16, 1871, (P. L., page 571), as to Lycoming
county; act June 2, 1871, (P. L., page 134), as to Carbon county; act March 1,
1870, (P. L., page 283), as to Elk and Forest counties,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 195

bonds in office of prothonotary, together with one attested copy of

the advertisements set-up by him.
Act April 8, 1804, section 2, (P. L., 1803-04, page 519); act April 4, 1809,
section 1, (P. L., 1808-09, page 192); act March 13, 1815, section 1, (P. L,,
1814-15, page 177).*

22. Surplus bonds to be acknowledged by obligor before an officer
authorized to take acknowledgments, and deposited with county
treasurer, before deeds are lifted by purchasers; and county treas-
urer to have surplus bonds recorded in prothonotary’s office, in sur-
plus bond record; such bond record to be indexed in alphabetical
order, and bonds to be filed in prothonotary’s office after they are

recorded.
Act May 8, 1895, section 1, (P. L., page 47).

23. Prothonotary to receive from purchasers or obligors a fee of
fifty cents for recording and indexing surplus bonds; and to give
certified copies when requested, and such certificate to be received

in evidence.
Act May 8, 1895, section 2, (P. L., page 47).

24. Purchasers to pay purchase money, or sufficient portion of
same to pay taxes and costs, soon as deeds are tendered them, after
acknowledgment in open court, also, a fee of one dollar for use of
prothonotary, for entering record of acknowledgment; and in case
of failure to make payment, county treasurer to sue for and recover
purchase money; and there is to be no stay of execution, nor is
defendant permitted to give in evidence any irregularity in assess-

ments or proceedings relative to sales.
Act March 18, 1815, (P. L., 1814-15, page 178).

25. In case of failure to pay purchase money and prothonotary’s
fee, sales may be avoided, and property re-sold; and it shall be dis-
cretionary with county commissioners what lands they will pur-

chase for use of county.
Act March 13, 1817, (P. L., 1816-17, page 111).

26. Bonds taken for surplus moneys and filed with prothonotary,
to be liens from date of deeds, on lands sold; and owners of lands
at time of sale, or their legal representatives, may cause action to
be entered on prothonotary’s docket any time within five years from
time of sale; and execution to issue for moneys mentioned in bonds,
together with legal interest, if not paid within three months after

entry of action, as aforesaid.
Act April 3, 1804, section 4, (P. L., 1803-04, page 521).

*See act May 5, 1841, section 12, (P. L., page 347), as to Pike and Monroe
counties,

196 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

27. Executors and administrators may collect bonds given for
surplus moneys arising from sale of unseated lands of decedents,
and moneys so collected to be assets in hands of executors and
administrators; but courts, on application of heirs, creditors or devi-
sees, may suspend or prevent collection of moneys, if in their opinion
such collection may operate injuriously on the interests of heirs,

creditors or devisees.
Act April 14, 1840, section 4, (P. L., page 351).

28. When debtors die seized of unseated lands on which their
debts become liens, and said lands are sold for taxes, their execu-
tors and administrators authorized to collect bonds given for surplus
moneys; and moneys collected to be paid into court of common pleas
for distribution, subject to right of appeal as in cases of sheriff’s
sales.

Act April 14, 1840, section 5, (P. L., page 351).

29. Sales of unseated lands for taxes, made as directed by law, to
rest in purchasers all the estate and interest therein that the real
owners had at,the time of the sale, although the same may not have

been taxed or sold in the name of the real owners.
Act April 3, 1804, section 5, (P. L., 1803-04, page 522).

50. In all public sales of lands made by county commissioners
and county treasurers in pursuance of law, the rule of caveat emptor
to apply, except in cases of double assessments, or where the taxes
on which sales are made have been previously paid, or where the
lands do not lie within the county; and county commissioners and
county treasurers shall not be required to refund the purchase

money, costs or taxes paid upon tracts of land sold as aforesaid.
Act April 21, 1856, section 1, (P. L., page 477.)*

dl. All sales of seated or unseated lands for arrearages of tax to
be valid irrespective of the fact whether the lands were seated or
unseated at the time of the assessment of the taxes; but this not to
validate or authorize the sale of any land which was seated at the
time of the assessment of taxes thereon, when there was sufficient
personal property on the premises to pay the taxes assessed thereon,
liable to seizure therefor.

Act June 3, 1885, (P. L., page 71).

32. In case a county treasurer who has sold unseated lands for
taxes dies or is removed from office before deeds to purchasers are
executed, his successor is to perfect title and execute such deeds,

*See act April 8, 1851, section 4, (P. L., page 356), as to Lycoming, Clinton,
Sullivan and Centre counties; act April 8, 1864, (P. L., page 349), as to Co-
ljumbia county; act April 10, 1867, (P. L., page 1008), as to Cambria county.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 197

and to do all other matters and things that could or ought to have
been done by the former treasurer.
Act March 18, 1815, section 2, (P. L., 1814-15, page 178).

5. When unseated lands have been advertised for sale by a county
treasurer, and remain unsold at and after the expiration of the
term of office of the treasurer, and said treasurer absconds, his suc-
cessor in office is to advertise and sell the lands so remaining unsold,
on the second Monday of June of the year intervening between the
regular sales.

Act June 11, 1879, section 1, (P. L., page 151).

34. Such sales to be for the same taxes (and none other) for which
the lands had been advertised to be sold at the last preceding reg-
ular sale.

Act June 11, 1879, section 2, (P. L., page 151).

35. Advertisement and sale to be made in the manner specified
and subject to provisions of act of March 138, 1815, and its several
supplements, but advertisement to be made in a newspaper pub-
lished in the county, at least once a week for four successive weeks
in the month of May; and owners to have same right of redemption
as is provided in said act of March 13, 1815.

Act June 11, 1879, (P. L., page 151).*

36. Ejectments for unoccupied lands sold for taxes may be brought
against and served on the persons who purchased the lands. If such
persons cannot be found in the proper county, the court, after the
return day of the writ, may grant rule on defendants to appear and
plead; and such rule to be published for sixty successive days in
a daily or weekly newspaper of the proper county. If no person
appears, the court, on proof of publication in open court, to give
judgment by default; but when purchasers or persons claiming under
them appear, court to make them defendants, and cause to be tried
on the titles of the parties as if there was an actual occupation of
the land.

Act March 29, 1824, section 4, (P. L., 1823-24, page 168).

37. The right to bring action of ejectment extended to all persons
having any title derived from or by virtue of a sale of unseated
lands for non-payment of taxes, whether such sale be made by county
commissioners or county treasurer.

Act April 14, 1851, section 16, (P. L., page 615).

*See section 1, act March 39, 1897, post requiring six weeks’ notice of
intended sales of unseated lands for non-payment of taxes.

198 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

38. Owners of lands sold for taxes can redeem the same, within
two years from date of sales, by paying or tendering payment to
county treasurer of amount of taxes for which lands were sold and
costs, and twenty-five per cent. additional; and county treasurer to
receive and receipt for said moneys, and pay the same over to the
purchasers, on demand. In case county treasurer refuses payment
or if owners pay taxes previous to sale, then said owners can recover
the lands by due course of law. Former act requiring notice to be
given in newspapers of taxes being due and sale thereon, repealed;
and no alleged irregularity in assessment, or in process or otherwise,
to affect title of purchaser. In cases where owners of lands sold
for taxes are orphans or insane, and residing within the United
States, two years afier such disability is removed, is allowed them
or their legal representatives to bring suit for recovery of lands
sold for non-payment of taxes; but where recovery is effected in
such cases, the value of the improvements made on the lands, after
the sale of the same, is to be ascertained by the jury trying the
action for recovery and to be paid by the persons recovering the
same, before they obtain possession of the lands so recovered.

Act March 18, 1815, section 4, (P. L., 1814-15, page 178).

39. Word “orphan” or “orphans” to be taken and construed to
mean minor or minors.
Act April 25, 1850, section 30, (P. L., page 574).

40. No action for recovery of lands to lie, unless brought within
five years after the sale of the same for taxes.
Act April 3, 1804, section 3, (P. L., 1803-04, page 521).

41. Persons having liens or equitable interests in lands sold for
taxes, and their legal representatives, may redeem the same from
the effects of sale, as fully as the owner of the lands at the time of
the sale can do; and when time of redemption has expired such per-
sons or their legal representatives authorized to collect surplus as
fully as owners at time of sale cam do, but moneys, when collected,
to be paid into and distributed by order of court, subject to right
of appeal, as decrees for distribution of moneys arising from sheriffs’
sales are by law subject.

Act April 14, 1840, section 6, (P. L., page 352).

42. Joint owners of unseated lands sold for non-payment of taxes,
may, within two years from date of sale, redeem their proportionate
share of said lands, by tender of their proportionate amount of tax,
costs and twenty-five per cent. additional sum; and county treasurer
to receive and receipt for the same, and pay the same over to the pur-
chasers, on demand made. In such cases, joint tenants entitled to

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 199

recover their share and interest in said lands, and to hold the same,

with the purchasers, as tenants in common.
Act March 9, 1847, section 3, (P. L., page 279).

43. In cases of sales of tracts of unseated lands for taxes, which
may be interfered with by surveys or titles of other claimants, such
claimants are authorized, within two years from date of sales, to
tender amount of taxes upon so much of said tracts as are included
within the lines under which claimants hold title, and costs, and
their proportionate amount of the additional twenty-five per cent.,
and county treasurer is required to receive and receipt for the same,
and pay it over to the purchasers, on demand; and said redemption
to be as effectual for protection of claimants’ title within the lines
of their surveys or claims as if the redemption had been made for and

included all the land within the lines of said interferences.
Act April 3, 1862, (P. L., page 228).

44. Redemption moneys paid by lien creditors to be liens upon
such title of debtors as would have passed to purchasers under the
sale, if no redemption had been made, and to have priority over
other liens against the same title. - Lien creditors or their legal
representatives thus redeeming lands, to have claims or receipts
for redemption money entered as costs on the record where the lien
is entered or recorded; and said claim to be treated as docket costs
in the proper judgment or mortgage lien, and to be preferred in
the distribution of the proceeds of any subsequent sale of said

property.
Act May 15, 1874, (P. L., page 192).

45. Value of improvements to be recovered in all cases where a
recovery is effected against a purchaser at a sale for taxes, or other
person claiming under him; such recovery to be an incident in all
cases where there is a recovery against the tax title, without regard
to the nature of the defects of said title; and whenever any person
claiming under such tax title may be out of possession, and on ac-
count of defects in the title fail to recover the land, the jury, under
the direction of the court, to assess the value of the improvements,
and fix the time within which the assessment shall be paid by the
defendant. If the assessment is not paid within the time specified
by the jury, the title of the plaintiff to land in dispute to be con-
firmed as against defendant and all claiming under him. On failure
to pay such assessment, a writ of habere facias possessionem may
issue forthwith, without any other proceeding; and in all cases
where a recovery is had against a defendant claiming under a tax
title, the jury assessing the value of the improvements to find the
time, under the direction of the court, within which the assessment

200 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

is to be paid by the plaintiff, and on failure to pay the same within
said time the title of the defendant to be good and yalid against
plaintiff and all claiming title under him. No improvements made
within two years after sale of lands for taxes, to be paid for by party
recovering or purchasing the same. If defects in tax title are known
to purchaser at time of sale, or if tender of redemption money is
made within two years of sale, he is not to be allowed for his im-
provement. This not to affect the interests of minors who claim
the lands within two years after they arrive at age.
Act April 12, 1842, section 20, (P. L., page 265).*

46. Redeeming owners of unseated lands sold for non-payment
of taxes, to repay taxes paid by purchasers that accrued between

time of sale and period fixed for redemption.
Act May 8, 1855, (P. L., page 519).

47. Receipts for redemption money to be recorded by prothonotary,
who shall mark the word “redeemed” on margin of entry of the
deed of the tract of land redeemed, and note the page of the book
where such receipt is entered; and to receive a fee of twenty-five
cents for each tract for which receipt is recorded. Receipt to be
returned to owner on completion of entry. When handwriting of
county treasurer is not known to prothonotary, he is not to enter
receipt until the same is probated, and such probate is to be re-
corded with the receipt; and the recording of any receipt to be as
good evidence in any court as the original receipt would be. This

not to affect the rights of persons acquired under existing laws.
Act April 14, 1840, section 7, (P. L., page 352).

48. All receipts of county officers for redemption of moneys of

unseated lands sold for non-payment of taxes, to be recorded.
Act April 25, 1850, section 33, (P. L., page 575).

49. Unseated lands offered for sale, not bringing taxes and costs,
to be purchased by county commissioners, and deed to be made
to county commissioners for use of county. County commissioners
to provide book, in which shall be entered name of person whose
lands are sold, quantity of land and amount of taxes lands were
sold for; and such lands not to be charged in collector’s duplicate
so long as they remain the property of the county. County com-
missioners to charge said lands with reasonable county and road
tax for five years following date of sale, if they remain unredeemed
that long.

Act March 138, 1815, section 5, (P. L., 1814-15, page 179).

*See act March 11, 1848, section 2, (P. L., page 79), as to lands belonging
or supposed to belong to estate of John Nicholson, deceased.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 201

50. Right of redemption to remain in owners of lands for five years
after sale; and on payment to county treasurer of taxes, costs and
interest thereon, and also taxes assessed on lands from year to
year after sale, and interest thereon, county commissioners to con-
vey county’s title to lands to owners, by endorsement on back of
county treasurer’s deed. Moneys received for road taxes to be
paid to supervisors of townships where lands lie, on orders of county
commissioners, to be used in making and repairing the public roads.

Act March 18, 1815, section 6, (P. L., 1814-15, page 179).*

51. Joint owners can redeem their proportionate part of lands
purchased by county commissioners for non-payment of taxes, within
the same time and in the same manner provided for redemption
where one party is owner of the land, and county commissioners may
sell residue of interests in lands not redeemed within five years, at
public sale, and make deed to purchaser, who shall enjoy the same
as tenant in common with the person who has redeemed his interest

therein.
Act April 25, 1850, section 32, (P. L., page 574).

52. Lands not redeemed within five years may be sold by county
commissioners; and thereafter such lands to be assessed against
last purchaser or redeemer, and to be again liable to be sold for
taxes.

Act March 18, 1815, section 7, (P. L., 1814-15, page 180; act March 29, 1824,
section 1, (P. L., 1823-24, page 167).

538. County commissioners may advertise notice of intended sales
of seated or unseated lands for non-payment of taxes in such number
of newspapers as in their judgment seems necessary; but the maxi-
mum number not to exceed five nor the minimum number to fall
below two, if so many are published in the proper county.

Act July 2, 1895; (P. L., page 421).7

54. Thirty days notice, by advertisement in newspapers, and six
written or printed advertisements, of intended sales by county com-
missioners, to be given.

Act March 29, 1824, section 1, (P. L., 1823-24, page 167).*

55. Deed to be given in form prescribed by law, and sales to be

entered in minute book of county commissioners, also, redemptions.
Act March 13, 1815, section 9, (P. L., 1814-15, page 180).

*See act April 8, 1862, (P. L., page 317), as to Jefferson and Potter counties.
7See section 1, act March 30, 1897, posf,, requiring six weeks’ notice of in-
tended sales of unseated lands for non-payment of taxes.
*See section 1, act March 30, 1897, post, requiring six weeks’ notice of in-
tended sales of unseated lands for non-payment of taxes.
14

202 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

56. County commissioners, empowerd to execute deeds in fee
simple, to purchasers; and such deeds, after being acknowledged, to
be good and valid for such title as county commissioners had a right

to convey.
Act March 29, 1824, section 2, (P. L., 1823-24, page 167.)+

57. County commissioners’ deeds not acknowledged before a jus:
tice of the peace, before delivery, to be valid, upon proof of execu-
tion by subscribing witnesses.

Act April 9, 1872, (P. L., page 45).

58. Notice of intended sales of unseated lands for non-payment of
taxes to be given once a week for six successive weeks, in at least
two newspapers of general circulation, or if two newspapers be
not published in a county, then in one newspaper nearest the same.
Notice to contain names of owners of lands, if known, warrant
numbers of tracts, names of warrantees, when known, number of
acres contained in each tract, township in which located, and taxes
dué on each tract; and ten copies of advertisement to be mailed by
county treasurer or county commissioners to Secretary of Agricul-

ture, and ten copies to Commissioner of Forestry.
Act March 380, 1897, section 1, (P. L., page 11).t¢

59. Commissioner of Forestry to examine location and character
of lands, and if desirable for forestry reservation he may purchase
same, on behalf of Commonwealth, subject to right of redemption
under existing laws. Price paid for lands not to exceed amount of
taxes for non-payment of which lands are sold, and costs. Auditor
General to draw warrant on State Treasurer, payable to order of
county treasurer, for amount of purchase money, upon certificate
of Commissioner of Forestry.

Act March 30, 1897, section 2, (P. L., page 11).

60. In case of redemption of lands, redemption money to be
remitted to State Treasurer by county treasurer, with descript*on
of tract redeemed.

Act March 30, 1897, section 3, (P. L., page 12).

61. Title to lands purchased to be vested in Commonwealth, if not
redeemed within the time limited by law. County treasurer to
certify to Secretary of Agriculture lists of unredeemed lands pur-
chased by Commonwealth, together with description of the same;

+See section 10, act May 3, 1852, (P. L., page 522), as to effect of county
commissioners’ deeds in Centre county.

tSee section 1, act March 18, 1815, sections 1 and 5; act March 29, 1824,
sections 1 and 2; act March 9, 1847, section 2; act June 11, 1879, and act
July 21, 1895, ante,, as to advertisement of notice of intended sales of un-
seated lands for non-payment of taxes.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 203

and such lands not to be subject to further taxation whilst owned
by Commonwealth. Secretary of Agriculture to keep record of all
lands acquired by Commonwealth.

Act March 30, 1897, section 4, (P. L., page 12).

62. Lands acquired by Commonwealth to be under control of
Department of Agriculture, in care of Division of Forestry; and to
be part of forestry reservation system for preservation of water
supply and protection from floods.

Act March 380, 1897, section 5, (P. L., page 12),

EXEMPTION FROM TAXATION.

1. All churches, meeting houses, or other regular places of stated
worship, with the grounds thereto annexed necessary for the occu-
pancy and enjoyment of the same; all burial grounds not used or
held for private or corporate profit; all hospitals, universities, col-
feces, seminaries, academies, associations and institutions of learn-
ing, benevolence or charity, with the grounds thereto annexed neces-
gary for the occupancy and enjoyment of the same, found, endowed
and maintained by public or private charity; and all school houses
belonging to any county, borough or school district, with the grounds
thereto annexed and necessary for the occupancy and enjoyment
of the same; and all court houses and jails, with the grounds there-
unto annexed, are exempt from all and every county, city, borough,
bounty, road, school and poor tax; but all property, real or personal,
other than that which is in actual use and occupation for aforesaid
purposes, and from which any income or revenue is derived, is to be
subject to taxation, save where exempted by law for State pur-

poses.
Act May 14, 1874, (P. L., page 158).*

*Prior to this act nothing was taxable except that which was expressly
taxed by statute, and so far as the latter portion of this act seeks to impose
a tax upon new subjects of taxation, it discloses a purpose not mentioned
in the title of the act, and is unconstitutional and void, under article ill, sec-
tion 3, of the State Constitution. Sewickley Borough vs. Sholes, 118 P. S. R..
page 165. See act April 21, 1841, section 9, (P. L., page 253), as to exemption
of public property in Pittsburg, and act April 10, 1873, (P. L., page 597), as
to machinery in Montgomery county. Funds held in trust for charitable and
religious objects are exempt from taxation, General Assembly vs. Gratz, 139
P. S. R., page 497. See act April 8, 1873, (P. L., page 64), which this act sup-
plies, also act May 12, 1871, (P. L., page 771), as to exemption of burial grounds
from taxation in Philadelphia. Said act of April 8, 1873, exempts from taxa-
tion burial lots, lunatic asylums, almshouses, poorhouses, houses of refuge,
penitentiaries and asylums, schools and hospitals supported by annual appro-
priations from the Commonwealth. Act of April 9, 1873, (P.L., page 68), re-
Pealed all laws theretofore passed, that exempted the indebtedness of counties,
cities and boroughs from taxation for State purposes.

204 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oif. Doe.

2. Buildings in course of erection to be exempt from taxation, if
exempt when completed.
Act June 4, 1879, (P. L., page 90).

3. County bonds, owned by a public corporation within the county
issuing the bonds, the income from which is by law appropriated ex-
clusively to the support of the poor and the maintenance of ‘the
public roads of the county, are exempt from taxation for State pur-
poses.

Act March 24, 1877, (P. L., page 44).

4. So much of the capital stock and shares of corporations, lim-
ited partnerships or joint stock associations organized for manufac-
turing purposes, as is invested in and actually and exclusively
employed in carrying on manufacturing within the Commonwealth,
except companies engaged in the manufacture of spirituous and malt
liquors and such as enjoy and exercise the right of eminent domain,
are exempt from taxation.

Act June 8, 1893, (P. L., page 355); act June 8, 1891, section 5, (P. L.,
page 238); act June 1, 1889, section 21, (P. L., page 431); act June 30, 1885,
section 20, (P. L., page 199).

5. The capital stock and shares of stock of building and loan asso-
ciations, except prepaid and matured stock, are exempt from taxa-
tion.

Act June 8, 1891, section 1, (P. L., page 421); act May 22, 1883, (P. L.,,
page 38); act July 15, 1897, section 2, (P. L., page 294).

6. Assessors to make return to county commissioners of all prop-
erty exempt from taxation, in a separate list, for which service
they receive the same compensation as is allowed for-like services
in other cases.

Act April 5, 1849, section 5, (P. L., page 962).

SPECIAL PROVISIONS AS TO CITIES OF THE THIRD CLASS.

1. Cities of third class empowered to enact ordinances for levy
and collection of taxes for general revenue purposes, not to exceed
ten mills on the dollar in any one year, on all persons, and on real,
personal and mixed property within the limits of the cities taxable
for county purposes.

Act May 23, 1889, article V, section 3, clause 1, (P. L., page 286).

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 208

2. Also empowered to provide for assessment and collection of
an additional tax, not exceeding one per centum on the dollar upon
the assessed valuation in any one year on all persons, property and
other matters and things in said cities taxable for county purposes,
for the payment of interest on bonded indebtedness, and for the
payment of loans to support the government and to make the neces-
sary improvements in said cities.

Act May 23, 1889, article V, section 3, clause 2, (P. L., page 286).

3. Further empowered to place a poll tax for general revenue
purposes, not exceeding one dollar annually, on all male inhabitants
above the age of twenty-one years.

Act May 238, 1889, article V, section 3, clause 3, (P. L., page 287).

4. Such cities can, by ordinance, levy and collect for general reve-
nue purposes, an annual license tax not exceeding $100 on all auc-
tioneers, contractors, druggists, hawkers, peddlers, produce or mer-
chandise vendors, bankers, brokers, pawnbrokers, merchants of all
kinds, persons selling or leasing goods upon instalments, grocers,
confectioners, butchers, restaurants, bowling alleys, billiard tables
and other gaming tables, drays, hacks, carriages, omnibuses, carts,
wagons, street railway cars and other vehicles used in the cities for
hire or pay, lumber dealers, including commission men and all per-
sons who make a business of buying lumber for sale at wholesale
or retail, furniture dealers, saddle or harness dealers, stationers, jew-
elers, livery or boarding stable keepers, real estate agents, agents
of fire, life or other insurance companies, market house companies,
express companies or agencies, telegraph, telephone, steam heating,
gas, natural gas, waiter, electric light or power companies or agen.
cies, or individuals furnishing communication, light, heat or power
by any of the means enumerated, and to regulate the collection of
the same.

Act May 23, 1889, article V, section 3, clause 4, (P. L., page 287).

5. Said cities empowered, by ordinance, to levy and collect taxes
on all taxable property in the cities, in addition to all other taxes,
for the purpose of paying the bonded indebtedness of the cities, sub-
ject to the limitations and requirements of this act and the consti-
tution and laws of the Commonwealth. fi

Act May 28, 1889, article V, section 3, clause 7, (P. L., page 288).

6. May by ordinance license and collect license from skating rinks,
operas, theatres, concerts, shows, circuses, menageries and all kinds
of public exhibitions for pay, except those for local, religious, edu-

cational or charitable purposes.
Act May 28, 1889, article V, section 3, clause 25, (P. L., page 291).

206 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

7. And levy and collect license from persons authorized to occupy
any portion of the streets or sidewalks for temporary public market
purposes.

Act May 23, 1889, article V, section 3, clause 3, (P. L., page 292).

8. And regulate and provide for taxing the owners and harborers

of dogs.
Act May 23, 1889, article V, section 3, clause 30, (P. L., page 292).*

9. Cities of third class having previously incurred a debt for the
purpose of improving or maintaining public parks, empowered to
levy a tax to provide for the payment of such indebtedness as it
matures; and may classify real estate with reference to its benefits
from said parks, in the proportion each property shall appear to be
benefited, and to levy tax accordingly. City assessors to make clas-
sification, and same to remain subject to changes rendered necessary
by changes of city property lines.

Act March 25, 1878, section 1, (P. L., page 8).

10. Councils to fix time for assessors to hear appeals on matter of
classification, and direct notice to be given; after hearing appeals

and making changes, classification to be final and conclusive.
Act March 25, 1878, section 2, (P. L., page 8).

11. Former tax validated.
Act March 25, 1878, section 3, (P. L., page 8).

12. Act not to go into effect until accepted by councils.
Act March 25, 1878, section 4, (P. L., page 9).

13. Each city of the third class to elect three persons, residents of
the city for at least five years prior to their election and owners of
real estate therein, to serve as a board of assessors for three years
from first Monday of April succeeding their election. No two of the

said board to be residents of the same ward.
Act May 28, 1889, article XV, section 1, (P. L., page 317).

14. To be sworn and file oath with city clerk; vacancies may be
filled by councils. During first year of their term of service, and
every third year thereafter, may appoint assistant assessors not ex-
ceeding in number the number of wards of the city, to serve not ex-
ceeding sixty days, and to be removable at the pleasure of the
board. Compensation of board and assistants to be fixed by councils.

Act May 23, 1889, article XV, section 2, (P. L., page 317).

15. Board to make assessment, of property subject to taxation for
city purposes in year of triennial assessment for county purposes,

*See also act June 10, 1881, (P. L., page 112); act May 25, 1893, (P. L.,
page 136).

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No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 207

and a list of property exempt from taxation, with a valuation of the
same; to return dimensions of lots or pieces of ground, with number
and kind of improvements thereon; and a similar assessment to
be made every three years. To value property at such sum it would
bring at a fair public sale. To make assessment as directed by
precept of board of revision and appeal, in years succeeding triennial
assessment. To complete annual assessment on or before January
first.
Act May 238, 1895, section 1, (P. L., page 119).

16. Board to give taxables at least five days notice of their ratings,
and of any changes in assessments in intervening years, together
with time and place of hearing appeals by board of revision. Per-
sons aggrieved by the action of the board of assessors may appeal
to board of revision.

Act May 238, 1895, section 2, (P. L., page 120).

17. Councils, in joint convention, on or before first Monday of
May, every third year, to elect five resident citizens as a board of
revision and appeals, to serve for three years, and to be sworn.
Vacancies to be filled by councils for unexpired term. No member
of councils to vote for more than three members of board, and the
five persons receiving the highest number of votes to be declared
elected. Board may issue their precept to city assessors, on or be-
fore the first day of September, requiring new assessment, in whole
or in part, in years other than triennial year; to receive assessments
returned by board of assessors, and to have the power to revise,
equalize or alter assessments, and to add to assessments and tax
duplicates any subject of taxation omitted therefrom. Property
ceasing to be exempt from taxation, for purposes that entitled it
to exemption, to become taxable for proportionate part of vear it
was not entitled to exemption. Board to rectify all errors, and may
require attendance of board of assessors and assistant assessors,
or other citizens, for examination on oath; to hear and determine
all appeals by taxpayers from assessments made by city assessors,
at such time and place as they may prescribe, of which five days’
notice to be given; to give five days’ notice to taxable inhabitants of
any increase or addition to the valuation assessed against them by
the board of city assessors, together with time and place of appeal.
Board empowered to administer oaths on all matters before them,
and faise statements under oath to be deemed perjury and be punish-
able as such. Members of board to receive compensation fixed by
councils, not exceeding four dollars per day for each day discharged
in the performance of duty. City clerk to act as clerk of board, and
to receive for his services such compensatioon as councils shall fix.

208 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Board to have custody of books relating to assessment of city tax,
and to keep them arranged according to wards and dates; to furnish
books to city assessors for taking assessments, and such books to
be returned to board on completion of assessments. Board to com.
plete their labors and the hearing and determination of appeals on
or before March first, after which the assessment is to be copied by
wards into duplicates, and to remain as the Jawful assessment for
city tax, until altered as provided in this act. Decision of board
to be subject to appeal to court of common pleas, whose decision
shall be final, and appellant to pay costs if appeal is declared ground-

less.
Act May 23, 1895, section 3, (P. L., page 120).

18. Duplicates, when completed, to be placed in possession of city
treasurer, on or before the first day of June, who is to receive and
collect the taxes. Three per centum to be added to taxes remaining
unpaid on the first day of September, and on the first day of each
month thereafter one per centum to be added to all outstanding taxes

until the same are fully paid.
Act May 23, 1889, article XV, section 7, (P. L., page 319).

19. On first day of November, city treasurer to place duplicates
of unpaid taxes in hands of collectors by him appointed, with his
warrant for their collection, and such collectors to receive for their
services the compensation councils authorize. Collectors to give
bond in a sum equal to the amount of taxes in their duplicates, with
two sureties to be approved by councils; and to have and exercise
the powers vested by law in collectors of State and county taxes,
and may, after five days’ notice, seize any property on the premises
assessed, whether belonging to tenants or others, without regard
to date of assessment of tax, and may levy upon any personal prop-

erty of delinquents found witihn the county, for collection of the tax.
Act May 28, 1889, article XV, section 8, (P. L., page 319).

20. Collectors to collect tax and make monthly returns and pay-
ments to city treasurer, and real estate tax thus paid to be satis-
fied upon duplicates remaining in city treasurer’s office; and such
collectors to settle their duplicates within five months from the
time they came to their hands, and pay over amounts charged against

them, exclusive of exonerations.,
Act May 23, 1889, article XV, section 9, (P. L., page 319).

21. Schedule of unpaid city taxes, together with descriptions of
properties against which assessed, and affidavits of collectors that
sufficient personal property out of which taxes can be made, in whole
or in part, cannot be found, to be furnished city treasurer by col-
lectors within five months after duplicates are placed in their hands.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 209

Failure of collectors to collect tax from personal property, not to
impair lien of tax or affect validity of sale made in collection of tax.
Collectors making wilfully false returns, to be liable for persous in-
jured thereby.

Act May 238, 1889, article XV, section 10, (P. L., page 319).

22. Upon return of schedules of unpaid city taxes, city treasurer
’ to certify the same, or a copy thereof, to the city solicitor, who shall
cause the taxes, with the penalties on the same, to be registered in
the prothonotary’s office. Prothonotary to be allowed a fee of
twenty-five cents for each tax registered, to form part of costs, and
be paid by person from whom tax is due. Prothonotary to also make
searches and furnish transcripts or extracts from register of taxes,
on payment of his fee therefor.
Act May 238, 1895, section 4, (P. L., page 122).

23. Taxes assessed upon real estate to be liens thereon from date
of assessment and levy thereof until paid. Lien to have priority
to and be fully paid before any recognizance, mortgage, judgment,
obligation, lien or responsibility, which the said real estate may
become charged with or liable to; not to be divested by any judicial
sale, except for so much of the proceeds of such sale as shall be
actually applied thereto; and defendants or others in writs of fierz
facias, venditiont exponas or levari facias, not to claim any exemp-
tion under levy and sale of any real estate charged with tax, against

the allowance or payment of the same.
Act May 28, 1895, section 5, (P. L., page 128).

24. City treasurer, if councils direct, to advertise lands returned
to him for non-payment of tax, and to sell same on first Monday of
June or such subsequent day as sale may be adjourned to; if there is
not sufficient time to advertise before first Monday of June, sale
to be on first Monday of June of the next year. Lands to be adver-
tised once a week for three successive weeks before day of sale in
two newspapers, if so many are published in the city. No sale to be
valid if taxes are paid before return, or taxes and costs after return
and before sale. Lands may be redeemed by owner or any one inter-
ested within two years after sale, by payment to city treasurer of
amount of taxes paid at sale and five per centum penalty thereon,
also all taxes on the lands paid by the purchaser and a further penalty
of one per centum per month on the amount of taxes paid at such
sale or any time subsequent thereto. If bid is less than the taxes
and costs charged on the lands, the persons redeeming required to
pay full amount of taxes, costs and penalty. City may bid amount
of taxes and costs, and purchase lands if necessary.

Act May 238, 1889, article XV, section 13, (P. L., page 320).

14—6—1901

210 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

25. Purchasers of lands sold at city treasurer’s sale, to pay pur-
chase money or such part thereof as is necessary to pay all taxes
and cosis, and $1.50 for prothonotary for entering report of treasurer
and acknowledgment of deed, as soon as property is struck down,
or in defauit thereof, the sale may be avoided and the property be
immediately put up again by the treasurer. This section not to
apply when lands are purchased by city treasurer.

Act May 28, 1889, article XV, section 14, (P. L., page 321).

26. City treasurer to make report and return to first term of court
of common pleas, giving description of lands sold, names of persons
(where known) in which the property is assessed, amount of tax and
year for which assessed, the time and newspapers in which adver-
tisements for sale were made, with copy of advertisement, time of
sale, names of purchasers, and price for which sold; and report of
return and sales to be confirmed nzsz, if it appears to court, on
presentation of report, that sales have been regularly conducted; if
no objections or exceptions are filed to said sales within ten days, a
decree of absolute confirmation may be entered by prothonotary. In
case objections or exceptions are filed, they are to be disposed of
according to the practice of the court, and when they are overruled
or set aside a decree of absolute confirmation is to be entered; but
objections and exceptions are to be confined to the regularity of the
proceedings of the treasurer.

Act May 28, 1889, article XV, section 15, (P. L., page 321).

27. After sales have been confirmed, purchasers to give bond, with
warrant of attorney to confess judgment, annexed thereto, in all
cases where bid exceeds taxes and costs; and city treasurer to file
bond in prothonotary’s office, and the same to become a lien on the
lands sold, and owners of lands at time of sale, or their legal repre-
sentatives, may at any time within five years thereafter cause judg-
ment to be entered on said bond, and if moneys due thereon are
not paid within three months execution may be issued for the recoy-
ery of the same.

Act May 23, 1889, article XV, section 16, (P. L., page 322).

28. When purchaser has paid such portion of his bid as he is
required to pay and given surplus bond, city treasurer to make him
deed for lands sold; and such deed to be acknowledged in court of
common pleas, and acknowledgment to be entered by prothonotary
in treasurer’s deed book, and prothonotary to receive a fee of $1.50
for such service.

Act May 238, 1889, article XV, section 17, (P. L., page 322).

29. In cases of redemption of lands sold for non-payment of city
tax, city treasurer to acknowledge receipt of redemption moneys

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 211

on margin of deed, and deed to be void thereafter; and owners, or
other persons interested in lands, to have treasurer’s deed delivered
‘up to them for cancellation.

Act May 23, 1889, article XV, section 18, (P. L., page 322).

30. City treasurer to expose to public sale on succeeding first
Monday of June, or any day to which sale is adjourned, lands remain-
ing unsold and lands where purchasers do not comply with the terms

of the sale.
Act May 23, 1889, article XV, section 19, (P. L., page 323).

31. Special taxes and assessments made for water-frontage tax,
sewerage tax, piping, paving, re-paving, curbing or re-curbing side-
walks, grading, macadamizing or paving public streets, lanes and
alleys, or parts thereof, and for assessments of damages or benefits,
and contributions for opening, widening or vacation thereof, or the
changing of water courses, and for all other purposes except general
taxes, to be paid within the time provided by ordinances of coun-
cils, and if not so paid, five per centum to be added thereto, and claim
also to bear interest at rate of six per centum per annum.

Act May 23, 1889, article XV, section 20, (P. L., page 323).

32. Special taxes and assessments to be first liens on lands front-
ing on streets in which improvements are made, or on the lands
assessed for improvements and benefits, from the commencement of
improvements for which assessments were made until six months
after completion of work, and no longer, unless lien is filed within
said period, in prothonotary’s office, in city lien docket. Prothono-
tary entitled to a fee of twenty-five cents for filing and entering
lien, to be taxed as part of the costs. Specification of lien to be sufii-
cient if it designates date and amount of assessment, land assessed,
and name of owner or reputed owner, and to have effect of extending
lien for ten years from date of entry, and to be amendable at and
before trial in such manner as will meet the facts and merits of the
case; to have priority and be fully paid before any other lien or
incumbrance with which the land assessed may become charged,
and not to be divested by judicial sale except as to such portion of
the proceeds of the sale as is actually applied to the payment of

the lien.
Act May 28, 1889, article XV, section 21, (P. L., page 323).*

33. Recovery may be had on claims for city taxes, water frontage
tax, lighting frontage tax, water rates, lighting rates, sewerage tax,

*Altered as to taxes assessed on real estate, by section 12, act May 23, 1895,
(P. L., page 123). See also other provisions of act of May 23, 1889, article
XIII-XVII, (P. L., page 312-330), as to municipal claims and assessments not
herein specifically stated.

212 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

piping, paving, re-paving, curbing or re-curbing sidewalks, grading,
macadamizing or paving any public street, lane, alley or part thereof,
or for assessments for damages or benefits and contributions im
posed for the opening or vacation thereof, or changing of water
courses, and all other matters that may be the subject of claim regis-
tered in pursuance of this act, and the laws and ordinances of any city
of the third class, in the court of common pleas of the proper county,
or before any magistrate having jurisdiction, of the amount, by
action at law to recover a general judgment against the owners of
property on which assessments were made, or proceedings may be
had by sctre faccas similae to proceedings in the case of mechanics’
claims; and claims so registered to be prima facie evidence of the
amount thereof, and of the same being due and owing, and of all
matters therein set forth; and judgment to be entered by default
thereon, unless defendants file affidavits of defence where plaintiff
has filed a copy of his cause of action, and judgment and process
thereon to be with like effect as in other cases. Copy of claim need
not be filed when reference is made to number and’ term and page
on which claims are registered in the praecipe instituting the suit.
Where real estate subject to lien has been conveyed and deed re-
corded after registry of tax, the then owner to be included in the
process, and if any owner is omitted he may be brought in by rule
of court, or alias scire facias to show cause why he should not be
made a party to the suit; and on proof of service thereof, judgment —
may be entered for default of appearance or affidavit of defence.
Act May 238, 1889, article XV, section 22, (P. L., page 323).

34. A sale of property on a writ of levard facias issued on judg-
ment obtained on lien, to be deemed a proceeding tm rem, and to vest
a good title in purchaser, whether real owner be named or not.
Owners of property sold, not personally served with sczre facias,
may redeem same within one year from date of sale, by payment of
purchase money, taxes and moneys expended on improvements of
property, and ten per cent. added thereto; and persons entitled to
redeem may petition court from which process issued, setting forth
facts and readiness to pay redemption money, and court to grant
rule to show cause why property shall not be re-conveyed to peti-
tioner, to be served as directed by court; and if petitioner prove facts
necessary to entitle him to redeem, court to make rule absolute and
enforce it by attachment.

Act May 23, 1889, article XV, section 23, (P. L., page 324).

35. When owner of a lot is unknown, claim to be filed against land
assessed and “unknown owner,” and indexed accordingly. Scire
facias may issue thereon, and to be published by sheriff once a week

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 213

for three successive weeks before return day in at least one news-
paper published in the city, with description of lot, amount assessed
thereon, and for what purpose. Owner may defend, if he appears,
but if there is no appearance, judgment may be entered and land
sold, with like effect as if real owner had been named as defendant
and personally served with writ.

Act May 23, 1889, article XV, section 24, (P. L., page 325).

36. City can purchase lands offered for sale for non-paynient of tax
or claim. Amount bid not to exceed amount necessary to secure
claims, or amounts due city, together with costs of sale.

Act May 23, 1889, article XV, section 25, (P. L., page 325).

37. In cities of third class where school district comprises the
same territory as the city, schoo! and school building tax to be levied
on assessment made for city purposes.

Act May 25, 1897, section 1, (P. L., page 85).

38. City clerk, or person authorized by council, to make for use
of school board, a copy of completed assessment, and certify the
same to the board.

Act May 25, 1897, section 2, (P. L., page 85).

39. Councils in cities of third class to levy, in addition to other
taxes, a sinking fund tax of not less than one-fourth of a mill or
greater than three mills upon the assessed value of taxable property
in the city, to pay interest and redeem principal of funded debt.
Bonds purchased to be stamped, to show that they were purchased
for sinking fund, and interest on bonds to be collected, and used like
other taxes collected for sinking fund.

Act May 23, 1889, article XVIII, section 2, (P. L., page 331).*

40. At or before the time of issuing a loan authorized to be issued,
cities of third class to provide for collection of an annual tax suffi-
cient to pay interest and redeem loan within thirty years.

Act May 28, 1889, article XVIII, section 2, (P. L., page 3381).

41. Any municipality increasing its indebtedness, shall, before is-
suing any obligations therefor, assess and levy an annual tax, to
commence the first year after such increase, to be equal to, and
sufficient for and applied exclusively to the payment of the interest
and the principal of the debt within a period not exceeding thirty

*Altered by acts April 18, 1895, (P. L., page 37), and May 11, 1897, sos¢, See
also provisions of act May 23, 1889, article XIII-XVII, (P. L., pages 312-330).
as to municipal assessments, not herein specifically stated.

214 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

years from the date of increase. Money arising from tax to be
applied to redemption of outstanding obligations.

Act May 11, 1897, (P. L., page 54). See also act May 18, 1895, (Pas

page 37); act May 11, 1893, (P. L., page 44); act May 23, 1889, article XVIII,

section 1 and 2, (P. L., page 331); act May 23, 1874, section 11, (P. L., page
234); act April 20, 1874, section 4, (P. L., page 67).

aa

SPECIAL PROVISIONS AS TO CITIES OF THE SECOND CLASS, AND
PITTSBURG AND ALLEGHENY.

See act March 22, 1877, sections 1, 2 and 4, (P. L., page 16); act
March 15, 1878, section 1, (P. L., page 7); act May 29, 1878; (Bae
page 87); act June 7, 1895, (P. L., page 184); act May 5, 1876, section
5, (P. L., page 125); act June 19, 1893, section 1, (P. L., page 468);
act May 5, 1876, section 2, (P. lL., page 124); act June 19, 18938, sec-
tion 2, (P. L., page 469); act June 14, 1887, section 23, (P. L., page
398); act May 5, 1876, section 4, (P. L., page 125); act May 8, 1895,
(P. L., page 52); act July 3, 1895, sections 11 and 12, (P. L., page 598);
act February 12, 1869, sections 17-21, (P. L., page 153); act January
4, 1859, sections 3, 4 and 5, (P. L., 1858, page 828); and act April 15,
1867, section 2, (P. L., page 1258); act March 22, 1877, section 5, (P.
L., page 16); act April 15, 1867, section 3, (P. L., page 1258); act May
5, 1841, section 16, (P. L., page 348); act March 7, 1846, section 2, (P.
L. page 78); and act March 13, 1858, (P. L., page 103); act March 18,
1875, section 7, (P. L., page 11); act March 22, 1877, section 6, (P. L.,
page 17); act March 15, 1878, section 2, (P. L., page 7); act March 15,
1878, section 5, (P. L., page 7); act March 22, 1877, sections 7-11, (P.
L., page 17); act May 12, 1897, (P. L., page 55); act March 15, 1878,
section 3, (P. L., page 7); act May 6, 1850, section 22, (P. L., page 697);
act March 22, 1877, sections 138-15, (P. L., page 18); act ‘April 11, 1862,
section 4, (P. L., page 501); act April 15, 1867, (P. L., page 1258);
act April 21, 1841, section 9, (P. L., page 253); act March 18, 1847,
sections 3 and 4, (P. L., page 341); act March 28, 1872, sections 1-3,
(P. L., page 606); act April 18, 1873, section 4, (P. L., page 811); act
April 16, 1827, section 1, (P. L., 1826-27, page 487); act April 5, 1862,
sections 1-7, (P. L., ee 246); act April 5, 1849, section 6, (P. L., page
390); act May 16, 1857, section 4, (P. L., page 542); act April 18, 1859,
section 3, (P. L., page 599); act April 18, 1873, sections 1-3, (P. L.,
page 810); act April 12, 1851, sections 4-8, (P. L., page 421); act
May 8, 1850, sections 1 and 2, (P. L., page 707); act April 15, 1857,
(P. L., page 204); act April 21, 1858, (P. L., page 388); act February
27, 1860, (P. L., page 85); act March 30, 1860, (P. L., page 363); act
May 1, 1861, (P. L., page 667); act April 10, 1862, (P. L., page 399);
act April 14, 1863, (P. L., page 4384); act April 3, 1868, (P. L., page

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 235

632); act April 1, 1868, (P. L., page 549); act March 24, 1869, (P. L.,
page 498); act April 15, 1869, (P. L., page 979); act March 31, 1870,
(P. L., page 717); act March 29, 1872, (P. L., page 642).

SPECIAL PROVISIONS AS TO CITIES OF FIRST CLASS AND PHIL-
ADELPHIA.

See act August 25, 1864, (P. L., page 1030); act April 21, 1858, sec-
tion 1, (P. L., page 385); act May 11, 1893, (P. L., page 42); act April
26, 11893, (P. L., page 25); act June 7, 1895, sections 1 and 2, (P. L.,
page 170); act February 2, 1854, section 39, (P. L., page 42); act June
11, 1879, section 1, (P. L., page 180); act March 4, 1862, (P. L., page
90); act February 2, 1854, section 17, (P. L., page 32); act March 13,
1862, (P. L., page 118); act April 11, 1862, (P. L., page 495; act April
10, 1867, (P. L., page 1052); act April 11, 1859, (P. L., page 508); act
April 17, 1866, (P. L., page 964); act April 22, 1863, (P. L., page 552);
act April 6, 1870, (P. L., page 946); act April 18, 1857, (P. L., page
239); act March 16, 1861, (P. L., page 147); act March 28, 1867, (P.
L., page 592); act March 26, 1859, sections 1 and 2, (P. L., page 262);
act April 12, 1873, section 2, (P. L., page 715); act May 13, 1856, sec-
tiom 6, (P. L., page 568); act April 18, 1859, section 1, (P. L., page
595); act April 12, section 1, (P. L., page 715); act February 2, 1867,
section 3, (P. L., page 138); act April 12, 1873, section 3, (P. L., page
715); act February 2, 1867, section 4, (P. L., page 138); act March 14,
1865, section 1, (P. L., page 320); act March 27, 1865, (P. L., page 786;
act February 2, 1867, sections 1 and 2, (P. L., page 137); act March
24, 1868, section 1, (P. L., page 444); act May 18, 1856, section 7, (P.
L., page 569); act April 12, 1867, sections 2 and 4, (P. L., page 715);
act April 1, 1836, section 52 (P. L., page 445); act March 13, 1865,
sections 2-9, (P. L., page 321); act June 1, 1885, article V, section
1, (P. L., page 48); act February 2, 1854, section 11, (P. L., page 29);
act June 5, 18838, (P. L., page 79); act April 21, 1858, section 2, (P. L.,
page 385); act May 18, 1856, section 9, (P. L., page 569); act April
30, 1864, section 7, (P. L., page 220); act April 21, 1855, section 17,
(P. L., page 268); act March 30, 1859, (P. L., page 302); act June 11,
1879, section 2, (P. L., page 131); act February 14, 1881, section 1,
(P. L., page 8); act April 21, 1855, sections 14 and 15, (P. L., page 267);
act April 17, 1861, (P. L., page 354); act May 13, 1856, section 8, (P.
L., page 569); act April 14, 1851, section 8, (P. L., page 591); act May
13, 1857, section 2, (P. L., page 489); act March 21, 1862, section 1,
(P. L., page 152); act April 17, 1866, section 2, (P. L., page 969); act
April 19, 1883, sections 1-18, (P. L., page 9); act March 28, 1814, (P. L.,
1813-14, page 304); act June 26, 1885, section 1, (P. L., page 193); act
February 3, 1824, section 1, (P. L., 1823-24, page 18); act February
2, 1854, section 11, (P. L., page 29); act April 19, 1883, section 6, (P.

216 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

L., page 11); act April 21, 1858, section 2 (P. L., page 385); act
May 16, 1857, section 2, (P. L. page 549); act March 31, 1864 (P.
L., page 171; act February 16, 1866, (P. L., page 50); act March
11, 1846, section 8, (P. L., page-115); act March 22, 1869, (P. Ii;
page 477); act April 17, 1861, (P. L., page 354); act February 3, 1824,
sections 7 and 8, (P. L., 1823-24, page 21); act March 11, 1846, section
1, (P. L., page 114); act April 16, 1845, sections 3-5, (P. L., page £96); -
act March 13, 1847, (P. L., page 340); act Apri] 12, 1859, (P. L., page
543); act March 11, 1846, sections 2-6, (P. L., page 114); act April 21,
1858, section 9, (P. L., page 387); act January 23, 1849, sections 3-5,
(P. L., page 686); act April 9, 1861, section 5, (P. L., page 269); act
May 18, 1856, section 11, (P. L., page 569).

AMOUNT OF TAXES COLLECTED OR RETURNED FOR STATE PURPOSES
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1899.

apesOUeCa Dita’ StOCK i... -0.e <a wus chaatesre me eiieleitere alee $4,567,962 24
ec On Mate sS LOCK Woe. cuneate se rd eee cloyieudee tates 550,310 17.
AXON STOSS TECCIPUSy jth c iis sek cee, sie Bets a eee se ad ee 753,933 13
(PAxOn STOSS "PLEMMUMS,” f.te4 sls dnd elkcoet $s ersSiece Bee ares 42,354 18
NGLEISN INSUPATICE’ COMPANIES, 02. cise). «so onciske cue *646,774 75
PR eRe OMG Sl OLLIE, Se cacns 3s ars idies ae Maver macs A eee eae, te ene 1,295,120 01
POMS BOM, <CHAVLELS : j.lia, iiss sept Dia oe eae ee ae eee 780,087 45
Pua ON ME’ CALNIDES OL LNCOMC, #o4.60s 5 4 vlanese od we ties 96,126 06
Paxson collateral: anhWeritances, 0 ¢.aare ess oon ee oe 933,575 OL
are PeELsOual> PLOPeL lye. a.ci0 0 cic sic eon oats se arate 72,764,258 48
Beg WALES, (WILLS, ECUS: (CUCL 15 2 cases, 6 bo. cris a.aerane 144,040 62
MELCAM TLE TCC SESS fei. ausS ee eeloichins heres ee Gitar 518,148 65
MWiholesale lqmor LCeNSes, 9.2... os ste. sees oda ee 448,686 74
Pett wil Ore WCCMSER, <: 28. rod. icine Gee es oen Pale see er ones 536,892 31
brewers and distillers’, licenses, 2. ....5 sacks .sgeue- 244,235 19
PSOUUleErS, SHCODSES,. 6 hadith ache ks com erage eee oie ree 156,822 09
TIMOR CENSES Hs sc eer. Sete ci ia et ass ree ers ere eee 42.466 25
Rating house licenses, x... 25> 3: ee ee 17,794 24
BEGETS WICCMSCSis<e ceSth pede lawns Gorfeatae sae ee ee 29,787 95
Auctioneers’? Licenses; 2/o<-ie.s. ees OE bids satel Miners 14,325 45
TROTHORLEES: UILCCHIBGR, Ud. oreo ie ce toy See cr Oe eee is 1,296 70
Pheatre: ciecus, <etcs sILGCeRSES: °.)., bes wk ecaae Boece oe 18,582 66
Notaries public“ COMMISSION, 2 4..5%. Sew ce a ere 2 22,150 00
Hees Of public OMENS: <hccb oe wotke = s oa | eee eee 178,840 18

Total,’ ..a:. saan teas pee ae erie ee eee 15,804,570 51

*One-half this amount was returned to the treasurers of the several cities
and boroughs of the Commonwealth, under section 2, act June 28, 1895, (P. L.,
page 410), to be used as a fund for the relief of disabled firemen.

*Tbree-fourths of this amount was returned to the several counties of the
Commonwealth, under section 3, act June 8, 1891, (P. L., page 233).

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

217

AMOUNT OF TAXES COLLECTED FOR COUNTY, CITY AND BOROUGH
PURPOSES, AS PER REPORT OF SECRETARY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS
FOR YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1899, PAGES 384 AND 385.

County.

USTs AR A eer ye se a
Bee SERINE a. recs eyes nl o's age sta) alars epee weed os
PETA NIULUDL OS A aire fh rcy eWcltn ay’ crartts want es, ean ehalha/ 5 8r wi'aste
SAAMI a eave aad viv tic/e¥s a avaiAnepare te aitelare’ es
Pr NRT AR en te Wace. Si -alaatee "a 1g eed seinevie le Geanee Paver aie
OSS sage ee per ere go eee
OSU TTCL So Si a ee ee a
TP ERCINCOT EG 8 ie re ae ee
COG? LESS. lois SRC oe A
LULL LESS, 1 eR en
SR IMENIRTOUCEO: ACES oF orercyieh af ipHsp ators ator el suet st mohecey «S/o
Pee PURCR (DEN ere fore Hetty axon fc Poviag Soe soja dais a Ghat Soataitce's et 3
Ee MEP ME Ea. se Sy ciaSh sted ahs fans dra Sve arshave iecaow one ois
Bead SNRs hata Soild oh sce onsiisiaNakahotes Syo),the of caseagss axe
SHO TMM race's yo oteils fe Palhei a) ta inxann bcs st awereterehs wueterets
MOET ICU TUR ce acy. t Scar iaXS Save) Wesel a no'aics: Sh ataletst ata abate
Bead ta cs tara 03 eta saa of Sean sesieck ol orig ssp areatns
HECHT TDG, ae nears a a ne ee
ROOM EPOED OV ED ome coop sig oke plas Siar o ss teas. Wale onc cerens +e i
SRT RMNUAUO NC eter Pees Koveanice ee oh.ch ht YG 1siesok find sku sae Mh
Pa PPT AA 8 Or ccagenexih c/s) uty ede 1oracartneyed eke voce seats ts
MORAN MENT erage A US6 So aveeaichaadendy s\'nye) ov aMatisd Sie R96) «ch aes
BAAN ANG fo teh aioe dice cas aces «) sdeahads! orf Sethe sae ate 6 a's
MMSE gat Auer coos ch oagere- 8) Shei seteeds tals \Sronet are
OIG, (a ee ene
LP SIPEG REGS eae Oye ae
DIOS <Sigiaaeie Gc ge ceo aeeee eee
AAR MGI UA NS pee, frai a eSBs, Bln cue Pe as dices eee ls dress
CRETE cogent: Moet Sep ade esnads. Bs. aiG. sc ere G.0 oe
MIEN ee rT, ce Pes IE wyoeud ae Gs ane
RerANMINTN OM aac vacis sic oye chars <a she ete ©
ATOR RRSP eyo tka os Cote: dpe lord. beats cnaeveoe
PEELS OREIME A, OSM UN Se ona Tae aud So adc ace ois here
TIDDTIS Gs 9 se Rt aa
ENGIN 02 WIT 1 ee oe
LEE CSET AAS ne ee
LE SITTER ELC Cp ORs OA ene
RS EATT Oh Mera EEE oSh ok Se-2\so a2 t's, 5 <i aieyecete! os, «
pea et Ae ek ne sie one Soe sees

15

Amount.
$26,127 60
5,194,904 09

60,947 15
86,637 16
26,840 13
209,124 37
406,950 47
74,030 28
94,259 62
44,878 22
126,314 22

5,160 88
26,298 55
61,372 17
53.337 35
AL AST 21

73,140 99
44,568 71
44,812 89
142,626 62

118,966 65
20,628 53
104,200 40
10,383
24,574
38,107
53,599
78.315
31,055
112,639
197,248
66,992
43,451
183,628

“1
a

m DD Ee & OO
OO EN BW OU OU OF

owe w& OS
or ee!

1

;

218 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

County. Amount.

DU7EINe, Ooo oer. eee ae ee aes so 5a chore oe ee eee 128,673 41
Pry UM TNS ee RF yee rere otitis o <.oeraden sie aera Pao kre 218,955 02
ise) ECS Na Pega Sry aA Ag eo OU digi cad ein BRED Bet ah Sass 52,273 66
| IES ECL A aed aie Pe I Se a a nO Oy SR ar 46,443 88
PPUGMNMIENS Shoe fe; Seseet 3 Ape eee ee wie teotats (aves arenes ts ee is MENS crs 31,662 19
INDENT OC sees Siceich aya ud BSS nz ales Moker a beats Mee Gunner el aiara eae 25,008 1
MIG EE OMIGISYs Sos e ace dare aie, Soa eSeretels Shei mle ceim pee euaceD es lets 112,678 99
MRGTNUOMIUS, cavcvehecsie 2 tacos wos a ois Rees hes MCE, Satet ona: 21,885 82
MOMENI TOM! *.)2':)./so aos 2k Gems oie aoe ee eee ee le 40,471 98
NOnuMUmperbaAmd.« © ccccra. met. iio syetaie heer atom char ee Saas ae oe 146,407 40
ELA te eae 7s ako stabs aca cee te Gio eaeieie wei tee ere ore ae 24,306 30
PEMA MIA. Gh. 4... sha Werte weia cs oe senake cnern wise larut aro 9,509,665 35
EU Meet tele rics ciatc iets aes Acct iain fo eich arose SR Rcnreue ee ee 13,466 64
PSOOUET Ny Sietaye Oho eh oe icac tee Se OS Cease ates Rare otsoes 42,276 18
BS SUN CANALGIE Utero) (Scotties eo te leonece RNG ae Reis ne toadea> woh ese 131,073 41
BSNL OMe es ets, ie wie ihe cis seer ois i oe eeartanct ces ter sate a ewind ee 14,410 81
PSMMITLE RS GU ah roy, 5 fone catia & Sie.) care spekatscnee of siers Cine leaders 44,209 42
BeTER AVE pie NS Sigs e sheks Ge i eacinye.caetei aha srace aa ines mes Saat - 4,296 00
SESE] NEGS LA AMATN GA We lege sycahasle lteatievole esol eracereasr ne + Gee a tusmeeweniwe 57,728 04
PU tete ce ern iesake os eee os ect ie TUNG, of aye une eeu re 76,233 69
DIMM ees iret tian s aos = <8ese sO ¢ Misia cp acetate eiroue eae ae ostecn: 19,224 75
AAT ANNO rc esa -a <r eAMs sa. Sao tin oo 2 RRC Tae whereas Caleta eee Guewbrs 28,689 52
WNIT Aiea s «chao «5 cols 6 wilal ee aks SSR ica te wee ate ees te 35,519 35
SPAS IM SEO, ©. 'c'.. whs%s aie von ci astm eevee see rset kee eee 143,232 37
VNU ARVAIMISS rs Goudie 670s ova ts ae Paiaay SMetas on tts fancies ohelle eeeteuayeoenctanene, ot ee 26,695 16
DWCSPMIOLElANG: “5 sai tints oats Cowles ich ORGS. ee Seen ae “130,217 56
BOR ONINTIY AOI, 520 8 Sciaiar's. crue italy so! Oras ioe eas Wear elena fe aE Ae eee 22,135 27
PROS Mee a rece Ge ate, oh Pad = ago ceeteae Teas Oe ere Poe eae eee 150,772 70

POCA tears Sissi toms cies a ote so octal rs eee een $19,854,226 70

NOTE.—From the amount collected in each county, as set forth in column
number four, pages 384 and 385, of the Report of the Secretary of Internal
Affairs, is deducted the amount collected on licenses of all kinds, as set
forth in column number eight, of-said report, and the amount of State tax on
personal property returned to the Board of Revenue Commissioners for year
1899. On account of variation in figures, the amounts collected in a few
counties have been taken from the detailed reports of counties found in said
report of Secretary of Internal Affairs, pages 256-383. The amount given
from Luzerne county is less State tax only.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 219

AMOUNT OF LICENSES OF ALL KINDS COLLECTED IN THE SEVERAL
COUNTIES OF THE COMMONWEALTH, PER REPORT OF SECRETARY
OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS FOR YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1899,
PAGES 384 AND 385.

County. Amount.
SR enN AN eee 5 PUP co SS loinc: CAM Gaya aiaics via ¢ = 6. Shee at ws $7,890 57
Be Ese IEDs Yat erate falens fe sas iRiePa lave atduaieis «sera iace's) Siw aod 1,227,359 50
TUE STUTRLOTTIGSS, RS i i te 8,650 00
Pare HN MURS os ee Sct Th de aGe stint an Geechee ood Niele a the Fafa oo 11,394 50
> EU LADIECT, is) ARSE SSSI Pr Sa el TOA aire OE PAP 6,180 30
BBG crn iF ices Ya ctw senlgih Suse's St afaiat eh ade tues e mst oie OG 141,589 50
RMAs Se Sia Naseer os vic Sos ai ada sees es ae ees 46,474 45
Meee CRONE tnt ch 50 ce TSE e Atrovelts ana elSeyel Some wk aie lieve leo ote oie 15,452 00
CLES. .3 6c ay Gig een SNES nS gn ea ea age 23,692 52
RMT cy ose ses, Shictotetie ste Rane orem sale malt dyare,e 6 e 7,705 50
PRMTD TRA oy go Nee B a cis ahs ofa ie hoi 'eus)o ens, ela eveie! js asta 64,279 00
ELLIE ECCT, “tg ao era Oe ee 4,750 00
(SAT COIL! SS gaat cee ee 31,568 50
SELVES < say gE Ec ree a cea 8,826 00
PEER NW Meet ar cgsic, claus 0, «Alain elle» eiajochorere site 9 = 2.9 15,812 50
BOO AURIAW ID ee Ved Pearls tex c\3 ove’ SoMa ys jsiShie shes stove sisters s Sieh ears eal 9,620 00
co SDE TEDOU OLE Sy ce ROO etre he Pe ee ee 22,411 50
PRMBRC OMIM CS Sexo 0.2) ei cae SORE va ty ae Sonate Qe eG woelley + 8s ‘ 16,588 00
eer MUTI T A a seas eage ats clfars Sate 2 sichas Avis: 6: sue, stove Siete mets 16.704 00
Be RAUNT AE See cise care Tacs ace Ue rie 6, osc: « akeailetsboe 6hge 8m Os 32,788 50
MUSRRTRES teed LINGLE oes toes Ge ees o-oo) che oneness a oa Cce, at's: Wore, 6)'s'e0 8 es 10,094 17
CTE nee PRS SOR) Tc a Sar see RT ay ee ae oa 62,775 00
WRN AN O P ep ee, coreg toliodshe as sikis ob ofeiaratins. ot exe aide wren 8 6% 41,753 00
MB ORM Roy ors oivigy silo ash onecaceys eoeye ies AS oe Boise bres 12,971 00
SEG PERE One er. oe) Pe cuasoiciiaia aie eres cme css Pele te 113,226 50
MM MOA ee We Ween all. cro%.)e (ost eis lalsiGis oe Seve de 8% Viele’ eae sie 21,276 25
DIRS A G yelee ia ee Be Onan rec acne ee 1,911 90
“DT UDIRISINS SARA aha ne Se a le 9,984 84
CE AO TAMIR oye SG, oie oes se! a ad) Syaravs, sfansln acs) 0 0% sl aceiarnene S54 00
ee PRE ee Sas i Pe os SPA oy aiap Sore sietsi sig eraye exe a eneisl oe 1,687 50
ea TaON ECL OTN ed acolo =) arial os o1a.le a) coset meh eiisyeyaue, 6 Pca 5, es 2,885 50
OPUS mote ovens secs sf svo ial @-1% oss s)[e. © 66) shal a) sa: eee shele aha e's hans 1,200 00
| ELETSICi) “Sigil clic eo pmo moomoo aa once 11,026 50
MRAM ete Beet aerials ay cw. open oei.el si 0's} 060. © oc n:'e\e elo 69, 9's 2,620 50
PeSMeMAI TAIN oye tere tee os Rgat= niase & os) 1% lol 006 Giea!'s oe ine 194,251 51
| SUDSESTOWE 6 aS Races ate ie Oe ec ee ae 80,748 00
_AUSTIPSINOE 5 Sig A ee ce ee ae 15,922 00
MENON. Seas. sie em 6b Ronee Oe ea mee 30,046 74

ESTED Ge AOS oo GS GSO oc wn En Cn 80,086 00

220 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

County.

ROR CUMNO eet ca cus 2. Saree, snd ciel Gate SEs cree es
COUNT OR cc rs. het tye 5 0:8 Bo ha oases erReNeTe Mera
PRIA me leas aha 2 cas iss ota hee im Oleg eee eRe ae
UCT CET Sen putts 2 shd bos Sie oie Bie. of ORB eee ee
SPEEA AY 2 50552, in wah Wi arin idea phd oleate Spent a ee tsi ocak ee
IRVOTIE OCS is 7 ole didi tte ch es cs bles at otal teyar ape accep ieee te
MOMESOMELY,, 570 isc 6 ce co t/a js Weide) 5 18 way eoote sero © ats OS
AVICOREN TO UHI e.'s 2! eh ants csi totetan cystnte eiete hy eee Ree ere
IMOREHAMPEOM, Geisors outs tap) Sere re eet: EN
INOTUMTT DE CLAMG oe aug s Sete cate ees oh deeekes seek merce a eee
ORT AEE: ao Viceckeie hou « Sincas ike soto sees a naer
J ETOUITIEG (2 05] We Tiare ane oie DARN ReSAR amr cl Cones Ac era Br yO
HERR aces. celeb ails Gees EUS ok -hTe cavatobnte agente ohexe, secrete at ava getcht
LECCE OSE Siete oe Oa ear ae gm Meme eirare AOC TRE fal UST atl
SS Cua all Py cave ves nm taacc esate telah oe megeth Peer es eat an
SSL Ota Pie eee ge AIR en AERO, URS RA A arte eer Une a ae
SMOITIVE Soy esse oa a ee ea AT Ale Seine Medeg er CL
SUVA BIG i 1 8 ae tke AP, SECA a aL th Pe Dae
RICE SS YEG 1 AIDE as ag ae es Dk esata Paar checltods ook Nata ore nae
Se Am eta atas Se areater® ss Yoasen, ene cots ond atoms arene nae of
DITTO LOE” ES ai seen me RE GAR My we oo
ETI OS erry tcc. nite oe creat og en een Caen
EON Fears’ ic be 5! Scns s tomer ests beasts mrsromieredens terrors
NASH COM, act anette. cus eet Saas eer eee
\INY 2a 0 Ae omer ti Err TA, Ses rg ae NL
PFE SiO COLAC Oe, Cake tether ae ee ee ee nee
WAV OMIIIO es Loe wha wee ata antec enn eal Cee de, Mee
NC GTEC IN Sonne et ae a Peri Arce ea Or” ore Re OR, a te

COCA Lene Bgtrktis oa cat tah cick ae ca aeons ae ee

Off. Doce.

Amount.

198,960 00
55,965 55
32,184 7
10,241 00
3,979 00
9,324 50
46,309 50
11,365 80
70,052 95
58,921 00
6,185 50
2,727,902 31
3,872 50
3,274 00
209,221 50
5,321 00
8,968 00
14,181 50
14,677 50
9,929 00
3,712 50
16,121 00
9,312 20
18,865 00
13,857 00
39,306 06
5,414 40
44.247 00

*$6,067,883 51

*There was paid into the State Treasury during the fiscal year that ended

on November 30, 1899, for mercantile, wholesale liquor and other licenses,

per Auditor General’s report for 1899, $2,029,038.23.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 221

AMOUNT OF TAXES COLLECTED FOR SUPPORT OF THE POOR, PER
REPORT OF SECRETARY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS FOR YEAR ENDING

NOVEMBER 320, 1899, PAGES 884 AND 3885.

County. Aniount,
Rea errr emer h cud cha Latah doy hotels iso Ava emeNs, cc ey seey ht a a 6. 9s $10,800 00
BIER EMNY 8 erc,S. «act saree ais be Ye ae ON Aa AER ee 313,297 45
PPE SS ORL on, Nats! spay an ova ctw -eise'te) Sew elo cnei's: ais area: pid aevete « "9 23,878 32
SAV Meee taca cose; Scmckici eich ol erin ae bey elsia va ale ee eR ehaue shes 18,000 00
Ree AT MMS fae Sanit eo cue Me tcapean s auent tgs fot eae A te Bong 10,8383 33
i ae cere chen N-te tir sei o> eu cheek e a elieve ley sia eat er6) eel Oleva-eite 5d,895 56
Ra ANN ees S52) Ste Sole a, siding W'S Soeue Se ustdualethe d Gn ohare a asere 28,390 32
STEVIE BG oa tiene rine oc eerie aes Se ae mera 21,398 34
RE SMB ago Medasucleatie e yesci coe get shake eal enecacame obeys 12,500 00
Bam MCaT ERS 2.088 Silas oa 5 gs Mie bows awa ae ee a eld ad 27,903 71
«LLL LETS guts Apter a my RE PP a Sa 27,432 13
MIELE STONED Bett gcu eaten Sirsyt ap oh.'s, esas (6, a) 66 nares dap Sueneh Wie. o0,6 6,340 17
Se OLDER ets. Os, he he ei eas SAW ot aie ae he Soka e ei ate wate 27,611 24
Pee ER OME Eo ool. capo, ool? SIE A eroMas oho gst Woes E.8 igs YO AG) oPS sa. '0 + he 41,231 62
Ss LSE SILUCDLES, Tei a aa ie ur ar oR a 36,317 63
ee PINON Tel sche Re hae: nov See aus aise, oes Be tes 26,882 19
MEN SIL CUO we Wiese See esate. Sc scl ee ehe she slew: 6 eh toeltelene: oa) eure 18,689 59
UAT remeeet Yee tt cose hia) yen orel shore tot sy speeuen tele. sis whet a8 Satelite 19,768 O7
UOMO IA, 6 es ete ew ee ee es Tn sae ere Bes neeee were same 30,396 94
BURA NALCO NGC MR ee Pea! cf 05s SP ea, © oho. Sienna cue GPa eisEsia 1S Mas go + ace Pal beta Lee)
PUT AE PU ANN CLS he Nay eee cdo ores epee ere wie one ever er oh evaoe i tlle Rhee 12,000 00
MPEAUNTY BDUT Meas cies ge retisya sis ciln. ster vis agouesaice's) sfmiaviele. dis’ ais, 6s. ¢..su0' ss 38,724 02
MeV UIC cetera <ocile = i: Sal o Scifelshyio'std ei Sionel sree 9 mysile a) wars see 31,200 00
i Fm Pete ios oho ys vatre a 05 he Ey gas avolge, ae sans da Stele! oat er eho De 22,965 00
MN Mee tc ne cote Mee onicilar ea sdckcustetold) oes Glo dws ote ove BAe 45,112 05
RR OUM CME Eran sie iereike Ceci cny cists Seve eicie seis aes eae « ngele 6 0.6 28,068 86
OMAR ere Poe fe raf Sh dsl stately slPadisrio, 1616 afer Sh auc tyahe dae #4 CASOTI0
Rete IMNCAUINA See ene Lei tert s wicte Wale 50M 'ap & ohare tee 15,108 10
UMNO TIPU Sete ee oes. = hs cols ei) «ice yo' sin, 3-60 wilohe ay sy ench ths 2,007 42
aie a et cee a ea ce ote oe vs) o dile) ous Sato'6 o's Sanse suake eles 13,300 00
RSUNMEMMUNT LOU eset cha «Soe cw) as 3) Soew Guage 4a) @ bien chesarntys a tales 14,355 00
MMAR APM ef iro oe ot Sols ro) «01073! «\ ots, subaslelic, wi ava'e e/eral alc aleehe wears 23,690 14
ae MN OUP eA Me ios on clio tela on tise del halons e'ah eet hid! sue.8 » Geade’ wisi 8 30,007 87
TLEIIEY UR. Se k Oey te 14,530 28
© TMC ES SSIES Se 6.5 Beate ee Rae ce Re Ce 120,307 23
OP UL REySHNGIOL 4 SNe laetee iis acs ro a 65,682 53
eR es CME eR CRN Retina ese eRe ieee elacew wial s « Sleds oe 23,2388 18
“2 SLINGS Gg NOE eR 17,500 00

eis MPO WS sn ath Seible w Siaie lace 32,023

18

222 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Luzerne,

McKean,

Pike,
Schuylkill,

Somerset,
Sullivan,

Tioga,
Union,
Venango,
Warren,

Washington,
Wayne,
Westmoreland,
Wyoming,
York,

PGE OSU Om 27 oo Walns sta de hove. Steere ee ee cet ane ae ae
TCT aR ol aca co sol's pie) &erbtia io aS tact he pe eo
AVENEL ester e a oc < «sie oka \alle sisne' iduava Seinen Sige ieee
POE ORS Geni sds, 2% wise. a wes Soatel Sco aero «baste nan ieee oe
POG OMICDY:, 2. 32.062 o 2.5. ousolareiets Sere soeneee tale See ees
PRAT UE ca 8 6, 0 Sepa silanes Loses kaha yells ewe Roe NS pee
UAE EN AIT) HOT, 850 e oe peices, eos cuchen teehee oe eee ere ne
NCRIC EMERITUS TEAM eis. sete: ayes cake ttenseysi oust ace ction a rer
ROUT so tcc cae, ile aos eens) «:b asacie fore Cveh avs hone orale) acai etme ail

ew ne) ee (6)'@)s) e},e) ).e\ 76 of «6! e) 06) \a) ‘a! .0) 6, ©) .8), 8 0) 0.8, \© 40/70) a)" 6
ORS) (Pile y els) (e) 10) [0] ©). ee) 0/6) 6] ©», 'e) ©6116) 61:6 |eme) 16) 6) e)1 0: © 0/10/10) (6, (61-6) (6) © .s)e)(0

EO TAB CU ee ce Ccuouads oe ere hells saiSiek wis ee wee e dso eae es

TERY LETS Biche totcych nee aiceeo o aealc ii ws Sues Matas cage ee eke
SIGE MEI CHIN TI Aly SeVa oe coarse lag Gaede seats eithe cee oars

© (0: ©) © © ©) 6) 6 0, 6.6 & 0 0 0 0 0) 0.0; © © 0.0 <0 © 0) 0 © ©. 0 © 0 00.0 e © 6 0 e160

one; 01 (¢) (¢, Cfo © 6 ¢, 6 8 0 © 6. 6's 0) '0| (0) © 6 6) 0 @ © «6 © ¢ ee) 0) 6

Off. Doc.

Amount.

131,123
50,153
20,550
30,121

3,484
12,117
48,986

8,776
21,500
56,830

8,776

500,978

4,859
21,644

114,394

22.408
21,113
14,637
13,634
14,866
22.150
18,617
39,000

7,083
35,000

$2,603,482

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 223

AMOUNT OF TAXES COLLECTED FOR SCHOOL PURPOSES, EXCLUSIVE
OF STATE APPROPRIATION, PER REPORT OF SECRETARY OF IN-
TERNAL AFFAIRS FOR YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1899, PAGES
384 AND 385.

County. Amount,
BRUM MINIMISE Srey cli, Steers e Sic ef fw ra agiPous arsueeiis S¥e,6 00-3 4-0-8 ieee $33,766 35
BRMEOETONNV oP a, «cS tes wheat aps we lis ws cyai's eae Aavare S6-S soto 4 1,667,255 34
I STELY SRT SI) See fei cr eae en aa D0,3LT 41
RE MENDES orc. Fe TA © con) ns6.ia ogo °a (oii 6m Ge elas Wn eho ts vi 103,875 38
Redford, MERU ete Gneur ane sos oie eters. bole fe tiene tere) oe cee ais 54,766 01
ema NM Bosra cao ais ate ella: js. 6's 8 wis waves oo Bienes! Aleck Shek oes 273,079 57
COLD UES 8 Sie SPR A 176,518 81
ISEAGTORG, 2 c.05. oO deta ood uke Sober acces ae 114,189 41
Beene Ochs ate ve hiad™ 1216 cis ek cee inie vibes Ge eyes. salve ase 123,788 41
Batler, MS ee eM cee ney pci shecerc)s wcnhbe «G's Saye. «Se, «, abe. sch 91,120 55
eS MMAMMA MSL GL roo ec 5 ACLS) a yay soe oa 0 Hie se us 8 Vie [Sa esi bis ave: aye 5.06 188,068 36
ReaPIREN OMG pete s oreo orate Sra eseelene ie signe aye Side nueiaa% OS S08 8.0, 8"6 15,580 30
Carbon, ee 69,028 83
Perey ona ic hia alaiiscays «lo 6s S'ele o Wie et ls'e eelele 6 alape eve, 0s 59,066 50
PE UCHR seers ysis ci see. 3 0.5, ais ‘etfs sia byaik ayes sins Sloe es ee' @ Se 181,105 61
SUPCTTNS » EEA een ela 42,839 39
Bm AEAT Oar 22 hs, sto. ore tov as/ay 3a oa cus ero loo alersue/s og 8 \d7erae 2 8 os 97,771 33
TED 1 DUT 5 SAR ae a ee re 45,110 99
Sean emEID PT ctticccy cc.ccote Sst. 8 Sets cus Sia.e A ope Picyees o's Dele be ow bots 65,121 72
ESR LCOTRG LS 6 oar Ont 148,180 40
PME UATN hes fF 2 ota ay oisnn che 6 cairays ada re S00 > elas 5 goes 72,891 50
O SNDATUNTN Sew Pee 7 ee a ee 228,686 22
PENCE WAR Oa cc 0 a isha oes oSht os iSlwtelle v ai'elai ge iB) e-6) 60 6 weds 8 6 65:85 206,169 73
RUROMEM T chs Uy Sele io oS Sasa Shes io Sues eins swe 5,6 5s 63,250 00
RM On Notices a araiae¥s alotehelclieis Js Gee esses > ue veae 238,884 00
Reet Ae ra tictc cheeses 5 ars eters GEIS 8 sisa'o ba Bes 147,755 55
MeO eee rsh es 5 0o eco oi Pal a isieheh 2.0 levaibn ‘efoto: 5, ielois, ss a0 tie Guske 24,882 33
ie aR ALIN Re Py Ng 5 ay crite acid) ~ <) aie) se og ahayelege e.0/5 asiers ete 72,640 61
RR TIPMMEER Boece cP SILMTD) faa oy slat sulsie\ = bus 6 6:50 siaiie 2 J0'e 8 wre 08 8,131 72
Erecne, OEE A BAM N of es, oe es ehcoes seals ober e ci hatlouere es 29,075 39
ePMERINTOULOM er iret eh iaic's's. 2 <1 ole kts Bish aslalgiaceie'e Ss alews ¢ 49,007 68
REIN OA ee oo ofc 2 pS Ss 5 opts wos el wieie's to's e o'eie Sb sere 44,388 29
TL ESM: So Stee Ge ee ne, ee 59,396 02
UATRUIS 02 Bok AR Ges See ers en gra 15,965 07
MME MNVEAIED > er tete cyalcrs aioe, 2 o'k wists die o/5.008 + wi eile si dvsiere se 6 475,406 33
DS EVSUNGIR) RCS Si ae oe 258,218 97
Lo) SELL GB. doa pies et en oa 96,561 54

8 TU. os GEORG Ont Oe Oe ae ire $5,838 53

224 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE -. Ors Dac

County. Amount.
eR Lee eye hoe are ere eee ee he oa ON Le Beale Ue 177,950 27
NB ZETEC 2s BLS Chas oe ota. bere SB thee, | Bece Mere e | 85. 9° 755,940 88
PVC RUA ere oye aad gosh a cktie ee cle Ce orate et cue, 138,211 39
BVI ARCS AAU ee ofS. sc, SAN yt tS AME oe Gg eo ape aN 119,556 04
CGE MEME shies oes Ste ashe Stele <i eionse t kaE in cte nae 94,141 70
NPRRULTIEINM NS hehe. OP a Sop 3) aim) Gane aio ate gale eae e coeranebege rere 25,911 92
IUPATEN OE: Wee, 6, Seated tc asc iret Lew emnara eae Mae ee ae 28,005 46
TOTS OMICR YS 55 ots)e cioise of ok/a x aoe siedergia araneterstahe weaelgne sence 389,737 36
ISTMEE CREE I8s 52.05) 2 19S ual tae years oes vege Is eee Cee ee, ee 18,547 54
IGEN AITL UO, 4.02.00 vaverctstn cig, scnagtie a en ueeaero rece me 210,856 01
Wortinamberland yy) he..055 etre e-cehs cp eetbele ween elas ee 165,149 67
NT Regge csc os ic, ays et eee evade ts wile Sar spel a Biavand osoydin tee cee eke 26,652 52
LEASH TS (210) Ub ee ee Ph ae ae AE GIMME OU COS meaner 4,214,049 37
LETC Ss APOE aE Se Ae a are a ER Te SO Se It gH to 11,187 O04
CHRUCIN Bypeetot co eae ha cat Cae ages the ae ee ee 52,032 55
Ss de NMA Rat Ue ad i a RU Nagy rs Ga ohcUcvreeee) oRSge ok ot Nenas tel 1a wo Apeilse RS 332,199 75
BS CIM Preise... Siew she treteuene ssittc OM rare eeeriaks aes sore aae 12,539 21
PIG TMNGH SEU meats cach ace ate Bark ais BR musi eens ele seeteie Sue asus 55,251 83
SSE MUMIA Steers ee EG ashy oa Aueran feleaic’ GUS oh ol «thas aloes a teig ano 16,604 47
SMES AMM AV AMIN A gore arpette Zeya Csycabapshestep he Sencunrsttue eh tuebees mie eveae do 45,294 15
SIRSRy ERAN etree eon ce Maire a o Se in Sis) wat ouel Saye! eaeeie wlan Meeker 82,745 02
Ea ee ere ko co chores MU eS a eee 18,381 06
DINAN O8 ae ctrayd assent 2 fn: by xfsi's. © eesti, Sayonara ace, Cael ee ae es 116,341 70
DOANE S IN: oe Se wir nach 3) «Sky Seat Ee woe Spe PRehes Niayas er eeatienso ie eeye 90,174 89
SV EAUSHTTV OTE OT. a3. 0 a's Ye nahh create ames ee ete el eer ered ees AL 147,620 46
\\/2 00 eae gre. od Me eDaily s ope apacca te aap ee 48,475 58
REM UMOLCLAM Cou soc thom ec voy iar Me: sich ca.sreaerd ergertae sienehe tae eben 249,683 54
BRU y UEMNIEEN O60 9) Siar 2s eee a tal Ah, inl ao). 4 tol esi ein, eereteietiael ses creer = 27,1380 68
SRACHEREY - Bysten se sahayrite are) ahs, oho seyait eeia tle aces's eaeie ta apacenttn epee ests 159,050 88

PSOE eave aga tcds aret chek se eas, Case Ate alt tare eee ciate pee $13,612,622 76

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 225

AMOUNT OF TAXES COLLECTED FOR CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR OF
STREETS, ROADS AND BRIDGES, PER REPORT OF SECRETARY OF
INTERNAL AFFAIRS FOR YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1899, PAGES
384 AND 385.

County. Amount.
0 ORTEDIEL, “y ca BNS Sil a os sete een SP ee on $41,402 42
BME OMY Aira saeacdhire Wla dared ayes Nears gs Phan SAN ae ban 1,477,750 13
PMI SIEUONT Ont Wer aks, Neve Mines Pisce ob a ates Gale tie hy oS woeees 47,953 93
re NES Sa ee eke AA. Sia aah haves oeraleve Sukie Oe otc 150,269 76
ILS TR OL, aaa Soe ne ne Ce a a 49,516 8&3
STR S) 2 gia AI ea elaine Aste ene ee en Mee 267,570 27
eM ec hh Sek Ae SES ati wnshate ane Meteo Syren det 139,488 64
MR CCD ere Fe san asic Reds astt otnla. «plea Gus seas seh ap eldovice? oa. 138,070 00
Pema SS ois on hav «1a Heo De wae dawns 170,252 55
OLIVE one 25-6 Stig a Nera see ce ee 116,699 40
AUSUIOITIE). RIE Svan eg ee he 133,852 38
MER UOT Epo ays Shite alts cus « Sek Gap eS opine somes ak aes 19,641 59
PMO NIP N Pe oa os spe sects dos 15 alGiishe Ue ake Bios gee A 35,138 29
OE BUTEES so ty.6 a SI A eee 52,382 72
(UESUREIE.. “ig lols dBea SI Pa ee tae 205,516 83
—LEITO ID hc Nae ee 49,865 32
1 Ee TIORB ICEL, See RGIS ea ee eS 120,624 09
MUR SEIMMNA ses 2h ee Maco cals ne dud Oia or ak S.a eB ener aaa St 53,827 74
oe DTS OTIS "8 ae ere oe ee are ae 64,613 75
—EREILOURGD, 2 aR 0 eS ee 109,381 54
TINE ENEMA Mgr sea etnias Se Aetna ne % Soret fae on 70,397 98
Be NPRM ep 5). rN Po then a) ccs ain, Binge ave Siorces ee ere ya ess « 236,884 51
Lo E AASTVEILRES SSI ps ele Neat PO RR a re 191,195 00
OE, 9 6 8 SASS SERRA ea ease re Orne Pr ees 53,600 00
LEE. scp OSE SAPS nn 99,259 24
eI IR MR Be a 2 ro te) ais lode) Si iciia ode) Goals eine 6.0 fae cs 164,683 45
VL ESTE 2 5 hele SOC eo a ra 21,367 05
OE ULE Ts Gy nec ee 51,703 30
IM cs oa aoe ata ws Qatone Sass are Alvida ok 9,535 02
(VE SETVE. 28. chS-2 6) Spc gprs ee Mane : 54,388 71
emma RE ECL CN TN arrest tek ese V5 Ret state 5 a)/sheeeonse’ o's sits x's o's 2s 59,944 69
MME NTMI Sera oh oe ehh he sits teielicn + sia.sidic.s els seule ob 72,149 30
RMPCMIMECHLO TIPE OM Re ce eh 2 Sen nist © ave emons 34-0) aS ars. 77,680 74
NIM er. a etala ass biecna'd Srna ie bk bisa ee + % 19,750 07
|r 7 DSP SINUS ep SUNN ae re 63,558 23
sens LASER” Fo SR Sa 316,210 90
MECN I ee eure oa coos ae wR ew ne SR 59,079 51
8) MGI el nel AA Se re 81,538 38
(o BUD. pd Slope ete ee 62,667 92

15—6—1901

226 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

County. Amount.

NGNZECENG. AS acts seen eiee nn, tell a ce nicl aes ork ere 300,483 13
Diy COMIN AG ergs et ies cts S Gen aes oaisre a ctaie 85,797 83
IEC IMCAM ey rereterrre Coat c we haart shee tes layoe Breet Sis eee ess 82,780 25
INEGRGCTO etre cea te ceate 2h ea etc Rio arees Sid Se area kw bias Oe 107,438 90
Je [0 ICC eli eg ROR, Saeco eee aera 29,359 81
UG) OR OTEE 5 een ee ec Se DS aie, Aes ae Seen a ee 32,692 23
WieaiieeOMAeL Yee i ote t.. seit eae Sek et me See 381,616 17
AVIS TA (NURI F508 x Sec Sisal we ced de jos eda ona eo heer eae ete eg 13,084 58
INORUEAMN CODY: scicse cls tite vaso scons receneietomegeleteyetarte tegen eae 135,968 20
Northomiberiand, 2 3h. cototeraet sik an eee ee oars eee 30,643 82
A CUT Yia gctecs, 5. cee: oo asc, si fetes aoe niente ia etter wach che ane abet al ere ere nee 36,018 36
LEO ENO) CNIS. Core iercocinn lb Gat Sorin Nba to bh 5 3,343,783 92
EUR ae eer fe cis ee yas tnt Meas Stags eyetn cite e eye STONE 13,454 13
SOC UED css 5: orca ates) s i2ihe, ohap ter erases toRie savas Gael Rema ai eeee ocos 56,802 69
PSG mnO LRTI Odessa ova o es, Syepes ahh weep ete stenakers uemin nee tress 214,657 69
BALD WOLCE 7 cara bier oseieceellece 2) tyne abees aheve lp OF Gis waeiess aoe aye earn e 23,958 72
PIOMIGENCLS. le Asie icuevelcseereire aiaitcs, Sven's tverauwae ac se, sender oes 59,971 70
PSTUMIUVAMDS fevrerat niko bie cnc SMP EIE Se ara dopeesSlmere « ooier avateniener eure 28,599 96
PUES Che TAIN; 7575 Sara « Sis a lehornus @ aittate se ahotevouietaluertenet oy terete 50,722 25
LETC, AA ae ee PD NEA ona Sg ear ae rar spt Ua 109,705 48
HEAVEN OST = co fa ws c,s5 Lovo.'o ldovotiste “atlnne cia exe Yereieds atctsdeweue: teint ate pe 22,491 88
SPST ANDO 5 05.5.6 oe ach chattel 61%, onda Si ntatn ce Momecata cece 'ehepebereen tome ates 114,325 39
WN ANIC Ts ack seine cduay acetals niet ach aura va louoiavedemaTaaate a ate isue ares 88,101 94
VRS TAR CUO MG os mica ekaiee to eioheauh ebayer ae een ote nore 207,220 07
PP WpeD INC ey ctr sacri eet ct ners crete idea role eestueysee) Sue mee A 54,032 20
AES PATEO VENA iet ce acces ect eetaeas ote eer hes steel bw hohe 240,207 22
MU VAVADEINTEA Os ter oja's 1 sisic sede veweteo + ie heheja ie een,o-ae tsyoleen Means 22,868 02
PYLOR Pie wieshc ausicie ae chats eae Oa at om ouiane ec eeestate ees 218,699 78

PROTA ES 8. nae raw areeanaver on staves ig, eich ste Dineen Ole eerene $11,812,528 50

RECAPITULATION.

Taxes collected for State purposes, ............... $15,804,570 51
Taxes collected for county, city and borough pur-

TIOSCN eo joie-ore aediaio's.s sve eisseaa saci wre eke eetero tae eenene arene 19,854,226 70
incensed of allskinds collected: 5-5. 4-c- tice 6,067,833 51
maxes collected for support of poor, 4.2.2... 202 wera 2,603,482 18
Taxes collected for school: purposes, ............... 13,612,622 76
Taxes collected for construction and repair of streets,

BO AGS PAU DELGOOS) i. circ. css soe chums ene eee eT eae: 11,312,528 50

DOTA rae 5 ee wos o hce oe ee Wie Sine Aap eater Geo $69,255,264 16

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 220

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ROADS AND
ROAD LAWS TO THE STATE BOARD
OF AGRICULTURE.

S. R. DOWNING, Chairman.

Harrisburg, Pa., January 23, 1901.

As the years go by, public sentiment in favor of solid roads in-
creases. The growth of this sentiment is due, in large part, evidently,
from agitation of the question at farmers’ institutes and by its dis-
cussion in National and State bulletins sent out by our Agricultural
Departments. Reforms, no matter how necessary to the public
welfare, must be preceded by a vital, persistent, educational pressure.
Thus time must elapse and the public suffer until the “eyes of the
blind,” as it were, are opened. Not many years ago few would con-
sent to the public macadamizing of roads upon the sole objection
that it would be raising the tax. Now the public have reached so
far in the alphabet of the movement as to know of a certainty that
if we do not sow we cannot reap, and that good roads are virtually
dividend payers in the way of saving, not only in taxes, but in the
economy of draft and time. And yet, notwithstanding that this
light has been thrown about us by the insistent advocacy of what
is for our good in the betterment of roads, and notwithstanding we
may really know that money in solid roads over which we may not
travel is equal to money invested for profit in building and loan
associations, yet there are a multitude of instances where the citi-
zens of townships object to the improvement of roads mainly for
the benefit of the people of other townships.

To be definite, in township A the citizens refuse the improvement
of a certain thoroughfare, although perhaps a State road, on the plea
that few tax payers of township A’ use the road, whereas such
road is a thoroughfare between townships B, C and D and the county
town. The townships B, C and D have no remedy as against town-
ship A. The citizens of township A feeling that there is injustice in
the matter, appeal to the grand jury for county aid. The county is

228 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

placed exactly in the position of township A. It refuses aid upon
the plea that but a smail minority of its citizens will reap the benefit
of any outlay by the county. An instance can be cited of this “dead
lock,” as it were. A road extends out from Philadelphia twenty-two
miles to a borough of about ten thousand population. This road is
splendidly macadamized with the exception of two miles in one town-
ship and a half mile in another township. The county refused aid
through the grand jury, one of the townships refused private aid
to the sum of one-third the cost of the betterment, and agaiu the
supervisor of said township refused to permit the building of the
road by contract unless a large part of the cost of the improvements
in money was raised. The supervisor was evidently loyal to the
will of his constituents in the matter; nor should we be disposed to
reflect upon the citizens of the township. Evidently, legislation is
needed in the case here cited that will justly equalize road taxation.

One of the townships cited adjoins the borough, north, south and
east. This township has more travel to contend with than any other
township in the county, and is gradually macadamizing all the ap-
proaches out from the borough. Although citizens of the county,
south, east and west are using these roads abutting the town, the
county refuses aid. There can be no compulsion in the matter.
What shall be done to break this and kindred hindrances? Motor
carriages from Philadelphia, rigs from Montgomery and Delaware
counties pass over this thoroughfare, except when blocked by the
two cited mud patches. Thus our county is disposed, if anything,
to lay the burden on the State. Is not the county justified in this
and weuld not State aid consistently solve the problem and remoye
the hindrance?

REPORT OF THE LIVE STOCK COMMITTEE TO
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

M. BE. CONARD, Chairman.

Harrisburg, Pa., January 23, 1901.
Mr. Chairman and Fellow Members of the State Board of Agricul-
ture:
Your Committee on Live Stock, beg leave to make the following
report:
' Pennsylvania has wonderful and almost unlimited resources, and
not among the least is the live stock industry, which we think is

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 22¢

yel only partially developed in proportion to our natural facilities.
Coinparing our vast and fertile acreage with older countries enjoying
no better advantages than we do, we find the results obtained by
them so far surpass our feeble efforts as to make us bow down our
heads in shame. Look at little Denmark, with one-third the area of
Pennsylvania, keeping her two million cattle, feeding the epicurcs
of the world with ‘‘gilt-edge” butter and cheese, while Pennsylvania
buys more dairy products than she makes. And France, witb her
well regulated stud laws, controlling the selection of the sires of her
horses, enabling her to produce a uniform grade and quality of horses
that find a ready market at very remunerative prices awaiting them,
whenever she has a surplus. Look at England and Scotland, whio
so fastidiously guard their sheep industry, which has come to them by
inberitance through generations long since departed, and is now the
envy of the whole world.

Do these countries possess any natural advantages that we do net?
Is there anything there to surpass our own green hillsides and bouuti-
fully watered valleys? Can they raise foods that we cannot, that
makes it possible for them to produce more and better horses, beef,
butter or sheep than can be raised in Pennsylvania, where the best
feed grows in abundance, and Yankee wit, perservance and ingenuity
reign supreme? What country can produce a feed that will equal
the corn plant, which yields such abundant crops upon our Pennsyl-
vania farms? Then what is wanting that our grand old State should
enjoy the same place in the markets of the world for live stock and
its products that oifer the greatest compensation to the producer?

It is upon live stock that all farming operations are based.
Imagine a county, township, or even one farm where no animals ex-
isted,— what could be more nearly dead, desolate or stagnated. The
animals make the market for the rough products of the farm. They
are the manufacturing medium of the farmer and the fertilizing
medium of the farm, and may be compared to the machinery of a mill
or factory. For it is by reason of their presence that most of the
crude preducts ‘of the farm are converted into marketable products
for human food. The importance of our domestic animals cannot be
over estimated; nor can they receive much care and attention, for it
is largely by their thrift we prosper.

While Pennsylvania possesses within her borders almost one hun-
dred and fifty million dollars worth ($150,000,000) of live stock, you,
committee thinks that if more care and intelligence were practiced,
an increase in the live stock population would result in a marked in-
crease in the revenue. This population, and valuation thereof, as
nearly as we could ascertain, is made up as follows:

230 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

TOS; 000 SWORSOAG) RUD specie sary eg sioner <ieule ee <p eso sreuere $59,100,000
(570,000 of these are kept and used on farms—
over two-thirds of whole number.)
GHG (ere eRe De rors avs) sneh ote vw a) ovieldn aeRO ehatsye Wee eters 4,893,360
(89,000 of which are kept and used on farms,
leaving only 22,167 to be used in mines,
cities, ete).

e200 COO dary COWS, (GIS), oe -joccateraeis oe aps sees haan 42,000,000
750,000 steers, growing dairy stock and bulls @ $29,.. — 21,750,000
SoU OOO MSHee DO" Po-90) oo) ecco eiste 9 suse ses eae 3,237 000

GDUOr @aats (GSS. 50) cree cise <5 sete es enue oy ie kin nt eae 22,750

POO OOO swe (De lcGil, 5%. nce: aris 2 raat ence ste creat . 8,571,000

Poultry, (we make no estimate of pigeons,
hares, dogs and cats, which are not without
WUE) Sepa ae Be ona ge ea ete eset cree ena aeereRN es pose 8,236,000

Considering horses and mules, it is evident that the farm teams of
the State must either be a heavy expense to the agriculturist, or they
might be a source of a handsome revenue besides the work that is ex-
pected of them in the regular routine of farm duties. The profit di-
rectly derived from our farm teams depends upon quality, and what-
ever source we look to for supply, and how they are treated and dis-
posed of after the work is done. For want of definite information,
it is hard to estimate what proportion of farm teams are produced on
the farms where they are intended to be used; but we are inclined to
think it is net so large as it should be; for in the sections of the State
that possess the best natural facilities for horse raising, they depend
almost wholly on shippers of western and southern horses for their
supply, paying the outside cash value for very uncertain quality, in-
stead of reaping a revenue from other localities for stock raised in
excess of the home demand. And it is a lamentable fact that when
colts are raised there is generally little or no attention paid to quality,
adaptation of kind to work, and much less to selecting stock that will
command the best prices in our city markets.

While we are well aware that a mixed husbandry is not suitable to
all farmers, nor to all farms, we are of the opinion that if a careful
study were made by each farmer or stock raiser, of just what he was
best fitted for, :nd what his farm was best adapted to, there would
be plenty of peor'e found in Pennsylvania to raise all of our farm
teams, and furnish a large part of those used in other cities besides,
if mot all. Or, if a definite and desirable type known to exist here,
we would have no difficulty in finding export trade for our surplus, as
does Denmark, in additien to her immense dairy industry. In short,
we wish to suggest, or even insist, that when colts are raised there
should be more attention paid to proper selection of kind for a definite

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 231

purpose. As soon as the very general custom of breeding the old,
worn out or vicious mare to the lowest priced horse is abandoned,
breeding will cease to be a lottery, and will be followed by regular and
satisfactory results.

We have nothing to urge as to breeds. But we may say in passing,
that location has much to do with the kind that should be raised, and
that each breeder should consider carefully what breed is best
adapted to his work and for his personal use. He will then find that
he will be successful, no matter what breed he may select, for there
is a ready market open for good horses of any kind, but they must be
good to bring the highest prices.

The success or failure in raising even a well-bred colt, depends
very largely upon the care and attention it receives during its grow-
ing years; at a time when its size, disposition, feet, legs, joints and
even general conformation will yield to treatment received—be it
good or bad.

Mules are taking quite a prominent place in the work teams of the
State, and command quite good prices; perhaps more uniform than
those for horses, and are quoted $5 per head higher. There have been
quantities of mule colts six months to one year old shipped into this
State from the south during the past year, and are being purchased
by farmers for feeding purposes instead of cattle, at from $30 to $60
per head. We believe, if present prices continue a few years, these
animals will yield a fair compensation for feed and care, as they gen-
erally find a more ready market than horses, and at much better
prices.

The dairy cow is notably conspicious in many counties, and her
products throughout the entire State. She represents $42,000,000 and
should yield returns in proportion. While many herds of cows are
kept in Pennsylvania that yield a very satisfactory return for feed,
care, etc., with a fair prefit to the owner, it is a well-known fact that
such herds are greatly in the minority; the large majority of the
herds being managed in a careless, slip-shod, go-as-you-please manner,
and of course not yielding a living profit to the owner. There are
surely too many cows kept whose ability to produce marketable pro-
ducts is below the limit, which will insure a fair compensation for
food consumed, and the care and labor bestowed. There are very
few dairies to be found in which there is not a large percentage of
animals kept at the expense of the more productive members therein.
These must reduce the per capita production very seriously; very
often, we think, below the cost of maintaining the entire herd. For
this condition there are several causes assigned.

First, a lack of knowledge of the productivity of each animal; sec-
ond, a lack of care of the entire herd; third, poor breeding; fourth,

232 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

the absence of a food ration that will produce the desired products,
with the least possible waste. The best known methods of overcom-
ing these difficulties are published free for the askimg, in bulletin
form by our Department of Agriculture both State and National, and
we would urge the more general reading of these bulletins by our
practical farmers, dairymen and stock raisers. If by a little better
breeding, care, feeding and general selection, the dairy stock of this
State could be ade to produce one hundred quarts of milk per head
more per annum than they now do, at two and one-half cents per
quart, it would put into the pockets of the herd owners of Pennsyl-
vania $3,000,000 annually; or nearly eight per cent. of the money in-
vested in dairy cattle throughout the entire State. What could pay
better and be easier done than to make a cow that gives 1,700 quarts
of milk in ene year (which we believe is the avereage yield), give less
than one-half quart per day more, or 100 quarts per annum, by care
ful feeding and attention, stabling, breeding, and the like. In short,
your committee wish to urge upon the dairymen of Pennsylvania the
necessity of better breeding of dairy cattle, by the introduction of
better bulls of known miik or butter strains or families into the herds,
and more careful selection of the calves to be raised; a more thorough
knowledge of the individual production of their cows; the benefits to
be derived from more careful feeding and general stable care; and
the vast importance of preparing the product for market in the best
possible manner. We are also of the opinion that it would be more
profitable to raise the stock with which to replenish our dairies,
rather than purchase cattle shipped into our State that have been
sold for reasons that make them objectionable members for us to add
to our herds. If our 1,200,000 cows would produce one-half as many
heifer calves and one-half of them should be raised, we could produce
in Pennsylvania alone 150,000 cows annually, or six times the number
now brought here from other States, which would turn the current
of the cattle trade in the opposite direction, with an increased revenue
to the State.

The sheep industry represents in Pennsylvania $3,237,000, and is
very much scattered over the State. - Near the markets, a few flocks
are kept for the production of early lambs, yielding a very fair profit;
but we are informed that the greater number of sheep are kept in
counties more remote from earlier markets, for the production of wool
and mutton. The greatest difficulty in the way of the sheep industry
is the lack of protection against the inroads by dogs. There have
been numerous efforts made to protect them by taxation of dogs,
which only results in compensation for animals killed or injured, but
does not restore the flock to its normal, thrifty condition. We would
suggest that the taxes on dogs be so arranged as to favor the spraying

No. 6. DEPARTMEN!I OF AGRICULTURE. 238

of all females not kept expressly for breeding, and also the castration
of all males not kept for breeding purposes. This could be done by
making the tax very heavy on entire animals and very low or nothing
on emasculated animals. We think the result would be the keeping
of very much fewer dogs, and such as were kept would either be of
more harmless character or would be more closely looked after.

The pork industry has become almost a by-product of the dairy,
as milk, whey, and the like, enter very largely into their ration. It

lend

now represents $8,571,000, and if the dairy stock were increased to
our possible limit, the sales of Pennsylvania bacon would soon be-
come a prominent feature in our markets. As it is, we only supply
a small percentage of what is consumed in our State. Since it is
an established fact that the price of grain and the price of fat hogs
are almost universally harmonious, would it not be to our advantage
as farmers and stock raisers to give more attention to the production
of pork, and more study to their habits and requirements; also to the
diseases aud ailments that have caused so much loss and disappoint-
ment in the past; and learn how, by preventing or combating such
conditions, to make the pork industry one of large income and profit.

The report on poultry we leave to the committee appointed for that
purpose,

The reports upon the diseases of live stock throughout the State,
by Dr. Pearson, of the Siate Live Stock Sanitary Board, show the
effectiveness of the thorough work done by the Board, in a very
marked reduction of the amount of disease existing among live stock
of all kinds; and your committee wish to call the special attention
of this Board to their work, not only in suppressing disease but in the
line of research and investigation; placing in the role of controllable
or preventable diseases, many maladies that were heretofore not well
understood, and the prevention of which was not attempted. We
referto tetanus, cerebro-spinal meningitis, abortion, hydrophobia, ete.
We are creditably informed that when the work of eradicating tuber-
culosis by the application of the tuberculin test was first effectually
begun in 1896, that 23 per cent. of all known diseased herds responded
to the test; while now there is in the same class of herds only 11 per
cent. of reaction; showing that by the persistent application of the
test and the careful guarding of the State from the dumping of tuber-
culous animals from other States, by means of the inter-state law,
we may yet reduce the percentage of tuberculous cattle to a very low
point.

Hog cholera, which in 1897 caused a loss to the farmers of Pennsyl-
vania to the amount of $400,000, has since been so reduced as to only
cause during the past year a loss of about $50,000. This marvellous
result is due, we believe, to a more thorough knowledge of the dis-

16

234 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

ease and to more intelligent inspection of pens, yards and cars where
the diseased animals were kept or shipped, which is evidence of the
advantage to be gained by knowledge of the environment, habits and
tenacity of the disease germs we have to combat, and of the proper
antiseptic to be applied for their prompt extinction.

Now since it is well established fact that the success of the agri-
culturist depends very largely upon its products, your commitiee wish ~
to urge upon this body the importance of distributing such informa-
tion amongst the farming people as will lead to the better care, feed-
ing and breeding of our live stock, and of exerting our efforts to pre-
vent the present custom of buying our supply of farm animals from
sources of uncertain reliability; but instead, produce a surplus, and
change the present loss into a sourse of revenue.

THE ROAD PROBLEM.

AN ADDRESS BEFORE THE INTERNATIONAL GOOD ROADS CON-
GRESS, BUFFALO, SEPTEMBER 16, 1901.

By HON. ANDREW PATULLO, Ontario, Cunada.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Fellow-Citizens of this Great
North American Continent:

Meeting as we do this morning in this beautiful building dedicated
to sacred song, where the masters of music during the memorable
days of this memorable year have been interpreting for you the divine
harmonies of the world, we come together to consider a very plain
and practical question, a subject on which I fear I shall have some
difficulty in interesting you, a question which I fear the ordinary citi-
zens of your country and mine deem of little interest, but which is
one of the great problems of the day. This association, of which
Colonel Moore is the president, has been doing a work which some
people at least in this country appreciate, and which in after years,
I believe, will be appreciated by all the people of this great nation.

We are now in the beginning of a new century. We think this an
age of progress, of marvelous invention and advancement; but it is
anextraordinary fact that away back in the distant ages, the Romans
were able to make good roads, and did make goods roads, on scientific
principles. And even on this hemisphere, centuries ago the original

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 230

inhabitants of South America were great road builders. There still
exist in South America, monuments of their skill and genius. During
the Middle Ages the making of good roads seems almost to have been
forgotten. It is only with the beginning of the last century, with the
advent of Macadam and Telford, that the people of Europe began to
make good roads. But what a marvelous effect those good roads
have had in England, in Germany, and in France upon the progress of
those countries. I have no hesitation in saying that Telford and
Macadam, and their coadjutors who taught the people how to make
good roads, contributed as much to the social and material prugress
of the world as did Stephenson, who invented the steam engine, pe-
cause the prosperity of the British Isles, the prosperity of Belgium
(whose representative is here to-day), the prosperity of France, and
other European countries has depended not alone upon railroads and
other large means of transportation, but upon the common highways
of the people.

Those of you who have not been in those old lands can scarcely
realize not only the beauty of the landscape, but the perfection of the
rural roadways, which have contributed largely to the prosperity and
wealth of the people. The French peasants are very poor, as com-
pared with you; but after their great war these peasant proprietors
of France were able to take up a great part of the national loans.
One of the chief factors making for their prosperity is the perfection
of the rural roads. Let me illustrate the difference between their
roads and the roads of this country. One of your eminent fellow-citi-
zens, Mr. James Gordon Bennett, was able, some years ago, to drive a
coach and four along the roads of France 144 miles in ten hours.
What would become of a coach and four driven over the rural high-
ways of this great country in that way? [Applause and laughter. ]
How is it that you who have made such marvelous progress in inven-
tion, in industries, in commerce, who are going ahead by leaps and
bounds, in many parts of the country, have scarcely emerged in the
matter of road building from a semi-barbarous condition? There are,
of course, in the State of New Jersey, in Massachusetts, and in the
great State of New York, some beautiful roads; and wise and sagaci-
ous men have secured some good laws, at least in reference to this
great question. But these places are the little oases in the great
desert of inefficiency, ignorance, and incompetency under which the
common highways of the country, as well as the streets of your cities
and towns, have been built during all those years. I do not hesitate
to say that through the lack of education, the lack of organi-
zation and the lack of method, from 10 to 25 per cent. of the
vast sums of money spent in the cities of this country on streets and
pavements has been thrown away; that from 20 to 50 per cent. of the

236 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

millions of days’ labor and the millions of dollars that have been
spent in the rural districts of the United States might as well have
been thrown into the sea. Is not that anappalling fact? But you all
realize it. Istatea fact toshow you the vast importance of this ques-
tion. It has a direct bearing upon your public expenditure, upon
your material progress.

Let me illustrate it in this way: This is a day of specialization as
well as of marvelous advancement. You are specializing in every-
thing; you are reducing everything to a science. If you had con-
ducted the commercial enterprises of your cities on the same
principies as the common roads of the country are conducted,
how long would the business houses of this city or any other
city stand? You put every industry, every business, into the hands
of specialists, while you put the read making of the country into the
hands of the incompetent and those who know nothing whatever
about the principles of road making. Similarly handled, no new in-
dustry in this country would have the least chance of success. Your
railways are managed by great men, by men of skill and genius;
every department works with mechanical perfection. If the rail-
Ways were managed as the rural highways are managed, and the
streets in many of your cities, traffic would be paralyzed, and the
wealthiest of these corporations made bankrupt. I venture to say
that if the great Steel Trust of this country were to manage its busi-
ness as we do our road making, within three years every shareholder
in that corporation would be bankrupt. [Applause.] Surely, when
you have made such progress in the arts and sciences, in commerce,
industry and invention, you are able to organize the forces of the
country in order to improve your streets and chief rural highways.

It is scmetimes thought that in agitating the making of good roads,
we are urging the expenditure of vast sums of money. We are not
doing anything of the scrt. It is not a question of any new expendi-
ture. The expenditure is being made now. It is a question of
economy. It is a question, not of throwing money away, but of sav-
ing the incalculable loss there now is in the industries of the country.
Let me illustrate it in this way: I have been officially connected with
the cheese industry in Canada, where we make from $20,000,000 to
$25,000,000 worth of cheese a year. And, by the way, when we go
to your expositions we generally take from 90 to 100 per cent. of the
prizes. [Laughter and applause.] Now I believe that we are losing
in haulage in connection with the cheese industry of Canada, at least
$1,000,000 a year. Apply that to your incalculably greater output
of grain and wheat and cther products, and the wealth of Croesus is
a trifle in comparison to the loss that the people of the United States
are sustaining every year by having bad roads where they could
easily have good ones. [Applause.] Our appeal to you is that after

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 237

you have solved the great question of transportation in relation to
your canals, in relation to your steamships, in relation to your great
railways, you solve the equally important branch of the transporta-
tion problem which embraces the common highways of the country.
Of what importance is it if the great arteries of commerce be perfect,
if the little veins leading to them be not also perfect? What matter
it if you cheapen the raie from the railway station to Liverpool, if
it costs as much to get grain from the farm to the station as to take
it from the station to the great markets of the world? There is the
problem of road making in a nut shell. [Applause.]

But beyond these material and economic considerations there are
many phases of this question affecting the social as well as the ma-
terial well-being of the people. The most sagacious men of the pres-
ent day, the thinkers, the acute observers, see many dangerous ten-
dencies in this age of marvelous progress. One of the dangers is
that the boys and girls are leaving the farm and going into the towns
and cities. What is to become of the world when many of our great
cities are ten times as great as they are now? It is true that the
trolley is to some extent dispersing population, but only in a subur-
ban way. I believe that in this question of road improvement lies
the solution to a great extent of this difficult problem. In those
old lands, to which I referred, the love of rural life is far more highly
developed than it is in this country. In England, in Scotland, in
France, and in Germany, when men become wealthy they are anxious
to get out on the farm rather than into the cities. One reason for
that is found in the beauty of the landscape, the beauty of the road-
ways and the roadsides. It is very different here. An English poet
anticipated what we see in this country to-day when he said:

Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey,
Where wealth accumulates, and men decay.

Wealth is accumulating in this country with marvelous rapidity,
but men are deserting the farm. You ought to turn them back.
But if you want to keep the intelligent, brainy boys and girls of the
country upon the farm instead of bringing them into the towns and
cities amid the glare of the gaslights and the dangers of city life,
you will assist us in this great movement, which means not only
the making of highways, but the beautification of the roadsides and
the rural homes of this great country of yours. [Applause.]

And now, having endeavored to show or to suggest the import-
ance of the good roads problem, the enormous economy of good
roads, the incalculable loss through bad ones, to suggest the many
sides and phases of this vast problem of transportation—affecting,
as they do, the social as well as the economic well-being of the peo-

238 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ple; let me for a moment draw your attention to another, to what
I may call a national and international consideration. You in this
country, like ourselves across the line, have been having unex-
ampled prosperity of late. The wheels of industry have been run-
ning fast. It will not always be so. Stagnation will come, and
with it distress and social disturbances. In the olden days in other
lands the cure which wicked rulers sometimes sought for social
disturbances was foreign war. There is little fear, I trust, that
your rulers will ever seek such a remedy, for the lives of a long line
of great and good Presidents have made it improbable that any but
a good man shall ever fill the position of Chief Magistrate of this
nation. [Applause.]

We are dealing with a problem of transcendant national and inter-
national importance. If all the men and the millions engaged in
that greatest of all conflicts in your history could have been engaged
in improving the highways of the country, how much better it would
have been for this fruitful land to-day. And so we suggest to the
government of these great States that when men in this land of
varied resources ask for work they need not be without bread. Let
your governments spend the millions, the tens, the hundreds of mil-
lions which in other lands have been wasted in war in the promotion
of local improvements. Without displacing a day’s labor in any
branch of industry, every unemployed man in the country could be
given work on your streets and highways. This would be no char-
ity, from which manly men shrink. It would yield you dividends
a hundredfold in the profits on agriculture and every branch of com-
merce and industry dependent upon it. And beyond this you would
find a remedy for another ill, worse and harder to eradicate than
the misfortune of poverty.

Instead of soup kitchens for the unemployed, give them honest
labor. Instead of wasting your resources in watching the lawless
element in your cities, or in keeping it in idleness in your jails, offer
it on public works, on national highways, the alternative of labor
or the lash. [Applause.] I submit with all seriousness that in the
development of the municipal, State, and national highways, in the
improvement of the streets of your cities, there is offered to you
the easiest, the wisest solution of some of the great and difficult
problems that confront you. And it is a solution that does not
involve the throwing away of money, but its wise investment. It
is expenditure which, while curing social and national ills, will
yield you an ample economic return. [Applause.]

I have attended four great conventions in this country on behalf
of good roads. We are only beginning to attract attention. But
don’t suppese that, because you don’t see much about our work in

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 239

the press, good work is not being done. I believe that a work has
been taken up by such men as Hon. Martin Dodge, Colonel Moore,
and their coadjutors which will spread over all the continent and in
time transform the streets and rural highways of this and my own
country. We have had eminent men here, and although their utter-
ances in this congress may not have excited as much interest or
been given as much space in the press, perhaps, as some current in-
cident of minor importance, yet they are doing a great and glorious
work. I come hére representing the Good Roads Association of
my own country to show that in everything you do for the well-being
of the people of this great Republic, we Canadians, we Britons, are
heart and soul in sympathy with you. [Applause.]

240 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

THE AGRICULTURAL SEED SUPPLY OF PENN-
SYLVANIA.

A CO-OPERATIVE INVESTIGATION BY THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE DE-
PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE
COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

By PROF. GEO. C. BUTZ, State College, Pa.

The low prices of farm products and the considerable competition
of western farmers are forcing the eastern farmer to look closely
to his methods, and to mend his ways, in order that he may econ-
omize in expenses and increase his yields and that his profits may
continue to encourage his honest labors. Far from insignificant is
the fact that in the purchase of farm seeds, he is often paying dearly
for lifeless seeds, weed seeds and even sand and other dirt that
can contribute nothing to the farm but a poor grade of fertilizer,

In view of the importance of the subject and of our lack of
knowledge of the quality of the agricultural seeds in the markets of
Pennsylvania, the following investigation into the conditions of
the seed markets of the State has been conducted in co-operation
by the State Department of Agriculture and the Experiment Sta-
tion.

Similar investigations by the United States Department of Agri-
culture and the Experiment Stations have shown that no complaint
can be made against the established seed houses where every care
is exercised to have seeds pure, viable, and true to name, but there
are many careless and unscrupulous dealers handling untested seeds,
in the purchase of which the farmer unwittingly pays an enormous
price and then at harvest time he wonders why the Lord gave him
weeds instead of clover,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 241

Perhaps the seed merchant is not wholly to blame for the fraud
perpetrated, since it is very likely he himself is not aware of the
inferior character of the seeds he is selling, and at present the an-
noyance lies wholly with the farmer. Before purchasing, he must
test the seed or have it tested by a reliable authority, or, he may
require a guarantee of the standard of purity and germination and
have the seed tested later. He should be willing to pay what good
seed is worth and beware of very cheap seeds. In some States,
legislation has been enacted to prevent gross fraud in the sale of
seeds, but as yet no State has attempted a system of seed control
upon the basis of the fertilizer control so effectual in this State.
In 1897, the Legislature of the State of Maine enacted a law entitled
“An act to regulate the sale of agricultural seeds.” This act makes
it the duty of the Director of the Experiment Station to prescribe
the methods to be used in examining seeds, and to “publish equitable
standards of purity together with such other information concern-
ing agricultural seeds as may be of public benefit.” There is no
attempt here at seed inspection and hence the effect of the law in
the way of regulating the sale of seeds is very slight.

COLLECTING THE SAMPLES.

To fairly test the seed supply of Pennsylvania, it was preposed
to secure samples of the chief agricultural seeds directly from the
merchants where the farmers are accustomed to buy their supply;
and, accordingly, the Secretary of Agriculture authorized a reliable
agent in every county of the State to take fair average samples of the
following kinds of seeds and in the quantities indicated:

ermnelow? D1UG Serassie qn. bs S aye of se does 4 04.
TENET yh Uae eile eae eee ae eae 4 02.
ORCMALCMENASSEY Po ctyntid a aia es «deine a aaked 4 02.
Redsclower-pmedium, 4: 232 ied o<icns aes ss 102
Redsclover, mammoth) <fsns6 6.3.55 ta5 1 02.
Mrason wlowery 4) Nl. kl ahs esielore ae 1 oz.
Misiike! clover; .< iss... Sia ea oer Mine? ie 1 oz.
Onion, Yellow Globe Danvers, ........... 4 04.
Saulalower Mwart Hriurt): 2... 2... cs 4 Oz.
Sweet corn, Stowell’s Evergreen, ........ 4 pint.

Each quantity was placed in an envelope provided for the purpose,
properly labeled and sealed by the agent and forwarded to the Ex-
periment Station at State College, Pa.

16—6—1901

242 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The agents selected for this purpose were members of the State
Board of Agriculture and certain other agriculturists who have been
in close touch with the Department of Agriculture. There were
collected in this manner 2438 samples of seeds from 12 counties of
the State, distributed as follows:

Number
County. Collector Address. of

Samples
PIE SENG putes sieictcliccelscicisicie's sie a) et Orr IPICESDUNE. ocr cisisicioteeineetenete 36
NR OGIKS Mle deieiscioaseninciceeiosisaeieite Gee Geiger/SeMillsy \sacecmescece 50
BUCKS essen ac j padllnadéeacoopoobonseccaconuace siete 17
Cambria, ...... 5 dk ..-| Carrolltown, 14
Cumberland, .-.| Shippensburg, S500 8
Dauphin eeeccccncieeccseeceecs eee. Harrisburg icaeceenscecncets 18
PHIL GT) Wtsrnin’o,cieivin'e alels’iciwisysteicis'elcinvete's CONT Yispecsisincicienie nerciciciatetciaaisieta 21
USUVICLLC imtercte isi jeisicinicis cieisicla seteiele's Merrittstown,” ccc-ecccccieel 11
Lackawanna, (egyllayharls Sesqecocdecucesoce 22
Northampton, vfete}}) INAZATCC SS sicicieicisicicisinis eicteleiote 12
MENA EOF scsi oesiniciciccinieice cere a UE Soa) Gx (Gta) acdoccacsoocoodsos6 } 6
WWVIUEPOD SO Soisrnsiscisicnicieciivieeceicis ses UGA GLOVE! cesiciecs ce siviciee 25

These samples represent 57 different merchants in 23 different
towns, and, so far as is known, the seeds were grown in one of the
following States: Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Maryland, Indiana,
lilinois, Michigan or California.

It will be seen in the tables that follow that with the seeds re-
quested came some samples of white clover, alfalfa and millets.

THE METHOD OF CONDUCTING THE TESTS.

The work of testing the samples of seeds was performed accord-
ing to the rules adopied by the Committee of the Association of
American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, January
23, 1897. Every sample was taken by the authorized agent of the
Department of Agriculture and sent in packages provided for the
purpose, directly to the Experiment Station. Each package bore the
name of the seed, its reputed age and selling price, also the name
of the merchant, and the name of the agent taking the sample.

The weights of the samples were in every case greatly above the
minimum quantities stipulated in the above rules for making purity
tests. Foreign seeds were taken from the entire sample by spread-
ing the seeds over white paper, and picking out the weed seeds with
the use of forceps and a magnifying glass.

For the germination tests 200 seeds of each sample were taken in-
discriminately from the pure seed, and duplicate tests were made
simultaneously. In the case of the corn, but 100 seeds were used
in accordance with the aforesaid rules.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 243

The germinating apparatus used for this work is the standard seed
germinating chamber used by the United States Department of
Agriculture and the American Experiment Stations, in which the

‘ conditions of mois-
a ture and tempera-
5a) ture can be most

perfectly control-
led. The sub-stra-
tum or seed bed
was a blue blot-
ting paper which
was’ kept well
moistened during
the germination
tests; the temper-
ature was main-
tained almost uni-
formly at 70 de-

== grees, F.
ale HATTA THT Records were
E J made of the germi-
hy i i ic —— nations every day
7 ———— ——— except Sabbath
S=S=r ‘| BS: days and every
a se sample was_ per-
E = = S| mitted to remain
= f = in the germinator

fourteen days.

men The _ Kentucky
STANDARD GERMINATOR. blue. srasceeeren
> Ar ~

By courtesy of U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. . 3
was germinated in

seed pans of sand in the greenhouse, giving the seed the lightest pos-
sible covering of sand that was previously washed and passed
through a sieve of small mesh. The duration of these tests was 30
days. All seeds that fell short of the standards were tested a
second time and the larger results only are reported.

At the head of the tables in this report are given the standard per-
centages of purity and germination fixed by the United States De-
partment of Agriculture after many thousand tests had been made.
Several reputable seed houses have been willing to guarantee such
percentages in the seeds they sell, and it may be seen from the re-
sults given in the following tables that they are not too exacting of
the seedsmen and not more expensive for the farmer.

The net value or agricultural value of ‘a sample to a farmer is
indicated in the tables in the column headed the “per cent. of pure,

244 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

germinable seed,” and is obtained in each case from the figures of
“per cent. purity” and “per cent. total germination,” by multiplying
the former by the latter figure and dividing by 100. In other words,
if 98 per cent. of a sample is pure seed and of this only 90 per cent.
germinates, then there is in the sample only 80 per cent. of 98 per
cent., or 88.2 per cent. of pure germinable seed. If our sample is
red clover seed costing $6.00 per bushel, we are paying for a bushel
of pure germinable seed $6*100+88 .2—$6.80. It is clear, therefore,
that if the purity or germination runs low, the cost of the good seed
in the sample mounts very high.

RED CLOVER.

Thirty-three samples of Medium Red Clover were examined. Of
these, only three fell below the standard of purity and five below
the standard of germination. In one case (No. 241), the purity was
high but the germination only 22.8 per cent. This was undoubtedly
old seed; the bright, fresh color of new seed was wanting. The ger-
mination test was repeated in soil in the greenhouse with but one
per cent. of germination after many days. The purchase of such
seed, therefore, at best would cost the farmer $22.12 per bushel of
good seed,and this according to the soil test would give, under
average conditions, exceedingly poor results. The market price is
no indication of the true value of the seed. The prices ranged from
$4.75 to $6.60 per bushel and the cost of the pure seed ranged from
$5.23 to $22.12 (or $8.68, by dropping the one sample of undoubtedly
old seed). While we should beware of cheap seed, it is remarkable
that sample No. 238, with the lowest selling price ($4.75), is in fact
the cheapest in cost of good seed, $5.23.

The impurities were usually weed seeds, consisting mainly of
Green Foxtail Grass, Lady’s Thumb, Ribgrass and Docks. The
Clover seed is remarkably free from mechanical impurities.

No. 6.

RED CLOVER.

2
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

245

Character and Cost of the Seeds on the Market. Standard of Purity,

98 Per cent.

Standard of Germination, 85-90.

rs) A fe| & = a 3
3 ® ® is} :
od = Fs is 3 @ FF aa
o 5 os bo = Ea
n — i} 2 ow Ku
“ © tp O os
E ; & be = 0.2
fg # 3 2 te]
3 oui a. al ict ok
bo Vg ro ° £2
Number of Sample. roy > of 23 2 a8 =e -s
=| ae © 3 Be oe a
a oO o asa m) bw oO so
9 oF oF =~ oo os On
e Se ledencdy oa, i ceslomo awl aie
5 5s SAG fe 3 san a
Ay Ay & Ay n a .6)
|
cl. coos bSencendoscemoee 99.8 87.8 91.5 91.3 | $5 00 1, 250 $5 48
eiiicelnicicicie’clcicivisicicicic\s<raie.s 99.8 85 89.7 89.5 5 80 429 6 48
SL) SE otalolcivioisiclcieivieverelcivi= one 99.2 86.8 90 89.3 5 50 210 | 6 16
SU pagnaocnodedapodeoes 99.0 86.8 91.5 90.6 6 00 2,668 6 62
2h. AggaradobondoooemeaS 99.5 $1.8 94 93.5 6 50 728 6 9%
SE Semute(ersiplelelclo-e)elsiaiciele'sisieis 98.2 87.8 92.3 90.6 5 75 6, 666 6 35
L} ApSgoopeosenncucn0cs 99.8 88.5 91.3 ener 6 00 | 68 6 59
FU Miminic(eratcleiclsloininic cic) cicie'weve 991 72.5 74.8 74.1 | 6 25 | 2,533 | 8 43
Diem sisisiciaisielal=islcicle\<ls]<isicicie 97.8 88 91.3 89.3 | 6 00 7,238 6 76
tls coocgsbogdmnmogco0uD 99.5 72 7.3 74.9 6 50 | 1, 225 8 68
((0.- c0r-sensccgnnesooses 96.8 69.3 71.8 69.5 5 25 | 4,385 7 55
(Gh US Sebr es eeooedonccsn 99.2 85.8 = 90.3 | 89.6 5 25 | 2,842 5 86
CPR aapod Sao0 Bosode 100 81.8 84.8 84.8 5 75 | 49 6 78
ROS Neitelctntaleiefeisieislsieie\eile\s\s!= 100 90.5 94.3 94.3 | 6 60 | 15 | 7 00
INT, agonhotsoegaddoonad 97.8 90 93 | 91.0 6 00 | 3,640 6 59
NIT eivle ciciwinie ic wevivle.e nici 99.9 85.3 90.3 90.2 | 5 75 | 264 6 37
HDT e sc Sectejsatsieess) sss ee 98.2 85.5 88.8 | 87.2 5 40 | 2,357 6 19
iG. - odneoscogsescbooens 98.0 83 88.3 | 86.5 5 50 | 6, 006 6 36
alot sleisietnieicinicialsisieleice.e sie 99.8 87.5 89.5 | 89.3 | 5 60 | 266 6 27
SRL A OME calaiviviciels|=icisjels'sle &\v\si= 100 83.3 88.8 88.8 5 75 | 23 6 59
99.9 87.8 91.5 91.4 5 50 | 312 | 6 02
99.1 76.3 78.5 71.8 6 00 | 817 varee
99.5 89 90 89.6 5 50 1,563 6 14
99.6 91,5 93.8 93.4 | 5 50 | 192 5 89
99.5 82.8 85.5 85.1 5 50 | 882 | 6 46
99)°9 87.5 90.3 90.2 5 00 | 256 | 5 54
99.5 82.8 87.3 86.9 | 5 10 1, 404 5 87
99.7 94.3 96.8 96.5 | 6 00 | 1,053 | 6 22
99.5 74.5 82 81.6 5 75 | 1,301 7 05
100 88.8 90.8 90.8 4% | 130 5 23
99.9 84.8 89.5 89.4 5 50 270 6 15
99.1 20.3 22.8 22.6 5 00 2,376 22 12
99.8 86.8 90.3 90.1 5 75 | 215 6 38

i 2

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

246

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‘UHAOTO CHU

247

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

No. 6.

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UHAOTO GH j

248 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MAMMOTH RED CLOVER.

There were eighteen samples of Mammoth Red Clover sent for
tests. They were, in general, fully up to the required standards in
purity and germination. In a few samples the impurities consisted
of dead seeds, broken stems and other dirt in quantities too great
to be acceptable at the prices charged. The weed seed impurities
were much the same as in the Medium Red Clover. Two samples
were absolutely clean of all impurities, and yet the prices of them
were only the average market price of good seed, that is, $5.75 and
$6.00 respectively. In several instances the dull color of the seed
was noticeable, indicating old seed, and the germination of such sam-
ples sustained the diagnosis in each case. The range of prices of
Mammoth Clover was not so great as of the Medium Red, as no
samples of suspiciously cheap seeds were submitted. In conse-
quence of this, the cheapest samples of the table below were the
cheapest seeds to buy in point of good seeds.

White Clover. Though uncailed for, two samples of White Clover
were received and the results of their tests are given. In one case
the purity and germination both drop below the standards required,
and though the selling price was one dollar cheaper than the other
sample, the cost of pure germinable seed was seventy-three cents pet
bushel greater.

Alfalfa. Two samples of alfalfa were also received and submitted
to tests. Their color was not as bright as fresh seed usually bears
and their germination was much below the required per cent. Al-
falfa is but little used in Pennsylvania and the seed is likely to be
held over by unscrupulous deaiers.

has? eae | eis.

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 249
MAMMOTH RED CLOVER.
Character and Cost of the Seeds on the Market. Standard of Purity,
- s
98 Per cent. Standard of Germination, 85-90 per cent.
a ig ' —j mt '
° ao o Lo} 3
3 | 3 Es 5 4 38 aa
o a Oh bo 5 n 2 Eo
ao is] wo 3 a2 oo 2
4 S » ho oD
» 8 ge A a 0.2
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Number of Sample. A, a > o& tS 2 a3 ee
5 BD be 2. 3 a> sR a
r=] Ao ad j= 5 ® 3
3 o2 Gos g< to oa S38
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99.1 73.8 76.5 75.8 $6 00 1,446 $7 92
100 84 89.3 89.3 6 00 33 6 72
99.5 91 94.3 93.8 6 00 80€ 6 40
99-9 82 88 87.9 6 25 168 712
99.6 69 70.8 70.5 6 50 1,170 9 22
99.9 94 96 95.9 6 00 266 6 26
99.0 76.8 79.5 78.7 6 75 2,959 8 58
98.0 63.3 65.8 64.5 5 50 6,431 8 53
97.4 87.3 90.8 88.4 5 25 1,120 5 94
95.6 88 89.8 85.8 5 50 504 6 41
95.1 91 93 88.4 6 75 14, 000 7 64
100 90.5 90.5 90.5 5 75 0 6 35
99.4 88.3 90.5 90.0 6 25 425 6 94
99.8 86 89.8 89.6 5 75 | 169 6 42
99.2 85.5 89.3 88.6 6 00 632 | 6 77
9721. 86.8 91.5 838.8 5 25 3,800 | 5 91
87.0 85 85.8 74.6 5 60 672 7 51
98.2 87.8 89 87.4 5 75 1,332 6 58

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Of Doe:

250

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‘AHAOTO CHU HLONNVIN

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. . 251

WHITE CLOVER.
Character and Cost of the Seeds on the Market. Standard of Purity,

95 Per cent. Standard of Germination, 75-80 Per cent.

Sg L U = '
° Ay S| o OE a
al er Bo u a ag cm
te wu ao “= |
® = Oi oh 5 ae Ea
a & bo a 2 fone be
o 8 she a) i woo me
5 © yi I A r=3 eae a
Number of Sample. ry to, o8 wd ® e8 ne
a i o$ So we a6
4 3 P ae = A a
8 a2 Ae Be x b ® a
eo Oe JE 2 3 a6. ae
be beg Sag Se = fas ae
o O-n OonD Om rr s& [7 on
Ay A si Ay n Z 1S)
i wie a a 2eal
Wks, oadbacooadeososenus 94.0 48.3 73.8 69.4 $9 00 18, 408 $12 97
GS OMMataieeicieisiaicis'e}a/s1a: e'ele'e 99.0 38.3 82.5 ti 10 00 3,618 12 24
ALFALFA.

Character and Cost of the Seeds on the Market. Standard of Purity,
98 Per cent. Standard of Germination, 85-90 per cent.

}

5 46 P 3 ee B
| 3 Go 3 a Os ist
uy uw ao = @
o 3 Ow % 5 nu Es
a & oo 3 | a 2 aS re
© E Poa 5 be 20 2
5 o Ss = a ae, be
Number of Sample. Q ney of aah o es a
a Ao} ~ oo AS ue S
a) » a) -n iI fe) Lo]
| Go Re Eo z be %
2 Og ou os bo Os on
f= ayR °'3 3 e038 vo
@ == =
3 pe 68a aes a ska 23
eel em = A, DR Z o
SI Lumatevaratarsye(ajelaisisicfele.e/aistTe 99.0 58.5 | 58.5 57.9 $5 00 | 2,880 $8 64
ORME A Hato sacs 99.8 79.3 79.3 79.1 7 20 | 224 9 10

CRIMSON CLOVER.

Out of thirteen samples of Crimson Clover, not one contained suf-
ficient impurities to drop it below the standard of purity. The seed
is larger than any other clover, and being round and smooth can
easily be separated from foreign seeds and inert materials. It will
be observed from the table below, however, that the farmers must
be very suspicious of the viability of Crimson Clover seed, especially
is this true if the seed has a dark appearance. Sample No. 6 con-
tained a large number of dark seeds and the per cent. of germination
was only 72.2. Sample No. 12 was reported as seed of the crop of
1898 and was very dark throughout, having perhaps 15 per cent. of
light colored seed. The per cent. of germination of this sample
was only 27.5. The selling price was not reported, but assuming
that $5.00 per bushel is charged, the cost of pure viable seed would
be $17.52. <A practically worthless case is sample No. 25, in which
nearly every seed was dark, and weed seeds were not uncommon.
It was reported as of the crop of 1899, which must have been a
mistake. In purchasing this seed at $5.00 per bushel, the farmer

17

252 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

actually pays at the rate of $217.39 for a bushel of pure germinable
seed. But the fact is he sows in good faith, believing the seed to
be viable, and gets no “stand” of clover, which is charged to unfavor-
able weather or improper methods of seeding. Samples Nos. 63, 89,
173, 182 and 244 were all bright, light colored seeds, noticeably
fresh, and were the only samples which tested above the standard of
germination required for good seed. Nos. 94, 161 and 205 contained
a large percentage of dark seeds, and the consequence is well meas-
ured by the results of the germination tests.

CRIMSON CLOVER.

Character and Cost of the Seeds on the Market. Standard of Purity,
98 Per cent. Standard of Germination, 85-90 per cent.

c its! 1 = mnt '
a ES B Z 3 & &
od ea) Pes a o oe =O
oa a 3) th 3 m2 Ec
o S Ped 2 ‘— Ko
2 ra © v eS on
£ Ht rs be oo o.2
o v 7)
iL Bes =I =] Ss oD
3 nga © a. BE ok
Number of Sample. ro of 33 2 ee Ba
S
os et 5 7) ic Se Pug
= =) a6 ao a L@ a
o oie on 4 to os On
© od Sethe ga E 20 .
S38 3 = ee me
5 os ORG res} a 5&2 ire
ae o H a a Z v
99.9 | 70.5 fea | 12.2 | $4 25 66 $5 88
99.7 | 27.5 27.5 PAC WN aosscachaD BOG: || <:.ce'siarctertanete
98.4 | 2.3 2.3 2.3 5 00 2,170 217 39
99.9 3.8 96.3 | 96.2 5 25 64 5 46
98.8 87.5 87.5 86.5 3 50 1,150 4 05
99.2 |} 41 41 87.8 5 75 280 15 21
8950 | 76.8 78.8 77.6 5 00 1,770 6 44
98.2 44 44 43.2 3 00 1, 464 6 94
99.7 | 94.3 | 94.5 94.2 4 75 819 5 04
99.2 | 92.3 84.3 93.5 5 25 | 814 5 61
99.9 | 62. SCO 62 61.9 4 60 0 T 48
99.9") 80 | 80.3 | Oey n lS pen CHOCODE (Wi Sponorteccac
99.8 94.8 96.3 | Ce eanasamaaood UT) | (qotorethsterslereres

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 253

No. 6.

—————

“MH AOTO NOSWIYO

‘* “‘punog 8uQ Ul Speeg uslalOoy [v1I0]

tna Gins ‘preqsnyy Yoel
aabatane ‘QUeqUOTT NOBLE
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254 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

So uniformly did the percentage of germination of Crimson Clover
samples correspond with the proportion of bright, light-colored seeds
in the samples, that Mr. W. H. Thompson, who was making the ger-
mination tests, was led to separate the dark and light seeds of eight
samples and try them independently in the germinator. The re-
sults are shown in the following figures. It will be seen that even
in the best samples there are some seeds darker than the rest, but
they possess the brightness that belongs to fresh seed, and dark seed
does not necessarily mean dead seed. However, in every case, it
will be seen the dark seeds gave fewer germinations than did the
light seeds.

CRIMSON CLOVER.

Comparison of Germination Power of Dark and Light Colored Seeds
in Same Sample.

os 3 cs}

o o (7)

»~ =) ad

3 3 3

& B &

E E E

o ao oO

Number of Sample. Sy oh en

pie 3o es 3

go an aw

22, Se Oe
: : E

eo gx rhs)

Ay Ay a
27.5 80 17
96.3 99 87
41 45
78.3 96 56
44 38 10
94.5 96 84
94.3 99 76
62 80 17

ALSIKE.

There were sixteen samples of Alsike examined, and of these one-
half fell below the standard of purity, 95 per cent. The impurities
were essentially weed seed in most cases. Timothy and Sheep Sorrel
were most abundant. ‘Docks and Tumble-weed were frequent. The
Alsike seed of a few specimens were dull colored, indicating age,
and in fact three samples were reported as old seed. Though the
standard of germination for Alsike is placed as low as 75 per cent.,
one-half of the samples tested in the germinator failed to reach the
required figure even though, as is customary with all clover germina-
tions, one-third of the seeds remaining sound at the conclusion of
the test was counted in as germinable seed. Samples Nos. 10 and
71 were old, dull colored seed and though sold at $8.00 and $7.50
respectively, the farmer actually paid more than $26.00 per bushel

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 255

for pure germinable seed. He obtained with his purchase a larger
supply of Sheep Sorrel and Tumble-weed seed than was needed
upon his farm and passes his thin catch of Alsike in the field with
the observation that the season was very unfavorable for the seed
to catch.

ALSIKE.

Character and Cost of the Seeds on the Market. Standard of Purity,
95 Per cent. Standard of Germination, 75-80 Per cent.

a Lie | ' = ns o
to) ro § ct) Le] 3.
. 3 Be 5 a ie an
c) 3 oO bn 5 nw” ac
o | to 3 Q a i a
a 2 2 ® EO os
o I ee rs “ ~ 00.8
& oo q 5 oy ie be
5 to 2 oO a. 5S o%
Number of Sample. A, > of ue? o ae Ke
3 i od 2 9 a
aS Feu) & 7) be o™ Le}
e Ro Ad go x be ® wo
a o> Oo = bo og on
o °G an @ ga ro] Qo.
ry, te Sad ye = Eas ae
oO o8 ond Oo: ic} 5.4m oR
Ay Ay SI Ay n a 16)
91.2 29.3 83.3 30.4 $8 00 9,150 $26 31
99.0 49 53 52.5 7 50 2,209 14 28
99.2 86.5 90.0 89.3 7.50 1,620 8 38
99.1 88.8 92.8 92.0 7 00 4,732 7 61
96.2 27 29.3 28.1 7 50 14,763 26 69
90.3 58.8 62.8 56.7 8 00 25,872 14 11
74.2 96.5 97.5 72.3 7 50 91,224 10 37
97.6 64.5 69.3 67.5 6 75 9,600 10 00
86.0 77.8 84 72.2 5 75 41,860 7 96
87.3 87.8 91.3 tat! 6 00 40,420 7 53
94.6 69.8 76 71.9 6 50 5,810 9 04
84.2 58.5 64.8 54.6 3 50 48, 467 6 41
95.0 70.5 73.8 70.1 6 25 15,840 8 91
99.5 72.8 17.3 76.9 7 50 1,316 9 75
99.2 85.3 88.8 88.1 8 00 2,167 9 08
91.5 70.0 70.8 64.8 9 00 28,470 13 89

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dee.

256

|

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| SST eee eee hs cearevetters 61
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‘ASIST V

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 257
TIMOTHY.

Ordinarily, Timothy seed is exceedingly pure because it is easily
cleaned, and the nature of the seed will not permit of adulterations,
as in the case of other grasses. Among thirty-nine samples ex-
amined only three feli slightly below the required standard, and five
of them were so nearly perfect, that they were rated 100 per cent. in
purity. The quantity of weed seed was excessive in but a few sam-
ples and the obnoxious kinds were commonly the seeds of Lamb’s
Quarters and Rugel’s Plantain. Nos. 81, 91 and 99 were labeled
“Star Timothy.” No. 100 was labeled “A No. 1,’ No. 88 “S. P.
V. Timothy,” and No. 204, “Choice.” These were alike in being
exceedingly clean and having high germinative power.

Old seeds failed rapidly in germination. While the age of the
samples was not generally reported, it is not difficult to select from
- the table below the seeds which were not fresh. Sample No. 211
was tHe only one reported as of the crop of 1898, but before the
germination tests were made, a record in our books was made of
the “dull appearance of seed” in samples No. 124, 149 and 164. These
four samples all failed to reach even 80 per cent. in germination.
Tn consequence of this, sample No. 124 was the most costly Timothy
seed for the farmer to buy. The standard per cent. of germination
fixed by the United States Department of Agriculture, 85-90 per
cent. for Timothy, can be easily maintained by the seedsman, and
it is quite certain to reject old seed.

17—6—1901

258 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Uff. Doc.

TIMOTHY.

Character and Cost of the Seeds on the Market. ‘Standard of Purity,
98 Per cent. Standard of Germination, 85-90 per cent.

rs a D — nh '
| 2 Eg E z 35 a
Ko) a Re ® 77 os =D
3 : 23 & oan ee Es
n ha nS 2 fons] a
A <=) g my boo bb
o L # 5 o Os
& °
5 © oi a a. a RS oh
Number of Sample. a, as o&8 ad ® 23 cr
of hoe ks °¢ % ie Pins
A ge | Ag | fe 3 Be se
° om an? ga S ‘gio
a Sag fs ae qa uo)
o a8 oaD be mm saa 6a
Ay Ay & Ay n Z 16)
99.5 78 82 81.6 | $2 00 589 $2 43
99.2 89.5 93 92.3 | 175 10 139
99.8 93.6 97.5 97.3 | 2 00 153 2 06
99.0 87.8 92.8 91.9 175 3, 683 1 90
99.4 85.5 87.3 86.8 176 1,975 2 03
99.9 88.3 89.5 89.4 2 00 470 2 24
98.2 92 94 92.3 175 784 190
98.8 92.3 97 95.8 1 60 | 1,330 1 67
99.2 90.8 93.8 93.0 1 60 | 230 | - 172
98.9 87 89.8 88.8 | 175 | 3,019 1 97
99.6 89.5 92.5 92.1 | 1 75 960 190
97.4 90.0 92.8 90.4 | 175 | 2,610 1 94
99.9 88 90.0 89.9 1 50 | 36 1 67
99.0 90 92.8 | 91.9 | 1 50 | 2,310 1 63
99.5 96 96.8 96.3 | 1 45 1,596 151
100 92 93.8 93.8 2 10 0) 2 24
99.9 87.5 90.8 90.7 | 210 490 2 32
99.9 90.8 92.5 | 92.4 1 55 | 392 1 68
100 87.8 91.3 91.3 2 50 0 274
100 85.3 95.5 95.5 2 25 | 0 2 36
100 91.5 92.8 92.8 2 00 | 12 2 16
98.4 74.3 91.5 | 90.0 1 40 | 456 1 56
98.1 88.5 94.8 | 93.0 1 65 | 1,456 177
99.9 91.3 | 96.3 | 96.2 1 65 | 96 172
99.2 60.8 | 73 72.4 2 50 | 0 3 45
98.0 77.8 90.5 88.7 1 40 | 0 158
98.6 92.5 | 96.5 95.1 | 175 | 2,080 1 84
100 69.3 | rae 7859) 1 50 | 30 192
99.8 92.8 Ooi 97.8 | 1 75 | 875 179
99.8 83.8 92.8 92.6 | 150 | 135 1 62
99.8 62.8 68.3 68.2 | 150 0 2 26
98.9 78.8 85.5 84.6 | 1 50 464 Ta
98.1 88.5 92.5 | 90.7 | 1 50 4,680 1 65
97.6 84.5 90.5 | $8.3 | 1 65 2,465 TST
99.2 $9.3 94.8 | 94.0 | 1 35 | 252 1 44
98.1 67 78.3 16.7 | 90 7,182 AIT
93.2 86.3 93.3 | 87.0 175 14, 478 2.01
99.5 88.8 94.0 93.5 175 1,243 1 87
100 90 93 93.0 175 128 1 88

25y

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

No. 6.

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‘

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‘a[dureg qouy Jo punog ¥v UI Spodg USIv10,y Jo JoJOVIRYO puR raquInN

‘AHLOWIL

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc

260

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“AH LOWIL

261

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

No. 6.

| | |
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8T | 99 80¢ 91
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‘AHLOWIL

262 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.
ORCHARD GRASS.

There is great variation in the germinative power of Orchard
Grass. The seventeen samples ranged anywhere between 33 and 96
per cent. and whiie the selling price per bushel did not vary much
from $2.00 per bushel, the cost of pure germinable seed ran from
$2.08 to $7.72. The chance for adulteration is great, and frequently
Meadow Fescue is liberally employed, but this grass seed was pres-
ent in but two samples of Orchard Grass and then in such small
quantities as to be an incidental impurity. The foreign seeds most
commonly present are Red Clover, Curled Dock, Wild Peppergrass,
Ribgrass and Sheep Sorrel. The bulkiest impurity is chaff and
broken stems and leaves.

MILLETS.

Five samples of Millets were sent in by the agents of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture. These also show the greatest variation in
cleanness and germination. It is an easy matter to clean millet
seed with the modern cleaning machine, and there is no excuse for
more than one per cent. of impurity in any sample.

ORCHARD GRASS.

Character and Cost of the Seeds on the Market. Standard of Purity,
90 Per cent. Standard of Germination (not yet fixed).

|

fo Pa | 1 di mnt 1
: 8 Es = a Be ee
Le} » Pe) he os =3
® 3 a o a na 2
® & to 3 bo 5 Es
n - ra) 2 au Ko
& 4 2 he 9° oe
o f 43 2) o = 2
fu = r=] Q, oo
3 uw oO a. Ba o%
Number of Sample. roy > of ad o ae ue.
3 og 2 ats =)
PG Pe) 7) BE om Pig
8 o¢ Ae ge = AR 33
° Sct Saale $8 bo 2O Ss
Sa =] 1 +o
5 a8 Ste ils 3 Fas ga
Ay Ay H fy nn Zz 6)
92.4 | 26.5 | 34.5 | 31.9 $2 25 8,050 $7 05
94.2 | 37.5 | 61.3 57.7 2 10 4,250 3 64
97.5 | 14.3 17 75.1 2 00 750 2 66
95.8 | 32.5 78.8 | 15.5 2 00 2, 088 2 65
91.4 19.8 62.8 | 57.4 1 60 4,080 | 279
97.2 | 35.5 | 79.3 | 17.1 175 2,610 | 2 27
95.2 49.5 75.8 | 72.2 1 50 2,080 2 08
93.8 63 7 | 70.4 1 50 1, 486 2 13
98.2 ip 33 | 32.4 2 50 1,393 712
93.6 59 | 70.3 65.8 1 50 1,171 2 28
87.3 60.8 | 82.5 | 72.0 2 10 1,995 2 92
90.4 95.3 | 96 | 86.8 2 40 1,272 2 76
91.0 30 | 75.8 | 68.5 2 00 1,960 2 92
92.4 27.5 | 64.8 | 59.9 1 75 800 292
82.3 30.5 | 67.8 55.8 175 6, 364 | 314
88.3 44.5 66 | 58.3 2 00 450 3 43
96.4 32.3 70.8 68.3 1 75 760 2 55
| | t

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 263

No. 6.

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‘SSVUD GCUVHOUO

264 ANNUAL REPORT OF THR Off.

MILLETS.

Character and Cost of the Seeds on the Market. Standard of Purity,
99 Per cent. Standard of Germination, 85-90 Per cent,

& A & 1 = 2 ' fe
. £ ES 5 & 2 & i
3 3 BE g s a e
is to = Ea
Pa £ oS 2 Pr Eo
& a g be mo? 9.2
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Ay Ay | & Ay n Z 6)
rat, sdocegoudosenooscosn 109 95.5 | 96 96 $1 40 6 | $1 46
7h Sco snOne i eeoncee 100 57.8 | 58 | 58 1 25 0 | 2 16
iets. saahesoeeacboroadco 99.9 91.5] 91.5 91.4 3 60 | 6s | 3 83
Pn (ROR TO SO ECHO 98.2 | 87.8 | 88.3 | 86.7 1 60 | 3,200 | 1 84
EE Sas 2AS Seaneatomece 93.3 | 17.8 | 77.8 | 72.6 1 25 | 16, 240 | 1 72
MILLETS.

Number and Character of Foreign Seeds in a Pound of Each Sample.

Number of Sample. 27. 28. 146. 217. 215.

= |-
LAA) “GUase saonossAocoonGEonHemooeOUcCLodse | boodugCoobcs| |aaasucoccoon 27 150 30
TCRRXRE DE SHG) UEATSCO TS oie nheyarelo:cvataietovel <latarelerescke/apaleta te fanst | eiaoretesevatere areal cine avevelaetetatate ALS amemntarineers 30
Gti Ga keeO napnpoSboadas bnUGone DDOCOn Hodes COOaHS nodcodl loccopnuaanb sl fosdocodaoron| 10 20
iin oly (aCe INR adiscne sar cdcer SocmnpncernrboT | bacco core vce) baunecdcHernog mecsedccandal 40 16, 000
ihila(afere (GREE. “Sopepnesoueavece saooneasnbogs oda] bageoudoado0l lcobacmEonbodl (Gansoddackes 3; O00? || ocr cre corse
MESSE SUSE: VL EL 2 coy asavarats os oy 701 /elaYond s/ai= ‘cierely viel cswce.o/eil| stavcvevecatiture: eyefui] Stmce:afarststerate: atl [ ereteqctelateratas e’a| steieteislatetetnist ote 150
TRIESU ED TH Eto rh eas qompnaacbomunnrode anonannal pocneoodaeaellboshoapacoonl lbeacsuetanogl poobaencace- 10

Total Foreign Seeds in One Pound,... 0 0 68 3,200 16,240

KENTUCKY BLUE GRASS.

The greatest extremes in quality of seeds were met with among
the samples of Kentucky Blue Grass. There were twenty-three sam-
ples submitted to tests. Four of them were “lawn mixtures.” No.
16 contained 15 per cent. of White Clover; No. 26 was composed of
15 per cent. White Clover, 20 per cent. Timothy, 15 per cent. Meadow
Fescue and 50 per cent. Kentucky Blue Grass (by weight); No. 80
contained 60 per cent. of White Clover, and No, 83 had in it 25 per
cent. of Orchard Grass and 9 per cent. of White Clover. The ger-
mination tests in these cases were made of the Blue Grass only.
The seed of sample No. 21 was dark in color and had a musty smell.
Several samples had considerable chaff, and No. 160 had, besides the
few seeds accredited to it in the table of foreign seeds, a goodly sup
ply of White Clover and Timothy. Only four of the twenty-three

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 265

samples reached the required standard in germination. All these
tests of Blue Grass were made in sand in the greenhouse, the final
record being taken after 30 days. By referring to the table below,
it will be observed that the price of pure germinable seed is gen-
erally very high with reference to the samples examined.

KENTUCKY BLUE GRASS.

Character and Cost of the Seeds on the Market. Standard of Purity,
90 Per cent. Standard of Germination, 45-50 Per cent.

' H 1
A} & Gr He 3
4 — a ie) am
is! a E 3 BE ge
% ce ay a “2 En
a a 5 A 2
£ Aah x Be = < vk
Number of Sample. a Em a 8 5 Ee
: he) ae E ripe Pores
=i > re Bos 4 D
3) ae oO 9) romeo) on
° ie ° o & ED : vo
eG hor = og yrs
by ov oa oH pun $2
py A fy mM Z oO
il, ‘ocddsoonocousnoossrnounpaoacodcend 76.1 ; 9 6.8 $2 56 16,266 $36 76
FUG Mishotsloielsieltieteelelo\ eicinielo[oteleic\leleivielp'eieleleis bb gabhe=y Ric Wl oocoognor 25 lb. GOS | ere sisrareloleraterere
Val SECHD DODO DD OOS UN TOO CH OCUCUDHO TIE 84.3 8.2 6.9 1 50 4,293 21 74
UT. <abi@anpaoeanou sseododbbaocoonuccad Mixture. iy ceetdosed 18 qt. CRB Nisanaawandice
88.5 4 325 1 60 448 45 71
82.4 | 33 2.8 2 00 2,720 T1 43
72.5 |; 3 2.2 1 25 560 56 82
68.4 8 5.5 1 00 1,400 18 18
Mixture. | 86 =| «....-sees 20 1b. Gay = WN eeocrodosdac
Mixture. | 48 ~—_ |... ee eee 20 Ib. 490 | eacccecccens
89.2 46.3 40.0 1 50 1,860 3 7h
74.8 & 5.9 1 35 2,380 22 88
62.4 9 5.6 175 486 31 25
68.6 uf 4.8 2 50 2,212 52 08
72.6 5 3.6 08 Ib. | 2,560 | 2 22 Ib.
79.2 22 17.5 20 Ib. | 16,354 1 14 lb.
68.0 20 13.6 2 80 I PRRY 20 59
62.5 6 3.8 1 40 650: 36 84
74.4 26 19.3 150 12,936 1 ue
72.8 32 23.3 1.75 30,065 7 51
85.4 14 12.0 2 00 4,009 16 67
90.3 7 6.3 1 50 1,474 23 82
93.1 | 55 51.2 20 1b 2,310 39 lb
|

Off. Doc.

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‘SSVUD GN Td AMOMUNG

267

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

No. 6.

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SSVUO GNTA AMOMINGAS

18

268 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
VEGETABLE SEEDS.

Frauds in vegetable seeds cannol be easily detected. They are
usually of a different character from that of the frauds perpetrated
in agricultural seeds. Purity of variety or strain among vegetable
seeds is what gives them their special value and it is utterly im-
possible to detect any imposition in this regard by a study of the
seeds. Most vegetable seeds are supplied to the purchaser 100 per
cent. pure, so far as foreign seeds and materials are concerned, and
the per cent. of germination will commonly run over 90 per cent. in
fresh seeds. Samples of onions, sweet corn and cauliflower were
chosen because large quantities of the two first named are used by
farmers and gardeners, and sometimes considerable complaint is
made about the results obtained from them. Cauliflower seed, par-
ticularly of the Dwarf Erfurt variety, is imported and is expensive;
hence the temptation to adulterate is strong. Frequently cauli-
flower seed is bought at $1.00 or more per ounce and the outcome
of it is either few plants of cauliflower or many plants of cabbage.
Low germination power can be detected by tests, but the substitu-
tion of cabbage for cauliflower seed cannot be easily determined.

Onions. ‘twenty-one samples of Onion seed were examined and all
but three of them were 100 per cent. pure seed. Only the Yellow
Globe Danvers was called for, and in the table below only this va-
riety is represented. The impurities in No. 108 consisted of timothy
seed which possibly entered the sample by accident. The impurities
in No. 118 were seeds of timothy and clover. In No. 135 were many
seeds of cabbage and a few of Lamb’s Quarters. In the germination
tests, seventeen of the twenty-one samples fell short of the standard
of germination placed for onion seed. Two samples were below
25 per cent.

Cauliflower. Only a few samples of Cauliflower were received,
and these were not all of the early Erfurt variety. No. 1382 was la-
beled Paris Golden, and Nos. 187 and 198 were Early Snowball. The
seed in every case was absolutely free from dirt and foreign seeds.
Germination ran rather low in one-half of the samples and one was
absolutely worthless, having the appearance of being old seed.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 269

ONIONS—YELLOW GLOBE DANVERS.

Character and Cost of the Seeds on the Market. Standard of Purity,
99 Per cent. Standard of Germination, 80-85 Per cent.

|

| a a= ' : 5
| a Es 6 iE g
| 5 is me bo 5 =i)
eS = oo rs) a Es
® iS) & 2
n & 4 3 be He
p E 8 Be a A
a Oh
Number of Sample. et 2 \ of oe ” se
43 we © rei & a
S ie) or)
3 Ee) POs Bir bo on
Cor) a i= q
> Saa nS =| me
B oe onD of a oa
| cm & H Ay mn o
RMMERE ES sre crociNei kei hohe decbwoateee 100 60.5 66 66.0 $2 00 $3 03
Uo, bd aoe Gaede S§0oRap ced eneecsoanor 100 70.3 Vind: aieo 1 50 1 94
PI IId eles cin's,s viel cv vic.eie vivsid wena 100 bone 56.5 56.5 1 50 2 65
“05 Sodgboposatbenudanocnnoudecgconue 100 89.8 91.3 91.3 1 50 1 64
RI MIR Pe ee=sclels stole: sle-ain'ars'2ia\ fei s(ate, s1e;s1aje } 100 $2.5 83.5 83.5 1 50 1 79
U3 . 99 tnyopaadoonpoueddeddebudspaseer 100 80.5 84.8 84.8 1 25 1 47
89 90.5 90.5 1 50 1 66
56 62.5 62.5 1 40 2 24
bies 60.3 60.2 150 2 49
76.5 Tikes WER 1 60 1 94
20.5 21.8 21.8 1 60 7 34
46.5 50.8 60.8 90 1 79
72.5 79.3 717.8 1 00 1 29
87 87.3 Sistine hnstascacsteites lances eee
69.8 70.2 70.3 IZ5 1 78
63.3 66 | GGOEO eae ean ciie cts. ce ABBA OOL OAC
74.5 15238 Dis OM W yl cetate crete cyorcre ail levers ah ee
21.8 24.5 PAISG ehaiig | Rsvarstey see atesarste|| eee eects
80.3 3 83.0 25: 151
63 64.8 64.8 05 oz 077 oz
60.3 65.8 65.8 05 oz 076 oz
40.3 44.8 44.8 05 oz. 111 oz
48 67.3 7.3 05 oz. O87 oz
CAULIFLOWER.

Character and Cost of the Seeds on the Market. Standard of Purity,
99 Per Cent. Standard of Germination, 80-85 Per Cent.

sj Le ! = 1
Ae ~ 3
ES @ 5 sg
A 3 ne bo 3 od
oS oe) © 2 Hig
® = to 3 v a 3
oa {o) be 5
a & 4 Ss be ee)
= vs) rot ® oa,
2 3 S J roo
ia) oO c uO OH
Number of Sample. 3 oO e o& oo 2 pier
wn —
- aS; tM -o Bs Pi
2 ES Tn eS iS ud
o o ou S 3 bo On
S © 9 sie 5 E ae
5 Sa SAU o& a oo
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- nnn
| | 5 |
BM reo ose sda ccnaensacheavsle 100 89.3 | 89.5 89.5 $1 00 0z. | $112 02
co) DOSS eee | 100 60.8 65.5 65.5 | 1 00oz. 1 53 oz
SPOS pat clc oy 5 aisles <.eiels.a'sie'b:disjs\aua)a Sis jsiels.eles 100 54.8 55 55.0 80 oz 1 45 oz
REMMI Pao) vie rcts Tala “oletsiole seleie occa © voe.4 el 100 79.8 §2.5 82.5 1 35 oz 1 64 oz
I Se 100 73 74.5 (Cae ere [gerne e 7s
“See URS eee | 100 0 0 0:0, 9 Ih Sen associa eee
BONAR eter cfalet etsiaie siscalets'sla/eausisiets,aieie:siace 6 100 66 68 68.0 | 1 00 oz. 1 47 oz
PORE cst Jn atus cawdercvonse. | 100 89 90.3 90.3 ween ceneecceleseveseasecte
- RT Sree ieee ae ae ieee one Mele eee eee nee re aT

270 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Sweet Corn. There is very little opportunity for fraud in Sweet
Corn seed. The impurities are reduced to nothing, and many of the
varieties can be readily identified by the grains. It is possible, how-
ever, to sell seeds of low germinative power and thus impose upon
the purchaser. Out of twenty-five samples of the Stowell’s Ever-
green Corn, only three samples fell below the standard per cent. in
germination, one sample being so low as 53.5 per cent. The prices
varied greaily without apparent cause. It is certain the prices
in no manner corresponded with the germinative power of the
seeds.

SWEET CCRN—STOWELL’S EVERGREEN.

Character and Cost of the Seeds on the Market. Standard of Purity,
99 Per cent. Standard of Germination, 85-90 Per cent.

fo} ae fe} ' 1
eS BS 3 2
a so] RY 00 A
Lo} 2 ui g
3 3g 0S fa
3 EB g 5 g
o g = Pag .
B 2 ® a? o ()
Number of Sample. 3} oO. og 52 AS b
i=) to 2 = a > 2.
‘ > hi o a Ag
2] 3g Pa} ES wo
8 8 Dui Pie to 33
° oo Loe (=) is}
> S3a aid = aa
5 5a ORD oe @ $a
Ay Ay ra Ay n 6)
86 88 88 $2 50 bu $2 84 bu
96 96 $6 2 50 bu. 2 60 bu
88.5 88.5 88.5 10 pt. 11 oz
91 91 91 10 qt. 11 qt.
98 98 98 2 25 bu. 2 30 bu
S75. 97.5 97.5 2 00 bu. | 2 05 bu
98.5 98.5 98.5 1 75 bu 178 bu
86 | 86 86 2 50 bu. | 291 bu
90 | 96 90 10 qt 11 at
93 | 93 93 2 25 bu 2 42 bu
89 |} 91.5 91.5 10 pt. 11 pt.
97.5 1 9%.5 97.5 10 pt. | 10 pt.
92 92 92 1 75 bu. | 1 90 bu.
3-5 94 94 10 qt li qt.
79 81 81 10 at. | 12 at.
51 | 53.5 53.5 2 50 bu. | 4 67 bu.
95.5 95.5 95.5 15 qt. | 16 qt.
99.5 99.5 99.5 10 qt. | 10 qt.
87.5 89 &9 4 25 bu. | 478 bu
94.5 94.5 94.5 450 bu 476 bu
91.5 |} 92 92 20 at 22 qt
97 1) 97 QT” _- | |hnwreieieiaraslelujniet] oraistcsteleentene .
98.5 |} 98.5 QB Bi haere we etawieicce/eil| aetareainiere meats
98 | 98 98. © [ewaites sete geen eee
79.5 | 79.5 T9.B MN aisiecorsselele ercivie | wiatatevoremtatetets

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 271

THE WEEDS REPRESENTED IN THE FOREIGN SEEDS.

In the list below, only those weeds are noted which were more or
less common in the samples of seeds examined. Occasional seeds
of many other kinds of weeds were found, but never in sufficient
quantity to merit notice here. Every sample was carefully examined
and the foreign seeds removed for identification which was greatly
facilitated by the use of the five hundred samples of “Economic
Seeds” distributed by the Division of Botany of the United States
Department of Agriculture, supplemented by a collection of 2,000
samples possessed by the Pennsylvania State College.

On the whole, the samples of farm seeds were fairly well cleaned,
and in the matter of purity, they were generally as high as or higher
than the standard fixed by the United States Department of Agri-
culture. None of the weed seeds found could be classed with the
Canada Thistle as regards their obnoxious characters. A very few
of them are weeds not yet known to be in Pennsylvania.

Alsike (Trifolium hybridum L.) Alsatian Clover. Swedish Clover.
Cultivated for fodder. Occurs as a weed in waste places from Nova
Scotia to Idaho, south to New Jersey and Georgia. The seeds, which
resemble that of White Clover, though much darker, occurred as an
impurity, particularly in the Kentucky Blue Grass seed. For lawn
purposes the presence of Alsike in the Blue Grass seed is objection-
able; but for pasture fields it offers no disadvantage.

Barnyard Grass (Panicum Crus-galli L.) Cockspur Grass. A widely
distributed weed,found all over the United States, and was introduced
from Europe. It prefers rich land and is commonly found in great
luxuriance in and about barnyards; hence the name. The seeds
are large and can easily be separated from crops of agricultural
seeds; therefore, it is seldom present in properly cleaned seeds.
It was found in very small quantities only, and that in two samples
of Red Clover.

Bicknel’s Cranes-bill (Geranium Bicknelli Britton). A native
plant at present found from Maine to Southern New York. It is an
annual, growing 10 to 20 inches high. The seeds were present in only
one sample of seed and that the Crimson Clover (sample No. 133),
grown probably within the territory indicated above. While the
plant as a weed may be easily controlled, no farmer wants to pay
for seed that will be of no benefit to him. The seed of this Crane’s-bill
is much smaller than the Crimson Clover and could be easily sepa-
rated.

Black Medic (Medicago lupulina 1.) Blackseed Hop Clover, Meli-
lot Trefoil. An annual clover-like plant introduced from Europe
and widely distributed asa weed. The seeds occurred as an impurity

274 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

in Crimson Clover only, and there in very small quantities. Not
more than three samples contained it (Nos. 133, 161 and 173). Here
again the seed is enough smaller than the seed of Crimson Clover
that it could be easily and entirely separated in the cleaning process.

Black Mustard (Brassica nigra (L) Koch). A weed commonly
knowa to farmers. It grows from 2 to 5 feet high and may be readily
recognized by its turnip-like characters. The seeds closely resemble
those of the turnip, and were present only in one sample of seeds
under examination (No. 161), being a Crimson Clover reported as
coming from Ohio.

Black Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger L). A member of the Night-
shade family, naturalized from Europe, found in the Northern States
from Nova Scotia to Michigan, south to New York. It grows from
one to two feet high and has a very disagreeable odor about its
leaves. The seeds were found, as in the preceding case, only in
sample No. 161 Crimson Clover, from Ohio.

Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus L). There are several
Buttercups whose seeds are likely to occur in agricultural seeds.
They are not very obnoxious weeds, but are widely distributed, being
found mostly in wet places. A few seeds per pound were found in
two samples of Crimson Clover from the West (Nos. 25 and 161).
These two samples, though above the standard in purity, possessed
the greatest amount of impurities of all in the Crimson Clover.

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.) Just haw Cabbage could become
an impurity in Crimson Clover seed is not easily accounted for. Pos-
sibly as an accident in the careless handling of the seeds in the
store, rather than in the process of harvesting and cleaning. The
Cabbage seed was found in two samples (No. 173 and 182), from the
different stores in Pittsburg. It was also present in large quan-
tity in a sample of Onion from Reading.

Clover, Red (Trifolium pratense L.) The seeds of Red Clover are
a very common impurity in agricultural seeds and while it cannot be
regarded as a weed in ordinary farm crops, it is often objectionable
when it occurs in Blue Grass seed used upon lawns. It was present
in about 50 per cent. of samples of Kentucky Blue Grass examined,
38 per cent. of Crimson Clover, 44 per cent. of Alsike, 94 per cent. of
Orchard Grass and 50 per cent. of Timothy. Red Clover seed is
more expensive than any of these just referred to, excepting the
Alsike, and hence, where it is not objectionable in the crop it may be
tolerated in the seed.

over, White (Trifolium repens L.) White Clover seed occurred
as an impurity in only two samples of Timothy and three of Kentucky
Blue Grass. Where the latter were marked “Mixtures” for lawns,
the samples contained from 10 per cent. to 60 per cent. of White

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 243

Clover. This was not recorded therefore as “impurity” in the tables
of “foreign seeds.”

Corn Gromwell (Lithospermum arvense L.) Salfern Stonesced.
An annual or biennial plant naturalized from Europe. It is a
weed of our fields east of the Mississippi river, grows 6 to 20 inches
high, and has small white flowers. The seeds are brown, wrinkled
and pitted, with two flat sides showing that four seeds are clustered
about the pistil of the flower. The seeds in very small quantity
were found in but one sample (No. 94), of Crimson Clover. The Grom-
well seed is much larger than that of Crimson Clover, and hence can
be easily removed.

Curled Dock (Rumex crispus L.) This troublesome weed was
introduced from Europe and now occurs throughout the United
States. The seeds occur very commonly as an impurity in farm seeds.
The seed of Curled Dock may be recognized as a triangular seed
about the size of Red Clover seed, and of a beautiful, glossy, nutbrown
color. It was generally present in the Orchard Grass, Kentucky
Blue Grass, Alsike and Red Clover.

Finger Grass (Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Nash.) Large Crab
Grass This common weedy grass, brought to us from Europe, is
found in all cultivated regions. The seed was present in only three
samples of Red Clover and one of Millet. It was in inexcusable
abundance in the Millet.

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Linseed. Flax often escapes from
cultivation and lingers about as a weed. The flat shining seeds are
well known to farmers and when present among grasses or clovers
may be easily distinguished. They were only very rarely present in
the samples examined.

Green Foxtail Grass (Ixophorus viridis (L.) Nash.) This annual
grass and its companion the Yellow Foxtail Grass are well known
to every person who has entered a corn field in the fall. They came
to this country from Europe many years ago and found that oar cli-
mate in all parts of the United States was favorable to their growth.
The seed is often present in farm seeds and every farmer should have
in a small vial a sample of the cured seed of this and indeed of all
the obnexious weeds of his farm, and thus be aided in determining
the impurities of the seeds he uses. Green Foxtail Grass seed was
most frequently present in the samples of Red Clovers, but occa-
sionally also in Crimson Clover and Timothy.

Heal-all (Prunella vulgaris L.) Se/f-Heal. This pernicious little
weed is a member of the Mint family of plants, has a square stem,
opposite leaves, and a terminal spike of purple flowers. In the lawn
it persists in holding on, spreading and killing out the Blue Grass.
In the fields it is no blessing, though less of a curse than upon the

18—6—1901

274 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

lawn. The seeds are about the size of Red Clover seed, with the
shape of a Castor Oil bean, and a nut brown color. They were pres-
ent only in a few samples of Red Clover; in one case, over 6,000
seeds to the pound of sample.

Ladys Thumb. (Polygonum Persicaria L.) This is another Eu-
ropean weed that has become common over the United States. It is
an annual that may be kept in subjection by cultivation where the
cultivator and hoe can be used. The seeds are about the size of
Crimson Clover seed, somewhat flattened, with a shining, ebony black
color. This impurity occurs very generally in the Clovers and occa-
sionally in Timothy and Blue Grass.

Lamb’s Quarters (Chenopodium album L.) White Goose-foot.
Pigweed. This common weed of our fields and gardens is very well
known, still but few persons are likely to recognize its seed when it oc-
curs as an impurity. A specimen of the ripened seed is easily ob-
tained and cleaned for reference and should be preserved for that
purpose by farmers and merchants who handle farm seeds. Seeds
of this weed were most commonly present in Timothy, though fre-
quently found also in Blue Grass and the Clovers.

Meadow Fescue Grass (Festuca elatior L.) This grass is culti-
vated for fodder, but is widely distributed as a weed of the field east
of the Mississippi river. It is likely to be present in grass seeds
which resemble the seed of this Fescue, as in the case of Orchard
Grass. It was occasionally found in Blue Grass and Red Clover.

Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) This plant is a weed that is fre-
quently seen in neglected fence rows, escaped from cultivation. The
large flat seeds easily recognized were strangely present in a sample
of Timothy, from which it could have easily been removed.

Pursh’s Plantain (Plantago Purshii R. & S.) This is a weed of
plains and prairies west of the Mississippi river that no doubt will
soon be, if not already, found in the east. The seed is boat-shaped
and closely resembles the seed of the Ribgrass or Buckhorn (P.
janceolata) of our eastern fieids. It is, however, larger and of a
‘ighter brown color, being almost white on the concave side. This
seed was present in a few samples each of the Orchard Grass, Blue
Grass and Red Clovers.

Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L.) No weed is more common
in our neglected fields than this Ragweed. We cannot refer it to
Europe except as it has been introduced there from our country.
Farmers are well acquainted with its character and the appearance
of the seed. It is seldom present in properly cleaned seed; in fact,
it was found in but one out of 250 samples of seeds.

fib-grass (Plantago lanceolata L.) Buckhorn, English Plantain.
This troublesome weed is another representative of Europe with a

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 275

reputation. It is probably all over the United States. The seed
is shining brown, boat-shaped, about the size of Crimson Clover seed.
It was the most frequently present of all the weed seeds in the clo-
ver and occasionally in the grasses. In some samples it occurred
in large quantities, as is shown in the appropriate tables.

Rugel’s Plantain (Plantago Rugelii Dec.) This plantain resembles
our common Plantain (P. major L.) The seed is black with a light
colored spot on the flat side. It might easily be mistaken for mouse
dirt in Clover seed unless one should use a magnifying glass. This
was most frequently an impurity of the Timothy seed and often as
many as 2,000 to 3,000 seeds to the pound of sample.

Rye Grass (Lolium perenne L.) This grass weed of cultivated
grounds is widely spread in tbis country but is a native of the Old
World. Its seeds are seldom present in the ordinary farm seeds.
Among all the samples submitted for examination it was contained
in but two of them, these being of Blue Grass, and then only in small
quantities.

Sedge (Carex sp.) Several Sedges are weeds in wet lands, and
may often be found occupying wet spots in meadows, from which
they do not go very far astray. The seeds are usually triangular or
flat. A species of Carex having a flat brown seed was present in
nearly all the samples of Blue Grass, but in no case among other
_ kinds of seeds.

Sheep Sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.) ‘A common and persistent
weed known everywhere. Though quite small it grows and thrives
along with any crop that may be planted. It loves particularly
sour and sterile land. The seed when it occurs as an impurity of
farm seeds may have two appearances, one the shining brown, trian-
gular form common to Rumex, and the other with a dull brown
reticulated surface due to the covering which the seed usually re-
tains. This seed is very generally present in farm seed. It is so
much like Alsike in general appearance that it is difficult to separate
the two thoroughly, consequently we find it as a serious adulterant
of Alsike.

Spotted Spurge. (Euphorbia nutans Lag.) This Spurge is seen
commonly in thickets and cornfields but may be found in some
places among the clover. It is an annual that gives but little an-
noyance as a weed. The very small globular seeds are seldom pres-
ent in well cleaned seeds. They were found only in three samples of
Red Clover.

Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) Timothy seed occurred as an im-
purity in all kinds of farm seeds examined in greater or less quanti-
ties. It was most abundant and at the same time most serious in

276 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the Kentucky Blue Grass and Alsike. In one sample of the latter
over 90,000 were estimated to a pound of sample.

Tumble-weed (Amaranthus graecizans L.) This weed is common
over the United States. Its popular name is well deserved, for the
tumbling about of this weed with the winds of fall and winter is ob-
served everywhere. ‘The seeds are small, shining black bodies about
the size of White Clover seed, and are very likely to occur as im-
purities in any of the clovers.

White Vervain (Verbena urticifolia L.) Vettle-leaved Vervain.
A common weed in waste places. It is best removed from farm
seeds by cutting out the plants before the crop is harvested. The
seeds are as long as Crimson Clover seed, but very slender, and light
brown in color. It is most likely to occur in Timothy and Millets.

Wild Peppergrass (\Lepidium Virginicum L.) This native weed
occurs in our fields and meadows, and, like in the preceding case,
its seeds could be most cheaply excluded from farm seeds by cut-
ting out the weeds from the fields before the crop is harvested. The
seeds were present in small quantities only in the grass examined
—Timothy, Orchard Grass and Kentucky Blue Grass.

Wellow-leaved Dock (Rumex salicifolius Weinm). Whzte Dock.
This native Dock is generally in swampy land. It grows from one
to three feet high and is quite distinct from other Docks in having
very narrow leaves. The seeds are brown and triangular when sep-
arated from the broad-winged covers of the fiowers. They were pres-
ent in samples of clovers, particularly, the Mammoth Red Clover.

Witch Grass (Panicum capillare L.) Yumble-weed. Dried plants
of this grass roll about in the wind after the fashion of the Ama-
ranth Tumble-weed and is often found with the latter and is also
Known as a Tumble-weed. The seeds are produced in abundance,
but were found in comparatively few samples of farm seeds, mostly
Red Clovers.

Yellow Foxtail Grass \Uxophorus glauca (L.) Nash.) Pigeon Grass.
This grass weed is recognized as the companion of the Green Foxtail,
found in cultivated fields. It is the larger and coarser of the two
in every way, even the seeds are decidedly larger. For this reason,
no doubt, they occurred less frequently as impurities in the Clover
seeds. '

CONCLUSIONS.

Viewing the question of the seed supply in Pennsylvania from
the facts learned by this investigation, we may conclude that there
are farm seeds placed on sale that are exceedingly poor and even

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 277

worthless. Since the samples were drawn from about 55 stores
and these were located principally in the cities and larger towns, it
is reasonable to believe that the worst conditions of this problem
have not been touched, for a dealer with an extensive trade is al-
ways more discriminating in making the purchases for his own sup-
ply than one having but an occasional call for a particular line of
goods. Nevertheless, unscrupulous dealers may be located in large
as well as small towns, and the farmer, when making the purchase
of his seeds, should insist upon knowing more about the quality of
the seeds offered than can be learned from its appearance and price.
The dull appearance common to old seed is not readily observed,
unless samples of fresh seeds of the same kinds are near at hand
for comparison, and tbe prices of seeds, as shown by the preceding
tables, are no index of their true agricultural value. A sample of
Red Clover at $6.50 per bushel has an agricultural value of 74.9 per
cent.; another at $4.75 per bushel has an agricultural value of 90.8
per cent.; and again one at $6.00 per bushel has an agricultural
value of 96.5 per cent., while another at $5.00 per bushel has an agri-
cultural value of 22.6 per cent., and thus it is for all kinds of seeds.

No farmer can judge of the true value of a given sample of seed
by its appearance and price any more than he can judge the qual-
ity of a fertilizer from similar data. The true index of the latter to
the farmer is in the chemical analysis placed upon the bag contain-
ing the fertilizer, and so the true index of the agricultural vaiue of
a sample of seed can only be in a statement of the per cent. of pure
germinable seed contained ia it. With such a statement he can
judge if the price attached is cheap or dear and he can determine
whether he should plant the seeds thickly or thinly upon his farm.
The large seed houses determine such facts for themselves to pro-
tect their own reputations for supplying only reliable seeds, and if
farmers would always insist upon having such a statement when
buying a quantity of seed, it would soon become the custom to have
with every shipment of seeds in buik the per cent. of pure germina-
ble seed. The farmer will then be able to choose intelligently be-
tween two samples of Red Clover, for example, like sample No. 50
and No. 102. The former has 74.1 per cent. pure germinable seed,
at $6.25 per bushel; the latter has 94.3 per cent. pure germinable
seed, at $6.60 per bushel. The calculation shows that for good seed
the latter article is cheaper per bushel by $1.43; and the further
analysis of the samples shows 2,500 weed seeds (principally
Ribgrass or Narrow-leaved Plantain), to the peund in No. 50, and
only 15 (Green Foxtail), in No. 102. It is very clear, therefore, that
the higher priced article is the cheaper seed to buy.

It has long been known that poor seeds have been sold to farmers,
and many attempts have been made to prevent such frauds. If alaw

278 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

can be enacted by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, one that is not
too cumbersome to the seed dealers who aim to do an honest business
regularly, and that will prevent the sale of inferior seeds, our
farmers would experience a large measure of relief from the present
impositions.

Such a law should require every seed producer or dealer to affix
to every package or bulk of grasses, clovers and other forage plants,
commonly known as agricultural seeds, sold in quantities of one
pound and upwards, a guarantee stating the percentage of purity
and of vitality. Such guarantee should, as a matter of protection
to both producer and consumer, be required to be dated, and a rea-
sonable limit of time should be fixed by the law at which the liabil-
ity of the guarantor should terminate. All guarantees should be
made to expire with the planting of the seed or 60 days after their
purchase by the consumer. Seeds of vegetables, flowers, shrubs and
trees might well be exempt from the action of this law, because
fraud in the sale of them is seldom perpetrated, and when it is, the
nature of it is such that it cannot be detected in the seed. All such
seeds, however, as well as those sold in quantities of less than one
pound should be required to be marked with the year of their
growth. The purchaser of seeds is entitled to know these facts
about the seeds he buys, and the honest seedsman should not re-
fuse to give them. Proper penalties should of course be provided for
failure to comply with the law or for false guarantees. In Pennsy)-
vania, the enforcement of the law would naturally be placed in the
hands of the Secretary of Agriculture, who should be authorized to
secure and examine samples and publish the results substantially
as in the case of commercial fertilizers and to proceed against vio-
lators of the law.

The effect of such a law will be, if properly enforced, to drive out of
the market inferior seeds, therefore greater care will be exercised in
the cleaning of seeds and the farmers must expect to pay a higher
price for his seeds. However, the statistics given in this Bulletin
show that often the higher-priced seeds are the cheaper to the
farmers.

APPENDIX.

The laws enacted or under consideration in other States are ap-
pended to indicate the efforts being put forth to regulate the sale of
agricultural seeds.

The law printed below was enacted in *897 by the Maine Legisla-
ture.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 279

AN ACT TO REGULATE THE SALE OF AGRICULTURAL SEEDS.

Section 1. Every lot of seeds of agricultural plants, whether in
bulk or in package, containing one pound or more, and including the
seeds of cereals (except sweet corn), grasses, forage plants, vegeta-
bles, and garden plants, but not including those of trees, shrubs and
ornamental plants, which is sold, offered or exposed for sale for seed
by any person or persons in Maine, shall be accompanied by a written
or printed guarantee of its percentage of purity, freedom from for-
eign matter: Provided, That mixtures may be sold as such when
the percentages of the various constituents are stated.

Section 2. Dealers may base their guarantees upon tests con-
ducted by themselves, their agents, or by the Director of the Maine
Agricultural Experiment Station: Provided, That such tests shall
be made under such conditions as the said Director may prescribe.

Section 3. The results of all tests of seeds made by said Director
shall be published by him in the bulletins or reports of the Experi-
ment Station, together with the names of the person or persons from
whom the samples of seeds were obtained. ‘The said director shall
also publish equitable standards of purity together with such other
information concerning agricultural seeds as may be of public
benefit.

Section 4. Any person or persons who shall sell, offer or expose
for sale or for distribution in this State agricultural seeds without
complying with the requirements of sections one and two of this
act, shall, on conviction in a court of competent jurisdiction, be
fined not to exceed one hundred dollars for the first offense, and
not to exceed two hundred dollars for each subsequent offense.

Section 5. Any person or persons who shall, with intention to
deceive, wrongly mark or label any package or bag containing gar-
den or vegetable seeds or any other agricultural seeds, not includ-
ing those of trees, shrubs, and ornamental plants, shall be guilty of
a misdemeanor and upon conviction in a court of competent jurisdic-
tion shall be fined not to exceed one hundred dollars for the first
offense and not to exceed two hundred dollars for each subsequent
offense.

Section 6. The provisions of this act shall not apply to any per-
son or persons growing or selling cereals and other seeds for food.

Section 7. Whenever the Director of the Maine Agricultural Ex-
periment Station becomes cognizant of the violation of any of the
provisions of this act, he shall report such violation to the Secre-
of the Board of Agriculture, and said Secretary shall prosecute the
party or parties thus reported.

Section 8. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act are
hereby repealed.

280 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dos.

Seetion 9. This act shall take effect September one, eighteen hun-
dred ninety-seven.

A BILL ENTITLED AN ACT TO REGULATE THE SALE OF AGRICUL-
TURAL SEEDS IN THE STATE OF MARYLAND, PROVIDE FOR THEIR
INSPECTION, AND TO APPROPRIATE A SUM OF MONEY THEREFOR.
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland

that every lot of the seeds of agricultural plants of one pound or
more, whether in bulk or in package, and including the seeds of
cereals, grasses, clovers and other forage plants, but not including
the seeds of vegetables, flowers, trees, and ornamental shrubs, which
are sold or offered for sale in the State of Maryland, for seed pur-
poses, shail be accompanied by a written or printed statement of
the percentage of purity (freedom from foreign matter), the per-
centage of germinable seed, and a statement as to the presence or
absence of the seeds of dodder (Cuscuta), Canada thistle, (Carduus
arvensis), and the bulblets of wild onions (Allium vineale).

Section 2. Be it enacted that all packages of seeds of any kind,
sold for seed purposes, and in packages of less than one pound
and all vegetable seeds in packages of one pound or more, shall
be plainly marked with the year in which they were placed on the
market.

Section 8. And be it enacted that the Maryland Agricultural Col-
lege is hereby authorized and directed to receive from any resident
of the State of Maryland, not a dealer in seeds, samples of seeds as
above specified, purchased by him for actual use, together with the
dealer’s statement accompanying the same, and to make tests of such
samples; and the Maryland Agricultural College, or its duly author-
ized agent, is hereby authorized to prescribe the rules and regu-
lations under which these sampies shall be received and tested.

Section 4. And be it enacted that if the official test of any sample
falls more than two per cent. in purity, or ten per cent. in germina-
tion below that indicated in the dealer’s statement, the dealer shall
either take back the seed and refund the purchase price, paying all
charges, or shali refund a pro rata amount of the purchase price,
as the buyer may elect, but no claim against the dealer shall be
valid if presented after the seed is planted, or more than two months
after the sale of the seed.

Section 5. And be it enacted that the Maryland Agricultural Col-
lege or its representatives, is hereby authorized to secure for test,
by purchase at the market price, if necessary, samples of any lot or
lots of seed, as described in section one, sold or offered for sale
in the State of Maryland, together with the dealers’ written or
printed statements concerning the quality of such seeds, and to pub-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 281

lish annually all tests made at the College, together with the names
of the dealers and their statements of quality.

Section 6. And be it enacted that any seedsman or dealer, offer-
ing seeds for sale in the State of Maryland after July first nineteen
hundred, not in compliance with sections one and two of this act,
or failing to comply with the requirements of section four of this
act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be subject
to a fine not to exceed one hundred dollars for the first offense and
two hundred dollars for every subsequent offense, on trial and con-
viction before a justice of the peace, or by indictment in court.

Section 7. Be it enacted that the Treasurer of the State, upon the
warrant of the comptroller, be and he is hereby authorized and di-
rected to pay to the Board of Trustees of the Maryland Agricultural
College, or their duly bonded officer, one thousand dollars annually,
on July the first of each year, to carry out the provisions of this act.

Section 8. And be it enacted that it shall be the duty of all States
Attorneys to prosecute all persons accused of violating this act, or
any of the provisions of this act.

Section 9. And be it enacted that all acts or parts of acts incon-
sistent with the provisions of this act, are hereby repealed.

Section 10. And be it enacted that this act shall take effect on
July the first nineteen hundred.

This law failed to pass in the Legislature of Maryland because of
opposition from seed dealers’ associations. A similar law in M&n-
nesota likewise failed in the Legislature of 1900.

LRAFT OF LAW UNDER CONSIDERATION IN NORTH CAROLINA.

An act to govern the sale of field and garden seeds in North Caro-
Jina and to prevent fraud in the sale of such seeds.

The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact:

Section 1. That the State Board of Agriculture shall at the reg-
ular meeting next after the ratification of this act, adopt and pub-
lish rules and regulations for governing the sale of field and garden
seeds in this State. Such rules and regulations shall not conflict
with the Constitution of this State, or of the United States. They
may be modified, extended or otherwise changed at any subsequent
regular meeting of the Board. .

Section 2. That the Board of Agriculture shall publish such rules
and regulations in the official Bulletin and such State newspapers
as they elect. The Board shall give thirty days’ notice before such
rules become operative. Such rules, when officially published shal!
have the effect and authority of law.

Section 3. That the Board shall provide a duly qualified expert

282 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

and all necessary apparatus for testing seeds and shall set apart
room for such work in the Department building. The Board shall
prescribe the method for determining the purity, viability and cul-
tural worth of seeds; said method shall be that recommended by the
Association of American Agricultural Experiment Stations and Col-
leges, with such modifications as the Board shall from time to time
adopt.

Section 4. That the Board of Agriculture shall publish a minimum
of quality or cultural worth for each variety of field and garden seeds
commonly sold in this State. No sample of seeds falling below the
specified minimum shall be permitted to be sold for planting in the
State. The Board shall cause samples of field and garden seeds to
be collected in the markets of the State from time to time. Any
seeds offered for sale and falling below the prescribed minimum, or
which are untrue to name, shall be seized and destroyed without
recompense to the owner. The person, firm or corporation offering
such infra-minimum seeds shall be guilty of a misdemeanor as pre-
scribed in section 9 of this act. But nothing in this act shall be
construed to prevent the sale of any grade of seeds as grain or for
any purpose other than planting or propagation.

Section 5. That no person, firm or corporation shall sell field or
garden seeds for planting in this State without a license from this
Board of Agriculture. The Board of Agriculture shall issue a li-
cense to deal in field and garden seeds to any applicant of good char-
acter having a permanent and localized domicile in this State, upon
application, complying with the rules and regulations of the board
governing the sale of seeds. No charge shall be made for such li-
cense. The period for continuance of license shall be determined by
the board.

Section 6. Every person, firm or corporation licensed to deal in
field and garden in this State shall be entitled to have 25 samples of
seeds analyzed and certified by the expert of the Board of Agriculture
free of charge. Additional samples shall be charged for at cost of
doing the work.

Section 7. Every bona fide purchaser of seeds for planting, a resi-
dent of this State, shall be entitled to have as many samples of seeds
examined and certified by the expert of the Board of Agriculture as
he desires, free of charge, provided, such are intended for planting
by the person sending the samples or by his tenants, and the samples
are taken and described as required by the rules of the Board of
Agriculture.

Section 8. That the board shall prescribe the form of guarantee of
labels and certificates to be attached to packages of seeds exposed
for sale in this State and may supply licensed dealers with official
labels at net cost of the same.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 288

Section 9. Every unlicensed person, firm or corporation offering
for sale field or garden seeds for planting in this State; every per-
son, firm or corporation offering seeds fraudulently labeled or mis-
branded or below the minimum prescribed by the board for such
seeds; and every person, firm or corporation violating any of the
rules and regulations of the Board of Agriculture for governing
the sale of seeds, shali be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon convic-
tion shall be fined not less than $5.00 nor more than $50.00 for each
offense. Such persons, firms or corporations shall also upon con-
viction forfeit the license they may have from the board and the
board may refuse to reissue such license. But nothing in this act
shall be construed to prevent any person without license from deal-
ing in seeds as grain for other use than planting, or from selling
seeds of his own growth to dealers. All fines recovered under this
act shall be paid into the treasury department of the State Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

Section 10. That it shall be the duty of every solicitor to whom
the Commissioner of Agriculture shall report any violation of this
act, to cause the persons, firms or corporations violating to be prose-
cuted as provided in this act.

Rules and Regulations for Governing the Sale of Field and Garden
Seeds for Planting in North Carolina.

1. No person, firm or corporation shall advertise or offer for sale,
barter or gift in this State any variety of field or garden seed for
planting unless a license to deal in such seeds has been procured
from the State Commissioner of Agriculture. But any person may
without license sell or otherwise dispose of field or garden seeds
grown by himself or upon his own land to any dealer in seeds.

2. Seeds intended for used other than planting may be sold by
any one without license or certification.

3. A license to deal in field and garden seeds will be issued free
of charge by the Commissioner of Agriculture to any reputable per-
son having a permanent residence and place of business in this
State, provided the applicant agrees to guarantee his seeds according
to the method described in rules 11 and 14 following.

4. Every sample and variety of field and garden seed offered for
sale in this State shall have attached a label of the form issued
by the Commissioner of Agriculture. Said label shall contain the
true botanical and common names of the seed and the per cent. of
viable seeds and of foreign seeds in the sample and the true and cul-
tural worth of the sample. The determination of genuineness, purity
and viability shall be according to the laboratory method adopted
by the State Board of Agriculture. ‘See Rule 14.

19

284 : ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

5. Seeds kept in stock but not on sale need not be labeled. When
a large stock is kept and only a small sample or lot is exposed for
sale one label may serve for successive portions taken from the
stock bin during a period of three months provided the original lot
was certified.

6. Where a mixture of seeds is offered, the true name of each
ingredient and its per cent. of the whole must be stated on label,
together with the per cent. of the viable seeds of each variety. The
Commissioner does not recommend the keeping of mixed seeds in
stock since different varieties of seeds deteriorate with different
rapidity.

7. No variety of field garden seeds for planting shall be offered
for sale in this State if the same shall fall below the following mini-
mum of viability when tested by the official method, to wit:

(See N. C. Agr. Exp..Sta. Bulletin 108, pp. 388, seq.)

8. No sample of wheat, oats, barley or rye for planting shall be
offered for sale in this State unless the same has been treated fo
smut and ergot according to the method adopted by the board. Sec
rule 15.

9. No sample of clover, lucerne or vetch for planting shall be of
fered for sale in this State if the same shall contain more than 1 per
mille of fodder.

10. Every person, firm or corporation to deal in field or garden
seeds in this State may send to the Department for analyses and
certification each year 25 samples without charge. Additional sam-
ples will be charged for at following rate:

Bor atull test of purity and viability, 3.20 nt c os kites 50c.
BOL a Leport-as, to viability). os on-e ose Se 25¢.
POT TEPOLrt, ASLO (PUPILY, src core We metic ae tee cata 25¢.
MOGIeCPOre- AS) lOc OECMUTHENESS sc:..- cs sacerclas okie tye see 25¢.

Official labels will be supplied at net cost of printing and paper.

11. With every variety and lot of seed sold to a planter the seller
shall give the following certificate and guarantee with blanks duly
niled up. co; wit: This certifies that: 2isé.4..56 4-6 has this. ....%. see
“ES a) en ey , 190.., bought of undersigned ........ Ibs. of
12 Fae seed, botanical name of whichis .....-...« 5.0 6 ose
The undersigned guarantees that this sample of seed contains not
more.than .....:* per cent. of foreign matter and that it will germi-
nate by the official method ...... per cent. Ifa cereal, that the seed
has been treated for smut or ergot according to the method pre-
scribed by the Commissioner of Agriculture. If the Commissioner of
Agriculture reports more than 19 per cent. of foreign matter above
this guarantee, or a viability falling more than ..... per cent. below

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 284

this guarantee, the undersigned agrees to receive bac! the seeds and
pay the cost of carriage both ways, or to refund a proportionate part
of the purchase price at purchaser’s option. Provided, the seed is
returned or started back within 30 days from but not including date
of sale, and further, that no more of the seed is lacking than is re-
quired by the State Department of Agriculture, for making a test of
this variety.

This guarantee expires also as soon as the seeds are sown.

IME ete gan 9s 252 orks! oc vas cine 2: 2 ULCER G Lotvalpusyie canta easel sata ta eeeh tee

12. Purchasers of seeds who wish samples tested to verify seller’s
guarantee must take the sample according to a particular method
and fill out a special blank which will be furnished free of cost on
application to the Commissioner of Agriculture. Samples not taken
by the official method will not be received or tested.

(See sampling blank, circular 34, O. E. 8.)

13. Any seed dealer in this State violating these rules will have
his license revoked and will be prosecuted to the full extent of the
law.

14. All determinations of seed quality under these rules shall be
made according to the method recommended by the Association of
American Agricultural Experiment Stations and Colleges. (See cir-
cular 34 O. E. 8.)

15. Cereal seeds for planting must have been tested, before ex-
posing for sale, with copper sulphate, potassium sulphide or formalin.

286 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oft. Doe.

THE COMPARATIVE VIRULENCE OF THE TUBERCLE BAC-
ILLUS FROM HUMAN AND BOVINE SOURCES.*

By MAZYCK P. RAVUENEL, M. D., Lectwrer on Bacteriology, Veterinary Department, University of
Pennsylvania; Bacteriologist of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board of Pennsylvania.

The relation existing between the various types of the tubercle
bacillus found in man and in the lower animals, has been the subject
of much discussion for several years past, and studies of the mor-
phology, biology, and virulence have been undertaken with the ob-
ject of determining whether or not constant differences could be de-
tected in the organism from these two sources sufficient to justify
their classification as distinct species.

From a purely practical standpoint, the question is narrowed to a
study of the bacillus as found in man and in cattle, and in the de-
termination of the relation they bear to each other. The importance
of this study is immense, not only to the physician, anxious mainly
for the protection of his clients, and to the general public who look
to the medical profession for guidance in such matters, but perhaps
even more so for those who are concerned in the framing of laws
and direction of public measures looking to the suppression of tuber-
culosis in man and animal. Efforts in this direction often meet
with strong opposition, and extreme statements are made on very
scanty evidence, which render the task of the hygienist much more
difficult, and may result in the failure of his purpose. The lack of
positive and authoritative knowledge in regard to this matter has in
recent years led to the adoption of retrograde measures in several
places. The problem is one that can be entirely cleared up only by
a long series of observations and carefully conducted experiments,
which are tedious, exacting, and require a considerable lapse of
time before results can be had. The correct interpretation of these
results is, in many cases, not an easy matter.

The identity of the tubercle bacillus as found in the mammalia
went unquestioned for many years, and laws for the prevention of
the transmission of the bacillus of cattle to man have been based
mainly on this belief. In America, Dr. Theobald Smith was the

*Read before the British Congress on Tuberculosis, Section on Pathology and
Bacteriology, London, July 23-26, 1901.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF’ AGRICULTURE. 287

first to take up the systematic study of the bacilli isolated from
various of the lower animals and man, and to call attention to cer-
tain fairly constant diiferences observed in the organisms from the
two sources which he considers sufiicient to justify classifying them
as distinct varieties or races, though his experiments “show un-
mistakably the close relationship existing among the various cul-
tures studied.”*

Dr. R. R. Dinwiddie,*? Pathologist and Bacteriologist of the Ar-
kansas Agricultural Experiment Station (U.S. A)., has carried out
quite extensive experiments in which he has compared the viru-
lence of the human and bovine tubercle bacillus, and also human
tuberculous sputum with bovine material, for a number of the do-
mestic animals, his results showing a greater power for both the
bovine bacillus and material than for the human.

The vast practical importance of the matter, no less than its
great scientific interest, was early realized by Dr. Leonard Pearson,
State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania, and under his direction we have
devoted much of our attention at the laboratory of the State Live
Stock Sanitary Board for more than two years past to the study of
the tubercle bacillus obtained from various cases of tuberculosis in
man and in cattle.

In the carrying out of this work I have had throughout the effi-
cient assistance of Dr. S. H. Gilliland, on whom a large share of the
labor has fallen, and to whom is due much of the credit in its suc-
cessful issue. To him and to the several physicians who have in-
terested themselves in obtaining material for us, I beg to express
my obligation. During a considerable portion of the time that
Part It of the experiment was in progress, Dr. W. G. Shaw was in
charge of the animals, and did much of the work; while the bovine
material for the inoculations was obtained and prepared by Dr. J.
J. Repp, both of whom were at the time connected with the lab-
oratory.

Our experimental work has been divided into two parts:

1. Isolation and study of pure cultures from various sources in
man and cattle.

2. Testing the pathogenic power of tuberculous material of buman
and bovine origine.

1. Under the first division thirteen cultures, seven of human and
six of bovine origin, are included in this report. Of these, two
human and two bovine have been compared under conditions as
nearly identical throughout at it was possible to obtain them. Cul-
tures H (bovine) and K (human) were isolated within a few days
of each other, while L (bovine) and M (human) were made on the
same day. The first sub-cultures of both pairs were made ou the

288 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

same day, and all transfers since have been made simultaneously.
The comparative pathogenicity of these cultures is shown in 'Pables
{ and II.

Cultures H and K were tested also for puppies and pigs by feed-
ing, as described below.

Culture H was recovered from the horse, goat, two puppies, two
hogs, and man; while cuiture K was recovered only from two pup-
pies and two hogs, the absence of lesions in other animals inoculated
making it impossible to cbtain a series comparable to culture H.
The virulence of these recovered cultures, with the exception of that
from the horse, was tested for guinea-pigs and rabbits, the results
being given in Table IIT.

Human cultures I, J, and W, and bovine cultures F, Q, QQ and
T, were isolated as occasion arose, and their virulence tested only
for guinea-pigs and rabbits. The dose and the mode of inoculation
were uniform in all cases, and the animals were kept under the
same conditions, but beyond this the tests are not entirely parallel.
The results are given in Table IV.

In addition to those cultures here mentioned, we have isolated and
examined nine ethers, morphologically and culturally. These have
been taken into account in forming our conclusions, as well as the
very careful descriptions given by Dr. Theobald Smith of the cul-
tures studied by him.

The terms “human” and “bovine” have been applied to cultures
to denote their origin from man or from cattle. Each culture is
designated by a letter cf the alphabet, and the generation indicated
by a small figure at the lower right corner. Cultures which have
been inoculated and recovered retain their original letter, a second
letter inclosed in brackets being added to mark the recovered cul-
ture.

2. The second part of the work has been the inoculation of ani-
mals with tuberculous material from man and cattle. The plan and
methods are described in another section, while the results are given
in Tables V and VI. Asa part of this experiment, human tubercu-
lous sputum has been fed to two calves, and four have been inocu-
lated with the same material. These have been included in Table
V, and described farther on.

289

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURD.,

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No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 293

PART I.

ISOLATION AND STUDY OF PURE CULTURES FROM VARI-
OUS SOURCES IN MAN AND CATTLE.

Method of Isolating Pure Cultures.—The isolation of cultures has
been obtained by the method devised by Dr. Theobald Smith,’? the
principal features of which are: (1) The test-tubes, which are fitted
with a cap like that of the well-known Miquel flask, ground on. The
small tubulation in the cap is plugged with glass-wool. (2) The
medium, which is dog’s serum. The animal is bled with the strict-
est aseptic precautions, and the blood conducted to sterile jars
through sterile rubber tubes. ‘The serum is drawn off with pipettes
and distributed at once into the test-tubes, put in the hardening
oven, and coagulated at a low temperature (76°C.). Prepared in
this way the serum needs no sterilization, and is much softer than
when a higher temperature is employed. (3) The tubes are kept
always inclined. (4) The tuberculous tissue selected for planting
in our culture tubes is not crushed nor rubbed over. the surface, as
advised in other methods. Young nodules from the omentum, spleen,
liver, or a lymphatic gland are cut out, and a block of considerable
size is placed on the surface of the serum. After remaining from
two to three weeks in the incubator at 37.5° to 39° C., the tissue is
pressed against the sides of the tubes with a stout platinum wire,
and rubbed over the surface of the medium. Examination of the
fluid squeezed out of the tissue at this time will generally indicate
the fimal result. The tubes are replaced in the incubator, and
within a week or ten days colonies of the tubercle bacillus usually
appear. The nodules for inoculation of the tubes are best obtained
from guinea-pigs, which are to be inoculated with the original mat-
ter from which we wish to obtain cultures. As soon as these show
marked illness they are chloroformed and the cultures made. In
general terms, the more recent the lesions the greater the chances
of successful culture. As a rule, guinea-pigs can be killed in from
three to four weeks after inoculation. If our material is of human
origin the inoculation sbould be intraperitoneal; if bovine, subcu-
taneous inoculation will generally cause a sufficient rapid involve-
ment of the organs. (5) The incubator should contain a dish of
water, to insure an abundance of moisture in the atmosphere. With
the same object in view, it should be opened as seldom as possible.

The only modification of the above method in our work has been
_the addition of a 50 per cent. solution of glycerin in water to the
Serum in such proportion that the resulting mixture contains 5
per cent. of glycerin. This seems to make coagulation more tardy,

294 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

but the serum does not dry out as quickly, and the growth of the
tubercle bacillus is facilitated. Serum prepared in this manner has
been employed throughout for the cultures used in our inoculations.

Preparation of Cultures for Inoculation, and Dosage,—The course
of an experimental tuberculosis depends so largely on the number of
bacilli introduced that exact dosage is an important factor in com-
parative work. Weighing naturally suggested itself, but a trial
soon convinced us of its impracticability. The growth of human
cultures is usually so abundant by the second generation, that it is
easy to obtain fairly dry masses which can be weighed quite ac-
curately, but bovine cultures often grow very scantily for many
generations, as a thin film resembling ground glass. We have
adopted as a uniform practice the method of Dr. Theobald Smith, the
use of a suspension of a given opacity. A portion of the growth is
removed to the wall of a dry and sterile test-tube, and rubbed round
and round with a glass rod until no lumps can be seen. Bouillon
is then added, and after stirring thoroughly, the mixture is allowed
to stand quiet for two or three hours, so that the clumps may settle.
The upper portion is poured off, and bouillon added until the sus-
pension equals in turbidity a twenty-four-hour-old culture of the
typhoid bacillus. The test culture is killed with formalin vapor and
sealed, so that it can be used as a standard for a considerable time.
Cover-glass preparations were made aiways as controls. In the
tables below the generation of the cultures is indicated by the ex-
ponent, and the age of each culture is given in days in a separate
column. For guinea-pigs and rabbits the dose has been through-
out 1 c.c. of the suspension, introduced under the skin of the abdo-
men. For the other animals the dose and mode of inoculation are
given in the tables.

Morphology and Cultural Characteristics of Bacilli Examined.—
The morphology of the bacilli in cultures of bovine origin is more
uniform and constant than in cultures from man. The bovine bacilli
are short, seldom more than two w in length, and averaging less. In
early generations many are seen which are oval, their length not
more than double their breadth. They are thick and straight.
They stain with carbol-fuchsin evenly and deeply, and beading is
markedly absent, even in old cultures.

The human bacilli are, as a rule, much longer from the start, and
tend to increase in length rapidly in sub-cultures. They are gen-
erally more or less curved and some cultures contain many S-shaped
forms, as culture M noted above. They stain with carbol-fuchsin
less deeply, and beading is a marked characteristic, often seen in the
earliest growth. :

These characteristics are most persistent in eultures on blood-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 295

serum. On glycerin agar, glycerin bouillon and potato with glycerin,
the bacilli from the two sources approach each other in appearance
and morphology much wore closely.

The human cultures isolated have without exception grown more
luxuriantly than the bovine cultures, though in at least two instances
(cultures U and BB) the first growth was very long in appearing.
This was due no doubt to their feeble virulence and consequent slow
production of lesions in the tissues of guinea-pigs. A saprophytic
life once established, they grew vigorously.

The bovine cultures are apt to grow as discrete colonies in the first
culture, and for several generations are likely to grow as an exceed-
ingly thin layer over a part of the medium, resembling closely ground
glass.

The human bacillus can usually be induced to grow on glycerin
agar in sub-cultures made from the original growth on blood-serum.
All attempts to obtain a like result with the bovine organism have
failed.

Three of the bovine cultures examined have been isolated from
milk. Two of these, L and Q, bave shown throughout the characters
of the type described as “bovine,” while T approaches the human
bacillus in morphology, being long and slender. It is, however, more
virulent than any human culture tested.

Among the human cultures, only one (M) has been isolated from
sputum. Through the kmdness of Dr. Alfred Hand, Pathologist of
the Children’s Hospital, to whom we beg to make grateful acknowl-
edgments, we have been able to obtain cultures from three cases of
tuberculosis in young children in which the intestine was involved.
One of these, from which culture BB was isolated, was considered
by Dr. Hand to be “more clearly than any other he had ever seen,
of intestinal origin,” and was therefore studied with peculiar inter-
est. [ts pathogenicity has not yet been determined, but the course
of the disease in the guinea-pigs inoculated to obtain the culture indi-
cated a very feeble virulence, one living sixty-six and another ninety-
six days. The bacilli, even in the first generation, are unusually long
and thick. They stain deeply with cabol-fuchsin, but are beaded in
a striking manner, the brightly stained portions beimg quite regu-
larly disposed along the rod. They are most unlike what we have
described as the bovine type in every way.

Cultures U and W, also from children with intestinal lesions, cor-
respond to the human type in every particular, both as regards mor-
phology and virulence.

COMPARISON OF CULTURES H (BOVINE) AND K (HUMAN).

History of Cultures.—Culture H (bovine) was isolated from the
mesenteric gland of a Jersey grade cow about seven years old, which
had been slaughtered for beef, but found to be extensively diseased

296 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

aud condemned. The lungs were the seat of an extensive and tong
continued tuberculosis. Most of the foci had undergone caseation.
Fhe liver was involved also, but to a less extent. The gland from
which the culture was obtained had undergone cheesy degeneration.
On May 17, 1899, guinea-pigs were inoculated intraperitoneally with
an emulsion made from the centre of this gland. On July 6 one
pig was killed and cultures made on dog’s serum. On July 28 the
first growth was observed, and on August 18 sub-cultures were made
from the omentum. Growth was fairly abundant. The bacilli were
short, thick, straight and stained evenly and deeply.

Culture K (human) was isolated from the lung of an adult negro
man. The disease was not severe and was confined almost entirely
to the lungs. Death was due to heart trouble. Guinea-pigs were
inoculated intraperitoneally with an emulsion made from nodules
taken from the lungs on June 10, 1899. On June 28, a pig was killed
and cultures made on dog’s serum. Growth was first observed on
July 29, the cultures from the spleen being used for sub-cultures,
the first of which was made on August 18. This culture grew rap-
idly and abundantly from the beginning. The bacilli were quite
long, slender and curved. They stained somewhat faintly, and
showed a marked tendency to beading.

COMPARISON OF CULTURES L (BOVINE) AND M (HUMAN).

History of Cultures.—Culture L (bovine) was obtained from the
milk of a cow with tuberculosis of the udder. On May 22, 1899, a
guinea-pig was inoculated with 10 c. c. of this milk. It died July 8,
and from it a second guinea-pig was inoculated intraperitoneally
with an emulsion made from the spleen and omentum. On August
25 this pig was killed and two others inoculated intraperitoneally
with an emulsion from the spleen and omentum. One of these was
killed on September 18, and cultures made on dog’s serum. On Oc-
tober 20 growth was first observed. On November 17 sub-cultures
were made. The growth for several generations was very scanty.
The bacilli were extremely short, many oval in shape. They took
the stain evenly and deeply.

Culture M (human) was obtained from the sputum of a young adult
female. Throat symptons were most marked in this case. The dis-
ease was rapid and violent, death occurring in about five weeks after
the sample of sputum was obtained. It contained large numbers
of tubercle bacilli. On July 12, 1899, a guinea-pig was inoculated
subcutaneously with the sputum. It was killed August 25, and two
pigs inoculated intraperitoneally with an emulsion made from the
spleen and omentum. On September 18 a pig was killed and cul-
tures made on dog’s serum. Growth was first observed on October

~~

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 297

15, and sub-cultures were made on October 17. Growth was rapid
and abundant from the first, and the first transfers made from the
original culture to glycerin agar, grew luxuriantly. The bacilli in
the original culture were rather short, irregular in shape, many
S-shaped, and as a rule stained quite evenly and deeply. In sub-
cultures the bacilli soon became much longer, straighter and showed
beading.

Summary and Postmortem Notes.—\t will be seen from the above
tables that for each culture ten animals were used. Of the ten inocu-
lated with culture H (bovine), nine died, while only one had to be
killed, this being the horse; while of those inoculated with culture
K (human) only three died, while seven had to be killed. With each
of cultures L (bovine) and M (human) eight animals were inoculated.
Of those inoculated with culture L, six died and two were killed;
while for culture M four died and four were killed. Taking the totals
of these four cultures, eighteen animals were used for the bovine cul-
tures and eighteen for the human. Of those inoculated with bovine
tubercle bacillus, fifteen died and three were killed; while of those
inoculated with the human cultures, seven dred and eleven were
killed. By making a closer study of the tables, further differences in
virulence between the bovine and human cultures may be brought
out. All the guinea-pigs inoculated with those four cultures died,
the extent of the postmortem lesions being practically identical in
all of them. Those inoculated with the human culture K lived al-
most ten days longer than those inoculated with the bovine culture
H; while those inoculated with human culture M lived seven and one-
third days longer than those inoculated with bovine culture L. All
the rabbits inoculated with both of the human cultures had to be
killed and showed no postmortem lesions whatever, while those
inoculated with the bovine cultures died, with extensive lesions.
These lesions varied somewhat in the different animals, necrotic
areas at the point of inoculation, and complete involvement of the
lungs being common to them all. The kidneys were also generally
involved. Only one animal had generalized tuberculosis, involving
the lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen and omentum.

Dogs.—The dogs showed a varying degree of susceptibility to all
the cultures. Both of those inoculated with bovine culture H died,
one in fifty-nine days, the other in sixty-six days. The smaller of
the two had shown signs of illness for some days before death. The
point of inoculation was well marked in the lung by a mass of tuber-
cles 2.5 cm. in diameter. Both lungs were infiltrated throughout
with gray nodules from 2 mm. to 4 mm. in diameter. Both pleural
cavities contained a considerable amount of purulent effusion. The
right pleura was roughened, without adhesions. The outer surface
of the pericardium was thickly sown with mimute nodules about 2

298 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

mm. in diameter, its interior being smooth. The liver was infiltrated
throughout and necrotic, giving a nutmeg appearance. The right
kidney contained a number of tubercular nodules; the left was con-
gested, but otherwise normal. The spleen had escaped infection.
Through an accident no postmortem was obtained of the other dog,
but from his symptons for some days before death it is reasonably
certain that the disease was general, affecting particularly, perhaps,
the lungs. Both of the dogs inoculated with human culture Kk had to
be killed, the lesions in both being insignificant. In one the only
marked change which could be found corresponded to the point of
inoculation in the lung, where a small excavation was found almost
completely filled in with scar tissue, radiating from the centre in star
shape. Scrapings from cut surfaces of this area revealed the pres-
ence of tubercle bacilli. All other organs were entirely normal. In
the other dog the point of inoculation was marked by a large nodule
in the pleural surface of the lung. The surfaces of both lungs showed
a great number of minute nodules. Scrapings from cut surfaces re-
vealed tubecle bacilli ta small numbers. On the external surface of
the pericardium was a nodule about one inch in diameter which con-
tained calcareous foci, incapsulated in dense fibrous material. The
mediastinal glands were enlarged and contained a number of caseous
foci. In all other respects the animal seemed normal.

Horses. —A marked difference was noted in the effect of the cul-
tures op the horses. The horse inoculated with bovine culture H
showed no ill effects from the injection for some months after the in-
jection. In the latter part of March, nearly four months after the
Injection, some emaciaticn could be noted, and the respiration was
quickened, being on an average of twenty-two a minute and some-
what labored. On the first of April the temperature averaged 102.2
degrees Fahrenheit. The symptoms grew very slightly more marked
and on June 25, six months and a half after inoculation, the animal
was killed. It had lost forty pounds in weight, though its condi-
tion was still fair. The costal pleurae were extensively covered with
masses of nodules of from 2 mm. to 18 mm. in diameter, averaging
nearly 12 mm. in thickness. These growths were somewhat more
extensive on the left side than on the right, and tended to be more
isolated and somewhat larger in size. The lungs were a grayish
pink, the blood-vessels being plainly outlined in a delicate network
over the surface. They were covered with nodules, varying from
1mm. up to 6 mm. of an inch in size, and closely packed. Both lungs
were hard, dense and devoid of elasticity, having much the feel of
liver. At the point of incculation on the right lung a small depres-
sion was found, filled in with a star-shaped cicatrix. This cicatricial
tissue was surrounded with a nodule about 2.5 cm. in diameter, con-
taining cheesy areas and much fibrous tissue. In the posterior part

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 299

of the left lung a tubercular abscess about 2.5 cm. in diameter was
found, and in the bottom of the lung several similar in size and char-
acter were seen. The bronchial glands were enlarged to twice their
normal size, but showed no caseation. ‘The surface of the pericar-
dium was studded wilh minute nodules. ‘The thoracic surface of
the diaphragm was covered over a large portion of its surface with
nodules the size of a pea, some of them pedunculated. Among the
nodules were many shreds of fibrin, some of them 2.5 cm. in length.
Similar masses were seen also on the costal surface of the lung. The
liver, spleen and kidneys appeared normal.

The horse inoculated with human culture K showed no clinical
evidence of injury. The first of April its respiration was twelve a
minute, its temperature was 100.5 degrees Fahrenheit. It was
killed on June 25, about six months and a half after inoculation. Its
condition was good. It had gained ninety-five pounds in weight.
There was considerable fat subcutaneously, and about the abdominal
organs. All of the abdominal organs were entirely normal, with
the exception of the liver, on the surface of which many fringes of
fibrin were found. In the thoracic cavity both pleurae were smooth
and shiny, except at the point of inoculation on the side right, where
amass of small nodules, with fringes of fibrin were seen. At the
point of inoculation in the right lung was a cheesy abscess 4 cm. in
diameter, and incapsulated with dense fibrous tissue, the walls being
6 mm. thick. Otherwise, the lung was entirely normal. In the left
lung were three small tuberculous nodules about 12mm. in diam-
eter, situated near the surface, and which had undergone caseation.
The disease was evidently non-progressive, and was probably retro-
gressive.

Goats.~—Both the goats inoculated with bovine culture H died,
one in twenty-two days and the other in twenty-six days, the lesions
being much the same in both. There was thickening of the pleurae
and adhesion at the point of inoculation; otherwise they were nor-
mal. The lungs were covered with myriads of minute tubercles
about 1 mm. in diameter, which gave a gritty feel to them. In the
substance of the lung no tubercles could be found. The cut surfaces
presented a pneumonic appearance, most marked in the smaller of»
the two animals. Scrapings from cut surfaces in any portion of the
lung revealed enormous numbers of tubercle bacilli. The mucus in
the bronchial tubes throughout the lungs also contained large num
bers of tubercle bacilli. In the larger animal the liver, spleen, kid-
neys, peritecneum and diaphragm were normal. The animal lost
eighteen pounds in weight in the twenty-two days of its life after
inoculation. The smaller goat showed involvement of the abdominal

organs also. The omentum was studded with pearly tubercles 2 mm
in diameter, one of which had undergone caseation. The surface of

20

300 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

the spleen was thickly covered with tubercles 1 mm. in diameter. In
the substance of the spleen no nodules could be found, but scrapings
from cut surfaces showed a large number of tubercle bacilli. The
liver shewed no microscopic tubercles, but scrapings from cut sur-
faces were rich in bacilli, and in sections under the microscope tuber-
cles were seen, with a few giant cells. Microscopic examination of
the lungs, however, revealed no tubercles. The infection in this ani-
mal was diffuse, and it is considered as a case of tubercular sep-
ticemia.

Both of the goats ineculated with human culture K gained in
weight and were killed after six months and twenty-one days. Both
were in good condition, having a considerable amount of fat in the
subcutaneous tissues and around the. abdominal organs. In the
larger animal at the point of inoculation there was an area of ad-
hesion to the pleura about 8 mm. in diameter. On the surface of the
left lung were two or three nodules about 3 mm. in diameter which
had undergone caseation. This lung is attached at its lower edge
to the diaphragm by fringes of fibrin, and along this edge a few
nodules about 12 mm. in diameter and containing cheesy pus were
found. The entire surface of the left lung was covered with fringes
of fibrin of a reddish-pink color. In both lungs the elasticity was
preserved and neither revealed nodules either by palpation or on
section. The left pleura was covered with a network of fibrin similar
to that seen in the lung; the right was normal. The mediastinal
glands were much enlarged and calcareous. In the liver two small
nodules were found near the surface, the organ geing otherwise nor-
mal. In the smaller animal the omentum contained upwards of a
hundred nodules from 2 to 12 mm. in diameter. The left lung was
attached to the pleura at its edge by numerous bands of fibrin and
at its posterior surface to the diaphragm in the same manner.
Along the lower border were a number of nodules about 6 mm. in
diameter which had wndergone caseation. The right lung was nor-
-mal. The mediastinal glands were enlarged and calcareous. The
left pleura shows ten or twelve nodules 6 mm. in diameter, which are
cheesy; besides a large one, corresponding to the point of inocula-
tion. ‘The diaphragm is attached to the spleen and to the stomach
by bands of fibrin, but m0 nodules were found. The liver was nor-
mal; the portal glands were enlarged and contained many cheesy
nodules. The left kidney contained a number of cheesy nodules.
The right kidney was normal. The mesenteric glands were en-
larged and several of them contained calcareous areas.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 301

COMPARATIVE VIRULENCE OF BOVINE CULTURE H AND HUMAN CUL-
TURE K FOR PUPPIES AND PIGS WHEN INTRODUCED THROUGH THE
ALIMENTARY TRACT.

Puppies. —F¥ our puppies eight.weeks old, from the same litter, were
selected, two of which received a suspension of milk of bovine cul-
ture H and two a similar suspension of human culture K, equal
amounts being given on ten days, six days in succession, with an in-
terval of seven days, then four days in succession. The regular food
was sterilized milk, bread and boiled beeef.

Only cne of the four puppies died, one of the two which received
the human culture K, death occurring after fifty-seven days. There
was a generalized tuberculosis, most marked in the lungs and liver.
The other puppy was killed after eighty-five days. The only lesions
found were small cheesy nodules on surface of one lung, in parotid
and mesenteric glands.

The two puppies fed with bovine culture H showed no ill effects
whatever, and were killed on the eighty-fifth and eighty-seventh
days, respectively. Both were in good condition, the only lesions
found being im the parotid and mesenteric glands, which contained
minute caseous areas, none larger than 2 mm. in diameter.

Pigs.—As with the puppies, four pigs from the same litter, eight
weeks old, were taken, two beimg fed with human culture K, and
two with bovine culture H, equal amounts of a suspension in sterile
water being soaked into bread and given for ten days with an inter-
mission of only one day. The regular food was sterilized milk,
ground oats, bran and cornmeal.

All four of the pigs died, the average life of the two fed with
human bacilli being one hundred and eighteen and a half days
against cne hundred and a half days for the two which received the
bovine culture. One pig of each pair lived one hundred and twenty-
three days, dying on the same day. The total difference in gain of
weight was only half a pound. All showed, postmortem, a gener-
alized tuberculosis.

While some differences were noticed in the extent of the disease
in various organs, it cannot be said that these were such as to indi-
cate a greater virulence of one culture than the other. In all the mes-
enteric glands were extensively diseased, while in one only, fed with
bovine bacilli, was there ulceration of the mucous membrane of the
intestine. Three of the four showed tuberculous ulceration of the
tonsils. The remaining one presented no gross changes in this
gland, but, microscopically, areas of necrosis, apparently in the lymp-
follicles, were found, and sections stained with carbol-fuchsin re-
vealed large numbers of tubercle bacilli. The two pigs which lived
longest, one bovine and one human, both had extensive involvement

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304 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of the joints, so that for several weeks before death walking was
almost impossible.

The result of this experiment is inconclusive as far as the puppies
are concerned, except as showing that they are readily infected
through the alimentary tract. The pigs showed practically an equal
susceptibility to the two cultures. The ease with which they were
infected, and the extent of the lesions produced in so short a time,
were both striking features, and should serve to put farmers on their
guard against feeding their swine on milk from tuberculous cattle.
In Pennsylvania we have observed several instances in which neglect
of this precaution has led to considerable loss.

The cultures included in Table III were all recovered from animals
which had been inoculated or fed with cultures H and K. Their
virulence was tested only for rabbits and guinea-pigs. The most
striking thing to be noticed in the results is the increase in virulence
in the human bacillus récovered from the hogs K (D) and K (E).
The average length of life for guinea-pigs after inoculation with the
original culture IK was thirty-eight days, while the rabbits were
killed after eight months and twenty-three days, showing success-
fully resisted infection. On the other hand, the culture recovered
from the hogs killed guinea-pigs in twenty-nine and one-half and
thirty-two and one-third days, and rabbits in seventy-one and one-
half days respectively, showing a virulence for those animals which
corresponds to that seen in bovine cultures.

Culture H (E) was recovered from a nodule on the hand of Dr. 8.
H. G., who accidentally inoculated himself while making a post-
mortem on one of the goats which had succumbed to the original
culture H. Particular interest attaches therefore to this culture.
No marked difference can be detected in the virulence of this culture
as compared with the original.

Considerable difference has been noted in the readiness with which
the recovered cultures grew in the early generations. H (A), H (B),
H (D) and H (FF) all grew vigorously from the start, the three last
growing without any stirring of the tissue on the original tubes,
while H (G) grew on tubes sealed with paraffin, a result which I
have been able to obtain only with the human bacillus, with this ex-
ception. The morphology of all the recovered cultures correspond
closely to the original.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 30d

COMPARISON OF OTHER HUMAN AND BOVINE CULTURES.

HISTORY OF CULTURES.

Culture F (Bovine).—-Obtained from a large tumor on the dia-
phragm of a cow which had been slaughtered for beef. The tumor
was 13 cm. long and from 7 to 9 em. in diameter. On the surface
were a number of grape-like masses of pearly lustre. On section
numerous caseous areas were found, from which an emulsion was
made. It contained many tubercle bacilli. A guinea-pig was in-
oculated intraperitoneally May 16, 1899. Death occurred on June
8, and from its tissues a second pig was inoculated intraperitoneally.
This pig was chloroformed July 31, and a third pig inoculated in the
same manner, which was chloroformed August 21, and cultures made
from spleen and omentum. Scanty growth was observed on Sep-
tember 27. Under the microscope the bacilli were thick, short and
showed little tendency to beading, staining deeply and uniformly.
The further history of this culture is given in the paragraph on
“Retention of Characteristics in Culture.”

Culture Y (Bovine).—Obtained from the lungs of cow No. 5986.
This cow was brought to our department on July 6, 1898, for ex-
perimental purposes, being considered then an advanced case of
tubercuJosis. She was emaciated and coughing badly. Many tuber-
cle bacilli were found in the mucus she coughed up, which were long,
thin and much beaded. She died February 12, 1900. The lungs
were infiltrated throughout, many of the areas having undergone
caseation and calcification. It was difficult to understand how the
animal lived as long as it did. The mediastinal glands formed a
tumor 35 cm. long by 15 cm. in diameter, which was cheesy on sec-
tion. The mesenteric glands were enlarged and cheesy. A guinea-
pig was inoculated in the peritoneal cavity on November 15, 1889.
On November 30 the animal was killed and cultures made. Growth
was observed first on January 10, and sub-cultures made on the same
date. Growth was always scanty.

Culture QQ (Bovine).—Was obtained from the mesenteric gland
of cow No. 5986. An emulsion from the centre of the gland was in-
oculated into the peritoneal cavity of a guinea-pig February 13, 1900.
On March 5 it was chloroformed and cultures made. Growth was
observed on April 12, and sub-cultures were made on April 17.
Growth was more abundant than that on the preceding culture (Q),
but still scanty.

Culture T( Bovine. )—Was obtained from milk sent in for examina-
tion by a dairyman in Philadelphia. It was inoculated into the
peritoneal cavity of a guinea-pig January 24, 1900. The guinea-pig

20-—6—1901

306 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

was chloroformed on April 6. With an emulsion of its spleen two
other guinea-pigs were inoculated intraperitoneally on the same
date. One of these was chloroformed on April 28, and cultures made.
Growth was observed first on June 23, and cultures made the same
day. Growth was abundant and luxuriant.

Culture U (Tuman).—Obtained from a child three years of age,
whose death was due to tubercular meningitis. Autopsy. Lungs
and bronchial lymphatic glands full of miliary tubercles. Anterior
mediastinal glands much enlarged. Spleen extensively involved,
liver less so. On abdominal surface of diaphragm were a number of
flat, yellow nodules. Mesenteric glands enlarged, and contained old,
yellow, cheesy nodules. One small tubercle found in right supra-
renal. Purulent and cheesy nodules found in meninges and encep-
halon. The culture was obtained from mesenteric glands.

The pathologist, Dr. Hand was uncertain as to the origin of this
case.

Guinea-pigs were inoculated intraperitoneally on June 15, 1900.
One was killed on July 23, and with its tissues a second was inocu-
lated intraperitoneally. This was chlorformed on September 12, and
cultures made. On October 11, no growth having taken place, the
blocks of tissue were transferred to fresh serum and stirred. On
December 4 growth was first observed, and on December 15 sub-cul-
tures were made. Growth has been rapid and abundant.

Culture W (Human).-—Obtained from a child nine months of age,
of scrofulous parentage. The cervical glands on both sides were en-
larged. Autopsy. A double broncho-pneumonia was found. One
small tubercular nodule was found on surface of left lung, several
at apex of right lung. Bronchial glands not enlarged. Tonsils nor-
mal in size, but glands on each side of pharynx extending in front of
and behind sternomastoid muscle were enlarged, tuberculous, and
several contained creamy pus. Three mesenteric glands were en-
larged and cheesy; an wleer was found in the jejunum and another
at the ileocecal valve. Peyer’s patches and the lymphatic glands
about cecum were enlarged. Spleen and liver contained tubercles.
The mesenteric glands were employed for the isolation of the culture.

This case was considered by Dr. Hand as being probably of ton-
Sillar or pharyngeal origin.

Guinea-pigs were inoculated intraperitoneally on October 5, 1900.
From one which died on January 4, 1901, a second was inoculated in-
traperitoneally. This was killed March 4, and cultures made.
Growth was first observed on April 12, and sub-cultures made the
following day.

Culture BB (Iuman).—Obtained from a child seventeen months of
age. Death was due to tubercular meningitis. Autopsy. Lungs

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 307

normal, except posterior and part of right upper lobe, which was
consolidated, red on section, and had excess of connective tissue.
Bronchial and mediastinal glands not enlarged. Spleen, liver and
kidneys show pearly tubercles. ‘Two feet from lower end of ileum
is an ulcer 1 by 2 cm., the long diameter transverse to axis of gut.
Nodules are seen on peritoneal surface. Four small ulcers, two
above and two below, are found in ileum. Mesenteric glands en-
larged, cheesy and some purulent. Meninges show yellow tubercles
most marked along longitudinal fissure, in choroid plexus, and over
cerebellum. The mesentcric glands were used in obtaining the cul-
ture.

This case is considered by Dr. Hand the clearest one of primary
intestinal tuberculosis ever seen by him.

Guinea-pigs were inoculated intraperitoneally with an emulsion
made from the mesenteric glands on March 9, 1991. One was chloro-
formed on April 19 and cultures made. Scanty growth on one tube
was found June, and sub-cultures made.

The results given in Table IV show for all the bovine cultures a
greater virulence than for any of the human cultures. The average
life of the guinea-pigs inoculated with human bacilli was more than
twice that of those inoculated with bovine. All the rabbits which
received human cultures gained in weight and had finally to be killed,
while for the bovine they died, and presented postmortem extensive
lesions, the lungs and kidneys being the chief seats of the disease
in all animals.

PARI I:

TESTING THE PATHOGENIC POWER OF TUBERCULOUS MA-
TERIAL OF HUMAN AND BOVINE ORIGIN.

In addition to the study of a number of pure cultures obtained
from man and cattle, we have examined the pathogenic power of
tuberculous material from the two sources also, making a series
of inoculations which are as nearly parallel as possible. The results
of these tests are shown in Tables V and VI. The pian was to in-
oculate a series of animals with tuberculous tissues rubbed into a
smooth suspension, and at the same time to inoculate a number of
guinea-pigs with the same, which on their death would furnish ma-
terial for another series of inoculations parallel with those made di-
rectly from the human and bovine tissues. It was believed that
the material from guinea-pigs would more nearly represent pure cul-
tures of the respective organisms than would be obtained from the

Off. Dos.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

308

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312 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

tuberculous organs of man and cattle, and that the two sets of ani-
mals would lend themselves to an interesting comparison, besides
fultilling the primary object of comparing the virulence of human and
bovine material.

The plan was carried out for the bovine material, but failed for
the human, as all the guinea-pigs died within forty-eight hours after
inoculation. The second series of animals were inoculated with
human material from another scurce and obtained at a later date.
The results, while not entirely comparable, are vevertheiess inter-
esting and valuable.

Objections in Use of Tuberculous Materzal.—There are several dis-
advantages in using tuberculous material which were not over-
looked in planning this work. (1) It is impossible to give accurate
doses, for althovgh our suspensions may be made of an equal opacity,
and counts of equal amounts show approximately the same number
of baciili, there is no way of Getermining what proportion of these
bacilli are capable of multiplication. (2) Material from man almost
always contains other bacteria. Our knowledge of mixed infections
is too scant to cnable us to estimate the part played by those other
species in determining the result; whether they inhibit or aid the
action of the tubercle bacillus. The same is true of bovine material,
although to a less extent, the tuberculous foci being more apt to re-
main inclosed. On the other hand, infection under natural condi-
tions is always through such mixed material, and this method of
inoculation approaches in some degree the conditions we meet in
practice.

Source of Bovine Tuberculous Material.—Vhe bovine tuberculous
material was obtained from a cow six years old, which had shown
symptoms of tuberculosis for a long time, and was finally condemned
and killed. She showed, postmortem, a generalized involvement of
the thoracic cavity with some invasion of the abdominal organs. In
the lungs but little tissue approaching normal was found, and the
pleurae were studded with small nodules. Many of the tuberculous
areas in the lungs had undergone caseation. The mediastinal
glands were enormously enlarged and caseous. Scattered over the
peritoneum were many nodules. The liver was considerably in-
volved, and the portal and mesenteric glands were enlarged and
caseous. Other abdominal organs showed no macroscopic lesions.
Nodules were taken from the pericardium, mediastinal and mesen-
teric glands, lung and pleura. After thorough trituration in a mor-
tar, each part separately, they were mixed, sterile water added, and
the whole strained through cheese-cloth. With this material a
series of animals was inoculated, and at the same time a number of
guinea-pigs. These all contracted tuberculosis, four dying on the
fifteenth day. Portions of their organs were prepared in the same

No. 6, ¥ DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 312

way, and used for the inoculation of a second series of animals, as
seen in Table V.

Sources of Human Tuberculous Material.—This material was ob-
tained from three bodies, the lungs only being used. Two of the
three were cases of well-marked acute miliary tuberculosis, the other
a case of chronic phthisis, all adults. The material was prepared
for injection in the same way as described for the bovine, the sus-
pensiou being made as nearly of the same thickness as possible. The
first series cf animals was inoculated with the tissues from one of
the cases of acute miliary tuberculosis on August 27. A number of
guinea-pigs were also inoculated with the object of having their
tissues for a second series of inoculations, as with the bovine ma-
terial, but they all died of septicemia within forty-eight hours, pre-
venting the execution of this plan. With the exception of the pigs,
and the calves inoculated with sputum, the other animals were in-
oculated from the two cases mentioned above.

Method of Inoculation.—In all the animals the injection was made
into the lung, the field of puncture being shaven, washed with soap
and water, next with alcohol and ether, and lastly with a 1:1000
solution of bichlorid of mercury. The site of puncture was, for the
horses, between the eighth and ninth ribs; for the pigs, sheep and
dogs, between the sixth and seventh ribs; and for the cats, between
the fifth and sixth ribs.

+ ! CONDENSED POSTMORTEM NOTES.
Florses. Bovine Material. Two Animals.—One died after fifty-

four days, with loss of 195 pounds; the other was kilied after sixty-
six days, having lost sixty pounds. In both the desease was mainly
in thoracic cavity. In the one inoculated with material direct from
cow, both lungs were invoived throughout. In the other the tuber-
culous process was confined to the lung into which injection was
made, and marked only near site of inoculation.

FHlorses. TIuman Material. Two Animals.—Both had to be killed.
One was entirely normal, not even the point of inoculation being
discernible. In the other the tuberculous process was confined to an
area 5 em. in diameter, with the point cof inoculation as a centre.

Pigs. Bovine Material. Four An*mals.—A\ died with an aver-
age length of life of fifty and three-quarter days. The two which
received the bovine material direct lived sixty-eight and one-half
days, as against thirty-three days for those inoculated from the
guinea-pigs. In all, the lungs were the chief seat of the disease, all
showing an acute miliary tuberculosis of both organs. In the two
inoculated directly from the cow, the abdominal cavity was invaded
to a limited extent, seen only in the mesenteric glands.

Pigs. Human Material. Stix Animals,—Five died and one was
killed. The average length of life of the two inoculated directly

314 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

from man was eighty-cight and one half days; for the three inocu-
lated with tissues of other pigs which died, the average was twenty-
two days. In the two first the lungs were invaded throughout with
miliary tubercles, and one showed areas of pneumonic character. In
neither was the abdominal cavity involved. Of the four pigs inocu-
lated with material from the other pigs which had succumbed to
inoculation with human tissues, three presented a diffuse tubercular
pneumonia, rapidly fatal, one living only thirteen days. The remain-
ing animal was normal with the exception of the right lung and
pleura. Both visceral and parietal pleurae were largely covered
with nodules 2 mm. to 12 mm. in diameter, many of them caseous.
The lung was dense throughout, and contained many caseous areas,
most marked near the surface.

Sheep. Bovine Material. Two Animals.—Both died, the one in-
oculated directly with bovine material in forty-four days, the other
in thirty-two days. Both were considerably emaciated, and in both
the disease was confined almost entirely to the thoracic cavity, the
spleen being the only abdominal organ involved, and this only
slightly so. In both the lungs showed hepatization, more marked
in the one inoculated with the tissues of the guinea-pig.

Sheep. LHuman Material. Two Animals.—Both were killed 202
days after inoculation. One was entirely normal, with the exception
of an area in the right lung 5 cm. in diameter at the point of inocu-
lation, in the centre of which was a caseous abscess, the pus con-
taining many tubercle bacilli. The second animal was normal
throughout.

Dogs. Bovine Material. Two Animals.—The dog which received
the bovine material direct became markedly ill, much emaciated,
and died after 148 days. The pleural surfaces of both lungs were
covered with minute nodules, and were almost completely consoli-
dated. In right lung at point of inoculation, was a small abscess, 25
mm. in diameter. :

The dog inoculated with tissues of guinea-pig showed little effect
from it, and was killed after 245 days. The only lesion found was
an abscess cavity 12 mm. in diameter at point of inoculation in right
lung, scrapings from the wall of which contained many tubercle
bacilli.

Dogs. Human Material. Two Animals.—One killed after 229
days. The only evidence of disease was the presence of numerous
minute nodules on the pleural surfaces of both lungs, and a few on
‘ the pericardium. The lnngs were normal otherwise.

The second dog began to cough after six weeks, lost flesh rapidly
and died on the sixty-third day. Both pleurae contained six ounces
of sanguinolent pus. The lungs were the seat of an extensive miliary
tuberculosis, and at point of inoculation in right lung was an ab-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 315

scess cavity 7 c. m. long by 2. 5 mm. in diameter. The abdominal
organs were not involved.

Cats. Bovine Material. Two Animals.—Both became rapidly ill,
one dying in twenty and the other in thirty-one days. In both the
lungs were the seat of an acute miliary tuberculosis. In the one
which received the bovine material direct, the spleen contained a
number of cheesy areas. In the other the mesenteric glands were
enlarged and cheesy. The more rapid progress of the disease in the
latter was probably due to its smaller size and the larger dose.

Cats. Human Material. Two Animals.—One cat died after two
days and has not therefore been included in the averages. The
second was killed after 193 days and found to be normal throughout.
Not even the point of inoculation could be determined.

Summary.—Twelve animals were inoculated with bovine material.
Ten of these died, while two survived—the horse and the dog which
received the tissues of the guinea-pig.

Fourteen animals were inoculated with the human material, of
which eight died and six were killed.

For most of the animals the tuberculous material direct from the
cow seemed to be the more virulent. The sheep and pigs were ex-
ceptions to this, the pigs notably so, those receiving the tissues of
guinea-pigs dying in thirty-three days, as against sixty-eight and
one-half days for the others. The averages of life after inoculation
given in the table, as well as the greater mortality, show strikingly
the increased potency of the bovine material over that from man.

This difference is further brought out by the extent and character
of the lesions produced by the one and the other, as shown in the
postmortem notes, and in Table VI.

Infection of Calves with Human Tuberculous Sputum ,—tThe re-
sults of this experiment are included in Table V, the details which
are of considerable interest being supplied here.

Calf 5984, age five weeks, weight 108 pounds, was inoculated in-
traperitcneally with 10 c. c. of sputum from an adwanced case of
tuberculosis at the University Hospital, on July 29, 1898. The
patient from whom the sputum was obtained was a young adult
who had been sick about a year and a half, and had been expectora-
ting freely for one year. A cavity had been observed in the left lung
about eight months before the sputum was obtained. Death oc-
eurred soon after. Beyond some slight elevation of temperature
this calf shewed no effect whatever from the inoculation. On No-
vember 3, 1898, it was tested with tuberculin, but gave no reaction.
When it was killed on January 14, 1899, it weighed 258 pounds, an
increase of 150 pounds. It was in good condition and showed no
tuberculous lesions in any part of the body. The site of inoculation
could not be determined.

21

Off. Dee.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

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No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 317

Calf 8499, age five weeks, weight 131 pounds, was inoculated on
July 29, 1898, with 10 e. c. of sputum of a patient at the University
Hospital. This patient was adult male; a miner by occupation. He
had been under treatment for nine months. At this period the
apices of both lungs were consolidated. He had a cough for two
years, lost flesh, and had one severe hemorrhage. He expectorated
a large abount of mucopurulent sputum. This calf showed an elewa-
tion of temperature which continued almost without intermission
for three months, reaching as high as 105.8 degrees Fahrenheit in
August and September. On November 3, 1898, it was tested with
tuberculin and gave a reaction. It was killed on January 9, 1899,
weighing 265 pounds, ap increase in weight of 154 pounds. It was
in fair condition. There was a nodule in the peritoneum at the site
of inoculation. Im the Gmentum were numerous calcareous nodules
the size of a hazel-nut, and one softened nodule the size of a hen’s
ege, which contained an inspissated purulent material, and five
“smaller ones of the same character. The lungs, liver and spleen
were normal, but on the pleural surface of ithe diaphragm there was
a deposit of fibrin which contained several well defined nodules. On
the abdominal surface of the diaphragm was a small amount of
grape formation.

Calf 8045, age about four weeks, was inoculated on May 16, 1898,
intraperitoneally with 10 ¢c. c. of sputum from an advanced case of
pulmovary tuberculosis at the University Hospital. The sputum
contained many bacilli. Beyond a slight cough, which was noticed
in July, it showed no symptoms of discomfort and grew rapidly. It
was tested with tuberculin on July 30, and gave good reaction. It
was killed on August 1, weight 340 pounds, condition good; large
amount of fat. On the surface of both lungs and on the pleural sur-
face of the diaphragm was a fibrinous deposit. In the cervical lobe
of the right lung a few small nodules were found on section. The
mediastinal and bronchial glands were somewhat enlarged. The
omentum contained a few nodules, and one, about one inch in diam-
eter, which had undergone softening, the contents being rich in
tubercle bacilli. The spleen showed a number of nodules. About
one-half of the mesenteric glands were enlarged and showed cheesy
degeneration. An emulsion from the centre of the softened nodule
in the omentum and from portions of the spleen were made and 20
¢. ¢. injected intraperitoneally into calf 9843, four weeks old, weight
108 pounds, on August 2. Beyond a slight cough, noticed on Octo-
ber 10, the animal showed no ill effects from inoculation. It was
killed on January 10, 1899, condition good. The omentum was ad-
herent to the peritoneum at the point of inoculation and contained
some ten nodules about the size of a pea. In every other respect the
animal was entirely normal.

Calf 8050, age four weeks, was inoculated on May 16, 1898, with

318 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

sputum from an early case of pulmonary tuberculosis at the Univer-
sity Hospital. The sputum contained a large number of tubercle
bacilli. Soon after inoculation the temperature of the calf rose and
continued high, with some remissions, until it was killed. Its ap-
pearance was bad, the coat dry and rough, the respiration rapid.
It was tested with tuberculin, but the temperature was too high for
results. It was killed on August 1, weighing 190 pounds. On the
surface of both lungs there was a slight deposit of fibrin, and on sec-
tion a number of hemorrhagic areas were observed in both. The
mediastinal and bronchial glands were enlarged and congested.
The abdominal cavity contained about twelve ounces of bloody
serum. The peritoneum was thickly studded over its entire surface
with nodules from 1 mm. to 12 mm. in dimeter, fibrous in character.
In many places these nodules had massed together, forming tumors,
some 5 cm. in diameter, which were dense and fibrous. The spleen
contained many nodules, both on the surface and throughout its sub-
stance. The whole omentum was thickly studded with nodules from
2mm. to 12 mm. in diameter, and besides which there were three
large masses, dense and fibrous in character, two of which were 15
cm. long by 7 cm. wide, and 12 mm. thick; and the third 7 cm. long.
by 6 cm. wide, by 4 cm. thick. The abdominal surface of the dia-
phragm was thickly studded with nodules, fibrous in character.
The mesentery was thickened and contained many nodules of small
size. The appearance was that of a typical case of grape or pearl
disease. The mesenteric and mediastinal glands were enlarged and
somewhat caseous. Twenty c. c. of an emulsion made from these
glands, which contained a large number of tubercle bacilli, were in-
jected on August 2 into the peritoneal cavity of calf 9846, four weeks
old, weight 132 pounds. The animal showed no ill effects whatever
from incculation and was killed on January 10, 1899. A careful
postmortem examination showed it to be normal in all respects.
Summary.—¥our calves of nearly the same age received intra-
peritoneally 10 c. c. of human tuberculous sputum from different
sources, but in all cases containing a large number of tubercle bacilli.
One sbowed no ill effect from the injection execept a slight rise
of temperature, and when killed the autopsy was entirely negative.
Of the other three, two had persistent high temperature follow-
ing the injection, but only one showed marked illness otherwise.
Postmortem examination proved that all had become infected with
tuberculosis, the lesions in two being quite extensive. From each
of these two a second calf was inoculated intraperitoneally with an
emulsion made from well-developed nodules. In both cases the
emulsion was rich in tubercle bacilli, and a large dose (20 ¢. ¢.) was
injected. The result was absolutely negative in one animal and prac-
tically so in the other.
Since both calves received a much larger number of tubercle

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 319

bacilli in the emulsion than those injected with the sputum, we are
led to conclude that the result in the latter was due to a mixed in-
fection which operated to the advantage of the tubercle bacillus.
The attempt to infect calves with human sputum by the digestive
tract failed wholly. Two young calves (Table V, Nos. 8074 and 8096)
were given from 30 to 60 cc. of sputum containing many tubercle
bacilli on eleven days. Some disturbance of digestion resulted at
the time, but when killed no trace of tuberculosis was detected.*
Indications for Further Investigation.—In the further elucidation
of this question, cultures should be isolated from as many cases of
primary intestinal tuberculosis, and especially those cases in which
there is reason to suspect infection by meat or milk. Having ob-
tained the cultures, it may well be asked whether or not we are in a
position to determine positively the origin of the offending organ-
isms. Are the differences which have been noted in culture, mor-
phology and virulence, sufficiently marked and persistent to make
differentiation possible? This I doubt. In my judgment much
more work must be done before we shall be able to determine the
origin of a given culture of the tubercle bacillus by examination of
it in cultures. At present we know practically nothing of the in-
fluence of the human body on the tubercle bacillus, nor what changes
may be induced in its morphology, cultural peculiarities and viru-
lence by residence in the human tissues, nor what length of time is
necessary to induce such changes, if induced at all. In my studies I
have, as shown in Tabie ill, recovered the tubercle bacillus, both
human and bovine from horses, dogs, swine, goats, and in one in-
stance had the rare if not unique opportunity of recovering the
bovine organism from man after accidental inoculation. These re-
covered cultures have all been carefully compared with the originals,
and while some differences have been observed, and noted in the
remarks following the table, with possibly one exception, they have
not been of a marked or distinguishing character. Im the case of
the man the bacillus remained in his tissues from January 1 to Feb-
ruary 27, fifty-eight days. The recovered culture was practically
identical with the original. This is, however, a shorter time by a
great deal than elapses between intestinal infection in children
through food and their death, and does not enable us to draw con-
clusions as to these cases. Like the culture recovered from animals,
it indicates that the tubercle bacillus is quite tenacious of its char-
acteristics, as a rule. We have noted constantly that the bacilli
found in scrapings from the various organs of the animals inoculated
with bovine cultures have been long and beaded though the culture
used was of the short and unbeaded type. The recovered cultures,
however, on blood-serum have always resembled the original. In

*This experiment was conducted by Dr. W. G. Shaw, to whom all the credit
is due.

320 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc

a series of examinations of material coughed up by cows, I failed
always to find bacilli of what has been described as the bovine type.
In fact, the longest tubercle bacilli I have ever observed, except in
old cultures, were seen in some specimens of this material. The
virulence of this material was greater considerably than human
sputum ordinarily is, though the comparison was not made with
accuracy.

Retention of Characteristics in Culture.—On blood-serum with
5 per cent. of glycerin, the tubercle bacillus from bovine sources,
will, as a rule, retain its morphological and cultural characteristics
for a iong time. Culture H has now grown for two years (July 6,
1901), and is of the sixteenth generation. Beyond an increased
vegetation, no marked change can be detected in it. With a single
exception (Culture F) the same may be said of all the cultures isv-
lated. This culture was isolated with some diificulty, and so scant
was the growth for six generations that I was several times on the
point of abandoning it. Only in the sixth generation was growth
enough obtained for experimental inoculation. Considerably more
growth took place in the seventh, and the eighth grew luxuriantly,
since which all sub-cultures have been abundant. From the eighth
generation on serum cultures were made on 5 per cent. glycerin agar,
and an abundant growth obtained on this medium in the first trans-
fer.

Co-incident with this increase of vegetative power came a marked
change in the morphology. From being short, thick and staining
evenly, it is now long, more slender than in the early growths and
shows marked beading. In other words, from being a typical
“bovine” culture, it has during the past ten months so changed that
it can now pass as a typical “human” culture. It will be observed,
by reference to Table IV, that its pathogenic power for guinea-pigs
and rabbits was not as great as is usually found in bovine cultures.

Culture in Cullodion Sacs.—The method of culture in the body of
living animals, which has been productive of such brilliant results in
the hands of the French, offers much assistance in the solution of
the problem before us. It has enabled Nocard! to demonstrate the
possibility of so modifying the mammalian tubercle bacillus that it
becomes like the avian crganism in culture and pathogenicity. We
are now attempting to modify, two feebly virulent human cultures
by residence in the peritoneal cavity of cattle.

Culture M was kept for seven months in the abdominal cavity of
a heifer, inclosed in collodion sacs, two sacs being used. On re-
moving the sacs but little multiplication of the bacilli was noted.
Cultures were recovered directly from the sacs. In the first trans-
fer the cultures grew more rapidly and abundantly than the original
culture, but the morphology of the individual bacilli cannot be said
to have changed to a noticeable degree. The virulence was not in-

Ne 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 321

creased. Rabbits were not killed by sub-cutaneous inoculation.
Guinea-pigs died after an average of forty-two and one-third days
A calf inoculated intraperitoneally showed no ill effect and gave no
reaction to tuberculin after seven weeks.

Culture Nasua Narica (Coati) of Theobald Smith, inclosed in collo-
dion sacs, was kept in the peritoneal cavity of a yearling heifer for
eleven months. On removal there was considerable increase in the
growth, especially in one sac. Cultures were recovered from the
sacs, and showed some marked changes, especially in manner of
growth. On both blood-serum and glycerin agar, the growth was
most rapid, at least twice as rapid as usual for this culture. On
serum it covered the surface in seven to ten days, as a thick, white,
moist layer, almost cottony rear the water at bottom. On glycerin
agar the growth was more dry and wrinkled, but very rapid. The
bacilli stain more evenly, and are on the whole shorter, though long
forms are seen. Guinea-pigs and rabbits inoculated subcutaneously
are still alive after four months. A calf which received 4 c. c. of a
milky suspension in the jugular vein reacted to tuberculin after ten
weeks.

The experiment is being continued, the culture recovered from the
capsule having been placed again in the peritoneal cavity of another
calf,

No conelusions can be drawn as yet, though the indications are
that both cultures have become less strictly parasitic rather than
more so, by the procedure.

Interpretation of Results,—-Accepting it as proven that the bovine
tubercle bacillus has, as a rule, considerably greater pathogenic
power than the human bacillus for a large majority of experimental
animals, how should we interpret this in regard to man? Is it fair
to conclude that this increase of virulence will hold good for man
also? Until the contrary is proven, or until good reason for believ-
ing the contrary is shown, it is in my judgment right that this con-
clusion be held, at least as a working hypothesis. I am aware of
the objections to this view that will be raised by some, and acknowl
edge freely that it cannot be accepted as conclusive. Virulence is,
no doubt, a factor which is relative to the subject, and exaltation of
virulence for one species does not necessarily prove an increased
virulence for other species. Indeed, the reverse is true in some in-
stances.* However, it cannot be denied, as a general rule, that
when the virulence of a pathogenic organism is increased for one.
animal it is increased for all that are naturally susceptible to its
action.

The tubercle bacillus is unique in the extent of its pathogenic
activity, both by direct experimental inoculation as well as by infec-

*The streptococcus is said to become increased in ‘virulence for mice by
successive passages through these animals, but less virulent for rabbits.

21—6—1901

322 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

tion under what may be considered more or less natural conditions.
The list of animals in which tuberculosis has been observed in parks
and zoological gardens is appalling, the discoveries of Dubard® and
others showing that not even the cold-blooded animals are exempt
from this universal scourge. While it may be said of the tubercle
bacillus that in cultures in the laboratory it is unusually tenacious of
its characteristics, it is certain that in nature it has a wide range
of adaptability as a pathogenic agent. Hence for the tubercle
bacillus, perhaps more than for any other known microbe, we are
justified in believing that an exaltation of virulence for practically
all experimental animals will bold good in the case of man also.
The question can be determined definitely only by direct inocula-
tion of man. To do this experimentally is of course impossible, con-
sequently we are forced to rely for evidence of this nature on those
accidental cases which occur from time to time. It has been my
fortune to have three such cases come under my observation, in
each of which the infecting organism was known positively to be of
bovine origin.’ Similar cases have been reported by Tscherning’ and
Pfeiffer,* the latter ending in general infection and death. To these
may be added two cases observed by Dr. M. B. Hartzell,® of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, though in both, absolute proof of the bovine
origin of the offending organism is lacking. Both occurred in
healthy men employed by one of our large American railways to
clean and repair cars used in the transportation of cattle. In both
a well-developed tuberculosis of the skin followed slight wounds of
the back of the hand inflicted by broken timbers. Im one case the
local disease was soon cured and no further trouble resulted. The
other, however, ended fatally after about a year, through the infec-
tion becoming generalized, with involvement of the lungs. This
patient was a robust man, forty-four years old, weighing 175 pounds,
with good family and personal histories. Dr. Hartzell felt able to
exclude with reasonable certainty any other source of infection.
Cases such as these permit us to deny with authority the claim
which has been made by certain persons that by long residence in
animals of the bovine species the tubercle bacillus becomes so
changed as to render it incapable of successful residence in the
tissues of man. In all of these instances the bovine bacillus grew
and multiplied under conditions known to be most unfavorable to
it, with the production ef characteristic lesions, and in two of the
seven cases gained access to the internal organs, causing death, a
result which is unusual when the local lesion is due to infection from
human sources. While the number of cases is too small to enable
us to draw sweeping conclusions, the indications are that by this
mode of inoculation the pathogenic power of the bovine bacillus is
at least as great as that possessed by its human congener,
Infection through Food.—It will not be necessary here to review

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. $23

at length the reported instances of infection through the digestive
tract following the use of food products from tuberculous cattle.
Most of these of necessity lack precision, and are not absolutely
demonstrative, though some of them have, as Nocard has said, “al-
most the value of an experiment.”

The well-known observations of Stang,!? Demme,” Gosse” and Olli-
vier™ leave little doubt of the power of the bovine tubercle bacillus to
infect man through the digestive tract.

Statistical Evidence.—The evidence derived from the statistics of
tuberculosis on this point is purely circumstantial, yet of such
strength as to be most convincing. The compilations of Dr. Tatham
bring out most strikingly the fact that in early life some potent fac-
tor is at work in causing tuberculosis. In the Harben Lectures for
1898, Sir Richard Thorne speaks of this as follows: “So also, if you
will compare the rates in Tables A B and C and contrast the
reduction of 27.9 per cent. which has taken place, under five years of
age, during the last forty-five years in all forms of tubercular dis-
ease, and that of 66 per cent. in phthisis, with the corresponding one

from tabes mesenterica, which only reached 3.0 per cent. you will
see that in considering the latter cause of death we are dealing with

a totally different state of affairs.

“The matter, too, assumes a still more serious aspect if we limit
ourselves to the first year of life, when milk is most largely used
as food; for then we find that the reductions in the rate of death from
the various forms of tuberculosis, which reduction has been going on
at ‘all ages’ for about half a century, not only disappears, but is
actually transformed into a large increase, reaching no less than 27.7
per cent. This in itself is grave enough, but its significance is still
further emphasized when we remember what are the circumstances
under which this increase in the rate of death from tabes mesenterica
has gone on synchronously with a decrease in that from other forms
of tuberculosis.”

Evidence of a similar nature is given by Dr. Still,” of the Great
Ormond Street Hospital for Children, in his analysis of 769 consecu-
tive autopsies of children under twelve years of age, 269 of which
showed tuberculous lesions. Of these, 117, or 43.5 per cent. were in
children under two years old, while in the first three years of life
56.5 per cent. or more than a half of the total number, occurred.
From his study of the lesions in these cases Dr. Still believes that
in 153, or 56.8 per cent. the respiratory tract was the channel of in-
fection, while in 63, or 23.4 per cent. the alimentary canal was re-
sponsible, the remaining fifty-three cases being uncertain or were
otherwise accounted for. Accepting these figures as given, they in-
dicate strongly that milk, the most largely used food, has a considera-
ble part in the spread of tuberculosis, and justify the conclusion
quoted from a report made to the council of the British Medical

324 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe

Association, that “ the mortality from tuberculosis in early child-
hood is not decreasing as it is at other ages in the United Kingdom,
and the opinion that this great prevalence of the disease in childhood
is due to infection through the alimentary canal by milk from tuber-
culous cows appears to be well founded.”

From Germany comes further confirmatory facts. |Widerhofer
gives an analysis of 418 cases of tuberculosis in children, showing
among them 101 with involvement of the intestine. Of these 43, or
42.5 per cent. were between the ages of two and five years, the
period of life when cows’ milk forms a large part of the food for chil-
dren.

Conclusions.—In view of the foregoing experiments, and of the
evidence quoted, it seems justifiable to conclude—

1. That the tubercle bacillus from bovine sources has in culture
fairly constant and persistent peculiarities of growth and morpho-
logy, by which it may tentatively be differentiated from that ordi-
narily found in man.

2. That cultures from the two sources differ markedly in patho-
genic power, affording further means of differentiation, the bovine
bacillus being very much more active than the human for all species
of experimental animals tested, with the possible exception of swine,
which are highly susceptible to both.

5. That tuberculous material from cattle and from man corres-
ponds closely in comparative pathogenic power to pure cultures of
the tubercle bacillus from the two sources, for all animals tested.

4, That it is a fair assumption from the evidence at hand, and in
the absence of evidence to the contrary, that the bovine tubercle
bacillus has a high degree of pathogenic power for man also, which
is especially manifest in the early years of life.

REFERENCES.

1. Transactions Association American Physicians, 1896.

2. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 57,
June 1899. :

3. Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. IIT, Nos. 4 and 5, 1898.

4. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, Vol. XII, No. 9, September, 1898.
5. La Revue de la Tuberculose, April, 1898.
6. Philadelphia Medical Journal, July 21, 1900.
(. Congres pour |’étude de la Tuberculose, Ist Session, 1888.

8. Zeitschrift f. Hygiene, Bd. IIT, 188s.

9. Journal American Medical Association, April 16, 1898.

10. Les Tuberculoses Animales. Nocard.

11. Paris Academy of Medicine. La Semaine Médicale, February
25, 1892.

12. British Medical Journal, August 19, 1899, and Journal Com-
parative Pathology and Therapeutics, Vol. XII, Part 4.

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 325

REPORT OF PROF. R. C. SCHEIDT, ENTOMOLOGIST TO THE
STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Harrisburg, Pa., January 23, 1901.

The chief injurious insects which came to my notice during the
year 1900 were, the Cecropia Emperor Moth (Platysamia cecropia), the
Peach Lecanium (Lecanium nigrofaciatum) the Forest Tent Cater-
pillar (Clisicampa disstria), the Oyster-Shell Bark-louse (Mytilaspis
pomorum), the Peach Twig Borer (Buarsealineatella) and the
San José Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus).

The Emporer Moth was reported to be prevalent in the neighbor-
hood of Milton, Northumberland county. I received a number of
the characteristically large grayish-brown cocoons attached to twigs
of the apple tree, with the request to give their name and suggest a
remedy. Lat once complied with the request and had a full descrip-
tion of the life history of the insect, together with that of the ap-
proved remedies inserted in the Milton daily paper. The Kmperor
Moth is one of the largest and most beautiful of American insects,
measuring often six or seven inches across the front wings. The
wings are of a mottled dark brown color with clay colored hind mar-
gins; they are characterized by an opaque kidney-shaped dull red
spot, white in the center and black along the edges, parallel to the
outer margins of the wing a wavy reddish band with internal white
border is situated. The fore-wings are marked near the shoulders
- by a curved white band upon a dull red background, while an eye
shaped biack spot within a bluish white crescent ornaments the tips.
Body and legs are reddish and white on upper and under surface.
The eggs are deposited in the month of June on a great variety of
fruit and shade trees, hatching about a week later into small, spiny
caterpillars, which devestate the foliage with great rapidity, growing
constantly until they reach at maturity, late in summer, a length of
three inches and more and a thickness of almost three-fourths of an
inch; along the back they bear rows of large, coralled tubercles. In
autumn the large silken cocoons of great density and toughness are
spun and the caterpillars change within into dark brown pupae,
which remain domant ail winter. It is however only after mild win-
ters that the caterpillars become dangerously injurious; their para-
sites are so numerous that the number is greatly reduced. A care-
ful watching of the trees and prompt removal by hand-picking or, if
necessary, by spraying with arsenites easily prevent the spread of
this insect.

326 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

The Peach Lecanium (Lecanium nigrofascinatum), seems to have
been prevalent throughout the State of Pennsylvania, but from all
accounts in considerably smaller numbers than during the previous
year. It is perhaps not generally known that our species is not
identical with the European Lecanium (Lecanium persical) under
which name we still find it described; Mr, J. W. Douglas, the cele-
brated Coccidologist of London, England, pronounced it in 1895 an
undescribed species.

The adult female is most generally observed, being attached in
large numbers on the under side of the twigs about the buds. They
are from 3 to 4 mm. long, 2.6 mm. in diameter and about 2 mm. high,
somewhat hemispherical, broadest posteriorly and of glossy appear-
ance due to a transparent, waxy excretion. Its external surface
shows a more or less smooth disk with about 12 radiating ridges on
each side. In color they are either entirely red or black, or red with
black bands. They have a pair of six-jointed autenuae and their legs
are rather long and slender and covered with hair and bristles.
About the middle of June they begin to hatch continuing till the
middle of July. The sexes of the larvae, which are pale yellow in
color, are undistinguishable; but after one week’s pupal period the
males have developed wings, beautiful and iridescent, but their
glory only lasts about one week while the females continue attaching
themselves to the bark of trees, doing their destructive work of suck-
ing the sap from beneath the bark and thereby killing the tree.

The Peach Lecanium is comparatively harmless as long as the trees
are carefully watched; the scales can be easily scraped off from the
lower branches, while two or three applications of kerosene emulsion
will thoroughly destroy this little pest in all parts of the tree.

The Forest Tent Caterpillar (Clisiocampa disstria), made its ap- -
pearance in Lancaster city and county and became very destructive,
especially to poplar and maple trees throughout the whole summer
season. The streets with whole rows of skeletonized trees looked
very unsightly and it required heroic measures to check the uni-
versal spread of this insect. The Apple Tree Tent Caterpillar (Clisio-
campa Americana), has been known for years, but its damage has
never reached the dimensions as that of the forest tent caterpillar
which made its inroads into New England about six years ago. Late
in May and early in June compact silken nests or tents appear in
all kinds of deciduous trees, but especially in elm, poplar and maple,
containing a large number of beautiful caterpillars of various sizes.
They feed on leaves on all parts of the tree, but evidently prefer the
upper and outer branches, eating the parenchyana of the blade along
either side of the midrib, or in thick leaves along both sides of the
veins. The nest or tent is usually made at the end of the branch,
frequently the last leaf is utilized, in which they continue to live for

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 327

six weeks. They leave for their meals at regular times and return
in processions. When fully mature they measure two inches, are
covered with hairs and very varigated in color, yellow and blue lines
predominating along the sides, while the lower surface is black and
the middle of the back ornamented with a white band. Pupation
takes place in some hidden spot in the cracks of the wall or under
boards where the yellow silken cocoon is spun. In two or three
weeks the reddish-brown moths come forth, pair and deposit clus-
ters of eggs along the twigs of the trees covering them with a viscid
varnish-like liquid to protect them against the cold of the winter.

During very wet weather the caterpillars are destroyed in large
numbers by bacteria; there are also a number of primary, secondary
and tertiary parasites which decrease the number of these voracious
caterpillars considerably. I found the most effective remedy in the
careful watching of the ends of the branches and the immediate re-
moval of cutting or smoking, but the spraying with Paris Green or
kerosene emulsion never fails, if repeatedly applied.

The Oyster-Shell Bark-louse (Mytilaspis pomorum), appeared in
Jarge numbers on shade trees, apparently killing many of them, but
a liberal use of whale oil soap mixed with coal oil completely de-
stroyed the pest and all the trees under my observation assumed
their accustomed vigorous growth.

Unfortunately, the Peach Twig Borer (Anarsia lineatella) has also
made its appearance among us. I first observed the larvae of this
moth in the beginning of April on the new leaf shoots. They are of
a yellowish-brown color ard about 2 mm. long. They had eaten into
the shoot as far as the pitch and in some cases burrows, varying in
length from one-fourth to one and one-half inch, were found near the
petiole. I noticed them again in the fall, hidden in burrows of the
bark near the crotches of the branches of the peach; in this condition
they seem to hibernate. Some of the adult larvae reach a length of a
half an inch and become reddish in color; it spins a very loose cocoon
in the leaves of the tree and turns into a good sized chrysalis, from
which it emerges in a week or ten days a full fledged moth of beauti-
ful dark gray color with dark spots on the forewings. Its width is
about half an inch. Since but comparatively little is known about
this insect, it is rather difficult to detect it and yet they may do con-
siderable damage. I found quite a large number of peach fruit
ruined, the peaches having been bored into a little way near the stem.

The best method of preventing the injuries of this insect is to look
carefuily for the comparatively large size of the egg and its striking
irridescent appearance, generally found at the base of the petiole,
and to clear the tree by scraping or by a thorough soaking of the
bark with a solution of Paris Green.

The most aggravating insect of the year was the San José

328 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Seale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). Lancaster city and county are
thoroughly infected with this pest. I have tried my best to call the
fruit growers’ attention to this fact and a great many have done
their utmost to clean their orchards. Hundreds of trees were
burned in places where the bark was covered fully one-eighth of an
inch with the scale. In other cases whale oil soap and kerosene was
freely used and I believe with adsolutely perfect success. In the
nurseries I have always advised the burning of the trees and the
great majority of nurserymen are anxious to clean their premises;
many of them never sell a tree unless it has been fumigated with
hydrocyanic gas and dipped in whale oil soap. In my certificates
to nurserymen, on whose premises I found the scale, I always stated
that I would see to it that no tree should leave that nursery which
had not been carefully examined and the parties themselves signed
a pledge obligating themselves to thoroughly clean all their stock
beforesellingit. Lhave, however, discovered that these promises have
not always been carried out and [ shall therefore refuse further cer-
tificates in all such cases. I have, however, also discovered that the
San José Scale is rather on the decrease than on the increase, due
largely to a parasite, Aphelinus fascipennis, which seems to propa-
gate as fast as the host upon which it feeds. Prof. W. G. Johnson,
of the Maryland station, has therefore advised fruit growers not to
burn infested twigs and branches, but to dig up the tree by the roots,
trim it and pile the brush and wood in the orchard, where they should
be left until about the 1st of June or longer; in case spraying would
be a sufficient check, the pruning should be done first and the cut
off twigs and branches placed where the spray cannot reach them.
This will insure the safety of the parasites.

Nevertheless, I cannot refrain from calling the attention of the
State authorities to the fact that a much more stringent supervision
should be exercised than has hitherto been the case. If we as
merely honorary entomologists refuse to grant certificates, these
will be obtained from the next best squire and the people will be
entirely without protection.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 32

°c

REPORT OF HENRY SKINNER, M. D., ENTOMOLOGIST, TO THE
STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

INSECTS AS FACTORS IN THE TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE.

Harrisburg, Pa., January 25, 1901.

Probably the most important subject at the present time is the
question of the distribution of disease by the agency of insects.
This is of vital importaice, not only to scientists and medical men
who are laboring in the cause of humanity, but also to the agricul-
turist and horticulturist, as these classes have many interests af-
fected thereby. ‘These researches into the causation and transmis-
sion of disease and a knowledge thereof will aid the farmer in pre-
venting many maladies of his domestic animals, of his crops. and
also among the members of his own household. These subjects
also appeal to the farmer from a pecuniary standpoint, as the preven-
tion of sickness and disease among domestic animals and im plants
means a great saving in money value, and if he can prevent disease
and the risk of death so far as he himself is concerned as well as
among those near and dear to him, it is not only a saving of time and
money but a prevention of sorrows that otherwise may be most dis-
tressing.

Attention has been drawn to these important studies by the mor-
tality from disease among our troops during the late Spanish-A meri-
can War, but the subject is not a new one. ‘As far back as 1871, Dr.
Joseph Leidy, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
stated emphatically that in his opinion the common house-fly was
responsible for the spread of hospital gangrene during our Civil
War. In 1882 Dr. A. F.. A. King expressed his belief that mos-
quitoes were the agency by which malaria is conveyed to human
beings. In 1881, Dr. Ch. Finlay published a paper in which he took
the ground that the mosquito was the agent of transmission of that
dread disease of the tropics, yellow fever. Other observers abroad,
notably Dr. Patrick Manson in China, have shown that certain tropi-
cal diseases are distributed by mosquitoes.

The growth of knowledge of the life history of the lower forms
of life has been slow and interesting and a brief reference to it may
prove instructive. Anaximander, of Miletus, Greece (610 B. C.) held
that animals were formed from moisture, and Aristotle (884 B. C.)
taught that every dry substance that becomes moist and every moist

330 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

body that becomes dry, produces living creatures. He also asserted
that animals are formed in putrefying soil. A true conception of
the wonderful changes of form which insects undergo was unknown
before the year 1618. Prior to that time insects were supposed to
have been spontaneously generated. Eels were supposed to be gen-
erated from the slime of the Nile and maggots were thought to be
spontaneously generated in meat. Dr. Francesco Redi, physician
to the Grand Dukes Ferdinand the Second and Cosmos the Third
of Tuscany, made an interesting series of experiments and proved
that maggots never develop in meat if flies are prevented from
laying their eggs on it. He showed that the maggots were the
young of the flies and that the maggots hatched from eggs laid by
the flies, and destroyed the belief in spontaneous generation for all
time. The wonderful changes in form in insects is wetl illustrated
by the butterfly, the female of which lays a minute egg on a plant;
the egg hatches and produces a little caterpillar which feeds on the
plant until full grown; it then changes into an immovable apparently
dead object, termed a chrysalis. In due time a butterfly emerges
from the chrysalis and the same process is repeated through the
seasons indefinitely. It is mecessary to understand these life his-
tories to get a rational idea of insect life in relation to economic
entomology.

Before we can understand the transmission of disease by insects
it is necessary to know something of the new science known as bac-
teriology, and popularly known as the germ theory of disease. It
is, however, no longer a theory but a demonstrated scientific truth.
In 1862 the celebrated French scientist, Pasteur, proved that many
floating particles in the air were living, organized bodies. These
are popularly called germs. Pasteur also proved that animal solids
did not putrefy or decompose if kept free from access of germs. In
1875, Obermeier observed minute, actively moving, flexible, spiral
organisms in the blood of patients suffering from relapsing fever. -
These discoveries were followed by equally important ones, demon-
strating the cause of consumption, cholera, plague and other dis-
eases. Thus many diseases are caused by minute living organisms,
which are in some cases vegetable and some animal. The vegeta-
ble organisms are called bacteria and are minute plants. They can
only be seen under the higher powers of the microscope. The unit
of measurement for bacteria is one micro-millimeter, which is equal
to one twenty-five thousandth of an inch. They are found every-
where except in the atmosphere of high mountains. They may enter
the human body by means of the digestive tract, the respiratory
tract, and the skin and mucous membranes if abraded, punctured
or broken. Most of the species of bacteria are harmless, some bene-
ficial and a few are dangerous and cause many of the ills to which

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 331

flesh is heir. They multiply with amazing rapidity and in three
days a few germs would be capable of producing seventy-two bil-
lions of individuals. his will account for the suddenness with
which disease may break out in the human being and, in some in-
stances, kill with such rapidity. These low forms of life being so
minute, it can be readily understood how they may be carried about
by insects. It is calculated that a million of bacteria may rest on the
point of a pin. Therefore a fly could carry many millions of germs
on its feet and proboscis. Suppose a person with cholera should
vomit en the street and the ubiquitous, excrement bred house-fly
should settle on it and afterward fly into a dining room and rest on
food, in all probability the person eating the food would acquire the
disease.

It may be of interest to state what has been discovered in relation
to insects and the deadly bubonic plague of the East. Flies die of
the plague and when crushed have disclosed the bacillus or germ of
plague in the bodies. These flies when crushed and injected into
animals produce the plague in the animals. Flies fed with infected
mice died with plague. The bacillus of the plague has also been found
in fleas taken from diseased rats. Insects may transmit disease
by transporting the germs upon their bodies and infecting what-
ever they alight upon, by inoculating the disease producing or-
ganism in biting or stinging. This method is just as certain of
producing disease as the sharp needle of the hypodermic syringe is
certain of puncturing the skin, providing the person bitten or stung
is susceptible. Insects may also distribute disease by means of their
excreta and they also serve as intermediate hosts for the develop-
ment of the life cycle of certain disease producing organisms.

Until very recently it was thought that house-flies were essential,
as their young, the maggots, eat a large amount of decaying and
waste matter detrimental to the community. If we do away with
this material ourselves, the house-fly looses its utility as a scavenger.
If these flies distribute the germs of tuberculosis and typhoid fever,
as they undoubtedly do, they are a menace to any community and
should be destroyed, or still better, their existence prevented. A
female fly will lay about one hundred and twenty eggs and they are
nearly always deposited in fresh horse manure. The eggs hatch
into maggots in about eight hours and after four days the maggots
change into pupae. The pupa state lasts for five days and from it
the perfect insect or fly emerges. Thus it will be seen that they go
through their total life round inside of ten days and this provides
for numerous generations in a summer. While horse manure is the
principal food for the young of the fly, they will also feed on spoiled
and moist food stuffs, decaying meat, cut melons, dead animals,
human excrement, and excrement of poultry.

22

332 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Now how can we apply our knowledge of the distribution of dis-
ease? Where do we find flies? Mostly on food stuffs in both city
and country. Take a look into the dining room of many farm houses
or notice the meat in the butcher shop during the summer months.
One-seventh of all persons who die, die of tuberculosis, and tubercu-
lar sputum is distributed everywhere; in our city squares on the
sidewalks in city and country, along roads and in many other places.
The flies settle on it and convey it on their feet and proboscis to all
kinds of food and to the very lips of invalids where the nurse or at-
tendant are careless. In the dairy such material is conveyed to the
milk pail and also to the food of cattle. How can we prevent it?
By sanitatary measures that are after all only strict cleanliness.
Horse manure should be immediately placed in receptacles that will
not permit fiies.to lay eggs in it. The floors of stables should be of
such a character that will prevent the accumulation of this material
in cracks. Knowing the life history of the house-fiy gives the clue
to its destruction.

Typhoid fever is frequently distributed by flies. In this disease
the usual method of distribution is through the agency of the feeal
matter from the person ill with the disease. In war times the gray-
est crime that can be committed is the deposition of excrement else-
where than in the appointed latrines. During the late war the large
amount of fever was undcubtedly due to neglect of this rule. Flies
are sunshine-loving creatures and will not voluntarily go in dark
places, therefore it is incumbent to have all privies and sinks ab-
solutely dark in the places devoted te excrementitious matter. Food
should be screened from them, especially in camps where typhoid
fever exists. In the country, privies are sometimes constructed over
streams and in other cases are open below and from the back; these
xre most pernicious as they permit access of flies at any time. These
diseases come from a specific cause; their method of distribution is
fairly well known; they are therefore preventable.

It has been discovered that the cause ef malaria is a microscopic
organism known as the Plasmodium Malariae. It is also known that
certain mosquitoes by means of their bites inoculate human beings
with this organism and they thereby acquire malaria. It is held
by some observers that this is the sole source of this disease in
liuman beings, but the writer is not prepared to say whether malaria
is always so caused. The mosquito also disseminates yellow fever
in the same way, and it is incumbent to know how to destroy the
insect and how to protect ourselves from it. All the species of
mosquito do not carry malaria but all are pests and have the same
general habits. The young are aquatic animals and live in pools of
stagnant water. The eggs are laid on the surface of the water and
hatch in less than a day. The young of the mosquito come to the

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 333

surafce frequently to breathe and it is probable that they must
come to the surface at least once a minute to get air. This is an
important point to remember. when methods of destroying them are
discussed. The malaria carrying species has spotted wings, and
when at rest, the attitude of the body is all in one line, while the
common species are niore or less angular or humped. The spotted
winged species when resting on a wall, usually carries the body at
an angle from the wall while the body of the non-malarial kind is
carried parallel to the surface on which it rests. The hum of the
two kinds is also different and can be readily told from the tone
alone. ‘The note of the harmless kind is high pitched, while that of
the malaria carrying species is several tones lower. The mosquito
is mostly nocturnal and it is necessary to protect ourselves at night
by appropriate screens and by mosquito netting. The only practical
‘methods of destroying these pests on a large scale are to fill up or
drain their breeding places and to use kerosene on the surface of the
water. If kerosene is flowed on water in the quantity of one ounce
to fifteen square feet of water surface, it will kill the females as
they strike the water to lay their eggs and it will kill any of the
young as they come to the surface of the water to breathe.

It is necessary for the people as a whole to recognize the vital
importance cf these discoveries and to take concerted and intelli-
gent action for their own protection, and the writer predicts that
the day is not far distant when these diseases of man and also others
affecting the lower animals will be materially lessened or even wiped
out of existence. Economic entomology will also teach.the farmer
how to protect himself against the many species of insects injurious
to vegetation even though at the present time he may not know
what scientific research is actually accomplishing for his benefit.
Knowledge is of slow growth and even slower in receiving proper
recognition. As we have shown, it was more than twenty-two hun-
dred years before humanity understood the real science of life as op-
posed to spontaneous generation, but in these times of universal
education, knowledge is appropriated more rapidly and is being
properly utilized for man’s benefit.

ia)
eo
_

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

BEE CULTURE.

By DR. C. C. MILLER, Marengo, Ill.

VALUE OF HONEY.

Sixty pounds of sugar annually for every man, woman and child is
the estimated consumption for the United States. Of course, many
fall far short of that amount, but others as much exceed it. Among
these latter may be found many a one who pays dearly for pandering
too much to his sweet tooth. Excessive use of sugar has, in its train,
a long list of ills, as soue stomach and varicus forms of dyspepsia;
and it is also credited with being one of the causes of that dread visi-
tant, Bright’s disease of the kidneys. When cane sugar is eaten, it
must be changed into grape sugar by digestion before it can be as-
similated. If too much of this work is thrown upon the stomach, it
rebels, and the work is passed over to the kidneys. If the kidneys
areovertasked, there is no other organ to which the work can be trans-
ferred, and a breakdown is the result.

Yet the universal craving for sweets, especially among the young,
shows that there is a real want which should be supplied. Fortu-
nately, the want can be supplied without the dangers attendant upon
the use of sugar. Instead of cane sugar, honey contains grape sugar,
and its use brings no hard burden upon either stomach or kidney.
Honey is nature’s own sweet, delicately flavored as no confectioner
could flavor it. To the natural taste of the child it is an esteemed
luxury. Instead of an occasional indulgence, with the danger of a
surfeit, children should be allowed honey as a daily food. ‘A pound
of honey will go as far as a pound of butter, and costs less. Bread
and honey—not bread and butter and honey, but bread and honey—
is 2 wholesome ration for a child, and a freer use of it would give us
stronger men and women. Instances are not lacking in which
those who have attained to an unusual old age attribute their long
life to the daily use of honey. Whether they are right or wrong in
their opinion, the fact remains that they have attained great age
while making honey a regular article of diet.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 335

So accustomed have we become to the use of sugar that we are
likely to consider it an indispensable article, whereas for thousands
of years sugar was unknown, honey being almost the sole sweet until
within a few centuries, and many are now living who remember the
time when the now commonly known granulated sugar was too high
in price to be used as at present, daily in the poorest families. It
were better for the health of the nation if in this respect we could go
back to the former times, making honey take the place, at least
partially, of sugar.

As a medicine, honey formerly filled a large place, and is still
esteemed. In cookery, it has the distinct advantage over sugar that
it has an affinity for moisture, and so honey jumbles and other
dainties prepared with honey will keep months or years, whereas
the same articles made with sugar would be dry and soon unpala-
table.

BEES AS HONEY-GATHERERS.

For obtaining honey, we are entirely dependent upon the honey-bee.
The amount to be obtained from bumblebees is so small as to be un-
worthy of consideration. Strictly speaking, the bee does not gather
honey, but nectar. Compared with honey, nectar is a very insipid af-
fair, and the bee performs the part of both cook and chemist in evap-
orating it down to the proper consistency, changing its cane sugar
to grape sugar, and adding a minute quantity of formic acid. Flit-
ting from flower to flower, busily gathering a very small quantity
from each, never stopping to rest on a flower but for a fraction of a
second, it fills its honey sac and hastens home to add its quota to the
general store.

One uninformed would hardy credit the bee with the amount of
labor performed and the distance traveled to obtain a load of nectar.
Instead of searching for plunder near its hive, it often flies half a mile,
a mile, two miles, and some believe that it goes from three to six miles
from choice. A colony of bees, that is a family of bees occupying
a single hive, may be kept on a very small piece of land, say two
to four square feet, but if its flight were confined to that, or to an
acre, or even ten acres, it would die of starvation. Of course,
the case would be different if the ground were closely occupied with
some great yielder of honey, such as buckwheat.

Taking the State of Pennsylvania as a whole, it is doubtful that
there are many places where it would be prudent to put more than
one hundred colonies in a single apiary. More than that would over-
stock the field. If now we estimate that the bees skirmish in all di-
rections to a distance of two and one-quarter miles from home, the
total territory occupied will be a little short of sixteen square miles
—just about 100 acres to each colony.

336 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dee.
BEES AS FLOWER-FERTILIZERS.

However important the work of the bee in securing the delicious
honey, that is not its most important work. ‘The honey-bee has been
very aptly termed “the marriage-priest of the flowers.” In order
that fruit and seed may be produced, the pollen must be carried
from stamen to pistil, this work being done in some cases by the
wind, in others by insecis, chief of which is the busy bee. Every
observing farmer lad has noticed that on a cucumber, squash or
pumpkin vine there are two kinds of blossoms, which he probably
designates as “false” and “true.” The true or pistillate blossom,
before it opens, shows at its base the miniature fruit, which grows
and matures, providing the pollen is brought from a false or stam-
inate blossom. If the pistillate blossom be covered with mosquito
netting, so that no insect can reach it to bring the pollen, the little
fruit will “blast,” or shrivel up and drop off.

Many plants, however, have what are called perfect blossoms; that
is, stamens and pistils are found in the same blossom. Why should
any go-between be needed in such a case? Even in this case, an
all-wise Creator has so arranged that the pollen of any given flower
shall not be used to fertilize the pistil of the same flower, for too
close breeding of this kind is sure to bring deterioration. Take the
apple. An apple blossom has stamens and pistils on the same flower.
In order to fertilization, the pollen must be ripe, and the stigma of
the pistil must also be ripe or in a receptive condition. It is wisely
ordered that the times of ripening of the two do not coincide. So,
when the stigma is ready to receive the pollen, no pollen is ready on
the same blossom, and it must depend on having pollen brought
from other blossoms. The honey-bee is the chief operator in this
case. Ifa portion of an apple tree be enclosed in a netting at the time
of blooming, the part thus enclosed will show very little fruit. If,
at the time of blooming, the weather be rainy or bad, so that bees
can fly but little or not at all, the apple crop to that extent may be
counted a failure. If white clover blossoms be covered by netting,
those so covered will mature only a fractional part of their seed
as compared with those left open.

THE PROFITS OF BEE-KEEPING.

These are generally considered without any reference to the great
profit of the bees in fertilizing plants, the value of honey alone
being asually considered. Beeswax is, however, a product of no
mean importance. If bees are left to themselves, it is not an un-
common thing for a colony to send out two or more swarms in a
season. If we limit the number of swarms to two, that will triple
the number of colonies. So a man who begins with one colony,

Nv. _6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 337

will have three colonies with which to begin the second year. ‘nen
he will have successively to begin each year, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729, 2,187,
6,561, and the tenth year he will begin the season with 19,683
colonies to work for him. A single colony has gathered 200 pounds
of honey or more, and at 20 cents a pound, that makes $40.00 per
colony, and the total yield from 19,683 colonies will give the snug
sum of $787,329.00, to say nothing of all the crops he has had in
previous years.

Certainly that iooks very attractive on paper, and the glib-tongued
patent-hive vender can add embellishments by saying that with his
hive even better results can be obtained; that there are many cases
on record in which 200 pounds per colony have been exceeded, and
iu some cases 500 or 600 pounds has been the figure. He may alse
say that three, four and even five or six swarms have been known
to issue from one colony in a season. But there are some things
he dees not mention. He does not mention that the cases he gives
are very exceptional cases; that instead of such a continuous flow of
success, years of failure may be expected, in which the bees will
fail to gather their own living, and will all die if not fed, and that
the wonderful yields mentioned are very few and far between, occur-
ring in remarkable localities that fall outside the State of Pennsyl-
vania.

As a matter of fact, no such results as given in the figures men-
tioned have ever been obtained, and it is morally certain that they
never will be obtained. If more than one swarm issues from a
colony, the likelihood is that all after the first will be weaklings,
of little value that will not survive the winter. If from any con-
siderable number of colonies, a man obtains for a series of years an
average of thirty pounds per colony, he has no reason to complain,
_and if his yearly average reaches fifty he has something to boast
of. The man in search of a fortune need hardly turn to bee-keeping,
and the number is small of those who depend on bee-keeping alone
for a livelihood.

And yet it is true that in many a case there is nothing about a
farm that pays better for the capital invested and the amount of
labor involved than bee-keeping. If a professional bee-keeper near
by has an apiary of fifty or more colonies, depending largely upon
them for a living, it may be part of kindness and of wisdom for you
to have nothing to do with bees. If the territory is already occupied
by his bees, your flowers will be properly fertilized with no care on
your part, and every additional colony you plant will be just so much
taken from his income without a corresponding addition to your own.
But if the territory is unoccupied, you may find profit in keeping at
least a few colonies.

22—6— 1901

338 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
OVERSTOCKING THE FIELD.

For the number of colonies on any given territory makes a decided
difference as to results, and it is not a very difficult thing to overstock
the field. Suppose a man has in one apiary 50 colonies, and that
they gather all the nectar within the radius of their flight, giving
their owner a harvest of 40 pounds per colony. That makes a total
of 2,000 pounds. But that is not all the honey those bees gather.
In addition to the surplus honey taken, they gather enough for their
own consumption, and that is estimated to be not less than 60
pounds per colony. So the 50 colonies would gather an additional
2,000 pounds for their own consumption, making the total amount of
their gathering 5,000 pounds.

Now suppose this man’s nearest neighbors on four sides of him
should each plant an apiary of 10 colonies, making 40 colonies to be
added to his, or 90 colonies in all to occupy the field. The total yield
of the field is as before, 5,000 pounds. This, divided among the 90
colonies, gives less than 60 pounds per colony, or less than the bees
need for their own existence, leaving both the man and his neighbors
without any surplus honey, but obliged to feed to finish out the
winter stores of the bees.

Localities differ greatly. One man in California has 600 colonies
in one apiary. But that is in a remarkable locality, and it is just
possible that he might get more surplus with a smaller number of
colonies. The localities in Pennsylvania where more than 100 col-
onies can be profitably kept in one apiary are probably very few. In
more places, from 50 to 75 should be the limit. One trouble in the
case is that it is very hard to come to any definite conclusion. A
given number may be all right for one year, then the next season
will be so poor that half the number would give a greater surplus.

THE BEST LOCATIONS.

There are locations, however, where a few colonies may be relied
upon to give a handsome return year after year. If you can find a
place where there are very few bees within a range of two or three
miles, and where there are many honey-plants blooming at different
times throughout the season, you may count on a good crop every
year. It is true that some good honey-plants bloom freely some sea-
sons and yield no honey, and perhaps the next season, with no greater
show of bloom, they may yield abundantly. But there is little danger
that all will fail in the same year. If white clover is a failure, linden
may more than compensate, or it may be a good year for buckwheat.

In this connection it may not be amiss to offer a word of caution.
If you should strike upon a locality of this kind, and get an extra-

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 339

ordinary yield with only one or two colonies, do not make the mis-
take to think that because you get 150 pounds per colony you can
count on doing the same thing if you should increase to 50 or 100
colonies. A.great variety of plants helped to make that 150 pounds,
some of them yielding only a small amount, but enough so that one
or two colonies could find employment every day throughout the
season. When you increase to 10 colonies, there will be days when
the plants yielding at the time will yield no more than the bees
need for their own support; and when you increase to 50 or T5,
there will be only a short period when the bees get more than their
living. It is a comfort to know, however, that when the harvest
is rich, a short period will be sufficient to make a handsome re-
turn for all the year’s work. In the State of New York, G. M.
Doolittle reports a yield of 66 pounds of linden honey from one
colony in three days. That is very unusual, but even with 5 or 10
pounds per day, it would need only a few days to make a fine return.
The harvest from linden may last two or three days, or it may last
three or four weeks.

KINDS OF HONEY.

There are as many kinds of honey as there are of plants from
which it is gathered. It may be dark in color, then it may be light; it
may be strongly flavored, or so mild as to be almost a pure sweet,
and as varied in flavor as the different plants vary. Generally
speaking, honey of light color brings the highest price, although
there are persons who prefer the darker and stronger-flavored honey,
for dark color and strong flavor are likely to go together.

White-clover honey is the great staple. In quality, the great ma-
jority of people will place it at the head. It also leads as to amount,
taking the State at large. A stray blossom of white clover may be
seen here and there toward the latter part of May, and in about
ten days later the bees will be found busy storing from it. That is,
if it yields honey. For it may bloom abundantly and the bees find
no nectar in the flowers, because of atmospheric conditions, or for
some other reason. In a good season the bees store most rapidly at
a time when farmers just begin to complain of drought. Usually
the white-clover harvest covers a period of three or four weeks,
although it may be half as long, or it may be twice as long. Alsike
clover exceeds white in yield. Sweet clover is coming to the front
as.an important honey and forage plant.

Linden, or basswood, also yields a white or very light amber honey,
of a flavor that is highly esteemed, and in very many cases it is
classed as white-clover honey. In rapidity of yield no other plant
surpasses it, as already mentioned. With a good range of linden

340 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

timber, one may do fairly well with ten days of Lurvest, even if
not a drop of surplus comes from any other source. Its usual season
is July.

Buckwheat is the chief source of dark honey. In some locations
it is quite reliable, yielding a rich harvest of dark honey, quite
strong in taste and simell, while in others it is capricious, failing
entirely to yield in some years. The daily yield from buckwheat
is only in the forenoon. As it is not usually sown until July, it is
classed as a fall honey-plant. |

Fruit bloom and dandelions are important, not because they yield
a large amount of surplus, for it is a rare thing to obtain surplus
from them, but because they come early in the season te help fill
up the hive with brood for young bees that shall be ready for the
white honey harvest.

For the same reason the maples and the different varieties of wil-
lows are valuable.

Near the last of May the tulip-tree, which is also called whitewood
or poplar, puts forth its beautiful flowers, which yield much dark
honey.

Space forbids consideration of many other plants of more or less
importance as honey-yielders, among which may be mentioned bone-
set or thoroughwort, catnip, cucumber, elm, figwort, ground-ivy,
service-berry, locust, mustard, pleurisy-root, pumpkin and sun-flower.

Iloney-dew is a secretion of the aphids or plant-lice, which the
bees gather from-the leaves of hickory and other trees. Some honey-
dew is of fair flavor, but generally it is unfit for the table and
disastrous to the bees if used for winter stores. Fortunately, the
bees do not care to gather it when better stores are to be had.

POLLEN.

Pollen, the fertilizing dust of flowers, is gathered in large quanti-
ties by the bees, and although generally little valued by the bee-
keeper, is indispensable to the bees. In the spring, if all pollen has
been removed from the hive, no brood will be found until there is
asupply of pollen from the early flowers, although adjoining colonies
may have started brood-rearing in March or February. The nurse
bees must have pollen or bee-bread, as it is often called, to prepare
the pap that is fed to the baby bees. In order to carry pollen from
the flowers to the hive, bees pack it in the pollen baskets on their
hind legs. ‘Then it is packed in cells at the outer part of the space
occupied by the cluster of bees. The color of pollen varies according
to the flowers from which it is taken, as yellow from dandelion and
brown from white clover.

°

@
a!

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 34L
PROPOLIS.

Besides honey and pollen, bees gather propolis, or bee-glue, carry-
ing it in their pollen-baskets. As the name bee-glue indicates, it is
of a sticky nature, and is used by the bees to glue up all cracks and
corners, although sometimes it is varnished over a plain surface, and
even over the cappings of comb honey. It is possible that some day
propolis may have a commercial value as a medicinal agent, but at
present bee-keepers would be glad of a strain of bees that would
gather no propolis. When the fingers of the bee-keeper become
daubed with propolis, it cannot be washed off with water nor with
soap and water. First, smear the part with a little butter or lard,
rub well, then wash off all with scap and water.

BEESWAX.

Bees do not gather wax, but secrete it a little after the manner
in which a cow secretes milk. The wax is secreted in little flat
scales between the rings of the abdomen, somewhat pear-shaped,
and beautifully white. As commonly found in commerce, it ranges
in color froma bright yellow to almost black. For the production of
a pound of beeswax, it is estimated by some that twenty pounds
of honey are consumed by the bees, and from that the estimates
varies all the way down to three pounds. In any case, the cost
is so much that the production of wax is not encouraged by bee-
keepers, although as a by-product, if every scrap of wax be carefully
saved quite an amount may be accumulated, for which there is al-
ways a ready market.

A COLONY OF BEES

Is a single family living together in one hive, working together
in the most methodical manner, and each colony is separate from
every other colony, each bee loyal to the interests of its own colony
and ready at any moment to sacrifice its own life to defend its home
against the attacks of other bees or of any other foes, man included.
At the beginning of the swarming season a good colony will contain
forty or fifty thousand bees, possibly twice as many in rare cases,
among which will be found one queen, a few hundred drones, and
thousands of workers.

342 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

THE QUEEN

Is not a queen at all in the ordinary acceptation of the term. She
does not rule. Her sole business is to lay eggs. Beginning some-
times as early as January or February, she lays a very few eggs in
the center of the cluster,
and by and by the num-
ber is increased to LOO
daily; then as the activ-
ity of the colony in-
creases with warm
weather, the daily lay-
_ ing increases to 200, 500,
1,000, and when all con-
ditions are favorable,
the hive being crowded
with bees, the flowers
yielding abundance of
nectar, the daily output
of eggs from one queen
may be 3,000 or more.
) J. She continues laying un-
ay” / ; i Ba oe, tilfall, Butlayingeggsis
| M all she does. When busy
at it, she does not even
feed herself. The work-
ers offer her food from
QUEEN. time to time, and save
(By permission from Root’s A B C of Bee Culture.) her the trouble of di-
gesting it by giving her that which is already digested. Nor are these
eggs such very small affairs, for they are large enough so that the
amount daily laid will exceed the weight of the queen’s body, each
egg being one-fourteenth of an inch long and one-seventieth of an inch
in diameter. The queen is recognized by her longer body and com-
paratively short wings.

Yj

Uy, 7 a gern” i
GM INIIIIN ae AA HAN }

SS

a

SS

SSS

=—S

S

Ng

THE DRONES

Are the male members of the family. Beyond helping to keep up
the heat of the hive, they are of no service whatever inside, their
sole purpose being to fertilize the queen, the meeting taking place

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 343

high up in the air. The queen is fertilized once for life, and never
again leaves the hive unless it be to go with a swarm, When the
harvest is over, the workers withhold food from the drones and they
soon disappear.

RG
XPRESS
SSS Ss

DRONE. WORKER.
(By permission from Root’s A B C of Bee Culture.)

THE WORKERS

Form the great bulk of the colony. They are smaller than the
queen or the bulky drones, and are undeveloped females. Aside
from the laying of eggs, they do all the work, bringing in nectar,
water, pollen and propolis; secreting the wax and building the
combs, and feeding the young, so soon to take their places. They
are the only ones that sting. The drones have no sting. The queen
has a sting, but she is as safe to handle as a fly, for she will sting
nothing but another queen.

DEVELOPMENT OF BEES.

Three days after an egg is laid, a tiny white grub or larva hatches
out of it. For about five days this grub is fed by the nurse bees,
when it is sealed up and left to spin its cocoon and develop into the
tmago or perfect insect. Fifteen days from the time the egg is laid,
the queen emerges from the cell. ‘At five to eight days of age she
is fertilized, and when eight or ten days old she begins to lay. Her
span of life is generally two or three years, although queens have
been known in rare instances to have lived five or six years. The

34 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

drone emerges twenty-four days after the egg is laid, and his lease
of life depends somewhat upon the wealth of the harvest. If a con-
tinued dearth comes early in the season, his days are numbered. If
there is honey to be gathered the whole season, his life will be
spared until a killing frost, when his thrifty sisters will mercilessly
drive him from the hive.

The worker emerges from the cell twenty-one days after the egg
is laid. At a very early age she begins the duties of housekeeping,
cleaning out the cells, feeding the baby bees, building combs, ete.
Bees engaged in this work are called nurse bees. When sixteen days
old, the worker begins to go afield, adding to the stores of the hive,
and is then called a field bee. The length of life of a worker depends
on the time of year when life begins: A worker emerging in June,
when hard work is the order of the day, will wear itself out in about
six weeks. An old bee is known by its ragged wings, and works until
it dies. A worker emerging in September will live a half year or
longer, as much of its life is spent in a semi-dormant condition.

HONEY-COMB.

A marvel of workmanship is the honey-comb constructed by the
bees, of wax, consisting of a base or septum, with six-sided cells on
each side. The greater part of the cells are one-fifth of an inch in
diameter, thus making about

\7 ED 4
BO SOS Saonm twenty-nine to the square inch
Soe on each side, but as modified
FS See S&S CE by man’s interference, twenty-
eas ALY gS five to the square inch is nearer

DRONE-COMB. WORKER-COMB.

themark. These cells are called
worker-cells. Drone-cells are
Peete ilcinn Meola Rech eternan ae os one-fourth of an inch in diame-
Culture.) ter, and there are about eight-

een of them to the square inch. Under normal conditions, an egg
laid in the smaller or worker-cell will produce a worker, and
one laid in a drone-cell will produce a drone. The difference in
the eggs is that the egg laid in the worker-cell is impregnated and
(hat laid in the drone-cell is unimpregnated. Worker-comb meas-
ures about seven-eighths of an inch in thickness (a little more when
it is old), and drone-comb is about one and one-fourth inches thick.
Phat is the measurement when the comb is used for brood-rearing.
When used for storing honey it may be thicker, in some instances

three inches thick or more. Worker-comb may also be used for
storing pollen,

Queen-cells are constructed when needed. and differ entirely in
‘tppearance from other cells. A completed queen-cell looks a good

Nc. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 345

deal like a peanut, and is not far from the same size, having indenta-
tions over its surface like a peanut. Instead of opening sidewise,
like a worker or drone-cell, it opens downward. When a young
queen emerges from a cell, nearly the whole of the cell will be torn
down within a few days, never again to be rebuilt.

It is estimated that a pound of wax will make enough comb to
contain about twenty pounds of honey.

HIVES.

Until about half a century ago, the prevailing bee-hive was of
conical shape and made of straw. From the standpoint of the bees’
comfort, it is doubtful whether a better hive exists to-day. The
practice was to brimstone in the fall the heaviest and lightest col-
onies, saving those of medium strength for a start the next year.
It was a wasteful and barbarous practice, but even with all its
wastefulness, it was profitable. The straw hive, or skep, was suc-
ceeded by the box hive. Strictly speaking, box hives came into use
before straw hives went out. -At first, box hives were used the
same as straw hives, but later, surplus boxes or drawers were put
on top, and surplus honey was taken ont without murdering the bees.
About the middle ef the nineteenth century, Rev. L. L. Lanstroth
invented the movable-frame hive, and to-day most of the hives m
this country are of this kind. Each comb is built in a separate frame,
so that each can be taken out separately, making it possible for the
bee-keeper at any time to examine any part of the inside of the hive
—a thing utterly impossible before the invention of Mr. Langstroth.

The kind of hive that is best to use depends a little on what the
bee-keeper intends to do. If movable frames are never to be moved,
there is not sufficient excuse for their existence. Bees will store
as much honey in a box hive or even a nail keg as in a movable-irame
hive, and will, perhaps, prosper better in the cheaper hive if having
no care, but a hive with movable combs is much more convenient for

the bee-keeper, and decidedly the better hive to have if he uses the
movable feature.

Hives with movable frames are of various patterns, any of which
may be profitably used. It is the man and the management that
make differences in results more than the hive. But it is very un-
desirable to have more than one kind of hives in the same apiary,
if you are to use movable frames. If you have a dozen box hives,
it may be as well to have a dozen kinds. But one kind of movable-
frame hive is enough, no matter what the number in the apiars. At
least there should be only one size of frame, so that any frame in
the apiary may be taken from its hive and put in any other hive.

346 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The size of frame used more than any other, called the Langstroth
frame (although any movable frame might fairly be called a Langs-
troth frame), is 172 inches in length and 9 inches deep. The most

popular form of hive in which
—< > this frame is used is the dove-
. = tailed hive, so called because
its corners are locked to-
gether somewhat after the
manner of dove-tailing. The
body is little more than a
plain box to hold the frames.
The beginner will do well to
start with the dove-tailed hive,
not because it is so much
better than all others, but be-
cause it is a sort of standard
article, made by the thou-
sands by supply manufactur-
DOVE-TAILED HIVE. ers, and to be obtained at a
(By permission from Root’s A B C of Bee Culture.) ]Qwer rate, because standard,
cand also because it can be obtained at any time from some dealer in
bee-keeping supplies at no great distance.

If you use box hives, it will be an easy thing for you to make your
own hives. It does not matter if no two are exactly alike. But the
case is different with movable-frame hives. Very few, indeed, are so
situated, as to make a movable hive as good or as cheap as those
that are made with the use of special machinery at the large manu-
factories. In most cases it is better to buy hives in the flat and nail
them together yourself. The nailing is a simple matter, and the
freight is much less on hives in the flat than on those nailed together.

Some of the advantages of movable combs may be mentioned here.
‘Combs and bees may be interchanged from one hive to another, and
the whole of the inside of the hive can be examined, whereas the inside
of a box hive. is a sealed book. The queen can be found, and if she
is a drone-layer, or if the colony is queenless, the fact can be ascer-
tained and steps taken accordingly. If increase is desired and
the bees refuse to swarm, the bee-keeper with movable combs can
make artificial swarms. Swarming may be to some extent controlled
by giving additional room. The production of useless drones may
be prevented by allowing little or no drone comb in the hive. Some-
times it happens that the wealth of a colony is its ruin. The combs
are all filled with honey, and the queen has no place to lay. With
movable combs it is an easy matter to remedy this. But it must
be remembered that for the proper use of movable combs, intelligent
information on the part of the bee-keeper is necessary, and if the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 347

combs are never to be lifted out of the hive it is as well or better to
have the bees in a box hive.

SIZE OF HIVES.

Much diversity of opinion exists as to the size of hives. A box-
hive may contain about 2,000 inches, but some prefer a larger size.
For 2,000 inches, a good proportion is to have the inside of the
hive 12 inches square and 14 inches high. For extracted honey
there is a pretty general agreement that a ten-frame movable comb
hive is desirable, but for comb honey many prefer a hive of eight
frames. But the eight-frame hive needs closer attention as to the
matter of supplies, and the ten-frame hive is much safer against the
danger of starving in winter and spring. Do not think of using
less than ten frames, unless you expect to give close attention to
your bees.

ITALIAN AND BLACK BEES.

The common black bee was first introduced into this country;
but within the last half of the nineteenth century bees from Italy
have become very common, and the Italian bee seems to be the
popular variety. In size and form it is much the same as the com-
mon bee. The difference in appearance is found in the first three
rings of the abdomen. The abdomen of a worker-bee, whether
Italian or common, consists of six segments, one segment sliding into
the other telescope fashion. When a bee is filled with honey, the
abdomen is elongated and the segments show more plainly.

In the engraving is shown the abdomen or hinder part of a
worker bee several times enlarged, in which the
segments or rings of the abdomen are plainly seen.
The segments A, B, C, are yellow in pure Italian
bees that are imported from Italy. The four
middle rings in all kinds of workers have the
edges covered with light-colored down or plum-
age, as shown at J, K, L, M, but there is no down
on the first or last segment. It is not this down,
however, that gives the yellow color to the first
three bands in Italian bees, but the horny sub-
stance of the segment itself. Some Italian bees
have plumage that is nearly white instead of yel-
ey oprmission from ow, and these are called albinos. When the down

ace oreice:) is worn off, as in the case of robber bees, the bees
become glossy black, the three first bands of the Italians of course be-
ing still yellow.

In this country are to be found what are called golden or five-

348 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

banded Italians. They have been obtained by continued selection,
so that instead of the thrce yellow bands there are four and five.
They are yery beautiful bees, but no better workers because of their
beauty.

The important difference between Italians and black bees is in
their deportment. It has become well settled that Italians are more
industrious, even a small mixture of Italian blood helping to make
a difference in the amount of surplus stored. They are more gentle,
and with proper handling much less inclined to sting than the
blacks. When a comb covered with bees is lifted out of a hive of
blacks, the bees run in confused excitement, forming into a sort of
rope and finally falling off at the lower corner of the frame, while
Italians under the same circumstances remain quietly on the comb,
and frequently the queen may be seen to lay while the comb is held
in the hand. Italians are greatly superior in defending themselves
against the incursions of the bee-moth. Indeed, the owner of Italian
bees has no need to pay any attention to bee-moths.

The cross between Italian and black bees, called hybrids, will
be found in many cases as good honey-gatherers as the pure Italians;
sometimes better. Unfortunately, some of them will be found more
vicious stingers than pure blacks. The workers of a first cross
will be found to be partly black and partly with three yellow bands,
or the bees may have one or two yellow bands. Although hybrids
may be as good workers as pure stock, especially the first cross,
there is a tendency to deteriorate, and it is well to have a pure queen
to breed from.

OTHER VARIETIES OF BEES.

Carniclan bees have been bred to some extent. hey are much
like blacks in appearance, but the bands of light-colored down are
brighter in the Carniolans. Some esteem them and their. crosses
as industrious workers, but their propensity to excessive swarming
is urged against them.

Cyprian bees resemble Italians in appearance, and are good work-
ers but inclined to be extremely vicious. Holy-Land and the Egyptian
bees have been tried, but have not been approved. The general ver-
dict is that for greatest profit in bee-keeping it is wise to have as
nearly as possible pure Italians.

MAKING A START IN BEE-KEEPING.

If you have no bees, and desire to begin bee-keeping, you will do
well to buy a full colony of Italian bees in a movable-comb hive, if
you can conveniently do so. If none are to be had in easy distance,

Ne. & DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 349

you can certainly get them by ordering from some dealer at a dis-
tance, but they would have to be sent by express, and that would
make them expensive. The expressage would be much less on a
nucleus, that is a small colony covering only two or three frames,
and such a nucleus could be built up into a strong colony, but so
long as you have had no experience in that line it will be much better
for you to begin with a full colony. If you want to be at all econom-
ical in the matter, do not send off two or three hundred miles for
a colony of Italian bees in a movable-frame hive, but get the nearest
to it you can get in your own neighborhood, if you can do no better
than to get a colony of black bees in a box hive.

Whatever you may buy, you will do well to leave the selection to
the man from whom you buy, if he is experienced and at the same
time honest. If he lacks in either of these two respects, then you
must do the best you can with your own judgment.

Even for the sake of getting a bargain, it will hardly be wise for
you to start with more than one or two colonies. Let your numbers
grow with your experience.

The probability is that spring is the best time for you to buy. If
you have several from which to select, other things being equal,
take the one that seems to have the most bees. Take one that feels
heavy when you lift it, for a light one may not have enough honey for
the bees. One which threw off a swarm the previous year will have
the advantage of a young queen.

LOCATION OF APIARY.

The word “apiary” is used to express the place where bees are
kept. It is also, and perhaps oftener, used to mean the bees with all
their appurtenances, as “John has an apiary of twenty colonies of
bees.” If bees are wintered outdoors, and kept in the same place
the year around, it is well that they be in a place sheltered from the
prevailing winds. It will be well at the same time if the hives can
be under the shade of trees. In the colder portions of the State,
where it is desirable to cellar bees in the winter, a good place for
summer is in the apple orchard. The shade is a good thing for
both bees and bee-keeper. In hot weather it is all the better if the
breezes have full sweep, but shelter for them is desirable in winter,
as also in fall and spring.

BEE-STANDS.

The former practice of having hives placed on benches or stands
a foot or more high is no longer in vogue. In the height of the
honey harvest many bees drop on the ground in the front of the

350 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

hive as they return from the fields, and they must rest there for
some time before they can rise and fly to the entrance of the hive.
If the hive is low down, they may crawl directly into the hive
without waiting. If it were not for rotting the wood, a hive might
be set directly on the ground. A good stand for two hives (it is well
for hives to stand in pairs) is very simply made of common fence
boards. Cut two boards four inches longer than twice the width
of a hive, and two as long as the length of a hive. Nail the two
short boards on the ends of the two long boards, and your stand
is complete. Place the stand with the long boards uppermost, and
you can put on it two hives side by side with four inches space
between them. Level the stand from end to end, and let the front
side be a little lower than the back side.
BEE-SMOKERS.
Before beginning actual manipulation of bees, it is well to be

supplied with a bee-smoker. If you are addicted to the unfortunate
habit of smoking tobacco, you may blow tobacco smoke upon the

BOTTOM

CLARK COLD-BLAST SMOKER. THE CRANE SMOKER.
(By permission from Root’s A B C of Bee Culture.)

bees, but such smoke is rather severe. You may also have a pan
of coals with wood burning upon them and blow the smoke from
this with your breath, but it is inconvenient and not very satisfac-
tory. A Clark bellows smoker can be had for fifty cents,,and it
is an excellent smoker, while it lasts, but if you have much use for a
smoker it will be cheaper in the long run to get one of the best, as the
Crane or the Bingham of large size, costing $1.25. A Cornell, how-
ever, costing seventy-five cents, is very nearly as good.

FUEL FOR SMOKERS.
It does not matter a great deal what fuel is used in a smoker, only
so it makes a good smoke. As a starter, nothing is better than some

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 351

live coals from the cook-stove. When this is not convenient, a
match may be touched to shavings, cotton rags, or rotten wood. A
very convenient thing is to have some rags that have been soaked
in a solution of saltpeter and then dried. Perhaps no fuel is better
than sound hard wood, cut in pieces one-quarter to one-half of an inch
square. The only objection is the trouble of preparing. Fine chips,
gathered from the chip-yard, are good. A great variety of things
may be used, and one may be controlled largely by the difficulty
or ease with which the various things may be obtained. Among the
many things that may be mentioned are, cotton rags, corn cobs
chopped fine, leaves, planer shavings, peat, greasy cotton waste that
has been thrown away along the railroads, hard-wood shavings from
the turning-lathe, pine needles, ete.

Whatever be the fuel used, it is important that it be very dry,
even if you have to bake it in the stove-oven. If it is at all damp,
the fire will not keep good without constant blowing, and inky drops
will fall from the muzzle of your smoker.

ANGER OF BEES.

Do not make the mistake to think that because smoke frightens
the poor little bees you will use it unmercifully. Try to avoid
arousing their anger. One thing that bees pointedly resent is rough
jarring of the hive or quick motions. If you open a hive slowly
and gently, you may, by using slow movements, lift out frame after
frame without a veil or smoke, and if the bees are [talians and
honey is coming in at the time you need have little fear of a sting.
Go to the hive at a time when no honey is coming in, lift the cover
with a snap, and roughly lift out the frames, and the probability
is that you will beat a hasty retreat, for a number of bees will
make a bee-line for your hands and face and leave their stings there.

So it is wise for you to be somewhat gentle at all times in dealing
with the bees. Sometimes even a quick motion of the finger in poirt-
ing at them will draw a sharp attack. While you may get along
without any smoke by being careful, unless you have abundant time
to spend, it may be as well to give the bees a little smoke, enough
to cause them to fill themselves with honey, for when bees have a
wellfilled honey-sac they are likely to be good-natured, and then
you can work more rapidly.

As already intimated, bees are of a better temper when they are
busy gathering stores. In the cool of the morning or evening they
are not so good-natured. If there is a sudden stoppage of the har-
vest, and robbers are troubling, you may find them like so many little
demons, and the very next day you may find them gentle as flies
because the honey-flow has started up again. If not too incon-

352 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

venient to do so, it is a good plan when you find them very cross
to close up the hive and try it again when they are in better humor.
The best time is generally in the heat of the day, the hotter the better
if they are gathering.

Sometimes a lot of cross bees will follow you around, and it
seems that all the bees are cross, when in reality the cross bees all
come from one colony. By a little close observation you can find
out which is the cross colony. It may be there is some excuse for
its temper, as it may be queenless, and a strong colony that is queen-
less is not likely to have a sweet disposition. If, however, it is
cross when others are good-natured, and there is no good excuse for
it, the best thing is to kill its queen and give it one of better stock.

Do not get directly in front of a hive, thus angering the bees
by interfering with their passage. Never strike at a cross bee unless
you strike to kill. The quick motion of striking exasperates. If
a cross bee follows you, and you cannot kill it, or do not want to,
hold down your head and walk slowly away, and it will not be
likely to sting you.

Remember that a bee stings only in defense of its home or its
life. A bee out at work on the flowers can never be induced to
sting you unless you catch it and pinch it. You may catch it and
hold it in your hand all day, and it will never offer to sting until its
life is threatened by your squeezing it. A bee will seldom follow
you inside the door of a house, and if it should happen to get into
a house, its only anxiety will be to try to get out again. If it
should happen to get inside your veil, in nearly every case it recog-
nizes that it is a prisoner, and instead of stinging turns its whole
attention to making an escape, only to renew the attack the minute
it escapes.

It is some comfort to know that if you have much to do with
bees and are stung often, you become to a certain extent immune
to the poison. A veteran bee-keeper may wear a veil to keep the
bees out of his face, but his hands will generally be bare, for he
prefers the little trouble of the stings to the discomfort of gloves.
An old bee-keeper will tell you, “When I first kept bees, a sting
on the hand would make my hand swell up to the shoulder, and I
could hardly use the hand for a day or two; now if I get half a
dozen stings on one hand in the morning, by evening I cannot tell
which hand was stung, only as I remember it. Just for the minute,
the sting hurts as bad as ever, but it only lasts a minute, and it
doesn’t swell.”

The kind of clothing one wears among the bees makes some
difference. Anyihing woolen irritates them, and the touch of fur
makes them furious. Fortunately, one does not need to wear furs
at the time when most work is done with bees. A smooth, hard

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 353

surface of linen or cotton is best. Light-colored clothing is better
than black or dark,

BEE VEILS.

The novice is likely to fear stings so much as to desire to be clad
in a bee-proof armor. But that is not very pleasant on a hot day.
With light-colored cotton or linen clothing there is little fear of
stings elsewhere than on the hands or face. The favorite point of
attack seems to be the eyes. Some wear sting-proof gloves, but
after some experience the inconvenience of gloves on a hot day
is generally considered worse than the stings. Ladies, however,
sometimes wear gloves to avoid the unpleasant feeling of having
the hands daubed with bee-glue. Most bee-keepers prefer to wear
a veil.

Any veil will do that will keep out the bees and at the same time
not interfere with the sight. Black is the only color for a bee-veil.
A light-colored veil may not only interfere with the sight, but may
injure it. The thinner the stuff the better, only so it is strong
enough.

A good bee-veil may be made of an open cotton material called
bobbinet or cape-net. It is about twenty-one inches wide. A piece
is cut off a little longer than the circumference of the brim of the
hat over which it is to be worn, and both ends are sewed together.
This makes a bag open at each end. A hem is made at each end
and a rubber cord run through it, the cord being short enough to
make a tolerably snug fit on the crown of the hat. When the
veil is put on, take hold of the lower edge at the front, and draw
it down quite tight, pinning it fast to the suspenders or clothing with
a safety-pin. Silk tulle will make a nicer veil, but it is more ex-
pensive, and it tears more easily. It works nicely to put a face-
piece of silk tulle in the veil of cheaper material.

TREATMENT OF STINGS.

When a bee stings you, in nearly every case the sting is left in the
flesh and the poison sae with it. If you will quietly watch a sting
thus left, you will see that it is constantly moving for a considerable
time after the bee has left. While thus moving, the little muscles
are accomplishing two things; one is to drive the sting further into
the flesh, and the other is to pump more poison into the wound.
You will readily see that the first thing to be done, then, is to get out
the sting. If you take hold of it in the usual way to pull it out,
you will squeeze the poison sac and squeeze more poison into the
wound. Instead of that, take the thumb or finger nail and scrape
out the sting.

23—6—1901

304 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The different things that have been lauded as cures for bee-stings
count by the hundred. Perhaps nothing is better than a poultice
of common mud. The experienced bee-keeper, however, does not
often bother with anything as a cure; partly because he does not
find that any of the cures make so very much difference, and partly
because he does not want to waste time with them. He will tell
you, “The very best thing to do for a sting is to get the sting out
and then think of something else while you go on with your work.”

SPRING WORK.

If everything has been properly done the previous season, very
little werk will be required by the bees in the spring. Those that
have been outdoors all winter will need no attention, unless it be
to have dead bees quietly scraped away from the entrance, and what-
ever has been done in the way of packing to keep them warm will
be better undisturbed till weather is fairly warm.

Those that were wintered in the cellar must, of course, be put on
their summer stands when the weather becomes sufficiently favor-
able, and it is not the easiest thing to decide just when that should
be done. Somewhere about the time soft or red maples are in
bicom will not be far out of the way. So long as the bees are quiet
in the cellar, there is little danger from further confinement, and
they are as well off there as to be out trying to get about in chilly
weather when there is nothing for them to gather. But if they are
uneasy, aifected with diarrhoea, and spotting the front of the hives,
it may be best to hurry matters a little. In that case they may be
brought out eariy in March, if the case seems urgent, but never
at a time when they cannot fly immediately after being taken out.
If the air is still and the sun shining bright, this may be when the
thermometer is at 50 degrees, but it is better to be warmer. If
brought out when it is too cool, they will come out of the hives,
become chilled, and many of them will never return.

Some warm days come in February or March when the ther-
mometer in the cellar, instead of remaining at about 45 degrees,
runs up to 50 degrees, or higher, and the bees become very uneasy.
But a long cold spell may come after this, and it is better to per-
suade the bees to remain in the cellar. At such times, open at night
all the doors and windows of the cellar, so the fresh cool air may
freely enter. This will probably set the bees into a still worse
roar, but do not be alarmed. By morning all will be quieted down,
and the cellar can be again darkened.

When it comes time to take the bees out, and you are sure they
can have a good flight the day they are brought out, let the cellar
be opened all night the night before, so the bees will be quiet. If

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 359

they are inclined to be troublesome about coming out of the hives,
enough smoke may be used to keep them in until the hive is set on
its stand. Some are particular to put each hive in the same place
where it stood the previous fall, but most bee-keepers pay no atten-
tion to this. If a few bees remember the old place where they were
in the fall, and enter the wrong hive because they have changed
places, no great harm will come of it.

FEEDING IN SPRING.

In spite of the fact that bees should be disturbed in spring as
little as possible, it is better for them to suffer from disturbance
than from starvation. If the right amount of stores were present
in the hive in the fall, there will be no need of any anxiety, and
the bees may be left undisturbed. Unfortunately, it will sometimes
happen, especially if the hives are small, that there may not be honey
enough in the hive to last till the bees can gather from the flowers.
With box-hives, you can do no better than to heft the hives and
geuss. Jf you guess they may run short of honey, you can put
pieces of comb honey or candy under the hives, unless the hive is
so arranged that it will be more convenient on top.

With movable-comb hives you can go at the matter more under-
standingly. With smoker alight, blow one or two light puffs of
smoke into the entrance, lift off the cover, giving the bees a little
smoke on top if they seem inclined to fly at you, but do not deluge
the poor things with smoke unnecessarily. You wouldn’t like smoke
in your own eyes, and if your bees are gentle, and if your move-
ments are gentle, very little smoke will be needed, possibly none.
If you see sealed honey along the tops of the frames, you may feel
sure there is no immediate danger from starvation, and it may not
be necessary to lift ont a single frame. If sealed honey is not to be
seen, lift out one or more frames until you are satisfied as to how
the case stands.

If you have been wise, you have on hand from the last season
some frames of sealed honey, and one or two of these can now be
given to any needy colony, putting the comb of honey close to the
cluster of bees. The probability, however, is that no comb of honey
is on hand. If you have no brood-comb filled with honey, it is pos-
sible that you still have some sections of comb honey that you had
saved for the table. It may seem like extravagance to feed honey
that may be worth possibly fifteen cents a pound, but having brought
a colony through the winter, it would be very poor economy to lose
several dollars-by allowing it to starve now, rather than to feed
twenty-five or fifty cents’ worth of honey. But if you have not honey
of your own, it is not wise to buy and feed honey as to whose source

356 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

you are in ignorance. If you should feed honey that had come
from a colony affected with foul brood, it might mean the ruin of all
your bees.

In any case, you are not restricted entirely to honey for feeding.
Sugar will do, if properly prepared. Indeed, after bees get to
flying in the spring, almost anything they will take in the line
of sweets may be fed. Maple syrup will do. All things considered,
perhaps the best substitute for honey is the best granulated sugar.
It may be fed in the form of candy or of syrup.

CANDY FOR BEES.

Put into a tin sauce-pan a little boiling water and set it on top
of the stove, but not so that the fire can directly touch the pan. Stir
into this granulated sugar—in ‘the proportion of seven pounds of
sugar to three pints of water and let it come toa boil. Let it con-
tinue to boil, dropping a little of it occasionally into cold water, and
when threads of it thus dropped break off brittle, take it off. Con-
tinue to stir it, and pour into shallow pans that have been greased,
so that the cakes of candy will be an inch thick or less. These cakes
may be laid directly over the frames in the hive, and then covered
over with cloths, or in some way so that the heat of the cluster will
not escape.

Another way is to put the candy into an empty brood-frame. Put
a flat board on a level table, lay a piece of paper on the board, and
on this put your frame, fastening it there with two or three nails,
or by tying wire around board and frame. When your candy is
cooked enough, take it off the stove and keep stirring it until it be-
comes so thick it will barely run, and then pour it into the frame.
When it is entirely cool, it may be hung in the hive just like a frame
of honey.

If you have some extracted honey, you can make a candy that is
preferred, and it is less trouble to make. Take a very small quan-
tity of the honey, heat it to less than boiling, and stir the honey
and powdered sugar together to make a dough. Keep adding sugar
and knead the same as you would bread dough, just as long as it
will take any more sugar. Let it stand a day or two, and then you
can knead in some more sugar. Cakes of this an inch or so thick
may be laid on the brood-frames.

SYRUP FOR FEEDING.

Have on the stove a vessel with boiling water. Into this pour
slowly five pounds of granulated sugar for every quart of water.
Stir as you pour it in, for burnt sugar is very bad for bees. Cook

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 357

and stir till the syrup becomes clear, then take off the stove. There
are several good feeders you can buy of dealers in bee supplies, but
if you have none of these you can feed the syrup in combs.

Put an empty brood-comb flat in a tub or something of the sort,
and pour into it from a height of four feet or so the syrup. It should
fall in very fine streams, and for this purpose you may use an empty
baking powder can, with its bottom punched full of nail holes.
The hotter the syrup the more readily it will enter the cells, but if
too hot it may melt the combs. If necessary, you can add water to
thin the syrup, or you can use a larger proportion of water in the
first place.

The crock-and-plate plan of feeding is less dauby and may suit
you better. For this the syrup may be hot or cold, as it happens.
Put the syrup into a common stone crock—a one-gallon crock is all
right—cover over the crock one or two thicknesses of flannel or
woolen cloth, or else five or six thicknesses of cheese-cloth, and over
this put a dinner plate upside down. With one hand under the
crock and the other over the plate, quickly turn the whole thing
upside down, and set it on top of the brood-frames. A hive-body
must now be put over and the hive-cover put on, so that no bee can
get in from the outside.

It is better to do feeding in the evening, for if done earlier in the
day robber-bees may be attracted.

SPRING OVERHAULING.

flaving made sure that there is no danger of starvation, the bees
may get on without further attention until it is time to put on surplus
receptacles. Indeed, if the right care was taken in August or Sep-
tember, or even in October preceding, to make sure that abundant
stores were in the hive, there may be no absolute need of attention
from fall until summer.

With movable combs, however, it is considered worth while by
many to give a kind of overhauling a little after the fashion of
spring cleaning in house-work. The object is to see that all is right
in every hive; that each colony has a good queen, and to make further
assurance that there is no danger of starvation before the honey
harvest comes.

Keep in mind that ten pounds of honey more than actually neces-
sary will do no harm, while ten ounces too little means loss of the
whole colony. You may be surprised to find how rapidly the honey
in the hive will disappear after brood-rearing gets fairly under head-
way in spring. It is not enough that bees at such a time be given
from time to time just what they will use. They seem to look ahead,

358 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dee.

and will do more at brood-rearing if they know they have ample
stores to nourish all the brood they may raise. So be sure they
have not only plenty, but abundance of stores.

CLEANING HIVES.

In localities where propolis or bee-glue is troublesome, some think
it pays well to clean the hives each spring, for in time they become
so badly glued that it is not easy to move the frames. Set the hive
to be cleaned to one side, and put in its place on the stand an empty
hive that is clean. Lift the frames, bees and all, out of their hive,
and put them in the hive on the stand. Brush or jar out of the
hive the few remaining bees, and scrape it clean of bee-glue. A
common hatchet is a pretty good tool for this purpose. This cleaned
hive can be used to replace the next hive, and so on.

QUEENLESS COLONIES,

‘At the time of the spring overhauling, see that each colony has a
good laying queen. If you find no brood in the hive by the last of
April (and you will hardly undertake spring overhauling before this
time), you may be safe in concluding they are without a laying
queen. Such a colony is generally of very little value. It is not
strong in bees, and what bees it has are probably old and dying off
rapidly. Knowing that a queenless colony will rear a queen for
itself if it has young brood given to it, you will be very strongly
tempted to try to continue the colony, but please don’t give way to
the temptation. The queen they raise is not likely to be a very
good one, and it will be more than a month before any of her progeny
will be added to the population, which will be very weak by that
time. The frame of brood you give them to raise a queen from
will be quite a loss to the colony from which it is taken, and you
will probably lose more than you will gain by taking it. Instead of
trying to have the queenless colony rear a queen, break it up, giving
the frames, bees and all, to other colonies. If the bees are smoked
a little when these combs with adhering bees are given to them,
there will generally be no fighting.

MANY BEES VERSUS MANY COLONIES.

Right here is a good place to emphasize the point that it is more
important to have many bees than to have many colonies. The
beginner is very likely to put the emphasis on the number of col-
onies. Let us consider the case in spring, when colonies are build-
ing up. Suppose we have a colony with only bees enough to fully
cover one comb. Of course, that is the only comb in the hive in

DG: (6: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 359

which brood can be reared. Suppose this comb to be the third comb
in the hive. The space between this third comb and the second
comb will be filled with bees, and so will the space between the
third and the fourth comb; that is, we have bees enough to fill two
spaces. Now suppose we have twice as many bees, or bees enough
to fill four spaces. That will fill the spaces between the first and
second combs, and also the space between the fourth and fifth; so, al-
though we have three combs covered with bees, it takes only twice
as many bees as it took to cover one comb. You will now under-
stand that if we have in a colony bees enough to cover three combs,
that by dividing them into two colonies we would have more col-
onies but less brood, and brood is the thing we are very anxious
to have, for brood is what makes bees. If you will observe in the
spring, you will see that a colony with only bees enough to cover
two combs of brood remains stationary until the weather becomes
warm, while a colony with bees enough to cover four or more frames
of brood increases in number right along.

When the weather becomes hot, a weak colony can do better at
increasing, but when you compare the harvest from weak and
strong colonies, even here it will be found that is desirable to have
many bees rather than many colonies. Ifa colony with 25,000 bees
stores a certain amount of surplus, one would be likely to conclude
off-hand that a colony of 50,000 bees under like conditions would
store twice as much. That would be an erroneous conclusion, for the
colony with double the number of bees would be likely to store three
times as much surplus.

One of the most common errors of beginners is to increase too
rapidly in number of colonies, and one of the hardest lessons to
learn is that many bees is the desideratum rather than many colonies.
It is the strong colonies that count, either in rearing bees or stor-
ing surplus. The golden rule for bee-keepers has been said to be
this: “Keep your colonies strong.”

DRONE-LAYING QUEENS AND LAYING WORKERS.

You may find eggs and brood in all stages, and yet affairs may
be in a desperate condition, for the brood is of such character that
only drones will emerge from the cells. Nothing but blank ruin is
in store for such a colony. When a queen becomes very old, and
sometimes before she is very old, she may cease to lay worker eggs,
laying only eggs that will produce drones. She will lay regularly
in worker cells, but the outcome will be nothing but drones, smaller
in size than usual because of their cramped quarters. It is not
hard to distinguish a case of this kind. The first thing perhaps that
attracts your attention is the unusual number of drones, but the

360 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

conclusive evidence is found in the sealed brood. Worker brood,
when it is sealed, presents a flat surface; but if drone brood be in the
worker cells, the cappings will be raised, looking much like a lot of
little marbles.

But when drone brood is found in worker cells, it is not always
the case that a bad queen is present. There may be no queen at all.
When a colony has been queenless for some time, a number of work-
ers may undertake the duty of egg-laying, and such eggs will produce
only drones. The cappings of the brood in worker cells will show
the same raised appearance as in the case of a drone-laying queen.
Even before any brood is sealed, you may tell the presence of laying
workers by the way in which the eggs are laid. They are somewhat
scattering, instead of having every cell regularly filled, as in the case
of a good queen, and the laying workers have a preference for drone
cells and queen cells. If you find drone comb filled with eggs while
worker cells remain unoccupied, you may suspect laying workers.
If you find two or more eggs in many of the drone cells, and es-
pecially if you find a whole lot of eggs piled into one queen cell, you
may feel sure you have a case of laying workers. Often the first
intimation of laying workers will be one or more eggs in a queen
cell and no other eggs present.

Whether you have a drone-laying queen or laying workers, the
remedy is the same; break up the colony and unite with others.

CLIPPING QUEENS.

At the time of spring overhauling is a good time to clip all queens
that have whole wings. Not all bee-keepers approve of clipping
queens, but a large number do. The advantage is that a swarm
with a clipped queen cannot sail off to parts unknown if you do not
happen to be on hand to take care of them. You may lose the clipped
queen, but it is better to lose the queen than to lose both bees and
queen.

There are two wings on each side. If you cut off two-thirds of the
large wing on one side, the queen cannot fly. It is just as con-
venient to cut off both wings on one side, and it is easier to tell at
a glance that such queen is clipped.

se sure that you never clip a virgin queen. If you do she will
never rear anything but drones, for she cannot fly out to meet the
drones. As soon as a queen is found to be laying it is safe to clip
her, for she is fertilized once for life.

A queen may be clipped with a pair of scissors or a sharp knife.
In catching a queen, do not grasp her by the abdomen, which is

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 361

the hind part of the body, but by the wings or thorax. The thorax
is the part next the head, and is not easily crushed because it is hard,
while the abdomen is soft. You need have no fear of being stung
by the queen. She has a sting, but will not demean herself by sting-
ing anything less than royalty in the shape of another queen.

HUNGER-SWARMS.

Sometimes the beginner is surprised, and perhaps delighted, to
see his bees swarming in early spring. But it is not because the
bees are so prosperous that they can afford to send out a swarm
in orthodox fashion. It is more likely that the bees have run out
of stores; and such a swarm is called a hunger-swarm. It may try
to force an entrance into some other hive, only to be killed there.
The remedy, of course, is, to get the bees back into their own hive,
if possible, and feed them.

SPRING DWINDLING.

Sometimes, for some reason not clearly understood, bees with
plenty of honey and brood in the hive dwindle away in numbers,
when no apparent cause can be found for it. The weak colonies are
most likely to be the ones affected by this trouble. There seems to
be no help for it but to wait for warm weather, when it disappears
of itself. Some have tried uniting two or more such colonies to-
gether, but the united colony does not seem to last any longer than
the colonies left separate, and in too many cases death puts an end
to all before warm weather comes. Sometimes a colony thus af-
fected may swarm out, but that can do no good.

STARVED BEES.

If you find a colony with no stores left, perhaps some of the bees
already dropping from starvation, no time should be lost in giving
them food. Even when all the bees appear dead, if the death from
starvation occurred only a short time previous to their being thus
found, they may yet be saved. Take them into a warm room and
sprinkle them with well-sweetened water. Ina little time they may
show signs of life, and lick up the diluted sweet. When combs,
bees and all are warmed and stores given, they may be returned to
their former place.

B62 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe

TRANSFERRING.

Changing bees from a common box-hive into a movable-comb hive
is called transferring. Such transferring may be done at any time,
but until lately the favorite time has been at the time when fruit
trees are in bloom. At that time there are fewer bees and less
honey in the hive, and the bees will fix up the combs better while
they are doing some work at gathering.

Have ready a board a little larger than one of the frames, and half
a dozen or more strings for each frame, each string long enough
to reach around the frame, and tie. Turn the box-hive upside down
and set it down close by, putting the new hive in its place. Of
course you will give the bees a little smoke at the beginning, and a
little more at any time they show fight. Set over the box-hive an
empty box that is somewhere near the same size, the open part
of the box down. Drum on the sides of the hive with a heavy stick
in each hand. If the hive and box do not fit well together, some of
the bees may start to come out of the cracks. Smoke them in and
keep on drumming. In a little while the bees will make a loud
buzzing, which is not a sign of anger, but a sign of capitulation.
They will then run up into the box, and when nearly all have gone
up, lift off the box and set it on the ground, open end still down.

Now, with saw, hammer and chisel, as you may find necessary,
split off one or more sides of the hive. Have your board ready with
strings laid across it. Put the comb or combs on the board, lay
a frame over, and mark with a knife where the inside of the frame
comes. Take off the frame, cut off the part outside of your marking
and then slip the frame over the comb. Let it be rather a tight fit,
so it will be a little crowded in the frame. Now tie your strings.
It doesn’t matter if the combs are put in upside down. Sometimes
it will be more convenient for you to put in some pieces that way.
Lift up the board with the frame on it, and turn it so the frame
will be right side up, and then remove the board and hang the
frame in the hive. Now dump the bees down in front of the new
hive and let them run in. They will be glad to find the comb there.
Get out the rest of the combs and transfer all good, straight worker
comb, rejecting drone comb and any that are too crooked. Some
nice chunks of honey may be saved for the table. Fill up the new
hive with frames filled with comb foundation. The bees will pro-
ceed to fasten the combs in the frames, and will gnaw out the strings.

You will probably find it more satisfactory to take a different
plan. Wait until the colony in the box-hive swarms, when you will
hive the swarm in a moyable-comb hive, putting the swarm on the
old stand and the old hive two or three feet from it. If the colony

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 363

does not swarm by the time white clover is fairly in bloom, you may
drum out the majority of the bees as already instructed, putting
them in the new hive, just the same as 4 natural swarm. Twenty-
one days after the colony swarms, or twenty-one days after the
time of drumming out the swarm, drum out all the bees left in the old
hive, and run them into the hive containing the swarm. At this
time there will be no brood left, unless it be a little drone brood
of no value, and there will be probably some honey in the hive.
Set it somewhere about 100 yards from the apiary and close it up
except an entrance large enough for one or two bees to pass at
a time. The bees will clean out all the honey, and you can melt
up the combs for wax, unless you find some nice, straight worker
comb that you want to save.

If the bees do not swarm as soon as you desire, and you can ob-
tain a frame of brood from some other colony, there is another
plan that may suit you. Take from the stand the box-hive and set
in its place the new hive in which you will put the frame of brood,
and after filling up the hive with frames of foundation put a queen
excluder over it. Drum the bees out of the box-hive and let them
run into the entrance of the frame hive. Now set the box-hive over
the other, closing up in some way any opening that may be between
the two. Four or five days later look to see if there are eggs in the
lower hive. If not, you have left the queen in the old hive, and
must drum again so as to get her in the new hive. Three weeks
after giving the new hive, the old hive may be removed and treated
as before instructed, or you may leave it where it is till the bees
have filled it with honey.

COMB FOUNDATION

Is much used in bee-keeping now-a-days. A thin sheet of bees-
wax is run through a foundation-mill, which embosses it in exact
imitation of the base or midrib of honey-comb, as built by the bees.
: When this comb foundation is given to the bees,
theyacceptit readily and build out cells upon it.
This saves the bees time, labor and wax, and
makes sure of having combs built just where
they are desired. When used in the brood
chamber, it makes sure that all the comb built
upon it shall be worker-comb, a very important
COMB FOUNDATION matter. If a strip of foundation only an inch
a Le tat Roots’ wide be fastened to the top bar of a brood-frame,
> of Bee Culture.)

it will secure a straight comb by having the

comb started in the right place, but most bee-keepers think it is

364 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dee.

economy to fill the frame with foundation, for if only a small strip is
used there will be entirely too much drone comb built.

If a full sheet of foundation is put in a brood-frame, supported.
only at the top, it will very likely stretch at the upper part so as
to make the cells large enough for drone cells. To avoid this stretch-
ing, tinned iron wire, No. 30, is fastened in the frames, four hori-
zontal strands. The frames that you buy will have the holes pierced
through the end bars, and you will string the wire through these
holes, fastening the two ends by driving in small nails part way,
winding the end of the wire around the nail two or three times,
then driving home the nail. The wire should not be drawn very
tight. The sheet of foundation should be cut to come within a
quarter of an inch of the bottom bar. Make a board just large
enough to slip inside the frame. Keep its surface wet, so the founda-
tion will not stick to it. Lay the board flat and lay the foundation
on it. Then lay the wired frame over it. Push the foundation into
the saw-kerf made for it in the underside of the top bar. To press
the wire into the foundation, run over it a tracing-wheel, such as the
women-folks use. To make it straddle the wire, every alternate
tooth should be set like the teeth of a saw. A few drops of melted
beeswax along the top will hold the foundation there, unless there
comes with the frame a little strip to crowd in so as to wedge the
foundation in tight.

To fasten foundation in the little surplus boxes, or sections, it
will pay you to buy a foundation fastener if you have much of such
work to do. If you use only a few sections, you can fasten the
foundation by pressing down the edge with a common case-knife.
The foundation should come within one-quarter of an inch of the wood
at sides and bottom. The foundation must be warm enough to be a
little soft, when fastening either in brood-frames or sections, as it
will naturally be on a hot summer day.

Comb foundation is made of different weights. For brood-frames
that are not wired, you need “heavy brood” foundation; for wired
frames, “light brood.” For sections, “thin super” is generally pre-
ferred, although some prefer “extra thin.” The higher the founda-

tion, the more it costs per pound; but you get more surface in a
pound, so it is cheaper.

BUYING READY-MADE HIVES, ETC.

Time was when each man’s clothes were made in his own house.
Now-a-days it is usual to go elsewhere to buy them. No farmer
would think of making his own reaper or hoe. It is the same way
in bee-keeping. The manufactories that make a business of making

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 365

bee supplies can sell them for much less than you can make them
for, or than you can hire them made for. Besides, they are better
made. In making hives, sections, and in fact almost anything con-
nected with bee-keeping, there is need of very great exactness, and
supply manufacturers have fine machinery nicely adjusted, and, mak-
ing by the hundred or thousand (some things by the hundred thou-
sand), they can work everything to the best advantage. So you will
find it the best way to buy everything ready-made, or at least ready
to be nailed together. In fact, anything like hives or supers that
must be nailed together would better be bought in the flat, as the
freight will be less. In most cases, nails of the right kind and quan-
tity will be sent with each order to put together the articles.

PUTTING ON SUPERS.

In most places in Pennsylvania, the principal harvest is from
white clover and linden, or basswood. Fruit bloom, dandelions and
many other things are of value, because they give the bees some-
thing to live on, fruit bloom being especially valuable because it
helps to build up the colony in time for the clover harvest. Buck-
wheat, in some places gives a second harvest of dark honey. But
it is not a sure thing that the bees can find nectar in the blossoms,
even when the plants bloom abundantly. Just why, no one seems to
know.

However, it is wise to be ready for the harvest, whether it comes
or not. Receptacles for surplus honey should be on the hives a little
before they are really needed. A common rule is to watch for
the first appearance of patches of fresh white wax being plastered
on the upper parts of the brood combs, and then put on supers.
This will not do very well for box-hives, but you may use another
guide which is all right for any kind of hives. Put on supers
when you see the first white clover blossoms. The bees will hardly
begin storing surplus until about ten days after the very first clover
blossoms appear.

If you want to get surplus honey from a colony in a box-hive,
you may make a box to cover the whole of the hive, the box being
six inches deep, or you can make boxes large enough so that two
of four of them will cover the hive. Have glass in one side of each
box, so you can see when the box is filled, and fasten a little comb
in the top as a starter. A cap or outside cover must be over all.
To give the bees access to this surplus room, bore about eight one-
inch holes in the top of the hive. Never mind if you do bore right

into the combs and honey in the hive; the bees will patch it up
all right.

366 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

SECTION HONEY.

But for movable frame hives (the only kind you will probably
have after your first year of bee-keeping), you should use the little
boxes that are so common, each section box containing somewhere

> a in the neighborhood of a pound of

F a shoney. A look at the illustration
i _~|shows how neat one of these sec-
= Sy tions is in appearance, and being

Sahn ee | of about the right size to put on

Me Sek hee a dish on the table, there is less

Po eee ne <A daubiness than when a piece is cut
erat SS. = oe from a larger comb. If you should
fee es 3 ever have more honey than enough
See Sharon %, | to supply your own table—a possi-
ESO eR as? | bility that may be worth consider.

= at OS" “RRS, Fi | ing—you will find that in these
RSS i y sections it is in the most salable

eg W/ shape. A common size for a sec-

A SECTION OF HONEY. tion-box is 44x44x1i, but other

(By Permission tro oo 4 BC of Bee sizes are also used, some. ofetimem

Culure.)
of greater height than width. Supers, or receptacles for holding the
sections, also vary. A full description of all the different hives,
supers, sections, etc., would go much beyond the limits of this Bul-
letin.

SEPARATORS.

In order to have a comb of honey built in the right place in a see-
tion, it is necessary to have something to guide the bees, or they
may build the combs crosswise. Comb foundation is used for this
purpose, although a bit of nice, white honey-comb fastened in the
top of the section will answer. To keep the comb within the right
limits after it is started, partitions of wood or separators about one-
sixteenth of an inch in thickness are used. If the honey is to be
packed for shipping, most bee-keepers consider it absolutely essential
that the combs or sections be built between separators. Without
separators the combs will bulge into one another, one side being
thick and the other thin, and when these are packed together for ship-
ment, bruising and leaking will result. If the honey is intended en-
tirely for home use, you can do very well without separators.

BAIT SECTIONS.
Sometimes bees are a little slow about beginning work in sections,
preferring to crowd the honey into the brood-comb. If crowded suf-
ficiently in the brood nest, they will enter the supers, but this same

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 367

crowding leads to swarming, which is likely to interfere with the
honey crop. ‘The bees may be baited into the supers by having in
the center of the super something more attractive to them than the
bare foundation. Excellent for this purpose are the sections that
were partly filled the previous year, emptied of their honey, and
left over. If at first you have none of these, you may put a piece
of honey-comb in a section. Still more sure to attract the bees will
be a piece of comb containing brood. <A section containing a piece
of brood may not be so nice when finished, but it will be most effective
as a bait, and you can easily afford to have a section in a super
less presentable for the sake of getting the bees to begin work
promptly in the supers.

But remember that unless the nectar is in the flowers, you need
expect nothing in the supers. In a poor season you may have the
bait section filled with honey and sealed, while every other section
in the super is left untouched.

GIVING ADDITIONAL SUPERS.

Very likely your super will not contain more than twenty-four to
twenty-eight pounds of honey, and in a good season this will not
be enough room to suit the ambition of a strong colony. . If you
wait until this first super is entirely finished and ready to take off,
much time will be lost, for it will take some time for the bees to
finish sealing the sections after they are filled with honey.

Instead of waiting until the first super is finished, if the bees seem
to be storing vigorously, give them a second super when the first
is about, half filled. Do no put this second super on the top of the
first one, but under. If you have not a special hive tool, you may
use a screw driver to pry up the first super, giving the bees a little
smoke as it is raised up. Lift off the super, put the empty one on
the hive, and on this the one you have taken off. No bait will be
needed in this second super, for the bees will be obliged to go through
it to reach the combs of honey upon which they have previously been
working, and if they are in need of additional room you may be sure
they will promptly begin work in the second super.

Kven this second super may not be enough. Before the first super
is ready to take off, three or more supers may be on the hive. ‘So long
as the bees keep busily at work, and you have reason to believe
the harvest will continue, put an additional super on the hive, under
the last one put on, whenever this last one is half filled. If you
think the season may be near its close, and are uncertain whether
to give another super or not, put it on the top of the others. It
will do no harm there, and the bees will not use it if they do not
need it. ‘At best there will be some guessing in the ease, for some-

368 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

times the clover harvest will close not much after the middle of
June, while other years it may continue until the close of July.
Sometimes the honey flow will let up as if about to close, then a
few days later begin again. If linden trees are in fair numbers in
your locality, you may count on their helping out the harvest during
the first two weeks in July, or somewhere in that neighborhood.
But, like clover, linden may vary very much in the length of its yield,
and some years it does not yield at all.

-

TAKING OFF SURPLUS.

Comb honey is valued very much according to its appearance. To
bring the highest price in the market, the comb must be snow-white.
If it is left in the care of the bees after it is sealed, it will become
gradually darkened on the surface. This does not hurt the honey
itself that is in the comb; on the contrary the honey generally tastes
better for being left in the hive all summer; and if it were to be
eaten in the dark it would be well not to be in a hurry about taking
it off. But to get sections off the hive with the whitest of combs,
you must not even wait until all are sealed. If you wait until the sec-
tions at the outside corners are sealed, you may find that those in
the center have become darkened. So soon as all but the corner
sections are sealed, take off the super. If you have a number of
supers taken off, you may take out the unfinished sections, put them
allin an empty super, and put them back on the hive to be finished.

Taking off a super is a very simple matter; getting the bees all
out is another story. If you have a Porter bee escape, put it at
night under the super (the filled super to be taken off must be on
top of all), and by morning very few bees will be left, when the
super can be taken off. A super may be put in a tub or a big box,
a sheet covered over it, and from time to time as the bees gather
on the sheet, it can be turned over. Look out that you do not
leave a hole for robber bees to get at the honey. 'A good many
of the bees will leave the super and go below if you blow smoke
into the super lively for two or three minutes before taking it
off. If you are in a hurry to finish up the job, you may smoke
all the bees out of the super after you have taken it off, brushing
the bees off the super and sections as they come out. There is
just a little danger that too much smoke may give a slight taste
to the honey. At a time when bees are very busy gathering, you
may set a super on top of a hive or beside it, and in the course of half
an hour the bees will have left the super of their own accord. But
it is a very risky thing to do this unless you keep a pretty close
watch for the very first approach of robber bees.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 360

BEE-BRUSH.

To brush off the bottoms of sections, a bee-brush is needed. You
will also need one sometimes to get bees off brood-combs. You
can shake most of the bees off a brood-comb, but the remainder
must be brushed off. You can buy a bee-brush for a few cents, made
like a whisk-broom of broom corn, only the corn is thin and not cut
off at the ends. But if you don’t care for the trouble of making
one fresh every time, you can make one as good or even better
out of asparagus tops, sweet clover, or any one of a number of dif-
ferent weeds. Get quite a bunch of it, and tie tegether with a
string. If in a big hurry, you may grab up a big handful of long
grass or weeds without any tying together. Of course, green brushes
are good only for the day.

EXTRACTED HONEY.

In former days, besides comb-honey in irregular and dauby chunks,
there was strained honey, secured by putting in a cloth a lot of
crushed honey combs, pollen, brood and dead bees. When the honey
was strained out of this, of course it was more or less flavored with
the other materials. Now-a-days liquid honey, or honey out of the
comb, is altogether different, being the pure honey with no ex-
traneous flavor, just like the honey that drains out of a nice section
of honey when it is cut and lying on a plate. This honey is not
strained but extracted. It is thrown out of the comb by centrifulgal
force, and the comb is left unbroken, so that it can be returned to the
bees to be filled over and over.

As the bees have no comb to build, they can store the honey with-
out hindrance, no matter how fast it comes. So the yield of ex-
tracted honey is greater than that of comb honey. The greater
proportion of extracted over comb honey is variously estimated.
Some say they can get sometimes nearly twice as much extracted
honey as comb; others say they can get only a little more.

Aside from the greater yield of honey, there are some advantages
in working for extracted rather than comb honey. It takes less
skill to work for extracted. With a large hive and plenty of room
there is less danger of swarming, when working for extracted honey.
Sometimes, when the flow is short, the bees have not time to finish
up any of their sections, and it is but little satisfaction to have a set
of sections half filled. Even with the most skilful management
there will be more or less unfinished sections. With extracted honer,
it is different. No matter how little honey may be in the extracting
combs, it can be thrown out.

Just on that account there is a danger. When honey, or nectar
rather, is first gathered, it is thin, watery stuff, unfit for table use.

24—6—1901

370 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

After being left in the hive it becomes ripened and rich. Some
think it not advisable to extract till the honey is all sealed. At
least a large proportion of it should be sealed.

EXTRACTING SUPERS.

Honey may be extracted from the brood-combs taken from the
brood-chamber, and if care is taken not to turn too rapidly, the honey
will be thrown out and the brood left in the cells. But it is better
to leave the brood-combs undisturbed, and have a separate story
or stories for extracting. These stories or extracting supers may
contain combs shallower than those used in the brood-chamber, such
shallow extracting combs being preferred by those that produce on
a large scale, but being more convenient, it is a common practice
to use extracting combs that are exactly the same as the brood-
combs; indeed, the same combs are used sometimes in the brood-
chamber and sometimes in the extracting-chamber. Some think that
honey extracted from old black combs that have been used for years
for brood-rearing is not so light-colored as that extracted from combs
in which brood has never been reared. But there can be no very
great difference.

In order to prevent the
queen from going up into the
extracting super, a zine
honey-board is used, called
also a queen-excluder. This
queen-excluder may be made
entirely of zinc, but is usual-
ly made of alternate strips of
wood and zine.

The zinc is perforated with
holes about one-sixth of an
inch in diameter, the best

ZINC HONEY-BOARD

(By permission from Root’s A B C of Bee Culture.)

size being considered 165-
1000 of an inch. Perfora-
tions of this size bar the
passage of a queen, while
they allow workers to pass
freely. The use of a queen-
excluder makes it certain
that there will be no brood

PERFORATED ZINC.

(By permission from Root’s A BC of Bee Culture.)

in the extracting super. Neither need there be any fear lest the
queen be lifted out when combs are taken for extracting.

It may be remarked in passing that while it is considered very im-
portant to have a queen-excluder under an extracting-super, it is

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 371

not considered necessary to have one under a super for comb-honey.
If the sections contain full sheets of foundation, the queen will very
rarely go up to deposit eggs in them.

Some say they can dispense with excluders under extracting-supers
by having very thick extracting combs. In the brood-chamber the
frames are spaced about one and three-eighths inches from center
to center, and this same spacing is generally used in the extracting-
chamber. If, however, a smaller number of combs be used in the
extracting-super, and they are spaced one and five-eighths inches or
more from center to center, the cells will be too deep to rear brood
in, and the queen will not lay in them.

EXTRACTING HONEY.

A honey extractor, costing somewhere in the neighborhood of ten
dollars, is a machine so constructed that the combs filled with honey
may be put into the comb baskets, when they are whirled rapidly
around in the tin cylinder, and the rapid motion causes the honey
to fly out of the cells by centrifugal force, on the same principle
that mud is thrown from the wheels of a vehicle when the wheels
are in rapid motion.

Do not extract from a comb until it is sealed, or at least three-
fourths sealed. Otherwise you will have thin, watery stuff, and in a
little while your folks will say they do not care for honey... Unless
you have had considerable experience, you will do well not to do any
extracting except when the bees are busy gathering. They will
then be good natured, and not inclined to sting or rob.

Give a little smoke, take out the comb to be extracted, shake off
most of the bees and brush off the remainder, putting the comb into
an empty super brought for the purpose. You can take the combs
from each hive, empty the honey out of them, then put the combs
back into the same super; but if you have several colonies it will be
more convenient to operate differently. After extracting the first set
of combs, take them to the second colony and exchange them for
the full combs of the second colony, thus replacing each full set re
moved with the set you have just extracted. When the last set is
extracted, it may be returned to the first colony.

Before putting the combs in the extractor the cappings must be
shaved off, and for this purpose you need an uncapping-knife, made
specially for the purpose, although you may use a common table-knife
after a fashion. Some think it advisable to have a dish of hot
water in which to warm the uncapping-knife, but with a sharp knife
it is hardly necessary.

Some nice honey may be drained from the cappings through a
colander. Then the cappings may be given to the bees to clean up

372 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe

(look out you don’t start robbing), or water may be added and the
liquid added to the vinegar.

When combs are new and tender, and heavily filled with honey,
there is danger that they may be broken if turned too rapidly in the
extractor. A good plan is to turn rather slowly until about one-half
the honey is extracted from one side of the combs, then reverse
and extract all from the second side, when the remainder may be
extracted from the first side.

SWARMING.

If the only thing to be done through the summer was to put on
empty receptacles for the surplus honey, and then to take them off
when filled, it would be pretty clear sailing. But just when pros-
pects look most favorable for a good harvest, and bees are storing
most rapidly, there is likely to be a sudden change in the program.
The colony swarms, and the force left in the old hive is so weak that
under ordinary circumstances nothing more is done in the supers.
The swarm, if very strong, may do some good work in supers, but
if the remainder of the season is not very good it may do no more
than fill up its hive ready for winter. In any case the swarm and
the mother colony together are not likely to yield as much surplus
as the latter would have done alone had there been no swarming.
An exception to this rule might occur in a locality where there was
a large yield from buckwheat and other late honey-plants.

Left to its own devices, a strong colony is likely to swarm twice
each season, sometimes three, four or more times. The first swarm,
called also prime swarm, is likely to issue during the first part of
June, when the white clover harvest is fairly begun, some swarms
continuing to come later, and in rare cases a swarm may issue as
early as fruit bloom. A first swarm may also occur during the
fall flow, generally called a buckwheat swarm, but such swarms
are not common. ‘The old queen comes out with the first swarm,
leaving no queen in the hive, but it is a mistake to speak of the
queen leading out the swarm, for she does not generally leave the
hive until a large portion of the swarm is out, and she may be among
the very last. A swarm contains bees of all ages from the oldest to
the youngest.

There is no certain way to tell beforehand when a prime swarm will
issue without examining the brood-combs. Even then you may not
be certain, but if you find a number of queen-cells, you may expect
a swarm to issue when the first of them is sealed. It is easy to dis-
tinguish a queen-cell, as you will see by the illustration.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 373

It is easier to foretell the issuing of after-swarms. About eight
days after the first swarm issues, you may expect a second swarm,

lia providing there are to
on be any after-swarms.

Go to the hive the even
ing before the day you
are expecting an after-
swarm, put your ear
against the hive, and if
there is to be further
swarming the next day
you will hear piping
and quahking. The
young queen that ts out
of her cell utters a
shrill succession of
sounds, that sound
something like “peep,
peep, peep.” The young
queens yet in their
cells answer very
promptly, “queahk
quahk, quahk,”’ in a
coarser tone, and this
piping and quahking
is repeated at inter-
vals.
QUEEN CELLS. If there is any

(By permission from Root’s A B C of Bee Culture.) swarming after the sec-
ond swarm, the swarms will be only a day or two apart. These later
swarms are likely to be very feeble affairs, sometimes hardly more
than a teacupful of bees with the young queen. Such weaklings are
only a nuisance, as it is hardly possible for them to survive the fol-
lowing winter.

HIVING A SWARM.

When a swarm issues from the hive and begins to sail aloft, there
is sometimes a fear that it will immediately take its departure,
and horns are blown, tin pans rattled, guns fired, etc., and then
the swarm settles on some bush or tree. But it would settle just
as well without any such racket. It is just possible that an after-
swarm might go off without clustering first on some tree, but you
need have no anxiety about a first swarm. Just let it take its time
to settle; then you can proceed deliberately to house it in the hive
prepared for it. You may cut off the small branch upon which it

374 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

is clustered, providing the value of the tree does not forbid, and it
is not difficult of accomplishment; then carry the swarm to its
intended hive, lay the cluster down directly in front of the entrance
and close against it, and the bees will immediately begin to craw] in.
If the tree is very high, the limb may be sawed ott and let down by a
rope.

Sometimes it is more convenient to jar down the swarm and let
it fall directly in front of the entrance of the hive, the hive being
placed in the proper position for the purpose. Let the hive be
well raised in front so that there will be an abundant entrance. As
soon as nearly all the bees are in the hive, so that you feel confident
the queen is there, carry the hive to the stand you intend it to occupy.

It is the practice of some to use a peach basket on the end of a
pole in which to catch the swarm. Hold the basket under the
swarm, and with another pole jar the limb so the swarm will fall
into the basket.

When a swarm is shaken from a limb, it is often the case that the
bees will begin to cluster back on the limb again. To prevent this
the limb should be constantly shaken in so lively a manner that the
bees cannot settle upon it. This is tiresome work, and one way to
make it easier is to have a rope. Tie a stone to the end of the rope,
throw the stone over the limb, then let the stone slide down, and,
holding both ends of the rope, shake.

SWARMS WITH CLIPPED QUEENS.

These must be treated differently. When the swarm issues, the
queen, not being able to fly, falls to the ground. The swarm will
sail around in the air and perhaps go back to the hive without set-
tling, having recognized the absence of the queen. At other times
it will settle, and may remain so a few minutes, sometimes even
half an hour. If no one is on hand, the queen is likely to find her
way back to the hive, and the swarm will also return, probably
coming out again the next day. (If the queen were not clipped, no
one being by, the swarm would probably leave for parts unknown.)

When the queen comes out, catch her and put her in a cage. The
Miller introducing cage is very convenient for the purpose, but
you can make a simpler one that will answer very well. Take a
pine block 5x1x} inches, and wrap around it a piece of wire cloth,
four inches square. The wire cloth is allowed to project at one end
of the block one-half inch. The four sides of this projecting end
are bent down upon the end of the stick and hammered down tight
into place. A piece of fine wire about ten inches long is wrapped
around the wire cloth, about an inch from the open end, which will
be near the middle of the stick, and the ends of the wire twisted to-

No. 6. | DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 375

gether. Then pull out the block, trim off the corners of the end a
little so that it will easily enter the cage, slide the stick in and out
of the cage a number of times so that it will work easily, and the
thing is complete. When not in use the block is pushed clear in,
so as to preserve the shape of the cage.

Remove the old hive and put the new hive on the old stand. Lay
the caged queen at the entrance of the new hive. When the swarm
returns and a large part or all of it has entered the hive, let the
queen out of the cage and let her run in with the rest. The swarm
can now be moved to a new stand and the old hive returned to its
place. The better way, however, is to leave the swarm on the old
stand, as given under the head of prevention of after-swarms.

DESERTION OF SWARMS.

It is not an uncommon occurrence with the inexperienced to have
a swarm leave a hive the next day after being hived, and if returned
to the hive to repeat the process. If unobserved, and the wings
of the queen are not clipped, it will leave for the woods. In the
belief that it will prevent the desertion of the bees, some wash the
inside of the hive with sweetened water, or rub it with leaves or
something else to give it a certain odor. Nothing of the kind is
needed. If a hive is not absolutely filthy, the bees will be satis-
fied with it if other conditions are right. In the great majority of
cases the bees desert because of too great heat in the hive, or what
is much the same thing, because there is too little ventilation.
Shade the hive and give abundance of ventilation, and there is likely
10 be no desertion. Block up the hive so the entrance shall be
two or three inches deep, and let the cover be partly off for two or
three days. If there is no other way to shade the hive, take a good
armful of fresh-cut hay, the longer the grass the better, lay it on the
hive and put on it two or three sticks of fire-wood.

If you have movable-frame hives, you can give to the swarm a
frame of brood, and with such a start in housekeeping it is not likely
to desert, even if the hive be not the most comfortable.

PREVENTION OF SWARMS.

The prevention of a first swarm is not always an easy matter, if,
indeed, it can be prevented at all. Being crowded for room is one
of the things that perhaps more than anything else encourages
swarming, so plenty of room does-no little towards discouraging
swarming. With hives containing ten or more Langstroth frames
(a Langstroth frame is 178x9} inches, outside measure) worked for
extracted honey, and with plenty of room always in the surplus
chamber, the hives kept comfortable by the shade of trees or its

376 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

equivalent, and with abundant ventilation, the amount of swarming
will be at its minimum, some having no more than four or five col-
onies swarm out of a hundred. When hot weather comes, it is a
good plan to put a block under each corner of the hive so as to
raise it something like an inch.

The same means will do something toward preventing swarms
when working for comb honey, but the number of swarms will be
much larger.

The prevention of a second swarm is a more easy matter, and
with proper care you may count pretty safely on preventing all
swarms after the first. In order to understand fully the matter,
it is necessary to explain a little about the habits of bees. On a
summer day, if you will watch a colony of bees, you will see at some
time during the heat of the day a large number of bees flying in
front of the hive. They are flying about in circles, keeping close to
the hive. They are young bees, some of them taking their first
flight, and are out for a play-spell. Each bee, as it leaves the hive,
turns its head toward the entrance, circling about with its head
always toward the hive, circling farther and farther from the hive
all the time, apparently noting carefully the hive and its surround-
ings. It is marking the location of the hive. When about sixteen
days old it becomes a field hand, and then it acts quite differently.
It wastes no time when leaving the hive, but shoots out in a straight
line for the fields, and on its return comes back on the same bee-
line directly to the location it has previously so carefully marked.
If, while it is out in the field, you take away its hive and put another
in its place, it does not look for its hive, but goes straight for its
old place. More than this, if you take a hive from its stand and
put another in its place, all the field bees of the removed hive, when
they start to the field, will shoot straight out without noticing any
change, and when they come back will go straight to the old location,
even if they do not leave the hive for a day of two after the change
has been made.

Another thing. Bees seem to know that if the honey harvest stops,
they can hardly afford to swarm; and even after cells are started,
if the yield ceases, they will tear down the cells and give up the idea
of swarming.

Understanding these habits of bees, we may take advantage of it
to prevent all swarming after the first swarm. When the first swarm
issues, put the swarm in the place of the old hive, setting the old
hive close beside it, both facing the same way. A week later take
away the old hive and set it in a new place a rod or so distant. If
other hives are sitting near, it is not necessary to move it farther
than beyond the nearest hive. During the week since the swarming,
a great many young bees have hatched out in the old hive, and it has

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 371

begun to feel quite strong. But after the removal all the field bees
will desert it and join the swarm on the old stand. This weakening
of the colony will greatly discourage the thought of swarming, and
the discouragement will be increased by the fact that for that colony
the harvest has ceased, for little or nothing is brought in from the
field. So all the young queens but one will be destroyed and there
will be no further swarming.

If supers were on the colony when it swarmed, they should be given
to the swarm about two days after swarming. If put on immediately
after the swarm is hived, there is some danger that the queen might
go up and lay in the sections, but after a day or two she will have
a brood-nest started below and will have no desire to go above. If
extracting combs are in the super, then the super may be given as
soon as the swarm is hived, as a queen-excluder will prevent the
queen’s going above.

CARE OF COMB HONEY.

It is by no means a matter of indifference as to how honey is kept,
Especially important is the place. A common practice with those
who know no better is to put it in the cellar. Before long the
beautiful white sections begin to have a darker appearance; later
on, small drops of sweetish water ooze out through the cappings,
increasing in size until they run down in streaks over the surface.
When the comb is cut open, the honey is found to be thin and
watery, and in course of time it sours. Then the good woman of the
house wonders what ean be the matter with the honey.

She should know that honey has a strong affinity for moisture.
The air of the cellar is moist, and that moisture is attracted by
the honey. That’s the whole trouble. Instead of putting the honey
in a moist place, put it in the driest place. Wherever salt will not
keep dry is not a good place for honey. In the kitchen cupboard is
a good place; the higher up the better, because warmer. If you
are fortunate enough to have an attic, where there is no covering
overhead but the roof, and where, in the hot days of summer, it
is so hot and close that you can hardly breathe, that’s an ideal place
to keep comb honey except in freezing weather. It will even stand
the freezing of winter if it has stood in such a hot place during a
considerable part of the summer. A hot and dry place is what is
wanted.

Unless comb honey has had an extra chance to ripen, as in a hot
garret, through a good many summer days, the effect of severe freez-
ing is to make the comb crack across the surface. So it is desi-
rable that in winter time comb honey shall not be subjected for a
long time to severe cold.

378 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

CARE OF EXTRACTED HONEY.

It is easier to keep extracted honey in good condition than comb
honey. If one goes to the trouble of heating it and sealing it up
as fruit is put up, it may be kept for years, and may be kept in
any place, dry or damp. But it will not do to heat it as hot as
fruit is heated when fruit is canned. That would ruin it. Let it be
fairly understood that the flavor of honey is a very delicate affair, and
will be changed or destroyed by being heated beyond 140 to 160 de
grees. The color also will be darkened by too much heat.

It is not necessary, however, to seal up extracted honey. It may
be kept in stone or glass, or even tin, and if simply covered over it
will keep all right unless it be in a damp place. In a damp place,
it will attract moisture the same as comb honey, and in time will
become thin and sour; but if it is well covered up the change will
take place more slowly than with comb honey.

CANDIED OR GRANULATED HONEY.

There is one change, however, that is likely to take place with
honey, whether comb or extracted. After a time, as cold weather
advances, it changes from its clear liquid form and becomes granu-
lated or candied. Some prefer it in this form, and, perhaps, more
would if they became accustomed to it. Some of it can be made
quite dry like candy. Turn a crock of it upside down, and let the
liquid part drain off for a few days, and what is left will be dry like
sugar, and can be done up in a paper package.

Most persons, however, prefer it in the liquid state. Fortunately,
it can be restored to the liquid state without injury, if sufficient care
is taken. Put it on a hot stove and let it boil, and it will be liquid—
but ruined. It must not be allowed to get very hot. Give it time
enough and it will become liquid without being kept very hot.
All the better if it takes three days or more. One of the best ways
is to put the crock of granulated honey on top of the reservoir of the
cook-stove, and leave it there enough days to have all the granules
melt. If you are in too much of a hurry to wait for that, take an-
other plan. Set the crock of honey in a kettle of water, and let the
kettle stand on the back of the stove so it will never boil. Of course,
a pan will do in place of a kettle if more convenient. It will not do
for the crock of honey to stand directly on the bottom of the kettle,
for in that case it might be overheated. Let a piece of shingle or
something of the kind be in the kettle for the crock to stand upon.

After a time the honey will become candied again, when it mus¢
again be liquefied in the same manner,

Cold hastens granulation; so does stirring. If liquid honey be put

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 379

in a dish that contains even a very little granulated honey, it will
hasten the granulation of the whole.

Comb honey does not granulate so readily as extracted, but it is
likely to begin granulating by the time it is a year old, especially
if it has suffered from hard freezing. If it has been kept in a hot gar-
ret through the summer it may stand a good deal of freezing without
harm. There is no way to bring candied comb honey back to the
liquid form and still have it in the comb. It should be melted slowly
without being overheated, as already described for candied extracted
honey. Then when it has become cold, lift off the cake of beeswax,
and you have a nice article of liquid honey for the table, unless it
has become soured as well as candied.

TREATMENT OF SOURED HONEY.

The question may arise, what shall be done with honey, either in
the comb or extracted, which has become thin or sour? In some cases
it will be greatly improved by allowing it to stand a sufficient number
of days on the reservoir of the cook-stove to get the benefit of the
mild heat. Sometimes a crock of granulated extracted honey that
seems quite bad may be made good. The surface is about as thin
as water and somewhat soured, but farther down it is solid grains.
Turn the crock upside down or on its side over another crock, and
give it two days or more to drain off. Then melt slowly the solid
part left, and there will be no sourness about it. Of course, there
will be no need to melt it for those who prefer it candied, but the thin
part must be drained off.

HONEY VINEGAR.

But even if the honey is so thin and sour that there is no possi-
bility of making it fit for table use, there is no need of its being
wasted. It can be used for vinegar, and it is a fact that the very
finest of- vinegar can be made from honey. When the thin, sour
part is drained off candied honey, it can be thrown into the vinegar
barrel. When honey is extracted, there will always be more or
less honey in the cappings, and after there is saved for the table
what will easily drain off, there will be still some left adhering to
the cappings. A little water may be added to the cappings and
thoroughly stirred up with them, and then drained off to be added
to the vinegar. This draining will be more complete if it is done in
a cellar.

Besides using such odds and ends for making vinegar, some think
it profitable to use good honey for the purpose. It is said to keep
pickles longer than other vinegar. Make water sweet enough with

380 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

honey so that when a fresh egg is put into it the egg will float, leav-
ing above the liquid a spot about as big as a silver dime. Then treat
as all good housewives know how, by keeping it where the sun can
shine on it or in a warm place, with a chance for the air to get to it
freely without a chance for flies to get in.

IMPROVEMENT OF STOCK.

Every farmer knows that there is a great difference in his cows,
hens, etc., but there is too often a feeling that all bees are alike,
and that bee-keeping is alla matter of luck anyway. If you observe
closely, you will find that one colony of bees may give you good
returns, while another sitting beside it does nothing in the surplus
chamber. Bees are by no means all alike. They differ in disposi-
tion, temper, industry, and in other ways. It is worth while for
you to have the best. Fortunately the change from poor to good
stock may be made more rapidly than with other kinds of stock,
and at less expense. By paying out a dollar or two for a queen,
you may change a colony of poorest black bees to Italians. All
you need to do is to send off your order to a reliable queen-breeder,
such as advertise in our agricultural papers, and the queen will
come by mail, with directions for introducing which you can easily
follow. As a worker-bee only lives about six weeks in the busy
season, and as the new queen will be laying from one to three thou-
sand eggs ina day, you will see that if you get an Italian queen into
a colony it will not be a great while until all the bees in the hive
are Italian.

Even if you do not cnange from one kind of bees to another, it
is generally a matter of advantage to introduce fresh blood occa-
sionally. In any case, whether you get fresh stock from outside or
not, whether your bees are Italians, blacks or hybrids, there is always
something to be done in the way of improving your stock, so long
as any one of your colonies is better than any other.

ITALIANIZING.

The probability is that you will want Italian bees, if your bees
are not already Italian. The greater industry of Italian bees, and
the greater amount of honey they will store in the course of the
season, together with the fact that with Italian bees you need
have little fear of wax-worms or moths in the hive, are sufficient
reasons for preferring them.

For two dollars or so you can buy a_ fested queen. That means
a queen reared from an Italian mother, the young queen having
been kept until young workers have hatched out from her eggs, and

Nc. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 381

they show by we three yellow bands that the queen has mated with
an Italian drone. If such a queen mates with a black drone, the
worker progeny may have one or two yellow bands, or they may be
mixed, some of them with three bands and some with none. When
you have a queen from an Italian mother, the young queen having
mated with a black drone, you have what are called hybrid bees,
although it would be more correct to call them a cross. So, if you
buy a tested queen, you will know that all the workers, drones and
queens reared from her are Italians.

Perhaps you may prefer to buy an witcsted queen. She is reared
from an Italian mother, and has begun to lay, but none of her
progeny have yet hatched out, so it can not be told whether she
has mated with an Italian or a black drone. The chances, however,
are largely in favor, in most cases, of her being purely mated. In
consideration of the fact that the breeder sends her out about
three weeks earlier than if he had waited for her to be tested, he
will charge you only a dollar or less for her. If it turns out that
her worker progeny show the three yellow bands, then you are
just as well off as if you had bought a tested queen, for your un-
tested queen has now become a tested queen. It may be well to
mention that the first of the yellow bands, the one nearest the head,
is very small, and if you do not look closely you may not notice it,
especially if the worker is not filled with honey.

In one respect the eggs of bees are different from the eggs of
hens. If a white Brahma hen is crossed with a Langshan rooster,
all the progeny, male and female, will be cross-bred. If an Italian
queen is mated with a black drone, all the queens and workers
raised from that queen will be cross-bred (hybrids they are called,)
but the drones will be the same as the mother. In other words,
the mating of the queen has nothing to do with kind of drones she
produces. The explanation lies in the fact that each egg laid in
a worker-cell or a queen-cell is fertilized by the queen at the time
the egg is laid, but eggs laid in drone cells are not fertilized. It
may happen on rare occasions that an egg laid in a worker-cell may
not be fertilized, and that egg will produce a drone, and it is also
possible that a fertilized egg may be laid in a drone cell, and from
it a worker will issue, but with a normal queen such exceptions are
very rare. The eggs of a laying worker, or of a queen that has
begun laying without ever having mated, or of a queen so old that
she has exhausted her store of fertilizing material, will produce
drones, and drones only.

So it happens that if you get an Italian queen that has mated with
a black drone, giving you workers that are half-blood Italian, you
may, in the next generation, have workers that are three-fourths

24

382 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Italian blood. For the queens you rear from that queen will be
half-blood, and the drones full-blood; so, if one of those queens mates
with one of the drones, the resulting worker progeny will be three-
fourths Italian. Having one Italian colony in the apiary, it is only
a matter of time to get more or less Italian blood into your other
colonies. But so long as your neighbors within two or three miles
vf you have black bees, you will find a constant tendency to work
back toward black blood.

CONTROL OF FERTILIZATION.

It is a rather discouraging circumstance that anything like ab-
solute control of fertilization has never yet been reached. The queen
flies out of the hive to meet the drone high up in the air; and she
may meet a drone from one of your own hives, but is more likely
to meet one from some hive half a mile away, possibly three or four
miles away.

Perhaps the nearest toward control has been something like this:
Into the nucleus containing your virgin queen put the desired drones
and put the nucleus in the cellar, the queen being at this time about
four days old. Two days later, after drones have ceased flying,
say four o’clock, bring out the nucleus and give it some diluted
honey or sugar syrup. This will stir up the bees to fly, and there will
be a prospect that the queen and drones will also fly. This is more
trouble, perhaps, than you are willing to take, especially as you
have nothing entirely sure.

But you may and ought to do something in another way, especially
if you have quite a number of colonies. Decide which are your best
colonies; from the very best one rear your queens, and allow the
remainder of the best to have some drone comb, and keep all drone
comb out of the other colonies. Then you will know that none but
the best drones from your own apiary will be used, but must stand
the chance of what your neighbors have, unless you can prevail
upon them to co-operate with you.

KEEP RECORD OF YOUR BEST COLONIES.

How are you to know which are your best colonies? By keeping
track of their performance, and putting it down in black and white.
It is some trouble but it will pay you well. It is the belief of some
that the right way is to measure the tongues of bees, and count
those best which have longest tongues. The average length of a
bee’s tongue is perhaps not far from 13-100 to 15-100 of an inch;
not long enough to reach the bottom of a red clover blossom. But
some tongues have been found as long as 25-100, and if we could have

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 385

all our bees with such tongues we might get the many tons of red-
clover honey that now go to waste.

Whether you do any measuring of tongues or not, you can keep
account of the amount of surplus honey you take from each colony,
and set it down at the time of taking from the hive, at least the
approximate amount. The next year you can select the best for
your queen-breeder, and a certain number of the next best for drone-
rearing. One thing, however, must be taken into consideration, and
that is whether there has been no change of queens in any of these
colonies. The colony that gave you the largest amount of surplus
last year may have superseded its queen last fall or this spring,
and the young queen may have met a drone of poor stock, and from
this you do not wish to breed. You can count only on those colonies
that have made a good record and still have the same queen with
which they began the season last year. You must also take into
account any special advantages or disadvantages. If from colony
No. 1 you took two frames of brood in the spring to give to No. 2,
and you then found that No. 2 stored just a little more surplus than
No. 1, it would not be fair to rate No. 2 as better than No. 1. The
matter of swarming also comesin. <A colony that has cast no swarm
throughout the season ought to be expected to store more surplus
than either the swarm or the mother colony that has swarmed—
generally more than both together. Nearly always, however, it
will be found that the bees that do the most work are the least given
to swarming; so the swarming of a colony counts against it in making
out its character.

In the ordinary course of management, where bees are left to their
own way, and all the increase is through natural swarming, there
will, of course, be the most increase from the colonies most given to
swarming, which means that the general character of the apiary will
run toward swarming rather than storing.

AN EASY WAY TO IMPROVE STOCK.

We want, however, to have the tendency the other way. There
is a way in which a good deal can be~done in the way of improve-
ment, even by those most unskilled in the management of bees,
whether the bees are in movable-frame hives or box hives. Having
decided which one or two or three are the best colonies you have,
watch for the first one that swarms. Suppose Nos. 1, 2 and 3 are
your best, and that No. 4 is the strongest of the rest, and the rest
follow in the order of their strength, 5, 6, etc. Suppose No. 2
swarms. Hive the swarm and put it on the stand of No. 2. At
the same time put No. 2 in place of No. 4, and put No. 4 in a new place.
All the field bees that were in No. 2 will join the swarm, making it

384 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

good for work. No, 2 will thus be deprived of its field bees, but
on the other hand it will get all the field bees that belonged to
No. 4. In about eight days No. 2 will have a young queen matured,
and will send out a swarm. You will now proceed much as you
did before. Hive the swarm and put it in the place of No. 2, and
put No. 2 in the place of No. 5, putting No. 5 in a new place. The
field bees of No. 5 will strengthen No. 2, and in a day or two it
will send out another swarm. Proceed as before, putting No. 2
in place of No. 6, and so on as long as swarms issue. In this way
you have, perhaps, no swarms from 4, 5, etc., but in their place you
have swarms from No. 2, all of them having queens of your best stock.
When No. 1 swarms, or No. 3, you can treat them the same way.

There is, of course, the possibility that No. 1 or No. 2 may not
be accommodating enough to be among the first to swarm. With
box hives you cannot do much to control this, unless it be by feed-
ing the one you desire to swarm, but with movable-frame hives you
may do much. Take frames of sealed brood from colonies that you
do not want to swarm, and give to one of your best colonies, and
you can thus strengthen it so as to hasten its swarming, while
delaying the swarming of those from which the brood was taken.
Of course, when you take these frames of sealed brood, you will
merely exchange them for frames that have little or no sealed brood
in them.

QUEEN-REARING.

Rearing queens has become quite a trade, and some bee-keepers
make a business of shipping queens by mail to those who wish to pur-
chase. Indeed, so important is the matter of queen-rearing, and so
much of a science has it become, that an excellent book has been
written which is devoted to that subject, “Doolittle on Queen-Rear-
ing.” Although it. may not be desirable for the farmer with only
a few colonies to go into the subject fully, he should know enough
about it to rear queens at times for his own accommodation.

When a colony prepares for swarming, a number of queen-cells
are started, eight, ten, possibly many more. As soon as the first
one of these is sealed, the colony is likely to throw off a prime
swarm. Six or seven days after this swarm has issued,.the mother
colony may be divided up into two or more parts, each part being
called a nucleus, the word “nucleus” merely meaning a very small
colony. (See the subject of nucleus farther on.)

Perhaps you will generally have enough queen-cells in each nu-
cleus without any attention, but not always. Sometimes you will
find a large number of queen-cells on one comb, and some combs with-
out any. So it might happen that if you give the matter no atten- /

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 385

tion you might have a nucleus without any queen-cell. Another
thing must be considered. A large proportion of the queen-cells
are built on the lower or outer edges of the combs. If these were
left in the old colony without dividing, they might be all right.
But when these combs are put in nuclei, it is harder for the smaller
number of bees to keep them warm, and when a cool night comes,
the bees will shrink away from the edges of the combs, and the
queen-cells will be chilled. Hence, you must see that each nucleus
has at least two or three good queen-cells where they will be sure to
be inside of the cluster of bees in the coolest nights.

So you will cut away cells from the edges of the combs and from
combs that have them to spare, and fasten them where desired. To
cut out the cells, you may use a pocket knife with a sharp, thin blade
that is more than an inch long. You need not cut away more
than enough to get all the cell; but be sure you do not cut into the
cell. Be sure you do not let one of the cells fall, for, while the
young and tender queen is in the cell, a fall may cause a defective
wing or leg. <A defective leg would not necessarily destroy the
usefulness of a queen, but a young queen with a wing so poor that
she cannot fly is utterly worthless, for she must be able to fly until
after she has made her wedding trip.

To fasten a queen-cell where you want it, use a long pin, or a
slender wire nail an inch and a fourth or an inch and a half long.
Push the nail through the base of the cell, but be sure it does not
enter the cavity of the cell. Nail the cell right over some of the
brood, for it will be more surely taken care of there than if separate
from the brood. You will find that the bees build queen-cells with the
point hanging downward, but it is not important that you should have
them in exactly the same position. A cell will do just as well if lying
on its side, and possibly as well if upside down. Still better than
a nail to pin on a cell, is a staple such as a tobacco staple, the
staple being an inch or more wide, with legs an inch long, although
legs three-fourths of an inch long will answer. Lay the cell against
the comb, put the staple over it so the cell will be at one side of the
staple, and then sink into the comb the staple point that is farthest
from the cell.

Possibly you may be inclined to think that because only one queen
is to be reared in a nucleus, there is no need to have more than
one queen-cell. That would be a mistake. While most of the cells
reared by a colony preparing to swarm may be of the very best that
colony can rear, it is not safe to assume that all are equally good.
Some cells may contain poor queens, and some cells may contain
nothing but a dead larva. So it is wise to have a number of cells
in a nucleus—at least two or three. The bees will be likely to use
the best. You will be able to see a difference in the appearance of

25—6—1901

3386 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

oe

the cells, and while you are dividing the cells among the nuclei, you
may as well see that each nucleus has its fair share of the best-
looking cells. The best cells are generally among the largest and
longest, and are deeply pitted over the surface. A stubby cell
that is not pitted but has a smooth surface is not so likely to be good.

When the young queen is five to eight days old, she will fly out
on her wedding trip, and about three days later she will begin laying.
It may be well not to look for eggs till the queen is perhaps two
weeks old, for at first the eggs are few and not so easily found. If
you do not find eggs when the queen is two weeks old, you are not
likely to find any later—the queen has been lost on her wedding
trip or there is some other trouble. There have been cases where
a queen did not lay until more than three weeks old, but such queens
are not generally very good.

It is a good pla to give a nucleus of frame of eggs or unsealed
brood when the young queen is four or five days old. If some bird
has caught the queen on her wedding trip, or if some other ill has
befallen her, such as entering the wrong hive, the bees will start
queen-cells from this young brood, and by that you may know there
is no queen present. This young brood seems also to have a sort of
stimulating effect on the bees, and it is believed it may hurry up the
young queen in her work of laying.

PRE-CONSTRUCTED QUEEN-CELLS.

The kind of queen-cells we have been talking about so far are, those
that are built in a hive while a laying queen is present. Besides
preparing for swarming, such cells are built when the old queen
is to be superseded. In the natural course of events, every queen
is superseded by the bees when three or four years old, sometimes
when the queen is only a few weeks old (although in such case it is
probably because the queen is not a good one), and sometimes a
queen is not superseded until five years old, and in rare cases a queen -
may continue longer. Something depends on the seasons. A queen
in a large colony in a prosperous season will not live so long as one
that has been in a small colony or that has had seasons when little
work was done. These cells prepared by the bees while a laying
queen is present, whether for swarming or supersedure, are called
pre-constructed cells, and such cells are usually built on the edges
of the combs, or where there is some hole or irregularity in the comb.
The base of a pre-constructed cell is always rounding and not angular
like the base of a worker-cell. When the young queen has emerged
from a queen-cell, or has been destroyed in it, the cell will in a few
days be torn down by the workers, leaving only the base or cup of

Ne. o. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 3387

the cells. Such cell cups are frequently started by the bees and
never completed, and you may find a number of them in almost any
colony.

POST-CONSTRUCTED QUEEN-CELLS.

If a queen be taken from a hive at a time of the year when she
is laying, the bees will proceed to rear a successor. A young larva
will be selected in a worker-cell, more commonly a number of them,
and fed lavishly what is called royal jelly. Scientists tell us that
there is no difference whatever between an egg laid in a queen-cell
and one laid in a worker-cell, also that the food fed to a worker-
larva during the first three days is the same as that fed to a queen
during the entire time of larval feeding. After the first three days
a worker-larva is “weaned;” that is, it is fed a coarser food that is
not so fully digested, but the queen is fed throughout on the better
food, and fed so lavishly that generally quite a bit of the royal jelly
is left in the cell after the young queen emerges. So the queenless
bees feed the young worker-larva that they have selected, on the
royal jelly throughout the entire feeding period, enlarge the cells
over them, and the result is that what would have been workers had
the queen not been removed now turn out to be queens. These
queen-cells that are constructed after the larvae are first started
in worker-cells are called post-constructed cells.

It is not easy to distinguish a pre-constructed from a post-con-
structed cell by looking at it from the outside, but you can always dis-
tinguish them by tearing down each cell and looking at its base.
-The bottom of a pre-constructed cell (the kind always used for swarm-
ing or superseding) is always smooth, like the inside bottom of a tea
cup, while the bottom of a post-constructed cell (the kind always
built when bees have lost their queen) is three-cornered, the same
as the bottom of any worker-cell. The location of a post-constructed
cell may be on the edges of combs, but sometimes they may be found
right in the middle of a brood-comb, and in this case they may
project so little above the surface of the comb as not to be seen
on a hasty examination, and yet from such an inconspicuous cell
there may emerge a nice, large queen.

As to the quality of queens from post-constructed cells. Taken
as a whole, they are far inferior to others. The best of queens are
reared only when weather and pasturage are at their best. You
cannot rear a good queen when weather is so cold that bees can fly
only every other day. Bees do not start queen-cells for swarming
or superseding when weather and pasturage are unfavorable. Some-
times they start queen-cells preparatory to swarming, and the
weather becomes very bad or the harvest ceases, upon which they

388 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

destroy the queen-cells and give up swarming until a more propi-
tious time. But post-constructed cells are built as a matter of
necessity; the bees feel that a queen must be reared or the colony
will cease to be, so they proceed, no matter what the weather or
harvest may be.

There is another reason why all the queens reared, because the
bees are forced to rear them, are not as good as when there is no
necessity in the case. ‘As already said, for the purpose of rearing a
suecessor when a queen is lost, the bees select a larva sufficiently
young. Although only one queen is needed, several are started, so
as to make the matter more sure. Not content with that, they con-
tinue to start queen-cells later on, even when no larvae sufficiently
young for the purpose are present, and queens will be reared from
larvae so old that they will seem part queen and part worker. In-
deed, so desperate are the bees as to rearing a queen, that if they
have nothing but drone brood they will try to rear a queen from
a drone larva. Of couse, the poor fellow can be nothing but a drone,
no matter how royally fed, and, generally, if not always, he dies in
the cell. |

While it is true that as a whole queens from post-constructed cells
are inferior, it still remains true that some of such queens may
be as good as the best. Let a queen be removed from a colony at
a time when other colonies are swarming freely, and if that colony
is left to itself there is no reason why it will not rear as good a
queen as the very best it would have reared if the queen had not
been removed and the colony had swarmed. The queen-cells first
started will be all right, and as they will be first to mature there
is no danger that the colony will have a queen from the poor trash
started later on.

It is very important that this matter be fully understood; if
queens are forced to be reared by unqueening a colony at a time
when weather and harvest are not favorable, you need expect no
good queens, and under the most favorable circumstances you can
expect nothing but poor queens from larvae that were too old when
selected; also, you may have the best of queens reared from proper
larvae under proper conditions.

STARTING QUEEN-CELLS IN QUEENLESS COLONIES.

Understanding thoroughly this matter of post-constructed cells,
it is easy to see that you may secure a lot of queen-cells by simply
removing a queen from its colony. Do not think of beginning this
too early in the season. It is time enough when bees begin to
swarm. Neither should it be done after the harvest is over. You
may, however, create an artificial harvest after the clover harvest

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 389

is over, by feeding the colony daily half a pint of honey or sugar
syrup. But do not try this in the spring, for the weather is too
cold then.

Do not make the mistake of thinking that a very weak colony
will do to start cells. It is true that you may have a single frame
of brood in a hive with bees enough to cover it, and have a cell
started and a queen reared, but such queens would not be worth a
cent a dozen. Remember that the queen is the keystone of all suc-
cessful bee-keeping, and that you cannot afford to have poor queens,
so you can well afford to have queen-cells started in a strong colony.

Of course you will want queens reared from your very best stock,
so you will be likely to take the colony that has your best queen.
Sometimes, however, it may happen that you may want more cells
than your best colony would rear, and still you want to use that
stock, or for some-reason you may desire to rear from your best
stock without disturbing its queen. In that case you may resort
to grafting. Suppose you have made queenless a strong colony
which does not contain your best queen. Two to four days later
you will get from your best queen a frame of brood containing
very young larvae, this frame to be returned after you have got
what you want from it. Of course the weather must be hot enough
so there will be no danger of chilling the brood. Go with this
frame of brood to your queenless hive, take one queen-cell after
another, take out the larva in the cell and put in its place a larva
from your choice queen. A quill toothpick may do for a tool, or
you may take a stalk of timothy and cut it in the form of a quill
toothpick. You will find it an easy matter to get the larva from the
queen-cell, and not very difficult to pick a larva—take a very small
one—out of your frame of choice brood. Set this larva right in the
jelly where the first larva was. The bees will generally treat the
grafted larva just asif there had been no change.

One advantage about this grafting is that you may thus be sure
that all your queens are reared from larvae that are not too old.
It may be a good plan for you to mark each grafted cell, so you
can be sure of their identification. Take a pin or, better still, a
slender one and one-half inch wire nail, and thrust it into the
comb directly over the cell.

GETTING QUEEN-CELLS BUILT IN A COLONY WITH A LAYING QUEEN.

As already stated, when a colony learns its queenlessness, it pro-
ceeds to rear a queen. It is also true that if one or more frames
of brood belonging to a colony are so situated that the queen is
some little distance from them, the bees on such combs seem more
or less inclined to consider themselves queenless, and may take

390 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

steps to rear a queen. The more distant the queen seems from them,

the more likely they will be to want to rear a queen. If a colony
has two stories of brood combs, or even only a single comb of
brood in the upper story, there being a queen excluder between
ihe two stories and the queen being in the lower story, quite fre-
quently the bees will start queen-cells on the brood above. If the
queen be an old one that the bees are likely to be superseded shortly,
the impulse to rear queens will be stronger.

While it is not safe to rely on the rearing of queen-cells in the
way mentioned, it is tolerably safe to count on the bees rearing
queens over an excluder if the cells are first started in a queenless
colony. With an old queen about to be superseded, the per cent.
of cells carvied to completion will be large.

Queen breeders who make a business of rearing queens on a large
scale make a practice now-a-days of using artificial cell cups in
which a very young worker-larva is transferred or grafted, generally
preceding the larva by a small amount of royal jelly, and a number
of such cell cups, perhaps, to the amount of twenty or thirty, are
fastened on a stick and put in an upper story, when the larvae will
be fed in a royal manner, and the cells carried on to completion and
sealed. To go minutely into the matter would be going outside the
purpose and limits of this little work.

Of course it should be understood that a number of queen-cells
may remain together in safety, but not a number of queens. One
queen is all that can be kept in one inclosure, for queens, especially
virgin queens, have a deadly animosity to one of their own kind.
If you take away the queen from a colony, a number of queen-cells
will be started, but if you wait about twelve days before opening
the hive, you will be likely to find only one queen left. Either the
workers have destroyed them, or they have fought it out among them-
selves until only one remains. It may be remarked in passing, as a
curious fact, that in the combats of queens the victorious queen is
not injured in the struggle. When the mortal sting is given by the
victor, her vanquished opponent is in such a position that she can-
not, or does not, sting her conqueror. So, if you want to save more
than one young queen, you should remove the queen-cells about the
ninth day, although the tenth day is usually pretty safe.

NUCLEI.

While it is practicable to carry on bee-keeping with full colonies
entirely, it is many times convenient or economical to have a small
number of bees in a hive, a very small colony being called a 7 ucleus,
the plural of nucleus being nvcel7. Nuclei are especially desirable in
the matter of queen-rearing. Ten, twenty, or thirty queen-cells may

NO 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 391

be in a hive together, but as soon as the young queens begin to
emerge from their cells there must be a separate domicile for each.
Something like two weeks will elapse from the time the queen-cells
are taken until the young queens are to be used as laying queens,
and sometimes it may not be convenient to use them then, and during
that space of two weeks or more a young queen is just as well olf
in a nucleus of two frames as in a full colony. It is not well to have
less than two frames of brood in a nucleus, experience showing that
in a weaker nucleus the young queen does not do so well, being more
likely to be slow in beginning to lay, and more often disappearing.

A small hive with frames much less than the usual size may do
for a nucleus, but now-a-days it is considered better to use hives and
frames of the regular size. The frames you have put in will be on
one side of the hive, and you will hang beside them a dummy, in
order to close them up. A dummy is merely a board of the same
Size as a brood-frame, having a top bar of the regular length. The
thickness of the dummy muy be anywhere from three-eighths to one
inch.

You may take from any colony two frames of brood with adhering
bees and put them on a new stand in an empty hive, and you have
a nucleus. But if you open the hive two days later you may be
saddened to find every bee gone from your nucleus. The field bees
all go back to the old hive the first time they return from the
field, and as soon as the littie colony discovers its queenless condition
there is a commotion, and all the bees that had already marked the
location at the old hive make their way back there. Those that
are so young that they have never marked the old location become
so discouraged and demoralized that they desert the hive, probably
joining some of the nearest colonies.

So there must be some pains taken to make the bees of the nucleus
stay where they are put. One way is to pen the bees in the hive
so not a bee can escape. Stuff green leaves into the entrance pretty
tightly. Next day pound the hive with the fist or a heavy stick
for a minute or two, then open the entrance. The bees in their
excitement will mark the entrance, and are then ali right.

Another way. ‘Take from a full colony three frames of brood with
adhering bees and the queen, and put them where you want your
nucleus to stand. Two days later return the queen and one of the
frames of brood to the old hive. Take with this frame of brood only
so many adhering workers as will leave the nucleus with plenty
to cover the two frames of brood.

The matter will be very much simpler and easier if you have queen-
less bees to deal with, for such bees are quite likely to stay wherever
they are put, and it is not difficult to have queenless bees at any
time. If you do not happen to have any queenless bees, you may

392 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

proceed as mentioned in the last paragraph, only before you return
the queen with the one frame of brood form what nuclei you wish by
taking for each nucleus two frames of brood with adhering bees.
Not many bees will return to the old stand, yet there will be enough
so that if the queen on the old stand has only one frame of brood
the colony will soon build up to respectable strength.

As a matter of economy, two nuclei may be in one hive. They
will not only do as well as if in two separate hives, but they will
do better, for there is a decided advantage in the mutual warmth.
The greatest difficulty in the case is to have a perfectly bee-tight
partition or division board in the middle of the hive. If there is
a hole anywhere in, under or at the end of the division board large
enough for a bee to crawl through, the two nuclei are likely to
unite. Close up the entrance all but an inch or two at each end,
so that no bee can enter except at these two places at the ends. Put
the frames of brood next to the division board, so that the two nuclei
will form a single cluster with the division board in the middle of
the cluster. The division board ought not to be more than one-
fourth to three-eighths of an inch thick.

BALLING OF QUEENS.

If without any preliminaries you put a strange queen into a colony
that has a laying queen, or one whose queen has been removed only
a few hours, you may count pretty surely that the queen thus intro-
duced will be killed. If a strange worker enters a hive and is exe-
cuted for its intrusion, the process will be short and sharp, the
worker being immediately stung to death. Not so with a queen.
One bee will seize it, then another, and another, until there is no room
for any more bees to get hold of the queen, and then other bees will
seize the bees that have seized the queen, the little cluster holding
so firmly together that they are with difficulty pulled apart. This
is called balling the queen, and the ball may be as large as a black
walnut. When the queen has been balled a sufficient number of
hours she will be found dead, possibly from suffocation, more likely
from starvation.

If you find a queen balled and still alive, you may rescue her if you
go at it in the right way. Do not try to pull apart the ball by main
force. You may injure the queen, or the bees may sting her. If
you throw the ball into a dish of cold water, each bee will do its best
to save itself and the queen will be freed. Perhaps a better way is
to throw the ball on the ground and blow smoke upon it from a
smoker. Hold the smoker some distance from the cluster, so the
smoke will be cool when it strikes the bees. If you blow hot
smoke upon them, they will pretty surely sting the queen.

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 393

Sometimes bees ball their own queen that has been in the colony all
her lifetime. This occurs more frequently in the spring. When you
open the hive, the bees seem to be frightened, and whether to pro
tect the queen or for some other reason, they ball her, and if you try
to rescue the queen you will make matters so much the worse. Just
leave the queen in the ball, close the hive as quickly and quietly as
possible, and do not open it again for a day or so, and then you will
almost surely find the queen safe and sound.

INTRODUCING QUEENS.

Getting a colony of bees to accept a strange queen—introducing
a queen, as it is called—is an important matter in bee-keeping.
Sometimes you will succeed with scarcely a precaution, and some
times you will fail after taking great precautions. As a rule, bees
will accept a strange queen only when they have been long enough
without a queen to recognize their queenlessness. It is easier to
introduce a queen when bees are busy storing. It is safer to operate
in the evening, after bees have stopped flying, for earlier in the day
they are on the lookout for robbers, and the queen is more readily
recognized as an intruder. Bees that have no brood in the hive
from which they can rear a queen are the more ready to accept one.

In the working season, when bees are busy storing, if a colony
has been queenless two or more days, you may take from a nucleus
a frame of brood with adhering bees, the queen among the rest,
put the frame in the hive with no precaution whatever, and generally
there will be no trouble.

If a queen be rolled ina spoonful of liquid honey so as to be thor-
oughly daubed all over, then dropped into a queenless hive in the
evening between two frames so close together that she is in no
danger of dropping to the floor board, she will generally be accepted.

Put a queen in a wire-cloth cage, and put the cage in the middle
of the brood-nest between two frames, or directly over the top bars,
and leave her there about two days. Then, upon opening up the hive,
if you find the bees acting in a friendly manner toward her as if
trying to feed her, you may release her from the cage. If, on the
other hand, they act in a hostile manner as if trying to ball or sting
her, leave her in the cage for a day or two longer.

Perhaps the majority of queens now-a-days are introduced by
means of cages so prepared that the workers themselves will liberate
the queens in the course of a day or two. Most of the queens sent
by mail are in cages of this kind. There is an advantage in having
the bees themselves liberate the queen, for when the bee-keeper him-
self opens the hive to do it, there is more or less excitement, which
endangers the queen.

394 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

When a queen is not to be mailed but merely introduced, a cage
simpler than the usual shipping cage will do as well or better. Mil-
aS ler’s introducing cage can be had
(SS ; i ee = Za of supply dealers for 10 cents, or
- a eae you can make one yourself as fol-

MILLERS’S INTRODUCING C AGE. re: Pole o ae :
From Root’s ABC of Bee Culture. lows: Take a block 8 inches long,

14 wide, and 2 of an inch thick; two blocks Linch by 7, by % of an
inch; two pieces of tin about an inch square; a piece of wire cloth
44x34 inches; two pieces of fine wire about 9 inches long, and four
small wire nails $ or 3 of an inch long. That’s the bill of material.
Lay down the two small blocks parallel, three-eighths of an inch
apart, one piece of tin under and one over them. Nail together and
clinch. These two blocks, being three-eighths of an inch apart, make
the hole to fill with good candy, through which the queen is liberated.

You will readily see that the queen can not get out of the cage until
the bees have eaten out the candy with which you have closed the
passage. The candy is of course packed in previously, and the large
block is to be pulled out to admit the queen. In order to make the
time longer for the queen to be liberated, it has become the practice
to tack a piece of rather thin pasteboard over the place where the
workers are to get at the candy. <A few small perforations are made
in the pasteboard, or else it is nailed on so that it does not entirely
cover the candy at one edge. This tempts the bees to get at the
candy, and they will spend perhaps a day in gnawing away the paste-
board.

While not more than one queen in a hundred may be lost in the
plan last described, still it is not entirely certain, although perhaps
the safest of the plans mentioned. If a valuable queen is to be
introduced, it may be worth while to use a plan that is more trouble-
some but entirely safe. Put into an empty hive two or more frames
of brood with young bees just hatching out, but with no unsealed
brood. Put the queen in this and close the hive bee-tight, and keep
it in a warm room for five days. By that time a respectable force
of young workers will be present, and the hive may be placed on
the stand 4vhere it is to remain and the entrance opened. Asa matter
of precaution against robbers, make the entrance large enough for
only one bee to pass at a time. Instead of taking the hive in the
house, it may be placed over a strong colony with wire cloth between
the two hives to prevent passage from one hive to the other.

When a colony has been queenless long enough to have queen-cells
well under way, it is not so easy to introduce a queen, and when it
has become so hopelessly queenless that a greater or less number
of workers have assumed the duty of egg-laying it is hardly worth
while to attempt the introduction of a laying queen. That is one
of the reasons why it is advised to break up a colony with laying

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 395

workers. Such a colony may, however, accept a queen-cell, and
some have reported success by dropping into the brood-nest a virgin
queen not more than an hour or two old. It is a curious fact that
while bees are so loyal to their own queen that they will not tol-
erate the presence of a stranger, a very young virgin queen may be
put into any hive without being molested so long as she remains
young. As soon, however, as she attains a little age, perhaps when
a day or two old, she is no longer tolerated, perhaps, because at
that age she begins to feel the royal blood stir within her, and has
sinister designs upon the reigning sovereign.

TWO QUEENS IN ONE HIVE.

While it is the rule that only one queen will be allowed in a colony,
it is not such a very uncommon thing to find a mother and daughter
laying peaceably side by side. This will be in a case where the old
queen has become superannuated and yet lingers on a short time
after her successor begins to lay. But in a few days the older queen
is likely to be missing. The possibility of such a thing should be
thoroughly understood, for sometimes it may happen that a queen
is bought and lost on being introduced, just because the owner had
killed one of the queens without suspecting the presence of the other.
It is well to have the wings of laying queens clipped, for then one
has a chance to tell something about it when there has been a change
of queens. While there may be such a thing as two queens not
mother and daughter being in a colony at the same time, the case is
very rare indeed.

ARTIFICIAL INCREASE.

While the majority of those who keep bees on a small scale depend
upon natural swarming for increase, there maybe circumstances
that make it desirable to increase without depending on swarming.
There is a great difference in different bees as to the tendency to
swarming, as a general rule, the best workers being least disposed
to swarm, and some think it not entirely impossible that we may
yet breed a strain of bees that will be practically non-swarming.
They say, “Non-sitting hens have been bred, why not non-swarming
bees?” Even as it is now, there are colonies that have not swarmed
for several years in succession. In such case it will not do to depend
entirely upon natural swarming. Indeed, it may be desirable to
resort to artificial increase even when there is all the amount of
increase desired from natural swarming. For it is not merely the
amount, but the kind that must be considered, and the colonies most
inclined to swarm are not likely to be the best workers, while the

396 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

best workers, the very ones we want to breed from, are the ones that
give the fewest swarms.

Fortunately it is not a difficult thing to multiply colonies without
any natural swarming. Indeed, such multiplication is altogether
too easy for most beginners. No other mistake is so likely to be
made by the novice who has once made a beginning at artificial in-
crease as to increase too rapidly. He closes the season. with a
large number of colonies, to be sure, but they are weaklings that
will not endure the winter, and the following summer finds him no
farther ahead than a year previous. If, instead of making a three
or four-fold increase, he had been satisfied with an increase of 50
per cent., he would have got on more rapidly in the long run. There
are two things that can hardly be insisted upon too much for a be-
ginner to observe: 1. Go slow in the matter of increase. 2. Be
sure that every colony before winter sets in has abundance of stores.

Knowing that bees without a queen will proceed to rear one if
they have young brood present, the beginner will understand how
easy it is to start a new colony. He need only take part of the
brood and the bees from a hive and put them in a new place and
the work is done; the‘ bees will do the rest. ‘And if the colony be
divided up into two or more parts, there will be more new colonies;
so, if there are eight frames of brood in a hive, he will start eight
new colonies, each one having one frame of brood. In the course
of time he will learn that all is not gold that glitters. If no precau-
tions are taken, the bees will not stay with the brood when put ina
new place. Some of his little colonies will fail to rear queens.
Some of them will rear queens that will disappear before they get to
laying. Those that do succeed in rearing queens that lay will have
queens of little value. So he will be worse off than if he had at-
tempted no increase.

3efore attempting any considerable increase in the way indicated,
it would be well to study carefully what has been said about queens
and nuclei. Remember that the queen is the soul of the colony;
that without a good queen there is no such a thing as success, and
that a good queen will not be reared by giving young brood to a mere
handful of bees.

It would take up entirely too much space to give all the plans for
artificial increase, or artificial swarming, as it is sometimes called.
A few may be given here, and the reader will be the judge as to
what will best suit his needs. With experience, other plans will
suggest themselves, or modifications and combinations of these.

SIMPLE DIVIDING.

About the simplest of all ways is to take one-half the combs with
adhering bees from a colony and put them in an empty hive on a new

.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 397

stand, filling up the vacant space in each hive with frames filled
with foundation. No matter which half the queen is in, the other
half will have bees enough to rear a queen.

While it may be all right to do nothing more, leaving the bees
entirely to themselves, it will be a much safer plan to take a little
more pains, and thus make more sure of success. Let us give a little
attention to what will be done when this division is made. Sup-
pose the queen is left in the half that remains on the old stand.
The bees in the other hive, feeling keenly their queenlessness, will,
mostly, within the next forty-eight hours return to the old stand,
leaving so feeble a force of workers that the brood may be chilled,
and such a feeble, discouraged lot of bees can not be expected to
rear a good queen. The matter may be helped by fastening the bees
in the hive for a day or two, thus leaving a stronger force in the hive,
but during that day or two no honey will be carried into the hive,
and no colony will do its best at queen-rearing when there is no
harvesting coming in.

Suppose the queen is taken with the bees that are moved to the
new stand. In that case there will not be the danger of such whole-
sale desertion, but still all the field bees for the next two days or
so will leave the queen and go back to the old stand. That will
work well for the queenless part, giving them a chance to rear
a good queen, for the bees will be strong in number, and plenty
of honey will be coming in. But it will be about three weeks before
the young queen will be laying, and it would be most profitable if
the laying queen could be with this stronger force of bees during
that time.

A compromise can be made. We want the young queen to have
the best chance, the most important time in her rearing being the
time when she is fed in the larval state. So leave the queenless part
on the old stand for a week, then let the two hives swap places.
That will give the old queen on the old stand the strongest flying
force allowing a better chance for work in supers. But after a little
experience you will not be likely to use this plan.

THREE COLONIES FROM TWO.

A plan that is nearly as simple, and that is at the same time
safer as well as giving a better chance for a honey crop, is to use
two colonies so as to get a third from them. Suppose two colonies
strong in bees, A and B. If conditions can be exactly to our liking,
A will have a queen of the best stock, and B will be the strongest
colony in the apiary. About the time the clover harvest begins, take
from A all its frames except one, brushing the bees back into the
hive, and replacing the combs with frames filled with foundation.

25 :

398 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The one comb left is to guard against the chance of starvation if
two or three bad days should occur, and it will be one of the outside
ones containing honey. These frames are put into another hive
that we will call ©. We have now a hive containing brood but
no bees, and the vacancy in it is filled with a frame of comb or
foundation. It is then placed on the stand of B, and B is removed
to a new stand. If this change be made late in the day, there will
be no bees to take care of the brood in C, and during the night
many will be chilled and starve. So we must operate in the
forenoon, and throughout the day there will be a constant re-
turn of B’s field bees to cover the brood in C. Perhaps the very
best time would be to watch when B’s bees were having a play
spell. At that time many of the younger bees are out, and would
join © and young bees are better for starting queen-cells. How-
ever, even field bees can do housework if forced to it, and there will
be a host of young bees hatching out every day. So if it is not con-
venient for you to operate at the time of a play spell, take some
time in the neighborhood of 9 or 10 o’clock.

You ought now to have three good colonies instead of two. A
ought to be better than a natural swarm, for it is much the same
as a natural swarm, only it has all the bees of a colony instead
of part. B will become strong again very shortly, and may do
good work in supers if it does not swarm later on. C has all the
flying force that was in B, and although it will be about three weeks
before the young queen gets to laying, there will be during all of
that three weeks the same lot of young bees hatching out daily
that would have hatched out in A if no change had been made.
The drawback comes to C after the three weeks are up, for there will
then come another three weeks during which not a bee will hatch.
This can be helped if at the time of making the change a mature
queen-cell or a queen be given to C.

About the time the young queen is expected to begin laying, if
C rears its own queen, it is well to give C a frame containing young
brood. This seems to act as a stimulus, and at the same time helps
you to determine whether the colony is all right as to its queen.
If the queen has been lost, you will find queen-cells started, and
you may allow these to go on to completion unless you can help
them with a young queen or mature queen-cell.

Under ordinary circumstances you need not expect as much
surplus from these three colonies as you would have had from the
two 7f neither of the two had swarmed. As a compensation you
have the additional colony. If, however, there should be an excellent
fall flow, the three combined may give more than the two would have
given.

A modification of this plan is, instead of taking all the brood from

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 399

one hive, to take one or two frames each from several hives, and when
you have a hive filled with them to set it in place of a strong colony.

INCREASE BY NUCLEI.

A favorite plan with many is to commence with a nucleus and
let it build up into a full colony, giving it help if needed.

Here is one way: From a strong colony, A, take two frames of
brood and bees, putting them in an empty hive B, and set this in place
of A, putting Aina new place. Three days later, do the same thing
again, taking two frames of brood to make ©, setting C in place of A.
Three days later still, repeat the operation, making D, and setting
it in place of A. Three days later still, let A and B change places.
You now have three good nuclei, and A will be again strong enough
so that from time to time you may take from it a frame of brood
to strengthen one or other of the nuclei. Each nucleus can rear
its own queen from the start, but you will get on faster and have
better queens if you give each nucleus a good sealed queen-cell
started in a full colony.

Here is another way, in which you will not need to look elsewhere
for queen-cells: From a strong colony of good stock, take two frames
of brood with adhering bees and the queen, and put them in a new
hive in a new place. Hight or nine days later, divide the old colony
up into nuclei, setting each nucleus in a new place, allowing one
of the nuclei to take the place that has been occupied by the queen
for the last nine days, and setting the hive with the queen back
on the old stand. Of course, you will see that each nucleus has
two or more good queen-cells in positions where there is no danger
of their being chilled, as heretofore advised.

After reading up the subject under the head of nuclei, you will be
ready to form several nuclei by means that you think best. Suppose
you have five of these nuclei started. As already instructed, you
will have a queen reared in each of them. A week or so after a
nucleus is started give it a frame of brood without reference to the
condition of its queen. Then a week or ten days later give it another
frame. By this time it has a laying queen, if you gave it a mature
queen-cell in the first place, and when you give it the frame of brood
it will be a gain to give some bees with the brood if they can be
spared. It has now four frames of brood, and if it is not too late
in the season it ought to be able to build up without further help.

Very likely you may ask where you are to get frames of brood to
give to these nuclei. One way is to take all the brood from a colony
and divide it among the nuclei. That is not the best way. Take
away only enough to leave at least four frames of brood in each hive
from which you draw. If that will not give you as many frames

400 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of brood as you would like for your nuclei, then be satisfied to make
a smaller number of nuclei. Set it down as a matter of very bad
policy to make your full colonies too weak by drawing brood from
them. Always leave four or five frames of brood in the hive.

Your greatest danger will be in starting too many nuclei. It is
so easy to make them that you will be likely to have a whole lot
without enough to help to build them up, and then winter will
catch you with a lot of weaklings that will be gone by Christmas.
You will get on faster in the long run if you go slower at the start.

When you find you will not need to give any more help to the two,
three or more nuclei you have started, because they already have
four or more frames of brood each, then you may start more nuclei.
When the first formed nuclei have five or more frames of brood, then
you may draw brood from these to start fresh nuclei or to strengthen
those already formed. Thus you may keep on, always keeping an
eye out for the close of the season, being sure to get all built up before
the season becomes too late. You may count pretty certainly that
you will try to increase too much, and will have some weaklings to
your sorrow, and it may do little good to warn you, but please re-
member that you did not do so without warning.

You have been told to start a nucleus with two frames of brood.
Three would be better, and you will always keep in mind the possi-
bility that many of the bees will be likely to return where they were
taken from, so besides the bees that adhere to the combs taken it
may be well to take a few bees from the other combs. Two or
three frames of brood have been mentioned, but it is always well
to have also a comb of honey to start a nucleus. There is something
about it that keeps them in better heart, aside from the fact that
without a frame of honey the bees may starve. When a nucleus is
first started, it is wise to allow a very small entrance, for robbers
are likely to be on the lookout, and any newly placed nucleus re-
ceives from them special attention. On that account it is never safe
to form nuclei at any time when honey is not coming in pretty freely,

for there is always less danger of robbing when bees find work in
the field.

RENDERING BEESWAX,

If you work for extracted honey, it will be an easy matter to get
from the cappings a nice cake of beeswax. A good deal of beeswax
may also be got by saving all scraps of comb, and sometimes whole
combs may be melted up because crooked or containing too much
drone comb.

It is somewhat difficult to get all the wax out of old combs, be-
cause the cocoons act like so many sponges, taking up the melted

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 401

wax. To avoid this, at least in part, old combs should be soaked
in water until the cocoons are saturated, and then they will not take
up the wax. If they can be frozen after being thus soaked with
water, they can then be broken up into small pieces. Without this
breaking up, the cocoons, even if saturated with water, will act as
little cups to hold the wax.

The cheapest wax extractor you can buy will cost you two or three
dollars, and if you have no great quantity of wax to extract you
can get along very well with nothing but a square tin pan split open
at one corner. Put your bits of comb to be melted into the pan,
and put the pan in the oven ot a cook-stove. Let the open end of the
pan project out of the oven, of course leaving the oven-door open,
and put a stone or something under the end of the pan that is in
the oven, so that the melted wax will run out, and set a dish under
the dripping corner to catch the wax, having a little water in the
bottom of the dish. Avoid having hot wax in iron, as it blackens
the wax. Do not spoil wax by overheating.

When you have rendered the wax out of the combs, there will be
more or less impurities in it. If the wax is melted and allowed a
long time in cooling, that will give the impurities a chance to settle,
when they can be scraped off the bottom of the cake. Here is a
good way: In the evening, when there is no longer so hot a fire that
there is danger of making the wax boil over, put the dish of wax in
the cook-stove oven and close the door. Let it stay there all night,
but be sure to take it out in the morning before kindling the fire.

To clean wax from utensils, heat until the wax is very soft, and
then wipe off with old newspapers. Benzine will dissolve it so it can
be wiped off with a cloth.

ROBBING.

Bees are symbols of industry, and if there is any time when they
especially deserve credit for industry and perserverance it is when
they get thoroughly started at robbing. Do not believe the foolish
assertion that there is no danger that a colony of your bees will not
rob another in the same apiary. The matter of ownership does not
concern them, and they will be more likely to attack a colony near
by than one at a distance.

As in many other cases, prevention is better than cure. Be care-
ful to do nothing to start robbing. A comb of honey or brood
left standing exposed for a short time when little or nothing is to
be gathered in the fields may start the whole apiary into a furore.
When honey is coming in freely, there is comparatively little danger.
Perhaps the worst time is at the close of a harvest, when the bees
are suddenly stopped from gathering in the field, and make every

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402 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

effort to find a place where they can get something for nothing. If
at any time when honey is not coming in you have opened a hive, and
find the robbers pouncing in, you may do well to close up for the
time being. No use to try to drive the robbers away with smoke.
You may for the time being drive them away, but you also drive away
the bees of the hive as well, and make them unfit to defend their
stores.

Weak colonies and those that do not have laying queens are
objects of particular interest to robbers. Try to keep all colonies
strong, and if you must have a weak colony in a time of scarcity,
see that its entrance is only large enough for one bee to pass at a
time. If inthe spring you find a weak queenless colony being robbed,
it is often the best plan to let the robbers entirely alone and let
them finish up the job. If you take the hive away, the robbers
will pitch fiercely into the nearest hive, but if you let the hive stand,
the robbers will work at it until nothing is left, and gradually give it
up. Ifthere is much honey in the hive, you may take most of it away,
but leave the hive unmoved for the robbers to work at. Sometimes
the robbed bees will turn in with the robbers and help them.

But it is not always desirable to allow the robbers to have their
own way. Sometimes some carelessness on the part of the bee-
keeper may start robbing in the strongest and best colony in the
yard, and every effort should be made to stop them. Pile hay or
straw at the entrance and at the sides of the hive, piling it as high
as the top of the hive or higher, and sprinkle it thoroughly with
water. The robbers do not like the wet, and they do not like to
work their way through such a difficult passage, while the bees of
the hive will force their way through. Keep everything thoroughly
wet until the robbers stop, which may not be until sundown. Italian
bees defend themselves against robbers better than black bees.

WATER FOR BEES.

Bees use a great amount of water. Nectar, as usually gathered
from the flowers, contains a large proportion of water, and while the
bees are busy on this they have no need of water besides. But in
a very dry time, or when no nectar is coming in they will often be
found returning to the hive with water alone in their honey-sacs.
In spring time, before the flowers yield nectar, many bees may be
seen along the margins of small streams, busily sipping up water
from the sand and pebbles to carry to their hives. The weather
being raw and cool, accompanied perhaps by high winds, these
journeys for water are perilous, and thousands of bees thus sacrifice
their lives, especially if they must travel a great distance. Some
think it worth while to make the work less dangerous for the bees

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 403

by furnishing a supply of water near by in some sheltered spot. One
good way is to furnish water in the same way that syrup is fed. (See
Crock-and-plate feeder, page 30). Another way is to take a large
crock and fill it nearly full with sticks of firewood set endwise
(all the better if the wood is rotten), and then fill up with water. If
you simply give them a crock of water, they will drown in it.

If you get them started to getting water at a particular place in the
spring, they will continue to go there all through the season, unless
you let the water dry up for a day or so. One advantage of having
a regular watering place for the bees is that you thereby avoid the
annoyance of having them gather toward the end of summer at the
pump or at the watering trough. Horses dislike bees very much
at their watering troughs, and are sometimes stung by the drowning
bees.

ENEMIES OF BEES.

Aside from the ignorant and careless bee-keeper, no enemy of the
bees has been considered worse than the bee-moth or wax-worm.
Since the introduction of the Italian bee, however, this enemy is
little to be dreaded so long as combs are in the care of the bees, pro-
vided the bees are as much as half Italian blood. Indeed, even
with black bees there is no occasion for anxiety if the colonies are
strong. Ifa colony is so weak that it cannot cover more than one-half
its combs, then the moth has a fair chance to lay its eggs without
hindrance in the unoccupied combs, and the heat from the bees
is just the thing for the comfortable growth of the little worms
that hatch from the eggs. If the bees are black it may not be long
until all the unoccupied combs are consumed, leaving in their place
a lot of webs, cocoons, and fat worms an inch or so long. If, how-
ever, the bees are Italian, they will scout around over the unoccu-
pied combs, and pick off the little worms before they become of suf-
ficient size to do any serious damage.

Very often the worms have more blame laid to their door than
fairly belongs to them. A man says: “I had a rousing good colony
that sent out three swarms, and the first thing I knew the worms got
at it, killed the bees and finished up the whole business. That’s
the most discouraging thing about bees; the worms kill so many of
them every year.” And he thinks he is telling the truth when he
says the worms or the moth killed his strong colony; the truth being,
however, that it was greatly weakened by sending out three swarms,
and failing to rear a laying queen, the discouraged bees died off, and
left the worms in full possession of the combs. It would be just as
reasonable for him to say that maggots had killed a horse if he should
find one filled with them a few weeks after it had been shot.

As prevention is better than cure, it will be easy to understand

404 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

that the main thing is to avoid giving encouragement to the breed-
ing of worms in combs. Do not have combs or pieces of comb lying
about as breeding places. Especially do not have a weak colony
or nucleus of black bees in a hive that is filled with combs. Keep
Italian bees, and follow the golden rule, “Keep all colonies strong,”
and you can snap your fingers at moth and worm. Something more
as to the treatment of worms will be found under the heading, “Care
of combs.”

Ants are somewhat serious enemies in the south, but as far north
as this the most that can be said of them is that they are trouble-
some. Perhaps they are more troublesome to the bee-keeper than
to the bees. Some bee-keepers have quilts over the brood-frames,
although now-a-days there is nothing generally but an air space
of one-quarter of an inch between the top bars and the cover. The
quilt furnishes a delightful place for the ants to make their nest, the
bees not being able to get at them, but furnishing abundant heat
for the ants. When the bee-keeper opens the hive, the ants run
over his hands and arms, biting him, and they run in among the
bees, stirring them up to anger. Sometimes the bees take a curious
revenge by seizing the ants, sailing off in the air with them, and
dropping them so far from home that they will not find their way
back. Aside from the annoyance, the ants do little or no harm, and
make their nests in the hive for the sake of the warmth. Have hives
so constructed that there is no place in them where a bee cannot
get as well as an ant, and the bees will keep the ants away.

Mice commit depredations winter and summer. In winter they
make havoc in hives occupied by colonies, whether the colonies are
strong or weak. They eat the honey, which is the smallest part of
the trouble, for there is greater loss from the combs destroyed by
them, and they may even eat the bees. In summer they like to
make their nests in hives filled with combs but without bees, and
gnaw the combs budly. Such hives should be closed mouse-tight.

So long as bees are active, there is no danger that mice will trouble
a colony. When the bees become semi-dormant with the cold, then
the mice seize their opportunity. The bee-keeper should head thera
off by closing the hive against them in time. It will not do to close
the entrance against the bees, either in cellar or outdoors, so a good
way is to close it with wire cloth of coarse mesh, say three meshes
to the inch. Wire nails may answer if the right wire cloth cannot
be had. Drive them so they will stand a fourth of an inch apart, and
the mice will be excluded while the bees have free passage.

Spiders should not be allowed to have webs near the entrance to
catch bees.

Skunks sometimes scratch on the alighting board at night, gobbling
the bees as they come out. Stir Rough on Rats or some other poison

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 405

in an egg and place at the hive entrance. This repeated two or
three nights has been said to put an end to the trouble.

Birds have been accused of eating bees, but they are innocent,
with the exception of king-birds, bee-martins and possibly a few
other insectivorous birds. But these last generally do enough good
to compensate. If king-birds appear too troublesome, they may be
persuaded to stay away by using the shot-gun argument.

DISEASES OF BEES.

Diarrhoea, or dysentery, is the disease that the bee-keeper most
frequently meets among bees. It comes in cold weather when bees
cannot fly, and a flight is a cure. Some, indeed, contend that it is
not a disease at all, but a mere overloaded condition of the large
intestines. Certain it is that when bees fly freely, if it be a dis-
ease, it can not continue. Bees are cleanly creatures, and like to fly
a distance from the hive to empty themselves, but when they do not
have this opportunity for a long time their bowels become so dis-
tended that they are obliged to empty themselves, and the front
of the hive will be spotted by the dark brown excrement, and in
severe cases the top bars and combs will be badly soiled. If still no
opportunity comes for a flight, the bees will daub themselves and
finally die in a filthy mass.

Some of the things that help to bring on diarrhoea may be men-
tioned. Cold, long continued, is a prime factor, from which it may
be understood that a strong colony in a warm hive will be much
safer than a weak colony in an open hive or one too large for it.
But do not make the mistake of thinking that you may make a
colony safe by closely plugging all the cracks and the entrance
as well. Plugging the cracks is all right, but the entrance must be
left open sufficiently for ventilation or the case may be aggravated.
The food eaten by the bees has its influence. Well-ripened honey
sealed over will not fill up the bees as will thin, watery stuff unsealed.
Honey-dew is often of a character that will bring on diarrhoea in a
short time. In some cases it may pay to take away the combs of
honey-dew and replace with good clover or linden honey, or with
sugar syrup. If comb honey is produced, there is less danger from
honey-dew, for the bees generally have a good store of clover honey
in the brood-combs. But if the honey be extracted, and especially
if the bee-keeper is so unwise as to extract all the early honey from
the brood-combs, then the bees may have nothing left to depend
on but a bad quality of honey-dew. Cider from cider mills is bad.
So is sorghum syrup, and burnt honey, candy, or sugar is about as
sure death as winter food.

When a colony outdoors is affected with diarrhoea, about the most
you can do is to let it alone and long for a day warm enough for

406 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the bees to fly. In the cellar it is more likely there is something
wrong that may be righted. If the ventilation of the cellar is bad,
see to that. The temperature may be at fault. If above 45 degrees,
if that is the temperature at which you have found the bees most
nearly dormant, then cool it down. Less easy it is to warm it if too
cold, but that may be done in most cases. If you cannot make a
fire in the cellar, take down hot stones or jugs or bottles of hot water
tightly corked. Raising the temperature when it is too cold will
at least prevent the disease from being as bad as it otherwise would
be, and it has even been thought that heating the cellar for a few
hours to a temperature of 60 degrees or more acts a little in the
nature of a cure. It seems natural to suppose that when a warm
day comes, say in February, it would be the part of wisdom to take
out of the cellar a colony affected with diarrhoea, and then return
it after it has had a flight. In actual practice, however, this does
not work well. Let the bees stay in the cellar until they can be
taken out for good; but if a colony is badly affected it may be well
to take it out a little earlier than it would otherwise be taken out.
In any case do not take it out unless the day is warm enough for a
flight.

Not so common as diarrhoea, but greatly more to be feared is the
dread scourge, foul brood. So bad, indeed, is it that if you have
only two or three colonies, and all have foul brood, you may about
as well burn up all and go out of the business, for at least a time.
Whole apiaries of fifty or a hundred colonies have been swept away
by it as with a besom of destruction. The disease is highly con-
tagious, and is caused by the presence of a microbe, bacillus alvei.
If these bacilli or their spores obtain entrance into a hive, the colony
is doomed unless vigorous measures are taken. The mature bees are
affected little, if at all. As the name foul brood indicates, it is the
larvae that suffer. The disease most commonly makes its way into
new territory by means of honey from a diseased colony. A single
drop of honey from a foul-brood colony may carry the disease to a
whole apiary. A frame of brood from a diseased colony given to
a healthy one means another case of the disease. When a colony
has the disease and the owner is ignorant as to its nature, the colony
dies or becomes so weak as to be overcome by robbers, and the
robbing bees carry the diseased honey to their own hives, thus spread-
ing the disease in every direction. So, if a man has only one or
two colonies, he may think it is not worth while to fuss with them
and may leave them to their own course; but if he has any honor
about him he will want to burn them up for the sake of his bee-
keeping neighbors.

The symptoms of foul brood are thus given in Root’s ABC of Bee
Culture: “Some of the brood fails to hatch. Cappings here and

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 407

there are sunken and perforated at the center. On opening one of
these cells there will be found a dead larva lying on one side of
the cell, somewhat shrunken, and of a brown color, varying all the
way from a light pale brown to a dark brown. In the more ad-
vanced stages the brown is of the color of a coffee-berry after being
roasted. In the incipient stages the brown is the color of the coffee
we drink, when greatly diluted with milk. But so far all these
symptoms may be present as the result of chilled, overheated, starved
or pickled brood. But to determine whether it is the real foul brood,
run a toothpick into the dead larvae and then draw it slowly out.
If the matured mass adheres to the end of the pick, about like spittle
—stretches from one-half to one inch—and finally the fine thread
breaks when the pick is drawn back, it is probably a case of foul
brood. With all other forms of diseased brood, with perhaps the
exception of black brood (which, at certain stages, ropes very slightly,
but never more than one-eighth of an inch, and the matter of black
brood has a jelly-like consistency), this ropiness does not appear, but
with foul brood it invariably appears. Now, there is another symp-
tom, and that is the odor, while not exactly foul, resembles greatly
that of a cabinet-maker’s glue pot, and when the disease is pretty
well advanced in a hive, the odor will make itself manifest upon lift-
ing the cover or quilt, even before exposing the brood. If other
eclonies are affected, and the disease spreads, it is unquestionably
foul brood.”

It would take much room to enumerate all the foul brood cures
that have been offered as sure, only to be rejected after trial. No
man living has probably had more experience with foul brood that
Wim. McEvoy, foul-brood inspector for Ontario, Canada, and the
following is the treatment by which he says he has cured hundreds
if not thousands of cases:

“In the honey season, when the bees are gathering freely, remove
the combs in the evening, and shake the bees into their own hives;
give them frames with comb-foundation starters on and let them
build comb for four days. The bees will make the starters into
comb during the four days, and store the diseased honey in them
which they took with them from the old comb. Then in the evening
of the fourth day take out the new combs and give them comb-founda-
tion to work out, and then the cure will be complete.”

Too great care cannot be taken to avoid the introduction or spread
of foul brood. After handling a diseased colony, hands and tools
must be thoroughly cleansed before touching a healthy colony.
It is never safe to feed honey to bees unless you know that it did
not come from a diseased colony. There is no way that a diseased
comb can be cleansed so as to be used again. It must be burned
or buried beneath the possible reach of plough or spade. Opinion

408 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

is somewhat divided as to whether it is safe to use the hive itself.
But all are agreed that frames and combs should be destroyed. If
any apparently good honey is found in a diseased hive, it is not af-
fected for table use, only there is the danger that if it is kept for the
table the bees may, in some, way, get a taste of it. If water is added
to it and it is kept at the boiling point not less than three hours,
the honey may be fed to bees. Some would hardly be willing to
take that risk. The wax may be rendered and used, providing it is
done by a person so careful that no part of the combs or remains
get within reach of bees.

Black brood is a disease due to the presence of Bacillus mali, modi-
fied perhaps, by Bacillus thoracis. It bears a resemblance to foul
brood both in appearance and destructiveness, but can be distin-
guished by the fact that the dead larva instead of being glue-like,
as in foul brood, is of a jelly-like consistency, and instead of the of-
fensive smell of foul brood it has a peculiar sour-like smell. In
stead of drawing out into strings of half an inch or an inch in length,
it never strings out to an extent of more than one-eighth of an inch.

Black brood is a disease of only recent acquaintance, and it is
not certain that the best treatment has yet been learned. Dr. Wm.
R. Howard, an expert bacteriologist, has given much attention to this
and kindred diseases, and gives the following treatment:

The best time to effect a cure is during a honey-flow. Adopting a
modified McEvoy plan:

“Make your stocks strong by uniting; place them upon comb-foun-
dation starters, and cage the queen. After five days remove the start-
ers and make them into wax, and give full sheets of foundation—
keeping the queen caged five days longer. This will give time for
all infected mature bees to have disappeared before any brood is
reared.”

Pickled brood, due to Aspergillus pollinis, a specific fungus, is not
nearly so much to be dreaded as foul or black brood, and can be dis-
tinguished by the fact that the dead larva is watery, instead of
being like glue or jelly. As to its treatment, Dr. Howard gives the
following in The American Bee Journal:

“I have recommended, with successful results, placing the bees on
full sheets of foundation, contining them for three days (giving them
plenty of water) in order to consume all of the infected material,
that none of it might be deposited in the new combs to be covered
with new pollen or honey. The disease is infectious, and may be
carried by robbers having access to infected combs.”

Lee paralysis, due, according to Cheshire, to Bacillus Gatoni,
is a disease of the mature bee. An affected bee may be seen at the
entrance with its abdomen swollen and its body black and shiny,

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 409

and at least in the advanced stages having a peculiar trembling
movement. It seems inclined to leave the hive, and the well bees
show an anxiety to have it leave by tugging at it much as they would
at a dead bee.

No reliable cure has yet been found, much to the regret of some
bee-keepers in the south who have lost heavily by it. Fortunately,
it is not a very serious matter as far north as Pennsylvania, and
the bee-keeper need pay no attention to it. ‘A few bees in one or
more colonies may be lost by it, and then it may disappear of its own
accord. Of course, where many bees in a colony are affected by it,
such a colony can not be expected to do very good work.

The beginner is sometimes alarmed at finding a condition that
he supposes is due to disease. The larvae are sealed up before
attaining the pupa state, but sometimes a row or a cluster of cells
will be found unsealed when the young bees are near maturity.
These bare-headed bees, however, seem as healthy as any, and need
give no uneasiness. It is not agreed just what is the cause of the
trouble, but some think the bees have been sealed over and then
wax-worms have destroyed the cappings.

Another thing that is sometimes mistaken for disease is a little
more serious, although not at all a disease. When working on milk-
weed (Asclepias cornuti), masses of pollen become attached to the
feet of a bee, so that it cannot use its feet to climb upon the combs,
and is driven out by the other bees. Usually the number of such
bees is not great, and it is possible that the amount of honey gath-
ered from the plant may compensate for the loss.

CARE OF COMBS.

Almost any bee-keeper will sometimes have honey-combs that
are for a time unoccupied by bees. If through no other cause, he
may have colonies die in winter leaving combs empty or occupied
by honey or pollen. Such combs are valuable property and will
well repay the care required to preserve them. The three principal
enemies of unoccupied combs are mold, mice and moths.

Combs kept in a damp, close cellar are likely to be affected by mold.
They should not be kept generally in such a place, yet it can not be
entirely prevented where bees are wintered in the cellar, for even
if no colonies die it may happen that some of the outer combs unoccu-
pied by bees will be covered with mold. Fortunately, the remedy
is not difficult. Puta moldy comb next the brood-nest of a prosper-
ous colony in the working season, and you will be surprised to find
how soon they will clean it up so you will hardly recognize it as the
same comb.

Mice must be kept away from combs by shutting them up in hives

410 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

or elsewhere so the mice cannot enter. But be careful that you
do not pen the mice in with the combs.

The chief villain, however, is the wax-moth. If a colony dies in
spring (and it is not in early winter, but in late winter and spring
that colonies usually die) and the hive remains unnoticed on its
summer stand, it is morally certain that before the summer is over
you will find it containing a solid mass of webs and cocoons, with
perhaps not a vestige of comb left. You may seal up the hive moth-
tight before it is warm enough for a moth to fly, and the result will
be the same, for the eggs of the moth by some means have been laid
in the hive, notwithstanding the presence of the bees, in the previous
fall. It is, howver, not an easy thing to make a hive moth-tight, for
a moth will squeeze through a much smaller crack than a bee.

The right thing to do with a hive full of combs upon which a
colony has died is to get the combs as soon as possible in the care
of the bees. Especially if they are of Italian blood, the bees will
make short work of clearing out the worms before they are large
enough to do much harm. Perhaps it is putting it too strong to
say these combs should be put in the care of bees as soon as pos-
sible, for there will be little danger to the combs until the weather
has become warm and bees have been flying for some time, say about
the time of apple bloom. Take the hive of unoccupied combs, clean
out all the dead bees, and put under a hive occupied by a strong
colony. If there should be any entrance directly from outside into
the upper hive, close it up, so as to oblige the bees to pass through the
lower hive in going in and out. Keep the entrance very small the
first few days for fear of robbers. If, unfortunately, the hive con-
‘taining the colony has a bottom nailed to the hive, it may be worth
while to knock it off for the sake of protecting the combs. After
the colony has had this lower hive in charge for about a week, so
as to get it cleaned out and get used to it, you can give it a second
hive of combs to care for, putting this second one between the first
and the hive containing the colony, so the bees of the colony must
pass through both of the hives with unoccupied combs.

If colonies have died in hives in the cellar, there will not be the
same need of haste as to getting them in care of the bees. Indeed,
it may not be a bad plan to take into the cellar hives whose bees have
died on the summer stand, notwithstanding the danger of the combs
becoming moldy. In the cellar the worms will hardly get a fair
start until it is time the unoccupied combs will be needed to form
swarms. It is well, however, to look at them occasionally to see
that they are all right, for it is not difficult to see where the
worms have run their silken galleries. The question is often asked
whether it will do to hive a swarm in a hive in which a colony has
died. Unless such a hive is exceedingly filthy, the bees will promptly
clean it up, and be saved much labor in building new combs.

Nc 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 411

It is well to know that freezing destroys both worms and eggs.
So a hive of combs that has been left outdoors all winter is in no
danger of worms until well along in warm weather, when moths
have had time to mature and lay eggs in the combs. If such combs
are hung up in an airy place with a space of an inch between them,
they will almost surely be safe from worms throughout the summer,
and indeed worms aay not trouble them all summer if left in the hive
in their usual position.

If for any reason it is desired to kill worms in combs, sulphur or
brimstone is the usual resort. A very little of the fumes of burning
sulphur will finish the worms when they are quite small, but when
full grown it takes a very heavy dose, so it is well to pick out the
larger ones by hand. Take a wire nail and pick open the comb at one
end of the silken gallery for half an inch, then commence at the other
end and tear it open the whole length. ‘This will drive the worm
along till it comes out of the hole you first made, when you can take
comfort in ending its existence by what means may seem best.

Fill a pan or kettle partly full of ashes and set into it a smaller
vessel of iron. In this put the sulphur and throw on it a shovelful
of live coals or a red-hot iron. ‘This must be in an empty hive or
some way so it can be enclosed, the hive of combs quickly set over it,
and the whole closed so the fumes cannot escape. Now look out,
or you will burn up the whole business and, perhaps, the house be-
sides. To keep the heat from setting fire to the combs placed over,
put a piece of old sheet-iron (perhaps a piece of old stove-pipe) di-
rectly over the burning sulphur.

Jt must be remembered that burning sulphur destroys only the
worms, not the eggs. So it may be necessary to treat the combs a
week or two later, when any remaining eggs have hatched. But
there is a drug that of late has been used that is said to destroy eggs
and all. It is bisulphide of carbon. Put a little of the liquid in
a saucer, set it in an empty hive over the combs, then close up tight
so as to retain the fumes. But remember that this is a very ex-
plosive article, and if the flame of a candle should touch the fumes
there might be a terrific explosion.

Combs of honey for table use are not likely to be troubled with
worms, but with black bees, especially if the combs are left too
long on the hive, there may be some trouble. The dose of sulphur
for these may be lighter than for brood combs, and if too heavy a
dose is given the white comb will have a greenish color. That, how-
ever, does not hurt it for eating.

When extracting-combs are extracted for the last time in the
season, it is the practice of most bee-keepers to allow the bees to lick
them dry. A hive full of such combs may be placed over a colony,
but a surer way is to set the hive at some distance from the apiary
and let the bees have free play at it.

412 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

UNFINISHED SECTIONS.

At the close of the honey harvest it will always be the case that
more or less of the sections will be unfinished, the number varying
greatly in different years. It will happen some years that the season
will be so poor that none will be finished. Even in the best of years
there will be a considerable portion left unfinished, varying all the
way from those the bees have not started at all up to those that are
filled with honey but have a few cells unsealed.

Those that have not been worked at all by the bees, having no
honey at all in them, may be put away until the next year, when they
can be used. Be very careful, however, that you do.not make the
mistake of leaving such sections too long on the hives. When the
harvest is over they should come off at once, for the bees will only
daub bee-glue upon them, and sometimes to such an extent that
they will not accept them the following year. Indeed, some make
a practice of taking off all sections at the close of the clover and
linden harvest, so as to have none of the later and darker honey in
them, and so as to avoid the bee-glue that will be put on them while
the bees have nothing to do between the early and late harvests. If
a fall flow comes, sections can be again put on, or extracting-combs.

Sections that are not entirely finished will, of course, do for the
table, and if to be sold, must be sold at a lower price. Any that are
less than half filled with honey should be fed to the bees. If you
set out a super of such sections where the bees can get at them,
they will proinptly carry out the honey, but will be so eager in
squabbling over it that they will tear down the tender comb so
as to ruin it. Extracting-combs are not in the same danger unless
very new. To ayoid having the sections ruined for future use, cover
them up so as to leave a passage for only one bee at a time to get at
them. Better set them five rods or more away from the apiary.

These sections thus cleaned out by the bees will be valuable for
use the next year, and one or more of them put in each super that
is first put on the hives will start the bees promptly at work. If
they are not cleaned out, the particles of honey remaining will candy
and affect the new honey that is put in them the next season.

MOVING BEES.

As has been explained, bees mark their location, and when they
return from a foraging expedition they find their place rather than
their hive. If you turn a hive around, so as to make the entrance
at the back instead of the front, it will trouble the bees very much.
They will light in clusters where they think the entrance ought to
be, and it will be some time before they find the entrance. If you

No. 6, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 413

move the hive a foot to one side, they will hesitate and reconnoitre
carefully before entering. If hive A stands three inches or more
south of B, and if A be moved to the north side of B, whether it
be a few inches or feet, the field bees belonging to A will return to
B, because B stands nearer the right place. (It is true that a change
in the looks of their hive will confuse them a little, but they go
by place rather than looks.) But if no other hive is in the yard, and
A be moved several feet or several yards, the bees will find it without
much difficulty, because it is the only hive.

If a hive be moved a short distance early in the spring, at a time
when the bees have not had a flight for a week or more, there will
be little trouble about the bees staying by their hive. After the
bees have been flying for a few days in succession in the spring, a re-
moval of a few feet or rods would be followed by the loss of many
bees that would go back to their old location, but a removal of half
a mile would work very well. But in the middle of the harvest, a
colony must be moved a mile or more to make it safe.

lt will be seen that if a colony is to be moved a mile or more, there
will be no trouble about losing bees if the removal is made at any
time of the year, and if a colony is moved at any time during the
winter or early spring, it does not matter about the distance it is
moved. By taking certain precautions, however, a colony may be
moved any distance, great or small, without regard to the time of
year. Sometimes, we want to move them a short distance at a time
of year when they are flying daily, and then we must take some pre-
caution or we shall lose all the field bees from the hive and have
them return to the old location. One way is to move them to some
place, perhaps two miles distant, and return them two weeks later,
when we can place them wherever we like in the yard or on the farm.
While that is a sure way, it is not often a very convenient way.
Some report good success by putting a board in front of the entrance
after they have been moved. Then, instead of flying straight out
from the entrance, as they have been accustomed to do, they bump
their noses against the board at the entrance, which disconcerts
them so much that they stop to examine the place, and thus take
their bearings anew. As an aid it is well to change as much as
possible the old location so it will not look like home. If a big
bundle of straw is put in place of the hive on the old location it will
help. ‘Another plan may be more generally successful. Before
moving the bees, close the entrance in some way that will allow a
little air to enter, perhaps stuffing grass into it. Close the entrance
thus in the evening, after the bees have stopped flying, so that all that
belong to the hive may be in. You may move the colony in the even-
ing after shutting it up, or any time before opening it the next day.
Open it sometime in the forenoon between 9 and 12 o’clock. If the

26

414 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

bees are quiet, pound on the hive until you stir them up to making
quite a noise; then let them out. There is just a possibility that if
the weather is very hot and the colony very strong, the bees might
smother unless the entrance be closed with wire cloth, so as to allow
of ventilation.

If bees are to be hauled some distance, care must be taken in freez-
ing weather not to break the combs by rough handling, for they are
then brittle with the cold. They may be hauled nicely on a sled
if the sleighing is good. If hauled in hot weather, the danger is that
the combs may be melted down with the heat, or that the bees will
smother. Abundant ventilation must be allowed, and abundant ven-
tilation means a great deal in hot weather. Wire cloth over the
entire top of the hive will be none too much. Of course the bees
must all be fastened in the hive. If bees must be moved in hot
weather, it is better to move them at night, because cooler. In
any case, the bees must be fastened in the hive after flight has ceased
in the evening. If the frames are fixed-distance as most of the latest
frames are, they are always ready for moving. If, however, the hive
contains loose hanging frames, then there is some danger that the
frames may slide in their places and make trouble unless they are
fastened in place. This may be done by nailing into each end of each
top bar a wire nail, leaving the head up far enough so that it can
easily be drawn out. Or, little sticks may be pushed down between
the end bars of the frames so as to keep them in place.

A box hive may be turned upside down in moving.

PLANTING FOR HONEY.

Almost surely the farmer who becomes interested in bees will,
sooner or later, begin to consider the matter of devoting some ground
to the cultivation of plants that will yield honey, and the likelihood
is that without any knowledge on the subject he will think that he
can plant enough on a fraction of an acre to give plenty of occupa-
tion to a colony of bees. The erroneousness of such a view will be
seen when it is considered, that taking the State at large, each colony
has 50 to 100 acres of ground to work upon. It is now pretty
thoroughly understood that there is no plant that can be profit-
ably cultivated for honey alone, at least upon land that can be
utilized for any ordinary crop. It is a good plan, however, to en-
courage the growth of honey plants upon waste places. ‘Perhaps
no other plant is so good for this purpose as sweet clover. It is
one of the best yielder of honey, and will grow on almost any kind
of soil. A few seeds scattered along the wayside will grow and in-
crease, and it is better to have the ground occupied thus than by
some utterly useless weed. In some places there is a prejudice

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 415

against it, a prejudice without sufficient ground, for it may remain
along the roadside for years and not encroach upon cultivated
ground. Moreover, it is a biennial, dying root and branch the second
year, and if cut so as to prevent its going to seed it is easily killed out.
Where cattle are allowed to run on the roadside, and have become
used to it, they will keep it eaten down so it will not become un-
sightly. But they must first learn to eat it.

Although there is no plant that can be profitably cultivated in
good fields for honey alone, the farmer will do well to have an eye
to crops worth planting aside from the honey they yield, which will
at the same time give a harvest for the bees. But it must be re-
membered that to be of any service there must be a considerable
quantity of any given honey plant. The growth of lindens may be
encouraged in preference to trees that yield no honey. As a shade
tree along the roadside, the linden is fine. Gooseberries and rasp-
berries are valuable honey plants. Buckwheat is so well known
as to be hardly worth mentioning.

Of course there will always be more or less of the great standby,
white clover, and it is well to try other clovers. It is claimed that
there are strains of bees that do fair work on the second crop of
red clover, with its shorter flower tubes. Some effort is being made
to breed bees with tongues longer than the average, and if this is
sucessful, we may yet save the tons of red clover honey that are
going to waste,

Alsike clover is very valuable. One trouble is that it blooms at
about the same time as white clover, when it is not much needed.
If cut in June, just as it begins to blossom, it may be made to bloom
later, and thus prolong the harvest.

Crimson clover is especially valuable because coming so early.
If yours happens to be one of the localities where it is profitable
as a forage crop, or rather where it succeeds well, you will have
an additional inducement to cultivate it on account of its honey.

Sweet clover, or melilot, is a plant well worth your while to
experiment with. In some places it is highly valued as a forage
plant. It is a near relative to the much-vaunted alfalfa, and before
the plants are in blossom it may trouble you to tell one from the
other. While alfalfa yields tons upon tons of honey in the west,
it has never been reported as a honey-yielder in the east, even in
the few cases in which it has been successfully cultivated. But
sweet clover will flourish anywhere, and upon no other honey plant
can you more surely depend for a yearly yield of honey. Stock must
learn to eat it, and so they must alfalfa. It has been reported that
where the two grew side by side, cows would prefer the sweet clover.
You may find that it will be easier to teach stock to eat dry sweet-
clover hay than to teach them to eat it in the green state.

416 : ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Sweet clover is of great value as a fertilizer. When it dies the
second winter, as it always does, the long roots rotting away, leave
the ground filled with larger and smaller holes. If turned under
while green, it gives a dense mass of fertilizing material. It may
be used to bring into fine tilth ground useless for almost any other
purpose. It will grow in the toughest clay, where perhaps nothing
else would grow, leaving the ground in better condition for something
else.

Sweet clover does not bloom until the second year, but a crop of hay
may be cut from it the first year. It blooms nearly as soon as white
clover, and if cut just before coming into bloom it may be made
to bloom after white clover is gone. Even without any attention
its blooming period lasts after white clover is gone, and sometimes
bees may be seen working on it after heavy frosts.

ARTIFICIAL POLLEN.

Generally, bees are able to get all the pollen they need, but some-
times there is a time in the spring when it is nice and warm but
there is nothing from which the bees can gather honey or pollen.
Pollen is just as necessary for bees as honey, and if there is none in
the hive (although there generally is) and nothing to gather it from,
no brood will be reared, no matter how strong the colony may be.
You may, on such warm spring days, give the bees something as
a substitute for pollen, especially if you see them so eager for it
that they are working upon the sawdust at the woodpile. They
will accept almost any kind of grain ground, chopped corn and oats
being a favorite. Whatever ground feed you are giving your horses
and cows may be given to. the bees. Put in a shallow box, set it out
in the open sun, and the bees will find it. Tip the box a little to one
side, putting a stone under one side. When the bees have worked
the feed down level, reverse the box so the other side will be higher,
repeating this throughout the day. When they have worked out all
the finer particles, feed the rest to the cows and horses. Even if
the bees do not greatly need it, it is worth while to feed it for the
sake of seeing them work at it in such a rollicking manner. As
soon as they can get the real article, as from hazel, willow or soft
maple, you will find your substitute deserted.

OUTDOOR VERSUS INDOOR WINTERING.

It may trouble you a little to decide whether you should winter
your bees in the cellar or on the summer stands. It may be well
to go by precedent. If you have always wintered successfully in a

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 417

certain way, by all means continue in that way. If you have had
no previous experience, find out how others in your neighborhood
have succeeded, and follow the example of the successful ones. It
is not the severity of cold so much as its long continuance that is
hard on bees. A short spell of 40 degrees below zero is not as bad
as several months of 30 degrees above. If, in your locality, you are
likely to have spells of continued severe weather so that the bees
cannot fly for two or three months at a time, then the cellar may be
the best place for you. If, on the other hand, the winters are
somewhat open, a day coming every two or three weeks when bees can
fly, even if they are sometimes confined a month or so, then they may
be better off on their summer stands.

PREPARATION FOR WINTERING.

You may prepare bees for wintering in October, but it is very
much better to begin earlier. Some say in August is the right time,
and in some cases it may be. If all storing is over in August, and
the bees are short of stores for winter, then it may be just as well
to feed them in August. In any case it is better not to wait later
than some time in September. Bees should have plenty of time to
get their stores located to suit them and to have all sealed. If any
colony is not strong enough to cover four frames, unite it with
another. This uniting should not be left until late. If the bees
are to be wintered outdoors, 20 to 30 pounds of honey will be needed,
say 4 to 6 frames of sealed honey. For the cellar, 3 or 4 well-filled
frames may do. Be sure to have enough. Some colonies may not
consume half the amount indicated, but you do not know which
colonies they are, and it will not be wasted if they have too much.
Just as well have something left over so they can begin the sooner
in the surplus apartment as to have them wait to fill up the brood-
chamber with white-clover honey before they begin in the supers.

If colonies are lacking in stores, give frames of sealed honey if
you have them. If you do not have them, give granulated sugar
and water, equal parts, using a Miller feeder or the crock-and-plate
plan. This kind of feeding is better than to give less water
with the sugar, for it is more like the thin nectar the bees gather,
and there are changes made in it by the bees which they can-
not make so easily on the thicker syrup. But they must have
plenty of time to evaporate and ripen this food, and if they cannot
have it while warm weather yet lasts, say by the middle of Sep-
tember, then the thicker syrup should be given. If you should be
so unfortunate as not to get them fed in time enough to allow them
to seal the syrup, then use candy. (See Syrup and Candy, page 29.)
Better take pains, however, not to be late about feeding. As an

27—6—1901

418 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

extra inducement to this, it may be mentioned that the earlier feed-
ing with the thinner material tends to make the queen lay, thus
having a larger force of young bees to endure the winter and be
ready for spring work.

For wintering outdoors, the entrance of the hive should not be
more than three-eighths of an inch by eight inches for strong colonies
and less for weaker ones. To keep out mice, close the entrance with
wire cloth having three meshes to the inch. This will allow the bees
to pass, but not the mice. With so small an entrance there is danger
of clogging, and this must be guarded against by cleaning out the en-
trance if it needs it. Some put under the hive a rim an inch or two
deep with the entrance at the top of it, and with this there is much
less danger of clogging. The hives should not be in a windy place,
but sheltered especially from north and west wind. Let them face
south or southeast, and put some kind of packing about the hives
without closing the entrance, even if nothing more than corn stalks
piled up against them. Some use the old-fashioned bee sheds of our
grandfathers with good success. The success will be more sure if
straw is packed behind and between the hives. Some put over each
hive a box large enough to cover it and leave a space of three to
six inches all around between the hive and box, packing this space
with chaff, dry leaves, planer shavings or something of the kind.
Of course the entrance must be kept clear.

One of the things that is bad in winter is too much moisture in the
hive. ‘The bees are constantly breathing out moisture, which settles
on the cold walls like the moisture of the air on a pitcher of ice
water on a hot day. This may form icicles directly over the bees,
and when it melts it will fall upon the bees, to their serious in-
jury. Provision may be made for the escape of this moisture else-
where than at the entrance. Put burlap or some kind of cloth
over the top bars with a corn cob under it, so the bees can cross
from one frame to another, then cover with three to six inches of
leaves, chaff or planer shavings, and put on the cover. This will
allow the moisture to escape slowly upward.

OUTDOOR WINTER CARE,

Having provided in advance for the welfare of the bees by making
sure that they have plenty of provisions and are warmly tucked up
in their winter quarters, and having provided against intrusion of
mice and disturbance from domestic animals, there is little to be
done for the bees throughout the winter, unless it be to clean the
dead bees out of the entrance and to guard against the combined
effect of sun and snow.

When the ground is covered with soft snow and the sun shines

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 419

brightly, the bees will be enticed out by the brightness, dazzled and
confused by the snow, and will fall into it never to rise again. If
they have had a flight within two or three weeks it may be better
for them to remain in the hives, and a board can be placed before
the entrance so as not to shut out the air but to shut out the sun.
If it is best to let the bees fly, tramp down the snow hard in front
of the hives or sweep it away, or else cover the ground with ashes,
straw or something to cover the snow.

Do not be alarmed if snow covers the hive, no matter how deep,
but sometimes you must look out for it when a small amount falls
and the entrance is closed with it, and then it thaws enough to be-
come somewhat solid at the entrance and freezes in that condition.
You must clear out the entrance to avoid smothering.

CELLAR WINTERING.

One of the difficult things about cellar wintering is to tell when
to take the bees in. There can be no fixed date in the case. One
year may be very different from another. Here is a safe rule to
follow: At any time after November 10, when the day has been so
warm that the bees have had a good flight, carry them into the cellar,
if you know they will not be able to fly again for six weeks, but if
you know they can fly on some fine day within two or three weeks,
leave them out until then. But, alas, who can apply the rule, for
who can tell what may be in the next three or six weeks? The best
you can do, there must be some guessing in the case. If the bees
tly November 10, you are pretty safe in guessing that it is not their
last flight, but you would not be so safe in making the same guess
November 30. It is better, however, to err on the safe side. Sup-
pose you are in a pretty cold locality, and the bees have had a good
flight November 15, and you put them in the cellar the next morning.
Then a week later comes a nice, warm day for bees to fly, and you
feel foolish and wish you had left them out a week longer. The next
fall there comes again a good flight day November 15, but with your
greater experience you are not to be caught this time; so you leave
them out for the warm day to come a week later. But a week later
the warm day does not come; on the contrary, it turns out to be one
of those severe winters when the bees will not fly again until spring.
About the first to the middle of December you give up hope of a
warm day and put the bees in without it. After that you will be
likely to make your mistakes on the safe side, and take the bees
in too early rather than too late. That extra exposure of the bees
for two weeks in weather constantly growing colder was harder
on them than twice or three times as long in the warm cellar. It will
do no great harm to put the bees in the cellar two or three weeks too
soon, but it will do much harm to have them in that much too late.

420 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Possibly you may say, “I think I know how to manage it; be sure
to take them in early; then, if a warm day comes, take them out for
a flight and take them back again.” It would be hard to say why
that is not a good plan, but actual practice shows that it does not
work well and is not advisable.

Having decided that it is time for the bees to go into the cellar,
put them in the evening after their flight, or within a day or two.
If there is hard freezing, the hives may be frozen down so that when
you crack them up it will stir up the bees badly. Crack them up
twelve or twenty-four hours before carrying in, and put a nail under.
The hives will be taken into the cellar with the covers on, just
as they were on the summer stand. They need no ventilation above,
providing they have big ventilation below. But box-hives may be
turned upside down so as to have all upward ventilation. It will
not make the bees dizzy to stand on their heads.

Unless your bottom boards are so deep as to leave one or two
inches space under the bottom bars, it is as well not to carry them
in the cellar. But if you do take them in, be sure that there is abund-
ant ventilation below. The hives may be blocked up an inch or more.
If you want to take up little room, set a row of hives with, perhaps,
ten inches of space between them. Then set a row of hives with-
out any bottom boards over these, each upper hive resting on two
of the lower ones. That will leave an open space under each hive,
and you may thus pile them up as high as the room will allow. They
will take up still less room if your bottom boards are one or two
inches (better two inches) deep, for then you can pile each hive
directly over another and pack the piles closely together. You
will generally find the bees very quiet the next day after having a
flight, and if you are careful in handling them they will not be
likely to fly out.

If it should happen to be warm for some days after they are
in the cellar, leave doors and windows of cellar wide open every
night. They may even be left open in day time if you find the bees
do not fly out. After the bees are in the cellar, every bee that
flies ont of the hive is a dead bee, for it never finds its way back to
the hive. Bees will find their way back if they crawl out upon the
outside of the hive, and you need not be alarmed if sometimes quite
a cluster hangs out. When the weather gets cold, whether it be the
next day or three weeks later, keep all closed up. Whenever it seems
too warm in the cellar, cool off a little at night. Put a thermometer
in the cellar, and see at what temperature the bees are most quiet,
and after that try to keep the temperature as near that point of quiet
as you can. If the cellar is too warm the bees will stir about and be
somewhat noisy. If it gets too cold they will make a sort of hum-
ming sound in trying to keep warm, and the colder it is the louder

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 421

ive humming. There is a certain point at which they will be
neither too cold nor too warm, but almost dormant. It will be
somewhere about 45 degrees, but thermometers and cellars vary,
andsit is better for you to find out for yourself what is the right degree
in your cellar with your thermometer.

If it should go down below 40 degrees for any length of time, it
would be well to try to make it warmer. If you have no stove in
the cellar, take down hot stones or jugs of hot water, corked tight.
But do not use an oil-stove, a lamp, or anything of the kind without
having it directly connected with some kind of a pipe or chimney to
carry off the smoke or gases.

If mice are in the cellar, close the entrances of the hives by means
of wire cloth having three meshes to the inch; this will keep out
the mice but will allow the bees to pass. Do not confine the bees to
the hive, for when bees are about to die from old age or other causes,
it is their nature to leave the hive, and if confined, it is likely to
make the other bees in the hive uneasy.

You need not be surprised to see bees come out of the hive to
die throughout the winter, and if many colonies are in the cellar it
will be necessary to sweep up the dead bees by the first of January,
and monthly thereafter.

The quieter the bees are kept in the cellar the better, although it
does no particular harm to go into the cellar as often as necessary
to get the fruits and vegetables for the use of the family. These
same fruits and vegetables should be kept carefully sorted over,
and ail that are decayed carried out, both for the health of the
bees and that of the family.

DAMAGE DONE BY BEES.

Serious charges have been brought against bees, some of them
ludicrous enough, such as bees eating young ducks. It is not to be
denied that damage of a serious nature may come from the stings
of bees. An animal tied close by their hives so that it cannot get
away may be attacked and stung to death. An animal at large
might be severely stung, but this is a rare occurrence. Some bee-
keepers have kept farm stock in the same enclosure with bees
summer after summer with no serious results. Occasionally a cow
or a horse may get a sting, only to shake its head and run away to
another part of the enclosure. It is hardly advisable to let sheep
run among the hives, not for any harm to the sheep, but because
sheep are worse than horses or cows about pushing hives off their
stands. A Wisconsin farmer who kept bees was sued by his neigh-
bor because his bees drove the neighbor’s sheep from their white-
clover pasture, so that the sheep became poor. Of course the suit

422 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

was lost, for one needs only a slight acquaintance with bees to
know that they are utterly harmless when away from their hives.

A New York bee-keeper was sued because his bees ate the peaches
on a neighbor’s trees. The suing peach-grower had the pleasure of
paying all the costs, for a bee was never known to bite through the
skin of a sound peach. It may be remarked here in passing, that
in both cases mentioned the sued bee-keeper had the benefit of help
from the National Bee-Keepers’ ‘Association, of which any bee-keeper
may be a member by paying $1.00. Its object is to look out for the
interests of bee-keepers, chief among which is the prosecution of
those who attempt to defraud the public by selling for honey some
fraudulent preparation.

Frequently a grape-grower charges the bees with damaging his
crop, and he seems to have a pretty clear case. There are the clusters
of grapes covered with bees, and while he keeps his eyes fixed upon
them each berry grows smaller and smaller until nothing is left but
the skin. But each grape was first pierced by a wasp or bird, and
intelligent fruit-growers say they prefer to have the pierced berries
emptied by the bees, for they will rapidly sour and decay to the
damage of the crop. At a time when no honey is being gathered,
and when bees are fierce to get something from any source, take a
cluster of grapes and prick half the berries with a pin and lay the
cluster in front of a hive. The bees will promptly proceed to clean
out the berries that were pierced, but not a sound berry will ever
be in the least injured.

Cider mills and sorghum mills are troubled by bees, but the chief
damage is to the bee-keeper, as thousand of bees are destroyed, and
those that get safely home take with them that which may prove the
ruin of the colony the following winter. If the law was appealed
to, in consideration of the greater loss to the bee-keeper and the
character of the bees as public benefactors in fertilizing the flowers,
it is possible that the owner of the cider mill might be compelled to
screen in his cider mill against the entrance of the bees.

There is one sort of damage done by bees which, although seldom
occurring, it may be as well to know about so as to guard against
it. When bees take their first cleansing flight in the spring, as on the
day when they are brought out of the cellar, they will, when empty-
ing themselves, spot everything within several rods from their hives.
The good woman of the house should avoid having a washing on
the line on that first day or she may have her temper so soured
that it will take much honey to sweeten it.

Bees are not strict observers of the eighth commandment. In
fact, when pasturage is lacking, they have no compunctions as to
appropriating the stores of another colony, whether it be a foot
or a mile away. When a colony is robbed, the owner of the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 423

plundered bees, supposing or knowing that his neighbor’s bees are
the plunderers, is likely to feel, if he is not acquainted with the
habits of bees, that he ought to be paid damages. In reality, the
damages ought to go the other way. The morals of bees cannot be
changed, and it is their nature to glean wherever they can in time
of scarcity. The man who allows honey to be exposed so as to
start robbing, or allows a colony to be weak and queenless so as not
to be able to defend its stores, is culpable, and the man whose bees
have been demoralized by temptations that have started them into
dishonest habits from which they will not readily recover, is the
injured party. It is not the business of any man to keep his bees
from robbing, but it is the business of every man to keep his own
bees from being robbed.

BEE LITERATURE.

In the limited compass of this Bulletin it is not possible to give all
that should be known by one who desires to be fully informed
upon the subject of bee-keeping. There are text-books upon bee-
keeping that contain five or ten times as much as this pamphlet,
leaving the subject so little exhausted that several periodicals de-
voted to bee culture have been published for years, each of them
forming an annual volume containing a mass of bee-lore equal in
volume to one of the text-books. For the benefit of those who desire
to pursue the subject further, it may be well to name the leading
books and papers.

Roots A B Cof Bee Culture is not, as its name might indicate, a
primer, but a very comprehensive cyclopedia of everything pertain-
ing to bee culture; in fact no fuller work upon the subject is published
in any language in the world. Its nearly 500 large pages are copi-
ously illustrated by engravings, a few specimens of which may be
seen in this Bulletin, having been borrowed from that work by the
courtesy of its publishers.

Rey. L. L. Langstroth, the inventor of the movable-frame hive,
wrote a work upon bee-keeping that is a classic. Written many
years ago, it has lately been revised and brought up to the times by
Chas. Dadant, a thoroughly practical bee-keeper. The book is
called The Hive and Honey Bee.

The Bee Keepers’ Guide: or, Manual of the Apiary, is written by
Prof. A. J. Cook. Being a professor of entomology as well as a
bee-keeper, he gives prominence to the anatomy and physiology of
the bee, followed by a practical treatise on the different subjects per-
taining to bee culture.

The following bee journals may be mentioned:

The American Bee Journal, 144 Erie st., Chicago; weekly, $1.00.

424 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Gleanings in Bee Culture, Medina, O.; semi-monthly; $1.00.

The Bee-Keepers Review, Flint, Mich.; monthly; $1.00.

The American Bee-Keeper, Falconer, N .Y.; monthly, 50 cents.

The Progressive Bee-Keeper, Higginsville, Mo.; monthly; 50 cents.

HONEY COOKING RECIPES.

In any case where honey is used in cooking in place of sugar, it
should be remembered that the moisture in the honey makes it nec-
essary that less liquid, as milk or water, should be used. It is es-
pecially convenient to have cake made with honey, as well as being
more wholesome, for, instead of being good only for a short time
while fresh, it may be kept for a long time, some of it for years, and if
it becomes hard, close it up for a time in a bread-can or crock and
it will regain its freshness.

Honey-Gems.—2 quarts flour, 3 tablespoonfuls melted lard, 3 pint
honey, 4 pint molasses, 4 heaping tablespoonsfuls brown sugar, 1}
level tablespoonsfuls soda, 1 level teaspoonful salt, 14 pint water,
4 teaspoonful extract vanilla.

Honey-Jumbles.—2 quarts flour, 3 tablespoonfuls melted lard, 1 pt.
honey, 4 pt. molasses, 14 level tablespoonfuls soda, 1 level teaspoonful
salt, + pt. water, 4 forenoon vanilla.

These Sables and the gems immediately preceding are from re-
cipes used by bakeries and confectioneries on a large scale, one firm
in Wisconsin alone using ten tons of honey annually in their manu-
facture.

Honey-Cake or Cookies without sugar or molasses.—2 cups honey,
1 cup butter, 4 eggs (mix well), 1 cup buttermilk (mix), 1 good quart
flour, 1 level teaspoonful soda or saleratus. If it is too thin, stir ina
little more flour. If too thin it will fall. It does not want to be as thin
as sugar-cake. I use very thick honey. Be sure to use the same cup
for measure. Mix the honey, butter and eggs well together. You
can make it richer if you wish by using clabbered cream instead of
buttermilk. Bake in a rather slow oven, as it burns very easily. To
make the cookies, use a little more flour, so that they will roll out
well without sticking to the board. Any kind of flavoring will do. I
use ground orange peel, mixed soft. It makes a very nice ginger-
bread.

Howell Honey-Cake.

(It is a hard cake). Take 6 Ibs. flour, 3 Ibs.
honey, 14 lbs. sugar, 14 lbs. butter, 6 eggs, 4 oz. saleratus; ginger to
your taste. Directions for mixing.—Have the flour in a pan or tray.
Pack a cavity in the center. Beat the honey and yolks of eggs to-
gether well. Beat the butter and sugar to cream, and put into the
cavity in the flour; then add the honey and yolks of the eggs. Mix

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 426

well with the hand, adding a little at a time, during the mixing, the
1 oz. saleratus dissolved in boiling water until it is all in. Add the
ginger, and finally add the whites of the 6 eggs, well beaten. Mix
well with the hand to a smooth dough. Divide the dough into 7 equal
parts, and roll out like ginger-bread. Bake in ordinary square pang
made for pies, from 10x14 in. After putting into the pans, mark off
the top in 4-inch strips with something sharp. Bake an hour in a
moderate oven. Be careful not to burn, but bake well. Dissolve
sugar to glaze over top of cake. To keep the cake, stand on end
in an oak tub, tin can or stone crock—crock is best. Stand the cards
up so the flat sides will not touch each other. Cover tight. Keep
in a cool dry place. Don’t use until three months old at least.
The cake improves with age, and will keep as long as you let it. I
find any cake sweetened with honey does not dry out like sugar or
molasses cake, and age improves or develops the honey flavor.

Aikin’s Honey-Cookies.—1 teacupful extracted honey, 1 pint sour
cream, scant teaspoonful soda, flavoring if desired, flour to make a
soft dough.

Soft Honey-Cake.—1 cup butter, 2 cups honey, 2 eggs, 1 cup sour
milk, 2 teaspoonfuls soda, 1 teaspoonful ginger, 1 teaspoonful cinna-
mon, 4 cups flour.

Ginger Honey-Cake.—1 cup honey; 4 cup butter, or drippings, 1
tablespoonful boiled cider, in half a cup of hot water (or 4 cup sour
milk will do instead). Warm these ingredients together, and then
add 1 tablespoonful ginger and 1 teaspoonful soda sifted in with flour
enough to make a soft batter. Bake in a flat pan.

Fowls’ Honey Fruit-Cake._4 cup butter, ? cup honey, % cup apple
jelly or boiled cider, 2 eggs well beaten, 1 teaspoonful soda, 1 tea-
spoonful each of cinnamon, cloves and nutmeg, 1 teacupful each of
raisins and dried currants. Warm the butter, honey and apple jelly
slightly, add the beaten eggs, then the soda dissolved in a little warm
water; add spices and flour enough to make a stiff batter, then stir in
the fruit and bake in a slow oven. Keep in a covered jar several
weeks before using.

Muth’s Honey-Cakes.—1 gallon honey (dark honey is best), 15 eggs,
3 Ibs. sugar (a little more honey in its place may be better), 14 oz.
baking soda, 2 oz. ammonia, 2 Ibs. almonds, chopped up, 2 lbs. citron,
4 oz. cinnamon, 2 oz. cloves, 2 oz. mace, 18 Ibs. flour. Let the honey
come almost to a boil; then let it cool off, and add the other ingredi-
ents. Cut outand bake. The cakes are to be frosted afterward with
sugar and white of eggs.

Fowls’ Honey Layer-Cake—?4 cup butter, 1 cup honey, 3 eggs
beaten, 4 cup milk. Cream the honey and butter together, and add
the eggs and milk. Then add 2 cups flour containing 14 teaspoon-
fuls baking powder previously stirred in. Then stir in flour to make

426 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

a stiff batter. Bake in jelly tins. When the cakes are cold, take
finely flavored candied honey, and after creaming them, spread be-
tween layers.

Fowls’ Honey-Cookies.—3 teaspoonfuis soda dissolved in 2 cups
warm honey, 1 cup shortening containing salt, 2 teaspoonfuls ginger,
1 cup hot water, flour sufficient to roll.

Honey Nut-Cakes.—8 cups sugar, 2 cups honey, 4 cups milk or
water, 1 lb. almonds, 1 lb. English walnuts, 3 cents’ worth each of
candied jemon and orange peel, 5 cents’ worth citron (the last three
cut fine), 2 large tabiespoonfuls soda, 2 teaspoonfuls cinnamon, 2
teaspoonfuls ground cloves. Put the milk, sugar and honey on
the stove, to boil 15 minutes; skim off the scum, and take from
the stove. Put in the nuts, spices and candied fruit. Stir in as
much flour as can be done with a spoon. Set away to cool, then
mix in the soda (don’t make the dough too stiff), Cover up and
let stand over night, then work in fiour enough to make a stiff
dough. Bake when you get ready. It is well to let it stand a few
days, as it will not stick so badly. Roll out a little thicker than a
common cookie; cut in any shape you like.

This recipe originated in Germany, is old and tried, and the cake
will keep a year or more.

pony Drop-Cakes.—1 oh une 4 cup sugar, 4 cup butter or
lard, $ cup sour milk, 1 egg, 4 tablespoonful soda, 4 cups sifted flour.

Honey Short-Cake.—8 cups flour, 2 teaspoonfuls baking powder, 1
teaspoonful salt, $ cup shortening, 14 cups sweet milk. Roll quickly,
and bake in a nee oven. When ene split the cake and spread the
lower half thinly with butter, and the upper half with 4 pound of
the best flavored honey. (Candied honey is preferred. if too hard
to spread well it should be slightly warmed or creamed with a knife.)
Let it stand a few minutes, and the honey will melt gradually and the
flavor will permeate all through the cake. To be eaten with milk.

Honey Tea-Cake.—1 cup honey, $4 cup sour cream, 2 eggs, $ cup
butter, 2 cups flour, scant + teaspoonful soda, 1 tablespoonful cream
of tartar. Bake thirty minutes in a moderate oven.

Honey Ginger-Snaps.—1 pint honey, ? lb. butter, 2 teaspoonfuls
ginger. Foil together a few minutes, and when nearly cold put in
flour until it is stiff. Roll out thin, and bake quickly.

Honey Fruit-Cake.—1} cups honey, 24 cup butter, 4 cup sweet
milk, 2 eggs well beaten, 3 cups flour, 2 feaspoonfuls baking powder,
2 cups raisins, 1 teaspoonful each of cloves and cinnamon.

Honey Pop-Corn Balls.—Take 1 pt. extracted honey, put it into
an iron frying-pan and boil until very thick, then stir in freshly
popped corn, and when cold mold into balls,

Honey Caramels.—l cup extracted honey of best flavor, 1 cup
granulated sugar, 3 tablespoonfuls sweet cream or milk. Boil to
“soft crack,” or until it hardens when dropped into cold water, but

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 427

not too brittle—just so it will form into a soft ball when taken in
the fingers. Pour into a greased dish, stirring in a teaspoonful
extract of vanilla just before taking off. Let it be one-half or three-
fourths of an inch deep in the dish, and as it cools cut into squares
and wrap each square in paraffin paper, such as grocers wrap butter
in. To make chocolate caramels, add to the foregoing 1 tablespoon-
ful melted chocolate, just before taking off the stove, stirring it in
well. For chocolate caramels it is not so important that the honey
be of best quality.

Honey Apple-Butter.—1 gallon good cooking apples, 1 quart honey,
1 quart honey vinegar, 1 heaping teaspoonful ground cinnamon. Cook
several hours, stirring often to prevent burning. If the vinegar is
very strong, use part water.

Honey and Tar Cough Cure.—Put 1 tablespoonful liquid tar into
a shallow tin dish and place it in boiling water until the tar is hot.
To this add a pint of extracted honey and stir well for half an hour,
adding to it a level teaspoonful pulverized borax. Keep well corked
in a bottle. Dose, teaspoonful every one, two or three hours, accord-
ing to severity of cough.

Summer Honey Drink.—1 spoonful fruit juice and 1 spoonful honey
in 4 glass water; stir in as much soda as will lie on a silver dime, and
then stir in half as much tartaric acid, and drink at once.

428 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

ROAD MAKING FROM THE ENGINEER’S STAND-
POINS.

BY HON. A. W. CAMPBELL, Deputy Minister of Public Works, Ontario, Canada.
Delivered before the International Good Roads Congress, Buffalo, Sept. 16, 1901.

Mr Chairman and Gentlemen: I am sure that I am very glad to
have another opportunity of addressing the good roads people of
the United States. This is the third time, and I can assure you it
has always been a very great pleasure and delight to me to avail
myself of these opportunites and to listen to the vast amount of
most valuabie information afforded by many of your experts at these
meetings.

We very often, in meetings of this kind, see fit to aim at solving
the larger parts of the problem first, rather than taking up the
smaller parts, and the parts which, after all, are of the greatest im-
portance. The roads of our country are bad; the roads of the United
States, from what I have seen of them, appear to be equally bad,
and there is a good reason for this agitation. Roads are the one
class of public works which I think on this continent has been most
severely neglected, and very largely because we have always looked
upon it as being a question of such commonplace importance that
the business man, the man of knowledge and executive ability,
always fought shy of it. The result is that we have to-day no organ-
ization. As Professor Holmes has said, we have no plans, we have
no simple specifications. The work of road building in our country
previous to the agitation, as no doubt is the case in a great many of
your States, was being done without plans or specifications, without
reason or design. But, as he has said, the people allow the cold
machinery of taxation to take from their pockets each year many
millions of dollars, which is turned over to be expended by men who
have never given the question of road making the slightest thought
from a scientific standpoint. The better classes have always been
too busily engaged with other and more important questions, and
the result is we have never really taken the subject of road making
into serious business consideration.

The first thing to do is to try and solve the problem of how best
to build a road. How should a road be built? If I were to ask
you now that simple question, I possibly would get fifty different
replies from the people in this audience. If a man undertakes the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 429

building of an ordinary pig pen, he will take a piece of paper and
sketch out a plan; he will consider the question of materials, and
roughly estimate the cost; but in the matter of road making, in-
volving the expenditure of millions of days of labor and millions of
dollars of cash, the work is done without the slightest plans or
specifications. Each municipality, under its system of labor, selects
so many path masters at the beginning of each year, and those men
simply receive instructicns to go on and use their best judgment as
to how the work shall be done, to get as much work as possible done,
and have it done in the best possible way. The result is that in
average townships there are some 75 path masters, and just 75 differ-
ent plans of road building, and each year these men are again ex-
changed for others, so that each year, under the labor-tax system,
plans are changed. One man who professes to know all about it
will say: “I believe in making a narrow road, and grading it 12 feet
wide.’ The next supervisor will say: “You don’t know anything
about the business, it should be 16 feet wide.” The next one makes
it 20, the next 25, 30 or 40 feet. One man says it should be built
flat on the surface, and another says it should be crowned just
enough to shed the water. The third man says: “I believe in sloping
her up,’ and he slopes it so that it is almost impossible for teams to
turn out. The following year other men are appointed with other
ideas, who tear down the work that has been built before them, and
this we call, in these enlightened days, a modern system of road
building.

We talk about convict labor in the making of roads; but it occurs
to me in passing over some of these roads that convict labor has
been employed in the supervision of the work rather than doing it.

To build good roads we must reduce this matter to a simple prop-
osition. I am an engineer by profession, but as a civil engineer I
do not profess to be a road maker. My knowledge of road building
comes most largely from the actual experience which I have had in
building roads. When I started out to get my first experience and
to build a road I thought I knew vastly more of the subject than I
do to-day, after nearly fifteen years of actual experience. The trou-
ble is that we all employ too much engineering knowledge and. pro-
fess too much scientific knowledge of this problem. It is the sim-
plest possible problem, but how we do complicate it! The average
road supervisor makes the people believe that whatever he says must
be done, even if the road be destroyed. The testing of stone and
Similar questions are impertant, but they will be solved by the
trained and experienced road maker when he comes in contact with
the work. We talk of bringing foreign material into our State and
of dealing with the railroads in this matter. These are all local
problems, which must be considered from the local standpoint pure

27

430 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and simple. We talk of cost and we ask what it will cost to build |
a mile of macadamized road. That depends entirely on the char-
acter of the material you have to deal with, and the length of haul
of material, and largely cn the requirements of that particular road.
It may be necessary for you to macadamize the road from ditch to
ditch in order to accommodate the traffie in that particular locality,
in which case possibly 50 feet of roadway would have to be mac-
adamized, while on another road only a single track would be nec-
essary, and 15 or 16 feet of well-placed macadam would be as ser-
viceable as the 30 feet on the other road. We can, however, reduce
this to a question of cost per square yard, using a certain limit of
haul as a basis for our calculations. But these are questions, I say,
which are of a local nature.

In the first place we should ask ourselves: “How should a road be
built; what are the fundamental principles of construction under-
lving it?” Then let us answer that. Let us reduce the matter
to as simple a basis as possible, lay down our plans for building
roads so as to preserve uniformity im their construction and
to bring about some decent results for the expenditure that is
being made. We are talking about State aid and larger appropria-
tions for road building, but my idea is, and it has been my exper-
ience, that we have already had control of too much money, and too
much labor has been expended. The first problem to be solved,
is to lay down simple plans for handling and expending in a pro-
per manner the money which is being expended on the roads, and
when we have completed our organizations and plans, to ask the
State’s indulgence for a greater amount to be expended in order to
bring about results in the least possible time. I agree with Pro-
fessor Holmes that system, plans, united effort, concentrated ex-
penditure, and systematic and skilled supervision are what are really
required, rather than a greater amount of money, in order to bring
about good roads.

Let us lay down the simplest possible plans; let each township,
each county, take up the question in the first place and say what
leading arteries in their territory should be made and maintained
as county roads, and let those roads be planned by the county coun-
cil, made by the county council, and maintained by them for the use
of the whole county. Then let the municipal council or the township
council plan the remainder of the roads in their municipality, and
say how they shall be laid and maintained; and the material to be
used in these roads, and the cost of these roads, and so forth, should
be in proportion to the amount of traffic which they are likely to
bear.

In the first place, a plan should be prepared showing what roads
are in each township; then these should be classified according to

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 43]

their importance. About one-third of the roads in a township are
leading roads, used by the whole community. They should be made
of a better grade and macadamized to a greater width than others;
they should be made 24 feet wide between the ditches, graded to that
extent, and macadamized or graveled to a width of 16 feet. Then
there is another class of roads, constituting about one-third of the
whole, which are used by neighborhoods and lead into the main
roads; these should be made 26 feet wide and macadamized to a
width of 12 feet. The remainder of the roads are simply lateral
roads, used by a few people in reaching the other roads, and they
should be put in good shape by draining and grading, as ordinary
earth roads, and will for some years to come meet the requirements
of traffic very well. Wheu the roads have been classified in that way
plans and specifications should be prepared for their construction.

There are just three principles underlying this whole question of
road making. The first is drainage, the second is drainage, and the
third is drainage. [Applause.] Drain the foundations. It is just
as useless to attempt te build a road on a weak foundation as to
erect a building or any other structure upon a weak or wet founda-
tion. Drain the foundations. Do this by using tiles—a row of tiles
beneath the frost line on the upper side of a road where it is being
built on the side of a hill. If it is being built through flat land, then
place them beneath the frost line on each side of the grade. One
gentleman asked to-day whether it would not be preferable to place
the drain in the centre. We have tried that plan, but my experience
has proven that it is vastly better to place single tiles of smaller
dimensions on each side of the road than to place one large drain in
the center. Where the road passes over a flat piece of land the soak-
age during the wet season is from the adjoining fields into the road-
way; the water runs in and fluctuates, rises and falls with the wet-
ness or dryness of the season. If the tile drain is placed in the cen-
tre of the road the water must pass under the road in order -to reach
the tiling, and the result is that the roadway will attract moisture
rather than be free from it. If the tile is placed on each side of the
grading outside of the road metaling, then these tile drains cut off
this soakage water and always protect and keep the road dry.

The next thing is to grade the road and prepare it for receiving
the gravel and stone. The grading, of course, should be done as
uniformaly as possible and according to a fixed plan. Our plan is
to grade the road by giving it a fall of an inch to a foot from the cen-
tre of the road to the edge of the ditch, and making that as uniform
as possible. The centre of a road 24 feet wide would consequently
be 12 inches higher than the edge of the road by the side ditch. This
should be done as perfectly as possible. The ditches then should
be placed on each side, thus making the drainage as effectual as pos-

432 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

sible. Side gutters should be made sufficient to carry the water
away at all times, and every water-course should be taken advantage
of as an outlet, so as te dispose of that water in as small quantites
as possible and in the quickest possible time.

The next matter is to place culverts. This is a most important
matter, and was referred to by Professor Holmes as being one of the
important questions that should be considered. If you were to solve
that problem alone to-day, you would have done for the people a
very great service, becatse in some of our municipalities we have
roads the cost of maimtaining which has been most materially re-
duced by simply changing the old system of building and maintain-
ing timber culverts and using something of a more substantial
nature. There are hundred of thousands of these small sluices in
every municipality that must be maintained in order to carry the
water in the natural water-courses, and every experienced munici-
pal official knows very well that this is one of the greatest items of
expenditure, and when we hear that so many thousand dollars each
year are devoted to the keeping up of roads, it might be learned that
nearly 75 per cent. of the expenditure consists of the cost of main-
taining these perishable culverts. In the early history of the coun-
try, when timber was plentiful, all we had to do was to cut down a
tree and make a cheap culvert, but now that material is much more
scarce in most districts. We buy lumber at $12, $16 or $18 a thou-
sand to use for repairs on culverts. It is then subjected to the most
severe test that timber can be given; it is placed underground, ex-
posed to frequent changes of wet and dry, and its life is only about
five years. This item rens into a very large amount of money each
year. Seventeen years ago we abandoned that system and under-
took the building of concrete pipes for renewing these culverts.
Our people at first regarded that as a copy of the plans of the ancient
Romans in road building, and as altogether too expensive for this
new country. But it seems that a simple construction of molds can
be produced for about $5, and the material can be made with a sim-
ple mixture of cement and gravel by the use of unskilled labor, and
the whole matter can be most economically carried out. When those
culverts are once made and properly laid, they are practically in-
destructible. As I say, we began this seventeen years ago, and
since then have renewed every sluice in the municipality, and to-day
we are not expending one solitary cent on the maintenance of cul-
verts. These pipes may be used up to 3 feet in diameter, and if you
require greater capacity you can lay two pipes side by side, leaving
a space of about a foot of earth between them; and where a greater
capacity of water way is required we simply put in a concrete arch.

This is a simple construction. Templets are made just as a mason
makes a templet in a window, and about four are placed in a culvert;

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 433

rough boards are used for the false arch, and gravel and cement are
mixed together and simply put in. The width for a 5-inch culvert
would be about 12 inches at the bottom, sloping up to about 5 inches
at the top, then the false work can be taken away; it is left until it
sets and there is a culvert which will not require any future repairs.

We use the best material for covering or surfacing the road that
is available in the municipality. Very often this material is not of
the very hardest nature, but it is cheaper to use that material and
co spead a little more in annual maintenance than it would be to
freight material for a long distance, especially where the freight
rates are very high. A road should be constructed of the very
best material and after that it should be maintained and never al-
lowed to get out of repair. It is one thing to build a road and
another thing to provide for its proper maintenance, but that should
be part of your plan. Where field stones and quarry rock are to be
found we use crushing machines similar to those on the construction
trains. ‘These crushers prepare the material in four different sizes,
ranging from two and one-half inches down to stone dust. Usually
on the principal roads we put down a layer of the coarsest stone in
the bottom, the next size on top of that, the finer on top of that, and
surface or finish it with the fine material. On much-traveled roads
we make the depth ten inches in the centre and seven on the side.
That is made up of seven inches of the coarest stone in the bottom,
two inches im the next course, and one in the next, and the stone
dust is placed over that. This is thoroughly and completely rolled
in order to get a proper surface. Each layer is rolled and the final
layer is rolled until the whole is thoroughly packed. It should be
sprinkled with a watering cart in connection with the rolling.

This is a simple plan of construction. The width of our roads
varies according to the requirements, our narrowest roads usually
having ten feet of macadam. Where material can be obtained within
a mile and a half of the work, these roads cost us thirty-five cents per
square yard. Then a regular system is adopted to maintain them.
That matter should be placed in the hands of regular and competent
men. In order to bring about all this work, prepare this material,
and make this road, it is highly necessary that you should provide
machinery and the latest and most modern instruments for doing
the work. It is just as useless and foolish to attempt to build a
good road by using the old plow, scraper, etc., the implements of
twenty-five years ago, as it would be to attempt to erect a structure
like this magnificent building by using a hammer and a bucksaw. It
matters not what a man’s knowledge of road building may be, with-
out good tools he can not do good work. You may place me ia
charge of some of the roads where the old system prevails, and tell

28—6—1901

434 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

me to follow the practice that has been followed in the past, and I ~
could produce no better results than they.

We must change our method and system. The system of labor
taxes was suitable for pioneer days. It bas performed its work.
Many people to-day fear this agitation, because they have the great-
est sympathy for the oid pioneer methods and do not wish anything
should be said that would in any way cast reflection on that system.
That system did a work which I do not suppose could have been per-
formed by any other inethod, but its day of usefulness has passed
away. Those who are most strongly defending its methods are its
greatest enemies, because they are asking it to perform a work that
it never was designed to do, and in that way they are doing it a great
injustice. We must do away completely with that old method. Let
us lay down the system by which the council will have control of the
road, appomt trained superintendents to look after the work, and
equip ourselves with the best modern instruments. Have these
placedin the hands of regular officials, with a skilled and experienced
superintendent at the head; then lay down the plans and commence
to work ina small way. Use to the best advantage the money
and the labor you are now expending, and when that is done, and
you show the people good samples of first-class work, they will
readily appropriate money from their own funds; and the State
legislatures will come to your assistance and grant all the aid that
is required in bringing about an improvement in the condition of
these roads.

System, plan and united effort are what are required, and until
these ave accomplished little can be done.

My business as an engineer and as a road expert is (I am in the
employ of the Government for the Province of Ontario) to go about
among the people in the townships, villages and towns, to meet with
them in the schoolhouses and town halls, and talk over the question
of making the roads in their particular municipality; to take a plan
of their township and discuss the question with them, and try to ar-
rive at a system for them té werk upon; discuss with the road build-
ers there the system of statute labor and what should take its
place, and help them modify its plans and go along in the right man-
ner; to get them then to set aside $100 or $200 or $300 for the pur-
pose of collecting stones and providing themselves with the proper
kind of machinery. Then it is my business to go there and take
charge of the work of building a piece of road, as far as that material
will go; have the people come there and see and watch the work from
beginning to end; and have this done in each of the municipalities.
I found that this work was absolutely necessary; you had to go
among the people, show them what could be done right in their
own neighborhoods, convince them that a good road is better than

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 435

a bad road, that they ought to build good roads rather than bad ones.
When this was done we found that a lively agitation was created
among the different municipalities; the legislature was quick then to
respond to the voice of the people, and last year a bill championed
by Mr. Patullo was put through the legislature granting $1,000,000 to
aid municipalities in the bettering of the roads along the lines they
themseives had created.

In carrying on my work I went to New Orleans to attend the con-
vention of the good roads ussociation, and there I saw the good roads
train and the work which was being done by it. 1 immediately re-
turned and suggested to the executive of our association that we
should adopt some such plan. The manufacturers immediately of-
fered to supply the machinery, the railroads said they would carry
the implements free from one part of the country to the other, and
the municipalities said they would furnish stone at places convenient
for the work to be done, and the result is that from the 1st of June
we have been carrying on a work of practical construction. We go
to the place where the material is prepared, crush the stone, grade
the road, build these concrete culverts where they can be seen by the
people, take one man froin a township and train him in the work so
he can do it after we have gone; we utilize the material that is there.
We do not try to show the people a piece of superficial road and then
get out, but the practice is to commence the work and carry it on
until the material is exhausted, and as a general thing a mile of road
is constructed in each municipality. At the next session of the legis-
lature I expect a special appropriation will be made for operating
six outfits of machinery in this way, and the municipalities will not
be asked even to contribute the material, but sample roads will be
built at Government expense, as free samples or object lessons to
show the people how roads should be made.

We talk reads here, and I tell you how a road should be built. I
frequently told the people how a road should be built before I knew
how to build it myself. 3ut what is the use of doing that, and
what is the use of our going on railing at the people and trying to
make them believe we know vastly more than they do about
this subject? Let us try to undo, to unteach them something
that they have been taught, and we will have accomplished a great
deal and taken a step in the right direction.

I believe that if a premium were offered for it to-day and all the
genius of man brought to bear and concentrated on the formation of
one plan for the building of bad roads no more successful method
could be framed than some of those ingenious inventions called road
systems which have been employed in some of our municipalities.
[Applause.] There were to be found the most unjust, the most un-
fair, the most incompetent, the most inefficient, and the most ex-

436 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

travagant systems that could ever be employed by the people for
making and keeping up any public work, and particularly the im-
portant public work of building and maintaining our common roads.

Here is the greatest problem the people of this country have to
solve in connection with the whole system of transportation. You
are appropriating millions of money for building canals and rail-
roads. On the wall isa placard which says that 95 per cent. of every
material that passes over your canals and railroads must in the first
instance pass over the primary roads. In connection with your
canals you are doing an immense work; you are still appropriating
money and making them more efficient. Your railroad corporations
are expending huge fortunes in reducing grades and making their
roads straight and smooth; steamboat companies are expending
great sums in enlarging the capacity of their ships and increasing
their speed. What does all that avail if you who are to be most
benefited do not in the first place undertake some sensible system
on a business basis for the improvement of the most important part
of the whole system of transportation, namely, the building and
maintaining in a wise manner of the common roads of the country?

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 437

REPORT OF THOMAS MEEHAN, BOTANIST, TO
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Harrisburg, January 28, 1901.

The report of the Botanist the past year has been confined to
answering inquiries by letter, as to the names of new weeds that
have made their appearance in various localities, and for informa-
tion as to their injurious character and methods for the prevention
of their spread, and for their easy extirpation.

There has been no newcomer brought to his attention that is likely
to be a serious menace to the agriculturist, though two very annoying
species seem to be extending their boundaries considerably. These
are the English wild lily (Convoloulus arvensis,) a member of the
morning-glory family, and the horse nettle (Solanum Carolinianum,)a
relative of the potato and the egg plant. Both of these increase by
underground stolons or runners, and the smallest fragment of a
broken root grows to be a new plant. A single hoeing or breaking
up by the cultivator only serves to multiply the evil. If, however,
these plants get a second hoeing before the disturbed roots have
made mature leaves, they are usually totally destroyed.

It may be taken as an axiom that no plant can live over a single
season, if not permitted to mature growing leaves. If, for instance,
a field of corn be infested with these root-increasing plants, the
working of the cultivater will destroy numbers, and a week or two
afterwards the man with the hoe should follow to cut up the few
that may still be inclined to grow. It is of course, interesting to
have the names of the newcomers. It enables us to understand
what we read about their behaviour and general character in other
quarters, but in practice their destruction is easy without the knowl-
edge of their names.

This practical solution may also be applied to cases of inquiry
from fungus growths, specimens of which are accordingly sent for
name amongst the troubles of fruit growing. Formerly it was be-
lieved that that these minute plants only grew on dead or diseased
portions of fruits and plants, just as we know the blue mould appears
on leather or bread. But it is now known that some of these cause
disease. With this knowledge the grape grower places a paper bag
over the bunch of grapes in an early stage of formation. This ex-

438 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

cludes the spores (the analogues of seeds in the higher plants), that
cause the disease and the bunch is saved. For scientific purposes
the names desired for these different fungus organisms, are of little
use for those who ask for them. It is now well-known that copper
solutions in the form of spraying is destructive of all this class of
organic life, and the names of the species does not in the least help
the fruit growers in the task of destruction.

Some curious questions have come to the botanist in regard to the
appearance of plants in localities where the ground had not been
disturbed for long periods, and in the belief that the seed had been
in the ground for long periods, and was not newly introduced to the
newly turned up earth. Though cultivators have long had the be-
lief that the seeds had been for an indefinite time in the ground,
men of science haye not generally accepted this as an undoubted
fact. During recent years, however, more exact knowledge has been
obtained on the subject, and your botanist has had to answer the
inquiries in the affirmative, that is to say there is no reason why
the newly appearing plants may not be from seed that has been in
the ground under conditions unfavorable for revelation for an in-
definite period.

It is imteresting to note that when once a question that seems
difficult is clearly solved, the evidence every where seem so abund-
ant as te excite wonder that there should ever have been any ques-
tion raised. For instance, fruit seeds will not germinate unless
at a temperature above 55 degrees. Nurserymen have to freeze
them, that is keep them for a while in a low temperature before they
will sprout. If kept dry till the warm weather comes they remain
in the earth without growing till the year following. Cherry seeds
under a tree will sprout before the frost is barely gone, but those
not sown till the temperature is higher, do not sprout. Cherry seeds
kept in a room at a temperature over 55 degrees will retain their
power to grow for many years, starting at once when placed for a
little time under a snow heap, other seeds will only sprout when
over 55 degrees. Each kind has its own requirements, and in the
absence of these the communicating power is indefinite.

It is pleasant to note the increasing interest in that department of
botany that deals with plant life. The mere names of plants, the
countries they come from, and their place in a system of classifica-
tion as herbarium specimens are essential matter in the progress
of the science, but studies connected with the behaviour of plants
is of more value to the cultivators of the soil.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 439

REPORT OF DR. BENJAMIN LEE, SANITARIAN,
TO THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Harrisburg, Pa., January 23, 1901.

What should be the function of the Sanitarian, to a State Board
of Agriculture? What possible use can there be for such an official?
Is he not an appendage as destitute of value, although not as dan-
gerous, 18 is the human appendix to its possessor?

These questions presented themselves to the mind of the writer
when he received the gratifying request from the Secretary of Agri-
culture to accept the position referred to. Somewhat in the dark
as to his duties, therefore, but unable to resist the promptings of
vanity, he laid the flattering unction to his soul and accepted the
highly ‘appreciated honor with whatever responsibilities it might
involve, secretly trusting that the latter would be about commen-
surate with the salary attached to the position. To his surprise,
however, he is suddenly called upon for an annual report. But how
to report when he is not conscious of having performed any duties.
Much admirable sanitary work in connection with the Board and the
Department of Agriculture has been done, but by others. The re-
port of the State Veterinarian and his able assistant in Bacteriology
in the annual report of the Department of Agriculture for the year
1899 on “Tuberculosis of Cattle,” is a monument of industry and a
model of scientific research, and shows the authors to be sanitarians
of first rank. Glanders, anthrax and rabies, three diseases com-
municable to human beings from domestic animals, have also been
the subjects of careful study by these officials and much has been
accomplished for their restriction. Such reports are calculated not
only to do much good by disseminating information in our own State,
but also te give the Department a high standing in the estimation of
the agriculturists of other States and European countries. Much
good work of a sanitary nature has also been accomplished in the
detection and prevention of the adulteration of food products by the
Food and Dairy Commissioner, a branch of sanitation, the value of
which it is impossible to over-estimate.

Whea the State Board of Health was first established, more than
fifteen years ago, the Board issued an address to the people of the
State, indicating what its members considered to be the sanitary

440 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

necessities of the Commonwealth, and the relations, duties and re-
sponsibilities of the Board in view of these necessities. In the
course of this address occurred the following suggestion:

“In an immense territory like our own, larger than that of most of the
nations of Europe, with its great diversity of surface, its lofty mountain ranges,
and its immense forests, wonderful opportunities exist for sanitary engineering
on an immense scale, determining in what direction water-sheds shall be en-
couraged and in what diverted; to what extent private corporations are to be
allowed to jeopardize the health of large sections of the country by obstructing
natural water-courses, for the purpose of manufacture or navigation, and de-
ciding how far certain forests act as natural barricades against devastating
winds, and should, therefore, be left untouched by the axe in order to maintain
a permanent average rainfall, and thus avert droughts, cyclones and floods.”

Whether or not this presentation of the subject had a stimula-
ting effect on the minds of those to whom it more particularly ap-
pealed, it was not very long thereafter that the question of forestry
began to be seriously considered by leaders in agricultural science
and by our legislators, with the well known result, not of assigning
this subject to the State Board of Health, but of the establishment
of the office of Forestry Commissioner, and the final incorporation
of this office as a bureau of the Department of Agriculture. No more
important sanitary work can be imagined than such judicious pro-
tection of forest areas as shall ensure an abundant supply of pure
water for the use of our people for generations to come, while at the
same time affording recreation for the lover of sport, a resting place
for the weary and opportunity for recovery to the invalid. How well
this is being done is shown by the reports of the present indefatiga-
ble and learned Forestry Commissioner. The address continues:

“The Board must also consider the relations of the country to the city as a
purveyor. The supply of fresh vegetables and fruits, and pure milk and other
dairy products to large communities of the utmost importance, and every effort
will be made to require and secure it. The transportation of live stock for
food needs to be very carefully watched and regulated, both that none but
healthy, and therefore, wholesome meat may be exposed for sale, and that in-
fectious and epidemic diseases may not be introduced among our native herds
and flocks from other localities.”

It is interesting and encouraging to glance over the pages of that
address, already yellowing with time and note what great advances
have already been made on all the lines of reform therein indicated.

An English physician and sanitarian travelling in our country
about that time wrote as follows in one of their prominent Journals
of “the conditions here as he saw them:”

“There is much good work done under a species of semi-authority and suffer-
ance, and by volunteer exertion; but the plaintis the lack of a central authority

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 441

and administrative power to make sanitary supervision an effective reality.
The water supply of a considerable portion of a great city is abominally pol-
luted, but no sufficient authority is found to remedy it; there are numerous
and deplorable nuisances, but no efficient inspectors; there are many factories
and work-shops, but no laws to secure their hygienic condition or the physical
well-being of those employed in them; there is evidence unmistakable of the
sale of unwholesome and adulterated food, but it is nobody’s business to med-
dle with it and protect the public.”

Now let us take up these serious and absolutely irrefutable
charges serzatiém and see what has been accomplished towards the
removing the stigma.

First. The State Board of Health now supplies the alleged want of
a central sanitary authority.

Second. We have a law on our statute books forbidding the
abominable pollution of the water supply of the great city referred
to, and under this law many sources of such pollution have been
entirely cut off.

Third. The State Board of Health now has an inspector in every
county and deputy inspectors in many townships, through whose
agency hundreds of nuisances are abated every year.

Fourth. We have a State Factory Inspector, with several depu-
ties under him, and stringent laws for protecting the health of em-
ployees of both sexes and of all ages.

Fifth. We have inspectors of anthracite coal mines and inspec-
tors of bituminous coal mines, with boards of examiners for each, and
carefully drawn laws for the protection of the miners.

Sixth. We have a Dairy and Food Commissioner, with authority
to prevent the sale of adulterated food and diseased meat.

Seventh. We have a State Veterinarian and State Live Stock San-
itary Board to check the spread of disease among food producing
animals, and stringent laws have been enacted to prevent the intro-
duction of diseased animals from outside the limits of the State.
Thus so far as our Commonwealth is concerned every one of these
criticisms have been recognized as just and met in a spirit of practi-
cal reform. It is safe to assert that no previous period of fifteen
years in our history has seen such remarkable and substantial ad-
vances in measures for the protection of the life and health and in-
crease of the comfort of our people in country, village and city.

But this has been a digression which will, I trust, be pardoned.
We were wrestling with the question of the duties of a sanitarian
to a Department which has aiready a number of trained sanitarians
in its various bureaus, who are doing excellent work. May we not
conceive these duties to be twofold:

First. The presentation of problems relating to the hygiene of
the homes and occupation of those engaged in agricultural pursuits,
with an attempt at their solution.

442 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Second. The consideration of the relations of the agriculturist as
a food producer to the public at large and the duties growing out
of these relations.

Each of these lines of thought is capable of subdivision in several
directions which it is believed may be followed with profit.. Let
us hope with interest as well.

During the few moments for which I shall claim your attention,
allow me to take up one cr two problems which belong to the first-
class, and to begin with, that of “How to Banish Typhoid Fever from
the Farm House.” There is a prevalent impression that people who
live in the country are always healthy. This is simply confounding
what ought to be with what is. People who live in the pure country
air, drink water which comes sparkling from the living spring and
-at vegetables fresh from the garden and meats raised on the place,
ought to be more free from disease than the denizens of the crowded
city, shut up between brick walls, breathing an atmosphere filled
with filthy dust and redolent of the sewer, drinking water in which
a dozen towns have washed themselves and eating, heaven only
knows what. But in point of fact one does not find it so; and it not
infrequently happens that the resident of the city, seeking health and
recreation during the sammer in a farm house of a country village
returns to his home to sicken of typhoid fever, the germs of which he
has imbibed from some polluted well. For what is true in a general
way is eminently true of this widely prevalent disease. Typhoid is
conspicuously a disease of the farm house and the country village,
as compsred with the city.

The reason that we read of it oftener as occuring in the city, first,
because there, careful statistics of mortality and of communicable
diseases are kept, and secondly, because the actual number of cases
occurring in an immense population is of course large and attract at-
tention.

The State Veterinarian in his able report for 1899 states:

“The value of the work of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board has been
somewhat restricted in some instances from the fact that it has not always
been able to obtain early information of outbreaks of infectious diseases. The
fact that no one was especially responsible for the rendering of a report, has
son'etimes led to failure to report outbreaks of which many were cognizant.
This is merely an illustration of the truth expressed by the words “everybocy’s
’ There has not been, in any instance with which
I am familiar, a direct attempt to conceal the existence of infectious diseases,
and many failures to report outbreaks may, no doubt, be accounted for by the

supposition that people that knew of them expected them to be renorted by
some other person who in turn thought that another would do it.”’

busiless is nobody’s business.’

If this is true with regard ‘to outbreaks of contagious diseases
among domestic animals, it is true to an even greater extent with
regard to contagious discases in human beings.

Na. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 443

The absence of a proper system of State registration of vital sta-
tistics in this State, is at once a misfortune and a disgrace; a mis-
fortune because it leaves us without any reliable means of knowing
what the comparative mortality and prevalence of disease has been
in different parts of the State in any one year, or in the whole State
for successive years, and because it allows epidemics to get headway
before they are reported to the central authority, and this leads to
much avoidable suffering and loss of life; a disgrace because Penn-
sylvania is pointed at with the finger of scorn by sister States, as a
laggard in the great march of civilization, for the lack of it.

Am I wrong in asserting that the condition is near akin to bar-
barism in which a human being, any one of you, for instance, men
of high standing in your respective communities, if you do not hap-
pen to live within the limits of an incorporated borough or city, may,
when his useful life has terminated, be put under the ground with
no more legal or official recognition or record of the fact than if you
were a dog? Is it any wonder that grave-yard insurance has flour-
ished in Pennsylvania, when such laxity prevails? Im New York,
New Jersey, Ohio, Michigan, in fact in almost any other enlightened
Commonwealth, it would be possible for the central health authority
to present exact figures showing how many deaths take place from
typhoid in a year, and what proportion of these take place in the
country and what proportion in the city. As itis, I can only say that
the number of instances in which the State Board of Health is ap-
pealed te for aid and advice in checking the spread of typhoid in the
rural districts has convinced its members of the truth of the asser-
tion just made. During the past fall, in one little village of 1,200
inhabitants, withim the short space of two months, 167 cases of this
disease occurred with 16 deaths. Little note was taken of this by
the public at large because there were only 16 deaths. But suppose
that the fever had prevailed in the city of Philadelphia to the same
extent with the same mortality rate in proportion to population,
and we should have had 180,351 cases and 16,249 deaths, the whole
civilized world would have thrilled with horror at the thought of so
terrible a scourge and Philadelphia would have been shunied as a
veritable pest hole. If the fact be admitted that typhoid fever is a
not infrequent visitant at the farm house and in the village, how
shall we account for it? Simply by the other fact that with long
use and increasing density of population, the wells, springs and
streams of the entire State are becoming polluted, for in ninety-nine
cases out of a hundred, typhoid can be traced to polluted water as its
ultimate cause.

I know weil that here [ am treading upon dangerous ground
and hazarding indignant criticism. No one tradition does the aver-
age farmer guard with greater jealousy than the reputation of

444 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

his well. He will as soon admit that the old family bible contains
the germs of eternal damnation as that the old family well
contains the germs of disease. His forefathers used its water for
generations back, and what was good enough for them is good
enough for him. \Vho cam look upon that sparkling fluid and pro-
nounce it impure? He fails to appreciate the fact that is is just
this long line of ancestors who have preceded him in the homestead
which had made the pollution of the well not only possible and pro-
bable, but almost an absolute certainty. ‘At the risk of repeating
what many of you may have already heard, allow me to read the fol-
lowing parody on the “Old Oaken Bucket” from the pen of a former
president of the Board of Health of New York.

REVISED FROM A SANITARY POINT OF VIEW.

“With what anguish of mind I remember my childhood,
Recalled in the light of a knowledge since gained;

The malarious farm, the wet, fungus-grown wildwood,
The chills then contracted that since have remained;

The scum-covered duck pond, the pig-stye close by it,
The ditch where the sour-smelling house drainage fell;
The damp, shaded dwelling, the foul barnyard nigh it,—
But worse than all else was that terrible well,

And the old oaken bucket, the mold crusted bucket.

The moss-covered bucket that hung in the well.

“Just think of it! Moss on the vessel that lifted
The water I drank in the days called to mind,
Ere I knew that professors and scientists gifted
In the water of wells by analysis find,

The rotting wood-fibre, the oxide of iron,

The algae, the frogs of unusual size,

The water—impure as the verses of Byron—
Are things I remember with tears in my eyes.

“And to tell the sad truth—though I shudder to think it—
I considered that water uncommonly clear,

And often at noon when I went there to drink it,

I loved it as well as I now love my beer,

How ardent I seized it with hands that were grimy!

And quick to the mud-covered bottom it fell,

Then soon with its nitrates and nitrites, and slimy

With matter organic, it rose from the well.

“Oh! had I but realized, in time to avoid them,

The dangers that lurked in that pestilent draught,

I’a have tested for organic germs and destroyed them
With potass permanganate ere I had quaffed;

Or perchance I’d have boiled it and afterward strained it
Through filters of charcoal and gravel combined,

Or after distilling, condensing and regained it

In portable form, with its filth left behind.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 445

“How little I knew of the dread typhoid fever

Which lurked in the water I ventured to drink!

But since I’ve become a devoted believer

In the teachings of science, I shudder to think.

And now, far removed from the scenes I’m describing,

The story of warning to others I tell.

AS memory reverts to my youthful imbibing,

And I gag at the thought of that horrible well.

And the old oaken bucket, the fungus grown bucket.
In fact, the slop-bucket that hung in the well.”

I would say then that the first step which every farmer should
take to prevent typhoid from entering his home, is to have the
water of his well or wells analyzed both chemically and bacteriolo-
gically. ‘Should it prove to be impure, its use should be at once
abandoned, no matter hew healthy his family may have been in the
past. If, on the other hand, it is found to be free from pollution,
every possible precaution should be adopted to preserve its purity.
It should be so walled up and cemented that no surface drainage
can possibly reach it. All sinks, cesspools, dung heaps and pig
pens should be removed at least two hundred and fifty feet from it,
if on higher ground or on the same level. At least once a year it
should be pumped dry and carefully examined to discover whether
any polluting substances, such for instance as dead rats, mice or
frogs could have gotten into it, and its walls should be scrubbed and
whitewashed. If a case of typhoid actually occurs in a family, the
edict should at once go forth that not a drop ef the well water should
be used for drinking, culinary or dairy purposes, which has not been
boiled for at least ten minutes. No food which has been in the sick
room should be eaten by other members of the family. No one
should eat or drink in the sick room. Every one attending the patient
should wash the hands most scrupulously before eating, and rinse
the mouth with a disinfectant solution. All utensils used by the
patient should be boiled. The discharges of the patient should be
received in a strong disinfectant solution, stirred up thoroughly,
and allowed to stand for half an hour, and then taken out and buried
at least two hundred yards from the well or any water-course, in a
situation where they will not be disturbed for at least two years.
With these precautions there is every reason to hope that the dis-
ease will not spread beyond the first case. In visiting strange places,
unless you have absolute assurances of the purity of the water, use
only tea or coffee or cocoa.

A far less frequent source of the typhoid infection is the common
house fly. Every effort should be made to keep these pests out of
the kitchen, dining room, pantries and other places where food is
exposed. Especially dangerous on this account, is the proximity

28

446 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of a privy, a hog pen or a manure pile to a kitchen or dairy. A very
serious outbreak of this disease at a summer boarding house dur-
ing the past year was traced by the inspector of the State Board of
Health to a privy close to the servants dining room, which was
found to be swarming with flies which had easy access to the deposit
of filth. With striet observance of the precautions above suggested,
whatever conditions may prevail in cities which are too often com-
pelled to drink diluted sewage, typhoid will soon disappear entirely
from the home of the farmer.

The next problem which we may briefly consider and which I am
sure will appeal to all the fathers present, is, ‘‘How may those
scourges of childhood, diphtheria and scarlet fever, which have deso-
lated so many homes be excluded from that of the farmer?” Here
again we are net by the difficulties of determining where the hidden
danger lurks. We only know that, as a rule, schools are centres
from which infection spreads. On the other hand, the infection
must of course in the first instance have been brought to the school.
But whence? The last legislature, profoundly impressed with the
importance of this subject, placed within the reach of all dwellers
in rural districts the ineans of discovering. A law was enacted by
that body authorizing the school board of any township to assume the
functions of a board of health for the township, and requiring all
physicians to report to such boards and to the school teachers every
case of infectious disease occurring in their practice, immediately
on their discovery. This information having been received, the
law of 1895 makes the teacher’s duty very plain. No child must be
permitted to attend school frem the house in which the contagious
disease exists, without a certificate from a physician that thirty days
have elapsed since the disinfection of the house. If every school
board in the State had at once accepted the responsibilities which
this law assigns them, hundved of lives of children might already
have been saved. It should be your duty, gentlemen of the State
Board of Agriculture, as you value the lives of your little ones, imme-
diately on your return to your respective homes to remind your school
directors of their duties in this vital matter. It is highly probable
that the present legislature will so amend the law, of which I have
been speaking, as to make it compulsory and not simply permissory;
but in the meantime, why should innocent children be sacrificed to
the ertness of public officials or the greed of parents who are deter-
mined to get all they can out of the State, even at the cost of spread-
ing sickness, distress and death widecast among their neighbors.

The possibilities which we have been considering, are not mere
theories. They rest on indisputable facts. Take these suggestions
home with you, talk them over with your wives, discuss them with
your neighbors, and do your part towards hastening the time when
the voice of joy and health shall be heard in all your habitations.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 447

A REPORT ON THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE
BRITISH CONGRESS ON TUBERCULOSIS, HELD
IN LONDON, JULY, 1901.

BY M. P. RAVENEL, M. D., Delegate of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board.

The British Congress on Tuberculosis was held in London, July
22 to 26, 1901, Almost every nation was represented not only by
official appointees, but also by delegates from universities, societies,
etc. The total registration reached the large number of 2,500, of
whom more than 1,000 were actually present. Many notable scien-
tific mew were among the number.

The Congress was officially opened by the Duke of Cambridge as
the representative of the King, on Monday afternoon, July 22, in St.
James’ Hall, and on the following morning the scientific meetings
of the sections were begun. The plan was to have the meetings of the
sections, four in number, in the mornings, and the general meetings
attended by all the members of the various sections in the after-
noons, these general mectings being addressed by men of distinc-
tion.

The sections were as follows:

1. State and Municipal. President, Rt. Hon. Sir Herbert Maxwell,

2. Medical (including Climatology and Sanatoria). President, Sir
Richard Douglass Powell.

3. Pathology (including Bacteriology). President, Prof. G. Sims
Woodhead.

4. Veterinary. Tuberculosis in Animals. President, Sir George
Brown.

Many discussions of interest took place in each of these sections.
In the veterinary section the value of tuberculin as a diagnostic
agent was discussed at some length, the general opinion being
highly favorable to it. Prof. Dewar, principal of the Royal Veterin-
ary College, after considering other methods of diagnosis at some
length, concludes that in tuberculin we have the most efficient, relia-
ble and practical means of diagnosing tuberculosis. For its full
and successful use it is necessary: (1) To have a reliable tuberculin
prepared by a competent pathologist or pathological chemist; (2) to
keep the herd to be tested quiet and undisturbed, and with no marked

448 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

change in food, pasturage and general surroundings for ten or fifteen
days prior to the test; (3) to allow the veterinary surgeon perfect
freedom and every facility in the application of the test. The nor-
mal temperature must be determined carefully by repeated observa-
tions, and the temperature following the injection must be compared
- with this. He believes that most animals giving a rise of two de-
grees Fahrenheit, and formerly considered doubtful ought to be re
garded as tuberculous. Temperatures should be taken every two
hours, and always on the 9th and 18th. When applied with every
caution, at least 98 per cent. of the results will be definite and cor-
rect.

Prof. Nocard, of France, and Bang, of Denmark, both placed a very
high valuation on the tuberculin test, the former regarding it as
almost infallible when properly applied. Both, however, laid stress
on the importance of clinical examination of the udder and uterus.
Prof. Malm, of Norway, held that the test was infallible when care
was taken. His conclusions are as follows:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 449

REMARKS ON QUESTION ON CONTROL OF MILK SUPPLIES—
DIVISION IV., STATE SECTION.

“1. The tuberculin employed for diagnosis should be a tuberculin
produced on the same principles as that of Koch in 1890.

Its strength should be uniform, and it should be of such toxical
strength as to kill with certainty six to eight weeks’ old tuberculous
guinea-pigs within eight hours in doses of 20-80 centigrammes sub-
cutaneously.

2. Such a tuberculin produces unfailingly in tuberculous animals
a febrile reaction of a distinct type. It is recommended that large
doses should be given, even to young animals; there is no danger or
_ inconvenience in always employing doses of a half to one gramme.

3. Tuberculin may at times also produce fever in non-tuberculous
animals, but this fever is not typical and does not attain such a de-
gree as in tuberculous cases.

4. If a typical tuberculous reaction appears in an apparently
healthy animal, and, on dissection, nothing tuberculous is found, it
is the fault of the dessector.

5. To determine with certainty whether reaction exists or not, it
is necessary to take the temperature from the 6th to the 20th hour
after injecting, hourly or at least every second hour.

6. The fact that tuberculin in a few isolated instances produces
fever in non-tuberculous animals, is of no importance when the ques-
tion is its usefulness as a means to eradicate tuberculosis, for in this
respect it is decisive, as tuberculin invariably causes reaction in
tuberculous animals.

7. The foregoing refers to animals treated for the first time. Most
animals become more or less accustomed to the tuberculin, but this
is uncertain and unreliable and can be overcome by the use of an in-
creased dose or a tuberculin of greater toxical strength.

8. The practical combating of tuberculosis concerns administra-
tive, economical and social spheres, and the answer must vary in
different countries according to the prevalence of the disease and
its extent, the system of farming and cattle-trade, and the pecuniary
means available.”

29—6—1901

450 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Prof. Hutyra, of Hungary, had found in his experience that the
tuberculin test gave only two per cent. of error, while Prof. McFad-
yean of Canada, placed it slightly lower than this. As the result of
numerous investigations Prof. McFadyean concludes: ‘‘(1) Tuberculo-
sis is essenially a contagious disease, and ought to be so classified
and acknowledged by every country and State in the world. (2) It
is insidious in charact2r, and only in a few cases comparatively can
it be diagnosed by physical examination; but in tuberculin we have
a safe and reliable test by which even latent cases can be diagnosed.
(8) That tuberculin is harmless. It does not produce abortion in
pregnant cows, impotency in bulls, or in any way producing any in-
jurious effects on animals tested by it.”

Prof. Nocard, of France, read an important paper on

I. TUBERCULOSIS IN BOVINE ANIMALS: ITS DANGERS, ITS
PROGRESS, ITS PROPHYLAXIS.

Conclusions:

“A —Tuberculosis is ene of the diseases of cattle which causes
most loss to agriculture in all countries.

B.—Everywhere the disease is on the increase; everywhere it forms
a menacing danger to public health as well as to public wealth.

C.—Infection being the only formidable cause of the increase of
tuberculosis, there is need for the adoption of legal measures pre-
scribing:

1. The complete separation of unhealthy from healthy ani-
mals;

2. The slaughtering, without delay, of those sick animals
which show clinical signs of the disease, and especially
of cows attacked with tuberculous mastitis;

5. The interdiction from selling other tuberculous animals for
a destination other than the slaughter-house;

4. The pasteurization of all the sub-products of butter and
cheese manufactories.”

It, ON THE RISKS INVOLVED TO MAN FROM TUBERCULOUS
ANIMALS (CO-OCCUPATION, MEAT, MILK).
MEANS OF GUARDING AGAINST THEM.
Conclusions:

“A.—The resemblance of tuberculosis in man and in mammals is
no longer denied. Healthy cattle-sheds have been infected by
lengthened occupation by consumptive cattle-men.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 451

The converse is equally possible, at least theoretically. If it is
not thought possible to prohibit cattle-men from sleeping in cattle-
houses contaiming tuberculous cows, the least can be done is to warn
the proprietors of the risks of this practice, and of the responsibility
they may eventually incur. ‘The nightly supervision of the suspected
cow-shed can be etfected by means of a glass building looking on the
cattle-sheds, but having no direct communication with them.

B.—Meat obtained from tuberculous animals is rarely dangerous,
and when it is dangerous it is eoly slightly so. The established regu-
lations for the inspection of tuberculous meat would be sufficient to
prevent even the shadow of danger, if such regulations were ap-
plied always and everywhere.

Unfortunately this is not the case.

The inspection of meat is organized only ina small number of large
towns; it ought to be done everywhere, in villages as well as in
towns, and it should be everywhere forbidden to sell meat not bear-
ing the stamp showing that it has been declared to be wholesome
by a competent inspector. This inspection could be easily carried
out, and at little cost, on a similar plan to that adopted in Belgium
for many years.

C.-—The milk given by tuberculous cows is rarely dangerous, but
when it is dangerous it is most often so in a very high degree; hence
the necessity of submitting cow-houses to a periodical inspection
when the milk yielded is destined for public consumption. Cows
being really only dangerous when they have a tuberculous udder, the
inspector’s attention should be drawn to the state of the udder.
Any cow showing clinical signs causing suspicion of the existence
of a tuberculous mastitis, or of serious visceral tuberculosis ought
to be isolated at once, pending the making of a diagnosis, this being
easily and rapidly done by the present process; the milk should be
boiled before being sold and consumed, even by the animals on the
farm. The dairyman should be obliged to give information to the
inspector as soon as he has ascertained the appearance of a mastitis
of any sort. When the diagnosis is confirmed, the diseased cow
should be rigorously exciuded from giving milk, and should be
slaughtered without the least delay. Lastly, the sub-products of
butter or cheese manufactories (skimmed milk, butter-milk whey,
etc.,) should not be delivered for the consumption of persons or ani-
mal until they have been pasteurized at the minimum temperature
of 85 centigrade.”

“TIT. Presentation of a goat attacked with experimental mastitis,
and demonstration of the process of diagnosis called “harponnage.”

452 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

“TV. Presentation of tables demonstrating the efficacy of the pro-
eedure recommended by the author for rendering cow-houses that are
most seriously infected with tuberculosis, healthy, and to restore
them to their original state without being obliged to buy a single ani-
mal from outside. Calves born of tuberculous cows remain healthy
on the only condition of isolating them from their mothers as soon as
they are born, and of feeding them by bottle with boiled milk.”

The use of tuberculin for diagnosis as well as treatment in the
human being was the subject of discussion in a joint meeting be-
tween the Medical and Pathological sections. The discussion was
led by Dr. G. A. Heron, of London, who said that he was responsi-
ble for more than 2,000 injections of it. He held strongly to the opin-
ion that it had great value both from the diagnostic as well as
therapeutic standpoint, and as to the possibility of harm, he said “T
am strongly of the opinion that it is at least as safe to the patient
as is any other very potent drug.” Prof. Koch followed, and said
that from a study of over 3,000 cases he was convinced that as a diag-
nostic test, tuberculin was almost absolute. In early and uncom-
plicated cases of tuberculosis it was of great value therapeutically,
and complete cure often followed its use. To obtain its full value
the temperature of the patient should be normal before making the
injections. The value of tuberculin for diagnosis was upheld by Dr.
Osler, of Baltimore, but he regarded its therapeutic power as lim-
ited. Prof. McCall Anderson, of Glasgow, regarded it as invaluable
for diagnosis, and of great benefit in cases of external tuberculosis.
The chief opponent to the use of tuberculin was Dr. Theodore Wil-
liams, of the Brompton Hospital, who after repeated trials had
abandoned it entirely. He held that even in early cases of phthisis
it caused destruction of long tissue, and even if a temporary arrest
of the disease followed, cure was not certain.

While there was no vote taken as to the sense of the meeting, it is
my impression that the weight of opinion was that tuberculin had

much value for diagnostic purposes, and that it produced no bad
effects.

Prof. Robert Koch was the chief speaker at the second general
meeting, held at St. James’ Hall on Tuesday afternoon, July 23.
The views announced were so contrary to the former teachings of
Prof. Koch, and to the opinions generally held, that his address

caused much excitement, as well as consternation. It is given in
full below:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 452

THE COMBATING OF TUBERCULOSIS IN THE LIGHT OF THE
EXPERIENCE THAT HAS BEEN GAINED IN THE SUCCESS-
FUL COMBATING OF OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

“The task with which this Congress will have to busy itself is one
of the most difficult; but it is also one in which labor is most sure
of its reward.

I need not point again to the innumerable victims that tuberculosis
annually claims in all countries, nor to the boundless misery it brings
on the families it attacks. You all know that there is no disease
which inflicts such deep wounds on mankind as this. All the
greater, however, would be the general joy and satisfaction if the
efforts that are being made to rid mankind of this enemy, which
consumes its inmost marrow, were crowned with success.

There are many, indeed, who doubt the possibility of successfully
combating this disease, which bas existed for thousands of years,
and has spread all over the world. This is by no means my opinion.
This is a conflict into which we may enter with a surely founded pros-
pect of success, and [ will tel] you the reasons on which I base this
conviction.

Only a few decades ago the real nature of tuberculosis was un-
known to us; it was regarded as a consequence, as the expression, so
to speak, of social misery, and, as this supposed cause could not be got
rid of by simple means, people relied on the probable gradual im-
provement of social conditions, and did nothing. All this is altered
now. We know that social misery does indeed go far to foster tuber-
culosis, but the real cause of the disease is a parasite—that is, a visi-
ble and palpable enemy, which we can pursue and annihilate, just
as we can pursue and annihilate other parasitic enemies of mankind.

Strictly speaking, the fact that tuberculosis is a preventable dis-
ease ought to have become clear as soon as the tubercle-bacillus
was discovered, and the properties of this parasite and the manner of
its transmission became known. I may add that I, for my part, was
aware of the full significance of this discovery from the first, and so
will everybody have been who had convinced himself of the causal
relation between tuberculosis and the tubercle-bacillus. But the
strength of a small number of medical men was inadequate to the
conflict with a disease so deeply rooted in our habits and customs.
Such a conflict the co-operation of many, if possible of all. medical

454 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

men, shoulder to shoulder with the State andthe whole population;
but now the moment when such co-operation is possible seems to
have come. I suppose there is hardly any medical man now who de-
nies the parasitic nature of tuberculosis, and among the non-medi-
cal public too the knowledge of the nature of the disease has been
widely propagated.

Another favorable circumstance is that success has recently been
achieved in the combating of several parasitic diseases, and that we
have learned from these examples how the conflict with pestilences
is to be carried on.

The most important lesson we have learned from the said exper-
ience is that it is a great blunder to treat pestilences uniformly.
This was done in former times; no matter whether the pestilence in
question was cholera, plague, or leprosy; isolation, quarantine, use-
less disinfection were always resorted to. But now we know that
every disease must be treated according to its own special individ-
uality, and that the measures to be taken against it must be most ac-
curately adapted to its special nature, to its etiology. We are en-
titled to hope for success in combating tuberculosis only if we keep
this lesson constantly in view. As so extremely much depends just
on this point, I shall take the liberty to illustrate it by several ex-
amples. The pestilence which is at this moment in the foreground of
interest, the bubonic plague, may be instructive to us in several re-
spects.

People used to act upon the conviction that a plague patient was
in the highest degree a centre of infection, and that the disease was
transmitted only by plague patients and their belongings. Even the
most recent international agreements are based on this conviction.
Although, as compared with formerly, we now have the great ad-
vantage that we can, with the aid of the microscope and of experi-
ments on animals, recognize every case of plague with absolute cer-
taimty, and although the prescribed inspection of ships, quarantine,
the isolation of patients, the disinfection of infected dwellings and
ships, are carried out with the utmost care, the plague has, never-
theless, been transmitted everywhere and has, in not a few places,
assumed grave dimensions. Why this has happened we know very
well, owing to the experience quite recently gained as to the man-
ner in which the plague is transmitted. It has been discovered that
(nly those plague patients that suffer from plague-pneumonia—a
condition which is fortunately infrequent—are centres of infection,
and that the real transmitters of the plague are the rats. There is
no longer any doubt that, in by far the majority of the cases in which
the plague has been transmitted by ocean traffic, the transmission
took place by means of plague among the ship rats. It has also been

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 455

found that, wherever the rats were intentionally or unintentionally
exterminated, the plague rapidly disappeared; whereas at other
places, where too little attention had been paid to the rat plague, the
pestilence continued. This connection between the human plague
and the rat plague was totally unknown before, so that no blame at-
taches to those who devised the measures now .in force against the
plague if the said measures have proved unavailing. It is high time,
however, that this enlarged knowledge of the etiology of the plague
be utilized in international as well as in other traffic. As the human
plague is so dependent on the rat plague, it is intelligible that pro-
tective inoculation and the application of antitoxic serum have so
little effect. A certain number of human beings may have been
saved from the disease by that, but the general spread of the pesti-
lence has not been hindered in the least.

With cholera the case is essentially different; it may, under cer-
tain circumstances, be transmitted directly from human beings to
other human beings, but its main and most dangerous propagator is
water, and therefore, in the combating of cholera, water is the first
thing to be considered. In Germany, where this principle has been
acted on, we have succeeded for four years in regularly extermina-
ting the pestilence (which was introduced again and again from the
infected neighboring countries) without obstruction of traffic.

Hydrophobia too is not void of instruction for us. Against this
disease the so-called protective inoculation has proved eminently
effective as a means of preventing the outbreak of the disease in
persons already infected, but, of course, such a measure can do noth-
ing to prevent infection itself. The only real way of combating this
pestilence is by compulsory muzzling. In this matter also we have
had the most satisfactory experience in Germany, but have at the
same time seen that the total extermination of the pestilence can
be achieved only by international measures, because hydrophobia,
which can be very easily and rapidly suppressed, is always intro-
duced again year after year from the neighboring countries.

Permit me to mention only one other disease, because it is etiolo-
gically very closely akin to tuberculosis, and we can learn not a lit-
tle for the furtherance of cur aims from its successful combating. I
mean leprosy. It is caused by a parasite which greatly resembles
the tuberele-bacillus. Just like tuberculosis, it does not break out
till long after infection, and its course is almost slower. It is trans-
mitted only from person to person, but only when they come into
close contact, as in small dwellings and bedrooms. In this disease,
accordingly, immediate transmission plays the main part; trans-
mission by animals, water, or the like is out of the question. The
combative measures, accordingly, must be directed against this close
intercourse between the sick and the healthy. The only way to pre-

456 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

vent this intercourse is to isolate the patients. This was most rig-
orously done in the Middle Ages by means of numerous leper-houses,
and the consequence was that leprosy, which had spread to an alarm-
ing extent, was completely stamped out in Central Europe. The
same method has been adopted quite recently in Norway, where
the segregation of lepers has been ordered by a special law. But it
is extremely interesting to see how this law is carried out. It has
been found that it is not at all necessary to execute it strictly, for
the segregation of only the worst cases, and even of only a part of
these, sufficed to produce a diminution of leprosy. Only so many in-
fectious cases had to be sent to the leper-houses that the number of
fresh cases kept regularly diminishing from year to year. Conse-
quently the stamping-out of the disease has lasted much longer than
it would have lasted if every leper had been inexorably consigned
to a leper-house, as in the Middle Ages; but in this way too the same
purpose is gained, slowly indeed, but without any harshness.

These examples may suffice to show what I am driving at, which is
to point out that, in combating pestilences, we must strike at the
root of the evil, and must not squander force in subordinate ineffec-
tive measures. Now the question is whether what has hitherto been
done, and what is about to be done against tubere” losis really strikes
at the root of tuberculosis, so that it must sooner r later die.

In order to answer this question it is necessary first and fore-
most to inquire how infection takes place in tuberculosis. Of
course, I presuppose that we understand by tuberculosis only those
morbid conditions which are caused by the tubercle-bacillus.

In by far the majority of cases of tuberculosis the disease has its
seat in the lungs, and has also begun there. From this fact it is
justly concluded that the germs of the disease, 7z.e., the tubercle-
bacilli, must have got into the lungs by inhalation. As to the ques-
tion where the inhaled tubercle-bacilli have come from, there is also
no doubt. On the contrary, we know with certainty that they get
into the air with the sputum of consumptive patients. This sputum,
especially in advanced stages of the disease, almost always contains
tubercle-bacilli, sometimes in incredible quantities. By coughing,
and even speaking, it is flung into the air in little drops, z.e., in a
moist condition, and can at once infect persons who happen to be
near the coughers. But then it may also be pulverized when dried,
in the linen or on the floor for instance, and get into the air in the
form of dust.

In this manner a complete circle, a so-called céreulus vitiosus, has
been formed for the process of infection, from the diseased lung,
which produces phlegm and pus containing tubercle-bacilli, to the
formation of moist and dry particles (which, in virtue of their small-
ness, can keep floating a good while in the air), and finally to new

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 457

infection, if particles penetrate with the air into a healthy lung and
originate the disease anew. But the tubercle-bacilli may get to
other organs of the body in the same way, and thus originate other
forms of tuberculosis. This, however, is a considerably rarer case.
The sputum of consumptive people, then, is to be regarded as the
main source of the infection of tuberculosis. On this point, I sup-
pose, all are agreed. The question now arises whether there are
not other sources too, copious enough to demand consideration in the
combating of tuberculosis.

Great importance used to be attached to the hereditary transmis-
sion of tuberculosis. Now, however, it has been demonstrated by
thorough investigation that, though hereditary tuberculosis is not
absolutely non-existent, it is nevertheless extremely rare, and we
are at liberty, in considering our practical measures, to leave this
form of origination entirely out of account.

But another possibility of tubercular infection exists, as is gen-
erally assumed, in the transmission of the germs of the disease from
tubercular animals to man. This manner of infection is generally
regarded nowadays as proved, and as so frequent that it is even
looked upon by not a few as the most important, and the most rigor-
ous measures are demanded against it. In this Congress also the
discussion of the danger with which the tuberculosis of animals
threatens man wili play an important part. Now, as my investiga-
tions have led me to form an opinion deviating from that which is
generally accepted, I beg your permission, in consideration of the
great importance of this question, to discuss it a little more thor-
oughly.

Genuine tuberculosis has hitherto been observed in almost all
domestic animals, and most frequently in poultry and cattle. The
tuberculosis of poultry, however, differs so much from human tuber-
culosis that we may leave it out of account as a possible source of
infection for man. So, strictly speaking, the only kind of animal
tuberculosis remaining to be considered is the tuberculosis of cattle,
which, if really transferable to man, would indeed have frequent op-
portunities of infecting human beings through the drinking of the
milk and the eating of the flesh of diseased animals.

Even in my first circumstantial publication on the etiology of
tuberculosis I expressed myself regarding the identiy of human tu-
berculosis and bovine tuberculosis with reserve. Proved facts which
would have enabled me sharply to distinguish these two forms of
the disease were not then at my disposal, but sure proofs of their
absolute identity were equally undiscoverable, and I therefore had
to leave this question urdecided. In order to decide it, I have re-
peatedly resumed the investigations relating to it, but so long as T

4E8 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oft. Doc.

experimented on small animals, such as rabbits and guinea-pigs, I
failed to arrive at any satisfactory results, though indications which
rendered the difference of the two forms of tuberculosis probable
were not wanting. Not till the complaisance of the Minister of Agi-
culture enabled me to experiment on cattle, the only animals really
suitable for these investigations, did I arrive at absolutely conclusive
results. Of the experiments which I have carried out during the last
two years along with Professor Shiietz, of the Veterinary College im
Berlin, E will tell you briefly some of the most important.

A number of young cattle which had stood the tuberculin test, .
and might therefure be regarded as free from tuberculosis, were
infected in various ways with pure cultures of tubercle-bacilli taken
from cases of human tuberculosis; some of them got the tubercular
sputum of consumptive patients direct. In some cases the tuber-
cle-bacilli or the sputum were injected under the skin, in others into
the peritoneal cavity, in others into the jugular vein. Six animals
were fed with tubercular spatum almost daily for seven or eight
months; four repeatedly inhaled great quantities of bacilli, which
were distributed in water, and scattered with it in the form of spray.
None of these cattle (there were nineteen of them) showed any
symptoms of disease, and they gained considerably in weight. From
six to eight months after the beginning of the experiments they
were killed. In their internal organs not a trace of tuberculosis was
found. Only at the places where the injections had been made small
suppurative foci had formed, in which few tubercle-bacilli could be
found. This is exactly what one finds when one injects dead tuber-
cle-bacilli under the skin of animals liable to contagion. So the
animals we experimented on were affected by the living bacilli of
human tuberculosis exactly as they would have been by dead ones;
they were absolutely insusceptible to them.

The result was utterly different, however, when the same experi-
ment was made on cattle free from tuberculosis with tubercle-bacilli
that came from the lungs of an animal suffering from bovine tuber-
culosis. After an incubation-period of about a week the severest
tubercular disorders of the internal organs broke out in all the in-
fected animals. It was all one whether the infecting matter had been
injected only under the skin or into the peritoneal cavity or the vas-
cular system. High fever set in, and the animals became weak and
lean; seme of them died after a month and a half to two months,
others were killed in a miserably sick condition after three months.
After death, extensive tubercular infiltrations were found at the
place where the injections had been made, and in the neighboring
lymphatic glands, and also far advanced alterations of the internal
organs, especially the lungs and the spleen. In the cases in which
the injection had been made into the peritoneal ‘avity the tubercular

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 459

growths which are so characteristic of bovine tuberculosis were
found on the omentum and peritoneum. In short, the cattle proved
just as susceptible to infection by ‘the bacillus of bovine tuberculosis
as they had proved imsusceptible to infection by the bacillus of
human tuberculosis. IL wish only to add that preparations of the
organs of the cattle which were artificially infected with bovine tu-
berculosis in these experiments are exhibited in the Museum of Path-
ology and Bacteriology.

An almost equally striking distinction between human and bovine
tuberculosis was brought to light by a feeding experiment with
swine. Six young swine were fed daily for three months with the
tubercular sputum of consumptive patients. Six other swine re-
ceived bacilli of bovine tuberculosis with their food daily for the
same period. The animals that were fed with sputum remained
healthy and grew lustily, whereas those that were fed with the bacilli
of bovine tuberculosis scon became sickly, were stunted in their
growth, and half of them died. After three months and a half
the surviving swine were all killed and examined. Among the ani-
mals that had been fed with sputum not a trace of tuberculosis was
found, except here and there little nodules in the lymphatic glands
of the neck, and in one case a few grey nodules in the lungs. The
animals, on the other hand, which had eaten bacilli of bovine tuber-
culosis had, without exception (just as in the cattle experiment),
severe tubercular diseases, especially tubercular infiltration of the
greatly enlarged lymphatic glands of the neck and of the mesenteric
glands, and also extensive tuberculosis of the-lungs and the spleen.

The difference between human and bovine tuberculosis appeared
not less strikingly in a similar experiment with asses, sheep and
goats, into whose vascular systems the two kinds of tubercle-bacilli
were injected.

Our experiments, [ must add, are not the only ones that have led
to this result. If one studies the older literature of the subject, and
collates the reports of the numerous experiments that were made in
former times by Chauveau, Giinther, Harms, Bollinger, and others,
who fed calves, swine and goats with tubercular material, one
finds that the animals that were fed with the milk and pieces of
the lungs of tubercular cattle always fell ill of tuberculosis, whereas
those that received human material with their food did not. Com-
parative investigations regarding human and bovine tuberculosis
have been made very recently in North America by Smith, Dinwid-
die and Frothingham, and their result agreed with that of ours.
The unambiguous and absolutely conclusive result of our experi-
ments is due to the fact that we chose methods of infection which
exclude all sources of error, and carefully avoided everything con-
nected with the stalling, feeding, and tending of the animals that
might have a disturbing effect on the experiments.

460 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Considering all these facts, I feel justified in maintaining that
human tuberculosis differs from bovine, and cannot be transmitted
to caitle. It seems to me very desirable, however, that these experi-
ments should be repeated elsewhere, in order that all doubt as to
the correctness of my assertion may be removed.

I wish only to add that, owing to the great importance of this mat-
ter, the German Government has appointed a commission to make
further inquiries on the subject.

But, now, how is it with the susceptibility of man to bovine tuber-
culosis? This question is far more important to us than that of the
susceptibility of cattle to a human tuberculosis, highly important as
that is too. It is impossible to give this question a direct answer,
because, of course, the experimental investigation of it with human
beings is out of the question. Indirectly, however, we can try to
approach it. It is well known that the milk and butter consumed
in great cities very often contain large quantities of the bacilli of
bovine tuberculosis in a living condition, as the numerous infection-
experiments with such dairy products on animals have proved.
Most of the inhabitants of such cities daily consume such living and
perfectly virulent bacilli of bovine tuberculosis, and unintentionally
carry out the experiment which we are not at liberty to make. If
the bacilli of bovine tuberculosis were able to infect human beings,
many cases of tuberculosis caused by the consumption of alimenta
containing tubercle-bacilli could not but occur among the inhabi-
tants ef great cities, especially the children. And most medical
men believe that this is actually the case.

In reality, however, it is not so. That a case of tuberculosis has
been caused by alimenta can be assumed with certainty only when
the intestine suffers first—z.c., when a so-called primary tuberculosis
of the intestine is found. But such cases are extremely rare. Among
many cases of tuberculosis examined after death, I myself remem-
ber having seen primary tuberculosis of the intestine only twice.
Among the great post-mortem material of the Charité Hospital in
serlin ten cases of primary tuberculosis of the intestine occurred in
five years. Among 933 cases of tuberculosis in children at the Em-
peror and Empress Frederick’s Hospital for Children, Baginsky
never found tuberculosis of the intestine without simultaneous dis-
ease of the lungs and the bronchial glands. Among 3,104 post-mort
ems Of tubercular children, Biedert observed only sixteen cases of
primary tuberculosis of the intestine. I could cite from the litera-
ture of the subject many more statistics of the same kind, all in-
dubitably showing that primary tuberculosis of the intestine, es-
pecially among children, is a comparatively rare disease, and of these
few cases that have been enumerated, it is by no means certain that
they were due to infection by bovine tuberculosis, It is just as

NGG: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 461

likely that they were caused by the widely propagated bacilli of
kuman tuberculosis, which may have got into the digestive canal in
some way or other—for iustance, by swallowing saliva of the mouth.
Hitherto nobody could decide with certainty in such a case whether
the tuberculosis of the intestine was of human or of animal origin.
Now we can diagnose them. AJ] that is necessary is to cultivate in
pure culture the tubercle-bacilli found in the tubercular material,
and to ascertain whether they belong to bovine tuberculosis by in-
oculating cattle with them. For this purpose I recommend sub-
cutaneous injection, which yields quite specially characteristic and
convincing results. Tor half a year past I have occupied myself
with such investigations, but, owing to the rareness of the disease
in question, the number of the cases I have been able to investigate
is but small. What has hitherto resulted from this investigation
does not speak for the assumption that bovine tuberculosis occurs
in man.

Though the important question whether man is susceptible to
bovine tuberculosis at ali is not yet absolutely decided, and will not
admit of absolute decision to-day or to-morrow, one is nevertheless
already at liberty to say that, if such a susceptibility really exists,
the infection of human beings is but a very rare occurrence. I
should estimate the extent of infection by the milk and flesh of tuber-
cular cattle, and the butter made of their milk, as hardly greater
than that of hereditary transmission, and I therefore do not deem
it advisable to take any measures against it.

So the only main source of the infection of tuberculosis is the
sputum of consumptive patients, and the measures for the combat-
ing of tuberculosis must aim at the prevention of the dangers aris-
ing from its diffusion. Well, what is to done in this direction? Sev-
eral ways are open. One’s first thought might be to consign all per-
sons sufiering from tuberculosis of the lungs, whose sputum con-
tains tubercle-bacilli to suitable establishments. This, hcwever, is
not only absolutely impracticable, but also unnecessary. For a
consumptive who coughs out tubercle-bacilli is not necessarily a
source of infection on that account, so long as he takes care that
his sputum is properly removed and rendered inocuous. This is
certainly true of very many patients, especially in the first stages,
and also of those who belong to the well-to-do classes, and are able
to procure necessary nursing. But how is it with people of very
small means? Every medical man who has often entered the dwel-
lings of the poor, and I can speak on this point from my own ex-
perience, knows how sad is the lot of consumptives and their families
there. The whole family have to live in one or two small, ill-ven-
tilated rooms. The patient is left without the nursing he needs,
because the able-bodied members of the family must go to their

29

462 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

work. How can the necessary cleanliness be secured under such
circumstances? How is such a helpless patient to remove his
sputum, so that it may do no harm? But let us go a step further
and picture the condition of a poor consumptive patient’s dwelling
at night. The whole family sleep crowded together in one small
room. However cautious he may be, the sufferer scatters the morbid
matter secreted by his diseased lungs every time he coughs, and his
relatives close beside liim must inhale this poison. Thus whole
families are infected. ‘They die out, and awaken in the minds of
those who do not know the infectiousness of tuberculosis the opin-
ion that it is hereditary, whereas its transmission in the cases in
question was due solely to the simplest processes of infection, which
do not strike people so much, because the consequences do not ap-
pear at once, but generally only after the lapse of years.

Often, under such circumstances, the infection is not restricted
to a single family, but spreads in densely inhabited tenement-houses
to the neighbours, and then, as the admirable investigations of Biggs
have shown im the case of the densely peopled parts of New York,
regular nests or foci of disease are formed. But, if one investigates
these matters more thoroughly, one finds that it is not poverty per se
that favors tuberculosis, but the bad domestic conditions under
which the poor everywhere, but especially in great cities, have
to live. For, as the German statistics show, tuberculosis is
less frequent, even among the poor, when the population is not
densely packed together, and may attain wery great dimensions
among a well-to-do poptlation when the domestic conditions, es-
pecially as regards the bedrooms, are bad, as is the case, for instance,
among the inhabitants of the North Sea coast. So it is the over-
crowded dwellings of the poor that we have to regard as the real
breeding-places of tuberculosis; it is out of them that the disease
always crops up anew, and it is to the abolition of these conditions
that we must first and foremost direct our attention if we wish to
attack the evil at its root, and to wage war against it with effective
weapons.

This being so, it is very gratifying to see how efforts are being
made in almost all countries to improve the domestic conditions of
the poor. I am also convinced that these efforts, which must be
promoted in every way, will lead to a considerable diminution of
tuberculosis. But a long time must elapse ere essential changes
can be effected in this direction, and much may be done meanwhile
in order to reach the goal much more rapidly.

If we are not able at present to get rid of the danger which small
and overcrowded dwellings involve, all we can do is to remove the
patients from them, and, in their own interests and that of the peo-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 463

ple about them, to lodge them better; and this can be done only in
suitable hospitals. But the thought of attaining this end by com-
pulsion of any kind is very far from me; what I want is that the con-
Sumptives may be enabled to obtain the nursing they need better
than they can obtain it now. At present a consumptive in an ad-
vanced stage of the disease is regarded as incurable and as an un-
suitable inmate for a hospital. The consequence is that he is re-
lunctantly admitted and dismissed as soon as possible. The patient
too, when the treatment seems to him to produce no improvement,
and the expenses, owing to the long duration of his illness, weigh
heavily upon him, is himself animated by the wish to leave the hos-
pital soon. That would be altogether altered if we had special hospi-
tals for consumptives, and if the patients were taken care of there
for nothing, or at least at a very moderate rate. To such hospi-
tals they would willingly go; they could be better treated and cared
for there than is now the case. I know very well that the execution
of the project will have great difficulties to contend with, owing to
the considerable outlay it entails. But very much would be gained
if, at least in the existing hospitals, which have to admit a great
number of consumptives at any rate, special wards were established
for them, in which pecuniary facilities would be offered them. If
only a considerable fraction of the whole number of consumptives
were suitably lodged in this way, a dimimution of infection and con-
sequently of the sum-total of tuberculosis could not fail to be the
result.

Permit me to remind you in this connection of what I said
about leprosy. In the combating of that disease also great progress
has already been made by lodging only a fair number of the patients
in hospitals. The only country that possesses a considerable num-
ber of special hospitals for tubercular patients is England, and there
can be no doubt that the dimimution of tuberculosis in England,
which is much greater than in any country, is greatly due to this
circumstance. I should point to the founding of special hospitals
for consumptives and the better utilization of the already existing
hospitals for the lodging of consumptives as the most important
measure in the combating of tuberculosis, and its execution opens a
wild field of activity to the state, to municipalities, and to private
benevolence. There are many people who possess great wealth, and
would willingly give of their superfluity for the benefit of their poor
and heavily afflicted fellow-creatures, but do not know how to do
this in a judicious manner. Here is an opportunity for them to ren-
der a real and lasting service by founding Consumption Hospitals or
purchasing the right to have a certain number of consumptive
patients maintained in special wards of other hospitals free of ex-
pense,

464 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

As, however, unfortunately, the aid of the state, the mumicipali-
ties, and rich benefactors will probably not be forthcoming for a
long time yet, we must for the present resort to other measures that
may pave the way for the main measure just referred to, and serve
as a supplement and temporary substitute for it.

Among such measures I regard obligatory notification as specially
valuable. In the combating of all infectious diseases it has proved
indispensable as a means of obtaining certain knowledge as to their
state, especially their dissemination, their increase and decrease.
In the conflict with tuberculosis also we cannot dispense with ob-
ligatory notification; we need it not only in order to inform our-
selves as to the dissemination of this disease, but mainly in order to
learn where help and instruction can be given, and especially where
the disinfection which is so urgently necessary when consumptives
die or change their residence has to be effected. Fortunately it is
not at all necessary to notify all cases of tuberculosis, nor even all
cases of consumption, but only those that, owing to the domestic
conditions, are sources of danger to the people about them. ‘Such
limited notification has already been introduced in various places,
in Norway, for instance, by a special law, in Saxony by a ministerial
decree, in New York and in several American towns, which have fol-
lowed its example. In New York, where notification was optional
at first and was afterwards made obligatory, it has proved eminently
useful. It has thus been prowed that the evils which it used to be
feared the introduction of notification for tuberculosis would bring
about need not occur, and it is devoutly to be wished that the ex-
amples I have named may very soon excite emulation everywhere.

There is another measure, closely connected with notification, viz.,
disinfection, which, as already mentioned, must be effected when con-
sumptives die or change their residence, in order that those who
next occupy the infected dwelling may be protected against infec-
tion. Moreover, not only the dwellings but also the infected beds
and clothes of consumptives ought to be disinfected.

A further measure, already recognized on all hands as effective, is
the instracting of all classes of the people as to the infectiousness of
tuberculosis, and as to the best way of protecting oneself. The fact
that tuberculosis has considerably diminished in almost all civilized
States of late is attributed solely to the circumstance that knowl-
edge of the contagious character of tuberculosis has been more and
more widely disseminated, and that caution in intercourse with con-
sumptives has increased more and more in consequence. If better
knowledge of the nature of tuberculosis has alone sufficed to pre-
vent a large number of cases, this must serve us as a significant ad-
monition to make the greatest possible use of this means, and to do
more and more to bring it about that everybody know the dangers

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 465

that threaten him im intercourse with consumptives. It is only to
be desired that the instructions may be made shorter and more pre-
cise than they generally are, and that special emphasis be laid on
the avoidance of the worst danger of infection, which is the use of
bedrooms and small ill-ventilated workrooms simultaneously with
consumptives. Of course the instructions must include directions
as to what consumptives have to do when they cough and how they
are to treat their sputum.

Another measure, which has come into the foreground of late, and
which at this moment plays to a certain extent a paramount part in
all efforts for the combating of tuberculosis, works in quite another
direction. I mean the founding of sanatoria for consumptives.

That tuberculosis is curable in its early stages must be regarded
as an undisputed fact. The idea of curing as many tubercular pa-
tients as possible in order to reduce the number of those that reach
the infectious stage of consumption, and thus to reduce the number
of fresh cases, was therefore a very natural one. The only question
is whether the number of persons cured in this way will be great
enough to exercise an appreciable influence on the retrogression of
tuberculosis. I will try to answer this question in the light of the
figures at my disposal. ;

According to the business report of the German Central Commit-
tee for the Establishment of Sanatoria for the Cure of Consumptives,
about 5,500 beds will be at the disposal of these institutions by the
end of 1901, and then, if we assume that the average stay of each
patient will be three months, it will be possible to treat at least
20,000 patients every year. From the reports hitherto issued as to
the results that have been achieved in the establishments, we learn
further that about 20 per cent. of the patients that have tubercle-
bacilli in their sputum lose them by the treatment there. This is
the only sure test of success, especially as regards prophylaxis. If
we make this the basis of our estimates, we find that 4,000 consump-
tives will leave these establishments annually as cured. But, ac-
cording to the statistics ascertained by the German Imperial Office
of Health, there are 226,000 persons in Germany over fifteen years
of age who are so far gone in consumption that hospital-treatment is
necessary for them. Compared with this great number of consump-
tives the success of the establishments in question seems so small
that a material influence on the retrogression of tuberculosis in gen-
eral is not yet to be expected of them. But pray do not imagine that I
wish, by this calculation of mine, to oppose the movement for the
establishment of such sanatoria in any way. I only wish to warn
against the over-estimating of their importance which has recently
been observable in various quarters, based apparently on the opin-
ion that the war against tuberculosis can be waged by means of

30—6—1901

466 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

sanatoria alone, and that other measures are of subordinate value.
In reality the contrary is the case. What is to be achieved by the
general prophylaxis resulting from recognition of the danger of in-
fection and the consequent greater caution in intercourse with con-
sumptives is shown by a calculation of Cornet’s regarding the de-
crease of mortality from tuberculosis in Prussia in the years 1889
to 1897. Before 1889 the average was 31.4 per 10,000, whereas in
the period named it sank to 21.8, which means that, in that short
space of time, the number of deaths from tuberculosis was 184,000
less than was to be expected from the average of the preceding
years. In New York, under the influence of the general sanitary
measures directed in a simply exemplary manner by Biggs, the mor-
tality from tuberculosis has diminished by more than 35 per cent.
since 1886. And it must be remembered that both in Prussia and
New York the progress indicated by these figures is due to the first
beginnings of these measures. Considerably greater success is to
be expected of their further development. Biggs hopes to have got
so far in five years that in the city of New York alone the annual
number of deaths from tuberculosis will be 3,000 less than formerly.
I take this opportunity of most urgently recommending Dr. Biggs’
organization to the study and imitation of all municipal sanitary au-
thorities.

Now, I do indeed believe that it will be possible to render the san-
atoria considerably more efficient. If strict care be taken that only
patients be admitted for whom the treatment of those establish-
ments is well adapted, aud if the duration of the treatment be pro-
longed, it will certainly be possible to cure fifty per cent., and per-
haps still more. But even then, and even if the number of the sana-
toria be greatly increased, the total effect will always remain but
moderate. The sanatoria will never render the other measures I
have mentioned supertlous. If their number become great, however,
aad if they perform their functions properly, they may materially
aid the strictly sanitary measures in the conflict with tuberculosis.

If now, in conclusion, we glance back once more to what has been
done hitherto for the combating of tuberculosis, and forward to what
has still to be done, we are ai liberty to declare with a certain sat-
isfaction that very promising beginnings have already been made.
Among these I reckon the consumption hospitals of England, the
legal regulations regarding notification in Norway and Saxony, the
organization created by Biggs in New York, the sanatoria, and the
instruction of the people. All that is necessary is to go on develop-
ing these beginnings, to test, and if possible to increase their in-
fluence on the diminution of tuberculosis, and wherever nothing has
yet been done, to do likewise.

If we are continually guided in this enterprise by the spirit of
genuine preventive medical science, if we utilize the experience

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 467

gained in conflict with other pestilences, and aim, with clear recog-
nition of the purpose and resolute avoidance of wrong roads, at strik-
ing the evil at its root, then the battle against tuberculosis, which
has been so energetically begun, cannot fail to have a victorious
issue.”

REPLY OF LORD LISTER TO PROF. KOCH.

He said that the discourse they had listened to was full of pro-
found interest from the beginning to the end. But what bad chiefly
riveted their attention had been the startling thesis: that bovine
tubercle could not develop in the human body. This was a matter
of enormous practical importance because if this conclusion were
sound it would greatly simplify their preventive measures, but it
would be a very serious and grievous thing if the rules now in force
for securing purity of milk supply should be relaxed and it should
turn out after all that the conclusion was erroneous. For his own
part he thought the evidence adduced by Dr. Koch to show that
human tubercle could not be communicated to bovine animals very
inconclusive. At the same time he agreed with him that in a matter
of such great importance further inquiry was desirable. But even
if that were established it would by no means necessarily follow that
bovine tubercle could not be communicated to man. He took in
illustration the case of variola. Attempts to inoculate human small-
pox into the calf had been so very rarely successful that eminent
pathologists had concluded that small-pox and cow-pox were two
entirely different diseases. We now know that this was an entire
mistake; that cow-pox was small-pox modified by passing through
the cow. He referred to some very instructive experiments by Dr.
Monckton Copeman, wio entirely failed to inoculate human small-
pox into the calf but invariably succeeded in inoculating it into the
monkey, and was as invariably successful when he introduced matter
from the pustules in the monkey into the calf, the result being or-
dinary cow-pox which could be used for vaccinating children. It
might be that some species of animals might serve as an inter-
mediary host for tubercie between man and the bovine species. Or
it might turn out that, if a sufficient number of experiments were
made, human tubercle might prove occasionally transmissible to
the bovine animal, as small-pox was in rare instances to the calf,
and that the bovine tubercle so produced might be transmissible
to man, as was the virus of vaccine. The evidence, necessarily in-
direct, on which Koch relied as showing that bovine tubercle could
not be transmitted to man, did not seem at all conclusive. It con-
sisted mainly in the alleged rarity of primary tuberculous intestinal
lesions in children in spite of the multitudes of tubercle bacilli
swallowed by them in milk. Even if it were admitted that primary

468 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Ott. Dee.

tuberculous intestinal lesions were as rare in children as Koch’s
statistics indicated, it was certainly true that ¢abes mesenterica ex-
isted in a considerable percentage of children who died from tuber-
culous disease without tubercle being found in any other part of the
body.

When the mesenteric glands were thus affected without any dis-
coverable intestinal lesion, the natural, and indeed, inevitable, in-
ierpretation seemed to him to be that the tubercle bacilli had passed
through the intestinal mucous membrane without causing obvious
lesion in it, and had been arrested in the glands of the mesentery. It
was knewn that even typhoid bacilli, the essential place of develop-
ment of which was the intestinal mucous membrane, occasionally
passed through without producing the characteristic lesion. And
if this might occur with the typhoid bacilli, how much more likely
was such an occurence with tubercle bacilli? If this were so, Koch’s
main argument fell to the ground. As regarded the experiments
which Koch had referred to of inoculating bovine animals with ma-
terial from the glands of children affected with tabes mesenterica,
the result being negative, these experiments had been but few; and
even were they more numerous, they would not, to his mind, be quite
conclusive. It might be that tubercle from milk in the intestines
might be so modified by passing through the human subject that
the bacilli in the mesenteric glands, though derived from a bovine
animal, might be no longer those of true bovine tubercle but bacilli
having the characters of human tubercle little disposed to develop
in cattle. The Congress would probably require a more searching
inquiry into the subject before accepting this doctrine of the im-
munity of man to bovine tubercle.

REPLY OF PROF. E. NOCARD TO PROF. KOCH.

“T consider it a great honor to salute, in the name of.French bacteri-
ologists, the greatest bacteriologist of the whole world. To this
tribute of admiration and respect, [ ask of this illustrious savant
permission to make public acknowledgement of the gratitude which
I expressed to him nearly tien years ago on an occasion never to
be forgotten, when I was able to judge of the elevation of his mind,
the nobility of his character, and the rare goodness of his heart.*

A communication from Koch is always an event; that of to-day
will be heard far and wide. Parts of it charm me and fill me with
content; other parts trouble me, they appear to me full of danger.

* Allusion is here made to the sympathetic devotion shown by Prof. Koch
t» the French Commission, composed of Messrs. Roux, Strauss, Nocard and
Thuillier, sent to Egypt in 1893 to study the epidemic of cholera. It will be re-
membered that in 48 hours Thuillier was carried off by the disease.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 469

I may be thought audacious to discuss the work of a master who
is authority in all matters which concern bacteriology, and above
all in regard to tuberculosis. I know that my intervention is some-
what dangerous; however, the interests at stake are so important
and the conclusions from Koch’s work so frought with grave con-
sequences, that I cannot hesitate to respond to the invitation of our
illustrious president, Lord Lister, to speak my sentiments on the
subject.

That which pleases me in the communication of Koch is that he
justifies in a clear manner the efforts of those who protest against
extreme methods in the prophylactic measures designed to protect
the human race against the dangers of bovine tuberculosis. For
some years a salutary reaction has taken place against the extreme
measures at first adopted. The communication of Koch will ac-
complish this end; perhaps it goes to extremes in the inverse sense,
and J fear greatly that after having advised excessive and absurd
measures against imaginary dangers, people may now neglect to
take precautions against the real dangers which exist for the public
health in bovine tuberculosis.

I have always held, and recently again at the Berlin Congress on
Tuberculosis, that bovine tuberculosis plays but a small part in the
spread of human tuberculosis; but no matter how small this part
may be, it is undeniable, and it would be a great mistake to leave it
out of consideration.

Koch has not succeeded in producing tuberculosis in cattle inocu-
lated by various methods with cultures or material from human
source. He concludes from this that cattle are refractory to human
tuberculosis; that man has nothing to fear from tuberculosis of cat-
tle, and that it is useless to take precautions against it.

With all the respect due to the illustrious savant, but with all the
strength of profound conviction, I wish to say that his experiments
do not justify such conclusions.

It is a principle of the experimental method that negative results,
however great their number, cannot outweigh positive facts. There
exist positive facts proving that it is possible to infect cattle with
tuberculous matter from man. The first of these are the experi-
ments of my eminent master, Professor Chauveau. I regret ex-
tremely that his duties prevented him from taking part in this Con-
gress; he could have presented them with the authority which be-
longs to a master of experimental medicine. I will endeavor to
take his place, and to show the value of these facts from the point
of view which now engages us.

Among his numerous experiments on this subject there are four
which are particularly strong, in which calves aged from five to ten
months were infected by the digestive tract, or by intravenous in-

470 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

jection, tuberculous material from man. (Acute phthisis or caseous
pneumonia). These four animals were killed at different times up to
fifty-nine days, and at the autopsy showed very important lesions,
manifestly the result ef the experimental infection.

In two of the three calves infected by ingestion the lesions were
confluent in the intestine, the mesenteric glands, and on the periton-
eum. In the third calf, cn the contrary, while there were slight le-
sions of the abdominal organs, there existed very important ones in
the glands related to the first part of the digestive tract, namely,
the retro-pharyngeal and oesophageal glands.

Some will, no doubt, raise the cbjection to these experiments, that
dating back to a period so far in the past, when tuberculin was not
known, it was impossible to be sure that the calves used in the ex-
periment were free from tuberculosis. Chauveau had foreseen this
objection. He had choseu young calves for his experiments because
tuberculosis in calves is extremely rare. He procured these calves
in a district where tuberculosis of cows was unknown; and finally,
in each experiment he preserved as controls an equal number of
calves of the same age and origin, which were killed at the same
time as the others, and were found to be absolutely free from tuber-
culosis.

Old as they may be, these experiments of Chauveau have on that
account none the less value as positive facts against which negative
experiments cannot prevail, however numerous they may be. Fur-
thermore, several members of this Congress are announced to com-
municaie analogous facts with the proofs.

These facts prove that although it may be difficult to communicate
human tuberculosis to cattle, it nevertheless succeeds at times.
How can we explain these different results apparently contradic-
lory? it is difficult to do this with certainty, for we cannot pretend
that we are able to reproduce exactly in our experiments all the con-
ditions of natural infection. It is, however, possible to give a plausi-
ble explanation. It is a well known general law that the gradual
adaptation of any parasite to a medium, inert or living, in which it
can succeed in developing, confers on it the aptitude to develop more
easily in media like the first. This is true for the bacillus of tuber-
culosis as for all other microbes. We know how difficult it is to ob-
tain the first growth of the bacillus of Koch even on the most favora-
ble culture medium. The first culture is al vays thin and scanty,
but when once accustomed to our culture medium, it grows after-
wards quite quickly and abundantly. What is true of inert media
is still more true, @ fortior7, of living media. Every one knows that
the bacillus of “rouget du pore” develops with difficulty at first in
the organism of the rabbit. In order to kill one rabbit with cer-
tainty it is necessary to inoculate three of four animals, and death

Nc. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 471

only occurs after four or five days, sometimes longer; but by passing
this microbe from rabbit to rabbit, it rapidly acquires such a degree
of virulence that it kills rabbits in a few hours. But this bacillus,
although become so virulent for rabbits, has lost all its virulence
for swine, from which it comes originally; we can inoculate swine
with large doses without killing them, and even without making
them sick.

What I have said of the bacillus of “rouget du porc” applies also,
and nearly as exactly, to the trypanosoma of dourine in the horse.

This parasite of a higher order is inoculable into dogs, the white
mouse, and the white rat, among other animals. After some pas-
Sages from mouse to mouse or from rat to rat, it acquires such a
degree of virulence that the animals die in a few days showing an
enormous number of trypanosomes in the blood. When, however,
we inoculate the rat or mouse with this same trypanosoma after a
certain number of passages through dogs, it no longer succeeds in
killing them nor does it make them sick. The prolonged adaptation
of the trypanosoma to tie organism of the dog causes it to lose its
power of developing in the organism of the white mouse or white rat;
but a most curious thing, the trypanosoma of the dog remains always
just as virulent for the horse.

Finally, I have shown that the tubercle bacillus from man or from
cows cultivated in the peritoneal cavity of the chicken protected from
phagocytic action, thanks to the protection of a collodion sac, ac-
quires little by little the characters of the avian tubercle bacillus and
becomes incapable of killing guinea-pigs, or kills them with lesions
analogous to those of avian tuberculosis.

‘All these lead me to think that the results obtained by Prof.
Koch proceed from causes of the same kind. Cattle rarely take
tuberculosis from man, but when for some reason or other the re-
sistance of the cells is modified, diminished or suppressed, the human
bacillus can multiply and invade the organs of the subject in which
the resistance has been overcome. After this, the bacillus adapted
to its new surroundings is able to develop in other healthy cattle,
which would show themselves refractory to the action of this same
bacillus if it came directly from man. Let us admit for an instant
that if cattle are really refractory to human tuberculosis, has one the
right to conclude from this that the reverse is equally true? No,a
hundred times no; this would be contrary to ail the principles of the
experimental method. It would be above all, contrary to facts,
If experimental facts are lacking, and for cause, all clinical facts
abound which prove the possibility of the transmissibility to man
of tuberculosis of cattle. Many have seen veterinarians who have
wounded themselves while making autopsies on tubercular cows.
Some have gotten well, thanks to prompt and radical surgical inter-
vention, such as our colleague Jensen, of the Veterinary School of

472 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Copenhagen; others less fortunate, have succumbed to the progres-
sive evolution of the infection, such as our brethren, Moses, of Wei-
mar, and Thomas Walley, of the Royal Veterinary College of Edin-
burgh.

Furthermore, there exist numerous instances of infection by the
use of milk coming from cows with tuberculous mammitis. The best
known and most authoritative, concerns one of the daughters of Prof.
Gosse, of Geneva. It has almost the value of an experiment.

Finally the work of the great English hygienist, Thorne-Thorne
proves as well as evidence the reality and gravity of the danger.
During fifty years the mortality from tuberculosis in England has
diminished forty-five per cent.; during this same time, abdominal tu-
berculosis of infants has increased twenty-seven per cent. How
can we explain these figures so different? It is only for the last
fifty years that you have done much in this country towards the
cleansing of the house, the work-shop, public places, lessening in this
way the chances of infection by means of the respiratory tract,
much the most common mode for adults; but you have done nothing
against the dangers of infection by the digestive tract, which is the
most frequent method for children artificially nourished.

Thorne-Thorne does not hesitate to attribute the increase of tu-
berculosis in young children to the absence of all regulations in re-
gard to the dairy and of all measures prohibiting the use of milk
coming from cows with tuberculosis of the udder. All those who
study this question of milk agree with the opinion.of Thorne-Thorne.
It is for these reasons that I will continue to teach to-day as yester-
day: ‘Mothers of families; do not give milk to your babies unless the
milk has been boiled.’ ”

Professor Bang, of Copenhagen, was then called upon by the
chairman, and said that he thought Professor Koch had gone a little
too far in saying that there was no necessity for taking measures
against bovine tuberculosis. He had proved that there was very lit-
tie danger in inoculating cattle from man, but the inoculation of man
from cattle was a different matter, and they should be cautious in
accepting his conclusions about it.

Professor Sims Woodhead (Cambridge), was also called upon. He
said that Professor Koch’s paper was a masterly exposition of his
subject, but the very weight of his word going out to the world
made it desirable that, if there was anything to be said on the other
side, it should be known too. He was himself convinced that bovine
tuberculosis did play some part in the extension of the disease
and he adduced several reasons for his opinion. Among them
he referred to an experiment of Professor Crookshank’s, and said
that one such positive result outweighed a large number of nega-
tive ones. Professor Koch had told them that a commission had

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 475

been appointed in Germany to make further investigations, and he
suggested that the same should be done here, and that the Minister
of Agriculture should be approached with that object in order that
the question might be settled by actual experiment. But for the
present he strongly urged that they should continue to take pre-
cautionary measures.

The paper of Prof. Koch contains two important statements which
we may well examine into:

1. The claim that human tuberculosis differs from bovine, and can-
not be transmitted to cattle.

2. That if man is really susceptible to bovine tuberculosis at all,
the “infection of human beings is but a very rare occurrence. I
should estimate the extent of infection by the milk and flesh of tuber-
cular cattle, and the butter made of their milk, as hardly greater
than of hereditary transmission, and I therefore do not deem it ad-
visable to take any measures against it.”

In regard to the first point we may admit that it is, in the main,
true, though the statement of Prof. Koch goes too far. Indeed two.
of the authors quoted by him as having failed to induce tuberculosis
in cattle by means of human products, Chauveau and Bollinger,
should both be ranged on the opposite side. Chauveau was the first
who ever experienced along these lines, and succeeded in infecting
several animals of the bovine species with material from persons
with tuberculosis. In the answer to Prof. kkoch by Prof. Nocard just
given above, these experiments are mentioned in some detail. They
were given in full by Chauveau at the “Congress for the Study of
Tuberculosis in Man and in Animals” held in Paris, France, on July
28, 1891, and may be found in the “Comptes Rendus et Memoires”
of that Congress page 52. These experiments are so well known that
Prof. Kech’s allusion is inexplicable.

Furthermore, Prof. Thomassen, of the Veterinary Coilege, Ut-
recht, Holland, reported to the Congress the result of recent experi-
ments by himself, in which he succeeded in producing an extensive
general tuberculosis in one of four animals inoculated with human
tubercle bacillus. The inoculation was made into the anterior cham-
ber of the eye, and the calf slaughtered about six weeks later, “and
found to be the subject of a pretty generalized tuberculosis. The
eyeball was marked atrophied. After hardening, sections of it
showed tuberculous lesions, especially on the iris, these lesions con-
taining masses of Koch’s bacilli. The sub-parotideal, cervical, med-
iastinal and bronchial lymphatic glands of the same side were tume-
fied and hypertrophied. On one séction they showed miliary tuber-
cles. The bacilli were recovered from the bronchial lymphatic glands,
and sections of the various glands showed tuberculous lesions con-
taining the bacilli. The lungs were affected on both sides, especially

474 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

at their apices...In addition, the lungs contained numerous miliary
tubercles, and some grey fibrous tubercles of a larger size. Microsco-
pic examination of these showed that they had the histology of tuber-
culous lesions and contained the specific bacilli.” He concludes: “It
followsfromtheexperiments that it is difficult, but not impossible, to
set up in the bovine species a generalized tuberculosis by means of
pure culiures of bacilli obtained from the human subject. That the
two diseases are identical still remains a firmly established truth,
from which it follows that we must always take into-account the
danger of infection from the cow to man, which, in my opinion, is
more likely to happen than the reciprocal infection. Contrary to
Koch’s opinion, the generally admitted higher virulence of bovine
bacilli justifies us in exercising a strict supervision of the milk and
flesh of tnberculous animals. ‘The success of experimental infection
depends in large measure on the degree of resistance offered by the
animal, as Nocard has suggested, and as is demonstrated by the
second experiment. It is desirable that numerous experiments may
be carried out as soon as possible, and we do not doubt that the re-
sult will prove that the theory founded on the experiments of Shuetz
and Koch is erroneous and the outcome of a premature conclusion.”

In regard to the second point, Prof. Koch bases his conclusion
largely on the alleged rarity of primary intestinal tuberculosis, and
gives some statistics to support his claims. It is to regretted that
he neglected to quote the figures given by a number of other path-
ologists of the highest standing who have found that primary tu-
berculosis of the intestinal tract is by no means a rare occurrence,
especially in young children. Statistics on this point have recently
been published by Dr. Leonard Pearson and myself in Bulletin No.
75, pages 62 and 63, Department of Agriculture; and further in a
paper presented to the British Congress on Tuberculosis from the
laboratory of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board of Pennsylvania,
which is attached to the report.

Prof. Koch leaves out of consideration entirely, so far as we can
judge from his published statements, the findings of all these ob-
servers, who as we said before have the highest standing in the scien-
tific world. He ignores entirely the reported cases of infection
througa food, such as those mentioned by Prof. Nocard above, some
of which “have almost the valve of an experiment.” He passes by -
the evidence alforded by such statistics as those collated by Thorne-
Thorne, which show that while tuberculosis in all forms has dimin-
ished during the past forly-five years, the form known as phthisis
reaching a diminution of sixty-six per cent., that tabes mesentertcd,
the intestinal tuberculosis of infants, has actually increased 27.7
per cent in children under one year of age. Admitting freely that
statistics are not absolulely correct and making all possible allow-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 416

ance for error, we still have a condition of things which cannot be
explained except by the admission that milk from tubercular cows
can and does produce a certain amount of tuberculosis in infants.
Prof. Koch aiso falls into the error of claiming that only those cases
which show primary intestinal tuberculosis can be attributed to
food. Of late years it has been shown beyond doubt that the tonsils
may act as the portal of entry for tuberculosis. Prof Hueppe, in a
recent paper incited ky Koch’s announcement, speaks as follows
on this point: “For this reason I have a suspicion that many forms
of tuberculosis are at present erroneously attributed to respiration,
whereas they ought to be attributed to infection from food, es-
pecially milk. In a given case it is difficult to prove this postmor-
tem, but it will be sufficient to demonstrate that the cases of primary
tuberculosis of the bowels certainly represent only a minimum por-
tion of the cases ‘in which infection has been conveyed by way of the
mouth with food. The number of these cases occurring in children
is by no means so small as Koch alleged. The number of the cases
may be fairly reckoned as between 25 and 35 per cent. of all the
deaths of children from tuberculosis. All cases of tabes mesenterica
belong to this class, and according to Heller, tuberculosis of the
mesenteric glands is present in almost a half of all the cases of tuber-
culosis affecting children. In adults, primary tuberculosis of the in-
testine is rarer, but it has been recognized with certainty even in
them. The question, however, is one for public measures to be taken
with regard to it. If cattle bacilli establish themselves in even
cnly a few cases, they may open the way for a further extension of
pathogenic organisms which will now more easily attach themselves
to the human subject.”

At the third general meeting, held at Queen’s Hall, on Thursday
afternoon, July 26, Prof. John McFadyean was the principal speaker,
his address being an answer to Prof. Koch. It is given here in full:

476 ANNUAI REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

TUBERCLE BACILLI IN COWS’ MILK AS A POSSIBLE SOURCE
TUBERCULOUS DISEASE IN MAN.

“As recently as a few days ago, when I was mentally arranging
the material for the paper which I have now the great honor of sub-
mitting to this Congress, [ was under the impression that it would
not be necessary to formally prove that the term tuberculosis as
it is now employed by medical men and veterinary surgeons relates
to one and the same disease. I thought that I might ask my audi-
ence to accept it as proved, and generally admitted, that tuberculosis
in man is caused by a single definite species of organism—the tuber-
cle bacillus—that this organism is also the cause of the disease to
which veterinary surgeons apply the term tuberculosis in the case
of cattle and other domesticated species, and that there therefore
existed a prima facie case against the germs formed in the bodies
of tuberculous animals as a possible source of tuberculous disease
in human beings.

To-day, however, the position of anyone who undertakes to discuss
the inter-communicability of human and bovine tuberculosis is very
different from what it would have been a week ago, for in the inter-
val the greatest living authority on tuberculosis—the world-re-
nowned discoverer of the tubercle bacillus, and the man to whom we
are mainly indebted for our knowledge of the cause of tuberculosis—
has declared his conyiction that human and bovine tuberculosis are
practically two distinct diseases. I do not know how far the rea-
sons assigned by Dr. Koch for the opinion which he now holds on
this question may have commended themselves to the members of
this Congress, and [ am cverwhelmed at finding myself in a position
which compels me to offer some criticism on the pronouncement of
one, the latchet of whose shoes Iam not worthy to unloose.

That bovine and human tuberculosis are indentical diseases was
generally supposed to have been finally determined by Dr. Koch him-
self, when he discovered that the human and the bovine lesions con-
tained bacilli that were identical in morphological, tinctorial, and
cultural characters, and showed that the artificial cultures from both
sources produced indistinguishable effects when they were employed
to infect a wariety of animals. The labors of hundreds of workers
during the succeeding eighteen years produced nothing in serious

No. 6. DEPARTMENT Ol AGRICULTURE. 477

conflict with the conclusion that human and bovine tuberculosis were
identical diseases, but they brought to light what appeared to be
additional evidence of this identity, such as the discovery that tuber-
culin produced a specific reaction in tuberculous cattle, whether
human or bovine bacilli had been employed in its preparation. In
short, the identity of the bacilli from the two sources appeared to be
as firmly established as any other generally accepted opinion regard-
ing the identity or non-identity of bacteria associated with disease
in more than one species of animal. Since it thus appeared to be
proved that the only difference between human and bovine tubercle
bacillilay in their accidentally different position—one being parasitic
in man and the other in cattle—it was natural to conclude that, when
circumstances were favorable for the transference of bacilli from
one species to the other, human tuberculosis might have an animal
origin, and wice vers.

Opinions varied as to the frequency with which this transmission
of tuberculosis from one species to the other occurred, but practically
never within the last eighteen years regarding the possibility and
probability of such reciprocal infection. What are the grounds
upon which we are asked to discard convictions that appeared to
rest on such a solid basis? I shall endeavor to state them briefly,
as I understand Dr. Koch’s train of reasoning.

(1) The bacilli found in cases of bovine tuberculosis are much more
virulent for cattle and other domestic quadrupeds than the bacilli
found in cases of human tuberculosis.

(2) This difference is so marked and so constant that it may be re-
lied upon as a means of distinguishing the bacilli of bovine tubercu-
losis from those of the human disease, even assuming that the former
may occasionally be found as a cause of disease in man.

(3) If bovine bacilli are capable of causing disease in man, there
are abundant opportunities for the transference of the bacilli from
the one species to the other, and cases of primary intestinal tuber-
culosis from the consumption of tuberculous milk ought to be of
common occurrence. But post-mortem examination of human be-
ings proves that cases of primary intestinal tuberculosis are ex-
tremely rare in man, and therefore it must be concluded that the
human subject is immune against infection with the bovine bacilli,
or is so slightly susceptible that it is not necessary to take any
steps to counteract the risk of infection im this way.

Now, with the utmost diffidence I venture to submit that at least
cne ofthe premises containedinthisargumentis not well founded, that
the others have little or no bearing on the question, and that there
still remain reasonable grounds for regarding tuberculous cows’
milk as distinctly dangerous to human beings.

30

478 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

It cannot be denied that what may be called bovine tubercle bacilli
are as a rule distinctly more virulent for cattle and other domes-
ticated animals than human bacilli, or that the results of experi-
ments indicate that in natural circumstances there is little danger
of cattle becoming infected from human beings. But it cannot be
admitted that the low virulence of human bacilli for cattle proves,
or even makes it probable, that bovine bacilli have only a feeble
pathogenic power for man. That might have been held to be proba-
ble if it had been shown that bovine bacilli were very virulent only
for cattle, but since it is well established that these bacilli are highly
dangerous for such diverse species as the rabbit, horse, dog, pig and
sheep, and in short, for almost every quadruped on which they have
been tried, it appears to be highly probable that they are also dan-
serous to man. At any vate it is impossible to cite any ascertained
fact relating to other bacterial diseases that makes the contrary con-
clusion probable. It is well known that the majority of disease-ex-
citing bacteria are harmful to only one or two species, but all those
that are common to all the domesticated animals are also pathogenic
to man.

With regard to the view that the difference between human and
bovine bacilli in respect of virulence for cattle is of such a fixed and
constant character that it may be relied upon to distinguish the one
from the other, it need only be said that that is very far from proved.
It appears to be quite possible that what may be called the normal or
average virulence of bovine bacilli for cattle may be reduced by pas-
sage through the human subject. Besides, there are very great dif-
ferences in the virulence of tabercle bacilli found im animals of the
same species, and if a low degree of virulence for cattle is to be taken
as the distinguishing feature of human bacilli, there will be no diffi-
culty in proving that the human disease is sometimes transmitted
to the lower animals.

The third proposition in Dr. Koch’s argument is the only one which
is really germane to the point at issue, viz., that only cases of prim-
ary intestinal tuberculosis can possibly have had their origin in in-
fected milk or meat, and that “such cases are extremely rare.” Dr.
Koch refers to several large series of post-mortem observations that
appear to justify this statement, and adds that he could have cited
many more pointing to the same conclusion. Now, if it were a fact
that all the statistics relating to this point were unanimous, it
would have to be admitted that primary intestinal tuberculosis is
rare in the human subject, and that cases of infection through milk
are still rarer, though even then it might be advisable to take meas-
ures to prevent the few cases. But the statistics are not by any
means unanimous, and those that are likely to appeal with most
force to the people in this country are not at all in accord with those
quoted from Germany. During the last few years the evidence ob-

Ne. 6., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 478

tainable from the post-mortem records of two of the largest hospitals
for children in this country have been analyzed with great care, in
order to see what evidence they afforded as to the relative frequency
of the different methods of infection in tuberculosis. In the case
of the Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond ‘Street this has
been done by Dr. George Still, and in the case of the Royal Hospital
for Sick Children in Edinburgh by Dr. Shennan. ‘The conclusion at
which Dr. Still arrived was that in 29.1 per cent. of the cases of tuber-
culosis in children, primarily infection appeared to have taken place
through the intestine. That is very far from being an insignificant
proportion, and it is a striking fact that Dr. Shennan arrived at an
almost identical conclusion, and estimated that 28.1 per cent. of the
cases of tuberculosis amoung children in Edinburgh are due to alimen-
tary infection. ‘There does not appear to be any ground for suppos-
ing that there is a large margin of error in these statistics, as the
number of cases dealt with was considerable (547 in the two series),
and in both series the post-mortem appearances were intrepreted
in a way to which no exception can be taken. In face of these sta-
tistics it is not possible to assent to the statement that cases of
primary tuberculosis of the alimentary canal are extremely rare.
Precisely the contrary conclusion is the one that must in the mean-
while be drawn with regard ta the state of affairs in this country,
viz., that, at least in children, primary infection by way of the alimen-
tary canal is comparatively common.

I therefore submit that there is still a strong prima facie case
against animal tuberculosis as a possible source of human tubercu-
losis, and it becomes necessary to consider whether there are any
data from which one may estimate the extent of the danger to which
human beings are exposed through the occurrence of tubercle bacilli
in milk.

The evidence in faver of the view that tthe ingestion of tuberculous
milk is one of the causes of human tuberculosis includes a num-
ber of recorded cases in which the relationship of cause and effect
appeared to be obvious. From the nature of the circumstances, evi-
dence of this kind is very scanty, and it must be admitted that very
few of the alleged examples are absolutely convincing. Tuberculo-
sis is a disease that develops slowly, and assuming for the moment
that tubercle bacilli do occur in milk, and are a cause of disease in
persons consuming such milk, it is obvicus that, as a rule, the very
act by which the infection is brought about destroys the only direct
evidence of cause and effect that exists.

One could only expect to be able to trace the disease to the milk
when, after the onset of symptoms pointing to infection by way of
the mouth, the cow from which the milk had been obtained was still
available for examination. In practice this is rarely the case, and

480 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

it is therefore not surprising that medical literature contains very
few specific instances of the infection of human beings with tubercu-
losis by means of milk. It is obvious, however, that the entire ab-
sence of evidence of this kind would in no way exonerate milk from
the suspicion of being one of the causes, of human tuberculosis.

We have already seen that, at least in this country, in a considera-
ble number of cases of tuberculosis occurring in early life, the first
seeds of the disease appear to have entered the body by way of the
mouth. What proportion of these cases ought to be ascribed to
tubercle-infected milk? It scarcely appears to be possible to give
a very confident reply to this question, though some distinguished
authorilies have not hesitated to express the opinion that practically
all the cases of primary intestinal tuberculosis occurring in child-
hood may be set down to this cause. The late Sir Richard Thorne-
Thorne, in the Harben Lectures on the administrative control of
tuberculosis, which he delivered in 1898, expressed his conviction
that tuberculous milk was the main cause of tabes mesenterica im
children, and he characterized the loss of child life from this cause
as appalling. The evidence on which this formidable charge was laid
against the milch cow was of the following nature. The Registrar
General’s Returns show that during the last fifty years there has
been a marked decline in the deathrate from human phthisis, which
is the form that tuberculosis generally takes when the bacilli are in-
haled. On the other haud, during the same period there has been
only a slight decline in the death rate at all ages from that form of
tuberculosis which is ascribable to alimentary infection, and among
children under one year of age there has been a notable increase in
the mortality from that form of the disease. The decline in the
death rate from phthisis is ascribable to the great improvements
which have been effected during the last fifty years in the hygiene
of human habitations, such as improvements in lighting, drainage,
and ventilation. These, naturally, have not interfered with infec-
tion through milk, which has therefore remained unchecked, and in
infants has even increased, because, during the last fifty years, cows’
milk has entered more largely into the dietary of very young chil-
dren.

There are several weak point in this argument. Perhaps the weak-
est of all is the assumption that the deaths certified under the head
of tabes mesenterica correspond closely with those which the path-
ologist would classify as cases of primary alimentary infection. It
is scarcely possible to doubt that the term ¢abes mesenterica in the
Registrar-General’s Keturns covers a heterogeneous collection of
cases, of which the majority may not be cases of tuberculosis at all.
But even if it is agreed to accept all the cases registered under the
bead of ¢abes mesenterica as instances of primary alimentary in-

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 481

fection, the figures found in the Registrar-General’s Returns do not
support the contention that milk is responsible for all the cases of
tabes. It is true that they indicate am increase in the death rate
from alimentary tuberculosis among children under twelve months
old, but, on the other hand, there appears to have been a considerable
decline in the death rate from the same cause at all ages between
one and five years. Now, if tuberculous milk were a frequent cause
of tuberculosis, one would not have expected the death rate from
that cause to decline among children between one and five years
of age, for there is no reason to suppose that there has been any de-
cline in the use of cows’ milk in the feeding of children at that age
during the last fifty years. The fact appears to be that the Reg-
istrar-General’s Returns do not afford much trustworthy informa-
tion with regard to the number of cases of primary alimentary tuber-
culosis, and are absolutely worthless as an indication of the extent
to which human beings are infected by means of milk.

There is another direction in which one may turn for evidence on
this point. We cannot with any pretence to accuracy ascertain the
number of persons that annually become infected by milk, but we
may be able to form some estimate of the existing danger in this
connection by collecting information as to the frequency with which
milk contains tubercle bacilli. We know that about thirty per cent.
of all the cows giving milk in this country are tuberculous in some
degree. This statement no doubt indicates a deplorable state of
affairs, but in the present connection it is not quite so alarming as
it at first sight appears. Fortunately not every cow that is tubercu-
lous gives milk containing tubercle bacilli. Tt is true that opinions
with regard to this point are not absolutely unanimous, but there is
ample evidence to justify the assertion that as a rule the milk is not
dangerous until the udder itself becomes diseased. The experiments
pointing to an opposite conclusion form only a small minority, and
the results obtained in most of them were probably due to careless-
ness on the part of the experimenter. Ina few of the cases in which
the milk of an apparently healthy udder was found to be infective,
it is probable that the gland tissue was in reality diseased, though
not to an extent discoverable without microscopic examination. The
important question, therefore, is not what proportion of milch cows
are tuberculous, but what proportion of them have tuberculous
udders. Some authorities have estimated this to be as high as ten
per cent., but the proportion is certainly much less than that in
Great Britain. My own experience leads me to think that about
two per cent. of the cows in the milking herds in this country are
thus affected. Now, the milk secreted by a tuberculous udder al-
ways contains tubercle bacilli, and it sometimes contains enormous

numbers of them, and when these facts are apprehended one begins
31—6— 1901

482 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

to realize the seriousness of the danger to which, in the present
state of affairs, those who drink uncooked milk are exposed.

But there are one or two considerations that make the danger
greater than themere statement of the number of cows affected would
at first sight indicate. In the first place, the udder disease is not at-
tended by any pain or tenderness in milking, and the milk for a con-
siderable time after the udder has become manifestly diseased may
appear quite wholesome, though in reality it is charged with the
germs of tuberculosis. Jt therefore often happens that the gravity
of the condition is not realized by the milker or the owner of the cow,
and the milk continues to be sold for human consumption. ‘There
is scarcely any room for doubt that if it were sold and consumed un-
mixed with other milk, some of the persons partaking of it would
become infected. In practice it is usually mixed with the milk from
other cows that have healthy udders, and thus the germs are dis-
tributed among a larger number of persons. Even tuberculous
milk that has been thus much diluted may prove infective, but the
danger to the individual consumer is in inverse proportion to the
degree of dilution.

Since about one cow in fifty is the subject of tuberculosis of the
udder, and the average number of cows in the milking herds of this
country is less than fifty, it follows that the majority of dairies and
farms supply milk that is free from tubercle bacilli, or at least does
not contain any derived from this source. On the other hand, when
the infected material is present, it operates with the greatest inten-
sity in the milk of single cows, and in the mixed milk from small
herds.

It must be added that tuberculous disease of the udder is not the
only source of tubercle bacilli found in milk. A great deal of the
milk in the market contains a considerable quantity of dust and dirt,
most of which comes from the cow’s udder and the hands of the
milker, and part from the dust of the air of the cowshed. When
thirty per cent. of the cows in a byre.are tuberculous, the dirt in
that building, and the atmosphere in it, are almost certain to contain
tubercle bacilli, and some of these are very likely to find their way
into the milk. The more dirt milk contains, the greater is the chance
that tubercle bacilli from that source may be present.

What has been said with regard to the extent of the danger to
which the public are exposed through the sale of milk containing
tubercle bacilli may be summed up as follows:—The danger cannot
be defined by stating how many persons are thus infected annually,
or what fraction the person thus infected form of the total number
who contract tuberculosis in the course of a year. At the same time,
it is impossible to doubt that the danger is a very real one, since at

No. 6. “DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. . 48%

the present time milk is a vehicle by which tubercle bacilli are often
introduced into the bodies of human beimg.”

MEANS OF AVERTING THE DANGER.

“The idcal method of counteracting this source of human disease
would be to stamp out bovine tuberculosis, or to prevent the sale
of milk from every cow that is tuberculous. Unfortunately, it must
be admitted that at present that is unattainable. At the present
time probably not less than thirty per cent. of all the breeding and
milking cattle in this country are in some degree affected with tuber-
culosis, and to urge that the disease should be attacked on the lines
adopted in dealing with cattle plague and pleuro-pneumonia, is an
effectual method of preventing any Government from touching the
subject. But, although the complete and rapid extermination of the
disease is impossible, it does not follow that nothing can be done,
or ought to be done, in the way of prevention. The disease has at-
tained to its present alarming proportions simply because, until
quite recently, altogether erroneous notions were held regarding its
cause, and because there has hitherto been the most absolute neglect
of the precautions necessary for its prevention. The greatest ob-
stacle to successful action against tuberculosis, whether in man or
animals, is the ignorance of the laity regarding the cause of the dis-
ease. ‘The immense majority of cattle owners are not yet convinced
that contagion is the only cause of tuberculosis, and very few of them
have yet made the slightest effort to check the spread of the dis-
ease. As a rule, cows and other cattle visibly ill from tuberculosis
are still left alive and in close association with their fellows, al-
though the lowest grade of common sense and prudence would sug-
gest that such animals ought to be promptly killed, or, at least, iso-
lated. It is not want of common sense, nor is it mainly lack of
means that is responsible for this inaction; it is simply a want of
conviction on the part of cattle owners that tuberculous animals are
dangerous to their companions.

The first thing necessary in this connection is education of the
people regarding the nature of the disease. It is necessary, because
in this country, where Parliament never moves except by the force
of public opinion, the legislative action required will not be taken
unless the people are satisfied of its wisdom, and also because even
the most drastic sanitary measures enforced by the law are likely
to fail if they are not supplemented by the intelligent co-operation
of the people. The National Asociation for the Prevention of Con-
sumption and the Royal Agricultural Society have been endeavor-
ing to disseminate sound views regarding the cause of bovine tuber-
culosis among farmers and others, but much remains to be done in
this direction. But it is not reasonable to ask that things should

484 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ~ Off. Doc.

be left as they ave until the education of the farmer in the matter
of tuberculosis has been finished. If there are any practicable and
reasonable measures by which, figuratively speaking, the flow of
tubercle bacilli from tuberculous cows to healthy human beings can
be stopped or impeded, they ought to be immediately enforced.

As soon as the valuable diagnostic properties of tuberculin had
been proved by experience, it occurred to a good many people that its
assistance ought to be called in in order to exclude tuberculous cows
from milking herds. In cther words, it was thought that although
it might not be practicable to insist upon the application of the
tuberculin test to all infected herds, and to compel the isolation or
slaughter of all cattle thus found to be infected, it might still be pos-
sible to require that oniy cows found to be free from the disease by
the application of the test should be kept for milch purposes. I
doubt whether anyone who is well acquainted with the circum-
stances of the case now believes this practicable. Here, again, the
fact that one-third of the cows now giving milk are tuberculous is
an insurmountable obstacle. The cost of carrying out the tuber-
culin test several times annually in all the milking herds in this
country would be enormous, and the exclusion of all reacting cows
from such herds would seriously disorganize cattle breeding as well
as milk production. Moreover, to rely blindly on the tuberculin
test, and to pronounce the milk of every cow that does not react
to it free from tubercle bacilli, would be very unsafe. The test is
recognized to be one of great value, but it is not infallible. Rather
serious defects in connection with it are:—(1) That for a period after
infection—a period that is sometimes very considerable—an animal
will not react; (2) that in some advanced cases of tuberculosis no
distinct reaction is obtainable; and (3) that in a considerable pro-
portion of cases a second reaction is not obtainable for some days or
weeks after the first. It is therefore clear that if we wish to ex-
clude the milk of tuberculous cows, or if the object is the more re-
stricted one of preventing the sale of milk from tuberculous udders,
some system of inspection is necessary. This was the conclusion at
which the Second Royal Commisison on Tuberculosis arrived. We
have already seen that whatever danger attaches to milk comes
mainly from the cows with tuberculosis of the udder, and the public
health would be almost entirely safeguarded from this danger if
we could exclude such animals from our dairies. Periodic examina-
tion by competent inspectors would go a long way to securing this
object, but the inspection would require to be at rather short in-
tervals, for a tuberculosis of the udder may come into existence and
attain most dangerous dimensions in a period of a few weeks. The

more frequent the inspection the better, but, of course, this means a
great deal of expense.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 485

If every town and rural district produced its own milk, it would
be a comparatively simple problem to organize and carry out a fairly
efficient system of inspection of milch cows; but as the law at pres-
ent stands, the majority of the population cannot obtain this safe-
guard. With the exception of Glasgow, Manchester, and a few other
places, a local authority has no power to inspect cows outside its
own district, and the helpless position in which this state of the law
leaves the inhabitants of London and other large towns is obvious.
If cows of which the milk is sold for human food had everywhere to
be submitted to periodic inspection, such inspection would naturally
be undertaken by the various local authorities, each of which would
supervise the cows and cowsheds in its own district; but tie com-
pulsory inspection of all the milch cows in the country would be a
very large undertaking, and perhaps it would be premature to press
for it. In the meantime, a good case can be made out for making
general the special powers relating to inspection of cows in outside
districts which a few fortunate cities have acquired by special acts
of Parliament. This also was one of the directions in which the
members of the Second Royal Commission on Tuberculosis consid-
ered immediate action to be necessary.

There remain for consideration some other safeguards which would
doubtless be less effective than those just discussed, but which, un-
like these, would not be difficult to enforce, viz:—(1) Compulsory
notification of udder disease and of any symptoms of tuberculosis
in milch cows, with, of course, the power to inilict a considerable
fine for not reporting; and (2) the imterdiction of the sale of milk
from any cow suffering from tuberculous disease of the udder, or ex-
hibiting clinical signs of tuberculosis. Against the demand for the
amendment of the existing law to the extent of granting the public
these very reasonable safeguards against infection through milk, it
cannot be urged that they would be very expensive, or that they
would press harshly on private interests. The present state of the
law, or rather the almost entire absence of any law, dealing with
tuberculous udder disease in cows, is a scandal and a reproach to
civilization. [t scarcely sounds credible, but it is a fact, that the
owner of a cow in the most advanced state of tuberculosis, and ex-
hibiting the most manifest signs of udder disease, may sell that
cow’s milk for human food as long as the sale has not been specially
interdicted on the certificate of a veterinary surgeon, and no penalty
attaches to this crime of deliberately or carelessly placing on the
market a food material charged with the germs of a dangerous dis-
ease.

In the interests of public health, the sale of milk from tuberculous
udders, and from cows that are obviously tuberculous in any part
of the body, must be stopped, and it must be declared illegal to keep

486 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

such animals alive. There need be no hesitation in pressing for this
reform, because the measures demanded are in the interests of the
owners of cattle, and would be advisable even if it were established
that bovine tuberculosis is not transmissible to man. There is no
dispute as to the danger of visibly tuberculous animals to others
of their own species, and it is the very reverse of a hardship to the
owner of such animals to insist on their being slaughtered.

It would probably be regarded as a serious omission if I did mot
refer to one other method of counteracting whatever danger at
present attaches to impvre milk as a cause of human tuberculosis.
No matter how highly charged milk may be with tubercle bacilli,
it can be deprived of all danger from that source by raising it to
the temperature known to be fatal to these germs. Less than the
boiling temperature (212 degrees Fahrenheit) suffices for this pur-
pose; but, unfortunately, the lowest temperature that can be relied
upon imparts to the milk a flavor that many people find distasteful.
That objection does not hold good in the case of infants and young
children, and the custom of boiling or steaming the nursery milk for
a few minutes cannot be made too general. But while abstinence
from uncooked milk is a sure way of avoiding infection with bacilli
present in that article of food, it cannot for a moment be admitted
that this absolves public health authorities from all concern with
the subject. Arsenical beer may be made harmless by adding the
proper antidote before drinking it, but the most courageous brewer
would not plead this as an excuse for selling the impure article.

In conclusion, I would venture to express the earnest hope that the
Congress wiil not endorse the view that it is inadvisable to take any
measures to prevent the transmission of tuberculosis from the lower
animals to human beings. To justify the introduction of measures
to that end it is not necessary to contend that this is a common
method of infection, or that the danger arising from milk can for a
moment be compared with that present in human sputum. The in-
halatien of tubercle bacilli expelled from the bodies of human
patients is doubtless the great cause of human tuberculosis, and
every practicable means of preventing infection in that way ought
to be employed; but, at the same time, we ought not to concede to
the milkmen the right to sell us tubercle bacilli, even if we were
assured that—like Dr. Koch’s experimental pigs—we had nothing to
fear beyond the development of ‘little nodules here and there in the
lymphatic glands’ of our necks and a ‘few grey tubercles’ in our
lungs.”

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 487

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE BRITISH CONGRESS ON
TUBERCULOSIS.

1, That tuberculous sputum is the’ main agent for the convey-
ance of the virus of tuberculosis from man to man and that indis-
criminate spitting should therefore be suppressed.

2. That it is the opinion of this Congress that all public hospitals
and dispensaries should present every out-patient suffering from
phthisis with a leaflet containing instructions with regard to the
prevention of consumption and should supply and insist on the
proper use of a pocket spittoon.

3. That the voluntary notification of cases of phthisis attended
with tuberculous expectoration and the increased preventive action
which it has rendered practicable has been attended by a. promising
measure of success and that the extension of notification should be
encouraged in all districts in which efficient sanitary administra-
tion renders it possible to adopt the consequential measures.

4. That the provision of sanatoria is an indispensable part of the
measures necessary for the diminution of tuberculosis.

5. That in the opinion of this Congress and in the light of the work
that has been presented at its sittings, medical officers of health
should continue to use all the powers at their disposal and relax
no effort to prevent the spread of tuberculosis by milk and meat.

6. That in view of the doubts thrown on the identity of human and
bovine tuberculosis, it is expedient that the Government be ap-
proached and requested to institute an immediate inquiry into this
question, which is of vital importance to the public health and of
great consequence to the agricultural industry.

7. That the educational work of the great national societies for
the prevention of tuberculosis is deserving of every encouragement
and support. It is through their agency that a rational public opin-
ion may be formed, the duties of public health officers made easier
of performance and such local and State legislation as may be re-
quisite called into existence.

8. That this Congress is of the opinion that a permanent national
committee should be appointed: (a) To collect evidence and report on
the measures that have been adopted for the prevention of tubercu-
losis in different countries; (b) to publish a proper statement of these
measures; (c) to keep and publish periodically a record of scientific
research in relation to tuberculosis; and (d) to consider and recom-

488 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

mend measures of prevention. This Congress is further of the opin-
ion that such a committee should consist of representatives to be
elected by the great national societies formed for the suppression of
tuberculosis and also representatives nominated by various Govern-
ments. It is further of the opinion that all international committees
and great national societies whose object is the prevention of tuber-
culosis should be asked to co-operate.

9. That, in the opinion of this Congress, overcrowding, defective
ventilation, damp, and geverally unsanitary conditions in the houses
of the working classes diminish the chance of curing consumption
and aid in predisposing to and spreading the disease.

10. That while recognizing the great importance of sanatoria in
combating tuberculosis in every country, the attention of Govern-
ments should be directed towards informing charitable and philan-
thropic individuals and societies of the necessity for anti-tubercu-
lous dispensaries as the best means of checking tuberculous disease
amongst the industrial and indigent classes.

11. That the following question be submitted to the consideration
of the next Congress:—The constitutional conditions of the in-
dividual which predispese to tuberculosis and the means whereby
they can be modified.

The resolutions adopted by the Congress at its final session, and
which have been given above, indicate well the tendency of the dis-
cussions as well as their results, and the balance of scientific opin-
ion. It will be observed, that with the exception of Prof. Koch’s
views regarding the absence of danger to man from bovine tubercu-
losis, nothing particularly new was brought forward, and there was
practical unanimity of opinion concerning all points of public inter-
est.

N:. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ¥ 489

PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS IN THE RESTORA-
TION OF WORN OUT SOILS.

RY R. F. SCHWARZ, Analomink, Monroe County.

We have all heard, and some of us have seen a few of them, of
the abandoned farms of New England; farms, which, while in times
past their owners were enabled from the proceeds of their product
to bring up generations of families in comparative comfort, have so
run down or because of the exhaustion or rather ill treatment of
their soil have become so unfertile that their last owners, unable
longer to make them pay, have forsaken them for the poorhouse or
for some other pursuit.

Pennsylvania, as well as New England, though not to as great
an extent, has her abandoned farms, and has a still greater number
of farms which ought to be and will be abandoned unless their
owners pursue a more generous and intelligent course in the treat-
ment of their soil. The lesson must be learned that you can not
take something from nothing and that no matter how deep the well,
so soon as you take from it and keep on taking from it water beyond
its capacity to refill, so soon is that well bound to me exhausted.
We in the eastern States must learn that lesson now or in fact
should have learned it before now, but even the tillers of the seem-
megly exhaust-proof rich soil of the western prairies will in time be
forced to learn it.

Analysis of average soils shows us that there are stored in the
top twelve inches of earth sufficient of nitrogen, of phosphoric acid
and of potash to last for hundreds and hundreds of years; the sole
question beimg as to how to make these valuable and necessary in-
gredients of plant growth, which live there in a temporarily insolu-
ble state, available as plant food.

While others have succeeded as well as have I, in restoring lands
of this description to a fertile condition, I may do some good by giv-
ing my experience in this line. I bought in 1888 a farm of 38 acres,
which had been cropped for many years by its previous owner who
had raised and brought up on it quite a large family of boys and
girls. After his death, the children having all moved away and
settled elsewhere the farm was for eight or nine years rented out on

490 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

shares, which means that it was constantly cropped but that no
fertilizing value or material was put back on the soil. It proved so -
unproductive that at the end of that time no one would further waste
lime and effort in the attempt to raise crops which would not even
payforthelabor. It was then rented out for pasture, but the year be-
fore I bought it the starved appearance and condition of the two
cows pasturing on it led their owner to move them tc more congenial
climes and the farm became a burden on the estate which owned it,
for the taxes had to be paid from other resources or incomes than
those of the farm. The land was considered so poor that as my
friend Sceds puts it, you could not even raise a disturbance on it.

At this time I bought it because [ needed more land; but the cir-
cumstances and conditions of my need were such that I had to make
up my mind to at once utilize the land for the raising of crops and
at the same time to bring it up to as nearly its virgin productive-
ness as I could. It was impossible for me to apply manure as I
had use for every pound of manure I could make or buy on my mar-
ket garden of fifteen acres, and as a matter of fact I have never put
even a single load of manure on this farm during the thirteen years
of my ownership and yet, while I have continuously by force of cir-
cumstances cropped every field every year, these thirty-eight acres
are to-day in a condition of fertility not equaled by any other land
for miles around.

I knew from trips through the south that but comparatively small
portions of the large plantations there in vogue were being culti-
vated, and that their owners, too indolent to have manure hauled out
on their extensive fields, and too much in need of the money pro-
duced by their crops to spend it on fertilizers, depended for fertility
entirely or the natural grasses which would overrun the idle fields
and being left undisturbed, would after four or five years have quite
a coating and quite a root system of vegetable matter, which, when
plowed under, would so act on the soil by reason of the humic
acid created as to bring the soil to produce quite fair crops for the
labor expended. ‘These fields would be cropped for two or sometimes
three years and then again left lying idle for the next four or
five years, while other grass grown fields were given their chance to
furnish the needed crops. I reasoned that after all, all soil had
been made fertile by decayed vegetable matter and that if I could
produce this vegetable matter on my fields between crops and plow
it under year after year I should soon be able to restore my farm to
proper fertility and condition.

While I believe that this process could be followed and success
achieved in time withort the use of fertilizers, my needs were such
that in order to immediately use my land and to save time I thought
it best and cheapest in the end, to resort to the use of fertilizers,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 491

The soil is a slatey shale underlaid by a clayey sub-soil and in three
of the fields by hardpan, which in its turn is underlaid by a sandy
gravel. One of the hard pan-fields I tile-drained at very considerable
expense, which great outlay deterred me from applying this expen-
sive remedy to the others. You will see later what effect my method
of renovation has had on these two fields which remained without
tile drains.

The first spring I took in hand four of the seven fields, putting two
in potatoes and two in early corn, all with a generous application of
fertilizer. I may here say that I consider fertilizers as only a means
to the end and that end is to be able to do without them. The
crops realized were not great, but still paid fairly for the investment.

Just as soon as the crops were gathered during late summer and
fall these fields were plewed and sowed to rye. I used rye because
I then knew of no other plant which could be grown for my purpose
at that time of year. The rye, having been sown reasonably early
and finding, I supposed, some of the unused fertilizer as food, grew
well and was plowed under the next spring at various stages of
growth and all four fields again put in crops, the two potato fields
being put to corn and the two corn fields to potatoes, using a re-
duced amount of fertilizer. The other three fields were plowed and
planted that spring, two with corn and one with potatoes and the
same process of sowimg and plowing in rye was followed that fall
and the next spring.

The agricultural press of the time began to tell us of the great
work crimson clover was doing in the reclaiming of soils in Vir-
ginia and Maryland, but no one in my latitude then supposed that
it could be grown successfully much above the Mason and Dixon
line, and that we should ever be able to use it for the purpose of
drawing the free nitrogen of our atmosphere from the boundless
sky and store it in the shape of globules on its roots for the suste-
nance of crops to follow, besides giving us in its rapid and I may
say rank growth the largest quantity of that humus we so much
needed. Of cow peas I knew nothing nor did I then know of
an early variety of soja beans, which has been introduced since.
So the rye was all I had and I considered that it was
not till 1893 or ’94, I think, that at a farmers institute in Lackawanna
county I heard Mr. George Powell, of Ghent, N. Y., tell of his success
in growing crimson cloyer more than a hundred and fifty miles north
of my county (Monroe). I at once concluded that if he could
grow it I could, and in July of that year I sowed it in my corn fields.
. This first attempt proved a failure for two reasons: The one was
the fact that I had sown it on top of the freshly stirred soil at the
last cultivation of corn and the other I have ever since thought
was that I obtained Maryland seed, or in other words, seed which
had not been properly acclimated, |

492 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE : Off. Doc.

After another talk with Mr. Powell, that fall I tried again and had
the satisfaction of complete success in four of my fields. These four
crimson clover fields, the first in my county, were during the next
springtheadmirationand wonder of my neighbors for many miles and
your then colleague on this Board, Mr. Randall Bisbing, came seven
miles and walked with me through clover reaching considerably
above our knees. But a few years before to the certain knowledge
of all these people this farm had been considered absolutely worn
out and yet here I could show them clover fields such as the older
men had not seen since their boyhood and this in face of the fact that
hardly more than a half dozen farmers in the county could succeed
in raising red clover excepting in well manured fields.

These four fields were plowed under that spring and I have since
followed this practice year after year where possible. Where, be-
cause of the limit of time in which crimson clover must be sown, I
am unable to get it in, I have used cow peas and in one case soja
beans, or where too late for these, for they should with us be plowed
under after the first nippimg frost, | have continued to sow rye, com-
bined however with “sand or winter vetches.” This idea I got from
Europe from a friend to whom I wrote. The vetch is a plant be-
longing to the leguminous species, the same family to which clover
belongs; it is of a viney trailing growth and the rye is added simply
to give sepport to the vining vetch plant. As a nitrogen gatherer
T consider the vetch superior to even crimson clover; the globules
on its roots are almost a continuation of small cockscombs and the
quantity of nitrogen stored therefore supposedly greater; but as a
producer of vegetable matter simply it is inferior to crimson clover,
as neither its roots nor its top have the branching habit of the
clovers. Nevertheless it is extremely and equally valuable because
it can be sown so late in the season and will not winter-kill.
Wherever rye or wheat grow there will vetches grow, and when-
ever rye or wheat can be sown, with us as late as October 15, their
can vetches be sown successfully.

Keep in mind all this time that with the exception of the first
year when but four fields were in crop, I have never in all these years
lost a year’s crop from any of these seven fields, two of which are in
raspberries and blackberries sown between the rows every year with
crimson clover or with cow peas, either of them plowed in in proper
time. IXeep also in mind that while I was at first obliged to use
complete fertilizers containing the expensive item of nitrogen for
several years past I have been able to dispense with this expensive
ingredient and have used only potash and phosphoric acid. Had I
knows of crimson clover and cow peas and vetches four or five years
sooner I should have saved on the purchase of nitrogen just that
much longer. T consider that my crops, if in the early stages of the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 493

experiment they merely paid the expense of their growth, have since
amply paid me for the work and have paid a very fair interest on
the investment. That being the case it remains to be seen what
this method of restoring worn out soils has done for my land.

At the time of purchase, on plowing I found a hard top soil of about
three inches, which fell from the plowshare dead and lifeless when
first tilled, below that was a yellowish poor looking subsoil. In
contrast to-day we plow over eight inches deep without striking this
yellow substance, and a rich darkish soil falls from our mould
boards and quivers as though alive quite a while after the plow has
passed.

In the two fields underlaid by hard pan the process has done even
more; | cannot explain scientifically, but suppose that the constant
work of the clover or vetch-roots has little by little penetrated the
strata or hard pan and has thus opened pores for the escape of water.
Certain it is that the symptoms previously apparent after a heavy
rain, when I would sink half up to my knees in the soil, have dis-
appeared and the soil is evidently well drained and seems to enjoy
full capillary action.

More than this, all the iand from being a soil previously most in-
juriously affected by droughth has become almost droughth-proof,
evidently because the humus-filled soiled is able to retain and hold
immense quantities of moisture which previously simply leached or
drained off. For an example:

One of the fields was in the fall of 1899 sown to rye, because it
was too late to put in anything else, and I discovered also
too late that all my vetch seed had been sown. Last
spring one of my men persuaded me, because of our usual
difficulty to get encugh straw by purchase, to let the rye
stand. I disliked doing this, but on finding that I could
rent a field from a neighbor to take the place of this rye field
for my crops, I finally yielded but had red clover sown in the rye
with little faith however in our ability to get a stand.

I think you all know that our section of the State, the northest-
ern section, never before experienced so severe and so lasting a
droughth as last year brought us, and yet this field of rye made a
most wonderful growth, not only in straw which reached over my
head, but also in the development of the heads. When cut I had it
immediately hauled to a neighbor who threshes as a business, and
he told me that this rye turned out one-third more to the 100 sheaves
than the best he had ever threshed before.

After the rye was off I had no time to go over to the farm, but,
feeling that I ought to return something to the soil for what it had
given me without any fertilizer whatever, I sent one of my men with
a team and a bag of cowpeas to plow the field and sow it, the peas to

31

494 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

be plowed under in the fall. Imagine my surprise when he came
back after a little while and asked me if I meant him to plow under
the clover. I had forgotten all about the clover and never sup-
posed that it could make a stand in such a droughth. I went over
‘at once and there found a wonderful even stand of thrifty red clover,
the first on that farm ia twenty five years; last fall, which of course
was late, some time before winter set in a friend of mine walking
over the field with me, called me extravagant because I did not cut
the clover for hay. It was then a solid mass almost knee high.

Now this is the simple story of a method which anybedy can use.
Some labor, a little seed and, if time is more valuable than money,
some fertilizer to start with will make a rich field out of the poorest
land in a few years time. Any owner of a worn out farm, not being
obliged, as I was, to crop his fields every year, ought by this method
to be able to restore his entire farm to paying fertility. If this pro-
cess of returning a plentiful supply of humus to the soil after taking
off crops were generally employed by our farmers we should never
hear of abandoned farms and but little of exhausted or worn out
soils in Pennsylvania.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 495

METHODS OF STEER-FEEDING.

Co-operative Experiment by the Pennsylvania State Department
of Agriculture and the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment

Station.

UNDER THE IMMEDIATE SUPERVISION OF G. C. Watson AnD A. K. Rissir,
State CouiecE, Pa.

Bulletin No. 67, published in August, 1900, gives an account of
an experiment which was designed to test various methods of feed-
ing steers. This experiment has been repeated in all essentials
and the results described in the following pages. It is recognized
that one trial, with a comparatively small number of animals, is not
sufficient to determine the many questions involved in such a test.
Therefore, the experiment herein described was designed to be
largely a repetition of the one made the year previous, in order
that the results of the two may be compared and that somewhat
more reliable data may be secured for the information of those who
are particularly interested in converting the roughage of the farm
and commercial stock foods into the more valuable product of
prime beef. The narrow margin of profit in feeding steers, which
have been reared in other localities, compels the feeders to study
closely the strictest economy as to the outlay of labor and money,
and to note tendencies even before results are obtained. One ob-
ject of the trial was to determine as far as possible the comparative
cost as well as the efficiency of various methods of feeding.

Plan of the Huperiment.

The experiment was devised to test certain practical methods
of confining fattening steers as well as to test the usefulness of auto-
matie watering devices for fattening animals as steers are usually
confined throughout Pennsylvania. The experiment was designed
to determine, if possible:

(1) The effect of different methods of supplying drinking water;

(2) The effect of different methods of confining fattening animals;

496 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

(83) The amount of labor required to care for animals under these
various conditions.

Experiment No. 2. (Dec. 6, 1900, March 19, 1901.)

In order to make this test as satisfactory as possible under practi-
cal conditions, space was set aside in the basement of the college
barn in a similar manner to that described in Bulletin No. 67.
Three lots of steers were used in this experiment. One lot, Lot
No.1, consisting of ten animals, was placed in a large box stall 20x214
feet in area, which is exactly the same space that the ten steers
would have occupied had they been placed in stalls; that is, the
stalls were removed and the space occupied by the stalls enclosed
by high board partitions, which made, to all intents and purposes,
a large box stall. On account of the lack of space, Lots Nos. 2 and
3 consisted of but six steers each. These were kept in stalls ad-
joining the box stall. Lot No. 1 (in the box stall) was supplied
with water furnished by means of automatic watering basins, in
which water was kept before the animals all of the time except
when the water was withheld for a short time previous to the
weighing periods. Lot No. 2, which consisted of six animals, was
supplied with water by means of automatic watering basins similar
to Lot No. 1. Lot No. 3 consisted of six animals, and was placed
in stalls in a similar manner to Lot No. 2, with the exception that
the steers were turned out once each day for an hour or two in a
large yard adjoining the basement, where they were permitted to
drink in common from a large watering trough. The animals of
Lots Nos. 1 and 2 were not removed from the pen and stalls except
as it was desired to weigh them on alternate weeks.

The Animals.

The steers used in this experiment were purchased at the
stock yards in Pittsburg, November 21, 1900, by Mr. William C.
Patterson, the Farm Superintendent, and the writer. In this con-
nection, it should be stated that Mr. Patterson has successfully
fattened one or more carloads of steers on the college farm each
year for many years, and is recognized as an expert buyer. The
steers selected were dehorned grade Shorthorn steers raised in east-
ern Ohio, and were carefully selected as to size, age and quality,
so far as outward appearance would indicate. The steers were
sorted into lots soon after they were purchased and were confined
in the pens and stalls until the experiment was begun. The steers
were sorted with great care in order that the lots might be as
uniform as possible and at the same time have nearly the same
average weight. These steers were tame and considerably above the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 497

average as to quality and general appearance. They had been given
considerable grain and were “well started.” In fact, some butchers
would have selected a few for slaughter. In the following table
(page 10) is given the weights of each steer at the beginning and close
of the experiment, as well as at each weighing period on alternate
weeks during the period of feeding.

Rations Fed.

Each lot was fed a grain ration consisting of nine parts of
corn meal and one part of wheat bran by weight, in such quan-
tities as would be readily consumed. The judgment of an ex-
perienced feeder was relied upon to determine the amount that
should be given from day to day. An accurate account was kept
of the total amount of grain consumed by each lot, but no effort was
made to determine the amount of food consumed each day. The
grain for each lot was weighed out weekly and placed in a bin. The
feeder having access to this bin fed each lot the necessary amount.
At the end of the week, that remaining in the bin was weighed and
deducted from the amount previously weighed out. In a similar
manner an account was kept of the hay and corn stover consumed by
each lot of steers. The hay consumed by the three lots was of good
and uniform quality, largely timothy with a little clover. The corn
stover was well cured and shredded. The hay and corn stover were
placed in large sacks and weighed and taken from the sacks and
placed in the mangers as required. The unconsumed portions were
weighed back and deducted from the total amount offered them, the
difference giving the amount consumed. As the refuse was fre-
quently small, it was not weighed back until a considerable amount
had accumulated; that is, the unconsumed hay and stover were re-
moved each day and kept until a considerable amount had accumu-
lated, when the whole was weighed and sampled. The following
table gives the amount of food consumed weekly by each lot:

32—6—1901

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

498

|

§°6FY‘T 80°9ST 0°89 L°PLL‘T FFI SB Sal OS" T6L‘T 02°éTé

$963 '6 | $°986 0°860‘F S°6F9 ‘OT G° 982 ‘T g°698'F 0°ST6 ‘LT O°ZEL‘s
0°859 ¢°98 832 0°LE9 0° 9ST 0° 8% 0° S92 ‘T 9LT
0°08 3°96 GLB 0°8SL g"6TT 0° 062 9°82 'T 913
0° 989 03T 183 9°08L S*sor 0°66 0°88h'T G°L6L
O° PLL 86 S° 38% G°88. GS" SIT 0°00e S°6rF'T 0°FIZ
0°¢219 99 L186 0°9bL LG 3° 166 ¢°086 ‘T 0°38T
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0°808 OF 293 0°08 $°09 S° 16 $°6Ss 'T 0° 061.
S° eS) 1 SLE 3°08L $9 S° 408 0° 612'T $° 661
¢° 099 gg | $°99% 0°69L €9 g°9l2 0°LET'T 0° L0G
g°SLS bE | Ge 0°66L 69 0° 883 0°060°T O°LLT
S'S oF | S°#9G 0°999 18 0°86 0°920°T $° 602
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No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 499

It was observed early in the experiment that Lot No. 3 was not
consuming so much corn stover per thousand pounds of live weight
of animal as either of the other two lots, yet it did not seem ad-
visable at that time to change the amount given them. Thus, it
was noticed that the steers that were turned out to water once a
day corresponded quite closely in the consumption of corn stover
to a similar lot of the previous experiment. The amount of hay
and stover offered each lot and the amount refused are shown below,
as well as a similar statement of the previous experiment.

Amounts of Hay and Stover Consumed by each Animal of each Lot.

: co]
3 4 o FS
ce} g oD ®
3 9 3 By @ A
& 3 n Es] ww c
a a r= 3 o (2)
b=] o ¥ ta °
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| ls — z
Experiment Ne. 1, 1899-1900:
iD@je: IL, SS5a0nedenogdcedooccooddonosoRseodobobadc | 1,107 11 1,096 203 189 314
| 1,091 26 1,065 503 | 215 288
| 1,068 52 1,016 bul 321 180
Experiment No. 2, 1900-1901: ‘
IL@)\e “I, sgaadsnndoopaddooooUodoOudoUdL bopdoOnoduC 780 4 76 338 | 75 313
780 61.5 728.5 333 178 215
780 97 683 323 236.5 156.5

The animals that were turned out in the yard to water each day
did not consume roughage as readily as those that were supplied
with water from automatic watering basins.

It will be noticed that Lots Nos. 1 and 2 refused less hay and
stover than Lot No. 3; also, that in both experiments Lot No. 1
refused the least hay and stover, that Lot No. 2 refused more and
Lot No. 3 refused the most in both instances. Im all cases the hay
and stover that were not consumed were removed from the mangers
and weighed. Practically none was thrown from the mangers and
wasted by the steers. It is true that in 1899 and 1900, the three
lots were not given quite the same amounts of hay and stover,
although the difference in the amounts given was not great, and
it should be noticed that the lots that consumed the least were
given the least.

Weights and Gains.

In the case of nearly every animal, the increase in weight
throughout the experiment showed considerable variation, as
seen in the table of weights. This is no doubt due chiefly to
the amount of water retained in the system at the time of
weighing. In each case, the weight was taken at nine o’clock
A. M., and after the water had beer withheld for about sixteen hours.

500

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

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No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 501

The weights at the beginning and end of the experiment were ob-
tained by weighing each individual animal on three consecutive days
and taking the average of these weights. It is well known that
a single weight may be quite misleading as regards the true weight
of the animal. As shown in the table of weights, some individuals
at some weighings apparently lost weight. This is undoubtedly
due to the variation of the water in the system of the animal at
ithe time of weighing and not to any unthrifty condition at that
time, as some of these animals have made most excellent gains
throughout the whole period of feeding, which would not have been
expected had they actually lost in weight during two or four weeks
of the feeding, as indicated by the table of weights. Animal No.
68 of Lot No. 1, at the third and fourth weighing, indicated a loss
of 77 pounds for four weeks, while this animal gained throughout
the whole period an average of 2.13 pounds per day. Without doubt,
the weights were misleading and the animal did not show an un-
profitable feeding condition. The following table gives the gain of
each individual of each lot:

ai

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bo oo 3 3 Pe

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Steer No. oh a S oO g

: e ri 2 5

S oo i Q

2 a = g &

a 9] Oo eo ie]

my ra) a G G

|
GSM eee econo a oreo a wiocowadecectests snateeste 959 1,122.5 163.5 17.05 | 1.57
(eae ee ee i aa SE ee ei nee 1,013 1,242.5 229.5 22.66 | 2.21
Gr MUIR eters a rere teenies aelialslaclorsie Salas, ace elolawciasinadis 1,005 1, 249 244 24.28 | 2.35
GR, codacod Cosson Sc bc ences Hoe CREE ECC ee ae inden nomena cer 1,015 | 1,216 201 | 19.91 1.93
Be a eer eee Hel slaciarois prone Lola 1,023 | 1,342 319 |. 31.18 3.07
MNT MR RSE Ne CO TE, 2th Nave Sepaibiole s srmiaiatele Slee 972 1,193 221 eeaat sal 2.13
OME EN Mire eine Saraelh cits eines neo Asideiciars sTaulamciciets 911 1,065 154 | «= 16.90 1.48
TIO, ccbaddo 6g SERCO OC TD ance otic Ean ban Ameen acc eee 911 1,069.5 158.5 17.40 1.52
iil, | noosobeecosvaodsooead duaschscomoanvenneusopoanbessongas 884 1,129 | 244 | 27.60 2.25
1 ERR eee et Ah ane Lie LIL drerclaeuiate Sect STOR 788 990 | 202 25.63 1.94
Mot alps once e des sass eacennea asceirs Wratten 9,481, 11, 617.5 | “2,136.5. |.c-eeneee 20.54
PACT Meee ioisielaie eiclelsieleloic/afoleteleloleiereielelefoie alele #vete)e/sieie || e\e’eis/s]s)sia1s10)|/e/sinjes\sieiais «ill a/ieieisieleis fe [tisteetees 2.05
Se ee ee =

ll, ockdco ReneS GH UEHD SURE oHEE I Sean Sena EE Sococancnaae merc S82 1,127 245, || 27278 2.36
MERA Nara mre ad anc mtainanaie co Mew aes eeiisieiee.sire 1,015 | 1,182.5 167.5 | 16.50 1.62
RMR ERG a NR renin s Aetna nai aaielaeieie Saeed sacl 963 | 1,184.5 221.5 23.00 2.13
Foe ernie sete are ietateiele a isioiclels (she, oleic) staiele; steiells(aleie'a)s lege 0) s|alc/ele/ete\elere 862 1 128 266 | 30.86 2.56
EER NR INO Rory 62 PER ian ya tisrnae na Glee Sease 976 W33g | 262 | ~ 26:86 2.52
Sen ee Soon een onicle arse cicinie paarsleaialata S18 992 1,191.5 199.5 | 20.12 1.92
Tate eee een 5, €90 A Heel maa eaeaee 13.09
PACU E ete Creme ete tareleieleisicle aie clsfel<)-iriulieta/elasnlclo/ele/atels cleleininlo eleilisljnleleleisi¥i=l= Sdoodadodel bococo- Stel conacedenr 2.18
(pea eS SS SS SS (SS Se | Se
ee tec r es ote Naceaaseed 1,065.5 | 1,257.5 192 | 18.02 1.85
BSE a a CCN Mab RANNS. iUnlaaseaokionecsered 1,064.5 | 1,244 179.5 | 16.81 1.72
3). SOB Daa COB OORT ROCHE IER ir i HCOR CEE ace near Na oer | 87 1,110.5 238.5 | 27.35 2.29
(> cacoa CECE ROS oR Han Onan Gano De ero coer mae | —- 888.5 | 1,096.5 208 | 28.41 2.00
Ge ka tra ne Cian bia tae sen mace nomen 889 1,087 198)" |= "22228 1.90
GOMER eed eae See Reser Dh ie wate ait lanluss slog ese eees | 923.5 | 1,087.5 164 | 17.76 1.57
TOGA ee cine/cioan eee indie Sis aaale eases ae Ree | 5,708 6, 883 PP ASOME AM eccse ance 11.34
BATU ONES OM Fara cic cicicieleis oscictele cis1sjaisibielsfele(a ofalelslotetesetereteveroreraye | ececeeeeeeleeeeeeeeee|eeeeeeeees | Re Soyteteionie 1.89

502 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

From the above table it will readily be seen that Lot No. 2 made
the greatest average gain per day; also, that Lot No. 1 occupies
a medium position between Lots Nos. 2 and 8. There it not differ-
ence enough in the gains of the three lots to warrant the claim
of marked superiority of one method over another, as the three lots
gave about as uniform results as would be expected from three
lots kept under uniform conditions. The objection to feeding a
number of steers in a yard or pen has been raised, that there is
likely to be both underlings and those that make unusually good
gains. It is true that steer No. 67, of Lot No. 1, made considerably
greater gain than any in Lots Nos. 2 or 3, and also that one steer,
No. 69, made the least gain of any of the three lots, although No. 62,
of Lot No. 3, which was confined in a stall, did not greatly exceed
the small gain of steer No. 69. While the gains of the steers of Lot
No. 1 occupy both extremes, yet they are sufficiently pronounced to
warrant any definite conclusions being drawn from these results.
The following table gives the amount of food consumed by each
lot per pound of gain of live weight:

Food Consumed per Pound of Gain in Live Weight.

Hay. Stover. | Grain.
Ibs Ih. aoqnndqcuoodugdonUdondd EddccndegoncperccnS aralefalotelclelaictetcisletetetetetete | 3.62 1.46 8.39
AOE yy | Seveisrn:cinicre ayare o(ale cle coieinse wae .elaterelobaiclele eta lsistelotelere (a ctetelelsisvsleteeielelaayetets | 3.21 94 7.82
AGE ALE «lire c oivis aiv\siele\eloie.cle cle}o's)sraleiola\e/ete 6] olalelejainie:steieielelsielelslefetcieiaisictaieiereleia/a 3.47 oto 8.39
| |
Amount of Food Consumed.
Hay. Stover. Grain.
o o o
ie, ios im
nD a n
Le] ue) ol
r= S rs
rs 3 3
fo} ° fo}
on i) | ror
Sa Se | 32
a ae =o aw a6 we
Ca oa sen ee ee ae
o oa ue ° rT) = ° ov z
ia | py d By & Ay
UAV EMO Vo hie icles (aisle siecaivielole tic wie/ave @ sisislalciaieitioveie tare wetere 7,761.5 735.7 3,132.0 | 296 17,915 1,698
ROD MOLL Mates aia ccleisteriecteliocaties sclera etecrcisitere 4,369.5 684.5 1, 286.5 202 10, 649.5 1,671
PMID MELUE aie N i clctrte le oa tiers o(cicla’s ale sics.cleldoerenicts meteieice 4,098.0 651.2 936.5 148.8 | 9,896.5 1,572
|

From the above it is seen that Lot. No. 2 made a pound of gain
in live weight with the least amount of food. This lot also made
the greatest total gain per day throughout the whole time of feeding.
While Lot No. 1 made a somewhat greater gain than Lot No. 3, it
evidently was at a somewhat greater expense of food, as Lot No,

Ne 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 503

3 required a trifle less food to produce a pound of gain than Lot
No. 1. It is also shown that Lot No. 3 consumed less food per
thousand pounds of live weight than either of the other two lots.

The differences in the results of these two methods of feeding, as
shown by these trials, are not sufficient to warrant definite conclu-
sions. j

Experiment No. 3.

On April 1, 1901, six steers were placed on experiment similar to
ihe one previously described. The main object of this experiment,
however, was to determine whether there was a great difference
in the retention and preservation of the manure made from the
three lots. The steers were weighed at the beginning and end of
the experiment, as described in experiment No. 1, and the food
was weighed and fed as described in that experiment. Each lot
consisted of two steers. ‘The steers of Lot No. 1 were loose in
a box stall and supplied with water by means of an automatic
watering basin. The steers of Lot No. 2 were confined in stalls,
but supplied with water by automatic watering basins, and Lot No.
3 was watered as were the animals of Lot No. 3 of experiment No. 2.
The following table gives the weights of the steers at the beginning
and end of the experiment, gain per cent. and gain per day in pounds:

=: vu
. ie}
&
| : z
8 F
cS Xe Q r= 3
cS — o >
S| = ° 3
bo to a =f cs)
@ o 3 o hi
E = by a o
— - _
% R 3 § Eg
As 3 ° e 3
= B A O ee
% |
Lot I |
RSERE TSE MINI Uo) | latele\aiel cicletcietcisieicicieielelele/e «'ss(clelet=.c\ele;s\e/0/e ais;eleie)eieisia 912 1, 081 169 18.53 2.96
Steer NO.) 2, ...cccecccccccscccccecccee coccccccccerccces | 876 1, 016 140 15.98 2.46
AVETAZC, cccceess sactareietaleieleinelnveleleieteleletelelelelevelatereleiais elaisyeleterelels | 894 1,048.5 154.5 [ccc cccces 2.71
Lot II | |
SECETINGS) Ohl wiisicleieicletmieiele.o/e.0[o.=10 olele sls ele olsivie sicie siviein ne sie.eeies | 926 1,075 149 16.09 2.61
RECTOR CED Mg er Manco sreniticsicecisnseloctenws crac | $62 1,046 | 184 21.35 3.23
PRCT A COMES ateisiolclslojelereicinicic sim cicrelcicie's/ctsleis(olcisieieistalel= sie'einjeis)sieieie 894 1,060.5 T6GSB ewe ccieesciele 2.92
Lot III |
SRO C TMI OMI Io cysieletelaleicicizioiciateleicie.cieleleisieie cle sisistele\siejeleyeleiw'aivisie 976 1,131 155 15.88 3.04
SEE CIMINO LG: sac ciesinisia's cle onesie n ss'celvn ccs twicic ceusicsicccces 784 905 121 15.43 2.37
PANT eUE Cie wtcifaholaieteselele is cVeloie nin =/a)ote a \nrelelsyeis\nisis/s(0]sie\e|/+ie.s)e\e\n ele 880 1,018 | US 0 lS5Gc0cnace 2.70

It will be observed that Lot No. 2 made a slightly greater gain than
either of the other lots. Lots Nos. 1 and 3 were practically the
same. The following table gives the food consumed for each lot. It
should be noted that the coarse fodder fed these three lots consisted
entirely of hay. While the gain of these steers in live weight cor-
responds quite closely to that of experiment No. 1, yet it is shown
below that Lot No. 3 consumed considerably less food per pound of
gain of liye weight than either of the other two lots,

504 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
Food Consumed.
Lot I. Lot II. . Lot IIT.
ate.
For Week Ending:

eee eer |e

G) g os 3 o 3

ee oO 10) a) He) oO
Jdptyall ER se bahecdoneadopodccdcoocosoasuoTd0do. 168 189 141 200 91 166
JN SI shGpeacnospuogcocnmocoucscosppocoopadc 164 228 144 206 87.5 148
MES TAR SA ean aa ove slain wig! o:stais atasalais eratdiciete e(a(ale eisie’sieteretele 164 237 138 191 82 141
PANTIE TOG si aticta tie aleieieibiezeisciioversiete,cfeisia(elsvaleiejelaleistereteteiets 167 200 164.5 218 128.5 169
IME tk) eandpae posodpocucocgeaccoccannenoonaper 177.5 235 155.5 | 223.5 124.5 216
EU ata ininierojais = «aire, n'ajeic/e-ele(e clcleloln's\elsjelstatalsisieiate 176 234.5 160.5 224 129 234.5
WICK PAle saqpandoDobopdoodondonpudoudoddooubduS 163 234 175 220 155 231
MEMS RS os rec heen 192 268 173.5 | 264 | 433 +60

SOLS mate clei ecleleicloniccleiereistelelorivielinioraereiaicars 1,371.5 1,825.5 1,252.0 1,746.5 | 840.5 1,365.5

{ For two days only, Lot III was sold May 23.

Food Consumed per Pound of Gain in Live Weight.

Hay.
MEA Misti 5 nfo afea/3(cyst ie in sterase) eV aratorsiots (ole/ereteversteya:s totais voiace etataisteloreeistelaloiersale eis ethic eteteisien cele } 4.44
EO Geed Min retarsresclelsi va ccretaraniciniclevereaccrermarararaie stare iorntetrsictecleleieinteioiniste elec eioteice maven ieee eee 3.76
EPOCH ALLL: assis sreisicls.cjaistaljcieis'eioicles ele aie ave) eicle’e sisvuaisvetareieieterele eieterecclare eiare areloinrereineieaioietereiaeinre 3.45

Grain.

wm OU
wrnw
See

Labor Required.

The labor of attendance is often a deciding factor in the selection
of stock for fattening, and it also determines the manner in which the
stock should be fed. The cost of the manual labor required to take
proper care of the stock in question sometimes determines the profit.
Systems of feeding that require the least labor are to be preferred,
provided, they are equal as to the amount of food required and the
gain secured. The following table shows the amount of labor re-
quired for attendance for each lot during the entire feeding experi-

ment of 104 days:

Time of One Man Required for Attendance.

of

a Ty
cI raf
z | & 3
<1 g &
3 5 °
r=) A to
we .
o =e os)
S| gb |g 5
po = °
fs} os 2 im
4 < = Ay
|
Lo aU > BORGO ODE ODDO HIDORCCDADCOOL COCA DGG Orr he ee en 10 | 79.6 | 79.6 51
PRIUMN LL peau was Usieiciwvesiess oGine vis.cle ce cote riod Semmes anGnee ere 6 88.8 *148.0 | *95
MUMIA Toutes civialy a\erania' ais oip ci sin'cae ae vie oulsiciey ciaae otibrecist ee CIC EE Oe eee 6 | S853) “LOD Dl aces ctestee

* Calculated to ten animals, the number in Lot I.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 505

As shown above, it required 79.6 hours of actual labor of one man
to attend to ten animals of Lot No. 1, and 93.8 hours of labor to care
for six animals of Lot No. 8 that were kept in stalls and turned out
to water once each day. If this proportion is used to determine
the amount of labor required to care for ten animals in stalls, it will
be seen, as shown in the above table, that steers in pens furnished
with automatic watering basins required about one-half as much
time of the attendant to properly care for them as was required to
attend to the same number of animals kept in stalls and turned out
in a yard to water. The stalls were cleaned out each day and the
box stall was cleaned out twice during the experiment. The follow-
ing table is taken from Bulletin No. 67, which gives the difference in
time required to care for the three lots of animals which were
kept under similar conditions as those described in the preceding
pages:

Time of One Man Required for Attendance,

Percentage

Hours. | of Lot III.
93.66 | 76.0
113.33 | 92.0

In this experiment each lot consisted of five animals, which un-
doubtedly made the lots too small to note the greatest difference
in the time of attendance.

Bedding Required.

It has been maintained that there is a saving in bedding when
the animals are kept in large pens or yards. The question of
saving bedding is oftentimes of considerable importance. In some
localities, where large quantities of straw are available, it is de-
sired to make use of the largest amount that can be used profit-
ably. On the other hand, where there is a scarcity of bedding
material, it is oftentimes desirable to care for the animals in such
a manner that the least amount of bedding will be required.
Throughout this feeding experiment a strict account was kept of the
weight of the bedding material. Straw was used exclusively. This
was weighed out in large sacks and a record kept of the number of
sacks used for each pen. At the close of the experiment, it was
found that the same number of pounds was used per animal in each
lot. The use of straw was left to the judgment of the feeder. He
determined how much was necessary to keep the animals clean and
comfortable.

Prem the foregoing pages it will readily be seen that the differ.

5U6 ANNCAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dor.

ences in the results of the three methods of confining fattening steers,
do not show that one method is markedly superior to another, so far
as gain in live weight from the food consumed is concerned. The
results of the three methods, as shown by each experiment, are about
as uniform as would be expected had the three lots of them been
kept under practically uniform conditions. The slight differences
in gain are not sufficient to recommend one method over another.
While the steers were selected with great care, yet the differences
in the individuals of the three lots may account for the slight differ-
ence in gain. The fact that a different lot in each experiment made
the greatest gain from a given amount of food, tends to show that
the variation of the lots is probably due to the individuality of the
animals rather than to the difference in the methods of confining and
feeding.

It was observed in each experiment that those animals which had
a supply of water before them all the time had a somewhat better
appetite and consumed their food with greater relish than did those
that were turned into the yard to water once each day. Any advant-
age that one method may show over another is chiefly due to the dif-
ference in the amount of labor of attendance.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 507

ADDRESS DELIVERED BEFORE THE NATIONAL
LIVE STOCK ASSOCIATION, CHICAGO, DEC. 8,
LOL

BY LEONARD PEARSON, State Veterniarian of Penna.

Mr. Chairman: I ask to be heard on this occasion as a delegate
from an eastern State, the great dairy State of Pennsylvania.

The Grout bill, which proposes to put a tax on colored oleomar-
garine and to place the responsibility for the enforcement of this
measure upon the federal authorities, is not a bill to interfere with
the sale of uncolored olcomargarine, the poor man’s substitute for
butter, nor to tax oleomargarine out of existence. It is merely, as
has been well said, to tax the fraud out of oleomargarine, for col-
ored oleomargarine is a fraud, it is colored to imitate butter, so that
it may be sold as butter to people who want butter, ask for butter
and pay for butter. It is not colored for any other earthly reason.
The purpose of the Grout bill is not to increase the cost of living, nor
to prevent the cheapening of the diet of the workingman; it will not
do this. It is to insure the sale of oleomargarine for what it is, and
if it is sold for what it is, the workingman who wants it will get it
cheaper than he will if it is colored and sold to him as butter. It
is a bill to prevent counterfeiting, to prevent fraud; this and nothing
more, —

This Association has in the past put itself on record as opposed to
the Grout bill. This action is construed in the east as in opposition
to the dairy industry. I happen to belong to four representative
associations of live stock men in Pennsylvania, none of which are
members of this Association on account of the impression that this
organization is the friend of bull butter as against cow butter. The
Pennsylvania Breeder’s Association, the Pennsylvania State Dairy
Union and the Pennsylvania Jersey Cattle Club have not joined with
you for this reason. The Pennsylvania Guernsey Breeder’s Associa-
tion was a member and withdrew after your hostile action on the
Grout bill last year.

All that the dairy farmers of the east want is protection against
unfair, dishonest competition. Many States have endeavored to
protect themselves against this fraud by the enactment of State

508 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

laws, but in every State the enforcement of these laws is difficult
by virtue of their lack of uniformity among the States on account of
their failure to apply to crigimal packages in interstate trade and on
account of court delays. Only a federal statute can cover the ground
fairly, and one is sorely needed.

Perhaps you do not realize the conditions that the eastern farmer
is working under. There was a time not so long ago, when the
beef, muiton and pork used in the cities of the east were produced on
eastern farms. Farm land was worth from $75.00 to $200 per acre.
Then came a time whea the Government, with the cordial approval
of these eastern farmers, gave to settlers in the west, virgin, fer-
tile farms, or sold such farms for nominal prices. Great railroad
systems built lines into these new regions and carried their products
to the east at rates proportionately lower than were charged the
eastern farmer. It became impossible for the eastern farmer to com-
plete successfully in the meat and grain markets with the western
farmer, encouraged in efiect by governmental and corporate subsidy,
and so the business of meat and grain production has been relin-
quished to the west. In the free use of public lands, the beef-cat-
tle and the sheep industries are still receiving enormous govern-
mental subsidies in comparison with which the subsidy asked for
ocean steam ships is a mere bagatelle. This is the sort of compe-
tition that confronts the eastern farmer. Competition as strong
as ever confronted and crushed out an industry, competition keener
than had to be met by the rivals of the Standard Oil Company.

But agriculture in the cast is not crushed; far from it, and largely
because it is sustained by dairying. It is true that farm lands have
lost more than fifty per cent. of their value and that good 100 acre
and 200 acre farms may be bought for the cost of their fences and
buildings, and that there is a constant migration from farms to
towns; but there are still as many and as good farms and farmers in
Pennsylvania as ever, and all are making a living and are educating
their children. That the present measure of success if possible is
due more to dairying than to any other thing.

Now what is it proposed that you shall do? That you shall ad-
vocate the defeat of the Grout bill and, practically, that you shall en-
courage the sale of colored oleomargarine as a fraudulent substitute
for butter.

Colored oleomargarine is sold in dishonest competition with but-
ter. It is cheap and can be sold as butter for a much lower price
than butter. Suppose it causes a fall of but five cents per pound
in the price of butter; this means a loss of $12.50 on the value of the
product of a cow producing 250 pounds of butter a year. It means
a loss of $125 on ten such cows, and a loss of $500 on forty cows of
this class. Yon all know that this difference is oftentimes more
rhan the diflerence between success and failure.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 509

Why should you subject the eastern farmers and dairy farmers in
general to this ruinous blow? Does the Grout bill threaten you?
Will you get less for your cattle if there is a tax on colored oleomar-
garine? Of course not. The right to sell untaxed colored oleomar-
garine will help the packer and the oleomargarine manufacturers,
but surely not the producer of beef. It seems to me that every prin-
ciple of fairness, of honesty and of justice would impel you to protect
dairymea from the dishonest competition that they now sulier from.
It affects the cheese maker and milk shipper as much as it does the
butter maker, because the price of butter governs the price of milk.

There is one other feature in this discussion that appears to be
worthy of mention. The price of land in the east is now on a lower
plane than it is in the Middle States and in the west. Farms that
will raise a given amount of corn and pasture and a given number of
cattle can now be purchased more cheaply in Maryland, New Jer-
sey, Pennsylvania or New York than in Illinois or Lowa.

The price of beef is now at a point that is tempting to many dairy-
men; some dairymen in the Central States are now, notwithstand-
ing the high price of butter, turning their attention to the production
of beef. Free butter from unfair and dishonest competition and
this change will not be extensive. Dairymen will stick to their
trade. Permit the unrestricted sale of colored oleomargarine, the
price of butter will fall, the dairymen will become beef producers and
the price of beef will foilow the price of butter.

Last week there was a fat stock show in Philadelphia, and on tne
night of Thanksgiving Day there was a banquet of five hundred
men interested in the development of the home dressed beef trade
as opposed to the trade in western dressed beef. It was shown that
there is a large and growing demand for beef killed at home. You
may be surprised to learn that the dealers in home dressed beef
now have the upper hand in the markets of Baltimore, Philadelphia
and New York. This means that there is to be more competition in
buying butcher cattle, which will aid you, but it also means that
when the eastern dairymen is compelled by dishonest competition
to produce beef, he will not be without a local market.

The eastern farmers must change back to beef production, if they
are driven to it by fraudulent competition in their special industry.
Thereare4,000,000 cattle in New York and Pennsylvania. If but ten
per cent. of these are marketed as ripe beeves each year, it will mean
the production of as many cattle as are now annually exported to
England, and the effect of the sale of those 400,000 eastern steers
will be felt keenly from Montana to Texas, and will lower the price
of cattle in Omaha, Kansas City and Chicago; and what would the
effect be if twice as many of them were so marketed each year?

29

Oa

510 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

And now, gentlemen, I ask you through a sense of fairness to your
fellow farmers in the east and for the protection of your own business
from serious competition in your best market, to earnestly advocate
the Grout bill, and to tax the fraud out of oleomargarine. Can any
reasonable man accept and use free or cheap government land, which
is practically a subsidy, or_ask for governmental aid for irrigation,
or ask that wool be relieved from dishonest competition with shoddy,
and at the same time refuse to grant dairymen the just protection
they so sorely need?

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 511

RABIES.

BY MAZYCK P. RAVENEL, Bucteriologist of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, Philadelphia, Pa.

SYNONYMS:

English, hydrophobia, madness; HKrench, rage and hydrophobie ;
German, hundswuth, tollwuth, wuthkrankhett and wassersheu ;
Ltalian, tdrofobia and rabbia. Lyssa.

Rabies is an acute and very fatal disease, communicated from
animal to animal, or from animals to man by the bite of an animal
which already has the disease. As seen under natural conditions,
it is always an inoculation disease, that is, communicated directly
through a wound usually inflicted by the teeth, and the infective
material being the saliva, which contains the poison or virus.

Hisrory. The history of rabies dates back into remote times,
having been described distinctly by Aristotle, who lived in the year
326 B. C. He said: “Dogs suffer from madness, which puts them
into a state of fury and all the animals that they bite when in this
condition become also attacked by rabies.” References to it are
found in many of the authors prior to the Christian era, and from
that date up to the present time, with the exception of the Middle
Ages. In the first century of the Christian Era, we find the first
description of rabies in the human being and the name “hydro-
phobia” given to it; this name being by common usage at the present
time properly restricted to the disease as seen in man. The term
means “fear of water,” a symptom seen often in man, though not
always, and which is not at all characteristic of the disease. It is
not observed in the lower animals, and mad dogs will often lap
water, and will even swim across streams.

As early as 1591, we find recorded the transmission of the disease
by wolves to man. In 1803, and for a number of years following,
it was epizootic among foxes in southern Germany and Switzerland.

During the later years of the cighteenth and the beginning of
the nineteenth century the disease spread over the whole of Europe,
and about this time made its appearance in America, the first
outbreak in America being reported from Boston, 1768. In 1770-
1771 it was observed in dogs and foxes in the vicinity of Boston; in
the vear 1779 it appeared in Philadelphia and in the State of Mary-
land, and in the year 1785 it was prevalent throughent the northern
States, and soon after this time spread to the southern part of this
country. During the last century it has inflicted severe losses
throughout Europe, including England, and in America.

512 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Its fatal character in animals, and especially in man, has attracted
the careful study of many of the most able men who have ever
adorned the ranks of the medical and veterinary professions.
Among the famous men who gave great attention to it may be
mentioned the great surgeon, John Hunter in England, Viborg in
Copenhagen, Waldinger in Vienna, Hertwig in Germany and Pas-
teur in France. Without detracting in the least from the great
work of other investigators, we may say that to Pasteur and his
co-laborers, Nocard and Roux, we owe most of the knowledge which
we have of the disease at the present day.

DisrriputTion. At the present time rabies is known in almost
every country on the globe, Australia being the only one which is
absolutely exempt, owing to the rigid quarantine enforced against
the importation of dogs. It is most common in }rrance, Belgium
and Russia. In the latter country it is perhaps more often seen
in wolves than any other part of the world. In Holland, Denmark
and Sweden it is very rare. In tagland it has from time to time
been wide-spread, but at the prescut time, owing to strict measures,
it has been practically stamped out.

The careful inquiries of Dr. Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal
Industry, show that rabies is seen in practically every part of the
United States. The census for 1890 reported 143 deaths in man,
distributed in thirty States. The figures for the census of 1900 are
not available, but Dr. Salmon has collected from health officers the
reporis of 230 deaths occurring in seventy-three cities since 1890.

There is no systematic report of rabies in the lower animals in
Pennsylvania, or any other State, so that it is impossible to give any
idea of the number of dogs or other animals affected yearly. There
is no doubt, however, that the disease is more prevalent than is
generally believed, and there is gocd reason to fear that it will in-
crease until uniform and efficient laws are adopted for its suppres-
sion. The laboratory of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board has
investigated 82 cases of rabies, as proven by inoculation and micro-
scopic examination, since October, 1897. Of these 58 were dogs, 4
horses, 17 cows, 1 cat and 2 human beings. A1Il of these except six
dogs and one person were from the State of Pennsylvania. A
number of other cases have been seen in dogs at the Hospital of the
Veterinary Department of the University of Pennsylvania during
the past three years.

{t is impossible to say what relation these recorded cases bear to
the total number which have occurred throughout the State during
the same period of time, but they indicate that the disease is more
common than is generally suspected.

ANIMALS AFFECTED. All mammifers, including man, are liable
to rabies. Birds also may contract the disease. The dog is the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 513

animal most constantly affected, but it is seen not infrequently in
wolves, foxes, hyenas and jackalls. Rabies in the cat is relatively
rare and usually caused by the bite from a dog with which it is
associated. Cattle, sheep and goats are affected in relatively about
the same degree, cattle and sheep being especially exposed. It is
more rarely seen in the horse. Swine contract the disease less fre-
quently than other domestic animals.

The money losses from this source reach a very high figure. In
the State of Pennsylvania the loss of stock each year is not inconsid-
erable, although not reaching a very high figure. During the past
year in one herd of sixty cows, eleven died of rabies, worth about
$600.00. Several outbreaks have eccurred also among sheep, in
one flock twenty out of fifty having died.

In England the losses among deer in several parks have been
very heavy. In 1889 rabies appeared among the fallow deer at
Richmond, and soon after in the park of the Marquis of Bristol. In
the course of three months more than 450 died out of the herd,
which contained between 600 and 700 animals.

The disease is rarely transmitted from one of the domestic an-
imals to another. Bites from these animals are less dangerous
than from dogs on account of the blunt character of their teeth,
which inflict contused wounds rather than punctured ones. The
disease may, however, be transmitted in this way, and also by the
deposit of virulent saliva on wounds of the skin by licking. Deer
are said to be able to transmit the disease to others by biting.

CAUSE OF THE Disease. NATURE OF THE Virus. Although we
have every reason to believe that rabies is due to a specific germ,
all attempts to isolate it have so far failed. We, however, under-
stand much of the nature of the virus, the condition which affect it,
ete.

In rabid animals it is found principally in the saliva and in the
central nervous system, although it is known to pass sometimes
into other glands as the lachrymal and pancreas and also into the
milk. It has never been found in the blood or in any of the organs
such as the liver, spleen and kidneys, nor is it ever contained in the
muscular tissues. The contents of the stomach may contain it,
owing to the swallowing of the saliva previous to the paralysis
of the throat. It affects principally the central nervous system,
and it is found most certainly, and in the most concentrated condi-
tion in the medulla oblongata. The virus may be present in the
saliva for at least three days before the animal shows any symp-
toms of madness, as proven by Roux and Nocard, and, perhaps, as
long as eight days. It may be present in the central nervous system

33—6—1901

514 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dcc.

for two days before the appearance of symptoms. The symptoms
do not show themselves until the poison or virus has remained in
the nervous tissues long enough to bring about changes in their
structure and functions.

Mernop or Invasion. When introduced into another animal either
experimentally or in the natural course of the disease, the virus
remains for a time without producing either local or general symp-
toms, undergoing a period of incubation during which it undoubt-
edly multiplies itself, in this respect corresponding to the well
known infectious diseases. It may be removed from the saliva by
filtration through porcelain, proving that it is a solid body. The
virus penetrates to the nervous system by following the nerve
trunks from the site of injury to the spinal cord, then the spinal
cord to the medulla and brain. This has been proven by inoculating
an animal in one of its legs with virulent material. After a suit-
able time, but before the symptoms of rabies appear, if the animal
be killed, the virus will be found in the nerves of the limb, and even
in the part of the spinal cord into which the nerves enter, while the
upper part of the cord and brain will be free from it. This fact
explains the reason why the earliest symptoms, both in man and
animals, such as pain, itching, tingling, numbness and other nery-
ous sensations, often appear in the part of the body which received ©
the virus through the bite. In the case of a bite about the face
and head, the route along the nerves to the central nervous system
is shorter still. While the nerves then form the main route by
which the virus travels, the circulation may at times assist, especi-
ally in small animals. Inoculation into the large nerve of the leg
is almost as certain to produce the disease, as inoculation directly
into the sub-dural space, while injection beneath the skin of the
leg is not so sure.

RESISTANCE OF Vrrus. The action of the virus is destroyed by dry-
ing, and by the action of light. !n dry air protected from the light
and from putrefaction, the virulence of the spinal cord of rabbits
is destroyed in fourteen to fifteen days. When spread in thin layers
the virus is destroyed entirely by drying in four to five days. Sun-
light destroys it in about forty hours. The loss of virulence by dry-
ing is gradual and quite regular, and this is taken advantage of in
the preparation of the “vaccine,” which is described later. The
virus may be preserved unchanged in neutral glycerine at ordinary
temperature for a long time. Roux found that after four weeks
in glycerine at 30 degrees C., the virus has the same power as
when perfectly fresh.

It is quite resistant to putrefaction. Galtier has found the virus
active in the central nervous system of rabbits buried for twenty-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 514

three days, of sheep buried thirty-one days, and of dogs buried forty-
four days. Other observers have found it still active in animals
buried for twenty-four days.

It is destroyed completely by a temperature of 50 degrees C. (122
degrees F.) in one hour, or 60 degrees C. (140 degrees F.) in one-half
hour. It is uninjured by exposure to extreme cold, resisting the
prolonged application of a temperature from 10 degrees to 20 degrees
below zero, centigrade.

Tis activity is destroyed in one hour by a 5 per cent. solution of
carbolic acid, or by a 1 to 1,000 solution of corrosive sublimate.
Water saturated with iodine destroys it in ten minutes.

DANGER FROM Bitrrs. The danger of infection as well as the time
elapsing between the introduction of the poison and the development
of the disease is dependent upon a number of factors. The disease
appears more quickly in children than in older persons, and for
obvious reasons they are more often attacked by dogs, and the
bites are more apt to be on the face and head. Wounds about
the head and face are particularly dangerous, next comes bites about
the hands, and lastly, other parts of the body. The richer the
nerve supply of a part the greater the danger. Punctured wounds
are most dangerous, and lacerated wounds are dangerous in propor-
tion to the extent of the surface afforded for the absorption of
the virus. The danger of infection varies with the animal which
inflicts the bite. First, comes the wolf; second, the cat; third, the
doy, and, fourth, other animals. In the western part of the United
States the skunk is said to be very liable to the disease, and the
bite from this anima! is quite dangerous. Bites on naked or ex-
posed parts of a person are more dangerous than through cloth-
ing, in the latter case the virus being wiped off and not gaining ac-
cess in quantity to the tissues. The same thing is observed among
the lower animals, as dogs with long hair, like the spaniel and
the collie, are less liable to the disease than are short-haired dogs.
Experimentally, it has been shown that rabbits which are shaven
and exposed to the bite of a mad dog are more often affected than
are those bitten through the fur, even when the teeth penetrate
deeply beneath the skin. The proportion of persons who contract
hydrophobia after being bitten by mad dogs, and are not treated,
is conservatively estimated at 16 per cent., but some series of cases
give a much higher mortality. Thus, of 855 cases collected by Tar-
dieu, Thamhayn and Pouley, 399 eaded in death, or 46.6 per cent. In
another series of cases given by Bouley, out of 266 persons bitten,
152 died of hydrophobia; but of these, 120 were bitten on the face and
hands, the greater danger from which has been mentioned.

The mortality following bites from wolves is placed at from 60 to
80 per cent., the increased danger from these animals being due

516 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

partly to the greater activity of the virus as found in them, and
partly to their mode of attack, wounds about the face and heads
being common, and the wounds being very extensive.

Of animals bitten by rabid dogs, it is claimed that only from 20
to 30 per cent. become infected. R6ll calculated that during the
years 1877-1887 the percentage in horses was about 40, among cattle
and sheep, 50, among pigs, 36, :nd among goats, 20. It will be
seen from these figures how unnecessary it is to destroy all animals
bitten by dogs believed to be or even known to be made.

Preriop oF INcuRBATION. By the period of incubation is meant the
timme which passes between the introduction of the virus or germ of
a disease, and the appearance of the symptoms. This is quite vari-
able in rabies, depending on the site of the wound, which is almost
always a bite, the amount of virus introduced, and the strength
of the virus. In general it may be said for all animals that the
period of incubation seldom exceeds sixty days, though in man
and in some of the larger animals, it sometimes, though very rarely,
reaches one year. The average period is as follows:

In man, 40 days.

In dogs, 21 to 40 days.

In horses, 28 to 56 days.

In cows, 28 to 56 days.

In cats, 14 to 28 days.

In pigs, 14 to 21 days.

In goats and sheep, 21 to 28 days.
In birds, 14 to 40 days.

INFLUENCE OF Seasons. It has been for a long time believed,
and apparently with a certain degree of truth, that rabies in dogs is
more frequent during the hot months than at other periods of the
year, and as a result of this we would expect to find more persons
bitten during the periods of extreme heat than during the rest of
the year. The old statistics in France, dating from the year 1850
to 1876, indicate that 30.4 per cent. of all cases of rabies occurred
during the months of June, July and August. The figures col-
lected at the Pasteur Institute in aris do not, however, agree with
these, the maximum number of bitten persons applying for treat-
ment there during the years 1886 to 1893 being in March, April and
May, and the minimum number in September, October and November.
The statistics collected by Bouley give for December, January and
February, 755 cases; March, April and May, 857 cases; June, July
and August, 788 cases, and September, October and November, 696
cases, showing a fairly uniform distribution for the whole year.
The maximum number, occurring during March, April and May,
agrees with the figures of the Pasteur Institute.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 517

I quote a table compiled by Dr. Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of
Animal Industry, giving the occurrence of 14,066 cases by months:

Cases OF Rapies In Docs, By MONTHS.

|
; 3 i] |
Vv o

a 3 a |
1 a ae pe . eee aliee esol elle
3 o ° m a fh 2 © v o eI
Sth reece lll ea a pl Pape ack =O Nae ta =A ipa fe
Sebel eet aie ae a se | azo iso ee nian (ies

ss id |
ai 36| 31| 26] 32| 32| 42) 32] 30] 35| 41| | 32] 993
Giinte Cure occccocsso0c.. set [os [Vy a 9 rl aes 1 (epee 2) 87
309 | 310| 314) 367| 450| 502| 580| 537] 455 | 438| 313 | 396| 4,961
103 | 97| 121| 192] 165| 138| 147 3| 104| 117| 95| 100| 1,492

943 |1,045 | 960 |1,323 |1,419 |1,467 |1,435 |1,294|1,145 | 965 | 933 |1,137 14,066

The highest number of cases occurred in June, and the smallest
number in November. Taking the total result as given by this table,
in connection with the other figures quoted, it may be said that more
cases of rabies occur from April to September, inclusive, than during
the rest of the year. In giving a proper value to these figures it
must be noted that during the warm months of the year, dogs are
more apt to be running abroad, while during the winter months
they are more apt te be housed. In this way »vpportunities for
contagion are greater from April to September than from October
to March, and there is no evidence that of itself that season has any-
thing to do with the greater or less frequency of rabies.

ERRONEOuS IDEAS CoNCERNING Rapes. There is a rather wide-
spread belief that if a dog which has bitten a person ever goes
mad the bitten person is also liable to go mad, and this super-
stition leads to the useless destruction of a considerable number of
dogs. It probably has its origin in the fact that the virus is present
in the saliva for several days before symptoms of madness are
shown by the dog, and that certain persons have contracted hydro-
phobia following the bite of such an animal, which, at the time,
showed no symptoms of madness. It can be stated with the most
absolute certainty that the bite of a healthy dog, or a dog suffering
from fits, or when angered or excited, can produce no ill effects in
the bitten person other than that dependent on the extent of the
injury. Such wounds should be treated by modern antiseptic meth-
ods, cauterization being unnecessary.

The Mad Stone. Persons bitten by dogs strongly suspected of
rabies should at once take the advice of a competent physician, and
if the diagnosis is confirmed, go as rapidly as possible to some insti-
tution where the Pasteur treatment can be applied. No dependence
whatever can be placed upon the so-called “mad-stones.”

518 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Pseudo-Hydrophobia, or Lyssophobia. It is to be regretted that
the opinion is so wide-spread, even among some physicians, that
fright following the bite of a dog can bring about symptoms of
hydrophobia, followed by death. It cannot be denied that such
symptoms do sometimes occur in persons bitten by dogs known to
be free from hydrophobia, but the writer has failed to find reliable
report of any death in such cases. Recovery usually takes place in
a few days under very simple treatment, though the symptoms some-
times persist for a considerable time, ending, however, in complete
recovery.

Can Rabies or Hydrophobia Arise Spontaneously? It is sup-
posed by some persons that rabies can be produced by fright, fatigue,
anger, jealousy, high feeding, excessive heat and other influences—
an error which was pointed out by Virchow in Germany many years
ago.

Afier what has been said of the nature of the virus it is manifest
that this is impossible. Each case of rabies is due to contagion from
some other case just as truly as each case of measles or scarlet fever
in children is due to the germ from some other case gaining entrance
to the system. Rabies cannot arise of itself from any cause.

Dog Pays. The belief that dogs are particularly apt to go mad
during the so-called dog-days is shown by the law, still enforced in
some places, requiring the muzzling of dogs during this period.
As has been shown in another part of this article, rabies occurs
during every month of the year.

The term “dogs days” refers to the “dog star,” Sirius, and was
originally applied to the period of time during which the dog star
was above the horizon with the sun. At present they are usually
reckoned from July 8 to August 11, inclusive. Dogs are not more
liable to go mad during this period than at other times.

Rapiges iN Man. ‘Tlie course of the disease in man may be divided
into three stages, a premonitory stage, a stage of excitement and
a paralytic stage.

In the first stage there is usually irritation about the point of in-
oculation, or else pain, numbness or a tingling sensation; depression
and melancholy are observed, the disposition becomes irritable, and
there is a sense of great fatigue with restlessness and often a feel-
ing of impending danger; the sensibilities are increased, noise or
light causing distress. The first difficulty in swallowing may ap-
pear. During this stage the voice becomes husky. The pulse and
temperature are increased.

In the second stage the chief symptoms are great excitability and
restlessness, and hyperaesthesia is marked: “Any efferent stimu-
lant—i. e., a sound or a draught of air, or the mere association of
a verbal suggestion—will cause a violent reflex spasm. In man this

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 519

symptom constitutes the most distressing feature of the malady.
The spasms, which affect particularly the muscles of the larynx and
mouth, are exceedingly painful and are accompanied by an intense
sense of dyspnoea, even when the glottis is widely opened or trache-
otomy has been performed.” (Horsley.) These spasms are brought
on by any attempt to drink water, or by touching with a wet towel,
and so painful is the result that patients come to dread the sight
of water or even liquids of any sort. It is from this symptom that
the name of hydrophobia (dread of water) is derived. There may
be maniacal symptoms with the spasms, and occasionally furious
mania is seen. This is exceptional, however. During the spasms
difficulty of breathing occurs, and curious sounds may be uttered
from which the exaggerated reports of people barking like dogs
arise. This stage lasts from a day and a half to three days and
is succeeded by the final or paralytic stage, which ends in death in
from six to eighteen hours, the heart’s action becoming more and
more feeble and death occurring from syncope.

Rupture of the muscles during the convulsions may take place
and give rise to distressing symptoms. Emphysema, or a filling
up of the loose tissues under the skin with air coming from the
lungs through tears in the pleurae also occurs at times.

Rapes OF THE Doc. The disease is seen in two types, a furious,
and tranquil or paralytic type.

Fwtous Type. In the furious type the first symptoms consists
soleiy in changes in the disposition of the animal, which are mani-
fested by distress or uneasiness, and restlessness. He is always
easily excited. At this stage, the animal does not usually show a
disposition to bite; he is still docile and obeys orders, though not
so quickly as in health; he soon seeks solitude and shows a disposi-
tion to hide in dark corners, or burrow in the straw of his kennel;
periods of calmness alternating with marked excitement are ob-
served; he still shows affection for his master and may respond
to caresses even more affectionately than is his wont. He may, how-
ever, be irritated by strangers, or being surprised by touch or blow,
may inflict a bite. The appetite is still good and may be even ex-
cessive. Soon the restlessness becomes more marked; the dog is
constantly in motion; he is apt to tear carpets, rugs, ete., which
may be in the room with him; he shows signs of delirium, looking off
into space, apparently seeing some imaginary object; at times he
will attack an imaginary enemy. He will still respond to his
master’s voice, but his attention cannot be held for any length of
time. ‘At this early stage, the voice becomes modified, and this
may be regarded as one of the most typical symptoms. Instead of
the clear and sharp bark which is natural, the latter part of the
note becomes prolonged and of a higher pitch, going off into a plain-

520 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

tive cry, which has been likened to that of a dog fatigued in the
chase, and in succeeding short barks which may follow, the jaws
do not close completely as in ordinary barking.

While this symptom is a striking one and quite constant, it may
be lacking at times and certain dogs remain quiet in spite of all at-
tempts to excite barking. The appetite diminishes about this time;
food is taken with more or less difficulty, and soon it is refused,
swallowing having become painful and difficult. The animal may
appear to have a bone stuck in its throat, a symptom which often
tempts the owner to make the dangerous examination for some
obstruction. There is no fear of water, and the animal drinks water
and other liquids quite greedily, until paralysis of the constrictor
muscles of the pharynx makes swallowing impossible.

The excitation becomes marked and the animal is now furious.
If a stick or other article is presented to him he seizes it with
power; he attacks the bars of his cage or any object in the cage. If
at liberty, he attacks every object in his way, swallowing all sorts
of articles, such as wood, paper, straw and stones, the presence of
which in the stomach after death is one of the most striking features
of the disease. At this time he begins to wander, running with his
tail hung, the mouth open and the eyes with a wild look; he at-
tacks every object or animal which comes in his path. As a rule,
he runs straight ahead and does not turn out of his way to at-
tack animals. The dog may travel tremendous distances, but is
apt to return to his home, exhausted and covered with dust and
blood, or else he may continue his course until he falls exhausted,
as much as fifty miles being covered. Very soon paralysis sets in,
commencing in the hind legs, and finally becomes general. The
dog is no longer able to stand; the weakness becomes more marked
and stupor sets in, from which the animal may be aroused, but
which becomes deeper and deeper, and ends in death. The course
of the disease is always rapid, covering from six to ten days, and
averaging from four to five days. The symptoms are so character-
istic that once seen can scarcely be mistaken for any other disease.
The furious type just described is the most common.

Paralytic Form. The paralytic type, ordinarily spoken of as
“dumb rabies,” constitutes from 15 to 20 per cent. of all cases. In
certain countries, as in Turkey, it is the prevailing type, which ex-
plains the relative varity of rabies in man in this country where
dogs abound. The commencement of the disease is the same as
in the furious type, but the accesses of fury are lacking. For sev-
eral days the dog appears restless, seeking seclusion and dark places.
The paralysis may commence in various parts of the body, but, as
a rule, affects first the muscles of the jaw, which soon drop, the
dog being unable to close its mouth, and the tongue hanging out;

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 521

the whole expression of the animal is pitiful in the extreme; an
abundance of saliva runs from the mouth; the taking of water is
impossible; the mouth becomes dry and covered with dust, and
brownish. The animal is quiet; it does not respond to provocation,
nor does he seem to wish to bite. The progress of the disease is more
rapid than in the furious type. The paralysis extends and death
occurs on the second or third day.

Other cases are observed in which the type of the disease is more
or less intermediate between the two just described. There are
some in which a very short period of fury is followed by a rapid
paralysis, while in others the paralysis is more slow in its progress
and the animal shows a slight disposition to attack when irritated.
In the “dumb” type of the disease it is common to suspect an ob-
struction in the throat, and in the attempt to locate it the saliva
may infect wounds of the hand. The animal never wanders and,
being unable to bite, the danger of transmission of the disease is
slight.

RaBI&ES OF THE Cat. This animal shows first a period of restless-
ness, with a disposition to hide in dark corners. It soon becomes
furious and leaves its place of retreat and is liable to attack any
one who comes within its reach. The bites inflicted by it are, as
a rule, very serious. It shows the same perversion of appetite as
seen in the dog. After five or six days paralysis of the hind legs
begins; swallowing becomes impossible and death soon follows.
The paralytic form, or “dumb” rabies also occurs, causing death
in from three to four days.

RaBiEs OF THE Horsk. In the horse, excitement is an early symp-
tom, with a marked sensitiveness of the skin, and hallucinations.
If it can reach the point of inoculation, it bites itself constantly,
tearing the skin and often the deep tissues. The appetite ceases,
or becomes capricious and irregular. Like the dog he eats earth,
wood or anything within his reach. In the attempt to swallow
water it may be thrown out through the nostrils. A slight annoy-
ance renders the animal furious and he attacks with ferocity any
animal or person. The attacks of fury become more and more fre-
quent. The pulse may reach 100 to the minute, and respiration is
difficult. Paralysis commences in the limbs and soon becomes gen-
eral. Death occurs from asphyxiation in from three to six days.

RaBres oF THE Cow. The symptoms in these animals are much
the same as those just described. There is often an intense irrita-
tion at the site of the wound. Changes in the appetite occur and
rumination stops. In about twenty-four hours after the appearance
of the first symptoms, fury becomes manifest; there is bellowing,
and hallucinations, which are evident from the aspect of the counte-
nance as well as the actions. Swallowing becomes difficult, saliva

522 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

flows in abundance from the mouth. -Waving the hand or a stick
at the animal is sufficient to make it attack. In the intervals of
fury the animal is somnolent, dull. Death usually occurs by paraly-
sis, starting often in the limb which was bitten. The animal soon
becomes prostrated and dies on the fifth or sixth day. In these
animals, as in others, the paralytic or “dumb” form is seen also.

The symptoms as seen in goats, deer and sheep do not differ materi-
ally from those already described. :

A symptom more or less common to all animals is the irritation
about the site of the inoculation wound, this being often the earliest
symptom which attracts attention.

Rapies oF Birps. The disease in birds is apt to be of the para-
lytic type, and its duration is more chronic than in any animal,
lasting from fourteen days to several weeks, and occasionally ending
in recovery. ‘The crow, falcon and old pigeons are refractory to the
disease, while chickens, geese, owls and young pigeons contract
it readily. The period of incubation in geese and owls is about
fourteen days, while for the chicken it may reach forty days. The
degree of virulence of the virus with which the inoculation is made
seems to have but little effect on the rapidity of incubation. The
blood serum and brain matter of birds which resist the disease de-
stroy the virus. The changes in the central nervous system are the
same as those which have been found in man and in the domestic
animals, and are especially marked when the disease is slow in its
progress.

APPEARANCES AFTER DratH. There is no change in animals which
have died of rabies which can be considered specific of the disease.
The cadaver is apt to be emaciated and becomes putrid rapidly.
The blood is dark and thick; the brain and its membranes may
be corgested, -even show slight hemorrhages, and the res-
piratory and digestive tracts show a catarrhal condition, with slight
hemorrhages. Perhaps the most constant feature is the presence
of foreign bodies such as wood, straw, hair, etc., in the stomach
aud the absence of food, this condition having been found in 90
per cent. of 200 cases in dogs examined by Axe.

The absence of changes, which may be considered as belonging
specifically to rabies, is no doubt due many of the erroneous ideas
which have been held concerning the disease.

Until recently, the only way of making a certain diagnosis after
death, was by the inoculation of other animals with a portion of
the brain or spinal cord of the dog. For this purpose the rabbit
has been usually selected, as being one of the most susceptible of
all animals to the disease. Injections into the muscular tissues
of any part of the animal with the virus of rabies, will almost cer-
tainly produce the disease, but it is more quickly produced by inocu-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 520:

lation beneath the membranes of the brain. For this purpose a
small button of bone is taken from the skull, just large enough to
admit the insertion of a hypodermic needle, and three or four drops
of a suspension of the brain, made by rubbing with water in a
mortar, is introduced. The wound in the skin is washed with car-
bolic acid and then sealed with collodion and cotton. The rabbit
shows no inconvenience from the operation whatever, and will eat
and play within a minute after its completion. If the operation is
done ina cleanly manner, and the material is fresh and has not under-
gone decomposition at all, no ill effects are observed until symptoms
of hydrophobia present themselves. This seldom occurs in less
than three weeks, and may not take place until sixty days have
passed. The symptoms as seen in the rabbit are well defined and
entirely diagnostic. The form of the disease in rabbits after such
inoculation is almost always the paralytic, though at times the
animals become furious, biting a stick or any other object within
their reach. Before the death of the animal its symptoms are care-
fully noted, and after its death the brain and organs are examined,
and cultures made from the blood and all organs, with the object
of making sure that the animal died of hydrophobia, and not of some
accidental infection, in which case the germ producing that infec-
tion would be manifest in the cultures. When the inoculated animal
dies before the fourteenth or fifteenth day we may be reasonably
sure that it has not died of rabies, but as a result of the operation.
This examination can be carried out properly only by those who have
had special training, and should not be attempted by others.

Microscopic EXAMINATION. Ina disease marked by such striking
symptoms referable to the nervous system, it is natural to expect
that changes would be found in the central nervous system suf-
ficient to account for the production of symptoms. As well stated
by Babés, “this disease so clearly characterized by a train of symp-
toms, constant in their character, ought also to present character-
istic lesions in the nervous centers, and especially in the ganglia
which preside over the production of symptoms.” Numerous studies
have been undertaken by workers in various parts of the world,
with the object of discovering some change in the nervous system
which could be considered as belonging especially to rabies, but
while changes were found, none of them could be considered as
specific.

RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR KNOWLEDGE. During the year 1900, the
discovery of changes distinctive of rabies was announced by Van
Gehucten and Nélis. These changes are found in the peripheral
ganglia of the cerebro-spinal and sympathetic systems, and are
especially marked in the plexiform ganglion of the pneumogastric
nerve and the gasscrian ganglion. Normally, these ganglia, are

524 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

composed of a supporting tissue holding in its meshes the nerve cells,

each one of which is enclosed in a capsule, made up of a single

layer of endothelial cells. (Fig. 1.) The action of the rabic virus

Fig 1. Normal Ganglion. (Reproduced after Croeq, Journal de Neurologie, Vol. V., No. 13).

seems to exercise its effect on these cells particularly, bringing
about an abundant multiplication of the cells forming this capsule,
teading finally to the complete destruction of the normal ganglion

Jpzchase =

Fig. 2. Plexiform Ganslion of Ribbit, dsad of rabies prodaced by sub-dural inoculation. The cap -

sules are filled, or partially filled by the new formed cells.
cell and leaving in its place a collection of round cells. (Fig. 2.)
Ordinarily a considerable number of ganglion cells will be found
which have undergone only a slight change, but under certain condi-

Noro DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 525

tions the process is so widespread that all the ganglion cells are
destroyed. The intensity of these changes varies in different an-
imals; they are perhaps most pronounced in the dog, less marked
in man and still less in the rabbit.

Much of the value of these findings consists in their affording a
quick and sure means of making a diagnosis. It is possible to com-
plete the examination within six hours after the death of the
animal, and under ordinary circumstances a positive opinion can
be given in from twenty-four to thirty-six hours. It is important
that the animal should be allowed to die, and not be killed prema-

Fig. 3. Dissection of the upper neck of dog, showing the Plexiform Ganglion of the Pneumcgas
tric nerve, in which the changes are usually sought for 1. Plexiform Ganglion. 2. Cervical
Ganglion. 3. External auditory meatus. 4. Atlas. 5. Inferior Maxilla. (After Valee-Disgram
matic).

turely, as where the disease is not permitted to run its full course
ending in death, the changes may be absent or only slightly devel-
oped.

The ganglion on the pneumogastric nerve is selected by prefer-
ence and should be removed as soon as possible after the death of
the animal. (Fig. 3.) It is put into absolute alcohol, or in 10 per
cent. formalin solution. If put into absolute alcohol it should be
removed to a fresh portion of alcohol at the end of six hours, in
which it remains for six hours, when it may be transferred for
one hour to a mixture of absolute alcohol and chloroform, and then
put for one hour in pure chloroform, then one hour in a mixture

526 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

of chloroform and paraffin, and lastly imbedded in pure paraffin.
If formalin is used for fixing, the ganglion should be removed at
the end of six or eight hours, put for six hours more in 95 per cent.
alcohol, and then into absolute alcohol for six hours, after which
it may be fixed to blocks for cutting, by mucilage of gum arabic, or
else imbedded in collodion. The characteristic changes in the cap-
sule are brought out best by the use of hematoxylin, or hemalum,
and eosin. The method of Nissl gives good results also, but as it
requires some special technical knowledge to be efficiently carried
out, the former is recommended for its simplicity and ease of exe-
cution. This method has stood the test in Europe and ‘America
for nearly two years, and although a large number of animals having
different diseases have been examined with the object of determin-
ing whether or not these changes may occur in other conditions, they
have never been found.

At the laboratory of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, which
was the first in this country to take up this method, fifty-two cases
have been examined since May, 1900, without a single failure. These
cases have occurred in mankind, dogs, cows, cats and rabbits, and
the characteristic changes have been found in each of these species.
We have not had an opportunity of examining horses, sheep or
swine. In this laboratory it has replaced the slower and less certain
method of inoculation almost entirely. Inoculations are now prac-
tised only in those cases in which the material is sent in such con-
dition that the microscopic examinations is impossible.

TREATMENT. When once the symptoms of rabies have manifest-
ed themselves, treatment is of little avail, either in man or in an-
imals. Except for the purpose of making a sure diagnosis, animals
may be destroyed at once. In man, the only treatment possible
is directed to the control of symptoms, such as the spasms, and
the relief of suffering. All that can be done is to give anti-spas-
modics, such as chloral, bromides and morphine in large doses, or
else resort to the inhalation of chlcroform. It is better not to
waste time by giving the milder anti-spasmodics, but to begin at once
with the strong ones like morphine and chloroform, which should
always be administered under the direction of a physician.

In birds and animals a few cases of recovery have been observed
even after inoculation with the virus in good quantity. In man
the disease is uniformly fatal, consequently our measures to be
successful must be directed to preventing the development of the
disease after inoculation by the bite of a rabid animal.

Pasteur Metnop. Treatment must, therefore, be preventive and
not curative. The only method which is worth while mentioning
is that of Pasteur, by which an fnmunity is produced by the sub-
cutaneous injection of the virus of rabies in an attenuated form,

No. 6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 527

beginning with the mildest virus and going gradually up to one
which possesses full virulence. This attenuation of the virus is
brought about by drying at a fixed temperature, and the action of the
atmosphere. Depending upon the length of time the virus is ex-
posed to these influences, we can obtain any degree of virulence de-
sired, the loss of virulence under fixed conditions being quite uni-
form.

The disease as seen in dogs infected naturally was called by Pas
teur “street rabies,” and the virus from such animals is known
as the “virus of street rabies.” Such virus will produce the dis-
ease in rabbits by intra-cranial inoculation in from three to four
weeks as a rule. By inoculating rabbits in series, one from the
other, we obtain a reduction in the period of incubation so that
after about 100 passages, rabbits will die on the sixth or seventh day
after inoculation with great certainty. Beyond this point no in-
crease of virulence can be obtained, therefore, to this virus the
nae of “fixed” was given. It is with this “fixed” virus that all
of our methods of vaccination are carried out.

PREPARATION OF VACCINE. The spinal cord of a rabbit which has
died after inoculation with this “fixed” virus is removed with the
greatest precaution to prevent contamination. It is then cut into
three portions, of equal length, and suspended by a silk thread in
a large bottle containing a layer of caustic potash at the bottom.
The bottle has an opening near the bottom as well as at the top, both
of which are plugged with cotton, to allow a free passage of atmos-
pheric air. These are kept in a dark room at a carefully main-
tained temperature of 23 degrees C. Under these conditions the
cords lose their virulence entirely in about fifteen days. Those kept
for fourteen days have a very slight degree of virulence, and fur-
nish our weakest virus with which the vaccination is begun. On
succeeding days cords which have been dried for thirteen, twelve,
eleven, etc., days, are used, until one which has unimpaired viru-
lence may be injected with perfect safety. The method was tried
at first on animals with perfect success, and since 1885 has been
applied to persons bitten by rabid animals. The treatment is varied
slightly according to the extent of the bites and their location. The
simplest form requires fifteen days, the next eighteen days, while
what is called the “intensive” treatment, employed where the bites
are about the-face, and in portions of the body rich in nerve supply,
requires twenty-one days. The one most commonly used is given
below:

628 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

TREATMENT MOST COMMONLY USED—-18 DAYS,

Day of Treatment. | Age of the Cord. | Quantity Injected.
— —| —
4 3 cubic centimetres,
3 3 cubie centimetres,
2 3 cubic centimetres.
1 3 cubic centimetres.
0 3 cubic ‘centimetres.
9 3 cubie centimetres.
8 3 cubic centimetres.
7 3 cubic centimetres.
6 2 cubie centimetres,
6 2 cubic centimetres.
5 2 cubie centimetres,
5 2 cubie centimetres.
(ETE RIA sapooaccpeasapnooccuocadacoos 2 cubie centimetres.
3 days, 1 cubic centimetre.
3 days, 2 cubie centimetres.
5 days, 2 cubie centimetres.
4 days, 2 cubic centimetres.
4 days, 2 cubic centimetres.
3 days 2 cubie centimetres.
3 days, 2 cubic centimetres.
5 days, 2 cubic centimetres.
4 days, 2 cubic centimetres.
3 days, 2 cubic centimetres.

Resuuts oF TREATMENT. Since the commencement of the Pasteur
Preventive Treatment, some 55,000 persons have been inoculated,
the treatment now being administered in twenty-five laboratories
in different parts of the world. The total average mortality at all
these laboratories is about 0.77 of | per cent. This includes a number
of people who have been bitten by wolves, the bites of these animals
being especially fatal, the mortality reaching as high as 80 per cent.
in every 100 bitten. At the parent institute in Paris from 1886 to
1899, inclusive, 23,245 cases have been treated, of whom 108, or 0.44
of 1 per cent. have died. The mortality during the first year was
0.94 of 1 per cent., and has steadily gone down until during 1899 it
was 0.25 of 1 per cent., the lessened mortality being due to some ex-
tent at least to the smaller number of persons bitten by wolves who
have been treated there in late years, owing to the fact that there
have been laboratories instituted in other pars of Europe nearer to
the regions where wolves abound.

The value of the preventive treatment is well brought out by sta-
tistics. In Hungary, from April 15, 1890, to December 31, 1890,
5,899 persons were bitten, of whom 4,914 were inoculated, with a
mortality of 1.2 per cent., while the mortality among those who did
not take the treatment reached 14.94 per cent. The treatment is
absolutely free from danger, and has no ill effects whatever except
soreness at the point where the injections are made. Persons un-
dergoing it are not confined to the house, but are able to go back-
ward and forward from their homes to the institution.

APPLICATION TO ANIMALS. A large number of experiments have
proved that the Pasteur treatment is applicable to animals also,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 529

though the shorter period of incubation which is the rule in many
of them, makes it less sure, and the expense attending it has pre-
vented its general use. At the Veterinary Department of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania it has been successfully applied in several
instances, the “vaccine” having been furnished by the New York
City Department of Health.

PREVENTION AND ERADICATION OF THE DISEASE. As regards both
man and animals the only rational procedure is to attempt the
eradication of the disease, and since it is kept alive by the canine
race our measures must be directed to the control of dogs. Among
the respective measures which have been advocated may be men-
tioned a high tax, muzzling and the leash. During outbreaks which
excite terror in a community we see not unfrequently the enactment
of the most extreme measures, such as the destruction of all dogs,
which is totally unnecessary. The results obtained by strict en-
forcement of muzzlings seem to justify its recommendation. To
this measure is ascribed the eradication of the disease from Berlin
in the year 1854-1855, and the recent results obtained in Great
Britain are most striking. The official reports of Great Britain
show that in 1887 there were 217 cases of rabies; 1888, 160; 1889,
312. Owing to the alarm caused by this increase, muzzling was
adopted, with the result that in 1890, 129 cases were seen; in 1891,
79 cases, and 1892, 38 cases. There was much opposition to the
enforcement of the muzzling ordinance and it was relaxed, with the
result that in 1893 the number of cases rose to 93; in 1894, to 248
cases, and in 1895, 672 cases were seen. Owing to the alarm muzzling
was again enforced, resulting in a great reduction in the number of
cases, to 438 in 1896, 151 in 1897, 17 in 1898, and 9 in 1899. From
November, 1899, to January 1, 1901, not a single case of rabies
has been reported in England or Scotland, according to official sta-
tistics just issued for the year 1900.

34

530 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Table Showing Effect of Enforcement of Muzzling by Central Authorities
in England 1887-1900.

, i f Action of
WILL Bet Wetuonteice nel Central Authorities

700 672

Meo J

S212] 5 lhe an ER Oo ae Cone ge) eR OEE | Z At At a Le
aes eS :
“oo © SS eS eae et re ee ee SE AGB" nS oe, eee
Z } cases
| Se eetiee aa ae 9
| | ri 1) ee OL aE Naan ere. 2) Y Wi. . ae
cases Y

| SZ ee Ag
150 j yt 129 g Z

WHO
NAN
RRQQNUWWRMiOAIA WN
|

100 Zo ] ise el eace i lel ee
| : Y ; pEaeae - Uj Z a

rary
o
@
“I
a
o
@
eo)
ie]
o
r
a
oO
{o)
i
o
oO
=
=
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©
to
r
oO
oO
a
re
400
o
ip
=
ise)
oO
ol
i
a
oO
o

1897 1898 1899 1900

Professor MacFadyean says in his report: It uppears probable
that the past year (1900) will remain memorable as the one in which
rabies was eradicated from Great Britain. ‘As a matter of fact,

no case of the disease was detected in England or Scotland during
the past twelve months, and the only cases reported during the
year were in Wales. The total number of dogs attacked was six,
but five other animals were destroyed in consequence of having been
bitten by rabid dogs. No case of the disease has been detected in
dogs since the second week of October last.”

PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN BY Prrson Bitren. In the event of

a bite by an animal supposed to be mad the wound should be cau-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE: 531

terized as soon as possible with fuming nitric acid. This should
be thoroughly applied to all parts of the wound, making sure that
there are no pockets or recesses which escape the action of the acid.
If such cauterization is carried out within twenty-four hours of the
reception of the wound, the danger is very much lessened, and if done
within a few hours the protection is absolute. In the absence of
fuming nitric acid the hot iron or the thermo-cautery, or even strong
antiseptics may be used, but experiments have shown that nitric
acid is the most efficient. The invariable rule should be: Cauterize
as soon as possthle, and in the meantime do everything to get the
virus out of the wound, by washing in an abundance of water, en-
larging the wound and encouraging free bleeding by cupping or the
application of ligatures around the limb above the site of injury.
Osler advises that the wound be kept open for five to six weeks.

The animal which inflicted the wound should in no case be killed
but should be captured, if possible, and confined for observation.
In this way it is often possible to determine positively within a day
or two whether the animal was really rabid, and much anxiety
spared the bitten person. As soon as the animal dies the whole
head should be cut off close to the shoulders, packed in ice and sent
to the nearest laboratory for examination. In the State of Pennsyl-
vania, the Laboratory of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board under-
takes this work free of expense, and in the majority of cases a
positive opinion can be given in twenty-four hours after the re-
ceipt of the head. Where the animal has been killed, either by
intention or accident, a positive opinion cannot be given in many
cases in less than from three to six weeks, as the result of inocula-
tion must be waited for. The same is true where only a portion of
the brain is sent, since the changes which indicate rabies that can
be detected by the microscope are found only in the medulla ob-
longata, and in the ganglia found on some of the nerves. From these
facts, the great importance of sending the whole head and neck will
be seen.

Disposat OF BoprEs oF ANIMALS WHIcH Have Diep or Rapsies.
The flesh of animals which have died of rabies, or have been killed
on account of it, is unfit for food. If possible, the carcass should
be destroyed by burning, or be sent to a knacker’s, where it is cooked
in the process of utilizing it commercially. If this is not possible,
it should be deeply buried under a layer of quick lime. The law of
France allows the removal of the’skin, and its sale after disinfec-
tion, which is done by immersing it in a 2 per cent. solution of sul-
phate of zinc, or in corrosive sublimate, two parts to 1,000.

Distnrection. © All bedding used by an animal with rabies, and
all remains of food, etc., should be destroyed by burning. Collars,

chains, halters, blankets, feed-pans and other such articles should
338 ;

532 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Uit. Doe.
be well washed with a 5 per cent. solution of carbolic acid, and
exposed to the sun for two or three days after. Every part of the
kennel, room or stall should be washed with the same, and after.
drying receive a thick coat of whitewash. In the case of horses,
cows and such animals, particular attention must be paid to the feed
and water troughs, as the chief source of contagion is the saliva,
and these articles are especially apt to be contaminated. In all
cases it is best to leave the kennel or stall vacant for two weeks,
and in the meantime expose them to the sun and air as freely as
possible.

Ne. 6, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 533

FREE RURAL MAIL DELIVERY.

AN ADDRESS PREPARED FOR THE INTERNATIONAL GOOD
ROADS CONGRESS, HELD AT BUFFALO, N. Y., SEPTEMBER
16-21, 1901.

BY HON. A. W. MACHEN, General Superintendent Free-Delivery System, Post-Office Department.

“No other branch of our great postal system is as far-reaching in
its effects as the rural free-delivery service. It means the exten-
sion of the post-office to the doors of the people. The rural letter
carrier is in fact a traveling post-office, performing practically all the
functions of a postmaster. Besides delivering and collecting ordi-
nary mail, he delivers registered letters, registers letters, sells
stamps and stamped envelopes, cancels the stamps on the letters he
collects, and receives money en route for the purchase of money
orders. He is an anticipated and welcomed visitor to the country
home and becomes a fixture in farm life.

It is no wonder, then, that the people want a service of this kind,
and that the demand for it has gradually become more and more
urgent, until to-day it is practically universal and not to be resisted.
The people are determined to have it, and after receiving it are bound
that is shall be efficient and satisfactory. This it can not be unless
the roads over which it is operated are in good condition. Good
roads are indispensable to a really efficient rural service. It is es-
sential that the service be performed with regularity and punctuality.
It must be a daily servicc, and the patron must be reasonably sure
that the carrier will pass the gate at about the same time every
day. <A well-built and well-kept road will permit of such a service;
over bad roads it can not be maintained. Even though a carrier is
able to cover his route over bad roads, the time consumed is often
from cne to three hours in excess of what it should be were the high-
Ways in proper condition. A good rural service, then, means good
roads, and, as the people insist upon the former, they must eventually
obtain the latter.

It shouid, therefore, be apparent to anyone who gives the subject
careful consideration that the good roads propaganda, which started
some years ago with the progressive business people of our country,
must receive a powerful impetus from the establishment of this new
and popular service.

534 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dac.

It may be said that the only obstacle now encountered in the ex-
tension of rural free delivery is the unimproved condition of our
country roads. In many sections of this country the roads are what
are called dirt or mud roads. They are narrow and tortuous, and
the only work done on them is practically confined to going over
them with a road machine or scraper once a year. The principal
effect of this work is to pile up in the middle of the road all the muck
and rubbish which has accumulated on the sides during the rest of
the year, so that in wet weather, unless the soil is very sandy, the
whole surface becomes rutted and is soon converted into a series of
mud holes. This is particularly the case in most of the farming sec-
tions of the Middle West and to a large extent in the South; also as
far east as western New York and Pennsylvania.

The Department soon became convinced that steps should be
taken to remedy these conditions if a desirable rural service was to
be provided. When it was demonstrated that the rural free-delivery
service would become a permanent feature of the postal service of
the United States, the Post-Office Department promptly laid down
as one.of the requirements for the establishment of rural free de-
livery that the petitioners for the same must agree to place the roads
to be traversed by the proposed service in a passable condition and
keep them in repair throughout the year. Petitions including the
agreement that the Department’s requirement in this particular will
be met are promptly referred to special agents for investigation. A
special agent drives over the highways of a proposed route, and is
required by the regulations to make a special report on their condi-
tion. In many instances special agents find themselves obliged to
exact a pledge from road supervisors or other officials having charge
of the building and maintenance of public highways that the roads
will be improved before the service is established, and kept in proper
condition after the same has been put in operation. In Iowa alone
over 100 agreements have been entered into between county com-
missioners and special agents of the rural free-delivery service to
open, repair and maintain roads.

This plan is producing very good results. Reports come from all
sections of the country to the effect that, prompted by a strong de-
sire to obtain rural free delivery, the people are not only insisting
on the improvement of roads in advance of the service, but that
creeks have been bridged, in many instances, by substantial stone
bridges, for the especial accommodation of the rural letter carriers.

Now that IT have shown what the Department is doing to bring
about arm improvement of the public highways in advance of the es-
tablishment of rural free delivery, I will briefly explain the efforts it
is putting forth to effect a betterment of the roads where the service
has been in operation for some time, and where failure in the past

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 935

to maintain daily trips on account of the poor or impassable condi-
tion of the roads during certain seasons of the year has brought
forcibly to the attention of the Department the absolute necessity
of repairing these roads to insure a continuance of the rural free de-
livery service. After routes have been established and in operation
for some time, route inspectors are sent out at regular intervals to
make a general investigation of the rural system. ‘Among other
points on which they report are the quality and condition of the high-
ways traversed. These inspectors are required to specify definitely
such portions of the highways traveled by rural carriers as are im-
passable, and to give the names and addresses of the road supervi-
sors or others in authority who are responsible for their repair and
maintenance. In addition to this information the Department has
gathered data from more than 2,400 of the rural free delivery post-
offices bearing upon the condition of the public roads. The informa-
tion has been received in answer to the following questions:

What is the condition of the roads traveled by the rural carrier?

Were the roads impassable at any time during the past winter; if
so, how many days and for what cause?

Are the roads being properly repaired this year?

If any roads need attention, give name and address of road super-
visor or other official.

The replies received show that the roads from 666 post-offices were
in bad condition; at 1,814 they were fair, passable, and good. The
names and addresses of 1,104 road supervisors were also furnished,
and their attention has since been called to the condition of the high-
ways under their supervision, with an urgent request that repairs
be made before winter weather again sets in. The letter written to
road supervisors reads: as follows:

“Dear Sir: An investigation by this office discloses the fact that
the roads traveled by the rural carrier from ———— ———— post-office
are not being attended to as post-roads should be; they are in bad
condition. The postmaster at ————— has this day been notified
to inform the patrons of route that the lack of care given to the
roads covered by it will, if continued, endanger the permanency of
the service there. A rural carrier can not possibly make regular
time or perform efficient service over bad roads, particularly during
winter and spring.

Now is the time to mend these highways, and it is the hope of the
Department that the roads over which you may have direct supervi-
sion will be repaired before winter weather sets in, so that the con-
tinuance of the rural free delivery service may be insured.

536 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE i Oft. Doe

For Government publications and full information on voad build-
ing apply to Director, Office of Public Road Inquiries, Department
of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Respectfully,

b
General Superintendent.”

Every one of the postmasters of the 666 post-offices referred to re-
ceived the following instructions bearing upon the question of roads:

“Dear Sir: Reports recently received from your office show that
the roads traveled by rural carrier ——— are in bad condition.

You will please notify the patrons of route —— that the present
lack of attention to these roads will, if continued, be likely to endan-
ger the permanency of the rural free delivery service there.

A rural carrier can not possibly make regular time or perform efii-
cient service over poor roads, particularly during the winter and
spring months. The summer is the time for mending these high-
ways, which are really serving as post-roads, and which should al-
ways be passable for the transport of the mail. It is the hope of the
Department that the patrons who are receiving the benefit of the
service appreciate it, and that they will promptly co-operate in an
effort to repair all deficient portions before winter sets in, so that
the permanency of rural free delivery service may be insured.

For Government publications and full information on road build-
ing apply to Director, Office of Public Road Inquiries, Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Respectfully,

General Superintendent.”

In a large number of localities this letter has had the effect of di-
rectly enlisting in the cause ot better roads those who are particu-
larly interested in an efficient rural free delivery, namely, the patrons
of the service, and they have not been slow to second the efforts of
the Department to arouse the road supervisors to a full appreciation
of the necessity of promptly complying with the Department’s re-
quest for an improvement of the highways. While replies to the
foregoing letters were not requested, a large number of them have
been received from postmasters and road supervisors, indicating that
the communications have had the desired effect. The following let-
ters may be quoted as samples:

“Newark, Ill., October 1, 1901.

General Superintendent Free Delivery System, Washington, D. C.:
Sir: Lam pleased to inform you on rural delivery routes Nos. 1 and
3 there has been and is now being done more work on the roads than

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 537

uby one year for some years past. This is undoubtedly due to the
notice sent to the road commissioners by your Department. The
commissioner of each route inquired of the carried where he consid-
ered the worst roads on his route, and then proceeded to repair these
portions expressly. The carriers are highly pleased.

, Postmaster.”

“Mediapolis, lowa, September 24.
General Superintendent, Washington, D. C.:
Dear Sir: The roads have been recentiy repaired and are now in
eood condition.
Very respecttully,
J. K. Mathews, Postmaster.”

“Bonner Springs, Kans., October 25, 1901.
General Superintendent Free Delivery:

Dear Sir: Referring to yours of October 22, would like to say that
the work which was delayed on route on account of inability to se-
cure enough teams and men to do the work is being pushed now with
all possible speed; good arched culverts are being put in and the sur-
face leveled down and the roads put in good shape. They have never
been in so good shape before.

The pestmaster, Mr. Maxwell, told me to say that he had been
over the road, and that it was in better shape than he had expected to
find it. The work will be done as fast as possible.

Yours truly,
W.G. Maupin, Trustee.”

“Kansas, I1]., September 26, 1901.
General Superintendent Free Delivery System:

Dear Sir: The road commissioners have agreed to put in the bridge

and fix the roads. Thanks.
Yours truly,
W.'S. Grinnell, Postmaster.”

Such letters are being constantly received from all sections of the
country, more especially from the New England and the West and
Middle States.

It is the intention of the Department to continue on these lines,
and by every possible means to point out to the people that a prompt
and regular service can be provided only where good roads are main-
tained. Postmasters will be requested to report from time to time
on the condition of the roads, and in that way the Department will be
kept continually and intelligently in touch with existing conditions.
The need for this work may be more clearly shown and the effect of

538 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

it on the highways of the entire country may be better understood
and appreciated by considering a few figures relative to the rural
free service as it exists to-day.

The total number of carriers employed in the rural free delivery
service at present is about 5,700; total population served by them
daily, about 3,500,000; total number of miles traveled each day, about
140,000.

When one considers that no two carriers (with few exceptions)
travel over the same roads, it becomes clear that if the Department
succeeds in its efforts for good roads on the routes now traveled by
the 5,700 carriers, there will be 140,000 miles of good roads in the
country districts now enjoying the benefits of rural delivery. At the
present rate of increase the rural service will be practically doubled
within the next twelve months, and as it is the distinct policy of the
Department to extend the service and keep pace with the demand for
it (which is constantly increasing), we may look forward to the time
when all sections of the country in which this service may be feasi-
bly maintained will be covered by a network of rural routes.

Wherever there is a systematic extension of the service through-
out a whole county it is found that fully nine-tenths of the public
highways are covered by rural free delivery. If, therefore, reliable
statistics were at hand showing the total number of miles of public
roads in rural districts of the United States, an interesting estimate
night be made showing the total number of miles of public highways
of the United States that will eventually be covered by rural free de-
livery service and consequently become good roads. All, I think,
will agree that the rural free delivery is proving a potent factor in
the construction of good highways and. their proper maintenance.
It is obvious, too, that the people, by insisting upon a universal ex-
tension of the service, have in their hands the most effective means
possible for bringing about the general improvement of nine-tenths
of the public highways of this country. This has been the object
for which good roads commissions and other kindred organizations
have been working for years, and a propaganda is still being vigor-
ously carried forward not only by these organizations, but by the
(iovernment itself, through the efficient management of the Office of
Public Roads Inquiries of the Department of Agriculture.

While it is true that the good roads movement has received a great
impetus and made rapid strides during the past few years on account
of the very efficient suppert is has received from the Department of
Agriculture through the publication of literature on road building,
securing the construction of object-lesson roads, ete., I think all will
concede that the Post-Office Department is not overstepping the
bounds of modesty when it claims that the solution of the whole
question lies largely in the rapid and systematic extension of the
rural free-delivery service.”

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 5389

DECISIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL-
AR) BD Sal dp

PART I.

RULINGS ON “THE PURE FOOD LAW” OF JUNE 26, 1895.

1.—A1]l foods manufactured, sold, offered or exposed for sale are
held to be represented as pure, unless accompanied by adequate
notice to the contrary, in which case they must be distinctly labeled
as “mixtures” or “compounds,” or as “artificial” preparations.

2.—Food sold as pure must be true to name, of standard strength,
quality and purity, and not a compound, mixture or an artificial
preparation or imitation.

3.—Where no standard of strength, quality or purity is fixed by
law, the standard required shall be that adopted by the highest
recognized authorities, such as the United States Pharmacopoeia,
or the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.

4.—No food shall have added to it any substance or ingredient
“which is poisonous or injurious to health.”

5.—No fraudulent or worthless article having little or no food
value, shall be mixed with standard goods or substituted for them,
and be sold as food under the label “compound” or “mixture;” but
all foods sold under this designation must be composed of substances
recognized as “ordinary articles or ingredients of articles of food.”

6.—The question of the admissibility of a non-poisonous or harm-
less foreign substance in a food, may depend upon whether the sub-
stance introduced is necessary in order to improve the value or qual-
ity of the food, or is fraudulently added as a diluent and cheapener.

7. No food shall be sold under the name of a substance of which it
contains none or only an inconsiderable quantity, and when a name
is “coined” therefor such name shall not be suggestive of any sub-
stance not contained therein.

8.—Foods manufactured in Pennsylvania, except where exempt
by statute from such requirement, should, for the purpose of identifi-
cation, be labeled with the name and address of the person or firm
manufacturing them. Foods not so marked are regarded with sus-
picion.

540 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

9.—Artificial preparations or imitations shall not be labeled “ex-
tracts,” as “artificial vanilla extract,” ete.

10.—Where such words as “compound,” “mixture,” “artificially
colored,” ete., are required upon a label, they shall be in con-
spicuous places and be printed in bold, clean-faced type in letters
as large and conspicuous as any upon the package, and the same des-
ignation, both as to substance, size and conspicuousness, shall be
printed upon the carton.

11.—The use, in food, of a moderate quantity of coloring matter
that is not poisonous or injurious to health, is not prohibited, pro-
vided the goods are otherwise pure and of standard quality; except in
the case of oleomargarine, milk, cream and distilled vinegar, in which
the use of ceriain colors is prohibited by statute; but if used in
foods below the established standard of strength and quality, the
words “artificially colored” and “compound” or “‘mixture” must be
printed upon the label.

12.—Articles of food that can be prepared by the use of improved
processes, so as to preserve them from decay or change, shall have no
preservative added, other than salt, syrup, sugar, saltpetre, spice,
vinegar or wood smoke.

13.—When an “extract” is below standard, and yet contains a suffi-
cient quantity of the substance after which it is named to entitle
it to be labeled as a “compound” or “mixture,” the percentage of its
distinguishing ingredient or ingredients should be stated on its label.

14.—Dry mustard must be pure. A preparation of mustard, vin-
egar and spices may be sold if labeled “prepared mustard.” Mustard
may also be sold when mixed with vinegar, spices and sufficient
starch to secure a mild flavor, if labeled “prepared mustard, com-
pound.”

15.—Mixtures of a spice with one or more of its valuable by-prod-
ucts, as pepper with pepper hulls, or pure cloves with cloves from
which part of the essential oil has been removed, must be labeled
“compound” or “mixture.” Spice by-products, themselves possessed
of spice value, must be sold under their own, distinctive names. Spice
preparations with which any foreign material has been mixed shall
not be sold as “compounds” or “mixtures.”

16.—Coffee mixed with chicory, wheat, rye, peas, etc., cannot be
sold as “coffee compound.’—Decision of Attorney: General, Jan-
uary 29, 1896. Packages containing such articles may be sold if
they have the name of the adulterant plainly printed on the label.

17.—Candy and confections must be free from inert mineral mat-
ter, and not colored with substances poisonous or injurious to health.

18.—The distinctive character of a Baking Powder should be stated
on the label, as Cream of Tartar, Alum, Acid Phosphate, ete.

’

93

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT? QF AGRICULTURE 541

19.—Tin ov cans in which food is preserved, and the portion of the
metal tops of glass jars which is in contact with food contents, should
not contain more than two per centum of lead.

NOTE.—Under the statute a dealer is liable for selling an adulter-
ated article, although he may have no knowledge that the same is
adulterated.

A guaranty of purity received from the manufacturer or jobber
does not relieve a person handling adulterated goods from liability.

542 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

PARAL

ABSTRACT OF STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO
CHEESE; DAIRY PRODUCTS IN CHARITABLE OR PENAL
INSTITUTIONS; EVAPORATED APPLES AND APPLE PROD-
UCTS; FRUIT JUICE; LARD; MILK AND CREAM; OLEOMAR-
GARINE; PURE FOOD; RENOVATED BUTTER; VINEGAR.

CHEESE.

Act of 23d of June, A. D. 1897.
Amended 2d of May, A. D. 1901.
1.—Must be the legitimate product of pure, unadulterated milk
or cream.—Sec. 1. Act 1897.

2.—No foreign fats or substance can be introduced.—Sec. 1; Act
ye

+.—Must be branded: Full Cream; Three-fourths Cream; One-half
Cream; One-fourth Cream; Skimmed Cheese, together with the man-
ufacturer’s name and address.—Sec. 2; Act 1897.

Where cheese is manufactured outside of the State, a brand, giving
the grade, together with the name and address of the dealer is suffi-
cient.—Decision of Attorney General Oct. 27, 1897.

4. Percentage of butter fat required._Sec. 2; Act 1897:

Full cream, 32 per cent.
Three-fourths cream, 24 per cent.
One-half cream, 16 per cent.
One-fourth cream, 8 per cent.
Skimmed cheese, less than 8 per cent.

5.—Full cream cheese shipped out of the State need not be
branded.—Amendment May 2, 1901.

6.—‘Fancy” cheese, under five pounds in weight, and cottage and
pot cheese, are not included in the provisions of this law.—Sec. 3,
Act 97.

7. NOTE.—Manufacturers or dealers in cheese violating any of
the requirements of the Pure Food Law of June 26. 1895. can also
be arrested and punished under its provisions.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 543

DAIRY PRODUCTS IN CHARITABLE AND PENAL INSTITUTIONS.

Act May 23, A. D. 1893.

1.—It is unlawful for any charitable or penal institution to use
or furnish to its inmates any article, designed to take the place of
butter or cheese derived wholly from pure unadulterated milk or
cream.—Sec. 1.

Persons selling substitutes for butter or cheese, not made from
pure unadulterated milk or cream, are also liable to prosecution for
every such offense—Sec. 2.

EVAPORATED APPLES AND APPLE PRODUCTS.

Act of July 5, A. D. 1895.
1.—The adulteration of “apple vinegar,” “jellies,” cider,” evapo-
rated apples” and “other apple products,” is prohibited.—See. 1.

2. NOTKE.—Persons violating the requirements of this law can
also be prosecuted under the provisions of the Pure Food Law of
June 26, 1895. |

bP)

FRUIT JUICE.

Act May 2, A. D. 1901.
1.—No “deleterious” or “poisonous acid” or other “unwholesome,
deleterious or poisonous substance” can be sold or given away as
a substitute for the pure, unaduiterated and unfermented juice of
lemons, limes, oranges, currants, grapes, apples, peaches, plums,
pears, berries, quinces, or other natural fruits, under the representa-
tion that such preparation is the pure, unadulterated and unfer-
mented juice of any such fruits.—See. 1.
2.—No one Shall knowingly use any such compound in the mixing,
decoction of, or preparation of, food or drink, or any such compound
or preparation in the place of, or as a substitute for, the pure unadul-
terated and unfermented juice of one or more such fruits.—$ee. 1.

LARD.
Act June 8, A. D. 1891.
1.—Lard sold as such must be the pure fat of swine.
2.—Lard not wholly derived from the fat of swine, must be sold

544 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

in packages or wrappers on which is plainly marked on the outside in
letters not less than one-half inch in length, the words “Compound
Lard.”

3. NOTE.—Action can also be brought against persons who sell
impure or adulterated lard, under the Pure Food Act of June 26,
1895.

MILK AND CREAM.

Act of 19th April, A. D. 1901.
1.—The addition of coloring matter or preservatives, to milk or
cream, is prohibited.—Sec. 1.
2. NOTE.—Action can also be brought against persons who sell

impure or adulterated milk, under the Pure Food Law of June 26,
1895.

OLEOMARGARINE.

Act of 29th May, A. D. 1901.

1.—Oleomargarine is any substance “made wholly or partly out of
any fats, oils or oleaginous substance or compound thereof not pro-
duced from pure unadulterated milk or cream from the same, with-
out the admixture or addition of any fat foreign to the said milk
or cream.”—Sec. 1.

2.—Oleomargarine “shall be made and kept free from all colora-
tion or ingredients causing it to look like yellow butter.”—See. 1.
All persons “desiring to manufacture, sell or offer or expose
for sale, or have in possession with intent to sell, oleomargarine not
made or colored in imitation of yellow butter, must first procure a li-
cense so to do, from the Dairy and Food Commissioner.”—Sece. 2.

4.—A]l licenses expire December 31st of each year. Licenses may
be granted for a portion of a year upon payment of a proportionate
part of the annual fee.—See. 2.

5.—License fee for twelve months fora

B.
vw.

Manutaeturer, ¢7..0 250.250 hoo eee $1,000
Wholesale dealer. <2. 4 24.2 eee eee 500
Retail. dealers 3.2.0 5. Alesa ho ont 100
Restaurant, dining room or hotel proprie-

COD os. Hein corre reel Moms .-. Sosid atic ee 50
Boarding house keeper, ..............6... 10

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 549

6.—\W holesale dealers, are all persons who shall buy to sell again
and make sales in quantities of ten pounds and over.—NSec. 2.

7.—Retail dealers, are all persons who sell in quantities of less than
ten pounds.—See. 2.

8.—License is granted for a specified location only, but may be
transferred to another individual proposing to engage in business
in the same place, on application to the Dairy and Food Commis-
sioner.—NSec. 2.

9.—The license must be exhibited in a conspicuous place, on the
walls of the room or store in which the business is conducted.—See. 3.

10.—Every person, firm or corporation, before beginning business
under this law, shall procure from the Dairy and Food Commissioner
a Sign or signs clearly setting forth that he, she or they, are engaged
in the manufacture or sale of oleomargarine; which said sign or signs
shall be hung up in a conspicuous place or places on the walls of
every room or store in which oleomargarine is manufactured or sold.
see. 3.

11.—Every proprietor of a hotel, restaurant, dining room or board-
ing house, shall, in addition, have conspicuously placed upon every
counter or table at which food, meals, or refreshments are served
to customers, a placard, plainly printed in letters not less than one-
half inch in length, stating that oleomargarine is used and served
to customers.—See. 3.

12.—Every tub, package or parcel containing oleomargarine shall
be distinguished on the outside, in a conspicuous place, by a placard
with the word “OLEOMARGARINE” printed thereon; 'the letters
to be not less than one inch long, and the placard shall not contain
any other words thereon.—Sec. 4.

138.—Upon every open tub, package or parcel containing oleomar
garine, there shall be displayed, in a conspicuous position, a placard
with the word “OLEOMARGARINE” printed thereon in leiters not
less than one inch long; and when oleomargarine is sold from such
tub or package or otherwise at retail, in print, roll or other form,
before being delivered to the purchaser, it shall be wrapped in
wrappers plainly stamped on the outside thereof with the word
“QOLEOMARGARINE” printed or stamped thereon in letters one-
fourth inch square. The wrapper shall also contain the name and
address of the seller and the quantity sold, and no other words there-
on, and the said word “OLEOMARGARINE,” so stamped or printed
on said wrapper, shall not be in any manner concealed.—Sec. 4.

14.—Manufacturers and wholesale dealers in oleomargarine shall
keep a book in which every sale and shipment of oleomargarine
shall be entered, giving the date of sale and shipment, the quantity,
the person to whom sold and shipped, the place to which shipped and
the name of the transportation line by which shipped, which book

35—6—1901

546 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

shall be in such form as the Dairy and Food Commissioner shall
direct and shall be open to examination by the Dairy and Food
Commissioner, his agents, attorneys and representatives.—Sec. 5.

15.—Retait dealers in oleomargarine shall aiso keep a book, which
shall be open to examination by the Dairy and Food Commissioner,
his agents, attorneys and representatives, in which shall be entered
the date of the receipt of all purchases of oleomargarine by him,
stating therein where, when and from whom purchased, and the
quantity; said book to be in such form as the Dairy and Food Com-
missioner shall direct.—See. 5.

PURE FOOD LAW.

Act of June 26, A. D. 1895.

1—The manufacture, sale, offering for sale or selling adulterated
food is prohibited.—Sece. 1.

2.—The term “food” as used in this act “shall include all articles
used for food or drink by man, whether simple, mixed or compound.”
—Sec. 2.

5.—An article shall be deemed to be adulterated within the mean-
ing of this act,

(a) IN THE CASE OF FOOD:

(1) If any substance or substances have been mixed with
it, so as to lower or depreciate or injuriously affect its quality,
strength or purity.

(2) If any inferior or cheaper substance or substances have
been substituted, wholly or in part, for it.

(3) If any valuable or necessary constituent or ingredient
has been, wholly or in part, abstracted from it.

(4) If it is an imitation of, or is sold under the name of,
another article.

(5) If it consists, wholly or in part,of a diseased, decomposed,
putrid, infected, tainted or rotten animal or vegetable sub-
stance or article, whether manufactured or not—or in case
of milk, if it is the product of a diseased animal.

(6) If it is colored, coated, polished or powdered, whereby
damage or inferiority is concealed, or if by any means it is
made to appear better or of greater value than it really is.

(7) If it contains any added substance or ingredient which
is poisonous or injurious to health: Provided, That the pro-
visions of this act shall not apply to mixtures or compounds

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 547

recognized as ordinary articles, or ingredients of articles of
food, if each and every package sold or offered for sale be dis-
tinctly labeled as mixtures or compounds, and are not in-
jurious to health—Sec. 3.

RENOVATED BUTTER.

Act 10th of July, A. D. 1901.

1. “Taking original packing stock and other butter and melting
the same so that the butter oil can be drawn off, mixed with milk or
skimmed milk or other material, and by emulsion, or other process,
produce butter, and butter produced by any similar process and com-
monly known as boiled or process butter,” shall be known and desig-
nated as “Renovated Butter.”—WSece. 1.

2.—Persons desiring to engage in the business of manufacturing
or selling renovated butter are required to take out a license, to be
issued by the Dairy and Food Commissioner.—See. 2.

3.—A1]l] licenses expire December 3ist of each year. Licenses may
be issued for a portion of a year upon payment of a proportionate
part of the license fee—See. 2. |

4.—The license fee for twelve months is fora

PAID UT AGUPE ON iia tag nce for etey siivtel suatls Ses toda ctansie Sys x= $1,000
Wholesale dealer fs. a ct3 50's sets teers pin we 500
@batl dl Galen 2 ae pee a sy, ckowy sho utiera es 100
Restaurant, dining room or hotel proprie-

COM Pers oustsce cepa re Cis oe we Sra oy ors os 50
Boarding house keeper, «2566.2 0 odes oe 10

f —Sece. 2.

5. Wholesale dealers are all persons who sell in packages of ten
(10) pounds or over.—Sec. 2.

6.—Retail dealers are all persons who sell in quantities of less
than ten (10) pounds.—-Sece. 2.

7.—Hotel and dining room proprietors, and restaurant and board-
ing house keepers, are regarded as dealers.—See. 2.

8. The license is for a specified location and must be exposed to
view in a conspicuous place.—Sece. 2.

9.—Renovated butter cannot be sold from wagons on the streets
or from house to house.—See. 3.

10.—A._ sign or signs must be displayed, setting forth that Reno-
vated Butter is manufactured or sold, and posted in a conspicuous
place.—Sec. 4.

11.—A placard also must be placed in a conspicuous place on every

34

548 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

counter or table where meals are served to customers, by every
restaurant or boarding house keeper or hotel or dining room pro-
prietor, stating that “Renovated butter” is used or served to cus-
tomers.—Sec. 4.

12.—A stencil to be furnished by the Dairy and Food Commis-
sioner, to every manufacturer and wholesale dealer in renovated
butter, giving the number of the license and the name and address
of the holder thereof, shall be used in stamping every package be-
fore being sold by the manufacturer or wholesale dealer to the re-
tailer.Sec. 4.

13.—Every tub, package or parcel containing renovated butter,
shall be distinguished on the outside, ia a conspicuous place, by a
placard with the words ‘‘Renovated Butter” in letters not less than
one-half inch long, and the placard shall not contain any other
words, printing or device thereon.—Sec. 5.

14.—Upon every open tub or package shall also be displayed a
sign or placard, with the words “Renovated Butter” printed thereon
in letters not less than one-half inch long, and when renovated butter
is sold from such package, before being delivered to the purchaser,
it shall be wrapped in a wrapper plainly stamped on the outside
thereof with the words, “Renovated Butter,” in letters one-fourth
inch square, and the wrapper shall contain no other words or printing
thereon, and the words shall be kept in plain view.—Sec. 5.

15.—Manufacturers and wholesale dealers in Renovated Butter,
shall keep a book in which every sale and shipment shall be entered,
giving the quantity and person to whom sold and shipped, the place
to which shipped and the name of the transportation line by which
shipped, which book shall be open to examination by the Dairy and
Food Commissioner, his agents, attorneys and representatives.—
Sec. 6.

16.—Retail dealers also shall keep a book, which shall be
open to the inspection of the Dairy and Food Commissioner, or his
agents, in which shall be entered the date of the receipt of all pur-
chases of Renovated Butter, made by him, and stating where, and
from whom purchased, and the quantity.—Sec. 6.

VINEGAR.

Act of June 18, A.D. 1897.
Amended May 21, A. D. 1901.
1.—Vinegar sold as “apple” or “cider” vinegar must be the legiti-
mate product of pure apple juice. No foreign substance, drugs or
acids can be introduced.—Sec. 1; Act 21st May, 1901.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 549

2.— Vinegar branded ‘Fruit Vinegar” must be made wholly from
grapes, apples or other fruits.—Sec. 1; Act 21st May, 1901.

3.—Vinegar made by “fermentation” or “oxidation” not distilled
shall be branded ‘fermented vinegar,” with the name of the fruit
or substance from which it is made.—Sec. 2; Act 21st of May, 1901.

4.— Vinegar made wholly or in part from distilled liquor, must be
branded “distilled vinegar.”—Sec. 2; Act 21st of May, 1901.

5.—Distilled vinegar must be free from coloring matter and must
contain not less than four per centum, by weight, of absolute acetic
acid._Sec. 2; Act 21st of May, 1901.

6.—AIl vinegar must be made from the fruit or grain from which
it is represented to be made and shall contain no foreign substance,
except an amount of spice necessary for flavoring, provided the
spices do not color the vinegar.—Sec. 2; Act 21st of May, 1901.

550 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PART Il.

FOOD DEFINITIONS AND STANDARDS.

‘MEAT.

1.—Mrar is the dressed and properly prepared edible parts of
animals, in good health at the time of slaughter, and of the kind
designated.

2.— Refrigeration is the only method of preservation allowable for
fresh meats.

3.—CANNED MEATS shall contain no preservative other than salt,
sugar and salt-petre, except smoked meat, which contains the prod-
ucts added by the process of smoking.

4.—PICKLED AND SALTED MEATS Shall contain no preservatives other
than salt, sugar, salt-peter, vinegar, spices or other condiments.

5.—SAUSAGE must be prepared from meat of the quality above indi-
cated, and must contain no preservatives other than sugar, salt, salt-
peter, smoke and condiments; artificial color must not be introduced
without notice of the fact.

6.—Mrart Extracts must be true to name. No antiseptic, other
than salt, may be used.

MILK AND BUTTER.

1.—Mitk is the normal secretion, taken by complete milking,
from the udder of a healthy cow, properly fed and kept. Colostral
milk is excluded.

2.—CREAM Shall contain not less than 15 per centum of bttter-fat.

3.—SKIM-MILK, except in cities fer which a different standard has
been established by law, shall contain not less than 8.5 per centum
of total solids not fat, and shall be free from all kinds of additions.

4.—BuTTerR-MILK. The acid fluid of milk or cream left after the re-
moval of the butter fat by churning. It must be free from preserva-
tives other than the salt employed in the manufacture of butter.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE O51

5.—CONDENSED MILK shall be prepared from pure and wholesome
normal milk, by removal of water by evaporation, sugar may be
added, but no other substances.

6.—Burrer must contain not less than 83 per centum of butter-fat.

FRUIT PREPARATIONS.

1.—F RvUIT-BUTTER Must be prepared wholly from the designated
fruit without addition of any substance other than cider, glucose or
cane-sugar and spices.

2.—FRUIT PRESERVES, JAMS, MARMALADES AND JELLIES must be pre-
pared from the designated fruits and cane-sugar, with or without
the addition of glucose, but without the addition of any other sub-
stance.

3.—F RUIT JUICE, FRESH, is the juice, or pulp,or both, of fresh, sound
fruit of the variety specified on the label, without addition of any
other substance.

4,—F RUIT JUICE, SWEET, is fresh fruit juice to which sugar or glucose
has been added.

SACCHARINE PRODUCTS.

1.—Mo.assss is that part of the cane juice, or sugar solution, that
is left upon the removal of part of the sugar. It must contain no
added substance.

2.—Syrur is the purified or evaporated juice of the cane or maple
sap, insufficiently evaporated to cause crystallization of the sugar.
It must contain no added substance.

3.—Guucosk is the solid, sweet, purified substance obtained by the
action of acid on starch. It must be free from intermediate products.

4—GLUCOSE SYRUP, is Syrup obtained by the action of acid on starch.

5._Honry is the nectar of flowers and saccharine exudations of
plants, gathered by bees. Honey made by feeding bees sugar, glu-
cose, syrup or other saccharine substances, is not considered pure
honey. The mixing of sugar, syrup, glucose or other similar sub-
stance with honey. is considered an adulteration.

552 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

SPICE AND CONDIMENTS. e
1.—ALLSPICE OR PIMENTO, is the dried fruit of P/menta officinalis.
2.—Buack Perrer is the dried, immature berry of Piper nigrum.
Pepper shells, pepper dust, and other by-products from pepper are
adulterants.

3. Wuire prerrer is the dried mature berry of Piper nigrum from
which the outer, or the outer and inner coatings have been removed.

4.—CAYENNE PEPPER, red pepper, is the dried fruit of Capsicum
fastigiatum, C. frutescens, C. baccatu mor other small-fruited species
of Capsicum.

5.—CINNAMON. is the dried bark of any species of the genus Cinna-
momum, from which the outer layers may or may not have been
removed.

6.— GROUND CINNAMON OR GROUND Cassia: A powder consisting of
cinnamon, cassia buds or a mixture thereof.

7.—CLOVES are the dried flower-buds of Jambosa, caryophyllus;
should contain no more than 5 per cent. of clove stems.

8.—GincER is the washed and dried or decorticated and dried rhi-
zome of Zingiber officinale. Ground ginger shall not contain any
added substance, but whole ginger coated with carbonate of lime
may be sold as limed or bleached ginger.

9.—Horsk-RADISH the root of Cochlearie armoracia; the grated or
ground horse-radish may be mixed with vinegar, but with no other
foreign material.

10.—Mace is the dried arillus of Myristica fragrans; Macassar or
Papua mace the dried arillus of Jf. argeneta, should be sold under its
own name; Bombay mace, M. Malabarica has no spice value and is
therefore an adulterant.

11.—Musrarp: sEED, the seeds of Stnapis alba (white mustard),
Brassica nigra, (black or brown mustard). S. juncea (sarepta mus-
tard).

12.—Mustrarp: Grounpb, is the powdered mustard seed, of one or
more varieties, with or without the removal of the hulls and a portion:
of the oil, but without addition of any other substance. |

13.—NurTMEc is the dried seed of Myristica fragrans, deprived of
its testa; ground nutmegs should contain no added substance; “lim-
ing’ whole nutmegs is not to be considered an adulteration.

FLAVORING EXTRACTS.

1.—LEMON ExTRACT shall contain at least five per centum of the
pure oil of lemon dissolved in alcohol.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 5638

2.—VANILLA EXTRACT is the solution prepared by the maceration
of the vanilla bean with alcohol and sugar.

TABLE BEVERAGES.

1—Tra is the dried leaves of 7’hea sinensis or other species of
Thea, without addition of the leaves of other plants or of coloring
materials injurious to health, and without having been exhausted
by steeping or other means.

2.—CorFEE is the fruit of Coffea arabica. “Roasted coffee” is coffee
that has been subjected to dry heat to develop the aroma.

3.—CHOcOLATE is the ground pulp of the roasted seeds of Zheobroma
cacao, from which none of the fat has been removed.

4.—Cocoa is the ground pulp of the roasted seeds of 7heobroma
cacao from which a part of the fat has been removed, but to which
nothing except the usual flavoring material has been added.

5.—The addition of sugar to either chocolate or cocoa should be
indicated on the label.

554 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

PENNSYLVANIA’S ROAD SYSTEM.

By HON. JOHN HAMILTON, State Secretary of Agricultwre, Harrisburg, Pa. Delivered before the
Tuternational Good Roads Congress, Buffalo, Sept. 16, 1901.

In Pennsylvania we have been endeavoring to get State aid, and we
have reached the point where the people of the State, as a rule, be-
lieve that State aid is the only solution of the road question.

I think that in the discussion of this subject, we ought to take into
account, the difference that exists in the several States, as to the
methods of taxation. I understand that in the State of New York
real estate is taxed for State purposes, so that when the State makes
an appropriation for a road, it simply returns to those who own real
estate, some of the money that they have already contributed. In
Pennsylvania it is different. We have no tax on real estate for
State purposes, and the appropriation that is made by the State leg-
islature comes from corporations and other sources of income that
are general, and does not fall upon real estate owners at all, but on
personal property, money at interest, etc. Thus in Pennsylvania,
State aid to the townships, the agricultural districts, means receiv-
ing money from the State by country people, which they did not con-
tribute, bat which came from other sources. Now, I believe that
these other interests, which are taxed, are just as much interested
and just as much benefited, by the improvement of the roads through
the country districts, as the country people themselves, and that it
is not a bonus or a gift to the country people to provide this State aid
from this fund, but it is simply an investment, on the part of the
State, for the improvement of all of the interests of the Common-
wealth. State aid, has now come to be regarded in Pennsylvania,
as an essential feature of any system of road improvement. There
is no difference of opinion on that point, and we should have had it
before this. In the legislature of 1897 there would have been no
difficulty in obtaining an appropriation of $1,000,000 for the construc-
tion of public roads, had it not been that our capitol had just been
destroyed, and immediate provision had to be made for its recon-
struction; therefore it was impossible to secure the money, at that
time, for good roads. I speak of that time, because at that particu-
lar session of the legislature, the good roads law of Pennsylvania
was enacted, and there was attached to the bill, a proviso, which

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 555

has vendered it inoperative—that $1,000,000 should first be appro-
priated, before the act could go into effect. So we have on our
statute book, a law, which we believe is in good form, and will give
us good roads in Pennsyivania, as soon as it can go into effect. It
could not go into effect at the time of its passage for the reason I
have stated. At the session of the legislature two years ago (we
have biennial sessions) the finances of the State were in such a condi-
tion that it was impossible to get the money, and at the last legisla-
ture, there were other interests involyed, which prevented our get-
ting the money.

But Pennsylvania is going to have State aid, and I believe it will
come at the next session of the legislature. We had to appropriate
$4,000,000 for a State capitol, and we have been paying some debts
that were on the Commonwealth, and this has kept back the appro-
priation of money for State aid. Weare putting money, by hundreds
of thousands of dollars into forests, and the purchase, by the State,
of waste lands. That is on our hands, so that at present the funds
of the State seem to be demanded for other purposes. We had also
to add to the $11,000.000 appropriated for public schools, another mil-
lion dollars, which was taken out of the last appropriation. A1-
together the State has been loaded down with appropriations that
had to be met, and the matter of roads has been left in obeyance. As
I say, I believe it will come, at the next session of the legislature,
two years hence. When it comes, there will come with it, in the bill
to which I have referred, a feature that I believe must be the founda-
tion of any and every system of good roads, wherever goods roads
are to be secured, namely, competent supervision. Before State aid
and before anything clse can be done, and paramount to all, there
must be competent supervision. [Applause.] It is the greatest folly
to appropriate money, to go to men, who are incapable of expending it
judiciously. Much as I am interested—I have said it repeatedly
to members of the legislature and to our citizens—much as I am in-
terested in good roads in Pennsylvania, if I were in the legislature,
and $1,000,000 or $5,000,600 were to be given for public roads, and
its appropriation depended om my vote, under our present system of
supervision, I would vote “No.” [Applause.]

What is the system of supervision? It is simply of such a char-
acter as exists in many of the States, in which the selection, not of
the fittest, but of the most unfit, are made. By it men are
selected, who are willing to stand out on the public roads for a
dollar and a half a day, and watch two or three other men do noth-
ing. So the first thing is to select men of intelligence, and we have
in our Commonwealth, as in the other States, plenty of men who
have the information, or who have the capacity for the acquirement
of information, in regard to this matter. Tf we should select our

556 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Ott. Doe.

best and wost capable citizeus for road officials, we would have a
corps of supervisors in Pennsylvania equal, if not superior, to that
of any other State in the Union.

This law of 1897, of which I speak, provides just that. It it nota
good roads law; it is simply. a supervisor’s law. It provides, that
there shall be three supervisors elected in each county in the State,
and they shall form a board and serve three years, one man going
out each year and leaving two of the old members in. It is a con-
tinuous board; it never closes its account; is always in existence,
and always on duty. [Applause.] Thus the majority of these men
will be men having at least one year’s experience.

I have tried to educate supervisors. That is what they said I
should do, and that is right. But you must have some person that
you can educate to begin with, then you must have a little time in
which to educate him, and then you must have the services of the
man after he is educated. We have over 3,000 supervisors in our
State, and I secured the names of every one of them and sent
literature to them. At the close of the year, in most
of the districts, the supervisors go out of office and a new
set of men come in, so that the work you have done with the previ-
ous board is practically lost, and you have a new set to deal with,
more ignorant perhaps than the others, at least less informed
on road matters, and you begin over again. ‘The board provided for
under the act has this advantage, that its information is hereditary;
it is transmitted from year to year, and it is cumulative in its char-
acter. You educate a board of supervisors, and although a man
goes out, the information is retained, and in the course of a few years
the board is fairly well educated. Instead of having a system of
retrogression you have one of progression and accumulation. That
is what we need in road matters. We have not yet reached the per-
fection of road improvement and road instruction. Until within
the last twenty years our engineers did not know how to build
a good road; now they are beginning to learn how a road can be built.
But we must teach the supervisors, in all the districts, how to con-
struct a good road, and after it is constructed, how to maintain it,
which is of equal importance.

[ believe that we must have in every locality a board of intelligent
men, educated in road matters, which will have charge of the roads
in that community and look after them; a board that is continued
and can be instructed, and which will secure the best information
that is to be had on the subject. Then State aid should follow. Give
State aid to such a board, and the money of the State will be spent
intelligently. Instead of wasting millions of dollars, as is done
to-day, without improving the roads at all, every dollar expended
in the future will bring a dollae’s worth of service, and after it is

Nao. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 557

expended, we shall have a guaranty that there is somebody tu look
after it, and see that the work which has been done is not obliterated
in a single year. ‘That means constant supervision. Our new law
provides that this board of supervisors shall do no work on the road
at all; nor shall it oversee men who work on the road. ‘These boards
accordipgly may be made up of lawyers, physicians, ministers, pro-
fessional men, business men, farmers; anybody can be on this board.
We are after brains; that’s what we want. [Applause.] The mem-
bers of this board get no pay excepting $1.50 for each time they
meet, and that can not amount to more than $54 a year, because the
board is only required io meet once a month.

Then as to looking after the road. Under this law the roads in the
townships are put into districts, of so many miles to a district, and
over that district a road master is put, who is a hired man, hired by
this board of supervisors. That man understands road building,
understands road-making appliances, and he obeys instructions. He
is under no obligation whatever to the men who work under him,
but is responsible simply to a board of supervisors, and his position
depends upon whether he obeys their orders or not. Under our pres-
ent supervision, the supervisor is the man who is elected, and who
wants to be elected the next time; therefore, men and boys at work
on the public roads, are allowed to waste their time and the town-
ship money, and this supervisor can not protest because he wants
a re-election. Instead of having a man who is under obligations to
ithe men who work under him, and owes his position to them, we put
a man there who is independent of them, and who can insist that a
day’s work be done, or else the workman get off the road and pay
his road taxin money. This bill provides also that at least one-half
the road tax shall be paid in money, and we hope, when it goes into
effect, that if a day’s work is required of every man for a day’s wages,
the man will prefer to pay that in money rather than do the day’s
work. ‘Then we can hire men to work upon our public roads.

One of the duties of the Road Master, under the act, is to be on the
road every day of the year excepting Sundays. He is also responsi-
ble for his section, and the Supervisors of the district, supervise with
a horse and buggy.

I have not time to go iuto this fully, but State aid will come just
as soon as you have in each township men who are instructed, and
capable of expending the money. We hope to have it soon in Penn-
sylvania.

We have made some improvements in our system already. Since
the beginning of road agitation, we have had what is known as
County roads. The citizens of a county may petition the grand jury
for a county road, designating its limits. That petition must be
acted upon favorably by two grand juries before any further action

dd8 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

cam be tuken. ‘hen the county commissioners are authorized tu
build the road and use for that purpose county taxes. In our State
personal property, certain kinds, as well as real estate, are taxed for
county purposes. Many communities.are taking advantage of that
law. They are building some fine roads in the county of Allegheny.
But that law seems applicable, only in counties in which there are
large cities, and where the amount the city contributes, will be of
assistance to the country people. It can be truthfully said that the
country people can not be taxed any more for roads than they are
at present. We are spending in the country districts of our State
about $4,000,00 per annum for roads. We have altogether about
100,000 miles of country roads.

We have a law, which is now two years old, which forms townships
of the first and second class. Townships of the first class, have a
government, very similar to cities or boroughs, and there the road
question is settled. But they can only be formed in districts where
the population is dense, and road improvement is a simple matter in
those localities. But the great difficulty is found in townships of
the second class, where the population is sparse. There the country
people are utterly unable to build roads as they should be built, so
they must look to the State. At the last legislature we did a thing
which looks like a very simple thing, and perhaps you gentlemen
from the prairie States may not known how much it means. We
passed a law which requires the supervisor to pick the stones off the
roads once a month during the summer months. If be does not, he
can be arrested and fined. The legislature passed another law last
winter which is a great law for every State in the Union, and that is
the wide-tire law. [Applause.] When you have got your good
roads you must stop the use of narrow tires, and you people in New
York should make it a penal offense for a man to go on your roads
with a load of over 2,000 pounds, with a narrow tire, or you will have
no roads. [Applause.]

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE: anu

COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS IN PENN-
SYLVANIA.

AN INVESTIGATION BY THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF PENN-
SYLVANIA IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COL-
LEGE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

BY WILLIAM FREAR, PH. D., State College, Pa.

The chemist in his examination of cattle foods, separates them
into several principal groups of materials:

1. Moisture.

2. Ash, the mineral matter of the food that is left when it is burned.

3. Protein, the total nitrogenous material of the food, which is
assumed to be entirely composed of substances like the white of
egg (albumen) in their chemical and nutritive properties, and called
adlbuminoids from this resemblance; but, in point of fact, in many
foods, particularly the green and immature leaf and stalk crops and
the root crops, a large part of the nitrogenous material is composed
of crystallizable substances (non-albuminoids) of quite different nu-
tritive value. The mature grain and stalk contain comparatively
little of the non-albuminoids.

4. Fiber, the woody matter, forming the framework of plants.

5. Nitrogen-free extract, including starch, sugars, gums, plant
acids, etc. This group with the fiber composes the carbohydrates of
the food. :

6. Hats,or more properly, the ether-extract. This is determined
by extracting the dry food with ether, which takes out the fat with
more or less of other materials; from the grain, little else; but from
leaves, stalks, etc., relatively large quantities of coloring matters,
waxes, etc.

Before any of these substances can be used, they must be dissolved
by the digestive fluids of the mouth, stomach and intestines and
taken up into the body. This process of solution and absorption
is called digestion. The degree to which any of the above groups of
food constituents is digested depends both upon the nature of the
animal using the food, the nature of the individual substances of

560 ANNUAL REPORT OF ‘THE Olt. Due.

which the group happens to be made up in a give food, the mechan-
ical condition in which it exists and the proportion which the group
under consideration bears to the other groups of food substances
present in the digestive tract at the same time. Thus, so-called
“herbivorous” animals provided with a paunch, have greater power
of digesting fiber than is possessed by animals with a single, small
stomach like the hog; the tender fiber of young plants, is more di-
gestible than the hard, ligneous fiber of old, woody plants; the pro-
teids of clover and timothy seeds are really quite digestible, but
escape digestion in a horse’s stomach, because the hard seed-coats
of these small seeds fail to be broken by the animal’s teeth and almost
entirely prevent access of the digestive fluids to the proteids; and
finally, the digestibility of protein is decreased when large quan-
tities of carbohydrates are present in a ration. The percentage of a
given group of materials that is removed from a given food by diges-
tion is termed its percentage of digestibility, or sometimes, its co-
efficient of digestion.

The more important nutritive uses of the digested parts of these
several food constituents may be briefly noted:

The ash materials supply the mineral salts of the bone, blood,
muscle and other animal tissues.

The carbohydrates (fiber and nitrogen-free extract) and fat serve,
when burned in the body, to maintain its temperature and supply of
energy. For this purpose, the fat is 2.25 times as valuable as the
carbohydrates. Both of these groups are also capable of forming
body-fat. The protein alone is able to supply the nitrogenous sub-
stances forming the organic matter of bone, blood, muscle, nerve,
skin, wool, milk-curd and egg-albumen.

To permit a more perfect distinction of food values in the com-
mercial feeding stuffs, the average composition of a number of the
more common cattle food products of a Pennsylvania farm is given
below:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 561

Composition and Nutritive Ratios of Farm Feeds, Pennsylvania.

|
rs
be
$ vi
o =
E 2
g >
o ont
~ iu . Pa)
a a 3 2 a s 3
ce bet Puy kK Zz fy Zz
| |
Green Forage: | |
WAStuUTe (STASH secs wee cca 143.37 | 2.46 5.82 4.85 | 11.81 | 1.69 NOR a
Timothy in blossom 51) 65.10 | 2.00 2.80 12.60 21.50 1.30 1:14.4
IOVER MN DLOGIN, Gyccs cies -tereie| 72.70 2.20 | 4.20 6.50 13.40 | 0.90 1: 6.0
Hungarian grass in bloom, . 62.70 | 2.16 3.22 10.7 20.08 | 1.06 1:11.6
SO hverap TAKER Ae oandeceAcooeEcod] 76.60 1.80 2.60 11.60 | 6.80 0.60 A ee ef)
SSOMITIS OSES! |b alclateiorsicis!sicieicis.0 cen | 62.20 2.50 | 3.40 11.20 | 19.30 1.40 Ls) 920
Soiling corn, kernels glazed} 73.40 | 1.50 2.00 6.70 | 15.20 0.90 a bps
Corn silage, .................. 79.10 1.40 1.70 6.00 | 11.10 0.80 1:16.5
|
Cured Forage: | |
WORNBStOVER a cco nesietelerisscieterelei> | 42.20 2.70 4.50 14.30 34.70 | 1.60 1:17.4
SIMIMOLH YA TAY, cools ince cee 14.20 | 4.40 5.20 | 28.10 | 44.60 3.00 1:16.2
ICOM CLOVER Rtas iicenecteiteenine | 20.90 6.60 | 11.50 24.70 | 33.00 3.30 1: 6.0
Hungarian grass, ... 7.70 6.00 7.50 27.70 | 49.00 | 2 LOW letetetetereletaiete
IWiheat straw, <<=....- 1.60 | 9.20 3.40 38.10 43.40 1.30 1:65.5
PERV SENS Wie ciciciccsica inves ool 7.10 | Sue 3.00 | 38.90 46.60 1.2 1:69.2
ORPMBELEW) ficeic cco: ismiellors cialccgee 9.20 5.10 4.00 | 37.00 | 42.40 2.30 1:32.8
Buckwheat haulm, ......... 9.90 5.50 5.20 | 43.00 35.10 | 1.30 ~
Roots: |
POCALOCS ae wrest cies oe eeeraisiateiete 78.90 1.00 2.10 0.60 17.320 0.10 | 1:17.4
Mangel-wurzels, ............. 90.90 | 1.10 1.40 0.90 6.50 | 0.20 | is! 459
SupAr MDCetse © sac. ceieeieines 86.50 | 0.90 | 1.80 0.90 | 9.80 0.10 | 1: 6.8
PURIR TUS) ba cies crerels steve axe Siereve rs cictee 90.50 0.80 1.10 TL APab) | §.20 0.20 | Tied
RUEADA PAS. seuss clticsis ewe csanieinre 88.60 1.20 1.20 1.30 1.50 0.20 Let805
Grain:
Went corn, ‘kernel 65.2... 10.60 1250 10.30 2.20 70.40 5.00 1:12.1
(ORIIEE “at BAGO CHD E RS Ge COCrHFeen 11.00 3.00 11.80 9.50 59.70 5.00 ssbe8
EUVICUE tears wieteisic cis isis Gewese wuls 6 o'vare 11.60 | 1.90 10.60 1.70 72.50 1.70 abe BL
Seu Vinee ivicities.c:) hace einen elon 10.90 2.40 12.40 2.70 69.80 1.80 1: 8.0
NWiheatsswinter; 2: sscccessmes 10.50 1.80 11.80 1.80 72.00 2.10 1: 9.9
stew heat? ih ocececcunemeten 12.60 2.00 10.00 | 8.70 64.50 2.20 T2780
|

* No data on record.

By the term nutritive ratio, is meant the proportion which the
protein bear to the starch equivalent of the nitrogen-free extract,
fiber and fat in the digestible portion of any food-stuff, the protein
being taken as 1. This starch equivalent is calculated by the addi-
tion of the quantities of digestible nitrogen-free extract and fiber
to two and one-fourth times the quantity of digestible fat; this in-
crease in the case of the fat being due to its exceptional heat produc-
ing power, to which reference has already been made.

The results of many decades of farm experience and of recent ac-
curate scientific investigations show that the value of a ration to
produce a specific result, such as the development of the young
animal, the production of lean meat, or of fat, the enlarged or con-
tinued flow of milk, or, especially, working capacity, depends very
materially upon the nutritive ratio of the food consumed.

As illustrations of the ratios found in foods that experience has
proven to possess especial value for the several purposes above men-
tioned, the following may be cited:

36—6—1901 |

562 ANNUAL REPORT Off THE Off. Doc

Peeyxen at rest m the stall, ....¢2. 5.652.054 L:12.0
2. Fattening oxen, main period, ............... 2 235.5
3. Pattening swine, main period, ............°. 1:6.0
4. Growing cattle, 2 to 3 months old, ........... 1:4.7
5. Growing cattle, 18 to 24 months old, ........ 1:8.0
Oe Milk COWS, (2% s..<0 noe eee aero Nein eee 1:5.4
1. Wool sheep, finer: breeds. iy. ee n< .y ote o- the oe 1:8.0
8. Horsés, moderately worked) «S22. .2%2 . caer = iO
9: Horses, heavily; workeds cso te. ee 1:5.5

Comparison of these ratios with those of the feeding stuffs of
domestic production at once shows that so long as pasture is abund-
ant, growing animals, milk cows and work horses can readily secure
the food fitted for their use. In the earlier days of American agri-
culture, little more than mere maintenance of farm animals was
attempted during the winter months. For this purpose, the hay of
timothy and other true grasses, corn stover and oat straw as roughage
and corn and the more costly oats as grains, served excellently well;
the latter grain being chiefly reserved, however, for the feeding of
driving horses and possibly the family cow. The problem of secur-
ing a fitting food is much more difficult, however, in these days of
intensive farming with restricted pasturage areas; of winter dairying
with the consequent winter feeding of the calves that are reserved
for raising; and of increased demand for lean as contrasted with fat
meat.

The use of the process of ensilage in connection with intensive
farming and winter dairying has ensured a supply of succulent food
with valuable dietetic results, but, as it is usually conducted, has
not materially improved the nutritive ratio of the average ration.
The employment, also, of immature soiling crops in the spring and
early summer, at a time when pastures are not yet ready to receive
the herds and flocks, has reduced somewhat the period during which
the wide-ratio roughage must chiefly be relied upon. The substi-
tution of roots for any large portion of the ration is not esteemed
practicable with the small animals preferred in America for dairy
purposes, because of the bulky nature of the food, as well as because
of its comparatively high cost. The use of clover and similar legumes
for the purpose of securing narrower nutritive ratios in the rations
of working, growing and milk-producing animals has very largely
increased, with highly advantageous results in quality and yield
of product; but a limit is speedily reached in practice beyond which
the substitution of clover for corn stover or corn silage and for a
portion of the grain food is not advantageous to the animal and is
not economical] of the entire product of any known general system of
farming in America, where the corn crop is so important a part of
every widely accepted rotation

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURIX 563

Consequently, there has arisen, within the last few decades, an
increasing demand for concentrated feed stuffs—that is, such as
are of reJatively little bulk and are, in very large measure, digesti-
ble—more especially, for such as are rich in protein. To supply
this demand, a great trade in such materials has developed; the cen-
tralization of the milling operations of the Northwest has resulted
in the formation of large stocks of wheat by-products for which the
grain farms of the West offer no market, but which move readily -
eastward to the points of greater demand. The introduction of new
methods of manufacture has made possible the utilization for distant
markets of the by-products from the manufacture of beer and spiritu-
ous liquors, of starch, glucose and cereal breakfast foods, so that
to-day the farmer has offered for his use not only large quantities of
eoncentrated feed-stuffs, but materials of great variety of source,
composition and dietetic value.

It is not the purpose of this bulletin to discuss the nutritive and
dietetic values of the several materials, but rather to briefly consider
their nature and the composition which they exhibit in the Penn-
sylvania markets; especially to determine the variations appearing
in the amounts of important constituents and to compare them with
those observed in New York and New England. For New York,
‘New Jersey, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut
have required that dealers in such materials shall stamp upon the
packages containing them a guarantee of composition, analogous
to that which most States require from dealers in fertilizers, and have
provided for a control analysis of the feeding stuffs.

The samples whose analyses are recorded below were taken by
agents appointed by the State Department of Agriculture, and the
analytical work has been performed under the direction of the
writer, by Messrs. M. S. McDowell and M. H. Pingree, Assistant
Chemists of the Experiment Station, in accordance with arrange-
ments made between the Secretary of Agriculture and the Advisory
Committee for the Experiment Station. For the purposes of this
examination, determinations of the protein and fat were all that
were deemed necessary in most cases. These determinations were
made by the official methods, except that the feeding-stuffs were
not dried in a current of hydrogen.

The fact. that the analytical examination has been confined in
most instances to these two indicative constituents, must not be
made a ground for disregarding in the selection of market feeding-
stuffs, the nutritive value of the fiber and other carbohydrates, nor
further must it be assumed that concentrated feeds, though different
in the quantities of carbohydrates they contain, are essentially alike
as regards the nutritive quality of these constituents. In general,
starch and sugar are more highly digestible than fiber, gums and

ere)

564 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

related materials and probably have, for equal quantities of digested
substance, a higher nutritive effect. The following table compiled
by Jordan and Jenter,* well presents the more striking differences:

Carbohydrate Relations in Dry Matter of Several Feeding Stuffs.

vo da! ot
2 Ra | ro]
ta Vv Vv
a 2 5
ee” | eae
Tex) ra) ~
= 5 Dh Soe
cs) i} yeh 27
r=} P ae oa
is} = 6 ag
n aa now Parole)
a a HO nko
3 ata ara ora
= 9 euch || Syiels
n & n A
WHERE MeONtIFG STAIN, StONSs Teicccctowereiatstielsisloieleioieiclsisitetsietelsleiele ciel 57.9 rier! (CHS Rogconsods
Wheat eNLITeS SLAIN A) WLLOV inn vctercrcistetsiatateloteisieiaiolsivisie)atetelal=taterc/etete cicreere 72.6 78.5 O254 || sccrwtecs
Maizen enitine) STAINS (SCONE © serererctcielcleisieisicisicleielatere stelelaatelaisiatelstersieistare 66.0 78.0 84.6 93
G@atsentine oT adiny, Wale Vie cic crite cetateieiwtaleralainfalere(e/cterelolt/alaisleleireratcls | 50.9 €6.3 76.8 83
Mixture, maize and cats, equal parts, .......c.ccccccccessoece 58.4 72.1 81 50. | wetoctereiciects
The Gluten Products:
(Chto ey ela ent=¥8 Bs BpeadansouocoBasdo mondo pasugcan ndvoronOnUOEE oC IaKK 88.2 49.8 76.7 93
Buffalo’ gluten: feeds ck secre sensen We sYalolere ere atalere reine (onsteiceyelols 27.3 58.3 46.8 84
Davenport Sluten FECA, 2.2.2... ccc ecinc sce sccemeicceceeseracsece 29.8 €0.9 BSS interareletetatelots
Diamond: gluten» feed nc. sosemceeecateacesmen-aedaso. cee eae | *31.6 e156) |) 1518 soneeeenes
OMet re lUtems LOCUS a tec ciiccictels etetaistereloletete siatala aialetals\s ofeleislerlnjels(ei=releinis 34.0 66.0 BLED lecicieeeeerere
MOOT a mE LUUCT LEEU sy ae cterele cieiaia(slelelelalelelatste eicictelelereicle «l= elolele sielelat=tais | 28.9 59.8 | 48.3 $0
The Oil Meals: | |
Cotton Seed MNS ALE Fee ere let recate aw stot lets sieteieleie eia(etatelele\elelei=/=/niale pl stale'e 16.0 27.9 | 57.4 50
Tinseed “meal, Old) PLOCESS, qc jeer cle cicyesicie sieicinlsis s.e\inivjelelarele ae 13.2 29.2 33.7 | 78
Linseed meal, new process, ...... Saunton eiale tolorsta le cidiorerslelaloielelereiore 20.8 40.8 51.0 84
th ReS faye) ons i AgrabehasooabonoaDoos aaonpoodoudonpDbOddaDsOONC 23.1 49.6 46.6 | 69
stil a ygolvainn estlovobbhatech “aqqnoncdancoodonao5odinodooduD doQuousdce | 27.3 48.3 BGL Ds | lciem vicleletanie
BVVGALE MDT eT ice nares storsrniereiarcrereiererostereleleisie elesisislvielsterersieleteictalelalaletere 23.6 €0.5 39. 69
WGeeye atehieldhusy-h | GoqaanoanaoconencdocopouoocanedcpuoEosduadte 38.8 64.2 60.4 85
FOMIN VA CECH iy se micnclsescielelctetsioleleitare Beds 50.1 72.7 G89) ||(<lejctereretetevere
H. O. dairy feed, dt 34.6 60.4 BisShloeccnerene
(OF nn yet-fel aoqueddcnauconst “fs 29.4 61.5 47.8 60
WAGTOR stOCG 5) § cf .crc « ccteteisieis stale 43.0 70.3 (3 Bea hanna
CROP BLCCASS eee ia sctetarerotare aieraltetelelsleleiutniaie!icietelale\e/eiels)ei».vjaiot=[ajels{sia{e!slalei fe 47.5 mash) G4 G5 cielareteratetere
PROV OBE LOC me rraetectetele errarelaielietatelataleteletele siete slatatatnielatelatereiereleleternelotcters 16.1 7.9 ZTES | scaeisecetniere

In the presentation of the results of their work, the Massachusetts
and New York Stations have followed a classification of feeding-
stuffs based upon their composition. The modified form adopted in
New York is as follows:

Class I. Thirty to 45 per cent. protein and 50 to 60 per cent. car-
bohydrates, including cotton-seed meal, linseed meal and the gluten
meals, such as the Chicago, King, Cream and the Hammond.

Class II. Twenty to 30 per cent. protein and 60 to 70 per cent. of
carbohydrates, including gluten feeds, such as the Buffalo, Golden,
Diamond, Davenport, Climax and Standard, as now made, Atlas meal,
dried brewers’ grains, malt sprouts, buckwheat middlings and peas
and beans.

Class III. Fourteen to 20 per cent. of protein and 70 to 75 per cent.
of carbohydrates, including brans and middlings from wheat and
rye, certain so-called mixed feeds of a proprietary character, these

being in part oat feeds fortified with some more highly nitrogenous
material.

*Bulletin No. 166, N. Y. Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, p. 262.

No. 6. DEPARTMIENT OF AGRICULTURE 568

Class IV. Hight to lf per cet. of protein and 75 tu 85 per cent.
of carbohydrates, including barley, corn, oats, rye, wheat, cerealine,
hominy and oat feeds, corn and oat chops, corn bran, corn germ feed
and chop feed in general.

For the purpose of this bulletin it is, however, preferred to discuss
these products in relation to the raw materials from which they are
severally derived.

COTTON-SEED MEAL.

This is manufactured from the seed of the cotton-plant. The seed
is tufted by a thick coat of lint, which is exposed, as the plant ripens,
by the opening of the boll or pod. The lint which forms the cotton
of commerce is removed from the seed by the operation of ginning,
although a considerable quantity of short lint still clings to the seed
coat. The proportion of seed in upland cotton* is about 2 to 2.2
pounds for each pound of lint, in sea-island cotton.+ 2 to 2.5 pounds.
The supply of this material is therefore very abur.dant. The fuzzy
seed from the ginning process is then subjected to a rough milling
process for the removal of the black hull from the oval seed. The
hull is further worked to secure the small amount of lintel adhering.
The decorticated seed—that is, that from which the hull has been
removed—is then cooked, placed in jute sacks and subjected to heavy
pressure in powerful hydraulic presses, whereby a portion of the
oil is expressed. The press cakes, the “cotton-seed cake” of com-
merce, are afterward fine ground, yielding the cotton-seed meal.
The average theoretical yield, as compared with the average milling
product, is as follows:

~

i=]

ov

o

Z 3

aac:

a 3

uo)

2

a 5

° _

3) =

= =

al aS
20.00 12.5
30.00 37.5
40.00 48.9
10.00 ea
100.00 100.00

* McBryde, Bulletin Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta., Vol. IV, No. 5, pp. 127 and 129,
{ Shiver, Bulletin, S. C., Agr. Exp. Sta., No. 47, p. 84.
¢ Statistics of X Census: Quoted in Bulletin Tenn, Agr. Exp. Sta., IV, No. 5, pp. 128-9,

566 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

These figures clearly show that fully 37.5 per cent. of the seed-oil
remains in the press-cake and that the recovery of the lintel from the
hull is very imperfect, being barely one-ninth of the amount present.

The relative composition of the undecorticated seed, the hull and
the cotton-seed meal are as follows:*

» per cent.
per cent
Meal, per cent.

Seed
Hull,

We Gan casaposgnsoossonodcosadcLesnduscdnone ooLdadudopdes oo sqdScuNeDanonoT 7.71 11.30 7.47
Compesition of dry matter:
IXGIN, | Ede oo dnosceadescaandoncbas cendoaase aouooDboduocodEsuDdoceode deadaudcee 3.40 3.30 7.60
Protein,
Fiber, . z
INTEEGREN=LLEE: CXUGLA CE iajetecieeleiciale sine eicle sletalc araielolevers etsielatshalelsvelala\at>[nlelaisrsielsininioie 31.7 45.31 26.37
TASTE Mac ctercdette re cicna ote ctatoteas totera bteiatoce ormiettalerc ort tote atctata vere feral iotafe ebalere.t ot epelatwiatalevets etetictetats 19.82 2.35 10.01
—_— | |

Hand-separated hulls contain only half as much protein and one-
fourth as much oil. The milling operation results in a tearing away
of a portion of the true kernel with the hull.

Good cotton-seed meal is yellow in color with a greenish tinge
and possesses a pleasant nutty odor. On aging, it darkens, especially
under conditions rendering it rancid or musty. ‘Dark color indicates
a possible admixture of black cotton-seed hulls, but not all dark
colored samples are thus adulterated. Another impurity reported is
an admixture of wastes from rice mills,

At a recent convention in New Orleans, the cotton-seed oil pro-
ducers adopted the following rules:

‘17. A ton of cotton-seed meal is 2,000 pounds, unless otherwise
stated. A sack of cotton-seed meal is 100 pounds gross weight.

“Cotton-seed meal shall be classed and graded as follows:

“18. Choice. Must be the product from choice cotton-seed cake
when finely ground, must be perfectly sound, sweet and light yellow
color (canary), free from excess of lint and hulls. Analysis must
contain at least 8 per cent. of ammonia.

“19. Prime. Must be made from prime cake, finely ground, of
sweet odor, reasonably bright in color, yellow, not brown, or reddish,
and free from excess of Jint or hulls and by analysis must contain
at least 8 per cent. of ammonia.

“20. Off. Any cotton-seed meal which is distinctly deficient in.
any of the requirements of prime quality, either in color, odor, texture
ov analysis, or all.”

* Bulletin Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta., IV, No. 5, p. 144.

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 567°

The following samples of cotton-seed meal were taken in Pennsyl-
vania, this season, by Department agents:

Price
No. Name of Brand. Manufacturer. Dealer. per
° ton.
|
|
147 | Cotton-seed meal, ........ American Oil Co., N. Y. City, | pesden Bros., Dalton Pope
Pe ee parece $
32 |Cotton-seed meal, ........ E. B. Williams & Co., Mem-| J. P. Sandt, Easton,
phis, Tenn. lets Spcoasnccobenorcuoce 30 00
125 | Cotton-seed meal, ........ E. B. Williams & Co., Mem-| C. H. Sears, Clark’s
phis, Tenn. Stumimit eas ces nnclen 27 00
209 | Cotton-seed meal, ........ E. B. Williams & Co., Mem- | Wm. Fisher, ........... 27 00
phis, Tenn.
SEMRCOLLOM=SCCC MICH on a \a/cleicieiel| leicloleieleleieieiclelsie‘e «i sleie'sislelsieicivicieiviclelsie/eis ee J. Watson Craft, Am-
DICT Aish ierietelelein asclors 30 00
NMC OECON SCC INCA oiirercceleiaiaisi| leleicletsl(o\sislsis sle'cle/ets/eieia|e/ela/e/etcletniaiois)a\sreleia’e Maryland Grange Agen-
CYA SAITO. Mo rte. 26 00
HAIN OLLON-SCCM) IEA ae ersicisieic!l! 0 clciciole/sieleleleie.cle'\elein/a(a/ele eieivie.sieisiejeisie vile Morris Briggs, Wood- |
Ijthery BoqaatoocusocaLcdc 27 00
AME OOLCON=SCCG MCA 5c cicfere\ein\ul|\'creiorere/0!a1e'e\elel=ic]sialeloie/a\ici«/a elatala)aiein/clnielelele Trenton Milling Co., |
Morrisville, ....2----s.- 27 00
}

*Musty, having become damp in the warehouse.

Their percentage, composition and other data for comparison are
given below:

Number. Moisture. Protein. Fat. Remarks.

SL Mm tetas evalu inl </2 (ore sjals/cicivie cjataicleis's,6 sie s\e's ctetsieia's'c'eisievefeleisisveleve 6.41 42.50 12.25
We. egricgedooooeans’ aaa gaonnpacoudoUcoaTde GebUnoanonad® 6.76 46.69 9.28
LDR er eiolore aie reiole aiaieieis orale viniors Sco elele le eivle oles clejeicisie'etefelelers 7.62 45.25 9.82
BU. comsopojesusccasgconbodeaoae obonbebocouponocenconn 7.34 44.69 10.06
Ck, suabadboeduseaduacasoracoadse Bo djs is aleleieietale's wisialevereieis 8.88 43.69 8.77
iN, sasacgedoccobodedouancosalecontoncdndcsosdEesaccon 7.09 44.50 9.89
PPL OMe craveicyelasciate ays eieivle siaie vicicieisiv wibveiein cieveoeleteye ee siseiieis wis Told: 43.31 11.26
Hem Sane peiaicioeiseistcieveinlaieiniemeisieneie Beye islets cise cciciere eer 6.91 44.56 9.48
PACT HOLIZO al Lclarcieicicia sara cicictc toes inte stcteraielote cttlaievelaieicis | (ara e eiavelersiclelosieie 44.40 10.10

Microscopic examination fails to reveal any foreign substances
or any distinct excess of hulls; recent New York and Massachusetts
examinations have detected such adulteration.

Comparison of these goods with those sold elsewhere may be made
as follows:

Protein, per cent. Fat, per cent.

n

Bs

: | | |

=|

3

Hw

° . *

he es) rs o wey ao

EA a i ea oa pe g| 3

fe) G vo ue c ov be

& oo i co) bo BE 2

2) = o > — 5 >

z q Pe < ee 4 <

| |
Pennsylvania analyses, ........ 8 46.09 42.50 44.40 12.25 8.77 | 10.10
New England analyses, 1898-99,. 205 52.6 40.3 45.4 17.0 | tie Tie
7 10.

New York analyses, 1898-99, .... 14 50.69 41.68 | 45.64 13.15

a68 ANNUAL REPORT OF T Off. Doc.

The average superiority of the goods sold in New York and New
England in 1898-9, is shown by analyses reported in Bulletin No.
166 of ‘the New York Experiment Station and summarized in Bulletin
No. 130 of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.

LINSEED MEAL.

The seed of the flax plant is also rich in a peculiar oil, possessing
in marked degree the power of absorbing oxygen from the air and
thereby becoming hard and resinous—a property fitting it especially
for use in making paints and oil varnish. The oil is contained, to-
gether with an abundance of protein, in the inner portion of the seed,
the endosperm, or reserve food-supply for the developing embryo.
The flat, shining seeds, dark brown in color, form, if mature, a slimy
layer when left in contact with water. This is due to a transforma-
tion of the outer layers of the seed-coat into mucilage. One of the
dark inner layers of the seed-coat carries considerable tannin.
Owing, however, to the other constituents, the seed has a markedly
soothing and slightly laxative effect. The composition of the en-
tire seed is, according to Kuehn :*

Per cenk:

W Abels cc tec iF 8 Stee a he ee ee ecb ates, ere Re 1S ee:
NSD 5 PE sata te os elas goes Guston nee eaten sae eter oie 3.4
role ns” tits. fee ee trees eee nye rear
155] 1°29 Gere RRS PRE I 0 mn Sime ces mip a ae EX (AR:
Nitrogen-free: extract, S430 6 des a oe 19.6
Bal OrvOi tes taxis spore eae eae ae acinar 35.6

100.0

There are two general processes for the separation of the oil
from the crushed seed. The older process involves the pressure of
the seed-meal by hydraulic presses. The operation is more complete
when the seed-meal is first cooked, though the oil takes out more
resin and coloring matter and, if too high a temperature is reached,
the protein is modified and becomes somewhat less digestible. Meals
from linseed cake prepared in this manner, are called “old pro-
cess” meals and rarely, if ever, contain less than 3.5 per cent. of oil,

the warm-pressing usually removing but 27 to 28 per cent. of the oil.

*Pott, Ldw. Futtermittel, p. 442-3

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. boo

The “new process” is one of extraction by means of volatile sol-
vents, such as carbon bisulfid or gasoline, more generally the former.
The meal is placed in a large chamber and streams of the solvent
are caused to slowly trickle through the mass, dissolving and ex-
tracting the oil, which is then recovered by evaporation of the solvent.
The extracted meal is likewise freed from all traces of the solvent.
Less than 3.5 per cent. of oil is commonly left in the meal, and some-
times less than 2 per cent. In general, the “new process” meal con-
tains about 4.75 per cent. less oil than the “old process” meal and,
correspondingly, 2.5 per cent. more protein. There is no ground for
the quite frequent belief that there is an injurious chemical left in
the meal treated by the extraction process.

The meal, as prepared by either of the above processes, is of a
grayish-brown color and contains numerous dark-brown or black par-
ticles of the seed-coat.

The following samples were gathered by Department agents for
examination:

“Old Process” Meals.

Price
No. Brand. Manufacturer. Dealer. per
ton.
229 | Linseed meal, dry, ...... Armstrong & McKelvie, McClelland & Siple, .. $35 00
Pittsburg, Pa.
236 | Linseed meal, dry, ...... Armstrong & McKelvie, Byrne & Steele, ........ 40 00
Pittsburg, Pa.
237 | Linseed meal, dry, ...... Armstrong & McKelvie, Charles: Friele vo cccccecee 40 00
Pittsburg, Pa.
Gm PUA SCCU GME slocicisislewcieia’e Cleveland Linseed Meal Co., Warner Rros., Grant, |
Cleveland, O. IN Base 2 oasrmacQEAdaGon | 33 00
264 | Linseed meal, ............ Cleveland linseed Meal Co., | L.. Brant, Harrisburg,
Cleveland, O. eens oleeielas lestsistainteisicis 30 00
Chr || (ORE Ge. Beagopoodcse odes J. Watson Craft, Ambler, | J. Watson Craft, Ambler, |
® Pa. 1etBA) HospndaoscodocouUc[S 30 00
54 | Linseed meal, ........ ,...| Gibson Bros., Philadelphia,.. Mahlon ©. Dietrich,
IMC PtON se ae siieteeiciseere 30 00
30 | Linseed oil meal, ....... John T. Lewis & Bros. Co., J. P. Sandt, Easton,
Philadelphia. 1etije Shednbonoooccconsuce 30 00
275 | Linseed oil meal, ........ A. B. Orr Linseed Oil Co., | A. Ss. Somes, Halifax,
Pequea, O. 1¢-Ter, opsonecb bocce 30 00
246 | Linseed meal, ............ Pain Bros. & Co., Milwau- | D. H. Beebe, Corry,
Kee, Wis. 1efips, cbodeca. usdboRascnos 26 90
Ter OUI SINICR «Si ccisiecicctajee were onic Thompson & Co., Allegheny, King Bros., Union
Pai. LOM IT peed ee acim 20 00
TEL |) COWL Rena Ee Gaoenagoodncosoned Thompson Linseed Oil Co., G. L. Moore. Browns-
Pittsburg. Pa. Ville; coe scctecee aoe nee 28 00
212 | Linseed meal, ............ Thompson & Co., Allegheny, Cs Beckert, Pittsburg, |
Pa. 127; Peaiggeasacaassadaqeceoc 30 06
217 | Linseed meal, dry, ......| Thompson & Co., Allegheny, WwW. H. Cleland, Pitts-
Pa. UTE, eA ences ameter | 35 00
234 | Linseed meal, dry, ......| Thompson & Co., Allegheny, Peter Bock, Pittsburg, | 36 00
Pa. |
239 | Linseed meal, dry, ...... Thompson & Co., Allegheny, C. Kellner, Allegheny, |
Pa. PAS Fe ieesniclels sisiaratsiaistoreistelere 30 00
SGP CAKCTINEEIL, loc ciaeiel-feics siclsieine Toledo Mills, Toledo, O., ....| W. ish Heebner, West
Pointy Ba: je recececsnie 27 00
Pa MCD GRIT Oral a scarce cccrarele aicisivierain)|| cieiesleivie tie o:elere @ w bis c\ereinio.nsoie.eiaitjole(sio’w sists Penn ‘Traffic Co., Ltd.,
Johnstown, Pa., 6 60 00
DOL OLMICOLLONSCCOM lalelcleieteis\llisicie cisleis/e’sie/mielarsinto]a/aarel wie cimevar nis)alatep=ce=)= Widman & Sheeler,
Johnstown, Pa., 5 28 00
PAB in SCOR Olea rrcerejcisic’el | wtereiatele s/de/aleie.ole'nlateisieietaloisivieieiesclsteiatsieteie’s Snyder Bros., Dalton, 25 00
IGP) || Abs hort | ensVSHlk) See aueenoool lohadapanodbouredcnocanSandanenondods Weston Mill Co., Scran-
LOT OMEE che piircnicisteterel sfetser=t=/= 25 00
TREY || AGES 0) gr aasoseicas| loop nncnonornucccdouaassocgaceragoses Coe Sears; ‘Clark
; Summit iPass bccn esc 32 00
Pash || Ou sate slr srormooeomScidonno] loospodncacas aan tsosccarbamesagcudacon F. L. Heath, Corry,
5 ; 1 ET al BRC eCHECOC REE OnOOS 30 00
Ph || (Ov Sen Bec oaccodasonDoodo) |ancactonoo son boancad pcuastocodgecedc Bliss & Merrick, Cor-
1etAUs | BiSaran cope oer Uece 30 00
279 | Linseed meal, ...... aqeteltatefasotahewatexutalsisveinievevelotevecevererain sinteriets nett ele Cc. F. Dyer, Millers-
BUTS eae ceccasnns 30 00

570 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

“New Process” Meals.

Price
No. Brand. Manufacturer. Dealer. per
on
86 | Linseed meal, ............ Cleveland Linseed Oil Co., Simpson Bros., Norris-
Cleveland, O. GW RSE i cate crtscrastels $27 00
96 |) Teanseed Meal, ..0....cecce| cece ccc cnnsnsauesinccsisssscnesscenenc W. H. Heebner, West
OmMUts ME Ab) ceo cls iciaieretiete 25 00
BS AEANSECOH MEANS | ore.cie nic cles wielel| |sieivle nlu/elesersteleicielacainieiaiels/el=is(elelal=isib/sse1@\ucele Warren Mills Co., War-
TEN; pe Aey | esas el sieeeice 31 00
Analyses of Linseed Meals.
|
| = :
2 PI
5 ; ro
isi
ff © > 5
3 3 | a
g ta 2 ;
3 Pas z 3s
4 | a Ay | ce
‘Old Process’ Meals.
DOM becxre ccacorer Xe STS oe ae siniscoim a acatole el afole avaraiaioimie ae steel ernie abel mu eiedelans wieteltieeebel 8.22 36.13 6.08
BRATS al NPs eo cate oe oasis Saka als erate latatslatereta:acamtaia (ave Matera? patie ciate aratainalactaha emia teis enc 8.15 34.94 6.37
AT aN Rest c ake are a sed ala lwtecsetala:2 ois tain oie at aiags Muclefal ebaraie ereiels oie ole oats eels Ce eat 8.54 35.38 5.37
Average, Armstrong & McKelvie, 1.5.25... .05..2..5.2005 (8.30) (35.48) (5.94)
T(t (Ree aon an ac oe et eer Cat EIA Daan Re Suna acamebaeacd 9.74 32.94 6.61
yo PS Re OOO MolaD Dab SOU OOO Carano Gone atte toccid Aamir an 8.43 31.00 6.
Average, Cleveland Linseed ©O3] Co., .............05.05% (9.13) (31.97) (6.36)
92 9.77 36.31 6.07
54 8.73 30.00 8.60
3 8.02 34.94 6.13
275 8.54 33.56 5.83
246 8.19 37.69 3.63
72 8.94 34.81 5.11
74 8.53 35.00 5.97
212 8.26 35.44 4.00
217 8.80 34.70 3.54
234 7.95 37.81 6.93
239 eee 8.34 37.00 7.09
Average, (8.47) (35.79) (5.44)
95 9.98 32.06 | 8.88
22 8.85, 34.44 5.71
25 9.14 33.44 5.96
130 8.05 36.50 5.38
132 8.60 29.81 6.26
133 8.28 29.69 7.04
257 8.98 33.75 6.92
259 $3.32 14.69 4.39
279 8.51 31.00 6.42
7.95-9.98 14.69-37.81 3.54-8.88
8.64 34.10 6.04
8.67 33.32 5.98
86 10.41 34.00 aa19
96 10.31 34.13 2.92
(10.36) (34.07) (2.56)
83 9.79 34.63 2.77
PRATT SO ye. eerase cp cinieisteiece oisisvelaiei tiatayateisvesaeernininne te mtetaieratelaaccreleteistare ateratets 9.79-10.41 34.06-34.63 2.19-2.92
PBS OLE O54 cia 5:0) ciara sioluya:sis ala /opoietarermis'slatstaloneie ape cloraieiereletete foie remminicve einiaiae 10.17 34.25 2.63

Microscopic examination of these samples shows the presence of
no very marked quantity of foreign substances except in case of
No. 259. This sample, while it shows the presence of the character-
istic tissues of the flax-seed, contains a very large proportion of dark-
brown hulls, containing long woody fibers, and of clear white masses
not found in flax-seed but like those of buckwheat bran; also, there
is a noticeable quantity of chaff. The very low proportion of nitrogen
in this sample is such as the substitution of most of the linseed meal
by buckwheat bran would render probable.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. aval

(xcluding this adulterated article, a comparison of these Pennsyl-
vania samples with goods of this kind in general may be made:

; Protein, per cent. Fat, per cent.

®

_ == a a

ia) {

a |

q

tos)

a)

S . .

F 2 a ¢ 2 z =

Fe P| o z P| Ey z

E th 5 Y to z v

= — (2) a — Q ,

a ry | 4 <p iq H <

Old Process Meal:
Pennsylvania samples, ...... 24 37.81 29.69 34.10 8.88 3.54 6.04
New England analyses,
ESSN a Neve cin inisieiwicieiwicts alavetsie mein a 25 38.9 31.8 35.7 9.6 2.7 1.2
New York analyses, 189S-9,... 14 38.19 28.69 35.74 §.86 5.72 7.19
New Process Meal:
Pennsylvania samples, ...... 3 34.63 34.00 84.25 2.92 2.19 2.63
New England analyses,
ASO O Pale cieicleicicisiericisine sielem eae 31 42.2 39.6 | 38.2 Re) 1.8 2.4
New York analyses, 189S8-39,.. 5 37.56 35.19 36.14 4.79 | 2.91 3.57
|

Here too, a very marked superiority is observed in the case of the
average goods sold in New York and New England.

WHEAT PRODUCTS.

In the course of the manufacture of flour from wheat, bran, mid-
dlings and a number of products sold under other names are separated
and sold as cattle foods. A brief consideration of the composition
of the winter and spring varieties of the grain, of the structure of
the wheat berry and of the essential differences in its parts as they
are separated by the two prevailing types of milling will be helpful
in getting a clear notion of the nature of the several market feeds
prepared from this grain.

Jenkins and Winton* several years ago summarized the analyses
extant of American winter and spring varieties of wheat, with the
following results:

Winter wheat Spring wheat

(262 analy- (3 analy-

ses), per ct. ses), per ct.
IG ISCUT Oued icictemins tale itisis oicheie' tele s ohieisis ores oi Gleisarers alo dalave sacs nae Scena rSe 10.5 10.4
WAR Ta avie acl sisrarncie ios cieisierneialerarsietelaa ayaa stajara siajsrtiolet ane erelelearela ol scioe stoaeme acne 1.8 1.9
PROPEL atic cate seco .sicie (scot cae eotie hare Note ouaiccisinis Acain eiaveciaicis eimsislal aeios ie tense ete 11.8 12.5
PFT Gre eee ciciavateresvercheta tte elatawicveTerere’a ia/avata a siavchas avs ielavaubmlelalorntnte, aearaemvatetriesettie eter kee 1.8 1.8
INIULOSEN-Lreey SXtTACE acs ss.oc cence © cfs, crelasinre eestor mwicjascrccle cmaserels 72.0 w154
EUR IEM ccvctneriste sia ctclatola ate ainvelataa slelitehdctetv sterhemmobsmrerametcierers/cake cts emaltios 2.1 2.2

‘ 100.6 100.0

* Bulletin No. 11, Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

d7z ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Ott. Doc.

Richardson* made 208 partial analyses of winter wheats from ithe
Atlantic, Gulf and Middle States and of 33 samples of spring wheats
from Minnesota, Dakota and Manitoba; the respective protein aver-
ages are 11.47 and 14.07 per cent. These data indicate an average of
13 to 13.5 per cent. of protein for spring wheats, an amount from one
to two per cent. greater than that in winter wheats.

The structure of the wheat grain divides it into essentially four
principal parts: 1. The epidermis or skin, including the hairs at
the tip of the grain and three thin outer layers, weighing collect-
ively about 3 pounds in 100 pounds of grain. 2. The color layer,
composed of small cells containing two pigments, a yellowish and a
red, according to whose relative predominance the color of the grain
is “white,” “amber” or “red.” This forms 2 pounds in 100 pounds of
grain. 38. The germ or embryo, located at the lower part of the grain
and connected with a thin layer of tissue entirely enveloping (4) the
endosperm or inner portion of the grain.

The outer layers are almost wholly composed of woody tissue.
The germ is chiefly composed, on the other hand, of protein, oil and
certain ash materials. The endosperm is not at all uniform in com-
position. At the center it is white and powdery, and is composed
chiefly of starch enclosed in large, thin-walled cells. But toward
the exterior of the mass of endosperm, the starch diminishes in
proportion, and albuminoids, fats and ash become more abundant.
The laxative materials of the endosperm, probably albuminoid in
nature, also increase, relative to the other albuminoids, as the ex-
terior is approached, and among the ash constituents, the lime grows
relatively less, the magnesia more abundant.

The process of milling has for its object the powdering of the
grain and the removal of the less desirable portions. The germ is
removed because flours retaining it, tend, on standing, to darken
and become ill-flavored. The outer layers are removed as bran.
This is not, however, composed wholly of the epidermis and color
layers, but also includes a large proportion of the endosperm, more
especially of the outer, albuminoid layers of it. When separately
prepared, these outer layers constitute the middlings, a dark flour
making a “runny” dough. In general, the milling process commonly
yields but 70 to 75 per cent. of flour and 25 to 30 per cent. of bran
and middlings, including the germ, as its separation from other by-
products is not common in many mills.

The character and proportion of the several milling products
varies, of course, both with the character of the grain and the de-
tailed method of milling. There are three principal methods of
milling, two stone-milling processes and one roller process. For-
merly, the flour was thoroughly ground by a single run through close-

*Bulletins 4 and 9, Chemical Division, U. S. Dept. of Agric.

73

on

INGO: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

set stones; complete purification was not possible by such a process.
This was followed by high-milling, in which the grain was coarsely
ground between stones less closely set, the fine flour bolted out,
and the middlings then reduced by repeated grinding between more
closely set stones. This latter process is excellently well adapted
to soft winter wheat, but not so well to the harder spring varieties.
For these, the roller process is best in which hardened steel rolls
are employed to crack the brittle grain, the products of the several
breaks being successively bolted as the grain goes between rolls
more and more closely set. Besides the milling machinery proper,
all good mills are to-day equipped with screening, blowing and brush-
ing machines for the removal of foreign seeds, gravel and dust.
Teller* reports the distribution of materials in several milling
operations: <A. 7,000 pounds of mixed wheat; mill, 7 breaks, 40
bushels per hour capacity; B. Red wheat and C. Fulcaster, 3,000
pounds of each on a small 4-break mill of 7 bushels per hour capacity.

Yield of Parts in Percentages.

A B. Cc

IPA NEGTE Talay Gay Sea CR OOOO COCO Ce CEO TO RIS a terre eta ae ees nn 17.65 | 25.80
PSE NSead Be FNC L EO ULI Y- orayetersa ie Satie ata acto eae enareib ayaa wrclolaveye slate eee ens lersrieseilaiets 56.63 50.35 42.00
OMAR Pict LOE] QUITS. Weta (aiaicictaysieis oie s/s. lojarsvece wielejefolaloleiereiciniele cincle sr teleieiee ae’ 3.55 2.32 3.87
STONER Mae ieTs siete role staratainne aces roan eisai elsfasw eres Oislaloaee wee ckisjoree'| wise die a hewrelaes 1:10: |i eee
Dust-room contents, .............. SARE JgCCO CEE ORO OOOO mC Meee Ieee nisetstetiie motels .82 1.17
BTR As. - - WociqoOaN GORE OSS OHOn On DOORES Gen nS GCbSe ose ee no SOE nenene

UAH SHUR 9" 3 Ga mteomcae to odo saa omHoET OOOneO ODD Ce te onetn con eee

SR aa aS Se eer rersete clare oh siniscsiersis(esstcieiayleiove nie.ciescioele seme eeiei de sade owes anes

Sereenines) .-5..:0)...- aerate

Sample taken,
IVT | -addtonod édduoSasmeoOO0n SOD Aes AG Enos tae OspEotoccoHOeeie cee Eae

The proportions of “patent” and “straight” flours differ much in
the several cases, but the entire yields of good quality flour in the
three trials are respectively 68.74, 68.00 and 67.80, figures agreeing
excellently well. The quantities of epidermis, germ, etc., classed
as bran, also exhibit little difference. The names and proportions
of the several minor by-products differ very much, however.

For the composition of the several products, analyses of those of
the first two of the above milling tests will suffice:

* Bulletin 42, Arkansas Experiment Station.

574 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dee.

Composition of Milling Products from Wheat.

— = -. —a
3
5
5 Ls]
Fe E 3
ro 5 = to
5 3
° c D ,
= ie = u g
: re a & = E
s 5 is 2 :
te] ro) c z roy = =] &
a ~ = oan 5 a b
be cs 5 ° a i o
O | A; | a | 4 we A x 1)
A. Mixed Wheat:
WV ALOT S icrcicisiniciaiciaieineteiele 13.90 13.75 13.90 13.22 12.85 | 6.380
INR Ge aacues 5 -33 47 90 5.80 | 4.65
Protein, * 12.31 9.69 10.37 12.88 15.56 36.00
Ta ay-) ee aeondae sale 2.17 oy bg 26 74 6.14 1.60
Nitrogen-free ex- |
CY ACE aciahinn = cialclstslere 63.32 75.01 73.75 70.56 DGZOZi| miewieiela loins 54.45 | 36.55
inet sSdocaggucnocade 2.15 1.05 1.25 1.70 AERO i leeicaiaciees 5.20 14.38
B. Red Wheat:
Water, 13.70 14.05 14.04 13.90 13.50 12.04 12.55 |
INATE Gre sBHAOSOOL an 1.85 26 | 35 78 1.21 2.81 5.85 |.
Protein, * Be 11.40 8.49 | 9.80 13.7 14.82 12.65 6.30 |
SHAD GE tercieiclcteicesicisieitieicts 2.08 sit 22 54 98 6.06 6.51
Nitrogen-free ex-
eXilin Aenopoodino doar 69.17 76.10 74.32 69.19 66.99 | 62.29 53.99 | eee esse es
Lp tits alete clelelers ateretalatew'e 1.85 93 1.27 1.80 2.50 3.15 4.80 freee e eee

*In these analyses estimated as 5.7 times the percentage of nitrogen found.

The five products last named are sold largely or exclusively as
cattle-foods, either under the above names or under others,

Red-dog flour is the name given to the poorest grade of flour, so
named because it is “off color.”

The term ‘‘mzddlings” is used by some manufacturers to cover
everything except the high-grade flours and bran; in many cases,
indeed, a very considerable proportion of bran is included in the
product. Shorts and ship-stuf’ are terms applying to somewhat
varying grades of middlings, the former being, in fact, closely re-
lated to bran, but containing less fiber and ash.

The terms mixed feed or wheat feed are applied to mixtures of
middlings, bran and other “wheat offals,” and, in some instances,
are in part composed of “red dog.”

Owing to the wide latitude in the use of the several trade names
of milling products, it is clear that the purchaser can have from the
name alone, only a very imperfect idea of the composition and
nutritive value of the various wheat offals, especially those sold as
middlings and as mixed feed.

Furthermore, even in the case of brans, the Connecticut and Mas-
sachusetts controls have found a considerable amount of adultera-
tion, admixtures of corn-cob and wastes from broom-corn being in-
troduced. The latter control states that this was particularly true
of certain brans brought from Tennessee and Kentucky.

The following samples of wheat products were submitted by De-
partment agents during the current year:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 575

Wheat Grain.

Cost
No. Brand. Manufacturers, Dealers. per
ton
144 | Scorched wheat for poul- | Empire Grain and Elevator | Snyder Bros., Dalton, |
try. Co., Binghamton, N. Y. 5 24: eae DONT LOGO SUCIAC $21 00
Upon analysis, this sample showed:
4 “
ro] ae)
o S|
12) “ S
Me
o ry, is]
i= 2 SS
o : he
5 g a
mand ev
n pe) -
3 z 3
| a Ay Fy
9.75 12.€9 2.01
PASE EES Ce WVANIECI™ UVILCS Cay ic(cleia/e/sintele!clolelole/aleletn oleisisioielel= ele]alele/sielelsieln/o{-\efo/oielalaie/~lefe 10.50 11 80 20,

The grain has evidently suffered little deterioration of its nutritive
value by scorching.

Wheat Bran.

Of wheat bran, the Department agents submitted 38 samples. In
the majority of instances, no designation as to the character of
the wheat from which the sample was derived, whether “winter” or.
“spring,” was given. Such brans are grouped together. The samples
received were as follows:

Price

No. Manufacturer. Dealer. per
ton

Winter Brans.
277 | GC. F. Dyer, Millersburg. Pa., .......s.++-. | Ev SD STIS CS ters creceiers otsjete elvclale cjevinnctecrsisteters $20 00
201 | Hunter Bros., St. Louis, Mo., .......---s00 | Chas! Friel, Pittsburg, ......- SAgopiiodrc 22 00
83 | Milton Floury, Walters, Pa., ....-.ccesceecs Co Wi Viel Cer OVENS pi avcicclajelelcinictsersicre 19 00
211 | Warwick & Justice, Massilon, O., .......-- juPeter Bock: Pittsbure mcsscmesiseteecce 20 00
BU ZIe [seaccravaa este eicl= clo) ais acai ca cisic ole alor« arofetaic ciel /e/arats re s7epinfulblo)a = Penn Traffic Co., Ltd., Johnstown, Pa., 20 00
Spring Brans.
179) |) Dwicht M. Baldwin; Jx., Graceville, Minn.) | (Geo: Ol IWAlt, o. Fo en ciciecwecesc vice ccaceciones 18 00
DOIG. Ase MOSteI ye CATMECIC GEG), vclsisicissisicetsioistels McClelland & Siple, Pittsburg, ......... 20 00
262 | Full Frank Grain Co.. Milwaukee, Wis.,..| Cyrus Romberger, Lykens, ............ 18 00
273 | N. ave Consolidated Milling Co., Minneap- | A. S. Somes, Halifax, .............-.+.... 19 00
olis, inn.

281 | G. D. Stevens. & Co., Minneapolis, Minn.,..}; A. M. Pike, Halifax, .................... 20 00
13 Washburn, Crosby Co., Minneapolis,Minn.,| Snyder Bros., Dalton, Pa., .............. 19 00
119 | Weston Mill Go., Scranton, ,Pa.; 2... .0-..600 Weston Mill Co., Scranton, Pa., ........ 20 00
Cis llaaucacespaetioe ocob oder adc condec dn ono ddocun soneaee cic S. B. Vance, Middletown, Pa., ........ 20 00
ID GSE ste vey. Wes netic raeiere clase Sctelate ie cm ole Rove ates olor ofall ators tere teantts Joseph Burkholder, Hummelstown, Pa., 19 00

576 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe

Price
No. Manufacturer. Dealer. per
ton
Brans not Classified.
105 | D. P. Barber & Sons, Minneapolis, Minn.,| W. K. Heebner, West Point, I’a., ...... 18 00
176 | Bare Milling Co., Roaring Springs, Va.,.. eo Milling Co., Roaring BPEnEe,
dy dwrwintal wie Siete cose ciel Sholcisiate iavele ele ante relies niet all Cleaners
255 | Bliss & Merrick, Corry, Pa., ....-..-..-.s6. Blisss& Merrick, Corry, Pac, <ces-+ sens 18 00
171 | Clapper Bros., Martinsburg, Pa., ......-.. -| Clapper Bros. Martinsbure, L Scie Soran, 19 00
187 | Clapper Bros., Martinsburg, Pa., ........ Clapper Bros., Martinsburg, ............ 17 00
248 | Densmore Bros., Erie, Pa., ....-....-+.-..++. Densmore. Bros., Firie, Pa:, ....+-..---- 17 00
66 | Eclipse Milling Co., Brownsville, Pa., ....! Eclipse Milling Co., Brownsville, Pa.,. 19 50
w1| Gaddis’ Go., Wniontown, Pa, 20. --< i.e M.-H Clark® Uniontown, Paes --.oseers 20 00
60 | David Hartz, Morgantown, Pa., ........+. David Hartz, Morgantown. ............ 19 00
OAT |i Wranlko L.-Heath,, Corry,,, Pang) so soe -inteinie “Hrank dy. ‘Heath; Corry, ial, ssas-sesa 18 00
199 Hunter Bros., St. Louis, Mo., je oa cene telecame | Byrne & Steele, Pittsburg, Pa., ........ 20 00
159 | F. & I. Mentzer, Frankstown, 'Pa., souansco F. & I. Mentzer, Frankstown, Pa., .... 18 00
2| Northwestern Milling Co., Minneapolis, I Read, Chambersburg. (Par. s..2s-ence 17 00
Minn.
221 | Pittsburg Milling Co.. Pittsburg, Pa., . Wim Hisher Bittsbure- ain. eneeeeee 18 00
104 | Phi. H. Postal Milling Co., Mascoutah, W. K. Heebner, West Point, Pa., .... 19 00
Ill.
44 | Seaboard Milling Co.. Reading, Pa., ....... A. N. Kissinger & Son, Reading, Pa., 19 00
56 | Shaffer, Wanner & Cc., Fleetwood, Pa., ..| M. C. Dietrich, Kempton, Pa., ........ 19 00
21s) | daw. soinith 6, Co. Pittsburg, shaky vase sees M. EH. Coleman, Pittsburg, Pa, .......-. 21 00
6 | Truesdale & Speer, Minneapolis, Minn., ..| Coyle & Diehl, Chambersburg, Pa.. ... 17 00
4. Sega sensoondcoadane SaunodnooocosnooDounbDOOSdAOUUOUt ES ee ASP ES EO ULS oiiileioleleiera)stelslaloersleisicteeiorstetttalnicieltarrer= 19 60
EEF es ticitciote era iCtatere a srcvcfeiatintatons sfateleysiets Starave aint brie Risicfeve ecaiecesa Gustav Bostert, Johnstown, Pa., ...... 18 00
1 lepeceend CGCOOnn orn dose Geo onico To ndorerranperrdecs | Trenton Milling Co., Morrisville, ...... 17 00
ha ee aha SNe Os ame, Sie ek Ree co Ai ciatsetrobe selec Gauate Morris Briggs, Woodbury, Pa., ........ 18 00
PRI MAb eed Oi ch (0 kane eao coca nena ooonodaAacodbouSoseo | ©. Beckert;Allesheny,, Paw. S2..-0e-o-e - 18 00
Percentage Composition of Brans
|
|
|
Number. 2 : Remarks.
s &
E 3 :
° a 3
= A, cd
Winter Brains.
Tee erates ee cee acinomae 9.13 15.56 3.92
{V1 | Wak He aaah ote See ER Te are pal 15.31 4.04
A eS ARS RTE OCT OOOO DIR Op ane 9.89 14.13 4.34 | Crude fiber, 8.85 per’cenit.
V5 iE. Ae ee eens Sane Sy SHA riryor 10.44 16.50 4.04
DACs “GoeadO DUO EO ORD a HOLON eb 5 CORES 9.46 14.44 4.94 | Crude fiber, 11.16 per cent
RATS Eth coeth ute comets icette 9.11-10.44 | 14.18-16.50 3.92-4.94
IRGCPAR AS heen, aa alien tan ndte 9.43 15.19 4.26
Spring Braus. 9.57 14.44 5.08 | Crude fiber, 11.88 per cent
ICT S66 AL SaaS A Beer ene ae Doan ore
epee crane dew ER eas aeedane 9.04 15.19 | 5.03
DP seat eats 8 ate be aia aa een aoe pete ie 9.63 15.56 4.86
PRM ts cosclol o hinsese'eletion Ente aise 9.08 15.44 4.88
DU er Sota ercnk oo cee ome tole 10.35 14.44 4.04 | Crude fiber, 9.29 per cent
STM rONs. oPeei oor aks iets dtane vaiwielateiate Miers naw daca 9.33 14.31 4.49 | Crude fiber, 11.88 per cent.
Meee wesc cx lh ioe cela cisiott onic ootIes 10.18 15.00 4.32 | Crude fiber, 10.00 per cent.
Oa CRORE ar ee Bence we xine 9.86 14.31 4.51 | Crude fiber, 12.12 per cent.
PAN ettiate etcteraleleliccle ere eivielv'alee a/eiais BESO 9.27 14.88 | 4.63 | Crude fiber, 12.62 per cent
tn Os eee ee wc cocina Bao cto 9.04-10,.35 | 14.31-15.44 4.04-5.08
Berne ett hc. .s .nsna.e Sheers 9.65 14.84 4.63
Brans not Classified
BT er ides w'e'ais's ste 'e Vin aie 5.2 ames 10.59 16.94 4.89
FP ER SS errr ee 9.47 16.00 4.25
BID sce cent nsec cece nec geapancces 9.80 15.06 4.38 | Marked ‘‘coarse."’
ate ES Se ie omen 9.89 15.56 4.66
| Fine ee eee 10.66 | 14.06 3.73 | Crude fiber, 7.90 per cent
248,° 10.04 15.31 3.82 | Marked ‘‘coarse.”’
66,° ee 9.72 15.94 3.92
"ja ] 9.35 15.81 | 4.69
GOP cnn c nests se reese eessseseessseeve|! 10.56 16.31 3.71
2) Poe eee > 9.63 15.63 4.65 | Marked “coarse,”
TL Rs ee ie Sree AS oe re ee ery 10.13 15.31 | 4.43
oie i 14.88 4.02
pT tere ttre rere a eee eene renee see eeee| -68 14.94 4.42 | Fiber, 9.50 per :
Pe TR oss on ca bi sea 10.29 | 16.69 4.86 OT ae
GS) bn eos) p vthasteoepes sce s | 10.34 | 15.94 4.78

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 577

———— — === —— — ee = —
| |
|
Number. | ey 4 | H Remarks.
= a i
4 $ re
2 B FS
P| A; Fe
a
10.38 16.06 | 4.26
10.47 14.06 | 4.36 |
10.54 15.88 | 4.09
9.83 15.38 5.02
9.89 | 14.31 4.66
9.23 | 14.88 4.79 | Fiber, 10.82 per cert.
8.66 | 16.19 5.02
8.76 15.25 4.57
10.01 | 15.06 4.30
9.75 | 15.69 | 4.86 |
8.66-10.68 14.06-16.94 | 3.71-5.02
10.02 | 15.49 4.45
|
tion of mill to be winter
LCR Dee rerctoreie, copies cclale ascitic oeieeine 9.11-10.54 | 14.06-16.69 3.71-4.94
JAN. CUE IER SBR GD COO CRO OCHE Cen 9.88 | 15.40 | 4.26
Range, spring wheat, .......... | 9.04-10.68 | 14.31-16.94 4.04-5.08 |
PRVET AOE eave aricicle/sincalncGincisee ceccce 9.82 15.12 4.70
Range for all brans analyzed,.. §.66-10.68 | 14.06-16.94 3.71-5.08
ASV ONS PONS eas msgs ie nceonne take 9.54 | 15.30 4.48)

* Supposed from location of manufacture to be derived from winter wheat.
tj Supposed from place of manufacture to be derived from spring wheat.

A microscopic examination of the foregoing samples revealed little
of special interest except in a few cases:

No. 27 was quite dirty; a small quantity of oat hulls and the black
hulls of a weed seed (Polygonum dumetorum var. scandens) in con-
siderable quantity. This weed is related to buckwheat and its hulls,
while of probably very slight food value, are not known to be directly
injurious to animals.

No. 222 contains somewhat more oat hulls, but fewer weed seeds.
The latter are chiefly Polygonum.

No. 262 shows rather more oat hulls; the amount is, however, prob-
ably under 5 per cent.

No. 8 contains some straw, though in small proportion.

These results indicate that the process of winnowing is not thor-
oughly carried out in all mills and that, in some mills, either very
impure wheat is ground or oat hulls are added to the contents of the
bran bin. In none of the above cases is the amount of impurity
present such as to indicate a deliberate attempt to substitute other
cheaper substances for bran; but lack of care for the purity of this
feeding stuff is indicated.

Compared with the brans sold recently in neighboring States, the
Pennsylvania samples make the following showing:

37—6—1901

578 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dee.

Comparison of Brans from Different States.

A Protein, per cent. Fat, per cent.
=
a2
i | |
3 |
a |
3 |
S |
° . .
te yey vo ay . a
2 3 % oo é wi | =
fo] a & Aa a ia
5 bo z ey bD E | Y
5 — > = ° >
Zi aiee ts 4 < q 4 <
: —s } ! ' By A : | a
Winter Wheat: . f
Pennsylvania, ..--cecscsctecers iy 16.50 14.13 15.19 4.94 3.92 4.26
New England States, 1898-9,. 45 17.8 13.6 15.5 | 5.6 3.5 4.4
Spring Wheat:
PENUSVAVANIAss neltctwcle/sieicisielelelvie 9 15.44 14.31 14.84 5.08 4.04 4.63
New England, 1898-9, .......- 53 17.5 abaya 16.1 5.6 4.4 4.9
All Varieties:
CUMS VIVEANIA,. eleicine se eiesle 38 16.94 14.06 15.30 5.08 3.71 4.48
New England, 1898-9, .. 6 121) 17.9 13.6 15.8 E.6 3.5 4.7
New York, 1898-9, ........2... 12 17213 13.37 | 15.36 | 5.€4 3.40 4.79

In general, the range of composition found in the Pennsylvania
samples is not greater than was found to occur in New York during
the first year of the operation of the food control law enacted by
the latter State; but the brans sold in New England, where exami-
nations of the cattle foods have been made for a longer period,
show a quite distinct superiority in average composition.

Determinations of fiber were made in a number of instances
where the proportion of protein fell below 14.5 per cent. ‘The per-
centages of this constituent found in such cases vary from 7.90 to
12.62, quantities very similar to those obtained by Connecticut* in
recent bran analyses.

The number of brans that were distinctly indicated to be spring
and winter wheat brans respectively, is too small to afford a basis
for comparison. <A larger number of analyses reported sometime
since by the Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experiment
Station, exhibit a superiority in protein content for average spring
bran exceeding that shown by the New England averages above indi-
cated.

*B. 130, pp. 22-5.
+ Bulletin 48, December, 1899.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Wheat Middlings.

There were selected by Department agents 38 samples of wheat
middlings, exclusive of those designated as “ship stuff” and “red
dog flour.” The kind of wheat from which they were derived was
specifically stated only in case of three samples from winter wheat.
The samples selected were as follows

Price

No. Manufacturer. Dealer. per

ton.

PMaPOowicnt Baldwin, IMinneapolis): MINN’ y5))\... << cc osae cic’ ace ce vicicledavesietes tc /aeveisieece $21 00

196 | Bare Milling Co., Roaring Spring, Pa.,....| Bare Milling Co., Roaring Springs, Pa.,|.......-

Pale Slassice Mernick, Corry. Pan; ci. ceecenccwccas Bliss & Merrick, Corry, Pa., eis erin | 18 00
73 | Champion Milling Co.. Brownsville, Pa.,..| L. C. Waggoner, Brownsville, Pa., 20 00

166 | Clapper Bros., Martinsburg, Pa., ........ BE Laer hearin tee ni tae 4 RON, Ned eS Ba Oss 20 00

193 | Clapper Bros., Martinsburg, Pa., .......-.. Clapper Bros., Martinsburg, ........... 18 00

oer He, Dyer, Willersburg, Pa.5 cnc.ecmacseee Doev eae ESTE toes Gasetaleletsinl a aieis eiorerelvisiots/aceie aie sieiaietoes 20 €0

226 | Elkhart Swan Milling Co., Chicago, Ill.,] Wm. Fisher, Allegheny, Pa., .......... 17 00

126 | Empire Grain and Elevator Co., Bingham- | Snyder Bros., Dalton, Pa., ............ | 18 00

ton, N. |

233 |C. A. Foster, Carnegie, Pa., .............. -| McClelland & Siple, Pittsburg, Pa.,..| 20 00

265 | Full Frank Grain Co. . Milwaukee, Wis. -»+-| Cyrus Romberger, Lykens, Pa., 38 19 00
69 | Gaddis & Co., Uniontown, Pa., ............ M. H. Clark, Uniontown, Pa., 20 00
€1 | David Hartz, Morgantown, David Hartz,:Morgantown, ......-.-.:. 19 00

220 | Hunter Bros., St. Louis, Mo., Chas, Friel; Pittsburg, Pap, :...-..-s.c4l 22 00

228 | Hunter Bros., St. Louis, Mo., G@)) Kellner), Allegheny; 449.0. 00 ccwoe ccc | 19 00

230 | Hunter Bros., St. Louis, Mo., Byrne & Steele, Pittsburs, <2. .cc..c-.cee | 20 00
14 | McDermott, Wertz & Co., Johnstown, Pa., McDermott, Wertz & Co., Johnstown,

DP aga teisisicleve sles BBECOS OG BHGHE ORI Ee een tr sor 20 00

ee HERO elee NICICZET MUL AMIKSEOWIN, wires e te aistero/e\|\-areceis ofSetac stein e tqatera eievarnia s eiain elec. ejeieieisiareieie elses cleieiee 19 00
34 | Milton Floury, Walters, Pa., .....-+.0.« stoi wee Ww, Walter, Walters, Pa., Stete(eteojeletasers 20 00
1 | Northwestern Co., Minneapolis, Minn., ...| John 'Reside, ‘Chambersburg, choteteieyaleraveyeye 18 00

215 | Northwestern Blevator Co., Toledo, O., D. Whitmeyer, Allegheny Pas, vccce cee 18 50
24 | Pillsbury Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn., | J. C. Widman Shuler, Johrstown, Pa., 18 00

216 | Pittsburg Milling Co., Pittsburg; Pa., ....| Branthoover Bros., Pittsburg, Pa., 22 00

Ape iLspure Malling |\Co.; Pittsbure, Pa., >...|| brown & (Co., <Pittsbure,, Pas, .c.0..-.00 22 00
45 | Seahoard Milling Co., Reading, Pa., ......| A. N. Kissinger & Son, Reading, Pa.,| 20 00
51 | Shaffer, Wanner & Co., Fleetwood, Pa., Me C: Dietrich.” Kempton, Pai. Sonceeee 21 00
46 | Steelton Flour Mills Co., Steelton, Pa., ..| A. N. Kissinger & Son, Reading, Pa., 22 00

165 gue George Tileston Milling Co., St. Clonds|iG.er. Hoof, Altoona, Pale, esse eescmane 15 00

inn,

109 | Trenton Milling Co., Trenton, N. J., ......| Trenton Milling Co., Morrisville, Pa.,| 17 00
7 | Truesdale & Speer, Minneapolis, Minn., ...| Coyle & Diehl, Chambersburg, Pa., 17 00
ia warren: Millsag@o. Warren), Pa., 2.2... «-|' Warren Mills Co., Warren, .Pa., ....... 18 00

203 | Warwick & Justice, Massilon, Ohio, ...... Peter <Bodk. Pittsburg) .Pat, coc cssiseeseste 20 00

120 aveston Mill Co Seranton; Pa, <c-...s. »--| Weston Mill Co., Scranton, Pa., ....... 20 00
103 | E. S. Woodworth & Co., Minneapolis., | W. K. Heebner, West Point, Pa.,.... 19 00

Minn,

18 Gustav Bostert, Johnstown, Pa., ...... 19 00
20 John Thomas & Co., Johnstown, Pa., 18 00
75 (Cleveland, GU). “Spacocponcpapecacouseeoenoeoan PF Daviss Susar Groves ceases. esate ener 22 00

PN | ELULTTAIA COLIDT OD) oti vateyetcic alsin clelalelate:6'0/2:elersietste steSeseiajalsie efe(e.ers oo Ge Beckert;, Allesheny.) (Pan; cjeacctise cere 19 00

Joseph Burkholder, Trummelstown,
CIO | Cabbadadoetoc: BEBBCe dor CSCTSEN Oo UnCenEOC Creer Pals on Sescisthe seine sinsepliole cocemtce rae cee 19 30

36

|

Off. Doc.

jAl, REPORT OF THE

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581

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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No

EE

582 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

These samples compare with those analyzed, 1898-9, in New
England and New York, as follows:

|
£ | Protein, per cent. Fat, per cent.
a
a hts ee
is)
3
i=
a
oH
° F =
| ¢ : ae ee bate §
| a o a 3 a am 3
| S a hh a &
| 35 to 2 $ % B 2
| 2 iz 3 4 in S 4
FETT S WV EUIAL ereietsYacetasoleieioiciare aletatcisretoie 39 18.50 12.94 16.05 6.26 1.85 4.60
Newimtngland, 2iccscsetcaccomeoee 135] 22.2 12.4 17.0 7.1 2.6 5.0
17.76 °.51 3.90 6.53

NV @W MOLEC bcc ooo suense cassaaeme re | 20.06 | 14.91

In this case also, while the range of composition is not exception-
ally wide, the average percentages of the more valuable materials
are distinctly below those exhibited in States subject to a cattle-
food control.

In nine samples whose protein was less than 14.75 per cent., de-
terminations of fiber and ash were made with results ranging from
7.03 to 1.08 per cent. for fiber, and 4.86 to 1.80 per cent. for ash.
Twenty-three samples analyzed in Connecticut in 1899, showed fiber,
10.31 to 1.05 per cent., and ash, 5.52 to 2.86 per cent., and fourteen
samples analyzed in New York, the same year, showed fiber, 10.35 to
2.17 per cent., and ash, 5.10 to 2.52 per cent. Ciearly, the low protein
in the Pennsylvania samples is not attributable to excessive quanti-
ties of these two elements introduced by conspicuous additions of
foreign matters. These analyses would not show the addition to a
pure middlings of large quantities of the fluffy dust from the dust
room, in which the hairs from the tip of the grain are deposited as
a result of the modern milling processes.

The name attached to the brand gives no certain indication of
feeding value. This is well exhibited by the range of protein content
found in those specimens to which some particular grade name was
given.

“Pure,” “white,” “finished,” 17.18 to 12.94 per cent.

NOL 2: WHILE? \ 2 Gc: steer emieree 17.81 to 14.88 per cent.
EORCCO card oes eete: haem eoescteeiageee 18.50 to 14.44 per cent.
ISEOWI ices ss one ee 18.388 to 14.81 per cent.

The “white” middlings contain, of course, more starch than the
“brown” middlings, bran being more abundant in the latter.

Microscopic examination with a low-power lens discovers no con-
spicuous foreign material except in case of No. 75, which is rendered
quite impure by the presence of numerous weed seeds.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 538A

Wheat Shorts.

The “shorts,” as previously explained, are chiefly composed of the
same tissues of the wheat grain as those from which the bran is de-
rived. ;

Three samples were taken bearing this specific name:

Price

No. Manufacturer. Dealer. per

ton.

58 | David Hartz, Morgantown, Pa., ........... David Hartz, Morgantown, Pa., ....... $19 00

253 RMAC CLCCOMMIIS BETA, t cieiaicicieisteltelelcicielels/elsiainle S. B. Vance, Middletown, Pa., ....... 19 00

261 peNtinneapolis; Minny f..csccsnleccsisaee J. B. Deckard, Middletown, Pa., ..... 20 00
|

The composition of these samples was found to be as follows (per
cent.):

Number. Moisture. Protein. Fat.

PSUR cterotetarefete tcl sisiavercieiaars/oleie s(avelsieiois (ais/ajajsls/clersleta,eteicisic(stcreisratstofeisieletele'sis sicrera (ars 9.88 18.31 5.87
Bp mn et Ee ete oP es Bix Soa eiclfo dom cioimian aye aislrmaeoe Deen eielS 10.32 16.00 4.84
2G, . ésadkeondsens sobboneAnboadaunoucoDcooqol ao Con OnsdoOuBdddDodendone | 9.59 15.25 4.72
POTS CMAN are rene cic ateiocietoe cis loosiate aietaieieta/are Gloncie atite e's elaielieroce a alae ea are } 9.93 16.52 5.18

Jenkins and Winton’s compilation of American analyses made
prior to 1892 shows the following figures (per cent.):

Moisture. Protein. Fat.
IEMA FO RPS EN micas orci oie sfepeieleteleisieleicloye)ie/siejereseisysleie) syeleicvalelestisie oleie'eie wivis afeis ere s/eio 1525 19.4 6.1
OAS ALE Bs Cate re ie) csotelarela efeleteleioy=cjeteie/cietelsle atofelele cs: wieleistois(elcleleiclelcleieisie\sicle sfe\eisiels 4.1 11.1 2.5
PAA © MM olole cisteleteratete cletefoleleisisfeleisisisioisloiatsieicinisiefa(e (tie /oie\eleleleie[eieloisivis sisieisisis 11.8 14.9 4.5

The Pennsylvania samples, while some are much richer in protein
and fat than others, are well above the averages given by Jenkins
and Winton.

Microscopic examination failed to show any adulteration.

Ship Stuff.

Of this variety of middlings, but one sample was examined:

No. Manufacturer. Dealer. per

DRGIE a ricictalasaiciecarate ercie(s elvielnle’e/alsiole(ntele\a\eta otaisrere(ova/e/ctentielelorerstersseye J. B. Deckard, Middletown, Pa., $20 08

54 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Ott. Doe.

Its percenlage composition was as followe:

Moisture. Protein. Fat.

EOTIDOSIION), 2. cde ecu siceees> BAe eB ota a CORON DBAS SAOODCOSOOUE 10.53 16.13 | 3.88

Red Dog Flour.

This low grade flour is often included with the middlings. Four
samples were submitted for analysis:

Price
No. Manufacturer. Dealer. per
ton
i180 | Dwight M. Baldwin, Graceville, Minn., ...| Geo. P. Wilt, Duncansville, Pa., ...... $18 75
a8 es Co., Minneapolis, Minn., ........ Cyrus Romberger, Lykens, Pa., ....... 19 00
7 . D. Stevens, Minneapolis, Minn., ........ A. Mi. Pike, (EVN Ste are cecie.cec cc cece 20 00
Tif WenapooecmooenncconnaauanuncLoSocetconsecposchr ss0ces Gustave Bostert, Johnstown, Pa., 20 00
The results of analysis were as follows (per cent.):
No.) Description. Moisture. Protein. Fat.
|
|
ROM PREG GOS MIGGINES: Siessccivslemciviasioys cieteseearals alereraie oaretele wieieys 10.16 17.94 5.28
246 | Eillsbury: ‘red -aoe; (mid alin: oe os ieinicle creeynicGioc ei vinta wine 9.54 20.25 5.77
Pee PROG COS MOUNT wa ceiclclereeesistolelarvet Gis wisicisietetercinists craeicerowiiorstecieieietere 10.16 19.18 4.72
Die | ED BAS EEG GOR. 5 coe ra(s ovis cis etele,svelslare, stole swieie's's iaiovsiel ssteuiaieies 9.72 19.25 3.70
Range of composition, dita ajetotevaveoieleterolarore eYatslelerciatstovelelsiatelereteiens 9.54-10.16 17.94-20.25 3.10-5.77
AM OTAR Oa oaicicsalecrsioe selva ease wis (al-takoratere eleifeleistovaremie(en asiniaave mane 9.90 19.14 4.87

The microscope reveals no foreign matters in these samples. This
product is seen to contain considerably more protein than either of
the wheat products already described.

Wheat Feeds.

Instead of selling the various products of the mill, other than flour,
separately under their distinctive names as bran, middlings, ete.,
many millers combine several or all of these by-products and sell
them under the name of “wheat feed.” It is clear that quite a wide
range of composition might be expected in a feeding-stuff of such
varying method of preparation. Only three samples bearing this
name were submitted by the Department agents. They were:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 5X5

SS ee ————— —————————— ——————————— — ——— ——— —

] |
Price
No Manufacturer. Dealer. per
| ton.
146 | Empire Gram and Elevator Co., Bingham-| Snyder Bros., Dalton, Pa., ............ $19 00
TOR AON. en
186) |G. H. Sears, Clark’s Summit, Pa., ......-. G) OH Sears), Clark’s'Summit,.. <..0%.-- 19 00
SPI CAUSTOMNG » OP)). isis « arste’s o'e cinininieie.o.eie wie.e ce sinie(siale oje'e Det er ETL OCIENSINAIUIN, | vaiteisieiciocel rela clpintateie/ate sie 20 00
The results of analysis were as follows per cent.):
No. Description. Moisture Protein. Fat. Fibre.
aed | — =
146 | Spring wheat bran and middlings, ...... 9.78 15.94 WIAD) Ness setae msctlateiore
186 | Wheat feed, bran and shorts, ............ 9.20 10.19 2.69 19.84
9 | Buckeye wheat feed, ................. é 16.50 MOS) Taloialete/alaieletaratatoe
Range of composition, | 10.19-16.50 2.69-4.53 |....-.---s0eee
J MSKETELY CE RAG aD DOCOMO SHOES COC DDOL CG aCUare eae | 5 |} 44.21 Bi. DO Pca iieceeee

On examination under the microscope, the following facts appear:
pe, s pp

No. 146. Bran is the chief constituent. The fine material contains
many of the hairs which, in the best mills, go to the dust room. Some
whole oats and oat hulls are present, but these form a very small
percentage of the entire feed.

No. 186. While the bulk is chiefly composed of bran, the sample
contains a large amount of fibrous material, finely divided and closely
resembling, under a power of 50 diameters, the compact, fibrous
structure and yellowish tint of corn cob. Seme oat hulls were also
present.

No. 9. Chief bulk composed of bran; the amount of middlings pres-
ent is small; there is present a large amount of the hair from the tip
of the grain, indicating a probable admixture of the dust room con-
tents. A little oat hull appears, but is not conspicuous.

Only one of these brands has been analyzed in other States, viz:
“Buckeye wheat feed.” The composition shown by these analyses
is as follows:

| iT

Protein, | Fat,

| per cent. | per cent
__ se |
clrnmaiten (6) BETO EEDE “Aooapeoonsocp sadcpecoconcnsonosdnooAGr | 17.75-16.37 4.41-4.37
VE UmE YOM Ie et TTITI LE) sre sini cietelela nie 'e(eleraiciaeleraimisin\eielalnia(ole/eininielave)aiainimieleri} 15.38 5.12

|

The Pennsylvania sample is up to the average for the brand.

Wheat feeds, in general, as shown by 219 analyses of market
feeds made in New England States, have the following range of
composition :

586 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Protein, Fat,
per cent. per cent.
PS pe RTOEs Game iets cic Win olelajav's\s\oi e's a sieia.cja 0'e\s/e)duis-e diaieiwwic.cieje.sis/ciwisinislnlo'siereluiste 20.0 | 5.8
Pena UCR ec eterc oi ciccheiein o eic.s.s = nie.cinie's's/«/01e oun ein'u oiciv.s o'n's)e'e\s/a\siwicisialeluipie\eca 14.0 3.6
PAR EY eR EMME crete was cia's sec tise eis eiele cia\aleicle vlvisieievsiersiaia'slelerain efaie(elais(eis{sieiniete 16.6 4.7
}

The fiber in 48 samples recently analyzed in Connecticut, ranges
from 5.20 to 9.41 per cent.

No. 136 shows a content of protein and fat far inferior to the mini-
mum shown by the New England analyses for goods of this class.
The material was therefore examined for fiber and found to contain
fully twice as much as the maximum observed in such goods. A mix-
ture of equal parts of average wheat feed and fine ground corn cob
would contain, protein, 9.5 per cent.; fat, 2.6 per cent.; fiber, 18.5
per cent. These figures quite nearly approximate those found for
No. 136.

Wheat Flour.

While not strictly coming within the list of cattle-foods, a sample
of “Pillsbury’s Best’ wheat flour, manufactured by the Pillsbury &
Washburn Co., of Minneapolis, Minn., and sold by Snyder Bros.,
Dalton, Pa., at $4.60 per barrel, was submitted for analysis. Exam-
ined by the methods adopted in the preceding cases, it gave the fol-
lowing results:

No. 121. Moisture, 11.65; protein, 11.69; fat, .60.

RYE PRODUCTS.

Rye in both botanical and general chemical characters closely
resembles wheat. When subjected to milling, it is separated into a
series of products similar to those which wheat produces.

The composition of the entire grain is represented by analyses
of 57 samples from various portions of the United States reported by
Richardson :* :

~ oe .

& 5 PI

° 5 @

& bi =

o be

e B z

cs) <5 =

2 é i

@ E

Se. 7 Rhee E 4
MARCIESEMLDOY, «(6:55 stores g5's.c'e'e's ala obo eleie ojcin/avaislel vie (a eisvere'aitre s/alanetoreve siete ie ie eta 8.67 10.00 7.00
PIS RE aes 6.6.5 vig Ais cin vin: 0/os dee lereseiclelslpfeis'e 5 diajeule Bie ef Atte e Rea Eee 2.09 8.72 1.31
BRP oy Sip dite wisn's 21 avd gen’ Seen Ga» C2 aa as ees ot ee 11.32 15.58 8.75
PSP i wietwsa.s ores si s/a/ca7e 010 5 0/0\4\o(ninivln.cinipc'ein'so'sle'e'n als\eVoin nele.eictelainie eins SGN 1.46 1.90 1.10
RUMCOMEMALTOO A CELLOOL, | ciccis aeicntes vv on au sion sin viennidecciinetie tera 74.62 77.54 68.74
RRM S WER aa parca ws vedas ose insiocne cae hos uim ao eR Oe Tene | 1.94 2:91 1.88
10050011). sclera ssmecntel|ss 6s seatscotenoe

* Op. yer Eh. By Pp. 67.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 587

So that, in general, rye contains less protein and tiber and more
starch than wheat. On account of both its nutritive value and
dietetic effects, it and its products are particularly prized for feeding
horses. Lavalard,* after numerous experiments with cab horses
and those in the cavalry and artillery services of the French army,
found the effects more variable than those of other grains and be-
lieves this is due to variability of composition.

Price
No. Manufacturer. Dealer. per
ton
Rye Chop.
Sie PohneD Bieber, Oley. (Pa; vscecceces cise cba A. N. Kissinger & Son, Reading, Pa.,| $25 00
195 | C. E. Lingafelt, Hollidaysburg, Pa., ...... CRMs ne anelta sacs cic sia sisi saemieetsiaiso er 25 00
12 | McDermott, Wertz & Co., Johnstown, Pa.,| McDermott, Wertz & Co., Johnstown, 28 00

Bolted Rye Chop.
Ue acta EAL ee ETS DLT eo) eel lsc ctelsi late ereletest |iata(e'e'e)erae’are(cla.cis Wivisleieisiere's viererepeleia'c\aie/sinjejareisis (are oleteisiels 25 00

Rye Middlings.
29 | Mann & Allshouse, Easton, Pa., ........0.. Mann & Allshouse, Easton, Pa., ....... 18 00

The percentage composition of these feeding stuffs was as follows:

No. Description. Moisture. Protein. Fat. } Remarks.

BANAL. Cts CH OD = revs inicte vo « Sicvsia’ewie s)a slnveeleiow cvelseisieisioleis « 11.49 9.63 | 2.19

Rese ECU MCHOD ss Bois civ cise isinicicisis(aieisle rete cisietatere cieielewsio/ore 10.32 11.25 2.09

ROM ERMC a CHO DS) a ici asclcloinrc aiere e</ojeia/o.e eislsivicletnicieroveeinia vere 11.68 10.00 1.03 | Coarse.
Ranee. Of COMPOSitiony, ..<.0. seccieses twice west 10.32-11.68 9.63-11.25 1.03-2.19
Average COMPOSILION, Sicc cle cin rcisiereieleie sietele (el oic| 11.16 10.29 | a EA’ rg

PUMP BOITEM rye: “COOP y Sacmiictesicw caine c/cisieeinicjele sravcte 10.02 10.75 1.66

2Ly || TRANSL eat to al Phot Re poo neecoonbanbeonesenoncaagn 9.63 13.66 3.36

The microscope does not indicate any adulteration in these sam-
ples.

In composition, the chops fall well within the range of composition
for whole grain given above, except the percentage of fat in No. 12,
which is below the minimum there given. The composition of the
middlings is normal; they are seen to have considerably less protein
and fat than average wheat middlings.

BARLEY AND ITS BY-PRODUCTS.

Barley, though grown in America especially for malting purposes,
is used in many countries as a horse feed, in place of oats. Lavalard+
mentions such substitution as general in Italy, Spain and Algeria,
where oats cannot be profitably raised.

* Experiment Station Record, t2 16.
‘Ib., 14 F

O88 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Experiments made by the Compagnie generale des omnibus of
Paris, with both draught and saddle horses during twenty years,
show that while barley can replace oats in horse rations, a somewhat
larger quantity must be employed; also that barley bran is very
tough, with a tendency in inferior varieties to seriously lower the
amount of digestible matter.

A study by Richardson* of sixty samples of barley grown in dif-
ferent parts of the United States gave the following results:

Average. Tlighest. Lowest.
Composition (per cent.), whole grain:
\tGys, © Gadbonoooc pate Seis 6.53 9.15 4.63
Ash, ‘ ; 2.89 4.43 1.50
Protein, 11.33 14.88 8.75
Fiber, 3.80 4.65 2.64
INDEFOPCNHKEFEO ‘SREVACH soo stersie cies cicteainteleia cle eicisie wyepeiaisiare acietevere 72.77 76.79 68.99
1D Sol Oe MES AREMMB a anuC Hd >On AaneCnaneonsndaed CONRCECESOnDEDaaoOner 2.68 3.54 2.06
100.00
Percentace OL Ww a) icystereterc tele rcveictefsisremtststalc/etetatctelnlaieieieis ojnie sisincievelcls sie'e 15.22 16.94 12.55
Wieishtuper DUSHEIE (DOUTS) mince ce ncinelciarsiniererstets eiclerinise/ciereisioeyei ers 54.0 67.9 48.5

No samples of this grain have been submitted for analysis; it
enters, however, into the composition of a number of mixed feeds
elsewhere discussed.

As remarked above, barley is grown in America chiefly for malting
purposes. When the grain is moistened and kept at a certain temper-
ature it germinates, the ferments it contains become active and con-
vert the starch into maltose and finally into glucose, which is capable
of solution in water and of alcoholic fermentation by yeast. The ger-
minated barley is dried, freed from its sprout, which is injurious to
the malted liquor, and is then known as “malt,” which, either alone
or together with other starchy materials whose solution it promotes,
is used in the manufacture of malted liquors. A very large propor-
tion of the protein and fat, together with some valuable carbohyd-
rates remain in the spent malt or grains, so that these become, in
turn, valuable as cattle-feeds; for this purpose they are either used
in a fresh, moist state or in a kiln-dried condition.

According to Stein,; 100 parts of barley yield 92 of malt and 2.5
of sprouts, as follows:

Composition. | Barley. Malt. Sprouts.
PRBAUR GY s cab vic 5 S'0le'ninie vine o's otuivie sieldsias io b.sceis dats Wists chiniae Fie, vee ASE 2.42 yea tk 0.29
Protein, mre Bale @ se wn bo qin 6 0°0'd ail amen boku pa kk'craia vissallore dee Baa ee | 12.28 | 10.98 0.77
RUDE yee ace decusesucess oe eee 19.86 | 18.76 0.89
Nitrogen-free extract, 61.88 58.06 0.47
aE nee N noe hee Oeese clase Saealk 3.56 | 2.09 | 0.08
100.00 92.00 2.50

* Bulletin 9, Chemical Division, U. 8S. Dept. Agric., pp. 58-78.
t Wilde's Centrbl. 1860, 2, 8-23: Johnson, How Crops Grow, p. 359.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 58U

A loss of 6.5 parts occurs as the result of the life processes active
during the malting.

No samples of “brewers’ grains” have been submitted for examina-
tion at this time, but the following averages given by Jenkins and
Winton* will suffice to give a general idea of their composition.

Wet grains (15 analyses). | Dry grains (3 analyses).

| ' ;

| |

FA 43 ¢ 3 | A

ua = n i

= 2 2 £ Fe é

> c 3 g c E

4 i 4 an 4
cane, 2G LM EE a 15.7| 79.4| 68.6 $2 11.9 6.2
ENS, | COSGHE OSE ee Te? Ben neeE ee enna 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.3 3.6 | 3.8 3.3
RSRAU PE Liiotamerteisiocletarctera'c @isteictsy siete isis sscseelsletetere,cicteqeyeeis 5.4 6.9 4.3 19.9 20.3 19.3
APOC P OIE Garo occncoe. cabiicncoleceussinaess 3.8 5.6 | 3.1 11.0 11.6 10.2
Nitrogen-free extract, ..........ss..eeeeeees 12.5 15.9 | 9.6 51.7 56.8 46.1
TDI igi DERE ee Cee ne 1.6 2.9 | 0.8 5.6 6.5 4.2
LODO | Seeeeeiacs boseenadhe L000 cee Pee eee

| }

Analyses of a related substance, “dried distiller’s waste,” made in
this laboratory by C. A. Browne, Jr., and C. P. Beistle, Assistant
Chemists} show that the nitrogen-free extract of the spent grains
instead of being composed, as in the original malt, of starch and su-
gars chiefly, contains very little of these valuable nutrients, and is
made up principally of pentosans of less certain feeding value.

Malt Sprouts.

Samples of malt sprouts have been received as follows:

Price

No. Manufacturer. Dealer. ee
on

lee Bought in Philadelphia), wns <.c ccc veseciee Mr AS) Kar bY aces snseiminine tists siete leteimeinitateretats $17 50
MRM ert Ciciiicaccwic ciciineenide csiaa ate a erai ete alata aeveieisieie's'cieis o Trenton Milling Co., Morrisville, ....| 18 00
7a Sl ee Binleleieieeeisiscceeieeseeccceeceseecieccececeecscsses Sims Goss os ckcas ck oodsdions aemincicaleceeiecet 13 50

Their percentage composition is:
Number. Moisture. Protein. Fat.
PASSE Ul atacatarare: ceahve cosa cafe re aretareieigyace Sieyaraie a a's ai stuiaye, ahs erase Me sts we claim oe ais ete nts 9.49 24.00 1.78
TUE | Gres GPRS ROR ASG Ge ete Pe TREE detrei ciate Ret, Sao cen de Aa 10.42 21.69 1.54
OGM te taetele s art ean ovtrerertictote ale sicrores 12.95 23.19 1.50
Range, 9.49-12.95 | 21.69-24.00 1.50-1.78
INSIGRECAS, OSE CUDCOU GCS BOE COD DAC GOD PUROE ato daricopaaGcoue Oar 10.95 22.96 1.61
J

*Op. cit., p. 18.
+ Journal American Chemical Society, April, 1901.

590 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Ott. Doe.

Some grains of malt were present in each case, as would be ex-
pected from the conditions of manufacture.

The composition agrees very well with Jenkins and Winton’s
average:

Per cent.

INGISCOTC, 85 occ cre ce pls tein ie mee een eee 10.2
02) | LA PRI Shag ke oars Or boc vO Sh et aps (i
IPPOCEI 2 oe SS Sk soe ee ee Oe ee 23.2
HEL 5 bce See Shes oe beings Se emote Rs = one arene 10.7
Nittogen-free: extract)” «ci cicks ss cs ie oe a: 48.5
AGS te ws ate ces 2 cee Cees eit meter 1G
100.00

The difference in price between Nos. 113 and 117, taken in south-
eastern Pennsylvania, and No. 256, taken in the northwestern corner
of the State, is rather striking.

The value of. this food as a low-priced balancing material is ap-
parent.

OATS AND OAT PRODUCTS.

Owing to their composition and palatability to domestic animals,
oats enter into a great variety of combinations with other grains
in the preparation of a great variety of mixed feeds. Less extensively
used than wheat and corn for the manufacture of breakfast foods,
the various oat-meal preparations for human consumption leave,
nevertheless, a large volume of residual material, chiefly oat hulls, for
use in the manufacture of cattle foods. Because of the extensive
use of oat hulls for this purpose, it is important to secure a clear
knowledge of their composition and digestilibity relative to that of
the whole grain.

Considering first the proportion of hull (consisting of the pallets
and sometimes the glumes) to the entire grain:

The writer, working under the direction of Mr. Clifford Richard-
son,* determined this proportion for 166 samples of oats sent from
all sections of the United States; the average was 30.03 per cent. of
the entire grain. For the compact white, black and mixed oats
of the north, weighing 38 pounds per struck bushel, the proportion
was 29.3 per cent.; for the fluffy, red rust-proof oats of the south,
weighing 34.5 pounds per bushel, the proportion was 30.92 per cent.
The extreme range in percentage of hull was 20.72 to 44.63 per cent.,
the grain in the latter case being evidently immature.

* Bulletin No. 9, Division of Chemistry, U. 8. Department of Agriculture.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT Ol AGRICULTURE. 591

The Ohio Experiment Station froin the examination of 69 varieties
of oats, found a range in the percentage of hulls, of 24.6 to 35.2 per
cent., average 30 per cent.

In the cleaned grain before milling the proportion of kernel is
therefore 70 pounds per hundred; but, owing to the breakage of the
kernel in milling, the yield of kernel is slightly reduced, being 67
pounds per hundred, on the average.

Under Richardson’s directions, 179 samples of oats and 100 samples
of oat hulls were analyzed, with the following percentage results:

fe
°
Co
2
es
a a
a ‘ep o| Be
oy | a H ah
PTOI REINS ME SAS torrie ois sec ae eheno ee res eee ae AOR ae tnauieie ne stints | 6.93 5.22 6.42
RSA DUatattteraerarctelercctelstclciers ciclerellefevoiereis ai cvoluistelelacaictelsve/etatere(aievetere alate iclavalelave(e/elatels] ele(evereisisiaieys 2.15 5.59 3.18
TETGNEDED), BSAC SR a ee eter ae STE Sere I eR RE IE NRG 14.31 2.48 10.76
IMISGR, pasddccs de SaGGds BOBSOO TOG GRR ORD CT OOCEGCnAO SEO C ED OCORCn OCOOSESbOCOnOoCanCG 1.38 17.88 3
ROR EIS ENE Cue ETS Chit ue a cictefaiciee sialele love ciel cls nial slelere cinivin’s estelele(e\elejeleierelo cielsielsialejertisie'o| 67.09 68.03 67.37
RTA teeter ete terete tatate lal ete te leierers ate eleiels(<inirt ater cla’ sie/eivlslslele/afetseavetofelscrsie]c(olele/ois)sisiaie wieieteroiet elelacerarers 8.14 .80 5.94
100.00 100.00 100.00

any other cereal, the adherent hull makes them, as fed, little
richer than corn. However, the low digestibility of the fiber of the
entire oat so reduces the proportion of digestible carbohydrates as
to give to this feeding stuff a relatively high nutritive ratio. The
hulls, considered alone, while they contain as much nitrogen-free
extract as the kernel, really contain it less in the form of sugar and
starch than in that of the less valuable pentosans, while the high
fiber, low fat and low protein all tend to rank the hull with corn cob
and straw in nutritive value.

The analyses reported by Richardson do not afford a convenient
statement of the variations in the composition of American oats.
For this, 30 analyses compiled by Jenkins and Winton may be used:

3 so

oO

i . i

ro 2 a

~ a

oo E 2

— ° >

rq 4 <i
DVECHTS TAN CSM atetetateloralotaterersisictcte/oiaoiaieraiel tsteseiatetsietaralayel <talets nisieseisvsiel iat ainteletelerstase(eveiaie elaieieisie s 13.5 8.9 11.0
PENS EU ee cpa racaccice is retin aie! oieiecsislate_cvetois'telviv pic sie's nfo etcbcisiova love © sjefaralaisvaiavere eiejaiele’e 2 cYerolaroleialaYoleietsvsis 2.6 2.0 3.0
SEATS Tova eevee etelcies ata alan Vote el clete’ w(a(eYove's ase)alerseteimbeyeTeancatuntete a cahaieteters ie yclcierelalareiae wisiate(ereterotete 14.4 8.0 11.8
BDU D aI oan ctevevermiates ote) cic ovateraicistcyelelelevere iste: aie, cioisi0e-a.cletvebatole stein (ersloieleielernateleyole,ejeleirialvaleislo/eseteie srs 12.9 1.6 9.5
INTerGSOn=free SOXCMACHs Woe aitelteleloicia eete siricelereiea wie totaal atayetivieth eleveye bier aieisinie lolere! atets/= 66.9 63.5 59.7
HELE MME a telccoteys hetet clc sie tes stalove cre merevola to's ate slelererote Bie suslove eretetoteietlotele ietere cic tePaiole/oie sta iela faim 5.8 8.4 5.0

peace ae eiateiotersleterate 100.0

4 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Ott. Doe.

Despite the wide range of difference in the whole vats, the com
position of the kernel is less affected by climatic conditions than is
that of most other cercils, the proportion of husk to kernel being a
more influential factor, and the compactness of the grain the best
method of judging of its bushel value.

Ground Oats.

Only one sample of ground oats was submitted, viz: No, 123, man-
ufactured and sold by the Weston Mill Co., of Scranton, Pa., at $25.00
per ton. Its composition was as follows:

Per cent.
Moisture, icc ces fe cas oy oe ieeohecentan senor 8.99
Protein, 3. cee oireneks Oe ee eee 9.25
Bats otase Seen sche eae ec conten nian, one nee 3.90

Therefore, while much below the average in the amounts present
of its more valuable components, it comes safely within the range
of variation for this grain. :

Oat Feeds.

From the name, it might be anticipated that these feeding stuffs
would differ little from ground oats. In fact, however, they are in
any cases composed chiefly of the oat hulls left as a waste from
oat meal manufacture. For this reason, a careful study of their
composition is important.

Samples were submitted as follows

Price
No. Manufacturer. : Dealer. per
ton
8.) Akron Cerealli@o:,, Alcron io) ciceccclcisaicesiciiee L. A. Read, Chambersburg, Pa., ...... $16 00
102 | Akron Cereal Co., Akron, O., . wsse| W. KX. Heebner, West Point, Pa... <..: 15 00
4 | American Cereal Co., Akron, O., Coyle & Diehl, Chambersburg, Pa.,.... 17 00
5 | Andrew Cullin Co., New York, Coyle & Diehl, Chambersburg, Pa.,.... 16 00
183 | Andrew Cullin Co., New York, Geo. P. Wilt, Duncansville, <.......0.0.. 15 50
197 | Andrew Cullin Co., New York, Geo. P. Wilt, Duncansville, ............ 14 00
Their analyses are as ; follows:
|

No. | Description. Moisture. Protein. Fat.

PMO V EAL CAU TECK. (iciereccatoe siosciwitea esac cetruieces ence Cee eenes 7.07 5.88 2.48
UAB EOWA ORL LOCO: iis wien. ie se cu cieaenscienaeawietes cee see 8.27 6.19 2.50
MONOEL LCOS sc avine’ civelv ca tise tens sos diceniculs mcnieinind oseee rr ener 7.40 11.06 2.99
DUA EUs LOCUS 25-5: wsieivie.sie.o nies kis'ews meide.abe pine anicas We Hasler mentees 7.28 | 7.81 3.67
ASP mUOReNCENt OOb. TEC0.. cd; dcccowscretes cwatecuctas seereoee Meee 7.46 6.69 3.04
197 | Crescent oat feed, 7.15 6.75 3.45
PRP Gdn Matcs ciacces ounces otc chs vanwad 7.0T-8.27 5.88-11.06 2.48-3.67
UTE Os Se Ri nis ois oh diac aw eis ani eee Coe hns Foe 7.44 A 3.02

\

|
}
|
|

No. 6. JVEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 093

These analyses distinctly show that, with the exception of No. 4,
the feeds are largely composed of something other than the oat
kernel. ‘Assuming that the oats and hulls are of average composition,
the analyses indicate that, with the exception named, the feeds con-
tain at least one-half their weight of added oat hulls.

The condition of the hulls in the several samples is quite dif-
ferent, being coarse in some cases, fine in others. The Royal Oat
Feed samples contain 38 to 48 per cent. of coarse hull, while the
amount in Nos. 4 and 5 was less than 3 per cent.

No guaranties accompanied the lots from which these samples
were drawn. In New York State, the Crescent Oat Feed is licensed
with a guaranty of 11.0 per cent. of protein and 7.35 per cent. of fat,
but a sample reported in September, 1900 (Bulletin No. 176, pp. 28-9,
New York Exp. Station), showed only 7.8 per cent. protein and
3.5 per cent. fat, while three samples analyzed in New England be-
tween May, 1898, and January 1, 1900, contained an average of 7.9
protein and 3.3 per cent. fat. The quality of the goods sold in
Pennsylvania not only falls below that guaranteed in New York,
but also is materially inferior to that exhibited by the samples ana-
lyzed in New York and New England.

The Royal Oat Feed was guaranteed in New York State to have
8.25 per cent. protein and 4.14 per cent. fat; but a single analysis
made there in 1900, showed only 5.1 per cent. protein and 2.5 per cent.
fat.

While the variations in composition to which both the entire oat
and the oat hulls are subject, make impossible any exact computation
of the precise proportion in which they are combined to form a given
mixture from its composition, the following statements based upon
the average composition of the respective ingredients may be helpful:

Protein, Fat,
per cent. per cent.

Hgualsparts of oats) and (Oat Hulls, sj. jcce0 wc cece scence as 6.63 3.40
Orne-Enird oats) two-thirds NulIS, ..o....ccdesccccccsesesec ss 4.92 2.53

In this connection should be mentioned two feeds which are sold
under names that are not descriptive:

| | Price
No.| Manufacturer. Dealer. | per
| ton.

91 | Muscatine Oat Meal Co.. Muscatine, Towa,| J. Watson Craft, Ambler, Pa., ........ | $16 00
263 | American Cereal Co., Chicago, Ill., ......| J. B. Deckard, Middletown, Pa., ...... 16 00

38—6—1901

504 ANNUAL REPORT OF THI Off. Doe.

Their analyses are (per cent.):

No. Description. Moisture. Protein. | Fat.
|
91 | Friends’ consolidated dairy f00d, .........seceecsececeees 8.58 | 6.381 3.08
263 | Cereal feed, ...cseeseeeeereeceeeeeeeereee erence eeeeeenenes 7.23 4.06 1.55
}

J

The analyses immediately reveal the inferior character of these
feeds.

Microscopic examination shows these two feeds to be chiefly com-
posed of oat hulls, hair and dust, with more of the dust in the former
of the two foods.

In general, the nutritive value of such feeds is little greater than
that of corn stover. The term “concentrated foods” is not properly
applied to them.

CORN.

From the fact that corn is the leading grain grown for cattle feed-
ing and that, more than any other cereal, it is subjected to a great
variety of manufacturing processes for the production of starch,
elucose and a great variety of other articles of human consumption,
especial interest attaches to its composition.

The percentage composition of the two great groups of varieties,
the dent and the flint, is well represented by the figures for American
analyses compiled by Jenkins and Winton :*

Percentage Composition of Corn.

Dent (86 analyses). Flint (68 analyses).

od 7 : a “ ‘

2 3 % @ é =

fe rs 2 be a v

o tn 5 o Ti) E

> ort ° > rel °

<q q 4H cH 0) =)

. 7 i ; | S a i.

Wikis hos Se Rabe deeanacosssagéaunseoeaagoseonS 10.6 | 19.4 6.2 11.3 19.6 4.5
s Warsinieie a(w eleieinn, aJsie'x 5 «¢.¢.01s1e\s]¥,0 sip vim siaieisie'e’s aisieinie 1.5) | 2.6 1.0 1.4 9 1.0
PRETIRE LU Musicman .ceice poe shee re aie eee 10.3 | 12.8 7.5 10.5 13.7 7.0
GUUS ALDCD) » osc cviscaiedececdecatoressmieomenmes 2 4.8 0.9 rey 2.9 0.7
Nitrogen-free BRADACE, ~ ahem natieat ancien 70.4 Oe 65.4 70.1 76.7 65.0
OE” GCAO DRI CORE ESTE OEP aH ao CmOUOE orn 5.0 | fie 3.1 60 ep 3.4
100.0 lie, ween a 100.0 | ajntsca(a ‘os \n/ky|) 6 a tetacetp net

There is therefore little difference in the general composition of
these two types of corn, notwithstanding their unlike appearance in
form and usually in color. The greatest difference observed is in

*Rulletin 11, Office of Experiment Station, U. S. Dept ar Rec euieire

<a",

No. 6. | DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 595

the smaller amount of fiber in the flint corn and in its wider range
of composrtion as respects protein and nitrogen-free extract, and
less range in fiber and ash.

Considering the range of variation, it is apparent that while the
highest figure for nitrogen-free extract is but one-sixth greater than
the lowest, the highest percentages of protein and fat are about twice
as great as the lowest percentages; in the less important constituents,
fiber and ash, the range of variation is even greater.

The kernel of the corn exhibits a subdivision into parts distinctly
seen by the naked eye. Voorhees* has studied the composition of
these several parts, which he describes somewhat as follows

“a. The husk or skin, which covers the whole kernel; it consists
of two distinct layers, the outer and inner, which when removed
constitute the bran, and contain practically all the crude fiber of the
whole grain.
bp. “A layer of gluten cells, which lies immediately underneath
the husk; it is yellow in color, and cannot be readily separated from
the remainder of the kernel.

“ec. The germ, readily distinguishable by its position and form;

it also contains gluten, though it is particularly rich in oil and mineral
constituents.
_“d. The starchy portion of the grain, which is divisible into two
sub-portions—a yellow, fiinty part lying on the sides of the grain
and made up of very compact cells and a lighter colored portion in
which the cells are less compact; in both portions, however, starch
is the principal material in the cells.

A somewhat imperfect separation of 100 kernels of new corn into
skin, germ and endosperm (starchy and hard part) showed their pro-
portion by weight and their percentage composition to be as follows:

Composition of Different Parts of Maize Kernel (per cent.).

| cy
| £
5 :
et E
} = co)
Vas | S
| & | a | & 3
|
5 a 3 3
!
Proportion) in) 400 parts) of the kernel, 2.0.0... gcccesssnessssaces 100.00 5.56 10.17 84.27
Composition:
NOL EGE maieoeat cle cesiacctaratnicielorsiaccteis mia rnieteis.aun evayeleielsieve o\wrale, eicaletsetaiee wile nate 24.74 15.29 29.62 24.66
SUV EILET-ITTCORSUDSEANICCS care-cic crate crare's o1s.c/avetninvala’a’n lelbie einen einisinie caserciole 75.26 84.71 70.38 75.34
Composition of water- free substance:
SS anta tale eictore ioe iciete ate adicrcjcinsciavelcleit asa ici avs casino elelatnaeacaraarmapnnt nie Cores 1.73 1.27 11.13 0.68
PIO LLIN ilar cleigaicn coos oaain: ole eioaios et elnos Sebi bide eta ances 12.65 6.60 21.71 12.23
PRD GL eat via farsereicloletsiten eimiceisithe.o ers lac, p'ojsia Gussie xicmetns cen cha meats eerste 2.02 16.45 2.88 0.65
Nitrogen- free extract. (chiefly istarch))s inn. seaeisicmicis ssica se 79.26 74.09 84.66 84.90
TTL nan BOGS AR BOG ADDO ADE DOCCREAC TG TORUAO RCld. ao ncvene tas neoAneS 4.34 1.59 29.62 1.54

*15th Ann. Rep., N. J., Agr. Exp. Station, p. 188.

596 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

On the basis of these figures, the distribution of materials of the
constituents in 100 pounds of the new corn is as follows:
Distribution of Constituents of Maize Kernel Among Its Parts.

* .

: :

S : >

3 ui Fs E

7) = x

. n

Le ¢ Bo alee

< i o r=}

oO na oo eo

q is] =] =]

Ll Lal e onl
\WVELES ey pac sodranadaconotods veo bnanaabobanopbnoobooansoooSnaepmanacCOr 24.64 85 3.01 20.78
Day JenehA oO Aoaoonopoopouddpadunnaonusacoopadodoaronoapeoncaaoucdad 75.36 4.71 7.16 63.49

Components of dry matter:

Ash, 1.29 06 -80 43
Protein 9.62 -31 1-55 7.76
Fiber, 1.39 aU «21 41
Nitrogen-free extract, 59.87 3.50 2.48 63.91
RY aU ilestararorctevatstscercisiacesinictersiree-yotereterors einicteioceleisiaisicte eleizremictetciersisiaccioiaisietctole Se LT 07 2.12 98

* Computed by adding the ite fomtthe three wontons of aie aate

These figures show that despite the imperfect separation of the
skin, it contains over half of the entire fiber of the kernel, and
very little of the protein, fat and ash. The germ, on the other
hand, though it constitutes only one-tenth of the kernel, contains
two-thirds of the fat and ash, and nearly one-sixth of the protein.
The endosperm, forming nearly seven-eighths of the entire kernel,
contains about four-fifths of the protein, one-third of the ash, fiber
and fat, and nine-tenths of the starch and related matters.

The consequences of these differences in composition of the sev-
eral parts of the kernel are seen in the make-up of the numerous
by-products of corn that are left when a portion of the kernel is
abstracted for the manufacture of starch, glucose or some of the nu-
merous breakfast foods that are made from this grain.

Shelled Corn. °

Among the samples submitted for examination were the following
lots of shelled corn:

: Price
No. Manufacturer. per
ton
LGLsClapper Gros., Martinsburg, Paws <seccndecasscane cosine det cecceie eciee incon ee eee ee $21 00
186 ||| Ro Wee Walker, Duricansyville! Pa.,. 26 cccccscccescom tan Serene SEDER Den eanee 16 79

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF, AGRICULTURE. 597

Their percentage composition was as follows:

!
|
Number. Moisture. Protein. | Fat.
—— Sj —O ——— ee oe — | Pa toes |, a
TV |) anon boat eC NORe Gada O00 UND ODOHODO CUOGOUOUETOCODDCAOO CIE CCOs tac 10.14 | 9.19 4.4
i86, Ba eitetataletcteteieversictele’ aia’ cieteiate cierelmetaleuretoievieivvelelcicinin eiv.eierere cfeveve)e o's /evavaters 10.76 | 9.13 | 4.14

These percentages are well within the range for dent corn, though
not up to the average.
Cracked Corn.

A sample sold under the name “Fine Cracked Corn for Young
Chicks,” selling at $19.00 per ton, was taken from the manufacturers,
Snyder bros., Dalton, Pa. Its composition is as follows:

Number. Moisture. Protein. Fat.

9.00 | 2.47

The proportion of fat is lower than any recorded in Jenkins and
Winton’s tables of American analyses.

Corn Chop and Meal.

A considerable series of samples have been examined representing
both the coarser “chops” and the more finely ground “meal” sold
in the State. Among the samples labeled as “corn chop” are a num-
ber, manufactured by the Pittsburg Milling Co., that, from their
large proportion of fat, are classed more properly as “hominy chops.”
Their analyses are therefore presented with those of the latter class
of materials.

The sources of the several samples are as follows:

Corn Chop.

Price
No. Manufacturer. Dealer. per

ton

|
Tomleare, Milling” Co. Roaring Spring, Pa; 2...) Bare Milling CO oe ceieciels «+ eisivie cisioieeinie) fr apiesieicte
274. | Levi Brant} Harrisburg, Pa:., ...........+-. TGS Wil ~ TSAI Cy ya tejelerora -t vol sfolarcreeiejorermeteperriemrotiie | $20 00
900 || Gentral Elevator Co., Pittsburg, Pa., ....j McClelland & Siple, .................... 22 00
PI PeCGentraletievatonsGOm, LAtLBDULE Ass ciel n UESCCKOGE A cia cnrwie cimicinc alate "als aleiniclslersloreteiejete 18 30
188 | Clapper Bros., Martinsburg, Pa., .......... Clanpenrs Bross ee ccc seca coeree 20 00
AGU \WTESi IDG TD reac (Olle GEES ap caganonddooooucanse dod A. N. Kissinger & Son., Reading, Pa., 25 Co
62 | H. H. Gring, Mohnsville, Pa., ............ EL ele pm TT ee Nerd cpot aia cemvictel oie istere os oR Leroe clei 21 00
57 | David Hartz, Morgantown, Pa., .......... ESE Yo Cate & 111g Aes a i ee Me ae a a 19 00
158 | H. W. Lecrone, Duncansville, Pa., ........ EL OR eC CTOME soc ype als ewes teenies 19 00
189 | C. E. Lingafelt, Hollidaysburg, Pa., ...... COR es ate Mec tes scciz one neeicierter 19 00
206 | R. S. McCague & Co., Pittsburg, Pa., .... LW VV a CLOT AT Orage oo ctviess aiein cate sishericletehcinte 20 00
19 | McDermott, Wertz & Co., Johnstown, Pa.,| Gustave Bostert, Johnstown, Pa.,.... 19 00
173 | F. & I. Mentzer, Frankstown, Pa., ........ | Ako 184 Mey NSS oS socease gossoboSoOndee 22 00
210 | Pittsburg Milling Co., Pittsburg, Pa., ....}; C. Kelner, Allegheny, Pa., ............. 20 00
157 | R. Lee Walker, Duncansville, Pa., ........ iE aC OLP MMW ANISET 28 ae a3.cbicdinade avicniciones aces 19 00
ToOMGn be aWwalt,, Blair's) Gap Mills) (Duncans-a Ga cea WAL.) siccccs cece suciccwcccn weccuses ce 19 00
ville, Pa.

598 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
Corn Meal.
Price
No. Manufacturer. Dealer. per
| ton.
SS
207 | Altman Mills, Toledo, O., Peter Bock; Pittsburg: “aa.-eeccelsee semana $21 00
245 | D. H. Beebe, (Ot amped Stns SaoenacomocdeD bbe beat 13% A. Beebe, Seinlevers new eitiate scans Meeeeetete F, 19 00
67 | Eclipse Milling Co., Brownsville, Pa.,......| Eclipse Milling Co., emesis 10 00
7 Gaddis & Co., Uniontown, Pa., ........ veers) ME. Eo (Clarke) Uniontown, Pa., 72-56 3 20 00
TGQ Ee MEUIMOIION , <.ceccnenec woes oc clei nieie'setereie woe tels) WEI OLLEr fe Hives cisietiets ace ctenta o> sierec ep cee :
205 | Pittsburg Milling Co., Pittsburg, Pa., . as E. Coleman, East End, Pittsburg. Ae
Es sdode Beieiecicicing Dottie maleiietainveicmetene |
231 Pittsburg Milling Co., Pittsburg, Pa., ....| Chas. Friel, Pittsburg, Pa., ....... neat 22 00
150 | C. H. Sears, Clark’s Summit, Pa., ...... (ORES ho ONY B M SeapoenoabaosonacoosaaGtos welll LOO,
AZ| Geo. ‘S. Snyder, Hatfield; Pa., .......... --.-| A. N. Kissinger & Son, Reading, Pa., 26 00
1398) Snyder Sros.. Dalton) as) S.cccce one ws Sasca|) SsenoseMaSt yoy Besbadunsodoodocend scnonccs aif ak (nn
208 | Toledo Grain & Milling Co., Toledo, O., ..| M. E. Coleman, Pittsburg, Pa. 21 00
28 | G. W. Walter, Walters, Pa., ....2.--...0 -| C. W. Walter, 18 00
77 | Warner Bros., Grant Station, N. Y., .| Warner Bros., 21 00
82 | Warren Mills, Warren, Pa@., ..c.sccccresces Warren Mills, ...... 19 00
29 | Weston Mill Co., Scranton, Pa., ........ --.| Weston Mill Co., 19 00
Percentage Composition of Corn Chops and Meals.
No Description. Moisture. Protein. Fat.
Corn Chop.
A DMMRULE! COLD CHOPS ic xalals cle as e/s'slc- o(e/s'o's ofaisic/aleiel ape’ scasejnicie s.9 toi chetoisiajs 10.70 9.19 3.97
PA MMO LT MCL OLN ye aie itis ciate ra che's(ate otclaislatersie ete slate hoysiora\ tele iet= cts areteiators Giaiotel 11.11 9.31 3.92
200 |Corn chop (coarse meal), 9.99 9.44 4.35
Zozmeorn Meal “Chops. occas cect cone = 9.90 9.63 3.78
RSE BET emCOIT KCHOD orate oseriie scien dae wccieveinle eis rivcleoreroio eles competes 10.00 7.50 4.27
MUG AT COLUM CHOPS: csjrieicicis oo siniecseetclecisre oistes oe sare siesdlas aie. eelsieeiee 11.20 9.13 4.39
ommleRa Tir BCOVMN CHOP yo cre e.accro.s:sisiecetersiste/orale ow: ovetatarole’ eyoleceisss sin/etateyeval vietmiete 10.98 8.44 3.98
PPM BERIITG MCOLI CHODS, sveteie.cc.s ot cis oreinile ays: vhaie lave iclave[eioreteleje eiateleterarsYorete 11.23 8.31 4.92
PERMITE) CORTE CHO. fesratre ere cian cele ston ctelsloievelejsiereisleisieforystaleteretasicioais 10.29 9.06 3.89
iy | CON We@le, nosdoagonecdas- oceopsdouptousonoodcenuouduncdncace 10.18 | 9.50 4.00
PG MING OTM ETCAL: SCHOD | i parcieserejscsoresoietpiaiciaca ayerereieinin ous rSioravelereie, vieqateret 10.69 8.81 3.73
POO OETH CHOP ,, rois ccs aisie\a/</o:v1eioie!aicivrerois sisteiole’slele! oys'ejeiattteris slelelsleleveleieieisre 11.50 9.56 3.98
sieve RESIN le COVTD ss CHOD 3. os 55s:¢0.5 o.asnis crs trie re Veen clea iolale oye Praveisoieiele wraretacie’ele 10.23 | 9.13 4.24
210 | Yellow corn ‘‘meal chcp’’, 4 10.50 | 8.88 3.41
157 | Corn chop, 10.23 9.69 4.18
172 | Corn chop, 10.52 9 44 | 4.18
epee Ceci coaiers ic/> 9.90-11.50 7.50-9.69 3.41-4.39
| ASIGRARER “cosaecoceh cohassoncHosonoosoboNAessane cbondeeTAsbEoen 10.58 9.06 4.03
207 | Corn meal, 10.04 8.00 3.85
245 | Corn meal, 10.00 9.31 3.89
67 | Corn meal, 10.73 8.81 3.58
70 |Corn meal, 11.43 | 7.94 3.05
169 | Corn meal (not descriptively named), 10.81 9.31 4.26
2oaecorm meal, whites .J5: sccc-see ons: 7.77 10.75 8.39
MEE GET. TOIL, . “c- csielsiercistseleteles igen wt.nsicee cum lenisenecniene setts 9.12 10.13 5.04
MMP MACS BIN P ITVESULS co arctan erevajererara’sistere wi einen ave ale Meat oot aoe eater aioe 10.39 9.00 4.09
477, Granulated corn meal, 11.75 8.38 -97
ied CORTICES clersiasiareis cleo rarcicteima eters acs 9.90 9.38 4.05
sai Corn Meal; YellOW,. scocGaceee ume cic nehineswviste se Meoscetie secs 9.77 1.1 3.18
POM GOITL INCH: Gist cietesnjcjaiscviciers o.evewieemwaite Gack n Mead oe eOa te 3 11.40 8.56 3.99
PTC OTT: ICAL. 2. aie:a'aa sai elorsseistcta(avei0lninlainyaters alata aumiatlarep Glo arate waists oisiorete 12.15 8.69 3.82
BAW COrn MCAT, iaipeie cto eieiere ly areternra cielo uses ere ey eee eel ea ectenee 12.14 USL 3.76
AO OEM NCA Loose crore ote/e'v o's xialasatas o's ais ca ace sae cteicta nt eae ee OER 9.81 9.13 3.95
Range; omitting Nos: 47 and) 205 cece ccccceeslarcdeewar cen 9.12-12.15 7.75-10.13 3.05-5.04
Average, omitting Nos. 47 and 205, ..........cccececceces 10.59 | 8.87 4.66

* Evidently a hominy meal.

+ Oil deficient.

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF’ AGRICULTURE. 599
Excluding Nos. 205 and 47 as special products, evidently not pro-

duced by a simple milling process, we may compare the composition
found for the Pennsylvania samples, with those obtained elsewhere:

Composition of Corn Crop in Different States (per cent.).

. Protein. Fat.
®
n
2
3
A
3
° .
be 3 o of a
2 i % Fi 3 % a
E a E 3 m E g
oct r om ° r
Z i ss 4 if 4 4
Pennsylvania samples:
WaT dee alaistslelecaie cinnismiciniaistateleic sivla eye 15 9.69 7.50 9.06 4.29 3.41 4.03
WRC a eretnelererewisismcicieistereele ca inreleleleisic 12 10.13 | 7.75 8.83 5.04 3.05 4.19
United States: | |
Analysis completed by Jen- | | |
kins and Winton (1892)— | | | }
DUCA a eeiclea alors eielnicie ceseGisenssicr as 77 13.9 | ek | 9.2 6.1 2.0 3.8
New England States (1898-9),.... 17 | 10.8 | 8.6 | 9.5 4.7 2.7 | 4.0

All samples fall within the established limits of variation. There
is a general tendency for the corn meals to run low in protein.

No. 205 belongs rather to the class of “hominy chops,” as its high
percentage of fat indicates.

A microscopic examination shows:

No. 157. Contains some portions of cob, but possibly no more than
might be due to careless cleaning after shelling.

No. 172. Contains cob, like No. 157, and also contains a small,
but considerable proportion of oat hulls. Oat kernels were not
found. . |

No. 231. Contains a few whole oats, evidently an accidental mix-
ture.

Corn-and-Cob Chops.

The chopping of the cob with the kernel results in the production
of a very different food, because of the highly different composition
of the cob as well as because of its bulkiness. Eighteen American
analyses of the cob compiled by Jenkins and Winton, exhibit the
following percentages:

Mean. Highest. Lowest.

MONTES Gonodocdoooosmocobndcossodsd suocmongSacdaa dean saananoconns 10.7 |. 24.8 1.2
PANNA meet Teia ota asciciclai she clelale ein ieleiniaicjeiele's efaic nieis aisiaicin sieve sta eiatein mistake efein etre nia ok 1.4 2.7 0.7
AO UG IMs cisieiele'sicfeie cle lero tis 2.4 3.7 1.2
PEDO iaiciciciciios eistirelscic isle cfe's 30.1 38.3 18.2
Nitrogen-free extract, 64.9 66.7 43.8
TCR Isononopavocbocoqusouno do a0ecDODd0or bobaoddcccoScos0cdab Sooocdoeonr 0.5 0.9 9.1

To) eee RiP aero

600 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Not only is the protein barely one-fourth as abundant as in the
kernel and the fat but one-tenth as much, but the fiber is fourteen
times as great in amount; moreover, the nitrogen-free extract of the
cob, instead of being composed, like that of the grain, chiefly of
starch, is largely made up of less valuable pentosans.

The proportion of cob to kernel in well developed dent corn varies
little from 14 pounds in 70 pounds of ears, or one part of cob to four
of shelled corn.

Figuring on this proportion and upon the basis of the average com-
position of dent kernel and of cob given above, the mean composition
of corn-and-cob meal should be:

Per cent.

IVEODEGTEG Soke ore ra pateri este e hepsinnekastes reat Ropero jeeniogal 10.6
SM id Bo satdherd af. sae 2 tee RDS Eee ee oR eES wae Lb
PROTO Eack nx: steriva aye, fae eatahe hog cimiana lene coos eee oes Soa
IRIGY Fs Store, ae cveeetaye =: Siete o Sics Lapel a nlsnge euestenae ean 7.8
Nitro gen-tree FExtraet,—. seni ae 16 ote ste 67.3
1 321 dR ir SAU ace SAI rye 4.1
100.00

Six samples of this material were submitted for analysis, taken
from the following sources:

Price
No. Manufacturer. Dealer. per
: ton
bopieMec., Dietrich) = icenipton, Peas cpctecierlete MGs DIGERICH risers clone coe tee ee $14 50
185 | H. W. Lecrone, Duncansville, Pa., ....... ET Win SCCLONG See cclsiciiel a4 cee lee siecle 16 00
191 |C. E. Lingafelt, Hollidaysburg, Pa.,..:... Cor ASS Wain atelier Wiccnictetswatereccieleterenicie teeta 17 00
151 | F. & I. Mentzer, Frankstown, Pa., ...... EY: Gee , SMVOCNEZOT 8 ikiciele nicion wis eieveeietecleneietete 17 00
64 | John H. Schmehl, Scarlett’s Mills, ....... Jon, SChMehl > Cee casement anette 18 00
BoMInG: MWe OVWValter, Walters) Paw facoes cece CA AG WEN poAnonsodos siokavavewsio ere amentnts 15 00
Percentage Composition of Corn-and-Cob Chops.

No Description. Moisture. Protein. Fat.
Deg) ;Corm=and-cob) Chop). 2.<: cs 0d -tsictos col nnearee eae eee 10.77 7.56 3.52
185 | Ear corn chop, ............ 10.06 7.81 3.44
191 | Corn-cob and all, ....... 10.39 7.81 3.48
151 | Two-thirds ear, one-thi 10.62 8.50 3.31
BSP COrm=-cOpi CHOP Jove scene gen cc nrasciee L115 6.88 3.31
MESON LCC, Ve ore araiass'aascpresa/acaye chelaeaiere, aici wile ee ee 11.44 6.94 3.45
RAI OS Blah hae Vides orsiis Senge t eracliostetes ais oc Pc eee 10.06-11.44 6.8S-8.50 3.31-3.52
BIVOTA PED eccecelsicesesen 2 avale.mia’s:arelalosa.a\e/alusiaicietne seit eieiaee eee 10.74 7.58 3.42
ipaverage omitting: INO: MI5L 3.2 ls:c.2o eee eee 10.76 7.40 3.44

a
‘\

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 601

New England Control reports do not discuss this feeding-stuff.
Jenkins and Winton compiled the results of seven analyses made
prior to 1892. They compare with the foregoing, omitting No. 151,
as follows:

: Protein, per cent. Fat, per cent.

a

|

3

n

ow

3°

he é cy) ab . a

E Oe ak j 3 | 3

g | he a 5 i

5 e) B 2 c) Bs $

z q H <q q | H <
PREM BY LV EIA, —ceicje aie cisisisiceisieis -.cieeis 5 7.81 6.88 7.40 | 2.52 | 3.31 3.44
URES SCALES) ces weicsinse sinecieieiece 7 12.2 5.8 8.5 | 4.7 2.5 3.5

These analyses are therefore about normal, though, as in case of
the corn meal, the tendency is toward a low protein average.

No. 151 is found, upon examination, to contain a large proportion
of oat hulls, which, selling under the name given to this sample,
constitutes a serious adulteration notwithstanding the fact that the
material contains more protein than the other corn-and-cob meals.

Gluten, Gluten Meal and Gluten Feed.

These are by-products from the manufacture of starch and glu-
cose from corn.*

The process is essentially as follows: The corn is soaked for
some hours in a weak solution of sulfurous acid. In the resulting
softened condition it is ground, the ground products being carried
off in the water. The germ or chit floats on the surface and is gath-
ered by skimming. The starch and gluten are carried off in the
water and deposit separately because the starch is heavier, the hull
having been previously separated by passing the water through
sieves. The starch thus separated is the main product. The other
materials are deprived of most of their moisture by pressure and then
kiln-dried.

The gluten meal is sometimes sold by itself; often in combination
with the husk or bran, and sometimes the “chit” or germ, as “gluten
feed.” The composition of these by-products is subject to a further
variation from the fact that, in some factories, the corn oil is par-
tially removed. When the germ is kept apart, it is frequently de-
prived of a large fraction of its oil by hydraulic pressure; the press-

* The so-called ‘‘Atlantic gluten meal’? is an exception, being derivefi instead as a by-

product of the manufacture of wheat-starch. It contains 48.9 per cent. of protein and 7.9 per
cent. of fat.

602 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

cake is then sold as germ oil cake. The bran also is often sold as a
separate food-stuff.

Owing to the large amounts of water used in these separations,
the several products are exhausted of a large portion of their soluble
mineral matters, chiefly phosphate of potassium.

No samples of genuine “gluten meal,”’* were submitted, though
several samples of gluten feed were received under the label

“oluten.” The samples of gluten feed received were:
Price
No. Manufacturer. Dealer. per
ton.
149 | American Glucose “%o., Chicago, .......... Snyder Bros., Dalton, Pa., <....-0c.«-. | $18 60
116) Buffalo Sugar Refining Co., Buftalo, N.¥.;| Mi Al Karby; sec. cece cnc ven ceccieecsiseasl| eeLOLOU
240 | Buffalo Sugar Refining Co., Buffalo, N.Y.,| R. S. McCague, Pittsburg, Pa., ........ 18 00
31 | Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Peoria, Ill.,.} C. W. Walter, Walters, Pa., .......... 18 90
43 elneose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago., | A. N. Kissinger & Son, Reading, Pa., 20 00
er ane |
282 | Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, | John B. Curry, Swatara Sta., Pa.,....| 18 60
| oh
107 | eaucone Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, | Morris Briggs, Woodbourne, Pa.,...... 19 00
55 Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Rockford, | Mahlon C. Dietrich, .................-0 | 18 00
Til. }
Warren Mills Co., Warren, Pa.,.......- 18 00
Trenton Milling Co., Morrisville, Pa., 20 00
7G; Ho sears, Clarkia’ Sammits 2c. .s-ce 19 00
243 | acre ete sien ciate ela miteraie clsietelris eicteinatcteiec oteicis bicleteistete | Crouch) Brost, Hirie, Paap awas«ciclesieversele 17 00
Percentage Composition of Gluten Feeds.
No. Description. Moisture. Protein. | Fat.
ADMIN GHITCON LOCO rn crane ciate w ciainivis:sieTalo.s tlele/aieteivie/ole,cie lee siefereiols!elainla e(Sieseke 8.67 24.31 | 3.44
MTR MOOALREh SLC OT ym iso cret nici ernislaisseic s1acereieierersitie (ere.cie fale stole js letateonieteieire 7.86 13.88 8.04
AME RGU TOT LEC. a /tristatsicistc ss c-ctiwicseicis\e ave s'eis)ersis;s|a(o!e eisieiere elevslsloveieielorate ae 8.55 25.75 2.43
RMA MCLIALETI PLCC so res iare ie avercls.crajete eteicsvin’s ietersie Sinielarereisjete ele ieieisietelenystertye rs 9.11 25.19 3.16
ASML GETALOTIS LOCOS yr oiays ateycieta oie) oleteysveiainn's s sieve siesele/slerwiclesieterte oinioteleteieielsays 9.84 26.56 2.19
PCPS UIE AIOY RUUITEMS LOCO torctararcicieisic ove lain cleisie ele eleiatsiieieieleleieicieyarnla/ctatie 8.46 26.75 2.53
ik, || CORRES Oe a8 Job conacsnac audepcEst ec sdodnpaactostoosunbecorunsnt 8.08 26.50 2.41
BOG Uiberies FEO of 5 x csejacaie.e Scois alotsicta aiars aye oie alate alote ers lastejersiainieiajetatctase 9 15 24.00 3.53
BLM GIGS LECH Ae oie cavers (cinls/ore;o:e10ieieieie iol ciw{esaieroisl eveiale'e'elelslelels) lelasaisicietstelsrs is 9.08 27.00 2.76
TS SI RGUITEEN os los toieie = cre s cigs a onic cletotyew oitinisietio cotiewinicils win siosicioeieees 8.48 25.19 3.55
TR || (CAG adie ae sod Bondo sane sodecc dropdause adaoco Doan onACore 9.14 25.94 2.68
coe RMCCUUL IE MOE 4 wieis/s(aletalojelalere.siain cletaiervistelneieicloisleis/siorem ete eale eins cieichets 8.19 25.75 2.38
WPRRAMIBG: | NN scsmcwis cas achesaroeonkcastan swace vote mantis s soetee 7.86-9.84 | 13.88-27.00 2.19-3.55
IAEVETAREs ccvsleainw celniaroiatueterelwicinvelastersteyne/oreictere eet inverse @imaisisteloieeateate 9.72 24.72 2.84
The average composition of gluten meal derived from corn is

stated by Jenkins and Winton as:

Per cent.

Waleryg< se ice ech ae eee pee ae aoe: sake 9.6
7s) | ane a CODE eee distaste: enna , 0.7
Protem, 4.4206 seas RB oe Lo ues 29 .4
DORs ch easern odes eta ee hee roe yee 1.6
Nitrogen-free extract, % i. vakauaeunee ee 52.4
BROT, 255 sia clean! dina G7 sala ad galore s ae RS 6.3
100.0

* Later analyses show an average of 36.7 per cent. protein and 2.7 per cent. fat for Chicago
gluten meal, and 34.1 per cent. protein and %2 per cent. fat for “cream gluten.’’

No, 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 603

There was no microscopic evidence of adulteration of these ma-
terials.

It is interesting to note that “gluten meal” is not included among
the samples secured and that “gluten feed” is in quite a number of
cases described by the generic name “gluten.” Yet among the sam-
ples recently analyzed by the New England States, there were 118
gluten meals and 79 gluten feeds.

On considering the composition of No. 116, it is clear that the
name “coarse gluten” is a misbrand. The material corresponds bet-
ter to “fancy corn bran” which is sold by the Glucose Sugar Refining
Company in New York State under a guaranty of 13.5 per cent.
protein and 3 per cent. fat.

There are a number of brands of gluten feed upon the market.
The general tendency of business consolidation has been toward a
greater uniformity in- production, certainly toward a diminution
in the number of brand names for the same general product.

Since the names secured by the sampling agents do not clearly
indicate the brand names of these goods, our comparisons will be
confined to the gluten feeds whose manufacturers are named, prac-
tically all coming from the Glucose Sugar Refining Company’s fac-
tories.

Comparative Composition of Gluten Feeds in Different States.

~—

: Protein, per cent. Fat, per cent.
o
a a —
b
3
q
3
“
3 z 3
th Pe) aS ao me) 3 vo
2 | 3 Soo), fea) ee eS: sees
g bo E ry to 5 2
cs | — id — [o) >
Zz in a 4 i 5 <
Pennsylvania:
All analyses (except 116), .... 11 27.00 24.00 25.71 *3.55 2.19 2.64
Glucose Sugar Refining Com-
PANVESIOTANGS: <neiceleicie ovis ci 7 26.75 24.00 25.58 3.53 2.19 2.81
New England, 1898-99: _ |
Buffalo gluten feed, ......... 34 29.6 25.3 27.5 4.7 2.3 3.1
Diamond gluten feed, ....... 30 30.1 20.3 23.6 4.0 2.0 3.0
New York, 1899:
Buffalo gluten feed, .......... 6 27.63 21.31 26.10 4.67 3.38 3.71
Diamond gluten feed, ........ 2 20.56 20.00 20.28 5.21 3.40 4.30
Allsanalyses: 19005 ce.ci- cccieee. PAW hesnapccoollspasdoends Zoe |ictetstete ote a [leieterstsveretetere 4.55
Buffalo gluten feed, 1900, .... 3 27.0 24.1 25.9 5.0 2.9 3.9
Diamond gluten feed, 1900, .. 3 | 25.9 | 24.4 25.3 3.6 2.8 3.2

The composition guaranteed in New York for the year 1900 for the
Buffalo, Diamond, Davenport and Marshalton brands was protein
27 per cent., fat 3.3 per cent. .

The gluten feed sold in Pennsylvania seems to be chiefly of the
Buffalo brand. Judging from the results of analysis in neighboring

604 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

States having food controls, the goods sold in Pennsylvania is some-
what inferior, on the average, to those sold where the law requires a
guaranty of composition and provides the means for chemical ex-
amination of the foods.

Germ Oil Cake.

A single sample of “germ oil cake,” manufactured by the Glucose
Sugar Refining Co., of Chicago, and purchased from W. K. Heebner,
West Point, Pa., at $22.50 per ton, shows the following percentage
composition:

Per cent.
Moisture: sods: Rite ch ee eee ete 9.67
POLE) £5,079 St nese rete Sete era eer 22.56

Bla st) tutl fae aa aba mca eeere ne 9.77

By the removal of three-fourths of its moisture and of two-thirds
of its fat by drying and pressing, a germ having the original com-
position shown in Voorhees’s analysis, would yield a cake containing
11.71 per cent. moisture, 23.94 per cent. protein and 10.99 per cent.
fat, quantities a little higher than those shown in the market sample;
but the corn examined by Voorhees was exceptionally rich in protein.

Under the name “germ oil meal” the Glucose Sugar Refining Com-
pany offers a feeding stuff guaranteed to contain 25 per cent. pro-
tein and 10.5 per cent. fat. The foregoing sample falls considerably
under this guarantee in both constituents.

Corn Bran.

Three samples of this material were submitted:

ee SSS a === TSS foe
Price
No. Manufacturer Dealer. per
ton
101 | Marfield & Co;, Chillicothe: ©O., ..0.--5.0- W. K. Heebner, West Point, Pa.,.....} $16 00
98 ———, Nashville, Dennis, sciccccincacie vse W. K. Heebner, West Point, Pa., .... 18 00
§8 ——,, Nashville, Tenn., .........:0.000005]| Simpson Bros., Norristown, Pa., ...... 18 00
The percentage composition of these samples was ae follows:
No. Description. Moisture. Protein. Fat.
101 | White corn bran, 9.44 6.88
$8 | White corn bran, 11.50 12.07
88 | White corn bran, sate 11.31 12.17
SELCCLIIG OC (Ea tees dass jnumreee tadens erent ee 9.44-11.50 6.88-12.17
VOTER exper ssdceauces. + 6 oe Ubon lenuneecnn yn can ao eee 10.75 10.37

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 605

There are few data available for comparison with these analyses.
The following may suffice: ;

DS ST

: Protein, per cent. Fat, per cent.

@

n a

2

: | |

=|

Cs]

“

° . .

tu AD a ra o

Y ~ to

2 o B Ei o + a

I < he a be

5 bo 5 RS bo E bd

A q H < iq H <

a x allie ee te

INew JerBey, 1894, ........cceceeces 3: | 11.83 10.16 10.97 8.32 | 3.75 6.64
RUE OU mL GUD) Netevsierciele oie cleie ujo,0 le « al 119 9.2 10.05 (Pe) 4.3 6.1
IASON ATMEL) aim alvicia a 'c!p'steiciamnielnc'e’e.s'e 3 11.50 9.44 10.75 | 12.17 6.88 10.27

The Pennsylvania samples are marked by the possession, in two
cases out of three, of an exceptionally high proportion of corn-oil.
In all these cases, the fat or oil, and the protein also, so far exceeds
that found by Voorhees in the true skin or bran, that it is clear a very
considerable proportion of the germ must remain with the true bran
in the goods marketed under the latter name.

Sugar Feed.

A single sample of this name, No. 90, described as manufactured
in Chicago, Ill, and sold by Simpson Bros., of Norristown, Pa.,
at $16 per ton, was received, with the accompanying statement that
dairymen feeding it, believe it is giving good results.

The analysis is as follows:

Per cent.
VEIN (SU CMRAMINE ce Nel Ort. Pare Ghecsas Goce ace’ Sea lai emcees 9276
TEAR DUCIEE fab RA COR OR Su ete Pa 7.94
RE ST ear oon Aoeiewrad AAUAS COE AE ete CAPE eect 7.40
Reducing sugar, calculated as dextrose, .... - 90

Optical examination shows this to be a coarse corn-bran, from
white corn, with no considerable quantity of finely divided material;
the microscope shows no foreign starches present. The food is, as
both the analysis and optical examinations show, corn bran.

Sugar Corn Feed.

A single sample of this product was submitted, described as man-
ufactured by The Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, Ill., and
sold by The Sims Co., Erie, Pa., at $14.00 per ton. A guaranty of
10.07 per cent. protein and 3.90 per cent. fat, accompanied the sam-
ple.

606 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

The analysis gave the following figures:

Per cent.
IS PEEG 8 We Os wis oie os cos 2 a «nies oe pe ent 8.41
ESARUEUTIS eerste: ais. a (el «o-oo slot 5 oteln dhe eee eaeieneme 12.81

Ua eee aire Rs ces ntcnee «2 cos «siege: aiutanes Sheree 2.72

A sample sold under this brand name, made by the same company,
and guaranteed to contain 13.5 per cent. protein and 3 per cent. fat,
was analyzed by the New York Experiment Station (Bulletin 176,
p. 29) with the following results:
Per icent:

IPEOUCINS | i ivcran cater tee.ctela cmeerots eeeeyons arte ctr 11.8
aby el Rake aes cay os Stee e euecee ye oko eae eee 5.8

Other samples of feeding stuffs sold under this name, but concern-
ing whose manufacturer no information is given, have been ana-
lyzed recently as follows:

Moisture. Protein. Fat. Laboratory.
micletetavereotatelsis\ oi 12.3 5.2 | N. Y. Station, B. 176, p. 29.
AAC OCD CORE 8.6 7.9 | N. ¥. Station, B. 176, p. 29.
9.96 11.25 5.12 | N. Y. Station, B. 166, p. 264.*
asaslealusisiecicics 10.00 4.57 | R. I. Sta., B. 63, p. 100.

*This sample contained 11.91 per cent of crude fiber.

Comparison of these analyses with that of corn bran show a quite
close resemblance between this feeding-stuff and the bran in their
richness in protein and fiber, though the fat is considerably more
abundant on the average in the bran. Furthermore, the feed does
not seem to be very uniform in composition, quite marked variations
from guaranty being observed in both instances where a guaranty
was given.

Hominy Chop.

Under this name and the terms “white meal,” “hominy feed” and
“Baltimore meal,” is sold a by-product from the manufacture of hom- |
iny. In making the hominy, the hard, inner portion of the grain is re-
moved, while the hull, germ and portions of the starchy part of the
kernel] are combined to form the cattle food.

Two samples were submitted:

No. Manufacturer. Dealer. per

145 | Weston Mill Co., Scranton, Pa., .......... ‘Weston Mil Cons socceme cue versivcdsvionc yee $20 00
260 7 00

Nc. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 607

Analysis (per cent.)

No. Description. Moisture. Protein. Fat.

| |
145 | Hominy CHODFipenisie/einisiole aterelelsicierinieiaip:cleisiste’elaininiac sie w aicisie'<s'sie/eie'ste 8.44 11.25 9.78
PNM ELCHERIL TI Bits cltc/aleniate es ioieie’siniers\elaisvals elalereicie|srelcisicicieiaie.s ale‘els cele creieie’ ejects 8.99 10.25 7.40

The Connecticut Station (B. 130, p. 33), gives a summary of eight
complete analyses of these materials:

Per cent:
Moisture, ...... eee ee ee ee 8.43
PSTD 5 05 Gra RAR PEALE One RA MR 2.60
ERO UCI regent CET cirieo ee epee teres so aie acetates 11.35
BS UDEI Ipecac opens wees alg eo ratatgtsis eke wrt oN 4.92
INiGrOpenazree EX tCACl,, cedien oer. cisteys © shee Gs ors 64.64
SHAE, ated spate sdk sAct sscrcun = svaueae ehehlaie: as a ee 8.06

So that, having about six or seven per cent. less fiber than corn
bran and about five per cent. more starchy matter, the hominy chops
more nearly resemble entire corn meal in composition; practically it
differs from the corn itself only in having a few per cent. less starch
and relatively more of the other valuable components.

From their composition it is evident that a number of samples
whose brand name indicates that they may be simply ordinary corn
chop, belong rather among the hominy chops. They are the fol-
lowing:

| Price
No. | Manufacturer. Dealer. per

| ton
204 | Pittsburg Milling Co., Pittsburg, Pa., ....| Brown & Co., Pittsburg. Pa., ........ $20 00
202 | Pittsburg Milling Co., Pittsburg, Pa., ....] Wm. Fisher, Pittsburg, Pa., .......... | 18 00
224 | Pittsburg Milling Co., Pittsburg, Pa., ....} D. Whitmyer, Allegheny, Pa., ........ | 18 00
225 | Rittshure Milling Co., Pittsburg, Pa., ....| C. Kelner, Allegheny, Pa., ............ 19 00
219 | Pittsburg Milling Co., Pittsburg, Pa., .... Wim. ‘Hisher;, Pittsburg, Paty sc... 20 00
238 | Pittsburg Milling Co., Pittsburg, Pa., ....| D. Whitmyer, Allegheny, Pa., ........ 19 00

Their percentage composition is as follows:
No. | Description. Moisture. Protein. Fat.

POLE @ONTIN GHOLI,. taictelestajecvsiaceticlcre oseinis.atatatete orem ie blaractsyeratatoteselcre tel tele cite 7.96 11.19 9.23
DOF av be COLMMCHOD) wieacicieseis sisie's roo crarePaaterlateieielceiete tars loiclers sitievates 8.65 11.00 | §.21
PUY UI MWA sbhitsy (lap as(laloyoy “Ban arnoconOpOo bad? Coocaaananc non GeCnaenh 8.19 10.75 | 8.93
225 mV Ite: COrm) MEM CHOP. sass «cleo wccnies alsiceisfente oe ate Beis trainee 8.35 e193 8.97
STO MIEViell Gwar COLMmChOP ha acts maaclvatiesloci ictenkmestetien tise ciate anerels sreteye 9.00 10.69 | 8.54
PIS ey CllOwir COLMs CHOD al cius cistaninelaies aivisiasiemidistameiaeisie cis kccionie sca 8.32 11.50 9.32

608 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The differences in selling price of these goods are not strictly in
accordance with their composition.

Microscopic examination of these samples gives the following re-
sults:

No. 224. Is coarse ground; contains, in addition to coarse par-
ticles of the corn bran, occasional bits of oat hull and quite a little
corn cob, though possibly not more than would result from im-
perfect cleaning of the kernel during the process of shelling.

No. 219. Contains a very noticeable quantity of oat hulls.

No. 238. Like No. 219, is evidently made by blending several ma-
terials. Considerable oat hull and more corn cob than a good clean
article of corn should yield, are present. The major portion of the
corn bran and grain is white, but numerous small yellow particles,
either of the pure endosperm, or of its more highly nitrogenous por-
tien, of yellow corn is present.

In composition, at least as regards their richness in protein and
fat, these samples do not differ conspicuously from the others of the
same group.

Cerealine Feeds.

These are by-products from the manufacture of “cerealine” break-
fast foods and are made from white corn exclusively.
The samples submitted are:

| | Price
No.) Manufacturer. Dealer. | per
| | ton.
|
99 | Cerealine Manufacturing Co., Indianap- | W. K. Heebner, West Point, Pa., ...., $17 (0
olis, Ind.
135 | Cerealine Manufacturing Co., Indianap- | C. H. Sears, Clark’s Summit, Pa.,.... 19 00
olis, Ind.
94 | Cerealine Manufacturing Co., Indianap- | W. K. Heebner, ..........sccceececccccees 18 00
olis, Ind.
The percentage composition of the samples is:
No. Description. Moisture. Protein. Fat.

9a Gerealine Weed; INO. 3). cencecisacicte tow csi cimele teiseisicm act 8.49 11.75 9.75
1357) .Gerealine. Weed, INO... ccinscic ciel scissile oneictetere in cleineletvaleinrince 8.99 9.94 7.62
Ga) Cerealine’ Weeds NO. 2: (72) 5 “swe cle sists aisles wiulasye’s aiaiethince detmint=l 9.95 25.88 2.69

|

The composition of Feed No. 1 is similar to that of hominy chop;
that of the sample purporting to represent Feed No. 2, resembles
gluten feed. No guaranties accompany the descriptions of these
feeds, but the guaranties given in New York State during the year
1900 are as follows:

.

Ni. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 609

Protein, Fat,
per cent. per cent.
GWerealine Weed, NO: 1, coccccccnsccccaccccsctennnsccccvveersssesccesccscceccscce 9.00 | 5.82
Cerealine Feed, NO. 2, ......cccccceccccccscccrcrecccccccccssscsccesssesccccsees 10.31 8.62

A single sample of No. 2 analyzed by the New York Station is in
harmony with the guaranty. It seems practically certain therefore
that the description of Sample No. 94 is erroneous.

Microscopic examination shows nothing noteworthy.

BUCKWHEAT AND ITS BY-PRODUCTS.

Buckwheat is the source of a number of by-products of the widest
difference in feeding value. The grain is composed of a thick, dark
brown hull, made up of four layers of different tissue; the grain
proper is covered by a thin branny coating, under which lies a
layer of aleurone cells, rich in protein like those of the common
cereals, and finally, lying within this layer, is found the endosperm
from which the flour is made. The milling products, properly classi
fied, are as follows:

1. The flour, including the endosperm with as little as possible
of the other layers.

2. The middlings, composed in part of the endosperm and aleurone,
layer, and containing a portion of the true seed coat.

3. The bran, composed chiefly of the true seed coat, with small por-
tions of the aleurone layer and endosperm.

4. The hulls.

5. Buckwheat feed composed of hulls and bran or middlings, often
with a portion of the hard outer layer of the hull removed.

The general percentage composition of the several principal parts
of the grain, as separated by milling, is as follows:

SSS —————— = = = = —<—— —=

Flour. Middlings. Bran. Hulls.
| 14.6 13.2 9.2 8.0
1.0 4.8 5.0 2.5
6.9 28.9 30.4 5.8
0.3 4.1 4.9 Sted
75.8 41.9 41.9 44.4
FEVER A eteratectotate elaleiore)clctote os stoto sfelataln' si o)s/e(sir:e}a/a’s nis\als/ainte sja/e’s}=is 1.4 (ark 8.6 1.6

That is to say, there is very little difference between the bran
and middlings in practice. The hulls are woody and of low digesti-
bility; they possess little feeding value.

39—6—1901

610 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Two samples of buckwheat were received for analysis:

No. Manufacturer. Dealer. per

eae omyaer sros;, Walton, (Pas, ccsedccsmvseciciec Snyder Bross) Oe wencesacosenaciccddces slehinens $40 00
Pee SIIVOeN 5FO8s, Salton, HEB.) wciacesicicescusieeis SY Cer, ASLOSS pe, calc melee hinacals sicleenee.cieicreleisniniele 18 00

Their description and composition are as follows:

No. Description. Moisture Protein. Fat. Remarks,

1 ae ee ee eS eee —_

128 | Buckwheat flour,....... 11.59 5.88 1.06 | Microscopically pure.

140 | Buckwheat middlings,. 10.00 31.06 8.77 | Contains considerable propor-
tion of hulls.

The flour, No. 128, is exceptionally free from particles of the
exterior layers of the grain and is absolutely without foreign ad-
mixture. The “middlings” is, properly speaking, “buckwheat feed.”
Its composition is up to that of average buckwheat middlings, but
it contains a considerable proportion of hulls which cannot, by any
stretch of courtesy, be allowed sale under the name “bran” or “mid-
dlings.” This is a case of adulteration. with very little of fraud
if the goods be sold after examination, because the least experienced
buyer, if he were acquainted with the proper meaning of the term
middlings, could not fail to note the presence of the coarse hulls.

MIXED FEEDS.

Corn and Oat Feeds.

Properly, these feeding stuffs should be composed of a mixture
of ground corn and ground oats, but very frequently large propor-
tions of the relatively valueless hulls are admixed.

The average percentages of fat in corn and oats are the same,
and those of protein are so nearly the same that there is only one-
half per cent. more protein in a corn-and-oats chop containing two
parts of oats to one of corn, than in a chop made from one part
of oats to two of corn. A chop made from equal parts of oats and
corn, such as is called “provender” in New England, should contain
about 11.1 per cent. of protein and 5.0 per cent. of fat.

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 611

The following samples were received:

|
Price
No. Manufacturer. Dealer. per
ton
97 | American Cereal Co., Akron, O., ....+se+es W. K. Heebner, West Point, Pa., ....| $18 00
280 | American Cereal Co., Chicago, IIl., ..... -| John B. Curry, Swatara Station, Pa.,| 18 0
283 | American Cereal Co., Chicago, Ill., ....| Cyrus Romberger, Lykens, Pa., ........ 18 00
Buse Da en Beebe, COLry, Pas, cscececscscecsiace Dy ies Beebe; 1 COrryn ne dine ac cwlestos cisions | 19 00
285 | The Central Elevator Co., Pittsburg, Pa.,| L. W. Kartlick, 22 Penn Ave., Pitts-
DUT Seed. aides ctesm meee ctstesieete seiner 18 00
166 | Clapper Bros., Martinsburg, Pa., ........ Clappera ELOS se secu ciciie cet careers 20 00
sanswbensmore Bros:, Hrie, Pa., <....sccecesccce DENSIIOLE STOSss 1 aes vive alelelelelaistaleretn’a sleielaiee 18 00
Me Pitre nye CU MOLLOY) Ps. cists sca cieisiccie cise cicieiee A. N. Kissinger & Son, Reading, Pa., 21 00
78 | D. H. Grandin, Jamestown, N. Y., ....... 1B}) gebetesywatobbel Ge aqeAroocdose acer cuacanono: 28 00
69 | David Hartz, Morgantown, Pa., ......... AINA) Riatol RISERS asqaacoocadoUseouenocaeoccadd 20 00
ei SICAL UCOLEY, ang. acc scisievieccaciesicicle Hite lay CALE caieiatcla wieiatals eieratacatabe' iatetec<’otminre waves 19 00
50 | James Heffner, Kutztown, Pa., ........... Chas. W. Pennock, Reading, Pa., ..... / 18 00
AGC he binearelt,. eolligaysbure, Pa.. -....|,C. HM. Dingafelt, soiscccscccdecncivscsscnren 19 CO
18 | McDermott, Wertz & Co., Johnstown, Pa.,| McDermott, Wertz & Co., ..........+.+. | 20 00
16 | McDermott, Wertz & Co., Johnstown, Pa.,| Gustav Bostert, Johnstown, Pa., ..... 19 00
23 | Toledo Grain and Milling Co., Toledo, O.,.| Pennsylvania Traffic Co., Ltd., Johns-
ORGAO TPE eal SeamrigndOv Oct MnOCIC CDRA OC } 2100
214 | Toledo Grain and Milling Co., Toledo, O.,) M. E. Coleman, 6114 Centre Avenue,
PARES DUT Es ee ray tavield ciolel=|<fe clereisisliel nate clerelay= 21 00
181 | R. Lee Walker, Duncansville, Pa., ...... ER AUIGCED VOICI Se mc cctelercin.e cfs cleinio'si slevelaleioie ae 20 00
271 | (Manufactured near Middletown, Pa.),...| S. B. Vance, Middletown, Pa., ........ 22 00
The percentage composition of these samples is as follows:
No. Description. Moisture. Protein. Fat.
97 | Victor corn and oat feed, 10.33 8.38 3.42
280 | Victor corn and oat feed, ... 9.99 7.88 3.28
283 | Victor corn and oat feed, .. } 9.17 7.88 4.07
POUT ATIC OAL LECH vcccccilssicicives cisincclsielsiecisle civic cisivciskiaicle asin 9.87 9.00 3.72
SSS TIM SE TIS CLE OFC SC ILOP Siig cictaiaje\ais!a/0/cis ofolere ninlaie(ea|e\e(ersrals eia\s wiafejen/e/e’a\« 9.62 | 9.25 4.26
Pap MOOLH GAN ON OALS COON Nis cindelsielssjels nn cliel= clslniciesciere « ewincies «\sielv ee 9.63 8.69 3.97
AEC OLMeATIG OLtSHCDODN cececeee cccleec.c «<ciclelsvicwicies~ ciseenesicnce } 10.13 | 8.94 3.52
Ae @OLIIM UAC OAIES | CHOP yg le ciclo t/sicloieisicia ojsielels\cieie’sinle/o\s\ere «)ole eis sipieieje'visle | 10.34 | 8.63 3.95
MEAG OLUUMEETE CN OCS ee eietelesioinrciaielelcisiuie s\oloieicieraleln\ein Aa's’claleiaialalels nicie'a\cle | 11.44 8.44 3.58
59 | Corn and oats (one-third corn, two thirds oats), ......| 12.10 | 9.88 4.17
Samet Swati CORMMCHODs © seicicisisicinie sis selejes we nie alevisip oldciviclnie sie cielw cs | 9.94 9.63 4.19
ELM R OL TN UTI ODLL Son erecta tsiele wielalslcleialeiale we cle.s/eteie cjcleisjaiaisle'« o\sleleselvie'='vie’s 11.122 | 9.25 4.05
HUMn RG OLTUBELT CO MOA'LS Sh clclete slate! sjsicteie’e/o's)e\cle!sie’ele\s/sinieisieie sleiciele cieisicicleielsjeleles 10.34 | 9.31 3.76
Pom RCO OLMS AMIEL OME Setters c(clafelelalsieicleicrs.c\sicis}s\claiersisiaiela’nio\e vieieleia'o aisleje cciainiee 12.26 | 9.19 3.92
RSM CDE EET et ST CLUICD EES tora ctoreiotstsielercieisieia/alere a isicleie ates ele niuiwie nia wisiwiete.civicleieieia 11.66 | 9.31 4.10
SME RCS LSNTAM TLC O CUES wai feteteraicie’« <iaieis cinic(aleve isis ©:slejcleis o/elsieisiein/bsejelelelelete.eieclelsje 11.53 | 8.00 3.41
DIAM ORTIU AT ONOAES CHOD: | cic cisisievicisieisinlc/o/0lcic'e vjsvcivis eles vieivioe'e eleivinisiele'= 10.20 | 7.81 2.97
SPSS Ei ROL MATIC OBES) pi tarcloic ciorars' ofete «!cie s\a’cin)o\ele/oin ojeie’sio's elele/e lacie viele ie ceive 10.17 9.44 3.58
So GlOrne ana OES! (CHOP: sisiciclcicieie/ac\cjslele/ei= cle pie cis ais'e'elelaielvivieincieicie\e 10.07 | 9.00 4.08
TM ICOLMMANGNOALS! GOD, cisiceaiccisie.cieae viele «i0/01s,010.0\slervie.e s/eicisjeis/n0 o's 10.28 8.56 3.44
PER AID EY Ct fateia, cle eleleinleicic clejcle ein cie/elsleislols)oj0\s 01s cinle,e1= anGuBOnnGaOnGncUGeT 9.17-12.26 7.81-9.88 2.97-4.26
ING a Yied Gree cla isiels\claleieielolete]olsieselale’nie’s\cle|a(sinie]e/s/=\n)s/e'*) jsln/s o-e|eisis(e/e’sTe s/s s 10.51 | 8.82 4.27

|
|
|

Not one of these feeds reaches, in either constituent, the average
percentage for unadulterated corn and oats. On the other hand,
both grains are sufficiently variable in composition to make it
possible that any one of these feeds might have been made by mixing
exceptionally poor lots of the two grains. Admitting this as a
possibility in individual cases, it is nevertheless safe to say, upon
the basis of these analyses, that there is almost no pure corn-and-
oats feed on sale in the State and that the practice of diluting by
admixture of oat hulls is well nigh universal. Assuming average
composition for the three materials, a mixture of 58 parts corn, 31

38

612 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe

parts oats hulls and 11 parts oats would contain about 8.8 per cent.
of protein and 3.7 per cent. of fat. When it is considered that small
quantities of corn cob are found in many of these samples, as in
Nos. 97, 283, 259 and 214, whetber purposely added or remaining
after an imperfect cleaning of the corn after shelling, the possibili-
ties of variation are more clearly perceived.

When it is seen that the average composition of these mixtures
is about the same, or a little inferior in fat content, to that of the
corn meal, that a very considerable proportion of the corn and oat
feeds is composed of oat hulls whose nitrogen-free extract is much
less digestible than corn, and yet that the average price paid for these
feeds is about $19.60, while that paid for corn chops and meals is
$19.35, the advantage of economy is seen to lie with the unmixed
corn.

Of the brands examined, Victor Corn and Oat Feed is the only
one analyzed in other States. The comparative data for this brand
are:

, Protein, per cent. Fat, per cent.

Ke

wn |

2 |

E | |

& |

i)

Se

to) P =

5 i 3 So i 3 bo

a g 3 2 é s

5 z o to z o

5 — ° > — ° -

G q 4 a q H SH

Victor corn and oat feed: |
PENNS VIVADIAS Serres cieisieierestelatnss 2 7.88 7.88 7.88 4.07 3,28 3.68
INGw sOrk 01900) “concer concen 4 8.7 ou! 8.1 4.6 2.9 4.78
New England, 1898-9, ........ 26 11.3 9.5 9.2 bil 2.9 3.9
All brands:

FEVUTIS VV ATA Das Beleersie's sie. clsiejeretc,stevei| 20 9.88 7.81 8.82 4.26 2.97 4.27
New York, 1899-1900, .......... 17 Feat 6.8 8.03 4.6 1.6 3.22
New England, 1898-9, ........ 43 12.3 8.2 9.3 Wot mak 3.8

In New York, 1900, the Victor brand was guaranteed to contain
8.23 per cent. protein and 3.00 per cent. fat. The New York analyses
are up to this guarantee. A careful consideration of the above data
shows that Pennsylvania receives goods of this class inferior, on
the average, to those of New York, where the selling price is some-
what less, and that in both these States this class of goods is less
rich than in New England, where systematic inspection of cattle
foods has been longer practiced.

Closely related to the foregoing feeds are two other samples;

No. 80. Corn and oats hulls; made and sold by the Warren Mills
Co., Warren, Pa., at $19.00 per ton.

No. 192. Corn and cob meal and oats; made and sold by Clapper
Bros., Martinsburg, Pa., price not given.

’

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 618

The percentage composition of these goods was:

Number. Moisture. Protein. Fat.
Spe atete eintcteteraieiclelets ae siaietainisiale <1cie’ ovale wicidle’s Sleinisisteleseis devs o/erey oie eis: d sieve. miei 11.62 8.63 3.12
Eat St aniprecaitis « siclafatotaltielatstaicia\cheints.<:sicieliniic etinieleisjeitaic’ele(erslcteveie e'sle, ele bia dive 9.52 9.13 3.67

That is, these brands do not differ in composition from others sold
under more misleading names.

Though sold under different names, the following feeds are also
closely related to the foregoing:

Price
No. Manufacturer. Dealer. per
ton
124 | Weston MA Com Scranton.) Pals saneieeee Westone MTT Con ecoc cme cteccte nee nce $21 00
Tai weston Mill\Co., Scranton, Pa.) :..2..2....<. Weston IMG GOls aionmeccosaiste o canteen 19 00
ied Sime eicbetetedataaretotsloyoteyavicsereteievsieccielomacteietclaterersia cissoreiterereie etsreletsie' | a stormere alararc orate ic aisveve ale javeie #/anaarcic calcrate crass nile sibel eee
Analysis gave the following results (per cent.):
No. Description. Moisture. Protein. Fat.
Hea | MESES tant O Cig POCO. Ne Sele is, oxo) siajclniass ald s}eRioelare le aletetane foveia e ticle sis,c2076 8.61 9.38 4.09
MMI MERCE LUT re NTT KE GY POCO is oleic, ssaratecerereretnreseleie: divle sites ot isleiereiciniwveeie'sie 9.76 9.81 4.58
tao Nosaccompanyingy GESCription, co-jc.-56 «sens setces tice ensne | 10.31 9.25 4.01
No. 124 shows, when optically examined, a larger proportion of

corn chop than No. 127, and some excess of oat hulls. No. 153 has
a preponderance of corn.

Other Mixed Stock Feeds.

In addition to the foregoing, a number of stock foods made of
other combinations of materials have been received:

Price
No Manufacturer. Dealer. per

ton
IGS: AL GORRBORB SnCHIOS REAGO RG COSTES RECOM PO ICC Otc ers OF jae Cohn Altoona ears sen costes ea lie eee
UR RAC SE BP eOESEICS BHC CaptIO BDA OCC DHCOSDE SOR BEACaaTaT EIA Mia olertie 22 acta dete ecick mania avec cee collec aoe
EONSE |G Netarcis cierarge oitrovsin, oe nteatcve. couynia wate w acanlahdnnemale Se corte Ae Ee ELOCKeENSMith., sraceen atone mice see ee $18 0)
48 | American Cereal Co., Chicago, IIll., ...... Usraeless Hrvee Readine GPa.. 0a. ..edece 17 ©0
267 | American Cereal Co., Chicago, IIll., ........ John WR. Curry, Swatara Sta.,:........ 19 (0
162e eM BiddlessAltoonas Pain ... cic. ccskesus epee IA ae PRL GLC L we stafasstasi ajc tence micictaete. store evcta-cicpteren | creas
167s VIR) ae Walkers Duncansville;, .ci..ctecmemocee DRE AD EUAN EDI Ness dae Gee este abe See aan 20 00
W774 |Je Ss Brown & Son.» boysburge, <cicsss-ne Jip Sa BROWNE ESO! Siccuncsaictees ccccesee 16 C0
198 | Bare Milling Co., Roaring Spring, Bare Mane COs y as ccdctsatres ccs ckislee cain aemaee
1630 Pe OW Post, Altoona, a. scmc.cee snes Rel EMA CL ET OSUML arvteisir stances aaeinc/datn cca ameaicn 25 00
184 |R. Lee Walker, Duncansville, ..... saves MERE SCOT VV ALISO) Wasi crasiecic > sate ientncered acne 22 00

614 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc
Price
No. Manufacturer. Dealer. per
ton.
ile) 0 As Sa a ee Peer Sia aratui aio.cuareecasnieis’o: asians (Sent by H. L. Harvey), ........... Diaicte.ell\eintaialalgi ptt
PER Ce WR h ne sw Unbas<cwalbeencscisdn ccaesnac@anenee es James, Reeder tay icc cide ven cwnncteseice . 16 #0
49 | James Heffner, Kufztown, Pa., ......-..-. Chas. W. Pennock, Reading, 20 00
88 Mann & Allshouse, Faston, seooeees| Mann & Allshouse, .......... 35 22 00
37 | Mann & Allshouse, Faston, ........ Mann: & YAIISHOUSEN <i ac ties clemicemenieciete 20 00
272 | Levi Brant, Harrisburg, Pa., ......-..+.... Tevi GBranta iia. .csccvcctew: usce ceceecae 23 00
170 Clapper Bros., Martinsburg, ............... Glapper” Bross Pcass cere sos ecewisteeee ets 22 00
194 Clapper Bros., Martinsburg, ......-.+-.++++- Glapper) Brosismcy.coencscen eee eaen cee 24 00
62 M. C_ Dietrich, Kempton, Pa., ............ DM Ce eMietrich, Ye. -secacse > a oenen eee 3 22 00
63 H. H. Gring, Mohrsville, .............---0.. ets “Grin Sinise acces Acenieee erore 22 00
160 | F. & I. Mentzer, Frankstown, Pa., ..... Te! ‘Te Mentzer, .dscncksloacetoaaceeusenes 20 00
182 |G. W. Mock, Rodman’s Mills, Pa., (GES LOCES Manatees Re Vee ssineee Oistersieieter 3| 23 00
65 John H. Schmehl, Scarlets Mill, Pa., Je Be sSchmMen ita. «secs cscacimeeieeeetee 20 00
$6 | C. W. Walter, Walters, Pa., .........0. SA G@ey NV on WEL EOI iicteciciale oieietarm me miilainte cietoutnisintelets 22 00
a Cc. W. Walter, Walters, Pa., .......... SAIN GAR Miipeeaiifenht es vSpepacudoneudecnbDacGsL icc 18 00
21 | American Cereal Co., Chicago, Ill., ........ John Thomas & Son, Johnstown, Pa., 20 00
68 | American Cereal Co., Akron, O., ......... M. H. Clark, Uniontown, Pa., ....-... 20 00
2 Toledo Grain and Milling Co., Toledo, | Pennsylvania Traffic Co., Ltd., Johns-
Ohio. LOW. Weare caw Basis hs ais aei-ts eile nee teramenre 21 00
1295) Snyder Bros:, Dalton,. Pac, seccc--.- ase Sy der Brose, so cccc cis wcclecie cleciisivecw cle siviers 19 00
84 | H. O. Company, Buffalo, N. Y., ........ ...| Simpson Bros., Norristown. Pa., ....| 22 50
8 | H. O. Company, Buffalo, N. Y., .«.....-. .e| Simpson Bros., Norristown, Pa., .... 22 50
112) |). ©: Company, Buffalo; No Yj. ccecsss-ec Frank H. Duffield, Langhorne, ........ 20 00
Hh ke ©) Company, Buttalo, Ns Wee scence. oc Frank H. Duffield, Langhorne, ........ 20 00
140 | Brooks & Pennock, Philadelphia, .......... Snyder Bros., Dalton, Pa., ..... Aancbad 18 50

The results of chemical and microscopical examination are given
below. Under the heading “description” are stated the names under

which the goods were sold.

615

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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No. 6.

‘SPOOt JOOS PoXIW 10T}0

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

616

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’

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 617

Assuming that the mixtures named should be made up from the un-
separated products from the milling of the whole grains, that the
grains are of average composition and that they enter in equal pro-
portion into the mixtures, their percentage composition would be as
follows:

| F
Y
3
| iE
K
vu
|
Mixture. 2
A 3
o i]
5 é i
ae) rm) be °
a : » o fe e
3 cH 2 a = 3
a < Au ce a fy
!
pois — = : =
NER EP ANC MORES! ee icc ct .cie dec meres eeanmames 10.7 2.4 11.8 5.7 | 65.8 3.6
VINeaEV ATIGCOMN eich haceces ssbodsedsckcne: 10.5 ALT 11.1 On| | eetied 3.6
EU ME LINO ORILS ire erecicrore a vicieleteic:cieisiere)siais's cco-sialotelerensie | 11.3 2.4 1102 5.6 | 66.1 3.4
FUVOmATG BCOMMS, Seicis care Avieieieeisaivieiele selsigie seislelsiejere ititaal a ler 10.4 | 2.0 | 71.4 3.4
SOMNMEGAtS ANG MVE, ceicarecesicies qo uecistmes sists | a Wea | rea 10.9 | 4.5 67.5 | 3.9
Corn-and-cob meal, oats and rye, ........| 12.6 2.1 10.3 | 5.9 arts | 3.4
Gorn Osts and: Darley, ~ 26.0 aces vive sce | 10.8 2.3 11.5 4.8 66.7 3.9
COT OPS GALS AMG WHEAC Fo .is ciciain ciciersyeieje/sisie cis laine | 10.7 2.1 na | 4.5 67.4 4.0
Corn, oats and wheat bran, ..........:..... 11.2 3.4 12.5 | 6.9 61.3 4.7

Variations in the proportions of the several grains will produce
some variation in the products, but it is interesting to observe how
Slight the differences are between the percentages of protein and fat
in the foregoing mixtures.

Comparison of the data presented in the foregoing table and the
analytical results from the examination of the mixed stock feeds
will at once reveal many cases of abnormal composition, due in a.
large proportion of cases to the use of oat hulls as an admixture;
in some instances, to the presence of corn in great excess over the
other grains named.

Most of the samples examined represent goods made solely for
local use; a few are sold in many States:

Quaker Dairy Feed, made by the ‘American Cereal Co., of Chicago,
is composed of wheat and oats products; no guaranty accompanied
the sample, but in New York and New England it is guaranteed to
contain 12.03 per cent. of protein and 2.5 per cent. of fat; the Con-
necticut Bulletin 133 gives the results of 28 recent analyses as 13.53
per cent. protein and 3.13 per cent. fat. The samples analyzed here
show a considerably inferior composition. The makers of sample
No. 10 are not reported; it differs from the others in containing con-
siderable quantities of white corn, its protein being decreased and
its fat increased as a result.

Corn, Oats and Barley also made by the American Cereal Com-
pany, is represented by samples Nos. 21 and 68. No guaranty of
composition accompanied them. The average of six recent New
England analyses gives 11.9 per cent. of protein and 4.5 per cent. of
fat. The Pennsylvania samples are considerably inferior.

618 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Sample 26, of the same name, but reported as made by the Toledo
Milling Company, is very far inferior, containing a very large propor-
tion of hulls.

H. O. Dairy Feed, made by the H. O. Company of Buffalo, and
composed of oat hulls with corn, wheat and cotton-seed meal, is
represented by samples 85 and 112. It is guaranteed to contain 18.46
per cent. of protein and 4.53 per cent. of fat. The average of nine
recent New England analyses is 18.06 per cent. of protein and 4.01
per cent. of fat. The Pennsylvania samples are far inferior.

_H. O. Horse Feed, made by the same company, and containing
a little linseed instead of cotton-seed meal, is guaranteed to contain
12.42 per cent. of protein and 4.54 per cent. of fat. The average of
18 recent New England analyses is 12.4 per cent. of protein and 4.2
per cent. of fat. Again, Pennsylvania samples are inferior.

Sucrene Dairy Feed, reported as made by Brook and Pennock, of
Philadelphia, is accompanied by no guaranty. Its chief proteid in-
eredient is linseed meal; by roasting, the other substances contained
have been darkened; a considerable proportion of reducing sugars
is present. An analysis made by the Massachusetts Station (B. 64,
p. 22), shows 18.69 per cent. protein and 2.97 per cent. fat.

SPECIAL POULTRY FOODS.

A number of “poultry foods” were examined:

Price
No. | Manufacturer. Dealer. per

ton

|
ooar|
89 | Simpson Bros., Norristown, .........-c+ee.. SITMADSON SST OSs) se lekecieleleleleis oieleie ec nreetetclarelaietstats $26 00
131 | Bennett & Millett, Gouverneur, N. Y., ... Suyder “Sros), (Dalton, Gece. sccccescew ccs 40 00
138 | Smith & Romain, New York, ............... SNYV.GCT) WrOSs.) cence sleisisnveeyn Natcieretsiein ciolnisictate 25 00
142 | American Cereal Co., Chicago, Ill., ....... SHNGGO TEACEES Aodakaccnmagonmacneercocman: 25 00
148 | (Shipped from Philadelphia), .............. Snyder HBIOSi a cae eso eucee nee cece st comence 17 00

The descriptions and analyses of these foods are as follows:

i = ———— = es
No. | Description. Moisture. Protein. Fat.
SA PUPELION POUltry. 1O00, cnacccclacevinccek cee cee@reitcon mee 11.00 13.50 4,15
Pee OIOver Ten] TOP POWETY es on coma cvclcisn acs scale ete eet meal 9.27 6.38 2.00
138 | Boiled beef and bone for poultry, ..........cssscccccsceees 5.84 42.63 17.97
weer American poultry fO0d)) so ose cease ce cle ncctupicrescn semen 9.45 11.75 4.93
TasLeuce Teed LOr POULtTY, | isco caautwcecctecsancacceneeconeken | 8.55 10.94 9.28

* Said to be composed of corn, oats, wheat and barley.

Microscopic examination indicates that No. 89, Simpson’s Poultry |

Food, is a mixture of middlings, oats and corn; the proportion of hulls
seems rather excessive.

7

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 619

No. 131, “Clover Meal,” appears to be very fine-cut clover hay.

No. 138 shows nothing foreign to the name.

No. 142, composed, as classified, of oats, corn, wheat and barley.

No. 148 composed chiefly of rice hulls and polish.

Of these goods, several are worthy of further remark: The price
of No. 131, even after the most extreme allowance for the expense of
retailing in small quantities, is altogether out of proportion to the
food value. Clover hay has an average of 12.3 per cent. protein,
sometimes rising to 20.9 per cent., and an average of 3.3 per cent.
of crude fat or ether-extract, sometimes reaching 5.9 per cent. The
shatterings, commonly used on the farm as a poultry food, are still
richer in protein. A Connecticut analysis gives for this poultry food,
9.5 per cent. protein and 2.42 per cent. fat, a much higher value.

The proportion of fat in the rice feed, No. 148, is unusually high,
otherwise the composition is normal; the range of composition for
the more important rice by-products, obtained by the investigations
of a number of the Southern experiment stations is:

Protein, Fat,
per cent. | per cent.

UI COMMDLA TINE enn S et oe soos) fee suiet Sais Sae aneaee area ele sseineee ane caeee Se aU Emacs | 10.9-13.6 | 5.2-10.9
TYloe, STITIEL, » GEARS Ee SBE abe La ne Moe e ORR oI CO RE emake San ohn Ne Raia ter aa 2.9-4.7 | 0.6-0.9
EN CHM O ISH Mn ee Heer aerie ea cac mae ar ae rec acer taneice naa der ednn acts | 10.9-12.9 6.5-8.0

A large proportion of the food is evidently derived from the polish.

American Poultry Food, represented by sample No. 142, is on
sale in other States and has been guaranteed in New York State to
contain 13.65 per cent. of protein and 3.96 per cent. of fat. The
average of nine recent analyses in States having food controls shows
13.20 per cent. of protein and 6.20 per cent. of fat. The Pennsy]-
vania sample is conspicuously inferior.

CONDIMENTAL FOODS.

Two samples of foods of this class were received:

No. Manufacturer. Dealer. per

81 | Simpson Bros., Norristown, Pa., .......+.. SIN DSON SELON ce sence shun snc sehenibeccehena $160 60
264 | John W. Barwell, Waukegan, Le ccarle sates ¥. L. Heath, Corry, Pa., ccccccccscsecs 70 00

620 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

No. 87, Simpson Bros’. Condimental Stock Food is stated by
them to have given good satisfaction in general use in their locality.
The percentage composition, in terms of the ordinay food analysis,
is as follows:

Percent.

M@IgbOTE: 2.) oo2 SS 5i. 5 ead cag once eee 13.50
BALSSTNE Ws sova\feic Bier s/era wets: 5.2 ancl bea eRCRELE ES eee emeeee 16.96
PPOTELIE coe 2 ek salons hotel eeaee e eeee 7.25
1 ty 5] <) near BOR PEPER Woe ent opciadsen Sas. GL 9.38
Nitrogen-freé extract, 7.6... scence es 50.41
1 1 at a, rT Cee ene eA RAE, SIMS ere St ATR 2.50
100.00

The composition of the ash is such as to indicate the presence of
4.94 per cent. of common salt and about 13.28 per cent. of Epsom
salts; a very considerable amount of iron is also present, probably
in the form of oxid.

Microscopical examination indicates that the principal vegetable
material present is the hulls, glumes, palets and a portion of the
cob of corn, together with some starch; bits of charred matter also
appear. The material has a slightly defined aromatic odor.

No, 254, Blatchford’s Calf Meal, has been frequently examined. It
is claimed to be “The Perfect Milk Substitute,” but the directions
show that it is to be used in connection with the other foods com-
monly given to calves at their several stages of growth. It is claimed
to be chiefly composed of the “carob” or “locust bean” meal with
leguminous seeds, such as the lentil, and oleaginous seeds, such as
flax seed, and to contain no cheap mill feeds.

On analysis, the following results were obtained:

Per cent.
MOISTUTE,> 2. Fc Geraenaee- ee ceo ee renee 7.20
PEON S «Soa cee ae ern ana Oe 23 .94

NGG a raiths) sya s lec so sae i ee ee teeters eee he nee 4.70

The average of six recent analyses (Connecticut Station, Bulletin
135, page 28) shows 24.45 per cent. protein and 4.62 per cent. fat.

The carob-bean has recently been investigated by the Connecticut
Station (B. 130, p. 21). In 100 parts of the pod fruit there are 7.5
per cent. of seeds and 92.5 per cent. of empty husk or pod. The per-
centage composition of the several parts and of the whole is:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 621

Seeds. Husks. Full pod.

PUR CIPLYNG MME etna Tarai cinicratcic’ore/eloisteis'a:<.oiainis\a/cjolals:e\n e(siele'cie\e sin'aineinis/ois'e.s 0116-0. 010 12.84 14.15 14.05
PAST Cunccclonsclccncccjcccivecbencnccusacienpevsicncesennccceces sieccciceee 3.27 3.25 3.26
EAE OUTN ON picietciele\a’sie win arelejets clclsiniviale e's’ inv sieleieia wip\a'd.sloie sja\eie sip'e 0. RE, BOSE 15.00 4.81 5.57
PRU RTE Desai wie erelasale!atetsimaia/a/alnin'e’o'sia\ale © e/c\ais elulelu's s's'sininielo(evele.c(e\eleie o]6 0\9.0,0'610's'0= | 7.16 | 4.80 4.98
INitrogen-free eCXtract, 2.0.2... cccnccccccccccccccccccscsccetoncce 59.90 | 72.77 71.80
PREEMMMETele acini ofc ceinisis ec clcixisic(ctelal x a\aisie e'ets sincielcls@nvis’eis'cinieisis-vieieinie's,e[s\e'sjocis 1.83 | 22 34

100.00 | 100.00 100.00

These figures agree with European analyses.

The composition of the “calf meal” and the carob bean are too
different, therefore, to make it possible for the latter to constitute the
greater part of the former. Dr. A. L. Winton, of the Connecticut
Station, found linseed meal to be the chief constituent, and beside the
carob bean, there were also present cotton-seed meal, a wheat pro-
duct and fenugreek. These findings agree essentially with those of
our microscopic examination of sample No. 254.

Composition of Other Condimental Foods.

Within the past year or two, extensive examinations, chemical
and microscopical, have been made of the more commonly sold con-
dimental foods. This work has been especially taken up by the Con-
necticut and Massachusetts Experiment Stations, though others have
added work of value.

Owing to the prevalence of this class of goods in this State, it
has been thought of interest to present in compendious form, the
results of these investigations. The food analyses, made for the
purpose of determining the proportions in which the ordinary food
constituents are present, will be grouped in tabular form. The re-
sults of microscopical and special chemical examinations will be
separately presented. The prices per ton affixed are calculated from
the pound prices at which the goods are retailed; doubtless these
rates could be greatly reduced in wholesale transactions in these
several trade articles, but owing to the large claims commonly ad-
vanced as to the nutritive effect of these materials when consumed
in small quantities, the comparison of prices by the method adopted
is not an unfair one.

American Cattle Feeding Salts, made by the American Cattle Feed-
ing Salts Co., 138-140 55th street, New York city, John M. Draper,
Agricultural and Research Chemist, Manager. Price not stated.
aimed to consist of “various tonic substances and natural salts,”
which when added to other feeds is a means of growing prime beef,
brighter in color, wavy or marbled in texture, and with pure white
fat, in much less time than under the present system of feeding.”
Analysis by the Connecticut Station shows:

§22 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Per cent.

MBGHINTOM SAGs cowie osc ve os ole see tee ermine we 16.0
IETS SAILS, fn ols wis se 2 ale ee ee ge sue 63.5
PL GNGOE SAMES, ee. toss ene ot ie eee 4.8
Garhonate Of 800A, +... 5). <see eee ae 9.3
Matter insoluble in water, .i43-)10s 0m enero 1.5
Water and other volatile matter, ........... 4.9
100.0

American Spice Food, made by the American Spiced Food Co.,
Boston. Price not stated.. Found by the Massachusetts Station
(B. 71, pp. 28-9) to consist chiefly of corn with an addition of pepper.

American Triumph Horse and Cattle Food, made by McKenzie
and Winslow, Fall River, Mass. Price $200 per ton. According to
the Massachusetts Station (Bulletin 71, p. 28) it is chiefly composed
of corn, barley and some material rich in protein, with some charcoal
and an aromatic substance like fenugreek.

American Triumph Poultry Food, made by the same firm. Price
$200 per ton. According to the Massachusetts Station ( Loc, cit) it
is chiefly composed of rye, corn, barley and some material rich in
protein, together with pepper and an aromatic like fenugreek.

Anglo-American Food for Stock made by the Anglo-American Mfg.
Co., Boston. Price $360 per ton. Food analysis made by the New
York Experiment Station (Bulletin No. 267), but no report made
upon the nature of the ingredients.

Anglo-American Poultry Food made by the same company. Price
not stated. According to the Massachusetts Station (B. 71, p. 30)
it is chiefly composed of wheat and rye brans, together with corn,
some materials rich in protein, charcoal and pepper.

Bnner Poultry Food, made by the Banner Food Co., Auburn, N.
Y. Price $200 per ton. According to the Massachusetts Station
(Loc. cit) it is chiefly composed of linseed meal and wheat offals,
together with some salt, charcoal and phosphate of lime.

Banner Stock Food, made by the same company. Price not stated.
Is composed, according to the Massachusetts Station, chiefly of lin-
seed meal, together with wheat offals, oats, charcoal, salt and sul-
fates, probably in the form of Glauber’s salts.

Barwelis Horse and Cattle Food, made by John W. Barwell,
Waukegan, Ill. Price $120 per ton. Is chiefly composed of linseed
meal with, perhaps, some flaxseed meal and other ingredients not
determined (Massachusetts Station).

Baum’s Poultry Food, made by Baum’s Castorine Company, Syra-
cuse, N. Y. Price $250 per ton. According to the Connecticut Sta-

A

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 623

tion (B. 132, p. 5) this is composed of linseed meal, wheat feed, cayenne
pepper, charcoal, salt, Epsom salts, iron oxid and sulfur; the latter
is present in the “crude fat” to the amount of 6.73 per cent. of the
entire material. The salt amounts to 5 per cent. approximately.

Baum’s Stock Food, made by the same company. Price $180 to
$200 per ton. According to the Connecticut Station (Loc. czt.) it is
composed of linseed meal, charcoal, salt, Epsom salts and sulfur; the
same finding was made by the Massachusetts Station. There is 3.5
per cent. of salt and about 4 per cent. of free sulfur present, with
probably 3 per cent. of Epsom salts.

Benjamin’s Food for Horses and Cattle, made by Benjamin’s Food
Co., Danbury, Conn. Price $250 per ton. Composed of linseed meal,
wheat feed and fenugreek (Conn. Sta., B. 132, p. 5).

Benjamin’s Poultry Food, made by the same company. Price $250
per ton. ‘According to the Connecticut Station, it is composed of
linseed meal, wheat feed, corn meal, cotton-seed meal and mustard
hulls,

Champion Horse and Cattle Food,made by the Champion Food Co.
Price $300 per ton. Chiefly composed of corn, with linseed, rice,
charcoal, salt and sulfates, probably Glauber’s salts.

Climax Stock Food, made by L. B. Lord, Burlington, Vt. Price
$210 per ton. Composed, according to the Massachusetts Station,
chiefly of wheat and barley, together with salts and copperas. The
New York Station found in one sample a very large quantity of sul-
fur, constituting most of the ether-extract.

Colonial Poultry Food, made by the Puritan Mfg. Co., Rochester,
N. Y. Price not stated. Composed chiefly of barley and other
cereals, charcoal, salt and pepper. (Mass. Sta., B. 71, p. 30.)

Colonial Stock Food, made by the same company. Price $200 to
$275 per ton. Composed, according to the Massachusetts Station,
of wheat, a large amount of charcoal, salt and a condiment resem-
bling fenugreek.

Dow’s Poultry Meal, made by J. C. Dow, Boston. Price $300 per
ton. Composed, according to the Massachusetts Station, of meat,
bone, salt and oyster shells.

Liggine, made by the Eggine Co., Hartford, Conn. Price not stated.
Composed, according to the Massachusetts Station, chiefly of fine
ground oyster shells, with animal matter, pepper, charcoal and
Kpsom salts.

Eureka Egg Food, Jos. Breck’s Sons Corporation, Boston, Mass.
Price not stated. Composed of cereals, highly proteid material,
charcoal, salt and oyster shells (Mass. Sta., B. 71, p. 30).

Llaggs Poultry Food. Price $240 per ton. Composed, according
to the Massachusetts Station, of corn, wheat offal, pepper, salt, char-
coal, Epsom salts and Venetian red.

624 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Flower City Horse and Catile Food. Maker and price not stated.
No details given as to the nature of the ingredients.

Dr. Hess's Poultry Panacea, made by Dr. Hess and Clark, Ashland,
O. Price $340 per ton. Composed, according to the Connecticut
Station, of wheat feed, charcoal, salt, carbonate of lime and iron
oxid (Venetian red); nearly 12 per cent. of salt is found present. The
Massachusetts Station reports the presence of barley and Epsom
salts in addition.

Dr. Hess’s Stock Food, made by the same firm. Price $140 per ton.
According to the Massachusetts Station, it consists chiefly of bran,
together with a material high in protein, charcoal, salt, iron, Glau-
ber’s salts, and a condiment resembling fenugreek.

Ideal Egg Food, made by the Poultry Supply Co., Boston. Price
not stated. Composition, according to the Massachusetts Station,
chiefly of cereals, with material high in protein, pepper, charcoal,
iron, carbonate of lime and Glauber’s salts.

International Poultry Food, made by the International Food Co.,
Minneapolis. Price $250 per ton. Examination at the Connecticut
Station shows it to be composed of wheat feed, cayenne pepper, a
bitter drug, charcoal and salt, about 2.25 per cent.

International Stock Food, made by the same company. Price $250
to $400 per ton. Composed, according to the Connecticut Station,
of wheat feed, cayenne pepper, charcoal, salt (8.88 per cent.) and a
bitter drug resembling gentian. This finding is, in the main, con-
firmed by the Massachusetts Station.

Jersey Tonic and Condition Powder, made by H. A. Esterbrook,
Fitchburg, Mass. Price $360 per ton. Composed of wheat offal,
ground herbs, pepper, Glauber’s salts and Venetian red. (Mass. Sta.,
Bo (Lp. 30.)

Knights English Vegetable Food, made by Knight’s Stock and
Poultry Food Co. Price $140 per ton. Composition, chiefly wheat
offal, with rye, corn, charcoal, salt and a condiment resembling
fenugreek. (Mass. Sta., B. 71, p. 30.)

Knights Poultry Food, made by the same company. Price $200
per ton. Composed chiefly of bran, with corn, some material rich
in protein, salt, sand and an aromatic resembling fennel.

Lightning Horse, Cattle and Poultry Powders, made by the Herb
Medicine Co., Springfield, O. Price $400 per ton. Analyzed by Vir-
ginia Station (B. 107, p. 232); no statement is made concerning the
ingredients save that the ether-extract is chiefly composed of sulfur.

Mctlarews English Horse Food, made by McClaren, Brockton,
Mass. Price not stated. Composed chiefly of corn, oats, wheat, rice
and a bitter substance resembling gentian. (Mass. Sta.. B. 71, p. 28.)

a

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 625

Magie Poultry Food and Kgg Producer, made by Magic Food Co.,
Chattanooga and St. Louis. Price $250 per ton. Analysis by Vir-
vinia Station without details as to the nature of the ingredients.

Magic Stock Food (Mansfield), made by the same company. Price
$250 per ton. Analysis as in case of the previous food.

Chas. Marvin Stock Food, manufacturer not named. Price $1,000
per ton. Ordinary food analysis made by the New York Station with-
out detail as to the nature of the ingredients. (B. 166, p. 267.)

Matthews Compound Food, made by Eastman Bros., Framingham,
Mass. Price not stated. Chiefly composed of cereals with the addi-
tion of linseed meal and salt. (Mass. Sta., B. 71, p. 28.)

Medicated Meal, made by F. C. Sturtevant, Hartford, Conn. Price
$400 per ton. Composed of linseed meal, corn meal, ginger, fenu-
greek, a bitter drug and sulfur (about 38 per cent.) (Conn. Sta., B.
132, p. 5.)

Myers Royal Horse and Cattle Spice, Myers’, Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Price $200 to $250 per ton. Composed, according to the Connecticut
Station, of linseed meal, corn meal, wheat feed, malt sprouts, mustard
hulls, turmeric, cocoa shells, salt and fenugreek. The Massachusetts
Station indicates the additional presence of rice, oat and bean meals;
the salt amounts to 16.5 per cent.

Myers Royal Poultry Spice, made by the same firm. Price $300
to $350 per ton. Composition, according to the Connecticut Station,
like the foregoing with the omission of the malt sprouts and the
addition of cayenne. The Massachusetts Station reports the presence
of rape seed. The salt, in the sample examined by the Connecticut
Station, amounts to nearly 18 per cent.

Nutriotone, made by the Thorley Food Co.,. Chicago. Price $320
to $500 per ton. This is one of the older condimental foods on the
market and has been frequently examined. A recent examination
by the Connecticut Station shows the presence of linseed and cotton-
seed meals, corn meal, wheat feed, salt (13.10 per cent.), charcoal,
sulfur (.83 per cent.) and fenugreek. The Massachuetts Station re-
ports the presence of bean meal.

Orange Electric Food, made by G. E. Vincent, Catskill, N. Y.
Price $340 per ton. Composed of corn and linseed meals, charcoal
and sulfur (.4 per cent.) (Conn. Sta., B, 132, p. 5.)

Pratts Animal Regulator. made by the Pratt Food Co., Phila., Pa.
Price $320 to $500. Composed, according to the Connecticut Sta-
tion, of corn meal, salt (10.11 per cent.), charcoal, fenugreek and a
bitter substance resembling gentian. The Massachusetts Station
reports the presence, in addition, of fennel and Glauber’s salts.

Pratts Horse and Cattle Food, made by the same firm. Price
$146.67 per ton. Composed chiefly of cereals and beans with fennel.
(Mass. Sta., B. 71, p. 28.)

40—6—1901

626 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Pratt's Poultry Food, made by the same company. Price $240 to
$320 per ton. The Connecticut Station found the following ingre-
dients, corn meal, wheat feed, iron oxid, sulfur (.81 per cent.), and
a bitter drug. The Massachusetts Station reports upon one sample
in about the same terms with the addition of cayenne, but upon
ancther as composed of corn, bean and rice meals, pepper, Venetian
red and fenugreek.

Prolific Poultry Food, made by L. B. Lord, Burlington, Vt. Price
not stated. Composed of animal matter, linseed husks, charcoal,
sand, salt, Epsom salts and carbonate and phosphate of lime. (Mass.
Station.)

Rochester Horse and Cattle Food, made by the Rochester Horse
and Cattle Food Co., Rochester, N. Y. Price $500 per ton, pound
package price; $170 in 200 pound lots. The Pennsylvania Station
(Rep. 1899, p. 172) found it to contain wheat offal, some richly proteid
material, salts, charcoal, an aromatic and a bitter substance.

Royal Stock Food, name of maker not stated. Price $125 per ton.
Food analysis without detail as to ingredients by the New York
Station.

Rusts Egg Producer, made by Wm. Rust & Sons, New Brunswick,
N. J. Price $500 per ton. Chiefly composed of shells and charcoal,
together with some material rich in protein and pepper. (Mass.
Station.)

Sheridan’s Condition Powder, made by I. 8. Johnson & Co., Boston.
Price $2,000 per ton. Composed of linseed, cellular matter, ginger,
pepper, charcoal, carbonate and phosphate of lime and Epsom salts.
(Mass. Station.)

Stanley's Condition Powder, made by J. J. Stanley, Lawrence,
Mass. Price $120 per ton. Composed chiefly of wheat and corn with
salt and fenugreek. (Mass. Station.)

Thorley’s Horse and Cattle Food, made by The Thorley Food Co.,
Chicago, Ill. Price not stated. Chiefly composed of rice and lin-
seed, with beans, salt and fenugreek. (Mass. Station.)

Tripler Poultry Food, made by the Triplex Food Co., New Bruns-
wick, N. J. Price $240 to $340 per ton. Composed of linseed meal,
wheat feed, charcoal, ground bone, lime carbonate, iron oxid and
sulfur (nearly 1 per cent.) (Conn. Station.) The Massachusetts
Station finds, in addition, corn, pepper and Glauber’s salts.

Triplex Stock Food, made by the same company. Price not stated.
Food analysis, without detail as to ingredients, by the New York
Station.

Weston’s Condition Powder, made by J. W. Weston, New York
city. Price $320 per ton. Composed of wheat, corn, bean and linseed
meals, with fenugreek. (Mass. Station.)

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 627

White's Stock Food, made by the White Food Co., Taunton, Mass.
Composed chiefly of bran with an admixture of fenugreek. (Mass.
Station.)

Wilbur's Egg Hood, made by Wilbur’s Seed Meal Co., Milwaukee,
Wis. Price $222 per ton. Analysis without description of ingre-
dients by the Virginia Station.

Wilbur's Seed Meal,made by the same company. Price not stated.
Analysis without statement of ingredients by the New York Station.

The results of the food analyses of the foregoing foods, together
with an indication of the number of analyses upon which the state-
ment is based and the sources from which they are drawn, are given
in the following table. It should be borne in mind that the presence
of mineral drugs in the condimental foods leads to some variation
in the composition of the several groups of materials separated by
the common analytical processes; thus, the free sulfur appears with
the fat, the charcoal with the fiber, and, since the nitrogen-free
extract is computed by subtracting the sum of the other groups from
100, it represents, in cases where large quantities of oyster shell have
been admixed, not only sugar, starch and the usual constituents but
also so much of the carbonic acid as is driven off from the shells in
making the ash determination.

In this connection, it may be noted that the analyses of different
Stations and even analyses of different packages by the same Sta-
tion, show a tendency to very little uniformity of composition in most
of these foods and point, in some cases, to a change of formula at
convenience.

Food Analyses of Condimental Foods (per cent.).

in = = *

+. =

n

3 £

we i

3 a
7 Name. g @
: a

6 ; %

5 z F §

2 s 3 5

E Qa & 2 o Pa :

= ° n 2 2 a= =

4 = < Ay Fy Z
American Spiced Food, ........-. 1m 10.41 2.28 | 12.81 2.90 | 67.70 3.91
American Triumph Horse and

GRLETE OOS aoc vaein cieie we nielcieisie niece 1m 10.94 | 6.95 14.94 8.96 53.21 5.00
American Triumph Poultry Food, 1m 9.14 5.54 15.22 9.79 64.7 5.56
Anglo-American Food for Stock, In 7.20 13.28 15.50 7.86 25.80 4.85
Anglo-American Poultry Food,. 1m 7.99 5.33 16.06 8.70 66.59 5.33
Banner Poultry Food, ........... 1m 8.78 11.29 19.94 12.37 41.12 6.50
Banner Stock Food, .............. 1m 8.88 9.35 23.56 15.24 88.01 4.96
Barwell’s Horse and Cattle Fooa, 1m 7.52 6.41 20.72 5.16 50.47 9.72
Baum’s Poultry Food, ............ le 6.95 16.68 19.53 15.40 32.62 8.82
Baum’s Stock Food, ...cccsccccess 2emn 9.07 9.68 26.52 16.47 30.79 T.47
Benjamin’s Food for Horses and
(ofan) dguccscosopascoupooodoocdsae 1c 6.92 5.52 27.82 7.57 45.92 6.25

Benjamin’ s Poultry Food, ........ le 7.05 5.42 29.19 8.44 42.92 6.98
Champion Horse and Cattle Food, 2mn 9.55 12.52 11.72 4.18 57.43 4.60
Climax Stock Food, .....-.-«5+ eee 2mn 8.72 18.09 9.99 4.42 33.06 20.72

39

628 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

: 3
$ FA
a »~
ee i
a a
Name. 8 8
he re
i>) - &
_ o A
8 5 g : to
> h. v bh °
§ x a 5 a is ey
| 5 () n ue ia = a
Zi a < Ay & a ies
| |
Colonial Poultry Food, .......... 1m 9.7 | 6.85 10.00 4.84 65.82 2.78
Colonial Stock Food, ............. 2mn 8.97 | 11.04 | 10.46-) 10.45 56.27 2.81
wows Lowltry “Meal, ccccvesicsiess 1m 20.22 | 36.75 30.50 Pak | Rocoonoddd 2.02
EBEINe, ... ene -seereeoceeccssccseess 1m | +73 | 58.74 3.06 14.78 | 20.75 1.94
Eureka Egg Food, AN SAD DOCCODOOC OS 1m | 5.98 | 20.79 16.50 | 7,98 44.34 4.61
Flage’s Poultry Food, we aleigreteialeieieiete 1m 8.34 9.14 13°97 | 5.85 58.92 3.78
Flower City Horse and Cattle |
IDG oa SqusabonerooonopmcoDaoGodad in 9.27 11.29 | 14.37 | 9.70 50.25 5.12
Dr. Hess's Poultry Panacea, .... 3em 8.22 29.00 11.65 4.86 | 44.36 1.91
Dr. Hess’s Stock Food, ........0. 1m 7.82 13.08 16.19 y fp a 52.55 8.25
Toca Peel OOdsscesneccscececnisties 1m 8.02 13.98 18.50 9.19 45.49 4.82
International Poultry Food, ....| © 1m 6.79 7.87 14.88 13.97 | 49.69 6.80
International Stock Food, ........ 3emn | 7.78 10.05 15.05 | ¢.61 50.20 7.31
Jersey Tonic and Condition Pow- | 1m | 11.41 11.98 | 14.07 teed | 52.04 3,19
GEYO, _Sobocoddne cokdnroondnecDbOGGESO
Knight's English Vegetable 1m 8.59 12.69 15.25 7.47 51.47 4.53
INTs ls. gunepgoobononocUDOSUEBNonOoUS | | |
Knight’s Poultry Hood, << ...cc.n- 1m LeeTe || 22.82 | 14.69 7.21 | 44,29 3.72
Lightning Horse, Cattle and |
Poultry Powéers, ecanitecinisctiies lv 11.15 3.05 17.44 2.70 38.48 26.18
McClaren’s English Horse Food,. 1m 11.05 5.83 | 10.38 1.43 67.96 | 3.35
Magic Poultry Food and Egg | | |
TTC soocepbcabioopesopnccsbae lv 2.67 18.03 11.19 | 18.81 44.85 4.45
IMS PICT SLOCK) MOOG meccciscciirice as cicie lv 8.10 5.39 11.00 22.45 47.82 5.24
Chas. Marvin Stock Food, ....... in 8.26 5.97 30.94 10.63 39.92 4.28
Matthew’s Cormpound Food, ..... 1m 10.88 10.98 15.38 | 2.34 64.39 5.08
Medicated Alea ccc. sce siecisieccieer le 6.34 8.94 24.10 | 10.98 | 39.08 10.56
Myer’s Royal Horse and Cattle |
Sho (ez p= Sdasauogu boSodoR paSesaCObsenG 3cm 9.11 13.11 17.32 | 5.85 50.90 3 71
Myer's’ Royal Poultry Spice, .... 2cem 8.28 11.64 16.50 7.14 | 51.56 4.88
MELE OLOTIS Tan vcles sictleleiric cieie neice oiersieies 38emn 7.56 18.17 20.19 5.09 43.52 5.4
Orange Electric Food, ............ 1e 6.80 4.00 | 15.03 7.81 58.92 7.44
Pratt’s Animal Regulator, ....... 2em . 7.89 11.70 9.91 2.23 62.80 4.4
Pratt’s Horse and Cattle Food,... 2mm 8.29 5.82 14.97 6.21 57.50 7.21
IPrattsmeOultry INGO) ccc... ccilsecs 3em 8.35 6.70 14.78 6.22 56.26 7.69
Proline ePoultry; HOO. 5 sccc.ceinie\s\er 1m 8.3 23.99 20.19 9.21 | 31.67 6.55
Rochester Horse and Cattle Food, | 2np 8.40 9.74 16.32 11.70 47.74 6.10
ovale Stock: 400d <selcctoe «in a aivieiciele’s in 5.56 44.07 11.25 Bt 25.87 3.52
Rust’s Egg Producer, ............ 1m 4.56 52.51 19.31 6.52 | 13.57 3.53
Sheridan’s Condition Powder, ... 2m |} 7.57 | 16.50 | 16.00 15.07 | 30.62 14.24
Stanley’s Condition Powder, ....| im 9.35 5.46 | 13.13 | 5.88 | 61.91 4,32
Thorley’s Horse and Cattle Food, 1m 10.55 | 9.92 | 19.19 | 9.80 | 44.73 ~ 6.81
Triplex Poultry Wood; <.......-..s- | 2em 5.72 39.80 18.17 | 5.27 | 26.53 4.51
Mriplex StOCK MOOG, e ccccst cece ve In 7.10 12.05 | 15a | 6.31 63.57 5.66
Weston’s Condition Powder, .... im 9231 | 5.09 | 15.63 | 5.00 59.27 4.70
White's "Stock! Wood, oc... .cs0.c00- 1m 10.21 | 5.79 15.81 | 10.44 62.33 5.42
WV Al ur see MOOG I cecieciceieisloleslnc sie lv | 7.72 10.14 18.43 | 13.23 46.26 4.22
Wilbur’s Seed Meal, .............+- in Wats} 12.16 20.00 | 8.18 46.90 5.63
| | | }

*c, Connecticut Station; m, Massachusetts Station; n, New York (Geneva) Station; p, Penn-
sylvania; v, Virginia Station.

The most striking feature about these materials is their enormous
cost to the purchaser, $100 to $2,000 per ton. Their direct cost to
the manufacturer is quite another matter. Their major proportion
by weight is composed of ordinary feeding stuffs, costing at retail
from $15 to $40 per ton. Ina few cases, especially of so-called “egg-
foods,” they are more largely composed of oyster shells, whose market
value is certainly much less. The other ingredients that enter into
their composition in at all important quantities are bone, charcoal,
flowers of sulfur, common salt, Glauber’s salts, Epsom salts and
Venetian red; while there are also added certain spicing, aromatic or
bitter substances in small quantity.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 629

The wholesaie prices of some of the less common materials, ag
given by the Oc/, Paint and Drug Reporter of New York, for July
8, 1901, are:

Cents per pound.

HEITOR et ewensc te SA eas ohn 8 delter ae joi: site: g see eel c eo) On 1.25
UL EESCOIENUTTUM es. a0cste s sic cs soste «verses 1.85 to 2.05
WTC UIA CONE er eytt.iohcse Ain ssa is ha slave b ezasduees @ ie yto 3.0
GAT TVERS eR) COLOTE SE ek A ane a 4 to 4.25
PAMEIRCBREGCUGN ictal sioicieiem cise dein elehe bie Siouete 7.75 to 8.5
1 SUNS St A an ee 2.0 to 2.25
PEE SNE GINO C ices aceyc od) «,0 secon lap cieatta.s ails 5.0 to 6.0

There is therefore no reason in the cost of the ingredients for the
very great charges made for these mixtures.

In the second place, it is evident that the makers use much the
same range of ingredients but select individual materials and propor-
tions differently. The one common characteristic is the claim each
makes, first, for the great nutritive value of very small quantities of
his article of manufacture, and in most cases, second, for its medicinal
value for a wide range of diverse ailments. Clearly, since exact
selection of material and proportion is of so little importance, any
reader of this paragraph can make a “condition powder” for his own
stock with as good prospect of valuable results and at a very great
saving of cost.

But as to the value of such condimental and semi-medicinal prep-
arations: First, as used for healthy animals. Any direct nutritive
value they possess is due to the common feeding stuffs they contain,
but the quantities fed are too insignificant to cause considerable gains
in production. Any indirect value they may have must be due to
some economy of the other foods with which they are always directed
to be fed, such economy being in the way of increased digestion of
the food or its better utilization by the animal after digestion. <A
number of careful experiments have been made to determine the fact
of such effect from condimental foods, but in not a single instance is
there evidence of any economic action of the kind.

As to their supposed medicinal action: The ingredients commonly
found have different effects. Some are used in veterinary practice
as stomachics, stimulating the coatings of the stomach and bowels—
anise seed, cayenne pepper and black or white pepper in doses of
2 drachms, fennel seed in doses of 1 drachm and ginger root in doses
of 1 oz. Stomachics are employed in cases of pronounced indiges-
tion; the doses are not expected to be given except on rare occasions.
Charcoal is useful to reduce accumulations of gas; for this purpose
considerable doses must be administered.

Epsom and Glauber’s salts are used as purgatives; the former in

630 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

doses of 1 to 2 pounds act as a laxative for the ox, the latter in doses
of 14 pounds as a purgative for the horse. Sulfur, also, in doses
of 1 oz. acts as a laxative; in doses of 3 to 4 oz. the latter acts to stim-
ulate the perspiratory glands.

Gentian is frequently used as a bitter tonic, with decided laxative
and stomachic effects; and iron oxid is also employed as a tonic.

So far as the stomachics are concerned, those of the usual condi-
mental foods are often of the least efficient character, such as fenu-
greek, which is not often included in modern lists of materza medica.

The quantities of the condimental foods necessary to be fed to give
the usual medicinal dose of any one of the medicinal ingredients are
very large. Especially should it be urged that a sick animal needs
specific treatment for its particular ailment. That beneficial results
are sometimes found to attend the use of condimental foods is ad-
mitted, but the benefit is gained at an unnecessary cost and is rather
accidental than the logical result of a discriminating treatment.

The increased appetite often observed to follow the use of such
foods, might often be secured by any change of diet, especially by
the proper use of salt. Mild laxative effects are better secured by
green food and a proper use of mashes in the diet. If tonic effects
are desired, use the known materials for producing such effects and
in the requisite quantities. See that fowls have the necessary access
to cracked bone or oyster shells to furnish the egg shell materials.

In view of their great cost, of their comparatively small direct
nutritive value, their lack of indirect nutritive value, their weakness
and uncertain fitness as medicinal agents, the use of such commercial
mixtures seems entirely unwarranted.

RELATIVE COST OF FEEDING STUFFS AS SOURCES OF PRO.
TEIN.

In the introductory paragraphs of this bulletin it has been noted
that the principal purpose in the introduction of the commercial feed-
ing-stuffs upon the farm is to secure an increased proportion of pro-
tein in the farm rations. It will be of interest therefore to compare
the expenditure required in purchasing some convenient unit quan-
tity, say 20 pounds, of this nutrient in the various classes of commer-
cial feeds.

This method of comparison is further justified by reason of the
fact that protein is usually the chief variable among the several
groups of food constituents present. On the other hand, it would
be evidently incorrect to charge the protein with the entire cost of
the feeding-stuff, the major portion of which is composed of other
materials of some value.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 631

Commercial Feeding Stuffs Arranged According to Their Percentage
of Protein.

|
|

Expenditure in buying
20 pounds of protein

|

S

: by

A A,

2 »

° = n

u os 3°

fy fy 1S)
BHTOM SCCM VINCE] ele /sicle nivie oleae tiv’ale einlv.e\e efeleie(sin(elsie\s 01s elnie ev.elnielaie\n'e a vin os 44.40 10.10 $27.50 | 0.619
Beet meal NeW DLOCESS a ca ciscice.c.cieciec cis = ceicieisincicvicle ceiver sc 34.25 2.63 27.67 | 0.808
HETIBMECOMINEAL OLGUDHOCESS: © cielcivcivicts sivisiaic'eicle(s(.1 c70jsinieiaisie!s,s(e cieleisis'elsis 34.10 6.04 28.56 0.838
ERIC IIO HIT CACTI See i cisictele je a/e(a\c) 0.0/4 os1eio1s:ai0\e[e o'efslele\cie\aleleinleisia/ele,cie/o 31.06 8.77 18.00 0.580
NSLPEREVIMEEE ECCS ees ane slag alaielsi carols niniayelein iste reiolsla/cle:cun dee a cies eiicietniaeyerieeen 24.72 2.84 18.33 0.741
PR MED EGIL au ccriainaicicte cuss Die tisc sacs Secon eens Pace 22.96 1.61 16.17 0.704
Germ oil cake,* . ae coe a6 22.56 9.77 22.50 0.997
Red dog flour, ... 19.14 4.87 19.44 1.016
H. O. dairy feed, ae berate a0 cane ere 16.72 3.39 21.25 1.271
MUNCH UMS DOUGH cacicsincinticrce pec cscincusseciismecees 16.52 5.18 19.33 1.170
Pee RO ENVELOPE OCC Perc iwc efo}eiain clavsveleie’s\shsiois'e/a.s/aih'eis/eie,siele eiele'sim.alaiclvie 16.50 4.52 20.00 1.212
SUE PU METI OLILTSeS ea crea creia etal /olatets,aveiciara|slolsiala)<relsre)e(eiels\e/elels eielaisfoisjeteiejsie 16.05 4 €0 | 19.31 1.203
NRE EAT MMNIO YoEUYd OM tare fay cro ay ctsvcinvn racy ovehocaoveia’s ~ie-cavelelee/etate oletayaicns iterslelers’e/oin sievere 15.30 4.48 18.85 1.232
NWVIDCAEMELEEU She ony aracccceredancl cine tie ceeletsicleccie ee cisiticic dellawaleles sls 14.21 3.90 19.33 1.260
Ce Me mC el Tome OCU nue farelotslelelotsiciaia olslciefelsiatetslejetelal« efeleie ojala siolelei<leieleie/s\els\s/0 | 14.00 2.43 18.50 1.321
PRI COLTO PLES Oe Sia ate cic,c.n'e'siclersle'arcinisieleieialstatofelais eiese'sieie'eiaiels'eieteieisve'eiv:o'e 12.81 2.72 14.00 | 1.093
SVM ONE OA ESITCECL y crareialcicrei ese -teleieiatele leis aicieleiercisieie'cisle vlelelareveisiaslereisiers 12.23 4.15 18.00 1.472
Rye and oats feed, ....... “id ae on 11.03 3.24 21.00 | 1.904
H. O. horse feed, ...... A 10.97 3.26 21.25 | 1.937
Quaker dairy feed, 10.94 2.88 18.00 1.828
Wheat and corn feeds, .. Bete none sie waves 10.92 3.90 18.00 1.645
REP read rNe MeL COS wee ctelelara'nya\elotatarcisyaioveye ciaralbleraiaistarayeralaleicreye’eccieie ce ereralainievoie'sis 10.84 8.68 18.00 1.660
POTTED Te a ctare eters ct stolclers orci cieieicioinsiclaeicljetelewtoriesidleroieie's sis'e si vieieielesscot 10.75 10.37 17.33 1.612
FEMESITUD IN Vga CH OD) Semis cols o1alsicjercfeisjaisteisicieia\e/clote’evalatelsosle)etcioverslass/sieleis'erarayatsjaletsietele 10.75 8.59 18.50 1.721
Corn, oats and barley (American Cereal Co)., ......s..ssseeee 10.47 4.57 20.00 1.911
ESOC LO Ome Nate aici aca ojsisiecevcvoreiatalotel aisicielotelelersie rs, c/eieictsinicls slovcisieialersis eminerersie 10.29 Aerie 26.00 | 2.527
FU PICU GOLTI tile ye cicivioleicis eseveloicrelc eo nepentnerciie e vi ejeielsewiele aie Bciewcs « vicieee 10.19 2.47 20.67 | 2.028
MEE IRMG CO TACOS VC Usiaie! c/n clelelelcicieleleicivieicieleisteisiciein.sisie/elaicisieiercieisinie ciatetele 9.95 2.40 23.11 2.333
Corn, oats and barley (average of all); ............-.essecees 9.44 4.02 20.33 | 2.154
ROTM COP) Mic ciarevicte cicts\nic clelololsis'eielejeieeictain cialsieleicisiele Neier citew 9.06 4.03 20.17 2.226
(Cairn, Teh, Saaqonscopodponoeccone acon ae 8.87 | 4.66 19.82 2.234
Corn and oats feed (in general), a 8.82 4.27 19.63 2.226
Victor corn and oat feed, ............. iclate erie neGe 8.04 2.59 | 18.00 2.239
PSI ILE CU Nemiettercla aie cicia winisicjclo'elelsiacevelarciefeievetoleictejein sieve: sisieigisiolelare ciate eislels 7.94 7.40 | 16.00 2.015
Spel 11 COC LOD) ie tala teal avalele’e)eiaisialeinialeveiciaieie(a alereta staleloisisietelsisielele eiaiaista 7.40 3.44 | 16.10 2.178
SRERCEMENOA LTCC creme ec dels rciiccencecisldacerion oot Ouincis eels sieves 6.82 2.25 14.75 2.148
mMrienos.. consolidated Gairy fO0d;*. oc. - cc cccc cece cwcsieecices 6.31 3.08 16.00 2.536
Cerealmeecd PAmerican) Cereal Co.) 5% ici. c:cictev cies cleis.clew cisiccciele 4.06 1.85 16.00 3.941

* One sample only.

In some of the cases included in the foregoing table, the analytical
results and the prices are derived from too small a number of sam-
ples and quotations to afford a perfectly representative figure; but
in the case of goods made on a large scale by manufacturers whose
work is subject to chemical check, even a single analysis should ap-
proximate closely to the average composition.

The foods may therefore be divided broadly into classes as follows:

I. Cotten seed meal, containing over 40 per cent. of protein with
a unit of protein requiring an expenditure of about 62 cents.

Ii. Buckwheat middlings and linseed meal, 30 to 35 per cent. of
protein; expenditure per unit of protein, 58 to 84 cents.

Ill. Malt sprouts, gluten feed and germ-oil cake, 20 to 25 per cent.
of protein; expenditure per unit of protein, 70 cents to $1.00.

632 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

IV. Wheat ofial of various sorts, H. O. Dairy Feed and Sucrene
Dairy Feed, 14 to 20 per cent. of protein; expenditure per unit of
pretein, $1.02 to $1.90.

V. Corn meal, corn bran and similar corn by-products, rye chop,
oats chop and certain mixed cereal feeds, about 9 to 13 per cent. pro-
tein; expenditure per unit of protein, $1.10 to $2.53.

VI. Corn-and-cob chop, sugar feed, oat hulls and feeding-stufis
largely composed thereof, 4 to 9 per cent. of protein; expenditures
per unit of protein, $2.01 to $3.94.

It is difficult to see how a farmer already well supplied with starchy
foods and abundance of good roughage can afford to buy the foods of
class VI, which are not only poorer in protein than the grain foods
he already has and are less digestible as a class than corn meal; nor
if he needs roughage, how he can afford to pay for fine ground mill
foods when corn stover of fair quality can be bought for a lower price.

Class V contains, in addition to good foods diluted with oat hulls,
many standard grain foods; they are chiefly valuable as sources of
starch, and, where protein is the chief thing sought, are too expensiig
to fa for general feeding purposes.

It is believed that while this classification does not take into
account all the items which must be considered in estimating the
real cost of a single food constituent, it may prove helpful in reaching
safe conclusions in many cases.

COMMERCIAL. FEEDING STUFFS IN PENNSYLVANIA .\8
COMPARED WITH THOSE IN NEIGHBORING STATES.

For several years past, a number of the New England and Middle
States have made systematic surveys of the feeding-stuffs markets
of their respective territories and published the results; in some
States, laws regulating the trade in such commodities, requiring some
guaranty of composition and establishing a chemical control, have
been enacted. Under such conditions, it would be expected that
dealers would more uniformly handle articles of prime quality and
fully up to their guaranteed value, than in States where such regula-
tions and control are not in force.

The following comparative table showing the composition of some
of the principal commercial feeds as sold in this State and in the New
England States where various forms of control are maintained, gives
ground for serious reflection on the part of the average buyer
of these goods in Pennsylvania. The New England figures are ob-
tained from a compilation of the analyses from May, 1898, to January
1, 1900. (Conn. Sta., Bulletin 130, p. 8.)

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

633

Comparative Composition of Feeding Stuffs in Different States.

= ST SE Ps NS Ee ee
ON ae ae
Ce tee Ses
a
o
[a
3
a
n
-
Ye)
B |g
o
»~ .
2 e 3
Z Ay &
Cotton seed meal:
Pennsylvania, 8 -40 10.10
New England, 2065 45.40 11.
Linseed meal:
Old process:
Pennsylvania, 26 | 33.32 5.98
New England, 25 35.70 7.20
New process:
Pennsylvania, 3 84.25 | 2.63
New England, 31 | 38.20 2.40
Wheat bran:
Winter wheat:
Pennsylvania, 5 | 15.19 4.26
New England, 45 15.50 4.40
Spring wheat:
Pennsylvania, 9 | 14.84 4.65
New England, J 63 16.10 | 4.90
All brans analyzed: | |
IRENNSVIVATIAs Wa coctecsosioaeaneneste OR Tee ates eee OE i een tte 39 | 15.30 4.48
INSGY Lee val Spo dodeaconasuqucoononooadubeodund cocoooobabESpooadeseuseS 120 | 15.80 | 4.70
Wheat middlings: |
ORIYA VIN ATUI A paar ferela olnis slerele sie iesaisiajeietsiefaioieislelasie/ereieve cisie etalelelsisisivinatecisicie sincere) | 41 | 16.05 4.60
INGE PL ATIG A Fics ciate visincicteie(sisisivisicic'cie:tisis aie 6'e re sie eeiclcleloielelaiein e'ete wie siofoe aie Sete ow 135 17.00 5.00
Mixed wheat feeds:
PESTA Sy sive EDA oxetatelatelclsierets/siaieloisieia arshsioleic ais/e/erets aleleieleleletelelslele aieivieieie e's ievajelerereieiete 3 | 14.21 3.90
Wiewaeling banda Watees seiecensacicstcacnans otarmein conte carccartnnaseneelsoans 219 | 16.60 | 4.70
Red dog flour: | |
Pennsylvania, 4 19,14 | 4.87
New England, | 9 | 19.30 | 4.40
Corn meal:
Pennsylvania, 15 8.87 4.66
New England, 17 | 9.50 4.00
Gluten feed:
Pennsylvania, 12 24.72 2.84
New England, 69 29.68 3.74
Oat feeds: |
Crescent:
Pennsylvania, 2 6.72 3.25
New England, 3 7.90 3.30
Others:
Pennsylvania, 6 6.69 2.71
Nici pvaadtr13 577) FT) Clan /o)1sisjateiolorereleioiciers efelelele/elelelslete aistslele eiejereicleleleiareleisinrsis see sietaisoreieiece 16 9.30 4.20
Corn-and-oat feeds: | | |
Victor (Am. Cereal Co.):
LP DabeNa KDE ES | GOeO bo GU BOD OOD SOE OOCICOOOROCOECO AERO TO AOD ODOCOSOCCCCRAROCen Es 3 8.05 3.59
IN (GSev aE TD LET Cl trrarcletatelolsreterehsiaiaccieceleisvalnieie (eet re reiclelolets efatererainteterave ayere eferstateisieieitteselerslere 26 9.20 3.90
Otheis: |
ESS TAT Vili UTNE sete yalete (ara ote oicis crste aiern cintnia’slcteYors/ie\ajete(sretelelnysiseleisrolsieieletsr= sisieversie sleicters = | 22 9.02 4.30
NT Wy pe EIT) PUT) CL aia restate eleieteiatarelele ict arelorciaiclolereie sieleicicieiniersicisiejslelecinisiclere oeveleieleiceminerel| 29 9.44 3.76
Quaker dairy feed (Amer. Cereal Co.):
IFAM VILLAR seco ron aiicieae ma oe eae en rete binjeis ats cles aiwiacic bie os araiaiealelare remiss 2 10.94 2.88
NSU AMET) rd SAND Chem acct te sols sc ietetste re oiejaiciars/si6/eielereictels’s ‘state letayels eleieters ol clas ieie's sfelersinroiole/eers 5 | 12.80 2.9
Corn, oats and barley feed (Am. Cereal Co.): |
Byars ysl vieimnd Sie maraye ote: tor efecctatevelera te ovelalatete nie in orevsiotercimretalscolereveleiniclejeievers' vis elsielelsteleyeeesein 2 10.47 4.57
IE Wis) Poin) Cl gerercte ayes ia asreveleveleielove erelaie clevcre (cle evsielaiciaieieisisreisle e'eatcte everelelelejelerareinie wiale 6 11.9 4.5
H. O. dairy feed:
OI SVU ATL araareictetaisietetoyetatelecnreicie lela nletevave ove: siclciejciste le eictove eleleleleicta(ctelatete(eretaierstele 2 16.72 8.39
PNT CSUN YS £251 UTD aererctelaletastaletaletetcielere ce arere ole ieieie sisfere\ciciel avcweiaele state bieie e arcialereceeic(eretelciatals 20 19.0 4.4
H. O. horse feed:
Pennsylvania, 2 10.97 3.26
New England, 18 12.4 4.2

634 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Commercial Feeding Stuffs Control.

The data presented in the previous pages exhibit a wide variability
of composition in goods of this class selling under the same brand;
the existence on the Pennsylvania market without accompanying
guarantee, of large quantities of mixed feeds from whose names and
appearance no adequate notion of their composition can be formed;
a wide-spread use of almost valueless materials in commercial mix-
tures; considerable misbranding and occasional glaring adulteration.
Furthermore, the average quality of the feeding stuffs sold in States
that have for several years had cattle food control laws in operation,
appears to be considerably superior to the quality of the goods sold
under the same name in Pennsylvania.

It is believed that the preliminary comparison of the commercial
cattle foods of Pennsylvania and New England made on the basis
of the foregoing analyses and presented in the Preliminary Report
of the Secretary of Agrictulture, 1900, pp. 47-8, supplied to the Legis-
lature clear proof of the need for the Pennsylvania control law en-
acted during the present year. °

Cattle food control legislation is very recent in America. The
Maine and Massachusetts laws were enacted in 1897, those of Con-
necticut, New York and Rhode Island in 1899, followed by New Jersey
and Vermont in 1900. For the purpose of affording those interested
in such legislation an opportunity for the comparative study of the
Pennsylvania law, the laws of the States above named are presented
in the Appendix.

No. 6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 635

WEIGHTS OF FEEDING STUFFS.

For convenience of reference by those who measure instead of
weigh their stable feeds, a statement of quart weights as compiled
by Maj. H. E. Alvord, Chief of the Dairy Division, U. 8. Dept. of
Agriculture, and by Mr. H. G. Manchester (Conn. Station Bulletin
No. 138, p. 18), are given below. Where differences are observed,
they may fairly be attributed to a difference in the mechanical condi-
tions of the material:

ui

Ls

5

a °

E e

&

8 £

cs

- eo

Le} c=}

be o

° a

is a

a a
Cem, GRD@keel s6qscdnccoonnnsonoda doooonboanoonocnagnoadbbeddoanddoornodoaodatonesonond Atta lponenadon
(Cfayser TAKS AHoooanedodoodpooaod0dge 5080 eee chise 3 1.6
(Cormemnvleaie peeils SossoouscondoooncdooodoosonnooqdnndboodonpesocnepopodocodudDDenaabal) | lest} \sosqooccas
Cotton seed meal, old process, 1.5
(Gilpin seaeyol” Go Soobocooonaudeconds oad ane 1.2
(Gikigisin, TST; _coaoaond anopoRndocOnOOOAMadondoL abo DS odoDS so oDbodgconpooduoacoodocoboBedanpall NE
IPMRCOMMECL ET TIT V ERE CC Mien cian femicvels s oicieinicielsrsiainre/sisiciefe'sicYalerels/ofele’s oveleloicilolelsic\cieicrajstelaiele[olcleiolelefeiciersieloveiel|| vivipie eltielstare 0.7
Linseed meal, old process, ua
ROD ENE SS PRU EA OD © etna ste stot ololeic\ slats io (cl telelsio{sl ol feielstaleie/airi=leistels\elsicjatelersisisisicie(ei~\e(cjeleleioielelelereteisiee\sielaleic/einjs 1.2
ROVE ESTED LEIA CAG MMT ele cletctoroleteleievereiore ore’ oinyrafetelolcYare elelsiecelals(cve oteletelalelere/ois/o/ojeie(eleieinie(ajsie)slulstale/alala/siesiaase BLE IcAacmodcoc
RAS. li, ~ CondiscodusagacmucousdpaoondacoocodgoccadeoooDe S000 0.6
Victor corn and oat feed, ... pone 0.7
WHEAT EWROLGS fcc cccnceccsn cic estate ne USS etieereaeres
Wheat bran, coarse, ........... aistete AgoG ae . 6: -50
Wheat middlings, coarse, | -80
Bae el tame ret Cl Cl 0 gos DT) oaderorcreyeleteVoreiatcleverelalatetavelaiaieeielelaralotete siclatelaiciele oletele <leiaialeiclwielefelaleielelelclele/sieisicle F alal
WHOS ENTE CC Sr rrit KOC ua clercie ni cieisisicicieis\elsieicieivlelsie els)e.c\eieinieleio(e\e/sic/o,e/e)e\sie\eie sisjcieis(sisiejejeiiein elelele\viejeieisie.s)| sia cele sieisisis 60

Note.— For cemposition of feeding stuffs, giving the maximum, minimum and average for each
ingredient, see Appendix.

> '

6m has Paste te: -7 “4

we
ae 2 ‘ly yr.
- 7 ae

Ae

‘fuse

~

=
4

FOOD CONTROL LAWS OF THE VARIOUS

SEALERS:
CONNECTICUT. NEW YORK.
MAINE. PENNSYLVANIA.
MASSACHUSETTS. _ RHODE ISLAND.

NEW JERSEY. VERMONT.

(637 )

FOOD CONTROL LAWS OF THE VARIOUS
STATES.

Connecticut.

An act concerning the regulation of the sale of concentrated com-
mercial feeding stuffs.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in Gen-
eral Assembly convened:

Section 1. Every lot or parcel of concentrated commercial feeding
stuff, as defined in section three of this acti, used for feeding do-
mestic animals, sold, offered, or exposed for sale within this State,
shall have affixed thereto in a conspicuous place on the outside there-
of, a legible and plainly printed statement, clearly and truly certify-
ing the number of net pounds of feeding stuff contained therein, the
name, brand, or trade-mark under which the article is sold, the name
and address of the manufacturer or importer and a statement of the
percentage it contains of crude fat and of crude protein, allowing one
per cent. of nitrogen to equal six and one-fourth per cent. of protein,
both constituents to be determined by the methods adopted at the
time by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists of the
United States.

Section 2. The term concentrated commercial feeding stuffs as
herein used shall not include hays and straws, the whole seeds nor
the unmixed meals made directly from the seed of wheat, rye, barley,
oats, Indian corn, buckwheat or broom corn.

Section 3. The term concentrated commercial feeding stuff as
herein used shall include linseed meals, cotton seed meals, pea meals,
cocoanut meals, gluten meals, gluten feeds, maize feeds, starch feeds,
sugar feeds, dried brewers’ grains, malt sprouts, hominy feeds, cereal-
ine feeds, rice meals, oat feeds, corn and oat chops, corn and oat
feeds, ground beef or fish scraps, mixed feeds, provender, bran, mid-
dlings, and mixed feeds made wholly or in part from wheat, rye or
buckwheat, and all materials of a similar nature not included in sec-
tion two of this act.

Section 4. Each and every manufacturer, importer, agent, or seller
of any concentrated commercial feeding stuff shall, upon request,
file with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station a certified
copy of the statement named in section one of this act.

(639 )

640 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dov.

Section 5. Each and every manufacturer, importer, agent, or per-
son selling, offering, or exposing for sale in this State any concen-
trated commercial feeding stuff, as defined in section three of this
act, without the statement required by section one of this act, and
stating that said feeding stuff contains substantially a larger per-
centage of either of the constituents mentioned in section one than
is contained therein, or in relation to which the provisions of all
of the foregoing sections have not been fully complied with, shall
be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars for the first offense and
not exceeding two hundred dollars for each subsequent offense.

Section 6. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station is
hereby authorized to have collected a sample not exceeding two
pounds in weight, for analysis from any lot, parcel, or package of
concentrated commercial feeding stuff as defined by section three of
this act, or unmixed meals, brans, or middlings named in section two
of this act, which may be in the possession of any manufacturer, im-
porter, agent, or dealer, but said sample shall be taken in the presence
of said party or parties in interest or their representatives, and taken
from a number of parcels or packages which shall be not less than
five per cent. of the whole lot inspected, and shall be thoroughly
mixed, divided into two samples, placed in glass vessels, carefully
sealed, and a label placed on each stating the name or brand of the
feeding stuff or material sampled, the names of the party from whose
stock the sample was taken and the time and place of taking the
same, and said label shall be signed by said chemist or his deputy,
and by the party or parties in interest or their representatives pres-
ent at the taking and sealing of said sample; one of said samples
shall be retained by said chemist or his deputy and the other by the
party whose stock is sampled. Said Connecticut Agricultural Ex-
periment Station shall cause at least one sample of each brand of
feeding stuff collected as herein provided to be analyzed annually
by or under the direction of said chemist. Said analysis shall in-
clude determinations of crude fat and crude protein and such other
determinations as may at any time be deemed advisable. Said Con-
necticut Agricultural Experiment Station shall cause the analysis
so made to be published in Station bulletins, together with such other
additional information in relation to the character, composition,
and use thereof as may seem to be of importance, and issue the same
annually, or more frequently, if deemed advisable.

Section 7. It shall be the duty of the Dairy Commissioner to attend
to the enforcement of this act, and when any evidence is submitted
by the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station that the pro-
visions of this act have been violated, he shall make complaint to
the proper prosecuting officer, to the end that the violator may be
prosecuted.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 64)

Section 8 The term importer for all the purposes of this act is
intended to apply to such person or persons as shall bring into or
offer for sale within this State, concentrated commercial feeding
stuffs manufactured without this State.

Section 9. This bill shall not apply to feed ground from whole
grain and sold directly from manufacturer tu consumer.

Section 10. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith are
hereby repealed.

Section 11. This act shall take effect on and after July first, 1899.

Approved June 20, 1899.

Maine.

An act to regulate the sale and analysis of concentrated commercial
feeding stuff.

Section 1. Every manufacturer, company or person who shall
sell, offer or expose for sale or for distribution in this State any
concentrated commercial feeding stuff, as defined in section three of
this act, used for feeding farm live stock, shall, in addition to the tax
tag, described in section five of this act, affix to every package of
such feeding stuff in a conspicuous place on the outside thereof, a
plainly printed statement clearly and truly certifying the number
of net pounds in package sold or offered for sale, the name or trade
mark under which the article was sold, the name of manufacturer
or shipper, the place of manufacture, the place of business and the
chemical analysis stating the percentage of crude protein, allowing
one per cent. of nitrogen to equal six and one-fourth per cent. of
protein, and of crude fat it contains, both constituents to be de-
termined by the methods adopted at the time by the Association of
Official Agricultural Chemists.

Section 2. The term concentrated commercial feeding stuff, as
here used, shall not include hays and straws, the whole seeds nor
the unmixed meal made directly from the entire grains of wheat,
rye, barley, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat and broom corn. Neither
shall it include wheat, rye and buckwheat brans or middlings not
mixed with other substances, but sold separately, as distinct articles
of commerce, nor pure grains ground together.

Section 3. The term concentrated commercial feeding stuff, as
here used, shall include linseed meals, cotton seed meals, pea meals,
cocoanut meals, gluten meals, gluten feed, maize feeds, starch feeds,
sugar feeds, dried brewers’ grains, malt sprouts, hominy feeds, cereal-
ine feeds, rice meals, oat feeds, corn-and-oat chops, ground beef or
fish scraps, mixed feeds and all other materials of similar nature not
included within section two of this act.

41—6—1901

642 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Section 4. Before any manufacturer, company or persons shall
sell or offer or expose for sale in this State any concentrated com-
mercial feeding stuffs as defined in section three of this act, he or
they shall for each and every feeding stuff bearing a distinguishing
name or trade mark, file with the Director of the Maine Agricultural
Experiment Station a certified copy of the statement named in sec-
tion one of this act, said certified copy to be accompanied, when the
Director shall so request, by sealed glass jar or bottle containing
at least one pound of feeding stuff to be sold or offered for sale,
and the company or person furnishing said sample shall thereupon
make affidavit that said sample corresponds within reasonable limits
to the feeding stufis it represents, in the percentage of protein and
fat which it contains,

Section 5. Each manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of any
concentrated commercial feeding stuff, as defined in section three
of this act, shall pay to the Director of the Maine Agricultural Ex-
periment Station an inspection tax of ten cents per ton for each ton
of such concentrated feeding stuff sold or offered for sale in the
State of Maine, and shall aftix to each car shipped in bulk and to each
bag, barrel or other package of such concentrated feeding stuff, a
tag to be furnished by said Director, stating that all charges specified
in this section have been paid. The Director of said Experiment
Station is hereby empowered to prescribe the forms for such tags,
and adopt such regulations as may be necessary for the enforcement
of the law. Whenever the manufacturer or importer or shipper of a
concentrated feeding stuff shall have filed the statement made in
section one of this act and paid the inspection tax, no agent or seller
of said manufacturer, importer cr shipper shall be required to file
such statements or pay such tax. The amount of the inspection tax
received by said Director shall be paid by him into the treasury of the
Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. The treasurer of said Sta-
tion shall make an annual report of the receipts and expenditures of
funds from this inspection tax, and all receipts in excess of three
thousand dollars shall be carried into the State treasury.

Section 6. Any manufacturer, importer or person who shall sell,
or offer or expose for sale or for distribution in this State any con-
centrated commercial feeding stuffs, as defined in section three of
this act, without complying with the requirements of the preceding
section of this act, or any feeding stuff which contains substantially
a smaller percentage of constituents than are certified to be con-
tained, shall, on conviction in a court of competent jurisdiction, be
fined not more than one hundred dollars for the first offense, and not
more than two hundred dollars for each subsequent offense.

Section 7. The Director of the Maine Experiment Station shall
annually analyze, or cause to be analyzed, at least one sample to be

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 6438

taken in the manner hereinafter prescribed of every concentrated
commercial feeding stuff sold or oifered for sale under the provisions
of thisact. Said Director is hereby authorized and directed in person
or by deputy to take a sample, not exceeding two pounds in weight,
for said analysis from any lot or package of concentrated commer-
cial feeding stuff which may be in the possession of any manufacturer,
importer, agent or dealer in this State; but said sample shall be
drawn in the presence of said party or parties in interest, or their
representatives, and taken from a parcel or a number of packages,
which shall not be less than ten per cent. of the whole lot sampled
and shall be thoroughly mixed, and then divided into two equal sam-
ples, and placed in glass vessels, and carefully sealed and a label
placed on each, stating the name of brand of the feeding stuff or
material sampled, the name of the party from whose stock the sample
was drawn and the time and place of drawing, and said label shall
also be signed by the Director, or his deputy, and by the party or
parties in interest or their representatives at the drawing and sealing
of said samples; one of said duplicate samples shall be retained by
the Director and the other by the party whose stock was sampled;
and the sample or samples retained by the Director shall be for com-
parison with the certified statement named in section four cf this act.
The result of the analysis of the sample or samples so procured, to-
gether with such additional information as circumstances advise,
shall be published in the report or bulletins from time to time.

Section 8. Whenever the Director becomes cognizant of the viola-
tion of any of the provisions of this act, he shall report such viola-
tion to the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, and said Secretary
shall prosecute the party or parties thus reported; but it shall be
the duty of said Secretary, upon thus ascertaining any violation of
this act, to forthwith notify the manufacturer, importer or dealer
in writing, and give him not less than thirty days thereafter in which
to comply with the requirements of this act; but there shall be no
prosecution in relation to the quality of any concentrated commer-
cial feeding stuff if the same shall be found substantially equivalent
to the certified statement named in section four of this act.

Section 9. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act
are hereby repealed.

Section 10. This act shall take effect October the Ist, 1897.

Massachusetts.

An act relative to concentrated commercial feed stuffs.

Section 1. The Director of the Hatch Experiment Station of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College is hereby authorized and directed
40

644 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

in person or by deputy, to take samples not exceeding two pounds in
weight from any lot or package of concentrated commercial feed
stuff, used for feeding any kind of farm live stock, which may be in
the possession of any manufacturer, importer, agent or dealer, cause
the same to be analyzed for the amount of crude protein and crude fat
contained therein, as well as for other ingredients if thought ad-
visable, and cause the results of the analyses to be published from
time to time in specially prepared bulletins, with such additional in-
formation as circumstances advise: Provided, however, That in pub-
lishing the results of the analyses the names of the jobbers or local
dealers selling the said feed stuffs shall not be used, but the com-
modity analyzed shall be identified and described by the name of the
manufacturer and the commercial name or designation by which it
is known in the trade.

Section 2. Whenever requested said samples shall be taken in the
presence of the party or parties in interest or their representatives
and shall in all cases be taken from a parcel or number of packages
which shall not be less than five per cent. of the whole lot inspected,
shall be thoroughly mixed and then divided into two equal samples
and put in glass vessels and carefully sealed, and a label placed on
each vessel stating the name or brand of the feed stuff or material
sampled, the name of the manufacturer when possible, the name of —
the party from whose stock the sample was taken, and the time and
place of taking; said label shall be signed by the Director, or his
deputy, and by the party or parties in interest or their representa-
tives, if present at the taking and sealing of the samples. One of
said duplicate samples shall be retained by the Director and the
other by the party whose stock was sampled.

Section 3. This act shall take effect on the first day of July in the
year eighteen hundred and ninety-seven. (Approved March 5, 1897.)

New Jersey.

Be it enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State
of New Jersey:

1. Every lot or parcel of concentrated commercial feeding stuff
as defined in section two of this act, used for feeding domestic ani-
mals, sold, offered or exposed for sale within this State, shall have
affixed thereto, in a conspicuous place on the outside thereof a legible
and plainly printed statement, clearly and truly certifying the num-
ber of net pounds of feeding stuff contained therein, the name, brand

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 64a

or trade mark under which the article is sold, the name and address
of the manufacturer or importer, and a statement of the percentage
it contains of crude fat and of crude protein, allowing one per
centum oi nitrogen to equal six and one-fourth per centum of protein,
both constituents to be determined by the methods of the Associa-
tion of Official Agricultural Chemists of the United States; but if
the feeding stuff is sold in bulk or in packages belonging to the pur-
chaser, the agent or dealer, upon request of the purchaser, shall fur-
nish to him the certified statement named in this section.

2. The term concentrated commercial feeding stuff used in this act
shall include linseed meal, cotton seed meals, pea meals, peanut
meals, cocoanut meals, gluten meals, gluten feeds, maize feeds, starch
feeds, sugar feeds, dried brewers’ grains, malt sprouts, hominy feeds,
cerealine feeds, rice meals, oat feeds, corn and oat chop, ground beef
or fish scraps, mixed feeds, and all other materials of similar nature.

3. The term concentrated commercial feeding stuffs shall not in.
clude hays and straws, the whole seeds nor the unmixed meals made
directly from the entire grains of wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian
corn, buckwheat and broom corn; neither shall it include wheat, rye
and buckwheat brans or middlings, not mixed with other substances,
but sold separately, as distinct articles of commerce, nor pure grains
ground together.

4. Each and every manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of any
concentrated commercial feeding stuff shall, during the month of
November, file with the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion a certified copy of the statement named in section one of this act
and, upon request, shall furnish a sealed glass jar or bottle contain-
ing a representative sample of at least one pound of the feeding stuff
to be sold or offered for sale.

5. Each and every manufacturer, importer, agent or person selling,
offering or exposing for sale in this State any concentrated com-
mercial feeding stuff, as defined in section two of this act, without
the statement required by section one of this act, or stating that
said feeding stuff contains substantially a larger percentage of
either of the constituents mentioned in section one than is contained
therein, or in relation to which the provisions of all the foregoing
sections have not been fully complied with, shall be fined not exceed-
ing one hundred dollars for the first offense, and not exceeding two
hundred dollars for each subsequent offense.

6. Any person who shall adulterate any kind of meal or ground
grain with milling or manufacturing offals, or any other substance
whatever, for the purpose of sale, unless the true composition, mix-
ture or adulteration thereof is plainly marked or indicated upon the
package containing the same, or in which it is offered for sale or any

646 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

person who knowingly sells or offers for sale any meal or ground
grain which has been so adulterated, unless the true composition,
mixture, or adulteration is plainly marked or indicated upon the
package containing the same, or in which it is offered for sale shall
be fined not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred
dollars for each otiense.

7. All penalties imposed under this act shall be paid into the
treasury of this State, for the purpose of defraying the expenses of
ihe prosecution.

8. The New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station is hereby
authorized to have collected a sample, not exceeding two pounds in
weight, for analysis, from any lot, parcel or package of any concen-
trated commercial feeding stuff as defined by section two of this
act, or any kind of material which is used in the feeding of domestic
animals, and which may be in the possession of any manufacturer,
importer, agent or dealer, but said sample shall be taken in the
presence of said party or parties in interest, or their representatives,
and taken from a number of parcels or packages which shall not be
less than five per centum of the whole lot inspected, and shall be
thoroughly mixed, divided into two samples, placed in glass vessels,
carefully sealed, and a label placed on each stating the name or
brand of the feeding stuff or material sampled, the name of the
party from whose stock the sample was taken, and the time and place
of taking the same, and said label shall be signed by the collector
or his deputy, and by the party or parties in interest or their rep-
resentatives present at the taking and sealing of said samples; one
of said samples shall be retained by the collector or his deputy,
and the other by the party whose stock is sampled; said New Jersey
Agricultural Experiment Station shall cause at least one sample
of each brand of feeding stuff collected as herein provided to be
analyzed annually; said analysis shall include determinations of
crude fat and crude protein, and such other determinations as may
at any time be deemed advisable; said New Jersey Agricultural Ex-
periment Station shall cause the analysis so made to be published
in Station bulletins, together with such other additional informa-
tion in relation to the character, composition and use thereof as
may seem to be of importance, and issue the same annually, or more
frequently, if deemed advisable.

9. Whenever the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station be-
comes cognizant of the violation of any of the provisions of this act,
such violation shall be reported to the Secretary of the State Board
of Agriculture, and said Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture

shall make complaint to the proper prosecuting officer to the end
that the violator may be prosecuted.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 047

10. The term importer for all the purposes of this act is intended
to apply to such person or persons as shall bring into or offer for
sale within this State, concentrated commercial feeding stuffs man-
ufactured without this State.

11. The expenses incurred by the New Jersey Agricultural Ex-
periment Station in carrying out the provisions of this act, when
presented to the comptroller of the State, accompanied by the proper
vouchers, duly certified by the President and Secretary of the Board
of Managers, shall upon warrant of said comptroller be paid out of
the State treasury: Provided, Such expenses do not exceed the sum
of three thousand dollars in any year.

12. This act shall take effect when the sum provided for expenses
in section eleven has been duly appropriated.

Passed March 15, 1900.

New York.

The people of the State of New York, represented in Senate and
Assembly, do enact as follows:

Section 1. Chapter three hundred and thirty-eight of the laws of
eighteen hundred and ninety-three, entitled “An act in relation to
agriculture, constituting articles one, two, three, four and five of
chapter thirty-three of the general laws,” is hereby amended by ad-
ding at the end thereof a new article to be known as article nine,
and to read as follows:

‘Article IX.

Sale and analysis of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs.

Section 120. Term “concentrated commercial feeding stuffs” de-
fined.

Section 121. Statements to be attached to packages; contents;
analysis.

Section 122. Statements to be filed with Director of Agricultural
Experiment Station; to be accompanied by sample.

Section 123. License fee.

Section 124. Analysis to be made by Director of Experiment Sta-
tion; samples to be taken for analysis.

Section 125. Penalty for violation of article.

Section 126. Sale of adulterated meal or ground grains; penalty.

Section 127. Violation to be reported to the Commissioner of Ag-
riculture.

120. Zerm ‘concentrated commercial feeding stuffs” defined: The
term “concentrated commercial feeding stuffs,” as used in this arti-
cle shall include linseed meals, cotton-seed meals, pea meals, cocoa-

648 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

nut meals, gluten meals, gluten feeds, maize feeds, starch feeds,
sugar feeds, dried brewers’ grains, malt sprouts, hominy feeds,
cerealine feeds, rice meals, oat feeds, corn and oat chops, ground
beef or fish scraps, mixed feeds, and all other material of similar
nature; but shall not include hays and straws, the whole seeds nor
the unmixed meals made directly from the entire grains of wheat,
rye, barley, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat and broom corn. Neither
shall it include wheat, rye and buckwheat brans or middlings, not
mixed with other substances, but sold separately, as distinct articles
of commerce, nor pure grains ground together.

121. Statements to be Attached to packages; contents; analysis :
Every manufacturer, company or person who shall sell, offer or ex-
pose for sale or for distribution in this State any concentrated com-
mercial feeding stuff, used for feeding farm live stock, shall furnish
with each car or other amount shipped in bulk and shall affix to
every package of such feeding stuff in a conspicuous place on the
outside thereof, a plainly printed statement clearly and truly certi-
fying the number of net pounds in the package sold or offered for
sale, the name or trade mark under which the article is sold, the
name of the manufacturer or shipper, the place of manufacture, the
place of business and a chemical analysis stating the percentages it
contains of crude protein, allowing one per centum of nitrogen to
equal six and one-fourth per cenium of protein, and of crude fat,
both constituents to be determined by the methods prescribed by the
Director of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. When-
ever any feeding stuff is sold at retail in bulk or in packages belong-
ing to the purchaser, the agent or dealer, upon request of the pur-
chaser, shall furnish to him the certified statement named in this sec-
tion.

122. Statements to be filed with Director of Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, to be accompanied by sample. Before any manufac-
turer, company or person shall sell, offer or expose for sale in this
State any concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, he or they shall
for each and every feeding stuff bearing a distinguishing name or
trade mark, file annually during the month of December with the
Director of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station a cer-
tified copy of the statement specified in the preceding section, said
certified copy to be accompanied, when the Director shall so request,
by a sealed glass jar or bottle containing at least one pound of the
feeding stuff to be sold or offered for sale, and the company or
person furnishing said sample shall thereupon make affidavit that
said sample corresponds within reasonable limits to the feeding stuff
which it represents, in the percentage of protein and fat which it
contains,

*

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 649

123. License fee. Each manufacturer, importer, agent or seller
of any concentrated commercial feeding stuffs shall pay annually
during the month of December to the treasurer of the New York Ag-
ricultural Experiment Station a license fee of twenty-five dollars.
Whenever a manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of concentrated
commercial feeding stuffs desires at any time to sell such material
and has not paid the license fee therefor in the preceding month of
December, as required by this section, he shall pay the license fee
prescribed herein before making any such sale. The amounts of
license fees received by such treasurer pursuant to the provisions
of this section shall be paid by him to the treasurer of the State
of New York. The treasurer of the State of New York shall pay from
such amount when duly appropriated the moneys required for the
expense incurred in making such inspection required by this sec-
tion and enforcing the provisions thereof. The Board of Control of
the New York Agricultural Experiment Station shall report annually
to the Legislature the amount received pursuant to this article, and
the expense incurred for salaries, laboratory expenses, chemical sup-
plies, traveling expenses, printing and other necessary matters.
Whenever the manufacturer, importer or shipper of concentrated
commercial feeding stuffs shall have filed the statement required by
section one hundred and twenty-one of this article and paid the li-
cense fee as prescribed in this section, no agent or seller of such manu-
facturer, importer or shipper shall be required to file such statement
or pay such fee.

124. Analysis to be made by Director of Experiment Station; sam-
ples to be taken for analysis. The Director of the New York Experi-
ment Station shall annually analyze, or cause to be analyzed, at least
one sample to be taken in the manner hereinafter prescribed, of
every concentrated commercial feeding stuff sold or offered for sale
under the provisions of this act. Said Director shall cause a sample
to be taken, not exceeding two pounds in weight, for said analysis,
from any lot or package of such commercial feeding stuff which may
be in the possession of any manufacturer, importer, agent or dealer
in this State; but said samples shall be drawn in the presence of the
parties in interest, or their representatives and taken from a parcel
or a number of packages, which shall not be less than ten per centum
of the whole lot sampled, and shall be thoroughly mixed, and then
divided into equal samples, and placed in glass vessels, and carefully
sealed and a label placed on each, stating the name of the party from
whose stock the sample was drawn and the time and place of draw-
ing, and said label shall also be signed by the person taking the sam-
ple, and by the party or parties in interest or their representatives at
the drawing and sealing of said samples; one of said duplicate sam-

650 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ples shall be retained by the Director and the other by the party
whose stock was sampled; and the sample or samples retained by the
Director shall be for comparison with the certified statement named
in section one hundred and twenty-two of this article. The result
of the analyses of the sample or samples so procured, together with
such additional information as circumstances advise, shall be pub-
lished in reports or bulletins from time to time.

125. Penalty for violation of article. Auy manufacturer, importer,
or person who shall sell, offer or expose for sale or for distribution
in this State any concentrated commercial feeding stuff, without
complying with the requirements of this article, or any feeding stuff
which contains substantially a smaller percentage of constituents
than are certified to be contained, shall, on conviction in a court of
competent jurisdiction, be fined not more than one hundred dollars
for the first offense, and not more than two hundred dollars for each
subsequent offense.

126. Adulterated meal or ground grain ; penalty. Any person who
shall adulterate any kind of meal or ground grain with milling or
manufacturing offals, or any other substance whatever, for the pur-
pose of sale, unless the true composition, mixture or adulteration
thereof is plainly marked or indicated upon the package containing
the same or in which it is offered for sale; or any person who know
ingly sells, or offers for sale any meal or ground grain which has been
so adulterated unless the true composition, mixture or adulteration
is plainly marked or indicated upon the package containing the
same, or in which it is offered for sale, shall be fined not Jess than
twetity-five or more than one hundred dollars for each offense.

127. Violation to be reported to the Commissioner of Agriculture.
Whenever the Director becomes cognizant of the violation of any of
the provisions of this article, he shall report such violation to the
Commissioner of Agriculture, and said Commissioner of Agriculture
shall prosecute the party or parties thus reported; but it shall be
the duty of said Commissioner upon thus ascertaining any violation
of this article, to forthwith notify the manufacturer, importer or
dealer in writing and give him not less than thirty days thereafter
in which to comply with the requirements of this article; but there
shall be no prosecution in relation to the quality of any concentrated
commercial feeding stuff if the same shall be found substantially
equivalent to the certified statement named in section one hundred
and twenty-two of this article.

Section 2. This act shall take effect December first, eighteen hun-
dred and ninety-nine.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Pennsylvania.
AN ACT

Regulating the sale of concentrated commercial feed-
ing stufis, defining concentrated feeding stuffs, pro-
hibiting their adulteration, providing for the collec-
tion of samples, the expenses of the enforcement of
the law, and fixing penalties for its violation.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That every lot or parcel
of any concentrated commercial feeding stuff, as de-
fined in section two of this act, used for feeding do-
mestic animals, sold, offered or exposed for sale within
this State, shall have affixed thereto, in a conspicuous
place on the outside thereof, a legible and plainly print-
ed statement clearly and truly certifying the number
of net pounds of feeding stuff contained therein; the
name, brand or trade mark under which the article is
sold; the name and address of the manufacturer or im-
porter, and a statement of the percentage it contains
of crude fat and of crude protein, both constituents to
be determined by the methods adopted at the time by
the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists of
the United States. Whenever any concentrated com-
mercial feeding stuff is sold at retail, in bulk, or in
sacks belonging to the purchaser, the agent or dealer,
upon request of the purchaser, shall furnish to him the
certified statement named in this section.

Section 2. The term “concentrated commercial feed-
ing stuffs,” as used in this act, shall include linseed
meals, cotton seed meals, gluten meals, maize feeds,
starch feeds, sugar feeds, dried brewers’ grains, malt
sprouts, hominy foods, cerealine feeds, rice meals,
ground beef or fish scraps, and all other materials of
similar nature, but shall not include hays and straws,
the grinding together of pure whole grains, nor the un-
mixed meals made directly from the entire grains of
wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat or
broom corn; neither shall it include wheat, rye or
buckwheat bran, or middlings not mixed with other
substances, and sold separately as distinct articles of
commerce.

Section 3. No foreign mineral substance, nor sub-
stance injurious to the health of domestic animals,
shall be mixed with any feeding stuff sold, or offered,
or exposed for sale in this State.

651

Statement certify-
ing weight of ma-
terial, the name
or trade mark,
etc.

When statement
is to be furnished
the purchaser.

“‘Concentrated
commercial feed-
ing stuffs’’ de-
fined.

Injurious sub-
stances shall not
be used.

652 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dee.

Filing of certified Section 4. Each and every manufacturer, importer,
agent or seller of any concentrated feeding stuff shall,
upon request, file in the office of the Secretary of Agri-
culture a certified copy of the statement named in sec-
tion one of this act.

Section 5. Each and every manufacturer, importer,
agent or person selling, offering or exposing for sale
in this State any concentrated commercial feeding
stuff, as defined in section two of this act, without the
statement required by section one of this act; or affix-
ing a statement or guarantee which is false in any par-
ticular, or in relation to which the provisions of all
of the foregoing sections have not been fully complied

Penalty for omis- with, shall, for every such offense, forfeit and pay the
sum of one hundred dollars, which shall be recoverable
with costs, including the expenses of analysis, by any
person suing in the name of the Commonwealth, as

Proviso. debts of like amount are by law recoverable: Pro-
vided, That the Secretary of Agriculture shall, to-
gether with his deputies, agents and assistants, be

Mowers and duties charged with the enforcement of this act, and shall

of Secretary o

hie asente “"? have full access to all places of business, mills, build-

ings, carriages, cars, vessels and packages, of whatso-
ever kind, used in the manufacture, importation or sale
of any concentrated commercial feeding stuff; and
shall also have power and authority to open any pack-
age containing or supposed to contain any concen

ee trated commercial feeding stuff, and take therefrom

ples, samples for anaysis, upon tendering the value of said
sample; and whenever requested, said samples shall
be taken in the presence of the party or parties inter-
ested or their representative, shall be thoroughly mixed
and then divided into two samples and put in glass
vessels and carefully sealed and a label placed upon
each vessel stating the name or brand of the feeding
stuff or material sampled, the name of the manufac-
turer when possible, the name of the party from whose
stock the sample was taken, and the time and the place
of taking, said labels to be signed by the Secretary
of Agriculture or his agent, and by the party or parties
interested or their representative, if present, at the

Retention of sam- taking of the samples. One of said duplicate samples
shall be retained by the Secretary of Agriculture or
his agent, and the other by the party whose stock was
sampled.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Section 6. All necessary expenses under the provi-
sions of this act shall, after approval in writing by the
Governor and the Secretary of Agriculture, be paid by
the State Treasurer upon the warrant of the Auditor
General, in the same manner now provided by law: Pro-
vided, That not more than five thousand dollars shall
be expended in any one year, and all penalties and costs
for the violation of the provisions of this act shall be
paid to the said Secretary of Agriculture or his agent,
and by him immediately covered into the State Treas-
ury, to be kept as a separate fund, for the use of the
Department in carrying out the provisions of this act,
and to be drawn out upon warrants signed by the Secre-
tary of Agriculture and the Auditor General.

Section 7. Every person who violates any of the pro-
visions of this act shall also be deemed guilty of a
misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be
punished by a fine of not less than fifty dollars nor
more than one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment
in the county jail for not less than ten nor more than
thirty days, or both fine and imprisonment for the first
offense, and a fine of one hundred dollars and imprison-
ment for every subsequent offense: Provided, That
all fines and costs, including the expenses of analysis,
imposed and recovered under this section shall be cov-
ered into the State Treasury, as provided by section six
of this act.

Section 8. Magistrates and justices of the peace
throughout this Commonwealth shall have jurisdiction
to hear and determine actions arising from violation
of the provisions of this act, and to hold for court or
impose the penalties prescribed therein, subject to
appeal as the law shall direct.

Section 9. This act shall take effect on the first day
of October, one thousand nine hundred and one.

Section 10. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent with
the provisions of this act are hereby repealed.

Approved—The 25th day of April, A. D. 1901.

WILLIAM A. STONE.

Rhode Island.

653

Payment of neces-
Sary expenses.

Proviso.

Application of
penalties and
costs.

Violation of acta
misdemeanor.

Fine and penalty.

Proviso.

Jurisdiction of
magistrates.

Act to take effect

Repeal.

An act to regulate the sale of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs.

It is enacted by the General Assembly as follows:

654 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Section 1. Every lot or parcel of any concentrated commercial feed-
ing stuff, as defined in section 3 of this act, used for feeding domestic
animals, sold, offered, or exposed for sale, in this State, shall have
affixed thereto, in a conspicuous place on the outside thereof, a legi-
ble and plainly printed statement, stating and truly certifying the
number of net pounds of feeding stuifs contained therein, the name,
brand, or trade mark under which the article is sold, the name and
address of the manufacturer or importer, and a statement of the per-
centage it contains of crude protein, allowing one per cent. of nitro-
gen to equal six and one-fourth per cent. of protein, and of crude
fat, both constituents to be determined by the methods adopted at
the time by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists of the
United States.

Section 2. The term concentrated commercial feeding stuff, as
herein used, shall not include hays and straws, the whole seeds, nor
the unmixed meals made directly from the seed of wheat, rye barley,
oats, Indian corn, buckwheat or broom corn; nor shall it include
wheat, rye and buckwheat brans or middlings unmixed with other
substances and sold separately as distinct articles of commerce.

Section 3. The term concentrated commercial feeding stuiis, as
herein used, shall include linseed meals, cotton seed meals, pea meals,
cocoanut meals, gluten meals, gluten feeds, maize feeds, starch feeds,
sugar feeds, dried brewers’ grains, malt sprouts, hominy feeds, cereal-
ine feeds, rice meals, oat feeds, corn and oat chep, corn and oat feeds,
ground beef or fish scraps, mixed feeds, provenders, and all materials
of a similar nature not included within section 2 of this act.

Section 4. Each and every manufacturer, importer, agent, or seller
of any concentrated commercial feeding stuff, shall, upon request,
file with the Board of Managers of the Rhode Island College of Agri-
culture and Mechanic Arts, a certified copy of the statement named
in section 1 of this act.

Section 5. Each and every manufacturer, importer, agent, or per-
son selling, offering, or exposing for sale in this State any concen-
trated commercial feeding stuff, as defined in section 3 of this act,
without the statement required by section 1 of this act, stating that
said feeding stuff contains substantially a larger percentage of
either of the constituents mentioned in section 1 than is contained
therein, or in relation to which the provisions of al! the foregoing
sections have not been fully complied with, shall be fined not exceed-
ing one hundred dollars for the first offense, and net exceeding two
hundred dollars for each subsequent offense.

Section 6. The Board of Managers of the Rhode Island College of
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts is hereby authorized to have collected
by the chemist of the Agricultural Experiment Station, or by a deputy
or deputies of said chemist, a sample, not exceeding two pounds in

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 606

weight, for analysis, from any lot, parcel, or package of concentrated
commercial feeding stuff as defined by section 3 of this act, or un-
mixed meals, brans, or middlings named in section 2 of this act,
which may be in the possession of any manufacturer, importer, agent
or dealer, but said sample shall be taken in the presence of such
party or parties in interest, or their representatives, and taken from
a number of parcels or packages which shall not be less than five
per cent. of the whole lot inspected, and shall be thoroughly mixed,
divided into two samples, placed in glass vessels, carefully sealed,
and a label placed on each stating the name or brand of the feeding
stuff or material sampled, the name of the party from whose stock
the sample was taken, and the time and place of taking the same;
and said label shall be signed by said chemist, or his deputy, and
by the party or parties in interest, or their representatives, present
at the taking or sealing of said sample; one of said samples shall be
retained by said chemist, or his deputy, and the other by the party
whose stock was sampled. Said Board of Managers shall cause at
least one sample of each brand of feeding stuff collected, as herein
provided, to be analyzed annually by or under the direction of said
chemist. Said analysis shall include determinations of crude fat
and crude protein and such other determinations as may be at any
time deemed advisable. Said Board of Managers shall cause the
analyses so made to be published in Station bulletins, together with
such additional information in relation to the character, composition,
and use thereof as may seem to be of importance and issue the same
annually, or more frequently if deemed advisable.

Section 7. It shall be the duty of the Board of Managers of the
Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts to prosecute
every person violating the provisions of this act, and for this purpose
said Board of Managers may employ experts, if necessary, and may
designate some one of their own number, or some person connected
with said College, to make complaints in its behalf, and, in making
complaints for violations thereof, such person so designated shall not
be required to enter into any recognizance or give surety for the
payment of costs.

Section 8. The term importer, for all the purposes of this act, is
intended to apply to such person or persons as shall bring into and
offer for sale, within this State, concentrated commercial feeding
stuffs manufactured without the State.

Section 9. The sum of thirteen hundred dollars, or so much thereof
as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated, annually, out of any
money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of
defraying the expenses of collection, analysis, distribution of bulle-
tins, correspondence, laboratory fittings, chemicals, and such other
expenses as are incident to and properly arise from the execution of

656 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the provisions of this act; and the State Auditor shall draw his order
upon the general treasurer for said sum, or so much thereof as may
be necessary, on the presentation of vouchers properly authenticated
by the Board of Managers of the Rhode Island College of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts, and approved by the Governor.

Section 10. This act shall take effect on and after July Ist, 1899.

Vermont.

An act to regulate the sale of concentrated commercial feeding
stuffs. ;

It is hereby enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ver-
mont:

Section 1. Every lot or parcel of any concentrated commercial feed-
ing stuff, as defined in section three of this act, used for feeding farm
live stock, sold, offered or exposed for sale in the State of Vermont,
shall, in addition to the tax tag described in section five of this act,
have affixed thereunto, in a-conspicuous place on the outside thereof,
a plainly printed statement clearly and truly certifying the number
of net pounds of feeding stuff in a package, the name, brand or trade
mark under which the article is sold, the name and address of the
manufacturer or importer, the place of manufacture, and a chemical
analysis stating the percentages it contains, of crude protein, allow-
ing one per cent. of nitrogen to equal six and one-fourth per cent. of
protein, and of crude fat, both constituents to be determined by the
methods adopted at the time by the Association of Official Agricul-
tural Chemists: Provided, That the statement of the percentage of
crude fat may be omitted if it does not exceed three per cent.

Section 2. The term concentrated commercial feeding stuff, as here
used, shall not include hays and straws, the whole seed nor the un-
mixed meals made directly from the entire grains of wheat, rye,
barley, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat and broom corn. Neither shall
it include wheat, rye and buckwheat brans or middlings, nor pure
grains ground together, nor wheat bran or middlings mixed together
or with other feed.

Section 3. The term concentrated commercial feeding stuff, as here
used, shall include linseed meals, cotton-seed meals, pea meals, cocoa-
nut meals, gluten meals, gluten feeds, maize feeds, starch feeds, sugar
feeds, dried brewers’ grains, malt sprouts, hominy feeds, cerealine
feeds, rice meals, oat feeds, corn and oat chops, corn and oat feeds,
ground beef or fish, mixed feeds, provenders, and all other materials
of a similar nature not included within section two of this act.

-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 657

Section 4. Before any concentrated commercial feeding stuff, as
defined in section three of this act, is sold, offered or exposed for sale,
the importer, manufacturer or party who causes it to be sold or offers
it for sale within the State of Vermont, shall, for each and every feed-
ing stuff bearing a distinguishing name and trade mark, file with
the Director of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station a
certified copy of the statement named in section one of this act, and
shall also deposit with said Director, at his request, a sealed glass
jar or bottle containing not less than one pound of the feeding stuff
to be sold or offered for sale, accompanied by an affidavit that it is
a fair average sample thereof and corresponds within reasonable
limits to the feeding stuff which it represents in the percentage of
protein and fat which it contains.

Section 5. The manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of each
concentrated commercial feeding stuff as defined in section three of
this act, shall, before the article is offered for sale, pay to the Director
of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station an inspection tax
of ten cents per ton for each ton of such concentrated feeding stuff
sold or offered for sale in the State of Vermont, and shall affix to each
car shipped in bulk and to each bag, barrel or other package of such
concentrated feeding stuff, a tag to be furnished by said Director,
stating that all charges specified in this section have been paid. The
Director of said Experiment Station is hereby empowered to pre-
scribe the forms for such tags, and adopt such regulations as may be
necessary for the enforcement of the law. Whenever the manufac-
turer or importer or shipper of a concentrated feeding stuff shall
have filed the statement made in section one of this act and paid the
inspection tax, no agent or seller of said manufacturer, importer or
shipper shall be required to file such statement or pay such tax. The
amount of inspection tax received by said Director shall be paid by
him to the State Treasurer. So much of the inspection tax collected
under this act shall be paid by the State Treasurer to the treasurer
of said Experiment Station as the Director of said Experiment Sta-
tion may show by his bills has been expended in performing the
duties required by this act, but in no case to exceed the amount of
the inspection tax received by the State Treasurer under this act,
such payment to be made quarterly upon the order of the Auditor of
Accounts, who is hereby directed to draw his order for such pur-
pose.

Section 6. Any manufacturer, importer, agent or person selling,
offering or exposing for sale any concentrated commercial feeding
stuff, as defined in section three of this act, without the statement
required by section one and the tax tag required by section five of
this act, or with a label stating that said feeding stuff contains sub-
stantially a larger percentage of either of the constituents mentioned

426 —1901

658 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

in section one than is contained therein, shall on conviction in a court
of competent jurisdiction be fined not more than fifty dollars for the
first offense, and not more than one hundred dollars for each subse-
quent offense.

Section 7. All manufacturers and importers of concentrated com-
mercial feeding stuffs, or dealers in the same, shall, when requested,
furnish the Director of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station
with a complete list of the names or trade marks of said feeding
stuffs, and all agents selling, offering or exposing the same for sale.

Section 8. The Director of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment
Station shall cause one analysis or more to be made annually of each
concentrated commercial feeding stuff sold or offered for sale under
the provisions of this act. Said Director is hereby authorized in
person or by deputy to take a sample not exceeding two pounds in
weight for analysis from any lot or package of concentrated commer-
cial feeding stuff which may be in the possession of any manufac-
turer, importer, agent or dealer in this State; but said sample shall
be drawn in the presence of said party or parties in interest, or their
representative, and shall be taken from a parcel or number of pack-
ages which shall not be less than five per cent. of the whole lot in-
spected, and shall be thoroughly mixed and divided into two equal
samples and placed in glass or metal vessels, carefully sealed and
a label placed on each stating the name or brand of the feeding stuff
or material sampled, the name of the party from whose stock the
sample was drawn, and the time and place of drawing, and said label
shall be signed by the Director or his deputy and the parties or party
in interest, or their representative, present at the drawing and sealing
of said sample; one of said duplicate samples shall be retained by
the Director and the other by the party whose stock was sampled,
and the sample or samples retained by the Director shall be for com-
parison with the certified statements named in sections one and four
of this act. The result of the analysis of the sample or samples so
procured, together with such additional information as circumstances
advise shall be published in reports or bulletins from time to time.

Section 9. The Director of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment
Station shall notify the State Treasurer of all violations of this act,
and the State Treasurer shall commence a suit in the name of the
State against the party or parties thus reported. It shall be the duty
of the Treasurer upon ascertaining any violation of this act to forth-
with notify the manufacturers and importers, in writing, and to give
them not less than thirty days thereafter in which to comply with
the requirements of this act. But there shall be no prosecution in
relation to the quality of any concentrated feeding stuff if the same

shall be found to be substantially equivalent to the statement of
analysis made by the manufacturers or importers.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 65%)

Section 10. The term importer, for all the purposes of this act, shall
be taken to mean all who procure or sell concentrated commercial
feeding stuffs.

Section 11. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent with this act are
hereby repealed.

Section 12. This act shall take effect July 1st, 1899.

Approved November 29, 1898.

41

660 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE , Off. Doc.

QUALIFICATIONS ESSENTIAL TO THE SUC
CESSFUL FARMER.

BY D. A. KNUPPENBURG, Lake Carey, Wyoming County.

Tam just as proud to stand up anywhere, and say “I am a farmer,”
as ever David Hill was to say “fama Democrat.”

And Iam equally proud of the fact that Iam a farmer in the ranks,
one whose time is spent in doing and in directing the labor of the
farm. It is not that fT am a teacher of teachers, an instructor, or a
representative of any of the learned professions that I owe my invi-
tation to be present with you to-day; but because i come from the
working ranks of Pennsylvania’s farmers, and I shall attempt to
give you briefly my idea of those qualities necessary to make a suc-
cessful farmer.

Qualification, is a word that means much. We understand by it
any natural endowment or acquirement which fits a person for a
place, office or employment; or enables him to sustain any character
with success.

And first, the farmer must love the pursuit of his chosen occupa-
tion; for if it is distasteful and void of pleasure, that will be a clog
to the wheels of progress, that will be a hindrance and a burden.
The man becomes discontented, sour and irritated, and those in-
fluences are soon communicated and felt by every person, by every
animal and by all with whom he comes im contact.

To be successful, I say, he must first, love his occupation, for “bet-
ter is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stailed ox and hatred
therewith.” It is a truth, the importance of which can hardly be
over estimated, that nearly every successful member of any profes-
sion owes his success largely to the fact, that he pursues it, not for
the slavish hunger after emoluments, but from a genuine love for
it, and a satisfaction in discharging its duties efficiently and well.
If the mason enjoys seeing his work stand the test of plumb-line
and spirit-level, so the would-be successful farmer should feel the
thrill of satisfaction as his eye passes down the furrows evenly and
systematically run. So, on this point, I would say, love it, or leave
it.

The art of husbandry dates back thousands of years, and millions
of men have made dismal failures of the business, others have made

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 661

a poor living and have died discouraged and in debt, while still
others have enjoyed beautiful and happy homes, leaving the com-
forts, yes, even the luxuries of earth to their posterity, because they
loved, and loved wisely, their chosen vocation.

A horse that trots a mile in five minutes, with proper training, the
same horse easily does it in four; continue to train him and he will
do it in three minutes. As the horse develops superior speed, so
the farmer, by mental training, develops superior abilities in the
management of his chosen business. Blackstone loved the law;
Morse loved electricity; and their names have gone down to posterity
closely linked with the pursuits they loved. Just as truly must the
farmer, who will succeed, love to hear the bleating of the lambs, the
crowing of the cock, and even the deep bass voice of the well-bred
bovine sire. There is a love, deeper and nobler than the mere mone-
tary reward, that must stand on guard to keep the baser beneath it,
a natural God-given love for home with those pleasant and beautiful
surroundings, found and prized so often on the orderly and well
tilled farm.

Of the lesser qualifications, the farmer who would succeed must
have order in his make-up, order developed and rounded out by con-
stant practice. Order is heavens first law, and without it chaos
reigns on the farm, as in the universe. I believe a man should have
will power sufficient to control and manage men, as well as animals,
and to do this he must first, learn to know and control himself, for
it is just as true to-day as it was in Solomon’s time, that he
that ruleth his spirit is greater than he that taketh a city. With
order he must possess promptness which is the key to success. Too
late, means failure, more than once or twice.

He must be honest. I fail to find better words than those so often
repeated, the old reliable “honesty is always the best policy.” Hon-
esty not only best serves the farmer, but all men, whatever their
place, condition or calling. If honest, he will be truthful, for dis-
honesty is of the father of lies.

He should be temperate in all things. These are trite and ordinary
words, but there are none truer, for the intemperate man can never
grasp success. My farmer who is to succeed must be temperate,
not only in his eating and in his drinking, but must avoid those other
forms of intemperance seldom or never spoken of, that drag strong
men stealthily down to premature graves.

Then my ideal farmer must be a man of broad and liberal educa-
tion. I will not insist on his being college bred, for even the men
who are trained in the universities do not get their best education
and training; it comes in later life through the utilizing of the
spare moments of each day. There is no excuse for the farmer who
does not read the best books, and who does not keep up with the lit-
erature of the times.

662 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

I believe there is no occupation known to man of greater import-
ance, or that admits of wider scope for thought than that of agricnl-
ture. It is the very foundation of all our greatness. Only recently
I heard a learned speaker say that in the event of war with Great
Britain, so great is her dependence upon our unbounded agricultural
resources, that we could starve her into submission in six months.
We eat to live; therefore, I say with boldness, that agriculture is
first of the occupations of men, and first in honor.

Now that you have my idea as to the qualifications of the success-
ful farmer, the question will naturally come to us all, “How can we
foster, build up and produce this kind of a farmer?” And right
here I wish to say that I fully appreciate what is being done in the
old Keystone State through our farm organizations, the Grange, the
Farmers’ Alliance, Farm Clubs, Fair Associations, Farmers’ Insti-
tutes, all fostered under the watchful eye of the State Board of Agri-
culture. Without a well organized State Board, we are as a great
ship out on the broad ocean, with no rudder, learned captain, or
skilled crew. It is well, that the farmer has a place to look for ad-
vice and guidance in case of emergency, and this he has in our State
Board of Agriculture, headed, as I believe it is by competent, prac-
tical, energetic and honest men. It may be true, that the Board, be-
ing human, have made mistakes. There will be mistakes as
long as men inhabit the earth, but when men learn to be as
ready and willing to overlook them as they are now to find fault
and to criticise, they will give their superiors that hearty support
that will send them onward in their honest endeavors to promote
their best interests, and in their closer touch with the people greater
and more efficient work will be accomplished. It is gratifying to
mark the improvement where farmers are brought together and
taught the improved methods in farming, and witness their eager-
ness to learn the ways in which farming conditions can be better
improved.

But to return to our ideal farmer. He should be well balanced,
self-possessed, persistent and able to decide for the best, and then
work towards his plan. These are the qualifications I have in mind,
and with these there is no business more pleasant and profitable
than the pursuits pertaining to the farm. Think, for a moment, of
the home of the successful farmer; you all know what it means.
Glance back to the dear old heme of your childhood; see the ample
farm house, embowered in leafy shade, with its springs of pure water,
its cellars stocked with delicious fruits and vegetables, and all
presided over by a ruddy-ftaced stalwart man, the head supplemented
by that genius of the home, the lovely wife, partner of his joys and
sorrows, God’s best gift to man; a family of healthful, happy boys
and girls growing up around them, the best investment in all their

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 663

domain, if properly guided and controlled, for in them they have
strong supporters to lean upon when the evening shadows of life
approach and they begin to be afraid of that which is nigh. In this
dear old home that memory paints again and again for us, we know
that the farmer has the best of the fruits of the earth; and from his
stores of poultry, beef, mutton and pork, he may take his choice
before sending the surplus to the markets of the world.

No occupation or profession is exempt or immune from the
“crank,” and we find now and then one among the farmers, men who
tell us that there is too much time and money spent on the Farmers’
Institutes, State Colleges and the like. They take delight in say-
ing, in season and out of season, usually the latter, that more time
Spent in work would give better results and save the waste of a lot
of good money. They love to tell us how they and their fathers
farmed, but utterly fail te see how the conditions have changed dur-
ing the last century, or the last decade even. New land then, now
old and poor, worn out through their mistakes and neglect. These
men bob up serenely at every Farmers’ Institute and will be heard,
and we listen, as we sadly reflect that death alone will end their
chronic grumbling. We all know them, and we know just as well
that their homes and farms prove that they have all the essentials,
not for successful farming, but for fault finding, and when one by one
they are gathered, still kicking, to their fathers; we heave a sigh of
‘relief, and piously say, “The Lord’s will be done.”

And lastly, to round cut our ideal farmer, he must be a close ob-
Server, have an eye to see and detect quickly, he must act wisely,
must know how to buy and how to sell; must be a wide-awake, up-
to-date business man; must shake off the dust and hay-seeds and
get into the swim. He must look well to the minute details, for
their name is legion, and he must keep an eye on the hired help, not
solely that he may make them a source of profit to himself, but to
keep them pure and wholesome and encourage and assist them to
grow up self respecting, honorable and upright men and women.

It is just as hard to make a first class thrifty farmer out of a fool,
as it is to make a genuine statesman out of a dude. The farm
produces neither of these freaks, but is the best place in which
to train up and give to the world, the men and women that
it needs more than anything else. Cut off the influx of the sweet,
true, strong and honest life that flows into the cities of the land for
ten years, and there is not a single one from the metropolis down,
but that would merit the doom of Sodom and Gomorrah. So let us
all do what we can to produce everywhere the ideal farmer. May his
tribe increase.

664 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY IN THE NINE-
TEENTH CENTURY.

BY DR. WILLIAM FREAR, State College, Pa.

Mr. President and Members of the State Board of Agriculture:

Instead of making at this time a presentation of facts or discus-
sion of principles concerning some particular point in the domain of
agricultural chemistry, as has been the usual practice on these oc-
casions, it has occurred to me that at this opening of the new cen-
tury, it might be of greater interest to briefly sketch the progress of
agricultural chemistry during the century that has just closed.

The arts of metallurgy, pottery, glass-making, the manufacture of
alcohol and of soaps had attained such development that, in a sense,
man regarded himself as master of the elements, material and physi-
cal, as a result of whose operation, the several products of these
arts were made. Butt no such conception of his relation to the pro-
ductive forces of plants and animals occurred to the loftiest-minded
agriculturist; his was the simpler, though possibly no less difficult,
relation of the humble aid to natural forces; he planted the seed after
such soil preparation as ages of experience had shown to be desira-
ble for reasons yet undiscovered, awaited the action of the sun and
the rain and the awakened energies of the plant and, at harvest time
gathered into his garners such product as their beneficent action
afforded. In turn, his vegetable products were fed to the domes-
tic animals and this feeding, among the more intelligent farmers, was
guided by certain crude rules that had grown out of experience, but
that had no common tie of underlying reason. ‘To-day, the attitude
of the farmer, though possibly no less humble in spirit, is enlivened
by a new sense of mastery over the forces and materials with which
he works; so that though in a much less complete measure, he may,
like the metallurgist, properly be regarded as a manufacturer in
whose laboratories the plants and animals, skilled assistants en-
dowed with particular powers and selected and trained by his in-
telligence, convert the materials which he furnishes in his soils and
fertilizers by the aid of physical force, which the farmer more largely
than ever controls, into specific products. That is, the farmer has
attained by this time to a degree of controlling influence over the
elements and results of his operations which a century ago he did
not dream of reaching.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 665

In a very large measure, this new attitude has been made possible
by reason of the development of the science of chemistry, that science
which deals with the fundamental nature of matter and its conver-
sion from one form into another. In making this statement, I would
not be understood as belittling the importance of those sciences
which deal with the facts and underlying laws relating to the form,
movement and vigor of the living agents, including not only the com-
mon crops and domestic animals, but the microscopic forms of mat-
ter upon whose aid the farmer is dependent for the attainment of
his results. No theory of production which fails to take into ac-
count each of these classes of facts and sets of principles would offer
a practicable method for use in the art of agriculture; but from the
fact that the transformations effected on the farm and in the stable
are essentially changes in the kind of matter, and since the realm
of chemical force has been widely extended into the territory of plant
and animal life, it may safely be asserted that the facts and princi-
ples in chemical science have exercised a preponderant influence in
the agricultural scientific development of the nineteenth century.

At the beginning of this period, the reasons underlying agricul-
tural operations in the field and the principles of feeding were
scarcely more scientific than those which prevailed in the best days
of Roman agriculture. The study of botany had resulted in a bet-
ter knowledge of specific form of plants and the study of zoology,
more recently developed, had led to a similar condition of informa-
tion respecting the forms of animal life that were distinctly visible
to the naked eye. The art of the horticulturist, with certain general
rules governing the practice of the breeding of plants and the con-
trol of their development by the operations of grafting, etc., had led
the florist, the fruit grower and, to somewhat less degree, the pro-
ducer of field crops to a sense of some mastery over the form of his
vegetable products; and at the close of the eighteenth century, the
principles of heredity governing the form, vigor, special productive
capacity and fixity of type among domestic animals had also come to
be understood by a few of the more intelligent stockmen; but con-
cerning the general nature and transformations of matter occurring
in the soil and in plants and animals, almost nothing was known.
Evidentiy no intelligent conception of this class of facts was possi-
ble until a correct fundamental theory of the chemical nature of mat-
ter and its changes had been developed and accepted; and it was not
until the opening of the nineteenth century that the fundamental
conceptions of the indestructibility of matter, and of weight as a
permanent measure of inass were clearly stated and generally ac-
cepted. At this time, also, by general consent, the phenomena in
plants and animals were ascribed to the action of the mysterious
vital force, supposed to have little or nothing in common with the

666 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE | Off. Doc.

forces governing the chemical changes of the mineral kingdom, and
it was not until well on in the second quarter of this century, that
the brilliant discoveries of Woebler, Berthellot and others had proven
that from purely inorganic materials the formation of substances
heretofore regarded as distinctly products of vital action, could be
made by purely laboratory methods. The resulting change in the
conception of the active forces governing the production of plant
and animal materials may wot have been essential to the final at-
tainment of the facts now at our command, but did much to make
investigations along these lines promising of fruitful result, and
to this stimulus much of our present knowledge is doubtless due.

Possibly a better idea of the condition of knowledge upon the
subject of agricultural chemistry may be had if we recall that at the
beginning of the eighteenth century, scarcely fifty years had elapsed
since the alchemist was spending most of his efforts in the at-
tempt io discover the ‘philosopher’s stone’ by which the transmuta-
tion of common substances into gold might be accomplished, or to
the discovery of the ‘elixir of life’ whereby the ravages of age and dis-
ease might infallibly be overcome. While it is true that the Arabian
physicians of the middle ages had separated quite a number of our
common chemical principles, such as alcohol and cane sugar, the
systematic methods of chemical research were exceedingly crude;
the method of distillation by comparatively high heat was almost
the only means used for the separation of chemical substances of
organic origin during the first quarter of the eighteenth century.
Better results attended the later application of mild solvents for the
purpose of separating organic materials. The discovery of the
chemical nature of gases and the perfecting of the chemical balance,
so that quantitative analysis became possible, did not occur until
the last half of the eighteenth century. It need, therefore, be mat-
ter for little surprise that the chemical and mineral differences be-
tween soils and their components was not fully understood one hun-
dred years ago and thst the information possessed concerning the
readily decomposable constituents of plants and animals was of the
crudest description. From this state of great ignorance, through
a spirit of active and patient investigation, we have made considera-
ble strides toward the attainment of the knowledge necessary to
the complete mastery of our business.

Let us glance briefly at some of the fundamental achievements
of our time and also strive to discern as well the lim-
itations and failures in our work. By the application of new
and refined methods, hundreds of substances, heretofore un-
known, have been separated from plants and animals. The
chemical constitution of most of them has been determined with
more or less accuracy and, in many instances, the relation which

*

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 667

each bears to the productive activity of the plant. Possibly the de-
velopment of sugar in the beet may be cited as that example which
shows the highest measure of attainment of intelligent control on
the part of the producer over the productive action of the plant.
The relations of the air and soil, as sources of the raw materials
from which plants are built up, have also been very carefully worked
out. The means by which the carbonic acid of the air, and the
water are brought into the plant and the transformations they un-
dergo in the production of the principal portion by weight, of the
plant and materials, have been, to a quite advanced degree, de-
ciphered.

Concerning the mineral elements, our investigations have thus
far been less productive of decisive results. Thousands of ash
analyses have made clear what elements the plants take up and
numerous painstaking water cultures have enabled us to select
from these ash constituents those which are essential to the develop-
ment of plants; but as yet, we know very little about the specific
usefulness of any one of these ash constituents. Many attempts
have been made to discover the powers of the several common species
of farm plants to secure the necessary ash constituents from the sev-
eral mineral materials of the soil. Some little insight has been
gained, but the study bas proven much more complex than at first
anticipated and our present information upon this point is quite
chaotic. We have, however, gained a much better conception of the
means by which plants are able to take up mineral materials of the
soil than was possessed in the year 1800. At that time, it was com-
monly supposed that plants actually had the power of taking in the
fine solid particles in the solid form and utilizing them, while others
held that only the humus of the soil was capable of acting as plant
food. To-day, we know that most soluble substances in the soil
can be taken up by the plant by the same kind of process by which
cane sugar, spread over a dish of berries, passes through their outer
skins and sweetens them. We know also that very many mineral
substances, insoluble in water, can be taken into the plant rootlets,
just as the sugar is taken into the berry, and it is also quite well es-
tablished that an important part of the humus is likewise capable of
being taken up by the plant roots. Half-way through the past cen-
tury, it was confidently predicted that the chemical analysis of soils
would soon enable us to determine,in connection with the facts estab-
lished by the analysis of plants, precisely what kind and how much
fertilizer would need to be applied to a given soil to produce, under
fair conditions of weather, a crop of given quantity. But after fifty
years of patient, painstaking investigations we seem to be little
nearer that point than we were at their inception. This may seem
strange, but if I say to you that the problem that the chemist con-
fronts in this case is that of securing a solvent which will, in the

668 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

course of a few momenis, extract from the soil precisely those kinds
of compounds and in precisely the quantities which a growing crop
will abstract in an ordinary season of growth, you will better com-
prehend his difficulties. Chemical analysis has enabled us to dis-
cover those cases where soils are exceedingly deficient in an availa-
ble form of some one or more plant food constituents. The more re-
fined methods have also, in a number of cases, enabled us to predict,
with a fair degree of success, the action of certain classes of fertili-
zing materials upon them; but in this field much still remains to be
done before the hoped-for result is attained. The past century has
seen the birth and the great development of the commercial fertilli-
zer, a form of concentraicd plant food, designed to supplement the
available supply in the soil of some particular plant nutrient; and
chemical investigation has done much to reduce the cost of the
preparation of these fertilizers and to utilize in their manufacture a
great deal of material which was heretofore wasted or lay neglected
in the crust of the earth. It is quite possible now, as a result of
these advances in fertilizer manufacture, to put into a soil whose
texture fits it for the intensive culture of a high-priced crop, such
as early truck, a very large proportion of the plant food which the
plant requires and do this with economical results.

In the domain of animal life, the investigations of the agricultural
chemist have brought us still nearer to a perfect control of the kind
and amount of product, whether of milk or of meat; so that, to-day
the practical farmer has accepted, because he has found them to be
applicable to his practice, rules for the compounding of his rations
that have been formulated on the basis of the investigations of the
chemical laboratory upon the operations of the stable. Yet despite
this very material advance, we note that much remains to be done in
this field. Great numbers of plant substances are grouped under
a few broad heads and treated as though their nutritive and dietetic
effects were precisely the same. Investigations of recent years have
done much to show that still finer distinctions should be drawn be-
tween the components of foods than has yet been done, and thou-
sands of experiments must be made under more refined methods of
operation before the scientific facts and their practical relations
‘an be discovered and formulated.

The work of the chemist has, however, not stopped at this point,
but much of his energy has been devoted to the improvement of the
processes of harvesting, curing and storing of the vegetable products,
and to the development of manufacturing processes which depend
upon the products of the farm for their raw materials. The exact
control now practiced in the manufacture of sugar by which the
waste of nearly one-half the crystalline product in the cane that
was prevalent fifty vears ago, has been for the most part overcome;
and it is due to such investigation that the more exact manufacture

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 669

of vinegar and other fermentation products have been made possible
by the joint efforts of the chemist and the bacteriologist. The opera-
tions of the creamery, to-day, are alike a monument to mechanical
and chemical genius; where twenty-five years ago, over one-fourth of
the milk fat was thrown to waste in the skimmed milk, and a large
additional fraction was lost in the buttermilk, the losses of to-day’s
operations have been reduced to one-tenth of that which was com-
mon in 1875; the introduction of methods of chemical analysis to
govern the exactness of operations of the new mechanical appliances
for cream separation and churning has made this possible.

It may fairly be claimed, also, that a very large measure of that
development of agricultural science in the fields of plant physiology,
animal industry, veterinary science and general agricultural practice
that has resulted from the work of investigators in those lines at the
various agricultural experiment stations of the world, is due very
largely to the stimulus which the study of chemical problems for the
prometion of agriculture gave. The primary work of nearly all the
experiment stations that have been established, and certainly that
of the first stations established, has been chemical in nature. The
mere fact that laboratories, where special appliances and peculiarly
trained men are necessary for chemical research, made the establish-
ment of such stations inevitable. Once established, the inauguration
of parallel lines of investigation by the botanist, agriculturist, veter-
inarian and the bacteriologist naturally followed.

What work the next century shall see accomplished in agricul-
tural chemistry. the boidest would scarce venture to predict. From
the present standpoint the most pressing needs seems to be for in-
vestigation on five classes of subjects: First, the value of its several
mineral constituents to the plant; second, the nature of the appar-
ent selective power which plants manifest in the taking up of food
materials from various mineral sources; third, the formulation of
methods of analysis, by which the average selective action of a given
crop upon the soil may be imitated in the laboratory for the purpose
of affording, through analysis, the means of more precise determina-
tion of the specific crop-producing value of soils; fourth, the better
separation of the several constituents of plants and, fifth, the deter-
mination of their respective food values to the animal.

670 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

FOOD AND ENERGY.

BY DR. HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY, Director of the Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, State College, Pa.

Some at least of the members of the Board of Agricuiture have
probably heard more or less of a new apparatus which has been in
process of construction at the State Experiment Station for the past .
two years. They are aware that this apparatus is designed for use
in some way in experiments upon the nutrition of our domestic ani-
mals, and they have probably gathered that it is likely a very com-
plicated and “scientific” piece of machinery and have perhaps asked
themselves, “of what use can investigations made by such refined
methods be to the ordinary practical farmer?” I have thought that
it might be of some interest to the Board if I were to take this op-
portunity to explain, in a general way, the nature of the work to be
carried on and the general methods employed, and to indicate what
results of practical value are likely to be reached. I have felt the
more inclined to do this because the question of the practical value
of the researches is an eminently proper one. The Agricultural
Experinient Stations are sustained by the public funds and the pub-
lic is perfectly right in demanding that the work of the stations
should have an wltimate practical aim. They are not at liberty to
carry out purely scientific investigations simply for the sake of add-
ing to the sum of human knowledge, without any reference to the
practical value of that knowledge.

It must be remembered, however, that an experiment may be ulti-
mately of the highest practical value, even when it does not lead to
any immediate practical result. Some forty or fifty years ago, some
of the leading agricultural scientists of Germany were spending a
large amount of time and energy in growing a few plants of barley
or corn or oats in solutions without the use of any soil whatever.
Repeated experiments were required to determine just what condi-
tions were most favorable for growing plants in this way, and much
more time still was expended in finding out just what materials
must be present in the solution, what ones might be omitted, and
what ones were actually poisonous to the plant. To the practical
farmer who visited their laboratories, this must have appeared very
remote from the conditions of agricultural practice. One can hardly

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 671

imagine anything which seems more unpractical than for an ex-
perimenter to spend days and weeks in growing plants in solutions
in pots. In the long run, however, these apparently unpractical
experiments have proven themselves of the highest practical value
and have done more to advance the practice of agriculture than ten
times the same amount of time expended in ordinary “practical”
field experiments. It is largely on the basis of those “theoretical,”
unpractical, water-culture experiments that our present knowledge
of the necessary ingredients of fertilizers and of their relations to
plant growth is based and without these investigations into funda-
mental principles, we should still be groping in the dark in these
subjects. |

This is simply a single illustration of the general truth that inves-
tigation into the underlying general principles of any art or calling
does more in the long run to advance its practical interests than any
amount of empirical, “rule-of-thumb” work. We find that this same
truth which has been so strikingly demonstrated in regard to plant
nutrition applies also to animal nutrition, and that in the past those
experiments and investigations which have been directed toward
working out the fundamental principles upon which animal nutrition
depends have had in the end the highest practical value. We believe
that what has been true in the past will be true in the future and
that if the Pennsylvania Experiment Station can contribute to a
better understanding of how the food nourishes the body, it will in
the end help the farmer to feed more profitably because more skill-
fully.

We all know from every day experience that when a man or ani-
mal is deprived of food, the body gradually wastes away and be-
comes incapable of performing its normal functions. In the past,
we have been accustomed to regarding the food required by the ani-
mal largely as a supply of matter to make good this waste and loss
from the body. At first, the food was looked at as a whole. Later
students of the subject came to distinguish between the values of
different kinds of food, and still later, to base their conclusions
not merely upon the total amount of food consumed but upon the
amounts of digestible substances it contained; and hence arose the
various nutrition tables, feeding standards and the like. Of late
years, however, we have been coming to regard the food not so much
as a supply of matter to make good that lost from the body as in the
light of a source of energy to the animal body. It is this view of the
food as a source of energy which lies at the base of the experimental
work which the station, in co-operation with the United States De-
partment of Agriculture, is undertaking and which I purpose to
explain briefly to-day.

In the first place, what do we mean by energy? We all know

672 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

that work does not do itself. When we go into a mill or factory
and see some great machine at work, we know that the machine itself
does not produce the power which we see exerted. If we examine
more closely, we find perhaps a belt or gear connecting this machine
with a shaft, and following this up still further, we find perhaps
another belt until we finally come to the water wheel and discover
that it is the pressure or the weight of the water in the reservoir be-
hind the mill which is the source of the power exerted. When we
stand beside the track and see a great locomotive go thundering by,
we know that it is not the iron and steel of the machine which fur-
nishes the power, but the steam in the cylinders, and that this in its
turn owes its existence 10 the burning of the fuel under the boiler.
When we see the trolley car go whizzing along the streets, we trace
up mentally a similar but more complex chain and find, as in the loco-
motive, the ultimate source of the power exerted to be the fuel burn-
ing under the boilers in the power house. In all these cases, and
in all instances where power is exerted, something does work. This
something we call energy and we, therefore, define energy as being
the power of doing work and speak of the energy of the falling water
or of the burning coal.

Let us now take another step: Most of us have probably watched
a pile driver at work. The heavy weight is drawn to the top of the
machine and let go; as it falls, it gradually acquires an increasing
velocity, and at the moment when it strikes the head of the pile it
is able, by virtue of this velocity, to do work upon the pile. That is
to say, the falling weight of the pile driver contains energy. After
the weight has fallen, it is again drawn up to the top of the machine;
in so doing, work is done upon the weight either by muscular energy
or, more probably, by the energy of coal burning under a steam
boiler. When the weight has been drawn up and fastened at the
top of the frame, it contains the potentiality of doing work. So long
as it remains there, it does not actually do any work, but that we
have to do to get work out of it is to allow it to fall; im this sense,
then, the weight at the top of the pile driver has the power of doing
work and this is equivalent to saying that it contains energy. It
is plainly, however, a different sort of energy for that which it had
at the moment of striking the pile. We call it potential energy,
meaning by this that it contains the possibility or potentiality of
work. The energy which the weight contains when it strikes the
top of the pile, on the other hand, we call actual energy or energy of
motion or kinctie energy. A swinging pendulum affords a very good
illustration of these two forms of energy and the conversion of the
one into the other; when lifted to one side, it contains a certain
amount of potential energy; when it reaches the middle of the swing,
that energy has been converted into kinetic energy; as it rises this

No. 6. DEPARTMENT CF AGRICULTURE. 673

kinetic energy or energy of motion is used to do work upon the pen-
dulum; at the other extremity of the swing all the actual energy
has been converted back into potential energy and so the alternate
conversion goes on as long as the pendulum swings. In the case
of the mill, the water in the reservoir contains potential energy due
to its position; as long as the water stands in the reservoir, it does
not actually do any work, but it contains the possibility of doing
work. When the gate is opened and it begins to set the wheel in
motion, this potential energy, or energy of position, becomes con-
verted into energy of motion or kinetic energy. In the case of the
burning coal under the boiler, the coal itself, as long as it does not
burn, does no work, but it has stored up within it the possibility of
doing work; that is, it contains potential energy. When it burns,
this potential energy or latent energy becomes actual or kinetic in
the form of heat and this heat in its turn gives rise to the various
other forms of energy such as that of the expanding steam, the mov-
ing engine, the electric current, the moving trolley, etc.

What I have just said suggests another important fact regarding
energy, namely, its capacity for taking varying forms. The case of
the electric plant is perhaps as good an illustration as any. Here
we ordinarily start either with the potential energy of coal or the
potential energy of water in an elevated reservoir. The potential
energy of the coal by the process of combustion is converted into
the actual or kinetic encrgy of heat; some of this heat escapes, but
a part of it is used in forcing the particles of the water in the boiler
further apart and converting them into steam. The steam thus
produced, therefore, contains potential energy; that is, a part of the
potential energy of the coal has now taken the form of the potential
energy of steam. In the engine this steam expands and moves the
piston from one end of the cylinder to the other, thus setting the
engine in motion; in this process the potential energy of the steam,
derived from the heat of the fire, is again converted into the actual
or kinetic form of visible motion. In the dynamo, this energy is
changed from the form of motion to that of electricity and in this
form passes out over the conducting wires. Following it up still
further, a part of this energy is perhaps used in driving a trolley
cav or a motor and thus finally takes the form of visible motion;
another part of it is perhaps employed in an electric lamp, produc-
ing heat and light, while still a third may be used to produce chemi-
cal changes in the vats of an electro-plater, while by proper appara-
tus a portion of the heat radiating from the electric lamp may be
re-converted into clectricity and start on another cycle of change.
Still further, the ight from the electric lamp falling on the green
leaves of a plant may take the place of sunlight and expend its en-

ergy in building up the tissues of the plant, finally producing some-
43—6—1901

674 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

thing analogous to the coal with which we started and containing
energy in the potential form. Ina general way we may say that it is
theoretically possible to convert any form of energy into any other
form. i

One more very important fact regarding energy remains to be
noted. In all these changes and transformations, no energy is de-
stroyed. Energy, like matter, is indestructible. Take again the
case of the pile driver; when the weight is raised, a definite amount
of energy is expended in raising it and becomes potential in the
weight. When the weight falls back to its original position, it gives
out exactly the same amount of energy which was imparted to it
when it was raised. In the swinging pendulum, the kinetic energy
at the lowest point is exactly equal to the potential energy at the
highest point and to the sum of the two at any intermediate point.
The potential energy of the water in the reservoir is represented ex-
actly by the amount of work which it took to raise that water to the
level which it has acquired, and it gives out exactly this amount of
energy in falling again to its original level. In the case of the coal,
it took exactly the same amount of energy in the sun’s rays in the
carboniferous period to build up the organic substances of which the
coal is composed which is given off in the form of heat when that
same coal is burned. Any exceptions to this law of the conservation
of energy are only apparent and the more carefully we trace up the
track which the energy takes the more fully do we find it accounted
for.

Thus far we have been dealing in general principles and with
facts which seem somewhat remote from the particular subject of
this paper. Let us come now to the application of them to the prob-
lems of animal nutrition.

Bearing in mind the facts already stated, whenever we see work
being done, we shall look for the energy which accomplishes it and
shall expect to see the principles which have just been expounded
hold true. When we look out on a crowded city street, we see in
the aggregate a very large amount of work being done by men and
animals. Whence comes the energy which accomplishes this work?
It comes, in the first place, as it does in the case of the steam en-
gine, from a combustion. Every animal is constantly giving off
substantially the same products of combustion which are given off
from the chimney of the steam plant or the stack of the locomotive,
namely, carbonic acid and water. The analogy of animal respira-
tion to combustion was first pointed out by Lavoisier, the French
discover of oxygen, who first supposed that this combustion took
place in the lungs of the animal, which he compared to a furnace.
Later, however, he adopted the view which is now universally held,
that this combustion takes place throughout the tissues of the liv-

Nc. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 675

ing animal is constantly burning up its own tissues and it is the
energy set free in this burning which enables it to do work, including
both the visible external work which wecan see and also the internal
work required by the beating of the heart, the movements of respira-
tion and the various activities of the internal organs. As we know,
all these external and internal activities may go on for a time in an
animal deprived of food and we, therefore, conclude that they are
at the expense of the burning of tissue. Indirectly, however, all
this energy is derived from the food of the animal, since it is the
food which supplies the material for building up the body tissue.
We may again recur to the illustration of the reservoir. Its poten-
tial energy, that is, its power of doing work, lies in the fact that it
contains a considerable amount of water at a certain level, just as
the body of the animal contains a considerable amount of potential
energy in the form of tissue which can be burned. If we are to make
continuous use of the reservoir, we must have a stream of water
running into it as well as a stream running out. It is this inflow-
ing water which corresponds to the food of the animal, and just as
the potential energy of the reservoir is supplied ultimately by the
water which runs in at the upper end so the energy which the ani-
mal is able to exert is derived ultimately from its food. This is
what is meant by stating that the food of the animal is a source of
energy. It is the inflowivg stream which keeps up a store of poten-
tial energy in the body, and just as the work that can be done by the
mill depends in the long run upon the rate at which water runs into
the reservoir, so in the body, the amount of work that can be done
depends upon the supply of energy in the food. In other words, the
question is one of the balance between the income and expenditure
of the energy of the body.

Looking at the matter in this light, let us take up a little more in
detail the items making up the income and the expenditure of energy
by the animal organism.

As just stated, the food constitutes the income of energy. It is
a fact of common ebservation, however, as well as established on a
quantitative basis by large numbers of experiments, that only a por-
tion of the material actually eaten is really available for the pur-
poses of the body. In the case of our common domestic animals, in
particular, a relatively large proportion of the food is not food at all
in the true sense, but simply ballast which passes through the ani-
mal unacted upon. ‘To carry out still further our illustration of the
water in the reservoir, the case is as if the inflowing stream of water
were muddy and had to be filtered or run through a settling basin be-
fore being admitted to the reservoir. The mud thus removed from
the water would correspond to the excreta of the animal, while the
pure water would represent that portion of the food which actually

42

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676 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

enters into the structure of the body and serves as a source of energy.
But this process of digestion and assimilation by which the available
material of the food is separated from the unavailable and converted
into tissue constitutes work and consumes a portion of the energy
of the food. The case is not like that of a boiler fired by a mechani-
eal stoker, the power to drive which is derived ultimately from the
combustion of the very coal which it feeds into the boiler, or to still
continue the illustration of the reservoir, it is as if the water instead
of flowing into the reservoir was pumped up to it by a hydraulic
ram actuated by apart of the same water. This matter of the
amount of work expended in digesting and assimilating the food is
one which recent investigations have shown to be of great im-
portance and to have a very material bearing upon the relative values
of foods. Obviously a food like corn, for example, which requires
comparatively little digestive work will, other things being equal,
be of mere value to the body than a food like straw whose digestion
involves a large amount of work.

A portion of the food energy, then, is expended in the work of di-
gestion and assimilation and is, therefore, to be deducted from the
total energy of the food before we can find how much is available
for other purposes. The remainder we may call available energy.
{t is used in part for the internal work of the body, such as the beat-
ing of the heart, the work of respiration and a great variety of other
processes going on in the body, and in part for the visible external
work; that is the useful work which the animal performs. Finally,
if the energy of the food is in excess of all these requirement—if
more water is running into the reservoir than is required to keep
the mill running—the excess is stored up in the body as growth of
tissue, chiefly of fat, to be used later when the supply of food may
be insufficient;—the level of the water in the reservoir rises.

In order then to know how different feeding stuffs and rations
compare with each other as to their value as sources of energy to the
animal, we need to know, first, the total amount of energy which they
contain; second, the amount which needs to be deducted from this for
materials of the food which are unavailable to the body; and third,
the amount of work required for the digestion and assimilation of
the food. Furthermore, we need to know how the amount of enery
which is actually available from a feeding stuff for ordinary pur-
poses is affected by the conditions under which it is fed. For ex-
ample, whether large and small amounts of the same feed have the
same degree of availablity; whether the availability is affected by the
temperature of the stable, by the amount of water consumed, by the
age and state of fatness of the animal and other conditions which
might be named. It is this sort of information which it is expected
to obtain by the experiments with the respiration-calorimeter. ‘The

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 677

general idea of the experiments is to keep a sort of debit and credit
account with the animal. The animal is charged with the potential
energy of the food which it consumes; this is measured by burning
a small sample of the food under such conditions that all the heat
produced can be collected and measured; this heat gives us the meas-
ure of the total potential energy of the food. On the other side of
the account, the animal is to be credited first, with the potential
energy of those portions of the food which are not burned up in the
body, but pass into the excreta. This corresponds to the mud
filtered out of the water in our illustration of the reservoir or it may
be compared to the ashes and flue gases of the furnace in which coal
is burned. Second, the animal is credited with the heat which it
gives off. It is this heat which it is one of the prime purposes of the
respiration-calorimeter to measure and the most complicated and
delicate portion of the apparatus is that devoted to the accurate
measurement of the amount of heat produced by the animal. Third,
the animal is credited with the energy of any work which it may per-
form, although in our own experiments, this factor we will for the
present not enter in. Comparing now the amounts on the two sides
of the account, if the debit side is larger than the credit; that is, if
the animal has received more energy than it has given off, there has
been a storage of energy in the form of a gain of flesh or fat which
should be entered on the credit side of the account to balance it,
while, on the other hand, if the credit side is the larger, there has
been a loss in the energy of the body showing that the animal has
been living in part on its own tissues.

The amount of energy gained by the animal upon a given food
gives us the clue to the determination of the availability of the
energy cf that food. Suppose, for example, that we put a steer upon
a ration which is exactly sufficient to maintain it; that is, which sup-
plies just enough available energy to keep up the internal work of
the body, and upon which there is consequently no gain or loss of
tissue or of energy by the body—in which the inflow to the reservoir
exactly equals the outflow. Now, suppose we add to this ration
enough of the particular feeding stuff under experiment to furnish
to the body 1,000 units of energy. Suppose further that our trial
in the respiration-calorimeter shows us that out of these 1,000 units
of added energy, 600 units are added to the heat production of the
body and 400 units stored up in the form of gain of fat and flesh.
It is evident that the availability of this particalar feeding stuff, un-
der the conditions of the experiments, is 40 per cent. that is, 40 per
cent. of its energy can be stored up in the body while 60 per cent. is
consumed in the work of digesting and assimilating the food and sim-
ply serves to increase the heat given off from the body. Let us sup-
pose now that we repeat the experiment with another feeding stuff,

678 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

giving as before an amount containing just 1,000 units of energy, and
that in this experiment, we find that the production of heat igs in-
creased by only 400 units, while the gain of tissue is equal to 600
units; in this case, the availability is plainly 60 per cent. while only
40 per cent. is required for digestion and assimilation. In ‘other
words, a given number of units of energy in the second feeding stuff
is worth one and ye half times as n.ach foi erowth or fattening as
the same number of units of energy in the first feeding stuff.

In the above illustrations, round numbers have purposely been
used to illustrate the principle. Let us now turn for a further illus-
tration to the results of actual experiments and consider some recent
German results, obtained by a slightly different method but having
substantially the same significance. After making a deduction for
the energy of the indigestible matter, it was found that one gram
of the digestible matter from the following feeding stufis contained
the amounts of total energy shown in the first column. Of this
energy, the quality shown in the second column served simply to
increase the heat production of the animal, while the remainder, as
stated in the third column, was available for tissue-production.
While of this the amounts shown in the second column were availa-
ble for tissue production. Finally, by dividing the third column by
the first, we compute the percentage availability of the energy of
“these different materials.

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As yet comparatively few feeding stuffs have been investigated in
this way while we are but just beginning to sketch out the general
faws governing the availability of feeding stuffs. The much dis-
cussed question of the nutritive value of the woody fiber of food is
a good illustration of this. The earlier writers on stock feeding
considered it to have 10 value whatever. Then came experiments
which showed that a large proportion of it was apparently digesti-
ble by ruminants, and on chemical evidence the digestible portion
was assumed to have substantially the same nutritive value as
starch or sugar. Still later, it was shown that much at least of its

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 679

apparent digestibility was due to an extensive fermentation which
it underwent in the digestive apparatus, and on the basis of these re-
sults serious doubts were again raised as to its nutritive value.
More recently still, since the question of the expenditure of work
in digestion has been brought prominentty forward, one noted inves-
tigator claims to have shown that in the horse all the energy of the
digested crude fibre is consumed in its own digestion; that is, the
fuel is so poor that it takes all the steam it can make to run the
mechanical stoker. On the other hand, another equally distin-
guished investigator seems to have shown that some forms of crude
fibre when fed to ruminants are about as valuable sources of energy
as pure starch.

I mention these fluctuations and divergences of opinion simply as
a striking illustration of the paucity of our present knowledge in
this fieid. If it be true, as it unquestionably is,that food is to be re-
garded primarily as a source of energy to the animal organism, it
is certain that before we can put the practice of stock feeding upon
a sound scientific basis we must know much more than we do now
about the amount of energy contained in different feeding stuffs,
about the relative availability of this energy and as to how its availa-
bility is or may be increased or diminished by the conditions of the
feeding. It is the hope of the Pennsylvania Station to be able to
contribute something towards the enlargement of our knowledge in
these particulars. As I urged at the outset, while the work is prim-
arily scientific in its character, it is yet, as we believe, also practi-
eal because it is directed toward the laying of secure scientific
foundations upon which a rational practice may be built.

680 ' ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc

COMPARISON OF TEMPERATURE AND RAIN-
FALL OF 1900 WITH RECORDS OF PREVIOUS
YEARS.

BY E. R. DEMAIN, Observer, Weather Bureau, Harrisburg, Pa.

A comparison of some of the weather conditions prevailing at
Harrisburg during the year 1900 with the record of former years, dis-
closes several features of interest. In order to show clearly the
principal points of difference the following table is presented:

Temperature,
Year. R 2 3
oc Ne re}
oo B i.
= ° G4
q HA fq
92 —1 57.07
96 | 8 42.63
93 10 | 43.40
98 8 39.65
96 —t 35.18
96 | 3 | 40.56
97 —4 | 26.02
95 —1 35.06
95 4 33.66
Doe 101 6 45.09
52.2 | 95 | —13 33.98
3 | 100 | 3 28.94
pokannoccullosngboocoe 38.44

An examination of this table will show that 1900 was the warmest
year since the Weather Bureau station was established in the city.
The mean or average temperature for the year was 54.3 degrees,
which is 2.1 degrees above the average for 12 years and 0.7 degrees
higher than the average for 1898, which ranks second in point of
heat; the coldest year was 1893 with an average of 50.4 degrees or
3.9 degrees lower than the record for 1900. The departure in tem-
perature values during the first half of the year was comparatively
Slight, the excess being about 0.7 degrees. During the months of
February, March and December there was a deficiency in tempera-
ture. The great excess in temperature for the year was due largely
to the long periods of heat which prevailed at short intervals during
the months of July to November, inclusive, and especially to extra-
ordinarily high temperatures of October which was decidedly the
warmest October since the beginning of observations by the Weather
Bureau, the average for the month being 60.6 degrees or 6.9 degrees
above the normal October temperature. The highest temperature
Mf the year was 100 degrees on July 17. This record has been ex-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 681.

ceeded but once in the history of the station, the highest point ever
touched by the mercury being 101 degrees on July 3, 1898. The
lowest temperature registered during 1900 was 8 degrees on Feb-
ruary 25; this record has been exceeded a number of times in former
years, the lowest point ever touched being 13 degrees below zero
on February 10, 1899.

The total precipitaticn for the year 1900, 28.94 inches, is with one
exception, the least annual amount ever recorded at the station and
is 9.50 inches below the average for 12 years. The least amount
measured during any year was 26.02 inches in 1895 and the greatest,
57.07 inches in 1889. The average amount for the twelve years the
staticn has been in operation is 88.44 inches. The year 1900 goes on
record as the warmest and, with one exception, the dryest since the
beginning of regular observations at Harrisburg.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

682

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684 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MODERN CATTLE FOODS AND CATTLE FOOD
CONTROLS.

By DR. WM. FREAR, State Colle ge, Pa.

In all lines of human activity, the tendency of scientific develop-
meut has been toward the preparation of a, greater variety of pro-
ducts and toward the application to useful purposes of materials
that formerly were regarded as of no possible use. This tendency
has been manifested in the manufacture of cattle foods as well as
in every other productive industry. The preparation of breakfast
foods and the great variety of other special forms of human food,
the manufacture of glucose and of starch, of beer, whiskey and alco-
hol have all resulted in the formation of a series of by-products
which have sought the market as cattle foods. The conditions of
animal industry have, on the other hand, created a demand for spe-
cial foods supplying one or the other of the important groups of plant
nutrients in large degree. Particularly it is true that the farmer of
to-day demands, to supplement the feeding stuff raised on the farm,
such cattle foods as will supply large quantities of protein.

This is due partly to the better recognition of the special needs
of animals producing large quantities of nitrogenous tissue or of
such a secretion as milk. It is also in part due to the attempt on
the part of the dairyman and feeder to supply a fresh product the
year round, and to the fact that the acreage required for the pastur-
age of cattle has, in the more thickly settled districts, become rel-
atively too valuable to make stock-raising and dairying profitable by
that method of feeding. One other fact in this connection is worthy
of mention, namely, that the relative importance of corn and its
stalks among the crops grown on our farms, coupled with the fact
that the proportien of protein that these contain is far below that
necessary for rations best adapted for the feeding of growing, muscle-
producing and milk-yielding animals, has necessarily resulted in
a deficiency of the protein supply in our home-produced catitled
foods.

The castern farmer no longer, therefore, relies chiefly upon pas-
turage for the maintenance of his animals during their most produc-
tive months, and upon his stock of hay, corn stover, corn chop, varied

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 685

by the use of a few oats and by the bran he brings from the mill as
a by-product from the milling or his own wheat. All winter long, his
animals are made to produce, because market prices are then the
best. The process of intensive culture has somewhat reduced the per-
manent hay meadows, and for roughage, he relies much more on corn
silage. Latterly, there has beeu a wise movement towards the grow-
ing of more nitrogenous roughage on our dairy farms, better atten-
tion being paid to the clover crop, and other legumes, such as cow
peas, being introduced. ‘The net result of these changes of condition,
however, is that we are using to-day, more than ever before, large
quantities of one sort or another of commercial by-products.

The cenditions of food manutacture have also changed and these
by-products are no longer made chiefly at our country mills by
neighbors of whose honesty we are assured and into whose methods
of manufacture we can readily examine. Our concentrated feeding
stuifs coming instead, from distant sources, ave distributed through
the jobbers in large cities and often under peculiar trade names, af-
fording no information whatever concerning the kind of materials
of which these foods are composed or their richness in the valuable
autrients. That fraud should appear under such conditions, whether
by the substitution of valueless materials for valuable, or by simple
misrepresentation of the richness of a food product in protein or fat,
is not a matter for surprise.

Concerning the variety of feeding stuffs, let us note that wheat no
longer yields us simply bran and middlings, but we have upon the
market bran, middlings, shorts, red-dog flour, ship stuff and mixed
wheat feeds, and in addition, ground screenings; and each of these
classes are sub-divided according to the kind of wheat from which
it was produced, whether the hard spring wheat of the north-west
or the softer varieties grown in other portions of the country. Rye,
likewise, affords a similar series of products, though less numerous.
From corn are produced uot simply corn meal, but corn bran, gluten
meal and gluten feed, aud sugar feed from the manufacture of glu-
cose; hominy chop and hominy meal from the manufacture of break-
fast hominy, and cerealine and starch feeds from the manufacture
of other corn products; in most cases each of these is subject to a
greater or less extraction of the corn oil, with a resulting variation
in composition. The oil-producing seeds, cotton and flax, are like-
wise subject to a greater variety of treatment with resulting differ-
ences of classification of product. What is true of the previously
mentioned cereal grains is also true of oats. Our extensive brewing
industries yield malt sprouts; the spent malt formerly hauled out
from the little brewery in a moist condition, is now pressed, kiln-
dried and sold wherever railroads penetrate. Distiller’s grains,
composed not simply of rye or corn, but of various mixtures of starch-

686 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

containing substances mixed with malt, likewise furnish a kiln-dried
product of highly varied composition, according to the kind of alco-
hol-producing material used; and from our abattoirs come blood-
meal, beef scrap and flesh meal, while dried; fine ground fish also
appeared upon the cattle food market. That a cattle feeder might
easily be bewildered in determining which of these many articles
sold at widely varying prices he should select for his use in order that
he may obtain the best and most economical result, is not strange.

In addition to the great variety of products resulting from such
legitimate and praise-worthy efforts to find economical uses for waste
products, the difficulties of the consumer are still further increased
by the fact that adulteration of cattle foods is not at all an uncom-
mon practice, though it has been much less frequently reported in
America than in Europe. There are, nevertheless, a good many in-
stances on record in which cotton hulis have been unduly admixed
with cotton-seed meal, in which oat chaff has appeared in excess of
its proper preparation in its chop, and in which the proportion of
corn bran in gluten feed has been somewhat excessive. In New
England, within two or three years, the discovery of admixture of
ground corn cobs with brans imported from the middle western
States was made. Since the contents of the dust bin of the flouring
mills are now used in the manufacture of feeding stuffs for cattle,
the casual sale of such materials under the names of those of better
quality is to be anticipated. In Europe, where the pressed cakes
of a great variety of seeds used in the manufacture of vegetable oils
are employed for feeding purposes, the substitution of the cheaper
for the more expensive is a matter of quite common occurrence; even
castor pomace, which is poisonous to cattle, is sometimes introduced
and the presence of saw dust has been noted; while the occurrence
of cockle, darnel and ergot, as well as other poison-containing
materials, isa matter of no infrequent occurrence.

The need for systematic examination of commercial concentrated
feeding stuffs was recegnized in the thickly populated countries of
Europe early in the past century and one of the avowed objects of
the establishment of the first German Experiment Station at Moeck-
ern in 1851 was the investigation of such materials. These early
stations in Germany were established, it is of interest to recall, by
agricultural societies. The work in this direction has grown to
such a degree that there are to-day, in Germany alone, about thirty
stations engaged in the work of cattle food control.

In England, the Royal Agricultural Society employed a chemist
to make similar investigations.

In America, some sporadic work of this kind was done by the ex-
periment stations at the very outstart of their history, but the first
legislation providing for continuous systematic work in this line was

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 687

enacted in Massachusetts, March 5, 1897; this was quickly followed
by another act of the State of Maine taking effect October 1, 1897.
Since then laws establishing cattle food controls have been enacted
by Rhode Island, March 23, 1899; New York, May 3, 1899; Connecti-
cut, June 20, 1899, and New Jersey, March 15, 1900.

In Massachusetts, publication is the only penalty for infraction
of the law, except as private suits of the interested parties may re-
sult in the recovery of damages; but in the other States, in addition
to publication there are imposed specific penalties of fine for failure
to comply with the requirement to affix certain specified forms of
brands upon the packages in which the feeding stuff is offered for
sale, for failure to pay the taxes or license fees imposed, or for adul-
teration of a feeding stuff.

The results of this control, brief as the time of its operation has
been, are very apparent in the exclusion of many undesirable mate-
rials from the market and a general improvement of the character
of even the better classes of goods; at the same time the tendency is
toward their more intelligent use by the consumer with more econo-
mical results in feeding.

An examination of the brans sold in Pennsylvania was, some-
time since, made by the Experiment Station and recently the station
has made for the State Department of Agriculture an examination of
a large number of the various cattle foods sold in the State. Some
of the results of this examination may be stated in this connection,
and the details will shorily appear in a bulletin now in the course of
preparation for the Department (Bulletin No. 81). The re-
sults show quite a wide range of composition in the ordi-
nary, simple staple products; this, in the case of cotton-
seed meal, the highest percentage of fat is nearly one-half
greater than the lowest; and in linseed meal over twice as
great, while in the protein also of the latter, the highest percentage
is two and one-half times as great as the lowest; in the case of wheat
brans, taking both winter and spring wheats into consideration, the
highest percentage for protein is about one-fifth greater than the
least; as wide a range is shown in the wheat feeds; in even the case
of corn chop, the highest figure for protein is over one-half greater
than the lowest and for fat over three times as great as the lowest;
the gluten feeds range from nearly 14 to 27 per cent. protein and the
oats feeds from 6 per cent. to 11 per cent. These figures suffice to
show the uncertainty at present attending the purchase of cattle
foods in this State and the utter impossibility, in the absence of care-
fully guarded guarantees, of an accurate compounding of the rations
unless the consumer himself goes to the expense of analysis.

Another ground for declaring the need for such control is found
in a comparison of the average quality of the goods sold

688. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

in Pennsylvania, as established by the recent analyses, with
that of similar goods sold in New England since the enact-
ment of cattle food laws. Such comparison of the prin-
cipal concentrated feeding stuffs shows that, almost without
exception, the goods sold in New England are superior in the amounts
of most valuable constituents contained to those sold in Pennsylva-
nia. In the case of gluten feed, for example, the average figures
for Pennsylvania are 24.72 per cent. protein, 2.84 per cent. fat; in
New England, 29.68 per cent. protein, 3.74 per cent. fat, though this
is probably the most extreme divergence shown by the comparison.

Summarily stated, the object of such legislation is to establish
State machinery for the examination of such cattle foods as are com-
monly sold through the jobber and are subject to material altera-
tion of a nature not easily detected by the consumer without, on the
other hand, embarrassing the trade too greatly and, so far as practi-
cable, without placing undue burdens upon the small manufacturer.

To attain these ends, it is probable that, for the sake of the country
miller, whole grains, chops and meals prepared from pure unmixed
grains, and possibly unmixed bran and middlings sold directly from
the manufacturer to the consumer, should be exempt from the re-
quirement of affixing a brand containing a guaranty of composition;
but certainly all other concentrated foods should be sold only under
a guaranty of their protein and fat content. The brand should also
state the trade name of the article sold, the quantity contained in the
package, and the name and address of the manufacturer. It shouid
also secure to the officers of the control the right of examination of
all commercial concentrated cattle foods, so that such as are exempt
from the brand and guarantee requirements for reasons just stated,
may from time to time be tested as to purity. In order to prevent
any infraction of the law, I believe that publication is in most in-
stances sufficient, but there are cases in which the danger of a some-
what severe penalty alone will act as a deterrent, and the control
officers should, therefore, be able to secure, whenever in their judg-
ment it is necessary, the intliction of such penalty from guilty parties,
the deliberate adulteration of a cattle food or misbranding should
be as heavily punished as a simple failure to sell goods of the quality
guaranteed; though the crime of adulteratica is visited in neighbor-
ing States with a somewhat smaller penalty than that which it at-
taches to the failure to properly brand the goods or live up, in point
of quality, to the guarantee. There are many points of interest in
connection with the methods of maintaining and officering such con-

trols in our neighboring States, but I will not at this time attempt a
discussion of such details. The enactment of a food control law for

Pennsylvania is now being discussed in several interested quarters.
Each detail of such a law should receive careful consideration, but I

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 684

am satisfied that the 1gricultural interests of this State, especially
those concerned with dairying and cattle feeding, will be materially
benefited by this legislation and also that the country miller will
share in the benefits resulting from such a law, because many of the
imported materials with which he must not complete, will be obliged
to stand distinctly upon their own merits rather than upon the very
generous claims made for them by those interested in their sale*

*Note.—A law on the regulation of concentrated feeding stuffs was enacted at the last session
of the Legislature and is found on page 651 of this report, in connection with an article which
was published as Bulletin No. 81. See page 559.

44—6—1901

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TABULATED ANALYSES

OF

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS

FROM

SAMPLES SELECTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACT OF JUNE 28, 1879,

BY THE

Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture,

FROM JANUARY 1, 1901, TO DECEMBER 31, 1901,

(691)

( 692 )

OrriciaL DocuMENT, No. 6.

AN ACT

To regulate the manufacture and sale cf commercial fertilizers.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That every package of commercial
fertilizer sold, offered, or exposed for sale, for ata purposes,
within this Commonwealth, shall have plainly stamped thereon the
name of the manufacturer, the place of manufacture, the net weight
of its contents, and an analysis stating the percentage therein con-
tained of nitrogen in an available form, of potash soluble in water, of
soluble and reverted phosphoric acid and of insoluble phosphoric
acid: Provided, That any commercial! fertilizer sold, oered, or ex-
posed for sale, which shall contain none of the above named constitu-
ents shall be exempt from the provisions cf this act.

Section 2. That every manufacturer or importer of commercial fer-
tilizers as specified in seciion cne of this act shall, cn or before the
first day of January next ensuing, or before offering them for sale
in this Commonwealth, file annually with the Secreiary of Agricul-
ture an affidavit showing the amount of said fertilizer sold within
the Commonwealth during the last preceding year; and if the said
amount shall be one hundred tons or less, he shall pay to the Treas-
urer of the State the sum of fifteen dollars for each and every brand
of such commercial fertilizer soll within the State during the last
preceding year; and if the said amount shall exceed one hundred
tons, and be less than five hundred tons, he or they shall pay the
sum of twenty dollars, as aforesaid; and if the said amount shall be
five hundred tons or more, he or they shall pay the sum of thirty dol-
lars, as aforesaid. If such manufacturer cr manufacturers, importer
or importers, shall net have made any sales within the Common-
wealth during the preceding year, be or they shall pay the sum of
fifteen dollars, as aforesaid. Every said manufacturer shall, at the
same time, file with the Secretary of Agriculture a copy of the analy-
sis required by section one of this act, and shall ake be entitled to
receive from the Secretary of Agriculture a certificate showing that
the provisions of this act have been complied lane

Section 3. The Secretary of Agriculture is hereby empowered to
collect samples of commercial fertilizers, either in person or by his
duly qualified agent or representative, age to have them analyzed,
and to publish the results for the information of the public.

Section 4. The Secretary of Agriculture, and such assistants,
agents, experts, chemists, detectives and counsel as he shall duly au-

(6.3)

694 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

thorize for the purpose, shall have full access, ingress and egress to
all places of business, factories, farms, buildings, carriages, cars
and vessels, used in the manufacture, transportation or sale of any
commercial fertilizer. They shall also have power to open any pack-
age or vessel containing, or supposed to contain any commercial fer-
tilizer, and to take therefrom samples for analysis upon tendering
the value of said samples.

Section 5. ‘Any person selling, offering, or exposing for sale, any
commercial fertilizer without the analysis required by section one of
this act, or with an analysis statiny that it contains a larger percent-
age of any one or more of the above named constituents than is con-
tained therein, or for the sale of which all the provisions of section
two have not been complied with, shall be guilty of misdemeanor,
and on conviction shali forfeit a sum not less than twenty-five and
not exceeding one hundred dollars for the first offense, and not less
than two hundred dollars for each subsequent offense. It shall be
the duty of the Secretary of Agriculture to enforce the provisions
of this act, and all penalties, cosis and fines recovered shall be paid
to him cr his duly authorized agent, and by him be immediately paid
into the State Treasury, to constitute a special fund to be used in
accordance with the provisions of section six of this act.

Section 6. The money paid into the Treasury under the provisions
of this act shall constitute a special fund, from which the cost of
selecting samples, making analyses, and other expenses incident to
the carrying into effect the provisions of this act, shall be paid: Pro-
vided, That the total amount thus expended shall in no case exceed
the amount paid into the Treasury.

Section 7. The term “commercial fertilizers,” as used in this act,
shall be taken to mean-any and every substance imported, manu-
factured, prepared or sold for fertilizing or manuring purposes, ex-
cept barnyard manure, marl, lime, and wood ashes, and not exempt
by the provisions of section one of this act.

Section 8. This act shall go into effect on and after the thirty-first
day of December, one thousand nine hundred and one. All acts or
parts of acts inconsistent with this act are hereby repealed, except
that existing laws are to continue in force until this act goes into
effect.

Approved—The 25th day of March, A. D. 1901.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 695

PREFACE.

Harrisburg, Pa., December 31, 1901.

The following report, containing analyses of samples of Com-
mercial Fertilizers, collected by the agents of the Department of
Agriculture from January 1, to December 31, 1901, is herewith pre-
sented, for the information of the public.

The usual discussion by the Chemist, of changes in the prices of
the ingredients of fertilizers, which have occurred since August 1,
1900, is appended, together with a schedule of prices fixed for the
current year.

The foot notes refer to the page where the appropriate list of prices
may be found; and farmers are urged to use these data, and com-
pute for themselves, the value of the composition which they expect
to purchase.

The attention of manufacturers and dealers in Commercial Fer-
tilizers, is called to the new law, which is printed for information in
this bulletin. The law changes the license fee from ten dollars to
fifteen dollars for sales of one hundred tons or less, of each and every
brand sold within the State the previous year.

The powers of the Secretary of Agriculture, in the matter of en-
forcing the law, have been enlarged. The date of going into effect,
of the new law, is fixed at December 31, 1901.

Manufacturers in sending in their list of brands of fertilizers some-
times use a slightly different wording on their sacks from that fur-
nished this Department. Agents of the Department in reporting are
required to copy the precise words used on the sack. If any change
has been made in branding, from the designation sent to this office,
we regard the brand so changed as UNLICENSED, and a separate
license must be taken out.

Manufacturers are, therefore, cautioned to use the exact language
in marking the sacks, that they have furnished te the Department
for record.

Commercial fertilizers are now a recognized necessity in the agri-
culture of Pennsylvania, and our farmers will have to post themselves
as to the action of the various substances that compose them, or pay
the penalty which is always exacted from ignorance. There was a
time when the farmer could not know what to purchase, or how to
purchase. That time is past, and if he is deceived now, it is his own
fault. Full information is at his disposal if he will take and use it.

JOHN HAMILTON,
Secretary of Agriculture.

696 ANNUAL REPORT CY THE Off. Dec.

SM@RTILIZER VALUATIONS—1901.

The object of an official valuation of commercial fertilizers is to
enable the consumer to judge approximately whether he has been
asked to pay fer a given brand more than the fertilizing ingredients
it contains and market conditions prevailing at the time would war-
rant. It is clear, therefore, that no attempt is made in this valuation
to indicate whether the fertilizer valued possesses a greater or less
crop-producing capacity than another fertilizer; but only whether it
is higher priced than another of the same general composition.

For this purpose it must be so computed as to include all the
elements entering into ihe cost of a fertilizer as it is delivered to the
consumer. These elements may be conveniently grouped as fol-
lows: .

1. The wholesale cost of the ingredients.

2. The jobbers’ gross profit on the sale of the ingredients; this
includes office expenses, advertising, losses, etc.; for the purpose of
the present computaticn it may be assumed that the sum of this gross
profit and the wholesale cost of-the ingredients, is equivalent to the
retail price of the single ingredieuts near the wholesale markets in
ton lots of original packages for cash.

o. The expense and profit of mixing: This item applies only to
complete fertilizers, r¢ck and potash, and ammoniated rock; not to
cissoived or ground lone, or to dissolved rock.

4, The expense and profit of bagging.

5. Agents’ commission: This item: includes not only the commis-
sion proper, but every advance in price due to the sale of the goods
through an agent in small quantities on time, rather than directly
to the consumer in ton lots for cash.

6G. Freight from the wholcsale market to the point of delivery.

The valuations for 1900 were based:

1. Upon the wholesale prices from September 1, 1899, to March 1,
1900, of the raw materials used in fertilizer manufacture, the quota-
tions of the New York market being adopted for all materials except
acidulated plosphate rock and sround bone.

2. Upon an allowance of 20 per cent. of the wholesale prices, above
mentioned, to cover jobbers’ profits.

By adding the 20 per cent. allowed for jobbers’ gross profit to the
wholesale price of the several raw materials, the retail price in
original packages at the jobbers’ warehouse is obtained.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 697

Since the amount of the several yaluable fertilizing constituents in
the various raw matcrials is known, it is a simple matter to de-
termine the corresponding retail value per pound of the valuable fer-
tilizing constituents yielded by each raw material. ‘A schedule of
these pound values afiords a convenient basis of computation of the
value per ton of various fertilizers, whose composition is ascertained
by analysis.

The values assigned, for the present, to the other elements in the
cost of the fertilizer at the point of delivery are:

3. For mixing, $1.00 per ton.

4, For bagging, $1.00 per ton, in all cases except those in which the
article was sold in original package; the cost of the package being, in
such cases, included in the wholesale price.

d. For agents’ commission, 20 per cent. of the cost of the goods
f. o. b. at the jobbers’ or mixers’ warehouse.

_ 6. For freight, $2.00 per ton; the cost of the freight in lots of twelve
tons or over, from the seaboard to Harrisburg, averaging $1.88 per
ton.

The following valuation of dissolved South Carolina rock illus-
trates the method:

Phosphoric acid. Per cent. Weight per ton.
“SOD Esio aa r m 11.50 230 lbs. at 3c. $6 90
BSCE tater eis ci oleate raise) die ty we 2.50 50 lbs. at 2te. 1 25
LIES CL 01 hae ee es ees tee 1.00 20 lbs. at Ide. 30
PeceMECASNGVAlUCLOL MMPTEOIENUS, « ois wee <a oo vo +o erehore © ord oun, ats $8 45
18:0)f4 eee ORES SEE RCT ROC Ee a Perr. oer re 1 00
Cash value of goods ready for shipment, .................-. $9 45
PPC MES. COMMISSION. 20 PEriCent:., jst cee . < elslalle 6 oe os sie ele ae 1 89
BRT nn Lets cles ass rok ay cleats Sdew eae e 5 aCe > arelwr satay a 6 rete a: Snel eye 2 00
AE COMTI TCT Ade Va NG! PECL COM as sores ca wx cnc Giese ese acne ere @ oa 6 eiapee ete $13 34

It is not to be expected, of course, that the valuations thus com-
puted will precisely represent the fair price to be charged for a brand
in each locality and in every transaction. Market conditions, compe-
tition, distance from factory, all introduce minor variations. Never-
theless, to make the approximation reasonably close, the average
valuation of a given class of goods ought to agree closely with its
ascertained average selling price. Whenever such an agreement is
no longer obtained by the use of a schedule, it is evident that the
schedule of retail values of the constituents, or the added allowances
for mixing, etc., requires revision.

698 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

It is needful to note here another factor greatly affecting the prac-
tical accuracy of these approximations. Their computation would
offer little difficulty and their usefulmess be far greater, if, by the
ordinary methods of analysis, the exact nature of the ingredients
used to supply the several fertilizer constituents, were capable of
certain determination. This is, however, possible, to-day, to only a
limited extent. The valuations are, therefore, based on the assump-
tion that the fertilizers are uniformly compounded from high quality
ingredients, such as are commonly employed in the manufacture of
fertilizers of the several classes. Consumers shou'd carefully avoid
the error of accepting such valuations as infallible; they are not de-
signed to be used for close comparison of single brands, but only to
indicate whether the price asked for a fertilizer is abnormal, assum-
ing good quality for the ingredients used. From this it is clear that,
except as high freights may reqilire, the selling price of a brand
should not far exceed the valuation; but that a fertilizer may be
made of inferior materials and yet have a high valuation.

The valuations used during 1899 were modified for use during 1900
in accordance with the changes in wholesale prices of fertilizing
ingredients and to make the valuations more closely follow the sell-
ing price.

The following comparative statement shows the valuations and
selling prices of the several classes of fertilizers during 1899 and
1900.

La)
A, ge
5 n
< é og
Fertilizers. uy 2 (s)
o d i og
by iS} 1 noe
& 2 = Loe
5 3 > =Pn
Z > a A
Spring, 1899.
SOUL CTO ee aicre atoloselamysicleisiviele oislorc ole sciereicisiovs slate ctetolstan cities sieteniein einem rcle 250 $24.53 $23.60 $0.93
Reck-and-potash, . Ao 47 15.05 16.83 —1.78
Dissolved bone, .. ane BOC 8 21.75 21.75 0.00
Ground! "bone, ses. cccc.. woes 550 38 28.06 26.67 1.39
Dissolved rock, 58 14.02 13.36 0.66
Complete eens eto e eee cen ee meena eet 181 23.38 22.98 | 0.40
Rock-and-potash, 41 14.53 17.28 | 2.75
Dissolved bone, | Uf 22.30 19.00 3.30
SPOUT PDONE eer eed cicitie navel inielolcioreista\ donieleiamialeine hisiciunieipceniniattielcincleniae 24 | 27.37 24.98 2.39
Dissolved rock, 55 13.19 12.64 , 0.55
GOmipletes dieses. coe eat Vass e eee ee Ores Nase cree eee 276 | 24.61 25.38 —0.77
Rock-and-potash, 48 14.71 17.35 | —2.64
WIISEOLVER DONE, + \aicis.cicug.c.c.ccee ceicve leinalceiam ce dale ccictiate stemenionieatiocicias oe 2 30.87 26.00 | 4.87
PATOUNG DOME 9 s5.c occ ie cle eialolere clcloioeion sistoteminreecieielee alemivieteia miele etaieoiciateree 30 25.91 28.42 | —2.51
PIBAOLVEG (LOCK, © ccc siannciadoemscceome vehiivciecisetemmeneeniinaes acters 56 13.48 13.57 | .09
Fall, 1900.
EGIL DISUO Seo s-0'c wie se/saunisur sce naisic bonee te ncesioree mecmeemeeneneetcren 130 24.00 23.22 | 0.81
RIO CM—MTIC—DOLABN | aiscia c's nav vvicine ce siniv.cie eraeisisiocinccenmuereceeern nance $3 | 14.63 18.11 | —3.48
PIBWOIVER, “DONG, ase cccrcciceceGaes einen buns tthcencaeemee ene 2 | 22.74 23.50 | —0.76
SPOOL, SHOMG 0 ccwrns sdvcie coe ee aueinccloasics onen Cron Ee eee eee 1 26.87 28.73 | —1.36
DVIBMGLVO FLOCK ic as occsceccanececccsconee ccccecoeene ny ca eee 18.11 13.96 | —0.85

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 699

The figures for 1900 exhibit an unusual difference between the
control valuations and the actual selling prices in the case of in-
complete fertilizers; this is the more notable because of the sat-
isfactory agreement between valuation and selling price in the
case of the complete fertilizers. As usual, the rock and potash mix-
tures exhibit the same relative elevation of selling price to which
attention has been called in preceding years. It is very probable
that the marked centralization in the organization of the retail
trade which the last year or two has witnessed may account for this
stiffening of retail prices of the commonly used, incomplete fer-
tilizers.

The general tendencies of the wholesale markct may be judged
from the following comparative statement, obtained from the weekly
reports of the Ovl, Paintand Drug Reporter, of New York city, show-
ing the average wholesale prices of fertilizer raw materials from Sep-
tember 1, 1899, to March 1, 1909, and from September 1, 1900, to
March 1, 1901:

Wholesale Prices of Fertilizer Ingredients, New York: O7l, Paint
and Drug Reporter.

ah au ne
£8 aS sg eae
es Peas pac
a a eT
oe of Las
2a 238 OD
Substance. Amount Priced. | EZ Es 8s ce
° ° at
ov ov i
ay * Bo = aT &
BS RS 3s.
>& 5S Les

< < Ay

OMS CLO OL AIT OMNIA) bie cisre cic closets cisicip vis vicie ers.c(eieiclelele wisictete Ch itite cise nesielseins | $2.9730 | $2.8005 94.2
EINER CORO La MOGs ielets\acialecie cis ieie.caiticls sv eiavcleisialea/sisiaie/e/sieiesielere @yritaecencisececre 1.7870 1.8153 101.6
SED TIC Cyl OOM yr Es [Grey leicicteieleisi efeicleisicicisicicielaleleisisicla)eleieinioiee’s/cie Unit (20 fbs.), 2.07288 | 2.3127 111.5
4. Dried blood, L. G., .... s0d0 -..| Unit (20 Ibs.), 1.8275 2.236 122.3
5. Concentrated tankage, Unit (20 Ybs.), | 1.782 1.6227 91.1
G; Rough) bone; <......... MONI) falsieleciaisielelsie 20.875 20.983 100.5
%. Ground bone, ......... Sab Sele! PL OMS Weiiccsiscieleivcioe 22.16 21.842 98.6
ReESONG CINCH 1 /leisictelc vive mciciaisis\eieiaisinis\cn|e's ain's\osidlsicisinie/cle'n)ealace'e TR OTIA iaicais accainsele | 24.441 19.70 80.6
Sap eR UAT ON (ALY) leicivici.ci0n.c viclojvisielsls'eie(sie.e.e/sio(ele.cle's vejslelnlacie PAROS Ssogtsocsco | 20.316 23.00 113.2
10. Fish guano (Acid), ........scecessceeccecccecccescensscs TON, seccevcceses } 11.136 | 12.00 107.7
PP PIVETUSES DONE-DIACKK, ce.siniccicinisiccicccicics s cciccjciscieneicelieesies OMe ettieecisierste stele 19.875 19.30 97.1
i Phosphate rock (Charleston), 6... cscs. cceccscnsccses WMraay Sagqncacdoos *3.75 47-25 lessons
Home noOsphate TOC CLeCNNESSEE))) Seri iciciccsicjclsiele oslelere crvivie cess | TON, cccccceccsce loccveseiecis Si2G “Wears
14. Phosphate rock (land, 70 per cent.), .........sseee- IRONS Maiccemattnicn Pa DAME Beceocosod Paes Seco
EA CIGD NOSD ALO siiciaielcle(cls ciaicisieiielaic/eininie eralstsiaie eee) NAG COU DSS), 620 -6422 103.6
16. Double manure salts, aioe Cwites = 1.0387 1.0725 103.2
17. Sulfate of potash, ... Cwt., 2.0079 2.07 103.2
SERA CH aicisieioereisjsiccleivs.o ee Ton vaeense s 9.3937 | 9.30 99.0
AOMPNITITIALENOL eDOLAS Det exiniciseiaisiciciec se ciielsisieiainicive'ecie(helalelacie'sce | Cwt., scoscencees 1.8106 1.8475 102.0
SSI NITiChaAcid. GOCGELTECS ude. leis «ciesie(ais/cje\cle’n ts aie s/sinialaletnie Cowitere cecnaenisisils | 1.475 | 1.476 100.0

*Crude at mines.

{Kiln-dried f. o. b. New York.

In ammoniates, such as dried blood or concentrated tankage,
the unit is of ammonia, of which 82.35 per cent. is nitrogen; in
acid phosphates, the unit is of phosphoric acid (phosphorus pen-
toxid).

700 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Giving attention first to the nitrogenous materials and animal
sources of phosphoric acid: These figures show a decrease in the
prices of ammonium sulfate and concentrated tankage during the
season of 1900-1, as compared with that of 1899-1900; those of
dried blood and fish guano have, en the other hand, distinctly ad-
vanced; those of nitrate of soda, rough bone and refuse bone-black
reminaining practically stationary, though quotations for bone meal
are much reduced.

The following data are taken from the monthly reports of Thomas
J. White & Co., fertilizer brokers of Baltimore, Md., giving whole-
sale quotations upon “ammoniates”:

Wholesale Prices of Ammoniates: Reports of Thomas J. White &
Co., Baltimore, Maryland:

i | re]
iene eae
3 GI
Ss a
g 8
a. a.
ns ag
a a
da | ge
£2 | 38
rt hr
Ay 1o)
Sulfate of ammonia, per cwt.:
MOTeIETI Met -nOs TDP ESALUIIMOLE,: ‘cicislelcictelsicicieie cieleleisveleie sinicte(eleiaiole(e\e,ajejeisietcials sisictelelers'sioteierefereie *$2 97 $2 76
WORTESEICH Ooms, SESOSCOM wie .ereiaie/oiererarsicielale olaleiclojeia!oleta(aivic ls eleleicioieieleislevelsicleretele/eleievere(eteioeyers *2 96 2 76
Ground blood, f. o. b., Chicago, per unit of ammonia, ........cccecccceccscccccccs 1 54 2.12
Concentrated tankage, f. o. b., Chicago, per unit of ammonia,.................... 151 1 96
Crushed tankage, f. 0. b., Chicago, per ton:
616 per cent. .ammonia, 25 per cent, bone PHOSPhAate; soe 6 ce cinesce concen cise ss] icicle cisicjeleies ||13 91
@ percent: ammonia, 25 per cent, bone phosphate, <.: scccccccccccisevsceccccccsve 1S) 00) ileeriwlesestee
8 per cent. ammonia, 20 per cent. bone phosphate, .............cececcccccecees |ecceccsccelocccescvce
9 per cent. ammonia, 20 per cent. bone phosphate, ........ erie gt CY Rees disc
9% per cent. ammonia, 18 per cent. bone phosphate, .. $16) 44) | Reeeeeeee
$f. per cent. ammonia, 15 percent. bone PhHOSPHAte, ~ <:.).<10.0/cleic.c/acc’ vieieis cic lcivinieloielnieial|is cietele w/ajetee, |p ecieletetetes
10% per cent. ammonia, 15 per cent. bone phosphate, .... Ac ne T17 20 #22 63
10 per cent. ammonia, 10 per cent. bone phosphate, .....cscccccccccccccessceses BeuaaSouse | **20 375
Crushed tankage, c. a. f., Baltimore, per unit ammonia, ...c.cccccccusccsccccuse §1 90 2 29
Dricdafish:) f.70:.1b.. LAactory,) PermiMib AMMONIA. cosciccines'ecisisicisisivecisic.cciclsieice elclelsleiell we cieeeisieele tt2 14

*c. i. f., Baltimore, quotations for December and January lacking.
+Quotations lacking for September and October.
tQuotations lacking for September.
§Quotations for September and January lacking.
All quotations for January are lacking.
||Lacking February quotations.
**Lacking December quotations.
tiLacking December and February quotations.

Direct comparison is unfortunately possible in only a few of the
items of the foregoing table. In general, they indicate a decrease
of 7 per cent. in the prices of gas-liquor sulfate of ammonia, and in
the other ammoniates increases as follows:

Ground blood, 38 per cent.; concentrated tankage and
crushed tankage, 104 and 15, 20 per cent., and crushed tank-
age, per unit of ammonia, 20 per cent,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 701

The same authorities quote nitrate of soda at an average of $1.80
per cwt., from September through December, 1909.

From the market reports of the Lngineering and Mining Journal
of New York City, the following comparative statement has been
compiled:

Wholesale Prices of Ammonia, 1900-1: Lngineering end Mining

; Journal.
=|
A
we rc
p B
= =
e Fa
q a
5 5
i
|
Sulfate of ammonia, gas liquor (15 per cent ammonia), domestic
PCIMEC VUILemne etotciatchapeoictolaipicisiesciace ont iraletelaretieteve!s aletetdic\elovous nyerete: hisiaiake ‘evtatatels. ajeiaheielslele/oselaies. 2.90 $2.73
INEM ALEROL BOGS, sPCY CWits, ccccciiecsieicisicecciecisiciciaidcieccss eee euinieiciemeinis cinieteti eietetelers 1.S0-1.87% 1.85
Dried blood, per unit of ammonia:
WWestemeasnimhverade. Tf. 05 Ds, (CHICRRO,. crc ccs esivicicinsie ssiciaieln alas ein'aielelcle:a'e ic 1.99
I CVRXCOL ome CL Lemtietainiaints aleieieleisicinsiciicteteiesieltaratare eialelsteia(elelalaicteelvla/elletetalieinieiaie ele te #23212
Tankage, high grade Western, f. 0. b., Chicago, per unit oi ammonia,..; 7 7
MESGE MOA CHELCAS ENO: OAH EN COMMS! sie cteeiciare sro sisicicrsieleisyeisieleleoracisisls\c cle/aivivisieys sie'eaiaielo(e | 26.50
MSDN em OO CILLASMINO.) Gar WET COD | ais'sjsicis/ele.c\alele¥e)cle'e/<\cleicjslejeieloicle/elele'e\e/aeio</<\e/etete\e.ois(ais 24.50
PEON Cm GOMEStICl, StEAIMEG, “ETOUNG) Kooi faicricccieinewniniecnninieensicieacelasinesincsice se! eU0

*For one week only, when there was a temporary rise in price.
+Owing to lack of data for January, 1900, the comparisons are made for weber of the two
years.

These figures, while not precisely concordant with those of the 0,7,
Paint and Drug Reporter, exhibit tle same general market tenden-
cies.

Taking all these data together, {hey establish the fact of a slight
decrease in the wholesale prices of sulfate of ammonia, a slight in-
crease in that of nitrate of soda and a very marked increase in the
prices of dried blood, fish and tankage, while bone has remained sta-
tionary, or, in certain grades, markedly decreased in price.

As for the values of the ingredients supplying rnosphoric acid:
The tendencies of bone and tankage have already been discussed.
Refuse bone-black has changed little, the general movement having
been toward a slight decrease in price.

Relative to the production and prices of raw rock phosphates:
The statistics of the Lngincering and Mining Journal show a total
production of 1,599,996 long tons from the phosphate mining operat-
tions of the United States in 1900, as compared with 1,825,391 mined
in 1899; the average valucs of the products of the two years were
€3.86 per ton in 1899 and £3.48 in 1900. The detailed statistics of
produetion and shipment for the past year in the several principal
regions of production are as follows

702 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Production and Shipment of Phosphate Rock, 1900.

ee
——————S a

Shipments.
Production.
Region. | Domestic Foreign. Total.
'
1893. 1900. 1899. 1900. 1899. 1900. 1898. 1800.
IOMOS ccesvce ve 706, 677 682, 900 88,321 101, 000 583,132 430,790 671,453 | 631,790
Tennessee, .....-- 462,561 436,000 277, 447 275,000 168,114 140,000 440,561 415, 000
S. Carolina, .....| 636, 153 662,000 | 432,187 389,500 94,921 63, 500 527,108 453, 000
N. Carolina, ....| 15,000 15, 250 15, 000 LES DOO elie eseteiciaie’a!| (stereleloisiosetere 15,000 | 15, 250
Pennsylvania, ...| 3,000 3,750 3,000 Rey USreanocood ibooghcodrs 3,000 | 3, 750
1,823,391 | 1,599,990 | 815,955 | 784,500 | 841,167 | 634,290 | 1,657,122 | 1, 418, 790

Thus, there was a falling off of about 12 per cent. in production
and of 14 per cent. in shipments. The decrease in shipments was
confined almost wholly to the foreign trade, which fell off 24.6 per
cent., while domestic shipments decreased only 3.8 per cent. The
falling off of the foreign shipements did not occur until the season
was somewhat advanced; earlier shipments were brisk; the later
decrease was due to a slackening demand with continued high rates
of ocean freight.

Florida phosphate: High grade rock exports fell off 22.8 per cent.,
as compared with those of 1899; pebble phosphate exports, 387 per
cent. On the other hand, the cost of production increased in all im-
portant items. The price of high grade rock (77 to 80 per cent.
bone phosphate), f. 0. b. Fernandina, January, 1900, was $9.50 to
$10.00, weakening in the following months to $7.5) to $8.50 and
closing in October at $7.50 to $8.00. The outside prices in 1899
were $8.50 to $11.00, showing a decrease of at least $1 per ton dur-
ing 1900. Land pebbles (68 to 73 per cent. bone phosphate), held
ai $4.35 per long ton f. o. b. Fernandina.

The export trade in Peace River rock or pebble phosphate fell off.
heavily, but domestic trade was regular, prices f. 0. b. Fernandina for
58 to 63 per cent. bone phosphate grade, were: In January, 1900,
$4.50; March, $3 to $4; April, $3 to $3.50, which prices held to the
end of the year, as the product was under contract. During 1899,
the rock sold as high as $4.50 per ton. During January of the pres-
ent year, prices fell for hard rock from $7.50-$8.00 to $6.50-$7.00;
for land pebble from $4.35 to $3.85-$4.00; for Peace River pebble
from $3.00-$3.50 to $2.50-$2.75, and held at those prices up to
March Ist.

Tennessee phosphates: Demand was good, but less active than
in 1899, prices were more satisfactory because of an understanding
between operators. Export rock sold during the year at $2.85 to

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 703

$4.75 per long ton f. o. b. Mt. Pleasant; in 1899, from $2.15 to $3.90.
Domestic grades sold, 78 per cent. phosphates at $2.75 to $3.75;
7 per cent, at $2.50 to $3.25; 65 to 72 per cent. at $2.25 to $2.75;
during 1899, the high-grade domestic reached to $2.50 to $2.75; low
grade, $2.25 to $2.50; during the first two months of this year, prices
rose a few cents.

South Carolina phosphates were held at a quite uniform price
during 1900, the product being controlled by a few large companies.
The price for crude rock dropped from $4.25 to $4.50 per ton f. o. b.
Fettersea in January to $3 in June, from which it rose to $4 in
October; for kiln-dried rock, the prices on the same basis were $4.75
to $5.00 in January and remained at $5 until October, when they
dropped to $4.50; during January and February of this year, prices
held at $8.75 to $4.00 for crude rock at the mines and $4.50 for kiln-
dried f. o. b. Ashley river.

These figures show little change in the prices of South Carolina
rock, a distinct decrease in the prices of the lower grade Florida
river pebble and in Tennessee phosphates an advance of 25 cents
to $1, i. e., from 10 to 30 per cent., according to grade; also, while
the South Carolina products dominated the domestic trade, as here-
tofore, those of Tennessee formed a very influential factor in deter-
mining prices. The quotations of the Ov, Paint and Drug Reporter
for crude and kiln-dried rock cover a brief period and are not compar-
able with the figures given for the ccrresponding season of 1899-1900.

Considering the cost of the acid used in acidulation of the soluble
phosphates, and the raw materiais of acid manufacture: While
brimstone continues to be replaced more and more by pyrites as a
raw material for sulfuric acid manufacture, the actual consumption
was somewhat increased in 1900 as compared with 1899. The re-
port of the U. S. Bureau of Statistics show the imports for the year
ending June 30, 1899, to have been 129,592.44 long tons, at $18.41
per ton; June 30, 1900, 155,089.30 long tons, at $17.42 per ton; i. e.,
at a decrease of 5.4 per cent. in price.

The Engineering and Mining Journal givesthetotal imports for the
calendar years as follows: 1899, 145,284 tons; 1900, 153,000 tons.
Prices were maintained by the Anglo-Sicilian Sulphur Company, but
freight rates increased from lack of hallast room. The prices of best
unmixed “seconds” spot, New York, were, Jan., 1899, $21.25 to
$22.00; November, $22.00; 1900, January, $21.78; November,
$22.25, average for the calendar year, $22.18. Best unmixed
“thirds,” $2 less. Sellings slow, late in the year, pending the fixing
of the scale for 1900-1901.

The relative increase in the production of pyrites for acid manu-
facture continued; the exhaustion of the Pilley’s Island deposits
was offset by discoveries of valuable beds in Virginia, Alabama and

704 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Tennessee. The.reports of the U. 8. Bureau of Statistics show im-
ports during the year ending June 38, 1899, of 336,054 tons at $3.17;
during that ending June 380, 1900, cf 524,131 tons at $3.61, most
of the imports being from Spain; deliveries being made under con-
tract, for the most part, prices varied little during the year. ‘Accord-
ing to the Lnginecring and Mining Journal quotations were as fol-
lows:

Virginia pyrites, f. o. b., Mineral City, $4.50 to $4.75 per
long ton for ‘lump,’ $4.20 for ‘fines’ (basis, 42 per cent. of
sulfur); Massachusetts pyrites, f. o. b. Charlemont, $5.50 for
‘lump,’ $5 for ‘fines’ (42 to 45 per cent. basis); ELuelva, Spain,
pyrites were quoted at 12 to 15 cents per unit of sulfur, ($4.50 ~
to $7.20 per ton) f. o. b. at Atlantic ports.

The prices of the raw materials for acid manufacture, including
brimstone, pyrites and nitrate of soda, exhibit thcrefore no .very
marked advance.

Concerning the acid itself, the authority last quoted states that
consumption was increased and that the New York prices were well
maintained under the regulation of the General Chemical Company.
Acids were delivered largely under contracts made late in 1899 and
early in 1900. Prices at New York in drums, per cwt., were for 66°
acid, $1.20; for 0°, $1.05; for 5U’, f. o. b. factory, $14 to $16 per
long ton. So that, as compared with the season, 1899-1900, there

as been no marked advance in price of the acid.

While these figures exhibiting the fluctuations of the values of the
raw materials used in the manufacture of super-phosphates,
are of interest as afvcting the retail price of the manufactured goods,
the wholesale prices of the latter are of more immediate importance.
The wholesale quetatiens of the Od, Pu/nt and Drug Reporter for acid
phosphates, high grade, New York, curing 1899-1900, average 62
cents per unit of available phosphoric acid; during 1900-1, 64.2
cents-—a trifling advance. The Lnginering and Mining Journal
quotes high grade acid phosphate (Tennessee) f. o. b. Nashville, at
$10-$12 per ton; low grade, 38-510; high grade South Carolina
acid phosphate, f. o. b. Charleston, at $6-$6.50 per ton—the market
being demoralized during the last yuarter by over-stocking; prices
in New York are quoted as 60 to 65e per unit, thus confirming those
above quoted.

This review of the wholesale market exhibits, therefore, no natural
cause for any considerable advance in the prices of dissolved rock.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 705

Potash salts: The reports of the U. 8S. Bureau of Statistics show
the following entries for consumption during the fiscal years 1899
and 1900:

1899. 1900.
BVigui i ett Gua DOUTLOS) ritaiajsiniclelsiule(cisaiesin'o'ele elsleisieleisle\ors\sisis’eln eis einisieimstelainiw nle'e cietera.cieclewise cece | 95,777,170 | 113,032, 418
CHEM Lem a comet Gn (CONS) pi cisice nen sleislcinieliuie manne atsisin’s sia'e!siaaieciniaia eins aime aamianiets wists 127, 233 133, 244

The prices of German potash salts are regulated by the German
Potash Syndicate. On the basis of large lots sold through brokers
for cash and delivered at Boston, New York or Philadelphia, the
schedules announced by the Syndicate are as follows.

' s ' ' ml

S —J

oa a

ri Sel

ri pa wt

>

Salt. 5 - 6

EB s E

a 5B =

a

go é

a ‘o Par

< cs <

Muriate:
(oitowsbeperxcent:, SOiper cent: DaASIS)/F CWits,, coos ceccviste cciiiecesiins «vole $1 80 | $1 80 $1 83
(OoeDerECeNt-eS0u Der Cents DASIS)\ CWils, casi cisicleicin(clsjelela\e cleisjele/ejsie wiela\elsisielel|alsivclemncisis 1 83 | 1 86
Sulfate:

KODepenncenit. 90 per (CEMt. DASIS)) (CWti,, iets cicieicicterels civisie(ois/s icleiGieis's «/cic,s vie.e' 20 25 | 208 211
WMippernecents-m0lper 1cent> DASIS)) ii Cwits > sisisiecieisieie’eiuis(elelclote's{0|sleinieieieleieioicve/|lo\as/eejeivisicve 211 | 214
Double manure salt (48 to 50 per cent., 48 per cent. basis), cwt., .... | 1 04 I 09 1 12
Kainit (12.4 per cent. actual potash) per ton at port of shipment, .... 8 80 ite acorn occ
Sylvinite (per unit potassium sulfate), ................ Dearate a calatatsielejeiareietelursle’latajere tesatatese 38239) Wowtamateareets

Manure salt (20 per cent. potash), per unit potash, ........-ceeeee scene ee eeeeeeee 62-645 Ic ctnocitee

This trade is so managed that, before March 1, nearly all whole-
sale deliveries of the year are contracted for. The prices fixed are
about 3 per cent. in advance of those for 1900.

Composition of Raw Materials.

In order to form a correct idea of the cost per pound of the fertiliz-
ing constituents of these materials, it is needful to determine their
composition; or, in other words, the quantities of valuable materials
each contains. With the exception of ground bone and dissolved rock
phosphates, very few of the single ingredients of fertilizers have been
analyzed in Pennsylvania during the past year; in the following
table, the averages include the results of analyses made in Massa-
chusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, except in the
case of ground bone and dissolved rock phosphates, where Pennsyl-
vania results alone have been included.

45—6—1901

706 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Composition of Non-acidulated Fertilizer Ingredieuts (Per Cent.).

2 | 3
e |” :
°
: FY z
3
ss
og a
a - 2°
uN m ‘ a
oe bo < in
Eg a 3
3a = S rs)
vA Z ov a
Sulfate Of AMMONIA, oe ccc ccc visieiccin aicinsicinis.sisinisieiejo sje\s\sielelelejeleielieieis | 4 20.53 |o.00c.c10ccce |unieniciv'sicleie
Nitrates Ofe Soda miarcscs dase clencecnocedsmecccceetniioeeeeemcsecee | 10) 15.62))|scisieeralleeeeemees
DTIC DOO, cecicwicictercccice'cie.cels <\c.c.nleicje/eln clvlewlelclsie.celele\viclce's clacisiensiveusiee 4 ee wel Bo ponadooa | lbocudsso - .
GROUT OTIC alate sreicts cinersterstole eiciale;siefeleia\ecelate aia ain\enla!e(afvieluvels{ate/s\nlelvisieleteie 47 | SUG Jecsacansac 21.99
BRR SD TA LO ioe lobe intalole tele nieleleieieleietalaie otcleteisieiela(s/aleic eielelaivleleleieloletala aie | 9 Doth, | Satereemitets 17.13
Ground fish, csieceseccsn cole | 19 726 |scanasecns 6.85
Cotton seed meal, ... 45 7.27 1.90 8.15
Castor pomace, ..... 6 6.31 1.05 1.94
Sulfate of potash, high grade, Sete Breet a5 AGU | (JE Bocodsccac AS TSB i ccices cteleiee
MIPIave) OLMPOLASH teers crclsielsle vicieisleicisie)aialajeleialolvielsle'sicloicle|einle\e.sieinietelelsieleiats A Girl atetelstateisiaicte DOGS Wee cneststeiere
Gea TAL ic teinioe ecleciete eles eieiinicinie einieisicinieteleteleiainisiisia stelelsvelelsieaicieloieisieielnevsini= (| Gdodagdaos AB 221 | oerteeietes °
Double sulfate of potash and magnesia, ..........ceeeseeeeerees Dill leteeteicicteisis’e 2100 aerate
Composition of Acidulated Fertilizer Ingredients (Per Cent.).
n = ° | ° | °
Ae = E Weg >)
[= ° ° ° °
ce Me fe ea,
s AS} a n QD
hb ° ° °
° a a ES]
a a a | 1-7 me
oO: (<7
+f 3 @
Le}
aS a ® , ions oe
aa I 23 53 é3
Es 8 ERs) a3) o3
5a ro) oO 8 ow ro 3
vA & n few) I
poe ee :
Dissolved hone black; <...0-.scoscscsccsceecwcvecccene | 6 17.62 14.67 2.39 .56
SMH ISSOLVEG TDODEs) lie cicisls’cle'sialele'e.sies.cinisiniela,cue:cjele\e=in(='s\e1m claie 4 14.77 2.08 4.67 8.02
Dissolved rock phosphate, ......ececcceecccecccececces 87 15.80 8.89 5.00 | 1.91

35

*Also contains 3.19 per cent. of nitrogen.

Considering only those materials sold by the ton or hundred-
weight, rather than by the unit, the bone and fish show less of the
valuable constituents, the tankage more of phosphoric acid and less
of nitrogen than usual, while the kainit exhibits a little higher
average than in years preceding. This survey exhibits no consider-
able modification in the character of the raw materials used for fer-
tilizer manufacture.

Cost per Pound of Fertilizer Constituents.

From the foregoing data showing the cost per ton, hundred-
weight, or other unit of measure, of the several raw materials, and
the quantities of valuable constituents the average inaterials now on
the market contain, the wholesale cost per pound of the valuable con-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 707

stituents can be readily estimated. In the case of ammoniates, the
quotations are “per unit of ammonia” in many cases. ‘The term
“unit” is equivalent to “per cent.;” in goods sold by the ton of 2,000
Ibs., the unit is equal to 20 Ibs.; and 20 lbs of ammonia contains 16.47
Ibs. of nitrogen.

In the case of refuse bone-black, nnacidulated, the mean, 28.25 per
cent. of phosphoric acid, is assumed to represent the average ma-
terial on the market.

Phosphate rock is sold by the ton of 2,240 Ibs.; this material is sold
on the basis of the bone-phosphate of lime it contains, with draw-
backs for injurious constituents. Since the bone phosphate of lime
contains 45.8 per cent. of phosphoric acid, each per cent. of bone
phosphate in a long ton of phosphate rock is equivaient to 22.4 lbs.
and contains 10.26 lbs. of phosphoric acid.

In the wholesale trade, it is customary to sell dried blood, azotine,
horn and hoof meals, and concentrated tankage solely on the basis
of ammonia, to the entire disregard of the phosphoric acid contained.

Likewise, the insoluble phosphoric acid in dissolved rock is omitted
from consideration, and contracts are based solely upon the “ayail-
able” phosphoric acid; that is, the sum of the “soluble” and “revert-
ed” or “citrate soluble” phosphoric acid; nor in ruck phosphates is
any claim made for the small quantities of nitrogen and potash they
always contain, nor in dissolved bone for the potash present.

Under these conditions, the wholesale cost per pound in New York
of the valuable constituents of such materials as furnish but a single
fertilizing element, these materials Leing assumed to be in the state
of preparation and in the package in which the manufacturer pur-
chased them, are given in the following table; also, a figure repre-
senting a fair retail price at the factery, the materials having under-
gone no change in treatment or packing, and the allowance for ex-
pense and profit in retailing being 20 per cent.

44

708 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Wholesale Cost per Pound of Fertilizer Constituents (New York.)

I. Ingredients Supplying One Constituent.

. n
© 2a
2 lee
ray go
roy cp
aw
Material. Constituent valued. S
2 23
3 4)
og 2g
=f =m
o5 (2)
aaa als
Sulfate of ammonia, ..... Sis | Nitrogen, 13.64 16.37
Nitrate of soda, ........ ., Nitrogen, 11.62 18.94
Dried blood, high grade, Nitrogen, 14.04 16.85
Dried blood, low grade, aiavete Nitrogen, 13.58 16.30
GONCENUTATCHMEANKALC: Gisicariccleieleleiete clciclciss cieisi cle clecleleis fiers elsiece Nitrogen, 9.85 | 11.82
RIE oloceldevells Sdgsc spac onadncsousodenddocqoncseqcsosdS | Phosphoric acid, total, ... 3.42 4.10
*Phosphate rock: |
(Reacesrivers G0 per Cent src cieccte cic cieleaictateieiciereieieyereieie'e | Phosphoric acid, total, al 53 64
CRenmmessece 78) MEN COMED) S| sretaieis/oce'aetaisieiia wenn = win cloerele Phosphoric acid, total, ...) -41 49
GWouth’ Carolina, 60 per cent.), 22... 00... 2c. ccc Phosphoric acid, total, ...| -73 88
ACTA NOSD HACE meicteciceicict m cletetctae cieicieres eilnelsiaiske(eeelsieleisies aietcla's Phosphoric acid, available, 3.21 3.85
DOU DLSTMIANUYE SALES) iiciaic c\cisicieists efe\sis sleie!starn siciers weiicaesi ME OtaSn: bale ers 5.04
Sulfate of potash, ......... os | H 5.14
MWririaite OL POtashy) Keicicisc.c siccinicisermeie eye E 4.27
SS TAT emi leteicisielcteisrereicleie(etelarel el 4.26

me ada fot Sock otacs ere taese thom Bie toperts oP the’ Bapeicenins wal Mining. fovea
Lead for potash from the schedule of the Syndicate; the rest from the Oil, Paintand Drug Re-

The quotations for bone are given without specific reference to
quality, so that it is impossible from these data to fairly apportion
their several wholesale values to the nitrogen anid the phosphoric
acid contained in this material. As compared with tankage, the
general tendency is to assign a higher commercial rating to the phos-
phoric acid in bone and to the nitrogen a rating not very different
from that given in tankage.

The quotations of Thos. J. White & Co., show an average whole-
sale rate in Baltimore during September, 1900, to March, 1901, for
crushed tankage to have been $2.29 per unit of ammonia and $0.10
per unit of bone phosphate of lime; this is equivalent to $2.78 per
unit of nitrogen (13.94¢ per pound), and $0.218 per unit of phosphoric
acid (1.1¢ per pound).

The average composition of the ground bone and bone meal sam-
ples analyzed in Pennsylvania, last Fall, was:

Phosphoric acid, 22.52 per ecnt., nitrogen, 3.18 per cent.

The prepared bone contains less fat and moisture, and often less
nitrogen than the ordinary “rough bene”; but these differences tend,
in a manner, to neutralize each other.

Assuming for the rough bone quoted in the New York markets
the same composition as the bone meal sold in Pennsylvania, and
for the value of the nitrogen, $2.78 per unit, the values per pound of
the several constituents would be:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. vith)

Whelesale Cost per Pound of Fertilizer Constituents, New York.

II. Bone.
an
2
r-
g g
7 i
rH Ons
Grade. Constituent valued. S
& 23
a oi bs
2 oO
ime
E. alten
| |
EREALT THEN PY OTIC “cin eicieielaiorelaictavale cielcieieleieletiorsicve ssivicie aiarsiovsiniters’slcielaicfate EINTETOR ON (areciccractelsioiciele aeteters 13.9 16.7
Phosphoric acid, .......... 2.69 3.13
INTUROMEN Vi cA vswiec sive eeiceiaie | 14.47 17.38
RRTOUIII OTIC aiieierclarc\clcicie’n cfets cinta sie sieletels eis isie'siciclelsiels cjeisie.sis(e\clsiv'sielo Phosphoric’ acid, <.c....1s. 2.80 3.26

These figures tend to be too high, for the reason that the average
ground bone and bone meal on the retail market are probably in-
ferior in composition to the rough bone on the wholesale market.
There are no wholesale data available for the direct estimation of the
wholesale pound values of acidulated bone (animal bone); the sche-
dule must, upon this point, depend upon retail selling prices.

VALUATIONS IN NEIGHBORING STATES.

It 1s desirable, from all points of view, that the schedules of valua-
tion throughout a district in which similar market conditions pre-
vail, should differ as little as possible. It has been our practice in
the past, to conform our schedule to that adopted after very careful
co-operative study of market conditions for each year, by the New
England states and New Jersey, except where the peculiar conditions
of our market have made the valuations diverge too largely from the
actual selling prices, as in the case of ground bone and dissolved rock
phosphates.

The schedules for these States for 1900 and 1901 are as follows:

710 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Trade Values Adopted by the New kingland Stations and New Jersey.

Cents per Ib. ke
a
is]
=
Ingredients. =
~~
3°
Sas.
° sa
¢ | a | 338
m ni >
Nitrogen:
Mri AIMNIOTIA SALTS cee wists einivicinicweleleicicicic\s sieisieieleleleieisie.s/elcleisje'e/elelstoisiatn sisioiente'a sis 17 1644 97.1
TRG ILPALERN Fcicc eee ese eoen et smear eee ee Cone OTE neocon 131% 2 | rier
In dry and fine-ground fish, .......cccccccccccccccceccccccscosecescess 15% 16) 103.2
In meat, blood and mixed fertilizers, .........ccccccccccccccccsccsccce 1514 16), 4 103.2
In fine-ground bone and tankage, .......ccccccccccccccccccccccsccccecs 1644 16 103.2
im (COATSE DOME ANG) EADKALE, aie cc cise. siclaieicieisieiclesivioiaie's[nie(ciclo wieln/ojelelnisieiniele oie 10% 12 114.3
Phosphoric acid:
Water BOIUDIC, ccccccccceveccccccccccccccecsiocercccsccsccscecceccecocciocsc 416 5 pbb bast
Gitratewsolubles qeswecciscs cocees emeececinccmccteesleciiecissesnisicecelsciacierenee 4 ° 414 112.5
In cotton-seed meal, castor-pomace and Wood ashes, ....ecsceseeeee 4 4 100
In dry, fine-ground fish, bone and tankage, .....-ccescscceceseceee 4 4 100
In coarse fish, bone and tamkage, .......ccccccccccvccscccovcccccseccs 3 3 100
Tn Mixed TLErtilIZErs MNSOLUDLED le cieisicie's cic.cie\esiee\slelelsislv/ele/viciclelelalssisie'eicle'e 2 2 100
Potash: | |
In forms free from muriate (ChIOrId), ..........cccccccccccccccccccccs 5 | 5 100
PS PETUUTIA CE tatesieie cieleloior cle ore ciclereleias clsicle aivieleicllaisiaciclelclelelvielelalele's\e\ele(ele'siels'e leieisie 4% | 4% | 100

The above prices of nitrogenous salts, ammoniates of animal ori-
gin and of the potash salts accord quite closely with the New York
quotations of the Ol, Paint and Drug Reporter for the period, Sep-
tember, 1900, to March, 1901.- As to the ground bone, assuming a
fineness of 70 per cent. fine and 30 per cent. coarse, the average New
England valuations for bone constituents are: Nitrogen, 14.8 cents;
phosphoric, acid, 3.7 cents; i. e., the nitrogen valu® is considerably
lower, that of phosphoric acid considerably higher than those de-
rived from the composition of Pennsylvania ground bone and the
tankage prices in the Baltimore market.

Upon a careful consideration of the changes and tendencies of the
wholesale prices of fertilizer ingredients and of the discrepancies
occurring since the adoption of the 1900 schedule of valuation, it
has been decided that the schedule for use during 1901 should be the
same as that adopted for the use of New Jersey and New England
except at two points.

For reasons fully discussed in 1897, it is needful to include in
the Pennsylvania schedule of valuations, a distinct set of values for
phosphoric acid derived from rock as contrasted with that derived
from animal materials. Reference to the tables, given on an earlier
page, showing the wheclesale cost of a pound of phosphoric acid, will
make it plain that when it comes from phosphate rock, it costs the
fertilizer maker about one-half to three-fourths of a cent at the
mines, on the Atiantic seaboard; when from refuse bone-black, de-
livered at New York, 3.4 cents; when from tankage, about 1.1
cents; and from bone 2.69 cents.

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Til

There is nothing to indicate that, after acidulation, the available
phosphoric acid from bone is at all better for the crop than that from
a good rock lime-phosphate. But so long as the consumer is per-
suaded that bone phosphoric acid is worth more for his crop than
an equal weight of rock phosphoric acid, just so long will the manu-
facturer of fertilizers be able to command a higher price for those
reputed to derive their phosphoric acid from bone, and just so
long will he, in turn, be obliged to pay more for it on the whole-
sale market. Now, in some States, the volume of rock phosphoric
acid used is relatively small and the need for its separate valuation
not apparent; in other States it predominates to tbe almost entire
exclusion of bone phosphoric acid, so that no distinct valuation for
the latter is required; but in Pennsylvania both oceupy important
positions upon the market and each requires its own set of values.
Despite the slightly upward tendency of the acid phosphate market,
it is thought needless to change the valuations of these constituents
at this time, because the average valuations have, under the exist-
ing schedule, considerably exceeded the actual selling prices.

For similar reasons, nitrogen and phosphoric acid in ground bone
are valued at lower rates in Pennsylvania than in New England.
Owing to the fact that the bone valuations of the past year fell dis-
tinctly below the selling prices, 1 slight increase in the valuations
of these goods has been made. Tankage is scheduled with bone,
though costing less, because it is little sold at retail.

The schedule for 1901 as a whole is as follows:

712 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Schedule of Values for Fertilizer Ingredients, 1901.

Cents per pound.

EEE

Nitrogen:
Tm BIMIMONIA SALCS I Seiese cle rays c1cjers(n/ele!s w/0/nieteiele/siole/ale{elalale/e)e\e\cle/e\ele'=(«/=\e!u\ele[v\els[s/e[0[elein\e/e/n =)=\elelviminlo\s\e/pivisiatels 1614
ld, FDEP SoboqsubMocooBDEooodoDoduSD|ddsonCo 14
In meat, dried blood and mixed fertilizers, 16
In cotton-seed meal and castor-pomace, ...... sfetelel Setete 16
Pin fine ‘ground hone And Tanase, cose oc ccieicele clei sie cleleisincicicjale\vincieis s\eie(e\sie olcisie’s/elle(siele\e sleie\e/aislele li
THOCOATSEMDONE) ANG ANAS s ia cticcicie ciets cictcteielsloioisisie(eve aie[slale els’ o'sjelé sje) s(etoleieleloielofnln/=(ele)e/afa(ere/aleleteleletetetels 9
Phosphoric acid:
Soluble in water, in bone fertilizerS, .........cccecccccccsccnceccoscccsscssseccsssccscecs 5
Soluble in water, in rock fertiliZers, ........cccccccccenccsvcccccceascsccssveessseccceres 3
Soluble in ammonium citrate, in bone fertilizers, araters HS 4%
Soluble in ammonium citrate in rock fertilizers, ........ ete =f 2%
Insoluble in ammonium citrate, in bone fertilizers, cfetsie nal 2
Insoluble in ammonium citrate, in rock, .............-. aiciete etait ; 1%
In fine bone, tankage and fish, ...ccccccccccccecccccscccccccesesrcsscccsccesssesessseessees 344
Tn COATSE DONE ANA CaNKAPTES, 2... cccccccccccccceccesccccccccccccecwsccocccvcccesseccccciesscesiace 2
In cotton-seed meal, castor-pomace and WOOd ASHES, ..-..eeeeseceeeeeceeceeeeeereeeees | 4
Potash:
In high-grade sulfate or in forms free from MUTiate, .........ececceecccccccrecrcceescceces
PAUSE ITAUITL ATG piltelcleleioieiarelsleiele eislelejeie.cisiciaccje:sie visieraistele'eiela.aieleislejelelwfo/a(asaicieis,~ e/a/cielelele\vfeletol sls! steicie[eie elalaleVele]svsloreloetele 4%

Potash in excess »f that equivalent to the chlorin present, will be
valued as sulfate, and the remainder as muriate.

Nitrogen in mixed fertilizers will be valued as derived from the
best sources of organic nitrogen, unless clear evidence to ‘the con-
trary is obtained.

Phosphoric acid in mixed fertilizers is valued at bone phosphoric
acid prices, unless clearly found to be derived from rock phosphate.

Bone is sifted into two grades of fneness: Fine, less than so inch
in diameter; coarse, over so inch in diameter.

The result obtained by the use of this schedule does not cover the
items of mixing, bagging, freight and agents’ commission. To cover
these, allowances are made as follows:

For freight, an allowance of $2.00 per ton on all fertilizers.

Yor bagging, an allowance of $1.00 per ton on all Hee except
when sold in original packages.

For mixing, an allowance of $1.00 per ton on complete fertilizers
and rock-and-potash goods.

For agents’ commission, an allowance of 20 per cent. is added to the
cash values of the goods ready for shipment.

The mean quotations on freight from New York, Philadelphia and
Baltimore to Harrisburg, in January, 1897, was $1.68 per ton, in lots
of twelve tons or over; in May, 1899, quotations by the Pennsylvania
Railroad were: From New York, $2.40; from Philadelphia, $1.70;
and from Baltimore, $1.55; mean vate from the three points, $1.88.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 713

FERTILIZER ANALYSES, JANUARY 1, TO AUGUST 1, 1901.

During the six months ending July 1, 1901, there were received
from the authorized sampling agents, eight hundred and seventeen
(817) fertilizer samples, of which four hundred and fifty (450) were
subjected to analysis, the remainder being rejected either because
they represented brands analyzed last season, or because they were
regarded as not certainly representative of the brand whose name
they bore. When two or more samples representing the same brand
were received, equal portions from the several samples were united
and the composite sample was subjected to analysis.

The samples analyzed group themselves as follows: 291 complete
fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen; 1 dis-
solved bone, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 60 rock-
-and-potash fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid and potash; 49
acidulated rock phosphates, furnishing phosphoric acid only; 44
ground bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 5 miscella-
neous fertilizers, which group includes potash salts, nitrate of soda
and other substances not readily ciassified under the foregoing heads.

The determinations to which a complete fertilizer is subjected are
as follows: (1) Moisture, useful for the comparison of analyses, for
indication of dry condition and fitness for drilling, and also of the
conditions under which the fertilizer was kept in the warehouse. (2)
Phosphoric acid—total, that portion soluble in water, and, of the
residue, that portion not soluble in warm ammoniuin citrate solution
(a solution supposed to represent the action of plant roots upon
the fertilizer), which is assumed to have little immediate food
value. By difference, it is easy to compute the so-called “reverted”
acid, which is the portion insoluble in water but soluble in the citrate.
The sum of the soluble and reverted is commonly called the “avail-
able” phosphoric acid. (3) Potash soluble in water,—most of that
present in green sand marl and crushed minerals, and even some of
that present in vegetable materials such as cotton-seed meal, not
being included because insoluble in water even after long boiling. (4)
Nitrogen—this element is determined by a method which simply ac-
counts for all present, without distinguishing between the quantities
present in the several forms of ammonium salts, nitrates or organic
matter. (5) Chlorin; this determination is made to afford a basis for
estimating the proportion of the potash that is present as chlorid or
muriate, the cheaper source. The computation is made on the as-
sumption that the chlorin present, unless in excess, has been intro-
duced in the form of muriate of potash; but doubtless there are ocea-
sional exceptions to this rule. One part of chlorin combines with

/

714 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

1.326 parts of potash to form the pure muriate; knowing the chlorin,
it is, therefore, easy to compute the potash equivalent thereto. (7)
In the case of ground bone, the state of sub-division is determined by
sifting through accurately made sieves; the cost of preparation and
especially the promptness of action of bone in the soil depends very
largely on the fineness of its particles, the finer being much more
quickly useful to the plant.

The law having required the manufacturer to guarantee the amount
of certain valuable ingredients present in any brand he may put upon
the market, chemical analysis is employed to verify the guaranties
stamped upon the fertilizer sacks. It has, therefore, been deemed
desirable in this report to enter the guaranty filed by the manufac-
turer in the office of the Secretary of Agriculture, in such connection
with the analytical results that the two may be compared. ‘An un-
fortunate practice has grown up among manufacturers of so wording
the guaranty that it seems to declare the presence in the goods of an
amount of a valuable constituent ranging from a certain minimum to
a much higher maximum; thus, ‘Potash, 2 to 4 per cent.” is a guar-
anty not infrequently given. In reality, the sole guaranty is for 2
per cent. The guaranteed amounts given for each brand in the fol-
lowing tables, are copied from the guaranties filed by the maker of
the goods with the Secretary of Agriculture, the lowest figure given
for any constituent being considered to be the amount guaranteed.
For compactness and because no essentially important fact is sup-
pressed thereby, the guaranties for soluble and reverted phosphoric
acid have not been given separately, but are combined into a single
guaranty for available phosphoric acid; in cases where the maker’s
guaranty does not specifically mention available phosphoric acid, the
sum of the lowest figures given by him for soluble and reverted phos-
ploric acid is used. The law of 1879 allows the maker to express his
guaranty for nitrogen either in terms of that elemest or in terms of
the ammonia equivalent thereto; since ammonia is composed of three
parts of hydrogen and fourteen parts of nitrogen, it is a very simple
matter to calculate the amount of one, when the amount of the other
is given; the amount of nitrogen multiplied by 1.214 will give the
corresponding amount of ammonia, and the amount of ammonia mul-
tiplied by 0.824 will give the corresponding amount of nitrogen. In
these tables, the expression is in terms of nitrogen. Many manufac-
turers after complying with the terms of the law, insert additional
items in their guaranties, often with the result of misleading or con-
fusing the buyer; the latter will do well to give heed to those items
only that are given as the law requires and that are presented in
these tables.

A summary of the analyses made this season may be presented as
follows, excepting the miscellaneous class:

Ne 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 716

Summary of Analyses Made this Season.

E—>=—=—=[_—eSEealSSSSSanBnaBSaSaSaoe=Deeeeee lee eee

be
E ee
P| v ad
i 8 S 8 Py
s B B 2
© i= | s) A} a
~ eo i=] a
2 io a z z
e g “4 3 z
B a 3 2 2
1S) A % A 1}
| |
PST EDO TI OL ATIVE) ois: cie cicie's aetere c:c'e'e eiaYaisisiciere's vlecitic.ciees 291 al 60 49 | 44
BNCSINUAINE We DET UCEN Gs.) secre cisicdvicien'e vis vcisicivieiniales selerneiecerere 6 9.79 9.11 11.62 11.09 6.42
Phosphoric acid: |
PRCA RDE Lee COTICS NS tererarsleleleraie sicieisieicie e'elé ule sia’piala bleaie viniocra's 10.69 18.37 12.07 14.69 | 22.94
ROW pleamepe re CONE. ar cecie sclssileiciessiccilesicssiee cetenne §.21 1.60 5.92 O91 || eeeaeee
Reverted, per cent., ....... eialevelsionters 3.25 12.95 4.77 AAT | asin elouiats
Insoluble, per cent., 2.23 3.82 1.38 LSE | cceaceome
Potash, per cent., . SICA caemeannes 2:6 Silvenesaaene cheeses
MGROREDMDERI Cent. vsehmetececeoe ce awes re veiteccceseaes 1.55 | y Pa al pee Ae arl Mecuciene. 3.28
Mechanical analysis of bone:

RRR DY eo eras aeatete mis iateteresvetcicte nreiaters elelsieieraterntarcisicielsiersicteiniaysicinicie sd sie ieieielewsieie ® Vajeleieiaetoreie(\| Selsteir sieieme eA Aco 66
RECO Matareteletetsveacteteetaiclenients sien cia(ouic smncieincracieeinicns ectellmaieicecvsteiste |escie a oun o| maceinee BRgacoLKe- 34
SOMME LC PaesV LITA GION) incle’e.c/s:sicivie slvis ele'elecien clelmzie sis ctvinin oe 24.84 29.00 14.60 | 13.52 28.71
SOME TeS OMS CALITIS EDI CE 9: | oic.c:ciateeicicisic/e'eieiaieraleiclaieleieis ele, cje'cisle; vies 23.92 | 28.00 16.20 | 13.90 27.59

Commercial value of samples whose selling price |

SHIPIRCENEAINCU Os. coarncmcnee tke a cabiiietewesecnenawoeee 24.76 | 29.00 14.60 | 13.51 28.71

The cases of departure of goods frem their guaranteed composition
observed this season, including only those cases in which it amounted
to two-tenths per cent. or more, were as follows:

Summary of Instances of Deficiency from Guaranty.

a

5 :

N a

ire aed ee

g Fe A E z

g z 2 3 5

2 z a B 3

o, ° °

ee etal) me oe

3) A fe A 5
I STICLEN CHIN STOUTTCONSUICUGTIES en ccieicic slnicisis.cle(e vicin'eloieicies]|+\csisinsieiels_c|| sieicinle'n/sisloie}|a\sieinleisicieieis)| wieteleiw'eoininiel| oleleipieiaatas
Deficient in three constituents, . aR Rooooner eal beococon>-
Deficient in two constituents, . 1 4 1
Deficient in one constituent, 95 17 7 14
Total samples in which deficiency occurred, ...... 19 i 15

The cases of deficiency noted during the past five seasons in the
goods as compared with their guaranties, expressed in percentage of
the total number of goods of each class analyzed, are as follows:

716 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

Percentages of Deficiency, 1899-1901.

ie : F
= S ; 5
bi 4 bi = )
& =s & a &

a a 5 ‘a a
1) ed n J n
| {

Completer fertilizers, | os-cus.-cce- cand cmaeet asso enel 38.4 33.7| 42.0 | 40.8.| 31.6

Dissolved bone, ..........+- Sie nen ent 60.0 14.3| *50.0 | 50.0 |

Rock-and-potash, 19.1 34.2 29.2 | 33.3 | 31.7

Dissolved rock, : 13.8 | 14.5 5.4 19.4 | 22.5

Ground! (bone, | secsccescsnosceccneeeens cae so 18.4 | 25.3 36.7 | 11.8 84.1

All classes except miscellaneous, ...........+..sseeee 30.9 29.2 35.2 34.3 | 30.8

*Only two samples analyzed.
fOnly one sample analyzed.

These figures show changes from year to year; in 1900 there was
an exceptional increase, both Spring and Fall, in such deficiencies;
but, this Spring, the number has dropped back to normal. In most
samples which are found below guaranty at one point, there is an
excess at some other point, indicating that the cause of departure
from the composition guaranteed lay not in the failure of the manu-
facturer to use the requisite components, but in his failure to secure
a uniform mixture.

It is of interest to note how closely the system of valuations, based
upon the wholesale prices of raw materials in the principal markets
during the most important buying season and upon certain average
allowances for expense and profit on the part of the mixer and jobber,
coincides with the retail prices later ascertained. A comparison for
several seasons past is given below.

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. (ily
- : a ° .
Comparison of Selling Price and Valuation, 1899-1901.
r=
cn
~ ov
ay
2 he
ao
° ” wo
8 wf
om
- 8 g
to -— n
5 B | 38
= 3 Pare)
a > a)
Complete fertilizers: |
TEEN), Glos ir Saeaobo ce contecar ee neecuact macatoucne: crnodanocadaccsecs nasi. | $23.60 $24.70 +$1.10
ETE 1 eamrerateayatatermicielefalarelsieta ic'elorals uiefejaieseis’oiaisieraie dtelereieielesicin eletetsinveisteroreiste etmsicierse | 22.98 23.42 +.44
TM, Sidhabe se” caobpanaodsocoesec auc coconepHconuaeauesaeeoocccsorbbormrdoes. 25.38 24.61 —.71
BISTERL emmtaterelefocaiern srersinte erereieicislare orniereloreiaictetvic\slere\cistelolelolclelaleies vis eimromicite aerente orate 23.22 23.84 +.62
Lal emacs LIXLT) & Me atore,clarereieleraictalwie:sPsisie o/a|sisvate(aie stoislelei cies ef elaralelelercla we aielereveieieve/aivelnteis 23.92 24.76 +.84
Dissolved bone:
1899, Spring, 21.75 21.81 +.06
PRED HL i yarctossieistareia(eeiteinicteieisleversiclctarciieicieies 19.00 21.12 42.12
1900, Spring, 26.00 30.87 +4.87
La eScnq 23.50 22.74 —.76
1901, Spring, 28.00 | 29.00 +1.00
Rock-and-potash:
RG OMMESS OTEID OS tararers cfataraieie vet cloatetctoveier</stere clalanatsiaisteys cislole & wrefose. (dln sya\ciatove.c sitios Aaseintate es 16.83 15.16 | —1.67
ELSI emetotetetalatsintelsiniclatelc/oiete ls tevelols afetavelotoretevoieve siete leve’aiaYoieieietorereteisistalcisfelelntetaterd steisiars 17.28 14.53 —2.75
IGN, Grohe USAR aoe een CetN ea gene ier Ate re NRE uP Ea 17.35 14.71 | —2.64
TURNING AS SRUR SOc tOCD SECIS MEmeCD ene aS SEC OE sen esi rae sneN 8H MAUI BE Ff | 14.68 | —3.48
IM, SG gécngqopondocbaaboonecugondoCont openncooanNOo RDU EOUOOEOUDOOCOS 16.20 14.60 | —1.60
Dissolved rock: |
FLUO Oem CNTO TNT 2 as loveYarelaie ctelcleterel clcteisietetcicleisleia wie ia (ela Teisicichstelete cleie/sselelolsletslofore)eleiernisieie’e(eiele 13.36 14.03 +.67
ING, “Soagddednacoacaonnadeospnaccobe cuedndcoronosDAmonnonaqcacucagenuder 12.64 13.13 +.49
BHO ens OUND ora ca wccyafeyevetel od saiere arststerecescleieleie/urevetslate atayats alates aisle: sicversve evel elelerete’eiviasaieieisy| 13.57 13.48 —.09
BFS) Mid amt t cr oyeyavatare tater =tetaravateyeis(ore\syaiatevey <1aiavake/e)ein eyerarate (eie’a! ay=iate a /eretelerete/aymin eialeve tats | 13.96 18.11 —.85
LN FAP MSCS TSAI TTS od cretcie rete iavala lve slersicesTareiorcleinle?oleisrscoleuetals cTol\cld oteieTerein\eve ete lnle/etele sie(oiaivieie‘o.e 13.90 13.51 —.39
Ground bone:
OG MSS TOM L] OO esy eC stelels htc stasstars arsieceieveves!elae cts teinists ainvctael sietiame-sis slsie eieis eel sveumannete te 26.67 28.11 41.44
SEAR MMe fatetelate stole frioteis nactoiet ataicl of otete elerre i sietctoteisr< atatelsle\eleisia sratn:ecoleleveivie/stainiecacsiateretn 24.98 27.23 42.25
SEM Bis STD TLTAS Es aseyere er evate etateratctereteias sueieiticieiejels; vars? aieteserave,ois, ojates sts jeleiwieiciersie ores ore eleisic/a ‘ele 28.42 25.91 | —2.51
SEATED emmmeretereret Vets torainy avctotetateaeievelereistetey cteleteistelertereie[slalerete (oletetetoieieleiaveyelele elslaisiorsistalevelere 28.73 26.87 —1.86
AG MSL ie coseraere circ melee aero ween aves sTelowe cralciawejelsieceeislelee eleeieleisisaineiemete 27.59 28.71 +1.12

(718)

ANALYSES OF SPRING SAMPLES.

TABULATED ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS

FROM

SAMPLES SELECTED BY SPECIAL AGENTS

OF THE

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Analyses by DR. WILLIAM FREAR, Chemist of the Department, and of the State College Ex-
periment Station, State College, Pa.

SAMPLES SELECTED FROM JAN. I, ISOI, TO AUG. I, I9OI.

(719 )

720 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

COMPLETE
Furnishing Phosphoric Acid,

a
Le}
=
5
L Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taker. a
FS =}
g E
e 7)
o hb
= 2
E 3
a a
THE ALLEGHENY CITY FERTILIZER WORKS,
ALLLEGHENY, PA.
429 f Lewis Patterson, Slippery Rock, ..|)
tPure Potato Manure, .......... ate/elolelolereistetcteleie cictaraieravalers b 9.12
760 Bloom & Kimball, Ebensburg, ..... j
J
THE AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CO.,
N. Y. BRADLEY BRANCH, BOSTON, MASS.
324 f Daniel Hinley, Myersburg, ........
685 | {Bradley’s Bean and Potato Phosphate, ....... slateieresais 4 Punxsutawney Hdw. Co., Punx’y, L 10.03
731 [ C. Marshall, Luthersburg, ......... |
295 | ( | KF. E. Barran, S. Montrose, ........ a)
{eradley;s B.D: Sea) Mow?) Guano, .o 0... cccescascccess | L 12.20
708 j H J. Ho Sheffer; Knox, .....accscame j F
323 | If Daniel Hinley, WySOxX, <-+.cseeeeee >
Bradley’s Dissolved Bone with Potash, .......... oer) | 9.52
709 [ J. H. Sheffer, (Knox, <.2.2.-0.2noeee r
| 3
427 | | Ephraim Adams, Wick, .........0+
107 | : Ja Et. Sheffer Knox onsssesiseet ‘|
& |
294 F. E. Barron, South Montrose, ...;t 9,
> ;Bradley’s INiataraePROSPHAates s cercrcioieleicisisluinlelclsiscizle(e'sisie 4 | r aa
733 | 4 C. Marshall, Luthersburg, ..........
815 C. B. Neiderheiser, Donegal, ......
| CANTON CHEMICAL BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
| (
337 Lemuel Campbell, Sunbury, ........|
601 | Josiah Specht, Kantner .............]
| |
85 | 7Canton Chemical Baker’s Special Wheat, Corn W. B. Winey, Middleburg, ......... }
675 and Grass Mixture, ........... ite sone Scadncoscscdeeeed H. L. Stultz, Duncansville, ....... r11.34
723 McCullough & Co., Kittanning,
786 King Bros., Uniontown, ............
674 f H. L. Stultz, Duncansville, ........
455 tCanton Chemical C. C. C. Special Compound, ...... 4 EL. Mi; Gray, yrones | ceccuclin esti fee
795 [ King Bros:, Uniontown, cc .cccecciccsa: J
491 | a é S. N. Bailey & Bros., Dillsburg, ..
| tCanton Chemical Eagle Phosphate, .................- Li 85
600 | Josiah Specht, Kantner, ..... Bicletoleterate j

For explanation of these tables see p. 713. +Composite sample.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 72)
Potash and Nitrogen.
Potash in 100 Pounds Nit j : C8 a
m § . rogen n
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. (Water Soluble.) 100 Pounds, ; 2 2
34 c |
mh 5 |
\ oo = | |
| roe (eo) |
Total. Aval'able, | | Total. A ara
Wigs: ane
2 | 3 is eae | 38
‘ as | 3 .| oS ;
8 5 & an Su 5
s E FA Sea | ot] 3
ig 3 Sia" 2 <j. |! ° Smt pee
ie) | 3 3 gj] 4 : 3 | v8 | BB! a
o ye) oe + = Pes) :
cee ss) os | a} os | 8) B | g < | os | | Boe | #8 2
ry S & BK a cS n a Si be a be acs | So |) 8
Pies | 8 | 8 )-8 | 21} | | 38 | 8 | 2) 8 | Bae | gal
ae | , S E & lethapa> = 5 Bl em fo ae Na
|
| | 24.00} 429
4.82 | 3.81 | 6.30 |18.9%] 9.00| 8.63 | 8.00 | 4.91]...... 4.51") 7.00) 2.70| 2.47) 32.245
| | { 24.00 | 760
|
| | 22.00 | 824
| | |
5.98 | 2.65 | 1.94 |10.57 | 9.00) 8.63] 8.00 | 4.22]...... 4.22) 4.00) 1.15] .92| 24.04) | 28.00| 685
| { 28.00 | 72
| | |
| | {| 27.00 | 295
3.47 | 4.91 | 4.24 12.62) 9.00| 8.38 | 8.00; 1.78|...... 1.78 | 1.50| 2.26] 2.06| 26.354
| 1 | 98.00 | 708
L
| | | (| 21.00} 322
4.86 | 4.93 | 2.81 12.10, 9.00 9.29) 8.00 2.64)...... 2.64 2.00) 1.20) 1.03) 23.624 |
| : | | ; | 25.00} 709
| | | 92.00 | 427
| | | $4.00 | 702
| | || 99.00 | 294
5.08 3.17 1.56 9.81 8.0 8.25 7.00 1.28 ..... 1.28 | 1.00} .97)| .82| 19.65
| | | | 25.00 733
| | | | 20.00| 815
| | L
| | |
| | |
| | 20.00 397
| | | | 22.00 602
|| 20.00 | 8
| | | + |
6.81 |-2.45 | 1.61 |10.90 | 10.00 | 9.29 | 9.00 | 2.17|...... 2.17 | 2.00 85 | .82| 21.49} | 21.00] 675
| 23.00 | 723
22.50 | 796
|
| ( 30.00 | 674
6.42 | 1.93 | 1.11) 9.46! 9.00| 8.35 | 8.00 | 5.89 |...... &.89*| 6.00| 1.89* 2.06/ 28.044 | 32.00 | 455
q 32.00 | 795
]
18.50 | 491
4.54 | 8.85 | 1.79 10.1S/| 8.00) 8.39 | 7.00) .80| .58| 1.83 | 1.00 e845 | 182 19.63 {
20.09 | 600

For explanation of these tables see p.

46-—-6—1901

713.

+Composite sample.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doe.

COMPLETE FERTI

a
ss
a
3
Po Manpnfacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken, a
E g
5 |
a ©
2 5
& 2
g 3
w P|
389 Canton Chemical Game Guano, ..... secsccecccsccececcecs|-J. A. Romberger, BHlizabethville, -°|- “12:06
395 Lemuel CampbelJ, Sunbury, ........
454 HW. M. Gray, Tyrone) v-icceccscecacise
22 W. S. Weaver, Easton, .....-ccccees
84 ;Canton Chemieal Potato Manure, .......csssscccccece W. B. Winey, Middleburg, ......... 8.65
544 Morris Nauman, Stroudsburg, ......
668 Skyles, Miller & Co., Martinsburg,
119 Canton Chemical Potato Manure (Complete Fertilizer,
HGR OKO) seMclstorstciere ale aiaicvele clsicisrelsveieraie cia teteteleteisiezaleists cieistercioisievs eis/atai= J. W. Hostettler, Walnut, .......... 6.40
888 Canton Chemical Resurgam Guano, ......... 500056 AgOS J. A. Romberger, Elizabethville, .. $.70
676 | (f H. L. Stultz, Duncansville, ........
{Canton Chemical Standard H. G. Guano, ........... j 10.42
738 i King Bros., Uniontown, .......... me
| CHICOPEE BRANCH, NEW YORK.
662 Chicopee Farmer’s Reliable Potato, Corn and Wheat
RATS UUIT Cir olatelelietsinie sjeivivieiy cists Se acOSONNanAD ncabouc s+eseeeeeee| H. B. Hickman & Son, W. Chester,, 10.40
CLARK’S COVE BRANCH, NEW YORK.
9 Cc: J. Bushey, Mount Top,” co cscccs
¢Clark’s Cove King Philip Alkaline Guano, .......... 9.05
403 A. Cameron Bobt, Paxinos, ..... ales
CROCKER BRANCH, BUFFALO, N. Y.
520 | Crocker’s Ammoniated Bone Phosphate, ............... .| Phineas Sehneitzer Joanna, ........ 11.61
805 Crocker’s Ammoniated Bone Super Phosphate, ........ J. D. Diamond, Fairdale, ...... isaeal 7.8
804 J. D. Diamond, Fairdale, ....... sell)
| 7Crocker’s Ammoniated Wheat and Corn Phosphate tL 9.07
712 E. J. Hutchison, Polk, <.:....«+--s oes gi
506 | Wm. R. Riland, DeTurksville, .....|)
| +Crocker’s General Crop Phosphate, ....... Saossc Sone \ 10.88
697 | J. T. Lock, Grove City, SSC
| |
288 | Wm. H. Riland, Friedensburg, vere]
| *Crocker’s New “Rival ccicccccsatececs ccjoccciesceniets ele 12.25
481 S. F. Miller, Mechanicsburg, ..... aC j
719 Crocker’s New Rival Ammoniated Super Phosphate, ..| W. R. Henderson, Hendersonville, 12.60
306 J. D. Diamond, Fairdale, ............
287 Wm. H. Riland, Friedensburg,
10.71
480 tCrocker’s Potato, Hop, and Tobacco Fertilizer, S. F. Miller, Mechaniesburg, ......
521 Phineas Schneitzer, Joanna, .......
97 Croecker’s Universal Grain Grower, ...........ccccecececs Ewing & Kinsloe, Newt. Hamilton, 4.0
———

For explanation of these tables see p. 713.

fComposite sample.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 123
LIZERS—-Continued.
SS A ET ———$—$<—<—<—<—
; 4 Potash in 100 Pounds. Nitrogen tn | of | ™ |
yEhosphoric Avid in 100 Pounds. (Water Soluble.) 100 Pounds. | , Fi :
2§ lo
= j‘@a | 3 |
Total. Available, Total See
Gea | oS |
. 8 i | a a ae
& || | | | Eom | 38 | g
N =| 3 | ocd | ws |
& F 5 a | , , OED fo Fz
Es 3 = s oa | «= Be | S32 isis
c] a |. 6 2 ie a | : | $/ua | Be] «
2/2/34 ig ll ae leat z . | B86 eee
mee | 2) 3 | 3 | ee s| ¢ | @|8es | MB Ig
3 > = 3 a 3 3 o 3 | 5 a 5 | ¢@ | Ece =m
fc} 2 Fa] ° =] ° es) be H io) 5 ° = otln t+ E
n ee = fy tb) ic o a fy & | ies} se wn a
|
6.51] 2.79] 1.0/11.00]| 9.00] 9.30] 8.00| 2.27 : 2.27 | 2.00| 1.67] 1.65 | 24.67 | 21.00| 89
| |
25.00 | 395
|
26.00 | 454
| |
| 25.00} 622
8.75| 2.26] 1.59 7.60/ 7.00| 6.OL/| 6.00/ 5.35 ]...... 5.35 | 6.00; 2.25) 1.24) 22.364
| | | 24.00 4
25.00 544
| | | 24.00 668
3.35| 2.73| 1.27, 7.35) 7.00) 6.08 6.00 | FACE eee 5.60 5.00 1.30) 1.24 22.70 22.00 119
6.44|°1.79| .88| 9.11) 9.00) 8.23) 8.00 |.1.47 2.89) 4.86 | 4.00 -90 82 | 22.90 20.00 388
| | | ( 25.00 76
5.10) $.44| 1.86/10.40/| 9.00| 8.54 | 8.00 | 3.86 |...... 3.36 3.00, 2.038% 2.06 26.43 |
| 28.00 798
| |
5.08 4.98 47 10.53; 8.00 10.06 7.00; 1.89 |......| 1.39 | 1.00 | -67* .82 20.06 22.50 662
| | | |
| | | | |
| | | | | {2.00 a
6.22 2.26) 95 9.43) 9.00 8.45 8.00 2.2 ...... | 2.24 | 2.00) .97*] 1.03 20.78
| | 1 25.00 403
| |
6.65| 2.60| 1.64/ 10.89) 10.00) 9.25 | 9.00 | 2.98 |...... 2.9S 2.00 2.36%) 2.47 28.06 | 28.00) 520
3.18 | 5.28 3.22 11.68 10.00 S.46* 9.00 + 3.34 ...... 3.84 2.00 2.38*) 2.47 28.38 | 24.00) 306
- (| 24.00 | 304
4.95 3.92 2.77 11.64 9.00 8.87 8.00 1.88 ...... | 2.88 | 1.50) 2.19] 2.08/ 2622)/ |
| i 26.00 712
22.00 506
4.25| 2.93| 2.01] 9.33] $.00| 7.32] 7.00) 2.40|...... 2.40 | 1.00| 1.07} .82| 20.31
| | | 23.00 697
es: i 26.00 288
7.83| 2.47| 1.43, 11.73 10.00/10.30 | 9.00 2.13 ......) 2.13 | 2.00) 1.32) 1.24 24.36 J
| 22.00 481
7.68 2.45 1.94 12.02 10.00 10.08 | 9.00 2.51 ...... 2.51 | 2.00) 1.50 | 1.24 | 26.42 | 26.00) 719
|
| | | 26.00 806
| |
| | 29.00 287
6.46 | 2.31| 2.14 10.91 | 9.00; 8.77 | 8.00 | 8.46 vessee] 8.46 | 8.00 2.04%) 9.08 27.044 | 95.00 480
| | |
| | $0.00 521
3.18 | 4.25 | 2.39 | 9.77 | 9.00 | 7.38*| 8.00 | 2.41 |......] 2.40 | | .98 | .s2 | 90.16 | 22.50 "

For explanation of these tables see p. 713. fComposite sample.
mt .

45

724 * ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

COMPLETE FERTI

ai
oO
r=
3
“hy Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken, a
F S
E
=)
=
@
£ 5
E mR
3 °
n =
DETRICK BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
776 Detrick’s Corn and Oats Fertilizer, ...... afelsleinisistsieicteieiate ..| Newton Goudor, Jenners, .......... 11.63
221 Detrick’s Kangaroo Komplete Kompound, .......... sieere'| | sGrs ES. UMUTD hy, ICGVSs Jens ceeteleeicee ono 10.02
113 Detrick’s Imperial Compound, ................+2. Sclsiaieleisiete James McCauley, Mifflintown, ..... 7.10
114 Detrick’s Paragon Ammoniated Bone Phosphate and
PIOtAS Mets cmineieisiesisisicesieine Delelaiiareleis stele Wa etecciawstee oacdeons ...| James McCauley, Mifflintown, ..... 7.65
222 Detrick’s Quick Step Bone Phosphate, ............... + GB. Murphy, Keys; cascecssccsses owe 11.38
367 Detrick’s Special Mixture, ...... srnicisisincar wre Use nae wee Pee. He Maylor. ING WDOrt ice ateca setae 5.28
613 Detrick’s Standard Potash Fertilizer, ........sssese0es ...| Newton Goudor, Jenners, .......... Ray tre
1122 Detrick’s Standard Potash Fertilizer (Complete Fer-
tilizer, 1144x6x5 Standard Potash Fertilizer), ..........] James McCauley, Mifflintown, ..... 5 6.82
|
GREAT EASTERN BRANCH RUTLAND, VERMONT.
701 | Great Eastern Complete Fertilizer, ...........se0006 socee| “Atwell & Perry, Big) Bend) jaca Sc 9.50
539 Chas. H. Kichline, Island Park, ... |}
7Great Eastern English Wheat Grower, ...........+0- | L 8.24
730 | WU. S: Grumbling, Biton;) -.2..-ssee a LJ
|
538 | Chas. H. Kichline, Island Park, ...
315 | 7Great Eastern Vegetable, Vine and Tobacco, ...... M. A. Cramner, Monroeton, ...... .| bap =
579 || R. H. Morris, Danville, .........+. hives
420 — Great Eastern Wheat Grower, ........... Beletnieicletaiaiarciete’e ese HLOUt bros:, \Valencia,; jaccacdeeseeem s/h) d026a
472 Great Eastern Wheat Special, ...... Geesdgde Bab55005000 von} day. Weller: 1. V0roys. sec .cesenee . 10.77
| LAZARETTO BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
228 | Lazaretto Ammoniated Bone Phosphate, .............. -..| Grove & Uffelman, Brogueville, ....| 12.40
| : |
173 Lazaretto Crop Grower, .........000ssss00 seistoeer .seeeeeee]| S. K. Chambers & Bro., W. Grove, 9.53
484 Lazaretto Special for Tobacco and Potatoes, .......... D. A. Urich, Mechanicsburg, ...... 10.61
485 | Lazaretto Special Potato Fertilizer, .................06. D. A. Urich, Mechanicsburg, seeteee | 10.43
| MARYLAND, BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD. |
489 Maryland Ammoniated, ............ pieie aie'a"stolala’s\a;s\arainic\s;ote/as 5/5 J. B. Zimmerman, Mechanicsburg, 9.40
565 | Maryland Special Compound for Potatoes and Tobacco, | Jno. G. Simpson, Huntingdon, .... 8.23
MILSOM BRANCH, EAST BUFFALO, N. Y.
706 G. B. Miller, Kossuth, ...... Sao 8.61
{euiisom'’s Buffalo Wertilizer, sce cwcciescecelevse ade
717 | Hetterbaugh & Downs, Sandy Lake,
261 Jacob Hollenbaugh, Hamburg, .... 10.82
718 qTeleOm Ss Buffalo Guano, ao.) .scccssconsaces oisiolalniatbie wie-e :
(49 |

{ Hetterbaugh & Downs, Sandy Lake,

For explanation of these tables see p. 713. +tComposite sample.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 725

LIZERS—Continued.

|

Potash in 100 Pounds. Nitrogen in of | ro}
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. (Water Soluble.) | 100 Pounds. | , 3 s
55 | 3
—— | = be | i>}
jl |}eg | 3
Total. Available. Total |" @ a.
. | qe c
| , Chae se
2 el | ae)
x =e | 3 | | 50> | os
8 5 | 3 |E,% | 38! ¢
3 £ =) | 5co = 2
- i a | ; | , | 2 £2 oS =
: 3 3 wo | og a] | 3 eu = 4) 3
fig] 4 2 | a ae 3 | $ |gea_ | BE] &
@ a 2 > oo » ~ lot g ° 5 4
epel2i 3i)2| ¢/#/2/8/ ¢ |2| 2/2 |Bef | 2ola
eet a ye) 2 fe] ele) 2 6) | 6B | 8 Ese | Sale
eae | .4 os 5 & o | m | a & o B | 6 So" | a | lh
ee
|
6.52 | 2.98 | 1.37 10.87 | 10.00 | 9.50] 9.00 | 3.01 ...... 3.01 | 3.00 93 82 22.80 | 22.00| 776
| °
5.87 | 2.72 | 2.54|12.13 | 9.00 | 8.59) 8.00 | 3.07 ....... 3.07 | 3.00) 1.68 | 1.65| 25.26 | 21.00| 221
5.49 | 3.14) 1.16] 9.79 | 9.00 | 8.63} 8.00 | 2.25.)...... 2.25 | 2.00 87 82 20.52 | 20.00; 113
6.31 2.20 1.02, 9.53 8.00 8.51 7.00 litho |eeeees. 1.21 | 1.00 -88 | .82) 19.52 18.00) 114
6.89 | 2.98 | 1.31/11.18 | 9.00 | 9.87] 8.00 | 4.38 ...... 4.88 | 4.00 | 2.34*| 2.47| 30.06 | 25.00) 222
| } | |
3.76 | 5.44 | 1.77 |10.97 | 9.00 | 9.20 | 8.00 ea Os 1.09 | 1.00 -90 | .82) 20.22 17.50 | 367
8.74 | 2.61) 1.48| 7.S3| 7.00) 6.35) 6.00 5.80 ...... 5.80 Ss 1.50 | 1.24 | 24.10 23.00/ 613
| | | | | |
3.09 | 2.96 | 1.31] 7.36| 7.00 | 6.05 | 6.00 | 5.39. ...... 5.39 | 5.00 | 1.34 | 1.24] 22.68 | 22.00) 112
4 | |
|
Beree4eos 11.26) 02.935) ...... ROG || nccess 2.00 | .32 aOR eres one SOS enna 15.91 22.50 701
| 22.00 539
4-72 | 3.49 | 1.59| 9.SO| 9.00} 8.22 8.00 | 2.29 '...... 2.29 2.00 .28 82 20.78
| 28.00 750
| | |
| | | f 28.50 538
6.84 | 2.44 | 1.69|10.87 | 9.00| 9.28) 8.00 | 3.47 ...... 3.47) 3.00) 2.09 | 2.06 27.60 j es 315
| | | : [ 28.00 57
4.75 | 4.11 | 3.10|11.96! 9.00 | 8.86! 8.00 | 2.68 ...... 2.68 | 2.00 | 1.40* 1.65/ 24.15 | 23.00 420
6.56 | 2.86 | 2.09| 21.50 | 9.00 | 9.42) 8.00 | 2.42 ...... 2.42) 2.00) 1.83 | 1.65| 25.90 20.00 472
he
7.39 | 2.70 | 1.20, 11.29) 9.00 10.09 8.00 | 2.10 ...... 2.10 2.00 589i] wa82 122138 18.00 228
6.04 | 2.20 | 2.98/21.22] 9.00 | S.24| 8.00 | 2.27 |...... 2.2 2.00 2.85 | 1.65), 24.85 | 21.00 178
6.78 1.83 | 1.88 10.49 | 9.00 | S.G1| 8.00 | 3.76 |...... 3.76) 3.00) 2.52 | 2.47} 28.88 | 26.00) 484
6.48| 1.89] .93| 9.80]! 9.00 | 8.37 | 8.00 | 4.12 |.2.... 4.12) 4.00 -93 | .82)| 22.52 | 28.00} 485
6.68 | 2.09 | 2.46 | 11.2. 9.00 | 8.77 8.00 3.13 ...... 3.13 | 3.00) 1.67 | 1.65 | 25.44 ....--- 489
|
6.67 | 1.78 | .90| 9.85 9.00 | 8.45 | 8.00 11.58 |...... | 414.58 |10.00 | 1.59*| 1.65 32.73 | 30.00 565
|
| | ( 25.00 706
4.13 | 6.29 | 3.19| 12.64 | 9.00 | 9.42 | 8.00 | 1.95 ...... 4.95 | 1.50| 2.29] 2.06] 27.40)
| | : [ 26.00 717
|
| (| 18.00} 260
545) | 8.08 | 1.45] 9-98 | ...... | Solano sen | 8.76 |......) 3.76 |...... OD ihaceces 22,275 |
| | | | | { \ \ | tL 25.00 718

For explanation of these tables see p. 713. +Composite sample.

726

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Oft. Doe.

COMPLETE FERTI

Sample number.

Manufacturer and Brand.

Milsom’s Corn Fertilizer,
aaa Erie King,

7Milsom’s Wheat, Oats and Barley,

*Moro-Philips Farmer’s Phosphate,

| Moro-Philips Farmer’s Potato Mixture,

| NIAGARA BRANCH, BUFFALO, N, Y.

Niagara Wheat and Corn Producer,

| Pacific Guano A No. 1 Phosphate,

7Packer’s Union Animal Corn Fertilizer,

Packer’s Union Complete Fertilizer,

Packer’s Union Complete Fertilizer (Gardeners),

Packer's Union Animal Corn Fertilizer,

Packer's Union Potato Manure,

*Packer’s Union Universal Fertilizer,

For explanation of these tables see p. 713.

ee

{Milsom’s Potato, Hop and Tobacco Phosphate, ...

| MORO-PHILIPS BRANCH, PHILADELPHIA.

eee eee ee es

PACIFIC GUANO BRANCH, NEW YORK.

See i

| PACKER’S UNION BRANCH, RUTLAND, VT.

fPacker’s Union American Wheat and Rye Grower,

Seen een eee

tComposite sample

“a
|
a
5
From Whom Sample Was Taken. a
g
&
©
=)
5
»~
=
tS}
a
J. H. Eddinger, Luthersburg, ...... 10.26
G@: B. Miller, Kossuth; <2... c.cscere 7
i 8.64
J. H. Eddinger, Luthersburg, ....... f
Hetterbaugh & Downs, Sandy Lake, )
9.42
J. H. Eddinger, Luthersburg, ...... L
Hetterbaugh & Downs, Sandy Lake J
G. Bo Miller; Kossuth; occ ccccccmnstee 3) 8.51
J. H. Eddinger, Luthersburg, ...... i
D. S. Potteiger, Hamburg, ..... core
10.
Paul S. Lenger, Pine Grove, ........| J
W. H. Matlack & Co., W. Chester, 10.88
\. tT. MeDowell> Kmox, <:..<cccsrcean 8.55
A. L Super, Friedensburg, ....... --| 10.68
|
Frank Wion, Bellefonte, ............
J. W. Gladfelter, Rossville, ........
8.72
William Weller, Husband, ......... f
RC; Hetiley, Berlin, 2... seve saemes |
~N. D. Bowman, Critchfleld, ........
A. A. Stark, West Nicholson, ......
10.63
Grant Snowberger, Freedom, ....... '
T. McCartney, Farmington, ........ |
G. H. Hinckley, West Nicholson, aS 6.06
BODES A. A. Stark, West Nicholson, seeeee! 5.43
Fred. Barney, East Troy, .........- 18.34
W. H. McMahon, Leona, ...........
Fred. Varney, East Troy, ........... 12.62
Grant Snowberger, Freedom, ......
A, A. Stark, West Nicholson, ...... )
8.18
R, Co) Hefley, Berlin: <2:-nasuessecwen f

Ne. 6.

LIZERS—Continued.

Soluble in water.

Reverted.
Insoluble.

2.45

3.32 | 1.35

2.62 | 3.09

5.22

4.93 | 2.15

2.37

2.36

2.70 |

1.51 | 1.58

5.65 | 1.11 | 1.30

6.72 | 1.10

1.24

1.67 | 2.47 | 1.76

7.20 | 2.16 | 1.31

7.12 | 1.80 | 1.48

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 727
Potash in 100 ae acs in on 3
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. (Water Soluble.) 100 Pounds. of «
at a
od 5
| ra g
Total. Available. Total. qa FI
= |eg
rae | Eat Ee
E a £ oa =¥ “
Fs 3 Ego | uw S
5 E a | ? § 82 vo E
cI o oe alee! $e I
E g| 2) 3 3 % / gk. | Ee | &
F n ~ ww
3 a J q |e] 4 3 a 3 : Bos | w B 4
8 & a & n A a u (=I SD |e
s |e) 8 | Bl Ele] 2B |S). 8) Seas (ae
& 6 & 6 | a |] & & S| & 6 18 a a
|
{
10.49 | 10.00} 9.43 9.00 | 2.29|......, 2.29 | 2.00 2.26"! 2.47 | 26.95 | 29.00) 725
| r| 22.00) 704
9.79 | 8.00] 8.44 | 7.00/1.12/....../ 1.12 | 1.00) 1.00) .82/19.76)| |
| Ulead
28.00 715
12.09 9.00) 9.00) 8.00 | 3.16)..... .| 3.16| 3.00] 2.0%* 2.06] 27.27
| | 28.00 Tz
| |
11.02 | 9.00) 9.45 | 8.00 | 2.26)......| 2.26 | 2.00) .99 | .82 22.11} 23.50, 706
Revd | l 23.00 726
|
17.00 255
8.62 | 8.00) 7.US | 7.00 | 1.44|......] 2-44) 1.00 -89 82 18.32 | ten ee
Wy beet
7.74| 7.00| 5.87*) 6.00 | 4.97/......| 4.97%) 5.00 1.31 | 1.24 22.12 | 23.00) 685
| |
11'.99 |10.00 10.08 | 9.00 |2.98!......| 2-28 | 2.00 2.41) 1.24) 24.53 | 25,00! Tit
8.64 | 3.00 | 7.20 | 7.00 |1.20 |...... 1.20 1.00 -8S7 82. «17.95 20.00 | 280
|
| | 18.00 3848
|
| [ 18.00 Bui
| 9.52] 9. .5 : 20|......, 2-30} 2.00, .83| .82| 20.87}
| 9-52 | 9.00 8.51 8.00 2.30 I \ Sycol aes
| 20.00 627
| 25.00 611
| |
| | [ 97.50| 184
-68 10.00, 9.15 56)| seas, | 2.56) 2.00 2.16% 2.47 | 26.80 }
10.68 10.00 9.15 9.00 2.56 5 1 Feo eae
| | { 26.00| 794
| |
8.06 |......| 6.76 |...... 19.00| 7.97 | 9.97 |...... S27 ee 37.05 35.00| 132
8.06 7.00| 6.S2 6.00 2.00 8.54| 10.54 10.00 3.46 3.30 38.58 35.00) 133
11.80 10.00 10.04 9.00 8.42 ...... 3.42 | 2.00; 2.46*| 2.47 | 29.99 |... ..| 468
| | | | |
| ( 23.00, 478
| | |
10.67 | 9.00; 9.36 | 8.00 6.12)......) 6.12 6.00) 2.11 2.06 | 30.28 | ....... 486
| | 30.00} 679
| |
| f 24.50 186
10.40 | 9.00| 8.92 | 8.00 | 4.90|......, 4.96 | 4.00) .87 $2 8.00 | ra eee

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

728 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

OffzeDoe:

COMPLETE FERT!I

n
Ls]
|
3
Li Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken. a
x Ss
a =
: ;
2 2
Q »~
E a
B =
= |
135 Packer's Union American Wheat and Rye Grower, ....| A. A. Stark, West Nicholson, ...... 8.92
QUINNIPIAC BRANCH, NEW YORE.
542 Quinnipiac Ammoniated Dissolved Bone, ............-+. | A. J. Wolfe, East Stroudsburg, .... 13.61
5 Y | Pax’n Fl. & F’d Co., Bowmansdale, }
{Quinnipiac Climax Phosphate, <2... 00... 0ceesccvescre { 10.8%
785 J. Mi Mike} Bills) cnc cescctetssiclineer HF
6 Quinnipiac Mohawk Fertilizer, ................-+. +eeeeeeee| Pax’n Fl. & F’d Co., Bowmansdale, 8.20
7 Pax’n Fl. & F’d. Co., Bowmansdale, }
jQuinnipiaci special Potato! coi c see cicceics nie viele aratelel teers i 8.15
541 | A. J. Wolfe, East Stroudsburg, .. j
KLAD BRANCH, NEW YORK, N. Y.
266 Andrew J. Fotts, Orwigsburg, ...... }) 41-v2
fmead's Iueader Blood and’ Bone; 20. ccccceccsss sie vccr es, !
528 N. M. Gehman, Macungie, .......... j
iHESE BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
152 Reese’s Ammouniated Bone Phosphate Mixture, .......... Ball & Rhodes, Media, .......... isiere 12.40
150 PCE SOLS RE OLALO: WIA THTINC iis vars aye scisieiassinnre st jalereis tas otalsi oi chore a¥eie v0 Ball & Rhodes, Medial. cescneces 46 8.07
153 — EPEC S CUS MU TLC Clow ote aialatclajars tain sieioiatareielatereciciielninic(ciersteleeieierslels --| Ball & Rhodes, Media, ........... Soo 13.02
SHARPLESS & CARPENTER BRANCH, PHILA.
157 Sharpless & Carpenter’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate
(for Potatoes and General Use), ............-seees scecce| J. J. White) Wansdale. i aces siete 11.75
158 J. iJ. White, ‘Gansdale: fc-nsccnsesteos 7
jSharpless & Carpenter’s Farmer’s Bone Phosphate F ' 8.04
512 Awe rerschner, ROCK cciacice secede Boe tr
|J
179 E. A. & J. L. Pennock, Chatham,
ie *Sharpless & Carpenter’s Gilt Edge Potata and |
a J. Watson Kraft, Ambler, .......... 9.53
MODACCOMMAMUTE Dili ocieistalnielsisleeinejeis spaccdGuEcoungor co r
247 [ Geo. K. Linderman, Birdsboro, .... J
160 | Sharpless & Carpenter’s No. 1 Bone Phosphate, ...... sells. Win NCE? Juan sdale ames enseeeecee | 11.34
245 i, A. Geiger) Joanna, “<2.0..2.sesene |
{Sharpless & Carpenter’s Potato, Corn and Truck [
159 Je iJ. White, Gansdale, ..cc.sccees 50 a 9.18
RUATLO, ainiare, to cic wteieioriels sieleiars a ete eieisiento oleae eee aeaeisteet Wa
248 | Geo. K, Linderman, Birdsboro, .... J
241 | Geo. K. Linderman, Geigertown, ..|
163 jSharpless & Carpenter’s Royal Spring Mixture, ..} J. Watson Kraft, Ambler, ..... lll 9.69
244 | | De: A. Geiger, Joanna, <.-oseresecon j

For explanation of these tables see p. 713 7Composite sample.

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

Guaranteed.

1.00

3.00
7.00
2.00

6.00

| 4.00

0.00 |

2.00

Nitrogen in
100 Pounds.
3
&
; q
oie
2 | &
ed o |
£19 82
1.58*; 1.65
1.04 | 1.03
|
-85 | .82

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
LIZERS—Continued.
Potash in 100 Pounds.
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. (Water Soluble.)
Total. | Avallable. ie Total.
eee
: s{ 3
3 5) 2
3 | g Ee)
Ee , ‘ a
i} z n =
Si) g| ¢ 3 ea) oo he
a 3 fe} P | : a =] P=] .
= > = as) a og 3 5 A od
2 3 = e We & g 2 2 =
3 > 2 3 Ss] 3 s a o =
or |! @ Pal ° Ha) ° a he b °
a | me | 4 & rc. cs o A, | A ey
| ee oe
7.28 | 2.07 | 2.30 11.60 | 9.00| 9.30] 8.00] 2.95]...... 2.95 |
5.98 | 2.71 | 1.78 |10.42 | 9.00, 8.64 8.00 2.84)...... 2.84
| | |
|
fd 210) .77| 9.98 | 9.00] 9.22 | 8.00 | 2.18]...... 2.18
| | |
| |
78 | 2.81] .92| 9.46 | 8.00; 8.54 | 7.00 | 1.19|...... 1.19
4-17 | 2.04] 1.79} 8.00 | 7.00) G.24 | 6.00 | 5.25 |...... 5.25
|
|
4.65 | 2.75 | 1.65| 8.95 | 8.00| 7.80 | 7.00 | 1.74 |.... 1.74 | S682
Wor | |
|
5.72 | 2.82 | 3.30 }11.84 10.00} 8.54*) 9.00 | 8.18 |...... 3.18 -98 | .82
6.28 [2.45 | 3.09 P1.82 10.00 | 8.78" 9.00 8.00 ...... 8.00 94! .82
| | | |
1.43 | 2.39 | 1.82 11.64 10.00 9.82 | 9.00 1.86 .42 2.28 2.45% 2.47
| |
‘| |
| |
| |
7.13\ | 1.67 | 1.95 10.75 | 9.00| 8.S0_| 8.00 | 6.05 |...... 6.05 2.03* 2.06
5.60 | 2.81 | 2.18 10.64 | 9.00} 8.41 | 8.00 | 3.88 |...... 3.88* 1.04] .82
| Pra |
6.34 | 2.07 | 1.67 10.08 | 9.00) 8.41 | 8.00 9.12 ...... 9.12*/1 1.64* 1.65
| | | |
| |
6.46 | 1.87 | 2.31 |10.G64 | 9.00| 8.33 | 8.00 | 2.43 |...... 2.43 1.82 | 1.65
| - |
| |
| :
* 3.96. | 2.01 | 2.04 | S.O1 | 7.00 | 5.97*| 6.00 | 5.45 |..... | 5.45 1.24] 1.24
| ie
6.16 | 2.05 | 1.77 | 9.98 | 9.00] 8.21 | 8.00 | 2.19]...... 2.19 .93

-82

72%

|

ww | Pay
on | @
a
of 63
oa ia
> a oO
-2 are
Cut ca ©)
3.9 |S2
oa” oie
ae or)
Gor hore
Cte “
ofm | 8° |
am |oF |
ya |&5
~ bf °
Soc by O
26— i=
gee laa
on ae
o ni
24.04 ~| 23.00 |
24.34 | 25,00 |
(| 22.00
21.85 J |
4 | 20.85
&
19.24 4 20.00
27.00
23.00 if
7 | 25.00
Uj
|
(| 17.00
18.68 }
L 20.00
ae
23.01 | 25.00 |
27.85 | 28.00
28.63 | 28.00
|
|
20.74 | anes
fi evesces
23.19 |
tl 22.00
28.00
30.70 : | 27.00
1
[ 28.00
24:70 |eeetaee
[ 22.00 |
22.64 | ian |
[ 22.50 |
| |
( 20.00 |
|
|
20.76 | 19.00 |
| | 20.00 |
L

Sample number.

137
158
512
179
164
247
160
245
159
248
241
163
244

730 ANNUAL RHPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

COMPLETE FERTI

3
A
3
PS Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken. a
3 €
f g
a ry
&
x 3
ey %
<
a a
| STANDARD BRANCH, NEW YORK.
257 StanGard sAwMertilazers ea cicce sissies slelals clcialsisaisiclsisiveisicisiaisclcic’e F. H. Reutschler, Hamburg, ........ 10.88
256 Standard Potato Grower, .....cccsccccccscvcececccccevccces F. H. Reutschler, Hamburg, ........ 10.11
SUSQUEHANNA BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
311 | Blsquehanna (CropiG@rOweDs vic cise ricisiels(sieinisielsialels'e/c'a/slersre sivin'e B. A. Cranmer, Monroeton, ......... 11.65
| |
200 Henry Sundy, East Berlin, ....... 1]
63 fSusquehanna Potato Phosphate, ...-...........ssse% Geo. B. Passmore & Sons, Oxford, | i. 9.19
310 | B. A. Cranmer, Monroeton, ........ J
116 | Susquehanna Potato Phosphate (Complete Fertilizer, 2
SEEDS Aaa a a oC ea ae ....| W. V. Shirk, Oakland Mills, ....... | “73
113 | Susqiehannd sxox VirlPhOsphate:- nnciceeresiecimecccerseese ss W. V. Shirk, Oakland Mills, ....... 11.50
189 Henry Sundy, East Berlin, .......... 7 10.94
| PPUSAUeCHANTAL ONG: UPHOSPHAtC. Feccieswclesvecle cniesieuas
261 | Solomon H. Lenhart, Hamburg, ... f
| TYGERT-ALLEN BRANCH, PHILA., PA. , |
458 Allen’s Ammoniated Bone Phosphate, ............cecee0. Sudeker & Mitchell, Troy, .......... 7.51
|
622 | f C; FP. Raymond, Puech. -csceseeeemees 7]
319 fAllen’s Popular Phosphate, .........e.s0s« Sleniaieietereisls J. DL. Ward, Monroeton, ..::....csscc 4 11.04
| '
644 | A. F. Swank, Hollsopple, .......... y
|
457 Sudeker & Mitchell, Troy, ..........
tAllen’s Special Brand Potato Manure, ............0. | 11.37
634 J. Lingmaster & Co., Macungie, ....
G45 A. F.’ Swank, Hollsopple, .....:.....
631 jAllen’s Special for Wheat and Clover, .............. J. Lingmaster & Co., Macungie, oy 9.18
793 Wm. Conoway, Markleysburg, ......
532 , f | J. Lingmaster & Co., Macungie, ...|}
HAdlenss Starceotato (Grower ssaecececscccessscecce cit ie 8.57
646 A. F. Swank, Hollsopple, ........... J
WHEELER BRANCH, RUTLAND, VERMONT.
802 T. A. Roberts, Hast Rush, ......sse.
412 EB. H. Crawford, Foxburg, .........-
TAL s WS. ‘Cobaugh, Vinc0, von.c.ss. scene
myiwecier's) Corn Bertilizer: \vnocscuncocsccec coveeeceees
£00 C. EH. Watrons, Dimock, ............ | 10.42
330 H. W. Chaffer, Porterville, .........
71 Jno. 8. Wetsell, Carrolltown, ......
eee

For explanation of these tables see p. 713. 7Composite sample.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 73}
LIZERS—Continued.
Potash in 100 Pounds Nitrogen in | ca =
5) ° r
Phosphorie Acid in 100 Pounds. (Water Soluble.) 100 Pounds. of zs
| 3 Zc
ga 66
gd 3
Total. Available, Total. 5 Oy Mieted
aN °
© } SLA } £3
. a 3 | a ae
ram F
: 2/8 pas | otee
a | Fs : oes | oS EB
$ 3 gi sis 3 a= -ige | &
fig|s & § g E ze, |Aa | &
2 S ; ; a] 8 : ; 5 wa | &
e/t\/2| ¢i/¢2¢! ¢/2/8!2) ¢ |} 2] € | € |8ge ise] 3
2 > = 3 a 5 a o g 3 3 s | @ | §23 a4 E
Pelee | S| & |.o| & | oO | & |e & | o me | o (8"" |a Z
| ) } |
| |
4.58 | 2.69| 2.06| 9.23 | 8.00) ¥.17 | 7.00 | 1.56)... 1.56110 | .84 | .8%| 18.56 | 20.00) 257
8.66 | 2.55) 2.20) 8.41 | 7.00| 6.21 | 6.00 | 5.68 ...... G.GS | 6.00 | 1,1G* 1.24 | 22.83 | 25.00) 886
}
|
5.49 | 3.13 | 2.42 11.04 | 8.00) 8.62 7.00 1.36 ......) 1.36) 1.00 -96 | .82)| 20.569 | 19.00 sii
| | | ( 25.50 200
4.07 | 3.33 2.73 10.18 . 9.00 7.40* 8.00 4.88 ......) 4.88% 5.00 | 1.5S8*| 1.65 25.35} 25.00 53
| | | | | |
| | | | 26.00 810
| | | |
4.18 | 3.06 | 3.09 10.33 | 9.00 | 7.247, 8.00 4.83 ......) 4.83*| 5.00 | 1.58*/| 1.65 | 25.82 | 25.00) 116
| |
6.45 | 2.74 2.82 12.01 9.00 9.19 | 8.00'| 1.88 |... 1.88 | 1.00) 1.03 | .82 21.92 | 18.50) 118
| | i
| | | | | | | 20.50, 199
03 | 2:60 1.94 10.57 | 9.00) 8.63 | 8.00 1.84 ......) 1.34) 1.00) 1.01 | .82 | 20.56 |
6.03 2 eee | | | | | 2.00 we
28) | 8.60) 1.40 |11-18 |-.....) 9. 7B | --..-/ 1.90 serve] 1-80 |...... 102 [2 21.72 28.00 468
} | |
| | ( 18.00
7.16 2.12 1.30 10.58 9.00 9.28 8.00 2.30 ...... 2.30 | 2.00 -94 82 21.98 | 21.00 B19
| [ 18.50 644
5.65 | 2.22 1.80, 9.67 9.00 7.87* 8.00 6.28 ...... 6.28 | 6.00 1.97* 2.06 sl 28.00 457
| | 27-00 B84
17.50 645
5.36 | 2.55 1.49, 9.40 8.00) 7.91 | 7.00 1.82 ..... 1.32| 1.00) .89 | .82 oe 19.00 631
| y [ 17.00 798
| | f 23.00 532
£.25 | 2.26 1.74, 7-85 | 7.00) G14 6.00 4:42 «.--..] 4.42") 5.00 1.20" 1.24 21.89) oo ae
hight 25.00 802
| |
| | 22.00} 412
| |
| | 27.00} 741
|
5.98 | 3.11) 2.36 |11.45 | 9.00| 9.09 | 3.00 | 2.54 seceee| 2.04] 2.00 | 1.84 | 1.65 | 25.78 | | 18.00) 300
| 22.00 830
| 27.00 | TT

*Conetituent falls below guarentee.

732 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Sample number.

690 Williams & Clark’s American Prolific Crop Producer,

QoQ
ao
ao

far)
©
LX]

Manufacturer and Brand.

7Wheeler’s Royal Wheat Grower, .

tener enews te eeeeee

298 +Wheeler’s Potato Manure, ..........
742

WILLIAMS & CLARK BRANCH, NEW YORK.

7Williams & Clark's Good Grower Potato Phos- 4

ML AUC HM eieleisintelcleiclalereie cicla cleicls'oin\evelelatsiste

Renee eee ew ewnee

7Williams & Clark’s Royal Bone Phosphate, ..... mete

642
} {Williams & Clark’s Prolific Fertilizer, ..............
724

| AMERICAN REDUCTION CO., PITTSBURG, PA.

687

773

438 PF COMIIMOTI SENSE hacia ctciciaisicie(ciciclo/eisiejeinalele
813 |

817 |

od oAgcouGE pupae |

oo

816

LT OMMN LG Ye erecrcin tats osaiaiete otale aie) otetesele\ stele celsiateletatataels nie) sietsia/snint=/s
686
778 Weretable Manure: fice sian ciae nia sisisiceisc.vicleje ob vjclelainisia’e sje o.e(ne

| THE ARMOUR FERT. WORKS, CHICAGO, ILL.

352 |

Pu Le SOLITON] Co cre -sieic cre viuserelerhin istetescisiate’s felncavorereiCheisie sie ieimaimtaie laos
672
349 One. os 1OOd ANGE OLASH: 1. lis cicesin ce vcmmclay puree stinemns

For explanation of these tables see p. 713.

+Composite sample.

Off. Doe.

COMPLETE FERTI

Reynoldsville Hd. Co., Reynolds’lle,
H. S. Tressler, Newport, ............
M. I. Montgomery, Grove City, ....
Je Me Bike; Bills) oi ieciewies cence’ nee eprer
Jacob Kauffman, Jr., Davidsville, ..
Reynoldsville Hd. Co., Reynolds’lle,
Reynoldsville Hd. Co., Reynolds’ lle,
Jacob Kauffman, Jr., Davidsville, ..

‘

M. I. Montgomery, Grove City, ....

W. K. Fetzer, Brookville, ..........

J. E. Weaver, Davidsville,

eee tence

A. M. McClure, Everett,

tee eeeeeee

Eicher & Graft, Scottdale, ........... |

Harvey Black, Ligonier) “cineca
W. K. Fetzer, Brookville, ..........
Harvey Black, Ligonier,

J. BE. Weaver, Davidsville, ..........

McCalmont & Co., Bellefonte, ......
J. HS Hagy, sHenriettay sec .ccsenccsee
McCalmont & Co., Bellefonte, ......

a
Lo}
(=
3
From Whom Sample Was Taken. ey
iS
o
™
3
~
a
o
a
Hi) W.. Chaffer; “Portervilles) cee. aesee ]
W. A. Fish, S. Monrose, .........0.. ‘14.05
[ Ws, 1. Cobaugh> Wino) (ce. sieeemsieee |
E. H. Crawford, Foxburgh, ........ 7
r 8.94
Parker Speicher, Somerset, ......... j
M. I. Montgomery, Grove City, 7.33

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 733
LIZERS—Continued.
Se | ow
Potash in 100 Pounds. Nitrogen in | 9A os
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds, (Water Soluble.) 100 Pounds. ee | %s
ct 618
aa | 3
| ro 9
Total. Available. Total. ay. eee a
| ie (>)
¢| 3 | | jeu |83
4 a 3 } a” : ag
K fe atir et | @ ;
E \a|3 lene [S® | §
eI £ EI Seo | o>
& . : ;, @ ° : CSM | 9 2]
oO us] n n Lo} uo) o~ | 32 5
§& 3 iC) 3 g |} o | @ 3 & }oa | 5S =|
a ° : += = 2 r - w&
Pee la) =| 2) 2] elal2| ¢ |.2| ¢ | 3 eee gee
meee | 8 | #| 2 |/-s$/2]8! 8 | €/ 2 | § | Soe vogue
E 7
eila| & & 5 & o | & | & 5 o F o |o 3 Gi
|
| | 23.00 | 329
6.42| 2.88) 2.16] 11.46) 9.00 9.30 8.00, 3.74 |....0. 3.74 | 3.00} 2.01*| 2.06 21.75 26.00! 298
| | 28.00) 742
| | 2
| | | (| 23.00| 409
6.48 |-2.31 | 1.70] 10.49] 9.00! 8.79] 8.00) 2.11 }...... 2.11 | 2.00) 1.01 82 | 21.49 1 |
; } |} 18.00| 615
u
|
2.62 | 4.85 | 8.81/10.28| 8.00| G.97* 7.00 1.02 )...... 1.02 | 1.00) 1.06! 82) 18.92 | 20.00| 690
|
25.00 688
|
| | | | 24.00| 365
4.52 | 2.49| 2.18] 9.19; 7.00] 7.0L} 6.00 5.42/......| 5.42] 5.00] 2.35] 1.24 24.25 5
| | 4 | 22.50} 691
| | 22.30 | 782
| L |
|
4.48| 3.54 | 2.05) 10.07} 8.00) 8.02] 7.00 1.25 ...... .25 | 1.00/ 1.01 | .82/ 19.68 | 23.00| 642
| i
HH 21.00 724
| | | 22.00} 689
| | |
5.70 | 3.58 | 1.72| 11.00) 9.00| 9.28] 8.00 2.27!......| 2.27 | 2.00 -9S8* 1.03 22.08 | 26.00| 643
| | [ 23.00} 692
|
| |
| 22.00 | 687
| !
| | 17.00 | 779
4.08 | 4.43 1.65] 10.16) .....| 8.51) 6.00) .84|...... .S4*/ 1.00 | 1.55% 1.65 sy 18.00 | 438
| + | 18.00) 818
| | |
| | 18.00, 817
f 25.00| 686
5.65 | 2.78 | 1.22] 9.65) ...... 8.483* 9.00 2.41 ..... 2.41 | 2.00 2.50 2.47 26.83 } sane oa
| L x |
4.62 | 2.18 | 1.77| 8.47] ..... 6.70 | 6.00 3.60 3.29) 6.89 | 6.00) 2.96 2.47 31.98 28.00, 7718
|
| | |
| | | 32.00) 352
4.01 | 3.44 | 4.79] 12.24 | 10.00) 7.45"| 8.00| .53 | 3.85 4.38] 4.00] 3.10] 2.68 $2.32 oo on
| | 80.
3.19 | 4.88 | 102 | 9.09* 110.00 | 8.07 | 8.00 | 1.47 | 5.56 7.03 | 7.00 | 4.12 | 4.12 | 87.95 | 39.00! 349

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

734 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Ott. Doc.
COMPLETE FERTI
ca
Ls}
5
3
Fa Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken. ma
2 =
I a
4 _
&
= =
FI B
q x)
= 4
a
136 [ J. b. Staver,) Clearheldy occscesaceets
527 Fruit and Root Crop Special, ........ ET eee dont a W. M. Gehman, Macungie, ....... ne 7.71
757 L Wallace Sherline, Willmore, ........ J
851 McCalmont & Co., Bellefonte, ......
369 J. L, Ritter & Sons, Newport, ......
443 Jno. S. Harshberger, Everett, ......
493 | Cook, Deardorff & Co., Dillsburg, ..
82 ay Painter; Reds Top. ccsncccnceee welds 9.28
FGTAIN GLOWET, crscsccececrasccenrscneesceseusssssecteces =
525 W. M. Gehman, Macungie, ....... wes =}
674 E. A. Slagle, Paxinos, ..........0. ae ‘ei
603 Cook & Beerits, Stoyestown, ........ PS
628 Simon N. Frets, Garrett, ...... senses 7
673 J. E. Hagey, Henrietta, .......... 2 eh
526 W. M. Gehman, Macungie, ...... ones] Vp aa
356 fHigh Grade Potato Wertilizer, ......ccscccccsseeee ae S. G. Updegraff, Williamsport, as 7.60
806 ; Crawford & Co., Greensboro, ........ 1
414 Phosphate and potash, .........ceecees soieeeeies cettenie -ee-| Stroup Bros., Valencia, ........... «| 6.61
240 Tobacco Special, ......cseseess seis sisuineleeb ois meee wecsess| Lt. A. Wentz, Red Gion> <...ccsc cose] 10.88
216 | Dotteras & Easley, Hanover, .......
48 | McCalmont & Co., Bellefonte, ......
368 | J. L. Ritter & Son, Newport, .......
604 Cook & Beerits, Stoyestown, ........ |
} fwiheat, Corn and Oats Special, ........0...-<cscesse
83 | Ll. Painter, Red Top, <...<ssccee epee 7.92
735 J. P. Staver, Clearfield, .......... ARG:
756 | Wallace Sherline, Willmore, ........
$14 Smith & Son, Mount Pleasant, ....
| R. 8. AUCKER, SHAMOKIN, PA.
96 Grade ‘‘C’’ Bone and Slaughter House Phosphate, ....|...ccscsccccccesccccccevcccceccesevces Hele Sr: 5.62
94 Grade ‘‘D’’ Bone and Slaughter House Phosphate, ....| Geo. R. Hendricks, Selinsgrove, §.71
95 Grade ‘‘E’’ Bone and Slaughter House Phisphate, Geo. R. Hendricks, Selinsgrove, ... 6.44
387 Pure Bone Meal with Potash, ..........cceecccceccceesecces ' Geo. R. Hendricks, Selinsgrove, 7.46

For explanation of these tables see p. 713.

+Composite sample.

No, 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

LIZERS—Continued.

~]
os
o

“ew ad
Potash in 100 Pounds. Nitrogen in | 98 a
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. (Water Soluble.) 100 Pounds. | 4 a
ls os
|= bh a
| dt 3
rm a |
Total. Available. Total. aa cel
| ine ls a |S
f A pw | 5am ag
#| 8 Ea ieS |] g
uw { &
2 re) i Ego aes A
3 A 2 S82 | 20 8
E | oo Le] n n be ge Ey a
q i . ‘Maa ® 3 | 2 3 OA, as] A
ele | = F lel e E q |2.8 |e | 2
eiei|2|¢i]¢!2f#/2!/8] ¢€ | #1 2] € lees lao] 3
elei2| 2/8) 2] 8/8 |e) 8 | 8] 8 | & bak lea | 8
o
a|@m| A B 8 & & | & | Ay E o & 6 15 wo a
| 30.00| 136
4.88| 4.71| 2.48) 11.57 | 10.00} 9.09 | 8.00 | 5.24|......; 6.24] 5.00) 1.98] 1.65/ 28.96 || 26.00| 627
|
| | 28.00 | ToT
| | | 24.00 851

6.49, 2.98 | 1.90 11.32 10.00 9.42 8.00 2.35 seeees 2.35, 2.00 1.73 1.65 25.36

|
|
|
| |

| | f
6.21 3.77 1.61 11.59 10.00 9.98 8.00 2.53 6.63 9.16?) 10.00| 1.70) 1.65 4 $2.00 356

4.80 | 3.64 | 6.66 15.00 12.00 | 8.34* 10.00 8.82 ....../ 3.32 2.00) 2.67. ...... 30.74
|
B35 3.92 2.49 11.16 ...... S.67 |......| 1.83 | 8.06| 4.88. ...... PK (eae 28.88

$.96 4.81, 2.28 11.05 9.00 8.77 7.00 1.44 ...... 1.44 1.0 1.14 .82 21.32

|
| |
8.64 | 3.48 | 1.98 9.10° 10.14 | 7.12" 8.45 | 3.40 ...... 3.40 | 3.25| 1.01 | .87 20.90 eetea|

98
$3.95 | 3.40| 1.73) 9.08 | 9.00| 7.35 | 7.00 | 3.35 |...... 3.35 | 2.00 -83 -T4 20.84 | 20.00 94
|
8.96 | 3.09 | 1.54 | 8.59" 9.00 | 7.05 | 7.00 | 2.59 |...... 2.59 | 2.50 ~72 .62 | 18.57 | 18.00 %
| | ]
Sane 6.28 | 8.08 ees le a 5.28*' 9.38 | 8.99 ee 3.299! 4.57 | 2.56% 2.57 | 27.86 28.02 287

*Constituent falls below guarentee.

Off. Doe.

736 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
COMPLETE FERTI
|
a
Ls}
q
3
E Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken. a
o Ss
€ nm
5 Vibes
3 2
g ¢
S| Biles:
n a
BALTIMORE PULVERIZING CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
488 RB. Wenderson, (Carilisles e.ccercacs 7}
jFarmer’s Favorite Fertilizer, F. F. F., ..........+-- 5.75
618 Cyrus Berkeyville, Buckstown, .... i
J
569 Special Potato Mixture, ......scccssecccssccscsceccesrsens Sam’l, Witsell, Mill Creek, ......... 6.65
BAUGH & SONS CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
- Peter J. Blough, Hooversville, ......
3 , ]
214 +#Corn Fertilizer for Sugar Corn and Garden Truck 3 Sheffer & Hry, Hanover, ..sscesccssn '
13.04
801 [ A. Gaddis & Co., Uniontown, ae
435 A. M. McClure; Everett.- <2. .00.- An
289 | Geo. Holtzinger, Red Lion, ........ |
+Double Eagle Phosphate, ....... Sabo GUL OUUSOrC reed = e
788 i ml. W. Mason, Glade, ieee... Aaepsce { 12.52
791 t M. R. Thomas, Somerfield, .........
607 f P. J. Blough, Hooversville, ......... )
|
210 +Export Bone with Potash, ..........--ssse05 siseetece shed J. U. Ruff, New Oxford, .......... selel
6.65
802 [ A. Gaddis & Co., Uniontown, ....... ]
228 Geo. Holtzinger, Red Lion, .........
(24 AS M. “McG@lure;, Hiverett,, <ccesceeces
147 C. F. Williamson, Media, ......... Be
+General Crop Grower for all Crops, ...ssseseeeeeeeees |
608 P. J. Blough, Hooversville, ......... ables:
751 Jacob, Statler, SE1tOnN, ae. -sncctew Ryecieke
803 A. Gaddis & Co., Uniontown, ........
207 WWigh! Grade: Potato! (Guano, - 2. acceccnincows saeco seisiete ..».| J. U. Ruff, New Oxford, :..... re 10.61
609 PPOtALOPRBIENtILIZEI lest dceleieleeteiersieleleinsesieieloiela\sta(e slslelels/sieieisistsinisi ve P. J. Blough, Hooversville, ........ 10.83
149 C. .. Williamson, Media, °......... a
Special Potato WMamure. | aaatietsdetsecieisisiele ete steietaleleieisisie™ 10.55
752 | Jaeob iStatler, .Eiltony 9 ec acsiencisces r
J
148 | Dy PUGSPMACCs sere. « cinisleieteiele slere aeletais| oieieiie sisiere mite stele aiaelemr cascee| GC. BH: Williamson, Media, sccc-.cssss 11.23
BERGER BROS., EASTON, PA.
536 Lehigh Superphosphate, ........ccccccccsccccvcsvccsseves «| We S: Weaver, Wastons- sccsscne.c sane 9.24
537 PGEPIESS EP NOSPNACC,. ssiacie'oie ocsyeseio(sre avelatatslm ofecsleielevain ayeraintiiscisse tieis)|| Weiss WCAVER. LUASTOM:, cttacviressom ahs 13.37
THE BERG CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
155 Pure Dissolved Bone and Potash for Wheat and Grass, | Ball & Rhodes, Media, ......... acheter 7.96

For explanation of these tables see p. 713.

yComposite sample.

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Wf (5% f
LIZERS—Continued.
‘ Potash in 100 ds. . SE =
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. (Water aaubies " hata °8 ‘
2: =
| 52 5
| Total. Available, Total. o a.
| qAAn 25
|—— a a | — a =e
S 3 3 | oot ag
g s | 3 fam (38 | g
E F | a see |8e | &
3 cs] n = 3 a Un Le S|
2)3]| 3 8 oa oes 3 Sigh | Be | A
o 2 Q 5 i] 4 I = = . = ° aI ~ to & o
= be = Le} 3 Le} 3 uo} oS Ks) a ack =
leis | 2 | s| 81a] 8) 8) 8-8) 8 | 2) eee eee
=| Be on T+
eae: | 5 mE o rs 5} & | aw es 5 E 6/8" |a Gi
|
|
| | - |
| | | | 18.00 | 488 *
egwGeIs| trl Si. 72)... 7.OL | 5.25| 1.88] ...-. 1.88*| 3.25 97 | .82 | 18.60 }
| | i 17.00 618
|
2.90] 297| 1.56| 7-43] ...... VA ORST| acces ASOD eo aatat ct Ale 2 OV essen. 3 Be (6 ee ese 22.78 | 21.00 569
| | f 23.00 606
6.55 | 8.40] 1.65|/11.G60| ......| 9.95 | 8.00| 4.11 |..... | 4.11] 4.00) .89 | .82 24.37} | 22.00 214
| [ 21.00 80
| | |
| 24.00 | 425
| | | 24.00 289
#71) | 4.21 | 2.41 | 11.33 | ,.....| S92 | 8.00 | 1-83 |...... 1.33 | 1.00) 2.68 | 1.65 | 23.70 }
| + | 21.60, 788
[ 24.00 791
| ( 28.00 607
| | | 1 | 25.00 210
“70° | 4.91.| 6.67 |£2.28 | 11.00 | 5.61 }...... De Oe aReroe 2.42 2.00 2.04 1.65 24.074
| | [ 25.00 | 802
|
19.00 288
|
| | 20.00 484
| | | 18.00 147
6.02 | 3.02 | 1.81 |10.85 |...... 9.04 | 8.00 1.68 ...... 1.68 | 1.00} 1.08] 82) 21.734
| 21.00 608
20.00 751
19.00 802
4-34 | 2:66 | 1.56 | 9.06 |..<... TOM sss = 6286) |e acces @-S6U) sicces SiS Sebsen 34.26 30.00 207
5.58 | 3.47 | 1.95 |11.00 |...... 9.05 | 8.00 | 2.09 |...... | 2.09 2.00 2.30 1.65 26.77 | 25.00 Guy
| r 27.00 149
3.27 | 3.49 | 2.09| S.85 | ...... 6.76 5.00 9.07 | 2.18 / 11-520 10.00 1.88 | 1.65 32.19)
l 29.00 752
5.64 | 3.31 | 2.05 |10.90 |...... §.85 | 8.00 | 1.31 |...... 1.31 | 1.00) 1.70 | 1.65 23.47 | 22.00, 148
4.64 | 3.18 | 2.94 Boe | 9.50 | 7.S2*| 8.60 | 6.28 |...... G.28 | 5.50 | 1.63%) 1.65 | 27.57 | 27.50 | 536
853 5.26 1.84 | 9.G63* 10.00 | 7.79*| 8.00 | 2.63 |...... 2.53 | 2.00| 1.15 482 21.04 | 20.00} 537
| | |
| sx | Fol | |
OVO 8.10 4-95 IAAT Ve. S.12*! 9.00 | 5.36 |...... 5.36 | 3.50 | 1.98%! 3.00 | 28.98 | 27.00 | 155

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

47—6—1901

For explanation of these tables see p. 713. +Composite sample.

738 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
COMPLETE FERTI
a
Ls}
q
; 3
* Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken. a
Fs S
q ES
A 2
= 2
§ a
3 (2)
D |
BOWKER FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON & NEW YORK.
39] S. ia. 5. OW, Stroh; Sunbury, sen. a4|
856 qammoniated O! FiO; Phosphate; cescccecscciiccesce ce BS Ee Lavion Wy SOx.) acoecelee elena 11.69
618 BM Le Weener, Hamburg: caccesccce
552 Harmimand Garden PhOSPHatey cic cwseiscisniscicicesice sciniaciices Bailey & Converse, Wellsboro, ...... 15.60
575 FAGAN ae rill PHOSPHAtey tele -c,es soseisneisiaie’e onicssiets le sre-eie eioterere J. H. Kase, S. Danville, ..........+. 13.29
103 Potash or Staple Phosphate, ..... siben sae s seSnlewelscicwslenes G. E. Kline, Lamartine, ............ 12.00
359 Bailey & Converse, Wellsboro, .....|
162 RUBDeLECenta EOtash, Mertilizers occcecececesiccescesecsse J. G. Hackman, Lansdale, ......... 14.34
682 Wrigley H’dware Co., Mahaffey,
577 Stockbridge Manure, ............----s divsoadsaee LN eyacen Ts J. H. Kase, 8. Danville, .-..........+% ~ 10.08
250 Kauffman & Lutz, Geigertown,
234 P. H. Taylor, WySox, ....scesseeeee
354 Centrai Commission Co., W’msport, |
360 Bailey & Converse, Wellsboro,
{61 THULE Crop WE NOSPNALE,, eo cwcisic sersicieic cies ais cleoieisisisicw sis\siersie/s J. G. Hackman, Lansdale, .......-. 14.83
390 S. & J. W. Stroh, Sunbury, .........
463 H. M. Spalding & Son, Troy, .......
576 Je Ee Kase; S: Danville, so... .--cac
683 Wrigley H’dware Co., Mahaffey,
465 AEC COMAISII MIs turfs diersictelateiuicte cleveidele's iclotelsteticreletea cio eteretele sion H. M. Spalding & Son, Troy, ...... 4.55
BRUMFIELD & FOSTER, COLORA, MD.
71 ESTALOMEDOSDHALE a roicsck coe cewidploetccatswme ¢secsuseelesiericcee .»| Wilson & Mende’all, Sa ae a | 6.69
CAMBRIA FERTILIZER CO., JOHNSTOWN, PA.
769 Baik Be SPHOSPHAtes, tas isivccisyerese’e «(00.0 cisig a lsinie'oie eis sition ethieleletesice leis Jno. S. Wetsell, Carrolltown, ...... 6.79
677 Jas. McMasters, Newry, ....+.+.++-- 7) “ll
pCormudnad wWotatorManurey asc. oq-seeecaeae tees sets | | 8.33
761 H. A. Shoemaker, Ebensburg, ...... j
764 Lion Ammoniated Bone Phosphate, ..........ssseeceeeeee H. A. Shoemaker, Ebensburg, ......, 7.76
|
762 H. A. Shoemaker, Ebensburg, ...... a aiza
a potandard Phosphate, i .c2cncsccscsscnsuansemtlesocen L 5.14
“70 Jno. S. Wetsel, Carrolltown, ....... j
CHICAGO FERTILIZER CO., CHICAGO, ILL.
631 Wheat Special, .............. duinieinie-cia e.cleisisiaw on piaiciniehine siete W. F. Spidel, Hollidaysburg, ...... 6.07
—_—--— }

’

No.

6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

LIZERS—Continued.

Total. Available. Total.
eased ie
8 5) 3 |
: . | Bl] & |
i] ce] ro
f\3| 5 i La ela é
a 2 2 : "i I pe) ~ ‘ =
= 1 3 J Fe is) x 1H a ce) a
=) || Sai g Ke a 5 n | a ao}
ars | & 5 5 8 Soll Mig ibe: 5 5
aj)|m| sa & o cs o | mw! A fe 5
|
3.83 | 6.63 | 3.71|14.17]...... 10.46 | 10.00 | .88]...... Pas llecarty
4.87 | 4.01 | 2.70 [11.58 |...... S.88*| 9.00 | 2.28 |...... 2.28 | 2.00
5.96 | 3.25 | 2.64 |11.85 | ...... 9.21 | 9.00 | 2.26]...... 2.26 | 2.00
|
2.64 | 6.08 | 2.56 |11.28|......| 8.72] 8.00 |1.33/1.75| 3.08 | 3.00
|
|
#31 | 8.61 | 1.81 | 9.73 |......| 7.92 | 6.00 | 5.98 |...... 5.38* 6.00
4.70 | 2.63 | 2.70 |10.08 |......| 7.33 | 6.00 |10.78 |...... 10.73 10.00
: | |
|
| |
4.67 | 4.49 | 2.17 |1.83 |......| 9.16 | 9.00 | 2.25 |......] 2.25 | 2.00
oe | | |
| |
|
190 | 6.85 | 5.78 [12.83 |......| 6.55 |......|..000 13.87 | 28.87 |......
4.29 | 1.75 | 2.97 | 9.01 |......, 6.04 |...... B27), sco Belz aoe
}
1.76 |2.48 | 1.40 | G.G4*| 8.00 | 4.24*| 6.50 | 2.98 |...... 2.98 2.00
|
4.96 | 2.39 | 1.07) 8.42 | 7.00| 7.35 | 6.00 | 7.60 |...... 7.50* 8.00
|
6.34 | 2.62 2.00 10.96 10.00) 8.96 | 8.00.33 ...... Ea aed
6.74 | 2.60 1.38 | 9.72 7.00} 8.34% 6.00 | 8.95 |...... 3.95 (3.00
|
|
|
012 | 6.20 | 2.37 |11.69 | 9.00| 9.321 8.00! .981...... .93* | 1.00

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

*Constituent falls below guarantee.
46

Potash in 100 Pounds.
(Water Soluble.)

|
| Nitrogen tn
100 Pounds.

Found.
Guaranteed.

| .94
1.54 | 1.50
2.53 | 2.25
| -87 | .7
|
79 | .%
| 3.29 | 3.20
|
| |
|
82 | .%
|
SST Lee
I. GS: ee.
1.30 1.00
1.84* - 2.50
2.92 | 2.47
1.89* | 2.50
-92 | .32

value of
Department

712.)

Computed commercial

at
(See p.

pounds

2,000
rating.

Selling price of 2,00 pounds at

the point of selection.

30.00
35.00
40.00

22.00

739

Sample number.

576

71

740 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dee.
COMPLETE FERTIL
3
&
3
Po Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken. a
3 =
= §
5 ea
2 bes ies
a |
: 3
n | a
E. FRANK COE CO., NEW YORK.
312 Cclumbian Bone Superphosphate, ... ................+-.- | B. AL Cranmer, Monroeton, ........ 7.70
279 Cohmmnpia.ns COP se ereniazer yrs cee acccsic cae cers clersinicle ciate cicero Heffner & Luckenbill, Friedensburg, 9.42
144 Gahumpbian- Potato! Wertilizer) 6. ss dace sniecer cacesenmaseeics | W. W. Wilmarth, Harford, ......... 8.94
195 Empire State Brand No. 1 Complete Fertilizer, ...... .. D. E. Brown, East Berlin .....:.2: 7.75
196 Famous Red Brand Excelsior Guano, ....... Salclctaoataie e's [Di Brown, ast Berlin: -..-..-<0- | 5.85
142 H. G. Ammoniated Bone Phosphate, .............0.000+ «., W. W.. Wilmarth, Harford,” -..-- bce 8.25
140 PPG OL ALON NCRCIIIZOI OD alc ciajeia’s sence misisie Woakesavcmsme tees W.. W. Wilmarth, Harford, -.:.< : 8.00
590 New, upland: Potato prertilizer, vse access ccenecc couse | H. R. Lowe, Orangeville, ..:.:.7.26 8.90
283 ( Heffner & Luckenbill, Friedensburg, ]
lil 7XXV Ammoniated Bone Phosphate, ..............-. 4 W. W. Wilmarth, Harford, ........ Sue
589 [ H. A. Lowe, Orangeville, ......... 4
197 XXV Ammoniated Bone Phosphate, .................e0- D. E. Brown, East Berlin, ........ -| 12.34
HENRY COPE & CO., LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, PA.
61 | Ammoniate Bone Phosphate,. ..sscc0<ccc.cncwecrc occu -..| Henry Cope & Co., Oxford, ........| W2.27
55 New Century Bone Phosphate, -...........ccccscnccccccteese Henry Cope &) Co.,* Oxford, > -.-ces 18.80
60 Mocatovand ‘Corn PROSPHaAte sae. ace ccc crecclecsnceles Coseeea's Henry Cope & Co., Oxford, .......:| 11.48
59 Queen of Elk Valley Phosphate, .......0.c0esccecscecseens Henry Cope & Co., Oxford, ........ 11.22
|
JOSIAH COPE & CO., LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, PA. |
50 | Ammonigted ‘Bene Phosphates vocs.curesecertessina ssa seams Josiah Cope & Co., Oxford, ........ ) 10.65
|
47 Potato and Tobacco Phosphate, <.......scccscceccacarcets Josiah Cope & Co., Oxford; <2scce- | 7.53
45 Pure sBone: Phosphate, seccnc cance casce tetesenacnecn a weic sav} JoSiah ‘Cope & Co., Oxford, so... 10.50
49 | —Urye te ‘Bone Phosphate.) cot «. <tsckisnwte de csicaniesie -.e..| Josiah Cope & Co., Oxford, ........ 10.67
|
48 | Weheatiand Grass (Special... oscsex cer ceceuscinces co eeses) JOStah Cope S& Go: Oxford; 25.-s- 9.13
|B. DARON, DOVER, PA.
495 Harvest Kine yPhesphate,. sccsccussc. seein vac ceveececae sce --|-E. Daron, Dover, ...... acwensen tence [eeGnene
JAMES G. DOWNWARD & CO., COATESVILLE, PA.
a4 Thomas Agnew, Kelton, ...... case 1
+Ammoniated Bone Phosphate, .............08 eaten seen L 7.90
246 | L. A. Geiger, Joanna, ...... Seiteoees j
33 | Special Potato Fertilizer, ........... ceuaectcee Stecisioeeeete Thomas Agnew, Kelton, <..<ccccsetne 7.64

For explanation of these tables see p. 713.

Composite sample.

~~ ee ee

Ne.

6.

DEPARTMENT OF

LIZERS—Continued.

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Potash in 100 Pounds.

Present as muriate.

Total. Available,
e :
g
=
3 3
a|¢|s $ 2
o 3 2 ‘ I I
2 Ss | a = g = S
eye!) 8: | | 3 | 3
am tm | o os o oh o |
|
6.94 | 2.98) 2.07) 11.94) ...... SST
6.62 | 2.78] 2.52/11.82]...... D230) sat
|
7.46 2.53 2.24.12.23 10.00 9.99 8.50
| |
Gem os | 244 /11.43'] ...... SENT Gapaoe
8110 | 1.73| .79|10.G2|...... hee
|
7.46 | 2.64| 2.34/ 12.44 / 10.50 10.10 9.00
6.50 1.99 1.67 10.16 8.50 8.49 7.50
6.81 | 3.40! 2.90/ 11.61] ...... etl ee
{
ee |
5.47. 3.61 2.91 11.99 10.00 9.0S_ 8.50
| | |
6.36 | 2.85 2.63 11.84 10.00 S.21 8.50
|
ee
4.13 4.20 1.76 10.09 | 10.00 8.33 8.00)
| |
8.16 3.31 1.94 13.41 10.00 11.47 9.00
4.11 3.73 | 1.58 9.37* 10.00 7.S4* 8.00
3.14 2.94 1.67 7.75" 9.00 G.OS8* 8.00
6.84 | 3.10 1.46 11.40* 12.00 9.94* 10.00
|
4.81 | 496 | 1.37 11.14* 12.00 9.77% 10.00
4.86 | 4.66| 4.77 14.29 12.00 9.52. 8.00 |
8.25 2.17 | 1.33 11.75* 12.00 10.42 10.00
6.73 2.31| 1.08 10.07 9.00 9.04 8.00
5.88 2.83) .84 9.50* 10.00 S.66_ 8.00 |
|
4.69 | 2.53| 2.26| 9.48 | 9.00) 7.22%) 8.00
|
| |
5.03 | 2.54 ait 9.27 9.00 | 7.57"! 8.00 | 4.05

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

Present as sulphate.

aaneee

(Water Soluble.)

AGRICULTURE.

741

|

Nitrogen tn we > 4
100 Pounds, | ~ © .
oe a
| 3
a | 58 2
otal. x Bs
g°> | 95
| gar aig
peo |Se | §
; ‘ Seg oS 4
Lo] oe he = 53 =
¢ £108 EE é
; q ; 6 13.8 £ e
3 FI 2 | & jass |scl «a
2 = 5 | 3 | Bae | S48 =
ey o Fa | Oo 1o hh a
|
iy a en | ae 26.22 | 19.00 312
es Da eee 7 ie eee 26.01 | 24.00 279
2.93 | 2.50 1.45 1.24] 26.19 | 26.00 144
SIG? | eee: TM ee 24.88 | 26.00 195
5.99 ...... pe ad See 36.60 | 36.00 196
2.39 | 2.25 1.74 1.85| 26.92 | 28.00 142
6.84 6.00 2.27* 2.47 32.01 | 32.00 140
Soa 1 Dee Kt 24.55 | 20.00 590
20.00 283
1.97 | 1.50} 1.01] .g2 22.11} 21.00 11
| 19.00 589
1.67 1.50) .84 | .82 21.32 | 20.00 197
2.93 | 2.00} 1.17 .82/ 22.18 | 21.00 61
3.69 2.00 .73 | 1.24 29.18 | 25.00 55
5.50 4.00 1.36 1.24 24.90 | 23.00 60
7.G4* 8.00 1.79 1.65. 26.88 | 26.00 59
2.78* 3.00, .98 | .s2 23.36 | 20.00 50
7.41 7.00; .93 | .s2 27.38 | 25.00 47
2.S81*| 3.00; 2.03 | 1.65 28.28 | 26.00 45
3.77*| 4.00] 1.79 | 1.65 28.03 | 22.00 49
1.26 | 1.00/ .SO*| .s2 19.81 | 17.00 48
6.G2 | 5.00| 1.55*| 1.65 26.52 | 22.50) 495
24.00
2.58 2.50| 1.20%) 1.24 21.14 f *
22.00 | 246
4.05 | 4.00| 1.45 | 1.24 23.67 28.00| 3

742

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE.

Off. Doc.

COMPLETE FERTI

——— —= = Lee a

a
uel
rs
3
. Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken. a
3 g
g 8
a
£
4 g
=
5 3
a
EUREKA FERTILIZER CO., PERRYVILLE, MD.
223 C. “T: ‘Grove,, Feltony (22. .sucenese aye
feornwuand Potato Speciale mcwccisceeenicccieicicice cements | 12.90
614 Jno. G. Brown, Moyers, ...... BADNOOO
231 RS eeu C Kyetl Cis 0 CASES ee eynie cin ajetoietaiaiateeietote’s eielefeitioinicieteisiciersaiele Co "Ds (Grove; Welton)! <2. )cecesseeerae 12.31
616 Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer, 1. jccjsic0ce vices es conse vices Jno. G. Brown, Moyers, .............. 11.50
232 Standard sone srehospnate sa ccc aeeiciienis scien aeemeeasickeccars C. DT. Grove; elton, (.....ceseee eee 11.90
615 Wrapper Leaf for VLODaACCO; .oasisiccesiisctsc oils ocesiceeile sic Jno. ‘G; Brown, Moyers, sc. cccesscrem 12.58
WASHINGTON EWING, LANDENBERG, PA.
170 Eclipse Raw Bone Superphosphate, ...........sseeeeeeees S. K. Chambers & Bro., W. Grove, 9.08
171 Wasteland Potato, Phosphate, ss.c... sca sccceriencececccs ce S. K. Chambers & Bro., W. Grove, 8.74
|
R. K. FAIRLAMB & SONS, BRANDYWINE SUMMIT,
| PA,
664 POLLO m Speciale OHOSDHAte jee pasesas seseaciaeete = eeiieiascnies R. K. Fairlamb & Sons, B’ine Sum’t, 7.85
FARMER'S FERTILIZER CO., WESTMINSTER, MD.
24 | CarmollsBone PHOSPSAtE! ces cea cisisisissisisiclecine celesiesiee © Gouger Cook, ‘Bents’ & 'Co:,) cisccsccncecitenmies 8.50
494 PROCES ONG I ONOSPHALE | ciins)sicisicnrots Gialetoroie Clesieleis ele clelerels-elaisvere's sir Cook, Deardorff & Co., Dillsburg, .. 9.56
GRIFFITH & BOYD, BALTIMORE, MD.
721 Aaron & Kerr, Kingsville, ......... )
{AmmMoniated Soluble Bone; <2... ccccccserciccccicces pele { 9.30
804 A. Gaddis & Co., Uniontown, ......) |
he!)
629 Cereal Bone) Plant Moody ca.cice carcasisecire cis ciscc c's Micreisietcte as J. D. Miller, Rockwood, ............ 138.86
558 Marmer’s Improved Phosphate, sccce.ccccousecceiecrscce --| Callahan Bros., Wellsboro, ....... sof | LEGO
486 A. B. Harnish, Mechanicsburg, al
361 Wm. Kipp, Millerstown, ........
tFarmer’s Potato Manure, .......ccccccccscccccces antes 9.50
be4 : Callahan Bros., Wellsboro, ...... eee
810 | G. L. Moore, Brownsville, ....... os |
572 Harmer s Potato) Manure; tacesaciecsscs cece cio cscicsicres oo BE. A. Slagle, Paxinos, ......cse.es Sa 9.21
631 | 7} J. D. Miller, Rockwood, ......-.s+0 {
355 jFish, Bone and Potash, ...... cocncvcecccvectccscesocs Callahan Bros., Wellsboro, ........- 12.90
694 Jno. T. Bingham, Slippery Rock, ..
zi
can | } J. D. Miller, Rockwood, ..........
. cr 11.22
480 j {Peerless Fertilizer, .........cs.00 AC PIRC ECC Geeee eee ses EB. A. Slagle, Paxinos, .........:c0++
‘1 G. L. Moore, Brownsville, ....... a5. J
—

For explanation of these tables see p. 713.

+Composite sample.

No

LIZERS—Continued.

6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

743

| +
Potash in 100 Pounds. Nitrogen in | ©@ | @
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. (Water Boluble.) 100 Pounds. of es
fd 16
Total. Available. Total. Be ay |
Oi
¢ié¢ 3.4 | a
a ~ Sam- |ag
§ i | 4 fa% | ve | g
= Fy | ESe g
3 Aig . | seg | go
F < r < Bw | 85 :
Balog | ¢ 3 sj) @ % [ee | Bs
oo) s | 2 We Ba |e Say ie . | #139148 | «
Pelee | 3 3 | 8 3 | ad | 8] 8 J a ia (et fa eer a) 2
5 o Ss q be q i n n a K a So =e
meres | 2 |e | 2 |} es | ke) 8 |e] 8 | & eae aa 8
eeien | 3 Fe o Ei o | ma | a E o a | Oo 18 a @
3.00 = asa
6.18 | 3.69 | 3.04 [12.89 |12.00| 9.85 | 9.00 | 2.88 |...... 2.88 | 2.00| .68*| .g 22.88 j
| 20.00 E14
| |
6.40 | 4.81 | 8.24 (14.45 | 9.00 |11.20 | 8.00 | .85 |...... -85*| 1.00 | .37¢| .41 | 15.97 | 16.00 981
6.28 | 3.77 | 2.81 |12.86 | 9.00 |10.05 | 8.00 | 2.68 |..... .| 2.G68*) 4.00 | L.L4*) 1.65 | 24.84 | 22.00 516
6.05 4.02 8.87 13.44 12.00 10.07 10.00 | 2.28 ..... 2.28 | 2.00 | .9S8*| 1.65 | 28.84 | 20.00 232
6.07 | 3.30 | 3.01 |12.38 | 10.00) 9.37 | 8.00 | 8.64 |......| B3.G64* 6.00 | 1.80% 2.47 27.36 25.00 B15
| i | | |
| | |
| | | | | | | | | |
5.65 2.98 2.92 11.55 9.00 8.63 7.00 8.74 ......| 3.74 2.00 1.4% 1.24 25.02 24.00 170
| | | | |
6.00 | 2.96 2.15 11.11 8.00 8.96 6.00 4.11 ..... 4.12 3.00 1.26* 1.65 24.81 | 24.00 a1
| |
| | |
|
|
| | | | |
5.88 2.71 1.8 10.39 10.00 8.54 8.00 10.09 ......| 10.09 10.00 1.84 1.65 32.64 27.00 64
| | |. |
2.33 5.18 1.84 8.83 8.00 7.49 7.00 3.86 ......,) 8.36 2.00 .53 41 15.21 15.00 m4
| | | | | | | | | |
5.87 8.38 1.40 10.65 10.00 9.25 8.00 2.89 ...... 2.89* $8.00 «91 82 22.18 17.50 494
| | | | |
| | | | |
ae | | | 22.50 721
4.18 | 8.58 | 1.90 | 9.66 |...... rok ie loeeced ence 2.80 2.80 | ...... WSS. ecay. 22.35 |
| | | | | 1 9.00 804
4.86 3.87 1.91 10.64 10.00 8.73 8.00 2.40 ...... 2.40 2.00 .O3 82 21.446 22.60 629
3.70 | 8.92 | 1.94 | 9.56 | 9.00| 7.62 | 7.00 | 2.74 |...... 2.74 1.50 .87 | .82/ 20.28 | 18.00 ws
| | |
| | f 75.00 ats
| | | | | | 26.00 861
5.82 3.84 1.57 10.23 9.00 8.66 | 8.00 1.60 6.62) 8.22 9.00 1.18 .82 29.95)
| | | 25.00 BA
| 28.00 $10
|
4.59 | 8.65 | 2.23 10.47 | 9.00 | 8.24 | 8.00 | 9.44 |......| O-44/ 9.00) 2.15 .82 | 28.98 | 28.00) om
| | | |
| | r| 95.00 «681
5.51 | 2.60 | 2.01 10.12 | 8.00) 8.11 | 7.00 | 2.92 |......| 2.92% 3.00 1.50 | 1.44 | 23.49 aed 556
| | | 00 aM
| | | | 18.00 | 20
8.80 | 5.15 | 1.98 10.48 | 9.00 a | 2.64 |......, 2.54| 2.09| .89 | 1.02] 14.73) | 16.00] 4s
( 25.00 | Sia
—_-___—

*Conatituent falls below guarantee.

744

Sample number.

556
487
338
695

230

442

236

265

237

€69

405

fi80

eel

551

623

189

ANNUAL ;|REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

COMPLETE FERTI

a
Ls}
&
2
Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken. a
g
&
o
&
3
~
ae
S)
é a
Spring, Crop Growers seccmatocoecccc cave sce poncwwsieciceewciie os Callahan Bros., Wellsboro, ........ 12.22
[ A. B. Harnish, Mechanicsburg, 4 )
TV AULC Vee CMEILLZOI cisiswictele sicioicinicicic «cin sie eivieleieis eicleinieie’e’s (stale 4 J. B. Ewing, Adamsburg, ......... jess!
L John T. Bingham, Slippery Rock, J
A. M. GROVE & CO., MUDDY CREEK FORKS, PA.
Special wRotato: Mertilizer, | oF inci nels «acincisjse eves eieenasts Grove & Uffelman, Brogueville, 10.06
HANOVER FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
Hanover Klondyke Special for Potatoes and Tobacco, | H. F. Gump, Everett, ............... 7.12
S. M. HESS & BRO., PHILADELPHIA.
SOO (ofysstayairenel, “sounpncodaunacsodnonceondbodsacdudsesoobos Daniel Spangler, Red Lion, ........ 10.72
[ A. H. Imboden, Orwigsburg, .......
MODECIAICOMN GNLANULEs \ ecreicisiclelsisieisisssetetoctole vieleic dateinie oteletels 4 Daniel Spangler, Red Lion, ......... 12.00
[ A. B: Mock, Martinsburg, <-...e:s5
HUBBARD & CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
A. Cameron Bobb, Paxinos, ....... a
jFarmer’s IXL Superphosphate, ............e0.-se0e- | 13.60
Boettner & Dietz, Danville, ......... j
Trucker’s 7 per cent. Royal Seal Compound, .......... --| Boettner & Dietz, Danville, ......... 9.54
M. P. HUBBARD & CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
Bermuda 7 per cent. Guano for Early Truck and
CULE DOES sietateistayarare laterite eteratecclelatsictalere visyaicielatets ciacsieisis etelateteteteseteets isla R. F. Schwarz, Spragueville, ....... 10.57
HMIXCPISION One PHOSpnate. sie. seiclclsislalealacisitnin ne slaniisleia(els oils BH. A Bieasey:,.. sicvc ebiadecticeus seamen 16.32
B. ASISCaSy,” ssciccstecee oeacee gaewseme
ALIMIeT SPO, TICOMOMYs. aiceic cis civic wvelsielere eleisieiaicisiolalerejesel™ (12.06
Kreger & Son, Kingwood, .......... J
THE JARECKI CHEMICAL CO., SANDUSKY, O.
A. B. Shaffer, Jenners, <...:2.-c+ssce
quuakecbirie Ssh Guano c. clans ssc cisiicarcmcicslete te aeienientels | 12.28
Jacob Foust, \Windber, «-<..<.s.cdee j
Ore EES PROTELIZEr sci cic vis ole a vie'e'arsinisnis e wasrc sbetts'e pioisisecto setteninc S. S. Mossholder, Brotherton, ....... 11.05
T. S. KENDERDINE & SONS, NEWTOWN, BUCKS CO.
PA,
BONE EE NOSPHAtE,.. (Sols uecisensOeeudceciteuscmur ee cusseamaettenes Hobensack Bros., Ivyland, .......... 8.58

For explanation of these tables see p. 713.

7Composite sample.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 745
LIZERS—Continued.
- Potash in 100 Pounds. Nitrogen in | Of 3
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. | (Water Soluble.) 100 Pounds. | ae es)
ee es
| 8
Total. Available. | Total. =H Be
jas ies oo
<= gis $8 | =e
3 | 3 | BO. | lea
8 : | 3 Fa | 38) g
co § = oZo oS =
e 3 ma | ei a o a iad (ee |
pois | 2 ee ee ciles 2 Sf )ge | Ba | a
o o 2 , } G £ e » ray 5s , rs] ~ w& bo a
= % EI ie) a ce) 3 A 5 cs a be) a | 2o8 =|
2 a) = a B S H a a | Be | H | Bos Eo
ee Sse] 8 Re] EB Pe |S) ee tee Bee See
ajiel] «4 & | o & 6 | a | & 5 9 6 10 A Bi
4.61 | 2.40} 2.55| 9.56 | 7.50 | 7.01 | 6.50 | 5.02 |...... 5.02] 4.50} 2.01 | 1.65 | 26.52 | 24.00] 6556
| | | 17.50] 487
3.88 | 4.15| 1.96| 9.99 | 8.00 | 8.03 | 7.00 | 3.28 |...... 3.28 | 3.00| .78/| .41| 20.953} 20.00) 338
'
| | 20.00} 695
| |
5.84 | 2.30] .89/ 9.03 | 9.00 | 8.14 | 8.00 | 5.33 |...... 5.33 | 5.00| .96| .82 23.44 | 20.50) 230
|
| | | |
8.45 | 3.84 | 3.93 |11.22 | 9.00 | 7.29%) 8.00 | 4.25 |...... 4.25 | 4.00 2.58" 1.65 25.05 | 24.00) 442
|
| |
| | | | |
6.30 | 1.90| .96| 9.16 | 9.00 | 8.20 | 8.00 3.07 | 1.51 4.58 4.00} .S82| .s2 | 22.51 | 25.00! 236
| |
| | | | | 23.00 265
| | | | | | | |
7.21) 2.45 | 1.42 11.08 | 9.00 9.66 8.00 (255 eee 2.55— 2.00| .83| 2 | 22.26 }| 24.00) 237
| | | 26.00 669
| | | |
| |
~ | | ¢ 24.00 405
Bot |p8s75) | 2.25 | 0a |... 9.26 | 8.00 | 2.22 |...... 2.22%) 3.00; 1.G2* 1.65 24.523
| | | | 1 22.00 680
| }
B 63| 1.78 | 1.29| 8.70 |...... | 7.41 | 6.00 | 5.96 |...... 5.96 | 5.00 | 5.40* 5.77 | 39.36 | 36.00) 581
| | |
| | | | | |
| | | |
| |
5.96 | 2.44) 1.45| 9.85 | 8.50 8.40) 7.00 | CHP lal hapeee 3.72*| 4.00 | 4.92*) 5.77 | 37.48 | 34.50| 551
| | |
#52825 | .79 | 8.56 |....5 Lecirga unsere MST: lose ees a RA Peper SSB \aceeece 18.85 | 22.00 23
| | |
| | r| 22.00 1
7.28 | 2.48 | 1.05 10.81 10.00 9.76 8.00 | 2.12 ...... 2.12 1.500 42 41 15.20 5 |
| | | | [ 16.50 634
| | |
|
| | | | | | (| 23.00) 775
6.48 | 4.22 | 2.55 13.25 /|11.00 |L0.70 | 10.00 |......| 1.32 1.82 1.00 1.30% 1.65 24.515 |
| Ul 25.00| 777
4.62 | 3.19 | 1.94| 9.75 | 7.00 | 7.81 | 6.00 | .85 |..... 085) 50) 660) 41 | 17.48 | 14.00) 623
| |
| |
7.18 | 3.55 | 2.21 (12.94 (11.00 [110.73 | 9.00 | 5.33 |......]. 5.831 5.00 | 2.52 | 2.47 | 93.00 | 30.001 18

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

746

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Dec.

COMPLETE FERTI

S
q
3
a Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken. A
g | 3
§ |
z —_
£
ao
a i
g S
2 sie
LACKAWANNA FERT. & CHEM. CO., MOOSIC, PA.
290 O. P. Beebe, Montrose, .....ccccoees
594 W. H. Diehl, Northumberland, ....
80 fAdmiral Dewey, <..ccccccscocess Agdoce meesete SOCHEOOND J. F. Barber, Mifflinburg, .......... - 6.90
765 C. Yeackle, Eckenrode Mills, ......
309 W. J. Rinewalt, Fairdale, .......... ]
128 (Big ieldiy. .cckees efeiaieleraleeisielesersteere “OdQOROCOCNEOCI L, G. Colvin, Craig, .....2......++0. \ 4.97
‘
563 C. V. Gruver, Howard, ...........- 550 || J
308 W. J. Rinewalt, Fairdale, ..........
292 PEone SUperPhHOsPHAte, v5. -cisie'cjesjeeloaes oisviclejale' eles c's Fred. D. Bunnell, Montrose, ....... ;
9.6
593 W. H. Diehl, Northumberland, ....|
766 C. Yeackle, Eckenrode Mills, ......| |
293 Fred. D. Bunnell, Montrose, ........
TDDECIQIPMATUTOS ole cis cies cclsthecncieeis tes clesplssiele viecresaios ewes
561 J @ V. Gruver; Howard? <<. ....ccnawe 5
B. F. LEBERNIGHT, RED LION, PA.
|
234 Standard Ammoniated Bone Phosphate, .............. .«.-| Lebernight & Ferree, Red Lion, =) 8.17
LISTER’S AGRI. CHEM. WORKS, NEWARK, N. J.
583 Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Phosphate, ............e00. H. G. Supplee, Bloomsburg, ...... . 10.69
102 Cortteand sPotrato PWertiiZer, we cclclesisice + amiseciomiise(tienseisisaice J. N. Hersh, New Oxford, ......... 11.57
|
184 |W. E. Baldwin, Embreeville, wel
(RLArVeRE, Queen Pe ROSPDALE2 si eaicisicc sseielsleisisisis[eicls(aisis/arsisie
W3 J. N. Hersh, New Oxford, ......+. |
582 Special Corn and Potato Fertilizer, ............sscesseees | H. G. Supplee, Bloomsburg, ....... 8.61
183 W. G. Baldwin, Embreeville, ...... A
fopecial Crop Producer, e sacaccne vse cave niceanclorceaate Ort 7.69
585 H. G. Supplee, Bioomsburg, ..... weit
415 Special eEOratOnne venscocees ons cen sanders rience eveeccece Stroup Bros., Valencia, ......... Arc 9.20
277 Standard Pure Bone Superphosphate of Lime, ...... +ee-| M. S. Greenawalt, Orwigsburg, . 10.88
190 Hobensack Bros., Ivyland, ......+++)
TSuccess Fertilizer, .......cccccccscess eeuaaee peleeers 12.88
a : H. G. Supplee, Bloomsburg, ........
MAPES FORMULA & PERUVIAN GUANO COl Naw.
|
= " | J. S. Fobst, Emaus, ..cccsccoccssesees
tAverage Soil Complete Manure, ..........scececeeees a
sg R. F. Schwarz, Spragueville, ....... j
546 Complete Manure for General Use, ............. Srosiaen R. F. Schwarz, Spragueville, .......| 10.38

oe

For explanation of these tables see p. 713.

+Composite sample

No 6.

LIZERS—Continued.

aoe

a

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

a

h in 100 Pounds. | Nitrogen in| ye | 4%
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. Potawater Soluble.) 100 Pounds. | °§ =
sh |s
i ga 2.
Total. Available. Total. < aS Pe a
. sAS =
PS 3 | 8 fd pete
© bk a n °
~ 3 oa | ES =
fe g a Sa2® | a°
E = 2 | . | r osn ra)
om | Lo] n n Us] 3s SU ri
8 ; ; Y 2 3 «3 Fi o |>m& Aen
E\8 | = Nee ee es (ee 2d (me -S
Somes | = | 2|.8 |e} s\e! £2 |e) & | & Bee -\ae
eee) es | fi] 2 | ele} 2] 2 | 2] 2 | 8 ese lee
ele | 4 & 6 &, 6 | & | & Ej & fi 6 10 Rh
Ne
23.00
fee
8.93 | 2°62 | 1.29| 7.84] 7.00) 6.55 | 6.00| 1.14 |...... 1.14 | 1.00 ~86 | .82 | 17.01 (fear
| 18.00
| | 32.00
| | | | |
8.41 | 8.44| 2.99| 9.24) 8.00. 6.85 | 6.00) .93 | 2.84 3.77* 5.00 | 2.04%) 2.06 25.58} 28.00
33.00
27.00
S
| | > | [ 25.00
7.64 | 2.96 | 1.02 |11.62* 12.00 10.60 10.00 | 1.78 |...... 1.78* 2.00 1.57% 1.65 24.56 |
| | Y} 25.00
| | | | 25.00
|
| ; ( 32.00
6 69/ 8.35| 2.19 12.23 12.00 10.04 10.00 ......| 6.22 6.22% 6.50 2.31% 2.47 33.39 |
[ 38.00
| .
48% | 2.94 | 2.17 | 9.95*) 11.60 | 7.78*| 9.25 | 3.19 |...... 8.19 | 1.85 -90 .82 21.16 20.00
3.96] 8.82 | 3.38 |/13.17]| 9.00) 9.79 | 8.00 | 1.86 |.....- | 4.86) 1.50 2.42) 2.06 28.41 28.00
6.79 | 2.86 | 2.50 12.15 9.00 9.65 | 8.00 2.53 .94 3.47 | 3.00) 1.66 | 1.65 | 26.88 | 25.00
|
¢ 25.00
7.06 | 2.86 | 2.40 |12.32 11.00 9.92 | 9.00 1.73 | .50 2.23 2.00 2.22% 1.24 24.09 |
| 1 | 23.50
| |
6.54 | 2.75 | 3.06 12.35 9.00 9.29 8.00 2.80 .76 3.56 | 3.00} 1.67 | 1.65 26.79 | 28.00
| (F 20.00
5.17 | 2.84| 1.61) 9.62)| 8.00} 8.01 | 7.00/...... 1.17| 1.17] 1.00 “83 | .82 19.08 j
t 20.00
| | =|
Beoziieae74 | 2:85 | 00 GL | 2...) 8.66. |s....: 67 2.28 CIES) Gacsbe vie © Mal ane 24.81 | 25.00
| |
7.29 | 3.17 | 3.25 |13.71 | 11.00 10.46 | 9.00| 1.60) .62| 2.22 | 2.00 2.40% 2.47 | 29.70 21.85
¢ 24.60
6.88 | 8.47 | 2.62 12.97 11.00 10.35 9.00.67 1.46 2.13) 2.00) 1.388) 1.24 25.50}
| | | | 1 25.00 |
| L
| 35.00
2.86 | 8.52 | 2.11| 8.19)|......| @.08*| 7.00| .67| 5.58 6.25 | 6.00| 4.25) 4.12) 36.01
1 | 37.78
L
1.00 | 4.93 | 4.81 (10.23 | 10.00 | B.92*| g.00 | 5.78 |...... 5.73 | 4.00| 3.63 | 3.80 | 32.90 | gg.75

*Constituent falls below guarantes.

Sample number.

748 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oif. Doe.
COMPLETE FERTI
EE eae
3
ie Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken. LA
2 3
i | &
2 a 2
D =|
r |
545 ( R. F. Schwarz, Spragueville, ..... sts
380 TS OTAN MM caTITIN CMa. cisterste slatetnis olercie sieislersiateie sisicicicie’e se iets Bisvsteers Jno. L. Nissley, Middletown, .......
639 | Wm. J. Neal, Newtown Square, .... poe
381 iF ; a Jno. L, Nissley, Middletown, ...... H
268 (uicodomicaWerotatet Manure yet) <7 ee-oae. ee: A. F, Kimmel, Orwigsburg, ........ ‘
548 J | R. F. Schwarz, Spragueville, ...... ‘ sia
377 IT ENCTAIEG TOD ees tetNl hey aelcictatatacieisicie st eirieveisi=:cietarsis/slalatatersloleiaicietaverels Jno. L. Nissley, Middletown, ....... OTL
660 General Crop Brand, ae tee ats a Bere elelelaiehere(oielsterstelaleietoreteteiere -.| Wm, J. Neal, Newtown Square, .... 12.25
37 GU YeeH ARMED TE UTA Ch ot mterelorcte rete ie tole etetelolerclalcicicicleiarcielelelatetss ale cchateierstevarste sre ....| Jno. L. Nissley, Middletown, ...... 10.75
382 Rotatom Manure | erxiclslstecicsc cre Srewisiejaies wfelofwierelelstetelefsie(sisie sjelelereie(els Jno. L. Nissley, Middletown, ...... 7.69
047 Rotator Manure) io. cecicctc selec. OB elelelatatcisieteleinetner eroatersrele ese. | . EB. Schwarz, Spragueville, .-j2c- 9.84
378 | Vegetable Manure or Complete Manure, ................ Jno. L. Nissley, Middletown, ....... 8.17
McCALMONT & CO., BELLEFONTE, PA.
564 | $25 Champion Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate, McCalmont & Co., Bellefonte, ..... 12.40
| WM. C. NEWPORT CO., WILLOW GROVE, PA.
165 AICO, ENOSPHALCS. (deciecic sere sicice ce ste Seotncggsocugdenad so|) Jae Watson Craft, Ambler: @cjcs-eee 8.90
167 J. Watson Kraft, Ambler; <2. .<--< 7
7Gilt Edge Potato Manure, ..... paviooosnoooopouseunGod 10.83
252 | Geo. K. Linderman, Birdsboro, (
254 Grain and Grass Special, .............. elatetnietefarsts(crele stots .....| Geo. K. Linderman, Birdsboro, ....| 8.90
B18 No. 1 for Potatoes, Corn and Truck, | deobocadoacabso Senses [PANGWe ELODey Pa, iaccakcs seem aimee eee 10.57
ins | AVEC RINE OE OSD ALC cc crcicic aiclelaicie «cleioieleieleivielvic ele = wielelotalsis claielaleicie J. Watson Kraft, Ambler, .......... 10.91
185 10 Per Cent. Potash Phosphate, mide steisioscine Comme aie acte --»| Lewis Hagaman, Rushland, ....... 5 3.80
G. OBER & SONS CO., BALTIMORE, MD. :
100 IWANINCT SOM LKEULE 5 crore aieissvioreicisivieivjeleiciolevers siete acie aieleresere tetera rsierevere W. M. Atkinson, McVeytown, ...... 5.60
| PATAPSCO GUANO CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
227 J. W. Gemmil, Brogueville, ........
303 B. H. Brown, Tunkhannock, ....... |
78 Addison Baker, Vicksburg, .......-.
NSOOM Bran G GuaAnd, ve. csp eicl-leierereincleilete cinteiciclelcin sieve vase 4 ——
384 | Jos. Burkhdélder, Hummelstown, ...| > 9.65
686 W. F. Slagle, Bloomsburg, ........
£98 | C. B. Moore, New Lexington, ......
873 Corn and Tomato Fertilizer, ...... Boat Or S siotaets siete Jacob Fritz, New Bloomfield, ..... ; 9.95

For explanation of these tables see p. 713.

a)

yComposite sample.

Nc 6.

LIZERS—Continued.

= — ——————————————— i oOo OO OOS OOO eee ae FF ease

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Soluble in water.
Reverted.

1.53 | 6.29

1.14 | 2.92
3.52
4.62
4.03
3.00 |
4.50
3.87

2.43

6.56 | 2.92

7.59 | 2.18

1.36

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Total.
3
. ao
we 2
es |e
°
a 5 5
4 ky oO
4.29 |11.11 | 10.00
2.91| G.97 | 6.00

2.93 9.77%
3.42 10.46 |
1.39 10.32.
3.05 | 10.03 |
2.69 10.69
2.06 8.98 |

1.70 11.44*

| 3.42 10.47
| |

9.381

1.21| 7.48*
2.00 10.48
3.27 10.65
6.15

6.15

1.19

10.67 |

1.01 10.78* 11.00 | 9.77

se eeee

10.00
8.00

12.00

8.00

9.00

8.00
10.00
9.00

11.00

10.00 |

(Water Soluble.)

Potash in 100 Pounds.

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

Available. Total.
| 3
8 co |
[2 io) | }
2
g | a
Lo] n n Lo]
8 Bl ioed Meee | 3
: ag E = : aq
= s a | @ = 8
bs @ a) o | Ss
[o} = he lol [o) ra
ios S ag | 8 fe, 5
6.82*| 8.00 | 6.59 |...... 6.59 6.00
|
|
4.06 | 4.00| .93/ 8.65! 9.58) 8.00
6.84* 8.00 | 2.80 ...... 2.80 2.00
{
7.04*| 8.00 | 2.88 |...... 2.88 2.00
|
8.98 | 8.00 | 4.23]...... 4.23 4.00
G.98* 8.00 2.27 5.14 7.41 | 6.00
S.00 | 8.00 1.07, 6.77| 7.S4 | 6.00
&.92*| 6.00 | 1.87 5.63 7.50) 6.00
|
9. 74*) 10.00 | 2.27)...... 2.27 2.00
|
TOS | 6100) 1:18 ees: 1.13 | 1.00
7.95 7.00 7.07 2.22} 9.29* 10.00
6.27 | 6.00 | 3.39 |...... 3.39 2.00
8.48 | 8.00 | 2.37 |...... 2.37* 3.00
7.38 | 7.00 2.67 2.23) 4.90* 5.00
654 || hebane TOMDD) lnneeie's VOS25: |) oo...
|
9:06 | 9.00 | 2.46 |...... 2.46 2.00
|
| |
9.48 | 9.00 3.02|......) 3.02 8.00 |
| |
|
|
9.00 | 2.01 |.....| 2.01 2.00

Nitrogen in
100 Pounds.

rd

a

2

in =]
o g
5 a
=

io &
2.60] 2.47
3.39 | 3.30

|

1.85 | 1.65
1.80) 1.65
1.02| .92
3.G60* 3.71
3.64* | 3.71
5.76 4.94
1.87) 1.6
1.45* 1.65
1.54* 1.35
H.0S | 82
1.74 | 1.65
3.10* 3.30
a LE dr Gal mare
vstes Aa mees 2
82 | 82
ae 1.24

Computed commercial value of

Department

2,000 pounds at
(See p. 712.)

rating.

30.

26.02

\ 23.22) A

Selling price of 2,000 pounds at
the point of selection.

20.00

| 20.00

20.00 |

20.00
20.00
20.00
21.00
21.00

|

749

Sample number.

564

100

750 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

COMPLETE FERTIL

|
|

aoe eee ee eee eee eee | an)
na
3
g
8
. Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken, a
3 s
4 E
: 2
= es
= a
5 3
a a
204 J. M. Hersh, New Oxford, ..........) } —_
FSea Guill Guano, .........cccceccccseccccssccscccecs eee ri
219 Jonathan Geasey, Dallastown, ......

376 Tobacco and Potato MPertilizer, ...-..ccccccescccccscccccsccs Hershey & Rupley, Marysville, .... 9.62
PA. AMM. & FERT. WKS., LTD, HARRISBURG, PA.

28 Capitol Bone Superphosphate, .........s.sccsscsecees .....| J. H. Urich, Mechanicsburg, ...... 7.57
482 Darphin Brande Merci Zerse cm cc ccicuccieveviscasele ocuisie/saaice's J. H. Urich, Mechanicsburg, ...... 12.80
883 Special Ssrand HErtiliZer, oceieisisteic cs desisescuciscsiseisienie aeeetsiote M. D. Ebersole, Middletown, ...... Sc 8.09
PITTSBURG PROVISION CO., PITTSBURG, PA. ,
807 . W. M. Davis, Greensboro, ......... 7
FOOL aN me OLAtO MUCTULIZED. | cciceucisiciisaielsiccbiecieciciens s H
809 1 Laidly & Randolph, Rice’s Landing, f 4.59
R. H. POLLOCK, BALTIMORE, MD.
235 Elias Gable, Red Lion, .............
101 | ; [ H. M, Owens & Co., Lewistown, «...
7Special Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer, ........ Saleiee
843 Jno. W. Dubbs, Bellefonte, .......... ( 8.45
452 | | J. A. C. Rider, Tyrone, ...... corel
341 Jno. W. Dubbs, Bellefonte, .......
65 Superior Corn and Tomato Fertilizer, ........... — — —,, Oxford, ........ Seleers
451 J. A.C, Rider, Lyr0ne, = occere ste Saem
PUGH & LYONS, OXFORD, PA.
O29) |) Bone Phosphate, <.sisede.detecse-2ke. nn a .»..| S. R, Dickey & Co., Oxford, ..... vse] ToS
| RASIN-MONUMENTAL CO., BALTIMORE, MD. |
446 | -Ammoniatea Superphosphate, ....... weet sescccscceseess| Cleaver & Gaily, Bedford, .......... | 16.10
224 | Gi B. Murphy, Keysi cccccsccenestrs
73 Peseta MOT CAT ZOT ais ailslaislein cinlsraisicnlsieieiein’s acne pagactcoctc W. H. Harter, Hartleton, .......... | | 14.59
447 Cleaver & Gaily, Bedford, ..........
712 | Monumental Potato Manure, soccccesrvecscccovicviccseasiee ».| Wilson & Me’nhall, Toughkenamon, 14.21
145 Wim. Penn Crop Grower) nccce.cccrewuee AD EOOOOL dinyele's'e/s ----| Wilson & Me’nhall, Toughkenamon, | 15.67
READING CHEMICAL CO., READING, PA.
262 Star Fertilizer, .......seceees eer iat Eedcrdncceeyt Wm. Ohlinger, Shoemakersville, ...| 9.90
THE RUSSELL AGRI. CHEM. CO., NEWARK, N. J.
653 Special Potato Fertilizer, ....... cadena enact Sacer seeeeee| Brinton & Worth, West Chester, .. 12.63
667 10 Per Cent. Potato Fertilizer, ....... e dierew nelsensielered +eee+-| Brinton & Worth, West Chester, ..| 11.28

For explanation of these tables see p. 713. +Composite sample.

wo. 6; DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 761

LIZERS—Continued.

ew

Potash in 100 Pounds, Nitrogen in | #¥ a
Phosphorie Acid in 100 Pounds. (Water Soluble.) 100 Pounds. on 3
Eas oS
a a
as a
Total. - Available. Total. | ae ad
| ; SAD oz
3| $3 2.8 | s3
K 8 | gS : Ng
sg Et A, A em g
3 2 ee Ba | Oy, ete
E | £ n . = rd oo 2
ajo | ¢ 3 ea ral ae 3 2 |3*. ae | &
4) 2g Q q ei et = A q A q u ro o
meee | s |e) 3) 8.8/3] € | €| & | 2 |e8e | se] @
as g 3 5 a o | & 3 3 3 a |/§&S3 | as £
i) gd a re 5 ° A Be H io) 3 iS a oon =P =
na | & A = o ca 1c) A | AY ed G) cs Gye a a
(| 21.00 204
5.79 | 2.76 | 1.08| 9.GS | 9.00 | 8.55 | 8.00 | 1.24 |...... 1.24] 1.00 -88 -82| 19.59 !
+ | 20.00 | 219
6.40 | 2.86 | 1.72) 9.98 | 9.00 | 8.2 8.00 | 4.16 |...... 4.16 | 4.00} 1.73 | 1.65 | 25.76 24.00 376
0 29 | 5.17 | 4.05 (14.51 /11.50 £0.46 | 10.00 | 2.66 |...... 2.66 | 2.00) 2.56 | 2.47 | 30.76 | 28.00 | 483
4.71 | 5.76 | 1.81 12.28 11.50 10.47 | 10.00 | 2.46 |...... 2.46 | 2.00 | 2.19*| 1.24 | 24.28 23.00 482
4.54 | 4.30 | 2.60 |11.44 | 9.50 | 8.84 8.00 | 2.13 panded 2.13 | 2.00! 1.09 82 22.17 20.00 383
r | | |
| | |
| (| 26.00 807
-78.| 4.56 | 5.34 10.63* 11.00 | 5.29%) 9.00, 1.47 | 3.47 4.94 | 3.00| 1.64* 1.65 24.80 |
‘ } i | 24.00 | 809
| |
| | |
| | 25.00 235
| 27.00 101
4.96} 8.41] 1.911'10.28 | 9.00 | 8.37 | 8.00) 4.27 ...... 4.27 | 4.00) 1.52* 1.65 25.08 4
| | | +/ 32.00 343
| | | 30.00 452
| (| 27.00 341
5.54 | 2.86 | 1.09) 9.49 | 9.00 8.40) 8.00) 2.29 leererere é 2.29*) 4.00 289") 1.65 | 20.48.) | .:5..-. 65
| |
| | | 24.00 | 451
| |
3.16 | 3.95 | 7.83 |\14.94 |11.00 | 7.11 | 6.00 | 2.92 |...... 2.92*) 5.00) 1.27* 1.65 23.98 | 26.50) 42
| |
| | | | | 2 } | |
| |
5.59 | 3.55 50 | 9.64 | 9.00 9.14 | 8.00 | 1.10 |seeeee 1.10) 1.00 .86 -82 | 19.59 22.00 446
| | | |
| | | | | 20.00 | 224
7.21 | 2.20) .73 10.14 10.00 |9.44 9.00 | 3.41 |......| 3.41] 3.00 -92 | .82| 22.70 | | 20.00 73
| | 24.00 | 447
5.05 | 2.33 60 | 7.88 | 7.00 | 7.38 | 6.00 | 3.16 |...... 3.167) 4.00 938 -82 | 20.11 22.00 72
6.06 | 2.73 | .37| 9.76 | 9.00 | 9.39 | 8.00 | 1.26 |...... 1.25 | 1.00|/ .82 | .82| 19.87 | 20.00 | 145
1.35 | 5.19 | 4.88 |10.42 | 6.00 | 6.54 | 5.00 | 1.08 |...... 1.08 -50 eoo* .82 | 12.72 | 14.00 262
4.69 | 4.61 | 1.80) 11.00) ...... 9.20 8.00] 2.54 |...... 2.54*/ 3.00) 1.38*! 1.65 | 23.73 26.00 658
4.36 | 4.26 | 2.44 11.06 arate $.62 | 8.00 |...... 9.60 9.60*) 10.00 | 1.43% 1.65 | 22.49 36.00 657

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

752 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. f
COMPLETE FERTI

/ 3
S
3
£ Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken. be
b=) =
E 5
Ss =
a a
2 Es
= 2
F E

656

508
398
505

650

RUSSELL & WHITEHEAD, NEWARK, N. J.

(Hak henpoj oped naid-s | amanoonapouondanc onsUCL Uae CUooTs NavOcos
SCHALL-SHELDON FERT. CO., ERIE, PA.

BRSSTUA TUL la tots cto stotel oles eersoteieiclarviers Srclcrv rete eifts ore cletetatslataie/oteietsicvere eietsi=intole

REINO TIS IOV OLile caterers e/a\aizie:s|siaistare sistovsis’atnlal lat sialere arson ettte le

CULE CLIX) wrmtetetetare istarsteisie oletesnicrerasa cielaie ole cistele eteiteajeioinin ietetrerstol eters

THE SCIENTIFIC FERT. CO., PITTSBURG, PA.

Corn and Grain Fertilizer,

PECEMONIY IG OTUNT ZCI. cae aiclaiciectiorotajores ail stelsievetarewiele Actaieie(eliars ereis'e\s
THE SCOTT FERTILIZER CO., ELKTON, MD.
Corn and Oats Grower,

Elk Head Superphosphate,

7Potato, Truck and Tobacco Grower,

Sure Growth Compound,
pare) Growth Superphosphates ce ceieeewcsccesecccececcs

SHENANDOAH FERT’ZER CO., SHENANDOAH, PA.

Farmer's Choice Brand,

+Gold Eagle,

*Ringtown Clover,

i & S. Complete Fertilizer,

M. L. SHOEMAKER & CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Swift-Sure Guano for Tomatoes, Truck and Corn,

For explanation of these tables see p. 713.

+Composite sample.

Brinton & Worth, West Chester, .. 5.85
Ephraim Adams, Wick, ..... 2 tae rei
J. M. Roberts, Slippery Rock, ....... 8.62
ud: “2: Leek; "Grove: 'Crty,, ceccwctsaeete 7
ie 8.80
J. M. Harshberger & Son, J’nstown, j
J. E. Cramer, Markleton, .......... 9.09
A. G. Lembower, Markleton, ...... 9.90
D. R. Stein, Orwigsburg, ............ 11.06
D: R. Stein, Orwigsbure; 5....6eseee 8.50
D. R. Stein, Orwigsburg, ............ 7)
L 9.00
Jas. E. Eastman, Orwell, ........ md j
W. H. Diehl, Northumberland, .... 7.22
D. R. Stein, Orwigsburg, ....:......- 9.00
A. Cameron Bobb, Paxinos, ......... 9.87
J. A. Romberger, Elizabethville, ...
A. Cameron Bobb, Paxinos, ........
Steininger Bros., Middleburg, ....... \ 11.46
Jno. H. Reid, De Turksville, ...... "
Wm. G; Fehr; Rock, <ccf.ncss cence
Steininger Bros., Middleburg, ......
J. FF. Barber, Mifflintown, ..........
10.05
A. Cameron Bobb, Paxinos, ...... En
Wi. DG. Fehr) Rack, <¢.J-0.sse.0kee
A. Cameron Bobb, Paxinos, ........
'
pitas
Jno. H. Reid, De Turksville, ........ J
M. H. Matlack & Co., W. Chester, .. 11.95

is

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 153
LIZERS—Continued
a a a ee
Potash in 100 Pounds. Nitrogen in | sv Le
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. (Water Soluble.) 100 Pounds. oe 3
| $8 lw
| =|2ee\ls
ra Ee
Total. Available. Total. ® | og
| ay Ca Vee
— | a. \h o oe = oi as
g 3 ee ed i eres
Po a | 8 og. | ac
a | E a | & | aa i
3 | as 13 | ea a
. al ; [ose 18° | =
Col 3 n n od s eS ere)
#lg|s 3 a aie i =| 209 |e
2 2 P : Sh) Sei es : e | ; sles a | 2
miele | 2 |e | ¢ | e]ei3) 2 |e] 2 | # ese 180 |e
3 > ° 5 a 3 a | o 2 5 | 5 a |§°2o |Sa E
° ga ¢ ° = ° 5 be | be ° ) oe ° 3 one | OY a
n ee = & o & Oo | | A & ro) cd o |0 | 2 D
=
fa
3.24 | 5.86 | 1.74 |10.94 | ..... 9.20 | 8 00 | 77 Bane 1.84*| 2.00 | 1.08 | .s2| 21.69 | 28.00] 656
|
| | |
2.17 | 4.58 | 2.13 | 8.88 | 8.00 | 6.75*| 7.00 | 1.66 ...... | 1.66] 1.00| 1.10 | .95/ 18.58 | 20.00| 438
5 33 | 3.55 | 2.26 |11.14 | 9.00 | 8.88 | 8.00 | 1.22 |...... | 1.32%) 2.00) 1.16 | 1.15 | 21.49 | 22.00] 430
| | | 24.00 696
$8 | 4.16 | 2.85 |10.8G | 9.00 | 8.01 | 8.00] .80 | 2.23) 3.03" 4.00) 1.16) .82| 22.81{
| | + | 25.00 | 743
L
5.14 | 2.55 | 3.77 [11.46 | 9.00 | 7.69*| 8.00 | 2.50 ...... 2.50 | 2.00| 2.24 | 1.65 | 26.34 | 18.00] 79
3.10 | 2.72 | 3.07 13.89 | 10.00 10.82 9.00 4.00 ...... 4.00 4.00 1.36* 1.65 | 27.82 | 19.00| 799
|
| | | |
2.98 | 3.73 | 1.04 |13.15 | 9.00 [12.11 | 8.00 | 1.97 |...... 1.97* 2.00) .66 | .41| 23.47 | 18.00! 274
| |
5.37 5.01 | 5.58 15.96 | 10.00 10.38 | 9.00 .53 .70 1.23 1.00; 1.00 | .82 24.15 | 19.00) 276
| | |
x | 23.00 | 278
1.99 | 3.20 | 3.38 [11.57 | 9.00 | S.19 | 7.00 | 5.38 |...... 5.38 5.00) 1.78 | 1.65 27.88}
| | | he 228
6.13 | 2.64 | 1.59 |10.36 |...... Ii 6 jeri ae 9.20| 9.20 |...... A A 39.07 | 35.00 596
| | is
8.14 | 8.23 | 2.45 |14.42 | 12.00 11.97 10.00 2.65 ...... 2.65 | 2.00) 2.25 | 1.65 | 30.87 | 29.00) 27%
| | |
| |
Waa) | 1.96 | 1.01 |10.11 | ...... 9.10) | cx: AN B20 ec: S90: (tae 21.27 | 92.00 399
| 15.00 | 387
|
17.00 | 400
3.15 |3.87 | 2.46 | 9.48 |...... 7.O2*| 9.00 | 1.75 |...... 1.75*| 1.85| .86| .82| 18.62! | 19.00| 89
| {| |
| i | 16.00 504
| | 20.00 | 509
|
| 18.00 | 88
| | Tees 13.00! 79
2.96 | 3.78 | 2.11| 8.85 |...... 6.74*) 8.00) 1.39 |...... 1.39*| 2.95| .379| 41 |
| | | 16.00 401
| | | 17.00 | 508
ee | 20.00 | gos
Bree | 1.74 | 8-08 | --...- | 6.27*| 16.00) .67|) 1.84| 2.51*| 5.70) .88*| 1.65 18.68 {
20.00 605
| | |
4.50 | 3.86 | 4.65 [18.10] ...... | 8.45 | 3.90 5.42 )......| &-42 | 6.00 2.01 | 1.65 | 29.50 | 27.00! Ose

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

48—6—1901

754 : 7 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Olt. Doc.

COMPLETE FERTI

a
|
S
a
8
Pe Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken. onl
3 g
} pe
a A)
2 5
a ~
8 |
7) A
4
651 Swift-Sure Superphosphate for General Use, ........... M. H. Matlack & Co., W. Chester, .. 10.79
524 dc. S» Mobst,Hmaugs wee on. duoc eee } :
+Swift-Sure Superphosphate for Potatoes, ......... 9.43
653 M. H. Matlack & Co., W. Chester, .. ie
652 POG EOS DULALE siiicicls olojereteforbiats crete eteiciclcleleta ers leivielels sistent le;steisieteiereie/aie M. H. Matlack & Co., W. Chester, .. 8.36
CHAS. A, SICKLER & BRO., WILKES-BARRE, PA.
127 W. BD: Spencer, Waverly, <2 ..0-scmse }
FEU DING SE ROSPMATC Sole cicialesie oeicmiatslansielnisccisielarinnicnitistrie 4.57
130 G. H. Hinckley, Nicholson, ........ r
J
122 HY J. Hull; Oliphant; <<... --.-. cee 7
iSpecial Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables, .... b 6.24
126 | - W. D. Spencer, Waverly, .........-> j
128 E, J. Hull, Oliphant, .....0/-4008 15
f{vesetable and Wine Mertilizer;, 22.000. ..0ccc.ss-s0cs i 5.34
131 G. H. Hinckley, Nicholson, ......... f
E, A. SLAGLE, PAXINOS, PA.
|
407 TAIT EH OOO s aie istere ie sic cserctele cielante titi inciels cancion Mean isnineatmnccte HW). A. Slagle; Paxinos; <2. 0.00... seca } 9.56
H. H. SMYSER, YORK, PA.
498 hicks o (BONG ANG POtASHy ce cjetnisalenieleinscic\-isi0\seicles aicieisincieieiee H.-H. Smysers York) ieee cece see | 9.11
499 Chicaeo Bonerand LaANkaees .. vntecsalcic oe cis eicis eraacicmis occ Hi. H. Smyser; York, <-..--ces-ccsee 10.79
SOUTHERN FERTILIZING CO., YORK, PA.
502 Ammoniated Dissolved) Bones, <.::icccicictees cieiciew ocicieseicle cote cle Wagener & Ernst, York, ............. } 12.61
223 [ G. B: Murphy, Keys; <.2... scnesess
271 A. F. Kimmel, Orwigsburg, ........ |
Tammenis (Choice Brand, .cecieniacciarsleseisas'e's geeisa vias 4 | & 9.59
193 ' Geol (Nel ny occ cccuievinc a alee cocoons }4
560 t J. M. Getz., Jr., Lock Haven, ......| |
402 EeENCraAle OTOP GLOWED | jo<iccictieiies svetsveciunioiine vw Selene ce smete wees A. Cameron Bobb, Paxinos, ........ 8.93
603 | [ | Wagner & Ernst, Work) .cc.sssssceeme
270 | . A. F, Kimmel, Orwigsburg, .......
‘Special Potato (Grower, <5.ccccrscsesceccucepecccnis we 10.40
59 | J. M. Getz, Jr., Lock Haven, ......
624 Simon Pontz, Berlin, ~....cce..+see |
SWIFT & CO., CHICAGO, ILL.
{23 BOMPIGtS WertlUZer. se vics ce onvc decent anvsace cuwacee vies ssa Craig Hardware Co., Mars, ........ 4,47
424 BUDETONOSDNELC:. \c:ecs:0 se rcicine wale le oinlelejsieie aisiaieie citi sie eibicie aiaate | Craig Hardware Co., Mars, ......... 4.61

For explanation of these tables see p. 713. +Composite sample.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 755
LIZERS—Continued.
Potash in 100 Pounds. Nftrogen in | %# | 4s
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. (Water Soluble.) 100° Poundas lng | :
SE 3
a hes
Total. Available. Total. _o | ad
2 aout AQ |ex
$| 3 PLE |S3
r 5. |a¢g
3 5 =) Bao | Ses o
F B | a . exe pecoliee
oS cs} j Le! ae | 3
fils] 3 : 3 | a] 8 3 | 8 |g. | Ba |
o} 2 a : r= : =I hae ee : re Se lso¢ lea | 2
2 3 is) 3 ho] a 5 A 3 a 3 a | aoe. | o a
3 @ fs) 8 & i= & n n a & i=) le sor | =o
a 5 n =] 3 =] i] o o | a = I i) a5 E
8 Pa] ° =) ie) = hi ba is) =| ° a CNm | ov CG]
me K ics O ca 6) Ay Ay fe 6 fy o 10 ln a
{ ( }
7.81] 8.72 | 4.45 |15.48 | 14.00 |11.03 | 9.00] 5.05 |......] 6.05 | 4.00] 2.G2 | 2.47] 34.48 | 32.00] 661
(| 33.00} 524
6.91 | 2.77 | 5.04 |14.72 |] 11.00} 9.68] 8.00 | 6.39 |...... 6.39") 6.50| 2.66 | 2.47| 34.78 |
l 32.00 | 653
8.16 | 3.56 | 7.76|14.48| 8.00| 6.72 | 6.00| 2.17]......| 2.17 | 1.00| 1.38 | .92| 23.18. | 23.00] 662
| | 26.00 | 127
2.72 | 1.89 | 2.34 | 6.95*| 9.00) 4.641%] 8.00 | 3.19]...... 3.19 | 2.00) 1.46*| 1.65 19.65 |
| a eee 130
: L
| | | (i 34.00 122
2.40 | 2.25 | 3.99| 8.G4*) 9.00, 4.65" 8.00 | 6.96 ...... 6.96 | 6.50) 1.SS8*| 3.30) 25.30!
| | | 5 36.00 | 126
L
| f 29.00 123
2.11 | 2.18 | 4.28 | 8.57% 12.00 | 4.29% 10.00 | 5.80 |...... 5.80 | 4.00) 1.74*) 2.47) 28.97 |
| | VN ecoceieie tafe | 3L
| | L
| |
5.27 | 8.37| .88| 9.52 )...... 8.64 | 8.00 | 2.44 ......, 2.44) 2.00| 1.62) .41| 19.66 18.00, 407
| | | | |
8:25) 1.191 | .50 | 9.94 |...... 9.44 | 8.00 | 4.12 |...... 4.12 | 4.00 | .86*| 1.03| 23.29 22.00 | 498
| | | |
@ 87 | 1.78 | 1.03 (11.68 |...... 10.65 | 8.00 | 1.26 |...... 1.26 | 1.09 1.04") 1.03 22.58 19.00 499
| | | | |
| |
7.76 | 2.62 | 1.52 |11.90 | 11.20 110.38 | 10.00 | 2.72 |...... 2.72 | 2.50 | 1.GO*| 1.65 26.19 24.00} 502
| | |
| 19.00 223
|
| | 22.00 | 271
6.49 | 2.22 | .91 | 9.62*/ 10.00 | 8.71*| 9.00 | 2.82 |......, 2.32 | 2.00 S82) .82) 20.43:
| 4 | 19.00 | 193 |
| | | 22.00 | 560
|
5.24 | 8.62 | .73| 9.69] 9.00) 8.86] 8.00 | 2.53 |...... 2.53 | 2.00 -5L | .41) 19.47 tot 402
| 24.00 | 508
[ 25.00 | 270
6.02| 2.55 | 1.15/ 9.72] 9.50/ 8.57] 8.00} 3.98|...... 3.9S*) 4.00) 1.30] 1.24) 23.98:
; 4 27.00 | 559
22.50 | 624
5.69 | 4.45 | 2.79 |12.93 | 11.00 |10.14 | 8.00] .97]...... -97*| 1.00 -99*| 1.03 | 22.21 22.00| 423
6.29 | 3.94 | 4.65 |14.28 |12.00| 9.63 | 8.00 | 1.95 |...... 1.95*| 2.00 | 2.37 | 1.65| 28.83 2.00| 424

*Constituent falls below guarantee,

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

COMPLETE FERTI

—oOooSSSSSSSSSaSsSa ee. SSS SSS SS ——— eet
a
Ls
S
3
4 Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken. tol
ry Ss
A nm
8 =
3 —_
a o
ry 5
Fy] a
4 é
$ a
I. P. THOMAS & SONS CO., PHILA., PA.
110 JNO. Mo wWoder, Bellvilles crcccjetctelceta
tImproved Superphosphate, .......0...ceceeeeecscceeere { 8.70
456 Sudeker & Mitchell, Troy, ........... j
169 Jno; M. Yoder) Bellville vy scceccts Ay
jNormal Bone Phosphate, ......... mivieisloeabete 3085600 (10.61
$22 BE DD; ‘Chaffer, Orwell, -us..<..scecees j
137 PNtatOmMaMUTe, co dascowescmcocse aoe sce Sccuces sa scias eeeie eee if} 1D) eSnyder,s Brooklynyess-enseses } 13.12
JAMES THOMAS, WILLIAMSPORT, PA.
478 Fiemme ONeY SUDPCrPNOSPMALE cs risieicieislelsteleisisiojsicie/oleieterelsieisisietels Elwin Allen & Co., Canton, ........ 10.76
461 [ Compton & Lilley, Troy. --ssececnee
106 fH. G. Potato and Tobacco Manure, ............ eres Watt Bros, Bellville, ........... BOUGS 9.81
783 Parker Bros, Ebensburg, ............
460 Gompton! 6) Hilley®, UErOye ceriesescieteiene
105 EESSLOTICU VIC OA cisjein atorvsicie clesaraje eltieYeierai iereleieinjeieieisig/e ccisvelaisisretsie seis 5 Watt Bros). Bellville, a2c.c.ccscseeece 9.26
739 Barker Bros., Ebensburg, ..........
459 Special Compound for Wheat, Oats, Corn and Grass, | Compton & Lilley, Troy, ............ 13.14
108 Watt ‘Bros. Bellvilley cas smescmesiner 7 a
*Standard Bone Phosphate, ................e0.00% aefersis 8.55
740 Barker Bros., Ebensburg, .......... ‘
478 BrandardePnospHnate rq .rcicice ciccicicisleceasicciciaeccsenics Gaacoc Elwin Allen & Co., Canton, ........ 7.90
|
|TUSCARORA FERTILIZER CO., PORT ROYAL, PA.
108 H. M. Owens & Co., Lewistown, ...|)}
+Ammoniated Tuscarora Phosphate, ............. . , 12.31
417 Ogden & Allen, Canton, ............ I
104 Mi Ps Yoder, Bellville wie .cs- sceeeecee
76 TELE MMEVOUIT We cress) ct stohsietetarcieicielelsiciajelsielelacteterers etnieleisie slofelalelstaretavere Geo. W. Young, Mifflinburg, ...... a 17.58
476 Ogden & Allen, Canton, ........... ‘: a
| VERMONT CHEM. FERT. CO., VIRGINIUS, VT.
129t Coral Lawn and Garden Dressing, .............ssesceees Hunt & Connell, Waverly, ......... + 1.15
WALKER, STRATMAN & CO., PITTSBURG, PA.
610 M. A. Brubaker, Hooversville, ..... :
493 ; R. McCoy, Slippery Rock, .........
PMA EESOMIANI ZS Ucisiaaieevcicicinceiclnise cele aeeccecccccsceece eee 7.38
411 Hunter & Sons, Crawford’s Corners,
1 C. Yeackle, Eckenrode’s Mills, ......
rt Meat, Blood and Bone with Potash, ..................- +..| C, Yeackle, Eckenrode’s Mills, ...... 8.45
For explanation of these tables see p. 713. t+Composite sample.

No.

LIZERS—Continued.

6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

a a a Tt a

Phosphoric Acid in

100 Pounds.

Total. Available.
| | iv
y
a
:
Le] Lo]
4) 3] 3 g 8
o 2 2 5 E 7 &
Sis|s| & Ei £
= > 2 3 3 5 a
° 2 Pt iS 5 fo) 3
n % =) & o & | oO
7.23 | 4.03 | 2.41| 13.67 | 12.00 | 11.26 | 10.00
G.00 | 2.85 | 1.86|10.71 | 9.50) S.S5]| 8.50
. 896 | 3.30 | 2.11 |11.37 | 10.50 | 9.26 | 9.00
0.55 | 2.19 | 1.68 ‘10.42* 14.00 | S.74*) 9.00
6.91 1.81 | 1.17 | 9.S9* 12.00 | S.72*) 9.00 |
6.64 | 3.02 | 1.43 11.09 | 10.00 | 9.66 | 9.00 |
| |
7.98 | 3.05 1.11 12.14 11.00 11.03 | 9.00
6.78 2.38 | 1.01 10.17 |10.00 | 9.16 | 8.00
4.84 |3.57 | .92 | 9.33* 10.00 | S.41 | 8.00 |
2.12 4.86 3.46 10.44 | 8.00 | 6.98*) 7.00 |
|
| | |
2.12 | 6.07 | 2.67 10.86 | 8.00 | 8.19 | 7.00
soall SXeGH| 2ECAl) SSSR Ya eaten SOG) rae
73 | 2.48 | 4.22 [12.43 | 10.00 | S.21*| 9.00
4.54 | 2.74 | 4.10 |11.38 |10.00 | 7.28*| 8.00

*Constituent falls below guarantee.
{Not included in summary.

Present as muriate.

1.10

5.79

3.07

2.77 |

4.20

757
Potash in 100 Pounds. Nitrogen in SE 3
(Water Soluble.) 100 Pounds. | ®
S5 3
ae |g
Se Ze
Total. _2 | ag
“ BAD oe
cS o A 180
£ \ge. [83
e = ere bia g
3 Ego |S | g
a Lees : | ofa a2 |
2 eo tf o~ |aR 3
$ a | Sie. || ae a
~ . =z : r= 5 4 to Ee °
S Le] os Le] ad —] } =
a s 5 5 & | est | Se FI
ee g | 8 | 2 | Bada eee
AY & o cd 6 |0 n n
|
22.00 | 110
BS, 1.10 | 1.00 -G1* | .82 | 16.32
1 25.00 | 456
lk
24.00 | 109
oes 1.84 | 1.50| 1.17 | 1.03 | 21.87
hea 332
ere 6.33: | 6.00 | 2.28 | 165 | S142) © |eaeees | edoT
owe 2.53 | 2.50 | 2.05*| 2.06 | 25.90 23.00 478
30.00 | 461
coors 5.79*| 6.00 | 1.98*| 2.06 | 28.80} | 31.00 | 106
32.60 | 738
(22.00 460
| |
PEERS 3.07 | 3.00 -S7 | .s2 | 22.69 | 22.40 105
| 23.00 | 739
ee 2.23*| 3.00 | 1.14 | 1.03 | 24.54 | 24.00 | 459
| } |
| 21.00 | 108
eestee 2.25 | 2.00] .84 | - .50 | 21.14
| L 20.00 | 740
| |
ee 2.62 | 2.00 -59 | .50/ 19.50 | 18.00 | 479
|
| |
| 20.00 | 103
Bohlee 1.14] 1.00] .69%| .82 | 17.74 | |
1 | 18.00 | 477
U| |
| 25.00 | 104
seen 2.77*| 4.00 1.41*| 1.65 22.98} | 30.0) 76
| | 30.00 476
aes : 3GB |ccccce] 0'FO | ..ccc-| 9:79" | |PSOLOOM mer iaS
'
(22.00 610
23.00 | 693
Peete 4.20 | 4.00| 1.75 | 1.65 | 27.02
24.00 411
25.00 768
6.15 7.G62*| 8.00 | 3.G4 | 3.30 | 37.68 | 30.00 | 767

1.47

758 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
COMPLETE FERTI
a a Se
|
| g
rs
8
E Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken. oad
a s
a =
8 rs]
| -_
r=} o
2 5
a a
§ 3
a a
138 Wotatowopecial MerelliZers, hectic cistcts cieisialaie'< ciniesorcto nielaeialsisia/ale sits Ww... Devall,-'S: Gibson, °.-.--cee 5.80
|
W. E. WHANN, WILLIAM PENN, PA.
192 Chester Valley Available Ammoniated Superphosphate,| J. Huston, Hatboro, .................. 7.91
1$) Chester Valley Special Potato and Truck Fertilizer, ....| J. Huston, Hatboro, ...............0.- 9.08
THE ROBT. A. WOOLRIDGE CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
iy.3 Franklin G. Evans, Kelton, ........ |
Ghampion iGlant Phosphate, oi ci csesieccesiicccicivacicnes 12.15
e85 D. B. Stahler, Friedensburg, .......
225 Perstp Nee Ire EOL Gaels serheteiiciels crx cvarsis/erejalotorsloievsisto clas sieceleiststeiaincis Go Be Murphy, INC YS) iciccieiscielcite pee 9.91
36 | Franklin G. Evans, Kelton, ......... }
¢Triumph Pure Bone Phosphate, ......... ...eseee. 9.36
284 D. B. Stahler, Friedensburg, ...... If
YORK CHEMICAL WORKS, YORK, PA.
13 Dempwolf’s New York Phosphate, .......... siovels eels sielevelerce)| (A utsce SUL ALCU LAL im cluininls s/cleisintesssteiarate 12.50
10 Dempwolf’s Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer, ............ A. K. Straley, Hall, .........+++++++00! 12.65
HENRY S. ZOOK, ELVERSON, PA.
251 Pride of Chester Corn, Oats and Wheat Phosphate, ....| Henry S. Zook, White Bear, ....... 11.23
23 Pride of Chester No. 5 Corn, Oats and Wheat Phos- |
NNER etn alee fala’ clea stele ica v s'einie =inia/s\aia)alm sielate’= alele|stelsiale{alessie'siaie\eis/s Henry S. Zook, Joanna, ............ 10.9

For explanation of these tables see p. 713.

+Composite sample.

No.

LIZERS—Continued.

6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

oOo OOOO eee eee SS SS ee eee eee

Potash in 100 Pounds.
(Water Soluble.)

Total. Available.
FS
NI
a
B eee ;
S 3 | 3 | 3 3
= ~ ~
e|£| 3 a FI 3 | ¢@
3 © i) =] & a
ais | 3 5 & 5 g
mimi & & | o eg o
4.91 (2.62 |5.49 [13.02 |10.00 | 7.53 | 8.00
|
O372) (40251 | 1.59 | D-BG t....0% 7.97 | 7.00
4.30 (2.77 | .90 | 7.97*|10.00 | 7.07 | 7.00
7.36 | 2.47 | 1.04 [10.87 |...... 9.83 9.00
5.79 | 2.11 | 1.15 | 9.05 |...... 7.90* 8.00
6.11 | 2.04 | 1.15 | 9.30 ]...... 8.15 8.00
2.69 | 6.46) 2.07|/11.22/ 10.00, 9.15 8.00
5.04| 3.64) .90| 9.58] 9.00| 8.68 7.00
|
8.16 | 4.63 | 1.06 |13.85 | ...... 12.79 10.00
|
7.56 | 5.16 | 1.15 |13.87 | ...... 12.72 | 10.00

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

8 q
z | 2
B| &
3/3
~ ee
| =)
oO o
n na
i) o
=)

A | a
.80 | 6.47
B07) secees
T19-| noes ;
4a" |.
77 ee
rica eee

|

rs pee
1.60 3.76
S08). ..c2:
2228 leet

Total.

2.58 |

Guaranteed.

Be
S

3.00
7.00

2.00

7.00

2.00

2.00

| Nitrogen in | $#
100 Pounds. a
| og
| 5&
| as
|; >a
ie
| | SAS
| EL
on
ae
|63¢
3 | °s@
® |g
ie (etme
: c ls to
| Le] 3 | A &
| § a | ges
| (o) 5 | owe
| Fy o |0
}
2.73 | 2.47 | 33.64
1.141 | 1.00 | 21.54
2.11% | 2.47 | 28.38
83 -82 22.00 |
L
| Lo 22*| 1.24 | 23.23
1.19% 1.24 28.19 |
L
74 -41 | 20.83
1.79* | 2.47 | 27.88
|
-40* .41 | 17.64
-46 | 41 | 17.22
|

seeeeeee

Sample number.

8

& §

285

36

Sample number.

732
322
148

490
86
543

797 |

471
316
702
Ti2

172
211

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Manufacturer and Brand.

THE AMERICAN AGRI. CHEMICAL CO., N. Y.
BRADLEY BRANCH, BOSTON, MASS.

*Bradley’s Alkaline Bone with Potash,

J

CANTON CHEMICAL BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.

yCanton Chemical Soluble Bone and Potash,

Canton Cremical Soluble Bone and Potash,

CROCKER BRANCH, BUFFALO, N. Y.

7Crocker’s Dissolved Bone and Potash, ............. }
DETRICK BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
Detrick’s Soluble Bone and Potash, .

Detrick’s Soluble Bone Phosphate with Potash, ...

{Detrick’s Soluble Bone Phosphate and Potash, ..

GREAT EASTERN BRANCH, RUTLAND, VT.

:

7Great Eastern Soluble Bone and Potash,

LAZARETTO BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.

tLazaretto Dissolved Bone and Potash,

MARYLAND BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.

Maryland Bone Superphosphate,

—_—

For explanation of these tables see p. 713. +Composite sample.

Off. Doe.

ROCK AND POTASH

Furnishing Phosphoric

n
Ls]
Ss
8
From Whom Sample Was Taken. a
Ss
rr
|
o
=i
3
~
fae
°
a
>
C. Marshall, Luthersburg, ..........
Daniel Henley, Wysox, ...........0 11.77
A. F. Stutzman, Johnstown, ........
S. M. Bailey & Bro., Dillsburg, ....
W. B. Winey, Middleburg, ........ |
+ 11.38
Morris Nauman, Stroudsburg, ..... rc
King (Bros); Uniontown) sen cecrssiciens
J. W. Hostettler, Walnut, ......... A 9.63
|
|
W. R. Henderson, Henderson, ...... |
Ja eo. hock Grove City. eccecccmmssietee 9.20
|
T. J. Jacobs, Somerfield, ..........
|
——_ ———__,, Oxford, ............. 10.66
James McCauley, Mifflintown, ....... | 9.02

Daniel Miller, Mifflinburg,

Newton Gouder, Jenners,

L. T. Weller, East Troy,

M. A. Cranmer, Monroeton,

Atwell & Perry, Big Bend,

C. i Ankeny. Jennerss iiceceatstesmicen
S. K. Chambers & Bros., W. Grove,
Z. H. Cashman, New Oxford,

H. H. Loose, Menges Mills,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 761

FERTILIZERS.

Acid and Potash.

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. Potash in 100 Pounds. 8 r)
As eo ”
a of |8
Total. Available. | Total. Fo |B
SS CH
= s eee tee
: & a | a
§ 5 |S | Be |e ee
i) _ |
| é ae ee ‘| 88 |e
eld 3 3 3 é a 3 | vs [88 | a
o g a : B : ra 3 2 : 5 =i 3
eel & | 2 | 3 E 3 | s | ge] 3g a: | ae | 88 lee
3 > fc) 5 iS ey u D S 5 go } =e E
iC oy re 8 5 3 5 B & 5 5 6A | Ga a
DR = = fy o ca oO Ay fy fe o o | 2 a
22.00 732
6.09 | 4.67 | 1.34 |12.10 | 11.00 10.76 | 10.00 FHS by | Becenass 2.15 2.00 | 14.28} 16.00 322
17.00 748
|
|
f 15.50 | 430
| | 15.00 86
5.33 | 4.99 .89 |11.21 | 11.00 10.32 | 10.00 Salt henpoooe | Soils 2.00 | 13.74 5
1 15.00 543
| | 18.00 | 797
5.04 | 4.93 | 1.18 11.15 | 11.00) 9.97* 10.00 DENS | kardagoe 2.25 2.00 13.72 (14.00) 120
| 21.00 720
5.31 | 5.59 1.76 12.66] 11.00 10.90 10.00 1.60 58 | 2.18 2.00 | 14.56 } 20.00 699
| |
| | | 17.00 792
| | | | |
4.50 | 6.35 | 1.66 11.51 | 11.00, 9.85*, 10.00 2.82 | anita 2.32 21007| 18-816 oeeeeee 68
5.92 | 5.22 73 11.87 | 11.00 11.14 | 10.00 Ah ll eae eee eet! 2.00 14.19 |15.00| 115
| | 5.0] 7%
8.61 | 2.36 85 11.82 | 11.00 10.97 | 10.00 ata coeenee op aaaTt) 2.00 | 14.56
1 16.00 614
|
‘ 14.60] 471
| (SA eames 316
6.98 | 3.43 | 1.14 11.55 | 11.00 10.41 | 10.00 DRCU sao aee | 2.86 2.00 | 14.80 J |
; | 17.50 702
|
tae T72
|
|
| |
| 14.50 172
5.63 | 4.45 | 1.21/11.29 | 11.00/10.08 | 10.00 DMO Vrcasasen 2.10| 2.00) 13.72
1/14.00 | 9-211
6.76 | 3.89 9111.56 | 11.00'10.65 | 10.00 DION Seco: 2.10 2.00 | 14.07 |15.00 217

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

762

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doce.

ROCK AND POTASH

a
Le}
ql
3
= Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken. a
g g
g ; 5
A o
=)
= 5
a CS
5 3
a a
667 Maryland Bone Superphosphate, ..........csceccscscceees Skyles, Miller & Co., Martinsburg, 13.52
218 Maryland Linden Superphosphate, ............eeeseeeeeees H. H. Loose, Menges Mills, ........- 11.07
MILSOM BRANCH, EAST BUFFALO, N. Y.
259 Jacob Hollenbaugh, Hamburg, .....
fMilsom’s Dissolved Bone and Potash, .............
“ J. H. Eddinger, Luthersburg, .....-. 11.00
PACIFIC GUANO BRANCH, NEW YORK.
281 Pacific Dissolved Bone and Potash, ..............eeee0- A. D. Super, Friedensburg, .........- 10.30
PACKER’S UNION BRANCH, RUTLAND, VT.
467 Fred. Varney, East Troy, .........-
470 John R. Jones, East Troy, .........
517 Bs Ee Wehr; ROCK. coecer cede crete
18 7Packer’s Union Banner Wheat Grower, ...... ae J. W. Gladfelter, Rossville, ........ 15.84
567 J. P. Schneider, Huntingdon, .......
612 N. D. Bowman, Stanton’s Mills,
626 R. C) Hefiley Berlin; j.ccecseesee eee
469 Packer’s Union H. G. Wheat, Oats and Clover, ... Fred. Varney, East Troy, .......-.. 13.12
QUINNIPIAC BRANCH, NEW YORK.
8 Quinnipiac Dissolved Bone and Potash, ........seseeseee> Paxt’n Fl. & Fd. Co., Bowmansdale,| 11.73
READ BRANCH, NEW YORK, N. Y.
529 Read’s Alkaline Bone and Potash Fertilizer, ............ W. M. Gehman, Macungie, ......-.-- 8.75
REESE BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
15 mreese’s: Wheat Special), saic sielsscew sale occ en eincotelaeieiecincitere's M. H. Spangler, Rossville, .......... 12.00
SHARPLESS & CARPENTER BRANCH, PHILA., PA.
176 E. A. & J. L. Pennock, Chathom, }
Sharpless & Carpenter’s Soluble Bone and Potash, ie
511 A. Kirschner, Rock, ....cccsnssssunss f
STANDARD BRANCH, NEW YORK. |
496 Standard! Boneand! Potash’ socsnsccseeneteeece se cocsenen: BE. A. Keasey, Dover, .......... weisise;|) rea
SUSQUEHANNA BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
8 J. H. Myers, Bowmansdale, ........ 7
*Susquehanna Alkaline Bone Phosphate, ......... 11.28
52 Geo. B. Passmore & Sons, Oxford,
4 Susquehanna H. G. Bone and Potash, ...........sceeeeees J. H. Myers, Bowmansdale, ........ 12.40
117 Susquehanna H. G. Bone and Potash, ..............000- W. V. Shirk, Oakland Mills, ....... 10.74

For explanation of these tables see p. 713.

+Composite sample.

Ne. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 763
VERTILIZERS—Continued.
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. Potash in 100 Pounds. "a |S
o™- pe)
: ae §
aa °
Total. Available. Total. > — a
rte »
« é Sum | a
= » | Be |
. a a | Ow leper
Pt Er a | = 3 E
o] 3 & BR @
os 8 3 ov ry 2
| 3 2 : oj.) ce Weete
| n “
Hl] a| 2 3 oa E | ge | 53) &
cy) Pe) a2 : ad A + rs pe) a
pee | 2 | eo) ge | oe | 2 | $ | £1 eg | | Be ele
cS = a 3S a 3 3 o o 3 3 Eq | S3| &
fo) rel ) =] ° =] be be ° a ° ow o
vn fe a & G ea to) fy Oo & 1) 16) wa n
5.87 | 4.71 .4/11.42 | 11.00/10.58| 10.00] 2.12 ]........ 2.12 2.00 | 13.89 | 15.00 687
7.58 | 4.48 .85/12.86 | 12.00|12.01 | 11.00 SGI leases: 2.06 2.00 | 14.91 | 17.00 218
13.00 259
4.57 | 6.63| 1.67/11.77 | 11.00|10.10 | 10.00 2109)! || eee. 2.09 | 2.00 18.16 | |
| 20.00 729
\W
|
5.40 | 4.93 2.20 12.53 11.00 10.33 | 10.00 1.68 |........| 1-G68*| 2.00 | 13.80 |17.00 281
| | |
}
one | 467
. 18.00 470
|
| | 15.00 517
6.95 | 8.71) .71,11.87 | 11.00 10.66 10.00 PhS le orceese 2.15 2.00 14.07 | 16.00 | 18
| | | 16.00 B67
| | | | (20.00 612
|
| | | 17.00 626
747 | 4.98| .96 18.39 |........ po by Cag een We90: |r : A [eee 15:07" || sees 469
| | | |
8.16 | 2.60 .36/12.12 11.00 /10.76 10.00 21085 |Paaeee es 2.03 2.00 | 14.05 16.00 8
| | | |
| |
5.83 4.78 2.63 12.69 | 11.00 10.06 | 10.00 PV td Lee annee 2.14 | 2.00 |. 14.24 | 18.00 529
|
8.9 | 8.13 .46 12.55 11.40 12.09 10.00 A) el 1.70° 2.00, 14.65 | 15.00 15
| | | | |
le | | | ( 15.00 176
5.12 | 4.55) 1.86 11.53 | 11.00| 9.67* 10.00 1: 92h| eee oe 1.92% 2.00 | 13.46 J EP
| | | (
7.70 | 2.56 48 |10.75*| 11.00|10.82 | 10.00 2106 eocckces 2.06} 2.00! 18.77 | 16.00 496
| |
| 17. 8
4.27 | 6.17] 1.60|11.04 | 11.00| 9.44*| 10.00 7 ee 2.20 | 32.00] 13.41
15.00 52
|
7.41 | 4.64 | 1.48|/13.48 | 18.00 12.05 | 12.00 MPSS osc 4.31*| 5.00 | 17.44 | 20.00 4
7.90 | 4.04 | 1.77|18.71 | 18.00 |11.94*| 12.00 ALS1 |, Secs 4.21*| 5.00 | 17.44 {18.50 uu?

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

Doce.

Moisture in 100 pounds.

9.45

; 10.65

11.53

764 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off.
ROCK AND POTASH
FS Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken.
2
£
3
=]
a4
2
£
a
n
TYGERT-ALLEN BRANCH, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
623 Allen’s Alkaline Bone Phosphate, ..............++ arerelerereteve R. S. MacMillan, Casselman, .......
K33 5 J. HINsmMaster es Macun eile ee. nelriear
7Allen’s Star Soluble Bone Potash, ....... ol eVoletniie evete
621 Gein Raymonds Pushy rectcjestsisistersiss
WHEELER BRANCH, RUTLAND, VERMONT.
231 =} FS We Chatters Orwell, fac occierectareieleists
'
296 = iW, A’ Bish; S) Montrosey <se-ceer
fWheeler’s Wheat and Clover Fertilizer, ...........
301 T. A. Roberts, East Rush, ..........
620 ! Cc. A. Brandt & Sons, Shanksville, |
L
WILLIAMS & CLARK BRANCH, NEW YORK. °
363 7 HS. Dressler, Newport; sc... ce: oe |
474 John “Rockwell, Gheroy .eckeceses
98 yWilliams & Clark Dissolved Bone and Potash, ... W. M. Atkinson, McVeytown, .......
641 Jacob Kauffman, Jr., Davidsville,
784 { JM Mikes Billsie es ccossiceee sees |
ZELL BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
20 Zell's Dissolved Bone Phosphate and Potash, ........... ©. ¥. Arnold, Clear Spring; «<0...
THE ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS, CHICAGO, ILL.
737 [ J.) Eavstover, (Clearfield® (u-sesneeere
350 7@ereal Phosphate Fertilizer, ........0.c«-0+sess0e eet McCalmont & Co., Bellefonte, ...... A
185 L Wallace Sherbine, Willmore, .......
BALTIMORE PULVERIZING CO, BALTIMORE, MD.
619 John W. Reutschler, Windsor Casle,
tPenniman’s Excelsior Fertilizer, ................. ie |
568 J. W. Goss, Mill Creek, ..........00.
90 Steininger Bros., Middleburg, ......
3 PepOcial spring, Mixtures ci cise cle ciei-teciveiesienisio were |
570 Jp We. Goss) Mill (Creekjaesascesncets |
BAUGH & SONS CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
208 J. W. Ruff, New, Oxford) oo.accceees
| tSoluble Alkaline Superphosphate, ...............0-
780 C. H. Schmucker, Friedens, ........
A. H. BLAKER & CO., FOX CHASE, PA.
% ARMING: SONS WPNOSDNALE, | co cacccece nce ncedetcicnsaseeeseene Patterson & Ramsey, Kelton, ......
e

For explanation of these tables see p. 713.

Composite sample.

Neo. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 765

FERTILIZERS—Continued.

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. Potash in 100 Pounds. 8a r)
eo ee)
a i a &
aa °
Total. Avallable. Total. ae ro
_ ae
@ a © bo ee)
5 & a os »
g s | 3 aay) E
E 2 a se | 8 E
A=) n n re) 2S 5
ae | i sates ape | |
fe) : F I . S a 34 2
eee et | ole Ss e| ¢ | €| ¢ | @ | 88 | 8] 6
2 > 9 3 a 3 a o ® 3 3S EA ao E
° 2 ¢ ° tl ° 5 I be ° 5 i) @ cd
n for i cd o ic oO Ay py oF .) Oo n a
6.71 | 4.18 | 1.28/12.17 | 11.00/10.89 | 10.00 213) tenes 2eis 2.00 | 14.40 | 15.60 633
| 16.00 533
5.89 | 4.75] 1.74/12.38 | 11.00/10.64) 10.00 87) sicisineerie 1.87* 2.00 14.02 |
| | | 15.00 621
L
( Pa oaee 331
: | | 16.00 | 296
7.08 | 3.43 .79 11.30 | 11.00, 10.51 | 10.00 1 Veonodees 2.27) 2.00} 14.134
| 20.00 | 301
[ 17.00 620
14.00 363
ie ie
6.35 | 4.99) 1.09 /12.43 | 11.00/11.34 10.00 PANS I Roeadaae 2.08 2.00 14.62 15.50 98
| 20.00 641
| | | so | 784
| |
7.55 | 4.39 87 12.81 | 12.00: 11.94 | 11.00 2FOB)|(ceeeeees 2.09 2.00 14.94 16.00 | 20
| |
16.00 737
5.61 7.69 | 2.89 16.19 12.00 13.30 — 10.00 As) Goqeano |. | folS3)! Bgocasde 14.66 } 12.00 350
| | | 15.00 755
| |
| Wo eek lek Pig Osi, Seana tiicearteets 519
4.13 | 6.40 83 |11.36 | 11.00/10.53 | 10.00 8.00)|seeee coe 3.00 2.50 uss [
| | tl 16.00 568
|
| 15.00 390
1.61 7.63 1.15 |1O0.39 |...°.... 9.24 |) 8.00 ANS0U| eves | 1.307 2.00 11.90}
| 1 14.00 570
L
| Meni
( 14.00 208
3.30 | 6.88 | 1.79 |12.47 |........| 10.68 10.0 ONTAlee aaron 2.17) 2.00] 14.10 |
1115.00 | 780
| | |
Mreo V76.07 |. 1.74 (BE BL, |e. 25-.00 TOLOT (neon: Cy pal AR ro U2 Bae ee | 18.84 {16.00 | 26

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

766

Sample number,

413

70

314

61
263

371

573

439

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

ROCK AND POTASH

Manufacturer and Brand.

BOWKER FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON & NEW YORK.
+Empire State Bone and Potash, ..............0ee-ee. i

BRUMFIELD & FOSTER, COLORA, MD.
Acid Phosphate and Potash, ........0..cscccscccconseecens
E. FRANK COE CO., NEW YORK.
Prize Brand Grain and Grass,
HENRY COPE & CO., LINCOLN UNVERSITY, PA.
Soluble Bone and Potash,

JOSIAH COPE & CO., LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, PA.

ee

+Soluble Bone and Potash,

eee eee ee eee eee eee)

; u
JA8. G. DOWNWARD & CO., COATESVILLE, PA.

Soluble Bone and Potash, ............se.sseeeeees sete slelsieiele’e
EUREKA FERTILIZER CO., PERRYVILLE, MD.

fAlkaline Bone and Potash, .............+. ia

W. S. FARMER & CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
B. & P. Fertilizer,
GRIFFITH & BOYD, BALTIMORE, MD.
hoe Otash Manure, 2. cccccccccececesiccce aiole s'evieisle'c clots siscces
HANOVER FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
Royal Bone and Potash,
M. P. HUBBARD & CO., BALTIMORE, MD.

ee

Soluble Bone and Potash for Wheat and Grass, ........
Boluble Bone and Potash for Wheat and Grass,
PATAPSCO GUANO CO., BALTIMORE, MD.

ween

onaiaa Soluble Phosphate,

——

For explanation of these tables see p. 713.

*Composite sampk

From Whom Sample Was Taken.

Moisture in 100 pounds.

iP. H. Taylor; Wys0X, <ccosecoces Sears
Jas. Bennett, Emlenton, ....

tee eeeee

Wilson & Me’nhall, Toughkenamon,| 9.57 ©
B. A. Cranmer, Monroeton, ........| 10.88
|
Henry Cope & Co., Oxford, ......- : 9.55
Josiah Cope & Co., Oxford, ..... coool] )
| (10.11
C. 8. Dreiblebis, Shoemakersville, J
Thomas Agnew, Kelton, ............ $.97
|
John G. Brown, Moyers, .......... ee} 1)
12.10
Husband Grange, Husband, ........ i
J. L. Ritter & Son, Newport, ...... 10.19
Hy, A. Slagle; Paxinos, <..c.cccceeces 18.5€
Beer. Gump, SOverett, occu ccs aces -»| 10.58
PL Asn IRC RBE YF a clelataia clots efoiaieiclely etsingietae 13.60
R. F. Schwarz, Spragueville, ......) 11.67
J. N. Hersh, New Oxford, .....ccovs
11.03
| W. F. Slagle, Bloomsburg, ..........

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 767
FERTILIZERS—Continued.
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. Potash in 100 Pounds. | aq 3
|} o& ve)
Ba |8
aa 8.
Total. Available. Total. > %
a |e
Py S ou if
| - eo
5 2 | 2 ga ig il .
$s 5 a | Be 3
* ~ 3
E a | EY _ i Be 185g
PI é ‘ 93 3 a 3 % of | pa] 2
face | 3 : Slee, Pe eee
a a a | ¥ a 3 a $ a ¢ | Ba les] 2
poe | el el 2 PB ts |B TY BB | 8 | Bee eee
a |e & & 5 & 5 a f S o/c 8 a
erase libsad || sie? |MOs4e ls. 0... <0 8.69 8.00 S150 |e eee 3.15 3.00 12.96 |
{ 20.00 413
|
beaee 424) 2278) | SB | concn O47: |e oece se Be290 lee eeas Pgh +!) henageead 13.72 | 15.00 70
4.63 | 5.60 | 3.79 14.02 12.50 10.23* 10.50 TE OBL were ce 1.95*) 2.00) 14.43 | 17.00 814
| | | |
| | |
2.41 | 6.74 .65 | 9.SO* 11.00 | 9.15" 10.00 Os eet 3.94*) 10.00) 14.46 | 14.00 63
| 14.00 | 61
Bech pecan | 200 | 18 76) is... 9.76? 10.00 2° 800\b oe ace 2.30 2.00 | wo |
| | re | 263
Bi) 2.13] .90| 9.76 |........ | $.86*| 9.00! 3.09 |........ BOD. |ees.ces: 13.89 ee 35
|
|
| 14.00 513
6.12 5.54 3.72 15.38 | 12.00 11.66 10.00 Ses k lea asanee 1.17* 2.00 | 14.61 {
Vil eae 787
U
6.63 | 3.92 -73 (11.28*| 11.50 10.55 | 10.00 DW Re ornare 2.23 | 2.00] 14.10 Le 871
6.67 | 3.68 88 11.23 11.00 10.35 | 10.00 GH 4 Ropee ore 5.36 | 6.00 17.19 (20.0) 673
} |
3.73 | 6.61.| 1.69 11.03 | 10.00/ 9.34/ 9.00 008 |s.25n 0 2.00 | 1.00| 12.99 (17.00) 439
8.51 2.74 .76 |12.01 12.00 11.25 10.00 1 Gielasen ee. 1.61° 2.00 | 14.08 | 20.00 3
|
6.88 | 3.83 63 |11.34*| 12.00/10.71 | 10.00 DUT ge Waar 1.78*| 2.00| 18.74 | 17.00 650
18.00 205
8.01 | 3.82 .70 |12.53 | 12.00/11.83] 11.00 FEC Jil baceecoc 2.05 2.00 | 14.82
15.50 588

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

768

—— eee

' ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doe.

ROCK AND POTASH

Elvin Allen & Co., Canton,

T. S. Patterson, East Berlin,

Cleaver & Gaily, Bedford,

C. C. Katherman, Hartleton,

H. R. Low, Orangeville,

A. M. McClure, Everett,

Jas. E. Eastman, Wysox,

C. W. Beers, Orwell,

D. Re iStein, (Orwigsbure, ooscceesoses
W. H. Diehl, Northumberland,
Hi “A: Slagle) Paxinos, -weaceseueeee

H. H. Smyser, York,

J.

A. Blackford,

E. D. Chaffer, Orwell,

Watt Bros., Bellville,

Franklin G. Evans, Kelton,

J. L. Ritter & Son, Newport, .

David Staler, Schuylkill Haven, ....

Franklin G. Evans, Kelton,

G. L. Garman, Falling Springs, ....

Jonathan Lambert, Lambertville,

A. K. Straley, Hall,

A. K. Straley, Hall,

: Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken.
3 *
£
5
S
x
E
un
RASIN-MONUMENTAL CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
198 7
449
7Bone and Potash, ...... ciniolalalsfoteieitatote Sigieislereleleicieieietelaialete we
74
591 L
432 Special Formula for Corn and Buckwheat, ......-...+-
SCOTT FERTILIZER CO., ELKTON, MD.
321 >
Lilip Top and Potash, .......ssssssseees eictclaisislctetsistereiate
326 if
272 7
LiTip Top Soluble Bone and Potash, ............. sehice
597 J L
E. A. SLAGLE, PAXINOS, PA.
|
406 Crop (Grower, <<...cccccss ejalwistevetata’ats Miowisieicleipioys siviotereiaie.s go00n
H. H. SMYSER, YORK, PA.
500 Chicago Crop Grower, ..... seosane Mafalsioieteteiciste(aleicVeiatelefoieinis.e .
|I. P. THOMAS & SON CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
22 f
7Special Alkaline Bone, ............... De(dvalnteniclelsiaieip is An
333
JAMES THOMAS, WILLIAMSPORT, PA.
107 if
+Dissolved Soluble Bone and Potash Phosphate, ....
475 it
R. A. WOOLDRIDGE CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
40 7}
7German Potash Mixture, .........-.++.+- BoponucdconuG
370 \ }
L
264 |
4l
yLiberty Bell Potash Mixture, ....... nenadodod sieivialerersts
375
389 !
L
YORK CHEMICAL WORKS, YORK, PA.
3 MPO OM: Mi) PSIACK COBB sy secs ciaied vivicieicin sieisicis sisieiciericielecene
11 Dempwolf’s Blue Cross Phosphate and Potash, ........
213 Dempwolf’s Red Cross Fertilizer, ....... Ca nieleca ee ciemRiee’ 2

Moisture in 100 pounds.

15.14

14.38

12.50

Jesse L. Brodbeck, Hanover,

712.

For explanation of these tables see p.

*Composite sample.

‘

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

FERTILIZERS—Continued.

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Total. Available.

Soluble in water.
Reverted.
Insoluble

Found.
Guaranteed.
Found.
Guaranteed.

5.42 4.99 1.64 | 12.05 11.00 | 10.41 10.00

8.36 5.65, 2.15/16.16 13.00 14.01 11.00

8.46 5.56 2.39 |16.41 13.0 14.02 11.00

3.95 6.37 1525) | MST, | oe cane 10.32 10.00

11.41 2.00 AB aot eal Kapoooce (18.41 10.00

2.25 7.29 2.45 11.99*| 12.00) 9.54* 10.00

7.49 | 3.98 96 /12.43 | 12.00|11.47 | 11.00
6.15 | 4.46 PEPE EGET | cacdoaar 110.61 | 10.00
9.06 | 3.04 Jeo) Se nO le ese: 12.10 12.00

4.98 5.01 2.32 |12.31 12.0 | 9.99*| 10.00

4.66 5.16 .87 |10.69*/ 12.00| 9.82*/ 10.00

2.57 7.07 2.50 12.14 12.00| 9.64*/ 10.00

Potash in 100 Pounds,

Total.
3 s |
Ss i
be =a
2 a
= =}
a .

n = i}
cae oie E
5 5 | d
a n 5 &
g é 8 3
Ay A cs o
TOBE [ear eeraee 1.68*| 2.00
PC a aaa 2.99*} 3.00
DOG le ioe stale | 2.22 2.00 |

|
Te Lal eee 2.19! 2.00

|
B00 a ont | 2.20] 2.00
BUTB le cues eae 2.78 | 2.00
ere eeaeneoe| 4.79 | 4.00 |
PiOta tees as | 2.01] 2.00
DATA ecnae 2.17] 2.00
HTL Badatote | 2.76* 3.00

|

|
PYCL | Pease 2.239 | 2.00
A220 fence nce 10.20 10.00
i Aes 5.08 | 5.00

'

(See p. 712.)

Department rating.

Selling price at the point of
selection.

Computed commercial value at

Sample number.

769

198
449

74
591
432

321

326

272

597

406

213

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

49—6—1901

770 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

DISSOLVED BONE

Furnishing Phosphoric

8 Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken.
a

g

a

=~

a

5

3

n

BAUGH & SONS CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
492 Pure Dissolved) Animal Bones jiscicsccisiacecie cee sicsecsoisee S. M. Bailey & Bros., Dillsburg, .....-.++++

For explanation of these tables see p. 713. fComposite sample.

Ne. 6. 171

FERTILIZERS.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Acid and Nitrogen.

‘leaquinu 3adwueg

‘U0]}Oe[as

Jo jujod ay} 3B sofId SUj[[eS

Carn ‘d 99g) “sures

quounjisdeq 38 spunod 900°
jo enjeaA [ByorJeutul0d paeyndulop

c=)
cal “paaquvieny
Ea
Le)
roa]
on
oe
5 ‘punog
Z
s *paajusieny
2
3s
3
>
< “‘punoy
&
Lo]
c
=|
So
&
*‘paaquvieny
Ss
i
E Gl
oa °
= =
3} *puno,7
<
i=)
=
o
me ‘atqnjosuy
S
a
By
*paqieaey

*19]BA Ul e[qnjos

‘spunod 00. Uy ainjslory

28.00 | 492

'
s
&
s
ot
a
ba |
a
Ss
s
L's)
-)
+
per AES eee
Rene las
a |g
Se ells y=]
a_| §
3 | &
TM lat:
‘iS
y | a
Se et) a2
eal ee
~
He
Dee pals
a
+= Oe (oe
ee

48

172

Sample number.

220

661

364

436

445

134

n2 |

Bi

4

85

|

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Manufacturer and Brand.

ALLEGHENY CITY FERT. WKS., ALLEGHENY, PA.

BME CHEL Ss BE ONCE MC AM rao cteraiatslainteets olalemelevaasiereissiaictelaeleiernele are

UGS eva wares One) MC aT are clstereyeicialajaiete sielerelole(ioie eleisis/aleielsla\ei tere ne

AMERICAN AGRI. CHEMICAL CO., NEW YORK.

r
Line GrOUN GME ONO cio ctersletriers ciel <tcleieisteleletelarcfelsia otatersie?eteteiers j
j l
HUCTOM GrOUN Ge MES ONG.) GK O0 Sue cceleiejcie/eieintoierelereieveleleiereivicleleletejatcietecalsts
7 r
c GroundeBone ances ciclo cieteiclseticiejeieision toler |
uren Ground Boner 4x455 ya cicicieleicieleisisiclelsicieisie eiajele sereieielete Risie

CANTON CHEMICAL BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.

Bakers standard Ground BONE, q sejeiace cicielsicieewieisicocieisis O64
CHICOPEE GUANO BRANCH, NEW YORK.

Chicopee Guano Pure Ground Bone, ...............-sseee.
MILSOM BRANCH, EAST BUFFALO, N. Y.

MTT OMS mets ONE PM INNOE Tht ai etarajeicterctetelciereleisinis.cletalaieiciers sininieiclersie sfateratels
WILLIAMS & CLARK BRANCH, NEW YORK.

Williams & Clark’s Bone Meal, 2x30, ................ Goad
AMERICAN REDUCTION CO., PITTSBURG, PA.

Fine Ground Bone, ........... ais lefetatotatetopaiatarerereteca\tiatcteterevereterelelevo 6

THE ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS, CHICAGO, ILL,

>
‘al 1") ee AS srisnnp coop BObn ODAC OO OMOC DOES ANObeOnbaaOOOC

Rew: EOE HMLCALS «<< -c:ctsincisieie vielen wlorecie cistele @iauutereiaiele ssreisislelelere

BAUGH & SONS CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Bone Meal,

| THE BERG CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Raw Bone Fine,

A. H. BLAKER & CO., FOX CHASE, PA.
Raw Bone Meal,

For explanation of these tables see p. 713. +Composite sample.

GROUND BONE

Furnishing Phosphoric

From Whom Sample Was Taken,

Bloom & Kimball, Ebensburg, ..............

Bloom & Kimball, Ebensburg, ...... BabonS oc

A. I. Stutzman, Johnstown, .............. 7
King (Bros., Uniontown, Seccccesjmcte sooo
Jacob; Statler; Hilton, ccc cre slsteieaicieriets Rsjelajersleta
Jacob Kauffman, Jr., Davidsville, sereeee)
He eM; (Gray, Dyrone; ccecwessmencene elaistanetete if
Jacob Statler, Hilton; (... ccc cceciseiere BOGOTOS
Gs By Murphy, Kieysi Scciecriesseieletertstets Boon

H. B. Hickman & Son, West Chester, ......

Hetterbaugh & Downs, Sandy Lake, ........

HS; Dressler; Newport, S.-cec-c+-es ele BOS HCOC
Ay MM. McClure) E\v.eretty. ocn-seicen secre Boose
John S. Harshberger, Everett, ......... sicvafel)}

1
J. Bs Staver, Clearfield co. c.cecesteaenne f
J. L. Ritter’ & Son, Newport, 3... -<.sasemee ,
Cc. H. Schmucker, Friedens, ..... elstetretele sels
Ball & Rhodes, Media, .............. uae eoveletelate

I, M. Hayburn, Brandywine Summit, ......

Na. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 773
Acid and Nitrogen.
| Mechanical Analysis. Chemical Analysis. Sa 3
| ~ ye)
Ba e
a a 8
2 a Phosphoric Acid. Nitrogen. ast
“s Lt a. BS,
~- a a
= r= @ S va
3 | @ be os
2 | a 23 ER 3 :
= 30 % 6 i
s m3 a? ES 3 Fe
~ gs bo ; , 38 & g
= & ; 4) uo] = es 5
S his nS o 9 OE AE FS
£ 2. 28 : 8 : rs 33 %S 2
3 ES ee z £ 5 = a5 £3 6
3 se | 3m 3 3 5 E BA ae | &
= A ra f o 5 6) a ai
5.45 78 22| 18.94 16.00 4.09 3.30 28.52 25.00 758
8.15 63 37| 23.12 22.00 3.60 3.30 29.42 28.00 759
26.00 747
4.56 67 33 | 26.58 22.90 2.72 2.47 30.13
| 28.00 799
|
3.95 82 1s | 26.09 22.90 2.51 2.47 30.38 25.00 | 153
|
28.00 | 639
7.52 60 40 | 22.89 20.61 3.72 3.30 29.20 |
1 32.00 | 666
5.41 70 30| 23.74 20.61 3.87 3.30 | 31.06 26.00 754
9.82 78 Pile 2O)s a Meee eee. SHOGW eeceee one | 26.77 28.00 | 220
5.87 62 Oly P-BS6 Ie loaeocaeotn ZO oven lence | 29.74 25.00 661
| | |
4.85 14 TaHl| PALBRI6 |lodeaaasooeee Bi, eae secant 25.59 28.00 716
6.15 70 80h pM 285 |e ecnkerce. DAB fb, Nee in 24.00 24.00 364
6.30 70 30 | 20, 84+ 23.00 3.63 | 3.30 28.33 28.00 436
| 28.00 445
6.20 $3 17 | 25.18 24.00 3.33 2.47 | 31.92
| | 33.00 734
5.28 74 26 | 25.20 22.00 3.24% 3.71 | 30.98 28.00 372
7.95 73 27 | 21.98 21.50 3.82 3.50 | 29.79 28.00 | 781
7.19 59 41| 28.73 20.00 3.53* 4.00 29.49 30.00 154
5.55 52 ABS AS TAS late ses eee CARE Tl ae ees 18.82 27.00 668
—

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

774

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

GROUND BONE

Manufacturer and Brand.

5

g

a

2

a

é
BOWKER FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS.

393 SONS ICA ie cterarzials olaio cintera(aie's cieioveivisinierele nisivicvelninie\o’sle) ein eiviels)s s\sie(a'ere

357 LENNY, GaEsheccndecoGKaro SC OnCOanOR rn on onocnopanicobboacunassooac

684 PUPS ONE MCAS i crrcsisceiclesie acleleinle heiniaiajersicleleld ele oldielelela.s:sieixinloislele
D. M. BOYD, JR., DANVILLE, PA.

678 | PFE GLOUNG SOE). aie's ccicieleinicic(e viainieleicisinie'cve\e/aleinielalele\n sivie'slelsinieieis
CAMBRIA FERTILIZER CO., JOHNSTOWN, PA.

566 |

fee |} «Pure Fine Ground Bone Dust, ..........ccccsccesses
JOSIAH COPE & CO., LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, PA.

46 Pure Steamed BoOne,. . 00. ccccsncvecccncsccccesceccciccicecviceen

30 | awe Grounds Boney sss visceeeeceenee eecerscetcc eer: weir
JAS. G. DOWNWARD & CO., COATESVILLE, PA.

32 PRE es Ground GRAW) DONC? ic cicis cies cicisloinsicls'sielacisieisinleein'cleinarsieir
EUREKA FERTILIZER CO., PERRYVILLE, MD.

178 GLOMMNOG PE OHE> a eise creicite cielv cieieieviclacivsisiersicreinia'aiein cveraiale cis eteieisiatetetere

176 COMUNE PEA W PES OLE) tie ncciscisiciscisicie utsioratoinies staictetcinisicelefesicinineiscine
WASHINGTON EWING, LANDENBERG, PA.

169 areas Ground) Ra Wa BONE. cnc assis ccte at cstelecisjeisielalasiesisiereis
GRIFFITH & BOYD, BALTIMORE, MD.

BB Pure Fine Ground Bone Mealy \: --(ccs.ncsasies<sesjcwlnssiccicns
HANOVER FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MD.

441 UTES BONGE Mele aeje cnet cincicieleeiee cies civicinieleis sloleioreisia cieialniniaistesteis
| W. C. JONES SONS, DOE RUN, PA.

180 | Pure Ground Bone, ween eeeeeenencerseeeeeeeeeeeereeeeeaees
| LACKAWANNA FERT. & CHEM. CO., MOOSIC, PA.

695 Ground Bone eo eeiaics cis cteivisaleis cote eeieicicien re saisactteipies meres

121 |

ai tWarranted Pure Ground Bone, ............ssssseeeee {
WM. C. NEWPORT CO., WILLOW GROVE, PA. l

186 ET ONG SLVUSU tot. aoc vse cens vice cla clove combate neemee eres

os Pure Raw Bone Meal,

eee eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee ee

From Whom Sample Was Taken.

EEUU EEE EEENEEEEEEEEEEEEenmnd

.

S. & J. W. Stroh, Sunbury, .....cccccoccscsce

Bailey & Converse, WellSbOro, ....+csessseee

Wrigley Hardware Co., Mahaffey, ......+++-

J. H. Kase, 8S. Danville, .......... .- eee
| John G. Simpson, Huntingdon, ......... +
H. A. Shoemaker, Ebensburg, ........ A J
Josiah Cope & Co., Oxford, ..... Aoccnt. veces

Chester Co, Association of Farmers, Kelton,

Thomas Agnew, Kelton, seeeeeeeeceseeeneesnes

eee eeeeene

E. A. & J. L. Pennock, Chatham,
E. A. & J. L. Pennock, Chatham, ..
S. J. Chambers & Bros., West Grove,

Callahan & Bros., Wellsboro,

| H. F. Gump, Everett, ....cccccccccce ececnaving
W. C. Jones’ Sons, Doe Run, ........-. ona ceine
W. H. Diehl, Northumberland, ........ cae
G. R. Clark & Co., Scranton, ........+.. see]
G. M. Hull, Oliphant, .........--seecseces vf
Isaac Parry, Ivyland, ....-cceesccsceescecee +e

Griffith & Wollerton, Downingtown, ......

For explanation of these tables see p. 713. +Composite sample.

lo. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 775
‘ERTILIZERS—Continued.
wo |
Mechanical Analysis. Chemical Analysis. Boj 2
o” ~
7m &
| ao 2
Wo 4 Phosphoric Acid, Nitrogen. ae
3 Me Jd: a 3. ~
=| | en oe sag.
be | — }
a a. es E | @ | Fr
= oO ie |
= a | be ; ; Are | 8 z
z| saad ‘ Ce} } F | Bg 5
be Ps, $ 3 bn qis) ar) 6
‘ s. | #38 : # ‘ A Ba | we 2
z Bs OES z Fi 5 : aa | Ba E
3 gs ce 2 5 3 2 5A =e ei
a A A & ic) & 5 6) | w ni
|
4.05 50 BO! 2s AG. ccces ee yee: 0a ea | 27.48 28.00 398
3.70 62 29 VEOH Sos oreccine WSO! | eocensee s 26.14 35.00 357
7.68 63 Cyl | tan lig aaaneee etal Me OAY | ncuctonecone 29.31 30.00 684
6.50 36 64 | 21.75° | 23.00 4.33 3.71 28.28 30.00 | 578
| ’
| 30.00 566
1.15 55 45 | 21.72 20.00 3.72 2.47 23.08 |
| 1 28.00 7163
| L
| | |
6.95 92 8 25.79 25.00 2.40° 2.47 30.63 24.00 46
5.05 56 | 4 23.65 — 23.00| 3.94 3.71 30.31 25.00 | 20
| |
| ibe
7.48 70 30 | 18.03" 20.00 3.77 3.30 26.44 29.00 82
9.63 84 16 | 27.75 22.00 1.79° 3.30 30.06 24.00 178
5.29 64 8 «623.94 22.00 3.88 3.30 30.88 26.00 115
8.70 43 57 20.97 18.00 3.71 2.47 26.70 26.00 169
6.80 57 4 17.86" 21.00 4.71 3.30 27.80 . 30.00 553
6.28 73 23 «20.51° | 23.00 2.42° 3.30 25.08 29.00 441
|
5.44 65 % | 23.389 22.00 3.09* 3.20 28.54 26.00 180
| |
| |
9.02 | 59 41 | 22.18* 23.00 4.15 | 8.71 | 29.80 30.00 | 595
| | | 30.00 | 121
5.20 | 51 | 49 | 23.36 | 23.00 4.23 3.71 20.28 {
| | 1 | 30.00 | 124
| | U|
8.92 43 | st | 22.36 22.00 3.99 3.71 | 28.88 «| «29.00 188
4.84 | 63 27 24.08 2.0! 3.89 3.20 «20.87 | 26.00 as

*Constituent faNs below guarantee.

776 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE : Off. Doc.

GROUND BONE

SS A A LS |

$ Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken,

a

£

5

a

~

:

n
PATAPSCO GUANO CO., BALTIMORE, MD.

385 PUN eG TOUNG ES ONC am were sicteieis,aisiolsistatereletelecaleleiclelersteleiuictaversiateiereievele Jos. Burkholder, Hummelstown, ............
PITTSBURG PROVISION CO., PITTSBURG, PA.

437 PURSE E Aw) SONS LEAN ie yorsioiale\e)eleioieietelsinls[e sie)e)are/e/eielsislejeieinis OoO0S A. M. McClure, Everett, ......... wccccvccecs
PUGH & LYONS, OXFORD, PA.

44 Ground ea War BONE iiceiic crate cies siccceelocisislerenie ortioisieia eieyels eceletetere S: R. Dickey’ & Co:, (Oxfords s.-cceecs Aero:
SWIFT & CO., CHICAGO, ILL.

421 ESOT ONTO AN Satare sieratesctateis evore\ele;clsteis:stsreters Risteteieisiere aisisiaveteyetst sere Jassevces| Craig Hardware 'Co:, Marsis cane see salelnieeintena

57 Bure Raw Bone Meal, cc. ..cssecccieces cases eet elosctoisaiets .| Henry Cope & Co., Oxford, ....... se eeeeeeees

182 7 W. E. Baldwin, Embreeville, .............

isfeureskaw Bone Meal | Rcsjeeaccs cwiese nesters er ee |

745 L J. M. Harshberger & Sons, Johnstown, .

744 Pure Special Bone Meal, .............. ateteleteretalarcielere avetoteorsiers J. M. Harshberger & Sons, Johnstown, ....
EMIL WAHL, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

146 Wilson & Mendenhall, Toughkenamon, ..

ES ULUCOIE ES OLDE DUS Gear oi cteicteieicinssiciclere evalevelere ete e/sleleevsiere eereteters a

647 j S. C. Walker & Co., Chadd’s Ford Jct., ..
ROBT. A. WOOLDRIDGE CO., BALTIMORE, MD.

39 ATET CMEC eeLS OULC siierslefaiele ole! siaje'e c\aciel cleinistelsleleleleicvelais fisleiela eietolcinie -.-| Franklin G. Evans, Kelton, ............. aise

37 Tuckahoe Bone Meal, ....... eiofarcielcelatertersiavers AOUCDAGUG spoon Franklin G. Evans, Kelton, .......... coeleisela

For explanation of these tables see p. 713. +Composite sample.

No. 6.

FERTILIZERS—Continued.

Moisture in 100 pounds.

5.61

7.43

11.45

4.44
6.45

*Constituent falls below

Mechanical Analysis.

Diameter less than 1-50

88

64

61

74

80
70

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

than

greater
‘*Coarse.’’

Diameter
inch

31

12

36

26

Phosphoric Acid.

Found.

23.74

21.07*

21.738

26.40
23.60

24.33*

33.60

23.72*

24.50
16.75

Chemical Analysis.

Guaranteed.

20.62

26.00

20.00

26.36

20.61
14.00

guarantee.

Nitrogen.

Found.

3.84

3.39

Guaranteed.

3.39

3.09

tet e wee eee

2.)

-
‘

(See p.

Computed commercial value at
Department rating.

30.98 |
30.99

28.71

30.19

of

Selling price at the point

selection.

28.00

Sample number.

T77

385

437

44

778 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Ott. Dos.

-ACIDULATED ROCK

Furnishing
|
E Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken.
2
£
=!
=|
—
rey
E
cs
w
AMERICAN AGRICUL. CHEMICAL CO., NEW YORK,
BRADLEY BRANCH, BOSTON, MASS.
710 J. H. Sheffer, Knox, ..... ADBOOS cae eu.selslepiae
325 ie Soluble Dissolved Bone, ............+6+ | Daniel Hurley, Myersburg, ............ Boo
730 [ C. Marshall, Luthersburg, ............ atatere
|\CANTON CHEMICAL BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
602 Canton Chemical Baker’s Dissolved Bone, ...........+.- Josiah Specht, Kantner, ..........5. aioe alcetefetar
800 Canton Chemical Baker’s Dissolved S. C. Bone, ...... King Bros., Uniontown, ........... uae waene
453 | HOM, Gray; DyTrOne;, cpeccdescecccieh cane NSS
87 {Canton Chemical Baker’s Dissolved Bone Phos- W. B. Winey, Middleburg, ................-
535 SAVANE SSA ot SRO C ROSCOE Se Ea aan nAREDDOTC HOS em DESC aD ecnee W. 8S. Weaver, Easton, ...........+- Scenes
CROCKER BRANCH, BUFFALO, N. Y.
286 Crocker’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate, ........ssseeeeeeeee Wm. H. Riland, Friedensburg, ............ ta
DETRICK BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
62 Detrick’s Dissolved S. C. Bone, .......ccccccccccceccsvees —__ ———__,, Oxrord, ........... sevusnwe ne
GREAT EASTERN BRANCH, RUTLAND, VT.
91 Great Eastern Dissolved Bone Fertilizer, ...........+++ Chas. Boyer, Paxtonville, ....... aie ccna were
396 7 John Eingel, Hummelstown, .............. .
540 Chas. H. Kichline, Island Park, ....... nA
$18 | {Great Eastern Dissolved Bone, ...........+sseseees ‘| M, A. Cranmer, Monroeton, ....... neers ne
749 U.S." Grumblin; DlKton; sccsessscensseee oe
774 | [ Cc. K. Anckney, Jenners, ............. a
LAZARETTO BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
213 | Z. H. Cashman, New Oxford, ........ aaa
174 tLazaretto Dissolved Bone Phosphate, ........... sad S. K,. Chambers & Bros., W. Grove, ......
229 | Grove & Uffelman, Brogueville Sta., ......
MORO-PHILIS BRANCH, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
278 ) t J. W. Diehl> Orwigeburg; sec... aeneewe ane
, tMoro-Philips Soluble Bone Phosphate, ..........6-- ;
396 j l Lemuel Campbell, Sunbury, .......+...+. An

—

For explanation of these tables see p. 713. tComposite sample.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. V7
Phosphoric Acid.
oa oar, -_
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. Boj °
o™- ~
2 Ba &
| aa a
Total. Available. Po
3 2}
o —— CI ne
| 2 on ve
3 fe | a
u 3 3 ry
a
g |) 3 Bo ee
E . on — &
A es} | ol Fs Ee os 3
§ cs) o $ & be: aS A
g 2 3 2 z ; 2 Ee od Ihoes
: Fo 5 = z é z g aS cE E
re) m > 3 3 Q res ite
° na
2 : Fe 5 g 5 g 6 S a. ta
19.00 710
10.58 11.32 4.41 1.03| 16.76 15.00| 15.73 | 14.00 14.36} | 17.00 325
| 16.00 730
11.16| 18.00, 8.09 19° 16.88 15.00 | 16.09 14.00 4.71 17.00 602
10.82 12.43 2.55 24 15.22 15.00, 14.98 14.00 | 13.76 14.00 800
14.00 453
11.95 10.87 3.70 1.08 15.65 15.00, 14.57) | 13.63 14.00 87
| | | | 16.00 585
| |
10.44 | 10.05 5.42 68 16.15 15.00 15.47 14.00 13.98 13.00 286
14.30 11.72 2.96 | 1.58 16.26 15.00 14.68 14.00 13:99). eae sce 62
6.68 11.71 3.33 14 16.33 16.00 15.09 14.00 14.12 14.00 91
|
| Gilccccteuaes 886
14.00 540
9.71 10.97 4.40 4) 16.31 16.00| 15.37 14.00 14/07) |\eceneeeeee 31s
| 14.50 | 749
| | 15.50 T74
| 13.00 | m2
10.18 11.83 3.12 1.00) 15.95 15.00| 14.95 14.00 13.95} | 11.50 174
12.25 229
|
14.00 | 278
11.87 9.67 4.92 1.02 | 15.61 15.00 | 14.59 14.00 13.48
13.50 396

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

Sample number.

640

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Manufacturer and Brand.

PACIFIC GUANO BRANCH, NEW YORK.
Pacific Guano Dissolved Bone Phosphate,

PACKER’S UNION BRANCH, RUTLAND, VT.
)
y7Packer’s Union Acidulated Bone, ......... Sisieveisleis «|

READ BRANCH, NEW YORK.
Read’s Acid Phosphate, 14 Per Cent.,
REESE BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.

}
yReese’s Dissolved Phosphate of Lime, ...... fsleleleteletes
SHARPLESS & CARPENTER BRANCH, PHILA., PA.

Sharpless & Carpenter’s Acid Phosphate,
STANDARD BRANCH, NEW YORK.

}
ae Dissolved Bone Phosphate, ....... Soe |

TYGERT-ALLEN BRANCH, PHILADELPHIA.
Tygert-Allen’s Howitz Acid Phosphate,
Tygert-Allen’s Star Dissolved Bone Phosphate, ........

WHEELER BRANCH, RUTLAND, VT.

>
ee Electric Dissolved Bone, ..............- Al
L

WILLIAMS & CLARK BRANCH, NEW YORK.
Williams & Clark's Acorn Acid Phosphate, ..........-
ZELL BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
Zell’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate,

ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS, CHICAGO, ILL.

:

j®tar Phosphate,

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

Off. Doc.

ACIDULATED ROCK

From Whom Sample Was Taken.

A. D. Super, Friedensburg, ... 5. ccccisicismiee
Frank Wion, Bellefone,
J. W. Gladfelter, Rossville,

Grant Snowberger, Freedom,

Andrew J. Potts, Orwigsburg,

D. W. Bradford, Centre Hall, <i 2occcseceme

N. H. Spangler, Rossville,
Ball & Rhodes, Media,
E. A. & J. L. Pennock, Chatham, .........

F. H. Reutschler, Hamburg,

OA. Keasy) Dover, wcciesanestisteats nleleae

M. H. Matlack & Cc., West Chester, ......

James Colborn, Ursina,

c. A. Brandt & Sons, Shanksville, .......

. Watrous, Dimock) cine ccc-seerie 5oc

Jacob Kauffman, Jr., Davidsville, .........-

| O. F. Arnold, Clear Spring, ....... ote eee ieteniale

| S. G. Updegraff, Williamsport, ..... Apncc> ;

John S. Hershberger, Everett,
Dutera & Easley, Hanover,
W. H. Diehl, Northumberland,

J. E. Hagey, Henrietta,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 781
PHOSPHATES—Continued.
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. ce ©
FI
— Ba 5
[i] 2
Total. Available. an
a i rT
I Sth £
5 | | wo
= | oes ve)
a Ae | ES a re
S g ES a
I a ‘ oF i) E
g s 3 < g ar 5
= = : 2 ® ® of ae f
o _ Le] a | a o oY °
be o b= y » = wh -“
5 cy Pe) a . h, 4 : | 30 ws im
= s 5 a = late z = fo Ee E
a = 2 a 3 7 3 3 a ES = E
a R [ee 4 E 1 6 g oO 1.) n un
10.86 9.26 5.03 1.06 | 15.34 15.00 | 14.28 14.00 13.28 13.00 282
13.00 327
11.37 10.79 4.04 .66 | 15.49* 16.00 | 14.83 14.00 13.65 12.50 19
14.00 678
11.75 10.18 4.91 62 | 15.71 15.00 | 15.09 14.00 13.70 14.00 267
13.50 | 340
11.25 13.28 2.54 51 | 16.33 15.00 | 15.82 14.00 14.49 12.50 16
| 13.00 151
11.68 9.19 5.74 .723 | 15.66 15.00 | 14.93 14.00 13.53 11.50 177
14.00 | 28
10.90 12.16 3.16 31 | 15.63 15.00 | 15.32 14.00 13.99
12.50 | 497
diees)|| 7.74 6.71 | .66 | 15.11 15.00 | 14.45 14.00 13.04 14.00 654
| |
10.57 13.20 3.13 | 81 | 17.14 15.00 | 16.33 14.00 14.89 | 16.00 635
|
= 13.00 299
8.72 9.48 4.96 | 1.89 | 15.83" 16.00 | 14.44 14.00 13.52
16.00 619
11.03 13.53 2.98 16 | 17.27 15.00 | 16.51 14.00 15.01 15.00 640
10.54 13.53 2.78 .38 | 16.69 15.00 | 16.31 14.00 14.77 14.00 21
(E 15.00 355
14.00 444
12.86 13.85 2.30 .55 | 16.20 16.00 | 15.65 14.00 14.40 13.00 215
14.00 598
14.00 671

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

782 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. —

ACIDULATED ROCK

BS Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken,

2

|

3

a

MS

|

3

n
BAUGH & SONS CO., PHILADELPHIA.

29 | ) : J. U. Ruff, New Oxford, ......... weinoatetetees

433 A. M. McClure, Everett; <.o.c.sscseeeee sie

.

iil t+High Grade Acid Phosphate, .............0c.ceeeees : G. C. Rice, Reedsville, ........nssesesdeenee

605 P. J. Blough, Hooversville, <....2---eseeee

786 ; [ Peter Fink, Somerset, ..........; ste teeneee j
A. H. BLAKER & CO., FOX CHASE, PA.

25 CIA EHOSDNALES | cciceteiics = com clieein sats ccameels rece csincee nce Patterson Ramsey, Kelton, .............. tees
BOWKER FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS.

394 ‘Apex Bone, PhoOsphate,, (ecioccicc ocicisicselelcines os acee cewianiencis S. & J. W. Stroh, Sunbury, .<.ince-nssseeenee

353 ) Central Commission Co., Williamsport,..

258 Bailey & Converse, Wellsboro, ...........

249 {Dissolved Bone Phosphate, ...........ccccccseeceses Kauffman & Kurtz, Giegertown, ...... see

392 Ss. & J. W. Stroh, Sunbury, ........ sininiels

464 [ H. M. Spalding & Son, Troy, <:c..scscene "sy
|E. FRANK COE CO., NEW YORK.

813 High (Grade “Acid Phosphate, © .-.cccecescescscenecuocccas B. A. Cranmer, Monroeton, .............+++.
HENRY COPE & COE, LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, PA.

66 | ACIOM PHOSPHATE, | cesicciaice's soicc se ouceccedewiaceemsctsareats soo..{ Henry Cope & Co., Oxford) 2). c...ceaeeeueee
JOSIAH COPE & CO., LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, PA.

28 Acidulated: Phosphate,” ..c.ccrucessssieeecacs sactee outs s+ee..| Chester Co. Ass’n of Farmers, Kelton, ....
|BUREKA FERTILIZER CO., PERRYVILLE, MD.

43 Pree; Superphosphated ...5.<cacessme ceca serceen ese tenees S. R. Dickey & Co., Oxford, .. 0.05 cosmececwas
W. S. FARMER & CO., BALTIMORE, MD.

636 Dissolved“ 8: \C/< Bone gy. a deciectecte cco sAcaeneenortas.cceeeees E. B. Nicholson, Confluence, ................
GRIFFITH & BOYD, BALTIMORE, MD.

722 7} Aaron & Kerr, Kingsville, ............+++

362 H. R. Beal, Oriental, ... 9.1.05 sees 50

tHigh Grade Acid Phosphate, .........csscscesccsees a

806 A. Gaddis & Co., Uniontown, ............ 4

812 | i G. L. Moore, Brownsville, ........-++++0- ee

B71 Original Superphogsphate, ..........ccccscccecccecs eoeed Em. A. Slagle, Paxinos, ....::.2..s.ccceusen 5

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. +Composite sample.

eS eC COC

4

.
Z
5

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 783
PHOSPHATES—Continued.
wn u
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. Bog °
oo” 35
Ba EI
| Cr) Q
| Total. Available. a
5 | a ©
5 er) £
De
a g Es 2 | gu
g a se ig | @
A rs a . A = E
— & oa =) FI
& 3 g g E 32 g
E © 3 a : cE Be 0 | sows 2
Mees |. 6 | = | g Aaa Weer: ee | se .| @
3 2 e a S d 3 d pA | gs FI
a B 3 | & & 5 & 5 6) a a
(| 13.00 209
14.00 | 433
|
9.90 | 11.52 soe | wes | 26508.) J:...22; 14.55 | 14.00 13.92 } | 18.00 | 11
|
| 15.50 | 605
| | | | 14.00 786
|
|
10.9 ga | 4.91 | 1.14) 15.82 15. 14.17 14.00 | 13.22 12.00 25
14.65 5.98 3.57 16 | 10526.) 228.7 .. 9.50 9.00 9.90 13.50 394
| | | (14.00 353
| 18.00 358
18.94 6336.15 1:90) 1E6S8 | occ 11.48 11.00 11.55 13.00 24g
| | 14.00 392
16.00 464
| | | .
10.65 8.18 5.21 8.29 16.68 16.00 18.39* 14.00 13.41 15.00 313
| | |
11.28 8.05 | 12.25 1.31 16.61 15.00 15.30 14.00 13.22 11.50 56
18.00 12.87 2.29 107 | A@sA By sss oscss 15.16 14.00 14.22 10.50 28
11.37 7.00 5.34 3.37 15.719 16.00 12.34¢ 14.00 12.67 12.00 43
11.9 | 11.37 | 8.54 51 15.42 16.00 14.91 14.00 13.69 15.00 636
15.00 722
| | | 18.00 | 362
9.61 | 10.86 4.02 1.45 | 16.33 15.00 | 14.88 14.00 15.18
| 14.00 805
|
l 16.00 | 813
10.88 4.24 6.31 | 4.7% | 15.30 12.00 | 10.55% 12.00 11.76 | 12.00 | B71

*Constituent falls below guarantee,

Sample number.

ANNUAL

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

ACIDULATED ROCK

Manufacturer and Brand.

| HANOVER FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
440 FA CIA ETHOBDHEUEC ai sieialeieteis aicleisisialetevc/eleloverelelctetetelele einie’elelereioters SGHDOAS
201 PISKOUVER reson Or mECOCK An raters lajalerevoloie lets <Verolatelaiaveteicicietslasfetereielnioiale ot
W. C. JONES’ SONS, DOE RUN, PA.
181 H. G. Dissolved S. C. Rock, ...........eseeeseeereeeeee BO0
WM. C. NEWPORT CO., WILLOW GROVE, PA.
648 Clear eACig PROSPNAEC. Oe wii ncrie'cllnicieieicisistsecicrels slcieiete civistere 4
G. OBER & SONS CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
99 IMISSOlveds BONE) PHOS PM Ate aie cieicla:cieieioiavetoreiereisielajele(atetelolecsiojeter
PATAPSCO GUANO CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
206
(7Patapsco Pure Dissolved S. C. Bone, ..............¢ i
587 1
|R. H. POLLOCK, BALTIMORE, MD. .
102 }
194
66 {Dissolved S. C. Bone, ........ aobochocassccdd sooddocc
$42
450 [
RASIN-MONUMENTAL CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
226 7 |
WACIC: F-NOSPNates saci ciecieccc Walsleleleleletats(olsialciefelele/eisiciainvelels
448
SCOTT FERTILIZING CO., ELKTON, MD.
320 i
¢Tip Top Soluble Bone, ....... ed ete einins ween wiaees Piaaie
327 }
SHENANDOAH FERT’ZER CO., SHENANDOAH, PA.
510 Chemical Bone Phosphate, ............ efowiieleleleinicivieleteietate
CHAS. A. SICKLER & BRO., WILKES-BARRE, PA.
125 Monarch PROS poate ns vaciaecisleieicinie(aieicien ieicleinisrorere eleleterererelnterers seisia
H. H. SMYSER, YORK, PA.
501 ChivagonSoluble Bones). seisjsiere'c celts toecie citciecieetenaaae mate
SOUTHERN FERTILIZER CO., YORK, PA.
269 Dissolved’ Bone Phosphate) 2.06.0. c case ci dsc DOOOUSE 6

For explanation of these tables see p. 713.

+Composite sample.

From Wmom Sample Was Taken.

H. F. Gump, Everett,

H. F. Stambaugh, Abbottstown,

| W. C. Jones’ Sons, Doe Run,

Griffith & Wollerton, Downingtown,

W. M. Atkinson, McVeytown,

J. N. Hursh, New Oxford,

W. F. Slagle, Bloomsburg,

G. B; Murphy, Keys). .ccc-ceseaeceeeee ee
Cleaver & Gailey, Bedford; <.....c.seeeee
Jas. E. Eastman, WYSOX, <..cccicciouee ae
C. ‘W. Beers, Orwell, «.....:<. esas seeene z
William: Ib. Mehr; Rock: s..-cseseeet Sopoctod
W. D; Spencer, Waverly, s<.ccsccceeenen Bhoc
HY. He Bmyser;, Yorke). scocccacwcicenceneee wisieiniew
A. F. Kimmel, Orwigsburg, ....... Premocinricce

Na. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

PHOSPHATES—Continued.

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Total.

a

Ls)

=I

=

°

3 F

= :

sg 3 s

& 7 3

E A 3 Z s

a 2 3 3 z ‘

g 2 ee ee s

a a ioe) 4 fx ido)
10.56 6.99 4.81 1.18 | 12.989 | 13.00
11.63 13.12 2.47 .84 | 16.43 | 15.00
10.70 11.88 3.00 1.2 | 16.13 | 16.00
10.65 2.46 9.05 2.62 14.13* 16.00 |
6.60 6.65 9.68 1.58 | 17.91 | 16.00
8.93 11.69 4.42 65 16.76 15.00
11.22 11.65 3.56 .69 15.90 15.00
13.31 11.83 2.78 .69 | 15.30* 16.00
12.75 10.67 6.05 | 1.67 | 18.39 16.00

'

12.08 3.93 5.21 2.25 | 11.39* 15.00
7.05 4.18 | Tal Paty SIC Ey |) Ge snaaseoe
11.61 13.04 2.88 AG || T6689 |) Gasdcoo0-
12.02 18.23 8.21 41 | 16.85 15.00
*Constituent falls helow guarantee.

50—6—1901

Available.
a ae a
5 5
°o i]
es o
11.80" | 12.00
15.59 14.00
14.88* 15.00
11.51" 15.00
16.33 14.00 |
|
16.11 14.00 |
| |
| |
| |
|
15.21 14.00 |
| |
14.61* 15.00 |
16.72 14.00
9.14* 14.00
11.29*| 14.00
15.92 | 14.00
16.44 | 14.00

|

value at
(See p. 712.)

Computed commercial
Department rating.

11.55

14.46

14.02

11.36

14.37

14.50

13.98

15.14

9.98

11.28

14.55

14.80

of |

Selling price at the point
selection.

14.00

13.00

785

Sample number.

|
|

440
201

181

648

99

320

510

501

269

; a p
,* 2 "ehh . a i - 7

.
i

5
—
&
“2
a
I
3
nm

462

14

Manufacturer and Brand.

JAMES THOMAS, WILLIAMSPORT, PA.
Pure Dissolved Soluble Bone Phosphate, ............. 660
TUSCARORA FERTILIZER CO., PORT ROYAL, PA.

; r
| truscarora Bone Phosphate, ......sssecceees decevesses
1 .
; l
YORK CHEMICAL WORKS, YORK, PA.
Dempwolf’s Dissolved Phosphate, ............ pieleiemisisierecie)

For explanation of these tables see p. 713. +Composite sample.

ORT OF THE |

~

>

aly

a
a

From Whom Sample Was T:

ei

s f
Compton & Lilley, Troy, ........+-..000

P. S. Haupt, Mifflinburg, .......
Samuel Shirey, Beaver Springs, ....

A. Ke Straley, Halli ic secrse osene

iad
2)
~

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

es ers 3s
‘zequinu e[dureg
Sk eh es
“uoy}ON[aS © @ 3
Jo jujod 34} 38 wd JBUITIeS °
: _ : z
2 ww
‘tr, d 32 *Suj}el Juswzeded : a >
! we A arene yejo1sUxUL0D peynduoyD 5 sl 3
————_——————— _ —
8 s 8
~ fod *
. *posjuvreny La) i
e
2
=| —$<—$<$$<—<—$—<—$— =
3 *
> | rm me
— *punogy fe Lt) 0
, ~ x a
n
us}
: Sa pee en =
Ay ‘paaquBseny 4 ba! =
Sl gq
CE oe
© or)
uo}
: “punod fs 8 0
vs) cr) ©
° A) mw =
= i
see 3 pieig
3 a ‘a[qn[osul . me es
ere yee i
—s
8 x 3 3
1 *pazy19Aey = ae %
3 eee
N *19}BM Uy eIGN[OS S an a
Lome
4
Lael
= Bice a leeeencse
5 “spunod (OT Uy einjsloyT Ss Ss rw)
&

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

eee ee ee SS SESS

49

Off. Doc.

MISCELLANEOUS

788 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

re Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample Was Taken.
a

E

3

A

=

5

n

| AMERICAN AGRICUL. CHEMICAL CO., NEW YORK,

SOGHIEG enmante Kar nitemcc cr. siseceics ceceieseres SHene eee cones biomes
CLARK’S COVE BRANCH, NEW YORK.

404 Glarkis Cover German Waitt) Wa rcielarctcre clare sicrsfatule\e cccla\stelelninieleinse |
JOSIAH COPE & CO., LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, PA.

31 Muriate of Potash, ...... nagoceooddanbopccodsodosacado poonous

27 | BN EP ATCO Ls SOMA yy oye oicraisiele/aiwlefnjoielsieisle efelaislviele elvi-/sia\elezolelv/eletaininiaielsieis
JACOB REESE, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

663* Odorless Slag Phosphate, ............. eYejeterate)siainieiaie eraiseveleieiate

For explanation of these tables see p. 713. +Composite sample.

H. L. Tressler, Newport,

A. Cameron Bobb, Paxinos, ........

Chester Co. As. of Farmers, Kelton,

Chester Co. As. of Farmers, Kelton,

| Samuel L. Brinton, West Chester,

Meisture in 100 pounds.

4.65

one

2.80

*The phosphoric acid in basic slag is combined in a manner different from that in either dissolved or raw

rock or bone; the slag phosphate is chiefly tetra-calcium phosphate.

This

plants than the results of solution by water and ammonium citrate indicate.

{Though sold under the name ‘‘kainit,’’ this
ponds with the article sold as ‘‘20 per cent. manure salt.’’

is realy a higher grade of goods.

is much more available to

The analysis corres

789

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

6.

FERTILIZERS.

Ne.

‘aequinu e[dureg

31

“uol}}Oal[es
yo yaosod ay} ye epd Bujlleg

!

16.00

41.00

Cath *d vas) "“sulje4
quamijiedeaq ye spunod 006'Z

jo an[ea [ejoseawmui0o pajyndu0g

*pesyuBieny

Nitrogen,

*punogy

23.94

53.66

51.74

15.36 |......

Total.

Potash in 100 Pounds,

Avallable

21.49;

50.63

| 13.60 {12.00

21.49 |......

Total.

“erqnfosuy

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

“peylaacy

*paequBIENy
*punog

‘ayeydins sv juasaig

| ‘azBlinul se jUueselq

; ‘ ‘pesjuBieny

*puno.y

*peaquBieny

*punoy

“eIQN[0S

7.24 |13.79*|21.03 | 18.00

= ea
7 - i 7 : ‘
+ =» — : ce = 7
ein : -, Db ~ aT oe Mid i =
7 ea a a a. ~@ ’ - - i“
am 7 or a ss

3 ’.
bi

7

,

.
> ;
ae ;
w

(790)
AD

ANALYSES OF FALL SAMPLES.

Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers

FROM

SAMPLES SELECTED BY SPECIAL AGENTS

OF THE

Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture.

Analyses by DR. WILLIAM FREAR, Chemist of the Department, and of the State College Experiment Station,
State College, Pa.

SAMPLES SELECTED FROM AUGUST 1, 1901, TO DECEMBER 31, 1901.

(791)

792 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dee.

Tah CHHMIST’S REPORT OF ANALYSES OF
FERTILIZERS MADE FROM AUGUST 1, TO
DECEMBER 31, 1901.

Hon. John Hamilton, Secretary of Agriculture:

During the six months ending December 31, 1901, there were re-
ceived from the authorized sampling agents, five hundred and nine-
ty-three (593) fertilizer samples, of which three hundred and eleven
were subjected to analysis, the remainder being rejected either be-
cause they represented brands analyzed last spring, or because they
were regarded as not certainly representative of the brand whose
name they bore. When two or more samples representing the same
brand were received, portions from the several samples were united
and the composite sample was subjected to analysis.

The samples analyzed group themselves as follows: One hundred
and seventy-nine complete fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid,
potash and nitrogen; five dissolved bones, furnishing phosphoric
acid and nitrogen; forty-two rock. and potash fertilizers, furnishing
phosphoric acid and potash; forty-nine acidulated rock phosphates,
furnishing phosphoric acid only; thirty-three ground bones, furnish-
ing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; three miscellaneous fertilizers,
which group includes potash salts, nitrate of soda and other sub-
stances not readily classified under the foregoing heads.

The determinations to which a complete fertilizer is subjected are
as follows: (1) Moisture, useful for the comparison of analyses, for
indication of dry condition and fitness for drilling, and also of the
conditions under which the fertilizer was kept in the warehouse. (2)
Phosphoric acid—total, that portion soluble in water, and, of the
residue, that portion not soluble in warm ammonium citrate solution
(a solution supposed to represent the action of plant roots upon
the fertilizer), which is assumed to have little immediate food
value. By difference, it is easy to compute the so-called “reverted”
acid, which is the portion insoluble in water but soluble in the citrate.
The sum of the soluble and reverted is commonly called the “avail-
able” phosphoric acid. (3) Potash soluble in water,—most of that
present in green sand marl and crushed minerals, and even some of
that present in vegetable materials such as cotton-seed meal, not
being included because insoluble in water even after long boiling. (4)

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 793

Nitrogen—this element is determined by a method which simply ac-
counts for all present, without distinguishing between the quantities
present in the several forms of ammonium salts, nitrates or organic
matter. (5) Chlorin; this determination is made to afford a basis for
estimating the proportion of the potash that is present as chlorid or
muriate, the cheaper source. The computation is made on the as-
sumption that the chlorin present, unless in excess, has been intro-
duced in the form of muriate of potash; but doubtless there are occa-
sional exceptions to this rule. One part of chlorin combines with
1.326 parts of potash to form the pure muriate; knowing the chlorin,
it is, therefore, easy to compute the potash equivalent thereto. (7)
In the case of ground bone, the state of sub-division is determined by
sifting through accurately made sieves; the cost of preparation and
especially the promptness of action of bone in the soil depends very
largely on the fineness of its particles, the finer being much more
quickly useful to the plant.

The law having required the manufacturer to guarantee the
amount of certain valuable ingredients present in any brand he may
put upon the market, chemical analysis is employed to verify the
guarantees stamped upon the fertilizer sacks. It has, therefore,
been deemed desirable in this report to enter the guaranty filed by
the manufacturer in the office of the Secretary of Agriculture, in such
connection with the analytical results that the two may be compared.
An unfortunate practice has grown up among manufacturers of so
wording the guaranty that it seems to declare the presence in the
goods of an amount of a valuable constituent ranging from a cer-
tain minimum to a much higher maximum; thus, “Potash, 2 to 4 per
cent.” is a guaranty not infrequently given. In reality, the sole
guaranty is for 2 per cent. The guaranteed amounts given for each
brand in the following tables, are copied from the guaranties filed
by the maker of the goods with the Secretary of Agriculture, the
lowest figure given for any constituent being considered to be the
amount guaranteed. For compactness and because no essentially
important fact is suppressed thereby, the guaranties for soluble and
reverted phosphoric acid have not been given separately, but are
combined into a single guaranty for available phosphoric acid; in
cases where the maker’s guaranty does not specifically mention ayail-
able phosphoric acid, the sum of the lowest figures given by him for
soluble and reverted phosphoric acid is used. The law of 1879 al-
lowed the maker to express his guaranty for nitrogen either in terms
of that element or in terms of the ammonia equivalent thereto; since
ammonia is composed of three parts of hydrogen and fourteen parts
of nitrogen, it is a very simple matter to calculate the amount of one,
when the amount of the other is given; the amount of nitrogen multi-

‘

794 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

plied by 1.214 will give the corresponding amount of ammonia, and
the amount of ammonia multiplied by 0.824 will give the correspond-
ing amount of nitrogen. In these tables, the expression is in terms
of nitrogen. The act of 1901 requires the guaranty to be expressed
in terms of nitrogen, not ammonia. Many manufacturers after
complying with the terms of the law, insert additional items in their
guaranties, often with the result of misleading or confusing the
buyer; the latter will do well to give heed to those items only that are
given as the law requires and that are presented in these tables.

A summary of the analyses made this season may be presented as
follows, excepting the miscellaneous class:

Summary of Analyses Made this Season.

n
ii
oe .
aS a
5 3 3 P
7 & ~ 3)
a a a & 8
°
g 3 e 3 z
a > 3 > 3
<7 ° °
gt as)| 4 5 Aan
6) Q ee oe ee)
INLINE OM ANALY SOS; | co siele sieiesicisinleiewlswloine sate cielataeactete 179 5 42 | 49 33
Moyles jase Kesh AnoocoododpopecdcoouDalonadecococa: 9.44 5.89 10.68 9.45 5.32
Phosphoric acid:
Motalls Sper + COmMts a> = caciesisiecs cae cose esis oes peieraisiole e1e’erers 11.48 17.39 12.09 16.41 53
POMPOM DETMCEME ey recs ect icsietes calsine ae cincintent els ieisers 4.89 2.11 6.35 Ed El eergopoco:
Reverted Wi periCents. censcistsssleice deisel cine/leeieleieens 3.93 5.46 5.24 A GMa) ere lelaclerelatete
MNSOLIUPIE IDET TCON Tie ree cienre (sie deicieis sicleniviciniolals ofe\eleeteis 2.66 9.82 1.50 GB \cctejetatemrte
Rotash: per Cente, | Giscess-ccwe cinmcimeiie's (niente sicsisiewiewicee GOA ccteisiereresie = DE DES || sie:w'orsjaicietece'lieareetcreteheiate
IVSENOPEN = FDOT (COUT 3. casieate mcewarcis smle'eeve neve cieieleieiie@rolelevas L237 ACAD | ate orela'sinjo/o/a\| aia.satetataiotece 2.94
Mechanical analyses of bone (per cent.): .
TR Cae arc cajore erate niolnre mw eleinrar arava oe Stale Sore nica aiorataieialeiele aye isistos 69
OATSE.Y .ioesnaconneccien sas 31
Commercial valuation, 27.79
Average selling price, 25.94
Commercial value of samples whose selling price
ISHASCETTAINCE | Srlicccwre vicina nels sie dwie clase cls cemeeancesees 23.75 23.36 14.23 13.82 27.69

—

The cases of departure of goods from their guaranteed composition
observed this season, including only those cases in which it amount-
ed to two-tents per cent. or more, were as follows::

Summary of Instances of Deficiency from Guaranty.

he p
E F
3 cy ad
E 8 ° S 6
2 a a RB a
2 pan ae ssa
@ > rs) - Ke)
a ir} id ° g
gE 2 8 L 2
5 A e A 6
Deficient in four constituents, Li, | Siejare’afuro,aze’e\)|eisievets s)e(eie.s|| srelhe pia sinies
Deficient in three constituents, Del jeluiereu.ctus's|| eimeiels'ssrare'e| |= 810
Deficient in two constituents, 20 Pal
Deficient in one constituent, “eK 29 4 10
Total samples in which deficiency occurred, ....... 62 li

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 795

The cases of deficiency noted during the past six seasons in the
goods as compared with their guaranties, expressed in percentage
of the total number of goods of each class analyzed, are as follows:

\

Percentages of Deficiency, 1899-1901.

g é J

a a a < a a

a B Z EA f S

oo ved oo to =

§ aS GI oF i ES

he + 3) = bk =

Q, a Q [s} []

a cy a fe a &
I OMILECE me TEPLUIZEN:, | “siers iets e.2:eia/e\nie\c'e al sloletese oieis 38.4 83.7 42.0 31.6 34.6
PTARGL UCM DOME il elaiciclcic aie cine’ istela,cfe's.s1sieicieiSisie.> cine 50.0 14.3 *50.0 *50.0 t 40.0
ROC METI OCASINN | vietajs\din viola cletals, cies aisjaluicleicielels ia 19.1 2 29.2 33.3 31.7 26.2
IDTEGW Hil TORE SG osddas canons UCC COOODEDNOOOnG 13.8 14.5 5.4 19.4 22.5 | 8.2
Rep UESTUTIG es IOELG eliraiclateieiasetcreieicisi~"ainieiaieiaieis.e\sTorelelsievaie'ele 18.4 25.3 36.7 11.8 34.1 18.2
All classes except miscellaneous, .......... 30.9 29.2 | 35.2 34.3 30.8 | 27.6°

*Only two samples analyzed. 7Only one sample analyzed.

These figures show changes from year to year; in 1900 there was
an exceptional increase, both spring and fall, in such deficiencies;
but, last spring, the number dropped back to normal; the past season
makes the best showing, in this respect, that has been made for sev-
eral years.

In most samples which are found below guaranty at one point,
there is an excess at some other point, indicating that the cause of
departure from the composition guaranteed lay not in the failure of
the manufacturer to use the requisite components, but in his failure
to secure a uniform mixture.

Considering all cases of complete fertilizers in which guaranties
were strictly comparable with stated analytical results and suffi-
ciently complete for the purpose: Eighty-eight such cases of de-
ficiency occur; of these there are thirty-five in which the deficiency
at one point is not counter-balanced by any very marked tendency
to excess in the other constituents of the mixture, while fifty-three
cases, or a little less than two-thirds of the entire number, exhibit
distinctly such counterbalancing tendencies.

Of the eighty-nine cases, twenty-six show a total deficiency of
21.70 per cent. of available phosphoric acid, sixty-two a total excess
of 60.77 per cent. or a net excess for the average case of 0.44 per cent.,
in like manner the sum of the deficiencies in potash shown by forty
samples is 27.60, the sum of excesses in forty-seven cases is 19.48,
making an average net deficiency of 0.09 per cent.; and the sum of
nitrogen deficiencies in sixty-three cases is 15.28, that of the excesses
in twenty-four cases, 3.389, making an average net deficiency of 0.138

796 ' ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

per cent. That is, the general tendency is to excess in the cheaper
ingredient and deficiency in the more costly, in samples exhibiting
deficiency at any point. The average value per ton of the excess
available phosphoric acid is 41.8 cents; of the deficient potash and
nitrogen, 49.2 cents; so that, in point of cost, these cases present an
average deficiency in value at the point of shipment of only 7.4 cents
per ton.

In the foregoing paragraphs consideration has been confined to
samples that are at some point abnormal; about one-half the samples
tested were up to or above guaranty at all points. The true average
condition of the market for complete fertilizers will be more fairly
exhibited by a comparison of the average composition of all samples
for which guaranties are recorded with the average of the corres-
ponding guaranties; they are as follows:

|
52 3
2 5
oa. K
Boe 5
583 2
oA ,
Pu ~
o_ 4 oo
Goh to O
Ee Bu
a 5 oo
ran >A
<q SH
Phosphoric acid:
PERC) ESAS Pepereicictetnsasciesc sate rotesevciole Ginza slave avevetals) sfoyeravaie oj vele/atolafete rchets(eietareteteve rere te Gistaleletate re oraisrere seieiete te cake 11.51 9.82
PAV ANN CULO L Coma e erclelelalane eiste/eletaraln oie lareverers(oleyetatstereiatalatareterelatererefoveteiticrerayereyavetctvaretctetesiatateratetsielelerietette 10.60 8.06
ROT STVAB ects olafe cla ,oresets'sic «.eie cle. viovciaeicicicvelete agtialwiclaco.v claletare oroisleveratoyeve ot w'e/n erovsersveletelelafee weieielervosteietele 2.77 2.66
INDEED ES OTD Mliee sieve taystcts is?aieve vars coleie clots oie tereevate fese!e1 ovevelavetene (love tele ayetejets oleiade aieibvclietetateicle lc anterior eee 1.39 1.39

In general then, the consumer receives, on the average, almost
exactly the guarantied amounts of potash and nitrogen and a very
liberal allowance of phosphoric acid of high availability.

It is of interest to note how closely the system of valuations, based
upon the wholesale prices of raw materials in the principal markets
during the most important buying season and upon certain average
allowances for expense and profit on the part of the mixer and job-
ber, coincides with the retail prices later ascertained. A compari-
son for several seasons past is given below.

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 197
’ 4 ‘ ° . r °
Comparison of Selling Prices and Valuations.
=|
ee
32
>)
o a
. -
+>) : =
= ae eae
bo 2 n
c os 2 be
= z Pe
, | R > aI
Complete fertilizers: |
1899, Spring, 23.60 $24.53 $1.07
1899, Fall, 22.98 23.38 4
1900, Spring, 25.38 24.59 —.79
1900, Fall, 23.22 23.84 62
1901, Spring, mehretstenete ae 23.92 24.76 84
1901, Fall, ..... : 22.28 23.75 | 1.47
Dissolved bone: |
1899, Spring, 21.75 PANSY (39a lessee eo
1899, Fall, 5 19.00 22.30 3.30
1900, Spring, 26.00 26.26 26
1900, Fall, 23.50 22.74 —.76
1901, Spring, 28.00 29.00 1.00
1901, Fall, . 23.91 23.36 —.55
Rock and Potash:
ISSA Siinee 2oeesoanodondndocsunos bopoouds dncdunonoooooUcendunecaccodoadGe 16.85 15.05 | —1.78
EO Samoa Ul mtiis erateve lays cPetainnelefeiele sioiejele.<)e/s\silelssa!e/ofeie\cfelo\ciels)«]s{aisinie!sla(eleloleys sie eiejaieinis'sieietele 17.28 14.53 —2.75
ING, Sante SosocgacosganunuodoundencgocoucooooAndooopoGcDsradeenoooaDooAG 17.35 14.71 —2.64
BEAM) BEALEA I Serarsye ch clerersicfe tise afetevs sien fotels)afsjclare)stsielbiais)sisis)a{s)vielele/mia\s\els/a’0s\ale]e/mie'a)sie\x\s\cla) ele 18.11 14.63 | —3.48
TMi. Sloe, ao 6sp0coocnsoouuDopabucooodds HoounooS shaleretsvetelotedeiaisleysiatetniateta etaiaieys 16.20 14.60 —1.60
ELS () MA EST Teeny ora) cicretns eter nicte cls e'eje eielore\ «ie /ese/eloiate (av sle/s\eae10je\el0)oYorulsivivivielwle.o'elelofelajeye elo sie/sjs 16.09 14.23 | —1.86
Dissolved Rock:
INH), Shetinves: | saaeepsoacodsnne codnaccocbooDdnd soo dn JUosocooodonocoeSouGaunGo 13.36 14.02 .66
See Sma Pn Mlectete cavare oiatata\cl stats ace) wyelntain’a) elarelet efe/s[slole le, oie’ w/e eleie/asofareinie'o/sie(s/sjateja/stais)s!ujsinteie) e/a 12.64 13.19 55
MDS TOTAL aia cercveleloieve cleveisiny-\cjetel oie! shetefoiet/a\ela)={aivzslarejslaisia\els/o\e\s'eja\eie\s\n\aje’sis/a/a\n/sysielelete'« 13.57 13.49 —.08
IM, IDL VSsesoanecscesnadesocsonndb boo doundocddEsonannSedppoodunoocnooood 13.96 13.11 —.85
LOSS RUIN | oj -feteinia!-y-1n:e)elajaisie\ letel slstelelele'rie\e/ela/elele elelelola/ele\s\alefoin\s e/e/ei0 s\n\a)s)« sjv\e\e/n\sle\~ 13.90 13.51 —.39
bed (hil eevee | I amie ccctavctcta eve soveleveverelere/olovetersieia ze! eisteia/elalelsic/e avereleiel slohetolo,<Vefevelersiesalelais/ejaieldieleseietels 13.18 13.82 64
Ground Bone:
ite), Sicitineys sshoosonsds ode sasoudooo0000b doc DoOGOC HU DOCU UDOBUCHUDOURDODIGE 26.67 28.06 1.39
IER Tahu, « Sescaqncedsorcoooocdonoedu0 Soon obbUnpobonbeocsucscoeHcoDobooobODn 24.98 27.37 2.3
TRE, Shordbyes Eo osnapocundocdd ta so0nd po oUeoDoN UopohooudoDobappouoosbooroncacs 28.42 25.81 —2.61
SLD RU RUN Paw) afataiaieratsl eta cyeiais alevrie «(e.oieheiale| sinie's's\ediujejeleleiaisieietaie/eieteleie’s(sielu/a]s\s e{almisis(vin’e'® 28.73 Cuan Pe ciewtiaianane
OTM STATINS tererereselerclarsioje eles siclorslololole tele) sie o\aiels!s\slele{e/alataieieleisinlo{sj= sis] stelarsjalo[)nteYa\n/sisie 27.59 28.71 1.2
ELA ome ED 1 ome epegeraial ovale ate ravn 9 etn} letotaiojelolatare}olsielatayaielatnie lef stele’ e/e[s\ojerefa[a[a\sia\alnls\oleie/a\s\sjeie viele 25.94 27.69 1.75

The analytical work has been performed by the following Assist-
ant Chemists: Nitrogen, Mr. M. 8. McDowell; soluble and insoluble
phosphoric acid, Mr. C. W. Norris; potash and chlorin, Mr. M. H.
Pingree; moisture and total phosphoric acid, Mr. N. W. Buckhout.
The listing and preparation of samples were in charge of Mr. Me-
Dowell; the computation and care of records in charge of Miss M.
Garner.

Respectfully submitted,
WM. FREAR.

December 31, 1901.

798 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

COMPLETE
Furnishing Phosphoric Acid,

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. +Composite sample.

a
Ls
a
3
a
Fa Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample was Taken. 2
3 =]
g g
i 2
= 2
n
5 3
77 Aa
THE ABBOTT AND MARTIN RENDERING CO.,
COLUMBUS, OHIO.
1143 FA DOLLS ESeke SEPANG! uersiala sinleleicie/cisialeleianieteistats aloinialoteteinteasereleleteiate Jackson & Mitchell, Butler, Pa., ..... 3.08
1144 Tdeal eGrain, Grower, pecs ssesse-casecscee meee bt daeceeeear Jackson & Mitchell, Butler, Pa., .... 4.93
| ALLEGHENY CITY FERTILIZER WORKS, ALLE-
|
| GHENY CITY, PA.
825 Banner Phosphate, 5 sfutaicte ele loro cfatarceiee'eiaicisiealoinemlem erelerere aie see.| Re Hnglish: Petrolia, sccesceeos seeeh 7.63
830 POLLO MUN ATINIT-C 1. ore cielalclelcicieteisie clsicineisiclelele(eicie’sieisicies'e stale wicislelele els Wm. Snyder, Cowansville, ............ 5.78 |
1142 Ra WES OIL@ NDOSDHALC a sicisisie/dicleisislsinieicisisiclsivielcicivialsielelsvieie ----.| Wm. Watson & Son, Mt. Chestnut, .. 5.40
| THE ALLENTOWN MANUFACTURING CO., AL-
LENTOWN, PA.
4323 David T. Barnett, Hanoverville, ....
1273 fComplete Bone Phosphate, ..........sccceeccsecceeees c Robert Cl Meeks. osssseectececte ewiaewates 7.87
1393 David T. Barnett, Bethlehem, .......
As2iuiP Special $25:00 Phosphate, ....c..2--.ecccecesseesscsetcesers David T. Barnett, East Texas, ....... | 10.81
| THE AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CO.,
| :
| NEW YORK.
1119 E. S. Campbell, New Albany, ......... }
PEAR AAKC \GrilATIO y ltclcisicisiecsisisistele eclelsinielslc/cistnielalsteleleisio’sjeiuieldiclals 10.94
1245 G. W. Esenwine, Salons, ........cscec.
| BRADLEY. BRANCH, NEW YORK.
1153 | Bradley7s) “HOtatol HertiliZeri ss iciacciciccicinteoinieie'cjelas'sie'e sfejeislelea Hichholtz & Marshall, Zelionople, . 15.60
CANTON CHEMICAL BRANCH, BALTIMORE.
1274 Canton-Chemical Bakers’ Special Wheat, Corn and | Forseman & Bros,, .........-.sceeceeeees 11.33
Grass Producer 1x9x2.
CLARK’S COVE BRANCH, NEW YORK.
|
1062 Clark's Cove, Deflance Fertilizer, ceccccccecoccieciccusieieees John Nealer, Indiana, .............::0 6.26
938 Cc: J. Bushey, Dilisbure) ...-csaer a eeees
jClark’s Cove Defiance Complete Manure, ..........+ 1.57
1041 Jno..H. “Way, Coleman... ..cc-sucscecees

No. 6.

FERTILIZERS.
Potash and Nitrogen.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

. Total. Available.
2

s E
g 5
BS §

oJ i] n
q 5 ° ov o @
Bene | 2 : ae
4) aQ e
pees | 2 le] e | Ee) 8
peels | 8 (8) 2 | sie
| at | om o & Go|
1.38 | 5.02 | 1.98] 8.38] 7.00] 6.40] 6.00 | 1.12
2.53 | 6.67 | 2.25 | 11.45] 9.00} 9.20] 8.00 | 1.07
1.90 | 4.06] 7.17| 18.13] 9.00] *5.96 | 8 00 | 2.41
5.78 | 2.77 | 6.03 | 14.58 | 9.00| 8.55] 8.00 | 3.55
4.61 | 3.61) 6.50| 14.72] 10.00| *8.22 | 9.00 | 3.43
5.31 | 4.33 | 3.23 |*12.87 13.75 | 9.64 | 7.75 | 1.95 |
6.09 |5.46 | 1.91 | 13.46 |13.00 | 11.55 |10.00 | 1.90
6.30 | 3.30 | 1.99 | 11.59 |...... OEGON Pesce 2.43
1.87 | 6.20 | 3.08 | 11.10 | 9.00] 8.07 | 8.00 | 2.74 |
6.45 | 2.87 | 1.25 | 10.57 |10.00 | 9.32 | 9.00 | 2.16
4.66 |4.28 | 1.45 | 10.39 |8.00 | 8.94 | 7.00 | 1.28
.89 |7.10 | 2.48 | 10.47 | 8.00 | 7.99 | 7.00 | 1.13

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

Potash in 100 Pounds. Nitrogen in | $4 3
(Water Soluble.) 100 Pounds. g
$2 | 3
=f i=]
ae 2
Total. rE ae
ae i=]
oe i)
$ os | 83
3 BAS) te
a Bos «i
2 mk
a : , | 888] vo
a 3 % |o53| EE
3 $ | 39m) 93
2 4 =I 3 Seal e=iebe || pare
a = e ist z aS w| So
2 3 s 3 € | Eos| 34
a is o f 6 |o D
Bree: 1.12 | 1.00 -57 | .41| 15.87 | 20.00
BAe: 1.07 | 1.00 -95| .82| 20.64 | 25.00
ates, 2.41 | 2.00 |. 1.26 | -.82| 21.76 | 24.00
ee *3.55 | 7.00 | *2.31 | 2.47| 29.70 | 25.00
Pa 8.43 | 3.00 | 2.77 | 2.47] 31.00 | 28.00
|
|
28.00 |
ibe *1.95 | 2.00 | *2.O0 | 2.27 | 26.67+ | | ......
28.00
ee *1..90 | 2.00 | *1.00 | 1.03 | 24.81 | 25.00 |
22.00
Weaasts 2.43 |......| 2.18:]......| 23.697
20.00
| -accete: *2.74 | 3.00 | *1.70 | 2.06 | 25.32 | 25.00
|
1 ae 2.16 | 2.00 -89 | .82 | 21.48 | 24.00
ye 1.28 | 1.00 -97 | .82 | 20.30 | 16.00
18.00
eas 1.13 | 1.00 87 | .82 | 18. 76+
2.00

Sample number.

1144

825
830
1142

1323
1273
1393

1153

1274

1062

938
1041

800 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doe.

COMPLETE FERTI

Moisture in 100 pounds.

10.48

s Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample was Taken.

2

£

=}

&

2

2

&

3

n

1270 Clark’s Cove Defiance Manure 1x7xl, ............... ....| Laurelton Store Co., Laurelton, .......
CUMBERLAND BRANCH, NEW YORK.

1040 Cumberland Hawkeye Fertilizer, ............. .ssee.: --.| Saml, Shaffer, Stoystown, ..........0..
DETRICK BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.

1145 Detrick’s Imperial Compound, ...........ccsscccessccsses George Dindinger, Harmony, ....... Jo5

1123 Detrick’s Paragon Ammoniated Bone Phosp’e Potash, ;} Barth & Kestor, Dushore,

11461) > Detrick’s: Standard Potasn, ceeccccscieccanwiseccccsousecncsn George Dindinger, Harmony, .........
LAZARETTO GUANO BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
958 Lazaretto Bone Compound, ...... Pajele scsisisierelatare}orers arererelsielcter< Z. HW. Cashman, New Oxford, «....<...
1263 Lazaretto Bone Compound, 1%4x9x3, ........ceeee eee eeee D. D. Manville & Son, Muncy, ........
885 John Wingert, Lewisburg. 2.0: ss-er
jLazaretto Excelsior A. A. A., .........0.. noopodobadobn
1262 D. D. Manville & Son, Muncy, .......
| MARYLAND BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
1034 | DS e¢ ZAIMINIELINAT A ecieicrcietercieic nelaeicie crests
877 ¢Maryland Ammoniated Bone, ........ccccceeesseeceees S. M. Shuler & Sons, Liverpool, ......
1203 Pp: BB: Oswald New Tripolis vecccscccee
MICHIGAN CARBON’ WORKS, BRANCH, DETROIT,
MICH.
1147 Michigan Homestead A Bone Black Fertilizer, ........ George Dindinger, Harmony, .........
1148 | Michigan Red Line Complete Manure, ...........++ee0 George Dindinger, Harmony, .........
MILSON BRANCH, EAST BUFFALO, N. Y.
826 Milsom’s Pennsylvania Corn and Grain Grower, ...... ranks Atticins | pAd aise. -ssicise ace clenteiate
MORO-PHILIPS BRANCH, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
1231 | Moro-Philips C. and G. Complete Fertilizer, ........... J. E. Bouse, Clement Station, .;.......
1226 Moro-Philips Standard Guano, ..........sescccccsscnccces W. H. H. Meckley, Alburtis, <..s.ci..
| NIAGARA BRANCH, BUFFALO, N. Y.
1254} Niagara Triumph Fertilizer, 3x9x2, ...............---++- C. D. Glossner, Jacksonville, Pa.,
| PACIFIC GUANO BRANCH, NEW YORK.
112s John Persing, Nickelville, ......scssee
ilapmesleinc NObesque Guano), scree. «clic ciencicieteise heteineis slats
1234 Je, Wie SHOWAMCErS Fase amc amie corte setters

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. }Composite sample.

9.16

9.79
9.30

6.57

9.06
9.37

9.53

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Soluble in water.

Reverted.
Insoluble

5.50 | 2.87 96

on
i
on
Co)
eC)
a)
—

00

5.95 | 3.32 | 1.44

Total.

9.33

11.65

10.70

9.10

10.238
10.67

10,09

10.49

11.32
10.27

11.44

9.53

10.65

10.22

LO. 7

Guaranteed.

8.00

9.00

10.00

10.00

9.00

Available.
cs)
vo
ov
r=

Le)

ea:
fo) =)
ed oO

8.37

RD

64

*Constituent falls below guarantee,

51—6— 1901

7.00

7.00

8.06

§.00

Potash in 100 Pounds.

Present as muriate.

1.38

1.19) }

(Water Soluble.)

Total.
a
2
3
a
a
=)
a .
Le}
n
3 d
~
= ‘ =
a & ss
o 5 3
= ° to
Ay ica 5
Eee 1.41 | 1.00

eee 1.26 | 1.00

ielsis 2.09 | 2.00

eeceus ome he
paar 1.42 | 1.00
cee 5.19 | 5.00
sn A 3.07 | 3.00
fone 3.05 | 3.00
|
Tae 1.15 | 1.00
|
|
|
\eeenee, 3.25 | 3.00
|
|
Veet 1.85 | 1.50
ee 1.38 | 1.00,
| |
Sb sEnA *1.19 | 2.00 |

Nitrogen in
100 Pounds.
<
a
&
a 8
{=} w
5 3S
[o} =)
es G)
.88 | .82
92] .82
1.06} .82
-95 |. .82|
1.58 | 1.24 |
1.03 | 1.03 |
1.06) 1.03
+93 82
|
1.70 | 1.65 |
| |
*1.99 2.06
91} .82 |
|
|
1.02 2.47
|
*.78| .82
1.04] .92
|
| |
*1.89 0 2.47)
*.95 | 1.08

value of

2,000 pounds at Department rat-

(See p. 712.)

Computed commercial
ing.

20.94

21.0

Selling price of 2,000 pounds at
the point of selection.

20.00

18.50

21.00

20.00

24.00

22.00

22.00 |

16.50

18.00 |

22.50 |

22.00

23.00

25.00

21.00

24.00

17.00
25.00

23.00

24.09
22.00

801

Sample number.

1270

1040

1148

826

1128
1234

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ;

802
ss Manufacturer and Brand.
2
q
A
4
a
|
a C
n
1129 Pacific Potato Phosphate, ......:..0.s..-seses eee aielelaisie
REESE BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
973
PELE CS Onset elif cta OL MET Alita iolele eisivielntelsieie/afelsieicicieie/ajelelsie\sisieieiwie's
1319
1279 Reese’s Harvest Queen, .........-..000 aelelelets siele'sieielo’eleisiolein
974 TRECSEISE WEA VHOWEDs cla ciccisicocieelieieicie's cieicicie’eteoie atarelelelersteieioiniets
941
880 7Reese’s Pilgrim Fertilizer, ...........se0e aeietere eiete\eiao mia
1306
SHARPLESS AND CARPENTER BRANCH, PHILA.
1316 Sharpless & Carpenter No. 2 for Grain and Grass, ....
STANDARD BRANCH, NEW YORK.
1104 Standard Ammoniated Dissolved Bone, ................
SUSQUEHANNA BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
1335 Susquehanna Ammoniated Bone Phosphate, ........ ore
952
1115
1186
$50 +Susquehanna Bone Phosphate, ............. Beoacdas so0
1276
.
1204
1320
1326 Susquehanna Pure Bone Phosphate, .......... neleaeisisie ster
TYGERT-ALLEN BRANCH, PHILADELPHIA.
1113
1218 |
1071
*Tygert-Allen Star Bone Phosphate. .............- are
1344
1397
1407
1062 Tygert-Allen Star Guano, ..... Roiinatiesie vietnienieielenidateuep acts

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. .t;Composite sample.

Off. Doc.

COMPLETE FERTI

From Whom Sample was Taken.

John Persing,, Nickelville,

William Oberdorff, Windsorville,
Samuel Hummel, Monterey,
G. W. Dick, Dillsburg,
William Oberdorff, Windsorville, .....
N. H. Spangler,

Isaac Shorts, Sunbury,

Samuel Hummel, Kutztown,
L. A. Geiger, Joanna, ee sGSccbr bo5¢ ae

Kicholtz & Marshell, Zelionople,

George B. Passmore Sons, Oxford,

James Law & Son, East Berlin,

B. A. Cranmer, Monreton,

Solomon H, Lenhart, Hamburg,
C. Neis, Geistown,

W. L. Mertz,

Wm. F. Terechel, Bethlehem,

Wm. Stimmel, Monterey,

George B. Passmore Sons, Oxford, ..

P. L, Ward, South Towanda,

Singmaster & Co., Macungie,

A. Sides & Co., Blairsville,

Wm. Smale, Springville,

D. G. Gross, Monocacy, ........ SAC CAnA
J. ¥. Beatty, Morton,

A. F. Swank, Davidsville, ...... oot ain

Moisture in 100 pounds.

12.62

10.20

10.61

10.14

8.90

9.78

10.61

i 9.62

E

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Soluble in water.

Reverted.
Insoluble.

5.53 | 4.37 | 2.08

5.38 1.46

2.88 | 3.67 | 2.73

4.76 | 3.57 | 2.45

3.87 | 4.58 | 3.23

4.16 | 4.13

4.58 | 4.59 | 3.70

5.17 | 3.14

6.55 aa

Total.

Found.
Guaranteed.

10.14) 9.00

8.00

9.00

11.18

9.00

11.49 | 9.00

10.93 | 9.00

10.27 | 9.00

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 803
Potash in 100 Pounds. Nitrogen in | %.b 3
(Water Soluble.) 100 Pounds. 3
ea | =
ge 5
Available. Total. a: ey
= S
callie 26 | ss
a o £2 So
= a oA ao
a g AeA} ww? F
3 2 = igae | Wale: a
: 5 = ; S2A| wo 2
i n n Z Ls} =a) Sa E
2 © ws gL 8 Ten aE Fs
% aI 2 2 ; =I S etal 2. o
=] 5 = to ot
lel e]2)| 2€ |/8)| 2 |-# lesel Se lee
2 x o @ 2 Ss = o | E25 =<. Fa]
fo) =] be ba fo} s ° = onan oe) a
& o Ay Ay & o & Cy n n
me
9.90} 6.00 | 1.33) 3.34 *4.67 | 5.00| *1.21 | 1.24] 23.58 | 26.00 | - 1129
18.00 | 973
eles Te 00a a LelT) |eeee ee 1.17] 1.00 -96]| .82] 18.68
20.00 | 1319
9S) | HS001 F200 |isscee 2.01) 2.00 *.93 | 1.03) 20.83 | 20.00 | ~ 1279
8.74] 8.00 | 2.10]...... 2.10] 2.00| *1.09 | 1.65] 21.28] 22.00! 974
| (20.50) 941
8.68 | 8.00 | 3.63]...... *3.63 | 4.00 -96 | .82| 22.51! | 21.00} sso
23.00 | 1306
*6.55 | 7.00 | 1.08|...... 1.08} 1.00 -84| .82| 17.54] 18.00] 1316
§.33 | 8.00 | 1.69]...... *1.69 | 2.00) *1.12 | 1.65] 21.13] 16.00] 1154
| |
*7.95 | 8.00 | 2.24]...... 2.24) 2.00) 1.65 | 1.65] 23.58) 22.00] 1335
21.50 | 952
24.00 | 1115
22.00 1186
8.29 | 8.00 | 2.30]...... 2.30] 2.00} 1.69) 1.65] 24.28! ]} 28.00) 50
22.56 | 1276
25.00 | 1304
24.00 | 1320
Dal |-9.00- |) 2.50 ||as0.. 2.50 / 2.00) 1.74/ 1.65! 25.88 25.00! 1936
25.00 | 1113
25.00 | 1218
: 26.60 | 1071
$. 31 | $00: |'3.08 |....52 3.08 | 3.00] *1.91 | 2.06} 25.76 |
|} 24.50 | 1344
25.00 | 1397
: 25.00 | 1407
Dn24s (S000 S127 ile meres 3.27 | 3.00 | *1.63 | 2.06 | 25.20 | 24.00 | 1052

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

804 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE : Off. Doce.

COMPLETE FERTI

Manufacturer and Brand.

u

o

Q

§

3

a

2

fo)

8

n

1283 Tygert-Allen Star Tobacco Manure, ...........seccceeers
WILLIAMS AND CLARK BRANCH, NEW YORK.

823 Williams & Clark Americus Royal Bone, ...............
ZELL BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.

9ST Zell’s Ammoniated Bone Super-phosphate, .........++..

Pell Sm isCONOMIZEr ANOSPNALCE So iicrarcicietareicieteleieierareieialv reverie

1072
1055 PACES Mua Ee GLAM ty isis cine: steialaroielalalslehelsisievelaiejaleloin'slelelelels¥e[alsiscei>

ee
=
()
a

AMERICAN REDUCTION CO., PITTSBURG, PA.

1074
FLEES DUT (GUANON lercileeisisiecs fa(eisteletelaistateleloieVerelatote's lntereleleversioracs
1141

|
|
|
| THE ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS, CHICAGO,
|

ILL.
1092 |
tAmmoniated Bone and Potash, .............sceesvccos
1220
920
962 |
SN VIRLESUC TEC Lele tasty bara (einieleleis’aie/o/eleleinlele oun laie'a\e/e'aieie,c\ein(e/s/eiefeiaiviciate
871
986 :
| BALTIMORE PULVERIZING CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
MOQ eeetlow GraVVNeats COMIPOUNGS cericicieiserecieitisie me neisieiersie slele'slele efele iain:
BAUGH & SONS COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
876 | Baugh’s Animal Bone and Potash Compound, ........
959
|
1042 |
876 |
. fBaugh's Wheat Fertilizer for Wheat and Grass, ....
1048 |
1229 |
1355 |

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. Composite sample.

From Whom Sample was Taken.

H. ©. Miller, Rohrerstown, ~.. 20-2: ccc
Wm. McGinis, Crawford’s Corners,...

A. Hackenburg, Northumberland, ....
A. Hackenburg, Northumberland,

RS (Cy elefiiey, Berlimtyicetsacee meen
Geo: J. (New, Blairsville; .2225.2.seneer
Jno. Campbell Heshbon, Mech’icsb’g,

Hr A. (Watson, Isles) (er. -ctaemetere

Wi Pe Dixon; Livermore, seeseesn este

Wm. Watson & Son, Mt. Chestnut,..

Smith & Sons, Mt. Pleasant,
Wm, M. Gehman, Macungie, .........
McCalmont & Co., Bellefonte, .........
Dutterer & Easley, Hanover, .........
J. L. Ritter & Son, Newport, .........

A. Cameron Bobb, Paxinos, ..........
A. B. Harnish, Mechanicsburg, .....

IW. W. Wise, Bridgeton. sa.twu-eeeee
J. U.. Ruff, New: ‘Oxford, coerce
Chas. H. Schmucker, Iricdens, ......
Samuel Shope, Hummelstown, .......
Wm. P. Hay, Lavansville, <....0.40n
IKXerschner Bros., Breiningsville, .....

Dewees_& Bracker, Paoll, -.....-scccns

Mcisture in 100 pounds.

10.30

10.45
8.34

7.39

6.49

6.87

10,63

No.

LIZERS—Continued.

Soluble in water.

4.90

5.36

4.90

1.57

5.21

8.33

3.52

5.92

6.

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Reverted.

3.17

5.29

ro

Insoluble.

65

483

4G |

-61

51

58

Total.
3

o

a

° q
= 8
=) 3
=

4 5
9.75 9.00
a1 Man al eer
11.28 | 9.00
106.40 | 9.00
11.96) 8.00
iejqa EO Bo aaae
11.08) 8.00
12.27 | 10.00
MIO 2i oceans
i Wea 1 eee stad
Li 5383 llagnana

Available.

ce]

o

3

3 a

5 3S

8 E

ied o
8.07 | 8.00
ioe rGllleorond
8.85 | 8.00
*7.G4 | 8.00
10.20 | 7.00
12.70 | 8.00
7.68 6.00
7.66 | 8.00
tice to Wel era
9.37 | 8.00
S.95 | 8.00

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

Potash in 100 Pounds.
(Water Soluble.)

Present as muriate.

3.20

3.35

1.46

1.90

1.33

Present as sulphate.

se eeee

|
|

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

805
— = rt —_—————s
Nitrogen in | $i =
100 Pounds. o
Cy) n
Be =
oa 2
Total. a ae
aide sore
| oa
e3_| 5%
aA | oe
» ea
5 a-| 64 E
. ~
, | eg} go] 2
Le] cs! petra) te E
o oe ooo We =]
& 2 | oe) arama
° & = 5 = = ty & iD
z S 5 E |830| Fo =)
3 S 2 eo |&"¢!] Sa E
(o} 5 [o} =] ON ae a
& 4) & Sin n wn
3.20 | 3.00 *2.08 | 2.06] 25.64 28.00 1283
cp ieebeds ener Bt! reo herecens 23.11 23.00 $23
2.386 | 2.00} *1.55 | 1.65 | 24.08 20.00 987
19.0¢ 988
*1.75| 2.00) *.79| .92| 19.04 |
|) 19.50 1038
13.50 1072
1.46 | 1.00 1.04 02) | e2avao eerste 1955
| | 18.00 | 1137
We ali a | 4 1074
1.90 1.00) *.G65 | 1.24] 23.76
| 19.00 1141
| 26.00 | 1092
2.36 | 2.00 2.88 | 2.47 | 28.29
| 25.00 1220
| 22.€C 920
|
18.@ 962
1.33) 1.00 oteirr .82 | 19.80¢|7) 21.66 871
| 20.60 986
PG? booade Bs, GI eceas 24.57 20.00 1021
|
2.22 | 2.00 2.42 | 1.65 | 28.42 23.00 976
22.00 959
22.00 1042
21.00 S76
2.34 | 2.00 1.69 | 1.65 | 24 90
20.00 1048
eee 1229
| 22.00 1355

806 ANNUAL
7a Cte pas ae .
2 Manufacturer and Brand.
F]
8
2
2
z
ah
THE BERG CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
1248
1300
1214 TBerg’s $25.00Bone Manure, ......ccccccccesvccnvicsscsine
1308
1364
1249
1195 +Berg’s S. B. M. Standard Bone Manure, ..........«-
1307
BERGER BROS., EASTON, PA.
1388 Wheat and Grass Special, ........ Seaaletectereiaicisiele clerarereielera ae
A. H. BLAKER & CO., FOX CHASE, PHILADEL-
PHIA, PA.
1403 Blaker’s Special Fertilizer for General Use, ...........
1868 Blaker’s Special for Wheat and Corm, ...........csecee.
D. BLOCHER & CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
1099 Dissolved Raw Bone and Potash, ...........++ aiple(e sisielsis
THE BOWKER FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS.
1193 Bowker’s Ammoniated Dissolved Bone, ...........- eiecofere
THE CHICAGO FERTILIZER CO., CHICAGO, ILL.
1127 Mt. (Pleasant (PNOSPRALC.. ciecictelelaesicivicicicie <clentvin.s.c/« EOHGAC wate
HENRY COPE & CO., LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, PA.
1166 Pennsylvania Wheat Grower and Complete Manure, ..
J. A. CRANSTON CO., NEWPORT, DEL.
1264 Pennsylvania Superior Phosphate, ............ ADCOCK a
1265 W. B. Raw Bone Super-phosphate, ........ aatatercte aterere
JAMES G. DOWNWARD & CO., COATESVILLE, PA.
1342 Special Mixture,

For explanation of these tables see p. 792.

REPORT OF THE

COMPLETE FERTI

webast
From Whom Sample was Taken.

Moisture in 100 pounds.

Harry Sands, Jersey Shore Junction,.
Sprecher & Gantz, Lancaster, ........
HEY IGOR Z A NCIS. | asic sino (otelaatorsta eielaeieverere
James S.
John W. Root, Kimberton,

Hlarry Sands, Jersey Short Junction,

M. C. Dietrich) Kempton, si. -en. ae cee
James S. Heffner, Kutztown, .........
HH. H. Bennett, Haston;, <...c.0ce. wale

Patterson & Ramsey, Jennersville, ..

Linford Foulke, Quakertown, ...

se eeee

John S. Hershberger, Everett, ........

M. C. Dietrich, Kempton,

Seen ween

~A. J. Andrews, Cochranton, ..... mean
Henry Cope & Co., Oxford, ........ eas
BS WM. (DunZans \secaccieee wrlstels.w atreeeicelee

Me Ie MS DB Ets an anaasaeoos

Harry LeFevre, Chatham, ........c00.«

+Composite sample.

Heffner, Kutztown, ......cc..cl).

6.33

7.23

6.79

11.39

9.70
9.08

9.17

Off. Doc. |

INO: Gia>

LIZERS—Continued.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

|
Potash in 100 Pounds. Nitrogen in | $4
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. (Water Soluble.) 100 Pounds. os
ev
5
ds
Total. Available. Total. a |
é oie
ae
6 | ¢ Bry
= R oA
: & Ss = eh |
=)
8 3 & 5a
E pete Bul, ae 18a6
dq BS * | 3 a 3 > 53
Si g|¢ 2 3 2 2 |3eu
meee es | 3 | 8] 3 |-3| 818 ji) old) sera
2 an eS a BR i g 9 ® a a A £ es.
emer | & | S| 8 | ele]? Bile) Br | ahaa
be _
7 a| 4 & o) fy oOo} a | w& fy ro) ed 6 |O0
4.61| 4.36 | 4.45) 13.42 ]...... S597 07.00) 2284) |\ 05005 2.34 | 2.00 | *1.54| 2.00) 25.11 |
B69) (0-12)| 5.10.) WS 674)... 08. 8.64 | 8.00| 6.57|...... G.57 | 6.00 | *1.66 | 3.00 | 29.64
4.40 | 4.54 | 2.71} 11.65 /|10.00| *8.94 | 9.00/| 3.60|...... *3.60 | 4.00 | *1.20 | 1.24 | 24.18
4.81 | 3.55 | 2.32/ 10.68|1000| 8.36 8.00 | 2.16]...... 2.16 | 2.00 | 2.11 | 1.08 | 21.55 |
4.61 | 4.33 | 1.02} 9.96] 9.00} S.94/| 7.00} 1.60|...... 1.60 | 1.c0 -90| .82| 20.19
9.00] 2.09] .88| 12.92] 12.00) 11.09 |11.00 | 2.29]...... +2.29 | 2.50 | *1.69 | 2.06 | 26.73
3.74 | 5.20 | 2.94] 11.88 ]...... *8 94 |11.00 | 1.17]...... a Daa Ur dial Be a LA eecoen 21.91
|
4,40 | 7.20 | 2.02] 18.62 ]16.00 | 11.60 9.00] .50]..... : SOlleccese ST \cosctess | 13.27
3.09 | 4.81 | 1.51 | *9.41 /10.00 | *7.90 | 8.00 | 5.26)...... 5.26 | 4.00} 1.32 | 1.24 | 24.87 |
|
4.60 | 3.92 | 1.61| 10.13 /10.00| 8.52 | 8.00 | 2.08|...... 2.08 | 2.00} *.81 | 1.03 | 20.18
5.74 | 3.62 | 1.74| 11.10 /|11.00} 9.36 | 9.00 | 2.64]...... 2.64 |2.00 | 1.42 | 1.65 | 24.10
RUGS e822) |PSe2Es || Mek eee 6.85 |...... D205) lasccime 2EOG. | ise. Ty Gal Ronee 20.78

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

Selling price of 2,000 pounds at
the point of selection.

25.00
25.00
24.00
24.00
23.00
32.00
20.00
28.00

25.00

25.00

28.00 |
14.00

24.00 |

807

Sample number.

136°

1099

1193

1127

1166

1264
1265

1842

808

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off.

Doze.

COMPLETE FERTI

a
Le
i=]
3
a
= Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample was Taken. 3
2 mn
2Q
BE, re]
Sal al
[1 oO
2 | :
fy
E 3
n | a
EUREKA FERTILIZER CO., PERRYVILLE, MD.
869 c| Dimm & Keiser, Thompsontown, cS
1024 A. B. Harnish, Mechanicsburg, .......
854 A, HE. Marsh, Ebensburg, ..............
jFarmers’ Favorite Bone Phosphate, ..... sferecereyeleisistatey 9.16
1076 | Saml. P. Archibald, Livermore, ..... 7
1184 J. P. & A. S. Rentscheler, Hamburg,
1415 Lewis H. Kirk & Co., Nottingham,. 4
870 | Dimm & Keiser, Thompsontown,
Penmaes GRASS HIMES UUTG sss sieictereicrelsie/cieiepn\are ore eivieloleicles ciate bo 7.19
1023 | A. B. Harnish, Mechanicsburg, ......
| FARMERS’ FERTILIZER CO., COLUMBUS, OHIO.
1081 | Ammoniated: Boneand Potash, 2.2.00... 0. se scjsece ese Jacob Weister, North Washington, .. 7.12
| FARMERS’ FERTILIZER CO., WESTMINSTER, MD.
SISEEPNO Sel DONEC MP hHOSPhate.. hiccidcices viccisis oe ciio cece amecsiels ...-| Ccok, Deardorff & Co., Dillsburg, .... 9.05
GRIFFITH & BOYD, BALTIMORE, MD.
|
939 Ammoniated? Bones PHOSPHAtey slocieccleiscive ccs vicleicicie) ejete ...| Henry Linebaugh, Roler, .......... wal) alOXG5
1018 (| A. B. Harnish, Mechanicsburg, ....-.|
PEIAGRVeSt OUueen’ HOSP H ater eis cicle'scysisisicisieis sisiels)ajela(e Vessfelere 9.38
1078 Samuel Waddle, Tunnelton, .......... |
i fli
1271 Soft Grounds Bones. cetcieasoseenisctieicencccrine telseiecinceicsisise st JOseph Pinsleyay .c see te eesti 6.15
1019 | Wiad Isteinvel, iaséqnqosendbenogebnpcodoossanooopsdsced ++++e--| A. B, Harnish, Mechanicsburg, ......| nha
H. F. HAGIER, QUAKERTOWN, PA.
1371 | Hager’s Ammoniated Super-phosphate, .........+.++.++ H. F. Hager, Quakertown, ....... Ata en best)
1372 MaArMeT Ss) MAavVOEIte: PDOSPHACC yecaiealaleciainelcleinielerdelaicioni= ss H. F. Hager, Quakertown, ........... | 7.54
1370 IPSRICH EROSPRATC ews viele ie oe oem won hGoratet sletsisieis clei J H. F. Hager, ,.Quakertown, ...... aes 8.82
| : }
| THOMAS HAINES & CO., MALVERN, PA.
1354 New Century Crop Grower, .......ccecccccecccscccsccoes: Thomas Haines & Co., Malvern, ..... 11.23
HANOVER FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
|
944 Blood and’ Bone ‘Compound, 22. cee ccc cise vicesciceceeenisisles A. K. Straley, East Berlin, ........... 7.64
$71 Excelsior ‘Combine. ees. cisiere « cicloes cleicieisls Rofeinciciosice ceewiees Lebernight & Ferree, Red Lion, ..... 7.33
| WILLIAM S. HASTINGS & SON, ATGLEN, PA.
|
1176 Atglen Corn and Potato Guano, .........scecescoes .eee-| Wm. S. Hastings & Son, Atglen, ..... 6.92

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. tComposite sample.

No.

6.

LIZERS—Continued.

Soluble in water.

4.41

5.18

5.52

6.61

7.08

8.54

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Reverted.

4.70

4.73

4.62

2.27

4.05

Insoluble.

3.34

3.20

1.91

3.64

Found.

18.11

12.05

10.41

Total.

Guaranteed.

10.00

11.00

sees

10.14

10.
*7.99
10.08

Available.

Present as muriate.

Found.
Guaranteed.

8.00 | 2.02

8.00 | .88

9.00 | 3.06

seen

93

9.00 | 2.67

7.00 | 5.29

*Constituent falls below guarantee. =
a Guaranty—Soluble, 8 per cent.; insoluble, 1 per cent.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Potash in 100 Pounds.

(Water Soluble.)

Present as sulphate.

se eeee

Total.

Found.
Guaranteed.

*,.S8S | 2.00

3.06

2.00
2.00

5.00

2.00 |

2.00 |

Nitrogen in
100 Pounds,
cs)
a
Pe
; =
us) os
S K
5 i}
6 5
ca oO
*.95 | 1.64
|
85 82
a ie Ia El edacs
*1.68 | 2.06
*1.830 = 1.65
|
31 Esa bab | 1.24
Yio be fl sheers
86 82
*2.41 | 2.47
1.53 | 1.24
-90 82
a ha a 82 |
-85 82
*1.46 | 1.65
2.43 | 1.65

value of

2,000 pounds at Department rat-
712.)

(See p.

Computed commercial
ing.

21.44

24.63

36.56

| 22.05

|

Selling price of 2,000 pounds at
the point of selection.

25.00

21.50

22.00

18.00
24.00

26.00

rear

809

|
|
|
|
|
|
!

Sample number.

1081

933

939
1018
1078
1271
1019

1371

1372

1370

1354

944
971

1176

810 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oif. Doc.

a
E
a
E Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample was Taken. 2
3 =
: P
2 g
roy 2
g a
a oO
a a
1175 Graineand Grass SPECIAL, mcicicisisicicies clatvialsie'slesleleisicie's cicicinisiele Wm. S. Hastings & Son, Atglen, ... 4.49
1173 Octororoy Bone VPHOSPHAte cocaine oiciole cielnjniciniinislniciee ofsisia --..| Wm. S. Hastings & Son, Atglen, ..... 10.23
S. M. HESS & BRO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
1225 Ammoniated Bone Super-phosphate, ..........seecseeeees George W. Ruth, Alburtis, ~.<.2.-c0e- 9.50
1131 J. N. Williamson, Harrisonville, .....
1017 A. L. Brubaker, Mechanicsburg, .....
jIKXeystone Bone Phosphate, ...... aqnéopoptincecenapocodss 9.11
1191 Isaac S. Wenrich, Robesonia, .........
1206 James (S; Peters: Bestsi i. -ccsca sete
1281 Levi Shuman, Mountville, ............
891 tKeystone No. 1 Bone Phosphate, ............. SCONCAGaOD BH. N. Klingler, Vicksburg, «<.cssecees 8.87
1339 Howard Townsend, Chatham, ........
|
890 | E. N. Klingler, Vicksburg, ...........-
1049 Jacob Kauffman, Jr., Johnstown, ....
1205 Stephen Bachman, New Tripoli, ......
874 Hiwwineat and Grass Manure, fa cccciiewis seu ocleceivie'ctclsien cies Cc. L. Johnston, New Bloomfield, ..... 9.33
1302 | POR, R: Drack, Mork ca-cenceemottees
1312 S. El. Mast. Joana," cicsuicescicim secret
1338 | Howard Townsend, Chatham, ........-
M. P. HUBBARD & CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
975 | Harvest Kine for WoHoeat and iGrasss sv asndeseecsincviceelsiele R. B. Hyson, Bridgeton, .........++ alas 8.79
| THE HUBBARD FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE,
MD.
983 A. Cameron Bobb, Paxinos, ..........
jHubbard’s Columbia Gem Phosphate, ..........-+000+ 9.48
990 Bortnier & Dietz, Danville, ...........
896 | B. F. Keiser & W. C. Kline, Le’sb’g,
+Hubbard’s Standard Bone Super-phosphate, ......... 8.52
1269 L Harvey Smithy cic ccc ccin cscs cialeeaenete j
898 Hubbard’s Wheat Grower’s Jewel, .......seccesers “Bpaboc B. F. Keiser & W. C. Kline, Le’sb’g, 11.34
INTERNATIONAL SEED CO., ROCHESTER, N. Y.
1091 E. D. Tinstonan, Herminie, ........... 7
{Grain and (Grass Mertilizer, cs.ccrccsscancesccsccisevecine L 9.08
1369 {| F. W. Barndt, Quakertown, ........... i

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. +Composite sample.

No. 6.

LIZERS—Continued.

Soluble in water.

4.18

5.21

5.18

6.48

7.09

2.26

2.18

7.21

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Reverted.

4.63
4.00

3.65

2.90

2.57

3.43

5.61

5.36

Insoluble.

2
eo

3.45

2.71

3.68

1.34

2.18

3.65

7.09 | 2.74 | 3.07

Total.

Found,

19.34
12.93

11.28

10.89

11.71

10.39

12.70

11.42

11.02

12.27

12.90

Guaranteed.

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

11.00

Available.

Found.
Guaranteed.

13.03 | 10.00

10.05

*7.83) 8.00

8.00 |

8.00

8.00 |

10.52 a

saneee

seweee

10.00

Present as muriate.

4.29
2.40

2.16

1.45

1.74

2.31

1.61

1.47

3.68

2.39

2.07

811
Potash in 100 Pounds. Nitrogen in |S 3
(Water Soluble.) 100 Pounds. g
o,, ag
— Se I
ao 3
Total. a: aie
Gi 2
6 oo | Ss
» 5AT| ao
re a8|
& = 6% K
3 8g) ge | 2
Lo} oe aw tes
a g 2 [ofa] BS | z
he . r=) : ra ie ta a
b é g = z BS Eo 2
: 2 | 8] 2 | 8 |Baa) ga | &
a, & fe 6 |6 B c
; =
SROCLG 4.29 | 2.00 2.51 | 1.03 | 37.29 20.00 1175
.67 3.07 | 3.00 1.66 | 1.65 | 26.94 25.00 | 1173
aeodas 2.16) 2.00 1.73 | 1.65 | 23.96 27.00 | 1225
| (23.00 | 1131
, 22.00 1017
staleielere 1.45) 1.00 97 -82 | 20.30 |
|) 21.00 1191
20.00 | 1206
15.00 1281
enisiee 1.74) 1.00 1.01 -82 | 21.09 19.00 891
21.00 1339
21.00 890
coe 1049
22.00 | 1205
sisielelele 2.31 | 2.00 1.00 -82 | 21.80 22.00 874
waseet 1302
22.00 1312
23.00 1338
ssooc 1.61 | 1.50 1.41 | 1.24 | 24.69 20.00 975
18.00 | 983
ie cirere a ke: Fl leanoace Ay toJ)| Bageeo) ates!
ashe: 990
(22.00 | 896
Seuieets BGS! | Coc. wc lee Mite leebal sae sales oS |
(aoe 1269
pecoro 2.39 | 2.00 1.27 | 1.24 | 24.27 20.00 898
eeeee 1091
BoCdad 2.07 | 2.00 1.70 | 1.65 | 2.98 ;
28.00 | 1369

*Constituent falls below guarantee.
a Guaranty—Soluble, 9 per cent.; insoluble, 1.5 per cent.

812

Sample number.

1133

1406

1025 |

1401
1288

1112

For explanation of these tables see p. 792.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Manufacturer and Brand.

Off. Doc.

COMPLETE FERTI

From Whom Sample was Taken.

JARECKI CHEMICAL CO., SANDUSKY, OHIO.

No. 1 Fish Guano,

Fish and Potash Grain Special,

LACKAWANNA FERTILIZER AND CHEMICAL

CO., MOOSIC, PA.

Moosic Phosphate,

LANCASTER CHEMICAL CO., LANCASTER, PA.

No. 2 Dewey Brand,

No. 3 Pure Dissolved Animal Bone and Potash,

No. 4 Rising Sun Animal Bone Phosphate,

No. 5 Flag Brand Super-phosphate,

No. 6 Hard Times Fertilizer,

A. B. LETHERBURY, CHESTER, PA.
acer Brand Bone PHOSPH ater «sacieisieaiciescleices caeiiercteist
LISTER’S AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL WORKS,
NEWARK, N. J.
Caulifiowermand (Cabbage 2s. scsmeccecesleicceecte vecsiocnincn
ere WyED A OTICATIZ OI; pers icicten(aie:ciovevess winters ereisrstatintefoleratcrnrs cleionivivis Meron eres
Potato No, 2 Fertilizer,

Special Wheat Fertilizer,

(Wires Ee NOSPUALC: © oii ciniac casi aoeawsdeicrii tec ceccwemere sone

7U. S. Super-phcsphate,

Wheat and Rye Fertilizer,

MAPES FORMULA AND PERUNAN GUANO CO.,

NEW YORK.

r
icompletesManure™ AY Brand, | seseccreciccctacecilecleniesmiee 4
'
L
Tobacco Manure, Wrapper Brand, ........ececececeserce
MObaACCO Starters ® .. ncckvisisie'sc ie wie'e cle te cisceeneiecedeciianeeeet

+Composite sample.

G. A. Blair, Wesley, ........

Sample & Jones, Corry,

Laurelton Store Co., Laurelton,

Henry Hershey, Dillersville,
Henry Hershey, Dillersville,
Henry Hershey, Dillersville,
Henry Hershey, Dillersville,
Martin E. Rupp, Dillersvile,

A. B. Letherbury, Chester,

David Sterner, Allentown, ............

Ei. J. Gerlach, Bethlehem, --.-...2csc«

David Sterner, Allentown, ............ |

i. J. Gerlach, Bethlehem,

Wm, H. Fritz, Berwyn,

Frank Douglass, Indiana, .............

E. J. Gerlach, Bethlehem,

Frank Douglass,

FE. W. Rupp, Shiremanstown,

Swartley Bros., Doylestown,

Eli M. Martin, New Holland,

R. M. Wells, South Towanda,

HbsobKhoES Cosboooccdc = 5

Mcisture in 100 pounds.

9.03

12.28
11.59

8.70
11.68
11.67

12.65

10.79
8.57
12.61
9.12
10.84

e----Y

7.17

11.35

Ne. 6,

LIZERS—Continued.

Phosphorie Acid

Soluble in water.

or
~
CP)

7.46

4.27

Reverted.

Insoluble.

3.89

3.54

1.87

2.13
3.80
2.81
3.92
2.80

3.51

3.33

5.73

3.35
4.98

3.05

2.31

1.69
1.78
2.57
2.11

1.90

1.02

3.63

2.04

4.27

Found.

11.02

16.09
12.15
12.37
10.62
11.94

10.85

10.92
12.2

13.380
12.29

12.10

11.80

12.68

Guaranteed.

9.00

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

in 100 Pounds.

Available.
«
cs}
ao
2
3 3
S| u
5 3
° eS
B oO
10.62 | 10.00
11.52 | 9.00
8.71) 7.00
S.40 | 8.00
10.37 10.00
9.80 | 10.00
8.51 | 8.00 |
10.04 8.00
|
9.33 | 8.00 |
alrG Tl lpascaa|
8.94 | 8.00
10.85 | 10.00 |
9.30 | 8.00
9.43 | 8.00 |
8.98 | 8.00
8.73 | 8.00
10.00 /10.00
*3.92 | 4.50
5.18 | 6.00

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

Potash in 100 Pounds.
(Water Soluble.)

Present as muriate.

86

1.50

1.94

Present as sulphate.

teen

Total.

4.06
*4.91
2.08

2.535 |

*1.70

7.07

|

*2.93 |

*5.56
3.01

2.17

2.09 |

2.05

3.16

*9 .S7T
1.94

Guaranteed.

1.50

Nitrogen in
100 Pounds.

*1.11

*6.138
4.16

Guaranteed.

| 1.24

1.24
1.65
| 2.47
1.24
mal

| 1.24

2.47

6.18

| 4.12

Computed

of

value

commercial
9.000 pounds at Department rat-

ine.

23.6

21.63

(See p. 712.)

the point of selection.

17.50

813

Sample number.

1406

814 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dee.

COMPLETE FERTI

-Geo. K. Linderman, Geigertown, ...
Wm. M. Gehman, Macungie, ......e-+
jFarmer’s Ammoniated Bone Phosphate, .....+..se+0+ Cook, Deardorff & Co., Dillsburg, ...
N. H. Sprecher, Ephrata, ..... eocccene
Griffith & Wollerton, Downingtown,

ee a
Pe ETS esl Shed =
es 2eg¢e 8k 2» &
S te oo

J. J. White, Lansdale, .........sssee0

s
A
37
5 Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample was Taken. 2
Fi . ‘
FS E
B (2
a ae
FS] ~
5 S)
ia |
|
ae ee on
MILLER FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
4001 W. F. Slagle, Bloomsburg, ...........
904 J. W. Painter, Lewisburg, ........ olese
TETARVESD (QUEER, .cccnscccccevevcccecicsececcscsnes ecccces ve $.03
1179 4| M. © Harkins, Hickory, Hill) iecaencs
|
1261 Central Commission Co., Williamsp’t, | >
1180 M. T. Harkins, Hickory Hill, ..... val ;
|
902 | | jHustler Phosphate, ........ eeu sisiewwates Mcgeeestes A00g006 J. W. Painter, Red Top, ...... several 8748
1260 Central Commission Co., Williamsp’t,
945 . ( Henry Linebaugh, East Berlin, ......
iStandard Phosphate, .....cseseces Socsmocsacsoc AAARepocoo,)| {10.48
1032 i J. R. Miller, New Kingston, .......... |
1000 W. F. Slagle, Bloomsburg, ........+..
967 A Vistitare) EY MOSPUELS. | ie sinc’n «civncls cae ealelesie sieereisiersin aicisieciee sso Jesse L. Brodbeck, Hanover, ......... 6.71
1329 | M. T. Harkins, Hickory Hill, ...... oes!
WILLIAM C. NEWPORT CO., WILLOW GROVE, PA.
994 John Bowden, Union Corners, ..... sia
936 Cook, Deardorff & Co., Dillsburg, ....
7No: 1 Bone Phosphate, .........0e0 sosbaccoc aareiatsiars fons 10.94
1256 Chas. L. Friller & Co., Williamsport,
1351 Griffith & Wollerton, Downingtown,
1257 Farmer's Ammoniated Bone Phosphate, ........++++-- . | Chas. L. Friller & Co., Williamsport, 7.25
John Bowden, Union Corners, ..... mat |

1177 Evan’s Brand Potato and Tobacco Manure, ..... aeodnd . || Wm. 8. Hastings & Son, Atglen, ..... 4.63

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. tComposite sample.

s

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 815

LIZERS—Continued.

-———— ————— — — — — — — — —————ooooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eee eo oO:
; {
in 100 P ; i }s +
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. eerie Solubley gE end ane o4 3
Se | <
= a8 =]
oo 3
Total. Available. Total. al Ba
=
es | aa 2
# Pi ee 23
3 3 oAT| ag
. 72} a BoA uf
8 3 & gam ° K
: 2 ea ee | —|8gs| 93 | 2
: 3 g/ aa 3 a (Lae) eee
Sis] 2 2 ': 2 & |Bee) S83 | &
o 2 re} re - a ~ ~ e = . ae ies RQ ®
memes | ef e) 2 | ee | S| Ue Uhh BR 1 8 eee) soe
Swi > |S 3 S a 3/3 | 3 5 s 3 @ |Eos| a4 E
a) r=] te) 5 iS) t=] a bi oO ES) iS) 5 ON o> a
n ez r=) & o & 10) Ay fy ic 1a) & oO |o n wn
22.00 | 1001
22. 00 | 904
6.76 | 4.16] 1.45 | 12.37 |11.50| 10.92 |10.00| 2.11]...... *2.11) 2.25) *.93)| 1.03 | 23.48
24.50 | 1179
20.00 | 1261
| 1180
4.62| 4.83| 1.68 | 11.13 |10.00| 9.45 | 8.00| 1.18)...... 1.18 1.00 -86 | .82| 20.47 | | 20.00 | 902
20.00 1260
| 725 945
6.01 | 2.94) 1.51) 10.46 |10.00) 8.95) 8.00| 3.07) .33 3.40 3.00) 2.52 2.47 | 23.64 |
lat 25.00 | 1032
20.00 1000
2.79 | 4.97| 1.6 | 9.41 | 9.00| 7.76/ 7.00) 1.12)...... 1.12) 1.00 ~G62| .41 | 17.34] | 16.50) 967
| | 18.00 1329
21.50 994
| 20.50 | 936
5.97 | 4.48 | 1.91 | 12.36 |10.00| 10.45 | 8.00; .67|) .6 *1.32/ 2.00} *1.20/ 1.65 | 23.36
22.00 | 1256
| | 24.00 | 1351
6.98 | 3.46 | 1.89 | 12.33 | 9.00 | 10.44 | 7.00| 6.38 |...... 6.33 | 4.00| 2.87 | .82 | 34.87] 21.00 | 1257
20.50 | 995
20.00 1182
| | 23.00 | 1219
3.89 | 3.94] 1.59 | 9.42] 9.00]. 7.83 | 7.00 | 8.69 |...... *3.69 | 4.00| 1.13 | .82 | 22.29 | J 19.50 | 934
| | 22.00 | 1292
| | 20.00 | 1350
2.00 | 14.00
5.48 | 2.57} 1.74 | 9.79 | 8.00 | 8.05 | 6.00 (14.00 |...... 14.00 |10.00 | $3.58 | 3.30 | 45.22 | 33.00 | 1177

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

816

Sample number,

=
ro
oo
rare

996
|

1346 |

Yor

oo Wheat Maker,
e2

ANNUAL .REPORT OF THE

Manufacturer and Brand.

Se ee EE ——— See

;Special Compound for Wheat and Grass,

OHIO FARMER’S FERTILIZER Co.,
OHIO.
C. O. & W. Fish Guano, ......seseeeeeeeeees

General Crop Fish Guano, .......++seeeeeeeeeees

ATAPSCO GUANO CO., BALTIMORE, MD.

ta GUANO, ceccccccccecccceescccccccscnseserecesssrerere

bs and Grass Producer, .......sesseees

7Grange Mixture,

a Special Wheat Compound,
Jj

. D. PERKINS, COATESVILLE, PA.

Ammeniated Bone Phosphate,

explanation of these tables see p. 792.

ste eee ewe eeees re

eee eeeee .

Off. Doc.

COMPLETE FERTI

COLUMBUS,

7Composite sample.

From Whom Sample was Taken.

Moisture in 100 pounds.

John Bowden, Union Corners,

W. H. Zearing, Shiremanstown, .....

H. F. Sipe, Somerset,

W. S. Hastings & Son, Atglen,

A. C. Robb, Paxinos, 11.80

Chas. L. Friller & Co., Williamsport,
N. H. Sprecher, Ephrata, .....-...00-

J. J. Nieman, Bethlehem, .......-. cod
John Kunkle, Bath,

Thomas Lloyd, Brisbin,
Thomas Lloyd, Brisbin,

Frank Atkins, Adams county,

Thomas Lloyd, Brisbin,

W. F. Slagle, Bloomsburg,

Jacob Fretz, New Bloomfield,

Elias Wotring Sons, Germanville, ....

Lincoln Musser, Fillmore,

W. F. Slagle, Bloomsburg,

H. J. Moyer, Elizabethville, PB ic’

Elias Wotring Sons, Germanville, ....

J. H. Rupert, Huntingdon,

P. A. Geasey, York,

W. EF. Slagle, Bloomsburg, ...4.... 0.6

F. Slagle, Bloomsburg,
Lincoln Musser,
H, J. Moyer, Elizabethville,

Elias Wotring Sons, Germanville, ....

J. D. Perkins, Coatesville) vo ccc.caaner |

No. 6, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 817

LIZERS—Continued.

SS SS > SS eS SSS OOOO Oe eee
Potash in 100 Pounds. Nitrogen in | SJ 4
Phospherie Acid in 100 Pounds. (Water Soluble.) 100 Pounds. os os
n
eer SG
ge |g
Total. Avaiiable. Total. E Ee
mA
ae a
3 3 shy 2s
+ = 5AZ| ae
6 3 ai -
g E | gee] se | g
BS 5 a 84a) oS 2
3 Se lppe nee 3 2 1,82) cape
Sig] 4 2 a eee ee 2 2 (yom) 82] &
o 2 io) ; =| - S =) = ; S| : 6/3 to & o
meen) © |} fl 2) eB 1a) ele ¢.) Et & |e ese) saan
| ee f= A Of =O =m PE == ||
els | 8 cs o es So | a | w cs © cs o.|O0 a a
20.50 993
20.00 | 1028
19.00 1047
= 20.00 | 1174
6.15 | 4.21 | 2.10) 12.44 /12.00 | 10.84 | 10.00 -80 42 *1.22) 2.00 1.07 | 1.03} 22.65 20.00 883
20.00 1258
20.00 1291
| | 22.00 | 1303
20.00 1322
4.20 | 4.77 | 1.43 | 10.40 |10.00 Se OF Se) | BAe clerere *1.52 | 2.00 1.26 | 1.24 | 21.61 24.00 1111
-92 | 6.59 | 2.82) *9.83 /10.00 | *7.51 | 8.00 | 1.18 |...... 1.138] 1.00 85 282 | 18.21 22.00 1109
(24.00 | 828
1.10 | 6.72 | 1.97 *9.79 |10.00 | *7.82 | 8.00 | 2.14 }...... 2.14) 2.50 .506 -41 | 18.26 4
L
20.00 999
6.17 | 2.33 | 1.03 9.53 | 7.00 §'..00) | 6:00) | 2.49: |... 2.49 | 2.00 | *1.60 | 1.65 | 23.53 21.00 | 873
|
20.00 | 1211
|
23.00 911
21.00 996
ays fre | sal 14 *9.08 |10.00 §.34] &.00 | 4.08 |...... 4.08) 4.00 94 .82 | 22.24 19.50 878
20.50 1210
20.00 1238
( 23.00 977
6.89 |2.73 .87 |*10.49 /12.50 | *9.62 |10.00 | 2.20 |...... 2.20 | 2.00 | *1. G4 | 1.65 | 24.64 4 |
tea 997
25.00 912
1.36 | 3.03 | 2.82 |*13.21 |14.00 | 10.39 | 9.00 | 3.04 |...... 3.04 | 2.50 1.88 | 1.85 | 28.26 23.00 879
25.00 1213 .
8.10 |.2.99 291) - |) 2 OOF [henanc tS OD 10100) (2915 ces... *2. 91 | 3.00 1.05 $88) | 2ASTOs Irons sete 1346

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

52—6—1901

.

818 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

COMPLETE FERTI

S
3
a
2p Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample was Taken. =
3 =
g E
A - o i
o I
a & |
EF Ss og
D a
ee wee
1347 Monarchy EP HOSDMALCS a vesisiccisieleis cfeis ciaisisic'sis’> ole pieteivisicls ornisinieieieiele d. Di Perkins, Codtesvilley s.s--.cssses 9.16
1845 Special Bone Manure, .........cccccccesscccscetesesencsces J. D. Berkins, Coatesville, ...e-scsess 9.77
THE PIEDMONT-MOUNT AIRY GUANO CO., BAL-
TIMORE, MD. i
1202 Leverings Ammoniated Bone, .......cccccccrcccsccccccvee P. B. Oswald, New Tripoli, ...... it eae 18.02
1241, Leverings Harvest Queen, ..........eee cence eeeeeeeeeeeeee J. G. Simpson, Huntingdon, .......... 12.55
|
1051 ine AW PbO MARCUTO) \cccrsicc clce's siecle aicisicivicieinnicinleisielele 4| Jno. Weaver, Davidsville, ............ 12.48
a Piedmont Royal Ammoniated Bone and Potash, ..... P. B: Oswald; New Tripoli> *2cs..cee 6.55
R, H. POLLOCK, BALTIMORE, MD.
951 | D. E, Broim, East Berlin, .............
1102 | Jie ae Co RIGers Vy TONG; ea. <csica= seeeer
921 7Owl Brand Guano, ...... oon cmee ences SocnDde S0n0505 John G. Dubbs, Bellefonte, ......... cae 7.46
1188 | A. F. Baver, Windsor Castle, ........
1387 | Jerome S. Williams, Stroudsburg,
1016 | J. W. Simmons, Mechanicsburg,
1103 : Jd. 2A. (C. Rider, ‘Tyrone; oo..<cvsceeseoee
922 TSpecial Wheat Grower", ......seccccccsccovcecces slaleistale e's! John G. Dubbs, Bellefonte, ........... 7.55
1189 A, F. Baver, Windsor Castle, .+.......
1386 | Jerome S. Williams, Stroudsburg, ....
| RAMSBURG FERTILIZER CO., FREDERICK, MD.
963 | Ammoniated Bone Phosphate, ........ssseeesereceeeeeees Duttera & Easley, Hanover, .......... 10.84
| :
965 | Old Virginia Compound, ........sssescsseneceeeececeeeneees Duttera & Easley, Hanover, .......... $.79
RASIN-MONUMENTAL CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
ORD MePAE MGS COMPELS. ccisisiejsletsisia slo's cicie sieiercisieine deacnencscoceck sof) Ht. Mi Sundy, YOrk? cc. .cc. ccecchescecten 12.80
SAS) DISSOLVER TOMES alse ccpcicle cise cjeiasin'v.c c.e vcisinicle vice/saseleclcle seem ese Bushey & Patterson, East Berlin, .. 9.78 :
| READING CHEMICAL AND FERTILIZER CO.,
| i.
READING, PA. E
1373 Mt. Penn Brand Fertilizer, ......sceccesccccsccccescececs Harry C. Moyer, Blooming Glen, ....| 10.18
1204 D. A. Bachman, New Tripoli, ........ 7} e
fNeversink FBrertiliger; ..ccveccccccnescdcdeucicacsicioen ee eee 9.82
1315 5 Saml. Neathock, Joana, ........... seat i; f
lL °

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. tComposite sample.

No. €.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

LIZERS—Continued.

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Potash in 100 Pounds.

(Water Soluble.)

Total. Available. Total.
i | 8
2 5 | &
5 ’ | | a
Le] Ke] n n
a ig| 3 2 oy Neay lt
o a : iS] : I = = P
emeers | 2 | f| £ 12) 8 | & 3
eee: | 2 |S} 8 | sie}? 3
=)
aj|m| & & o ed o | a] a eh
Nessulicely | 2.19 | 1S. 24) ...... UA OS | LOL0001) Te0ls ic... 7.0L
5.44 | 2.95 | 3.64 | 12.03 )]...... 8.39 | 8.00 | 1.50 |...... 1.50
ReOaeale Lest | LM. OS |...5.. Die Gal fects. EEC Nasocbe 3.47
4.56 | 3.51 | 2.62 | 10.69)...... 8.07 | 8.00 | 2.22 |...... 2.22
AAs Sets 00 |) £2182) ...... *7.82 | 8.00 | 2.09 |...... 2.09
1.61 | 4.60 | 2.48 SGD caries Gee) | 6500 3:32 |... 3... 3.32
1.58 | 5.41 | 1.76 8.75 a 6.99 a 1.60 | 1.58 38.18
1.40 | 5.26 | 3.06 9.72 b 6.66 b ZEBGI|cicierere 2.56
4.80 | 5.66 | 4.26 | 14.72 /12.00 | 10.46 |10.00 | 1.46 |...... *1.46
2.90 | 6.16 | 3.54 | 12.60 | 12.00 9.06 | 9.00 | 2.08 |...... 2.08
BeOmeesen| i480 | 20.00)... 2... Se | S600) 2228 eee 2.28
7.68 | 3.19 | 3.11 | 13.98 |12.00 | 10.87 /|10.00 |...... .62 - 62
.69 | 5.06 | 7.06 | 12.71 | 8.00 | *5.G5 | 6.00 |...... ]...... *
.84 | 4.10 | 4.94 | *9.S8 |16.00 | *4.94 | 8 00 | 1.24 |...... *1.24

*Constituent falls below guarantee.
a Guaranty—Soluble, 7; insoluble, 1.
b Guaranty—Soluble, 7; insoluble, 1.

51

Nitrogen in
100 Pounds.
od 3
ev a
£ 2
rs] *
2 | ¢ | ¢
3 5 3
=) {<) =
o ca Oo
7.00 92 -82
1.00 1.04 82
boneds cee sean
2.00; *.71 82
|
1.50 *,99 | 1.03
3.00 *.99 | 1.07
1.50 48 41
2.00 87 82
2.00 bso 6 82
2.00 | *1.23 | 1.24
2.00 | *1.54 | 1.65
ISO NGA | Fee. cs
1.50 *.47 -82
2.50 *.96 | 1.65

mie ~
“a a
$e | 3
ae eB
oe 2
meeal cos
ai | of
I =
3 FF 23
5ATZ| ao
Som] 2
§ a> i) na
og 7 96
50| Be
3on| as
2 Q~ °
ace | sas
goM) =e
ons oe
1@) n
28 OTe mienistase
ZUAB Ao verctotents
22.81 22.00
19.84 22.00
ZUSTBS | Were telerer
19.70 21.00
18.00
19.00
18.46 16.00
16.50
18.00
18.00
21.50
19.09 20.00
18.50
21.00
22.47 18.00
23.18 19.60
23.29 | 21.00
25.64 21.50
10945 Precceeee
£24.00
17.14 4
+ 25.00

819

Sample number.

820 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
= Manufacturer and Brand.
3
£
=
i=]
=
Pe
8
i
un
SCHAAL-SHELDON FERTLIZER CO., ERIE, PA.
1082 Warmers! WAVOrIte, | oic.csecicicsisieisienele seis =inie/e(oecie nefetaieielcieietetaie
1126 LANG ATG wl HOS Dina Lem ctelcieieieteisiclelelatslareielersieienielelelaie efoieletsivielalaiatote
THE SCOTT FERTILIZER CO., ELKTON, MD.
1207
$26
Stardanrd! PHGSPH ACCT cepa mies wr icicicicslnielnieisicivieloieleiclsieieieiclelelesie
1228
1363
1187 | VV SOV VAN CcLtr GLOW CI tsisisicievclsisicisretelsisisveiereleisievelele-sialelelelete’s/eie
SHENANDOAH FERTILIZER CO., SHENANDOAH,
PENNA.
982 SHSM ANIC Oct MaSTANLCN Movelelcictercieleleieieeicicisiciete cieictslesisieletele siclele\elsierelers
1208 C
nana arm e Ota Si MINCE EMEZET o rerereleiatslaralnie araietslelnlesfein etate(ere eiein '
1310 1
| M. L. SHOEMAKER CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
|
1352 Good Enough Super-phosphate, .............cccssecsceoess
|
Hi fia special NO. 2awheat WertiliZers ccc = vice sicleic clei scirivicie'elsicie
1378 Switt Sure Guano for Wall! Trade; cern ccc cistescicics le uelecice
CHARLES A. SICKLER BRO., WILKES-BARRE, PA.
989 ‘a
Ase Se ORDEAL] Meicisicicicicic clciaie clelelereieiciaielalsieicielelersieiaicieie sisterele '
1002 4
: &
SOUTHERN FERTILIZER CO., YORK,.PA.
1409 EEXPOVt ONC ANGy EP OULASM ie aecisielcizisleicisioinieisicinicieieiocicveinicisia’s sieve
1223 Gardeners’ and Truckers’ Delight, ..............cscscee
853 Ox Brand Queen of the Harvest, ........c.cscesscccvecece
1200
872
_ TRoyal Wheat and Grass Grower, .......ccccecsecees sat
1222
1408 |

For explanation of these tables see p. 792.

tComposite sample.

Off. Doc.

COMPLETE FERTI

a
Ls}
S
3
a
From Whom Sample was Taken. 2
ri
&
g
3
~
pa
o
a
G.-R. Leslie, Edgecliff, ......5...0c0ss0s 8.31
C. €. Reese, Shugar Lake: .........-- 11.58
@. B. Peter, Bests, <....ccsccncsseaeeee
J. ©. Reber, Brook Park, <c..csasesss |
10.20
Kerschner Bros., Breningsville, ......)
Sloyer Lenhart, Phoenixville, ........ :
Farmers’ Alliance, Windsor Castle, . 9.27
A. Cameron Bobb, Paxinos, ........... 5.77
@.Bs Beter; Bests; (sk ccjecccsaet oc eee
10.48
Benj, Bs Wox, Ly 0ns;) (.ac.ctcecie cece J
A. M, F. Stiteler, Byers Station, ....) 11.43
Chester Co. Assn. of Farmers, Kelton, 10.06
Henry A. Male, Pen Argyl, .........-- 9.35
J. H. Kase, South Danville, 222-225-206 i
4.97
W. F. Slagle, Bloomsburg, ........... j
Passmore & Gillespie, Nottingham,.. 5.43
J. 1S. SODSt, FOMaus: eae cecis cecil teeters 10.55
Mlietcher George, Lilly, <:.cc.sccwemeete 1090
Jessee Weaver, Mosierville, ..........
Adam Bertier, Millerstown, ............
9.30
De fess pS ODNUy ) HINELSLUIE ON opin niciels salseiele iene al

Passmore & Gillespie, Nottingham,..

Ne.

LIZERS—Continued.

6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

821

Soluble in water.

5.49
5.66

2.21

1.60
8.06
6.69

6.07

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Reverted.

3.89
3.46

4.61

3.56

2.62
2.61
2.48

2.33

Insoluble.

3.82

2.37

1.56

1.72

3.66
3.79
5.41

1.72

-69

Total. Available.

3 3

a a

a a

: r= : r=

Ee era ees eu lee

5 5 5 5

& o & o

12.25 e 9.38 c

10.82 c 9.12 c
13.02 /10.00 9.20 | 8.00
14.40 |.,.... 3 1P-450083 Weaoond

9.99 b 8.43 b
10.76 |...... *9 .O04 |16.00
13.70 |12.00 | 10.04 | 8.00
15.50 |...... Tse Al lidaccor
a PAS | aGoae *7.22 | 8.00

7.49 a 5.77 a
44.24 |...... Are Dat ence cle
*11.63 (13.30 |*10.67 |12.00
*10.09 |11.50 | *9.17 |10.00
9.09 | 9.00 8.40 | 8.00

*Constituent falls below guarantee.
e Guaranty—Soluble, 8; insoluble, 1.
b Guaranty—Soluble, 8; insoluble, 1.

a Guaranty—Soluble, 8.

Potash in 100 Pounds.
(Water Soluble.)

Present as muriate.

2.33
2.12

2.48

3.51

2.40

2.55
1.20
4.78

2.50

2.36
6.23
2.20

1.95

Present as sulphate.

eeeeee

ee eees

sees

Total.

Guaranteed.

| Nitrogen

Found,

2.33
2.12

2.00
2.00

2.48 | 2.00

*3.51 |15.50

*2.40 |11.40

2.00

2.36

s ope
+ ae

2.20

1.00

in |
100 Pounds.

Found.
Guaranteed.

value of

2,000 pounds at Department rat-

(See p. 712.)

Computed commercial
ing

Selling price of 2,000 pounds at

the point of selection.

Sample number.

1.18
1.66

1.15

077

*.86

*, 74

*,.53 | .82

-66 | .41

93.59 | 20.00
24.21} 23.00
20.00
20.00
24.07
22.00
20.00
26.43\||\eeonee
21.67) 28.00
(23.00
20.86 | $
+ 23.00
L
26.71 | 24.00
23.70 | 16.30
26.35 | 25.00
| £19.00
16.39 |
1 19.00
L
23.30 | 23.00
31.24 | 30.00
22.04 | 24.00
21.00
18.00
19.03
19.00
18.00

1200

1223
1408

822 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

COMPLETE FERTI

a
Ls}
rs
3
a
Ss Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample was Taken. 2
3 =
E E
a
s
o
2 =
g a
a °
a a
H. G. SUPPLEE, BLOOMSBURG, PA.
1003 Graineangs Grass GerOdU Cera ecte cicieletsieie/e\sieis!eic(ejclaicis\elvleieic’ereierale H. G. Supplee, Bloomsburg, .......... 10.97
SWIFT & CO., CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.
1156 PUTE COMP LeveL Hh CLELIIZEI i elcleieiajsisielsieie sleielelslei-)elele elelelelsic'=\e\lein T. McConnell & Sons, Portersville,.... 7.05
J. M. TEMPLIN, HONEYBROOK, PA.
TONS ACLL AS STATIN Om, aie cele aia aisle cielo ie sicialeisieie vieuielele sic(s\clsveseisiclesiere J. M. Templin, Honeybrook, ......... 13.05
JAMES THOMAS, WILLIAMSPORT, PA.
1247 ESATO ATCC pmierctelsipialeleinisiotnictalaiavoisie.sisiaialorcls/sveleleseleiotolsie\<\ofe'olete/stalele\a\alele.cls James Thomas, Jersey Shore, ......... 9.84
929 Klondyke Ammoniated Phosphate, ..............eeeeeees Wallborn & Danberman, Selinsgrove, 10.57
I. P. THOMAS & SONS CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
1367 Linford Foulke, Quakertown, .........
1290 +Farmers’ Choice Bone Phosphate, .......sssscoseceees J. (Dy Zellers!) Hphrata scceseceeneeeee | Ht igeds
1383 | inwin! Eo iGan> effort, oscess se oe eee |
1405 Tip Top Raw Bone Super-phosphate, . «.......seeeees ...| Evan D. Jones & Co., Conshohocken, 7.73
THE TUSCARORA FERTILIZER CO., PORT ROYAL,
PENNA.
ses | c| D. B. Miller, Bellville, ..........-.000 1}
7Pennsylvania Standard Phosphate, ...........seceeeee 5 \ 15.72
1095 [ C. B®. Stapleton, Saxton, <.--...oseecenr i
I, J. TUSTIN, PHOENIXVILLE, PA.
| |
1362 Pickering Valley H. G. Phosphate, ............ccccscees. Isaac J. Tustin, Phoenixville, ........ 9.52
1361 Pickering, Valley Specials, cc cccicclcscisicicies dale lolejelelelorelsieieinlefelere Isaac J. Tustin, Phoenixville, ........ 9.30
| WALKER, STRATMAN & CO., PITTSBURG, PA.
832 SUIT O] Cl tate ointsicicia(sicteteielchesia’s stereimieistctslataicisietele elersretcielclelsieiaialcisisivialsteste Chas. Redd, Cowansville, ............. 7.05
858 Kirsch & Lieb, Spangler, .............
847 Chas. Yeackle, Eckenrode Mills, ...... |
{arain: Kine, Wertilizer; ccc scesiseccsicisce sins boise wie sinesic@ mele | 6.45
1086 ————— _ Harmorviille, .cccccssccssscccces
1130 | Chas) ‘Bovards (Boards)... erscecceite
831 NEGA ECOG. ANG TEsSOME, eisiscics cise ccisicisiscuaciscicteleaicieiceictcantcr Chas. Redd, Cowansville, ............. 4.44
857 | Welcome Brand Bone and Meat, .......ccccccccccsccee ---| Kirsch & Lieb, Spangler, .............. 4.65

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. tComposite sample.

Na.

LIZERS—Continued.

6.

Soluble in water.

5.25

4.62

5.77

3.80

1.12

4.89
4.12

5.15

6.75

6.06
-98

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. .

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Reverted.

3.76

5.52

5.00

2.94

3.04

3.74

3.90

5.61

2.93
3.12

3.06

Insoluble.

1.36

4.17

3.07

2.92

2.59
2.22

4.45

2.05

3.34
14.49

Total.

10.37

14.381

12.11

15.19

12.89

11.71

12.38
21.01

Guaranteed,

be

11.00

11.00

10.00
10.00

10.50

10.00

9.00

10.00

10.00

16.00

Available.

Found. °
Guaranteed.

10.14) 8.00

10.12 9.50

"7.70 8.00 |

7.00

| 8.00

9.00

9.04

6.52

*Constituent falls below guarantee.
a Guaranty—Soluble, 8; insoluble, 2.
b Guaranty—Soluble, 7; insoluble, 1.

Present as muriate.

3.46

2.93
3.04

2.23

3.33

2.47

3.35
93

2.42

4.98

823
Potash in 100 Pounds. Nitrogen in |S =
(Water Soluble.) 100 Pounds. g
Be as
fe 3
Total. Pie
ai 22
a x3) Ly es)
* SAs| ae
nN
3 pee) 38 | g
F ; . [83a] ge Fs
3 3 jose| BE | 2
3 g 2 |'3 ou Ae r=
Z i; |#| g | # ize] we |
2 fe be 5 £ |286| So =)
2 2 5 3 S |bss| sa) 8
Ay & oO & wo |oO n Ww
5 aaa 4.75 |...... See Noe se 23.13 | 21.00] 1003
oeeace 1.11 | 1.00] 1.23] 1.03 | 23.84] 24.00] 1156
Aa *3.46 | 4.00 | *1.39 | 1.65 | 26.24 | 26.60 | 1285
Aen *2.93| 3.00; *.71]| .82| 21.50| 22.00] 1247
| | |
Sache 3.04] 3.c0| *.SL| .82 | 22.20) 21.00] 929
30.50 | 1367
Bene 2.23 | 2.00 | *1.64 | 1.65 | 26.23 | J 25.00 1290
| | | 29.00] 1383
A| *3.57 | 4.00) 2.56] 2.47 | 29.13 | 33.00] 1405
} |
| | 721.00] 868
ee *2.47/3.00| *.62] .82 | 18.02 | J eee
' a D
[2 ite
Pere 3.35 | 3.00 | *1.63 | 2.06 | 24.42} 25.00] 1362
23 1.16]1.00) .95] .82/18.66| 22.00] 1361
| |
ese 2.42 |.2.00 | 1.82 | 1.65 | 25.38} 17.00] 9832
| |
| £25.00] 858
22.00 | 847
eee 4.98 |4.00 | 1.17] .82 | 26.13 coe eee
22.00 | 1130
8.60 9.93 | 8.00 | *2.98 | 3.30 | 39.73 | 28.00] 831
Fase ea) Rene 9 em | Ree Fo 3.38 | 3.30 ee 23.00 | 857

824 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
COMPLETE FERTI
0
Ls}
S
5
2
Aa Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample was Taken. 2
a | rt
5 &
a
5 Ps
a =
8 Le
a °
n a
F. K. WALT CO., WAYNESBURG JUNCTION, PA.
1216 CaleinemBb ones Gercistecsicclaeicles stelefeloleleletefetelersisleteletstetetets seceeseees.| JOHN Buchanan, Geigertown, .......... 9.03
1317 XX Flesh and Animal Bone Phosphate, ...... scocceseee.| James S. Heffner, Kutztown, ........ 10.34
JOHN WHANN & SON, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
1332 J. W. & S: special Mixture, «-...... slsisterstere sodeeccecesesss|| Atwood Criswell; Collamer, <-.-<c.. Ads 12.19
863 Our Brand Raw Bone Phosphate, .............- araleleretelsters Martin Dietrich, Lewistown, ......... 11.39
1402 Reliable Ammoniated Super-phosphate, .........-.se+0.- Jones & Paxson, Hatboro, ............ | 11.93
1331 Wheat and Grass Mixture, ..........-.-sseeseeees eeieeistersiors Atwood Criswell, Collamer, ....... eee} 18.45
| W. E. WHANN, SPRING MILLS, PA.
1170 | Chester Valley Special Ammoniated Super-phosphate, | John A. Rocky, Atglen, ..... severe steroid ee 7.55
THE ROBERT A, WOOLRIDGE CO., BALTIMORE,
MD.
1289 (C E. O. Hacker, Ephrata, ..... tlctusisieisielcine Mal
+Chieftain Bone Stock Phosphate, ............ cieeis.siais seat f 9.64
1341 1 Franklin G. Evans, Kelton, ..... =e
913 Mera BOSPHALC a wate oc clcleloisiewielesleieleicialalsiols'e’= SEEBEOOUGUOOS G. S. ‘Gray, Scotia, ..............- Soadon Lbs
YORK CHEMICAL CO., YORK, PA.
1015 | Dempwolf’s Prosperity Fertilizer, ..............6. escocess| DEMPWOIE-DillSburg, ~-cccccsccecce Seclete 12.24
1036 Dempwolf’s Special Oats Fertilizer, ..............ss0e0- A. K. ‘Straley, .....c<ccccesscerersee soos} 10.62
HENRY S. ZOOK ELVERSON, PA.
1396 No. 6 Pride of Chester Dissolved Animal Bone Phos- | Joseph Jackson, Joanna, .....+-.-+.+++ 11.95
phate.

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. tComposite sample.

aN
™ \
- ‘

Ne. 6.

LIZERS—Continued.

Soluble in water,

4.26
2.79

6.53

7.66

7.40

7.48

3.34

5.42

4.29

5.04
4.26

3.75

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Reverted.

Insoluble.

1.17

1.16

1.64

Total.

Found.

9.70

11.70

9.85
7.46

9.59

Guaranteed.

Available.

Found.
Guaranteed.

7.50

9.00

9.00

Potash in 100 Pounds.

Present as muriate.

2.89

2.53

2.38

3.14
4.00

2.56

Present as sulphate.

(Water Soluble.)

Total.

Found.
Guaranteed.

Nitrogen in
100 Pounds.

Found.
Guaranteed.

value of
ounds at Department rat-
,

(See p. 712.)

2,000 p

Computed commercial
ing.

Selling price of 2,000 pounds at
the point of selection.

Sample number.

seen

2.53 | 2.00

2.38 | 2.00

3.14
4.69

#2.56 | 3.00

*.73| .82

1.65

*.59 | 1.24

22.56
21.62

19.14

20.00
24.00

tee wewee

tee eeeee

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

a Guaranty—Soluble, 8.

826

Sample number,

——— ne

829

1392

937
1063

1033

881

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Manufacturer and Brand.

ALLIEEGHENY CITY FERTILIZER WORKS, ALLE-

GHENY, PA.

Dissolved Bone and Potash,

THE ALLENTOWN MANUFACTURING CO.,

LENTOWN, PA.

Phosphate and Potash,

THE AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CO.,

NEW YORK.

CANTON-CHEMICAL BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.

Canton-Chemical Soluble Alkaline Bone,

CLARK’S COVE BRANCH, NEW YORK.

}
¢Clark’s Cove Triumph Bone and Potash,
'
Jj

MARYLAND BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.

Maryland Alkaline Bone,

MORO-PHILIPS BRANCH, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

yMoro-Philips Alkaline Bone Phosphate, ..

7Moro-Philips Wheat Special,

NIAGARA BRANCH, BUFFALO, N. Y.

Niagara Dissolved Bone Potash 10x2, ........

PACKER’S UNION BRANCH-RUTLAND, VERMONT,

Packer’s Union Wheat and Clover,
READ BRANCH, SYRACUSE, N. Y.

Read’s Bone and Potash,

For explanation of these tables see p. 792.

+Composite sample.

Off. Doe.

ROCK AND POTASE

Furnishing Phosphoric

From Whom Sample was Taken,

George W. Vurd, Mansville, ...... sisleietetatetetatete
Co J. Bushey, Dillsburg;, oi). serccctemes FOC

John Nealer, Indiana,

L----Y

J. B. Zimmerman,

J. E, Bouse, Clement Station, 7)
William Hoodmaker, Wind Gap, ee)
J. E. Bouse, Selinsgrove, pee sieletatete Bonde
Ewing & Kinsloe, Newton Hamilton, ....
Ellis Eves & Bro., Millville, .........-+.+.- é
W. H. H. Meckey, Alburtis, ............- a

G. D. Glossner, Jacksonville,

H. M. Hass, Sunbury, .......sssseees

George Hess, Nazareth,

eee eee eweee seen eenee

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

FERTILIZERS.

Present as muriate.

2.83

2.09

2.17

2.17

2.16

Acid and Potash.
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds,
Total. Available.

a aa ———

E

°

>| &

aie

§ Le] ro

(sj + ° oO

© | =| 3/3 & 2

5 ® ie io) 4 SI ; 5

iy 3 he 3 ue} 3 uc 3

a 3 oe a) & I | K

feeeyeta| = | g| 2 | &

ela) 4 | & & & cs o
8.23 | 5.46] 4.98 | 2.14] 12.58 11.00} 10.44) 10.00
9.58| 9.89} 4.48] .85| 15.22) 14.00) 14.87) 13.00
11.45 }10.43 | 3.54 .65| 14.62) 13.00) 13.97 | 12.00
10.87 | 8.49 | 3.45] 1.00] 12.94 11.00 | 11.94 10.00
11.84] 9.41] 3.29 32} 18.02] 18.00| 12.70] 12.00
9.91| 5.83] 5.25] 1.19| 12.27] 11.00} 11.08] 10.00
10.23 | 7.29] 3.74] 1.09} 12.12 11.00 | 11.03 10.00 |
10.34 | 7.84 | 3.40 .34 |*11.58 15.00 |*11.24 14.00
41.33 | 6.09 | 5.17 | 1.14 | 12.40 9.00 | 11.26 8.00
10.63 | 3.46 | 5.98 | 2.10 | 11.54 | 11.00 | *9.44 | 10.00

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

Present as sulphate.

eee wees

Found.

*1.99

2.64 |........

+*2.83

2.09

2.17

2.02 |........

2.17

Guaranteed.

2.00

2.00

3.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

value at
(See p. 712.)

Computed commercial

Department rating.

14.14

16.66

16.96

16.16 |

14.31

14.49

14.50 |

13.44

Selling price at the point of se-
lection.

18.00 |

22.00 |

16.00

17.00

14.00 |

18.00

Sample number.

$29

192

1033

1252

881

1324

828 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Manufacturer and Brand.
a
8
3
r=}
&
fy
§
3
n
REESE BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
972 ReeseisuGrass andi (Grady, Welicicccclcieseiescisisisieielecle sie ciate sie ne ‘
ZELL BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
1054
1037 PCIe SM LCCLEIC PE NOSDNALE Ta ciciisicisisicleinielnieleioisielcielalelnieiciele olrvelela
1136
THE ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS, CHICAGO,
ILL.
1411 Phosphate and Potash No. Ly, c:cjeieie le cie.is 0\e)e 010 ele wclele|sie sieleisiels
BALTIMORE PULVERIZING CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
860 c
FPCCia lee allem MELXIE ITC. sc cislclelefeleielalsiaisiois eluielelolsleleleteleieleieiaicieleye !
949 af
894 Specigiispring. ands Mall MIRtUre a ac cicisielsteicicisicisicisic’ sleinieie| sere
BOWKER FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS.
1192
906
jSuper-phosphate with Potash, ............cccccccscccces
1221 :
1272
E. FRANK COE CO., NEW YORK.
950 if
¢Special Dissolved Bone and Potash Brand, ........... 4
1004 I
U
J. A. CRANSTON, NEWPORT, DEL.
1267 Horse Shoe Soluble Bone and Potash, .........c..sseecs
THE FARMERS’ FERTILIZER CO., WESTMINSTER,
MD.
960 Fey ss (Oc ere LORD UATE) siclaisicleieicl sia sinlcleimsiele) ais sis’siaterersisie/etetsivieieie ter
S. M. HESS & BRO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
1030
Teamperor’ PHOSPHAte, ise wiaig0swcicicic oeltecleiecidelehs ccc cts ciscc'a us if
1050 )
L
889 Holuble: Bone. and Potash) or escc aniwienedscnsdsceas ee nacte ae

For explanation of these tables see p. 792.

+Composite sample.

Off. Doce.

ROCK AND POTASH

From Whom Sample was Taken.

iB. Ey Stine; Red Wine cancsccecced eeraerete coe
John Campbell Heshbon, Davidsville, .....
Re. Cy Hefiley, Berlin so acm accenceemitcee teat
B.A. Watson, Isles. ce. ocace peice sitet einer .

Passmore & Gillespie, Nottingham, .........
Jesse Williams, Utahville,
D. E. Brown, Hast Berlin, ........
Steininger Bros., Middleburg,
M. C. Dietrich, Kempton,

William M. Gehman, Macungie,

William Wiedensaul,

S. L. Strohacher, Rebersburg, .............. |
D. E. Brown, East Berlin,
H. B. Lowe, Orangeville,

ey

H. F. Dungan,

Isaiah Diller,

H. L. Brubaker, Mechanicsburg,
Jacob Kauffman, Jr., Johnstown,

E. M. Klingler, Vicksburg,

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

FERTILIZERS—Continued.

Moisture in 100 pounds.

10.01

10.40

9.92

6.53

11.45

1293

11.99

12.34

10.75

11.50

Soluble in water.

5.03

4.59

6.18

4.87

9.30

5.32

6.75

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Reverted.

5.20

4.12

6.19

7.23

6.14

3.92

3.30

4.51

Insoluble.

2.68

2.79

2.69

37

1.90

Total.

cs}

$

: |

g

3 3

iS) 3

& oO
11.76 | 11.00
lat sire 11.00
12.75 12.00
WHS) |lSagacn0s
aril lledoooace
aS 352: SE esoncodo
12.89 | 12.00
12.80 | 12.00
Mr Diet | ceee ste
10.16 | 11.00
11.78 11.00

*Constituent falls below guarantee,

Available.

od

oa

&

n |

< 8

5 5

fy oO
10.87] 10.00
10.85} 10.00
11.22) 10.00
8.51 8.00
8.52 8.00
10.73 | 10.00
10.10 | 10.00
10.11 | 10.00
12.60 11.00
*9.83 | 10.00
*9.S8 | 10.00

Potash in 100 Pounds.

Present as muriate.

2.12

2.32

1.99

1.98

3.08

1.21

Present as sulphate.

Total.

Found.

2.12

*.88

*1.99

*1.98

Guaranteed.

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

3.00

1.00

2.00

value at
(See p. 712.)

Computed commercial
Department rating.

14.10

14.60

14.65

able

11.65

13.29 |

14.25

14.06

16.3S

12.27

15.19

Selling price at the point of se-
lection,

16.00

eeeeee

13.50

82y

Sample number.

972

1411

1004

1267

960

Off. Doc.

830 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
ROCK AND POTASH
Fe Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample was Taken.
a
iS
3
r=]
£
fey
8
3
n
THE HUBBARD FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE,
MD.
984 A. Cameron Bobb, Paxinos, ..... seeeeee vee
897 Soluble Bone and Potash, ........... Socehaisecsesceeeme B. F. Keiser & W. G. Kline, Lewisburg,
991 : Bothner & Dietz, Danville, ..... BOORCOCOS
LANCASTER CHEMICAL CO., LANCASTER, PA.
124 No. 10 Economist Fertilizer, .............seseeeees ...ee.-.-| Monroe Gingerich, P. & R. Freight Yards,..
LISTER’S AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL WORKS,
NEWARK, N. J.
1079 a G. W. Martin & Co., Saltsburg, ...........)
PleeAgi7N lee BONe aNd EOtASN, | lence lcecriacicieles JOCHIBOLOOE Sanco t
1284 4 | George Bard, Mechanicsburg, cerca
L
MILLER FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
1327 Glinch Phosphate; <c-ec-c---- MN aieie cerem ce tiseeaes Psiapeists -.0| Mt. T. Harkins, Elickory Hilly oo. cccsscescceee
947 Clinch Phosphate, Rock and Potash, .............4. ....| Henry Linebaugh, East Berlin, ..............
WILLIAM C. NEWPORT CO., WILLOW GROVE, PA.
1005 H. B. Lowe, Orangeville, ....... Solsiotefer tates
935 Cook Deardorff Co., Dillsburg, ....... qooanc
{Soluble Bone and Potash, ....... aia eletdtelsiaivie SaopcaNADS 000
1045 EY. ES Seip, Somerset, Canc clcemeceeeecner <e
1356 Dewees & Bracken, Paoli, ............ Wooo.
PATAPSCO GUANO CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
1209 Eee Gar BOnevand weOtasns tac) fieieiseinicincsiecies npoodaBadaaasodue ..| Elias Wotring Sons, Germansville, ..... asec
1140 Soluble Bone and Potash, .«.......css0sccseses Mele ncetstelersieye .| M. T. McCandless, Prospect, Pa., ........ tee
J. D. PERKINS, COATESVILLE, PA.
1348 GIO DEE TMOSD IAC wctetatcrcrs sistale clale c.sisiases sreiajsiove stavsoravererets vores «eeee| J. Di Perkins, Coatesville, ...... Godt. Sonsos
PIEDMONT-MT,. AIRY GUANO CO., BALTIMORE,
MD.
1313 Taeverin gs! TSXLs)..cjiieine orceiclcle eis sre cares Saye se aaeeteenre eoocccce.| Kachel'& Griffith, Joanna, ............... See
1093 Walker Bross. | Gladeie «a. celica cette eleieteratetaverate
957 fLevering’s IXL Crop Grower, .....e.ccceee ACaBeOT nares H. H. Loose, Abbottstown, ...... seeeeeee eee
1240 J. G. Simpson, Huntingdon, ............ 4630
955 Soluble Bone and Potash for Grain and Grass, ..... oper ki. JEL. Gooses Abbottstowny --ceercs o's dlatlatsioiste

For explanation of these tables see p. 7$2.

7Composite sample.

No. €.

FERTILIZERS—Continued.

Moisture in 100 pounds.

Soluble in water.

13.03

12.39 | 4.26

8.76

9.71
9.07

13.55

12.47
12.79

10.69 | 3.79

10.56 | 1.43

10.53 | 3.94

10.45 | 3.25

Reverted.

5.66

5.76

Insoluble.

1.48

1.28

43

2.12

24
33

2.25

67

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 831
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds, Potash in 100 Pounds. aA ®
Hi n
— = : of | a
ape =
Total. Available. Total. des 2
r o 5
n °
a ps
oO o tp o
5 ) se] @ Py
a ae 82 | 9 z
: 5 8
3 Ce er 3 | Saale
» ~ re) 33 pe ley, i=}
3 F 3 a a 5 3 A) 2S ee ees
a © = e) o o Ee 9 a=" =e) [7
un ao = O
ya) 3 3 3 o Vv | i] EA = £
5 s iS) = Be Ee i) S © a ad
1 o fy o Ay Oy fe 6 Oo n un
has
16.00 984
EET Gal ecncieriere thov-83 |losoacese 242 ||, cewcwcine 2.42 2.00 | 13.86 | 14.50 897
18.00 991
12.06) 11.00) 10.58 | 10.00 PoE mocooo0n 2.28 2.00 | 14.13 15.00 | 1294
| ¢20.00 | 1079
cD Neyes 49) |fererererorels 9.58 | ....060. EBGS) Ml Gacnoou~ A's GO) |Vorersietess 16.35 | 4
1'0.00 | 12.84
L
12.51 | 11.50) 11.28) 10.00 albettiy |! Soonapoe *1.86 2.00 | 14.18 16.00 | 1527
#11.45| 11.50| 11.02] 10.00] 1.95] ........ 1.95 | 2.00) 13.75| 15.00| 947
14.00 | 1005
15.00 935
10.60 9.00 8.48 8.00 UTP) Goospoce 1.72 3.00 | 12.34
15.00 | 1045
15.00 | 1356
*11.74 12.00 | 11.50 11.00 UEP Soncocas *4..82 5.00 | 17.35 | 18.00 | 1209
12.09 11.00 | 11.76 10.00 U82)| Ricrcieree siete *1.82 2.00 | 14.38 16.00 | 1140
MAE SOE creielstarciere *9.55 | 11.00 Drs) | eraioretelsters 2.20 2.00 | 13.65 | sc.ce ence 13848
2 OSte-cense *9.77 | 10.00 QeOB lec descr *2.95 3.00 | 14.30 16.00 | 1313
15.00 | 1093
1 VEGA 6 ||soudouoc *9.70 | 10.00 SHI Gococoeds 3.68 3.0 14.72 17.50 957
17.50 | 1240
DDS) | Locate 10.57 8.00 BEAD lS earcrereists 2.40 2.00 | 14.18 15.00 955

7.32

1.61

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

Off. Doe.

ROCK AND POTASH

From Whom Sample was Taken.

Duttera & Easley, Hanover, ........sccoccsee

H. M. Sunday, York, ..

i
Benj. B. Fox, Lyons,
. Frank Gump, Everett, ........

H

M. C. Dietrich, Kempton,
F. Z. Stauffer, York,

A

- Cameron Bobb, Paxinos, ............ al

C. R. Henry, Millville,
Thomas Taylor, Russelville,

Wamiton Hinkel, Dover,
John M- Yoder, Bellville, c.-csssseeessse eee
Austin Krause, Nazareth, ....0s1-seeseceee
Linford Foulk, Quakertown, ...............

Irwin L. Gann, Effort,

D. B. Miller, Bellville,

M. P. Yoder, Bellville,

C. F. Stapleton, Saxton,

Kirsch & Liet, Spangler,
J. @. Kelly, Prospect, oa. siccccie sconce seem
Frank Stokes, New Kingston,

vohn “A. Rockey, “Atglen), isascs cise ceeiecieee r

832 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
E Manufacturer and Brand.
a
|
=|
=|
a
fy
=
3
n
RAMSBURG FERTILIZER CO., FREDERICK, MD.
966 Alkaline Phosphate, ............ cecevscencceciece ecccccccees
RASIN MONUMENTAL CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
1013 Soluble Bone Phosphate and Potash, .........cecececceves
SHENANDOAH FERTILIZER CO., SHENANDOAH,
PA.
1309 Special Wheat Grower, ........ sllaieisleleleta siclele‘elclefele eleleteceveia slelni=
SOUTHERN FERTILIZER CO., YORK, PA.
1097 (
7Ox Brand Bone and Potash, ........ neqoneda stetereleists 6g05 }!
1194 i
979 rf
{Soluble Gone and Potash, ....... co ccccsccccccescccscccce!
981 i
i. P, THOMAS & SONS CO., PHILADELPHIA.
1012
1178
1280
£65 TAlkaline Bome, .......ccccccrcscccscccccccveccccseveccscce
1825
1366
1384
TUSCARORA FERTILIZER CO., PORT ROYAL, PA.
866
864 PEOneT ANG POtashy Celcecccscsivciccsiccccsiems ce ncccccccccscce
1094
WALKER STRATMAN & CO., PITTSBURG, PA.
855 (
7Welcome Brand Phosphoric Acid and Potash, ...... 4
W. E. WHANN, SPRING MILLS, PA.
1031
7eOlUble Bone ANG: HOtashy oe ve seiccicieeielets clcieic ele clesinieivisiaiee if
1167 {

For explanation of these tables see p. 792.

|

Composite sample.

a ee eee

Ne. €. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 833
FERTILIZERS—Continued.
Phosphorie Acid in 100 Pounds. Potash in 100 Pounds. ew b
‘ n
= es on | as
ha
Total. Available. Total. Sw =
; n|s
q qv} &
8 5 : oe
a © bp o
A F 3 g6£ | 3
6 e a Fe | :
ar 8 3 5 BR | a 5
a S 2 Fs oF ® 2
E ig 3 od w a i? © 2 &
oe a ; . a Y ro) a o 28 B 2
mbes | 2 - eens ee 2) | 25) ae
. . . °o
pape is |e] g | 3 AO cer Waele s | BB| #3 | 4
= 3 > o 3 3 5 3 @ o 5 a EA a3 r=]
So o ra is) 3 ° 5 be be ° ba | i] o> 3
eed | 4 | 4 cs co) cs o A a cs 6 | 0 R a
10.93 | 1.20 | 9.59 | 2.12] 12.91 12.00 | 10.79 10.00 RV osdeseas 2.49 2.00 14.34 14.00 966
22.83 | 3.09 | 6.74 | 2.81] 12.64 11.00 | *9.83 10.00 LAT | ccceeeee *1.47 2.00 13.17 15.00 1013
| .
40.55 | 2.26 |'6.25 | 2.17 | 10.68 |........ ft \leogon0ee TIEPA VI “Gaagosos *1.29 5.70 11.90 | 18.00 1309
(17.00 | 1097
40.20 | 8.19 | 3.66 | 1.52 | 18.37 12.00 | 11.85 11.00 HOW Bososodn *1.81 2.00 14.88 y
pare 1194
(16.00! 979
31.93 | 7.34 | 4.19 se! || Pare jl See0ccon I he Aillecacacec 25 Ofte reieiarciaterer= Zi OT A aseenccse 14.48 4
| [28-00 981
| 15.00} 1012
14.00 1178
15.00) 128¢
13.27 | 4.20 | 6.12 | 2.09 | 12.41 | 12.00] 10.32] 10.00| 2.33] ........ 2.33 | 2.00) 14.24] | 21.00] §85
14.00 1325
20.50 | 13866
18.00 | 1384
(14.25 866
8.29 .51 | 7.03 | 3.92 | 11.46 8.00 7.54 7.00 PREM co sgest 2.34 1.00 12.80} 14.00 864
14.60 | 1094
| 1€.00 | 855
11.35 | 5.81 | 4.56 | 2.50 | 12.87 11.00 | 10.27 10.00 SUS EL | ihe esteleiste 3 2.11 2.00-| 14.36
| + 15.00 1139
L
|
ae en | aac 1031
7.83 | 3.32 | 6.99 | 1.01 | 11.32 |........ 10.31 | 10.00 CA iGapcoude 2.58 2.00 13.99 |.
15.25 | 1167

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

53—6—1901

834 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Manufacturer and Brand.

=
F
8
3
r=]
&
2
3
3
un
ALLEGHENY CITY FERTILIZER WORKS, ALLE-
GHENY CITY,PA.
1087 IV Gee OSD ATC weieelecic(ecleielels/aisivisls/sleisiejo(cloicieie eiclaleioverarcye .
THI AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CO.,
NEW YORK. CLARK’S COVE BRANCH, NEW
YORK.
908 (Gi
TGlemicis, "COVE! CALL ASLe c crasinteiocte claysieyet ein cn cetelolereieicisicicte me
$4
1118 Clark's Cove Atlas Bone Phosphate, .............. andoocd
MARYLAND BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
862 | (
fMaiyland Dissolved S. C. Bone, .............00. neooood,
968 i
844 MWirereyl ard ler Ce MSOC i iicleicicioisis cieisiejeleisielsivieloe'e aisieleleraisisvendeletcisiclctote
MICHIGAN CARBON WORKS BRANCH, DETROIT,
MICH.
1059 Michigan Red Line Phosphate, ................. SraleVele stcintets
NIAGARA BRANCH, BUFFALO, N. Y.
1255 Niagara Dissolved Bone Phosphate 14 per cent., ......
QUINNIPIAC BRANCH, NEW YORK.
1376
1061 7Quinnipiac Soluble Dissolved Bone, ..............-. isis
1877
REESE BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
942 Reese’s: Blm Phosphate, 20... cccccccscccwscccesceccersses
SUSQUEHANNA BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
953
1101
924 #Susquehanna Soluble Bone Phosphate, .........+++++
1185
1305

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. tComposite sample.

ACIDULATED ROCK

Furnishing

From Whom Sample was Taken.

L. & EF. Hoburg, Sharpsburg, 2....eeceesee iS oteiel
Jacob Shearer, Centre Hall, <-..che-meneence 7
Ci. Gs, (Bashey}. wis cscicatia. cc endee cone eens j
Fowler Ellis, Franklindale, ............ onan
Ewing & Kinsloe, Newton Hamilton, ..... >
'
Seffer (& rey, eanover. s.cneseenie poe
We A” Nicodemus, (Curry, sects sie aieie.w siejermcainiaye
Jel os ROLE Indiana me cemcetcceite siejelefeleieletee es tiente
C. D. Glosner, Jacksonville, .......... opeiriedc
James Kostenbader, Wind Gap, .......... R
Je 3S: Culp; Indianay) 222... cose
He J. elouck, -Bangor) “..... serch oeieee
N. H. Spangler; Rossville... scscdsscnceeneeee ;
Henry Berkeimer, Abbottstown, ...........
Wm. Shaw, Manns’ Choice: <:.2-cscsoeeemes
Win: -A. Ishler, Bellefonte,” 2... .4.ehaecesuee
Solomon H. Lenhart, Hamburg, ..... As 0be:

Wm. F. Fenechel, Bethlehem, ...........:-

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

PHOSPHATES.
Phosphoric Acid.

Moisture in 100 pounds.

6.53

9.76

6.85

9.31

9.61

11.90

8.46

10.23

7.40

10.25

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

Soluble in water,

4.66

11.72

11.05

11.52

10.82

11.43

9.65

11.13

9.70

Reverted.

3.83

5.51

4.19

5.16

4.12

5.66

3.73

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Insoluble.

2.77

1.03

64

93

-36

2.31

87

1.49

1.27

Total.

Found.

14.50

16.58

17.20

16.57

16.17

16.54

Guaranteed.

13.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

~ 15.31

Available.

Found.

“11.738

15.55

15.75

14.68

15.27

Guaranteed.

14.00

value at
(See p. 712.)

Computed commercial
Department rating.

11.80

14.32

14.70

14.35

14.24

14.73

13.87

13.70

14.23

Selling price at the point of se-
lection.

15.00

15.00

12.50

12.50
14.00

13.00 |

12.50 |

13.00 |

13.50
13.00
14.00
17.00

835

Sample number.

1087

908
940
1118

862

968

844

1059

1255

1376

1061

1377

942

836

Sample number,

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Manufacturer and Brand.

1334

1326

1100

969

1343

961

1298

1171

For explanation of these tables see p. 792.

Susquehanna Superior Rock Phosphate, .....c..+e.-seeee
WILLIAMS & CLARK BRANCH, NEW YORK.

Williams & Clark’s Acorn Brand, ........seccesesscsceves
BERGER BROS., EASTON, PA.

H. G. Acid Phosphate, ........ccscccssecscsscccrscescccoe
D. BLOCHER & CO., GETTYSBURG, PA.
Dissolved Bone Phosphate, ........cccccccccccccccccesccscecs
Ss. B. BRODBECK, BRODBECK’S, PA.

Ruth Dissolved Bone Phosphate, .......-..eceeessccvenees
E. FRANK COE CO., NEW YORK.

Ete Gee SOLIDE BONED ‘alc <iejvicle/cicleivicio.e'slole{oe siviern/e/ejelolelele(ais|sin'wislele f

RON CNSPA CTC TLOS DUA CEs mristcielelaierelsiereleisielelelsleiaicinie/elelalsisielelere/=lelevelal sia
J. A. CRANSTON CO., NEWPORT, DEL.

Horse Shoe Soluble Bone, Phosphate, .........sssseeceeees
JAMES G. DOWNWARD & CO., COATESVILLE, PA.

ET Gre PACIG PMOSBHAECIS cjcinie esis cise aioie’siel« ele winleie!=\cle|sje/ele(slelsia\sisiel=
FARMERS’ FERTILIZER CO., WESTMINSTER, MD.

PCI OP TNOSPMETES Uaieisioic!cia/viofeleielejeisjoieleieieje’s slel='slelaisle[n slelejele\cieieleieisisie(e
CHAS. V. GEIGER, GEIGER’S MILLS, PA.

Ein ChemA CIGMENOSDNALC icc cietslecicielsreisisiaiaie(s/clelsinlelsib)sfelsleleleiatelaiele
W. S. HASTINGS & SON, ATGLEN, PA.

Clear ACid PHOSPHAate, .occ ccc cise ccccsaiccvcecinsivceevisisisies ccs
THE HUBBARD FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE,
MD.

Crescert Soluble Crop Producer, ...........cssccccsscsscess
TH. G. Soluble Tennessee Phosphate, .........seeesceees

M. P. HUBBARD & CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
EEG SOLUBLE iS Cee PNOSDNALC ae clatc’s ere icielssleress(a's/ele sleleve(cleiale] ofa

+Composite sample.

Off. Doe.

ACIDULATED ROCK

From Whom Sample was Taken.

George B. Passmore Sons, Oxford, .....se0«.

C2 We Jones; ‘Titusville; coecseceesee aisinejeiatalaare
Frank T. Gennett, Nazareth, ...... corccceces
John S. Hershberger, Everett, ....... ecececee
Sheffer, & Wrey,, Hanover \waeccecieeieteioniee sisfeleles
G Hs Sprenkell Nashville; .2..csssescueee Sod

i} Wim Mengel, ‘Taylorsburg,” <-.j.s<csweeee

Wm. Mengel, Snyderville, | .....0-.cecenseeeaete

Ree eee ee eee ew ewe eee

A. Cameron Bobb, Paxinos, .......... sseamsse
H. -B. Low, Orangeville, ccnccncecuseseetene

FLET VOY A SILL, me icicvercisintelets(ecleia nine eeimnalere ajseicle weretaul

Wi Pi Dixonyy Livermnorejicrccsseccas eves

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

PHOSPHATES—Continued.

Moisture in 100 pounds.

9.64

11.81

11.24

12.43

11.64

10.00

10.12

~1
o
©

10.66

10.38

10.29

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

Soluble in water.

12.95

10.48

10.93

13.44

11.66

8.48

9.07

9.03

11.74

12.82

11.38

Reverted.

5.73

4.47

4.78

4.96

5.37

8.56

6.13

3.45

3.66

5.82

4.69

4.62

Insoluble.

67

1.27

59

16

19

2.06

-98

51

2.28

55

6.03

5.61

34

837
Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds. ta Pf
; un
eae | | -
oS 6 °
: g vO
Total. Available. -y &
ah °
Ci s
EL ;
E fe 3 K
ee g 5
ue] 3 2 =< Ss
2 2 38 Bs
: | : 8 Ba oS 2
g F z £ eo ES e
2 : 3 : sa | Bs E
E 5 fe, 5 6) L a
16.85 15.00] 16.18 14.00 14.72 12.00 1334
17.48 15.00] 16.21 14.00 14.67 14.00 838
16.02 14.00| 15.43 13.00 13.96 13.00 1326
RECSGiisee RG STO ls. 14.90 14.00 1100
|
DGS | eecasedsa-- 16.13 14.00 14.34 13.00 | 969
12.00 970
16.04 16.00 *18.98 14.00 em alWaee P
pee 1380
16.53 14.00! 18.44 12.00 13.41 13.00 | 1382
17.36 16.00| 14.44 14.00 14.01 15.00 1266
16.33 15.00| 15.35 | 14.00 13.59 | 12.00 | 1343
TEAC T lek eee 15.16 14.00 13.56 12.00 96)
I gar dll anced ae 113 Cl eee ae ee Adeoo i les ca cece one 139%
|
rb GCI | eae 16.48 14.00 14.85 | wo} 171
TGESD eee: LORS) cso 5 12.07 12.00 | 985
13.00 1006
ROAA es ee *13.83 14.00 14.62 f
+ 12.00 1268
L
16594 ctu 16.00 14.00 14.30 13.50 1075

838 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
ACIDULATED ROCK
|
E
f
gf Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample was Taken.
a
BI
a
2
E
a
JARECKI CHEMICAL CO., SANDUSKY, OHIO.
1134 Gy Of DD! Phosphate; ias-cc. soiaia ciclals v Sivieiele o/s oleisleisjeivieleleicioerelsoe| Cry tA. ED LALT IVVIESLEY | \clelcicielcletetcisteve)ctatelstate tg tennanan
LANCASTER CHEMICAL CO., LANCASTER, PA. ;
1293 Acid Phosphate, ...... scence vccencscciseccescece stele (olatetets eoces| JOHN EB. HNgle, «0.2.00 2c0 vices cccecicienncicnelsatisiatels
McCALMANT & CO., BELLEFONTE, PA.
918 Bl (@. Ihikoy sis, 1eyereth. “Aananancnoodocn aiatare rata oleleteretsteie\e SOTO SDEATO McCalmont & Co., Bellefonte, . 20s. ccmesnsicas
MILLER FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
946 iF Henry Linebaugh, East Berlin, ..........+«
TS: Cy Rock, <....... stojerere cfelersleie'a\ciaia atavavelote oiere ajel vie ofereters of see
1328 ; M. T. Harkins, Hickory Hill, ....¢.cccccese
OHIO FARMERS’ FERTILIZER CO., COLUMBUS, O.
1110 ALCIG! PDOSPHAtC, wie oss ee aie cece svivicisisevienccsas RoacooasooDGod|| Ata AbStoncols Teimtjorbeh, sqoospouoC sate oreloielsjeleistareratale
J. D. PERKINS, COATESVILLE, PA.
1404 Aiciailated F2HOSPNAte, service cicrciecis'ecleleniclclsise ateieieisters -..e--.| E. B. Hickman & Sons, West Chester, ......
PIEDMONT-MT. AIRY GUANO CO., BALTIMORE,
MD.
954 Diamond S. Soluble Bone, ....... Miciniclale wie! cielelenie eteteleleleieic soon] Ht. H. Loose, Abbottstown) | cncccacmes siaistatersters
1250 Col. J. A. Woodward, Howard, ..... Goodoocc')
956 jH. G. South Carolina Bone, ..........cccccceccesesssens H. H. Loose, Abbottstown, ........ ais visievoraiele
1814 Kachel & Griffith, Joanna, ...... sodascios Seige
1239 Levering’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate, .............++.- J. G. Simpson, Huntingdon, ..... BOO OnE 005
PITTSBURG PROVISION CO., PITTSBURG, PA.
1056 Acid PHOSPHALSs | cciic a vicles/sviee sles atelentete maldeicieitscicisiclemieccere ----| J. W. Botsford, Marion Centre, .....sccoccnten
W. S. POWELL & CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
848 Dissolved S. C. Bone, ......... msieeiaeieielotte octale/picieiatelsieroterateisisfe A. F. Stutzman, Johnstown, ...... cele wale eepipie
RAMSBURG FERTILIZER CO., FREDERICK, MD.
964 Dissolved Bone Super-phosphate, ..........ccssccsveeccees Duttera & Easley, Hanover, ..... 2 eiele wisiereleisistele
M. L. SHOEMAKER & CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
1162 TIISSOMV EC Cie Smt Coe ERO CH: aia ici ctara cae win lole,e) cin ere! sie otatets/s ioielalbia(elale/e\eioiejere Chester Co. Assn. of Farmers, Kelton, ....-.
1163 Dissolved S: C. Rock 16 per Cent. 7c. icsc. ccc ciocvaiswciviccineis Chester Co. Assn. of Farmers, Kelton, ......
ir. A. SLAGLE, PAXINOS, PA.
998 DISSOLUOOMESONEG, nomen pilssrmsidee ciniveteieiicie eisisiicre aie rojeiataln nisie\e ..| W. F. Slagle, Bloomsburg, .....+sseccscescecee

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. +tComposite sample.

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

PHOSPHATES—Continued.

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Total.
3g
5
8
a ss
s 2
a
g e 3
e . ao
@ & 3 3 2
3 2 Se 2Q . a
2 2 5 = 5 z
— = > {2} 3 rs)
° fe) ao a oO = |
| n re Re} ey o
13.88] 10.24 5.01 1.30| 16.55 15.00
15.52] 13.27 3.42 61| 17.30 15.00
11.30| 10.18 5.08 .73| *15.94 | 16.60
8.03 10.47 4.95 .g2| 16.24 15.50 |
3.23 2.19 6.39 2.69| 11.27 | 10.00
8.08 7.11 S10) "pe A.otely e ses |e |
11.40| 11.92 2.38 25 | 14.55) 12.00
|
10.79| 12.05 2.98 | 710 tea 9 | ee
7.50 5.86 7.08 ieoul fais ee bee
2.98 70| 10.57 3.55| 14.82 14.00
|
10.76 12.97 2.58 40| 15.95 16.00
10.76 9.70 4.13 3.73! 417.61 16.00
11.54 12.47 2.79 32} 15.58 14.00
9.80 | 14.25 3.18 44| 17.87 14.00
10.15 12.71 3.56 BT ein 1 cal Eee

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

Available.
3
ea
2
: i—]
= Fy
8 5
cs o
15.25 14.00 |
16.69 14.00 |
|
15.21 | 14.00
15.42 14.00
*8.58 9.00
|
15.21 14.00
14.30 10.00
15.03 14.00
a YTS Sn Seca
*11.27 13.00
15.55 14.00
13.83 | 14.00
15.26 | 12.00
|
17.43 12.00
16.27 14.00

839

value at
(See p. 712.)

Computed commercial
Department rating.

14.05

13.30

11.32

14.23

14.04

13.99

15.52

14.62

Selling price at the point of se-

lection,

12.50

13.00

12.50
11.80
13.50
12.50
14.50

14.00

13.00

Sample number.

1134

918

946
1328

1110

1404

1066

848

840

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Manufacturer and Brand.

u
a
2
8
3
rs
a
2,
=
3
un
I. P. THOMAS & SONS, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
1014 c
7Dissolved Phosphate, ...........00- aelerolataivinleictalaleletarsiaietelela ont
1096
1190
1011
Hieee SAN OSDN ALC i viccicicieralcivieieiniaicinic a’ela(elvinis a eiplnlalvleielelsicieieieleleieiele
1365
13875
TUSCARORA FERTILIZER CO., PORT ROYAL, PA.
915
867 {Tuscarora Acid Phosphate, .......sscccscoee olsisieleloieleisiele
1098
J. E. TYGERT & CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
1183 Acid: (PHOSDHALC ys i ccicisie nce aistasiciele wiaisielsielalaisiaieialsliclels'sivinielersiole aside
WALKER, STRATMAN & CO., PITTSBURG, PA.
$46 Welcome Brand Help Mate Fertilizer, ..... alcleisteleteieicisieiete
F. K. WALT, WAYNESBURG JUNCTION.
1215 iG
tA PAR A CIGm ENOSDDAGE. = tecsicieiciete ccivicle sle\sielviclelsiciciers Sayciclertorcis
1318 {
,OHN WHANN & SON, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
33f AS Aa ACI JONOSDNALCH Saicisielsicicicveisistetele/c\eisiciete;ejeie le'slejclcieisieielele
W. E. WHANN, SPRING MILLS.
1168 Damn e NOSD AUC.) weretatsslcle¥eleioiolelolelalatslarsiniclefojetelereisfoicieletele'elciale eee
THE R. A. WOOLRIDGE CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
914
882 ‘Florida Acid Phosphate, ...... oe\s\ele[s\0;0\n e\eicreleie cie'slelvciscets
1251

Off. Doc.

ACIDULATED ROCK

From Whom Sample was Taken,

Hamilton Hinkel, Dover, ..

eee eee es

H. Frank Gump, Everett, .......<cccccesseuctll

Levi Miller, Sinking Springs,

teen eee wonee

C. R. Henry, Millville, ..... oc ocielclaselelanleetentt
John W. Root, Kimberton, ...... eisieferalaiate ete
Austin Knause, Nazareth, ..... Bonanccaccs*-
E. Musser, State College, ......... aleievelsiaiatate
D. B. Miller, Bellville, .........; as eleleisieletotatte
W. W. McDaniel, Everett, ....... oceeccccese

D. S. Potteiger, Hamburg,

eee ee ry

Chas. Yeackle, Eckenrode Mills, .......ssees.

John Buchanan, Geigertown,

sees see ee eee

Jas. S. Heffner, Kutztown, ...

L--p-Y

Atwood Criswell, Collamer, Pa.,

John A. Rockey, Atglen, ....

seen een eee ee eres

GaSe Grays (Scotian cece siciectrcte seco cee veweeete

Jos. Gass, Jr., Sunbury,

Chas. Lee, Howards, Pa.,

eee ee eee eee ees

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. tComposite sample.

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

PHOSPHATES—Continueu.

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Total.

a

ue)

G

a

°

x F

= 3

a B =

2 = 3 3 2

5 @ 2 2 : A

a 2 o & & fy

3 4 3 a 3 5

P| B es G E &
5.40 3.00 7.06 3.62| 13.68 11.00
10.77 11.51 3.66 1.72 16.89 16.60
9.39 6.25 6.28 5.06 WN BD" |asewceen aves
12.80 12.24 3.80 SD Th | eG Sill eee soso
7.53 7.04 6.85 1.01; 14.90 13.00
9.64 8.28 5.58 OOM SOLDER bonepooaaeke
13.47 12.21 2.12 -79 a Us Sega iil eeaaacecacoe
10.73 9.63 7.80 A AUSRCYFilese ssanebe-
10.55 10.03 4.80 1°19|fe AG O2alheveene ree.

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

Available.

Found.

10.06

712.538

16.04

13.89

13.81

14.338

17.438

14.838

841

a> | 6
maa ares
a ” |
>3 6
22 )
ars ee
~ |
iy |) oe
oF @
od @ a
2 35 ea
5 Ba toS
kK = aS
oS EA =o
=) So on
oO 1S) n
12.00
10.00 10.92
13.00
13.50
13.00
14.00 14.31
12.50 |
12.00 |
14.00 13.30 | 14.00 |
14.00
14.40 14.00 |
12.00 12.75 14.00 |
ee
14.96 |
| 4 18.00
|
14.00 13.53 | 12.50
14.00 15.01 | 11.50
13.50
14.00 13.

13.71

Sample number.

1183

846

1215
1318

1330

1168

914

882
1251

842 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
Furnishing Phosphoric
E Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample was Taken.
2
g
3
‘=|
a
[2
&
3
i)
fils et See 2 ee Ee eee
EUREKA FERTILIZER CO., PERRYVILLE, MD.
1414 Pure Dissolved: Bone; <..ccccsccsce css eajsia sieiaiais ale(alejase eile sleveleie Lewis H, Kirk & Co., Nottingham,
LISTERS AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL WORKS,
NEWARK, N. J.
1358 Celebrated Ground Bone Acidulated, ..............e.eeee. Wm. H. Fritz, Berwyn, ...........e..
READING CHEMICAL AND FERTILIZER (CO.,
LTD., READING, PA.
1227 Reb: Butze (Shannockewsictorccisielereire sere
1217 ke dhe iigepeel NS TeIbea Boss cdoenasadsoocosnoopodacoands John Wolf, Geigertown; ..............
1399 Harry C. Moyer, Blooming Glen, ....
SWIFT & CO., CHICAGO, ILL.
1286 PATMIEMON ALCO SOM C ae caicjcisieiclsicielatersieie/aioteiste ots) oiviele/elelsisieleleinisinisieicie.slg Eli M. Martin, New Holland, ......
JOHN WHANN & SON, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
STM cal NM alafeletoieialissinis)sie/e\e]=i0/siclaleje\c(ol-le/e\«\s/e\s:e[aleiele eieie/a)alvie/slevels{eielels|sielelojeis\elerele(sis/el= P. M. Lantz, Nine Points, ..........

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. ftComposite sample.

te eeeee ee

eee ee

No. 6.

FERTILIZERS.
Acid and Nitrogen.

Moisture in 100 pounds.

4,29

6.13

5.44

Soluble in water.

1.33

Reverted.

4.25

4.94

5.15

6.10

Phosphoric Acid in 100 Pounds.

Insoluble.

4.58

8.71

14.09

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Total.

14.98

Guaranteed.

12.00

8.50

Available. |
3
ov
g
: A
a ee
Bias
Fy o

*5.70 6.00

Nitrogen in 100
Pounds.

*.39

*3.61

Guaranteed.

2.68

1.24

4.74

value of

commercial
2,000 pourds at Department rat-

(See p. 712.)

Computed
ing.

24.14

11.13

30.40

32.79 |

NN eee eee

843
'
a
a
~~
°
Sd
ic
°
roy
co)
<a
Cd
me -
od by
2
S E
a4 3
B =
to 2 2
ES | &
= rs}
g- ]
n n

22.00 1414

|
|

27.50 | 1358
|

22.00 1227

20.00 1217

25.00 | 1399

27.00 | 1286
|

en: 1172

*Constituent falls belcow guarantee.

844

Sample number.

$52
1064

1089

1360

1116 |

841

1149

1125

1165

1044 |

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Manufacturer and Brand.

THE AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CoO.,
NEW YORK.

7Bone Meal,

|

BRADLEY BRANCH, BOSTON, MASS.
Abattoir Bone Dust,
CANTON CHEMICAL BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
Canton Chemical Fine Ground Bone, .........scseesscees
CLARKS COVE BRANCH, NEW YORK.
Clark’s Cove Sunflower Bone Meal, .........
CROCKER BRANCH, BUFFALO, N. Y. 3
| Crocker’s Ground Bone,
DETRICK BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
| Detrick’s Bone Meal,
|" MILSOM BRANCH, EAST BUFFALO, N. Y.
Milsom’s Fine Ground Bone, .............cecsceces bSonntion

QUINNIPIAC BRANCH, NEW YORK.

Quinnipiac Bone Meal,

Quinnipiac Uncas Bone Meal,
SUSQUEHANNA BRANCH, BALTIMORE, MD.
r

{Susquehanna Pure Ground Bone, .........e.seees BoodoS 4

Susquehanna Pure Ground Bone,
WILLIAMS & CLARK BRANCH, NEW YORK.

Williams & Clark’s Carteret Ground Bone, .............
| HENRY COPE & Co., LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, PA.

Ground Raw Bone,

| JOSIAH COPE & CO., LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, PA.

Ground Raw Bone,

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. tComposite sample.

Oif. Doc.

GROUND BONE
Furnishing Phosphoric

From Whom Sample was Taken.

H. G. Hubert, Salix,

neecielie te Oe cco aaa

John Nealer, Indiana, eae
S. J. Saint, Sharpsburg, ........

seen e en eeeeee

George H. Jacobs, Devault,

Fowler Ellis, Franklindale, ....... coleereaieinierats
H. C. Mapes, Pleasantville, .......... eeisteere
George Dindinger, Harmony, ............+...-.
Walter B. Denny, Meadville, ........ de Sioa siete
S.J. Saint, Sharpsburg) <2.) .<pisiceueen owen
S. J. Saint, Sharpsburg, ............. oceeceenee
C. Neis, Geistown, ...... eitisieless oveceeecvccwwele
Geo. B. Passmore Sons, Oxford,

}
:

Geo. B. Passmore Sons, Oxford, .............
O. W. Jones, Titusville, ...0 2. ccc ccs ccqenswieme
Henry Cope & Co., Oxford, ......

see ewe ee eeee

Joseph M. Miller, Bills, <.....ccoccccccvecvesten

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

846
aha” ; :
Acid and Nitrogen.
Mechanical Analysis. Chemical Analyses. G- 4
4 a
of a
Slo e
3 8 Phosphoric Acid. Nitrogen. . 2 <
ai 5 s _B 3
z rs a CAE
5 cS S | Oo @
fe) Ss a BB s
a = : |
nie E o per .
s n> 2 ge 3 5
=} a". 3g ow a
oo 23 og o
s med =| ho 5 ; a aS) E
a S 2 3 3 I eB I
® Ris es o o 25 a: I
u 3 & =) ow) » S
3 5 ae “ q : I ms) wo2 x
a 83 go 3 E 2 E eo £6 et
3 as SH 5 E 3 s EA ae |
A fa A E 5 & 5 o n a
|
24.00 852
6.50 1 23 16.66 13.68 1.96 1.65 21.20 f |
| | 26.00 1054
5.29 72 28 i by ga id eee | Sabot bl pesnsnsepaoe 21.60 | 20.00 1089
| |
|
3.04 74 BG ill SB SOBs hives cncs pi a ee ore 28.89 | 27.00 | 1360
3.32 82 18) (20.42 se ccecgeer se ft id Peeeeeece! 24.82 28.00 | 1116
| | |
|
3.43 72 28 BAe GS ccoeece soe ZROOW A ecdcice 24.98 28.00 841
| |
6.52 79 21 28 BG) 5 cs sce: eG 4eleo cee sete. 28.53 26.00 1149
3.30 73 27 BAGSGi ge Cosas DOI (el Daa | 30.62 26.00 1125
|
|
4.71 70 30 DAM SGI concatees Oy lel bse Gaara | 27.75 20.00 1090
|
2.50 79 21 MGERG Dal renee DUAOT |" esscsece sas 22.42 20.00 1088
| F 30.00 849
7.50 52 48 Oy yas feo | S550) \icesesteoes 26.26
1 25.00 1337
9.81 50 50 ZO ITS sic steonees: SUGOr| eres eee 26.82 25.00 1337
|
1.12 79 21 ASE Osea. GPA al Wen eee 23.18 28.00 839
4.99 56 44 24.89 21.00 4.00 3.30 $1.22 | 25.00 1165
8.23 60 40| *21.35 23.00 | *3.66 3.71 28.03 | Bete ts 1044

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

846 ; ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

GROUND BONE

5 Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample was Taken.
2
&
3
=}
&
2
&
3
nN
JARECKI CHEMICAL CO., SANDUSKY, OHIO.
837 PUTER GLOUNG we OMS. meaarsinicleieiviseleleleicele sieleleie/leisi='aseictele aele(ieiesiejees!| MCLArKy Dros. |Oll Citys mestestss © v\s\e vise vleleeielsie wieletgie
LISTER’S AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL WORKS,
NEWARK, N. J.
359 Pure Raw Bone Meal, ..... Beleleielaisteiaysteiarersiore soagoudasd ecvoee| WiIO. Hi Britz, Berwyn,” - 5.0 sce saeesniccmsiistee
MILLER FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MD.
1181 GOTT ON Co eisialeiaielseleis eiviaa anisieiieistereis slolatatatclelnlsiotclaleiets coccccess| M. IT Harkins, Hickory, Hilly coc. eeecenemear
NELSON MORRIS & CO., CHICAGO, ILL.
1084 Bish wOneure ONG SM Cal micstetcnilcicisisissicicweislorsieisielcleisieisie eicielsiele J. W. Scott & Co., Pittsburg, Pav weceaceeeee
OHIO FARMERS’ FERTILIZER CO., COLUMBUS, O.
1108 Fine Ground Bone Meal, ...... ngnosdooonAgcadbugEs0nd geese] LDOS: Ialoy.ds) Brisbin cscs cerstcicte aie clelsisiateleteteia
OSCEOLA FERTILIZER CO., OSCEOLA, PA.
1106 Pie Brand Pure Ground) Bones Csi cerccicieietieieos cocccccceee-| R. R. Fleming, Houtzdale, ........ eeeccceccee
J. D. PERKINS, COATESVILLE, PA.
1349 IPUTEMS ONE RMLCAM cjeisiciciereicisjaterero'nisicisteielsisreieie Sdna0sopaconda sceccces| J. D. Perkins, Coatesville, 2... ccscescecnciinsis
READING CHEMICAL & FERTILIZER CO., READ-
ING, PA.
1874 ON CM NVC Alec ierersicialele elsicleleisiaiaicieletelcicie loklele etejeiele(eisierteiciereterete .eeeee.| Harry C. Moyer, Blooming Glen, .........«.«
SCHAAL-SHELDON FERTILIZER CO., ERIE, PA,
1083 (| G. R. Leslie, Hdge Cliff, Pas. S.cesuseesee
PEUPEMBONE? MEATY wersie'cieiisieiereleteisisie slelorsieislclsiereicicleieree veseereed
1105 L W. D. Gates, Curwensville, ..... sioie cieleslaierale
M. L. SHOEMAKER & CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
1311 Pure Raw Bone Meal, ........ Ataris miplaieteictstetaistaletel laisse cesee|| J. . Mountz, JOANNA, | ceccccecee sesccvcensmeen
1159 Purertaw. Ground! HBOnNC a cece civissteielcieisecielsicite Edgotods Chester Co. Assn. of Farmers, Kelton, ......
1160 Swift Sure Bone Meal, ............. dap nscdtg Sedaosceds --./ Chester Co. Assn, of Farmers, Kelton, ......
CHARLES A. SICKLER & BRO., WILKES-BARRE,
PAS
1008 Pure iGround) Bone; weccccccceccesics Siovslelele s/s elsle(eiels scccccecscvece-| Ellis Eves & Bro., Millville, .........0-c. cece
SOUTHERN FERTILIZER CO., YORK, PA.
978 Pure Ground, Bone, s.ccdssetee cee dan sosaasenocdgeda eccccccoee| EY. Z. Stauffer, York, ...cccccccsccccesee: cco

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. tComposite sample.

No. 6, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 847
FERTILIZERS—Continued.
Mechanical Analyses. Chemical Analyses, aa 4
7 n
S on Me
=P e
8 8 Phosphorie Acid. Nitrogen. Sy =
a 2 3 _B r)
o | a me
g a a Dw o
8 FE age os g
st, FE 3
E a | 3f BE | soe A
Co) La og ® =
a uM ive) oe} cS a 2 i}
Ge a 2 ® © of ke ra)
© he tus o o ov a: 5
be 3 wo ~ ~ a 2 is}
3 oo Oo ; a ; a 30 wo 2 &
a ES ES = £ z = ao ES e
3 ge gE 3 g 3 g EA ae E
a A A fe, o = S o D hi
4.00 75 p23) 26.17 20.00 P4517 fab 2.47 30.42 28.00 837
4.29 64 36 23.79 23.00 2.95 2.68 28.44 35.00 | 1359
5.50 62 38 GSO |Saesecsccc cs PB 1598 GoCoCOODOGS 21.74 26.00 1181
|
5.17 80 20 30.74 21.00 *1.74 2.06 82.01 25.00 1084
|
|
3.01 74 26 *13.97 20.00 2.70 1.65 | 20.84 26.00 1108
|
|
6.28 69 31 23.24 22.83 3.45 3.34 29.61 27.50 1106
4.55 85 Abi | STOR ac kee See RL 3 I eee BL. 85; eee tec ceee 1349
6.92 61 39 *20.27 22.00 3.64 1.65 STEZSH nats citerterioot 1374
fiscemrcee 1083
5.83 61 39 23.78 22.00 3.77 2.88 30.16 ed
L 29.00 1105
6.93 67 33 21.49 20.00 3.893 2.47 29.23 29.50 1311
6.76 TT 23 22.11 20.00 3.70 2.47 29.90 23.30 1159
3.62 89 iW 23.64 20.00| S.17 4.12 35.78 24.3 1160
4.53 72 2g| 24.72 22.00 2.72 2.47 | 29.06 30.00 1008
5.13 65 $5 20.68 18.30 3.33 3.30 27.15 27.00 978

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

848 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE a Off. Doc. |

¢
CROUND BONE
& Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample was Taken.
2
§
3
r=}
a
2,
&
Cs
nD
SWIFT & CO., CHICAGO, ILL.
1287 Aw ONE MMCA hire a cisicleicicinialsicrelcicieciclaleloiviccleicieie cisieiciere ceereesee,| Eli M. Martin, New Holland, ........... B6005
1152 Mred. Zehner;, Zelionople; 2-o-ceeesee eee eee
{Special Bone Manure, .............0- Pronadod sielcleeleielcicin'e
1240 L Wilson & Mendenhall, Toughkenamon, ....
WALKER STRATMAN & CO., PITTSBURG, PA.
856 Kirsch & Lieb, Spangler, -)...sssceseeeeeeee
833 ELIE CEL AW, SOME MCE ac .cisiclecicivicisleicisisleleicielslelviciels alsie'sio'sisleleicic Chas. Redd, Cowansville, <.2c.scsseeeeeeeee
1085 ———————, Hammarvillesee eee
JOHN WHANN & SON, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
1833 ETE GOUT SONG eis icieinicielelsicielclele\sieivivieleisisieieicielsicielels Sao000000 Atwood Criswell, Collamer, .......ccccesere alate
W. E. WHANN, SPRING MILLS, PA.
1169 Pure Raw Bone, .....cccccecccccccccccsccccccscscsccese eeeee-| John A. Rockey, Atglen, .........cee0s seeccece

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. tComposite sample.

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 849
FERTILIZERS—Continued.
Mechanical Analysis. Chemical Analyses. ta 4
; an
z or bi
at =
B 3B Phosphoric Acid. Nitrogen. Sy =
i : a a ra
g F as B
<I q a 3) th oe
8 a = 55 s
roy BS ES eH .
» & ol
s a. ge as 5 3g
20 Pans] og a Ss
(-} g mo cd | rt) 2 =]
“$3 a oO a Lo] £ J a
o ae ins ® @ oe ae 5
=] sa" = wh
Bs hee ue - S : g aa wo a
a ES ES = q é eo fs | &
cI Ss SH 3 g 2 3 EQ =e =
a Q Q Fy o = o o n n
6.31 56 44 25.22 23.00 4.00 3.71 31.42 | 26.00 1287
: ‘a 25.00 | 1152
7.32 55 45 33.98 27.50 *,54 82 29.42 '
+ 21.00 | 1340
L
27.00 | 856
6.54 60 40 23.93 22.00 3.58 3.30 29.83 24.00 | 833
25.20 1085
6.17 aD 25 22.88 20.00 30048) |booncagaoone 29.50 26.00 1333
6.55 67 33 *19.74 20.00 3.88 2.47 27.91 25.00 1169

54—6—1901

*Constituent falls below guarantee.

850 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MISCELLANEOUS

E Manufacturer and Brand. From Whom Sample was Taken.

2

£

3

S

x

a

§

Cy

n
M. L. SHOEMAKER & CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.

1164 MTL Ol ME OLAS wicieisieie ia olelelolelolcislsialalsisieleleloleleiciereleielelsia(eloielelsielely Chester Co. Assn, of Farmers, Kelton, Pa.,
GRIFFITH & BOYD, BALTIMORE, MD.

1022 Genuine German Kainit, ..........-csccccccvccccsecrcscvers A. B. Harnish, Mechanicsburg, Pa., ........
SENECA WHITE LIME COMPANY, FOSTORIA,

OHIO.
1077 ime PM ErtllIZED) ociecieicsiesclscieecieeivesc sclocccecccccccososcoses| WV Ey Barclay, Livermore, Paval scncceeeeeee

For explanation of these tables see p. 792. fComposite sample.

id
-

" - a -
OF AGRICULTURE.

= Potash in 100 Pounds. (Water Soluble.)

Total.

2,000 pounds at Department rat-
(See p. 712.)

ing.
the point of selection.

Present as muriate.
Present as sulphate.
Computed commercial value of
Selling rrice of 2,000 pounds at

Guaranteed.

Per cent.

- Insoluble, sand, etc.,
Undetermined, soluble silica, etc.,

(852 )

LASa:

FERTILIZER MANUFACTURERS

WHO TOOK OUT

Licenses for the Sale of Commercial Fertilizers

PENNSYLVANIA IN 1901,

VARIOUS LICENSED BRANDS OFFERED FOR SALE.

—— So

854 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

BRANDS OF FERTILIZERS LICENSED FOR SALE
IN PENNSYLVANIA FOR THE YEAR 1901.

THE ABBOTT & MARTIN RENDERING CO., No. 232 N. High Street, Columbus,
Ohio.
1. “Abbott’s X X Brand.”
2. “Ideal Grain Grower.”

ALLEGHENY CITY FERTILIZER WORKS, Allegheny, Pa.

1. “Pure Raw Bone Phosphate.”’

2. “Pure Raw Bone Meal.”

3. “Potato Manure.”

4. “Banner Phosphate.”

5. “Dissolved Bone and Potash.”

6. “Odorless Lawn and Garden Plant Food.”
7. “Full Value Phosphate.”

8. ‘Butchers’ Bone Meal.”

THE ALLENTOWN MANUFACTURING CO., Allentown, Pa.

. “High Grade Truck Phosphate.”
“High Grade Potato Phosphate.”
. “Complete Bone Phosphate.”
“Special $25.00 Phosphate.”

. “Phosphate and Potash.”

. “Pure Ground Bone.”

. “Acidulated Phosphate.”

Aaa Pr wDN He

THE ALLIANCE FERTILIZER CO., Alliance O.

1. ““Button Bone.”’
2. “Bone Black Phosphate and Potash.”

AMERICAN REDUCTION COMPANY, No. 1942 Forbes Street, Pittsburg, Pa.

1. “Pittsburg Guano.”
2. “Iron City.”

3. ‘Common Sense.”

4. “Vegetable Manure.”
5. “Fine Ground Bone.”

THE AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CO., No. 26 Broadway, New
MOnk, WNe wv

. “Pure Ground Bone.’’

. “Fine Ground Bone.”
“Bone Meal.”

. “Muriate of Soda.”

. “Genuine German Kainit.”
. “Dissolved Animal Bone.”

No, 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 865
THE A. A. C. CO., BRADLEY BRANCH, P. O. Box 217, New York, N. Y.
1. “Bradley’s Dissolved Bone and Potash.”
2. “Bradley’s Bean and Potato Phosphate.”
3. “Bradley’s Bean and Potato Phosphate.’”’
4. “Bradley’s Soluble Dissolved Bone.”
5. “Bradley’s Niagara Phosphate.”
6. “Bradley’s Potato Fertilizer.”
7. “Bradley’s Alkaline Bone with Potash.”
THE A. A. C. CO., CANTON CHEMICAL BRANCH, P. O. Box 407, Baltimore,
Md.
1. ““Canton-Chemical C. C. C. Special Compound.”
2. “Canton-Chemical Baker’s Standard H. G. Guano.”
3. “Canton-Chemical Game Guano.”
4. “Canton-Chemical Baker’s Fish Guano.”
5. “Canton-Chemical Potato Manure.”
6. ““Canton-Chemical B. G. Ammoniated Bone.”
7. “Canton-Chemical Resurgam Guano.”
8. “Canton-Chemical Baker’s Special Wheat, Corn and Grass Mixture.”
9. “Canton-Chemical Harrow Brand Crop Grower.”’
10. “Canton-Chemical Eagle Phosphate.”
11. “Canton-Chemical Soluble Alkaline Bone.”’
12. “Canton-Chemical Soluble Bone and Potash.”
13. ‘“Canton-Chemical Baker’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”
14. “Canton-Chemical Baker’s Dissolved S. C. Bone.”’
THE A. A. C. CO., CHICOPEE GUANO BRANCH, No. 88 Wall Street, New
AiO Tw INI GY:
1. “Chicopee Harvest Favorite.
2. “Chicopee Farmer’s Reliable.’
3. “Chicopee Standard Guano.”
THE A. A. C. CO., CLARK’S COVE BRANCH, P. O. Box 1779, New York, N. Y.
1. “Clark’s Cove Atlas Bone Phosphate.’’
2. “Clark’s Cove Triumph Bone and Potash.”
3. “Clark’s Cove Defiance Complete Manure.”
4. “Clark’s Cove King Philip Alkaline Guano.”
5. “Clark’s Cove Potato and Hop Grower.”
THE A. A. C. CO., CROCKER BRANCH, Buffalo, N. Y.

“Crocker’s General Crop Grower.”
“Crocker’s Universal Grain Grower.”
“Crocker’s Complete Manure.”

“Crocker’s Complete New Rival Fertilizer.’’

“Crocker’s Wheat and Corn Fertilizer.”
“Crocker’s Potato, Hop and Tobacco Fertilizer.”
“Crocker’s Ammoniated Bone Super-Phosphate.”’

i.
2.
ay
4,
5. “Crocker’s Harvest Jewel Fertilizer.”
6.
3
8.
9.

10.

“Crocker’s Dissolved Bone and Potash.”
“Crocker’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

A. A. C. CO., CUMBERLAND BRANCH, No. 27 William Street, New
SOrKe IN aye

1. -‘Cumberland Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

2
3
4.
5
6

THE

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11.
12.

THE

1

. “Cumberland Bone and Potash.”

. “Cumberland Hawkeye Fertilizer.”
“Cumberland Guano.”

. “Cumberland Potato Phosphate.”

. “Cumberland Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.”

A. A. C. CO., DETRICK BRANCH, No. 26 Chamber of Commerce, Balti-
more, Md.

. “Detrick’s Quickstep Bone Phosphate for Potatoes and Tobacco.”’
. “Detrick’s Kangarco Komplete Kompound.”
. “Detrick’s Royal Crop Grower.”’

1
2
3
4. “‘Detrick’s Standard Potash Fertilizer.”
5.
6
7
8
9

“Detrick’s Corn and Oats Fertilizer.’

. “Detrick’s Imperial Compound.”’

. ‘“Detrick’s Special Mixture.”

. “Detrick’s Paragon Ammoniated Bone Phosphate and Potash.”
. “Detrick’s P. & B. Special Fertilizer.” ~

“Detrick’s Bone and Potash (16x4) Mixture.”

“Detrick’s Soluble Bone Phosphate and Potash.”

“Detrick’s Dissolved S. C. Bone.”

. “Orchilla Guano.”

A. A. C. CO., GREAT EASTERN BRANCH, Rutland, Vt.

. “Great Eastern Northern Corn Special.”

. “Great Eastern Vegetable, Vine and Tobacco.”
“Great Eastern Wheat Special.”

“Great Eastern General.”

“Great Eastern English Wheat Grower.”

. “Great Eastern Soluble Bone and Potash.”

. “Great Eastern Dissolved Bone.”

A. A.C. CO., LAZARETTO GUANO BRANCH, Merchants’ Bank Building,
Baltimore, Md.

. “Lazaretto Special for Tobacco and Potatoes.”
. “‘Lazaretto Retriever Animal Bone Fertilizer.”
. “Lazaretto Crop Grower.”

. “Lazaretto Bone Compound.”

“Lazaretto Special Potato Fertilizer.”
“Lazaietto Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”

. “Lazaretto Excelsior A. A. A.”

. “Lazaretto Dissolved Bone and Potash.”

. “Lazaretto Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

A. A. C. CO., MARYLAND BRANCH, No. 30S. Holliday Street, Baltimore,
Md.

. “Maryland Ammoniated Bone.” *

2. “Maryland O. K. Ammoniated Fertilizer.”

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 85

~]

. “Maryland Alkaline Bone.”

. “Maryland Linden Super-Phosphate.”’

. “Maryland Bono Super-Phosphate.”

. “Maryland Dissolved S. C. Phosphate.”

. “Maryland Compound for Potatoes and Tobacco.”

THE A, A. C. CO., MICHIGAN CARBON WORKS BRANCH, Detroit, Mich.

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“Red Line Phosphate.”
“Red Line Phosphate with Potash.”

. “Red Line Complete Manure.”
. “General Crop Fertilizer.”
. “Homestead ‘“‘A’”’ Bone Black Fertilizer.”

A. A. C. CO., MILSOM BRANCH, East Buffalo, N. Y.

. “Milsom’s Erie King Fertilizer.”

. “Milsom’s Wheat, Oats and Barley Fertilizer.”’
. “Milsom’s Buffalo Guano.”

. ‘“Milsom’s Buffalo Fertilizer.”

“Milsom’s Potato, Hop and Tobacco Fertilizer.”

. “Milsom’s Corn Fertilizer.”

. “Milsom’s Vegetable Bone Fertilizer.”

. “Milsom’s Dissolved Bone and Potash.”’
. “Milsom’s Acid Phosphate.”

A. A. C. CO., MORO-PHILLIPS BRANCH, No. 708 The Bourse, Phila-
delphia, Pa.

. “Moro-Phillips Pure Phuine.”

. “Moro-Phillips Soluble Bone Phosphate.”
. “Moro-Phillips Wheat Special.”
. “Moro-Phillips No. 1 Potato and Truck Manure.”

. “Moro-Phillips Farmers’ Phosphate.”

. “Moro-Phillips Farmers’ Potato Mixture.”

. “Moro Phillips Alkaline Bone Phosphate.”

. “Moro-Phillips Special Fertilizer.”

. “Moro-Phillips C. & G. Complete Fertilizer.”

. “Moro-Phillips N. J. Potato Manure.”
. “Moro-Phillips Standard Guano.”

. “Moro-Phillips Standard Phosphate.”’

A. A. C. CO., NIAGARA BRANCH, P. O. Box 189, Buffalo, N. Y.
. “Niagara Grain and Grass Grower.”

. “Niagara Wheat and Corn Producer.”

“Niagara Potato, Tobacco and Hop Fertilizer.”

. “Niagara Triumph Fertilizer.”

. “Niagara Dissolved Bone and Potash.”

. “Niagara Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

A. A. C. CO., PACIFIC GUANO BRANCH, P. O. Box 2350, New York, N. Y.

. “Pacific Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”
. “Pacific Dissolved Bone and Potash.”
. “Pacific A. No. 1 Phosphate.”

858

onl ao pp

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off.

. “Pacific Nobsque Guano.”

. “Pacific Soluble Guano.”

. “Pacific Special Potato Manure.”
. “Pacific Potato Phosphate.”

. “Pacific H. G. General Fertilizer.”

THE A. A. C. CO., PACKERS UNION BRANCH, Rutland, Vt.

AoanrhwnereH

THE A. A. C. CO., QUINNIPIAC BRANCH, No. 27 William Street,

QAarwne

. “Packers Union Gardeners’ Complete Manure.”

. “Packers Union Animal Corn Fertilizer.”

. “Packers Union Potato Manure.” —

. “Packers Union Universal Fertilizer.”

. “Packer’s Union American Wheat and Rye Grower.”’
. “Packers Union Banner Wheat Grower.”

. “Packers Union Acidulated Bone.”

Work, N: Y-

. “Quinnipiac Soluble Dissolved Bone.”

“Quinnipiac Dissolved Bone and Potash.”
“Quinnipiac Mohawk Fertilizer.”

. “Quinnipiac Climax Phosphate.”
. “Quinnipiac Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.”
. “Quinnipiac Special Potato.”

THE A. A. C. CO., READ BRANCH, No. 88 Wall Street, New York,.N. Y.

if
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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“Read’s Standard Super-Phosphate.”
“Read’s Leader Blood and Bone.”

“Read’s Farmers’ Friend Super-Phosphate.”’
“Read’s Acid Phosphate (14 per cent.).”’
*‘Read’s Bone and Potash.”

“Read’s Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer.”
“Read’s Practical Potato Special.”

THE A. A. C. CO., REESE BRANCH, Equitable Building, Baltimore, Md.

i

“Reese’s Potato and Truck Special.”

. “Reese’s Standard.”
. “Reese’s Potato Phosphate.”

“Reese’s Mayflower.”

“Reese’s Potato Manure.”

“Reese’s Ammoniated Bone Phosphate Mixture.”
“Reese’s Harvest Queen.”’

. “Reese’s Pilgrim Fertilizer.”

. “Reese’s Challenge Crop Grower.”

. “Reese’s Half and Half.”

. “Reese’s High Grade Potash Mixture, 12x5.”
. “Reese’s Crown Phosphate and Potash.”

. “Reese’s Grass and Grain.”

. “Reese’s Wheat Special.”

. “Reese’s Dissolved Phosphate of Lime.”

. “Reese’s Elm Phosphate.”

Doe.

New

No. 6.

-

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 859

THE A. A. C. CO., SHARPLESS & CARPENTER BRANCH, No. 124 S. Delaware

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Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

. “Sharpless & Carpenter Corn and Truck Guano.”

“Sharpless & Carpenter Farmers’ Imp, Potato Manure.”

. “Sharpless & Carpenter Gilt Edge Potato and Tecbacco Manure.”

“Sharpless & Carpenter No. 1 Bone Phosphate.”

. “Sharpless & Carpenter Royal Spring Mixture.” -
. “Sharpless & Carpenter Soluble Bone and Potash.”

“Sharpless & Carpenter Farmers’ Bone Phosphate.”

. “Sharpless & Carpenter Dis. Bone Phos, for Potatoes and General Use.”
. “Sharpless & Carpenter No. 2 for Grain and Grass.”

. “Sharpless & Carpenter Soluble Tampico Guano.”

ila

“Sharpless & Carpenter Acid Phosphate.”

-A. A. C. CO., STANDARD BRANCH, No. 40 Exchange Place, New

AiGhelis INE WE

. “Standard Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

. “Standard Bone and Potash.”

. “Standard “‘A” Fertilizer.”

. “Standard Guano.”

. “Standard Ammoniated Dissoived Bone.”
. “Standard Potato Grower.”

A. A. C. CO., SUSQUEHANNA BRANCH, Cor. South and Water Streets,
Baltimore, Md.

. “Susquehanna Potato Phosphate.”
. “Susquehanna Pure Bone Phosphate.”
. “Susquehanna Ammoniated Gone Phosphate.”

“Susquehanna Bone Phosphate.”
“Susquehanna X, X. V. Phosphate.”’
“Susquehanna Crop Grower.”

. “Susquehanna High Grade Bone and Potash.”
. “Susquehanna Alkaline Bone Phosphate.”

. “Susquehanna Superior Rock Phosphate.”

. “Susquehanna Soluble Bone Phosphate.”

A. A. C. CO., TYGERT-ALLEN BRANCH, No. 708 The Bourse, Phila-
delphia, Pa.

. “Tygert-Allen Gold Edge Tobacco Manure.”

“Tygert-Allen Star Guano.”

. “Tygert-Allen Star Potato Grower.”

“Tygert-Allen Star Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

. “Tygert-Allen Star Soluble Bone and Potash.”
. “Tygert-Allen Star Bone Phosphate.”

. “Tygert-Allen Star Tobacco Manure.”

. “Tygert-Allen Potato Fertilizer.”

. “Tygert-Allen Standard Bone Phosphate.”

. “Howitz’s Acid Phosphate.”

. “Howitz’s Azotized Dissolved Bone.”

. “Howitz’s Soluble Bone Phosphate.”

. “Allen’s Popular Phosphate.’’

860 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

14. ‘‘Allen’s Special Brand Potato Manure.”’

15. “‘Allen’s Special for Wheat and Grass.”

16. ‘“‘Allen’s Nitro Phosphate.”

17. “Allen’s Alkaline Bone Phosphate.”

18. “Schneitman’s Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”
19. ““Yearsley’s Philadelphia Standard Phosphate.”
20. ‘“Yearsley’s Chester County Bone Phosphate.”

THE A. A. C. CO., M. E. WHEELER & CO. BRANCH, Rutland, Vt.

1. ‘“Wheeler’s Corn Fertilizer.”

2. ‘““Wheeler’s Potato Manure.”

3. ““Wheeler’s Superior Truck.”

4. “Wheeler’s Royal Wheat Grower.”

5. ““Wheeler’s Wheat and Clover Fertilizer.”
6. ‘“Wheeler’s Electrical Dissolved Bone.”

THE A. A. C. CO., WILLIAMS & CLARK BRANCH, No. 27 William Street, New
NMOLKAINeY:

1. “Williams & Clark Acorn Acid Phosphate,”

2. “Williams & Clark Dissolved Bone and Potash.”

3. “Williams & Clark Prolific Fertilizer.”

4. “Williams & Clark Royal Bone Phosphate.”

5. “Williams & Clark American High Grade Special.”

6. “Williams & Clark Americus Universal Ammoniated Dis. Bone.”

THE A. A. C. CO., ZELL GUANO BRANCH, No. 32 South Street, Baltimore, Md.

1. ‘‘Zell’s Special Compound for Potatoes and Vegetables.”
2. “Zell’s Ammoniated Bone Super-Phosphate.”

3. ‘“Zell’s Hustler Phosphate.”

4. “Zell’s Economizer Phosphate.”

5. “Zell’s Little Giant.”

6. “‘Zell’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate and Potash.”

7. “Zell’s Electric Phosphate.”

8. “Zell’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

AMWAY, J. L., Mt. Joy, Pa.

1. “Improved Phosphate.”

ANSTINE, A., Stewartstown, Pa.

1. “Bone Phosphate.”

THE ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS, No. 205 Lasalle Street, Chicago, Ill.

1. “Bone Meal.”

2. “Raw Bone Meal.”

3. ‘Phosphate and Potash.”

4. “Wheat, Corn and Oats Special.”
5. ““Ammoniated Bone and Potash.”
6. “Fruit and Root Crop Special.”
7. “All Soluble.’

8. “Bone, Blood and Potash.”

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 861

9. ‘“Armour’s Wheat Special.”

10. “High Grade Potato.”

11. ‘Grain Grower.”

12. “Starr Phosphate.”

13. ‘““Cereal Phosphate.”

14. “Phosphate and Potash No. 2.”

AUCKER, R. S., Shamokin, Pa.

. “Bone Meal.”

“Bone Meal with Potash.”

“High Grade Bone and 8. H. Phosphate.”

“Grade A. Bone and Slaughter House Phosphate.”
“Grade B. Bone and Slaughter House Phosphate.”
. “Grade C. Bone and Slaughter House Phosphate.”
. “Grade D. Bone and Slaughter House Phosphate.”
. “Grade E. Bone and Slaughter House Phosphate.”’
. “Economy Potash Phosphate.”

. “High Grade Acid Phosphate.”

SSE MAA MP wh pe

ray

BALTIMORE PULVERIZING COMPANY, Nos. 13 and 15 North Street, Balti-
more, Md.

1. ‘‘Penniman’s Excelsior Fertilizer.”
2. “Farmers’ Favorite Fertilizer.”
3. “Special Spring and Fall Mixture.”

BARTENSCHLAGHR, J. H., Stewartstown, Pa.

1. Bartenschlager’s Champion Bone Phosphate.”

BAUGH & SONS COMPANY, No. 20 S. Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

1. ‘‘Baugh’s Bone Meal, Warranted Pure.”

2. ‘““Baugh’s Pure Dissolved Animal Bone.”

3. “Export Bone with Potash.”

4. “Baugh’s Antmal Bone and Potash—Compound for all Crops.”
5. “The Twenty-five Dollar Phosphate.” .

6. ‘““Baugh’s Double Eagle Phosphate.”

7. “Baugh’s General Crop Grower—For all Crops.”

8. “Baugh’s Soluble Alkaline Super-Phosphate.”

9. “Baugh’s Wheat Fertilizer—For Wheat and Grass.”
10. ““Baugh’s Potato Fertilizer.”

11. “Baugh’s Corn Fertilizer—For Sugar Corn and Garden Truck.”
12. “The Wrapper Leaf Brand—A Special Manure for Seed Leaf Tobacco.”
13. ‘““Baugh’s Special Potato Manure.”

14. “Baugh’s High Grade Acid Phosphate.”

BAUGHMAN, WILLIAM F., Rinely, Pa.

1: 2. & TL. Special.”
2. “‘“Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”
3. “Harvest Queen Phosphate.”

BAXTER, H. V., Chester, Pa.

1. ‘‘Pure Ground Bone.”’
2. “I, X. L. Phosphate.”

862 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE — Off. Doc.

BECKERT, W. C., No. 129 Federal Street, Allegheny, Pa.

1. “Odorless Special Lawn and Garden Fertilizer.”

BERG COMPANY, THE, Port Richmond, Philadelphia, Pa.

. “Berg’s Special Potato Guano.”’

“Berg’s Lymph Guano for all Crops.”

. “Berg’s $35.00 Potato Manure.”’

“Berg’s Standard Bone Manure.”

“Berg’s Pure Dissolved Bone and Potash.”
. “Berg’s Pure Raw Bone Fine.” —

. “Bere’s Special $25.00 Bone Manure.”

ADO fe op td

BERGER BROTHERS, Easton, Pa.

. “Berger Bros. H. G. Acid Phosphate.”
. “Peerless.”

. “Wheat and Grass.”

. “Lehigh Super-Phosphate.”

. “Potato and Truck.”

om oh

BLAKER, A. H., & CO., Fox Chase, Philadelphia, Pa.

. “Blaker’s Acid Phosphate.”
. “Blaker’s Poudrette.”

. “Blaker’s Wheat and Corn.”
. “Blaker’s Potato.’’

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BLOCHER, D., & CO., Gettysburg, Pa.

1. “Dissolved Raw Bone and Potash.”’

2. “High Grade Super-Phosphate of Bone.”

3. “Ammoniated Soluble Bone Phosphate.”

4. “Alkaline Bone.”

5. “Soluble Bone Phosphate.” °

BONDAY, JAMES, JR., & CO., No. 302 Merchants’ Bank Building, Baltimore, Md.

1. “Sulphate of Potash.”
2. “Muriate of Potash.”
3. “German Kainit.”’

BOWKER FERTILIZER COMPANY, THE, No. 43 Chatham Street, Boston,
Mass.

. “Stockbridge Potato and Vegetable.”

. “Bowker’s Potash or Staple Phosphate.”’
“Bowker’s Sure Crop Phosphate.”
“Bowker’s Ammoniated O. I. O.”

. “Bowker’s Super-Phosphate and Potash.”

. “Bowker’s Apex Phosphate.”

. “Bowker’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

. “Bowker’s 6 per cent. Potash Manure.”

. “Bowker’s Potash Bone.”

. “Bowker’s Empire State Bone Phosphate.’

wCorWnrn-f © pw pe

rary
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No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

11. “Bowker’s Hill and Drill Phosphate.”
12. “Bowker’s Farm and Garden Phosphate.”
13. “Bowker’s Wheat Grower.”’

BOYD, D. M., JR., Danville, Pa.

1. ‘‘Farmers’ Companion.”
2. “Pure Ground Bone.”

BRADLEY & GREEN FERTILIZER CO., Ninth Street and Girard
Philadelphia, Pa.

1. “Potato Guano No. 1.”

2. “Harvest Home.”

3. “High Grade Acid Phosphate.”

4. “Popular Phosphate—Special for Wheat.”

5. “Standard Bone Phosphate—For Corn, Wheat and Peas.”’
6. ‘High Grade Special Tobacco Fertilizer.”

7. “Market Garden.”

BRILLINGER, HORACE, Emigsville, Pa.

1. “Brillinger’s Special Wheat, Corn and Grass Mixture.”
2. “Standard High Grade Phosphate.”

BRODBECK, S. B., Brodbecks, Pa.

1. “Standard Ammoniated.”

2. “Reliable Ammoniated.”’

3. “Alkaline.”

4. “Ruth’s Dissolved Bone.”
BROWN, J. W., Tilden, York County, Pa.

1. “No. 7. Compound Fertilizer.”

BRUBACHER, ELIAS §., Millbach, Pa.

1. ‘Wheat and Grass Special.”

CAMBRIA FERTILIZER COMPANY, Johnstown, Pa.

“Pure Ground Bone Dust.”

. “Lion Phosphate.”
“Standard Phosphate.”

. “Corn and Potato Manure.”
. “B. & B. Phosphate.”

CHICAGO FERTILIZER CO., THE, Security Building, Chicago, III.

1. “Mt. Pleasant Phosphate.”
2. “No. 1 Acid Phosphate.”

3. ‘Wheat Special.” ‘

4. “Bone, Blood and Potash.”
5. “Potash Special.”

6. ‘Chicago Bone Meal.”

Avenue,

864 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off.

COE COMPANY, E. FRANK, No. 133 Front Street, New York, N. Y.

1. “High Grade Soluble Bone.”

2. “X. X. V. Phosphate. (Ammoniated Bone.)”
3. “Prize Brand Grain Fertilizer.”

4. “Special Dissolved—Bone and Potash.”

5. “High Grade Acid Phosphate.”

6. “Pennsylvania Grain Special.”

7. “Columbian Corn Fertilizer.”

8. “Columbian Phosphate.”

9. “High Grade Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”
10. ‘Columbian Potato Fertilizer.”
11. “High Grade Potato Fertilizer.”

12. “XXX Acid Phosphate.”

COPE, HENRY, & COMPANY, Lincoln University, Pa.

1. ‘Acid Phosphate.”’

2. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”

3. ““Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”

4, “Pure Bone Phosphate.”

5. ‘“Potato and Corn Phosphate.”

6. “Dead Shot Phosphate.”

7. “Pure Ground Bone.”

8. “Queen of Elk Valley.”

9. ‘‘New Century Bone Phosphate.”

10. ‘““‘Pennsylvania Wheat Grower and C. Manure.”
11. “High Grade Soluble Bone and Potash.”
12. ‘‘Pure Steamed Bone.”’

COPE, JOSIAH, & COMPANY, Lincoln University, Pa.

. “Pure Bone Phosphate.”

. “Try Me Bone Phosphate.”

“Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.” -
“Wheat and Grass Special.”

“Potato and Tobacco Phosphate.”

“Acid Phosphate.”’

. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”

. “Pure Steamed Bone.”

. “Ground Raw Bone.”

COR

CONAN

CRANSTON COMPANY, J. A., Wilmington, Del.

1. ‘““W. B. Raw Bone Super-Phosphate.”’

2. “Pennsylvania Super-Phosphate.”

3. “Horse Shoe Soluble Bone.”

4. “‘Horse Shoe Soluble Bone and Potash.”

DARON, E., Dover, Pa.

1. ‘‘Daron’s Harvest King Bone Phosphate.”’

DOWNWARD & COMPANY, JAMES G., Coatesville, Pa.

1. “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”
2. “Soluble Boue and Potash,”

Doc.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

. “Special Wheat and Grass Fertilizer.”
“Acid Phosphate Rock.”

. “Royal Bone Phosphate.”

. “Special Potato Fertilizer.”

. “Special Corn Manure.”

. “Pure Ground Bone.”

. “Pioneer Raw Bone Phosphate.”

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DUNGAN, WALLACE, Doylestown, Pa.

1. “Pebel Hill Home Made Animal Bone Mixture.”
2. “Bone Flour.”

EASTERN CHEMICAL COMPANY, No. 620 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, Mass

1. “Imperial Liquid Plant Food.”

EBY, AMOS, Lehman Place, Pa.”

1. ‘‘Pequea Bone.”

2. “Pequea Economy.”

3. “Pequea Ammoniated.”

4. ‘‘Pequea Bone for Potatoes.”
5. ‘Farmers’ Mixture.”

EUREKA FERTILIZER COMPANY, Perryville, Md.

1. ‘Farmers’ Favorite Bone Phosphate.”
2. “Standard Bone Phosphate.”

3. “Grain and Grass Mixture.”

4, “Corn and Potato Special.”

5. “P. & P. Super-Phosphate.”

6. “Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer.”
7. “Imperial Bone Phosphate.”

8. “Fish, Rock and Potash.”

9, ‘‘Alkaline Bone and Potash.”

10. “Ground Raw Bone.”
11. ‘‘Wrapper Leaf Brand.”

EWING, WASHINGTON, Landenberg, Pa.

1. ‘Pure Raw Bone.”
2. “Eclipse Raw Bone Phosphate.”
3. “Waste Land Potato Phosphate.”

FAIRLAMB, R. C., & SONS, Brandywine Summit, Pa.

1. “Potato Special.”
2. “Corn Special.”
3. “Wheat and Grass Special.”

FARMERS’ FERTILIZER COMPANY, Westminster, Md.

1. “No. 1 Bone Phosphate.”
9. “No. 3 Bone Phcsphate.”
3. ‘““X. X. Bone Phosphate.”
4. “Carroll Bone Phosphate.”’
5. “P. A. & P. Phosphate.”’
6. “Acid Phosphate.”

55—6— 1901

Sto

866 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Olt.

FARMER, W.S., & CO., No. 21 S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Md.

1. “Standard Phosphate.”

2. “Harvest Queen Phosphate.”
. “Clyde Brand Phosphate.”
“B. & P. Phosphate.”

. “Dissolved S. C. Bone.”

.

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FOGLEMAN, W. H., Williamsport, Pa.
1. “Raw Bone and Potash.”

FRETZ, H. E., Fretz, Pa.
1. ‘“Fretz’s Harvest Queen.”
2. “Fretz’s $20.00 Bone Manure.”

FRETZ, MAHLON, Sellersville, Pa.
1. “Fretz’s Standard Bone Phosphate.”

FULTON, JAMES, & SONS CO., Stewartstown, Penna.
1. ‘Fulton’s Wheat and Corn Fertilizer.”

GAWTHROP, JOSEPH R., Kennett Square, Pa.

. “Fine Ground Raw Bone Meal.”
“Champion Bone Fertilizer.”

“Complete Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”
. “Special Potato and Truck Phosphate.”

. “Acid Phosphate Rock.”

GRIFFITH & BOYD, No. 9 8. Gay Street, Baltimore, Md.
“Cereal Bone Plant Food.”

2. “Valley Fertilizer.”

3. “Peerless Fertilizer.”

4. “High Grade Acid Phosphate.”

5. “Harvest Queen Phosphate.”

6. “X. X. Potash Manure.”
7
8
9

a

. “Original Super-Phosphate.”’

. “Farmers’ Potato Manure.”

. “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”
10. ““Farmers’ Improved Phosphate.”
11. “Tobacco Grower.”

12. “Genuine German Kainit.”

13. “Spring Crop Grower.”

14. “Pure Fine Greund Bone Meal.”
15. “Fish, Bore and Potash.”

16. “Special Grain Grower.”

Vie ice Brands

GROVE, A. M., & CO., Muddy Creek Forks, Pa.
1. “A. M. G. & Co’s Special Potato Fertilizer.”

HAGER, H. F., Quakertown, Pa.

1. ‘““Hager’s Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”
2. “Panic Phosphate.’’
3. ‘“Farmers’ Favorite Phosphate.”

Doe.

No. €. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 867

HAINES, THOMAS, & CO., Malvern, Pa.
1. ‘‘New Century Crop Grower.”

HANOVER FERTILIZER COMPANY, N. E. Cor. Gay and Lombard Streets,
Baltimore, Md.

. “Dissolved S. C. Rock.”

“Royal Bone and Potash.”

“Farmers’ Crop Winner.”

. “Blood and Bone Compound.”

. “Excelsior Combine.”

. “Klondyke Special.” *
. “Pure Bone Meal.’

. “Hanover Acid Phosphate.”

COD Ol Pe & bw

HART, JACOB, Mountain Grove, Pa.

1. “Ground Bone.”

HASTINGS, WILLIAM §5., & SON, Atglen, Pa.

1. “Clear Acid Phosphate.”

2. “Octarora No. 1 Bone Phosphate.”
3. “Atglen Corn and Potato Guano.”
4. “Grain and Grass Special.”

HESS, 8S. M., & BRO., S. E. Cor. Fourth and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia, Pa.

4

. “Ammoniated Bone Super-Phosphate.”’
“Keystone Bone Phosphate.”
. “Wheat and Grass Mixture.”
“Emperor Phosphate.”

. “Potato and Truck Manure.”
“Acid Phosphate.”

. “Ground Bone.”

. “Special Compound.”

. “Special Corn Manure.”

10. “Special Potato Manure.”

11. “Soluble Bone.”

12. ‘Soluble Bone and Potash.”
13. “Tobacco Manure.”

CoAA OP wD

HOFFMAN, P., & BRO., Raubsville, Pa.

1. “Potato Phosphate.”
2. “King Phosphate.”

HUBBARD & COMPANY, M. P., & CO., No. 612 Equitable Building, Balti-
more, Md.

. “Bermuda Guano.”

“Celebrated Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”
“Rarmers’ Acme.”

. “Harvest King.”

“Farmers’ Old Economy.”

. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”

. “Hubbard’s High Grade S. C. Phosphate.”

dt

ADP OP woNW

868 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

HUBBARD FERTILIZER COMPANY, THE, No. 708 Merchants’ Bank Building,
Baltimore, Md,

i. “Hubbard’s Standard Bone Super-Phosphate.”

2.

3. “Hubbard’s Farmer’s I. X. L. Super-Phosphate.”

4. “Hubbard’s Wheat Grower’s Jewel.”

5. ““Hubbard’s Oriental Phosphate.”

6. ““Hubbard’s Columbia Gem Phosphate.”

7. “Hubbard’s Soluble Bone and Potash.”

8. “Hubbard’s High Grade Soluble Tennessee Phosphate.”
9. ““Hubbard’s Trucker’s 7 Per Cent. Royal Seal Compound.”

INDEX COMPANY, THE, No. 426 N. Third Street, Philadelphia, Pa,

1. ““Radix Fertilizer.”
2. “Index Bone Phosphate.”
3. “Ground Bone.”
4. “Bone Meal.”

5. “Bone Flour.”

6. “Spiro Bone Meal.”

INTERNATIONAL SEED COMPANY, Rochester, N. Y.

1. “International Grain and Grass Fertilizer.”
2. “International Potato and Truck Manure.”
3. “International A. L. Special Manure.”

JARECKI CHEMICAL COMPANY, Sandusky, Ohio.

1. “Lake Erie Fish Guano.”

2. “Fish and Potash Grain Special.”

3. ““Number One Fish Guano.”

4. “C. O. D. Phosphate.”

5. “Ground Bone.”

6. “St. Bernard Phosphate.”

7. “Dissolved Bone Black Wheat Special.’
“Fish and Potash Tobacco and Potato Food.”
oeOn Ke Hertilizer:4

10. ‘Dissolved Bone with Potash.”

co 90

JOHN’S, J. L., & CO., Millville, Pa.

. “John’s Pride of Columbia.”’

“John’s Wheat and Buckwheat Special.”
. “John’s Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”
. “John’s Acid Phosphate.”

m CO De

JONES, W. C., SONS, Doe Run, Pa.

1. “High Grade Dissolved S. C. Rock.’
2. “Complete Fertilizer.”’
3. “Pure Ground Bone.”

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

KENDERDINE, F. S., & SONS, Newtown, Pa.

1. “Kenderdine’s Potato Phosphate.”
2. “Kenderdine’s Bone Phosphate.”
3. “Kenderdine’s Ammoniated Phosphate.”

869

KEYSTONE FERTILIZER CHEMICAL CO., No. 3S. Front Street, Philadel

phia, Pa.

1. “Keystone Special Potato Manure.”
2. “Keystone Harvest Queen.”

3. “Keystone Wheat and Grass.”

4. “Keystone Soluble Bone.”

KRUG, GEORGE V., Kingsdale, Pa.

1. “Krug’s X. X. Acid Phosphate.”
2. “Krug’s Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”

KUHNS, DAVID, Lehighton, Pa.

1. “Pure Ground Bone Meal.”’

KURTZ & STUNKARD, Green Bank, Pa.

1. “Conestoga Regulator.”
2. “Conestoga Fancy.’’

LACKAWANNA FERTILIZER & CHEMICAL CO., Moosic, Pa.

1. “Moosic Phosphate.”

2. “Special Manure.”

3. ‘““Admiral Dewey.”

4. “Bone Super-Phosphate.”’

5. “‘Alkaline Bone.”

6. “Warranted Pure Ground Bone.”
7. “Acid Phosphate.”

. “Big Yield.”

ira)

LANCASTER CHEMICAL COMPANY, Lancaster, Pa.

1. ‘“‘Tobacco and Vegetable.”

2. “Dewey Brand.”

3. “Pure Dissolved Ammoniated Bone and Potash.”
4. “Rising Sun Ammoniated Bone.”

5. “Pure Dissolved Ammoniated Bone.”
6. “Flag Brand.”

7. “Hard Times Fertilizer.”

8. “Economical Fertilizer.”

9. “Acid Phosphate.”

10. ‘“‘Keystone Brand.”

11. ‘‘Alkaline Bone.”

12. “Bone Meal.”

LEBERNIGHT, B. F., Red Lion, Pa.

1. “Lebernight’s Standard Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”

870 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off.

LEIB, J. C., & CO., Stewartstown, Pa.

1. “Gemmills Mixture.”

LETHERBURY, A. B., Chester, Pa.
1. “Chester Brand Bone Phosphate.’’

LEVAN, DANIEL, Lebanon, Penna.

1. “General Crop Grower.”
2. “Wheat and Grass Special.”
3. “Special Wheat Producer.”

LISTER’S AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL WORKS, Newark, N. J.

1. “Special Corn and Potato.”

2. “Success Fertilizer.”

3. “Harvest Queen.”

4. “Crop Producer.”

5. “Standard.”

6. “No. 2 Potato Fertilizer.”

7. “Bone and Potash.”

8. “Special 10 Per Cent, Potato.”

), TN, ID, lexeaven”

10. “U. S. Phosphate.”

ti eG brands,

12. “Special Fertilizer for Wheat and Rye.”
13. “‘Lister’s Cabbage and Caulifiower.”’
14. “Lawn Fertilizer.”

15. “Pure Bone Meal.”

16. “Celebrated Ground Bone.”

McCALMONT & COMPANY, Bellefonte, Pa.

1. “McCalmont & Co’s $25.00 Ammoniated Bone Super-Phosphate.’
2. “McCalmont & Co’s High Grade Florida Bone Phosphate.”

Doe.

MAPES FORMULA AND PERUVIAN GUANO CO., No. 148 Liberty Street, New

Work, Neways
1. “Mapes Potato Manure.”
2. “Mapes Tobacco Starter Improved.”
3. “Mapes Tobacco Manure (Wrapper Brand).”’
4, “Mapes Fruit and Vine Manure.”
5. “Mapes Vegetable Manure or Complete Manure for Light Soils.”
6. “Mapes Average Soil Compound Manure.’’
7. ““Mapes Economical Potato Manure.’’
8. ““Mapes Cauliflower and Cabbage.”
9. ‘““Mapes Corn Manure.”
10. “Mapes Complete Manure, ‘“‘A”’ Brand.’
11. ““Mapes Complete Manure for General Use.’’
12. “Mapes Ammoniated Dissolved Bone with Potash.”
13. “Mapes Cereal Brand.’’
14. “Mapes Grain Brand.”
15. “Mapes General Crop Brand.”
16. “Pure Ground Bone.”

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

MARKEL, NOAH, Seitzland, Pa.

1. “Markel’s Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”
2. “Markel’s Potato Grower.”
3. ‘““Markel’s Electric Phosphate.”

MEHRING, FREDERICK, Bruceville, Pa.

1. “Dissolved Raw Bone.” =
2. “Twenty-five Dollar Phosphate.”

3. “General Crop Grower.”

4. “Acid Phosphate.”

MILLER FERTILIZER COMPANY, No. 411 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, Md.

1. “Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.”
2. “Harvest Queen.”

8. “Special Potato.”

4. “Hustler Phosphate.”

5. “W. G. Phosphate.”

6. “Standard Phosphate.”

7. “Clinch Phosphate.”

Sess OC. ROCK, =

MORRIS, NELSON & CO., Union Stock Yards, Chicago, II.

1. “Big Two. Pure Bone Meal.”
2.-“Big Three. Pure Bone Phosphate.”
3. “Big One.”

4. “Big Four.”

5. “Big Five.”

MOWREY LATSHAW HARDWARE CO., THE, Spring City, Pa.
1. “Red Clover Brand.”

NELLER, AUG., & CO., Stewartstown, Pa.
1. “Prolific Phosphate.”
2. “Special Compound Phosphate.”

NEWPORT, WILLIAM C., CO., Willow Grove, Pa.

1. “Evan’s Brand Potato and Tobacco Manure.”

1. “Rectified Phosphate.”

3. “Gilt Edge Potato Manure.”

4, “Fish, Bone and Potash.”

5. “No, 1 for Potatoes, Corn and Truck.”

6. ‘“Farmer’s Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”

7. “Grain and Grass Special.”

8. “All Crop Fertilizer.”

9. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”
10. “Clear Acid Phosphate.”
11. “Raw Bone Meal.”
12. “Newport’s Special Compound for Wheat and Grass.”
138. “No. 1 Bone Phosphate.’
14. ‘“Newport’s Pure Bone Dust.”
15. “Schneitmans Ammoniated Bowe Phosphate.”
16. “Schneitmans Anti-Trust Special Compound for Wheat and Grass.”

871

872

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off.

OBER, G., & SONS’ CO., No. 33 S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Md.

il,

“Ober’s Special Fertilizer for all Crops.”
“Ober’s Farmers’ Mixture.”

2.
3. “Ober’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate and Potash.”
4.

“Ober’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

OHIO FARMERY’ FERTILIZER CO., Columbus. O.
1. “Acid Phosphate.”

DOR ew LY

oo

. “Superior Phosphate.”

. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”

. “Capital City Phosphate.”

. “General Crop Fish Guano.”

“Corn, Oats and Wheat Fish Guano.”
“Improved Wheat Maker.”
“Ammoniated Bone and Potash.”

. “Excelsior Guano.”
10.

“Fine Ground Bone Meal.”

OSCEOLA FERTILIZER COMPANY, Osceola Mills, Pa.

teacPic Brand Ground Bone.”

OWENS, W. C., Philipsburg, Pa.

1. “Owens’ Ammoniated Phosphate.”

PATAPSCO GUANO COMPANY, P. O. Box 213, Baltimore, Md.

PATTERSON FERTILIZER CO., No. 4025 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

. “Patapsco Pure Ground Bone.”
“Patapsco Soluble Bone and Potash.”
“Patapsco Fish Guano.”

“Patapsco Special Wheat Compound.”
. “Sea Gull Guano.”

“Coon Brand Guano.”

. “Baltimore Soluble Phosphate.”

. “Patapsco Dissolved 8S. C. Bone.”

. “Grange Mixture.”

. “Patapsco Grain and Grass Producer.”

. “Patapsco Early Trucker.”

. “Patapseo Tobacco and Potato Fertilizer.”
. “Patapsco Corn and Tomato Fertilizer.”
. “Patapsco High Grade Bone and Potash.”

1. “Patterson’s Mineral Compound.”

Doc.

PENNSYLVANIA AMMONIA AND FERTILIZER CO., LIM., Harrisburg, Pa.

or Wh Ee

. “Special Potato, Vegetable and Tobacco Fertilizer.”
. “Dauphin Brand.”

. “Special Brand.’’
“Pure Ground Bone.’’
. “Capital Bone Super-Phosphate.”

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

PERKINS, A. W., & CO., Rutland, Vt.

ib

“Plantene.”

PERKINS, J. DOUGLASS, Coatesville, Pa.

om oN

. “Perkins’ Monarch H. G. Bone and Potash Phosphates.”

“Perkins’ Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”’

. “Perkins’ Special Bone Manure.”’
. “Perkins’ Globe Phosphate.”
. “Perkins’ High Grade Acid Phosphate.”

873

PIEDMONT-MT. AIRY GUANO CO., THE, No. 109 Commerce Street, Balti-

De 8 te

more, Md.

. “Levering’s Standard.”

“Piedmont High Grade S. C. Bone.”’

“Piedmont Royal Ammoniated Bone and ‘Potash.”
“Piedmont Soluble Bone and Potash.”

“Piedmont Pure Raw Bone Mixture.”

. “Levering’s Harvest Queen.”
. “Levering’s I. X. L. Phosphate.”
. “Diamond (S) Soluble Bone.”

PITTSBURG PROVISION CO., Pittsburg, Pa.

H

A

“No. 1-Pure Raw Bone Meal.”
“Pure Raw Bone Meal.”

. “Crescent Butchers’ Ground Bone.”

“Pure Bone with Potash.”
“Corn and Potato Fertilizer.”
“Keystone Fertilizer.”

. “Guano Fertilizer.”
. “Acid Phosphate.”
. “Phosphate and Potash.”

POLLOCK, R. H., No. 51 S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Md.

“Dissolved S. C. Bone.”’

1
2. ‘Victor Bone Phosphate.”

3. “Superior Corn and Tomato Fertilizer.”
4. “Owl Brand Guano.”

5.
6
7
8

“Special Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.” -

. “Special Wheat Grower.”
. “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”
. “Soft Ground Bone.”

POWELL, W. S., & Co., No. 306 Water Street, Baltimore, Md.

1. “Dissolved S. C. Bone.”

PUGH & LYON, Oxford, Pa.

ie

“Ground Raw Bone.”

2. ““‘Bone Phosphate.”

874 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dee.

RAMSBURG t‘ERTILIZER COMPANY, Frederick, Md.

1. ‘Excelsior Plant Food.”

. “Old Virginia Compound.”
““Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”

. “Alkaline Phosphate.”

. “Dissolved Bone Super-Phosphate.”

or wm Ww bo

RASIN-MONUMENTAL COMPANY, No. 300 Water Street, Baltimore, Md.

. “Rasin’s Empire Guano.”

. “Rasin’s Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”

. “Rasin’s Bone and Potash Fertilizer.”

. “Rasin’s Acid Phosphate.”

. “Monumental Soluble Bone Phosphate and Potash.”
. “Monumental Acid Phosphate.”

. “Monumental William Penn Crop Grower.”
. “Monumental Potato Manure.”

. Rasin’s I. xX. L. Fertilizer:

. “Special Formula for Corn and Buckwheat.”
. “Rasin Dissolved Bone.”

2. “Arundel Complete.”

CoM OND OR WwW DE

Eee
od

RAUH, E., & SONS CO., No. 419 S. Penn Street, Indianapolis, Ind.

1. “Dissolved Bone and Potash.”
2. “Soluble Bone.”’

3. “‘Acidulated Bone.”

4. “Tdeal Phosphate.”

READING CHEMICAL AND FERTILIZING CO., LIM., Reading, Pa.

. “Potato and Vegetable Brand.”
. ‘Neversink Brand.”

“A, A. Brand.”

“Mt. Penn Brand.”

. “Reading Star Brand.”

. “Bone Meal.”’

anak wpe

REESE, JACOB, No. 400 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
1. “Odorless Slag Phosphate.”

RICE, HAMPTON, Lumberville, Pa.

1. ““‘W. Kenderdine’s A. A. Phosphate.”
2. “W. Kenderdine’s A. B. Phosphate.”

3. ‘““W. Kenderdine’s Potato Phosphate.”
4. “No. 3 Phosphate.’”’

RIVERSIDE ACID PHOSPHATE, Warren, Pa.

. “Harvest Moon Phosphate.”
. “Richacre Phosphate.”’

. “Old Gold Phosphate.”

. “Phosphate and Potash.”’

mow hd

Na. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 870

RUSSELL AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CO., THE, Newark, N. J.

1. “Ten Per Cent. Phosphate.”
2. “Special Potato.”

3. “Harvest Queen.”

4. “Champion.”

SALE, GEORGE F., (Sandiford), Philadelphia, Pa.
1. “Geo. F. Sale’s Special Manure for all Crops.”

SCHAAL-SHELDON FERTILIZER CoO., Erie, Pa.

1. “Sheldon’s Empire.”

2. “Sheldon’s Farmers’ Favorite.”

3. “Schaal’s Standard.”

4. “Sheldon’s Grass, Grain and Potato.”’
5. “Sheldon’s Truckers’ Manure.”

6. ““Schaal’s Corn and Potato.”

7. “Sheldon’s Guano.”

8. “Pure Bone Meal.”’

9. “Dissolved Bone and Extra Potash.”
10. “‘Dissolved Bone and Potash.”

11. “Dissolved Bone.”

SCIENTIFIC FERTILIZER CO., THE, Pittsburg, Pa.

.. ‘Scientific Corn and Grain Fertilizer.”

. “Scientific Economy.”

. “Scientific Bone, Meat and Potash Fertilizer.”
. “Seientific Potato Fertilizer.”

“Scientific Dissolved Bone Fertilizer.”

. “Scientific Phosphate and Potash Fertilizer.”
. “Bone and Meat.”

. “Pure Raw Bone Meal.”

. “High Grade Acid Phosphate.”

e

SCOTT FERTILIZER CO., THE, Elkton, Pa.

. “Sure Growth Phosphate.”’

2. “Standard Phosphate.”

3. “Elk Head Super-Phosphate.”
4. “Corn and Oats Grower.”

5. “Tip Top Soluble Bone.”
6
7
8
9

eS

. “Seott’s Tobacco Grower.”’

. “Tip Top Soluble Bone and Potash.”

. “Scott’s Potato Grower.”

. “Potato, Truck and Tobacco Grower.”

SHENANDOAH FERTILIZER COMPANY, Shenandoah, Pa.

1. “Shenandoah Brand.”

2. “Standard Potash Brand.”

3. ‘“Ringtown Clover.”

4. “Gold Eagle.”

5. “N. & S. Complete Clover.”
6. “Special Wheat.”

7. “Chemical Bone Phosphate.”

876

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doe.

SHOEMAKER, M. L., & CO., Cor. Delaware Avenue and Venango Streets,

NO Np we

Be eee
m0 DE OS © CO

He
an

Philadelphia, Pa.

“Swift Sure Phosphate for General Use.”

. “Swift Sure Phosphate for Potatoes.”
. “Swift Sure Phosphate for Tobacco.”
. “Swift Sure Special 10 Per Cent. Potato Fertilizer No. 1.”
“Swift Sure Special 10 Per Cent. Potato Fertilizer No. 2.
“Swift Sure Guano for Tomatoes, Truck and Corn.”

. “Swift Sure Guano for Fall Trade.”

. “Swift Sure New Jersey Special for Oats.”
. “Swift Sure New Jersey Special for Wheat and Clover.”
. “Swift Sure Bone Meal.”

. “Swift Sure Dissolved Bone.”

. “Good Enough Phosphate.”

. “Echo Phosphate.”

. “Twenty-three Dollar Phosphate.”
. “Dissolved S. C. Rock.”

. “Pure Raw Bone Meal.”

SICKLER, CHAS. A., & BRO., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

NOT mw Pe

. “Special Potato and Vegetable Manure.”

“Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer.”
“Empire Phosphate.”

. “King Phosphate.”

“Monarch Phosphate.”
“Pure Ground Bone.”

. “Graves Potato Manure.”

SIMON, F. A., Maud P. O., Pa.

iE
2.
3.

“Truck and Corn.”
“Potato Grade.”
“General Use.”

SLAGLE, E. A., Paxinos, Pa.

il.
2.
3.
4

“Xtra Bone Phosphate.”
“Plant Food.”

“Crop Grower.”
“Dissolved Bone.”’

SMYSER, H. H., York, Pa.

J
2
3.
4

“Chicago Soluble Bone.”
“Chicago Crop Grower.”
“Chicago Bone and Tankage.”
“Chicago Bone and Potash.”

SONDER, PETER, & CO., Morwood, Pa.

if

“Sonder’s Fertilizer.”

SOUTHERN FERTILIZER COMPANY, York, Pa.

iL.

“Ox Brand Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.”

Ne. 6.

2
3
4
5.
6
tf
8
9

10.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUI

2. “Ox Braad Special Potato Grower.”
. “Ox Brand General Crop Grower.”
. “Ox Brand Farmers’ Choice Brand.”

“Ox Brand Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”’

. “Ox Brand Soluble Bone and Potash.”
. “Ox Brand Queen of the Harvest.”

. “Ox Brand Pure Ground Bone.”

. “Royal Wheat and Grass Grower.”

“Gardeners’ and ‘ruckers’ Delight.’

STERNER, E. H., Codorus, Pa.

ale

“Sterner’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

STICK, H. S., Glenville, Pa.

iG
2.
3.

“Stick’s York County Phosphate.”
“Stick’s Peruvian Phosphate.”
“Stick’s Dissolved S. C. Phosphate.”

STONER, E. B., Hellam, Pa.

ue

STRAINING, JOHN E., No. 1752 N. Cameron Street, Harrisburg, Pa.

“Stoner’s Wheat and Grass Fertilizer.”

JTURE.

SWIFT & COMPANY, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, 1).

i
2
3
4
5.
6
7
8
9

“Swift’s Super-Phosphate.”’

. “Swift’s Garden City Phosphate.”
. “Swift’s Complete Fertilizer.”
. “Swift’s Ammoniated Bone and Pucasn.”

“Swift’s Bone and Potash.”

. “Swift’s Raw Bone Meal.”

. “Swift’s Bone Meal.”

. “Swift’s Diamond (S) Phosphate.”

. “Swift’s Potato and Tobacco Grower.”
. “Swift’s Onion and Potato Special.”

. “Swift’s Pure Steamed Bone.”

. “Swift’s Raw Ground Bone.”

. “Swift’s Special Bone Meal.”

. “Swift’s Champion Wheat Grower.”

TAYLOR PROVISION COMPANY, THE, Trenton, N. J.

Ue
2.
3.

“Special Potato.”
“Corn and Truck.”
“Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.”

TEMPIN, J. M., Honeybrook, Pa.

ore whe

“No. 5. High Grade Acid Phosphate.”
“No. 3. Farmers’ Complete Fertilizer.”
“No. 16. Cereal Fertilizer.”

“No. 4. Atlas Brand.”

“No. 8. High Grade Potash Manure.”

878 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

THOMAS, HAINES & CO., Malvern, Pa.

1. “New Century Crop Grower.”

THOMAS, JAMES, Williamsport, Pa.

1. “Thomas’ High Grade Bone Stuper-Phosphate.”

2. “Thomas’ Klondyke Brand.”

. “Thomas’ Dissolved Soluble Bone and Potash Phosphate.”’
“Thomas’ High Grade Potato and Tobacco Manure.”
“Thomas’ Special Compound.”’

. “Thomas’ Standard Bone Phosphate.”

. “Thomas’ Pure Dissolved Soluble Bone Phosphate.”

“1m Ole

Off.

THOMAS, I. P., & SONS CO., No. 2 S. Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

1. “S. C. Phosphate.”

2. “Farmers’ Choice Bone Phosphate.”’
3. ‘Normal Bone Phosphate.”’

4. “Improved Super-Phosphate.”

5. “Special Corn Fertilizer.”

6. “Alkaline Bone.”

7. “Special Alkaline Bone.”

8. “Dissolved Phosphate.”’

9. “Tip Top Raw Bone Super-Phosphate.”
10. ““Pure Ground Animal] Bone.”’
11. “Potato Fertilizer.”
12. “Champion Bone Phosphate.”

13. “Raw and Acidulated Bone.”

14. “Superior Super-Phosphate.”’

TOMLINSON, WATSON, JR., (Torresdale), Philadelphia, Pa.

1. “Tomlinson’s Potato Fertilizer and Crop Feeder.”

TRENTON BONE FERTILIZER CO., Trenton, N. J.

1. “Trenton Super-Phosphate.”’

2. “Trenton Corn Mixture.”

3. “Trenton $32.00 Potato Manure.”
4. “Trenton Potato Manure.”

TRINLEY, JACOB, Linfield, Pa.

. “Pure Raw Bone Meal.”

. “Pure Raw Bone Super-Phosphate.”
“Grain and Grass Grower.”

. “Ravene Bone Phosphate.”

. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”

oe ww bo

TUSCARORA FERTILIZER COMPANY, THE, Port Royal, Pa.

“Ammoniated Phosphate.”
“Pennsylvania Standard.”
. Big (4) Four.”

“Animal Bone.”
. “Bone and Potash.”

aoron

Doe.

am a

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. -

6. “Tuscarora Bone.”
7. “Acid Phosphate.”
ow > e
‘TUSTIN, I. J. Phoenixville, Pa.
a. 4. “Pickering Valley Special for Potatoes.”
“Pickering Valley Special.”
“Pickering Valley High Grade.”

TYGERT, THE, J, E. COMPANY, No. 42 S. Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.
¢2

a . “Bone Phosphate.”

. “Ground Bone.”

. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”

. “Potate Guano.”

. “Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”

. “Popular Phosphate.”

. “Golden Harvest Phosphate.”

ULMER, JACOB, PACKING COMPANY, Pottsville, Pa.

1. “Ulmer’s Blood, Meat and Bone Super-Phosphate.”’

-* UNIONTOWN FERTILIZER WORKS, Uniontown, Pa.

1. ‘‘Fell’s Pure Ground Bone.”
2. “Fell’s Gold Premium Bone Phosphate.”
3. “Fell’s High Grade Acid Phosphate.”

WAHL, EMIL, MANF’G CO., Nos. 3970-3986 Pulaski Avenue (Nicetown),
: Philadelphia, Pa.

1. “Emi! Wahl’s Warrdnted Pure Philadelphia Button Bone Dust.”

WALKER, STRATMAN & COMPANY, Pittsburg, Pa.

Hour. Hold:

. “Grain King.”

“Big Bonanza.”

. “Potato Special.”

“Meat, Blood and Bone with Potash.”
“Help Mate.”

. “Phosphoric Acid and Potash.”
“Bone and Meat.”

. “Pure Raw Bone Meal.”

. “Acid Phosphate.”

CAARMMA ww

ray
c—]

; WALKER, J. C., & SON, Gap, Pa.

1. “Pride of Pequa.”’
2. “Pride of Pequa, High Grade.”

WiAlE) Hn ik.) 6c CO. supplee by O., Penna,

1. ‘Farmers’ Union,” 7 a r 7

88uU ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

WAMBAUGH, LEVI, Parke P. O., Pa.

1. ‘“Wam:baugh’s Mixture, Gathered from Slaughter Shops.”

‘WHANN, W. E., William Penn P. O., Pa.

1. “Chester Valley Special Potato and Truck Fertilizer.”
2. “Chester Valley Raw Bone Super-Phosphate.”’

3. “Chester Valley Fish and Potash Fertilizer.”

4. “Chester Valley Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”’

5. “Chester Valley No. 2 Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”

6. “Chester Valley Special Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”

7. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”’’

8. “Chester Valley Available Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”’
9. “South Carolina Phosphate.”

0. “Pure Ground Raw Bone.”

11. “Celery Mixture.”

Off.

Doce.

WHANN, JOHN, & SON, No. 28 S. Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

“Our Brand Raw Bone Phosphate.”

“A, A. Acid Phosphate.”

“J. W. & S. Special Mixture.”’

“Wheat and Grass Mixture.”’

“Pure Ground Bone.”

“Reliable Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”

Po me wo he

WINDLE, DOAN & CO., Coatesville, Pa.

. “Ground Bone.”
. “Cook’s Bone Phosphate.”’
. “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”’

wonw ee

WOOLDRIDGE, THE R. A., COMPANY, No. 328. Gay Street, Baltimore,

“Florida Acid Phosphate.”
“German Potash Mixture.”
“Liberty Bell Potash Mixture.”
“Old Sledge Phosphate.”’
“Champion Giant Phosphate.
“Chieftain Bone Stock Phosphate.”
“Triumph Pure Bone Phosphate.”
“Special Potato Fertilizer.”
“Tuckahoe Bone Meal.”

“Buffalo Bone Stock Phosphate.’’
“Pure Raw Bone.”

”

Nev Pepe

2)

eS
es Oo ©

YORK CHEMICAL COMPANY, York, Pa.

1. “‘Ammoniated Raw Bone Fertilizer.”
2. “Dissolved Phosphate.”’

3. “Black Cross Phosphate.”

. “Red Cross Phosphate.”

. “New York Fertilizer.”

ao >

Md.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 838i.

6. ‘‘Prosperity Ammoniated Bone and Potash Fertilizer.” ,
7. “Blue Cross Phosphate.’”’
8. “Potato and Tobacco.”

ZEIGLER, E. H., & CO., Stewartstown, Pa.

. “Bone Phosphate.”’

. “Potato Phosphate.”’

. “Zeigler’s Mixture.”’

. “Zeigler’s Crop Grower.”’

ne

ZOOK, HENRY, §., Elverson, Pa.

1. “No. 7. Pride of Chester Dissolved Animal Bone Phosphate for General
Use.

2. “No. 6. Pride of Chester Dissolved Animal Bone Phosphate.”

“No. 5. Pride of Chester Corn, Oats and Wheat Fertilizer.”

4. “Zook’s Clear Acid Phosphate.’’

oa

56—6—1901

APPENDIX.

( 884 )

OrFictAL DocuMENT, . No. 6

APPENDIX.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF JHE PENNSYL-
VANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ANNUAL REPORTS.

“Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 336 pages, 18
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 625 pages, 18
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 560 pages, 18
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 557 pages, 1880.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, TBE
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 645 pages, 18
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 645 pages, 1883.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 648 pages, 1884.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 645 pages, 1885.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, 1886.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 650 pages, 1887.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 648 pages, 188°.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 650 pages, 1889.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 594 pages, 1890.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 600 pages, 1891.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 604 pages, 1892.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 713 pages, 1893.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, 1894.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, 878 pages, 1895.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 820 pages, 1896,
Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 444 pages, 1896.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 897 pages, 1897.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 309 pages, 1897.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, 894 pages, 1898.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1082 pages, 1859.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 368 pages, 1899.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1010 pages. 1900.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 8348 pages, 1900.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, —pages, 1901.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, — pages, 1901,

*Note.—Hdition exhausted.

( 885 )

886

No.

1895.

No.
No.
No.

1896.

No.

1896.

No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

1896.

No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

1896.

No.
No.
vania,
No.

1896.

No.
No.
No.
No.

1897.

No.

1897,

No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

BULLETINS.

1.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 24 pages,

2.* List of Lecturers of Farmers’ Institutes, 36 pages, 1895.
3.* The Pure Food Question in Pennsylvania, 38 pages, 1895.
4.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages,

5.* Tabulated Analyses of Comimercial Fertilizers, 38 pages,

6.* Taxidermy; how to Collect Skins, etc., 128 pages, 1896.

7.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 68 pages, 1896.

8.* Report of State Horticultural Association, 168 pages, 1896.
9.* Report of Dairymen’s Association, 96 pages, 1896.

10.* Prepared Food for Invalids and Infants, 12 pages, 1896.
11.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages,

12.* Road Laws for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896.

13.* Report of Butter Colors, 8 pages, 1896.

14.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 92 pages, 1890.

15. Good Roads for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896.

16. Dairy Feeding as Practiced in Pennsylvania, 126 pages,

17.* Diseases and Enemies of Poultry, 128 pages, 1896.
18.* Digest of the General and Special Road Laws for Pennsyl-
130 pages, 1896.

19. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages,
20.* Preliminary Report of Secretary, 126 pages, 1896.

21. The Township High School, 24 pages, 1897.

22.* Cider Vinegar of Pennsylvania, 28 pages, 1897.

23.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 31 pages,

24.* Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 19 pages,

25.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1897.
26. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 74 pages, 1897.
27. The Cultivation of American Ginseng, 23 pages, 1897.
28. The Fungous Foes of the Farmer, 19 pages, 1897.

29. Investigations in the Bark of the Tree, 17 pages, 1897.

*Note.—Edition exhausted.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 8d.

No. 30. Sex in Plants, 17 pages, 1897.

No. 31. The Economic Side of the Mole, 42 pages, 1898.

No. 32.* Pure Food and Dairy Laws, 30 pages, 1898. .

No. 38." Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 42 pages,
L898.

No, 54.* Preliminary Report of the Secretary, 150 pages, 1898.

No. 35. Veterinary Medicines, 23 pages, 1898.

No. 36.* Constitutions and By-Laws, 72 pages, 1898.

No. 57.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercia) Fertilizers, 40 pages,
1898.

No. 38.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1898.

No. 39.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1898.
~No. 40. Questions and Answers, 206 pages, 1898.

No. 41.* Preliminary Reports of the Department, 189 pages, 1899.

No. 42.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1899.

No. 43. The San José Scale and other Scale Insects, 22 pages,
1899.

No. 44. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 62 pages,
1899.

No. 45. Some Harmful Household Insects, 13 pages, 1899.

No. 46. Some Insects Injurious to Wheat, 24 pages, 1899.

No. 47. Some Insects Attacking Fruit, etc., 19 pages, 1899.

No. 48. Common Cabbage Insects, 14 pages, 1899.

No. 49. Method of Protecting Crops, etc., 20 pages, 1899.

No.50. Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 33 pages,
1899,

No. 51. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 69 pages,
1899,

No. 52.* Proceedings Spring Meeting of Board of Agriculture, 296
pages, 1899.

No. 53. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 1899-1900, 94 pages,
1899.

No. 54. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 165 pages,
1899,

No. 55. The Composition and Use of Fertilizers, 126 pages, 1899.

No. 56. Nursery Fumigation and the Construction and Manage-
ment of the Fumigating House, 24 pages, 1899,

No. 57. The Application of Acetylene Illumination to Country
Homes, 85 pages, 1899. ;

No. 58. The Chemical Study of the Apple and Its Products, 44
pages, 1899.

No. 59. Fungous Foes of Vegetable Fruits, 39 pages, 1899.

No. 60.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1899.

No. 61. The Use of Lime on Pennsylvania Soils, 170 pages, 1900.

*Note.—Edition exhausted.

888 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

No. 62. .A Summer’s Work Abroad in School Grounds, Home
Grounds, Play Grounds, Parks and Forests, 34 pages, 1900.

No. 63. A Course in Nature Study for Use in the Public Schools,
119 pages, 1900.

No. 64. Nature Study Reference Library for Use in the Public
Schools, 22 pages, 1900.

No. 65. Farmers’ Library List, 29 pages, 1900.

No. 66. Pennsylvania Road Statistics, 98 pages, 1900.

No. 67. Methods of Steer Feeding, 14 pages, 1900.

No. 68. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 90 pages, 1900.

No. 69. Road Making Materials of Pennsylvania, 104 pages, 1900.

No. 70. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 97 pages,
1900. :

No. 71. Consolidation of Country Schools and the Transportation
of the Scholars by Use of Vans, 89 pages, 1900.

No. 72. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 170 pages,
1900.

No. 73. Synopsis of the Tax Laws of Pennsylvania, 132 pages,
1901.

No. 74. The Repression of Tuberculosis of Cattle by Sanitation,
24 pages, 1901.

No. 75. Tuberculosis of Cattle, and the Pennsylvania Plan for its
Repression, 262 pages, 1901.

No. 76. A Co-operative Investigation into the Agricultural Seed
Supply of Pennsylvania, 50 pages, 1901.

No. 77. Bee Culture, 101 pages, 1901.

No. 78. List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10 pages,
1901.

No. 79. Rabies, 28 pages, 1901.

No. 80. Decisions of the Department of Agriculture on the Pure
Food Act of 1895, 20 pages, 1901.

No. $1. Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs in Pennsylva-
nia, 186 pages, 1901.

No. 82. Containing the Law Creating a Department of Agriculture
in Pennsylvania, and Giving the Various Acts of Assembly Com-
mitted to the Department for Enforcement; Together with De-
cisions and Standards Adopted with Reference to the Pure Food
Act of 1895. 90 pages, 1901.

No. 83. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 132 pages,
1901. .

No. 84. Methods of Steer Feeding, the Second Year of Co-opera-
tive Experiment by the Pennsylvania State Department of Agri-
culture and the Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experimen:
Station, 16 pages, 1901.

No. 85. Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania, 102 pages, 1901.

_DEPA RTMENT Or AGRICULTURE. aa

a a pages, 1901.
0. 87. Giving Average Composition of Feeding Stuffs, 42 pages, —

; Xo. 88. List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1901.
No. 89. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 195 pages.
ct M.

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AL REPORT OF THE

ANNU

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Average Cost per Acre of Raising Wheat and Corn in the United |
States—1893.*

(U. S. Department of Agriculture.)

Wheat.

BERGE TE Cas CPIM) UTD Chis ec scte teas nkotss cher stetere caters y= vareie ta are/ataye ayatcton Sato reese ei erates w si Seiogeret ae racee ss ete $2 81
MVRANTUTe iO LENEMIZOLS§. | gee rercsis ce 2 si ccclel ore Owchaveren icles lee ata Uns che Sache aistore Seayersrays 2 16
Zaz oh obaken ey Ro) bhels We Rand Anan ada ccermnarconBe SeoonealDoneebonh ucAanoeoneOnoaDcoCeSe 1 8&7 2
seatelbs "Gehnbagcaneccdra: DAPSHRE eC SoaE EON OObOe CEOS soGoU soTbrs sonocGaapScuD ipbidoo Loess Clty Besseasosccc
Sastevey ye Bel ohn berme alee noouaai6 og dapOso eno Conon BOSeooUesabac eHaDsOLMbcConGanbodac A 3/
(CHINE abs ea Rood cnnqoneteodenad dnp Oouan ten ododa Ono re gncaccsadecunaemobnsose. Setodoonoddacs
PEN UIEVIES CRITE stern eles ocrote ime ieteysiu ere nets aye escie =e shecie oenreies crore Sie sete aVe ay Tasers ein atest sles itneys 1 19 .
Threshing ........ 222-222 esse ee eee BddoavsnubdgsqecosAd sece Teo sogoeusagedbogs Wl 20" | siete ersiayete
IR UCTU GS haat ek OGM Seer aoe Sano ataErac oir tice origin AAP ICM EMG OHM eee rose CER OTe , al
Marketing, ....... Pearinedco Saar upiced Jt meanecccser Haus A asconmocce porte weede sane 76

ANOLE, Sheen andooasnaceotod dsc nase cna aeKon Heeb ohcneany aetdoresouauran, | $.1 69

*Data for wheat and corn consolidated from eens from nearly 30,003 leading farms scattered
threughovt the United States. > ae

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 897

CALCULATION OF THE COMPOSITION OF
MIXED FEEDS.

By Dr.-WM. FREAR, Chemist of the Penna. State Agr. Expt. Station.

The recent act regulating the manufacture of mixed and concen-
trated cattle foods in Pennsylvania requires, that to each package,
or lot of the foods, included under the provisions of the act, shall
be attached a brand and a guaranty of the percentage of protein
and fat the goods contain. Many inquiries have been received from
manufacturers and dealers for information enabling them to comply
with the guaranty requirement.

Where the quantities of the goods sold permit their manufacture
in large quantities, so that considerable values are involved, the
guaranty should be based upon an analysis of a carefully drawn,
representative sample of each lot manufactured; or upon calculations
from the quantities and composition of the ingredients* used; the
latter being either purchased upon guaranty or themselves sep-
arately analyzed.

The State has mide no provision for the analysis, at public cost,
of manufacturers samples.

A word of caution to those desiring to send samples of feed-stuffs
to a chemist for analysis: It is just as important in the determination
of the composition of a material as a basis for its sale under guar-
anty, that the sample shall be thoroughly representative, as that the
analysis shall be made accurately. Perfect mixing of feed-stuffs
is difficult, especially if fine, dense particles be mixed with coarse,
light materials, such as oat hulls, bran, ete. A handful of the mix-
ture taken at random from the top of a heap or bin is
not at all likely to represent the average composition of the entire
mass. To secure such a sample, portions must be drawn from differ-
ent parts of the heap or bin, especia.ly from the bottom and inter-
ior as well as from the top and exterior; the several portions so

*Note. In this circular the term ‘‘ingredient’’ refers to the individual feeding stuffs that are
used in making a mixture, oats, middlings, corn chop or rye bran, for example; the term
‘‘constituent’’ refers, on the other hand, to the several groups of chemical substances of which
plant materials, and each ingredient as such, are composed as protein, fat, fiber, ash, etc.

57—6—1901

898 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

drawn should, according to quantity taken, be placed upon a clean,
sinooth fioor, sheet or paper, thoroughly mixed and then quartered;
if the quantity in one of the quarters of the heap of combined sub-
samples is too much to submit for analysis, repeat with it the pro-
cess to which the larger quantity of material has been subjected;
and so on, until the quantity is reduced to a convenient amount for
mail or express. Of fine-ground materials, four to eight ounces is
usually sufficient; of coarser feeds, send double or treble this amount.

There are many cases, however, in which the quantity sold of any
particular mixture is so small that the expense of analysis seems
relatively high; and some other method of fixing upon’a safe guar-
anty is sought. The composition of the mixture can readily be com-
puted from the weights of the several ingredients and their re-
spective percentage compositions, where these facts are known.

The ingredients commonly employed may be regarded as belong-
ing to two quite distinct classes, the first, including whole grains or
their milling products prepared under the ordinary conditions of
milling by the mixer himself; the second, including proprietary mix-
tures or other materials bought from parties and concerning whose
composition often little is certainly known.

Jenkins and Winton gathered together some years ago, the re-
sults of American analysis of the first class of ingredients, and pre-
sented them in tabular form so as not only to_show their average
composition in the more important constituents, but also the ex-
treme variations in percentage of the several constituents that have
been found in America. - An abstract of that table is appended to
this circular. (See Table No. I).

No such exact knowledge is possessed concerning the second class
of ingredients, not only because they have been produced by others
than the mixer and are therefore subject to adulterations of which
he can have no knowledge, but also because the materials are often
mixtures that vary in their composition because of a change in the
manufacturing methods as a result of which they are produced; or
that are varied by the makers from time to time as their profit may
indicate. The local mixer is, in such case, compelled either to buy
them under guaranty of composition from responsible parties or to
have them analyzed. The results of analysis of a large number of
such of these feeds as find their way to the retail market are pre-
sented in Bulletin No. 81 of the Department, which can be had upon
application.

HOW TO USE THE TABLES OF ANALYSIS.

1. To determine upon a percentage for guaranty: All the raw or
unmanufactured feeding-stuffs are seen, by reference to the tables,
to vary considerably in composition; there is no certain indication

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURR. 899

afforded by external appearance or simple physical test of the ex-
tent nor even in many cases of the direction in which a particular
lot of any given material will depart in composition from the average
feed if its kind. When all external qualities indicate that the feed
is of good grade, the tendency, under conditions of strong competi-
tion, is to offer a guaranty high for goods of its class; but because
appearances are often deceptive, the wise rule is to guarantee the
presence of no larger quantity of the several valuable ingredients
that one may, with fair certainty, assume to be present. This rule
does not require that the guaranty shall be no higher than the low-
est ever found for the kind of material in question, because these ex-
treme figures usually attend some abnormality of growth or de-
velopment; the rule would indicate, however, that for the purposes
of guaranty, in the absence of the specific knowledge concerning the
composition of the lot of goods employed which their analysis would
afford, some figure between the average and the lowest should be
chosen. To illustrate, the percentages of protein and fat given in the
table for common, yellow dent corn are:

[‘rotein. at.
oe Se —_ 2 |.
DON CRUG” SCAB R SePRACADe Ne SEMBOnnes 5am TAL OOCHa DOA Waa OOD ANC Aa DOGTORE AD Ceaneine EDC | 7.6 | 3.1
DTH EA TEAS) th 0) SEA a Se REM STI AIE ANNE jit tenes eaeeecne nae ncecrecieectestsaercrcesececnase 11.8 7.5
PARA OM ara acy c ot ciciais ote eraisiclarcvelnitneis sinrelatemene aie a maereletemcrermeieieiementcinions mikie eis. coie Crome eer emisleverates <i] 10.3 | 5.0

A great many samples of corn that appear to be of at least aver-
age quality, contain less than 10 per cent. of protein and 5 per cent.
of fat. The percentage midway between the lowest and the average,
that is, 9 per cent. for protein and 4 per cent. for fat, are the high-
est that can safely be adopted for guaranty in the absence of di-
rect analysis of the goods in hand for use in any given mixture.

2. To calculate the composition, for purposes of guaranty, of a mix-
ture of feeding- stuffs, when the compositions and quantities of each in-
gredient of the mixture are known:

Rule. In the case of each constituent required to be included in the
guaranty, determine the number of pounds of it which each ingredi-
ent of the mixture supplies; this is done by multiplying the guar-
anty percentage of the constituent in each ingredient by the number
of hundredweight of the latter used in the mixture. Next, ascer-
tain the total amount of the constituent in the mixture by adding
the amounts of it supplied by the several ingredients used. Finally,
divide the sum thus obtained, by the number of hundredweights of
the entire mixture; the result of this division is the guaranty per:
centage of this particular constituent for the entire mixture.

56

9UU ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Ott. Doe.

or example, let the problem be to determine the percentages of
proteip and fat to be stated in the guaranty for a mixture of 5,000
pounds of corn, 4,000 pounds of oats and 1,000 pounds of spring
wheat bran. The guaranty percentage for the corn have been de-
termined, those for the oats and bran remain to be fixed. The per-
centages of protein and fat given in the table for these feeds are:

Oats. Spring Wheat Bran.
Protein at. Protein. Fat.
WAG CSU se roe ninteoistee ten ieeiwem aateree 8.9 3.4 14.3 3.6
ERNE RCS tire cixfouietsctatiee ie atest ies 14.4 5.8 18.1 | 5.0
ANKLE oM Mavelelaiasfetataiayetele/ccarsiavets) store 11.8 5.0 16.1 4.5

Pursuing the method adopted in the case of the corn, the follow:
ing guaranty percentages are obtained:

Protein. Fat.

fe)
ry
=
17)
rs
on

The calculation of the percentages of protein and fat in the mix:
ture is made as follows:

Feed. Protein, Fat.
; \ = \ >
Fa = 2 S 2
S Fa Ce) z 3
x bo 3 8 oo 3 9
i iS =3 £ an
S | = v3
5 =| Pome & oe
Kind. ~ : a § a a 5
n S os c “
s oe e 2a ry n
og = i ee © &
| oad a & eh f=] roam =| Se
ia ow o- ow Oo-
O oo o C fy
NITIES wiierais o:e'egio? sor: e ai Big sia ete euros ettare nalnoe 50.X | 9.0 450 4.0 200
EUR EE Ree Cos erk ints 3 gine cco unig aeae ae ET 40 10.3 412 4.2 168
ESEANN oe) ia:0'0.5\n\016.6'o p's 0.0, n wiaialore iemeieetemieoal 10 15.2 153 4.0 40
PLOCAL WELBIEG, <<cta.c canieeeccee 100 100)1, 014 100) 408
Percentages required, 10.14 4.08

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 901

3. To calculate the quantities in which to combine certain ingre-
dients of determined composition so as to make a mixture of a given
composition: In the first place, let the fixed point in the mixture be
its percentage of but one of those constituents required to be named
in the guaranty; protein may be taken, since it is the most expen-
sive component, that for which concentrated feeds are chiefly sought
and, at the same time, that which is most variable in percentage in
the various ingredients used for mixing.

The simplest problem of this sort, is to determine the proportions
in which to mix two known feeds to secure a mixture containing a
given protein percentage. The percentage in the mixture must, of
necessity, lie between those of the ingredients. Let the question
be in what proportions to mix corn meal and pure buckwheat mid-
dlings, pure, so as to obtain a mixture having 14 per cent. of protein.
The guaranty percentages of the two ingredients are: Corn meal, 8.1
per cent. protein, 2.9 per cent. fat; buckwheat middlings, 27 per
cent. protein, 6.4 per cent. fat. Since the term per cent. means sim-
ply parts per bushel, it foHows that 100 pounds of the two ingredi-
ents will contain, respectively, 8.1 and 27 pounds of protein, while
every hundredweight of the mixture should have 14 pounds. That
is, every hundredweight of corn meal will bring 5.9 pounds too little,
while the same weight of buckwheat middlings will contribute an
excess of 13 pounds. Obviously, only so much of the buckwheat
middlings should be mixed with one hundredweight of the corn meal
as will balance, by the protein it contributes in excess of the re-
quirement, the deficiency of the corn meal. Since 100 pounds of
middlings contains an excess of 13 pounds of protein, to supply an
excess of 5.9 pounds of protein will require but 5.9-18 of 100, or 45.4
pounds of the middlings. ‘The mixture should therefore contain 45.4
pounds of the middlings for every hundredweight of the meal used.
From the fat percentages given above and these proportions of the
ingredients, it can be calculated by the method stated for the second
class of problems, that the guaranty percentage of fat in this mix-
ture would be 3.92.

A very similar problem is that in which it is desired to ascertain
in what proportions to use a highly nitrogenous material to balance
up a mixture of less rich feeds whose quantities are already deter-
mined. Suppose, for example, that a mixer, having a corn and oats
chop composed of 5,000 pounds of corn and 4,000 pounds of oats, de-
sires to determine how much spring wheat bran must be added to
produce a mixture having 11 per cent of protein. The calculation of
problem two has shown that the 90 ewt. of mixed chop contains 862
pounds or 9.58 per cent. of protein and 3868 pounds or 4.09 per cent.
of fat. That is, the corn and oats alone form a mixture having 11
minus $58, or 1.42 pounds too little protein for every hundredweight

902 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

of the chop or 127.8 pounds too little in the entire 90 cwt. The ex-
cess protein in the bran, having a guaranty percentage of 15.2 per
cent. is 4.2 pounds per cwt. To supply 127.8 pounds of such excess
would therefore require 127. 8+4.2, or 30.48 cwt. of the bran. The
guaranty percentage of fat in the bran being 4 per cent. the bran
would supply 121.7 pounds of fat; this added to the 368 pounds of
the chop, wonld make 489.7 pounds in the mixture; since the latter
has a weight of 9,000 plus 3,043 pounds, or 12,043 pounds, the per-
centage of the fat in the mixture must be 4.07 per cent.

4. The mixer has, however, more complex problems. It is often
needful to determine not only how much but what kind of a bal-
ancing material to use in a brand of feeding-stuff whose main mate-
rials are already fixed, though it may be that the main ingredients
may be varied in proportion according to the circumstances of sup-
ply and cost, which also affect the selection of the balancing mate-
rial. Sometimes, too, it is desired to prepare a mixture which shall
have not only a fixed percentage of portein, but of fat as well. In
both sets or problems, the unknown quantities are too numerous
to allow the.formulation of any simple rule of calculation. The
mixer must try, one after another, such a succession of proportions
and ingredients as he may regard likely to meet his need, until he
shall succeed in finding a combination nearly such as he desires.
In each trial, however, he will find the methods already given, use-
ful for his purpose.

TABLE NO. I.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

COMPOSITION OF FEEDING STUFFS.

03

Giving the Maximum, Minimum and Average for Each Ingredient.

From Farm Bulletin No. 22 of the Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D.C.

The figures given do not represent the results of single analyses,
but are the highest and lowest results which have been found in the

case of each ingredient.

which each ingredient has been found to vary.

Composition of Feeding Stuffs.

Protein

Nitrogen-free extract.

GREEN FODDER.
Corn fodder:*
Flint varieties—

SUT Trad PRUE TIA Mes elses elelelelsleselsinintase(='s(eleisis/al=
I Wetbabreinerls | sGOCaOOdSUsStOOD odOUns OdnbS
PAST OT ES Cot fate etBicrefeisis\sioteisia’slatslsielaierejersiafe st

Flint varieties cut after kernels
glazed—
Minimum,

HUE ERA NYRUT IID Cy estaialstat alain’ sie\eieleiele)s/siviriai.>
STA So aeatiatasyetnicieininic aie temciates! ei see

Dent varieties—

TTI NAINA et ee cteieicies tisie's alsiewts wie isiaie 6
Wikbsbebhel, GoGdsdqqooguodTaecosUuGnoG
PAC EAE Oo Ma releisiula(ainisielate siete lois ibicisia:cieielcla/ai6

Dent varieties cut after kernels
glazed—

MAMIMNUM | eecswusccotsaacccecsensseas

Maximum,

VOTER PE) i vacca (news ce aa tnans aura xe

-|rer ct. Per ct.

Per ct.
2.1

11.6
27.0
16.5

They are given to show the limits within

Number of analyses.

*Corn fodder is the entire plant, usually a thickly planted crop. Corn stover Is what is left

after the ears are harvested.

904 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE On Dac

Coniposition of Feeding Stuffs —Continued.

ees) .
i n
E | E
a A
a
2 | :
% 3
4 -
5 3 Fi te FS
Soe (ia a ca are fe Nt g
e < A fe Z Fy Zz
| ] |
GREEN FODDER—Continued. | |
Sweet varieties— Per ct.| Per ct.| Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct. |
Minimum, eae eisheleeieastomien afslelsatestes anood 69.3 0.8 0.9 1.9 3.2 Ce Ea es se
Madman’) (oesscie ele apsve ts e:eciiaioin nse a sseeiste 92.9 2.6 2.7 8.5 | 19.4 MANE eee ace =
[Avverace ween. cocthan cect ei Cerone 79.1 it} 1.9 4.4] 12.8 0.5 21
All varieties— | |
Wibbeiieelbeelys | GoqnnRe HoeoooEOGObuRS cones akon 51.5 | 0.6 C.5 | 9 3.0 (ep I eee oe
Moarlmum,. cise seiacesoete scenes Peake 93:6, 2.6)" “4:0|° 1.4) 36.3 | Teneo
PASVICT AU ON ics pieiciere cisig sere icteratateicelseiersiiare 9.3 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 5.0 12.2 0.5 12t
Leaves and husks, cut green— |
IVMETTTINAUNTT heres sieve stoieinislofere teins) s¥arare estes Ore cao 57.9 ral 1.8 6.6 16.7 LOM Seencte
VE UU TIU TTI ates <seteterclere alctovele atasaiclovaverc le latartasiats 71.3 4.4 2.4 12.5 22.2 p Re is See :
YAGI) et he nn OGCE OOo ROCORACOHCOGAAneEOE > 66.2 2 21 8.7 19.0 ibe | 4
Stripped stalks, cut green—
IG hovboe bbe? Leeson AM orCaGGURGOnE Soe Sper onecac 74.5 6 0.4 6.7 14.2 OLAV apices
IEA TINU TDS Se eictle esejeresieteteeteaiclaresate'sicinicieierne 77.4 C.8 0.6 8.8 16.0 O26) | cc cmaen
PAVOTA RC! Sletstejelsis.slereressisre cretajas sietaiciave teisiateste Geil: 0.7 0.5 7.3 14.9 0.5 4
Rye fodder:
IVI ral TAU TIN Soe voles to ote leso Mlecmctets siereie icin sreitetss 74.4 ies 2.3 4.7 4.9 ONS areicteratcres
PVARAINUTN: —eosscacectarese cicvsrarsistoratere si oleiare arcieionaramiste se 84.3 2.4 3.0 14.9 12.4 Olid) Vectors
IMIGMEEDs ponadocnnoassootdannaabuacoguanENECUE 76.6. 1.8 2.6 11.6 6,8 | 0.6 7
Oat fodder:
iGbhoyiertibealy Maange pcococooecodedbasetecarosrn ss 31.3 1.5 1.5 teal 10.8 OAT caeenetts
MARINI Sess seas see aeae tne tees eat ete 78.6 4.2 6.1 16.8 39.8 SiO aecenciee
FACULTIES © ae ciarcterstcle is (eter tee ieitietelolatetersiaei tet ttvelateasirie 62.2 2.5 3.4 2 19.3 1.4 6
Redtop,* in bloom:
i Det beg (hse Panere: ORCCGcTEENe eee Ger bb csacccnedns 51.5 a. 2.0 8.0 THlsy/ Oey Wsaeesas 4
TVAKAIINVAIR siete claetcee ols ceeat is tack eitas eee 76.2 229 4.3 15.7 21.9 1:2) Voccetees
IST OPAL OMES lars cordeaicteliiare ones e eee sie perce eee ete 65.3 PS! 2.8 11.0 17-7 0.9 3)
Tall oat grass, ~ in bloom:
VEYA YANUATIN yal tsvere recta laciatersiatesa(e rere at eiatelefars clarcrertreats 62.3 1.6 Ti 9.2 d32 O06) oe
VE ERA TIA AT INN ao a fejs tej otelaressisjarcte s sfo erarars oereyoe eee sere Bare 73.5 3.0 3.3 tier! 20.7 1:5 macros
PA OT OS sore lnrey ore apoloia tes aie/afe ase Se laPeterare tate ie a arslovrs states 69.5 2.0 2.4 9.4 15.8 0.9 3
Orchard grass, in bloom:
TAS TAINAT TV — «:cfojatassisfore re eyeis tose ele letsys oi <icrateietersjetn\<ialaceie 66.9 1.6 1.9 5.8 9.9 OST) ccs ee
WWE TINE Taieseie. cievovcleveien sicieiicnsiaretaticiei= eatin merase ilies 2.9 1 ales 16.6 2.3) Miescoee
IASVOTA EE. Aion acleen sicicieic clewiee ae siteee sakmckiarnes 73.0 0 2.6 8.2 13.3 0.9 4
Meadow fescue, in bloom:
obit beeps) @ SBaraanariccncotnqpnaansr Saascoharrr 67.6 1.6 1.8 10.2 12.5 0.7
IWgsirni vinnie Se civiclsisles coc chee sidareenisc enacted Wace 2.0 27 ANS a yey LoL
PE CTS OFF cos, clocaleele earn sian claro atlas etme ma 69.9 18 2.4 10.8 14.3 0.8
Italian rye grass, coming into bloom:
MEI MII gictectece ede lnickarlee ee aiciocn erty 69.6 an 2.6 5.5 11.5 Atlee
TULA SANT IDYID Wares cher ohe, otsle. <ieleha here lejetevelve pena ice eeeta et: 76.6 2.8 o28 7.5 15.4 | TGF. ceemieer
INVET ARGH ater ccemeter ete keene tree 73.2 2.5 3.1 GASH SEES | a aks 4
Timothy,t at different stages: |
Minimum. sonst aio ers Se acea coe a7.0|. dea) teas Ba] 10. ores ie
Maximum) sence eer ee ee eee (stl) GP) 3.8, 19.4 28.6 | 201 eee
AWOCTARES \ Greceis cache nacn ee aus takes Pee feb 61.6 Aa | bal 11.8 20.2 5 tar 66
Kentucky blue grass, & at different stages: |
DEPAUW, |. c's zeroes ean c'o arupinleleveinterste ete cisieraiootare sta 51.7 1.6 2.4 3.8 6.5 O:8) inuweeecs
Maximum, ~~ s2s2.c2.0ces Wehner 92.6] 4.8| 7.2| 18.4| 25.6) 1.9 |odcens
AV ETABRE!, | ohccce Sen cee eee e.t| 28) kL} “siieans 1.3 18
*Herd’s grass of Pennsylvania.
+Meadouw oat grass.
tHerd’s grass of New England and New York.
§June grass. :
{

———

Ne 6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 9U5

Composition of Feeding Stuffs.—Continued.

! | i
| 3 | |
j; 3 | -
| Pa
se 2
6
a i
Ke} ~
: 3 :
: ©
ae ree ee | ee
a | 4 2 | 2 5 ‘ :
=e < iy fy Z cy Z
‘
GREEN FODDER—Continued. | | | |
Hungarian grass: Per ct. Per ct.|Per ct.| Per cel Per ct.| Per ct.|
Minimum, ....... BE FeRE a. Co ha vi SoasalrAt 2:7 | 1-9. Bis: ree” it > Moco
WON eUER Ueto aici cic enwies cocerdacess 78.3 oe 342) 10.8 | 20:1: |\ => Dt ones
PAVEYARC, ostcicssre eitaieron Micisisicra te ico ose ceveetien yall U7 Sad 9.2} 14.2 0.7 14
Red clover, at different stages:
RMA NTA SE Re ease ters asnpeseeeseccin ct sna: ) 47.1 0.9] 1.7 1.8 3.5 a eae:
AVEQUSUTIAUIIN | Ape. s)sjatere wie s\aicis isis ais i6is sis:a\c.d\alela.ciejsieleis.ee iP oes 4.0) Te 14.7 25.8 pA fi leer ° J
PFANVCTARC. cusccce phodsosbegodeds obueSsongecenocs 70.8 2.1 4.4 8.1 13.5 5 lal 43
Alsike clover,* in bloom:
Minimum, 72.3 1:9 3.6 5.3 10.8 O.6" laecsactce
Maximum, T7.3 2.1 4.2 9.4 11.5 sD Pe
Average, 74.8 2.0 3.9 7.4 11.0 0.9 4
Crimson clover:
EUS TPN UARTVIYIA y aretgiereeicte soles slats <)u stale ls cieisiaievsreleletetere crare 78.4 1.4 2.7 3.5 7.0 OL Gl te
VEGA TIAN YA a Patotavors sitiersia sis\ateisieicicvase ete cietm sia wieieioysiacern 84.6 2.0 3.5 6.3 9.7 OB: (Vance
JOR ESS: bb oudeodba npac sao GannconnADApaasococ | 80.9 Led 3.1 5.2 8.4 0.7 3
Alfalfa,f at different stages:
WiobmiMey “Gonadenonedotococsoneonecosnodocdr 49.3 1.8 3.5 2.5 10.8 0:6; hacen are
UVR TINUITID,, wcereyeisictncieinta a occeicleie eiereleleteisieie’aratate ners 82.0 5.1 | Tat 14.8 11.5 122 i Vaaciteeas
POT MEO nals afew etela's cietnieic ciciereteleicieb eleciemioleeinie coer 71.8 2.7 4.8 7.4 12.3 1.0 23
Serradella, at different stages: :
TD Tab bee hho heen pec AR ep ep MECOOrOOOUADAOSCNEROOOUH 65.6 1.8 2.1 2.0 3.9 OFAl hs: oe eats
DUIGUKATIVINENI 3) iy o-e'e sigvis win’ Gieinle sole alalsihislatainintesalciclsiees 84.6 5.8 3.6 7.8 AT sh gS i a a
AVET ARE. cateisieisisa. Suneisisteiseniaviies Siecle eter 79.5 3.2 2 5.4 8.6 0.7 9
Cowpea:
Minimum, 72.8 1.2 1.5 es? 1.8 1 Te J PEER
Maximum, 93.1 2.7 3.5 15.3 12.9 A Po
Average, 83.6 ilar 2.4 4.8 Ted 0.4 10
Soja bean:
Minimum, 63.3 1.8 Zee 4.8 5.8 Di 5 bs estate
Maximum, 81.5 6.1 5.9 9.7 16.0 AG yaeerS
Average, 75.1 2.6 4.0 6.7 10.6 1.0 27
Horse bean:
Average, 84.2 1.2 2.8 4.9 6.5 0.4 2
Flat pea (Lathyrus sylvestris):
PAROS Hi se Maa taletee’aluiejetcie(alsieinisleiricielelatsieisis(eisisic/ecisisi sels 66.7 2.9 8.7 {tet} 12.2 1.6 2
Rape:
PASVETA Oo Naieie/sicisie\elieieie Byofetars(sicleversintsvalsceyecsisiciove ste (ers 84.5 2.0 2.3 2.6 8.4 0.5 2
SILAGE.
Corn silage: :
Minimum, 62.4 0.3 0.7 8.0 0.2.4 Sma en
Maximum, 87.7 3.3 3.6 10.5 24.2 90" liseweeee
Average, 79.1 1.4 17 6.0 11 0.8 $9
Sorghum silage:
wWopebebel, " “asoqcnqdeGooqpbooSoone SOOM Ore 71.9 0.8 0.6 5.9 13.8 OS A bea
LEUNG INULIN aieraheieist sta /cclaraieseieinlee\elatsieveloiselsreisicvalb winiels 78.0 12 0.9 6.8 19.0) GB iw
PAV OPO ieee eisinis osicivieleiwcinialele aia a's.e)e nislwlela siclsiaitia wh 76.1 1.1] 0.8 6.4 15.8 0.3 6
Red clover silage: |
inbsbribens Gaeqocco pene SCOnDOE CDC SBD COEROSOL 61.4 1.9 3.0 6.1 8.1 Th ere
WEB ATEN. Copp Dog OUD ESC OU DO DOCG GND EC oS Boon 78.6 8.6 5.9 13.9 14.3 1:6) |Eecemn
INSEE Bes mo OL IOC SOOO NAO Te 72.0 | 2.6 | 4.2 8.4 1.6 1.2 |.....00.
Soja bean silage: | | }
IA VOLE Se: Sohaceccicm vast ceases metereucs hiss 74.2| 2.8 7 Ee 6.9 2.2 | 1

*Swedish clover.
+Lucern

906 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Composition of Feeding Stuffs —Continued.

| tes
' uw ao
i § H
| § 2
Sg
: ® by
3 ("S30 hee | s 2
2 |e ae 7B bee |e eea
s < | a Ee | Z | fey Zz
|
GREEN FODDER—Continued. |
Cowpea vine silage: Per ct. |Per ct.|Per eplees ct.| Per ct. |Per ct.
INVeraEes «cdot: seks ienskae eecsenacanetes 79.3| 2.9 2.7| 6.0] 7.6 1.5 2
Field pea vine silage:
BAIVOT EEE, ares ajcieisicieisisie/e clas aloieleteaisialelie sichoejslorerele 50.1 | 3.5 5.9} 13.0) 26.0} 1.6 1
Silage of mixture of cowpea vines and |
Soja bean VineS, AVEFAGE, 22.0. .00.ccecace ces 69.8 4.5 3.8 9.5 rb leat 1.3 1
HAY AND DRY COARSE FODDER. |
Corn fodder,* field cured: |
VET TD UIV UTI 5 oyeerelstorsiaicialsis Nators sieiwiele mieteioetecoeieisemclne 22.9 1.5 | 2.7 7.5 20.6 ONG. | sincere
IVER TYIUL INT eae cee cfavere cis cisssterarete eievevolatsiotee mos elnare rete 60.2 5.5 | 6.9 24.7 47.8 2:5 eeacemer
IAN OTR OVW cls 507-26 Sars sen as aoemen mises nae aerns 42.2 a7) eae 14.3 34.7 1.6 | 35
Corn leaves, field cured:
VED TULYYVUIITA re He otcseleloretaseloiete erere’o/olore eleieleleveisiotereieteleiererets, 14.8 4.3 4.5 17.4 27.3 0.8 BG050
VE A SCHTTITINID sae wrecare lose iatsjeicistereielelerertisisteletare’ereiste ctsiestele 44.0 7.4 8.3 27.4 41.4 (rr) \Ga5p080r
PAVGRAL EE) Leretopeisie sists eislstereis evsleisveisior hele: sistersisvaistavavere 30.0 5.5 6.0 21.4 35.7 1.4 17
Corn husks, field cured:
i Gbobbeahbhacla® SRA ACEO CR SCUCOOHOOnOBAGTA DRE caCODae 26.7 0.6 1.3 6.8 14.3 Os Sivrecietteeree
IVES secl TAT WEIN! rssnoseveioce eiahsieteseloleresaters(e: sisters evelaleisieieiciaiste 76.6 2.3 3.2 23.6 43.6 BAUM iaccuoéco
PASVIOTALE ES oie, ace,a\cie,cle sieis:eleleie:cleteiaielejsieietelate’slsreleraie eles 50.9 1.8 2.5 15.8 28.3 0.7 16
Corn stalks, field cured:
IVE Tra TTA UI INT wo) nivsossjeieiesciciaieveloreresaiele/ereieiers eieisisiaisteleleieie 61.3 0.6 aly 6.9 11.2 0:3 yocmeeisee
Maxi TUM en asc tticeaisesGiee sesreite seesicisesinace 78.5 2.0 3.0 16.8 26.0 1:0) Poe seeeee
IYETURE EE” Sage SES a ARORA TED OEOTSROAT Rone enoe 68.4 1.2 1.9 11.0 17.0 0.5 1E
Corn stover, + field cured:
IVES TAA TIATT TINS © alarsiove-stossiete esa ce'eisle aieieelefo stereiaieve siareiste‘ele s 15.4 1.7 1.9 14.1 23.3 OUT) Katewterelee .
PEARATVUTIL. Sierstevstaisic.o vs vetcievooielayelovs eigrsis eielsiieie eine 57.4 we0 8.3 32.2 53.3 idl elejateteterste
BACVALE! ease sistelsre «ysis siaveioiciscmvistesete.eisialale aieraisiaial stare 40.5 3.4 3.8 19.7| ~ 31.5 abel 60
Hay from:
Redtop,t cut at different stages—
WipbaibeaQior.) CagnaauneenpoobetecopoGsopececa 6.8 8.8 5.9 24.0 44.8 NW psooce
Ib dhesltbeslt. AaRomnansonconndeacsosocgoold ot 11.6 7.0 10.4 31.8 50.4 Si Ziel ccisinisciete
AVELALC Me came nectneisichocisccionucaiitee tics 8.9 5.2 7.9 28.6 47.5 1.9 9
Redtop, cut in bloom—
Witbntbregibaols. “ genangnoconepococogaueasa0 connie 6.8 4.8 7.8 24.0 46.8 DA Gaasansc
Nie ghabbons - Sep apmoonndodope cuSdEUOCOdcaCor 11.6 6.5 10.4 31.8 47.8 28) \eeeeteeters
VELA ZO S \clain ctctarsie is crolervia steve eieisis are. eieicieicieec Su7 4.9 8.0 29.9 46.4 2.1 3
Orchard grass—
VE ATRUIN gsi eisia is) arches cietsteion eietsiticicteieieie sisterere 6.5 5.0 6.6 28.9 32.9 A EY Al Boon oe
MVE SEC UNIT UI TTR earns elare la octeie: cloleteteietsiate sincere etieietste 13.6 7.9 10.4 38.3 48.6 0 ee osaad a
EAVOV ARO oe Aae che clesrae eae cre tees IN COT | 9.9 6.0 SL 32.4 41.0 2.6 10
Timothy,§ all analyses—
PUTA ry Sra UU TTD ares osc'clatere/ajnrata siz ele ctefetolersre atstaverctevotg 6.1 2.5 3.8 22.3 34.3 | TeOu ances
Maximurn, ois-2 se tnanomecons sores 28.9 6.3 9.8 38.5) 68.5) 4.0 | couse
AVOLAB CIE ce Aateel de ssmae noetemeseeleices 13.2 4.4 5.9 29.0; 45.0) 2.65 68
Timothy, cut in full bloom— |
Min frre ce cicero asians einerertie se eeieninte 7.0 2.5 | 5.6 22.2 34.4 2 Ollll Rtsrereteiepee
Maximum? ficdacie aeane oe tcc onero anions 28.9 6.0 ya) Cit fen | 48.5 AN OV eestsistecte
AN CTAB) a.cc se cents ce chen op scion nee bee | 15.0 4.5 € 29.6 41.9 8.0 it

*Entire plant.

tWhat is left after the ears are harvested.
fHerd’s grass of Pennsylvania.

§Herd’s grass of New England and New York

Ne 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 907

Composition of Feeding Stuffs.—Continued.

}
wee |
I | 2
v ]
| 3 g
1s 3
| 2 5
g S 2 5 2 4
a = ° 2 2 a 5
B | < 7 & Z Fy Zz
eee ee ee eee ee Eee
HAY AND DRY COARSE FODDER—Con- |
tinued. |
Hay from: Per ct. |Per ct. \Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct
Timothy, cut soon after bloom— |
IWETTAATORUTI DG Sepere atare atataroels arctslersca}eicie ecerwiele eta vie Heed ea 3.5 | 4.6 25.7 37.0 A Tp howiestcas'e
BMT SAK ANA I ULTTN sete te arelstntasevaierevereleinveiciate.wieteiaie © eheiereten 21.6 5.4 8.1 33.4 61.0 S267 fesacatcs
PAVERS Gomer dctnicistsisiorcis cfrre eiiaislcletsiciaieresisscinetete sie!) | daee 4.4 5.7 28.1 44.6 3.0 u
Timothy, cut when nearly ripe—
TAPS ULTIT © ease melee cieleie isle « cieiere nia erste Gicis s1eias¥s 7.0 2.7 4.3 24.8 38.0 UU ARs is
BVUSUKUIIIRATIR Gt scfo,cls cicielcielon ia viclsiatererae vies 'avecte’s/erele 22.7 5.1 6.0 38.5 49.1 rt Sa PE i
PAN OLE eitaterelere totais clatsierecreiate/sVaistsiete/s’s\eleie alareiors 14.1 3.9 5.0 31.1 43.7 2.2 12
VEL TAUTIA UII crete ccle eswiainieistarererels stavele wtelalerstelelelsmsais 14.3 ~ 4.5 5.3 a yi 31.8 PORE eee ess is
HUTA TID TTA celejeie cw escrstetcreve.si¢'s cic le afeieiste/eieve.sters | 32.8 7.8 12.9 26.8 61.1 DON SON
PAN OTELE CUM iclelcinie ie clare che loie'e tfoicatainia cies we/aaiercte eee lar} 6.3 7.8 23.0 37.8 3.9 10
Cut, when seed was in milk— |
VU A INULIN a falais/ets/evalsictela/els'<ieictarviejeleie ole eiersinisrs | 22.5 5.6 6.0 23.9 33.2 Bi iwc se
INBTb a bieibeckas adopcampHnannGEoc croc OCC daar 26.5 7.6 6.6 24.9 35.4 <1 eens
PAV OYE EO ta fetes lola! sisieieieioisisiale(cleinielecclelemiereinisic cis 24.4 7.0 6.2 24.5 24.2 3.6 4
Cut, when seed was ripe—
VET TATU LIN. Pasescie oto etele.ste oreicla:cterelsteravere Peiomic. oes 23.7 5.1 5.3 20.4 33.6 DiSVeb ae tees
IVE UXATINUING) A afas'aisse (cluie/eleraloseieie wisisisiewsieisia sselvisto | 32.8 7.8 6.0 25.7 33.7 SEF SSBB OC.
PSV OLAS Cre ole (o's5inolojo)<teisisiepalsta cralors[aleoreretctecrletei 27.8 6.4 5.8 23.8 33.2 3.0 {
Hungarian grass—
WibpNEbEE SoosmengEdocoonbooonnovssuEboC | 4.9 5.0 4.7 23.6 44.4 LG caicc wes
MVP CAA NIA TAIN S50 cralela aiaverstooreis,<preuiels ilereletetetersters 9.5 7.5 13.3 36.3 53.0 S30) vawonatece
PAS ESTIED & Coven val atacctaiarayeiotsreialsisjelelatcwcia icreseyatetvictete sieve Hae 6.0 7.5 27.7 49.0 2.1 18
Meadow fescue—
PRVTSHTaS 3X2 UIT Peau Naret-yotnistois/cfatsraraisiaveisistare(elcisistataiisisteye 7.4 5.5 4.5 20.8 28.5 BG cance ee
PMT aeXh TAR LTD SW pletaalalefass\«'0/sse\a'cin'o:vis{eje miblevs ere wlersiots 32.5 7.8 11.8 31.9 45.5 Melis Srerictsooe
PACU EIA Ou tatarala aie s/a’s a\aiels@iniele’s eis otaretsjeleve.atareteisie 20.0 6.8 7.0 25.9 38.4 2.7 9
Italian rye grass— |
MULT TALIA ITT eye, (eiefaletetasolo’alareiwiejaisicivi=’«itto\e:sse/e'elsleleier= 7.4 6.1 5.7 28.4 39.6 aK Mb asso
VE CAMA TXQED EXD Sie stain \atalatatelelelessic(ave) ris! s{aleyelpiaia(etets asi 9.3 7.9 8.8 33.9 48.9 URS Rees
PAV OT ELEC Samia alerate ateyainictatase/ein\e\a/aletorereretstsiexelent aisjaie 8.5 6.9 7.5 30.5 45.0 1.7 4
Mixed grasses—
Wihbetiftls, osannep caosaoDrecoreConeeE Ben 6.5 2.1 4.8 21.0 33.4 LeBihaawee ae
UNE A TXD ULI Sats cfatatele{olsierepnts/efetelcieielersim siatarnie's le 33.4 6.9 12.1 38.4 50.8 OS Ts tastenlolh
JSGIRTIEE, ” Sh SaandnD WO0URADADOUDEROOOsONOoe 15.3 5.5 7.4 27.2 41.1 2.5 126
Hay from:
Rowen (mixed)*—
Minimum, 8.2 5.1 9.6 20.1 33.6
Maximum, 24.4 7.2 14.8 20.0 44.3
Average, 16.6 6.8 11.6 22.5 39.4
Mixed grasses and clovers—
MET rriTsa UIT baler eetas cleisialelciettsicivielccisje,soicieltiele ais 8.2 3.9 6.5 Af 31.8 1.5
INEST TIN UINUO Sines etsiotelorafare ale’ «:asclsialstereieiee «4/ecoioie's 76.9 9.6 14.4 35.1 48.9 3.1
J SIGSIZES, ai0Gs Sor iodacosen crn toga ceaaaonCas fo9 5.6 10.1 27.6 41.3 2.6
Swamp hay—
iW hhetlvetbbeely 2 coo mACaeaoOBnCaSOCUDUCESODUGCIS 7.d 3.8 5.0 19.4 39.9 0.8
IMIGS Shorthorn 0 Ags abdojatos ocGotoacOonUpEdne ESR eka) 8.8 31.6 61.7 3.6
PAS. CNEL EP Ciera aie sjelsia eieiajelsta a/atelel vie’ siciaiwiciafeiniele rials 11.6 6.7 7.2 26.6 45.9 2.0
Salt marsh—
VES YATTON UTI teh cfelaiate’oiaroratcinitlete/aieta/everete(atots! claves’ ora 7.8 5.4 4.0 25.1 34.1 1.6
IME SE TYD AYIA) ee eter arate alasohersteia aisle <(awieisie(aisteie’ste'eisle)s 18.6 11.8 7.8 33.8 54.3 31
Uverage, . atin ni Getic ened kecacrossest | 1o.4| 7.7| 5.5 s0.0l 4411 2.4

*Second cut.

908

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Composition of Feeding Stuffs—Continued.

Off. Dee.

| i
| '

t
3 a
B | 4
HAY ANI DRY COARSE FODDER —Con-
tinued.

Red clover— Per ct. |Per ct.
nibble bale lngqeoeeccecHaSE DoponSosEaaonE AG” 6.0 3.9
TARA TINTON te ciciajesaysiereietctorweleicleiel ojele’eysintejeyniatnvel= 31.3 | 8.3
EV OYE Came tacitaiecinie so creleisie tecaisaters sles aleiereln | 15.3 6.2

Red ciover in bloom—

TERING, © ees orsiclereterelace elaterslereiciale sailors eo| 6.0 6.6
Wirpabeiiees, ossodecuontas oedocesa sae cade 31.3 | 8.3 |
PAV EY a BOM slate ae eee cle ciem et acne east 20.8 | 6.6 |

Alsike clover—

WWitebkeap belt) snchpop peel GHedsEatecaa IoodD asp 5.3 | 6.1
VEU ATIUEIN eietetesciei cis at ios a emicieniciosts cis Paysite 13.9 | 12.3
PAV OTD EG pict rataernsele chelnse)=telistete oleae i eteia syn 9.7 | 8.3

White clover—

TVG TAINAN ic eres crstsse rence ois ate eye's erste a aha 6.1 4.5
ie shoes Anabocod.codosatorccconepossic4| 13.5 | 13.8
IX ogdooovnnnocopadonpobunasccodsoc 9.7 | 8.3

Crimson clever—
iVohcbotiheas | Ghosepdcoodducomenooescacoucds 5.9 | 7.4
WIS @heolbhelks. “coeag osuancdadaousucooenocancoc!| 1354, 13.0
TAU) gg Di A ARB im OAS OO OIE IO SOO DAIS JIS 9.6 | 8.6 |

Japan clover—

TX EENTE (op soe Gonnn yapdonsACbnaonq ncaa oS 11.0 8.5

Vetch—

IOV, ARpeans andrsunocanaccecadesone 8.3 lea
Mare dinar soe cette oe tec desc cite 15.8 | 11.6
PAV OYE EO irae «otis tesisinis eine aeerninteiniecndan rave tier | 11.3 7.9

Serradella—

IVER YVE YA UUTEY, ae ca atesstsyey ehetasajsisieretsre atepeteimeaiere cinstctaree 7.2 6.
IVES dhaehbiethes Gans Anne QAnORADO lOOnoUnan AND AOe 1b iGr/ 10.
LEV OLAS Ca retct nip a) siatetaic¥eieletoleielalaleistoleiais ele iaisvalsyers 9.2 te

Alfalfa*—

dublssbospben Goansosnodo crore Gas aAusaaanacoc 4.6 3.1
WEBS hrakther lh Sanaanononecedgecnnonoeeosaeads 16.0 10.4
PAV OT ELS Cote wo eveteiaievelaielain\e/alsteispecetein a Tevererataietalale 8.4 7.4

Cowpea—
ibbehbetibedhy HeosasancqonesoaecanGssaoaondes 7.6 3.2
Ub: dbre\bhsely | qondedcoc nono oc dn nasaednac 14.0 10.2
WC Fy MODACO DD DOOD NAAT UOA EA DOO OB SOeNG 10.7 (a5)

Soja bean—

ii keh Fostbba Waseenocrcp ADDR OOOO AGES OADALOAOC 6.1 4.8
UES a brobherty GaascSCOCONBODODaaUCCCaaroenane 20.1 | 8.9
POT RSE, etary clalcia’s talalorsie sotemiane cure aein ereiniie 11.3 (ers

Flat pea (Lathyrus sylvestris)—

MOT TAR YAU ye rare erates aka. o eleieteiess tere (nie Steetyote starters 6.3 6.5
IME XA AUN oP oferscciociiemuee eae scene deer 10.0 | 8.6
ALY CLEC helac ota/saidew lees nise Govino tere morse ate 8.4 ice

Peanut vines (without nuts)—
Minimums © os seccscisteceiscitee vaccinate ae | 6.3 | 7.3
Maximum). (ocotcarissaaieeennecaneecotmicticnts 1.8 15.7
AVOTE EC. Mo's da: caicteton Ma eae eee 7.6 10.8

Soja bean straw:

BAG TALENTED Eoin 9 «scree s forge hei Rie oa eee eee 5.7 3.9

BUR 2 Fons vaclept doc cise esmelsed nae ae 14.0 4.9

TC) ed CORO RCT OECD aD teres cetnise 10.1 5.8

*Lucern

Protein.
Fiber.

|

Per ct. |Per ct.
10.0| 15.6
20.2 35.7
12.3} 24.8
10.8 17.9

15.4| 28.
2.4 21.9
9.2) 19.7
16.1| 29.6
12.8 25.6
B.9 0.3
20.0 30.3
15.7) 24.1
| 33.6] 20.1
16.1 | 34.9
5.2| 27.2
| 18.8 24.0
13.1| 19.7
23.1. 28.1
17.0; 25.4
13.9 19.4
16.6 22.9
15.2| 21.6
10.2 14.0
23.3 33.0
14.3) 25.0
13.6| 16.4
20.2 25.0
16.6 20.1
14.0 17.3
18.1 82.3
15.4) 22.3
17.6| 18.5
27.9 32.7

22.9 26.
9.1) 18.3
11.7| 33.3
10.7| 28.6
4.0| 34.0
| 4.9] 49.6
| 4.6 40.4

Nitrogen-free extract.

<<<. ———_— ——— _ |

Tei

vu

n

ses)

3

a

x

ro)

Mh

a

2
43 5
3 5
cm Z

Per ct

1BY actions
Br9h Sees ane
3.3: | 38
VAS EGnacias <
a batcocc 3
4.6 6
16h eee
4 2alleecetatete
2.9 9
1:7" ceeeee
528i Macerateme
2.9 7
1:5 aeeeree
Oe ea neecice
2.8 | fi
3.7 2
WG) cic mete
3:04|seacdeen
2 5
De Bis | cterevereetete
2-9) Nae ettebtnte
2.6 2
1 I Bere Sic
BAS) Nizarlamrets
2.2 | 21
1:10) sae
8.1i\ eee
2.2 tJ
245 |e
7. Bulb Seeente
6.2 | 6
160 | eee
416 lenis
3.2 6
DefTiglssie.crerate
G28) | ac centee
4.6 6
O:8clcssecte ;
Be2S lccsraiets A
n By {2 1 4

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Composition of Feeding Stuffs.—Continued.

HAY AND DRY COARSE FODDER—Con-
tinued.

Jforsebean straw:
PME LE Soak SenlencMnieiieielsisie. osiaisianianc.c eleton oa hie s
Wheat straw:
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,
Rye straw:
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,
Oat straw:
PUTTA STAAL Pr stcinte sista cielo ents acess Cc civee Menccenee
USAIN TIN eect dale isciaccieiave cinerctecioteisienicie, vea's Ge oe eer
PSVEAT ELE © MINT Fa cia oat tatscets a/ainats ors-coele eiuieinistelarvie, whee re
Buckwheat straw:
NVATERD INA CS TDD iatatetoicVqrain's:s ole eiafalarsttis uyete Sicleisiersis sete tieme
VERA TR ITT TAI Ma arate tafozateTaserateiciclererciniacs tersisinisteie’s gisrs siete
PE VORENEX Cs Bifninissc\ainiolaleinisinicinre’avaicrelain siecsieui sistem at jareraiere

‘ROOTS AND TUBERS.

Potatoes:
MTA TATU INN Oasmicicislavao\c/afarsteishaia a evpiecs orertareteieiataitio ates
IVE SA STAIN cyan araseraialciaisie aeiiote-wisictaccieisieinie alata stetete
PAS ESTIED Cee i tarelcrciatalsis =(o\cse/a' a's iv//min alale sicieteteioreieter stoma
Sweet potatoes:
AVF APA TIT sie rs efayaie slo's cleisiaie'e.cva\n eis see e eet ener ane
iMiEisdiee inl” GacdooboboonuEeeend ache ene eteae esis ia
PASE DAG Maman iatelaisipisialaisiele sinic'o, efaleldeiseinelsts\s years.
Red beets:
AVE enMhs Le egcencoseeobose so ccdone Son eneocnods
POS SRAEYYIRARYN Se eye ayaieiate a. oS ala ’arsi i stovslsieieroia mia wats a Sms Ave
LATE, no den napa gps peu ooDbcopnaaocaconas
Sugar beets:
iuhbauieniten.” toa adaccoepooeet aonOnoIPOOUrCICCe es
RU PEAES APS YERENN ts nie CPt acces oe aver nie rnia sin ils n'a) eran i ace ws wid
PES REL OUR ciara ce reife arctan Sieletsie eicia nid «\plnin/lei@inie «ee eis
Mangel-wurzels:
RUBS ETAT UT EVA mel eiyeicte te leis init) clniaiz e'siete e/sieieinie cie'eis'w fain.
PUP STRATA VENID ele teye ciate clains> slelelsizicis’=/<islers sieiefele wle'e'sie.ei6
INTROS. Sop esace deo BACONT ORO CEE Ob ERODE nEenD
Turnips:
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,
Rutabagas:
Minimum,
PVR SAYKAUUTNICN ee ices ctstalsmcjaisixioigiaials calee ceieie cine aie
TSF CIEG DY a COS GS OC CO GODIOL DO DGUIOIIC HOE C TIO OSE
Carrots:
Wiibebhechilrhy | AgtnoacnOpcennO ler OCU IG walem@ecweices
IVESERUINUTIRE NG olc'a rer chats civinlv state's (ees te 8icle.ae Seisiece
AS ORA PEEL (ie nh dua weno hiaidinet oiyps Saidith aihea-s ula b's
Artichokes:
Average, ...... aiRela saw dee atane Wialatrataevsin ie st

82.

onw fe

Protein.

Fiber.

37.6

HA.

3 |
42.7
1

Nitrogen-free extract.

34.3 |

Fat.

|
-t.| Per ct.| Per ct.| Per ct./Per ct. |Per Cn

ww
wow

~
~

9u9

Number of analyses

&
910 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dee.
Composition of Feeding Stuffs ——Continued.
3 | .
: ¢
| [8
2 | :
a RS)
a ey S
E Wie mica,
a = 2 = = = 5
S < iy E Z & 4
GRAINS AND OTHER SEEDS.
Corn kernels: Per ct. |Per ct. |Per ct. |Per ct. |Per ct. |Per ct.
Dent, all analyses—
MEUM Saco. ees can ue wen cwenee eee 6.2 | 1.0 | 7.5 0.9 63.9 pe bl Gre Ke
PERRAN INN Teo e c ainasod so ewas aeee ee 19.4 | 2.6 11.8 4.8 75.7 (A Be
PVE REE ie Oe eer eo eens eee 10.6| 1.5] 10.3 2.2| 70.4 5.0 86
Flint, all analyses—
LOSSES TAT i aS Ripe ae, CS ce | 4.5 1.0 7.0 0.7 | 65.0} 8.4 |....een0
IRF SrMAMR roe ne eo oe Co wR ean eae | 19.6 1.9 13.7 2:9). T67l- eases
POOP RE rons cutee sate unenlcn Woke ann wae Par! 1.4 10.5 1.7 70.1 5.0 68
Sweet, all analyses—
BESTE gee sce wat ow aoe ne 6.0 1.4 | 9.5 1.5 61.8
MOPE SIAN Nasmenc.coc can cng: Wome esau ee ee 10.9 2.4 15.3 6.2 72.4 |
VOPR PE © © Sc cwnseude ausodescucacwonsedeee 8.8 1.9 11.6 2.8 66.8
Pop varieties—
MEINEM! Ges alas sisc wean canta naty sans 8.6 12 9.7 1.2 68.4 re See a
WERE SMI ros se cian wate ccna sete coe 11.8 Le 13.1 2.3 (ot hy §:0) occas .
Uo Soe: V4 re ee ne | 10.7 1.5 11.2 1.8 69.6 5.2 4
Soft varieties— |
ER NERNEY irc (a pec en ce guciene Anca woe eee 6.1 1.4 8.8 1.3 66.0 80) joa wenee
1. ToS 6 S779 11 Re Re RR One oar 14.1 1.9 14.6 3.3 75.5 | Ay (a) RIS =
PE WOE SR MO free was vacua eee & Saat cen/asac anta/aes 9.3 1.6 11.4 2.0 70.2 5.5 5
All varieties and analyses—
1! BY S00) 177 eee eo Re ee 4.5 1.0 7.0 0.7 61.8
60325 01174131 1 Rei ents, eo ara ee a 20.7 2.6 15.3 5.2 76.7
Pa MEER OR nahi Sen ene ae ac mene 10.9 1.5 10.5 2.1 69.6
Sorghum seed: 7 j |
TTS TEU Be, GORE ae ae eee Se 9:3 1.4 CL 1.6 59.0 2:1 \enwaneee
REESE OUR Oc oe Sesleidn sty en ares ee ae 16.8 4.3 11.3 8.7 73.6 4:6) |onnunane
MOREE OE Aalto oe. Ae oe ag ee is ea as 12.3 2.1 9.1 2.6 69.8 3.6 19
Barley: i
TA USTS TTP ER A RAR ota erent er ae, 7.2 1.8 8.6 1.3 66.7 a ==
MRFEM ITO Sauces Unseen a an awe 4x can canidieenurce 12.6 3.2 15.7 4.2 73.9 3:2) cenwnaee
PRN ER a alas Sateen winnie a nelate a araers Selclae wolaate Sacer 10.9 2.4 12.4 2.7 69.8 1.8 10
Oats:
PR BPLERNUTN a ores orn S's Rod wane eiviewe cee r ewan 8.9 2.0 8.0 1.5 53.5 S.A conse
PERI UI ) ooe ne stan ses os eee Caner ealcncer 13.5 4.0 14.4 12.9 66.9 at ao
EPCRA OU L S oe toate oe, pan See ae ACRE 11.0 3.0 11.8 9.5 59.7 5.0 30
Rye:
PPR AMRSTTAUN I eon on Gente glee nin vd dane eames 8.7 1.8 9.5 1.4 71.2 TE cece
EERO Sg oot io elo ans Coens co deomce nee en 13.2 ALD 12.1 2.1 73.9 Bide Reeecens
EME NRE Ores ana cane nigh naa ne tile eae aia cmesieaion 11.6 ab ) 10.6 ny 4 72.5 BY | §
Wheat, spring varieties: |
A PTR Oe on oxo vice want anne eee sesneundee 8.1 feo 8.4 1.3 66.1 1S eee on
ROMAIN Me on sa dn onc stcicns sone wncaseacceaea 13.4 2.6 15.4 2.3 74.9 | 2.6 |ecncsee .
PANmereg eet 8 oo ries san gn ira eee tee a eee 10.4 1.9 12.5 1.8 71.2 2.2 18
Wheat, winter varieties, all analyses: |
PETMAN sd o< edwclnteg raw antwonaateeeen eaede Wek 0.8 8.1 0.4 66.7 Be ce
REPAID ih nk naan Seances cae Cee 14.0 3.6 16.6 2.9 77.7 8.9 caeern
OTR oo pce (Caen ees awd cee ee 10.5 1.8 11.8 1.8} 72.0 2.1 | 262
Wheat, all varieties:
PRON OAIIN ws oc a Senn ne se nn eee eo eee 7.1 0.8| 8.1 0.4 64.8 Re Pec
JS amen mene ERE Ge ON EE) BS 14.0 3.6 17.2 24] Thin Sie
PORE Es \ocien a co's yucGenionsskanpec chess amecie | 10.5 1.8 11.9 1.8 71.9 2.1) 310
Rice: sae
I NOMOOKE yr). a goss laos day baat eabs tee ae 11.4 | 7 6.9|- 0.1] 77.5) @.8 |e
PRED OT Cee oh ue eowcdens «ce Cunumu ne eeeecee 14.0 0.5 8.6 0.4 80.6 0.6 |xcktccuue
MMO th coh Cosas avienncQerevest erates 12.4 o4| 7.4| o2| 2| O41 2

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Composition of Feeding Stuffs.—Continued.

GRAINS AND OTHER SEED—Continued.

Buckwheat:
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,

Sunflower see
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,

d (whole):

Cotton seed, whole (with hulls):

Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,
Cotton seed k
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,
Cotton seed,
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,

ernels (without hulls):
whole, (roasted):

Peanut kernels (without hulls):

Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,
Horse bean, .
Soja bean:
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,
Cowpea:
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,

MILL PRODUCTS.

Corn meal:
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,

Corn and cob
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,

Jat meal:
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,

farley meal:
Minin.um,
Maximum,
Average,

@ye flour:
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,

meal:

Terererererere eee ee eee errr eee ee ey

Tere rr Terre eee ee ee eee eee ee
TET er eee creer eee eee eee eee

Terre eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee ee
eee eee eee eee ee ee ee

Terre eee eee ee eee ee ee ee

Water.

10.9

|
gs
2
&
Fi B
< A

| 8.6
| 11.0
15.8
16.7
16.3

14.5
21.7
18.4

10.0 |

Fiber.

oon
“1 » ©

rm
oo
wae

~
Aa ee

wo
o
wow or

Nitrogen-free extract.

Fat.

Per ct. |Per ct. |Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct.| Per ct

911

Number of analyses.

see eeeee

we eeteee

! <
giz ANNUAL REPORT OF THE al OH. Doe.
a eceatees
Composition of Feeding Stuffs—Continned. ple

: ae)
ai
3 d
g | §

33
- z d : oO 5g
3 ce wee
a a e a 2 3 3
ed ce | é By res alae Zz

MILL PRODUCTS—Contintied. |
!

Wheat fiour, all analyses: Per ct.| Per ct. ‘Per ct. Per ct.| Per ct.| Per ct.
Minimise dee te eee ae eee eee ee 82] 0.4| 8.6 Ont |) a tie6 0/6. |saesee ne
Maximum, ...... FP ee aN oy one a 18.6) 0.7 | 18:6 | 1.0,| 78.55|.\ es eee
AVETAEE amar iionenet cant ivecei stan inen ae 12.4/ 0.6 | 10.8 0.2/ 75.0 | 1.1" 2

Buckwheat flour:

Minimum, 12.8 0.7 4.2 0.2 (ileal CBr fel Bocce ac ’
Maximum, 17.6 | 1.3 gal 0.5 19.4 )° ACS eee ke
Average, : 14.6 1.0 8.9 0.8 | 75.8 1.4 | ‘|

Ground linseed: |
Wihbehetrbi Midcoonigneg ane soammnoreeorocataccoo ss 7.9 3.4 20.3 5.0 25.5 30.3 |....e00e
TOES bce brits eee ei ean ede Netra 8.3 6.1) 28.0 6.9] 30:2 | 23025) |>seaes
Rivero ER rn ea ee ee g.1/ 4.7| 21.6) 7.8! 27.9| 30.4 | 2

Pea meal: }

MTTEUMUIN. © Yecsctics oe neces aces Mente eteiaeisarscee 8.9 2.6 rep | abyjeal 50.2 0.9) | erraeicte e
Mion yes fine ee Pa} o7 | ata teal geo pe ies ae
PAS OTAP Cre lcmatacenin ce assert aeons. 10.5 2.6 20.2 14.4 15.1 ners) 2

Sojabean Weal —_ ere cocredisaee docneaees oe eee 10.8 45.5 36.7 4.5 2.3 16.2 | a

Ground corn and oats, equal parts: |
MUTT aL NAU VIII AS coe asta cye arere ejeieseie states crove’s Secla aenieieee 10.7 1.9 SS oueerscine *70.4 4-0: Peer sae
DVT RATTAN YP wicrafesayciatsieici cise esis loislet cial heaicomerneteete 13.1 riers QMS |, ctecererers "734 BO eee ae
PANOTS SOL ws fotarerarntnnisiselh aotercnies STA EE 11.9 PEP. Ox64 Bec eate *72.0 4.4 | 6

i]
WASTE PRODUCTS. |

Corn-cob:

VEU TIA UN, elets)crereisieis keto ois reine el Sinieye sie die moseenroe ee 0.7 152 18.2 43.8 ONLe) Seer 50
ULAR AKIA ITT ea doh celta atic har 4 elie eaeerionee ane ae 24.8 riers 3.7 38.3 66.7 OFS ierrerctecrns
PAV. ELA LCi afoeisiere sleet lta cise eae ae eo elele IN DeI ees 10.7 1.4 2.4 30.1 64.9 0.5 18

Hominy chops:

Obeb Ebsco nee Beer noc CreSoeHeomrinrcereacn. 8.1 1.9 7.9 225, 61.0 £53: cvaconeen
1. Reg fookbhe ¢ Paeac OAS CeOe bo ctcnceeCncaben ey cr ic icc 13.5 3.] ve Fr 4 6.7 Tad 1132) esas
AN CTE LO 1. Sat icioere ashe ele as aloecotin cee Ie slat 2.5 9.8 3.8 64.5 8.3 12

Corn-germ:

MAN MUIN; ks coeestelecs eid aoe See eee te as 9.4 a) 9.7 129 61.9 O22 eee
Maximum 5 Worcester eee ac teense rein eee vests 7.4 9.9 5.8 67.4 11.2 | BOA Oss:
ASV CTOR CRE ig rete tacibrete siamese aaa eras cremaste 10.7 4.0 9.8 4.1 64.0 7.4 | 3

Corn-germ meal:
DUTTA Gs Ses sarele ssie ig ereseease cee hele ows ar eine 6.5 “058 10.0 7.8 57.4 453) Vows sate
PM eM) PY oie ode we rope sroeiieieraiewte erie ters $.9 2.6 14.0 13.0 67.0 pk YE Al ars
INSEE. Bapbaccaeba ordudobotolaccavdradeoae 8.1 ec ller 9.9} 62.5 7.1 | 6

Gluten meal:

Pub heb bs (bbs + OMe ceeiie PP Ber ce cones eae Opes 6.2 0.5 23:3 0.3 34.0 3.4 | eieteareretet
MAINT | ® Giesicce sseisateaie oases eee eee 12.3 2.0 39.2 7.8 58.5 20! 0) | scart
ANELAELE, Ste sie divans ate denice oeeeee Sema aielen S28 6.8 29.7 ey) 49.8 | REC a4
Recent analyses—

1 bod bee bb pe een EAR AeNe Pe AnAnepregscpatuen 6.2 0.5 21.4 0.6 34.0 | 6.6" |- se eeaene

Maximum: Cencsonecrsaaeniiatte ere eee nh a 2001 8958 7.8 68.4 20.0 [oer ane

BVETALC ideas uiceclesnisaene aan eee 8.2 6.9 29.3 3.8 |) 462001" "ane 20
Chicagot— |

ALVETAEE’ Macs chic nena IM ote eee 10.1 1.1 80.1; 1.6] 48.7 8.4 8
Buffalot— |

MOLAR OF Weir coc ther aeida mae steele homie $22 0.8 23.3 | 6.1 50.4 12 —

Cream gluten: |
MEL sal rat wiry: | ssstec. aoe oc stain oh is os Oeelam aio mec ee ae Ye 0.6 34.1 | 1.2 35.0 13.67 |Sccnnete .
Marxlmuin)../2.00 ba. sciecd eee connate | * 9.0] 20.8) “88.2: “1:8"] °¢i/2-]°SBIeeieseemam
AV OURO, Be sists aiden niles ocelot Ronhianerenmer tees 8.1 0.7 36.1 1.3 39.0 14.8 2

*Including fiber.
tIncluded in above aversze

DEPARTMENT OF

~
and
~
7

‘ULTURE.

Composition of Feeding Stuffs.—Continued.

WASTE PRODUCTS—Continued.

Gluten feed:

SP ERIMNEXU ALI] OMe y afa\at etalsiaiciele’e'sisietsielei=\uie/ais,0.4 +13) =\0\e,a/5/°

OT EEMOR NAAN IN) Soot slofaiaiaietalosar='ais (e’s|<!=in/ stole /vlele wise

NU REE ME reo gta tota: aleve fata. .aic0, «saje"e.o's (9 e¥s\0i< a15,6 <0 sv

Buffalot—

PPRORRES Ek SCE ala all ntoio'n als |a\eis'sletalala/als,elaisieletn's
Pope's,
Peoria,t

Chicago maize feed:
ER LSANIALIIYN Mii aixinie[arsele%a'e/«/cleferoistale aln's/a(cleveinin/aisia
OM SURO EYTUTIYD Sere crciaroe aiele’e. cis. nia\niela’sinsielalctelelelete’e
iNET agi ade concdbosodcosesossuccdsse

Glucose feed and glucose refuse:
INSCREN ALS, SOO DOPOD AS SOR ROTO DOUOSOOTaS an

Dried starch feed and sugar feed:
Libhaybeelibeely eGasesadnoeeooeod oaooaconooae
TA SCITINIETYN = tayaielalerecsiviajstereisie‘aia’sis/s/aleiaeivielarvinys

BAS OTE ae aie /oic\sievain'e,sisieto cis(otsleomnions Gaiererapelaisiogel ate’ ais stote

Starch feed, wet:
IVELYAT YVR VIED sis{atetntaieis’=inie)cletalelers/eyaiats (level =irisfeys
WVERECAYIVUIN ists cieie/oinlatereis alwreisielnlsieisis/slsisinisiers
PROTEST Os noc cieiejerei sis. sia: cvaim stanininie/scetsinlsaiaiate/
Oat feed:

OEE TNASIAUNINIS ei 2 cicisletaie' sie'o\pesefa sc iaisictaya aleintalnie’mn/aiotainy=
Maximum, ...2..cccccccesscecceneesnscessenns

BAS TEL SLO ane oictal cio ie ore'e{aree"eva elevoicatsteieisieierataiaete
Barley screenings:

ihbebbmttberls SSasesoaspaccose du soocouscecdbEpscGe

Wis ghebhe Sangscasqgooncoorcsppend sade

IX CRISES atabendtioas tolbonsddavouuccocccouodce

Malt sprouts:
Wiithiteartey Banenqnasopeccumusoopecuousge

eee

Plier} SIVTNNYT oe statciatarsisicininisls eivieiecoivie/visinrieiefsis:=i P

ASOT PM ainaiciipiemmieits <ielciaisie eleteierairt= ate
Brewers’ grains, wet:

sWibehbesyshesls | Anon Qonou pee Osoc GDODearsnoG

Wotsabenll seb eaooniesce CooCODOUDEOOSDOCenASS

ICTR PGS, J0\cia:sislaloie:s’sinve, v/s'aie/e» a/ainiuia'bielelv nis iv in
Brewers’ grains, dried:

I ibsthethiir hy GGG EROOOOAOLT SSO COC LEE OO

Maximum, ........... Keo Dn Conse Osa ORCS OORBC c
AVCTABC, ceciscc cn ccna ens cnc cccceecscccecewccns

Gran) BITTEN: coi cs ee cepsieeeerceninecsSen
Rye bran:
MMi wer s ccics cen csecwsceasessice aaa

Wisoheriteds Gene pe ocnosasogoooo ode nCno Sond oabope
AVOTEZC, wencisiccer scescs ccs cise sisis\n cieisin’a nis vinvie'e

Wheat bran from spring wheat:

Minimum, .....-cecccevcccccesccccsesevcrscece

ike béhelbpee Gacsonnscdad soe sooueeOasOdr

AVETAZE, ccccccccccccccecsccercesencerreretees

Wheat bran from winter wheat:
Minimum, 2.2. cceccsccnecscccesncccces
Maximum, .....cccccscecneneceascncceee
AVETABE,, ccc cecccseccrescnuinnsiass vac nee

+Included in above average.

58—6—1901

Water.

Per ct. |Per ct. |Per ct.

Protein.

Fiber.

Nitrogen-free extract.

19.5
28.3
24.0

Per ct. Per ct.|Per ct.

44.5
58.0
41.2

49.3
36.5
51.1

49.2
56.1
52.7

56.8

o
Com
a”

Fat.

7.0
12.6
10.6

wid

Number of analyses.

see eee

stew

914 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off.
Composition of Feeding Stuffs—Continued.
Peers
£ |
la
z | 5
f d P
7 E [se cece
e | 4 = Ws bor
} : E < A & Z fe

WASTE PRODUCTS—Continued. |

Wheat bran, 2il analyses:

Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,
Wheat middli
Minimum,
Maximum,
_ Awerage,
Wheat shorts
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,

ngs:

Wheat screenings:

Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,
Rice bran:
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,
Rice hulls:
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,
Rice polish:
Minimum,
Maximum,

eee rere eee e eee there eee n esse eccces

PAV ETAL Ca vorelainjcicieie visia\e\eleselei\vicfa’niole wie ais{e\sieielelejois ele

Buckwheat m
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,

‘Cotton seed m
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,

iddlings*
eal:

Cotton seed hulls:

Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,
Linseed meal,
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,
Linseed meal,
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,
Peanut meal:
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,
Peanut hulls:
Minimum,
Maximum,
Average,

aN

*Mostly European

old process:
new process:
*

analyses,

Per | Per ct.| Per ct. Per ct.)

m4 | 25] 24 2.4
15eSo|TeS 18.9 15.5
11.9 5.8 | 15.4 9.0
92| 1.4] 101] 13 |
16.0| 6.3] 20.0] 12.7
12.4) 3.3| 15.6] 4.6
ty oto | eddie GsO
i516 6.2| 19.4 | 10.5
Tesi e dee | kero ha A
7.8 1.9 g.3| 1.7
18.6| 3.8] 16.9 7.5
ERS) meeyChl|) may 4.9
8.8 8.4 10.9 2.0
10.7| 12.4 | 13.6) 17.8
9.7| 10.0| 12.1 9.5
7.7) 10.5 2.9 30.3
e561) abet |)) dora) | asce
8.2 13.2 3.6) 36.7
9.0 28 10.9 2.4
112)| 14:3) 12.9.) 1&6
10.0| 6.7) 11.7) 6.38
9.5 4.4) 26.1 2.4
16.3 5.6 | 31.8 5.7
3.2 4.8 28.9 4.1
5.8| 5.7| 23.8 1.3
18.5| 88| 60.8) 10.1
8.2) 7.2) °42.3 5.6
9.2| 18! 2.2) 987.9
16.7| 4.4 5.4 67.0
111] 2.8| 4.2! 468
5.6| 4.6| 27.7| 4.7
12.4| 8.2) 38.2, 12.9
9.2| 5.7| 32.9 8.9
6.0 5.0| 97.1! 7.6]
13.4| 6.9] 38.4] 4.0
f0.1'|'- -5.8'| waste oie)
|
6.6| 3.7] 87.5| 2.6 |
teed |e ib | b2aa| | meee
10.7] 4.9| 47.6! 5.1|
7.8| 1.9 46| 56.5 |
10.8 44 8.6| 72.3 |
9.0 3.4| 6.8, 64.3

Per ct. Per ct.|
45.5

125 |e

Due:

Number of analyses.

63.2 VO locsceees
53.9 4.0 | 88
53.0 Pe lal Recronec
70.9 5.9 lessees
60.4 4.0 | 32
|
50.0 ae Bees -
67.0 rg Bee eae ,
56.8 4.5 12
61.0 Py fill PBcisadcic
70.4 323" |Scmeeeee
65.1 3.0 10
41.9 52 beaseee
62.3 10'S eae
49.9 8.8 5
36.0 0:6. ic aeeeees
41.6 0.9" aeeeee
38.6 0.7 3
45.5 65 leseceeee
63.3 Ae Barodcon
58.0 TAS 4
36.3 Bi. \eomenern
52.7 Sa Ne eoaeees
41.9 Wal Bascacas
15.7 818) |seaeeeee
38.7 18:0" | cee
23.6 13.1 35
12.4 0:6) |. 22 acsee
41.8 a el se ioc
33.4 2:9 20
28.4 5:2 '|Sosaaees
41.9 116" |e eeeeee
35.4 7.9 21
35.2 1/3 |esc cee
48.0 4 | ee
38.4 3.0. 14
28.5 8.8." oeceee
30.8 175 \|eceeeeee
3.7] 8.0 2,480
9.7 0:9) -eeeees
18.9 2.0) |e eeeeee
15.1 1.6 5

a

No. 6. : DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 915

Composition of Feeding Stuffs.—Continued.

| ? | 5
| § g
4 x | 2
© 3
® 5
o a
be
fe co
5 < a be
3 |e |e] ® F
3 a r) 2 ie 4 E
n & = — =
es < | a |e | z & Zz
{
MILK AND ITS BY-PRODUCTS.
Whele milk: Per ct.| Per ct.) Per ct.| Per ct.| Per ct.| Per ct.
PENET TYP TUTLD 0 vetsiera'o(ecclu'a'a’s/a)n a sine ivicivielt sivivicis cls\eiseleie\e 80.3 0-4 pe ee Brac 2.1 | 1d leesdpiee
IMENTS “odeatiensgcenr deccuso Copposonocegon 90.7 ley) 6.4 Jreeeeees 6.1 6:5 |.cnoneee
BOSE DIEE Cains’ c\e)cla/lsin <leisis(alsieje|e(a'e'aisiniale\eie(a\s\sie\s/eiv sie\6 | 87.2 6.7 GeO fcrareleferetets 4.9 | 3.7 798
Skim milk, cream raised by setting: | |
Iiiinitiatrhe ages dosed qaaao ao Oaere Baba seaonr | 88.3 6.5 ONGAl eee acre 838.1) 2OLP eases
MEANT. EGodcdasbcedoGdsnCCoMnroosoDoaepode 92.6 1.0 Btn apenas 5.5 | Ze leewsietum
JAWS RISES Gabo cendde CH OCCORCUC CORT OBO CHeOUn een 90.4 0.7 SeGalends cess 4.7 0.9 96
Skim milk, cream raised by separator:
LVbirlintkh hese | Gooqun Beem Sees sees cae SaanOnBOEaeaee SOUS) [ns cccaes [ppeeaaae Here at dates fvctsiesere| baccneates | eeeeaea
IME eaheAh ESoggebnacosasaeseudnoaAtapsogolbone CHP son oance [Sacer lle tate seins Poceieioecre’s | = aiataceian ee sas
DGGE, WARAE Sac Ree reese oareeer cece «90.6 OTA pe Saban cacoaes 5.3 0.3 7
Butter milk: }
AVI IATORDENTIN io ee erelv/siviciciviniclalelo/einisie’vie's[e/e!sis\ala(vinle 6/ers 82.2 0.4 | 1s eens wees rap PAAR ocr Oe
INES SECO aT ee eee nee ee eee 93.3 G5 I) moe ees. 5.6 Hy a eae
PSSST REET" Gap ebb GODOT ODGCOODD ED DADAD ODOC ACAD | 90.1 0.7 | BO |\Sisiets siese's 4.0. nia | 85
Whey: |
PORIRUA ete ae Rv's « Sicsdted dane iaceaime eee 93.2 0.3 | 0:8)\(useee £4) $00 fons
BEV atest re TAT ae ec wrois care ice icine oe 94.6 0.6 | fs Del| ae ee J) CBS sO Satie seen
JARYGVIENE a pannnccanacnicncingne foncn anAZoooeD 93.8 0.4 OsGelee sees 5.1 | 0.1 46

Off. Doe.
ORGANIC

MULTIPLIED BY

TOTAL

OF THE
EXTRACT

MATTER,

PORT
ETHER

>

K

TAREE NOS Th
DRY

ANNUAL

[INCLUDING
2.25] ) IN VARYING WEIGHTS OF FODDERS AND FEEDS, BEING ESSEN-

TOTAL
TIALLY A CONVENIENCE TABLE,

OF
MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE INGREDIENTS (rrotTEeIn anp

CARBOHYDRATES

POUNDS

916

‘Ja ‘sayBapAyoqieD ae

“U19} 01g

*131} BUL OIUBSIO

‘ro}VeU AIP [8IOL

Ea bhye

Red top grass, 1:14.6.
Green fodder corn,

HAN oo His

Green oat fodder,

en ee a)

Sm MANNA

aLs$.7.

‘O39 feeraeniodies

“uleyoIg

“1e}}] BU DIUBSIO

“19}} Bul AIp [e107

| Timothy grass, 414.3,

1:5.1.

2.5
3
4.
4
5
6

Green rowen,

‘Ja ‘soyBIpAYoqeg | 6
bo
Si ees, | 3
‘ujeqolg. | @
- | by
—- — i
on
‘19}]VUL DIUBSIO @
bk i leat es 3
uw
‘1a}}vuL AIP [e1O7, &
i
v
oO
i :
5 Pet
r-) oS
, ol
S o
g
S
my 1

19/2.

| Kentucky blue grass, |

Grasses.

| Green barley fodder,
Dbat.

ihe beds

Sweet corn fodder,

reen fodders.

~
2

(

wh

TOTAL

MATTER,
INGREDIENTS—

x
4

DRY

AGRICULTURE.

TOTAL

OF

DEPARTMENT OF

6.

ORGANIC MATTER AND DIGESTIBL

TABLE IL—POUNDS
Continued.

Ne.

‘Ojo ‘SeyBipAyoqusy S SSOHANNM ST g |) ethealeaica) wt) 8) E |
- he |
s = - 2 ————| Be
- =a wt mi eo L Sad ont M
‘uya}O1g ca SAAT SRZAS N SHARRBEaS a S A
s Soscoocoen © Sesosossoon Aye Ss °
= Q — — 51s = EES oo 1
7 oO WSOSOAARMWDH a4 | BOAMMDE AON @ 12 7
13}, BU OFUBSIO r= SHANA IO S SCnHtdawtin ran ae S ry
x o s
n z 7s = — f=} o>
: ‘ 3 2 ele HOS GEE GE SB) wR be BAG SOG A Ciel 8 = OY
doje AIp [BOT 6 SnNa toe a SHAME EH OS oO So st
; ; P MV OroMnarNdHa ig WaOSCMWMHAro ~ = ©
ojo ‘seyBIpAyoqiey a SSHAGH in ws S SSHNMHH Iw 2 Ss 8
3] 5
Se nae o 5
be ® =} :
i —— ra kina Gry a)
“upa}01d ® | SHARTRSES bo SARIRESSS Eh. S a8
Son | ssessesosesoo mans soscossoonn 7,90 i) oo
= Bo 1 < = <a ———s Bas __ gis ' o + 1
ae f 4 raheteage ao via bees ieee ce © aa
A9zPBUL OTUBSAO z SHAH SWAG aS} SHAM ICS H aS = So: Se)
) a
nent ® —— eee
Me EL Hanmnanrne 5) g ~ ro)
: BL Ak i : : o Be anid oy Gd Gr aie alee i 2 :
Jezyyeul AIp [BIOL o SOnNdtinKr worn 4 OnNHiNKE WoT ° o v=}
nmr ar '@)
~ = > SU ve 2
rahe wr MOM INM OS - AMAMH OM mA O f~| | oF
29 ‘sa BipAyoqiep iB COHN M ONO vi RNeasy nest eNTeanea 2 o
Lo} oe po vo o
eS moon AAN Sw H ex | pw anoowad a ~
‘ule}O1g a | SHAMDTMHSKA SAAVBE SRA an 5
; CY | Sssocooosss gis ee — Dies i
- oe i ——— - ao -—— - ~—___-——_- 1 2x !——
“12 Bs ed IOS OS iar a no | WAnmnwnrwows | ox ©
te} eu oJUBSIO E SAN wi oH OO b | SSHAMW Hoe o
5 ie 0 | Nene til :
al CONMIDOEeEeOON s+ Won HHANAA a ©
“1aq}Bu AIP [eIOJ, 6) SHAMIM AS A | SHaAdgwt Sed Si 3
H
i
: Cy J . . . Tar Tho. .
oma : 5 : a
ae 3 : a
| see - 6 5 oo
Pe oo. . . . o
a . oN : 2 B 5 test
Ks} n come n : : = n
1) o Fit mee 3) aS ery A co
2 so iimesaes et Lae Hae : =
La e Aro 3 olin ory us 2 a
% 2 Seas & ROR Cae aa es
n =| sista a OS One 5 2
3 j 5 sae a ee nas ; iS
2 ar v Aer cas
= a acs is ceed cate A te)
S o ay o) Se a Pa
py ' ' <a 1 he zu : t r= '
| | “Te e . ae it 5 . . . | e }
Be cnc eh Peay BS he ope neh atin etaran raarte 2
ite}
| | deeded assedused 6 |

‘ s ie) ee eRe i ye oS ree

. = Ain nrntOMmMMmrN © oa BE) ECV SD NE) a ie = mmcmonwmwcocwosc

= OZ, “uya}01d ra linet scene See ean Sig! | SS eer niiey en tea n pS Cte Oa ea Paes,

2) i= = (— i — Yel — Ya — a — Sat — a — I — J —) ooo 00 & oo & a ooococooocoo
(= & = u — : = un —— ————— n = =

— , 8 woooscoooe 5 |) R2iwoenenon B ANAWEe NOSOW

-Q 19}, BUL OJUBSIO 4 SHADH BOK w i SoH HANH OH & SSoH HANH
oS fs 3 § :

(=) = + (6) ey =
So ‘ Ay RE rete nooo aa ee ats SAU eerie SOO cae . OE ay oC? Ged
i dayyeut AIp [230], SHAM BOK Son HANNaO HH Sonn HAAN
a Ce re a : ab eee 2 =
~
aa 5 q C Coe) ee) COS atl “ Co Ee ee bp Gol t Ss Oy CoCo a Ro
— 939 ‘soyeIpAyoqrey 2h SOH HNO OH WIS Ce} SOHHANANMaO SH aS Soon HANNA
= 4 = : = ' ca H :
& ea) ~~ wre et tt OO ri in OO m SrOOAHN SO O tH = wmewcwmwonmodcw oS
ae Onan a bo soocoococoord he oooooogsco n ooooooocseo
rc os a oS
4 = iy
a aan) 7) OWN BrIBHORA 3 | MOMAMN rot oS ea NAwonovenwen
foal aa Ja}}eUL OJUvSIO SraAwBworwS a SSH HNO Ow Id 2 SSH RAN M
eo) op es o == $ - z = : — | .
c 2 8 crap Sed OT SCE 5 CN Ee SEs Sate (4 Sein enanoe
= ao ‘tayqeu AIp [8}OL iS) SHA er OS oF n SSCHANM WIS Sonn NAM HT
r — SS ~~ = — —_ ———— —— — — - — == a = — = ==
= Siren) P ® MincHwoNnons AWAMOMrH ALO HO WOM HORA
S| (2) ‘Oya ‘seyeipAyoqieg do Son HANS OH SSSHHANM OD oe Seseoonntnnn
>
Gy
ar Said ; = AE Sao
Z *ule}OI1g SSSSAsana o | SSARAASUSEB 2 SSHSARaes |
4 ies Fines MoLonsleioeole xo ; eeocessocos So Soporo icici ou ny,
os : | 83 - ~ |—— BS |
> ee ESRI CNG stv rel ce # | eaandenedna | go | @teacowan
re Be *1a}} Bul DTUBSIO a ieee heminat ic ee lke » SOT HANH HS 5 SST HABANA NANM
ez, NM re - : ca} a : I
«
< an 8 IROMRARDDHDAE | MONE MANDO s AYKaAtVWAr Ao
7 ‘ta}jeu AIP [BOT 16) SnHnaan tor SSoHHANS ww coon naANm
H !
Os = eae Bee: —
err | Ps ee pe hers ; ice es
co) aed ais era 5 staesate, eke
lo He} NS Set atk ; : pee es
. .

: 3 2 Sabha amines eons
i= & 2 ui voltae Ber ll wi 2 OIE |
eo Niles = - od | eee : | ~ il Oars

a i vi | gS aumento ; : Ee at ates
= tea: SPORE Se tae
e <q .§ ss bo | : [ee | Setar tan : Z ai : |
Ros wg o : Spt ert PP anaes 23-ateer
S om 7 ce Rumte casa . Cae) A
ale S 2 0 | : | | oa ine oh : epee
pO S i ae : He ats LE : as:
3 aO | ERS ° H yee . . i eat . |
= c J ABSes esas | HisSiscsiscws Bis owe weiws
rr) = ama Aa & AANA MOS SSRRBBS

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. UE)

TABLE IL—POUNDS OF TOTAL DRY MATTER, TOTAL
ORGANIC MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE INGREDIENTS —

Continued.

mM oO al vo MH vo
Pacee [ha El) ee = |e [er 4
aie 2 2) 2 | gi 4) = | 2
& a = 5 3 | 3 BE] os
Pounds of Fodder. Se FS 5 5S g | 5 a 5
mee Oe lie Wiese Wee | ae | Re || ons es es
Felt all ae aio Be ae listae || sey ae eee es
38 3 2 2 3 Sia, se. — 8 ss} ~~ 2
° sy ey a ° peas a | © eo ie a
H fe) Ly 6) a re) Ay 16) a ° y 16)
|
ee SS —— | = 2 || —
Milk. Skim milk, 1:2.0. Butter milk, 1:L7. | Whey, 1:8.7.
ee = —— eee
DIEM ee bac liciaconeeat stay 0.2} 0.2 | 0.07 | 0.1 || 0.2 | 0.2] 0.10} 0.2 0.2 | 0.1] 0.02} 0.1
MM RM Soe ck cict hetkiceh aoe 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.15 | 0.3 || 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.19 | 0.3 0.3 | 0.3] 0.03 | 0.3
NM aa ea tad o's eas bs tence Seite 0.9} 0.9 | 0.29 | 0.6 || 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.38 | 0.6 || 0.6] 0.6] 0.06| 0.5
LEONI Jane ie chil: MS sera shiaice 1.4] 1.3-| 0.44 | 0.9 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.57 | 1.0 0.9} 0.8] 0.09 | 0.8
DOPE ceeiae otatcticlome ete sacs 1.9) 1.7 | 0.58 | 1.2 || 2.0] 1.8 | 0.76 | 1.3 1.2) Lee 0nie 1.0
DME OMIA, 8 CE cies Aa Nerciate 2.4] 2.2 )0.73 | 1.6) 2.5 | 2.3) 0.95 | 1.6 1:50 |= 1.50) 01e) eee
OU a iGheceencoen ona apebcaan Om DIGM OLS ell IeSullescOn aes (todas Ve 19 1.9 | 1.8 | 0.18 1.6
DDR rT ee cae oie Sraaretas Sinsalsiare Beep SeOl le leOoh lee Dest Bebe i asest elon! 3.2 2.2 | 2.0) 0.211 1.8
AO a eae scan ddsionailes Bae le-Scorpledoy le 224 4.0 | 3.7] 1.52} 2.6 2.6] 2.3| 0.24 2.1
|
Hays. Mixed hay, 1:10.0. Timothy hay, 1:16.5. || Red top hay, 1:10.3.
— | =
|
DIB ered iaiSe atte seca oiccons Qt aeOn | Oekte lh tel ie 2e2) |) 224 OLO7e Ws Beh || 23, | 12 Ae Os12 129)
BiG Nesetes Seeticten clones salcaios 4.2) 4.0 | 0.22] 2.2/| 4.8 | 4.1 | 0.14 | 2.3 || 4.6] 4.3 | 0.24 2.4
TAA Ree as fo aie Seeinde cele se 6.4 5.9 | 0.33 | 3.3 6.5. || (6:2 0.21 | 3-5 6.8 | 6.4 | 0.36 3.6
LON ats Soe tee Hee Ai Slerctese eteistaretate 8.5 | 7.9 | 0.44 | 4.4 |) 8.7 | 8.2 | 0.28 | 4.6 || 9.1] 8.6) 0.48 4.9
OAL Wn ee ts be Tciotesceiiele ap icie cate 10.6 | 9.9 | 0.55 | 5.5 || 10.9 | 10.3 | 0.35 | 5.8 || 11.4 | 10.7] 0.60 6.2
DRA dlare eetstcite ciera iataierajesidioe bette 12.7 | 11.9 | 0.66 | 6.6 || 18.0 | 12.4 | 0.42 | 6.9 || 13.9 | 12.9 | 0.72 7.4
TLOR WAG) nate orn, side nie oeieiae 14.8 | 13.9 | 0.77 | 7.7 |] 15.2 | 14.2 | 0.49 | 8.1 || 16.0 | 15.0 | 0.84 8.6
RRA tree, trate Scale clelatels oicieis 16.9 | 15.8 | 0.88 | 8.8 || 17.4 | 16.5 | 0.56 | 9.2 || 18.2 | 17.2 | 0.96 9.8
PEP ee Ie sm he Scere seers sloae 21.2 | 19.8 | 1.10 | 11.0 |) 21.7 | 20.6 | 0.70 | 11.6 || 22.8 | 21.5 | 1.20 | 12.3
|
H Kentucky blue grass | Rowen hay (mixed), Rowen hay (fine),
YS: hay, 1:10.6. | 1:5.6. 1:4.7,
[
DUE oevasera cits sermeivteiciteitate niocicles DeSi Mszi O209u, ie 220) li 2edh ll 1597 1.0220) | 2.2 | 2.0] 0.24 ileal
Be Wacharctrasvle Se.osieeienie ever rails Bovaly Tock Ost) Qete i raeme 7328) 1.0.40) ||) 228 4.3 | 4.0] 0.49 2.3
Hoked ae Becsdoasceceemeneloets BeGe ll 6.OeOs28)) S20) | 6.3 ll 6.7 |) 0x60 |) 8.4 6.5 | 6.0] 0.73 3.4
TSR to ey Batre HOO | 42 | 16: 0.87 |) 3-9 SESui Ted a|: OF80) he 426) | |eSere || wSe0 OES 4.6
PVA eR Be AACR OH asa eaaed | 9.2] 8.4 | 0.46 | 4.9 |) 10.4 | 9.5 | 1.00 | 5.6 || 10.9 | 10.0 | 1.21 5.7
in ee ee Se See oe ete 11.1} 10.1 | 0.56 | 5.9 || 12.5 | 11.4 | 1.20] 6.7 |] 18.0 | 12.1 | 1.46 6.8
Uh t os Boel mist oetans Sent cleo dinar 13.0 | 11.7 | 0.65 | 6.9 | 14.6 | 18.4 | 1.40 | 7.8 || 15.2 | 14.1 | 1.70 8.0
OE Sap no ect stnacresoranecobe 14.8 | 13.4 | 0.74 | 7.9 || 16.7 | 15.3 | 1.60} 8.9 || 17.4 | 16.1 | 1.94 9.1
De akties connate ctatomisiave claselome che 18.5 | 16.8 | 0.93 | 9.9 || 20.9 | 19.2 | 2.00 | 11.2 || 21.7 | 20-1 | 2.43 | 11.4

‘OJe ‘soyBupAyoqiep”

S)
ie)
2
c=
2)

“uldJOLg

TOTAL

*19}} BU DIUBSIO

‘19}}BUL Ap [ejO7,

‘019 ‘sayevapAyoqieg

ry

vi

ule}O1g

TIF EWE

OF

REPORT

‘I9}JVUI OIUBSIO

4.0
8.1
10.2

0.72 |

18.2 | 17.0 | 0.82

8.5 | 0.41

Oat hay, 1:9.9.
Red clover hay, 1:5.9.
Barley straw, 1:61.0.

22.2 | 21.2 | 1.03

16.0 14.9

9.8

5.8
6.6
8.3
8.6

25 |
28
0.35 |

0.
0

1:4.9,
2.1 | 0.21

ee)

11.3
13.6 | 0.86

15.6 | 0.98

14.1

“tay, Bur Ap [e110

Corn stover, 1:23.6.
Hungarian, 1:10.0.
Clover rowen hay,

10:5 |
12.0
15.0 |
16.7
Chey |

| 14.6

‘Jo ‘soyeupAyoqreg

‘ule}O1g

AND DIGESTIBLE INGREDIENTS—

“19JJVUL DIUBSIO

ANNUAL,

ORGANIC MATTER
Continued.

920

TABLE II.—POUNDS OF TOTAL DRY MATTER,

‘laj}zBuL AIP [e1OL

|
|
|

6.2
toil

8.9 |
9.2

0.63

2.6 | 0.44 |
a ley Bs

!

Corn fedder, 1:14.3.
alent

11.6 | 11.0 | 0.50

14.5 | 13.8 |

Oat and pea hay,

Alsike clover hay,

Pounds of Fodder.

Dry fodders.
Hays.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 971

TABLE I—POUNDS OF TOTAL DRY MATTER, TOTAL
ORGANIC MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE INGREDIENTS—

Continued.

be ov a o | coal
Cae oir CO ie | Naat oes _
Ss Pe g || 3a 2 3 || 3 2 #
Els re E | a | 3s || & | 3 3
Pounds of Fodder. », E & > — | i >, E c
Oy Stel ae | teceel lt es }g| 2} 3 | 2 | eapee
= & a Sy) 5 3 9° = a }
SP ier ioc aan pee Geico a: ll S| Bo) ee lee
° = & Beit) poe oe m oS ° b B oS
a oO & 0 = i08)| ale) Ay o & | oO Ay 1.6)
| |
an ES EO ee eee |e ae
Straws. | Oat straw, 1:38.3. || Wheat straw, 1:69.0. || Rye straw, 1:69.0.
| | {
CEVA SV ee ieee Be 2.3 | 2.1} 0.03} 1.2 }| 2.3 | 2.1] 0.01 | 0.9 2.3 | 2.2 0.02 1.0
Bee eae ae oi olste w cterGsere ate - 4.6] 4.3/ 0.06 | 2.3 4.5 | 4.3/ 0.02} 1.9 4.6) 4.5 0.03 2.1
EMI ee oe oyaiais tabi nieve : 6.8 | 6.4] 0.09} 3.6 || 6.8] €.4| 0.03] 2.8 || 7.0] 6.7] 0.05 3.1
DORRIT 0 coke Noa ode ons siccfie Sede pee One Os tot ir4 Gell) i920) 8.6 |. 0504) |) - 327, 9.3 | 9.0 0.06 4.1
EAU OME Ste, Lis kleletelaysleciv.s » OSck eee 11.4 | 10.7} 0.15 | 5.8 |} 11.3 | 10.7} 00.5 | 4.6 || 11.6 | 11.2 0.08 5.2
Re Rene Seraoas cece 13.9 | 12.9 | 0.18! 6.9 || 18.5 | 12.9 0.06 | 5.6 || 13.9 | 13.4 | 0.09 6.2
if. En es aU ae ee 16.0 | 25.0 | 0.21 8.1 || 15.8 | 15.0 0.07 | 6.5 || 16.3 | 15.7 | 0.11 1.2
AU Manet serene tiie oa sicslateteree ie oe 18.2 | 17.2 | 0.24 | 9.2 |) 18.1 | 17.2) 0.08 | 7.4 || 18.7] 17.9 | 0:12 | 8.3
Die RS ey s/c sna elec esohal cele siei sie 22.7 | 21.5 | 0.80} 11.5 |} 22.6 | 21.6 | 0.10 | 9.3 || 28.2 | 22.4 | 0.15 | 10.4
| |
Grains. | Corn meal, 1:11.3. coms eee eae meat, Oats, 1:6.2.
7. hy CARES HRS STE COD OCROACODRRODS 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.02] 0.2 0.2 | 6.2 | 0.01 | 0.2 || 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.02 0.1
1s BAEC QSC RD OREO ROAR ADR AORG 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.03 | 0.4 || 0.4 | 0.4] 0.02 | 0.3 |} 0.4) 0.4 | 0.05 0.3
Mp Mietesl-cirisle iscsi Aisle ate ota 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.06] 0.7 |} 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.05 | 0.7 || 0.9) 0.9 | 0.09 0.6
Jy Oty Ses ee i [ake tt |tolie | Sakae vara") a7 |'0.10 |) 2:3 las | aon [tors |) 4
Gaeenenese er ctteoct eats ol 206. Seon Ordo || Bets || a auOnlle Seb. (KOed4. | P2iO.|1, 89.711 Tong 0.28 | 1.7
Gy deRcghocedepdocuseeonpo snipe |) 3:4 | 3.3 | 0.25 | 2.9 3.4 | 3.3 | 0-19 | 2.7 3.6 | 3.4 | 0.37 | 2.3
Teh, ack SEC OD RB OCOIMSEC BE SEE DOO 4.3 | 4.2 | 0.32 | 3.6 4.3 | 4.2 | 0.24 | 3.4 4.5 4.3 | 0.46 2.8
(Hoh eadocHandcenedeaerhe COB 6.4 | 6.3 | 0.48 5.4 || 6.4 | 6.3 | 0.36 | 5.1 6.7 | 6.5 | 0.69 4.3
ib. oroschataods da sgnbeeer ceood | 8.5 | 8.4 0.63 | 7.1 |) 8.5 | §.4 | 0.48 | 6.7 | 839 |) S56} 0:92)] 1527
| i
ld in |
Grains, etc., | HE (2 %) View aonglena), aii | Oat hulls, 1:18.2.
: on : ;
Ay Opes SaredsGcaraeeas Iopoee 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.02 | 0.2 || 0.2 | 6.2] 0.02 | 0.2 |} 0.2] 0.2 | 0.01 0.1
Vd COSGEARRO DHEA Sete canoer 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.04 0.3 || 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.03 | 0.3 || 0.57) 0.4 / 0.02} 0.3
1 cero a dtl AcE CERRO O: Sora 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.08 | 0.6 |} 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.07 | 0.6 || 0.9] 0.9] 0.03] 0.5
he pdopantecateche aiaschor cnc fT te (Os | Pesel| 18) | a-7 fh 0.1d) | 168 |) 2.9 ee LL ovoee |e mas
Bh Stoo cenmoraaddads sa06qdoone 2.6 | 2.6 | 0.28) 1.9 ]| 2.7] 2.6] 0.20] 1.9 |] 28] 2.6]0.08| 4.4
OS Sone cinecudocecae nee nae abOaeS | 3.5) 8.4] 0.81| 2.6 || 8.5°| 3.4] 0.27 | 2.5 || 3.7] 3.4]0.10] 1.9
Ree ENE eno ee | 4.4| 4.3] 0.39/ 3.2|/ 4.4] 4.30.34 3.2|/ 4.6] 4.3] 0.23] 2.4
(SES Socdsscenadhadodirtdasdads 6.5 | 6.4 | 0.58 | 4.9/| 6.6] 6.5 | 0.51 | 4.8 || 7.0] 6.5 | 0.20 3.5
LIDS SHES ob tnabstietaSadsboaan a ea 8.5 | 0.77- 6.5 8.8 | 8.8] 0.68 6.4 |) 9.3] 8.6 | 0.26] 4.7
| | | }

Off. Doe.
TOTAL

INGREDIENTS—

\TTER,

+L

f

M

‘OJa ‘seyBIpAyoqieD

‘uls}O1g

“I9}VVUL OTUBSIO

“13}]8WI AIP [2IOL

mANwWoOowWoOo Ww Or
EC UT eer ae TET .
cocoon nTiNnn

0.6
1.3

0.06
1.7 | 0.13

feed, 1:10.1.
Tene
1:5.2,

Victor corn and oat
Barley screenings,

‘OVO ‘soPBIPAYOGIBD

op

4

‘ule}01g

*13}] VU DTUeSZIO

‘19}} Bul AIP [2I0O]L

|

|H. O. dairy feed, 1:3.3.|

1:4.6,
6.4 | 0.94

Wheat middlings,

6.6
8.8

‘Oya ‘soyeVIpAYyoqiepD

|
3.4 |
4.6 |

1:3.8.

“ule}01g

OF TOTAL DRY,

ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE

MATTER AND DIGESTIBLI

Continued.

ORGANIC

y22
TABLE II.—POUNDS

‘191}BUL OTUBSIO

‘1a}}BU AIp [e}0),

1:4.6.
1:6.4.

6.2 0.90 |

8.2 1.20

H. O. horse feed,

Wheat bran,

6.6

Quaker dairy feed,
8.8

Pounds of Fodder.

ete.
ete.

By-products.

By-products,
By-products,

eee ea . . . . . . .
|
Ci eee ea a . . . 0 | . . . }
Cece rem e eee e sees eeeeces . Ei . 5 . . . .
EEE

rai ise So
a

923

|
uv.

DEPARTMENT GF AGRICULTURI

No. 6.

TOTAL

TOTAL DRY MATTER,

OF
MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE INGREDIENTS—

TABLE II.—POUNDS

ORGANIC

Continued.

‘Oya ‘sayBupAyoqueo SSCOHANM LS hes cocoon nanos a eoscocoonnanww
ri
os Awnrnvorwovorn 7 aNwowo NSARM a DoOonNnMmronmn
‘uyjoj0rg SSSHeeses 3 SSSHaRasge of SAReaneca
aT ooooosocooo i oooocooooce a oocooon Hanne
= a ier —= = SS =
; 3 o Atoarowowtnore ie! Atm HOO WH Id gx Ol HOO & In Ca oo we
19}}eUL OJUBSIO > SSoCHN HWE OO @ SSSCHAMHOO - SOSH AGH SO
~ a rs Q
. NM OM in WO OO ig NtrmDrwnDrewmowtow 77) AtMNODEe OnOore~ eH
Ja}Qeui AIP 18}0L SSOSHAMMO S SSoOSHAMMO ED § SSoOSCOHAMMES
7 al! f ONT iS) ps een ee Ba ae Fe
é ‘ ‘ od pC GS CONS Len a GOSS > OE ICICI
o}8 ‘Sey 21pAyoqiey ae SScoHnHANH Ze SeSsSsonnananw Ay SOSH HHAMH
ri are aru s ‘ ao
= SKrnwdomnin ie} o>
“ujozo1g f SSqRReser R BRLSZASSSS = SAkSARERS
5 csooscocoern nA oS Sooo oOnHANMS mic Sseoooon tne
a o od
. NMWMAmMOW HOD nad AMA rm © HO ww 10 Bu NH Om lat AN OD
19}}BUL OJUPSIO bo SOSH NAMHMO B SSCHAMWOD a SCOOT NM WT Ow
ire a o —————
®
3 3 Supe tce rep Eve oy cond i) Vanavnread a Tipagnreanes
ta}}eu AIP [2}0L fc SScoHAawED SSoSoHAMWOG & SScooHnHAawOS
4
; ‘ ro Oe te CG | CH Can Oe Ca eats eS Sl eel MERC soul
oye ‘soyerpAyoqiuD > SSOHn HANOI af SSoSoH HANA S Sosocenn nae
o ‘ 2
Dar) 16 uw a
= a2)
oO oS wl a nN
Ren. Ss SSARSBESR SEARESIAR -
Gros sesooscooonen a sscooesosoond a
ao of =
Lo}
Bw Cl Ht 00 19 | od OD 5 AKA OW Ow 10 © QM OD & © xt 2 19 ©
1a}}BVU OFUBSIO = SSonNa wow SoSH AMM OW a SoSH NmMwOoeD
3 g 8 —
Ba OC Cee a 4 Oo) Se Cot it a soe) 2 OS RNC) 1D) te
‘layyeu AIP [2}0L Ss SSOCOHNAM HOD SSoOHNMH OH 5 Ssoonnanwow
e { ee ee ee cor eae il Baier yest ae oa Sue are
a . . . . . . . < . . £ 3 . 2a . . . .
bo) wa ae aceatt bie oaek vi B20 96 i 4Or viii vi os nace a
Pd 5 . . . . . . . 75) < ‘3 . D . 5 . . . . . .
z, 3 ee Ree aes ets 5 2etyigs Brahe re 5 oeee rr ibe eeede
od os hae ene aN oper cs] : : ty. ace Ls] cans : AA
° ° Si, “at teelon te Prey os, ° p s Se tec ° oo . ee
| e se lyre ota rs e : : See ° 2: : ers
a A, Setar: 2 tae a Be Oa ener: A ae 3 OBE Ga
= | bal ke tghe me > ° p Soaleem ee Ae > : : xs) ie
SG A Ree Ss We 5 eae a shasta sasmatee a) é Sea e ota
| Be EO ecr nee | at of od hes eae ee eee Sa
| x Ut CU CO! NETS ESS wr * = Se SRE SMe Go tty ae

Off. Doe.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

y24

OF TOTAL DRY
ORGANIC MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE INGREDIENTS—

Continued.

TOTAL

MATTER,

‘1.—POUNDS

TABLE

“Oyo

| so30
‘IajyeW OfUBSIO
‘dayyeu AID 7TeOL

Sheets
el =

en
ws — =

Bs HNMOMHOaN 0 AMOARMOAEA ow noOmwantawrion
jaiyeur AIP [BIOL Fr SSOCOHHANM Bie SSOSOHHNMWSO E coosoeonnaom
g £3 g
be oe Soe ya Si)
6) SIMARD ARDME = moon HAND Senor eee
‘ola ‘sayBapAyoqiep L a Neg Cael Sb ep Ag Cad Se Spied male n Berd GS Ga a
is SsosooonnaAN = Ssscoososconnn Eves esecsoscosooonn
~ os — 3 o Eo Fs - —
e Awnoronra ang AN nor onas 24 ANAND Ow
“ulo}OLg E SSSHAMMOW ve! &) SSoOCOHAMMOD Q SSOSCHANMMTOH
g Se : =
2 Atwro-omre TE) ee Awvanrovane oo AwnrAworoan
"18}{BUL DJUBSIO iS Soon nNaw oa pay SS) SSooOHAMHOGD fa} SoSoHn Aa HOG
o 7 o * x. - ; :
oO HAWAtAM Oe ° HMOCHE MAME HAMM HHOrO
saTPIpAoq1ey bo Sssooon ning 3202 SHoHnHnAN SIO oe Sseocoscoonn nn
§ ee ®
3 2 = - = a 2 ss :
Pot wmoeontonoon as ONannronrnn Hmemwnearnt
‘ulejold id) SHMOanowa Lea Mien SHAT Ee Om « | Sseoonnann io
=N9 SSoSSCSHHAN aia Ssocoosceonnn c5 | seocoooossoo
= 8 is} ts — - ee a
an AWYrnrown oo o 2 At wo IH HOO = HAMHOMEM OM
P aa) te pwr 4 . aah attest. sey
Ja}}BU OTUBSIO SOCOHANM MO OH & SSSHAGD WO a ee)
A £* x
» At A wo ID wo 3,8 Ntnanoreonnweo 8 HAMroHwreen
“1a},eu AIP [80 ie) SSSCHAMMOD oOn SSSCHAMNMOED n soccoHn RHA
— —— 12} = — — _ - > — —— = ——
: ANTAMDE AMO = HOOHr MO HOE x AwDorNSSS
soyeapsyoqiey zs Ssosoonnnm q SOSH HANNO a SSSCHANMWOH
a ——— La I a a
n oo pe} od LY EW OSRAR - e 2 a)
‘uyayo1d SARSSSRESA SHRBBASAS gi SSSARREEE
a eoscocnH tN go —— i — i — | g oooocoocece
i
Se ee (5) = on! he a ee (2)
& NS com 16 HOI oD Ht 83 | ANWAMEDHOAN AWnore SHEA
SSOCHNM TEC a SSOOHHMHOD 2B SOO HNMNMWOW
: | | 2
LSS te a ee
ft Attn Wr OCINMHR is 1 AIwWTRROMm™OMNO o NWAWDADrORDN
SSOSOHNM Tw OO ay | SSCOHNMH OH 0} SSoSCHNHO TOS
o : cae | : eal }
© E : ; ae 3 : : ;
5 . . 8 5 : na
3 I gig he omar : s
5) : ; ae A F
Es 5 : 5 36 5 H : : 5
ro cs} é ; eee uo] 5 . ko}
2 ° 3 ceca; ie : : 2
a a : Suite a : a o
' . . ore 1 . . !
S b> . . ry > 0 Py fad
Sy Q : ae 0 : : a)
a : Cras : :
ee Aceon eee 4 :
Sr a wie WA ae wine >

920

AGRICULTURE.

PARTMENT OF

Pr)
4

DI

Nc.

MATTER, TOTAL

TOTAL DRY
MATTER AND DIGESTIBLE INGREDIENTS--

TABLE IL—POUNDS OF

ORGANIC

Continued.

|
|
|

‘ia}]BUL AUp [BIOL

“19}]BUL OJUBSIO

‘ula}O1g

‘Ojo

‘OJo ‘sazBIpAYoqIBH

‘sazeipAyoqiep

‘Oj9

_ ‘uype}O1g

“19}7eul OJUBsIOC

“1ayqBVuL AIP [BOL

‘say BipAyoqiep

‘ula}O1g

“1a}{euL OUeZIO

‘iJe}}eul AIp [BOL

Pounds of Fodder.

4

|

Atlas gluten meal,
1:2.6.

1:3.2.

Pea meal,

By-products.

MMO nn One ©
Ce) cove! Peles ee) ay are
ooonnan wt

o
ire)

Secon nawe

Bids Vale tet enh me

SR cies oo Wt 1O &

3

—
bond

926 ANNUAL REPORY OF THE Off. Doe.

AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF FEEDING STUFFS.

Taken from Bulletin No. 16, Prepared by Enos H. Hess, of the
State Experiment Station, State College, Pa.

¢

The following table is taken from “Rational Stock Feeding,” by
H. P. Armsby, with a few additions from the New Jersey report
of 1894:

“The figures for the percentage composition are taken, in nearly
every case, from the compilations of analysis of American feeding
stuffs prepared by Drs. Jenkins and Winton, of the Connecticut
Station, for the Office of Experiment Stations of the United States
Department of Agriculture. The figures for the percentages of di-
gestible matter, contained in the last five columns of the table, have
been calculated from the average results of American digestion ex-
periments, as compiled by Director Jordan of the Maine Station for
the Office of Experiment Stations. In those cases in which no
American results were available, the average results of German di-
gestion experiments have been used, and in cases where no results
were available the digestibility has been estimated from that of other
feeding stuffs of similar composition and properties. These latter
cases are distinguished by being closed in parenthesis in the table.

“Under percentages of digestible matter are given, first, the per-
centages of digestible protein, carbhydrates and fat; second, in the
column headed ‘total,’ the percentage of total digestible matter re-
duced to its ‘starch equivalent.’ A pound of fat has been shown to
be about two and one-fourth times as valuable as a pound of carb-
hydrates for the production of. heat or force in the body; conse-
quently the percentage of fat has been multiplied by two and one-
fourth and the percentages of carbhydrates and protein added to
give the figures under the heading ‘total’ in the next to the last
column of the table. By the nutritive ratio of a feeding stuff is
meant the ratio of digestible protein to other digestible matter, the
latter having been reduced to its starch equivalent. Thus, the first
feeding stuff given in the table contains 1.1 per cent. of digestible
protein and 12.3 per cent. of total digestible matter calculated to its
starch equivalent. Subtracting the 1.1 per cent. of protein, we have
left 11.2 per cent. of other digestible matters, consequently the ratio
of digestible protein to other digestible matters is 1.1:11.2. or 1:10.2.
as given in the last column of the table.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 927

Average Composition of Feeding Stuffs.

a
o
| w
b
3
r=!
3
we
°
&
o
Te]
E
3
4
Soiling Fodder.

Corn—dent, cut be- |
fore glazing, ..... 54

GOW PSA, fs mees= scl 10

Crimson clover Gust)
headme)i* Nioad.cn- 2 |

Crimson clover (full)
SLGONAD) gettin s ssteroias 6

NEVA sah esersiavalacararcravwroraretws 5

Orchard grass. in | |
je koa SN Aeesosacun Paes:

Pasture grass,* 17

Red (ClOvVer, one. ces | 43)

EUV Bima setorlereiclalectotelecisiet | 6.

Soja DEAN. i cat suena 6.

Silage.

Corn ected |
glazing or more}
MARIA Ouete semi ere nice } 14]

Redrelover, <.)..a00-%6 5
Hay, Straw, Etc.

ATER cHAY: Gs os cine 21

Corn fodder—field
elboRae EMO Sones aeodes 35

Corn stover*—field
GUIDE) me tocistale ietetercinis 60

Clover hay—red, ese 38

Hungarian grass,

MAES Monawceoas te 12

Mixed meadow
prass hay.* 5... 11

1\" 6-<(2(6 a) ¢ Fh A eee Sire

OatesStrawe s.i520:se ae | 12)

Orehard grass hay, 10 |

Red top hay, 9
Rye straw, 7
Timothy hay, 68
Wheat straw, ...... ui

Roots and Tubers.
G@APNOUSs Merejotslo ates oie 8
Mangel wurzels, 9
IO LALOCS etree cence 2
Rutabagas, sogdcane 4
Sugar beets, ........ 19
MUrMI pS) Tacs tes cesses} 3

Grain.

BABES: Peace nee | - 10
Buckwheat, sasesc.s 8
Corn—dent; ...5..:.- 86
Gorn—flint; <i..:%... 68
Corn—sweet, ........ | 26
OBtS rans sc osedeee ee | 30
POaiSiiins act citer aerate Reaeee
ECVE ea eine ceiicts ayers | 6.
Sorghum seed, ..... feet 5
Wheat—spring, .... 13
Wheat—winter, ....| 262
Wheat —winter

raised in Pennsyl-

Vana EASishoc sndeesegd 41 |

Water.

Be
WWADODORD

a
ANMKwSeNwo

ed lh et eh ell oe
SON RHOHONS
UE AD ROOWADY

Percentage Composition.

Per cent. of Digestible

Protein,

a
| | E
sales
| a |= | 8s
| =e | a @
‘ @ ol) oie
| £},8 |] os ]} 8y
oe ed = lee = Oo
| eo Zz
1.2] 1.7] 5.4 11.5
1270 |) 2.40 AES wed
1.2) 25) 218 4.9.|
15 Wea 26k Be
25°] 3.4 |11.2 19.3
2) | 2.6) | 82 13-3
23 | 4.7 | 6.5 14.5 |
Mte| 44) gh aks
1.6), 24.) 48 8:5
Bas) $360.) 73) 25
eel PeP RTI | Taye nara
2.6 | 4.2] 814 11.6
7.4 | 14.3 | 25.0 42.7
2.7 | 4.5 14.3 34.7
|
3.4] 3.8 19.7 31.9
6.2 | 12.3 24.8 38.1
6.0} 7.5 27.7 49.0
4.6 | 6.4 29.9 41.0
5.3! 9.1 26.9 41.5
5.1) 4.0 37.0 42.4
6.0 | 8.1 32.4 41.0
5.2 | 7.9 98.6 47.5
3.2! "310 {3819 46.6
4.4 | 5.9 | 29.0 45.0
4.2 | 3.4 | 38.1 43.4
(eeteo, Vetere te guiany 6
2.4" | 0.9"| 5-5
1.0 | 2.4 | 06 | 17.3
fection | ARSE) CT
0:9 | 1.8] 0.9} 9.8
013) | ede | ea |) gue
2.4 112.4 | 2.7 | 69.8
2.0 | 10.0 | 8.7 | 64.5
1.5 | 10.3 | 2.2 | 70.4
1.4 | 10.5 | 1.7} 70.1
1.9 | 11.6 | 2.8 | 66.8 |
| 3.0 | 11.8 | 9.5 | 59.7
| 2.7. | 22.6 5.4 | 53.0
| 1.9 |} 10.6 | 1.7 | 72.5
| 2.1 | 9.0 | 2.6 | 70.0
| 1.9 | 12.5 | 1.8 | 71.2
| 4.8 | 11.8 | 1.8 | 72.0

1.6 | 11.8 [°1.7 | 72.2

PS
bho co toe por is _—7—9

~

aa
Rea)

a ww

Asanneann wm RO mM

WaNmonwink HH wh
CONOR & tO

=

BHR ORS

Smowopew
~—

soofseo
rrp pe

pit rialaanes (ret
wOwWN OT

NN wWHHoOwMoCI Ne
RD RMAICSOHOONme

no
—

Matter.
} | E
g 3
| *
3 | a
a F =
ee ee etc es || 2
a 3 5 5
16) < & Az
11.8 OF4i || edssSiile tates
7.0 0.2 O51) \| rea
4.4 0.2 6.6 | 1: 2.9
8.2 03 | wa |4:44
(22.3)| (4.0) | (27.3) |G: 9-1)
15.5 0.6 | 18.7 | 1: 9.4
16.2 (IPE 3a mean ol espe
13.3 0.7 | 17.9 | 1: 5.0
9.8 Of5..)- 1228.0) elena
(10.0) (0.7) | (43.9) | (1: 5.0)

15.7 1.1 19.3 | 1:16.5
(3.5) (0.8) | (18.1) (1: 5.5)

40.5 vier 5o.4. ade 0
33.4 ip 38.6 | 1:14.4
33.4 0.6 36.8 | 1:17.4
24.9 1.6 44.9 | 1: 6.0
46.7 1.0 53.2 | 1:11.4
42.9 10 0|) 482 etetorG
39.3 1.6 |) 474! | ezonn
43.9 0:9 || 47.2") eaB8s
42.0 1.4 50.0°| 1: 9.4
46.9 1.0 54.0 | 1:10.3
40.6 0.4 43.1 | 1269.2
43.7 1.4 | 49.8 |. 1:16.2
38.2 0.5 | 39.9 | 1:65.5
(8.2)| (0.3) | (9.8) |: 9:9)
Bee We oseceee 6.5 | 1: 4.9

a (Hy dead Meee ce 16.6 | 1217.4
Se 0.2 9.5 1: 8.5
10.7 OL |) is Veter
7.2 O22) | St eaten
65.6 1.6 77.9 | 1: 8.0
(59.7) | (1.8) | (62.6) |(1: 7.0)
64.8 | 4.6 S14 | 19:
54.5 4.6 81.2 | 1:11.9
61.5 7.5 $5.4 | 1:11.2
47.3 2.6 62.4 | 1: 5.8
51.2 1.0 (2.3.5 Ps 2e8
(66.7) | (1.6) | (76.7) |(1:11.0)
| (64.4) | (3.3) | (72.2) |(1:13.3)
| (65.5) | (2.0) | (77.5) |(1: 9.3)
(66.2) | (1.9) | (77.6) |(1: 9.9)

aa | (66.4) C8).4 (tee) Y L929

928 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Average Composition of Feeding Stuffs—Continued.

sas | Per cent. of Digestible

a Percentage Composition. eran!
2
Le “| = :
3 S
3 \8 F 3
u o fa » &
° = ai es s

. ne : a ES : i e
Zig gis | se | 3 ate
A oac| acl eC | Oe) al el ee eels sae

a u 2; = 3 3 ° 5
2 he | «| a | O|/% |e )]a | o | & et eae
| | | j

Mill Products. | | |
Barley meal, ...... 3} 11.9 2.6 | 10.5 6.5 | 66.3 ea I ied: | 64.3 2.0 76.2 TOE
Gornwmeal? «42.65% i) oO) ||) de4e eo s2 1.9 | 68.7) 3.8 5.5 | 63.2 3.5 76.6 134259
Corn-and-ecob meal, Ranh) Ars 1.5 | 8.5 6.6 | 64.8 3.5 4.4 60.0 2.9 7069] Deen
Pe IMeCAL sence « 2] 10.5 2.6 | 20.2 | 14.4 | d1.1 1.2) 16.8 bL.7 0.6 69.9 TeSe2
EVO SDAIN laid aiela 9:0 7} -11.6 3.6 | 14.7 3.5 | 63.8 2.8 | (11.5)} (44.3) (2.0)} (60.3)) (1: 4.2)
Wheat bran, ........ | 88) 11.9 5.8 | 15.4 9.0 | 53.9| 4.0] 12.0 | 38.9 2.9 57.4 1: 3.8
Wheat middlings,..| 32! 12.1 3.3] 15.6 4.6 | 60.4 4.0] 12.8] 58.2 3.4 73.7 1: 4.8
Wheat shorts, ..... 12 | 11.8 4.6 | 14.9 7.4] 56.8) .4.5) 12.2] 50.0 3.8 70.8 1: 4.8

| |

By-Product and | | |

Waste Material. | |
Apple pomace, .... tf eat 0.5 14 NOG koran melee |
Brewers’ grains— | |

Ghataele uoconnemaeed SH Se 20 seen etSs Gall tteOe lene beG amet) le m(lGs4) jeeeeaee | (17.5)| (1214.9)
Brewers’ grains— |

Wy Copan doageanos 15 | 15.7 | 1.6 5.4 3.8 | 12.5 AG Geos 36.3 5.1 63.5 1: 3.0
Buckwheat mid-

Give} eenocen ened | 3/ 18.2) 4.8] 28.9] 4.0] 42.0) 7.1] 4.3 9.4 ae) yeaa |) ae BiG
Cerealine food,* ....| 3} 6.9 2.6} 10.6 | 6.8 | 62.3] 8.1 | (23.7)] (87.0) (6.0) (74.2)) (1: 2.1)
Corn oil meal, ..... 3 9.0 2.4 24.8 6.7 | 48.6) 18.5 3.0 53.4 6.6 | 77.3 a LSE (ee!
(OTH COMA: iencsin- sin. || 18} 10.7 14] 2.4 | 30.1 | 54.9 Of | S21 Ss22 10.9 | 83.8 1: 3.1
Cotton seed hulls,.. 4 10.4 2.6 4.0 44.4 36.6 2.0 0.4 §2.5 0.3 | 53.6 1:33.0
Cotton seed meal,..| 35 8.2 7.2 | 42.3 5.6 | 283.6 | 13.1 0.4) 31.5 255 | ° 35.3 1:87.3
Gluten meal, ....... | 32 9.6} 0.7 | 29.4 1.6 | 5a.4 1) 623) Stee | 15.1 12.7 80.9 eA te)
Buffalo gluten 2526 | 470 5.5 | 85.7 | Ty 2.4

eeCEh. -Cabp RHE SesES 1 7.8 1.0'| 21.8 Of} 6227 1 1005/1805 45.6 Site 82.3 Lee ecm
Chicago gluten |

RYE Ueetermcteise cca sions a Tey ab a} 12 | 35.2 | O27 | 4520) (6:9) 93055) 41.0 6.1} $85.2 12128
Cream gluten meal, fin] Sed] Ae) 153824) \) 1853 | e2e8)| esa | sae4al Gals Pee raeS ogame tending
Grano gluten feed,* 3 6.0 2.7 | 31.0 | 11.4°| 34.7 | 14.2 | 26.4 33.0 1225: | 985.3! |) e283
Germ meal,* ....... M2986) ely | 20e7 2.9 | 45.8 | 29.6 | (13.0)} (43-8); (26.7)i| (416.9) 23... 2252
Linseed meal—new 28.9 38.8 2.7 73.8.1 1: 1:6

ROCESSH. tcc cece <se 14. «(10.1 5.8 | 33.2 9.5 | 38.4 3.0 } 29.3 32.7 7.0 77.8 ae?
Linseed meal—old |

MEER “BHooososged PAU SIA | Baie | tee ele Se)

Malt sprouts, ...... 4. | 10.2 5.7 ; 23.2)-| 10.7 | 48°55 | 1.7 | 18.6 36.5 ibogl 58.9 | 1: 2.2

Dairy Products.

|
Buttermilk, ........ 24; 91.8] 0.8 BS. lea svonls 4.3 0.3 2.8 | 4.3 0.3 7.8 i Perle
pete ete crac dareve oif'eceim aie S7e3=1) 057 6 as See ib esa 3.8 cial | 5.1 3.8 16.8 1: 4.4
Skim-milk, ......... 303 | 90.5 0.8 Richie! Goan eo 4.8 0.4 3.5 4.8 0.4 9.2 1: 1.6
VILE Veet resco cielsieicicis: fareitile 93.0 0.8 (ety) 5 Sadice 5.0 0.4 0.8 | 5.0 0.4 O27, |) Merea

+The fat reduced to its starch equivalent by multiplying by 2.25.
*Taken from the New Jersey report for 1894.

ft

eNio. 14. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 929

HOW TO COMPUTE A RATION.

The method of computing a ration is very simple if one knows
how to do it, but “know how” is often very difficult to learn. It
will be explained in as simple terms as possible in order that all
who read carefully may learn how.

We will take a ration that contains 45 pounds ensilage, 5 pounds
clover hay and 6 pounds buckwheat middlings. By referring to the
table showing the composition of feeding stuffs, we find that these
three foods contain the following amounts of digestible matter:

|
| | Present Digestible Matter.

: eae,
= | ie
3 a 2
E 2 ze
a] re a
ui : col >
_ o ie
£ 5 = a5 3
2 cm o 3 S
ial Ay oO f& G
=; “
Ensilage—kernels glazing or more matured, ..| 27.9 71 15.7 aK | 1:16.5
ROLIVCT NAY —TEC, | ~ cietisjaie-s-clsie wa sicrdlatnaretohoiiele he aremte alee 84.7 6.4 34.9 16 | 1: 6.0
Baciwheat MIdGINES; 2.66 ss sjcwiianelse maseecssen 86.8 (23.7) (37.0) (6.0) (1: 2.1)

There is 72.1 per cent. of water in ensilage; to determine the
amount of dry matter we subtract the amount of water it contains
from 100, which leaves us 27.9 per cent. of dry matter. (See table.)
The dry inatter is obtained in this way for clover hay and buckwheat
middlings or any other food you may wish to compute the -analy-
sis of.

The figures in the above table give the amount of digestible food
in one pound of the different materials. In 45 pounds of ensilage
there would be 45 times as much; in 5 pounds of clover hay there
would be 5 times as much; and in 6 pounds of buckwheat middlings
there would be 6 times as much digestible food as is given in the
table. Multiplying these figures by 45, 5 and 6 respectively, we get
the following:

59—b6—1901

930 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

5 x
= = 3
= i} un n ~
3 E = & z
A =} a
2 2 S "8 $
Z 5 E 2 Ca ee
Re} - ) = = =
Fi 3 3 if a3 Sg 5
si ° & @ 3 ° Ss
& & on 3) ca a Z
Lbs Lbs Lbs rg Lbs
IDI ERAS Poapngpectanadncnosecsnogcs 45 12.56 -50 | 7.08 50 808)... ccccterrctens
Glover hay eeceeseeceeteseenee sen. 5 4,24 -32 1.75 | 08 | 2.15. | Saneceeane
Buckwheat middlings, ..........| 6 5.21 1.42 2.22 .36 4300" oc aerecee
BENG) Gat errntercratsecctgtyars ee vis tetelsiniansnaitioie(elorerocctarere 22.01 2.24 11.05 94 14.23 1:5.9
| a fee ee |
Reduced for a cow weighing
UAT Ne pene Age ARs cocoueasdooons S anapssos 22.69 | 2.31 11.39 ood 14°23) 2s 558
Wolff's German standard, ......}.......... 24.00 2.50 12.50 -40 15.40 1: 5.40

The cows receiving this ration are assumed to weigh 970 pounds.
Other things being equal, the heavier the cow the more food she will
need. The standard ration gives the amount of food required for a
cow weighing 1,000 pounds. Therefore, in order to compare this
ration with the standard it has to be reduced by dividing by .970.
This quotient gives the amount of digestible food that would be re-
quired for a cow weighing 1,000 pounds on the same basis. It will
be seen that it does not contain as much total dry matter, protein,
carbhydrates and total digestible matter as the German standard;
but more fat and the nutritive ratio is wider.

HOW TO CALCULATE THE NUTRITIVE RATIO AND TOTAL
DIGESTIBLE MATTER.

If we burn a pound of coal we know that there is a certain amount
of heat produced. If this heat be applied to water there will bea
given quantity of the water converted into steam. Compress this
steam and we get power by which we can run a threshing machine
or lift a weight.

If we burn protein, carbhydrates or fat we will also get a certain
amount of power if the heat is applied to water. We will assume
that the burning of one pound of protein will produce enough power
to lift one pound one foot from the ground. The carbhydrates have
about the same power; but the power produced by burning one
pound of fat is two and one-fourth times as great. That is to say,
on the same basis, we multiply the amount of fat by two and one-

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 931

fourth feet from the ground or two and one-fourth pounds one foot
from the ground. In order to have the protein, carbhydrates and fat,
if one pound of fat were burned it would lift one pound two and one-
fourth feet, and add this product to the amount of carbhydrates and
divide the sum obtained, by the protein. The quotient will be the
ratio. In the above ration there is .94 pound of fat. This multi-
plied by 24 equals 2.12 pounds; add to this amount the 11.05 pounds
of carbhydrates and we have 13.17 pounds. Divide this amount by
2.24 (the amount of protein), and we get a quotient of 5.9, which
equals the ratio of 1:5.9. That is to say, there is one pound of protein
or milk and muscle forming food to 5.9 pounds of carbhydrates and
fat or heat and fat forming foods.

AVERAGE PENNSYLVANIA PRICES FOR FEEDING STUFES.

In a subjoined table is given as near as possible the average selling
price of the different feeding stuffs for the past ten years. It was
next to impossible to get figures for so long a time on some of the
feeds. In these cases the present prices were taken. The cost of
all the rations are based on the figures given in this table; in the case
of hay, corn stover and other products of the farm the prices given
are somewhat below the market price, and in the case of the by-
products that have to be brought, the prices given are slightly higher
than the market price. This was done in order to make allowance
for the expense of hauling to or from the farm:

58

932 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

| Price per Ton. Price per Lb.

PS RIG) CY Mme TALC loti ater ntetat te eista la nicialelelciey ota a (aloes s viabchehnuciele. civis os ely ole sieielnsaialelefe[dicieieiatsis 320 00 1.0
IBEW erey Tapeh) (GhAg) Seebcaoscosassoendios GooctGdenddr coondcoGen dono 14 00 0.7
HBNCH WHEAT MOAI. | cicice' cafe w'vin telule’s nio)e,e\s 0. s(e c[a's/s{aletela'sin\n[viern's, o\s|vie.0/¥/0°e\eie e1s/e1e\e | 20 00 1.0
leas Wrens aor GOING EEE BEE Bopnoocsodunnauaccecodscsbderadnacnspaoponosn | 18 00 at!)
WlOVOrR DAY 5) ioe oscar. el eteryararchaiatelcyaracotnte icles sterersiesialalarctieisrs rs istoineve late stale | 9 00 0.45
MEST EUL TERE Me LOU aiteterctereicta lel alels(sta retell oictain "oye -0/<la/ ates s/arcmmictorel<lazarsisiolereaniors/sreveusiersiccelaretars | 12 00 6
OIE ATIC = CODE LITIC A cetera cotate cetnieetovereieiel ober tisreVers afntaiaravaletcteyelniavanisieieiatatelareiiclala[e'elt 15 00 9.75
(Copel, 100122) lol HORE ING CA ERntRES caSCAOSC CRORE GEE IA ccunck ican Senco. ar rC 19 00 0.95
‘Coir “GEES BR ARAet= SRR S. oooprEocaoon bE dbcdorot fopentc.) soanmnuoUCooctae 2 00 oil
OTN SUOVED, ) cos sacas ve ccnine. cuts cutee te cao Hac 5 00 0.25
Cotton seed meal, aise 26 00 1.3
GlGten Mealy: os ccc. selene Weds a3 sete 18 00 <)
Gluten meal; .. 2 cc. cece. steists oe coat 508 18 00 0.90
(Sabnsioy cena (Gsphie Nap le eno abacee CORA GECHOaGsp oso DeaaOoD Ur decupeaoonnaer 18 00 9
SEM aT CATLIAISDS , alo rh apete a\ereieve'aialale-a’avevehs aiSinva,sparwiel crbibia sis wiae(ersl winininm sisted 18 00 aN)
(Graze Tae doco acgesnon cobosiicdosoce > Souder camcoder DSOcebUGooonnostcnceod | 2 00 -l
isWoreos beni waa(ecl lO ane yaen ao codobonconouddd AoosGudodos Jodcooodocucnorcaeonn 14 00 att
MAIS COM Caley refer uccotes cine treeless eistalrelelate nneioveicieceleisic sce,bisjelsieie- cnfotelajefererevecelatvielere 26 00 ER
PVE SOUS He warers elreiare min rcioeielaie nis o ctele tiers ciclo eieicte otare eleteioloteisialavcis s/«lervivieisiaveivisiole 22 00 a leak
INGA SOLAS 9 Feitccislesciriesctsiets «see MOBS BECO AERO OE AIO O Od NORD COR CDOLROACOCOAC 2 00 ail
WIGEG Tf) DTERIES Sodas coe codanised sunccocdoocos somnodmndgocansuconannoepEmcepes, 11 00 0.55
LTRS SING A Gee ote Set ys a hee mea Ob A GOS HOBMO OOO SCAM I CORTON CAGHOOOOOS 8 00 4
WAG eee) SR Gooun saeco oprcoonnagod bpuCOou BEDnoane Gro ciadsonosmioocmocbananG 10 00 5
Oat meal, aoe mane Pe os Suel 22 00 113!
Oat straw, 5 00 * 0°25
Potatoes, 5 00 0.25
Rutabagas, 3 00 0.15
Skimmed milk, 3 60 0.18
Timothy hay, 2 11 00 0.55
\hVLNZEN 1 8LdaWa lol "Gannahachtc cds coarse SOOODEODOEncobantoonoasnossudmeodnnosad 18 00 9
Wheat chaff, 5 00 0.25
RUIN aIC ea INS: eee Scettcryelete eisis cicreiniele ps clorarelare ereteleratoverejatansomies alates | 19 00 0.95
VAIN See S PTGS GSs Mile cherslsie creretatere ei ccajcfercreasieie rs mie crie oiszesofatelererainysivin sieveielejeletataternraletolaiats 19 00 0.95
WWaEeHt Gisese | Seo osmad sodbacanopedonnudcon open apeoropadd dobre coCnucd cade - 5 00 0.25

FEEDING STANDARDS:
From Bulletin No. 22, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. ©.

Attempts have been made to ascertain the food requirements of
various kinds of farm animals under different conditions. Large
numbers of feeding experiments have been made under varying con-
ditions with this end in view. From the results, feeding standards
have been worked out which show the amounts of digestible protein,
fat, and carbhydrates supposed to be best adapted to different ani-
mals when kept for different purposes. The feeding standards of
Wolff, a German, have been most widely used. They are as follows:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 933
Wolff's Feeding Standards.
A.—Per Day and Per 1,000 Pounds Live Weight.
. . Digestible Food Materials.
Be |
be} a
3
£
as n
| & = F
$0 | 3
i) ° Lo} fen
} 9 & > s
= 7) S “a
| 3 ~ 2 : _-
hee e 3 < :
ees: py 6) Fy fy
| Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. |Calories.
Wbrestyersiity ETOSCE mas (SCONE s tareara aisicivince Oe srm.oiclclw eitieniv.a/sieislereye 17.5 | 0.7 8.0 0.13 16,815
Wool sheep, coarser breeds, .........2..2.++e-- sees 20.0 | 1.2 10.3 0.20 22,235
Wool sheep, finer breeds, 22.5 | 1.5 11.4 0.25 25,050
Oxen moderately worked, 24.0 | 1.6 11.3 0.30 24,260
OREM MEAVILY, WOLKE). cise cic. siete c5s sealeioe eeeececsclnses 26.0 | 2.4 13.2 | 0.50 31,126
Horses moderately worked, 22.5 18 11.2 0.60 26,712
Horses heavily worked, 25.5 2.8 13.4 0.80 33,508
NILeLe “iis Bin sena ania an deco origd COU SEEO OO Nae econ OC RnOao 24.0 2.5 12.5 0.40 23,590
Fattening steers: |
IKE Sys), | Saooneeee de subbbocose doe adEeacoeuoned 27.0 | 2.5 15.0 0.50 34,660
SerOn nl DerlOd sy, teers eee ac aieince eines nee Rle occ siveece 26.0 3.0 14.8 | 0.70 36, 062
MATa PEriOds| “sco. ccswc- ccc secs cece ceceeenrsceece 25.0 257 14.8 | 0.60 35,082
Fattening sheep: -
SRS MTD TTOO oe cine einicre saints a}o.ciatarel sieve aie aleisieimieisimisireineiae s 26.0 3.0 aie, 0.50 35, 962
iSeicreyalal Gel-sa lols) eee eee AR ARO An CS Seon OECoMneaoooodc 25.0 3.5 14.4 0.60 35,826
Fattening swine: |
Ti}ENeis Sie Gti: 0 Reae we Sine cP AB OCR an USIGr a ees ea ucRer 36.0 5.0 PAA 60,450
etn GRADE LLOG se cmc te cictoiele sere elaieinleleleie)aleteletolelaisiezm Sie) e.eis(2 31.0 4.0) 24.0 52.080
Thibinal Teo al obe See eer isp amen tian aia mn meen 23.5 2.7 17.5 37,570
B.—Per Day and Per Head.
——————— ——— = —— =—— ——
| P= e Digestible Food Materials.
|, 28 ®
ao ~
B a |
| § = | | vi i
| “3 5 hi ote a
oo ee | 2
tp ° | = is =
Ba 1, 3 2 2S ; s
> 2 “me (=) | » r=] | co)
Z s iS ss 3 5
Jit tee es | ES ee & &
Growing cattle:
Age—
Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. P Ss: i
Sees D WEDS, oe. 2 coeawt- ee Fee 150 3.3 6) aa | nea eee
Detomommonths.: Se... eeiinnsceen sete 300 7.0 1.0 4.1 0.30 10.750
putaeio months? +34. ssc totes sc 500 12.0 1.3 6.8! 0.30 16,332
2 a months, Se eye sieaithocta tara ho 700 16.8 14 9.1 0.28 20,713
o ROLES 1) tacts ag ana Biay) «/ajatere 850 20.4 ed ; anes
Growing sheep: 10.3 | 0.26 22, 859
Age—
OLOM ON ITLOUIC I Sa eo crore sieieciea eo uie tte etieas 56 1.6 0.18 2 4
Bator Straenithis: Mictoecus ceed. c buses 67 1.7 0.17 0:85 0:0u6 bes
tg brs 9 1 eee 6 1.7 0.16 0.85 | 0.037 2,035
NitetomibiemONnEnS tere ere eee 82 1.8 0.14 0.89 0.032 261
Toptowedpmmonths yt kee scene aes 85 1.9 0.12 0.88; 0.025 a
Growing fat swine: | ae 956
ettars
(ho) Biles Gomsems5 seas eos pe Geno 50 2.1 0.38
Bhtoes MOUTHS, \coes enter eens 100 3.4 0.50 ee rete
FR OLOROCIMONCHS fyi orice oo caste to wierciee | 125 3.9 0.54 Sia ae
6 to 8 months, Ne SA iene Beier ike oe 170 4.6 0.58 3.47 7 533
Sutord2amMOnLhS sess eee eh asta. | 250 5.2 0.62 4.05 $686

934 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

FERTILIZING CONSTITUENTS OF AMERICAN FEEDING
STUFFS AND MANURIAL VALUE PER TON.

Taken from Bulletin No. 16, Prepared by Enos H. Hess, of the State
Experiment Station, Pennsylvania.

In commercial fertilizers there are only three ingredients which
are assumed to have any practical value, namely: Nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid and potash. The foods used in feeding dairy cattle con-
tain more or less of these three ingredients, and, therefore, have a
fertilizing value equal to the amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid
and potash they contain. The nitrogen is valued at twelve cents per
pound, the phosphoric acid at four cents and potash at five cents
per pound. No allowance is made for the value of the humus, which
has some value, but as to how much it has, will have to be left to
the judgment of the reader, for as yet it has not been scientifically
determined.

ie
Pounds in 100 Manurial Value in Dollars
Pounds. per Ton.
| |
is! i!
= = |
3 3 |
LS} 1S]
3 en 4 Pe
a 5 . | ¢ 5 ;
20 eS S| & = a :
z a 3 2 2 3 3
ta o » A ° pe) »
aS <s ° — G fo) fe)
vA Ay am a a Ay a
SOILING FODDER. |
| Lbs. | Lbs. | Lbs. | |
Corn—dent, cut before glazing, .............. .0.41 | 0.14 0.33 | $0.984 | $0.120 | $0.33 | $1.43
(eth sels he Gop AnAann SOs OOOO IR on On nOnACeAAAaOOCc 0.27 | 0.10 0.31 | .648 | -080 81 1.01
Crimson clover (just heading),* ............ | 0.40; 0.12 0.34 | . 960 -096 | 34 1.40
Crimson clover (full bloom),* ...........seee+. | 0.51) 0.12] 0.85| 1.224/ .096|/ .35/ 1.67
Orchard grass (in blOOM), ...........sseeeeeee | 0.43 0.16 0.76 | 1.032 -128 | -76 | 1.92
BaSture BLASS wooded ndeneiss se nceisicie vis: )epiee siecle ele | 0.75 | - 0.19 0.60 | 1.800 152 -60 2.55
RGA UCLOVED eee een eee | 0.58 | 0.13] 0.46] 1.272] .104 .46| 1.84
E.G voc catia ven ouiuiain SincetsTalera celia oaheislslatejele st siaisleisverecelolsinje | 0.33 0.15 0.73 792 -120 73 1.64
Shoup, Wyse “Rogopodcnonocoandd casbGdcr sonaacondase 0.29 0.15 0.538 -696 -120 53 | 1.35
SILAGE.
| |
Corn silage—average of all analyses, ........ 0.28 0.11 0.37 672 088 37 | 148
Red CClOvErs a tesc ccs pe nsee eo ee velew ce cen ieeaen ss 0.53 0.13 0.46 1.272 104 46 | 1.84
HAY, STRAW, ETC.
J RUE WR a ee SPs Peer oto ci culn donate oneal ado Oo 2.19 0.51 1.68 5.256 -458 1.68 7.34
Corn fodder—field cured, .....cccserceccccecves 1.76 0.54 0.89 4.225 -432 89 5.55
Corn stover—fiel@ cured, ces sncdemcvc sce eens | 1.04] 0.29 1.40 | 2.496 232 1.40 4.13
lover NAy—reds wien ee lec ces ce ieistes sie es eieiaes 2.07 | 0.88 2.20 | 4.968 304 2.20 TAT
Hungarian grass) Hayy Oe cccsscececnsericcien cies 1.20} 0.35 1.30 | 2.880 -280 1.30 4.45
Mixed meadow grass hay,* .......s.cseseeess 1.02 | 0.26 1.48 2.448 208 1.48 4.14
Mixed hay, ...... ears 1.67 0.46 1.55 4.009 368 1.55 5.93
Ost Straw, vaccns 0.62 1.24 1.24) 1.488 -160 1.24 2.89
Orchard grass hay, ..... Serre cee, 1.31 0.01 1.88 3.144 .328 1.88 5.35
PVC ROD MAY, ore. ta'e shecs-cie. ss atvlatb vata sot oteatae wanes etter 1.15 0.36 1.02 2.760 288 7.02 4.07
PES EL S| o's ven o-eaiatane vo /othid cain Sale 0 wnt ie leks (eons 0.46 0.28 0.79 | 1.104 224 79 2.12
BR UEOMICY LIDS | sland nels itewsc a aale cleo oeee a uietati dis aieia te 1.26 0.53 0.90 3.024 .424 90 4.35
MUELLER: uit cic war alaisiw ecerera cf amsminin sare cae eeceatoete 0.59 | 0.70 0.42 1.896 -560 | 42 | 2.88
Butibat vdliatt,” sci <<. desccue vse ee 0.79 | 0.70! 0.42! 1.896| “560 42 2.88

*Taken from New Jersey report for 1894. y

ce ns
- !
Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 93d

Fertilizing Constituents of American Feeding Stuffs and Manurial
Value Per Ton—Continued.

Pounds in 100 Manurial Value in Dollars
Pounds. per Ton.
Ko} 3
3) 3)
3 3
S ie
° tw . be
a ie) i] °
A 5 ‘
bb a < 80 a a ;
° a os e a a 3
= S i) = P| 6 r=
a Ay Ay Z Ay Ay &
ROOTS AND TUBERS.
Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.
MOSEAVOR SE aeetie a cr-ersleyeiatcicle ats otsierers @.a(6/o)«)-telo"<tateisie/afele «'sleletere 0.15 0.09 0.51 861 072 ai! 94
MIGha AEH abe). Be eaagdapodacecscrcneaceonercane 0.19 0.09 0.38 456 «072 38 +91
PCARRD Rs uebcrtee sisters Seisielecs ais eivelcinfelninieiae/vic/wisinieve viele 0.21 0.07 0.29 504 056 29 85
PRUE A DAL AS, we elaare nin ccenie ci siewicwie cic ea sicivieeresiees 0.19 0.12 0.49 456 -096 | 49 | 1.04
Si » [TEC odeceesuce coast dedno. CoadncaBenoaue 0.22 0.10 0.48 528 -080 | aah!) -90
BOOK RPM etal eie civ iao( alates colais a1sinlescfelatelarstctaleisials)c\s(siefela sivis/e 0.18 0.10 0.39 432 080 39 -90
GRAIN
DHSRELC. Syggd sete n Sec OR er Coe, ear Caetocn sod coed aey |} 2.62 0.79 0.48 | 3.625 632 48 4,74
ise! a GlaGhiy “Sodcdbnececoeesabcodaese oped cnoEede oe 1.44 0.44 0.21 | 3.456 | .352 ara 4.02
HO Ya Ase etal ahs ars aia o id 21s «/cje'e ora ataresiatorelereie’a/eie'mislelers 1.65 0.70 0.40 | $3.961 $0.560 $0.40 $4.92
(Ciormerjiahbait, 1 “Ga peGacoateAnaDS Coane OnTeoonnnonooe 1.68 0.70 -| 0.40 | 4.033 | .560 40 4.99
GUTS WE e eeerero ricci «ol a/aieie Wiajele) ve’ sinloiiele vislessieiolae 1.82 0.72 | 0.41 | 4.369 | .576 | 41 5.36
Oats, ...... 2.06 | 0.82 | 0.62 | 4.945 | <656| .62| 6.22
TEGTISL « "hcp deci SOLO SOA LATO Ee eUOEIE Gr OODCeDCC DEC OUSCIOG 3.08 0.82 0.99 | 7.398 | 656 aE 9.04
BER Mmte ehete tote tcde state o0= on eis oi sya tes e1e era atershsnevdyclate,srstoteredeta s(evetstere 1.76 0.82 0.54 | 4.225 . 656 54 5.42
GORI SE CU cm ciscsiaievepoie slarotscalers everorsiay aie talaieve, vaistecsiwiaie 1.48 0.81 0.42 | 3.558 | .648 | 42 4.62
PRVINRE CLG A EMM N ea veins -taycrete/statel o's eicrsieteless}hsiele/aieieie'e'sie 2.36 0.70 6.39 | 5.665 | .500 | 39 6.62
Wea ——WAMbErs aa oni cic cera carsiciain (ew eo oie sve lov 2.36 0.89 0.61 | 5.665 | .712 61 6.99
MILL PRODUCTS. | |
RSEUTVE Car TD CONN ciieislaitnw'catete: cine cise Bocaimaeigeteaiore | 1.65 0.66 | 0.384 | 3.720 528 | 34 4.59
eiclnwheate MmiGdMNeS, “incase malice mentee | 4.62 | 1.73 | 1.56 |11.088 | 1.384 | 1.560] 14.032
RETINA oy oes nals cle sia e ataars wre croees Siero stoencare | 2.58: | 0:63 | ~ 0.40) | °3:792 504 40 4.7)
rma =COD IMEC ai crave vleleie oe eprete oie electoctatare 1.41 0.57 0.47 3.384 -456 AT | 4.31
TPL), To ee eee ELIE chins ye Me Pies 3.08 0.82 0:99 | 7.392 -656 | .99 9.04
ESP PMIPR ESL Timo wy g20:sn 0203 a: o's )arh esse! ajetererarclolas eke erteete ree} 2.28 1.40 5.568 1.824 | 1.40 8.79
RATE EMTS SUTIW oie. tyo se ric s:s ores Neveis cielo eacosaetehes tetera I) 42567, 2.89 1.61 | 6.408 | 2.312) 1.61 10.33
RGIS AITO IETS) | =sicjaicsqveics cre =o sjaie'tareeim ote ni crstetere 2.63 0.95 0.63 | 6.312 -760 | 63 7.79
MEE LEMS FOES eee orm stclotares ane’ fa1~ = icicle rao\sienate etelorehantstatete 2.42 1.88 | 0.65 | 5.808 | 1.404 65 7.56
BY-PRODUCTS AND WASTE MATERIAL. | |
ENTSTON COMNTD OLIN ACO 5 vata ecto) s/sraic'a1asuicisis/s1e affve\ oe nies e/ayet steieis 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.552 | 0.016 | 013 | 0.70
Brewers’ grains—dried, | 1.26 | 2.55 | 7.320 | 1.008.) 1.55 9.88
Brewers’ grains—wet, 0.31 0.05 | 2.1386 248 | 05 2.43
TOKEN CCM, © wipeanitaccissclicncjsacisisn clots 1.25 0.67 | 4.056 | 1.000 | 67 5.73
GnTOLNTTIC Ale Re ences Hoes Pee nietnicipinelers Sayecoeeyeerets 1.45 0.17 | 9.504 | 1.160 | 17 10.83
(Cayetl. (oi a> “ASS SRB HODDOROSCDCOBEEE COMMA CE ISEOOCCA | 0.06 | 90.60 | 1.200 048 60 1.85
SEEOMISEE CUT TILESS lsiareteicic)e/aiMicte © clere‘ers AG acoyeisiainle-ciclels } 0.18 | 1.08 | 1.800 Aaa a 0s 3.02
KOELGN SEG Ce Ie DES airs cis ctetsanniaoi ce ae clea oo Beiedaleieiees 2.68 1.79 | 15.9386 2.144 1.79 19.87
(HihiiGyou" 900) eas SOR CRR SBC HOOn TO Dene GMO ROnnGae 9.33 0.05 | 12.072 264 05 12.39
iernuaitri fo; fa Woh eye sifzY2)6 Fh TRA AR BRO URAC OOEC renee 0.38 0.07 | 8.256 304 07 8.63
CHICHEOMENITCNAINEAL FH cis ccc ciccer acer tvicweens 0.29 | 0.05 | 13.284 232 05 13.53
GRADE TULCT LOCOS Ss iccs cetcccte oiaseie.0 <einic.oss/sse dre sisi 0.66 | 0.20 | 11.904 528 20 12.63
Gere MCA Os acetone. ag isceisncisie.e tals ee eile ssteyelaaie’sia|| ; 6.16 | 2.91 | 8.852 | 4.928 | 2.91 16.19
Linseed meal—new process, ..............00-- 5.78 TEER a a eS Jeon fall ry 1.464 1-39 16.73
Linseed meal—old process, .............seeeee: 5.43 1.66 1.37 |13.0382 | 1.328 1:37 15.73
DUM SNLOUES soso ine wait sic Seicscic imbe siecle a nves en 3.55 1.43 1.63 | 8.250 1.144 | 1.63 11 29
DAIRY PRODUCTS.
|
TENG" Bag rntanere OASICIS area Dricce nine aoacad eno 0.12 0.04 0.04 -288 | .082 04 -36
IEEOTINVIM Cer eenicts Sesle.clviseicien iss ceres hiinielos noes lacie 0.48 0.17 0.16 | 1.152 136 | 16 1.45
; 3.93 0.60 0.12) 9.482 480 | 12 10.03
0.40 0.15 0.13 960 120 | 13 1.21
See 0.53 0.19 0.18 | 1.272 152 1s 1.°0
Skim-milk, 0.56 0.20 0.19 | 1.344 160 19 1.69
VITAE iraat yotara fotsinrarcr tar ass aes an naeMeretin palais aie 0.15 0.14 0.18 360 | 112 18 65

*Taken from New Jersey report for 1894.

936 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The above table shows a very wide range in the fertilizing value
of the different dairy foods and products. The highest value per |
ton is $19.87 for cotton seed meal and the lowest is 36 cents for
butter. The importance of the fertilizing value of foods is, therefore,
clearly seen and must be carefully studied if the maximum results

are to be obtained.

4]

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No. 6.

TABLE III.

Also the Number of Quarts

Average Monthly and Yearly Price of Milk and Butter from 1896 to 1900 Inclusive.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

of Milk Required to Purchase One Pound of Butter.

cate Pnot SH a
MA SHBND | cocamawceddormn |
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939

940 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

FIFTY DAIRY RULES.

From the Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United
States in 1898.

The Owner and His Helpers.

: Read current dairy literature and keep pested on new ideas.
. Observe and enforce the utmost cleanliness about the cattle,
tein attendants, the stable, the dairy, and all utensils.
A person suffering from any disease, or who has been exposed
to a contagious disease, must remain away from the cows and the
milk.

The Stable.

4. Keep dairy cattle in a room or building by themselves. It is
preferable to have no cellar below and no storage loft above.

5. Stables should be well ventilated, lighted, and drained; should
have tight floors and walls and be plainly constructed.

6. Never use musty or dirty litter.

7. Allow no strongly smelling material in the stable for any length
of time. Store the manure under cover outside the cow stable and
remove it to a distance as often as practicable.

8. Whitewash the stable once or twice a year. Use land plaster
in the manure gutters daily.

9. Use no dry, dusty feed just previous to milking; if fodder is
dusty, sprinkle it before it is fed.

10. Clean and thoroughly air the stable before alana In hot
weather sprinkle the floor.

11. Keep the stable and dairy room in good condition, and then
insist that the dairy, factory, or place where the milk goes be kept
equally well. |

The Cows.

12. Have the herd examined at least twice a year by a skilled vet-
erinarian.

3. Promptly remove from the herd any animal suspected of being
in bad health and reject her milk. Never add an animal to the herd
until certain it is free from disease, especially tuberculosis.

14. Do not move cows faster than a comfortable walk while on the
way to place of milking or feeding.
15. Never allow the cows to be excited by hard driving, abuse, loud

No. 6. DEPARTMENT Ol? AGRICULTURE. 941

talking or unnecessary disturbance; do not expose them to cold or
storm.

16. Do not change the feed suddenly.

17. Feed liberally, and use only fresh, palatable feed stuffs; in no
case should decomposed or moldy material be used.

18. Provide water in abundance, easy of access, and always pure;
fresh, but not too cold.

19. Salt should always be accessible.

20. Do not allow any strong-flavored food, like garlic, cabbage, and
turnips, to be eaten, except immediately after milking.

21. Clean the entire body of the cow daily. If hair in the region
of the udder is not easily kept clean it should be clipped.

22. Do not use the milk within twenty days before calving nor
within three to five days afterwards.

Milking.

23. The milker should be clean in all respects; he should not use
tobacco; he should wash and dry his hands just before milking.

24. The milker should wear a clean outer garment; used only when
milking, and kept in a clean place at other times.

25. Brush the udder and surrounding parts just before milking,
and wipe them with a clean, damp cloth or sponge.

26. Milk quietly, quickly, cleanly and thoroughly. Cows do not
like unnecessary noise or delay. Commence milking at exactly the
same hour every morning and evening, and milk the cows in the
same order.

27. Throw away (but not on the floor, better in the gutter) the
first few streams from each teat; this milk is very watery and of little
value, but it may injure the rest.

28. If in any milking a part of the milk is bloody or stringy or
unnatural in appearance, the whole mess should be rejected,

29. Milk with dry hands; never allow the hands to come in contact
with the milk.

30. Do not allow dogs, cats, or loafers to be around at milking
time.

dl. If any accident occurs by which a pail full or partly full of
milk becomes dirty, do not try to remedy this by straining, but reject
all this milk and rinse the pail.

32. Weigh and record the milk given by each cow, and take a sam-
ple morning and night, at least once a week, for testing by the fat
test.

Care of Milk.

33. Remove the milk of every cow at once from the stable to a
clean, dry room, where the air is pure and sweet. Do not allow cans
to remain in stables while they are being filled.

942 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

34. Strain the milk through a metal gauze and a flannel cloth or
layer of cotton as soon as it is drawn. :

35. Aerate and cool the milk as soon as strained. If an apparatus
for airing and cooling at the same time is not at hand, the milk
should be aired first. This must be done in pure air, and it should
then be cooled to 45 degrees if the milk is for shipment, or to 60 de-
grees if for home use or delivery to a factory.

36. Never close a can containing warm milk which has not been
aerated.

37. If cover is left otf can, a piece of cloth or mosquito netting
should be used to keep out insects.

38. If milk is stored, it should be ield in tanks of fresh, cold water
(renewed daily), in a clean, dry, clad room. Unless it is desired to
remove cream, it should be stirred with a tin stirrer often enought to
prevent forming a thick cream layer.

39. Keep the night milk under shelter so rain can not get into the
cans. In warm weather hold in a tank of fresh cold water.

4). Never mix fresh warm milk with that which has been cooled.

41. Do not allow milk to freeze.

42. Under no circumstances should anything be added to milk to
prevent its souring. Cleanliness and cold are the only preventatives
needed.

43. All milk should be in good condition when delivered. This
may make it necessary to deliver twice a day during the hottest
weather. .

44. When cans are hauled far they should be full, and carried in a
spring wagon.

_ 45. In hot weather cover the cans, when moved in a wagon, with a
clean wet blanket or canvass,

The Utensils.

46. Milk utensils for farm use should be made of metal and have
all joints smoothly soldered. Never allow them to become rusty or
rough inside. .

47. Do not haul waste products back to the farm in the same cans
used for delivering milk. When this is unavoidable, insist that the
skim milk or whey tank be kept clean.

48. Cans used for the return of skim milk or whey should be
emptied and cleaned as soon as they arrive at the farm.

49. Clean all dairy utensils by first thoroughly rinsing them in
warm water; then clean inside and out with a brush and hot water
in which a cleaning material is dissolved; then rinse and lastly ster-
ilize by boiling water or steam. Use pure water only.

50. After cleaning, keep utensils inverted, in pure air, and sun if
possible, until wanted for use,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 943

PERIOD OF GESTATION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

FROM ANIMAL INDUSTRY, (Shaw.}

The average duration, approximately, of the period of gestation
in domestic quadrupeds may be given as follows:

WRT US td Recth poe Woke. ale S00) CAVES? ENE usSO We <5. ck seule tS days:
3 ed >] eo

DUD MALES sy. G i. vont os Bo ON day Sed NCIC OS gf ee concen ee 63 days.

TR ADIGOW 3 leesive. 6a) 6S ein np OA LAY See PN GAC Abs cc ote coy" Aaa 50 days.

{Mit 1¥eye) 0 ee 149 days. the rabbits. 45.4050 22". 30 days.
b) e e

SEMIS, cytes sa, 4eh shen 149 days. The guinea-pig, ...... 21 days.

The average duration, approximately, of the period in hatching
the eggs of the various domestic breeds of fowls may be set down
as follows:

NGS OOSET oii cata ss 30 days. The guinea-hen, ...... 26 days.
be (arkey, ©. . ted 51. ZOvGay SNe HEM. foc ene cas 21 days.
Bie: WUGlaes 25.3 25.) osha 29) days. Rhe pigeon, .: 4... : 18 days.
he pea Wen, =... 02 6. 28 days.

The extremes in the duration of the period of gestation in the
mare, the cow, the ewe and the sow may be set down as follows:

RRM Ae Maree erties eee Ge SHS <cxin 3 alaras w wha'a a ayes 295 days to 370 days.
LEVEE GER OE A sha 265 days to 300 days.
Mnewewe; ... Da ee ney ans sate, J garere oo 145 days to 154 days.
Oem AWM dey Sone ere eis ose e shop hee MS wo 3 110 days to 118 days.

The extremes in the duration of the period of incubation in the
various classes of domestic fowls named below may be given as
follows:

UR ANE. EA OY SIE 5 acu a a a ag 27 days to 33 days.
PUT CoP RICG Ne gs 95) A oat a oe seek aie ea oe vm alt 26 days to 30 days.
SIGE CE rere hd, CANS 8 ay cates ls Bye or tee ees winless ah 26 days to 32 days.
SMO Ae Me Mra cee eye cots op, 2 si, s ees Co Ae ctlS els es 28 days to 30 days.
Brenan eae WOME ea eer cess ef cepthe s/o Sie ee ave wane oe 25 days to 26 days.

TAGE 9 aN r(ern hs Does epi acain e e 16 days to 20 days.

44 ANNUAL RIEPORT Ole THIS Off. Doc.

THE FUNCTIONS AND USES OF FOODS.*
BY C. F, LANGWORTHY, PU. D., Office of Experiment Stations.

Circular No. 46, United States Department of Agriculture.

Ordinary food materials, such as meat, fish, eggs, potatoes, wheat,
etc., consist of— ;

Refuse.—As the bones of meat and fish, shells of shellfish, skins
of potatoes, bran of wheat, ete.

Edible portion.—As the flesh of meat and fish, the white and
yolk of eggs, wheat flour, etc. The edible portion consists of water
and nutritive ingredients, or nutrients. The nutritive ingredients
are protein, fats, carbohydrates, and mineral matters.

The water, refuse, and salt of salted meat and fish are called non-
nutrients. In comparing the values of different food materials for
nourishment they are left out of account.

Use of Nutrients.

Food is used in the body to build and repair tissue and to furnish
energy. The manner in which the valuable constituents are utilized
in the body may be expressed in tabular form as follows:

ETUC iieielelsta)sloteisinlole eiclomicloivialsi-(eleleiotnais . Forms tissue (muscles, tendon, }
White (albumen) of eggs, curd and probably fat)
(casein) of milk, lean meat, |
gluten of wheat, etc. | :
PAPE Gs etter erect cite totes lun vf otelalsyusaforeceietaicistareya Form fatty tissue All serve as fuel and
Fat of meat, butter, olive oil, yield energy in form
oils of corn and wheat, etc. of heat and muscular
GATOR VCTALESS | lomctcteaiwicisietetvlsleivierainiale nw aime Transformed into fat. | strength.
Sugar, starch, etc.
Mineral matters (ash), ................ Aid in forming bone, assist in ,
Phosphates of lime, potash, soda, digestion, ete. |
ete. } J

*This article, which was originally published under the title ‘‘Foods for Man,’’ in the
U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook, 1897, pp. 676-682, has been revised and contains some additional
matter.

The fuel value of food.—Heat and muscular power are forms
of force or energy. The energy is developed as the food is con-
sumed in the body. The unit commonly used in this measurement
is the calorie, the amount of heat which would raise the temperature

of a pound of water 4 degrees F.
Instead of this unit, some unit of mechanical energy might be

No, 6. ; DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Y45
used—for instance, the foot-ton, which represents the force required
to raise one ton one foot. One calorie is equal very nearly to 1.53
foot-tons.

The following general estimate has been made for the average
amount of potential energy in one pound of each of the classes of
nutrients:

Calories.
EEE GINE WI OUMAGO LO LOUCUIO, oo cis re cue Sisps era aieiacsc = eld > 6 1,860
Draelh TO TOMO LAS tat eieel Shreie ts oy a, so ais. 2nd Bee ease Nes oes 4.220
Pit, Pound Lol, CarDOMyGratess oy.) 6.8 teste ts. 5) 1,860

In other words, when we compare the nutrients in respect to their -
fuel values, their capacities for yielding heat and mechanical power,
a pound of protein of lean meat or albumen of egg is just about
equivalent toa pound of sugar or starch, and a little over two pounds
of either would be required to equal a pound of the fat of meat or
butter or the body fat.

Within recent years analyses of a large number of samples of
foods have been made in this country. In the table below the aver-
age results of a number of these analyses are given:

60—b—1901

a ie. oe
: = a a
946 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
Average Composition of American Food Products. (*).
[= .
@ =z
; : Ay =
as 2 + °
se] g | 8 ee
. ° 3 2 ai 2 &
Food Materials (as purchased). 5 ey Sie at Bi ae 3 g Re
® Oy, 2 3 o ‘
A Oy fa & L Sui
o " oD —=@
. ours 4 ial fy Se
cay om & A ay; ale
4 2 2 fk seus hie
3 3 S 3 a ie 20
me E ¥ = 3) < &
ANIMAL FOOD.
Beef, fresh: |
Chuck, including shoulder. .............. 17.3 54.0 15.8 0.7 820
CRUGK TIPS exe cawevice censors emt eet ei teree.e 19.1 53.8 15.3 8 755
Mace Weenie oie .e Geelolteree care oa ee ie sic 5.5 | 56.1 18.6 8 1,185
EMSAM Bre ssi et ornisinieeioeteaton bel slenc tiecic-cicioeiaticgs sister |} 43.8] 62.9 16.4 29 , 020
Porterhouse, Steak cccsccescieseericieee- celeste feo 52.4 19:1 8 1,110
Sirloin Gstealey ey oscec stn ch biee cae aie nelterecisiors wre 12.8 54.0 16.5 og 985
INGGIS piece toe ei cicls ane sa Cee cemoce 31.8 | 45.3 14.2 “Taleo
RAPE 0 Wave nyeven/staveraiel oes sstercia cae alapeytie leet ete, cieetareicratere 20.1 45.3 14.4 ari 1.110
1Rolloy eats: 6 kg ouscocedua ndpdo son ancoModonoddos) soecga05 64.3 | 19.4 4) 1,105
IRE. nano auoorcnadon saeco cas onscsnouodeHeod 8.5 | 62.5 19.2 | 1.0 745
EMULIDD sf ce ects cole cree ric reblcon te wie es natal remces creer 19.5 46.9 | 15.2 | 8 1,065
Shank, fore, 38.3 43.2 | 13.2 | 6 465
Shoulder and Clody, (icc scuceeuscriercccesbieee 17.4 57.0 16.5 | | 9 660
Mone Wquarters sean vs s(t edie co iclee sinetncievere 20.6 49.5 14.4 | otf 905
LING! “CQUAT LET aves sic ce cian se aces cease ; 16.3 52.0 16.1 38 950
Beef, corned, canned, pickled, and dried:
Corned DCCL ete rere eey cea eicinietoniteteae 8.4 49.2 | 14.3 DSB Nave cine ets 4.6 1,271
Monee: PpPickled! esiecsjscos Koes seaman ce eewen 6.0 68.9 ADLGU|T AOE 25). oemece 4.3 1,030
Dried, salted and smoked, .............. 4.7 53.7 26.4 | (Habe | boeaoods Pig) 780
Ganned shoiled heel: Messe were acess ocmeeee [Nome ae es 51.8 25.5 PS Wane hase a3 1,425
SMO TITIEOs COLNE UMC! L ma ctenicet stele te lattiovo cletcrericieicisicil sete ciesters 51.8 PATER He) me Jey i eR Gacice 4.0 1.280
Veal:
BAS EMER Be Rites suis toictaisieceleahotonnc eet elites 23.3 52.5 15.7 8 635
NACE isonet she yf 63.4 18.3 1.0 585
Leg cutlets, 3.4 68.3 20.1 1.0 690
UO MCMC UAT LOLS | eevee cian ies aie esreyrnlotaw in claleraie enters 24.5 54.2 n Esa 7 535 .
iSbhaell WolstsWnds Gen MAAR eC Sosa OO OMMOnaeiAD Gamo ccd 20.7 56.2 16.2 8 580 :
Mutton:
RAMSUIVE ou areyer cata tayeseye o/s fora. cme oie laisse eldisieaicisiele eke asa/rvare 9.9 39.0 13.8 PUES Bosoaoce 6 1,815
ACETIC ated Mee inc’ Ahi teers od wraentendore 17 51.9 15.4 TOES be Bee S08 | 8 00
CHIME MERE oh Di rcrseiswieceiee aiahisir.> 8a cio eate ne 22.0 46.8 alse ATA ormon ee att 975
HMOLEMOUATECT A. «ac seswiotistesioadtigs Fae enbaiece 21.2 41.6 12.3 PAS Nels apioesd eT 1, 265
Hind quarter, without tallow, ........... 19.3 43.3 3.0 Py Ml Baeeoosn oti 1,255
19.8 45.5 a Ser AN fee oat Pi Nap ee 8 1.099 7
1318] 250239) 16501] OPT ocean ‘Qi 308
18.0 48.5 15.1 AS Go les cc sce “yf 1,065
10.3 | 45.1 14.3 PATH Ua iceiercsere 8 1,520
1 ay bal (610) oh}; Woe eagdaEce «bee yoonEeedooedaoooaes 19.3 403A) 322015 B26200 fee sane & 1,340
SSHGULGOTS © iis tx ctcniceaiaielnaise oeiclais/afeiee cmclesin ete 12.4 44.9 12.0 29'S) We nacn oT 1,480
PROTEGE TOUT” Mesctste.<r eyalesn!aiets slaieralsteicielaysterainte ‘as ashers a] cfoietatayerets 66.5 mB es BC BRA Soc 1.0 900
Pork, salted, cured and pickled: |
eid * SmOKe Ar atec na. cic owe tapes some ersten eyes 35.8 14.5 En Baeeonec 4.2 1,670
Shoulder. smoked, 30 7 T2ABu e932 Gale eis 5.0 1,625
Saltunork wes shee ee ee ieee 791 1.9 | S6RD aeons 3.9 | 3,670
Bacon, smoked, } 18.4 Lid eee att ee Ws | mi 4.5 2,685
Sausage: | |
PBOTOR NIA. fojtg tied tains, ciofs ato le aathoosleaek eae £H.2 | 18.2 AS ST este 3.8 1,170
AMIN OX ocseaierc Sebo oe LE Seo ee DONO SOTe9 ON 404 ie cen ce 7.3 2,225
I AMICLOTE, cote sts-aits eosin le eisaiahatsconsteieietecoiers ere aepr a fain eater arete ee 57.2 19.6 18.6 weal 3.4 1,170
Soups: |
@elery. \ereanl (Of4 . sho. oa eee | cee 88.6 2.1 28 5.0 | es 250
a PRR ee hres ONG aT povg |e cael ae tat 1.2 120
PUPAT SLEW F oc vic os pine outohsnialciclaree aise omen aca ner cis 84.5 4.6 | 4.3 525] ek 370
BOTTA EO om roe iw 5 sores c'ora) brews eoniecee Vi ea lee a oe corel PeorePoreante | 90.0 | mae Sal n | 4.6 | 15 185
Poultry: | |
euicken: broilers; . 2so..9:740cs.2hewene eae 41.6 43.7 12.8 | USA) | Sfesare aerate a 295
ADIOS er ces ection oes tani eda teeter Coe ee 25.9 AT A) he ed SRih chess. ec eee hf 775
GOGSE. Wil secdsautensccer scl wuts oe ee UPA ol) -ORSeale tai di |) scO0NS | eee .7| 1,505
MUWIT VS... < we 2 druyiinvaS ma/e lace a alasesoiete cia he Ria a eh | 22.7 42.4 | 16.1 18-45) Besse as 8 1.075
Fish: | .
MOH ORESSEG a eminuaneuiem bed tees een ene eee 29.9 58.5 11.1 5a lestoissaiately 8 215
Halibut. steaks or sections, .............-. eat: 7 9 15.3 REA interest 75 470 -
MAQUETTE Ls “WHOLE. 0.5 ica con ecueass eects suet ) 44.7 40.0 10.2 WON ie inreapeve Rs "65
Perch, vellow, dressed, ......20.eceeeeeeees 2h. A0.7 | 42.8 a Gi etic 9 265
STEGER g (0) (Ree AS ny Ne er oe coc crn | 0.1 Zee 9.4 AS cate ewes “¢¢ 380
SS POG... ae fu coe Ont ee ee ll eee 71.2 20.9 3.8 2.6 1.5 An ‘
Re SAIE COM ky ace 1b ev cdot ee ones 24.9 40.2 19.0 LIL, |] seca areys 1S 5 B15 4
*Condensed from detailed tables in Bulletin No. 28, revised, of the Office of Experiment ‘
Stations of this Department. ’

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 947

Average Composition of American Food Produets—Continued.
D

. is &
2 2
a ar an | g 2
9 Fi 8
° iS) 8 ui + &
9 3 ' te | =| 1 @ a a
Food Materials (as purchased). K be ® ® 2 8
@ Ay ° Ss co
Ay Ay tu La be Sa
. ) & ® =3
@ & fy iaus Ay Sk
w o ra on s
Si @ i} 2 P 2 | 28 ete tees
ioe) E Ay fy 6) < &
ANIMAL FOOD—Continued. |
Fish, canned: |
RIFULITION stlbeciecerssieciclatetean'ese/s'e Biheiacslsisrapattra hi stecawe onan 14.2 56.8 19.5 Tis Alle acter are | 2.0 680
RIEU OUTTOSH kee crereciciers sieioeyaiscevs'sse,siaaieysrevs stove oarsiea erate 45.0 53.6 P Belt ia I ecto | 2583 950
Shellfish: |
WG SECT SOLAS ty Poteet tei tas sicccin'a cient di areisistavoro-cye |'sleretateies 88.3 6.0 ales} 3.3 aba 230
STATS es crcte ies cicieis osc, se/ei vice via sista She craters a ciNofoeysiel | ereetoreiere 80.8 10.6 nal 5.2 2.3 340
GUS See oleisle sacistmeiolncicisices Mace nm eae Banont 52.4 36.7 7.9 “9 6 1.5 195
HOR SLOTS be ctelaretoiataetets Senate eso e. Soe. isles tinier oe 61.7 30.7 5.9 att 2 8 140
ES RIVONS.) ORES. © slciclae aiviatvcjaineiaee wos sroleelaci 5 ya bee 65.5 11.9 OES fal As eee 9 635
Dairy products, ete.:
BEST RET STEN Beate ofars/afo\ coso{uis) oie? e/e slayer ev avaloteters aseleraisrarars avsyets 11.0 1.0 fa a oc 3.0 3, 605
Whole milk, 87.0 3.3 4.0 5.0 of 325
Skim milk, 90.5 3.4 | 3 5.1 ati 170
Buttermilk, 91.0 3.0 5 4.8 at 165
Condensed milk, 26.9 8.8 8.3 54.1 1.9 1,520
MOTT SP eeicyaselnscittess sist -seieiajars ahnte Sishols, cic: wei wreein Bere 74.0 225 18.5 4.5 fa 910
Cheese, Cheddar, 27.4 27.7 36.8 4.1 4.0 2,145
GEESE re HUN CREAT fe divic.cisle: civiote,otarcsaraisivcale' ete ornpal| annum atole 34.2 25.9 33.7 2.4 | 3.8 1,950
VEGETABLE FOOD.
Flour, meal, etc.: | | |
Entire wheat flour, 11.4 13.8 | 1.9 71.9 | 1.0 1,675
Gira G fl Our tscsaiiass co ctciie ssstecn ces cnculors assis I) seg) 13.3 | 2.2 Tiles jt aha 1,670
Wheat flour, patent roller process: |
ish erade; and: Medium 55.5. aebecteeMlsinee oe eel] 12.0 11.4 1.0 pel a6 1,670
MUOWIRET UGE ‘jactesie sevevelsivietiaitietevsratersieret erates 1s eres 12.0 14.0 1.9 71.2 -9 | 1,665
WieicamOLuimen ser cet critercton onarne cocat acct macaenine | onal | 78.4 3.0 its 15.8 1hS 415
(CSaeeiavaiol a eXeclEae RomadocopasObne MEO aT OnCScnIG Mec aaa te 10.1 a bab aley? 75.5 1.6 1,6°5
IBCs ea tet OUTe mrcctctceicielaiafele stave cicselew ctoiectereisilllevetelaceietere 13.6 6.4 | 1.2 Lites) | 9} 1,620
(COM iaGEnl ea dcosoraactecunnucnonudeconecoodedl bdosnedsh 12.5 9.2 | 1.9 75.4 1.0 1,¢55
QaETIVE HT Pasa vas aie ervasevars eve tale aferniste oie chasle tater caresctan le ae atorats Tad 16.1 Mae, 67.5 1.9 1 £69
IF UKOCH ML EBON OREN ODO ENERO CE On OU He CDrnCDaS Happ ood saree nee |} 12.3 8.0 3 79.0 4 1,60
SUSE OCG ha ata Seaieiarernrele abe tuis ahsia bioiele aperohaie alae atereoe Gallwoets eae |. sake 4 1 88.0 zl 1,659
Shei Ch tes Cease ceace tseie nore stomata acta erase Seaman \secboses| sosacees IS amaceie CIN besnoaee 1,675
Bread, pastry, ete.:
BVI tombe Git te cect is aaticcrctecire crace seo ne niall coerce. 35.3 9.2 16) 53.1 | alt 1, 215
ES TUNVRT MMOL Ole ee lateral cles cle icicle cucleine else Gorrie ion tae 43.6 5.4 1.8 47.1 2.1 1,050
GPARWANVADTCAG LY avai ates ise oh sisjaforesess oie ¢ ove s atomto) |e elec sieis 35.7 8.9 1.8 52.1 iG: 1.219
SWILOLE SWEDE, DLS crscaceristciore evans 's « areieislansvslsraie'llotesereiaiere 38.4 Cer 9 49.7 IES 1 140
ERO DIE UCL suman araitrvste crass sserel svete areicienctctate apetacepeiereiete eboasece Spit 9.0 6 53.2 The 1,180
(CHAIR ee aa ano cone UO aGOU CORB O AC CDC RTE A ane Ease | Seroaton 19.9 6.3 9.0 63.3 1.5 1.675
G@REAMIPCNACKELSS, aio <rcresieristee oe viele sare ortrele es tierefore'|'a) steve recovers 6.8 9.7 12a 69.7 eT 1,990
OMSTETAGCTACK ENS oF Hes saiots ete tiene eceisie is oar ere | riovotcercte 4.8 123 10.5 70.5 2.9 1,965
PICU CLACK OPS: | jek. co tialan i aie oc ene Biases |eete nee a 5.9 9.8 9.1 73.1 | Pal 1,925
Sugars, etc.: |
Molasses, fal Wea al es cresserace 69.3 | See 1,299
OPERTN Lyre acetate 2) tals ay aietrnsie/oecreisugratecs)eiste lovee cers cl sis vatetalai|laratolecs ates’ [late ciara aiessil Gave wenciclerstlle: stave le ere 9G: 00 reerniatores 1,785
Honey,t . 8. BN ooadenn | f8£s2h) 2 1.520
SULA MANILLA ECL teva ece arctestis: eysie le ois7o(s cleacicto syatelos | lersinlerava he\|)sjove -avelecteil tc, 0° alate, | orate later eyand |) O02 O2 RS tcc 1.869
VES ER UE SNVCEELT ue cfetate c(h sfoirw ci ccciss> crcicts sre)ale:cuniavorersistc leno ehe ees I evetatdcove eteilletarataneteiarel{ wrataleveterets TAS Rakion 1,3°0
Vegetables:§
PES GSA SCLIN CLs oPatrin x oferste = 10{s pictairtals 2) ai- ciple aie eis, the Neasererects | 12.6 22.5 18 59.6 3.5 1 695
Beans emesinia ye Shelled cc cn0.cr on. ecisinnorecies lac ee es 68.5 Yel ard 22.0 adr 570
SCAMS MISES wi trs re seleltiecsialeystausteiers seis. claecncien 7.0 $3.0 2.1 a8] 6.9 art 180
LEDUC) sonido das COOCCHEAC ae OR MOL AE SE ae Ton neioe 29.0 70.0 lie) ail ail 9 170
Wah Par erea. cece demas terra vensrealocpisate ue 15.0 Tite 1.4 ag 4.8 a) 195
(O13 Chae Maddgaddonde Ose NE Gano: GCC DOU ena 20.0 75.6 9 ol 2.6 B33 70
Corn, green (sweet), edible portion, ....]........ 75.4 Sel al LOET Ai 470
(CNICUINDELS Napeinerercts ciiaistsivicis'cisisios aie sieiie s srenievoein’s 15.0 81.1 AS 2 2.6 4 70
FEC BUCO tee arora is Oraicierels Gia eislolstaciste/eleieivreiniace oe eels 15.0 80.5 1.0 y? 2.5 8 75
MALS ROOMS eerste vctesieiia atest ieelslarataieeereratele icles alerere.¢ §8.1 3.5 4 6.8 1.2 219
On SOS ee caine Soria haps icleeie rs eiertieicuieteteneris ba cies 10.0 78.9 1.4 28 8.9 25 205
lefives he bhol- 4 MHOC OR SESS ED Sb OCoR aa ue Cee ac RANE 20.0 66.4 8 4 10.8 Teak 240
Peas) (eisum sativum) sdried), ssace. cece lec ccle ene 9.5 24.6 1.0 62.0 2.9 1, 655

*Refuse, oil.

jRefuse, shell.

tContained on an average, cane sugar 2.8 and reducing sugar 71.1 per cent. The reducing
sugar was composed of about equal amounts of glucose (dextrose) and fruit sugar (levulose).

§Such vegetables as potatoes, squash, beets, ete., have a certain amount of inedible material,
skin, seeds, etc. The amount varies with the method of preparing the vegetables, and can not
be accurately estimated. The figures given for refuse of vegetables, fruits, etc., are assumed
to represent approximately the amount of refuse in these foods as ordinary prepared.

a

wr.
*
94s ANNUAL AEPORT OF THIE Of. Doe.
Average Composition of Food Products.—Continued.
| | x ;
: E
° : + A
mah v2 ales a
2 o o é ; pay he
is ee ' =I 1 s S &
. Ifoud Materials (as purchased). & be d ® + 2
a ou ° = ©
A ay | iS a Bui
: 5 & ) ao
od re isi A = : om Sk
w ® o of =
5 2 oad 25 4 os
° D Gy 2 3 Bo a Ete)
ee Bo] ® cs rs) < &
VEGETABLE FOOD—Continued.
Vegetables: *—Continued. |
Peas (Pisum sativum), shelled,:..........]........ 74.6 7.0 0.5 16.9 1.0 465
WOW DEAS H COGLe Os incr ceiessctercte slojele etnieysielalainta eiavel| <falefeteintnts 13.0 21.4 1.4 60.8 3.4 1,590
POLTALOCSS ween eran eck cdma inert acs 20.0 62.6 1.8 at 14.7 8 310
(slmble dey songanmaaqooosdocppabooodnpocacomnoa|| 40.0 56.6 4 4 2.2 | A 65
SIWEGL DOLALTOES 6 teyaiee cienelste tetera canreleleialeisinvelesaress 20.0 55.2 | 1.4 6 21.9 et) 640
Spinach, 92.3 | 2.1 43 3.2 Dei 110
Squashe cose ecu oee cease e eee 44.2 7 3 4.5 4 | 105
Tomatoes, Naor 94.3 ck) a! 3.9 5 105
Turnips, 16.7 | 9) | A] 16.7) 6 125
Vegetables, canned: | | |
Ress (Pisum SaLiviulr) se SVECCM yee ee olaicete s1alai| cei avehlelere } $5.3 3.6 | 2 9.8 | 1.1 | 255
MOrit METCEM. Seek thea w salsa nis/ree erecta los aenre s 76.1 2.8 1.2 | 19.0 | 9 | 455
“UNatertaldolech + sgdcgobonoeaunroecODanno Toone Orcdadd) Haaco onc. | 94.0 1.2 | | 4.9 | 6 105
Fruits, berries, etc., fresh: 7 -
VADIES+ Be weasatnaiten tam sasac sadens eee] 25.0 63.4 | 23 3 10.8 | e314 220
AMIAMASs: | Rereatidns cen Acleaie cs atorets cmecretioccerinc 35.0 | 48.9 | 8 4} 14.3 | 6 | 300
(nies saqgdeneosnanencedcsacdododc roc aneene ccs! 25.0 58.0 1.0 1.2 14.4 4 35
HST ONS Sea ee ee eee | 30.0 | 62.5 | 4 5 5.9 | 14 145
WiiiskkimeClOnSs. vaste te tects wecwnis sae simecn ene | 50.0 44.8 | ai Genders 4.6 | =3 90
OTA ECS Wise tiere cc Oeielalne scisia te tinicts cies Uetsisyseyorehets | 27.0 63.4 6 | -ak 8.5 | 4 170
IEGIGSt;, p SOR noaCOnESDOnuoUbEne soaneaoesnponSeaon 10.6 76.0 | 5 | or a ee 4 | 260
.Persimmons,. edible portion, ..............].....0.. | 66.1 | 8 4033 L254 9 634
ina oake | Moan pd sasose cocoon pOden= hevaos acs |ooudaace | 85.8 | 5 ES) ee eee } 12.6 | 6 255
Sishy teal igh came anbosebonsadepecoescntonec 5.0 85.9 | 9 6 | 7.0 | 6 175
WVATSLITMCLOUS © qsaacetoccmuecce toate eenteas 59.4 | 37.5 | 2 sh) 287, Silke) 60
Fruits, dried: | |
PATS DIES Gnas eer aes are Sn Sie kin ss Necro eerie ia ates omar 28.1 | 1.6 | 2.2; 66.1 | o ae 1,350
Ptprico ts een ee enceiorceere oecee cetaciell saitesiose | 81.4 OM | eae hele | 17.3 | 4 340
TECH here ctriciese lets resotercie eee a fststersie,stvte sivieteleoeeielals 10.0 13.8 19 2.5 | 70.6 | 1.2 1,450
Pa rs Omen Sects one ci claisterar eRe nslceemnajc ee ne tisions [Seeeroere 18.8 4.3 aa alle? 2.4 | 1,475
Nuts: | f | |
TAIN TOV Ey SARE ROR aeeEte ene vier es ca k dens 45.0 2276 ee 30.2 9.5 1.1 | 1,660
IS COGHIULESY, maria ees cise ncteishepem sige tctage mar aiers | 40.8 2.3} 13.0] 34.0 7.8 | 2.1 | “a 8i0
ISyeIVATL Gayge Denes Nes COMA O Ob oprMAOnGacne bora 49.6 2.6 8.6 33.1 | 3.5 2.0 | 1,655
SPREE CL TINUL SS, peter teerareyctetalese <letelotarale/ete a ecciajalstais o's /sjalara 86.4 6 | 3.8 &3 | 5 A 430
Ghestnuts? (freéshy sec. ccmeccs sais ce sicacnets 16.0 37.8 | 5.2 4.5 | $85.4 a feal 945
Ghestnuts), tdried) Sein. ce cccedocsneceee 24.0 4.5 | 8.1 5:3 56.4 ne? 1,425
Gocaamuts eee eases desis to iors ote acces 448.8 ler? 2.9 25.9 14.3 ab) 1,413
(Gtafeeihakehes A aydsaekysll Mooepéoonnuccsupasecoud jaoooneod 3.5 6.3 57.4 31.5 1.3 3,125
PRISER mee micecteiciees <0 52.1 1.8 T.D 31.3 6.2 iba k 1,575
Hickory nuts, 62.2 1.4 5.8 25.5 4.3 8 1,265
Pecans? Molished; — % sicwadeiestasiyseee ce cepa 53.2 1.4 5.2 33.3 6.2 ae 1,620
TP CATUCS sae eet eee aie). asiaeeee cee 24.5 6.9 19.5 29.1 18.5 1.5 1,935
Pinone GPinus edulis) s, weer see ares es 40.6 2.0 Sz 36.8 10.2 wee) 1,905
Wialnuts, «Californias blacks. sacnaesaces\stel- 74.1 iy | 7.2 14.6 | 3.0 5 805
Walnuts, California, soft shell, .......... 58:1 1.0 6.9 26.6 6.8 6 1,375
RAISING B cooeaciscie cet a csnah eine iar eee 10.0 18.1 | ona 3.0 68.5 3.1 | 1,445
Miscellanéous: ‘ -
Hoe ater) | stb cwens acto meals Oh MTs cee Norte fepome ss 5.9 12.9 48.7 | 30.8 ray? 2,860
CWOCOaAs DOWOESrEd ©, se iaccsecis sina sloleaes clelaatee: jalekt)| ueiitetasts 4.6 21.6 28.9 YAY YB 2,320
Cereal coffee, infusion (1 part boiled in
ZO iparts® “orater) pe © eck wastes «que te earsere eo | siete ebiateie 98.2 BD aoclaltoresh 1.4 wer 30

*Such vegetables as potatoes, squash, beets, ete., have a certain amount of inedible material,
skin, seeds. etc. The amount varies with the method of preparing the vegetables, and can not
be accurately estimated. The figures given for refuse of vegetables, fruits, etc., are assumed
to represent approximately the amount of refuse in these foods as ordinarily prepared,

{Fruits contain a certain proportion of inedible materials. as skin, seeds, etc., which are
properly classed as refuse. In some fruits, as oranges and prunes, the amount rejected in
eating is practically the same as refuse. In others. as apples and pears, more or less of the
edible material is ordinarily rejected with the skin and seeds and other inedible portions. The
edible material which is thus thrown away, and should properly be classed with the waste.
is here classed with the refuse. The figures for refuse here given represent, as nearly as can
be ascertained, the quantities ordinarily rejected.

tMilk and shell.

§The average of five analyses of cereal coffee grain is: Water 6.2, protein 13.3, fat 3.4, carbo-
hydrates 72.6. and ash 4.5 per cent. Only a portion of the nutrients, however, enter into the
infusion. The average in the table represents the available nutrients in the beverage. Infusions
of genuine coffee and of tea like the ahove contain practically no nutrients.

INGw6: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. v49

Dietary Standards.

Dietary studies have been made in considerable numbers in dif-
ferent countries. The results of such studies and experiments to.
deiermine the amount of food required by men engaged in different
occupations have resulted in the adoption of dietary standards.
Some of these follow:

Standards for Daily Dietaries.

Nutrients 4

m

Ko) 2 | 3

‘= ~ | oO

Character of Work to be Performed. 5 a] | 3s E

pi a es ©

5 ip emseree i

e ai) eee eee

2 Py setae een

(a) ~ | ety) | vo

ia @ i a | 5

Ay & \ 2 | ic

European:
Lear ee AE TINO CACC aSWWOL Kiri se raccls asetcla ls (ere ai oia/aisie/eysrals ofeieia 2 c/eieva wi oreiahs's 0.26 0.12 1.10 3.055
Wiig award WOT, Sc siccrqncieia)-104 taco selenite Ba Saar SAT ce | 32 PaR| 99 3,370
American: | }
Mie OU. CISC AI WOGK O ciar. cerarai4 ale c/a voietn) vralsislenedele:s w/ o(s!e BOO! IN eeavatapatetcveraiss lisyeciercraraeons te 3,000
Davi rh Webs MUSCAT WOPK on. cs s/clcin nie « wcisinsieinas sieieit¥ oe A ke SB bee Ilr syeiererciectecs 3,000
Man swith moderate muSCular “WOrkK, 20.5. cee ene mweieecscs ce MZGi}| (nee ctaveletetate Som acocnnc 3.500
Marie wrth man TUS CULE WOK <icleie viele was cietelelelciciaiein isiasies « | Behl ene ee [oveeeeeeee 4,500
| |

fhe table of composition of food materials shows the amount of
water, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and ash content and the total
fuel value per pound for each kind of food named. The protein,
fat, and carbohydrates all furnish energy. In addition to furnish-
ing energy, protein forms tissue. Since protein and energy are the
esseitial features of food, dietary standards may be expressed in
heir simplest form in terms of protein and energy alone.

Observation has shown that as a rule a woman requires less food
than a man, and the amount required by children is still less, vary-
ing with the age. It is customary to assign certain factors which
shall represent the amount of nutrients required by children of dif-
ferent ages and by women as compared with adult man. The
various factors which have been adopted are as follows:

Factors used in Calculating Meals Consumed in Dietary Studies.

One meal of woman equivalent to 0.8 meal of man at moderate
piuscular labor.

One meal of boy 14 to 16 years of age, inclusive, equivalent to
0.8 meal of man. _

One meal of girl 14 to 16 years of age, inclusive, equivalent to 0.7
meal of man.

One meal of child 10 to 15 years of age, inclusive, equivalent to 0.6
meal of man.

950 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

One meal of child 6 to 9 years of age, inclusive, equivalent to 0.5
meal of man.

One meal of child 2 to 5 years of age, inclusive, equivalent to 0.4
meal of man.

One meal of child under 2 years of age equivalent to 0.3 meal of
man.

These factors are based in part upon experimental data and in part
upon arbitrary assumptions. They are subject to revision when
experimental evidence shall warrant more definite conclusions.

The plan followed in making dietary studies is, briefly, as follows:
Exact account is taken of all the food materials (1) at the beginning
of the study, (2) purchased during the study, and (8) remaining at
the end. The difference between the third and the sum of the first
and second is taken as representing the amount used. From the
figures thus obtained the amount of the different food materials and
the amount of the different nutrients furnished by them is calcu-
lated. Deducting from this the weights of the nutrients found in
the kitchen and table refuse, the amounts actually consumed are
obtained. Account is also taken of the meals eaten by different
members of the family or groups studied and by visitors, if there
are any. From the total food eaten by all the persons during the
entire period the amount eaten per man per day may be calculated.
In making these calculations due account is taken of the fact that,
as stated above, women and children eat less than men performing
the same amount of work.

Method of Calculating Dietaries.

The following may be taken as an illustration of the way in which
the table of composition of food products and the dietary standards
may be practically applied. Suppose the family consists of four
adults, and that there are on hand or may be readily purchased the
following food materials: Oatmeal, milk, sugar, eggs, lamb chops,
roast beef, potatoes, sweet potatoes, rice, bread, cake, bananas, tea,
and coffee. From these materials menus for three meals might be
arranged as follows:

Breakfast—Oatmeal, milk, sugar, lamb chops, bread, butter, and
coffee.

Dinner.—Roast beef, potatoes (Irish), sweet potatoes, rice pudding,
and tea.

Supper.—Bread, butter, cake, and bananas,

The amounts required of the several articles of food may be readily
approximated by any person experienced in marketing or preparing
food for a family. Thus, it may be assumed that four adults would
consume for breakfast 14 pounds lamb chops, one-half pound oatmeal,
one-half pound bread, 6 ounces milk, 2 ounces sugar, and 2 ounces

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 951

butter. From the table of composition of food materials the nutritive
ingredients which these foods furnish may be easily calculated.
Thus, if oatmeal contains 16.1 per cent. of protein and furnishes 1,860
calories per pound, one-half pound would contain 0.081 pound protein
(0.5 * 0.161 = 0.081 pound) and yield 930 calories (0.5 * 1,860 = 930),
and if lamb chops contain 16 per cent. protein and furnish 1,130
calories per pound, 1} pounds of lamb chops would furnish 0.24
pounds protein (1.5 pounds * 0.16 = 0.24 pound) and 1,695 calories
(1.5 pounds * 1,180 = 1,695) calories. The others may be calculated
in the same way.

The assumed quantities of food materials which the four persons
would consume in a day, and the calculated protein content and fuel
value, would be as follows:

Menu for Family of Four Adults for One Day.

Weights. .

n

we x

&

S

z 8

Food Materials. 5

Ay od

A

3 3 a a

=| ° » =

r= | 5 ° o

i) = & 5

ay fo) Ay i

Breakfast.

@BUIM CAT, Witiarctsile rei cicioter nc crstorolcicistblols!sareieielastictare, ciareis a/e cistsraielw'atacalais)elsle'alcieis)|isvesleve sressigie 8 | 0.081 930
IRS BSS nd on SER COUE TO CRUE COnCHO Croce pCO ce Don TOUR eS See a eCOU een Dein meee 6 | -012 122
SUI ors ere ccicteielatricserstereielovevoreielete eisielere erent ovat tera rcteaialetctarelelaic icicle tal eictarei Mctaletete cover Delete katte 232

TROASE ED CCE! (CHUCK) ~ ots arsseietercte:sre/elcreseislote-eis1ssojejers:sieseie erole ra fo%e sivieje eteislsteisre il 12 277 1,435
IRGC . o}sndadondcood aoaonARCoDMonnose Gan adadopspaceunooudonodueDdl baDanceoaD 12 -014 233
SIWEE CMD OLALOCS i unspers clararelsinaleiere sraverouicre alate tia /cleferersvel ale ievererleresesevelo el aieieic: | cre sale crciiete 2 011 480

2

4

4

6

2

ANGE itt ey mee “Sooke ccmoca edo ribo aOR dorr OC SCOOE Rc .
Average for 1 person,

*Coffee and tea in themselves have little or no nutritive value. In the menu, allowance is
made for the milk or cream and the sugar that would ordinarily be added.

952 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oif. Doe.

The American dietary standard for a man at moderate muscular
work calls for 0.28 pound protein and 3,500 calories. It will be seen
that the menu suggested above is insufficient; that is, more food
must be supplied. For instance, cheese might be added for dinner,
and pork and beans and milk for supper. The amounts of protein
and energy which a sufficient quantity of these articles for four per-

-sons would supply are shown in the following table:

Food Added to Bring the Day’s Menu up to the Dietary Standard.

Weights. -

- n

o

-

: g

ie! 3

3 1S)

Food Materials. S Sy

Ay a

=

5 a 5 s

5 3 = s

ai (e) a
OH COS Ee cc sc esis 5G sale eae deci sass Sals MERT trad ae Se oe meio eee ma nae nee ele 4 0.069 536
Means) ¢403<2 cones BESET OSE CR Seep he EE cen ESA ein Rt iN Laie A nd 10 | 141 1,005
IEG, | Seasbot occ susuatimegoerdmonong Saosdonosududogona ebcsoI6L Satoa)iosuonoKede 7A | -005 918
TIES. RHR an CASES era alin Bnet hy 5 Bem cecnsairt Grieve Le ine: abies Dileiascmeesee 066 650
PRO CALS AMOUNT LAG GEM GeO ETI loreecieteroreielalclere oie iere/vieyelefecalcteve cterltercle(eteie sisistenll elesdeds cieielete 281 3,109

These additions would make the total protein 1,190 pounds and
the total fuel value of 14,377 calories for four persons, or for one per-
son, 0,298 pound protein and 3,599 calories. (For the sake of sim-
plifying calculations no distinction is made between the amounts |
required by men and women.) These values are approximately the
amounts required by the dietary standard,

Following the above method, the value of any menu chosen may
be easily calculated. It should be borne in mind that approximate
rather than absolute agreement with the dietary standard is sought.
It is not the purpose to furnish a prescription for definite amounts of
food materials, but rather to supply the means of judging whether
the food habits of families accord in general with what researeh has
shown to be most desirable from a physiological standpoint. If
economy is necessary, a study of the tables will show that it is
possible to devise menus which will furnish the requisite amounts
of nutrients and energy at comparatively low cost.

Digestibility.

The yalue of a food is determined not alone by its composition,
but also by its digestibility; that is, by the amount of it which the
body can retain and utilize as it passes through the digestive tract.
The term digestibility, as frequently employed, particularly in popu-
lar articles, has several other significations. Thus, to many persons

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Yoo

it conveys the idea that a particular food “agrees” with the user,
i. e., that it does not cause distress when eaten. ‘The term is also
very commonly understood to mean the ease or rapidity of digestion,
and one food is often said to be more digestible than another because
it is digested in less time. However, the term digestibility is most
commonly understood in scientific treatises on the subject to mean
thoroughness of digestion. The digestibility of any food may be
learned most satisfactorily by experiments with man, although ex-
periments are also made by methods of artificial digestion. In the
experiments with man both food and feces are analyzed. Deducting
the amounts of the several nutrients in the feces from the total
amounts of each nutrient consumed shows how much of each was
digested. The results are usually expressed in percentages and
spoken of coeflicients of digestibility. From a large number of
experiments with man it has been calculated that on an average the
different groups into which foods may for convenience be divided
have the following coefficients of digestibility:

Coefficients of Digestibility of Different Groups of Foods.

“Ae
| 2 A.
| 3 & |
3 p
a wi Ir os
ke 5 ® 1 >
o 3 = 3
Ay £ £
be og
; 2 > =
is Ay a so .
3 od ae
5 re) 26 ao
be 3 ae — ©
A, fe, 6) a
PANUUTNY Meet OOS wah acd speszic' sors aYatave ovela(Meiorolets eres bytete we atelare Meiers earache ne 98 97 100 | 16)
GEreal Ss PANGs SUP ATS 6 mans taouceicecmritle niet orn ce eaiaatonte ce neeaeee | 85 | 90 98 16)
Me retables tan Gi sPeuacs mn a actne cece seman ciclo Ge Se ere oe cease | 80 | $0 | 95 75

Making use of these figures, the digestible nutrients furnished by
any food may be readily calculated. Thus, as shown by the table
on composition above, sirloin steak contains 16.5 per cent. protein.
One and one-half pounds would therefore contain 0.2475 pound pro-
tein, or in round numbers, 0.25 pound (1.5 * 16.5 — 0.2475). As
shown by the coefficients of digestibility quoted above, 98 per cent.
of the protein of animal food is digestible. Therefore, 1.5 pounds
sirloin steak would furnish 0.245 pound digestible protein (0.25
0.98 — 0.245). The digestibility of the several nutrients in a given
quantity of any food may be calculated in a similar way.

954 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN PENNSYLVANIA.

Wheat, per bushel, 60 Ibs. Act March 10, 1818.

Barley, per bushel, 47 Ibs. Act March 10, 1818.

Buckwheat, per bushel, 48 Ibs. Act-March 10, 1818.

Corn, per bushel, 56 Ibs. Act April 16, 1845. ;
Rye, per bushel, 56 Ibs. Act April 16, 1845.

Oats, per bushel, 32 Ibs. Act March 30, 1897. .
Potatoes, per bushel, 56ibs. Act March 30, 1897.

Clover seed, per bushel, 60 Ibs. Act June 26, 1895.

Onions, per bushel, 50 ibs. Act May. 8, 1895.

Salt, coarse, per bushel, 85 Ibs. Act March 10, 1818.

Salt, ground, per bushel, 70 Ibs. Act March 10, 1818.

Salt, fine, per bushel, 62 Ibs. Act March 10, 1818.

Salt, per barrel, evaporated, 280 Ibs. Act March 24, 1877.

Bark, per cord, 2,000 Ibs.

Bark, per ton, 2,000 Ibs.

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 955

FREIGHT RATES TAKEN FROM STATISTICAL ABSTRACT OF
THE UNITED STATES, 1901.

TABLE I.

Freight Rates on Wheat, by Lake, Canal and Sail, and Flour, by Rail,
from Chicago to New York, and from New York to Liverpool, by
Steam, 1860 to 1901. ‘

(Prepared by J. C. Brown, Statistician, New York Produce Exchange.)

Wheat—Average rates prs
per Bushel. S
2
ia]
o
#, as a i
Ld 3 ~ Hy
Ey £ 2
Calendar Year. S Oo o gz
cS} Bs :
& 3 x “
3 w i
a o, hi
on “su mH
eS) av = o
ad =—¢4 =| °
eo | pO | | Be
> ical
a fa cy zm
PZ. hl Ro cogHencoll boorncocniceal uaccoce
ZGRBG) \|caiciarcjeraievelo Mneroeieve ees eine | ters electors
Pike Rte Racca anotall bese asoaie acu eGeo
rei lal Beeea orca prod eutcoric| ooo seca
ZEESOi || veeieorcteleis aioe lois’ siatacertee stato | etcee etaee
VATB GY AA RAaeaacecol houtkioaeae ol laacdonece
PA lel BeanaanGes 46.1 4 7-8
PPREKT hac oneOoor 44.2 5 3-16
22.79 29 42.6 6 15-16
25.12 25 baal 6 11-16
aly (aaa 22 33.3 5 7-8
20.24 25 31 8 1-4
24.47 28 33.5 7 3-4
19.19 26.9 33.2 10 9-16
14.1 16.9 28.7 8 13-16
11.43 14.6 24.1 9 7-16
9.58 11.8 16.5 8
11.24 15.8 20.3 7
9.15 11.4 ed 7 5-8
11.6 13.3 Mies 6 3-16
12027 15.7 19.9 5 13-16
8.19 10.4 14.4 41-8
7.89 10.9 14.6 3 15-16
8.37 11.5 16.5 | 4 5-16
6.31 9.95 135125) | Pats
5.87 9.02 14 | 3 3-16
8.71 12 16.5 | 3 5-16
8.51 12 15.74 2 1-2
5.93 | 11 14.5 | 25-8
6.89 Sei 15 | 3 15-16
5.85 8.5 14.31 | 2 7-16
5.96 8.53 15 3 1-8
5.61 7.55 14.28 2 5-8
6.33 8.44 14.7 _2 3-8
4.44 7 12.88 1 15-16
4.11 6.95 12.17 2 9-16
5.38 7.32 12 2 15-16
4.35 feritd 12.32 3 1-16
4.42 4.96 11.55 3 7-16
5.65 6.63 11.13 2 7-16
4.42 5.05 9.98 3 3-8
5.14 5.57 9.92 1 1-4

|

*Including canal tolls until 1882, but not Buffalo transfer charges.
tAverages based upon officially published tariffs; actual rates lower.
tor domestic consumption; local rate for export only $9.08 in 1900, and $9.02 in 1901.

956 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

TABLE II.

Freight Rates and Tolls on Wheat from Buffalo to New York, and
the Elevating and Storage Rates at Buffalo from 1870 to 1901.

(Prepared by the Secretary of the Buffalo Merchants’ Exchange.)

| i
= to
is 1
‘ | | ES
| & Ba
°
Year | aa A | 4 g
| , Ss | ge
'd ct) a
oS ©) A) eas
o.- 5 oD
bog s. ae
fo | eC ee
os = PL
ile (=) ou
a -_
| z
11.2 jail 1.25
12.6 el 125
13 oer 1.25
11.4 Jal 1.25
10 3.1 1.25
7.9 a) al
6.6 2 1
7.4 it it
6 i 1
6.8 1 1
6.5 Aiton a
4.7 | il 875
5.4 | a 875
4.9 .875
AO |: 875
3.8 | 875
5 |. 875
4.5 .875
3.4 875
4.8 755
3.8 .875
3.5 875
3.5 | 875
4.6 .875
3.2 875
9) .875
3.7 .875
2.8 .875
2.8 .500
3 -500
2.5 .500
3.5 500

*Tolls abolished after 1882.
7Storage varied; 5 to 10 days the limit.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 957

TA BOE. ITT:

Average Freight Rates on Grains, Flour and Provisions (per 100
pounds), Through from Chicago to European Ports, by all Rail to
Seaboard and thence by Steamers, from 1892 to 1901.

(Prepared by Secretary of the Board of Trade, Chicago.)

| } |
Shipped to—Articles.| 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898S. | 1899. | 1900. 1901.
|

Liverpool: |

GREUIT Tera niscis,e sixes $0.3287 /$0.3410 $0.3250 |$0.3200 $0.23850 |$0.3360 |$0.3435 |$0.2972 $0.2548 | $0.2147
Sacked flour, ...... 8625 .3513 .3316 .3400 .34380 | .3681 . 3760 3012 . 2790 . 2300
PPOWVISTONS oases oases 4575 4547 4466 | 4181 4491 -4440 4715 .4050 | 4884 -3600
Glasgow: |

(Ginailly” “SRegopaad saan .3550 - 3085 3463 -3410 3422 | .3523 | .3600-| .3325 | .3098 .2410
Sacked flour, ...... -»| 0906 .38625 | .8503] .3625 .2650 2906 .3906 3125 .8156 | 3438
PERONISIONS i al- = sps\e/arersie 4969 -4828 | 4659 .4969 | 4997 5250 5250 4469 | 15531 -4510
London: |
(Cecile Ina oponodierees -3462 8760 -8288 | .3329 | .3348 -3400 -85°90 | .3060 -3110 | 2323
Sacked flour, ........ «3681 8704 8493 3513 3528 3612 BS y 7-43) 3350 .3001 3250
ProwistOns; "ceccnme.s.- .4688 4828 -4575 -4603 4715 4814 -4969 4414 | .5587 4475
Antwerp:
IPLOVISIONS) eee cine cs 5025 -4828 | .4688 -4828 4969 -5109 -5250; .4750 | .5109 4625
Hamburg: | |

PPTOWAS TONS a te rctelstsieinie ois 5000 5250 5000 5000 .5100 -5100 5200 4600 -5000 | .4400
Amsterdam: | |

Provisions) © <scicc sess -5500 -5000 .5000 -5000 5200 -5200 5250 4700 | .5100 |. 4500
Rotterdam: | |

IPFOSASIONS | 1 s\n 5500 .5000! .5000 4800 5200 5200 5250 -4700 | .5100 - 4500
Copenhagen: | |

IFT OVASIONS aie cheats sleet 609445 .5531 sDOOL -5531 | .5812 .5728 -5813 | .5172 | .5531 4175
Stockholm: | | |

PAV ERVISTOIS yy Mere xteleieie craic 1219 - 6656 | 6656 -6656 | .6937 -6853 6925 6297 | .6450 | .5325
Stettin: | |
PrOViISiONS, fc 01011 6 6094 -5531 | ,.5531 .5531 .5812 .5728 5813 5172 | .5531 | .4775
Bordeaux:

IPTDVASIONS "ci. daha. - 6200 6000 | .6250 6413 6413 6413 -6575 -5912 | .6412 5425

948 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

TABLE TV.

Average Freight Rates on Grain and Flour from St. Louis to Various
Points from 1878 to 1901.

(Prepared by George H. Morgan, Secretary Merchants’ Exchange, St. Louis.)

To New Orleans | To New York To Liverpool.
by River. by Rail.
be bo S = ae [5
o So io} °
areas = £ 2 ES
ge | #3 FS 8 a Pe)
Calendar Year. CFs) aa ake ac 57
n a H — pb
; is ® io Os 5
f eee || ee 20 a Foy
ie g 3 g a Rs B 5
“= on a ee Op oe
da | cad | PE | 88 | age | 498
ws 8 a z 5 Age o aS o “
fehl P20 ene) =e) iS) SEO
fo) fe) | fo) > -
SUS eee ctrewiae eset cronyoe sistiniolele st ible ruse aaw alesis: ste 17.5 12d 38 (teat WEB Aadle| (See ddn onic
ETE, Sobbdc Guerin SOR cCr ore emoe Menara tana 18 7.75 33.5 (yale lndasecona lsgpoanccdc
PISO Mibamatio cities ie ay sieteicts cls 'c aici sttosle clea siete ive on cae 19 8.25 42 BE Wei eierere sie e'vi]\ectainiorasieres
JESU, AO SGH ODE E00 BEDOOSOL OCC pOD CORE mcmtor or errr 20 6 32 GAO seis ears satel atell ots cotecetadelatote
ARR OME recte setaters clears ateraisiers sjaiste anodatione eaereace 20 6.42 29.5 59 22.66 23.66
97.75 5.5 33 66 19.58 27
14 6.63 26 52 14.58 21.25
15 6.4 22.14 44.29 a Leg fb 20.5
16 6.5 29 58 16.17 24
18 6.5 32.13 64.25 | 14.8 24.8
15 6.5 29.5 59 aby ly 22.95
17.93 | 5.95 28.5 58 17.33 24.97
15.56 6.58 27.63 52.63 14.33 21.48
16.28 6.88 29 58 15.75 23.55
16.87 6.50 26.62 58 14 21
17.54 | 6.55 28.5 57 | 14.71 21.72
17.14 5.89 24.73 50 | 11.69 18.71
13 5.95 23.57 47 12.13 18.33
14.54 5 23 46 13.50 19.67%
10.83 4.88 23.64 47.26 12.89 20.33
10 4.50 22.25 45.10 | 14.24 20.32
10 4.50 21.95 43.90 12.33 17.88
10 44.25 19.38 | 38.76 14.64 18.41
10 44.25 19.38 | 88.66 | 9.48 14.03

*The figures represent published rates since 1894.
TF. 0. b. New Orleans,

No. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 959

—

LIST OF NURSERIES IN PENNSYLVANIA WHICH WERE
GRANTED CERTIFICATES IN 1901.

Adams County.

Acres.
PSCLIUIAAS 5 SV Wie INS cies ecaieis/ ojettie)n alsyais7e'oisisjairicle(eratatniniitals siatateceinioiel\rtnio BEICEPSVULLS. tera) tateel estate (artelovell state of eee
BENGE COTMEIMUS HT «ic ircjnercicicteisss seine tiolsseininajais/atelsisiajsig.siere eS SHOE MSE 7 csisis a'aics mints slave eit cine eee iets Vy
isVartiive, Sis WURS nabsoouo oppo on sone cp Sonoo ddonsdosUssod05 Er GASNtCOWID) > Moco nptales vvchiisiciele cies ere eieeree af
(ihn) Elena Boodaondedosop Cou cCauUUD CBSO DUODOUOOUCOOODU ret LAVALLE ctclererespioiel clase) folstateteielsloclele eieieioteeteiee 2
CO preemie sietnta nicre aieioteretela’e s\cictelereiereiccelaitiei eis ere lbleyaia}sialSferele ReMANO ONS yi velco’ clare) ofeieisteiiatelsiarainiate(elatnieleleiowsisiotatets 3
Elden, R. E. ASPET | (eleve ao) a\cla a esete/s ares nvein\erorsielei olalateretaete 5
Garretson, E MSI PTSr VALE. © calas careteere we pererielttnieieetetaaim aie 2
PRES OMS ECOD ELL ne crs lelataicveiersieteveleis) stale ciatsre splola/era]ola(eieheletavaie BONGETS WILE crrcieres cforms cielsioreieicheye Vy
CUVEE ETS eo vyo na Neseyctorchlo sce tas tu stata aise oye ojato.cle.c[asstmisis.apete York Springs, Scsts 12
RCL STAN OI wes sireloraiatavarstsieraitie «ls ote ciciesle ere. dete irisinemtelalavele OTIC ETS VATS y ere etia cnn oi oi eleraie etaciarsieterentes ly
IRIS hay ES 00g SC Oe Dee GEE OD On CCUEeeconEnpoarncncnndd mV TLE Le se gaverstepancrssc'a, strates a/eloisiasis inter s(etnisia 3
IslonieGie, ISI, WES Seanad boqoono se comand opoodgoeooroddD MGOTEV SUBS SD oti creciayerssieis.nyorsielolojeietele Btereeiefete iy
inlaw (OL lsh seongiocsnfdobenocosnuuaopensorarooooasoar Pe SOMGELS WILE i rrctevetaisiatel-tolafetesaieie(evacialeraiaia ars 6
TRIAS CLAD ieee eR ligs Slacarars 2p ratagete ya nfeohaishare nisi svatsra)statelore/alare\eieiersie Me LOLA ALO circ cicicitisis cs ciesefeeroare stores aioe ee 19
NUVess Che emeMV VEL LUM SU TIN st gira ccasfeVeqsrataveyevo(o,s.erateiniaisvate (are siosasa ciel dieetoKersvele Bendersville, %
(Ojeiajaroat, (Cl WR Wa areeneocuennae HOO sess sles PELOLVAC ALC Sy cis) -reke %
lazingvest, UNe TSI e SeBs se ecbencocoratesne ovconoscunsacao .. Biglerville, os 1
EE ema mmeT CPA TIEN bare ar ccic. sje iscels,esbletsyesnictetsteiayri cis #/slasteletolarcislaie Bendersville, 3
ors. (GL Aahs abet qooesnpcopodoodndocpaobocnncoouacaconn - Bendersville, 3
LC Cr etty CLUMe LOS DNC me sola pc ro y9 (cscs nseie\cistere)eletalerelsyevarore sle\ejels elois ... Arandtsville, 1
CEL eM SPAS CULLING! we 2)01c njave)clvinfoisi«.cieloinle)eialelele eisteisiele'= -.-. Bendersville, 2
Soiwensl, IStS Ais. “Boessbo bondoc anboo odoebddcododudosounod jo Ue Rieole) Teoduenas voceudopduooncooucenec 1%
Sino, (Cp, oto posted adse senbec soodees ootuctoUeHenono .».. Gettysburg, < 2
COM Lc Ra eel TN SUT owe Weel aisielafetciaia/ stele raicteiehaistalefetulels/elele'sie . Gettysburg, 1
Sueno” Se aonduosugdadu souEcunateeocaeDaNanS Seis JCOASDEOIWVING & scctacein dete Aarsteananye «ramones 2
RTO meee oe Gece eae ini, ciataisisie(eiste/ateyaiarete inure tia ae tcia Gia ae aes ACCHOLSMILLG Sy Usicesieisieinicisisiere a marcia ects 2
AVS Eforny (ORFS anoasateoanlodnon sfasuricnocuenanolloas Me tie MELOLA Call Ooptas aie carseteretlatlecisinctionsiseiaet ee 3
UVR Siay tree Teh (xn ratchataietarafelal-tavalafeie otoieeleseleiaic nisieieielstelelere doeINIehy Oban “Gaoondansconnoosnocdor canes 2
Wiad Groyriag eT 10S Bes 6 Hino oor GUS Od ee ee ceaeoddc onnoa oGod PROVE al OREM cere scaisictesteyericia more eleyareiensctete 1%
METS TS SS De trste rete ie wrescte ln ctevel nin afevaiata alatainielavetsicie'eie WEIN AS DUPE Sars sisyescickeicwieieielsie s'eitecies 4
PRES OMIA Orso Sec cinticittartaldatete micisteratstelereveactaiaraerentelcvetaeieleteie(cictste PRET OTE CLA CH gee atetarenckete siescteteeisim aiicind olaiererstie ears wy
NViNSDsesrl Ueto yam or Wi eicravezessycyotatayeusievs 01 sbsrofatert/atslasatstar aternijeiatatolsiel ete ON GEVS VM oe aie rojsyosenaetsieiwiaye cet sVeicloleteneteieyee 6
NS CEN 1 eC an De ieee s TOeG con SUN ras COCO CD ena Ene ROT EUG i Atarayes cicralos - ctateics oie slevalerel stevelees erate %
33- Nurseries. 9914

Allegheny County.

EEL Cy te red ea USAIN SOIR tre iatetatesee elvis el etetersisicrn) wiv xuaretniele, “seein levers SPLINE Ma Ss oe areiclecarars «5c wlavernvocicintaraja aeaaiace 12
MUGEGOCI. De ubsne Go GO). waa swiis ester trotuayerran ster tate aeterels save No. 510 Smithfield St., Pittsburg, ... 8
2 Nurseries. 20

Beaver County.
VLG eet Mime tia Ore Wee ES TOSS. 9 Noaraytbiernro,cig/ala siatale > erniefers Saco eieley ESCAIVED, | Mercy ayaiatn ay ters. sieteit ajetainvorn srr neisteeactereys 8

Bedford County.

ExeUmtA ly Ain Gaia LC O DG aetey -toteralalelo;eratalots\ejalereia\sla'erelsistela/a/syniaiateleiesee/eie PS CORON Meeteteieteisiciace stele eictase sale teicieicieisiserse 3
AV VRE CS EE ATES EITM i gratate eter cinic c\eleieieraiarers es Velereteusteravere opddaddoc -- Alum Bank, 4.
2 Nurseries. 7
Berks County.
(Ooy=Ni ibe eon BS 2 Bee on Gon oen CB OBCBCCUrE cree aveveaicnafeterers Sete Rele, ste LID RAIL ee oT ATT Sains 2 ciate te lobeial ve oe. eeelctetor te 2
SIMMONS ree ats repeiclarereyoratevere hi elelare eiclcicie close Wonte(cremasciete ws)srare NVEUNETSVANTO 5 Faro. ctcceeclesieistereinsin letra %
SHOUGHS WAITS, + Ne ic(cctcserecctarets tore-are sternite <’nntve there. ove.aisrela/eisreie Gentreports” awemove c coeienemeeeiemcni
3 Nurseries. 3%

960

Blair County Nursery Co., ...

Kemp, H. B.,

Janney, Horace,
Landreth, D., & Sons,

Moon, Samuel C., ...........

Moon, The William H. Co.,
Palmer, Henry,

Pierce Bros.,

Achelis, George,
Conard & Jones, The, Co.,
Hoopes, Bro. & Thomas,
Keech, J. F.,
Rakestraw & Pyle,
Roberts, Josiah A.,

Prudential Orchard Co.,

Peters, John, & Co.,
Rupp, D. C
Woodview

Rife & Ulrich Nursery Co.,
Scholl, Calvin P.,

AROS LOCOCO RMOOO ar COSCO RLUUL - Morrisville,

2 Nurseries.

Bucks County.

--.- Newtown, :
Bristol,

5 Nurseries.

Butler County.

Chester County.

. West Chester,
Westgrove,
Probes sce teia aiotesareteicie mareinctotcioie West Chester,
.. Oxford,
SUbbeavocsrn caoRacnouacns Willowdale,
wrotors MEAL V CIN we aisvs steyaisihalaroonieisisiareiuieteioieientatersie ate

6 Nurseries.

Crawford County.

Shermansville,

Cumberland County.

Proteteiotalelnielelere(ntelolels) tele eiatelereis Uriah,
- Shiremanstown,
Uriah,

3 Nurseries.

Dauphin County.

Spt dddoobboosa00a00gnS -.. Royalton,
Jide aleteonit insole larsie aiciniere ... Fisherville,

2 Nurseries.

Delaware County.

(Cha) dab o(=) aed fo) ob che C Amen Ogee oceadiendniscocs 6 ccbooGUReCDaCaDD ce NVA IN OVE oie lerstepeisinis cities arelstasis coats stores
PE PORTITAVUEED WLS KT, Ws, Selaccus,cic. heen vivioiavelatalalow sereiersi tialalai locas iataratse SICLONMCOTCVIILE: ~ oo cearereies witsinie< otc antnemrae
Wea CONT AG > schas.o nistaysienieta «’slece separm ia ooteloletoieaieeteieis’ es » IbANSAOWNE,, cee cerns Sorcha akin ie acatcracerart eee
Oak Nursery ‘Co., P. Z. Supplee, Manager, ....... eC GOMMM EWAN ocr starescteicletereearecieceineie eyereions
TRAcsra(zyoyu =) ee UE heeled Phe ARBAr en oabrnd cooucaoD coc oodcs ePIGANSCOWIEs, Aeec oe so cieierhcure olleerste sia aeteteees
(DUN REO Ra nae Ie are orca tC CIC TGR IOOS SP AOONCOLG VillOs, Mesiee coleniie crise een am eit
PUVICICICULPASSCILELTE, , ove ctsicve cpisticia is aleve: cfeluie oltheniee seeatnigrglees nis fofererarncsde IBTOOKtH OLD Cite a wane .wu sects Oe cccieite eee ae

PAGCOR, C. Wn). eee occ cise
DERE Ls, AGE vn.cy aie oes occas

7 Nurseries.

Krie County.

a Stes Jar8 ages ere ee eceheecets c/a kin Riel GALATE) Png cAr b veivansealaepiann cuetigien tate

2 Nurseries.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.
Blair County.
Acres.
el elcleleteia ir isYefelsiiclove-n'sie sen ASU ye CG OW sce cieteis Asie cc ieisettie erate
SR BU ECOSURCOEROOnEOS TAEOCD WsASE: (TECHS ei niewetsieins crise nielecielae ose

175

600

95

20
89046
a
a

—

Fayette County.

Sterling, J., & Son,

Franklin
*
byer Bros.,
Fisher, Philip,
Hetfletinger,
Good, A. M.,

Reed, William B.,

Me ratana eon atain ees irinrem <ielePorseeabiele ste fev eletalsiaie ves ... Waynesboro,

Masontown, .....

County.

Chambersburg,
.. Chambersburg,
Greenviilage,

.. Chambersburg,

5 Nurseries.

Huntingdon County.

Snyder, J. Peter,

.. Huntingdon,

Juniata County.

Landis & Wagner,

Lackawann

Hull, E. J.,

Laneaster

Bolton, W. P.,
Brinton, William P.,
Cooper, Calvin, ........cececsecceceneves a ;
Engle, H. M., & Son,
FDP ees ESTO yh else o ecswle © o.sieieiers(nielaleieveiaisieieie «in\eleie)s\sjai=1e1e\sin\si)e (ele
Harnish, H. H.,
Herr, Daniel D.,
Hess, S. R., & Son,
Reread sO: So SOM oe eee cciciese vie cisinislvisivicieinielete ete
Laushey, O. W.,
Root, A. W., & Bro.,

a County.

Olyphant,

County.

.. Liberty Square,
-. Christiana,
-. Bird-in-Hand,
Marietta,
.. Marietta,
SELUDEIEY C cenekscieere
Lancaster,

Bird-in-Hand, ..
East Petersburg,

11 Nurseries.

Lawrence County.

Butz, Wi. 2.
Fisher, D. W., &
Hayes, J. W.,
Moore, A. S.,

Lycoming

IEvenden Bros.,

-- New Castle,

»» New Wilmington,

Bessemer, ........
New Castle,

4 Nurseries.

County.

~. Williamsport, ....

Mercer County.

Hocbler, J.
Nelson, J. W.,
Unger, Charles

Tres

61—6—1901

es OUCSS Mian cele cargiiGn a
-. Indian Run,
Chess,

4 Nurseries.

McCulloch's Mills,

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

961

—

i
Nw RKO OOM WOE

14

962 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Montgomery County.

rohit. RUG die seten cisieiecievioteleiceisisie cicteile s eee LEPC wiurerwicre «cere ec, ctatevarsmeel ti otake RvPmyerarsie

Haines, Robert B., & Co., Cheltenham,

PT CCKICT RNa kon, | cslatersa(eioeteeiatsiae melatecierssintele ciciataistsieisietetere ioe WsAMSARICIS Somnicnicferevcle cia © neetrendine

FETE W SON J AINIOS, Ge GOIN ats ate cisinie)ctelelstelctoralcicleiars . Cheltenham,

Meehan rosy me schas cece tan erteneterorete . Dreshertown,

MOOre IaACOD Bec eee econo neh taewea een ee hne SrELAtHeLGin: sceneries

North Wales Nursery Co., G. M. Buttery, Mer., ... North Wales

RS os DOUG Se rcisieree.c.cleei isos lon teminicinte einen oie ceramic ieicls Jenkintown,

Sturzebecker,, Williams ccc nc tegsteselewtereracioeiciau penne SETA SELL OS, Porcrete cfoicrevers ayetotels oreie siete laieiepe ester

SW ISOM Charles so) rae crercmimaciine ala iterates leone siisiie GUA Wy TES ieerissectecisieicisialersisteiontcisieetelarrate
» 10 Nurseries.

Northampton County.

VOC, AUD COGOLES ircresayessvarctessy-ceret vis wkclomslele-e:ctbseisloseiialstotniereretetedcle Nazareth,

i ey

Perry County.

Wagner, George A., & Co., ........ isisctiteg Shoe sivatas Alinda

Philadelphia County.

Lea MSL MV V AULT ATI VV AUTVOTE a ectetess)e/ateratsielsteca/untele(eielejel=ysje(elereis Chestnut Hill,
Meehan, Thomas, & Sons, ...... . Germantown,
Stephenson’s, John, Sons, ........ --- Oak Lane,

Petes. iad dems) ON Gol Os mecca icreleteisteiclersleis eleieietsialstele Germantown,

4 Nurseries.

Somerset County.

PARENT CI ee ry (GSE SLO Ny) i ninselorw efotnlale els x inlolore{olaistelalojetscale aston Gladdens, ... sees eee eee eee ee eee sees sees
Village Nurseries, G. W. Kemp, Proprietor, ....... EVAN CAS VAISS y cre creteincicroicleisielsiolvlore eroreiersiete

2 Nurseries.

Venango County.

Simiidort, deh Eh5 Selly Acoocodocuvadcdrndosuons onaconooadds LU dbhibe asad ooudanoocoreebopnaaD Gao"
Westmoreland County.
DMCA GAMNIS SONI, cysjctscieivioisraicvclotviocete settee et eee nee ene scene Mount Pleasant,
York County.
Glen Rock Nurseries) W./S: Newcomer: Propry voce GOT TOGIE ie iatere clstsie oiatcresolnia(otatbiala/elolaia(eiets
Patterson, iwi. Gray Gow OOMb ur cieie citer te ater etic sie ste StQwartStOwD,. | cme: worse cenaceeete
Stein, “Georse shy Loc oscsalec antares a eee ee rare CASE SE POS DEC iy preverterncie eas pialeraieteetereietete

3 Nurseries.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 963

SPRAYING CALENDAR.

A Brief Outline of the Best Methods for the Vrotection of Crops
From Insects and Fungi.

The utility of some condensed outline showing how and when to
spray or otherwise treat fruit trees, shade trees, garden and field
crops, and flowers, to prevent or check injuries by insects and
plant diseases, is demonstrated by the number of such publications
in other States. It is practicably impossible, however, to include in
such a paper, all of the foes of the agriculturist, and accordingly, only
such are considered as have been found to be most likely to be pres-
ent in Pennsylvania. At the same time, treatment for the injuries
touched on here, will, in nearly every case, also control those not
treated of, and accordingly, in this way the ground will be nearly as
well covered as though all such foes were considered in detail.

In all cases, treatment according to the directions here given must
be applied with judgment, as no fixed rules can be given which will
hold for every case, and an ignorant adherence to the directions
without a knowledge of the particular conditions of the case, may
fail to give the desired results. To obtain success in the control of
insect and fungous foes, a knowledge of what the foe is, the best way
to attack it, and when this attack is most effective, are necessary.

Any information desired on these subjects may be obtained by
writing to the Division. of Zoology, Department of Agriculture,
Harrisburg, Pa., and the sending of samples of injury done, or of
the insects or other foes causing the trouble will greatly aid in giving
satisfactory answers.

Apple.
CODLING MOTH:

1. Paris green or Arsenate of Lead as soon as blossoms have fallen.
2. Repeat about ten days later. 3. Repeat in severe cases two
weeks later. 4. Repeat about August 1 for second brood. See
Report of Department for 1898.

BUD-MOTH:

1. Paris green or Arsenate of Lead as soon as leaf buds become
green. 2. Repeat 1 just before blossoms open. 3. Repeat 2
after blossoms fall.

60.

d64 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

CANKER-WORM:
1. Paris green or Arsenate of Lead when caterpillars appear. 2.
Same ten days later. 3. Repeat every ten days if needed.
TENT CATERPILLAR:
1. Destroy tents at night by torch. 2. If any escape, treatment
for Codling moth will destroy them. See Report of Department
for 1898.
PLUM CURCULIO:
1. Treatments 1 and 2 as for Bud moth. See also under “Plum.”

BORERS: _

1. Cut out those already in the tree, in May. 2. Wrap several
thicknesses of paper around the trunk and fasten, about the first
of June, and leave till September; cover upper part of trunk and
larger limbs with whitewash and a little Paris green, at the
same time. See Report of Department for 1898.

OYSTER-SHELL SCALE AND SCURFY SCALE:

1. If severe, scrape the parts affected or spray with Whale Oil Soap
before buds swell in spring. 2. Spray about the 5th of June,
with Kerosene Emulsion. 3. Repeat 2 about June 25th. See
3ulletin 48 of Department.

SAN JOSE SCALE:
See under “Peach.”
SCAB:
1. Spray with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green just before the
blossoms open. 2. Repeat 1 as soon as blossoms have fallen.
3. Repeat 1 about ten days later, and 4, if necessary two weeks
later.
BITTER-ROT:
Same treatment as for Scab.

APPLE LEAF RUST:
1. Destroy all Red Cedar trees in the neighborhood of the orchard
as this fungus passes a part of its life on the Cedars, causing the
“Cedar Apples.”

Apricot.
See Peach.
Asparagus.
ASPARAGUS BEETLES:

1. Destroy all volunteer asparagus, leaving only the shoots de-
signed for market. 2. Let fowls run among the plants. 3. If
serious, dust with fresh-dry-slacked lime while dewis on. 4. Re-
peat 3 every other day of ten days.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 96d

Bean.

ANTHRACNOSE OR POD SPOT:

1. Spray with Bordeaux mixture when first true leave has formed.
2. Repeat 1 often enough to keep leaves covered by the mixture
till a week before eating pods. 38. Soaking the seed before plant-
ing, in ammoniated copper carbonate for an hour is a very ef-
fectual treatment.

LIMA BEAN MILDEW:
1. Burn all parts of the plant at once after harvesting the crop.

Beet.
RUST:
1. Spray with Bordeaux mixture as soon as it appears. 2. Re-
move and burn all affected leaves.

LEAF SPOT:
1. Use Bordeaux mixture when four leaves have appeared 2 Re-
peat at intervals to keep the mixture on the leaves 3. Burn the
leaves as soon as the crop has been gathered.

Cabbage and Cauliflower.
APHIS:
1. Use Kerosene Emulsion when they appear. 2. Repeat when
needed till plants begin to head. 3. After heading begins use
hot water or tobacco water.

CABBAGE WORM:

1. Paris green or Arsenate of Lead when the caterpillars first ap-
pear. 2. Repeat about every ten days till heading begins. 3.
After heading begins, use Kerosene Emulsion or hot water as
often as may be needed. 4. Fresh lime applied while dew is
still on is also a good method.

ZEBRA CATERPILLAR:

1. Destroy the caterpillars as soon as they appear, while they are
yet in company. 2. Use Paris green when needed, till the head
begins to form, or the “flower” appears in the case of cauliflower.
5. Hand picking or hot water when poisons cannot be safely
used. See Report of the Department for 1898.

ROOT MAGGOT:

1. When the maggots are first noticed, make a small hole near the
main root of the plant, pour in half a teaspoonful of Carbon Di-
sulphide, and close up the hole. 2. Tarred paper cut to let the
plant grow up through the centre but fitting closely to the stem
and onto the ground is a good preventative method. See Re-
port of Department for 1898.

J66 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

HARLEQUIN CABBAGE BUG: '
A recent addition to cabbage foes in Pennsylvania. <A hard black
bug with red or orange markings, nearly half an inch long when
full grown. 1. Plant a trap crop of mustard early for the bugs
to collect.on and gather them from this or spray it with pure
kerosene. 2. Gather the bugs and egg masses by hand. See
Report of Department for 1898.
CLUB-ROOT: doa
1. Burn affected plants. 2. Strict rotation of crops. 38. Lime, 75
bushels to the acre, has been highly recommended as a preventa-
tive.
Carnation.
ANTHRACNOSE AND RUST:
1. Bordeaux mixture on first appearance. 2. Repeat every two
weeks till flowers appear. 38. After flowers appear, use ammo-
niacal copper carbonate every two weeks.

Celery.
CELERY CATERPILLAR:
1. Paris green while plants are small. 2. Later, hand picking if
necessary.
BLIGHT OR RUST:
1, Ammoniacal copper carbonate. 2. Repeat once a week. 3. Ar-
tificial shade is advantageous.
LEAF-BLIGHT:
Same as for Rust.
SOFT-ROT:
Chiefly in plants stored or banked in wet places. 1. Keep dry,
Or 2. Place under pure water.

Cherry.
APHIS:
1. Kerosene Emulsion when they first appear. 2. Repeat every
three or four days, if necessary.
SLUG:
1. Paris green or Arsenate of Lead. 2. Repeat if needed every ten
or twelve days.
CURCULIO:

See under “Plum.” ‘

Neo. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 967

BLACK KNOT:

1. Cut off the branches six inches or more below the injured place
and burn them. 2. Get your neighbors to do the same to their
trees. United action is necessary if the disease is to be stamped
out.

ROT:

1. Bordeaux mixture before blossoms open. The addition of Paris
green at this time is a good plan. 2. Repeat, without Paris
green, when. the fruit has set. 8. Repeat 2 twice at intervals of
one to two weeks.

LEAF BLIGHT:

Same as for Rot.

Chrysanthemum.

LEAF-SPOT:

1. Bordeaux mixture on first appearance. 2. Repeat every two
weeks if needed.

Corn.

WIRE-WORMS:

1. Rotation of crops. 2. Late fall plowing, repeated for several
years. 3. Kainit, 1,000 pounds per acre has been highly recom-
mended. See Report of Department for 1898.

CUT-WCRMS:

1. Trap by scattering bunches of fresh clover, dipped in Paris
green over the field before planting. 2. Place such bunches
along the rows, later. Caution: Keep fowls and stock away.

CORN WORM OR BOLL WORM:

1. Hand picking. 2. Late fall plowing. See Report of Depart-

ment for 1898.
SMUT:
1. Cut out and burn all portions affected, as soon as discovered.

Cucumber and Squash.
STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE:

1. Netting till plants are well established or, 2. Powdered refuse
tobacco around the stems, occasionally renewed. See Report
of Department for 1898.

SQUASH BUG:

1. Burn vines immediately after gathering the crop. 2. Hand
picking.

968 . ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MILDEW:
1. Bordeaux mixture on first appearance. 2. Burn vines after
gathering the crop.
Currant and Gooseberry.

CURRANT WORM:
1. Paris green or Hellebore when the worms first appear. 2. Re-
peat, using Hellebore every ten days or two weeks if needed.

STEM GIRDLER:
1. Cut off stem three inches below the girdled place and burn.

GOOSEBERRY FRUIT WORM:

1. Let fowls run among the plants. 2. Pick off and destroy in-

jured fruit. 3. Rake up and burn the fallen leaves and rubbish
near by, in the fall.
FOUR-LINED LEAF BUG:

1. Spray with Kerosene Emulsion one part; water five parts, in
May.

LEAF-SPOT:

1. Spray with ammoniacal copper carbonate soon after leaves
open. 2. Repeat with Bordeaux mixture every two weeks as
long as needed. 38. Gather and burn fallen leaves in the fall.

MILDEW:

1. Spray with Potassium Sulphide solution (liver of sulphur) as
the leaves begin to open. 2. Repeat every two or three weeks
if needed.

Egg Plant.

LEAF-SPOT:

1. Bordeaux mixture as soon as plants are established in the field.
2. Repeat every two or three weeks till fruit is half grown.
3. Then use ammoniated carbonate.

Elm.

ELM LEAF BEETLE:
1. Spray with Paris green or Arsenate of Lead when leaves first
open. 2. Repeat two weeks later. 3. Repeat if necessary.
TUSSOCK MOTH:
1. Gather and destroy the whitish egg masses in winter. 2. Re-
peat in July or August, before the eggs hatch and the caterpil-

lars scatter. 3. If the caterpillars are feeding, spray with Paris
green or Arsenate of Lead as often as needed.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. YY

(irape.

ROSE BUG:
1. Collect the insects by hand. 2. Bag the forming bunches of
grapes. See Report of Department for 1898.
GRAPE VINE FLEE BEETLE:
1. Spray with Paris green or Arsenate of Lead as soon as seen.
2. Repeat every week if necessary.
GRAPE-VINE LEAF HOPPER:
1. Dust the vines with insect powder or tobacco dust about the
first of July. 2. Repeat one week later if necessary.

ANTRACNOSE:

1. Brush the vines over with Sulphate of Iron and Sulphuric Acid
solution before the buds open. 2. Repeat three or four days
later. Do not use after the vines start growing.

DOWNY MILDEW, POWDERLY MILDEW:

1. Bordeaux mixture when leaves are fully opened. 2. Repeat
about ten days before the flowers open. 3. Spray with potas-
sium sulphide solution three weeks later if necessary.

BLACK ROT:
1. Bordeaux mixture as the buds open. 2. Repeat every two
weeks if needed, till fruit is half grown; then use ammoniacal
copper carbonate, repeating every week or two if necessary.

RIPE ROT:
1. Same treatment as 2 under black rot.

Hollyhock.
Jaq Otis be

1. Bordeaux mixture as leaves open. 2. Repeat at intervals of
ten days if needed.

Maples.
TUSSOCK MOTH:
See under “Elm.” :
COTTONY MAPLE SCALE:
1. Spray with Kerosene Emulsion early in June. 2. Repeat in
two weeks if necessary.

Nursery Stock. :

SUCKING INSECTS:
1. Kerosene Emulsion as soon as discovered. 2. Repeat in two
weeks if necessary.

970 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

CHEWING INSECTS:
1. Paris green or Arsenate of Lead when discovered. 2. Repeat
as may be needed.
FUNGOUS DISEASES:
1. Bordeaux mixture when leaves open. 2. Repeat every two
weeks if needed.

Oats.

LOOSE SMUT:
Soak the seed five to ten minutes in hot water at 133 degrees F.
This may be done some time before planting, if desired, and has-
ten sprouting besides destroying the Smut.

RUST:
No good treatment known.

MAGGOT:

1. Put the onion bed some distance from the one of the preceding
year. 2. Same treatment as for the cabbage root maggot.

MILDEW:
1. Burn all the tops in the fall. 2. Rotation of crops.

SMUT:
1. Burn all refuse in the fall. 2. Start the onions on land not
used for onions the preceding year and transplant—a process
which pays for other reasons also.

Peach, Apricot, Nectarine.

PEACH BORER:

1. Wrapping trunk as described for Apple Tree Borer. 2. Mound-
ing up earth a foot or more about June Ist, and removing about
September 1st. 38. Wash trunk and lower parts of limbs with
whitewash and a little glue, with a tablespoonful of Paris green
to each bucketful. One, 2 and 3 are alternate methods treat-
ment. See Report of Department for 1898.

BLACK PEACH APHIS:

1. Dig refuse tobacco powder or stems, or Kainit into the ground
about the roots. 2. Spray with Kerosene Emulsion when the
Aphis appears above the ground.

CURCULIO:

See under “Plum.”

SAN JOSE SCALE:

1. Keep trunk and limbs covered with whitewash from June Ist,
fill frost appears. 2. Spray with Whale Oil Soap, 1 Ib. to 1 gal-

No. €. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 971

lou of water, after the leaves are off in the fall. 3. Spray with
Whale Oil Soap, 2Ibs. to I gallon of water, before the buds start
in the spring. 4. Cut back and thoroughly prune infested trees
after spraying and burn the prunings. 5. Destroy badly infested
plants. See Bulletin No. 45 of Departinent.

PEACH LEAF CURL:

1. Spray with Copper Sulphate before buds open in spring. 2.

Spray with Bordeaux mixture wheit leaves are half grown.
PEACH ROSETTE:
No good remedy.
BROWN ROT:

1. Spray with Copper Sulphate before buds open. 2. Bordeaux
mixture before flowers open. 38. Repeat 2 every ten to fourteen
days after fruit has set, until the fruit is half grown. 4. Repeat
every five to seven days, using ammoniacal copper carbonate in-
stead of Bordeaux mixture.

YELLOWS:
1. Destroy all affected trees by fire. 2. Dig out and burn roots
also.
Pear.
BORERS:

See under apple.
CODLING MOTH:

See under apple.
PEAR MIDGE:

1. Apply 1,000 Ibs. of Kainit per acre, to the ground beneath the
trees about the middle of June.

PEAR LEAF MITE:
1. Spray in winter with Kerosene Emulsion, 1 part; water 6 parts.
PEAR PSYLLA:
1. Spray with Whale Oil Soap, 1 Ib. to 1 gailon of water, in April,
Spraying only the trunk and larger branches.
SLUG:
See under Cherry.
SAN JOSE SCALE:
See under Peach.

LEAF BLIGHT OR FRUIT-SPOT:

1. Spray with ammoniacal copper carbonate as the leaves open.
2.Bordeaux mixture just before the blossoms open. 3. Repeat 2
after fruit has set, at intervals of two weeks as needed.

72 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oft. Doe.

FLRE BLIGHT:
Cut off and burn affected parts, cutting at least a foot below where
the disease shows.
SCAB:
See under Apple.

Plum.

CURCULIO:

1. Spray with Paris green or Arsenate of Lead before the flower -

buds open. 2. Repeat 1 soon after the blossoms have fallen.

3. Gather the insects by jarring onto cloths beneath the tree, at

night and in the morning. 4. Gather and destroy fallen plums
every day. 5. Let fowls run under the trees.

PLUM LECANIUM:
1. Kerosene emulsion one part, water four parts, after leaves
have fallen in the fall. 2. Repeat 1 in spring before the buds
open.
SLUG:
See under Cherry.
BORERS:
See under Apple.
SAN JOSE SCALE:
See under Peach.
LEAF BLIGHT: ~~
1. Bordeaux mixture when the leaves first appear. 2. Repeat 1
after the fruit has set, every two or three weeks till fruit is three-
quarters grown. 3. Now use ammoniacal copper carbonate if
needed, every two or three weeks.

BROWN ROT:
See under Peach.
BLACK KNOT:
See under Cherry.
Potato.

POTATO BEETLE:
1. Paris green or Arsenate of Lead as soon as insects are seen.
2.Repeat whenever needed.
POTATO STALK BORER:
1. Gather and burn all stalks after gathering the crop.
EARLY BLIGHT OR LEAF SPOT:
1. Bordeaux mixture when plants are half grown. 2. Repeat 1°
every two or three weeks.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE: 973

POTATO ROT:
1. Bordeaux mixture about the middle of July. 2. Repeat 1 every
two weeks.
SCAB:
Soak seed potatoes in corrosive sublimate 1 ounce, water 8 gallons,
for one and one-half hours before cutting them.
LATE BLIGHT OR MILDEW:
1. Bordeaux mixture when the disease appears. 2. Repeat 1 when.
ever needed.

Quince.

CURCULIO:
‘1. Jarring as for Plum Cureulio.
LEAF BLIGHT:

1. Bordeaux mixture before flower buds open. 2. Repeat 1 when
fruit has set, and every two or three weeks until fruit is three-
quarters grown. 3. Ammoniacal copper carbonate later, if
needed.

FIRE BLIGHT:

See under Pear.

Raspberry, Blackberry, Dewberry.
SLUG:

1. Paris green or Arsenate of Lead when insects first appear.

2. Repeat 1 two weeks later unless fruit is nearly ripe.
SNOWY TREE-CRICKET:

Cut off and burn twigs pierced, during the winter, to destroy the

eggs in them.
ANTHRACNOSE:

1. Cut out all badly diseased canes. 2. Copper Sulphate solution
before the buds open. 3. Bordeaux mixture after growth has
commenced. 4. Repeat 3 every two or three weeks till fruit is
two-thirds ripe.

ORANGE RUST:

1. Cut out and burn all diseased plants. 2. Get your neighbors

to do the same.

Rose.

APHIS AND LEAF HOPPERS:
1. Kerosene Emulsion, strong soap suds or tobacco water as often
as needed.

974 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

SLUGS:
Dust with quick lime.
RED SPIDER.
Syringe with clear water. If very abundant, Kerosene Emulsion.

BLACK SPOT:

Spray once a week with ammoniacal copper carbonate.

MILDEW:

1. Spray with Bordeaux mixture or ammoniacal copper carbonate
as often as necessary. 2. In greenhouses, fumigation with sul-
pbur.

RUST: :
1. Destroy all affected portions. 2. Gather and burn dead leaves
in the fall. 3. Ammoniacal copper carbonate after leaves open.
Strawberry.
SLUG:
See under Raspberry.
WEEVIL:
No good remedy.
LEAF BLIGHT:

1. Bordeaux mixture after the crop is gathered. 2. Repeat 1 when
leaves open in the spring. 3. Repeat 2 just before blossoms
open,

Tomato.
TOMATO WORM:
1. Hand picking. 2. Paris green or Arsenate of Lead, as needed,
till fruit begins to turn in color.
CORN WORM:
See under Corn.
FLEA BEETLE:
Paris green or Arsenate of Lead as often as needed.
LEAF BLIGHT:
1. Bordeaux mixture as soon as disease is discovered. 2. Repeat
1 every week or ten days.
ROT:
Same treatment as for Leaf Blight.
Violet.

RED SPIDER:
See under Rose.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 975

BLIGHT SPOT:

Bordeaux mixture when disease appears. Repeat every ten days
when blossoms are not present. 3. Remove affected leaves.
Wheat.

HESSIAN FLY:

1. Plant a trap piece about August Ist. 2. Plow under about Sep-
tember 10th, and plant main crop after September 20th. See
Report of Department for 1898.

WHEAT MIDGE:

1. Plow deep soon after harvest. 2. Carefully sweep up and burn
chatt and “tailings” after threshing. See Report of Department
for 1898.

APHIS:
No good treatment. See Report of Department for 1898.

FORMULAS. °

PARIS GREEN.
Parts. Per bbl.

PAT ISPOTCOD gr nike ct ened erent ones a ote 1 Ib. 4 ib.
pene ke Lines) Sepa aie. 5 shea, aveneese Sete elo: 4 fb.
WATERS 2c Yity aes orcs carta peer 2 1s 200 gals. 50 gals.

This is too strong for the peach, where 24 oz. each of Paris green
and quick lime should be used instead of } Ib. Keep the mixture
well stirred while using. To make it, mix the Paris green and the
lime and add enough of the water to slake the lime, stirring while
hot, then add the rest of the water.

Good Paris green gives far better results than the cheaper grades.

ARSENATE OF LEAD.

This is a comparatively new insecticide, its value having only be.
come known within a few years. It has several advantages over
either Paris green or London purple, th» chief ones being that it re-
mains more easily suspended in water, thus requiring much less stiv-
ring up during the spraying; that it shows plainly on the leaves, in-
dicating where the spray has reached, and where it has not; and that
large proportions may be used without danger of burning the leaves.
It is therefore especially useful where the leaves are particularly sen-
sitive.

Pants: Per bbl.

ATINOMAUEVOE? SOU de mttitices (elec o.c.0 3 '0 aya ete 4 o7. 2 02:
IN GUCATEMOTMEAG ivetine ected se aces a es ll oz. 54 oz.

A282) eee ere DG ea Aad sae ee ee 100 gals. 50 gals.

476 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dee.

These two substances, when placed in the water dissolve rapidly,
and combine, forming a fine white sediment which is the Arsenate of
Lead. It can also be purchased ready for addition to the water, but
it is usually better when prepared-as above. It is as cheap, or in the
end cheaper than Paris green, as it stays much longer on the trees be-
fore being washed off by the rains. Some persons advise the addi-
tion of two quarts of molasses to each hundred gallons of the water,
but the benefit to be derived from this is questionable.

WHALE OIL SOAP.
Parts. Per bbl.

Whale: oulysoapins: 2th Sas 2 Ibs. 80 Ibs.
OVER DGIGS SP cists Acuna sited tates cae eee Aer 1 gal. 4) gals.

This is much stronger than Kerosene Emulsion and should only be
used during wiiter, when the trees are not growing. It can be used
for insects which cannot be killed by Kerosene Emulsion. In spray-
ing for the San José Scale in the fall (see under Peach), it should
be used at the rate of one pound to a gallon of water; in the spring
before the buds open, or for winter work, it can be used as above
given.

KEROSENE EMULSION.
Parts. Per bbl.

Hard soap (shaved fine), ........... 4 Ib. 1 tb.

NWADOR gore yats fia Wenn ens eer a eae 1 gal. 2 gals.

FRGROSETM CH es ccc series fun Ae eine ke 2 gals. 34 gals.
) 5 2 5

Dissolve the soap in the water, which should be boiling, and while
it is very hot pour the suds into the kerosene; then churn it with a
spray pump till it changes to a creamy mass, and then to a soft, but-
ter-like substance. This should keep for some time. When it is
desired to use it, add one part of it to nine times as much water, mix
well, and spray the plants. The water should be soft water, or else
have some soda added to it.

For the Four-lined Leaf bug take one part of the Emulsion and
five parts of water.

TOBACCO WATER.

Place tobacco stems or refuse tobacto in enough hot water to
cover; let stand several hours. Take one part of this to three or
four of water, and spray over the plants.

CARBON DISULPHIDE.

To be obtained of druggists at about thirty cents per pound. In
using, avoid bringing it near fire or even hot steam pipes as it catches
fire easily. Avoid breathing it also.

7

‘

No. 6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 977

HELLEBORE.

May be applied either as a powder or in water. If used as a pow-
der it may advantageously be mixed with an equal amount of flour,
which causes it to remain better on the leaves. Tar use with water
one ounce of fresh Hellebore is mixed with three gallons of water.

INSECT POWDER.

Insect powder is sometimes sold under the names of Pyrethrum
and Buhach. It may be applied as the dry powder, when the plant
is wet with dew. It may also be mixed with flour and used in that
way, or it may be used in an alcoholic solution as follows:

Insect powder (by weight), ss .¢.< 045 1 oe. 1 part.
NIcohol (by WEIS). ses es. 2c oh Ales « otis 4 parts.

Put the two in a tight vessel and leave there for eight days,
shaking occasionally; then filter and spray over the plants.

It should be remarked that Insect Powder is only of value when
fresh and of full strength. Unfortunately it is difficult to obtain it
fresh, and much of it is so adulterated as to be practically worthless,

LIME.

Lime is often of much value as an insecticide, either as whitewash.
sometimes with enough Paris green added, to give it a slight green-
ish tinge, or as quick lime to be dusted onto the insects. When used
in the preparation of Paris green it is added to combine with the free
arsenic present, which would burn the leaves, if left uncombined.

NORMAL OR 1.6 PER CENT. BORDEAUX MIXTURE.

Copper sulphate (blue vitriol), .......... 6 pounds.
Quick lime (good stone lime), ........... 4 pounds.
BN UC TES aac 5, coe rare cae ana ce PNA aa Es ati uy 50 gations.

Dissolve the copper sulphate by putting it in a bag of coarse cloth
and hanging this in a vessel containing 4 to 6 gallons of water. Use
an earthen or wooden vessel. After the copper sulphate is dissolved,
dilute with water to 25 gallons. Slake the lime and add 25 gallons
of water. Mix the two and keep thoroughly stirred while using. If
the mixture is to be used on peach foliage, it is advisable to add two
pounds more of lime to the above formula.

BORDEAUX MIXTURE AND PARIS GREEN.

Mix 4 ounces of Paris green as prepared above, with 50 gallons of
normal Bordeaux mixture.
62—6—1901

78 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

AMMONIACAL COPPER CARBONATE.

Copper Car poOnaie., ci ee Slee + ash 6 eee 4 ounces.
MOTO Seccis, 2.6.4. oS 3 sic ase NG ees 3 pints.
AVN EU Les Aiclar oe cla heceuet cdaaa eta Ween ce ee 45 gallons.

Make a paste of the copper carbonate with a little of the water.
Dilute the ammonia with 7 or 8 times its bulk of water. Add the
paste to the diluted ammonia and stir until dissolved. Add enough
water to make up to the 45 gallons. Let it settle and use the clear
blue liquid only. Do not make this up long before using as it loses
its strength on standing. It is used when the fruit is so nearly ripe

that Bordeaux mixture would produce stains if it were used.

POTASSIUM SULPHIDE SOLUTION.

(Liver of Sulphur.)

Potassiumusulphides 21% 2st aster ee 4 to 1 ounce.
WN CTs ae rate ee niece vis, cnn Meee era ee 1 gallon.

Particularly good for surface mildews but loses its strength upon
standing, so should be used at once after making.

SULPHATE OF IRON AND SULPHURIC ACID SOLUTION.

RICABE (OL) eco aie nc ye He eh Sciacca mnie a ieeaee eles 100 parts,
Iron sulphate (green vitriol), ....as much as the water will dissolve.
SUMpuuUric acid (COMMerelAl)® \.. sac se ox oe cee hac eee cae oe 1 park

Make the mixture with much care, as heat is produced. Use on
plants when dormant only, applying with brushes or sponges, as the
solution is injurious to spraying machinery.

CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE.

This dissolves slowly and but slightly in water. The process may
be hastened by heating the water.

GENERAL REMARKS.

In the treatment of fruits by sprays it should be remembered that
the substances used are in almost every case poisonous. It is ac-
cordingly necessary to avoid spraying at times when fruit is nearly
ripe, both on account of the possibility of placing poison on the fruit
just before it is picked, and because of the danger of staining it, as
would be the case if certain solutions were used.

Spraying solutions often need to be carefully strained, and it is
advisable to do this when putting them into the barrel or other re-
ceptacle from which they will pass through the spray pump. Noz-
zles will clog from larger lumps in the fluid, and care should be taken
to avoid this as far as possible. Every pump should have an agitator

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 979

attached to keep the mixture well stirred in the barrel, and it should
not be expected that the same nozzle will do first class work with
every spraying mixture given. Some nozzles are especially adapted
to one kind of spray, and others to other sprays. Above all, an intel-
ligent knowledge of what is causing the injury, and exactly how and
when to take the proper steps to control it, should be one of the
ingredients added to every formula here given.

61

980 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ROAD STATISTICS.

TABLE I.
Force Required to Draw a Load on Different Kinds of Roads. (Gil-
more.)

ES oo= Draught on a Level Compared with that

Sie Bare on Difficult Grades. Rise in Feet per

ust) oc 100 Feet.

wu =lr

So |=3e mrs z

33 ge |

Be | 38s

om. | WE |

De e| Ou eile ous: :

ofS | esex| 5 F . 2 5

os | Se8a| 8 2 , 3 rs 2

6aa |eneaa| o a) ¥ es 55 s

Fy mn vA A n | a Hi <
ee a Sa :

Pounds. | Feet. | |
Earth road, ....... 00 8.9 1 1.3 LAT 2.0 2.3 2.7
Gravel road, 143% 6.4 15) 1.5 | 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.3
Macadam road, 65 2.9 at 2.0 | at | 4.1 6.1 6.1
Telford road, Rats 46 2.0 1 2.5 | 3.9 5.4 6.8 8.2
Plank road, scsi 41 1.8 1 2.6 | 4.3 5.9 7.5 9.1
Stone track way, 12% 5 1 6.4 | 11.7 17.A 22.8 | 27.5
|

TABLE II.

Tractive Force Required for Carriages of One Ton on a Level Road.

(McConnell.)
| Force of Trac-
Descrjption of Road. | tion per Ton.
= e
EDN NEMA SN cher statnt fool inloselolotelnfata/olstelale)=fo‘alnln'elcte[ole/sfolp« «/eTs\oiolofalefelelelslsin'sls|e’e]o(olelolersisiiele\alsyalelctela cetetetereys 8 pounds,
Pa Cll—IN AG es PAV CINCN Go uc icielsloras sisisieiele/oisie/sivivis|sicie stalsisleielnlaielaiorelule/eielalsce/eieleleis slsieieieieisicielcleicicieleiss | 33 pounds.
Bap OTA Caan ZOM eNO A Uwe anretsiisie eicrs/stetetsi cia (elo, sloreinlaie mn aiarelersininieinieisiisiow oie cisteisamiersic cieistera ae eens 44 to 67 pounds.
‘PE Utibashoidey deeb ol e-WeGl toheay, concoodsoonnodonouRScondodoscucr coun oo aooneooGanea sceoacene ae 68 pounds,
T, Wythe SGhhaays Snqganocdncccoosdde no coosbudenas J oeco QDs onebeOGoduEocdSceastcnadsosuac: 88 pounds,
Gee ATOR COMI ACE OMIM a stalectee eeleteie alelelatetele aiatain oleiete stele) c)atstaiate/eluiain ele erstntnioieyelnietstavereintete eteeictons 119 pounds.
Leelee ad dca qudace Sobce nade ooCU05000 Te DUCT nO ECONO DUOOde Gr HOC OO OACAqOORORCESOrCO cBOG 150 pounds.
Rap Sana ye ame SLAVE Vs ter cle oie clases otactete cieleictien eistels oisinreintelataet-tustslareinie nies Aeinimias me tieepaneceias 210 pounds,
OR Ordinary: (PY=-LOSG: we cece cerciciseeacsisienieelcleinni-is ees nels SOR ae Mies ao OTe Cee ee | 237 pounds,
10) Turnpike, “newly ‘Svavelled), a cece ecu s.c ce ele eteletsievelnse/ovo nines ove oisielein a aiajelc ele dele as mars cane | 320 pounds.
DASH OORE SAMY: “TOR Coie oce cierec'n'o(cleinieveicisielets/o’eln alslule’ ele nin’ela\emin'o/sinlelelpicielninivia(eisizieis aveleieis eicleivieinia neh 457 pounds,

A horse produces his greatest mechanical effect in drawing a load
two and one-half miles per hour with a tractive foree of 150 pounds.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 981
TABLE III.

Fraction of the Weight of a Vehicle and Load Required to Move
Same on a Level Road. (Morin.)

Character of the Vehicle.
oo ~ >
: 3
- a
lea
Character of the Road. a 8 8 ay
a Eo ae oe
= a5 3 bo E to
oe g af aE
= a b =
2 =a z a fh e
a
z ae 28 28
ou a “ co
7 et) oe E 7, 2
Firm soil, covered with gravel 4 to 6 inches deep, 1-12 1-9 1-85) 1-8
Firm embankment covered with gravel 14 to 1%
BITCH CSMOCE TI ine ine eis cisiets ciaisiolenlacnicieis ae nielerecioaia clowisaeeminets 1-16 1-11 1-10 | 1-10
Earth embankment, in very good condition, ........ 1-41} 1-29 1-26 | 1-26
Bridge Mooring of thick oak plank, fo... ic ccecccecsce 1-70 | 1-46 1-14 | 1-42

; 3
Broken Stone Road. |

Walk. | Trot. | Walk.| Trot.

In very good condition, very dry, compact and
GV CUA lol tetarralelofatasteral ath ciclaleisin.oiniaialsie aievcleleieiie/s ate sinvelctaceisielsicicwne 1-75 1-54 1-48 1-41 1-49 1-42
A little moist or a little dirty, SE 1-53 1-38 1-34 1-27 1-34 1-27
Firm, but with ruts and mud, 1-33 | 1-24 1-21 1-18 1-22 1-19
Very bad, ruts 4 to 4% inches deep, thick mud, .... 1-19 1-14 1-12 1-10 1-12 1-10
Goode pavement Sear yis <ceinc cincleiae ciciscis seieticc isos Sordgoutine 1-90 1-65 1-57 1-38 1-59 1-39
Good pavement, covered with mud, ...............+- 1-69 | 1-50 1-44 1-53 1-45 1-34

TABLE IV. «
Tractive Power of Horses at Different Speed. (Trautwine.)

The average traction of a horse on a level and actually pulling
for ten hours in the day may be assumed as follows:

Miles per Hour. Pounds, Traction. Miles per Hour. Pounds, Traction.
% 33.33 2%
1 256 26 100
1% 200 2% 90.91
1% 166.66 3 83.33
1% 142.86 3% 71.43
2 125 4 62.50

If the horse works for a smaller number of hours, his traction may
increase as the hours diminish down to about five hours per day
and for speeds of about from one and one-fourth to three miles per
hour.

982 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

TABLE V.
Effect of Inclination of Tractive Force. (U.S. Department of Agri-
culture.) :
a vi ees
> & $
< =] as
° 2s
S oy to
a It és
Rate of Inclination. | P | g | z
= “ es
E o Or a
> eae
2 3 | &8
E s 28
< a <3)
° , ”
ney Glare cris efoje inte sero claraiceicietets slo crolejwinie cate cies srarsio aerstars ie Sats nfove ot tate oSicleinreeoie cielersie 0 00 06 38 1.00
TE Struc) Coa AR neat Lm Stipe ESE 2 AURaP ip tap Rte Ga ON St ae Shae Ce 0 6 53 42 1.10
SUNTAN ence Ew SOMERS Uc itn eae a ae a 0 34 23 58 1.52
TUR yam CO Ney re a yn Ie aN Sate cs oN San 0 42 58 63 1665
MASOOD tke eee ees. SEAR ce 22 Ie ain Eye ee oun ye Cree Ca oe 0 57 18 71 1.87
iD ool 7 Segoe ae OM i MME = CGT pane ROE iON he Se prt Ee Mn Oe 1 08 16 78 2.05
To Sage ARS SHR: RSE it Es RPE Boh CR ROAR AD AE At St MRR TA 1 25 57 38 2.30
il Whats Ea Ae Sa te Sa ae BA Aaa MN aie es SPAR a ae SPE ai 1 54 37 104 2.73
iL Shi) We AULD NOR SRS ee I Ni ELC Nga CGN = 5 A Tider 217 26 118 3.10
Zh Shan “INCAS Se) ee ne AE an OP) MCA id UE hn ee eg a ne ta Doh 20. 138 3.63
RIT eee cae COE ie one Aclae ee eeG os nce orcas atecie se eeotem aie ae 3 48 51 | 171 4.50
MRT rites) ON a een os en) PR MOR SANEY ss RE Eos Re ue ser 5 42 58 Bios 6.26

The table gives the tractive force necessary to draw one ton over
the best macadam road of various grades, and the equivalent length
of each mile of grade in miles of level road.

The effect of the inclination can be calculated from the following
formula:

. ivy — aay
where F= force requir€d to draw the load on the level, a = the grade,
expressed by a fraction, W = the weight of the load in pounds, R =
force required to draw the load up the incline in question.

According to Gillespie, if a horse can pull on a level 1,000 pounds,
on a rise of: '

1 foot in
100 feet he draws 900 pounds.
50 feet he draws 810 pounds.
44 feet he draws 750 pounds.
40) feet he draws 720 pounds.
30 feet he draws 640 pounds.
25 feet he draws 540 pounds.
24 feet he draws 500 pounds.
20 feet he draws 400 pounds.
10 feet he draws 250 pounds.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ° .

983

TABLE VI.

Effect of Surface on Tractive Force (Various Authorities, Compiled

by Herring.)

n un
fe E
2 =
Description of Road. p Description of Road. 2
a 4 a
E £
~ ~
° 3)
g g
A H
WADOSOO SANG Eo Ki. sicjeis siaisictsiviors s)aiseslersscieis nies 448 | Very hard and smooth macadam, 46
Goose gravel (deep), 2..cccscwsccses S2OU | MISGSE TM ACAC AIT, ie ccarsie oven wroiolacaselers eee 52 to 32
Loose gravel (4 inches), ...........: 222| Cobblestone, ordinary, ........... 140
Common gravel road, ............- 14H COpblestones; —OOG,. ceecinsccleseatenele v6)
COC ECEIOL bs, o ce srcsisiiosleie baie cleareararcil 88a Beletanie DLOCK ye attsstestereieielcl aie 56 to 26
ELArG-rOlleGi-STAVel, <cocc ccc cele cciicee 75 | Belgian block in Paris, 54 to 23
@ydinaryrdirt Todds so... c.ccecccdee. 224 | Belgian block, good, 344%
PEMD T CUCL UU Ia, cera tatntaye(erateraisceterereye ticiclevelsiorrs 12 | Stone’ block, ordinary; «...-:.2...- 90
EAR Gry Girt TOR, a c.cjtocc cleicleiste store Soi Stone {ploGk ef OOG si weran atte fel nsnisi 45
Macadam: Jittle used, ....<.-css0.0: 140 to 97 | Stone block, London, .............. 36
MYM SCLIN UPD SL CLIN Sctsce axe ao ccareve ie iofece eree ove | aA |) UNS olokthes MS caachoodeocacobopucsooOlOOLe 17
IMISCAGAINE MDOOT. | ccissalviecceiciee ccieve o0r8 PID Grantee UNEVEN eis <s)aisjclcre ciereleletsrera’= 121% to 18%
MECREAAIME “COMMON. sce cjececcccecee BLN OPO Weise telelore slate ta oietsiatninisicls atviniere 8 to 11%
Good macadam, net, ..... Mate afofelavciets 75 to 42
Best Erench macadam, ..........:. 45

The velocity is in all cases taken at three miles per hour.

TABLE VII.

Cost of Hauling Farm Products in the United States.

Eastern states,
Northern states,
Middle southern states,
Cotton states,
Prairie states, .
Pacific coast and mountain states,

Averages for United States,

s 3 | ¢ ae
& ee doi “3
uw use iy 5
© os Fi 2S
< = he
te 7 3 as
s rie) ° f
& Ee og 2 §
ou Pu on Om
pe] % 2 ag ia)
o's ey wus Ss = 0
oe | bs5 | So | ese
> | 22a > 2, BS
<4 4 < &
Oe aoe OMA cae apn onetcd 5.9 2,216 | $0.32 $1.89
Rea a Este 8k GEO leone 27 185
BR Tn atta Cer nate Ae 31 2.72
Se rei fer ED ee 12.6 1,397 | 25 3 05
8.8 2.409 22 1.94
23.3 2,197 22 5.12
SRS Eat SPAN TRE SHE 8 12.1 2,002 | $0.25 $3.02

*Middle states.

984° ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

TABLE VIII.

Labor One Horse is Able to Perform at Different Rates of Speed on
Canals, Railroads and Turnpikes. (Drawing Force 83 1-3 Miles.)
(Waring.)

|

rs Useful Effect for One
e Day Drawn One Mile.
m |
. |
ieee |S
3 3 2 a
= = 3 E
65 | 4: «| Poe
ee | of ag ag
& | | ° ° °
=) | § ae a+
Qa 1) 1 ° o)
520 115 14
243 92 12
154 82 10
1 72
52 57 7.3
0 48
19 41 5
12.8 36 4.5
9 32 4
5 28.8 3.6

The total weight of farm products in 1895 was estimated at 219,-
824,227 tons. If the forest products hauled over the public roads
be added to this, we get 313,349,227 tons, which at $3.02 per ton,
makes a total for the annual cost of hauling on the public roads of
$946,414,665. Nearly, if not quite, two-thirds of this vast expense
may be saved by-road improvement, and this at a total cost not
exceeding the losses of three, or at most, four years by bad roads.
(Circular No. 19, Office of Road Inquiry, U. S. Dept. of Agri.)

TABLE IX.
Average Quantity of Stone Required per Year to Keep Ten Feet of
. Road Width — 20 Feet in Repair. (Herschel.)

Cubic feet. |Cubic yards.
ie Good material. and heavy travel ecec.s-cacescdsseesae coneccene ee ceeee ee |}15 — 20 =| 65 — .%4
2. Good material and medium amount of LIA VOlAeeceeseecrccnccmaetenecen /}10 — 15 =| .387 — .55
SeGood material and Tightitravel- wets cases cat etecoces teen oenereee ene 5 — 10 =| .18 — .37
4. Medium material and heavy travel, SBOSOCID A OOCODOSDUOEN OC COCA OOOO EOE | 20 — 25 =| .74 — .92
5. Medium material and medium amount of travel, |} 15 — 20 =| .65 — .%4
§. Medium material and light travel, .....cccccccsccsccvccsers ooo] 10 — 16 =| £87 — -B5
7. Third-rate material and heavy tray (a i daancnoudesod somorseneros -..| 25 — 30 =| .92 — 1.10
8. Third-rate material and medium amount of travel, 20 — 2 =| .74 — .92
9. Third-rate material and Wehtitravel) fee..cc..scecsscas se caceecaceeesees 15 — 20 =| .65 — .74

G. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TABLE X.
Grades.

985

s
E s
=, hon)
~ z
Degrees. ® o
a uv
h B
r) r)
” ~
© o
a oa
& &

92.16 1.7455
184.4 3.4924
276.7 5.2407
369.2 6.9926
461.9 8.7489
555.0 10.5100

986 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

THE INFLUENCE OF WIDE TIRES ON DRAFT WAGONS.

By H. J. WATERS, Director of the Missouri Experiment State College, Formerly Professor of Agriculture
in the Pennsylvania State Coltege.

In all suggestions for highway improvement, considerable stress
has been laid upon the advantages accruing to the roads from the
use of broad tires in lieu of the narrow tires so generally used. It
is on all sides admitted that these narrow tired wheels are among
the most destructive agents to the streets, macadam, gravel, and dirt
roads, and to the fields, meadows and pastures of the farms.

To secure reliable information on this point, this Station under
took to make careful comparisons of the draft of 14 inch and 6 inch
tires on dirt, gravel, and macadam roads, and on the plowed fields,
meadows and pastures of the farm, in all conditions. It was pro-
posed to have these trials cover an entire year, so as to be certain
that they embraced all conditions of road surface usually found.
This work was begun early in January, 1896, and was continued
without interruption to September, 1897, actually covering more
than twenty months. The tests were made with a Giddin s self-
recording dynamometer registering a maximum strain of 3,000
pounds, and reading to approximately five pounds.

Results of Experiment.

J. Macadam Street.

Hard, smooth, nearly level, and comparatively free from dust,
loose stone or sand. Length of runs 400 feet.
Trial made August 29, 1896.
Average draft.

INATTOW: LING, Wont, sue etatocrn nee he metal 3 oe 99.4 pounds.
Wide lines. <ocjet ae eee eee ce 73.4 .
Difference in favor of broad tire, ..... cp nal “
Percentage “ditterenceé,- 2.8.00) joer 35.7 ze
Trial made September 12, 1896.

Average draft.
Narrow LILG,, &. oas.. cio eee 143.5 pounds.
Wide tite: (0-02 ntneckis aetna ees 123 .4 i

Difference in favor of broad tire, ...... 20.1

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 987

Contrary to general expectations the broad tire pulled the lighter
on the hard, inelastic, smooth surface of the rock road,

In these trials there was a difference in draft in favor of the broad
tires amounting to 26 pounds or 35.7 per cent. in one trial and 20.1
pounds, or 16.3 per cent. in another, or an average of 21 pounds, or
26 per cent., the trials being almost a month apart. In other words,
with the draft required to draw 2,000 pounds over this road on nar-
row tired wheels a load of 2,714 pounds could have been hauled
on the broad tires in one trial, and 2,322 pounds in the second trial,
or 2,518 pounds as an average of both trials.

II. Gravel Road.

(a) Hard surface, no ruts, some loose stones size of black walnuts.
Trial made October 12,1896. Length of run, 400 feet.

Average draft.
INURE O WU ELLES fanuls cia: ais, «tof Stora atevalfavereya etch = 218.4 pounds.
| EHCDCETG Ll 0 ey en ne RR ae i Scere A 163.8
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 54.6 a
Bercetrare GUulerenee, ./.. «oj. eee ee « 33.3 nS

(b) Dry, hard and free from dust. A few loose stones lying on the
surface. Length of run, 400 feet. Trial made November 20, 1896.
Average draft.

SPATS IIECS Or, ek Sree Wicled ustedes «62% 145.7 pounds.
PO PICS See, Gaye, sus trete ae Susp ocehte: ayn ters. 3 9 100.2
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 45.5 eS
Percentage ditterence, (8s. hoe 5 soe ns 45.4 FA

(c) A large quantity of sand in the gravel which prevented it from
packing perfectly. Road dry and free from ruts. Run made August
29,1896. Length of run, 400 feet.

Average draft.
INET OW GEIE OSS 955,258 02 ton vhs eure o's as oe 0 oF, 239.1 pounds.
PSU OACMUIEES Ran tix Recto cee ceotgs sea S Reh esis 156.7 2
Difference in favor of broad tire, ...... 72.4 =
Percentage difference in favor of broad
TANS OS FERRO A ay Soto eo eae ralleehi ws ae) 8 Zkay ely,

(d) New. Before the gravel had become compacted, reasonably
dry and firm. Noruts. Length of run, 400 feet. March 20, 1897.
Average draft.

INALRKOW TALC, fits. oot atid eae. +. oe Ooos oe POULGS:
SEGUE ON Ee claves: olay 5 slshowaretaroie ai cle onde see 260.5 Z
Difference in favor of broad tire, ...... 69.4 ss
Percentage difference in favor of broad

LURE GS, Alot) Rs CR ee 26.6 $f

(e) Water standing on surface. Loose sand varied in depth from

988 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

1 to 24 inches. Wide tire forced most of the slush out of its track.
No rut remained. Trial made October 12, 1896. Length of run, 400
feet.

Average draft.
ALO Ws GEIL Cs eye orete arose sete, chonel sich ereyeer cde 262.3 pounds.
Broad ales es osha oi ee ets ee 268.1 .
Difference in favor of narrow tire, ...... 5.8 $
Percentage difference in favor of narrow
ITE face coerce oe as sole Shae east te) eee eet hese 2.2 =

(f) Water standing on surface. Loose sand and gravel to a depth
of about one inch, forming a slush, underlaid by hard roadbed. Both
sets of wheels cut through to the solid roadbed. No rut formed.
Length of run, 400 feet. March 19, 1897.

_ Average draft.
INUIT OW MEU ee cites seeps ras Pale ereueecarneukerstaner 231.7 pounds.
Broad Airey, 2) oc tee see cee a ene ae 240.8 sf
Difference in favor of narrow tire,.... 9.1
Percentage difference in favor of narrow
LANs espaol tefane tara oy Reker) = okeieists accieitete 4.

With the draft required to draw a 2,000 pound load over this
gravel road on the narrow tires the following loads could have been
hauled on 6 inch tires: In the first trial, 2,666 pounds; in the second
trial, 2,908 pounds; in the third trial, 2,910 pounds; in the fourth
trial, 2,532 pounds; in the fifth trial, 1,956 pounds; in the sixth trial,
1,920 pounds; or an average for the six trials of 2,482 pounds, an
increase in the load capable of being hauled of 482 pounds on account
of the saving of draft from the use of the broad tires.

III. Dirt Road.

(a) Dry, hard, free from ruts and dust, nearly level. Trial made
August 28, 1896. Length of run, 400 feet.

Average draft.
INA ELOW: LINER. 6 Peete See cen ie ees 137.3 pounds.
BOA: CIES S Uv sgeves 98 ey ce ore ae tere feel cerenens 104.8 es
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... Sorel a
Percentage difference in favor of broad
ALDOR... 5 Gis steve 13 RipteNetey serene austen eee 31.0 ce

(b) Dry, hard, free from ruts or dust, nearly level. Trial made
September 12, 1896. Length of run, 1,000 feet.

Average draft.
Narrow tires; 4: . ts 07) a5. eee 178.4 pounds.
Broad’ tires, 286 i.0..34..0650een eee 145.3 7
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 33.1 +
Percentage difference in favor of broad
LIPOS, eRe ee eee ee ee eae 22.7 eS

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 989

(c) Clay road, dry, hard, ruts almost entirely obliterated; surface
worn smooth. Trial made November 20, 1896. Length of run, 400
. feet.

Average draft.
PETE WW oUIE OR Aas Svante ete shayei shal 6m "0, 2).0. 0s 130.6 pounds.
eral EIGEN ein tex score sisiarn sit evahe: ot once @ o-3 3s 76.2 re
Difference in favor of broad tires, ..... 54.4
Percentage difference in favor of broad
SACI». Kicgefotie stort, o anchonsie ereboaie's) Sialare\'s avo,(0 12 (alee cf

Essentially the same conditions are met in these trials as were
presented in the tests on macadam and gravel roads and the general
results are the same. The broad tired wheels materially lessened
the draft in all runs.

It will be observed that the draft is almost as light on the dirt
road in this condition as on the macadam road in its best condition
and is really less than on the gravel road in any condition in which
tests were made.

On the dry dirt road the draft required to haul a 2,000 pound
load with narrow tired wheels was capable of drawing 2,620 pounds
in the first trial, 2,440 pounds in the second trial, 3,428 pounds in
the third trial, and 2,829 pounds as an average of the three trials
on the broad tired wheels.

(d) Dust 2 to 3 inches deep on the surface, very dry and loose,
underlaid by hard smooth roadbed. Trials made September 15, 1897.
Length of run, 300 feet and return,

Average Draft. 3
z
r=)
~
| °
| 2
ua
c) *
o mn
: to
a an (ee
3 = Ast
a ae | <
BN EDO WMA Te sit atstere lolcis(ecsains os oie ele tolsia-eisialetoycieicinte ee clafusciorneh seis ecivieieie'elels/euioe sin/eciwises 92.4 88.6 | 90.5
SPORE ER Crago slatsiniors (els oisleminicroanie cicien nclolersieicie prersivie'sjo vine ne ouitcisdiee'e cto oewiaseecsc'e 105.5 107.5 106.5
PiferencesiniLavor Ol NALTOW? tiT®, | reece eclesce nie vccccwls seisiccwitcilele noniecnce 13-1 18.9 | 16
Percentage vditference in favor Of NAITOW tITG; loose cs casielscceiciecsicicece|(sscweccmes|lsciscincce ce 17.6

(e) Clay road. ‘Surface sticky, firm underneath. Fair hauling
condition. Ruts 4 to 6 inches deep with walls and bottom hard and
dry. First run made with narrow tires in original ruts. Broad tires
tun over narrow ruts. Length of run, 400 feet. Trial made January
9; 1897.

990 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

Average draft.
Broad! tire; Sete ast ee Sere eae 308. pounds.
NATO Ws sites toes omen sc yas 3 ke oe eee 206.1 :
Difference in favor of narrow tire, ....-101.9 ze
Percentage difference in favor of narrow
Tih dehy ce eben uel hp acca a a ee heer 49.4 be
(f) Muddy on top, firm underneath. Mud about 2$ inches deep,
very sticky, adhering to the broad wheels. Soft enough to allow the
narrow tires to cut through to solid ground with slight resistance.
Trial made October 12,1896. Length of run, 400 feet.

Average draft.
INAEKOW LILES ioe: sialic sue ee wind aeee er ee 250.8 pounds.
Broad WINES ence uae eee eee nee 325.3 ba
Difference in favor of narrow tires, ..... 74.5 .
Percentage difference in favor of narrow
1&1: a ane RP a are EEO ee A A Re Byer 29 +

(g) Clay road. Surface soft to a depth of 3 or 4inches. Ruts cut
by narrow tires in ordinary use of the road 5 to 6 inches deep with
fairly firm kottom. Walls of ruts more or less soft and sticky. The
narrow tired wheels were run in these ruts 4 times without apprecia-
bly deepening them. The broad tired wheels were run over the ruts
forming a new rut 6 inches wide and about 34 inches deep in the soft
clay on the surface. Trial made January 16, 1897.

Average Draft.

3

= h

a

~

°

| a

. d =)

a 1
3 F g
Le}

Ps £

n [o} oO

& 3 >

cd n <
SPOS Ge CATES eT oralntatcteve' sions cteta rors sleluleielsietercivinte elesateloierslalcisiviere,nisiatesa cistaisisleleretereisterstelsteteleeiate 490.8 | 382.0 436.4
BNET OW eCIVeSS <i. crorarcve wicictancie ecterstereette cle ence te ere tte oicralars ial clevaloionniayel cereal clot ielelerere 340.1 330.0 335.0
Difference inktavor Ole narrow, wives weenie eieniesisin actelsteislelsietcieiaelereniele sieiete reeves 150.7 52.0 101.4
Percentage * difference & is ne so astoctecncictecia een oie wie wainurecioetere taco lates oeentoe 44.3 15.8 30.3

It will be observed that in the second run of the broad tired
wheels in their own rut the draft was materially reduced, the dif-
ference between the broad and narrow tires being but 52.0 pounds,
or 15.8 per cent. as compared with a difference of 150.7 pounds, or
44.5 per cent, in the first run. The average draft of the broad tires
was:

ist Run, Ibs. 2d Run, Ibs.
OIDs hen ed ate Aue eae 560.8 384.0
eturnin’. 9 4--1.6..7 ae. 420.8 380.0
NCTA GE ie) on apes aire 490.8 382.0

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 992:

A difference in the average of the two runs of 108.8 pounds. A
rain interrupted the experiment at this point, and prevented further
tests of the broad tires in their own ruts.

(h) Clay road, wet and sloppy on surface, to depth of 34 to 4 inches.
Hard and dry underneath. Both wagons cut through mud, no ruts
left. Trial made October 18,1896. Length of run, 400 feet.

Average draft.

EINVELUSTI OW LLC rte teria rac: egeay's) «esd si Sieie ee a.0s 286.5 pounds.
ESA CU) GLE ate seat clin arctariers ae, ofa slay ois cte et ccatora2o7= 406.3 4
Difference in favor of narrow tire, ..... 119.8 be
Percentage difference in favor of narrow

MAT Coe tees erotfaMte eaten he hogs sie oil Calre ole) ct are 41.8 .

In every trial on a soft surface overlying a hard roadbed, the
narrow tires show to an advantage. This advantage reaches its
maximum when the soft covering of the road consists of sticky clay.
Such a condition is met frequently for short periods in the spring,
summer and fall, immediately after rain has fallen on a hard, dry
road or when the road has thawed on the surface and remains frozen
underneath. As explained in the case of the wet gravel road and
dusty dirt road, this difference appears to be due to the fact that the
narrow tires cut through the mud and roll on the hard roadbed
underneath with very much less resistance than is encountered by
the broad tires. In the nature of the case this condition of the road
surface is of short duration. A few hours of sun will sufficiently
dry this mud or sand so that it will pack under the broad tires in-
stead of being pushed aside. In that condition the narrow tire is
at its greatest disadvantage as compared with the broad tire as is
clearly shown in the next trial on a dirt road drying on top.

(i) Black soil. Graded late in fall. Mud stiff and drying on top.
Narrow tire made rut 3.5 inches deep in passing over the surface
twice. Mud packed under the broad tires leaving scarcely any rut.
Length of run, 400 feet. March 19, 1897.

Average draft.

JNIG RETR Gay ORE hes ae NG cei ee ee 497.0 pounds.
ISSAC ENON SW eRe Eee ee ee eee a ee 306.9
Difference in favor of broad tire, ....... NS) ee
Percentage difference in favor of broad

Ts ae RAch gj cs Sta Mtn eeic aie & oma ict ews 61.6 is

(j) Clay road. Dry on top. Spongy underneath. A new track
was made, the narrow tire being run first, the wide tires running over
the rut cut by the narrow tires. Depth of rut made by narrow
wheels, from 8 to 12 inches. Rut of wide tires 4 to 6 inches deep.
Trial made February 28, 1896. Two runs. Length of runs 400 feet,

992 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Average Draft. a
—| &
| a
~
: °
. 2
: d 3
5 eS es
mm os) Le wd
ae
” =I a]
n ° oo
= >
| & n <
INATTOW LILO R eer tic elactcleelsiosisieteis’e/eie ei ctaice Soir ainic eralsie wie ee elec oie am aelcoeinalecion siete iets 466.7 478.5 472.6
IBTOAG PUITCS helctonts cisjccteicics cisitesen ccs See ac 489.5 356.3 422.9
Difference in favor of broad tires, . —22.8 122.2 49.5
Percentage difference, ............... —4.1 34.3 11.9

(k) Clay road. Dry on top. Spongy underneath. Ruts in road
before making trial, about 8 inches deep. Both sets of wheels run
in the old ruts, narrow tires first. Ruts about 5 inches deep after
broad wheels had passed over them once. Trial made February 24,
1896. Length of runs 400 feet.

Average Draft. un
S
Fa
a
~
}
a
ws
° .
og
i = as
3 soe
ioe) feu) <
PN eR O WUE ATC Si atierer a aieloralaiclarelsfelelicialaiais cistele clsie\eloisieictoletelols\ejsinlaietelelere sleistolettietstersicieieteieisiaiere 614.4 577.2 595.8
PESTOA CG AUITESS we cpcletasicicle s}eieleleisinicialeiosiesisiele Seiscic are clareleiclcie’s|wisicle weiecioie cieeiielslelete s/eritieres 375.6 379.2 377.4
mMitrerence in favor Of Proad) LITES* (Nels oce<isio1e aie <)eie-cisjeis sieis Rp an ncooLuseadoccd 238.8 189.0 218.4
IPENCENTALC GIILELCN CE, Sa cinierelnebicinic.sioveieisictoloisieleieleleieielerejcle vleletele elvleiaisielsteiciewteicisisetes 63.6 62.2 57.9

(1) Clay road. Dry on top. Soft underneath. Three trials, the
narrow and broad tire alternating over the same course and in the
same track. Length of runs 400 feet. March 20, 1897.

Average Draft.

Average of all trials.
Pounds.

Trial 1—pounds.
Trial 2—pounds
| Trial 3—pounds.

INATYOW TILES) secs cicissicc wisieicicicce'e:vis. scree sulauvio(e(s/cleivinieictauinis p'vfoipiniolelaieieinia 725.9 600.8
ESPORM SEITCH! | joca.ccrelnis’s niae'n's Ul'we cicesvisledvege eeisicss eoiuisecantet sents meine
Difference ini favoriof Pros itires, i scccsccess cscs cerecicnesicie sts
Percentage Gitlerence, suvcuiw saico cleo. ane ibleiniaiselele vivie's cleistete olninveveleLaeen

Depth of Rut Cut—Inches.
INATEOW CITCH ccc ccaccecen soneGpotn ene specomeriac ccaimncicien = descent 6.0
SPOR GY CITOS cain 0 5:0\0-c;c'asclo's cigia'eie.s’einne’claiaiareia’s eleto\s'« closes Usictealeme is erettisine 2.6

INGO: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ‘ 993

(m) Clay road. Mud deep, stiff, and beginning to dry on the sur-
face. At one end of the run was soft mud on which water was stand-
ing. The narrow tire made a rut 7 inches deep. Length of run 400
feet. March 19, 1897.

Average draft.
PNR Wee tMPE Soe, 2 sts szaacsiaielere olde o/aie ws: % a 825.3 pounds.
PSL OAC MON sohwy ot ioe ess css) leceols eos ose DOLL a
Difference in favor of broad tires, ..... 2738 .4 a
Percentage difference in favor of broad
ERLGSor rete Mers yess ayerae ere rel enaiccotane seeuaweel cae 49.3 BE

(n) Clay road. Muddy, slightly frozen on top, but not enough to
bear the load on either set of wheels. Narrow tires made ruts 12
inches deep in places. Length of run 400 feet.

Average draft.

PMU O WatIE CS helenae tocss ase is oo ele we ote soe 549.0 pounds.
eave le PERON ater thee Sera he ccs ops cve sient 447.6 a
Difference in favor of broad tires, ..... 101.4 fe
Berecnta ge Guirerenees .. sia 7ccisie as sete s a1 22

(0) Clay road, very soft and sticky. Old ruts 18 inches deep, full
of water. Narrow tire run first. Broad tire rut about 6 to 8 inches
deep, and gathered the mud, filling the wheel. Trial made April 9,
1896. Length of run 400 feet.

Average draft.

MMEACT OW: -UILCS.. 25 cis ekais < 01's) sleynwieroleseyersierene-s 321.7 pounds.
| ESTE 16 D7 ECS AR ee an a 514.1 eS
Difference in favor of narrow tire, ..... 192.4 i
Er Cena Ge TOMmeTOMCG since ©, 6.0 2 ape, oceus a0: 59) =

In this trial the mud was stiff enough to adhere to the rim and
spokes of the wheels, and the difference in the amount of mud gath-
ered and transported by the broad and narrow tires is so great that
the draft of the broad tires was 59 per cent. higher than that of
the narrow tires. After carefully watching the dirt roads in this
locality for two years, this is the only time they were found in that
condition.

In the two years covered by these trials, only two conditions of
the dirt roads have been found in which the narrow tire pulled
lighter than the broad tire, viz: when soft, either muddy or very
dusty, on the surface and hard underneath; and when the mud was
deep and sticky so that both sets of wheels cut deep ruts and the
mud adhered to the wheels. In the nature of the case, both of these
conditions of the road are of short duration. In all other conditions
of dirt roads, the broad tire has shown a materially lighter draft than
the narrow tire.

Clay road. Hard and dry. Ruts previously made by narrow tire
2.5 inches deep, with rough ridges of earth on either side. Walls of

638—6—1901

994 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oft. Doe.

ruts dry and rigid. Ruts worn smooth by use, and free from dust
and loose dirt. Road in what would be termed fair hauling condition
for narrow tired wagons. Narrow tires were run in old ruts in ad-
vance of the broad tires. Broad tires practically filled the ruts in
four trips or two runs. Length of runs, 400 feet. Trials made No-
vember 10, 1896:

Average Draft. a

=}

=)

1

a

~

°

2

: (3 3

r 5 ©

5 o

m bo

< a

~ & kb

n ° o

2 3 >

& n <
INVATOW BCILE sink siajclarers wisyaloreteiaivie) sletelereieieleisieieletelofeietstelelereis’e eieisievelaleleerereisistaisleleisiotereteleiers 129.2 124.8 127.0
ESL ELE Eg Mecyerstareyeikinia ais oip)ainle ls sie tatereiarsin ix ainielelwlelaivicleleielaniseinialetereteletayereisisieistainleyeleteietatatsts 147.6 119.6 133.6
Difference in favor Of MArrOw ITE, 2.0... .ccccccccccecccccciecsecsccccsceecs 18.4 —5.2 6.7

In this case the ruts were 24 inches deep and the disadvantage
at which the broad tires operated was comparatively slight. In
the first run there was a difference of but 18.4 pounds or 14.2 per
cent. In the second run the order was reversed and the disad-
vantage caused by the rut was so far eliminated as to enable the
user of the broad tire to draw his load over this road with less effort
than the user of the narrow tire, the difference being 5.2 pounds,
or 4.4 per cent. in favor of the broad tire. It is to be further noted
that the use of the broad tire in the track of the narrow tire in the
first run did not so increase the draft of the narrow tire as to cause
this, since there was a slight reduction in the draft of the narrow tire
in the second trial after the broad tires had been used as compared
with the first run before they had been used. Clearly, therefore, a
rut of this depth would be of little consequence.

For several weeks in the spring the ruts on dirt roads are usually
considerably deeper than those in the foregoing trial and on that
account these results were not considered sufficiently reliable to
form the basis for a general conclusion. Therefore these additional
tests were made:

Clay road, dry, cut into ruts by narrow tires in the ordinary course
of travel. Surface of road, hard. The narrow tire ruts were an
average of 83 inches deep with smooth, rigid walls well apart so
that the side friction on the narrow wheels was slight. The bottoms
of the ruts were comparatively hard and smooth. On each side of
rut was a ridge of loose, dry earth or baked clay about 24 inches
high. Length of runs, 400 feet. March 27, 1897.

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 995

In all cases a run means a round irip—going and returning.
The runs were made in the following order:
Average draft.

nny le Narsows tine 1m Original TUb, wo 606s 2 eves 342.8 pounds.

hunjeeaNarrow tire in original rut, 20.0... . 20s. 331.7 ce
(Rut not perceptibly deepened.)

Run 3. Broad tire on the narrow tire rut, ......... 521.0 <

Run 4. Broad tire on the narrow tire rut, ......... 342.8 i

Run 5. Broad tire on the narrow tire rut, ......... 335.0 “¢

Run 6. Broad tire on the narrow tire rut, ......... 326.5 se

(Rut about 2 inches deep. Original narrow
tire rut almost completely filled.)
Narrow tire over the same rut, ............ 414.8 a
(This run deepened the rut in the center
about 2 inches more, making a total depth
of 4 inches.) ,
Ramee. broad tire, over the same rut, <2... an. o 5s 332.5 is
(Rut made by the narrow tire in run 7 com-
pletely filled.)
ime sos Narcow tire in same track, «0.26... ood. 312.8 ie
(Rut cut about one inch below the level of
the broad tire rut.)
Runi0. The broad tire completely obliterated the

Run

=I

TMENIAN Osi EMO WAU as a-ha vay Si veer ole Soe) seh a 320.5 -
Run 11. Narrow tire made almost no rut in bottom

Ole RO AMete RUG, ssn ser cdc cncesucle’ eles Ad ok 334.2
Run 12. Narrow tire. Made little impression, ..... 321.4 rf
Run 13. Broad tire. Rut two inches. The last runs

did not seem toxhave any emect, o. 6.5... 320.5 <

The six inch tires almost completely filled the narrow tire rut in
four round trips. Thus at the same time that a ton load was being
hauled over this road on the broad tires its surface was smoothed
and improved. Every run with the broad tires was a benefit; every
run with the narrow tires was an injury.

Clay road, dry on top; narrow tire ruts cut in the ordinary course
of travel uveraged 84 inches deep, except for a distance of 20 feet at
one end of the run where the ruts were 15 inches deep; walls of ruts
rigid, smooth and well spread; bottoms hard and smooth; the side
friction on the narrow tired wheels very slight. Length of run
400 feet; net load, 2,000 pounds. These trials were made on the
same ground as those just reported, the condition of the road being
practicably the same, excepting that it was slightly dryer. Runs
were made in the following order:

62

996 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Average draft.
Ron 1. Narrow tire ‘original-amiy S202. es oe 422.0 pounds.
Run, 2: Narrow tite invoriginalirwt i -. ee e 425.0 or
Run 3.-Narrow tire moorigimalerut, <2 2.242. sacs 425.0 r:
Run, 4. Narrow tire in orginal rut?) aco eee 423 .3 =
Run 5: Groad tires over the same wut). 27.2... 0. «<= 493.2 ¢
Khun 5. Broad tires over the same rut, <...-- <2 355.5 .
Run 7%. Broad tires over the same rut,, :.-...... 4.5 324.4
Run 8. Broad tires over the same rut, ............ 322.5 s

(Old rut completely filled, and depression
less than two inches deep made by the
broad tires.)
hon 9: Narrow tire in’ broad tire track, 2. 2c... 393.1 S
(Deepened rut two inches.)
Run 10. Broad tire in same rut. (Completely filled

MALTOW. UIEO MUL) on eho cura hanreiee ele ts a eahteers 347.3 zh
Run1i. Narrow tire in same rut. (Deepened broad

Hire rut almost two mches); oi. ces. 354.3 .
Run 12. Broad tire in same rut. (Completely filled

NALLOW LIVE TUL)s 2. aciensencte rege eee 342.3
Run 13. Narrow tire run in same rut. (Cut rut less

EA ONC MEN CED) 5% c.0 sac one tere eionele 362.3

Here four round trip runs were made with the narrow tires in
the original rut. The draft in each run is practically the same,
showing that it was neither diminishing nor increasing when a ton
load was hauled on the narrow tires, neither was the rut deepened
by this use. At this point the broad tire was put on this rut. The
first run of the broad tires shows an increased draft over the pre-
vious narrow tire runs of 69.6 Ibs., or 16.4 per cent. In the first run,
therefore, the user of the broad tires could haul but 2,000 pounds on
a road in this condition with the same effort that the user of the
narrow tires could haul 2,328. However, the second run of the
broad tire in the same track shows a draft of only 353.5 pounds, a
striking reduction when compared with the first run of the broad
wheels, and also when compared with the average of the four runs
with the narrow tires. The user of the broad tires could then haul
with the same effort required to haul 2,000 pounds on the narrow
tires a load of 2,451.5 pounds on the broad tires. Thus it appears
that one run of the broad tires over this road was sufficient to ma-
terially decrease the draft of the vehicles passing along thereafter.

IV. Mowing Lands.

(a) Timothy sod. Dry, firm, smooth, freshly mown. Narrow tire
cut ruts } to 1 inch deep. No appreciable depression by broad tires,
Length of run 400 feet.

Trial made July 2, 1896.

ING): DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 997

Average draft.

AUTO IIMS rtd et cieivis a on \s 6 0 ee neta se es 317.3 pounds.
TA IMISTNMTED EMEC oce tal Sia alas ors ei ciple aie da «0! ee 228.8
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 88.5 a
Pereentage difference, ..........---... 38.6

(b) Timothy sod. Soft. Surface frozen, but not enough to bear
up the wagons. Length of run 400 feet.
Trial made February 8, 1896.
Average draft.

UN AIA OW EIR irate erates so ois nc sie ce ee os 563.2 pounds.
[Bye AIRES NOS cls 3b eee eee 461.1 Zo
Difference in favor of broad tires, ..... 102.1 eS
Percentare direrence, ... 5... ee nee 22.1

(c) Timothy sod. Grass and stubble about 5 inches high. Ground
soft and spongy. Narrow wheels cut ruts 5 to 6 inches deep. Broad
tires made ruts 14 to 2 inches deep, doing almost no damage.
Length of run, 400 feet.

Trial made April 9, 1896.

Average draft.
IAIEEONVGUIEES «0. ccs) ass 65s Sle cs ee chee « 569.1 pounds.
TSO MNOS is 355. ws) sand stebapey ce eioues'ow's 0 323 .6 cs
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 272.5
Percentages Gitrerence,) cette ac. 5 3 a's oes 84

(d) Timothy sod, same as ‘‘(c).” Each set of wheels was run in its
own track twelve times before reading was taken. Rut cut by nar-
row tire 12 to 15 inches; by broad tire, 4 to 5 inches. Length of run,
400 feet.

Trial made April 9, 1896.

Average draft.

ING OW PELUES oc apc che slays glace ova s meio 876 pounds.
HPO AMF CLLCH stare tevate she er efoge ews. toss at cuanese ee 397.9 .
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 478.1 a
Percentage ditlerence, <.. 2.505... 2-. .: 120

(e) Timothy sod, moist but reasonably firm. Narrow tire cut rut
34 inches deep, broad tire made rut from } of an inch to one inch
deep; length of run, 400 feet. Trial made March 19, 1897.

Average draft.

IME WRIDCTS CL 21S a la in ori a 420.8 pounds.
PATO UO UES ay oie ash ci nen tte foams bee cn, ys 305 mn
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 115.8 -
Percentase Gurerence, «<2 ..s0 es & as sn ec 38.0

V. Pasture Land.

(a) Bluegrass sod; smooth, dry, firm. Neither set of wheels cut an
appreciable rut. Trial made September 12, 1896. Length of run,
400 feet.

998 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Average draft.

INERT OW UIE SE ata es Goce ote rc Sib eeleseleustwin «cs 195.8 pounds.
BP OAGE MaTON len te ees teh Schchn oreo ohne tc is abs ela 154.8 He
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 41.0 =
Percentage Giference,. 0.0.65 +. see scan oe 26.5

(b) Bluegrass sod. Dry, firm, smooth. No appreciable impres-
sion made by either set of wheels. Trial made October 13, 1896.
Length of run, 400 feet.

Average draft.
Narrow tires,

wae ee far) ay Sua; Sieroter ape eeere 239.5 pounds.
Broad! Anes a5 5 syne seo cine ereialeis ein aeeae oe 157.0 i
Difference in favor of broad tires, .... ae SET ‘
Percentare miiberence, a cecsrocw. ofe ress = 52.5

(c) Bluegrass sod; soft. Depression made by broad wheels about
one inch deep. Narrow tires made rut about three inches deep.
Length of run, 400 feet. Trial made January 16, 1897.

Average draft.

INOW AUUE OSS we.t chem cde chee saetere ie 1014" a > 437.1 pounds.
ASROa BLICCSS wee atu ies eesna os teespemteaerer ees 230.9 ef
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 207.2
Percentage-difierence,\-... 5 as. <.6. 4 re a mot ba¢

(d) Bluegrass sod, moist but not soft. Rut cut by narrow tires 3
inches deep; broad tires rut from 4 inch to 1 inch; length of run, 400
feet. Trial made March 19, 1897.

Average draft.

BNIAUSE OW, MULE Cetera fe otoconia ci ce eRe) ones ote 401.5 pounds.
BONG sures car eck: slvr Soler eee 316.2 =
Difference in favor of broad tire, ...... 85.3 os
Percentace diterence. ii... sess ek = 27.0

(e) Bluegrass sod, moist and somewhat softer than in the preced-
ing run. Rut made by narrow tire four inches deep; rut made by
broad tire from } to 1 inch deep. For about twenty feet in this run
the ground was so soft that the broad tire cut a rut from 1 to 2 inches
deep. On the same spot the narrow tire rut was from 7 to 8 inches
inches deep. Length of run, 400 feet. Trial made March 19, 1897.

Average draft.
Narrow: UIMGS Jiras nae ea ete = ees 578.5 pounds.
Broad sUMeSis ae oc oe ee aoe oe ae 436 .2 :
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 142.3 iH
Percentare, difLerence, se... see os ene 32.6

As in the case of the mowing lands, five runs were made on blue-
grass pastures, covering the different conditions of surface, with
the same general result. The same principle holds good here that
applies to meadows, and to any surface that is more or less firmly
bound together by the roots of grass or weeds, viz: That where the

No. 6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 993

bearing surface of the wheel is large these roots tend to keep the
wheel on the surface, prevent ruts being cut, and therefore materially
reduce the draft. This is also true to a less degree of a surface cov-
ered with loose grass or other rubbish.

The difference in draft in favor of the broad tires in the runs
on bluegrass sod varies from 26.5 per cent. on a hard, dry, smooth
surface to 89.7 per cent. on a soft surface. Averaging all the trials
on pasture lands, we find a saving in draft amounting to 116.4
pounds, or 45.7 per cent. due to the broad tires. Therefore, with
the same effort required to draw one ton on the narrow tires over
pasture land in these trfals, a load of 2,914 pounds could have been
drawn on the six inch tires.

VI. Stubble Land.

(a) Grown in cow peas the previous year; ground soft. Narrow
tires cut ruts 14 inches deep first run. Broad tires cut rut about 3
to 4inches deep. Four horses were required to pull the narrow tired
wagon. Length of run, 400 feet. Trial made February 8, 1896.

Average draft.
IMAEROWHULDOS 5. < o04) 2's sca/ciniengieke bio ect Sohne: 758.1 pounds.
JETRO 0 SOLBE SSE Eee a A en ee re a a 538.7
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 219.4 be
ReErCeNtage GUlerence, aii.c 05 cece 2.56 40)

(b) Wheat stubble. Dry, smooth and comparatively free from
weeds. Neither set of wheels made appreciable ruts. Length of
run, 400 feet. Trial made September 12, 1896.

Average draft.

INCUEROWA TINGS 5 oe chc is Stee ae nic Ret as ae Wants 298.5 pounds.
PROM EIREN, bo cient sets tay: nic. Slee eee 222
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 76.5 a
PFELCEMUAS Es GIeENENCEs Sica). .tusnbset os a2 34.4

(c) Corn stubble free from weeds, nearly dry enough to plow. Sur-
face smooth and nearly level. Length of run, 400 feet. Trial made
March 27, 1896.

Average draft.

INGLE OW LIECS Stee aida Goria eG Sicvnatyie as 484.2 pounds.
SO AG (EUDES m4 eae qa 4 Makes, cain. eee beets 325.7 =
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 158.5 =

Percentage difference,

(d) Corn stubble, same as “(c).” Draft record taken on the 14th
run in same ruts, each set of wheels being run on its own track.
Depth of rut: narrow tires 7 to 12 inches; broad tires 2 to 34 inches.
Length of run, 400 feet. Trial made March 27, 1896,

1000 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Average draft.

INALTO Ws LIZENs fae oe 5 whsiadhs eee Bis oe 3 otouesare 427 pounds.
ODE GUILES Sg tote atestes sacs, ccalesee a peeeieeen ie 263.3 .
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 159.5 £
Seercentave CiUuteren Ce. a... ie ce © «pee teoue 59

(e) Corn land dry enough to plow. Surface covered with dead
grass and stalks. Almost level. Length of run, 400 feet. Trial
made March 27, 1896.

Average draft.

ALT OW: (ICS or. face Seite aire eee error 422.7 pounds.
ISUOAG EEITCS oi aenetoige sh oer aie he Sei) Oo 3
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 60.8
Percentage difference, :.....2-........- 16.8

(f) Corn land, dry, firm, level, and smooth. Reasonably free from
weeds. Trial made September 12, 1896.

Average draft.
INAEEOWEUITOS ~ 6 3a:i dr wet Se apedeiten. sc a os 343.1 pounds.
POAC UES 0. 52. Lis oesecd a aces ery ree 225 .4 =
Difference in favor of broad tire, ...... ILIA Te “e
PETeeniragse CMCC ysis are aictyets oc ekers 52.2

(g) Corn stubble in the fall. Land dry and reasonably firm.
Broad tires made rut 1 to 2.5 inches deep. Narrow tires made rut
2 to 5.5 inches deep. Length of run, 400 feet. Trial made October
13, 1896.

Average draft.

IN AUrOWWEOINOS) 5.0. Sete op cote nate noe Ree 472.9 pounds.
SPOR SUITES 0.75. vis chaucncr seeker 285 .6 ee
Difference in favor of broad tires, -..... 187.3
Percentage, ditlerence;- 2 :2s5 sane eae 65.5

(h) Corn stubble, nearly dry enough to plow and almost free from
weeds and trash. Ruts made by narrow tires 5.6 inches deep; ruts
made by broad tires, 1.45 inches deep. Length of run, 400 feet.
Trial made March 20, 1897. .

Average draft.

INATTOW IPC Rac fetes: anes erty tas 878.4 pounds.
SEOAG TCS a esc eae ee eee 509.9 .
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 368.5 i
Percentage @itierenee, 2.1.0.2. eee 72.2

Eight separate trials were made on stubble land, embracing wet,
medium and dry conditions. These trials included both wheat and
corn stubble land. The results in every case are strikingly favor-
able to the broad tire. The difference varies from 16.8 to 72 per cent.
The average difference for all the trials is 186.2 pounds, or 48.5 per
cent. With the same effort, therefore, required to haul a ton over

Neo. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1001

the cornfields, wheat stubble, etc., of the farm on the narrow tires,
a load of 2,970 pounds, could have been hauled on the broad tires
without doing any perceptible damage to the fields.

VII. Plowed Ground,

(a) Not harrowed. Many large clods; surface rough. Large clods
crushed by wide tires. Narrow tires pushed them aside. Trial made
September 12, 1896.

Average draft.

DAMON UCN | che ccitccleveystatauetsunn si auatiay el otat( 509.9 pounds.
BEQuamt reset re ete Bead ne os ent a 362.01 as
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 127 bh
Percentare: Gifrerences) 70 2 e's. -2,016 2 3,0 33.2

(b) Same as “(a)” except ground prepared for seeding. Surface,
smooth; fairly compact; fine tilth.

Average draft.
PUM ON CAL OS sc Sovak oi, 5 as « nc eCep atest Peperee 466.5 pounds.
RRO ULE CS. 502 2s, Sy) = "ays a ace acs oeals) = gree. ates 323 re
Difference in favor of broad tires, ...... 143.3 ou
Percentage difference, .........2...0-. 44.3

Two trials were made on plowed fields, one over freshly plowed
ground before the clods had been reduced by tillage; the second on
the same ground after it had been reduced to a fine tilth as for seed-
ing. In the first trial on the freshly plowed ground, the difference
in favor of the broad tire was 127.3 pounds, or 33.2 per cent. practi-
cally one-third less than the narrow tire. In the second trial the

difference was 143.3 pounds, or 44.3 per cent. in favor of the broad
tire.

Proper Width of Tire.

It is believed that the six inch tire will prove more satisfactory,
all things considered, for a combination farm and road wagon than
will any other width. The three or four inch tire is unsatisfactory
in running over the ruts made by the narrow tires, inasmuch as
these ruts are wide enough at the top to allow the four inch tire
to sink down at least a portion of their depth, thereby greatly
increasing the side friction and the draft. The six inch tire on the
other hand will run over these ruts and in a few trips completely fill
them. Again, the three or four inch tire on a road partially dry on
top and spongy underneath will not show the same saving of draft
as the six inch tire, inasmuch as deeper ruts will be cut by them.
From every point of view the six inch tires will be very much more
satisfactory for farm use. On the road, in but two conditions of the
surface, would the four inch tires show a lighter draft than the six

1002 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

inch tires, viz: (1) when the surface is soft and sticky underlaid by
hard roadbed, and (2) when the mud is deep and stiff enough to
adhere to the wheels. Attention has already been called to the fact
that the dirt roads of the middle west are in either of these conditions
for a comparatively short time in the year.

Both Axles Should be the Same Length.

The proposition to use broad tires and have the front axle enough
shorter than the rear one to prevent the front and rear wheels from
running in the same track, is believed to be unsound under ordinary
circumstances, considered from the point of view of the user of the
wagon. Unquestionably such an arrangement would prove very
beneficial to the road, inasmuch as the rolling surface of the wheels
would be doubled, but unless a large majority of the wagons used
on the road were provided with broad tires and arranged with short
front axles, and unless the condition of the average road be very
much improved, the draft of those so equipped would be greatly in-
creased. For farm purposes also the draft of a wagon arranged in
this manner would be materially higher than if both axles were the
same length and the wheels tracked. In addition to the disadvant-
age of increased draft, a difficulty in turning would be encountered
which of itself would positively .preclude the adoption of the sug-
gestion, unless the form of our wagons be considerably modified.
Putting six inch tires on the ordinary wagon increases the space
required for turning, inasmuch as the rim of the broad wheel will
strike the body of the wagon in turning very much quicker than
would the rim of the narrow tired wheel. If the distance between
the rim of the wheel and the wagon bed be further diminished by
_Shortening the axle the difficulty in turning is further increased.
Viewing this matter from the point of public interest, it would seem
to be better policy to concentrate all efforts on the simple proposition
of inducing the farmers and teamsters to use broad tires, and not
complicate the question with features of doubful value which would
involve a material modification of the form of the wagons now built
for common farm and road purposes, and more or less inconvenience
to the users of the same.

Summary of Results.

Numerous tests of the draft of wide and narrow tired wagons
have been made at this Station during the past two years, on mac-
adam, gravel, and dirt roads in all conditions, and on meadows,
pastures, and plowed fields both wet and dry. The draft has been
determined by means of a self recording dynamometer. The net
load was in every trial the same, viz., 2,000 pounds. Contrary to

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1003

public expectation, in a large majority of cases the draft was ma-
terially less when tires six inches in width were used than when the
tests were made with tires of standard width, 14 inches. The follow-
ing is a summary of the results:

1. On macadam street, as an average of the two trials made, a
load of 2,518 pounds could have been hauled on the broad tires with
the same draft that a load of 2,000 pounds required on the narrow ,
tires.

II. Gravel road. In all conditions of the gravel road, except wet
and sloppy on top, the draft of the broad tired wagon was very much
less than that of the narrow tired wagon. Averaging the six trials,
a load of 2,482 pounds could be hauled on the broad tires with the
same draft required for a load of 2,000 pounds on the narrow tires.

IiI. Dirt roads. (a) When dry, hard, and free from ruts and
dust, 2,530 pounds could have been hauled on the broad tires with
the same draft required for 2,000 pounds on the narrow tires.
(b.) When the surface was covered with two or three inches of very
dry, loose dust, the results were unfavorable to the broad tires. The
dust on the road in each of these trials was unusually deep. (c.) On
clay road, muddy and sticky on the surface and firm underneath,
the results were uniformly unfavorable to the broad tires. (d.) On
clay road, with mud deep, and drying on top, or dry on top and
spongy underneath. A large number of tests showed uniformly
favorable to the broad tire. The difference amounted to from 52
to 61 per cent., or about 3,200 pounds could have been hauled on the
broad tires with the same draft required to draw 2,000 pounds on
the narrow tires. In this condition of road the broad tires show
to their greatest advantage. As the road dries and becomes firmer,
the difference between the draft of the broad and narrow tires
gradually diminishes until it reaches about 25 to 30 per cent. on dry,
hard smooth dirt, gravel or macadam road, in favor of the broad
tire. On the other hand, as the mud becomes softer and deeper, the
difference between the draft of the two types of wagons rapidly
diminishes until the condition is reached when the mud adheres to
both sets of wheels; here the advantage of the broad tire ceases
entirely, and the narrow tires pull materially lighter. (e.) Clay road,
surface dry, with deep ruts cut by the narrow tires in the ordinary
use of the road. In every trial the first run of the broad tire over
the narrow tire ruts has shown a materially increased draft when
compared with that of the narrow tire run in its own rut. The
second run of the broad tires in the same track where the rut is
not deep completely eliminated this disadvantage, and showed a
lighter draft for the broad tire than the narrow tire showed in the
first run. Where the ruts were eight inches deep with rigid walls,
three runs of the broad tires in its own track over the ruts were

1004 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

required to eliminate this disadvantage. Three runs of the broad
tire over this track have in all cases been sufficient, however, to so
improve the road surface that both the broad and narrow tired
wagons passed over this road with less draft than the narrow tires
did in the original ruts. In addition to the saving of draft, the
road was made very much more comfortable and pleasant for the
. users of light vehicles and pleasure carriages by the few runs of the
six inch tire. Summing up all the tests on dirt roads, it appears
that there are but three conditions on which the broad tires draw
heavier than the narrow tires, viz., (1) when the road is sloppy,
muddy or sticky on the surface and firm or hard underneath; (2) when
the surface covered with a very deep loose dust and hard under-
neath; (8) when the mud is very deep and so sticky that it adheres
to the wheels of both kinds of wagons. It appears that the dust
must be extraordinarily deep to show a higher draft for the broad
than the narrow tires. The three conditions just named, therefore,
are somewhat unusual and of comparatively short duration.
Through a majority of days in the year and at times when the dirt
roads are most used and when their use is most imperative, the
broad tired wagons pull materially lighter than the narrow tired
wagons.

IV. A large number of tests on meadows, pastures, stubble land,
corn ground, and plowed ground in every condition, from dry, hard
and’ firm to very wet and soft, show without a single exception a
large difference in draft in favor of the broad tires. This difference
ranged from 17 to 20 per cent.

V. It appears that six inches is the best width of tire.for a com-
bination farm and road wagon, and that both axles should be the
same length so that the front and hind wheels will run in the same
track.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1005

AGRICULTURE IN PENNSYLVANIA.

TWELFTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Hon. William R. Merriam, Director of the Census:

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication in bul-
letin form, the statistics of agriculture in the State of Pennsylvania,
taken in accordance with the provisions of section 7 of the act of
Marck 3, 1899. This section requires that—

The schedules relating to agriculture shall comprehend the follow-
ing topics: Name of occupant of each farm, color of occupant, tenure,
acreage, value of farm and improvements, acreage of different pro-
ducts, quantity of products, and number and value of live stock. All
questions as to quantity and value of crops shall relate to the year
ending December 31st next preceding the enumeration.

iA “farm,” as defined by the Twelfth Census, includes all the
land, under one management, used for raising crops and pasturing
live stock, with the wood lots, swamps, meadows, etc., connected
therewith. It includes also the house in which the farmer resides,
and all other buildings used by him in connection with his farming
operations.

The farms of Pennsylvania, June 1, 1900, numbered 224,248, and
were valued at $898,272,750. Of this amount $322,879,810, or 35.9
per cent., represents the value of buildings, and $575,392,940, or 64.1
per cent., the value of the land and improvements other than build-
ings. On the same date the value of farm implements and machinery
was $50,917,240, and that of live stock, $102,439,183. These values,
added to that of farms, give $1,051,629,173, the “total value of farm
property.”

The products derived from domestic animals, poultry, and bees,
including animals sold and animals slaughtered on farms, are re-
ferred to in this bulletin as “animal products.” The total value of
all such products, together with the value of all crops, is termed
‘{otai value of farm products.” This value for 1899 was $207,895,-
600, of which amount $80,901,459, or 38.9 per cent., represents the
value of animal products, and $126,994,141, or 61.1 per cent., the value
of crops, including forest products cut or produced on farms. The

1006 ; ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc

“total value of farm products” for 1899 exceeds that for 1889 by
$86,567,252, or 71.8 per cent.; but a part of this gain is doubtless due
to amore detailed enumeration in 1900 than in 1890.

The “gross farm income” is obtained by deducting from the total
value of farm products the value of the products fed to live stock on
the farms of the producers. In 1899 the reported value of products
ted was $57,043,770, leaving $150,851,830 as the gross farm income
fur that year. The ratio which this amount bears to the “total
value of farm property” is referred to in this bulletin as the “per-
centage of gross income upon investment.” For Pennsylvania, in
1899, it was 14.3 per cent.

As no reports of expenditures for taxes, interest, insurance, feed
for stock, and similar items have been obtained by any census, no
stutement of net farm income can be given.

The statistics presented in this bulletin will be treated in greater
detail in the report on agriculture in the United States. The present
publication is designed to present a summarized advance statement
for Pennsylvania.

Yery respectfully,
L. G. POWERS,
Chief Statistician for Agriculture.

GENERAL STATISTICS.

Pennsylvania has a total land area of 44,985 square miles, or 28,-
790,400 acres, of which 19,371,014 acres, or 67.3 per cent., are included
in farms.

The surface of Pennsylvania is greatly varied, but is everywhere
more or less lilly. The western part, occupying about one-fourth of
the area of the State, is a broad plateau, whose rolling surface is
broken by occasional ranges of hills, and deeply furrowed by water
courses. The southeastern portion, extending from the Delaware
river to the Blue Ridge, is for the most part undulating and ad-
mirably adapted to the production of cereals.

Between these two sections, extending across the State from
southwest to northeast, is a mountainous region, composed of the
mountain chains which constitute the Appalachian system. The
elevation of the greater part of these mountains is not more than
2,000 feet. They are intersected by numerous valleys, often of con-
siderable length and breadth, but sometimes narrow and deep. The
State is very well watered, and the soil, except in the mountains,
is everywhere fertile, and even where least adapted to agriculture,
is suitable for grazing purposes.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1007
Number and Size of Farm.

The following table gives, by decades since 1850, the number of
furms, the total and average acreage, and the per cent. of farm land
improved:

TABLE 1.—Farms and Farm Average: 1850 to 1900.

Number of Acres in Farms. | =
3
g E
we { he
ca , | a
mo } wa.
Year. S : 2 | ord
Lo} - ar.
3 Heke a aes = a
3 a | 5 a ios] ° 5
FS s A & (ese =
5 6 5 a | Bs a}
4 a A p | << Ay
=)
INN, coecdashoroqtesosocsoocsausoosne 224,248 19,371, 015 13, 209, 183 6,161,832 86.4 68.2
PE SSH DU otetatetssin/e/<\atoleTafetetaveVeratasarayoyotntaleieretessia 211,557 18, 364, 370 13, 210, 597 5, 158, 773 86.8 71.9
ILS Gsgnondnasa. daosmnacndoascocpone 213,542 19,791, 341 13, 423, 007 6, 368, 334 92.7 67.8
TIEN sodeidobanactoone socuvodesoudeous 174, 041 17,994, 200 11,515, 965 6,478, 235 103.4 64.0
US END Mtetavateteya/elni= iat wiolelalalstavesslatelsiatole/oj0isicier=/= 156, 357 17,012,140 | 10,463,296 6,548, 844 108.8 61.5
PLR eure aPate oteletniayols @teis) siatctolete|sinia's)ctelejete afsie 127,577 | - 14,923,347 8, 628, 619 6, 294, 728 117.0 57.8
|

The total number of farms reported for 1900 shows an increase of
75.5 per cent. since 1850, and an increase of 6.0 per cent. in the last
decade. This increase was more rapid than the increase in total
acreage, involving a gradual decrease in the average size of farms.

The total acreage has increased slowly, the gain being but 29.8
per cent. since 1850, and 5.5 per cent. since 1890. The area of im-
proved farm land increased at a more rapid rate than the total acre-
age until 1890, but the use of a more strict construction of the term
“improved land” by the Twelfth Census resulted in a slight decrease
for the last decade in the per cent. of farm land improved.

Farm Property and Products.

Table 2 presents a summary of the principal statistics relating
to farm products for each census year, beginning with 1850.

1008 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

TABLE 2.—Values of Specified Classes of Farm Property, and of
Farm Preducts: 1850 to 1900.

£ a 3
a a I
wy ct) «
3 - a 3 a
° > bo oS ®
o EE a S
Year, = Fe FS = zi °
> cesies © |p } 2
ao 2 £ Ct) »~
a= & ie) od n ber
Sz Ee Bs @ E
oA aa VC) iB 3
is ra] =) ra &
O00 Wiivacc rate sista ccicloreietare $1, 051, 629, 173 $898, 272, 750 | $50,917, 240 $102, 439,183 $207,895, 600
LBO0 ce rerecsclareioteleteleseis 1, 062, 939, 846 922, 240, 233 | 39,046, 855 101, 652, 758 121, 328,348
SEO. PE cistetcctets crctectee | 1,095, 405, 324 975,689, 410 } 35,4738, 037 84, 242, 877 129, 760,476
I8U0. Te fis cde ioe 1,194, 786, 853 | 1,043, 481,582 | 35, 658,196 115, 647, 075 $183, 946, 027
ASCO) cis ose em sale nis | 754,166,275 | 622, 050, 707 22, 442, 842 695.672; 726) Ns cnc occa ciclelieee
IRD Asaeeecascgsoe | 464,098,693 | 407, 876, 099 14,722,541 41,500; 053) |I2:'. <<< lees

*For year preceding that designated.

7Values for 1870 were reported in depreciated currency. To reduce to specie basis of other years
they must be diminished one-fifth.

tIncludes betterments and additions to live stock.

Though the total value of farm property was twice as great in 1900
as in 1850, a decrease of 1.1 per cent. is shown for the last decade.
This decrease is due to a loss of 2.6 per cent. in the value of land, im-
provements, and buildings, as the value of implements and machinery
increased 30.4 per cent. and that of live stock, 0.8 per cent. The
value of farm products for 1899 exceeds that for 1889 by 71.3 per cent.
but a part of this increase, and of that in the value of implements
and machinery, is doubtless due to a more detailed enumeration in
1900 than heretofore.

County Statistics.

Table 3 gives a statement of general agricultural statistics by
counties,

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1009

No. 6.

|

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64—6—1901

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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

1010

069 ‘89 016 ‘STZ OLL' TFL 'S 888 ‘Soh ‘T 0021 ‘868 092 ‘06> ‘F 0L9 “891 ‘L 968 ‘FIZ 628 ‘998
002 ‘62 OSL ‘808 LBE ‘280° FOF ‘SZL‘T O6F‘S0L ! OTL ‘618 ‘6 OFL 196 ‘L £99 ‘TST LL ‘993
096 ‘FL 002 ‘862 183 ‘F8S'‘2 Tos ‘028 ‘T. 008 ‘E86 088 ‘ZFS ‘9 026 ‘012 ‘8 FFs ‘99T 168 ‘68T.
SLL ‘6S 008 *S8z 066 ‘008 ‘T SFL ‘093 'T Gpg ‘ces 090 ‘699 ‘F OST ‘SFS‘L 898 ‘LPT £16 ‘69T
099 SZ | 083 FIT TLE ‘869 ‘T 610 ‘S88 ‘T 089 ‘82g OFL ‘28h ‘ES O6T ‘LPL ‘L &18 ‘O9T 696 ‘STZ
00L ‘998 | 019 ‘Z9L ‘T ST8 ‘OTS ‘6 8&8 ‘TLO‘S OLL ‘96'S 088 ‘LPT ‘83 081 ‘T6L ‘08 GZE ‘SLP T9L ‘SSS
OOF ‘FZ OZL ‘SLT €L6 ‘688 ‘T | $16 ‘TTS OOF ‘SOF 0£8 ‘088 ‘Z 009 ‘S13 ‘F | LPS ‘SL ZSL ‘OST
0F6 ‘08 | 06L 08 GL 616 | ¥88‘98¢ OF0 ‘E92 090‘LE9‘T OST “LEL ‘3 | GOL ‘SOL 9ST ‘SLT
OSF ‘88 | OLE ‘SL LS8‘OhP‘T | 9FS°S8L0‘T 099 ‘66P 012 ‘988 ‘S 0G8 ‘LTS ‘S | 199 “P9T ThP ‘LSS
098 ‘SF 098 ‘SIT 9FL “SSS 'S $89 ‘126 ‘T 006 ‘96 OTS ‘OTS ‘F 00e‘20e‘0T | seo‘Les $90 ‘99%
00L'6Z | OLP ‘OFT PLL ‘88h ‘T | 68h ‘060‘T OGT ‘Zh OSS ‘OSh ‘ZS O88 ‘OLS 020 “66 TTL “898
0F9 ET | OFS 6IT 862 631 'S | GLE ‘LSS ‘S OSS ‘ZI 089 ‘89 ‘§ (89 ‘FEO | PEs ‘908 $06 ‘PSE
068 ‘Te | 069 6F 8g ‘9¢9 | LOL ‘PSP | 068 ‘E61 OF9‘96L 062 ‘986 ‘T O@P ‘SOT 890 ‘66T
086 ‘56 | OLS ‘FSS 9g ‘120 | 028 ‘L96 ‘T | OST ‘Eh6 089 ‘TST ‘9 O80°80F ‘TE | 9aF ‘S62 618 “S68
OLg‘ 016 “02 SIP ‘303 $80 “6LT | 008 °LL O13 ‘Fh 088 ‘099 | 68h ‘TS 665 ‘8S
0T9 ‘FS OSh 292 SOL TFPZ 906 ‘OTL ‘T | O18 ‘60L 023 ‘S0F‘S OOF ‘S06 “ST | 02L‘39 £82 ‘ZOF
OFS ‘OTT | O13 ‘LF 988 ‘OTL “S £88 ‘008 ‘% | 016 FS ‘T 0S8 ‘9TS “9 OSL‘LS0'FE —- OSF'98Z 198 6°F
019 IT | 028 ‘9% 620 PIF BES ‘ECE | 080 ‘SST 096 ‘998 080 ‘65h ‘T | OFO ‘SS F£0 ‘TS
009 ‘ss 000 ‘FTF L¥3‘TOL'S GPL‘ FSS ‘T | oF6 ‘96g 012 '€08 ‘9 OLE ‘209 ST G00 ‘LL 86h ‘36
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088 ‘F6 | OSE “BST 68h 389 'T 816 ‘FS6 066 ‘G¢9 O@F 6F0'S QOL ‘Z81‘F £08 ‘SOT IST ‘TE% |
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63

1012 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

In nearly all counties the number of farms increased in the last
decade. Eleven counties report slight decreases. Except in eight
counties, situated mostly in the southern part of the State, the total
farm acreage also shows a general increase since 1890. The decrease
in improved acreage reported in a number of counties, is due to a
more intensive cultivation of smaller areas, and to the use of a more
stvict construction of the term “improved land” by the Twelfth than
by any preceding census. The average size of farms for the State is
86.4 acres, and varies from 33.6 acres in Philadelphia county, to 149.8
acres ia Huntingdon county. It is smallest in the extreme south-
eastern counties, which are devoted to dairying and truck farming,
and contain a majority of the florists’ establishments of the State.

For the State, the average value of farms is $4,006. Less than
half of the counties report increases in farm values since 1890, but
an increase in the value of implements and machinery is reported in
all counties. The value of live stock averages $457 per farm, having
increased since 1890 in more than half of the counties.

The average expenditure for labor in 1899 was $74 per farm. It
was greatest in the counties where floriculture, dairying, and market
gardening prevailed. The average expenditure for fertilizers in-
crease.

Farm: Tenure.

Table 4 gives a comparative statement of farm tenure for 1880,
and 1900. Tenants are divided into two groups: ‘Cash tenants,”
who pay a rental in cash, or a stated amount of labor or farm pro-
duce, and “share tenants,” who pay as rental a stated share of the
products.

In Table 5 the tenure of farms in 1900 is given by race of farmer,
and “farms operated by owners” are subdivided into four groups,
designated as “owners,” “part owners,’ “owners and tenants,” and
“mansgers.” These terms denote, respectively: (1) Farms operated
by individuals who own all the land they cultivate; (2) farms operated
by individuals who own a part of the land and rent the remainder
from others; (8) farms operated under the joint direction and by the
united labor of two or more individuals, one owning the farm or a
part of it, and the other, or others, owning no part, but receiving for
supervision or labor a share of the products; and (4) farms operated
by individuals who receive for their supervision and other services a
fixed salary from the owners.

Nu. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1013

TABLE 4.—Number and Per Cent. of Farms of Specified Tenures:
1880 to 1900.

Number of Farms Oper- Per Cent. of Farms Oper-
ated by— ated by—
wn a
E
3
+
Year. 3S
a q 8 =| =
E ‘ 5 = F
B vi Be] + vi 2 | 2
= a o ® ”
3 z a B I 5 FI
3 e Cs
a Ora ai 6 3) | a
SIMS AM nicratsistarers clsieretstc: ayer 224, 248 165, 982 23, 737 34,529 74.0 10,6 15.4
iL SaSReRedaSdcnosdces 211,557 162, 219 18, 040 51,298 76.7 8.5 14.8
PRUNE teyaetincgiae seis eleiai</cte cle 218,542 168, 220 17,049 28, 273 78.8 8.0 | 13.2
|
*Including ‘‘part owners,’’ ‘‘owners and tenants,’’ and ‘‘managers.’’

TABLE 5.—Number and Per Cent. of Farms of Specified Tenures,
June 1, 1900, Classified by Race of Farmer.

Part 1.—Number of Farms of Specified Tenures.

Race.

Part owners,
Owners and tenants.
Managers.

Cash tenants

Share tenants,

Total number of farms.

Owners.

The State, ....... 224, 248 153, 031 7, O74 | 2,174 3,703 23,737 34,529

White, ...-..2.66006- 223,657 152, 707 7,048 2,173 3, 680 23,592 34,457
Colored, * ....ceccceers 591 324 26 1 23 145 72

Part 2.—Per Cent. of Farms of Specified Tenures.

MHeESStatey -o..--: 100.0 68.2 3.2 1.0 | 1.6 10.6 15.4
WVLEC is erasers cicisioisicielein/~ 100.0 68.3 | 3.2 1.0 1.6 10.5 15.4
4.4 0.2 3.9 24.5 12.2

Colored eo weccccciece cies 100.0 54.8 |

*Comprising 6 Indians and 585 negroes.

The number of farms in Pennsylvania has increased 10,706, or 5.0
per cent. during the last two decades. During this period the farms
operated by owners decreased 2,238, or 1.3 per cent., though the last
decade shows an increase of 3,863, or 2.3 per cent.; the number

1014 7 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

operated by cash tenants increased 6,688, or 39.2 per cent.; and that
by share tenants increased 6,256, or 22.1 per cent. The increases
shown for the tenant classes have been continuous through both
decades.

Of the farms of the State, 99.7 per cent. are operated by white
farmers, and only 0.3 per cent. by colored farmers. Of the white
farmers, 72.5 per cent. own all or part of the farms they operate, and
27.5 per cent. operate farms owned by others. For the colored farm-
ers, the corresponding percentages are 59.4 and 40.6, respectively.

No previous census has reported the number of farms operated by
“part owners,” “owners and tenants,” or “managers,” but it is be-
licved that the number of farms conducted by the last-named class
is constantly increasing.

Farms Classified by Race of Farmer and by Tenure.
Tables 6 and 7 present the principal statistics for farms classified

by race and by tenure.

TAILLE 6—Number and Acreage of Farms and Value of Farm
Property, June 1, 1900, Classified by Race of Farmer and by
Tenure, With Percentages.

Number of Acres in Farms. Fe ee
erty.
a
|
Race of Farmer and EB
Tenure. ws
al
| © 5 a Pay
be &
3 Fi i 8 4 g
| o & be ies be
fn | > {o} ov {>} vo
Z < a ay a Ay
AMY ST UENe Gaqencogodea 224,248 86.4 19,371,015 100.0 | $1,051, 629,173 106.0
White farmers, .......... 23, 657 86.5 19, 345, 274 99.9 | 1,049,589, 533 99.8
Colored farmers,* ........ 591 43.6 | 25,741 | 0.1 | 2,089,640 | * 0.2
Gryatersts c.co disc acbentee 153, 031 78.2 | 11,972,838 61.8 | 607,750,011 | 57.8
PATE ROW MONS) vac. cccercisiece/ave 7,074 120.3 | 850.820 4.4 41,461,917 3.9
Owners and tenants,..... 2,174 118.7 | . 258, 065 1.3 12,071, 078 1.1
PSEVIGREI ES cic cle rclcls arnie atevsia'sta 3,763 145.6 539, 046 2.8 44,924, 460 4.3
Cast tenants) ac ccs cc «occ 23, 737 76.7 1,819, 478 9.4 141, 888, 955 13.5
Share tenants, ........... 34,529 113.8 | 3,930, 768 20.3 203,532,755 19.4

*Comprising 6 Indians and 585 negroes.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. | 1015

TABLE 7.—Average Values of Specified Classes of Farm Property,
and Average Gross Income per Farm, With Per Cent. of Gross In-
come Per Farm, With Per Cent. of Gross Income on Total Invest-
ment in Farm Property, Classified by Race of Farmer and by
Tenure.

|
|
\

Average Values per Farm of— a
a
~
2
Farm Property, June 1, 1900, rs =.
E I op
Be
3 25
mie, oe
~ oO
by 3 Pa £6
Race of Farmer and Tenure. SS 36 “
rs = 3 8
£2 on a £
ae a) = 3%
Ex Ss ie) 2 ao
= a oma to
@ om f=}
Z n ; Eo ‘Oe
ee = ey G ore fe
@ oo Qe 8 has AD
ga a Eg ua ~e 5 &
3 § tp S at oe o ae a
SES 3 a 2 ge aS
4 Q =) 4 oO Ay
PBHOMSTACE. | eicrarmncrsieisieis sinlarcteisterarcte $2,566 $1, 440 $227 $457 $673 14.3
WWARITORTATINENS . cjaricesicacs ccs swe $2, 567 $1,441 $228 $457 $673 | 14.4
Wolored LOLFMETs, ©... sec se ces sens 2,150 910 112 279 360 10.4
MOPED EST FS Ec ralcts 1a) cTe fale’ ahsie's: o'<i6/iereia/o'ec8jeiciaiy $2,027 $1,317 $211 $416 $605 | 15.2
PAM ERONVIOES, M8 (ois(o:¢-<1sto'eis/<1s/e slates clsisc 3, 482 1,539 265 575 846 | 14.4
Owners and tenants, ........... 3,073 1,625 270 584 798 | 14.4
UN eaED eA ESV Ceate ciate oie 'eisicisseTeioie.e a ietotelere’sts 7,522 3,377 402 831 aa bE) or2
IRRRILOIATICSS | ciesicosisieiaicloieieieje.c wicie'e 3,848 1,480 212 438 704 | 11.8
DARE SLEMANES) . eciessciee cc c.c.cleciecisie 3,322 1715 280 578 860 | 14.6

*Comprising 6 Indians and 585 negroes.

Nearly 70 per cent. of all farms in the State are operated by own-
ers, who also control about 60 per cent. of the acreage and values of
farm property. Farms operated by managers, though comparatively
few in number, are larger in area and have higher average values of
all forms of farm property than any other class. Their gross in-
come, however, is smaller than that of the other groups.

Colored farmers occupy an insignificant place in the agriculture of
the State, controlling only 0.3 per cent. of the farms, and 0.1 per
cent, and 0.2 per cent. respectively, of the total acreage and value.

Farms Classified by Area.

Tables 8 and 9 present the principal statistics for farms classified
by area.

1016 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ‘Off. Doc.

TABLE 8.—Number and Acreage of Farms, and Value of Farm 4
Property, June 1, 1900, Classified by Area, With Percentages.

Number of Acres in Farms. Values

erty.
Area. & .
oo
“

° a +S Bey

5 é 5 A

rs ‘a | oO a 1S)

o pe be pe) be

5 > ° ) i) o

vA < A Ay is) a
The +Statey sees aceite 224, 248 86.4 19,371,015 100.0 | $1,051, 629,173 100.0
Mmder’ 3 ACresi sencecwicc ects 2,737 1.6 4,424 * 6, 153, 157 0.6
SLOW OMALCTER Sa cclcielereisiclelcisisiere 14, 419 6.0 85, 982 0.4 30, 078,199 2.9
TORCOY 19 AOLES i cisicsieicisteles's 17,882 13.9 249,380 13 42,843,425 4.1
20) tOsSACKeS hy eck -cteicleissic 41,575 33.5 1,392,167 1.2 122, 268, 356 11.6
BO tor SST acres ai. wm cleric siere's 69, 670 70.6 4,917,987 25.4 291,902, 655 27.8
DOOStO TAR a Cress Vtarejste1c's'=16 57, 800 126.4 7,308,029 37.7 359, 518, 853 34.2
TD RtONZO9 ACTOS. laicicie(aia(erste 14,151 204.1 2,887, 951 14.9 121, 385, 393 11.5
200) tO ASS ACreS ire cies </a/cle's 5,088 322.3 1,640,093 8.5 56, 938, $94 5.4
SOOO (999 BCRES, “Kc weicisicj.0:s 688 615.2 423,229 2.2, 14,136, 425 1.3
1,000 acres and over, .... 238 1,940.2 461, 773 2.4 6, 403, 816 0.6

*Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

TABLE 9.—Average Values of Specified Classes of Farm Property, :
and Average Gross Income Per Farm, with Per Cent. of Gross In-
come on Total Investment in Farm Property, Classified by Area.

Average Values per Farm of—

t

is]

=

_

os

~

°

a ~

Farm Property, June 1, 1900. 3 S
mo on
~

u @
3S Eo
n 3 &
Ho t > i Bs
Area. eS E 53 &a
° 5 ita a §

mK on

6,2 = mg
Ke] ao 2a
2/53 Pot > to 7
names) « om (|
z 7 n Eo o7
. ee vi ES 3 Six ;H
s oo b ° r=) ~o
n Pst ry » = @ es

ant n nol a
oe Bes os n ov
Cow = ies @ a? a
ES = > > ° uw 2
ki pe 3 £ oa & A o>

[2a] = H o Ay

Wrnder S'acres; <..cc.ccsscesaecroek 855 1,233 13 87 518 CLP
SeLONGNACKES. so eaccne cosmos neotees 949 948 76 113 282 | 18.5
HG torlO/ acres,’ c..cdcccsesancsssete 11,180 968 94 154 303 | 12.6
PUTO VAT ACLS 2. .,0, ne acivelas sieierclajatsle 1,512 1,043 138 248 413 14.0
BOSLG 99 sACLEBY cents asesneeedecescc| 2,190 1,345 226 429 632 15.1
MMtOnt7T4 aren cwane rec dee ence 3,548 1,788 314 660 919 14.8
TiO 269 ACLES, cacesecccrcssces es 5,137 2,185 386 870 1,178 13.7
260 to 499 acres, ......eeeeeeeeeees | |7, 064 2,567 442 1,118 1,386 | 12.4
B00 to 999 Acres, ..:.c0cccsecescocs 14,043 4,371 584 1,549 1,940 9.4
1,000 acres and over, ............ 19, 420 4,914 740 1,833 2,294 8.5

EDDC SEACC, mi alaate Mieie oer teisteleraeisists $2,566 $1, 440 $227 $457 $673 14.3

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1017

The group of farms containing from 50 to 99 acres each includes
a larger number of farms than any other, but the group containing
from 100 to 174 acres comprises more than one-third of the total
farm acreage, and the same proportion of the values of farm property
of the State. | ner

With few exceptions, the average values of all forms of farm prop-
erty increase with the size of the farms. The farms containing less
than three acres are an exception to this rule, in the value of build-
ings and in gross income, this class containing most of the florists’
estaklishments of the State, and many city dairies and market gar-
dens. The incomes from these industries depend less upon the acre-
age of owned or rented land used than upon the capital invested in
buildings, implements, and live stock, and the expenditures for labor
aud fertilizers.

The average value per acre of the gross income for the various
groups of farms classified by area is as follows: Farms under 3 acres,
$320.66; 3 to 9 acres, $47.21; 10 to 19 acres, $21.70; 20 to 49 acres,
$12.83; 50 to 99 acres, $8,96; 100 to 174 acres, $7.27; 175 to 259 acres,
$5.77; 260 to 499 acres, $4.30; 500 to 999 acres, $3.15; and 1,000 acres
and over, $1.18.

Farms Classified by Principal Source of Income.

Tables 10 and 11 present the leading features of the statis-
tics relating to farms classified by principal source of income.

If the value of the hay and grain raised on any farm exceeds that
of any other crop, and constitutes at least 40 per cent. of the total
value of products not fed to live stock, the farm is classified as a
“hay and grain” farm. Similarly, if vegetables are the leading crop,
constituting 40 per cent. of the value of products, it is “vegetable”
farm. ,The farms of the other groups are classified in accordance
with the same general principle. “Miscellaneous” farms are those
whose operators do not derive their principal income from any one
class of farm products. Farms with no income in 1899 are classified
according to the agricultural operations upon other farms in the
same locality.

1018 _ ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oft. Doe.

TABLE 10.—Number and Acreage of Farms and Value of Farm
Property, June 1, 1900, Classified by Principal Source of Income
With Percentages.

Number of Acres in Farms, Value of ae
erty.
Z :
Principal Source of &
Income. hal
el
ec : 45 aS
5 fe § Ay
2 S q ° 4 °
3 > 6 5 6 By}
a < A 4 is Ay
The ‘State, ccc... 224, 248 86.4 19,371,015 100.0 | $1,051, 629,173 100.0
Ise we thial faewbah soocgnodde 30, 832 109.8 3, 824, 292 17.5 180, 457, 842 17.2
IWEECLADIGRE waceecriecricaiie 6, 963 47.7 332, 033 17, 44,632, 747 4.2
TAIYERD ESS Sita cyoye atetote/slelstaieicievetstags : 3,577 49.1 175, 800 0.9 15, 505, 046 1-6)
WAV ERISLOCK octets onesie cices 75, 995 84.4 6,418, 808 33.1 305, 224, 365 29.0
Dairy produee, .......... 32, 600 86.0 2,803, 670 14.5 193, 102, 562 18.4
UNOLIEME I SoSoéoosounso00nDp 2,074 60.1 124, 663 0.6 18, 257,931 133
iter iGennocroopepogescacad 24 537.8 12,907 - 0.1 301, 149 *
Flowers and plants, ..... 734 6.5 4,745 * 6,894,985 0.6
Nursery products, ........ 95 61.1 5,801 . 990,169 0.1
Miscellaneous, ............ 71, 363 85.7 6,118, 296 31.6 291, 262,377 27.7

—>

*Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

TABLE 11.—Average Values of Specified Classes of Farm Property,
and Average Gross Income Per Farm, With Per Cent. of Gross In-
come on Total Investment in Farm Property, Classified by Prin-
cipal Source of Income.

Average Values per Farm of—

'
eI
3
~
&
Farm Property, June 1, 1900. Es Ss
cal ° y
3 25
aoe 9 §
ba & edie cle
Principal Source of Income. aS eI 52 =
& Bae a&
Ex cs £3 ES
= a Le to
8 2° ees
28 : Z 2 ae ve
a tb QP } ie) eo
a I Eo 2 = 2 Es
ED a os 2 n 8s
Bou a | © BD 3
g AS 3 a) Pe aA 5 >
fq 4 = oO Ay
THE aStaHle, tise paceman eae $2,566 $1, 440 $227 $457 $673 14.3
PLAY CANO SETA |, cle ciacieleisncieleoisteiala $3, 497 $1, 668 $246 $144 $730 12.5
RVEREUCA DICH, lei sac ties ssiate ceieines ale 4,43 “1,487 226 264 762 ah bel)
PRL DEIN To 1ainte aiding we lente aeons oie elaen 2,589 1,348 176 222 614 14.2
AV CUSLOCHG, ierslatsisleietete a :a:aisisie sled aetelare 2,069 1, 264 207 476 580 14.4
DBATY SOLOGUCE) Grcsecdicwcae seccne 3,217 1,782 289 635 889 15.0
BORIC CONG ok iettinisle dintejeie’s mi nielslova hin te(erarem 3, 236 2,00 286 500 1,108 Line
[Tine A SBBC CnC MU LC ODED CE MOCOOOn 10,431 1,281 280 556 782 6,2
Flowers and plants, ............ 5,049 4,023 244 78 3,017 32.1
INUTHELY, PLOGUCtS, ...ccsccerecsen 7,248 2,703 229 248 5,301 50.9
Miscellaneous, ......eeseeececcees 2,158 1,317 212 394 599 14.7

No. 6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1019

For the several classes of farms, the average values per acre of
produets not fed to live stock are as follows: For farms whose opera-
tors derive their principal income from flowers and plants, $466.69;
nurscry products, $86.81; tobacco, $18.48; vegetables, $15.98; fruits,
$12.49; dairy produce, $10.34; miscellaneous, $7.00; live stock, $6.87;
hay and grain, $6.65; and sugar, $1.45. In computing these aver-
ages, the total area is used, and not merely the area devoted to the
crop from which the principal income is derived.

The wide variations shown in the average gross income and in the
percentage of gross income upon investment, are due largely to the
fact that in computing gross incomes no deduction is made for ex-
penditures. For florists’ establishments, nurseries, and market
gardens, the average expenditures for such items as labor and fer-
tilizers represent a far larger percentage of the gross income than in
the case of “hay and grain,” “live-stock,” or “miscellaneous” farms.
Were it possible to present the average net income, the variations
shcwr would be comparatively slight.

Varms Classified by Reported Value of Products not Fed to Live
Stock.

Tables 12 and 13 present data relating to farms classified by the
reported value of products not fed to live stock.

TABLE 12.—Number and Acreage of Farms, and Value of Farm
Property, June 1, 1900, Classified by Reported Value of Products
Not Fed to Live Stock, With Percentages.

Number of Acres in Farms. Se war Bree
erty.
ee
Value of Products Not | 2
Fed to Live Stock. _
6 A ve ~
5 bo 8 5
Q S = ° iS)
| o & be 3 be
5 > 3° v O° vo
a < A et) & Ay
¥ T Ty |
Mhe Staten sacasiccnz ve 224, 248 86.4 19, 371, 015 100.0 | $1,051, 629,173 100.0
ee a aa SSS SS SES ————
SN reclcteniticisiaelctsiocicvie cele ieee 459 61.0 27,999 0.2 $1,365,910 0.1
SISLOMSs Ose iecreccaeccas cnet 2,724 33.1 90, 229 0.5 4,819,740 0.4
SOMO SIO EM clslescicle.cicle cla access 7,637 31.5 240, 200 1.2 11,499,720 | 1.1
SOON CORgzIO re sie aceisie cies seis 41, 494 41.1 1,706, 484 8.8 75,465, 530 (ee
BDU TEQUSA OO Nerceicre'sicie <'s)s/e0 010 63, 681 65.9 4,198,914 21.7 191, 076, 755 18.2
PU Oak Ue ROS ROBEBAASABOrE 65,515 104.7 6,862,020 35.4 326, 665,378 31.1
S15000 EO" $2499 -oiocccleinice.<'0 38, 454 141.6 5, 443,775 28.1 351, 587,360 33.4
$2,500 and over, .......... 4, 284 187.1 801, 394 4.1 89, 148, 780 8.5

1020 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

TABLE 13.—Average Values of Specified Classes of Farm Property,
and Average Gross Income Per Farm, With Per Cent. of Gross In-
come on Total Investment in Farm Property, Classified by Re-
ported Value of Products Not Fed to Live Stock.

Average Values per Farm of—

J
§
3
~
°
a _
Farm Property, June 1, 1900. 3 re
i os
~
3 2%
mS o &
1 ey 1 om 3 be
Value of Products Not Fed iene £ 2 = =
to Live Stock. EB 5 ta a §
a2 ro & 2 &
Ee 5 Se aes!
sai toy 3 = tt)
o oles S
z n 3 £ ° S ay
Ee vi = sg rs Sar .&
6 2 } oo) xo
ae Et ES a a2 SE
Le] sp to] oe is nm 4, oR
eS = AS a BS o
8 Be 5 gS 2 ors By ES
Q K | O [oH
AME Riu Shaqeqasobpngsonduas $2,566 $1, 440 $227 $457 $673 14.3
CTT RES Se ee a 2,028 747 39 160" sh: eee
UML OM SSO are ciayarsiolelaicistainioteteia\er crete s(alelels}= 1,185 478 34 72 37 2.1
LOW ea a nine cveiajelblelalele ova ielwin\xlslale) ales 812 566 42 86 80 5.3
SOO TCO S24 ee cio co wictvieie'e ec uisisjele.e'sc.ejnin 929 678 73 139 177 Sur,
Pal) ro ERE aéasGosesnacenpogecnonad 1,550 1,003 145 303 367 12:2
HL CHO al ved aterepeis cle aim ic.c Sialeia'el ee iers eiavete 2,638 1,534 261 | 533 710 14.2
S15000! TO $2,499) circ cc csieeisiocc vcmeisie 5,130 2,656 455 902 1,446 15.8
SOP OOO ATIC OVE, veieieic\ais/efo'sieieinjoletoiss' 13,162 5,215 841 1,592 4,035 19.4

Ot the 459 farms reporting no income in 1899, some were summer
hemes and a few were abandoned farms. Some were farms which
hud changed owners or tenants shortly before the date of enumera-
tion and for which the occupants, June 1, 1900, could furnish no defi-
nite information concerning the products of the previous year. To
this extent, the reports fall short of giving a complete exhibit of farm
income in 1899.

Live Stock.

At the request of the various live-stock associations of the country,
a new classification of domestic animals was adopted for the census
of 1900. The age grouping for neat cattle is determined by their
present and prospective relations to the dairy industry and the sup-
ply of meat products. Horses and mules are classified by age, and
neat cattle and sheep by age and sex. The new classification permits
a very close comparison with the previous census reports.

Table 14 presents a summary of live-stock statistics.

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

1021

TABLE 14.—Domestic Animals, Fowls and Bees, on Farms, June 1,
1900, with Total and Average Values and Number of Domestic
Animals Not on Farms.

Live Stock.

Bulls,
PL ERGs crave shctaroero} ciate: creole isles eisia’e coher
Cows Kept forumilk; 6.0. 2c.sice ees

Cows and heifers not kept for |

milk,
GES MER ersieicn rcs tets oi icisiocisisets cis visis:csie ec
Horses,
PEMOMSE a rote si cieia/acio'e sic\e cle cisicislewicic sae
Mule colts,
Mules,
RET Set os cisielels.c aisisistete's)e sciamiawic access
Asses and burros,
PE EERERIS MMe actsjata|cie’ciels ic: éiaie o's co sfeisie'aeicrseje
SEO E WES) En (eicisitic cle selaicie'e ateisiciic cre
Sheep (rams and wethers),
Swine,

Pee eee eee wee eee ee esas esees

Ducks,

Value of all live stock, ....

Not on
On Farms. Sar
Age in Years.
a
ee
s
[r=
be @
a Pi o S
E Sh See
Z s 4 Z
[Wiaayaa le aeqpundouede 421,323 $3,032, 067 $7.20 9,351
irand) winder !2, <..-/. 108, 681 1,739, 459 16 01 1,787
2 and under 3, 64, 252 1,903, 405 29 62 1,432
SANG OVER, Tesi cis nie 16, 382 712,704 43 51 1,720
PANG OVELS) eicteie cine 69, 006 1, 607,337 23 29 934
1 and under 2, .... 224, 623 3,705,397 16 50 5,420
EAs OVOL meiclsle cine ce 943,773 29,141,561 30 88 78, 301
Zand OVER: Secmecs 48,807 1, 221, 261 25 02 1,400
Opa al Sat enodoodes 28,547 806, 696 28 26 878
1 and under 2, ....| 36, 584 1,916,501 52 39 1,371
De ANG COVED Maras sacle 525, 850 38, 225, 630 72 69 218, 006
WAC) 15s ere ctsrelete cele 1,144 45, 876 40 10 | 50
1 and under 2, .... 3, 604 210, 286 58 35 | 183
Te AMG OVEL se micas =',<12 33, 311 2,651,528 79 60 21,977
PANTER EOS amar ctassteiel siesta 576 22, 509 39 16 601
NGOS rieraicieleiere\ cists, 571,583 | 1,327,924 2 32 2,460
ANG VOVETDS siciceisreciate 769,463 | 2,651, 067 3 45 6,789
J and over, ...0.--- 190, 020 663 615 3 49 818
VATU SAPO e yesecteiclcrce 1,107, 981 5, 830, 295 526 | 157,346
AUT FAO deere mcieiec 2,197 8,951 4 07 | 6,548
sels traar te actemtosinnctecice 10,553, 106
Para ie lo aia ateis ate cette nsiacats vis 259, 824
slaeiaisleGtels sieletsiorerscteiniee aa 60, 780
Be cca che nits ea eee a ate 171, 271
A ABS ARG | Scsiercloicleisiaileretolelseeieiete
H(alstslciaiirseeisten tee sie oe eels 161, 670 531, 578 BPA secoocaosc
sielvivicie ns vielen escecvicccieiss |uvieese ce wccsce $102; 4905183.) |oosecscmeel|tsiseeeisete

*The number reported is of fowls over 3 months old. The value is of all, old and young.

yIncluding Guinea fowls.

The total value of all live stock on farms, June 1, 1900, was $102,-
439.183, of which 40.0 per cent. represents the value of horses; 28.4
per cent. that of dairy cows; 13.6 per cent. that of other neat cattle;
5.7 per cent. that of swine; 4.5 per cent. that of sheep; 4.4 per cent.
that of poultry; and 3.4 per cent. that of all other live stock.

There were kept in towns and cities nearly one-twelfth as many
dairy cows, nearly one-half as many horses two years old and over,
almost two-thirds as many mules two years and over, and about one-
seventh as many swine, as on farms.

No reports were secured of the value of live stock not on farms,

1022 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

but it is probable that such animals have higher average values than
those on farms. Allowing the same averages, however, the value of
all live stock not on farms would be $21,392,693. Exclusive of poul-
try end bees not on farms, the total value of live stock in the State is,
approximately, $123,831,876.

Changes in Live Stock on Farms.
The following table shows the changes since 1850 in the numbers

of the most important domestic animals:

TABLE 15.—Number of Specified Domestic Animals on Farms:
1850 to 1900.

a
3 n
» oO
§ a
2 3
Year, a = - |
5 cD) a
S =| ; a :
n
is 5 a o ny z
= a Ke = a =
oO ye) (2) a =
A ° q = nn n
PONS PR coraniovesletneje cciclewis cic /e/aiersi=jeteeieietevs | 943,773 953, 074 590, 981 38, 635 959, 483 1,107,981
MN OOUS Pole amatcieercleieintelstelaiaie(e is eidieu salen | 972, 254 778, 164 618, 660 29, 563 1, 612, 107 1, 278,029
IN RMP RB taal etctsratere: ate aiaselalc’<,oie.cleseiels-ere:erasiere | 854, 156 876,081 533, 587 | 22,914 1,776,598 1, 187, 968
CON i alomincalelole clelolesteicialstecicte/eisievsiele<feie | 706,437 638, 114 460,339 | 18,009 1,794,301 867, 548
TELE JP ane ig QD eg OnC CCS SOCHEDROOGOCT 673,547 745, 946 4387, 654 | 8,832 1,631,540 1,031, 266
SOS Se etofetaratalelalatetelatel<iateleeleiefelele\eielelele/ejels 530, 224 623, 722 350, 398 | 2,259 1, 822,357 1, 040, 366
|

*Lambs not included.

Kvery decade since 1850 shows an increase in the number of dairy
cows. The gain since 1850 is 78.0 per cent. and since 1890, 1.8 per
cent. The number of other neat cattle has fluctuated from decade
to decade, but shows an increase of 52.8 per cent. since 1850, and 22.3
per cent. since 1890. Except for a decrease in the last decade of 4.5
per cent. each decade since 1850 shows an increase in the number of
horses reported. There were 17 times as many mules and asses
reported in 1900 as in 1850, every decade showing an increase, that
of the last being 30.7 per cent.

In the year 1850 more sheep were reported than at any later date.
Evers decade since 1870 records a decrease in numbers, that in the
last being 40.5 per cent. Swine have fluctuated in number, the cen-
sus of 1900 showing an increase of 6.5 per cent. since 1850, but a de-
crease of 13.3 per cent. since 1890.

The fact that in 1900 the enumerators were instructed to report
no fowls under 8 months old, while in 1890 no such limitation was
made, explains, to a great extent, the small increase in the number of
chickens reported, and the decreases in the numbers of all other
fowls. An increase in the number of eggs reported tends to confirm

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1023

this statement. Compared with the figures for 1890, the present cen-
sus shows an increase of 1.7 per cent. in the numbers of other fowls:
Ducks, 52.1 per cent.; turkeys, 51.5 per cent.; and geese, 42.9 per cent.

Animal Products.
Table 16 is a summarized statement of animal products on farms.
TABLE 16.—Quantities and Values of Specified Animal Products,

and Values of Poultry Raised, Animals Sold, and Animals Slaugh-
tered on Farms in 1899.

Products. Unit of Measure. Quantity. Value.

SOL Wend Seem mcnncicslcbiniccs cick asic ble bie sicciaele'alelajale PROTAING SE terecciatericiclaaiclereceinere 6, 732, 226 $1,381, 689

Mohair-and oat Nair, cccececscceesansinose ssc Pounds) neice ccat aaa anese } 720 242
URN MACSmms atalatcloletolele/steielsicle\sicie’s]-inisisioiniels!stelelsicieleisievale'siaiere Coal Torre verscicieciaiceiertete's ona | *487,033,818
TEATUUD. = aosG0de5 SqOOn CeCe COORDDOCER ORO SOOOeARAROE OUNG Ramone oeeisieniclee nai rate 74, 221,085
NILE tie eterain ais <olcisi pistes ctercie sicielereleicisvele's sleieieiclere eres TROUNGS acces rice storellolcisiniaicie 857, 167

735, 860, 110

(BIS. agen atanusD oc aU On ODEO ODDO CUS DUCOEE Cnn.c DOZENS, veleiaiatcidieieleiciaisieicie/ejere 67, 038, 180 9,080,725

PSSEUUN SS OP ERel re alerar ele farsye oir ie atelala sclera siclela(e/als nis iatw'eleielaratera | cteleretatniets(elerelsValeleitiers ctelsiciseiolelt ates lha*eravatute arcic siete otsete 7,151,243
ET GILE MME EI oe eines aldetetorcisinsisisisimsa'cle saci slerers’ele POUNA SHR oases onerean cere 2,526, 202
RV UpeU Sete eratetotainia lata clole/aicleteicisiainielelcialeiclniclsicieie\s sfetetercielots POUN GES Ge mcicteratcle sietunesivieiee 61, 302

305, 292

PAPLYIT LSS SO LOL E tate cielela(ctaleieleiaistorsetaicia’elelsistets cieteie aietel | ciccecelevalalete aisiaisiernyeis(etelatetcleleveie/eie’oillafelsisveleia eteielaleieereye 15, 494,178

Amma! SIAMEHtETER I foizrsicte ssoccrsic-cseicros, siete eloisicicle | biseie,-a'sinse\sin sieinvase sveie etepatelayejanicloral| wiele slomue vivtemmeeteivic 11, 627, 980

SIROEAUL Oemirs io a olateta'a ofe) ol <'eyainiote (ate nde isjnialeie'lialeia'aietl | evatevatets eta atetate: clots lee: sais aintetersterte all etave stdlaie iste sieeicere 80,901, 459

*Includes all milk produced, whether sold, consumed or made into butter or cheese.
yjIncludes the value of milk sold or consumed, and of butter and cheese made.

The value of all animal products of the State for 1899 was $80,901,-
459, of which 44.3 per cent. represents the value of dairy produce;
33.5 per cent. that of animals sold and animals slaughtered on farms;
2('.1 per cent. that of poultry and eggs; 1.7 per cent. that of wool,
mohair and goat hair; and 0.4 per cent. that of honey and wax.

Dairy Produce.

In 1899 the proprietors of 32,600 farms, or 14.5 per cent. of the
furms of the State, derived their principal income from dairy pro-
duce. The production of milk in 1899 was 118,127,338 gallons greater
than in 1889, a gain of 32.0 per cent. The amount of cheese made on
farms increased 95.2 per cent. in the last decade, while the amount
of butter made on farms decreased 3.4 per cent. in the same time,
owing, largely, to the constantly increasing amount of milk and
cream consumed in cities and to the transfer of butter making from
the farm to the creamery.

Of the $35,860,110 given in Table 16 as the value of dairy pro-

1024 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

duce, 75.4 per cent. or $27,053,424, represents the value of dairy pro-
ducis sold, and 24.6 per cent. or $8,806,686, the value of such products
consumed on farms. Of the former amount, $17,274,430 was received
from the sale of 171,045,659 gallons of milk; $9,466,575, from 51,309,-
823 pounds of butter; $249,779, from 537,445 gallons of cream, and
$62,640, from 812,528 pounds of cheese.

Animals Sold and Animals Slaughtered.

The value of animals sold and animals slaughtered on farms is $27,-
122.158, or 18.0 per cent. of the gross farm income. Of all farmers
reporting domesti¢ animals, 180,508, or 83.9 per cent. reported ani-
mals slaughtered, the average value per farm being $64.42. Of all
reporting domestic animals, 141,450 or 65.7 per cent. reported sales
of live animals, the average value per farm being $109.54. In re-
porting the value of animals sold on farms the enumerators were in-
structed to secure from each operator a statement of the amount re-
ccived from sales in 1899, less the amount paid for live stock in that
year.

Poultry, Eggs, Wool and Honey and Wax.

Of the $16,231,968, given as the value of poultry and eggs, 55.9 per
cent. represents the value of eggs produced, and 44.1 per cent. the
vaiuc of poultry raised. In 1899, 16, 988,265 dozen more eggs were
produced than in 1889, a gain of 35.9 per cent.

The amount of wool reported in 1900 was 4.5 per cent. greater than
that reported in 1890. The average weight of fleeces increased from
5.3 pounds to 6.7 pounds, indicating an improvement in the grade of
sheep kept. :

Bradford county leads in the production of apiarian products, re-
porting 218,590 pounds of honey for 1899. For the State, 2,526,202
pounds of honey and 61,302 pounds of wax were reported in 1900, a
gain in the last decade of 3.0 per cent. in-honey, and 53.7 per cent. in
wax.

Horses and Dairy Cows on Specified Classes of Farms.

Table 17 presents, for the leading groups of farms, the number
of farms reporting horses and dairy cows, the total number of
these animals, and the average number per farm. In computing the
averages presented, only those farms which report the kind of stock
under consideration are included.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1025

TABLE 17.—Horses and Dairy Cows on Specified Classes of Farms,
June 1, 1900.

Horses. Dairy Cows.

E ; E

Classes. = & 3) cs)

5 5 5 5

Q a Bi m

t= u o LS) u o

mn 3 | mn B 3

E E S E E 5

a 2) > a 5 >

iy a < fy, Z <
PASEO eb Lore mamleteratevals arhie) sinlaisteleia'ys sieves free 195,983 590,981 3.0 200,036 943,773 4.7
SVVIIEG! LTATINGTS Scie nainceccie cise coe 195, 472 589, 754 3.0 199, 668 942,193 4.7
Colored TarmMers, soc icsecscccinoce 511 1,227 2.4 368 1,580 4.3
DOV TENSE Maarcia ae a cele e's cian siieieoersie(se 140,535 402,309 2.9 144, 750 629,121 4.3
VRAIS ETS cleiclers aicisicis ic ctew clt'sionjecsis/e 6 3,089 14,143 4.6 2,990 19,729 6.6
CEI (peu Cos hocnunedodonosons 20,021 57,159 2.9 19,722 | 104, 632 5.3
SHATes TENANES © h.ccees cuss ceusiscs 32,338 117, 379 3.6 32,574 190, 291 Des
MOE PROD ACTOS ie wrsiaice ccs csis'etcte eae 22,814 32,603 1.4 | 23, 904 43, 232 eS
PURELY SU ACTIOS Hilctwic aisiclocisisielciais aicieoisie 98, 371 250,189 2.5 | 101,507 395, 093 3.9
POEM ACAGACTCS, cn ccnccceccescciecs 55,338 210,336 3.8 56,131 356,027 | 6.3
AUD LOMAD OU ACTS) ..u/clcvecccc.c cineicieciee 18, 754 64,658 4.7 12,822 100, 453 7.8
260 aeres' and OVer, .......ccssesss 5, 706 33,195 5.8 5,672 48,968 8.6
PACU MAMGE TAIT: | vis, cicfela sisles.s.sis/elereie's 24,007 88,730 | 3.7 23,033 106, 270 4.6
\WaREAI OIE.” “Booogatosncdcacodeyoesaa 5,956 14, 864 2.5 4,505 11, 658 2.6
FEU eae oa tosis caeosic's sees | 2,821 6,137 D0) 2, 258 5,301 | 2.4
PAT OUS COCKS cre ccie's ceie.vicle Bois a(e/cjeroees 67,599 205,483 3.0 70, 338 277,374 3.9
TORI DPOGUCE ccraicicisc.caeincenie.c cise 31,125 96,699 3.1 32, 600 284,921 8.7
ENGIECOs 4 leistalelcisis catelesisioie.cicisisisjodisiense 1,878 4,980 2.7 1,765 7,451 4.2
Mower and! plant; foes. -esiesesss 245 535 2.2 114 203 acs
MMAR CEITATCOUSS I fesincwisss este sieicie:cje'e's 62, 352 173,553 2.8 65, 423 250,595 3.8

|

*Including ‘‘part owners’’ and ‘‘owners and tenants.’’
yIncluding sugar farms and nurseries.

Crops.

The following table gives the statistics of the principal crops of
1899.

65—6—1901

1026

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

TABLE 18.—Acreages, Quantities and Values of Principal Farm
Crops in 1899.

Crops.

Oats,
Barley,
Rye,
Buckwheat,
Broom corn,
Kafir corn,
Flaxseed,

Clover seed,
Grass seed,
Hay and forage,
Tobacco,
Hemp,
Hops,
Peanuts,
Dry beans,
Dry peas,

Potatoes,

Sweet potatoes,
Onions,
Miscellaneous vegetables,
Maple sugar,
Maple sirup,
Sorghum cane,
Sorghum sirup,
Small fruits,
Grapes,
Orchard fruits,
Nuts,
Forest products,
Flowers and plants,
Seeds,
Nursery products,
DUAR LOW Sot atetatate octets cteletele inte /arsie(ersreie ceiaterelals
Miscellaneous,

eee eee ee

eee eee eee eee rr!

Acres.

1, 480, 833
1,514, 043
1,173, 847
9,583
310, 048

3, 269, 441

27,760 |

3

13 |

2

2,182
482
227, 867
3,443
1,505
77, 621

| Pounds,

Unit of Measure.

Bushels,
Bushels,
Bushels,
Bushels,
Bushels,
Bushels,
Pounds,

Bushels,
Bushels,
Bushels,
Bushels,

Pounds,

Bushels,
Bushels,
Bushels,
Bushels,
Bushels,
Bushels,

eee ewww ene
Reece e eee eeeees

Gallons,
“beset GhosannoonoduuoconG
Gallons,

Quantity.

51,869, 780
20, 632, 680
37, 242, 810
197,178
3,944, 750
3, 922, 980
114, 610

14

684

37, 276

12, 846
4,020, 388
41,502, 620
3,850
13,710

77

23,957

6, 363
21,769, 472
234,724

347,806 |

160,297

Value.

$21,896, 795
13,712,976
11, 093, 893

89, 163
2,070, 847
1,945, 860

6,817

7

741
163,522
18,978
37,514, 779
2,959,304
228

38,719
7,618
9,397, 054
130,999
216, 646
6, 088, 214
115, 910

1, 268, 827
1639, 518
§7, 976, 464
91,149
6,481,181
2, 246,075
104,229

126, 994,141

*Sold as*cane.

yEstimated from number of vines or trees.

tIncluding value of raisins, wine,

etc.

§Including value of cider, vinegar, etc.

Of the total value of crops in 1899, cereals, including Kafir corn,
contributed 40.0 per cent.; hay and forage, 29.5 per cent.; vegetables,
including potatoes, sweet potatoes and onions, 12.5 per cent.; fruits
and nuts, 7.9 per cent.; forest products, 5.1 per cent.; flowers and
plants, 1.8 per cent.; and all other products, 3.2 per cent.

The average values per acre of the several crops were as follows:

Flowers and plants, $2,093.27; nursery products, $169.0

9).

ott

onions,

$145.85; tobacco, $106.60; small fruits, $103.40; miscellaneous vegeta-
bles, $78.44; potatoes, $41.24; orchard fruits, $25.07; cereals, includ-

ing Kafir corn, $10.72; hay and forage, $11.47.

The crops yielding

the greatest returns were grown upon the most highly cultivated

Nu. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1027
land, and required relatively large expenditures for labor and fer-
tilizers.
Cereals.
Table 19 is a statement of the changes in cereal production since
1849.
TABLE 19.—Acreage and Production of Cereals: 1849 to 1899.

Part 1.—Acreage.

S
3
Year.* ; = :

> i= re

a e

e 3 3 g g 2

3 = ° 3 >

Q Q o ro) fa E
ERIE Are sicle:clere'ecevelbic aie'ei sie s)° 9,583 249, 840 1,480, 833 1,173,847 310,048 | 1,514, 043
ELROD HE en (oie sisi tia cueleinisieie.e/e's 20,950 210, 488 1, 252,399 1,310,197 336,041 1,318, 472
TE. GAG RB BOOC JED CONOR 23,592 246,199 1, 373, 270 1, 237, 593 398, 465 | 1,445,384

*No statistics of acreage were secured prior to 1879.
Part 2.—Bushels Produced.

TRA boca sonpesacsnnons 197,178 3, 922, 980 51, 869, 780 87, 242,810 3,944,750 | 20, 632, 680
Lit See A ceganondoadod 493, 893 3, 069, 717 42,318, 279 36,197, 409 3,742,164 | 21,595,499
inva). Segeandogeemaadenae 438, 100 3,593, 326 45,821,531 33, 841, 439 3,683, 621 19,462,405
ISuKA SonposseeerpedeesHa 529, 562 2,532,173 34, 702,006 36, 478, 585 3,577, 641 19, 672, 967
USGS)” Sebo ssn poesaeadaanda ‘ 530, Ti4 5,572,024 28,196,821 27, 387, 147 5,474,788 13, 042,165
TRUS Gee Saoandegepepdone 165,584 2,193, 692 19, 835, 214 21,538, 156 4,805, 160 15, 367, 691

The total area under cereals in 1879 was 4,724,503 acres; in 1889,
4.448.547 acres; and in 1899, 4,738,194 acres. Of the total area under
cercals in 1899, 32.0 per cent. was devoted to wheat; 31.2 per cent. to
corn; 24.8 per cent. to oats; 6.5 per cent. to rye; 5.3 per cent. to buck-
wheat, and 0.2 per cent. to barley.

The area under wheat in 1899 was 14.8 per cent. greater than ten
years before; that under corn, 18.2 per cent.; and that under buck-
wheat, 18.7 per cent. The area devoted to rye decreased 7.7 per cent.
in the decade 1889-1899; that under oats,10.4 per cent, and that under
harley, 54.3 per cent.

The total number of bushels produced in 1849 was 63,905,497, and
in 1869, 117, 810 178, a gain of 84.4 per cent. in fifty years.

The largest area under wheat was in the southeastern part of the
State, Lancaster, York and Franklin counties each producing over
1,000,000 bushels in 1899. This section led also in the production of
corn, Lancaster county reporting over 4,000,000 bushels, and York
county, over 3,000,000 bushels. Oats were raised extensively in the
eastern section, several counties showing yields of over 1,000,000

64

1028 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

bushels each. Rye was also reported largely in the eastern part,
while barley was more abundantly grown in the central portion of the

State.
Hay and Forage.

In 1900, 207,706 farmers, or 92.6 per cent. of the total number,
reported hay and forage crops, of which, exclusive of corn-stalks
and corn strippings, they obtained an average yield of 1.2 tons
per acre. The acreage in hay and forage in 1899 was 1.6 per cent.
less than ten years before.

In 1899 the acreages and yields of the various kinds of hay and
foragc were as follows: Clover, 293,683 acres and 336,072 tons; other
tame and cultivated grasses, 2,873,126 acres and 3,174,110 tons;
grains cut green for hay, 44,729 acres and 57,821 tons; forage crops,
45,566 acres and 181,923 tons, and other kinds, 231,961 acres and 271,-
362 tons.

In Table 18 the production of cornstalks and corn strippings is
included under “hay and forage” but the acreage is included under
“corn,” as the forage secured was only an incidental product of the
corn crop.

Orchard Fruits.

The changes in orchard fruits since 1890 are shown in the follow-
ing table:

TABLE 20.—Orchard Trees and Fruits: 1890 and 1900.

Number of Trees. | Bushels of Fruit.
| |

Fruits. | 1900. 189. | 1899. 1889.
PESTS TILOS Seb ateterotcteistaielolslerstatel=|steterniolsisialetsieistetatsinielatetsiolaleisiaiel=vets | 11,774,211 9,097,700 24, 060, 651 7,652,710
PREVIOUS sire cyaicataielnin/slelujein\e ainla(elatayatel ate lalalateievatarafaisie/e siaiaieis,<1| 10, 044 5,913 1, 634 16)
WG, aga cedasopadooobcoSeondsseoce oo srnnDesagosr 956, 273 465, S67 474, 940 60,571
PORCH OS tee eas oot eae erie we ene 3,521, 930 1,146, 342 143, 464 117,151
EE UU ater stale cinir etal tania eiatavn olaicisatasalanteisisvovereistelarateterstetetereistate 815,349 325,062 434,177 144, 534
TTI ANG DNUTIES | leicleteainiciele’clere cioletelsinjsisisjern eretetslelatelere 707,512 152, 533 100, 210 7,899

the total number of fruit trees in 1890 was 11,193,417, while in
1900) there were 17,844,269—an increase of 6,650,852 or 59.4 per cent.
in the decade. The number of plum and prune trees reported in 1900
was nearly five times as great as in 1890, and the number of peach,
pear and cherry trees were approximately three times as great. The
number of apricot trees increased 69.9 per cent. and that of apple
tiecs, 29.4 per cent. The increases were quite evenly distributed
throughout the State.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1029

Of the total number in 1900, 66.0 per cent. were apple trees; 19.7
per ccnt. peach trees; 5.4 per cent. cherry trees; 4.6 per cent. pear
trees: 4.5 per cent. apricot, plum, prune, and unclassified trees; the
latter class, which is not included in the table, numbered 58,950 and
yielded 21,778 bushels of fruits. The valueof orchard products given
in Table 18 includes the value of 504,472 barrels of cider, 110,-
d24 barrels of vinegar and 938,810 pounds of dried and evaporated
fruits. Comparisons of fruit yields or values, when made by decades
only, are of little value, as the yield of any given year depends upon
the season.

Small Fruits.

The total area used in the cultivation of small fruits in 1899 was
2,271 acres, distributed among 50,937 farms, an average of 0.24 acre
por farm. Of the total area, 5,667 areas, yielding 10,179,430 quarts,
were devoted to strawberries. These berries were grown generally
throughout the State, but the southeastern counties of York, Lan-
casler, Berks and Chester, together with the western counties of
Allegheny and Erie, report 38.0 per cent. of the product and 36.4
per cent. of the acreage. The acreages and productions of the other
berries were as follows: Raspberries and Logan berries, 3,938 acres
and 5,360,530 quarts; blackberries and dewberries, 1,883 acres and
1.995,070 quarts; currants, 716 acres and 1,031,870 quarts; goose-
berries, 267 acres and 366,950 quarts; and other small fruits, 300
acres and 326,730 quarts.

Vegetables.

The total area used in the cultivation of vegetables, including
potatoes, sweet potatoes and onions, in 1899 was 310,436 acres. Of
this area 73.4 per cent. ‘was devoted to potatoes, 25.0 per cent. to
miscellaneous vegetables, 1.1 per cent. to sweet potatoes, and 0.5 per
cent. to onions. Potatoes were extensively raised throughout the
Slate, 227,867 acres being devoted to them, and yielding 21,769,472
bushels, an average of 95.5 bushels per acre.

The total area used in the cultivation of miscellaneous vegetables
was 77,621 acres, of which the products of 42,041 acres were not re-
ported in detail. Of the remaining 35,580 acres, 12,879 were devoted
to sweet corn; 10,851, to cabbages; 6,089, to tomatoes; 785, to turnips;
754, te Scemclpne: 749, to cuc umbers; 618, to watermelons; 596, to
asparagus; 561, to celery, and 1,698 to other vegetables.

Tobacco.

Though tobacco was cultivated in Pennsylvania as early as 1689,
its production was not reported with any degree of care until 1840.

1030 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

In that year the total production was 325,018 pounds, and with the
exception of a decrease in the decade from 1880 to 1890 the produc-
tion has steadily and rapidly increased. The increase in production
for the last decade was 43.3 per cent. and that in acreage, 3.0 per
cent. :

The present census shows that tobacco was grown in 1899 by 9,621
farmers, who obtained from 27,760 acres a yield of 41,502,620 pounds,
or an average of 1,495 pounds per acre.

The most important tobacco region in the State is the dontheneianm
part, where Lancaster and York counties reported a total of 34,-
413,650 pounds. In Lancaster county, which was the leading tobacco
county of the country in 1889, there were 5,809 farmers, June 1,1900,
who reported a total of 18,025 acres, upon which they raised 28,246,-
160 peunds, or 68.1 per cent. of the State total. The value of the
product in this county was $1,991,446. In the northern part of the
State, Tioga county reported 2,812,330 pounds; Bradford county, 1,-
693,820 pounds, and Clinton county, 1,221,730 pounds. Other coun-
ties preducing over 200,000 pounds, are Chester, Lebanon and Lycom-
ing.

Sorghum Cane.

Yhe present census shows that in 1899, 233 farmers raised 105 acres
of sorghum cane, from which they sold 21 tons of cane for $71, and
from the remaining product manufactured 6,514 gallons of sirup,
valued at $3,090. This was a decrease in acreage since 1889 of 78.5
per cent. The sorghum crop reached its highest point in 1869, with
a production of 213,373 gallons of sirup.

Floriculture.

The area devoted to the cultivation of flowers and ornamental
plats in 1899 was 1,073 acres, and the value of the products sold
therefrom was $2,246,075. These flowers and plants were grown by
1.093 farmers and florists, of whom 734 made commercial floriculture
their principal business. These 734 proprietors reported a glass
surface of 8,811,711 square feet. They had invested in the aggregate
$6,894,985, of which $3,705,528 represents the value of land, and of
improvements other than buildings; $2,952,280, the value of build-
invs; $179,445, that of implements; and $57,732, that of live stock.
Their sales of flowers and plants amounted to $2,043,124, and of other
preducts, to $171,319. They expended for labor $513,677, and for
fertilizers, $4 1,537. including the value of products fed to live stock,
the average gross income per farm reporting was $3,056.

wre

In addition to the 734 principal florists’ establishments, 2,969 farms

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF. AGRICULTURE. 1031

and market gardens made use of glass in the propagation of flowers,
piants or vegetables. They had an area under glass of 5,210,827
square feet making with the 6,605,783 square feet belonging to the
florists’ establishments, a total of 11,819,610 square feet ef land under
- glass.

Nursery Products.

The total value of nursery stock sold in 1899 was $541,032, re-
ported by the operators of 280 farms and nurseries. Of this number,
Yo dcrived their principal income from the nursery business. They
had 5,801 acres of land, valued at $688,035; buildings worth $256,755;
impiements and machinery worth $21,775; and live stock worth $23,-
604. Their sales of nursery products amounted to $457,820, and sales
of other products to $45,765. They expended for labor $150,365, and
for fertilizers, $9,050. Including value of products fed to live stock,
the average gross income per farm reporting was $5,421.

Labor and Fertilizers.

The total expenditure for labor on farms in 1899, including the
valu« of board furnished, was $16,647,730, an average of $74 per farm.
The average was highest on the most intensively cultivated farms,
being $1,583 for nurseries, $700 for florists’ establishments, $141 for
veye table farms, $126 for tobacco farms, $113 for dairy farms, $89 for
hay and grain farms, $88 for fruit farms, $70 for sugar farms, and
$50 for live-stock farms. “Managers” expended an average per farm
of $534; “cash tenants,” $90; “share tenants,” $87; and “owners,”
$62. White farmers expended $74 per farm and colored farmers, $45.

Fertilizers purchased in 1899 cost $4,685,920, an average of $21 per
farm, and an increase since 1890 of 38.5 per cent. The average was
$95 for nurseries, $57 for florists’ establishments, $46 for vegetable
farms, $33 for tobacco farms, $25 for hay and grain farms, $22 for
dairy farms, $18 for fruit farms, $16, for live-stock farms, and $12 for
sugar farms.

IRRIGATION STATISTICS.

Irrigation began more than one hundred years ago in Berks county,
where small areas of bottom lands were artificially flooded as early
as 1800. Until recent years the practice of irrigation was confined
to narrow and comparatively level strips of land edging the streams
upon which water could be diverted easily and at slight expense.
The hilly nature of the country in which irrigation was first intro-

1032 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

duced precluded the possibility of any considerable extension of ir-
rigaved areas.

The acreage artificially watered in 1899 was devoted principally
to hay, more than 93 per cent. of the total area irrigated being under
this crop. A large part of this acreage was reported from Monroe,
Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Berks and Lancaster counties in the
southeastern part of the State. In 1899 the acreage of hay irrigated
was 758, and the value of the crop was $17,920, or $23.64 per acre.

The value of irrigation in truck farming as an assurance against
loss by drouth has been demonstrated in several counties of the
State, and the reports from irrigated farms show a very large income
per acre. The methods of irrigation on these farms vary greatly,
and the cost is much higher than on farms where hay is the only
crop irrigated. .

Tle water is generally pumped from driven wells by steam power
or windmills. In the vicinity of large cities the farmers occasionally
use city water. Notwithstanding the heavy original cost of engines,
pulps, pipes, etc., in nearly every instance the value of the irrigated
crop reported was equal to or exceeded the first cost. In 1899 the
acreage value per acre of the products derived from irrigated land
devoted to truck farming, was $330.43.

The following table shows the number of irrigators, and acreage
irrigated, with cost of construction of irrigation systems, and value
of irrigated products in 1899.

TABLE A.—Number of Irrigators, Acreage Irrigated, and Cost of
Construction of Irrigation Systems, With Acreage and Value of
Iivigated Crops.

BI Irrigated Crops.
Pe
o
50
a?)
1)
Value.
Sl
ai
E 5
Counties. = si 2 "
bo 2 = a
E b 3 3
a a el
3 5 3 z
i % ae) |e to
2 oS ~ | a ol 2
E 2 a5 2 3 2
Aes oO on 5 S >
Zz < 6) < a <
Whe State; eas seaeateee <tc | 134 814 $15, 627 804 $33, 220 $41 32
q | = ——————— SS |_ —————
IBGE ig it Sac Mae eae ae | 37 214 $470 204 $4,369 $21 42
UFANICR SCOR, vain ens Saktiocies vows si | 20 189 1, 707 189 5,884 31 13
IMONTOG Mae aeciieerescortede vse dees seh 8 73 7,020 73 7, 600 104 11
IMOTUNAIIDE OMS. wes aa atin ccnsee ate 41 214 2,015 214 7,665 35 82
Other sCoumtlesy casks ncn saencaye 28 124 4,415 | 124 7, 702 62 11
|

OrriciaL DocuMENT, No: 6:

INDEX BY AUTHORS.

A.

Page

eee LL mer ome OOM ANG ENCTEY. ccicwcccicisivic'pcic'cc'c ois civ cic'ssivicjcleicisiee's weslsiscisiseieicsccese sete -- 670
B.

BUTZ, PROF. GEO. C., The agricultural seed supply of Pennsylvania, ................+26 240
Cs

CAMPBELL, HON. A. W., Road making from an engineer’s standpoint, ...... Roeenoddaccon Ce

CONARD, DR.-M. E., Report of committee on live stock to the State Board of Agriculture, 228
“COPE, JESSE K. (Dairy and Food Commissioner):

RepOnbsOLsbMairy sand AOOd (COMMISSIONER: “Za lajeleie. cee s oinin\-'0je)s'/0'c vis v'eieis|a viele cis vis aisie'siswiele visieclesicieis.s 74

Mumperjand condition of purity of samples Collected, 2.2.0... ...cccecccecccccnsscpessiccocnsa 78

Samples analyzed, ............. Diatetay ciatele'ainiere sis'e sia wren wie isitarete asia crarcia aiciz eieteraictatminicteretciedes Sateen teleretaiet ate nisiateiate 79

mepore of case in Allezheny court as to James Terry, <..ccccccencocnsencccescccesccsieccescvcce 80

Petition of Commissioner to Allegheny court, ............ccecceceee ave wiate(etsta ahetele.ala's elereiseieiejeele’e 85

Argument in support of petition of James Terry and Commissioner for readmission of
PaNeCserO ner eTand Jury OL ALIEZNEMYy, COUNEY A | ctciclaressleret= vis cic lorsielclesivisicic a.clcleletetelsin)ofeleloleipieieieisicie 88

1B},

DEMAIN, E. R., Comparison of temperatures and rainfall of 1900, with records of previous

MOAN eMLrrisDUre VWiEALNeY SEAEIOMG, eicisssiascie cic clare cine sisleicie.clalele claim icle:c(eceiaisiaiulelisiie(siale'e oe e'cleipreleie ie 680

DOWNING, HON. S. R., Report of committee on roads and road laws, to the State Board

CEPA TACHILUTC) 0,5 <10:<:<10,ssc'c'0.s cfc clss0:0 aisjeis Seleinic eis icletelewisyeers aeeleteisleloieieiclotelels o\sisia wisie/eie'selsieis ovo ewe isiene'eee - ont
F.

FREAR, DR. WILLIAM, Commercial feeding stuffs in Pennsylvania, .............0.eeeeeeeee 559
Mem iural Chemistry, AN tHe TINEECENEM, COMEUTY.,, oc cic cn.cisere uc itieictelcieve.cie 60's « osiee 6-0 bjejeleinnisie war 664
MonemiECattentCOaS) ANG Cattle: LOO COMEOIS! <<). .6.0;0;0\0 010 a’a)n0101.0)0/o 0010 c1n(e 0/ejn/s/0'a 0/0 c\c\a)e'u\o\e 6injs\e siereim 684
eM OMeOL SCHE BCOMPOSItION Of MIKE POOGSS ow... coe <a wc c/nclelseinivis eeiniclewiceseinvivcejsjeenescies 897

H.
HAMILTON, HON. JOHN (Secretary of Agriculture):
MCA MOSEENCMIOCDANTIMONE, <i. <\e/0;0\c'sicieislele vic's cinie o ejereicia sicreie\a|sje a/sicshais sic 'e wje(stela/el w'c.eidinle 0:e/eja.cleieietelcleialalaie else 3
SERA PB LLCN MET CLMRUEDE CSS c's aa nie e/01a,n1cis/etenle(alateialaievaveiniatana, ae ataie'e un ctsfolsiee aiv'e'e'eie loan cisieiere vis eloin ee tie lsicveteninetele 6
ReRRUa IN TS OME MITT GINIOTIL “SW OLIK;, -ac,2 seo siete areiane (a atetere ciainteieivio. oe (e.tlales civis.ciista.e eile d'e acieee esinw. cine sicwieeelee 8
PSO HEP TIMES ME TTISELEIILES cc, 2 <10/s/o:c:meicssjayninia a a(eleis/e(aleleicla{eisie siciwinivie avefeisie sle/elele ovw\slole'e.dca,eiele'erelereimelaie 10
Dairy and Food Division, ...... slofoia\olvie.e[afalaselniotalsieictaieroietatstalsle ainiaieietsiete mies nyaiatciniais einicinisis e)s/sicieioeianine aerator 14
Ee SOME mre wnOO MAW (OL 1895. — cic o:xiaiscie sin <iein sa cinie's)dleielaielselste siu.eve isis oieie 6 vs'o,eiste aiaicieiv wividie ce aie 16
MGM HONE ONS MAM OMSCAMOATOS Ss ve 1c v'o\aic,s’cr0e sivic cie’sipieis tsie ois = c.p'o clciela nem meee devas weln ee cewle seins sive 17

(1033 )

1034 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Page.

Hood .preservathves, <ovvccsoncse cecscesceweter enone ntewe ccs scscint esac waccostueule cuceceeematnaen tees

Division of Economic Zoology, ............ walsldeduie(s'iaic'a‘ele

Horestry) Divisions .-c-qnaceess ncn onc aie, =o eie\nin'sisiataleisiereiers

Division of Veterinary Science, ..........sscsssccovee
Commercial fertilizers, ...........++- wielalsfalu(aloveinielata aie einietersiate

Specialy Investisationss Mecticcucs cers <ctccc cclsiciciele/creisiemnia)s-cieieietesteetere
Publications of the Department, .......... ale aie,alece eletateielers ojetersvotaaterae
PLAT Ys a0 GC NUS STII atetare clele'sios|n/sie\e\<inicielsfole's a\clv <jx'e siteletelelercia\cioretmoniate
Good eroadsyy c..se-c% serintateteisictletetsletisint isc ieinteicictersisele cise cleais,st9

Cattley food! Control; “sic ccscccice sacood Snoooceas AOmD
Agricultural education, ......

Agricultural organizations,
Harm and live stock Staulstics, occccecsiccecscececr csc
Population of the rural districts, ...............

Ene Merislation TOLs tI01 em eiscsisssccleclsinicic elect S
Laws in the interest of agriculture enacted, ...
Wecisions OL tue wD CpATtM ENE | oia:<ictcieicialelsinislaiate oicielsiaic(aisi<iclelsiaicferaveieialeteiats aialelalelelsicislsiaiaiielelelelelaietelatelsieleleiers
Pennsylvania’s road system, ........ siatevateteiers lelefe(ol=(alolatelolelalfelalelatelsiatel<lefelsfatele)=)=lolstatelel=te/a\eleielelotelatelatelaitetets
K.
KNUPPENBURG, D. A., Qualifications essential to the successful farmer, ............. Sane
L.
LANGWORTHY, DR. C. F., The functions and uses of foods, ...... Btafsiaieiete aicie,aa,oietsietaoiatele ta elereteias
LEE, DR. BENJAMIN, Report of Sanitarian to the State Board of Agriculture, ....... omens
M.

MacCARTNEY, BENJAMIN F. (Economic Zoologist):
Report of Economic Zoologist, ....... alotereleters 50
Nursery iInNspectiOny, Wace cc. ccccecces gosnec sDOeSS aciereroistctsieletcteltelecrs minielels sjelsye reversals
Tabulated list of nurseries in State, ........
List of nurseries granted certificates, 1901,

MACHEN, HON. A. W., Free rural mail delivery,

MARTIN, HON. A. L. (Deputy Secretary and Director of Farmers’ Institutes):

Report of Deputy Secretary and Director of Farmers’ Institutes, .................-+05:
Apportionment of 1900-1901 with schedule of dates, etc., .................. ieteietelelsietelereleisieiteye
List of agricultural societies holding exhibitions in 1901, ........ gapoo 76s sieietolaloierctetete
Prices of agricultural products, ......... stotelavelelatsiniete nla\oiatoteleieieielelererotelereslcletstertste ojateleloierelelatetetels
Ma bulated CEOp ULePOLEMLOL 1901.) “cc cisleieclelsisivicls civleicteluiptele(ercieielelelelei= we sinlala’atayelSeleleicteteastersieeisere cleieleieicjetetelale
MEEHAN, THOMAS, Report of the Botanist to fins State Board of Agriculture, ...........
MILLER, DR. C:'€:, Bee culture, ......... agdocane eleteleleiateiercratere Sfpmosndooons nobanuceoronc acc Spnecod
McCAMANT, THOMAS, Synopsis of the tax laws of Pennsylvania, .................000% agee6c
E
PATULLO, HON. ANDREW, The road problem, ............ Miicvwin\o'/use iptwi6! cheveraialatararee lee eee -
PEARSON, DR. LEONARD (State Veterinarian):
Report of State Veterinarian, ........ S505de0 eeeeicialele pialelaisielisiets afeislelare sieieie mieaisie(e lcineigte Gancoonnd ae
IRN AGES =Ssccbanadonngoe soo ongoarnoce aati teteteveratots Snpseasacce piststelewsie iwia}s a oleiaieteleis oleie(a(olele ls |avelsicielelelcleleieeaiatate 505
Tuberculosis, ....... mciuieetnic(olstalsio's Sonal vipiotaipistals/efe Sia cinictels Aainoeen arate was wala lattes atota(e)slahernte niote.e wiaiallateie seine
Control of tuberculosis in cattle, ...... laid ele lo (eles nie (evelciavete uovadcuacccdcs

Address delivered before National Live Stock Association,

R.

RAVENEL, DR. M. P., The comparative virulence of the tubercle bacillus from human

and bovine SOUTCES, cecccscccccces Giaistatule: dea e's ciple eitie SIE IME eitis 10,015 6.0, 0'0 2 0's'6 0 o wce/ce ciate semieieee avicueisine
Report of the proceedings of the British Congress on tuberculosis, ..................00- pats
EC DLCH, Slinis sic owikciv'els ois's ovina a acle.dw ve cwiswisieesunumeur Delowisiplotnipic si6.0 010 (0 vieie wie.cie. ols .0.c.0.6'0 elcivieinatecnintetniersie nsicioett fe

RISSER, A. K., Methods of steer-feeding, .............- Mathes ce cntees 10.0 Gakteeteetaaic eric oreteeate

18
27
30
30
32
35
36
38
40
44
45
46
49
51
52
57
539
554

660

439

959
533

234

94
97
100
101
507

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1085

8.
Page
SCHEIDT, PROF. R. C., Report of Entomologist to the State Board of Agriculture, .... 325
SCHWARZ, HON. R. F., Practical experiments in the rotation of worn out soils, ......... 489
SKINNER, DR. HENRY, Report of Entomologist to the State Board of Agriculture, ...... 329
Ww.
Wi tNOnNeePROn. CG. G., Methodsiof steer=feeding, .. 2.0.2 csescencscscnccaassconccceccanscnacves 495

WATERS, PROF. H. J., Influence of wide tires on draft wagons, ...............sseeeesccecee 986

fas
ane

Se Sei

(1086 )

OrrictaL DocuMEnt?,

INDEX BYyiSUBJECTS.

A.

Page.

Act taxing dogs and protection of sheep,
Act for prevention of spreading of disease
from carcasses of diseased animals, ....

Act for the protection of nurseries, .......
Agriculture, duties of Secretary of, ......
Agriculture, State Board of, .............0.
Agriculture, laws of 1901 in the interest of,
Agriculture, Department of, summary of
SOU EANE aera ercicts nie) aia ernie Wale. icYetuiatelatdiavala/d cle viniace'e.eiatee
Agriculture, Department of, publications,
Agriculture, Department of, list of bulle-

tins published during the year,

Agriculture, Department of, decisions, «
Agriculture in Pennsylvania, twelfth
BEBSNEMOL am cecisloh sia cnicn © cise clnnins. slarbis c/areieie\ore ela
Agricultural library and museum, ......
Agricultural education, .................00
Agricultural organizations in the State,
Aprenitural county fairs, .....5.cccceccccns
Agricultural societies, interest in fairs,
Agricultural societies, list of fairs, .......
Agricultural products, prices of, ..........

Agricultural seed supply of the State,
Agricultural seeds, laws regulating, ...
Agricultural chemistry in the nineteenth
PREIS U G Mite elersisie'e tieteis a/cla/arcjainm eie/el aatetverine temic
Agricultural chemistry, development of,
Agricultural chemist, discoveries of,
Animals, domestic, period of gestation,
Anthrax,
PM tare OIA eTIOSIS (Ole wee occc.ciescis:sew were e/a
PANIETICIEN I taciiclerels cicisioivcre's ce 2 MAS erenee ee
FAMCGHONeers: PIGENSES, \escceccscecccves neers

B.

Bacillus in man and animal, relation to
each other,

Oem cleieis selec pininiaie’s <:< v.ajcjee Sow maidewemetenecees
Bacilli, morphology of,
Bank examinations,
Barley products,
Bee culture,
Bees as honey-gatherers,
Bees as flower-fertilizers,
profit in,
best location for,
overstocking with,
pollen gathered by,
colony of,
the queen,
the drone,
the workers,
development of,
Italian and black,
anger of,
spring work of,
spring feeding of,
syrup for feeding,
candy for,
spring over-hauling of,
VELSUS ‘COLONIES 0.20. owe ccccee cannes ‘
clipping queens, .
starving,
transferring, ..
Italianizing,
MECONESOL COIOMIOM Mei eacicnisccccosce
best way to improve stock of,
artificial increase of,
robbing of,

Bees,
Bees,

ees tees

. 8

water for,
enemies of,
diseases of,
moving,
outdoor versus wintering, cane ns ia ee
preparation for wintering of,
outdoor winter care of,
cellar wintering of,
damage of,
Bee literature,
Bee-hives, size of,
Bee-hives, kinds of,
Bee-hives, cleaning,
Bee-hives, buying ready-made, ..... a eae
Bee-keeping, making a start in,
Bee-keeping, location of apiary,
Bee-keeping, improvement of stock,
Bee-keeping, queen-rearing,
Bee-keeping, pre-constructed queen-cells,
Bee-keeping, post-constructed,
Bee-keeping, starting queen cells,
Bee-keeping, nuclei of,
Bee-keeping, balling of queens,
Bee-keeping, introducing queens,
Bee-keeping, increase of nuclei,
Bee-brush,
Bee-smokers, ...... uaeeinle seleale
Bee-stands,
Bee- -strings, treatment of,
BESS WANE Ea crc crocs civ cateelel once ceaceeemione ~
Bee-swarming, hiving,
Bee-swarming with clipped queens, ..... teva
Bee-swarming, prevention of,
Bee veils,
Beeswax, rendering,
Beeswax, how formed,
Billiard licenses,
BIS CkKVQUaNUCY: sna cannemecabadead wos we
Botanist, Report of,
Bottlers’ licenses,
Brewers’ licenses,
Brokers’ licenses,
Buckwheat products,
Bulletins published by Deparaneey during
year,
Bulletins, list of Department,

ae eneee te ee eee

ee ee a teaenee

C.

Calculation of the composition of feeding
stuffs,
Cattle food control,
Cattle food controls, modern,
Cattle food controls, development of sci-
entific investigations,
Cattle food controls, legislation enacted, ..
Cattle food controls, investigation needed,
Cattle food controls, result of analyses, ..
Cattle food controls, object of legislation
on,
Cheese act,
Chemistry,
century,

eee eee CeCe eee eee ee eee eee ee ee ee ee wee

Chemistry, agricultural, development of,
Chemistry, agricultural, discoveries of, ..
Commercial fertilizers, collection of sam-

ples,
Commercial fertilizers, schedule of values,
Commercial fertilizers, tabulated analyses

Olin. "enunceseeuace seer nea cub enc whens es wavepsare

(1037 )

1038
Page.
Comparative virulence of the tubercle
bacillus from human and bovine sources, 286
Condimental foods, composition of, ....... 619
Gondimental £o008s JISt (Of, ) ce.ceccic csje0.c000;6 - 62i
Condimental foods, analyses of, ......... 627
(CHysev oosKart, Gonaucacconedaqconcodoo BdecabGo «ute
Control of tiiberculoSis, .....ccccccescccecce . 101
Corporations, registration Of, .........+.-. - 126
Corporations, bonus on charters, ......... 137
County treasurer, duties Of, .........+..... 159
Cottonseed meal, ....... eiateiea oletelelers eieie Boosasca ila
Crop report for 1901, ...... ASAGONCACOO OOS DCS 890
Cultures, human, table showing viru-
Haas Oli,” arcane cncescn secoucendapoucuenAdasde 230
Cultures, isolation and study of, 293
Cultures, method of isolation, 293
Cultures, Preparation Off Forccrccte cc mejeistale nim 293
Cultures, comparison, human and bovine, 296
Cultures; effect on dogs, -.....0..c-sccence ce 297
@uiltures; effect on Horses), <.cccccecccncee sc . 298
Cultures, effect on goats, .............c000. 299

Cultures, comparative virulence when in-
troduced through alimentary canal, .... 301

Cultures, comparison of other human and
bovine,

Cultures, retention of characteristics in, 320

D.

MDVUT Ya VULIES | lelecielevaretvate areistelelnete\sieveccieteteielsee ererersts 940
PPVEDET Ve SUNIL MMe rays asl dieiate tiaiele sere och Sievers siatateya, stave /efare 48
Daim and) Mood!) Division) jasqccen-ceoesacee 14
Dairy and Food Division, Report of “‘Com-

PUAMSIAED ELE Do eaetclateseic ats cieiaters}n'c.< crelele ointcicle wiais evalua ois 74
Dairy and Food Division, work of, ..... ‘ 74
Dairy and Food Division, enforcement of

eR VS A eerrtctetetetaloie state ctavaictersteistelcisictet fais ciataye aicieieteislavele 75
Dairy and Food Division, petition of

TAMCSWLREMEV | Soccwilic codeine cares Moseicce einen 80
Dairy and Food Division, affidavit of Geo.

EIPMRV VILL COKE) monic sie cc vicisistioieicicicts civceramielclsisicicis 82
Dairy and Food Division, affidavit of F.
ET PANSS(ELIXI UIA Vaid che/oletetalete sieisicisicieicicreisinisicistersiaisieiete 84

Dairy and Food Division, petition of Com-
missioner to Allegheny county court, .. 85
Dairy and Food Division, argument in
favor of petition,
Department of Agriculture,
Department of Agriculture,

decisions of, 539
list of publi-

SEPDLON EL Sem orateretelstela cioiste ro ateh so ves oz [aim aso islaye:claleeeeiciateye 885
Department of Agriculture, bulletins of, 886
PISCE LS aI CENISES s arte aiala(ais'c\o.cteteleicicin/sicle cieve/e.s 156
Division of Farmers’ Institutes, .......... 10
Division of Farmers’ Institutes, appor-

tionment for season of 1900-1901, .......... 13
Division of Farmers’ Institutes, schedule

Or Gk WES RNS sar onodenapnoue Gdedo> cacabpesapeaarn 65
Division Of Dairy And WOO se tees. cianicsscim ce 14
Division of Economic Zoology, .......-..+6. 27

Divisio: of Economie Zoology, Report of, 116

SPUVISTOUN OL OLCSLUY:, ccc ceccisedviaice ccs sicisice ce 30
Division of Veterinary Science, ............ 3
E.

Watine; HOUse LCSNSES, cS acce cnet ccot vies ces 157
Economic Zoologist, Report of, ........... 116
Dats deaia Ch ilaboi dole bea Aerio or DBO CrUOnpC COnAaG 670
Mnersy, What if MCAS, 2. ccc iewisseeleicieinciee 671
Energy, COMPATISONS Of, 2... veiccreescsacens 671

Energy, its application to animal nutri-
With? deh inaper Bosco Aoupobbemonooadopaccadaecac 374
Energy, created by food, .....c..cee.sceceese 675
Energy, in kinds of feeding stuffs, ...... 676
Energy, produced from feeding stuffs, .. 678

Entomologist,
Entomologist,

Report of R. C. Scheidt, ... 325
Report of Henry Skinner, 329

F.

SATE AMSG, (Olsen ccieelsieisievicirinicie alneraie cleterv are 2 70
Fairs, exhibition Of, ....ccccccccccccccccece C 70
arrmilion IBCODELO Lan aclciabicetsisiiac cisleisissale\oiecaicirisie 62
Farmer, qualifications essential to the

BIICCESSAIL an cic cieciaices eiioteatsiciale dieleiere e/a nie wjeniainre 660
Farmer should be educated, .....-.-+-++ee+- 661
Farmer, how to produce a successful, .... 62
Tarim Nelp ANG WALES, | ewe cies ccc cce cca s nee 6
Farm and live stock statistics, ...........+. 49
WSATINEVS ANISEACUCES, sien cieeseiecinewinso/cieutnrs ciera 10

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Page.
Farmers’ institutes, apportionment for
IES Ch RR epoppenopeodecoreedencocscoasoas sree 13
Farmers’ ‘institutes, Report of Director of, 60
Farmers’ institutes, sample programme
OLS ie caeleivin ticle sjeie's cw njc'e e walsieieiate ieipete laments eielerarels 5 60

Farmers’ institutes, schedule ‘of “dates, .... 65
Feeding stuffs, commercial, of Pennsylva-

Nig eco Re ererrrpeesanancao | GN!
Feeding stuffs, materials Of, ....++..e+eeee 659
Feeding stuffs, composition of, ..........-. 561
Feeding stuffs, mixed feeds, ......-.+++-+-+ 610
Feeding stuffs of Pennsyivania, as com-

pared with other States, ....-+.-..++++++ 632
Feeding stuffs, comparalive cc mpositicn ie
OL, eliseine.cniniels 0 0:6:0:0 01m) 0\010/019\0)=/9/s180515 sisis(ao'ein)meleealuia

Feeding stuffs, weights of, REED. US
Feeding stuffs, control laws of various
Statesw merbaieosck ese oeceeeni- etter wick Coen eo
Feeding stufts, law defining concentrated, 651
Feeding stuffs, their value in creating en-

CLEY, csccccenercestascncnarccs ReaHinS sissies Oe
Feeding stuffs, variety of, alewraa(at ate Sele lo/eeletete gem Oae
Feeding stuffs, adulteration (yim Goosaoeoa-c 686
Feeding stuffs, systematic examination

NECdEA, Gercecsccesserismrcces Pee neoocca| |
Feeding stuffs, legislation (ity noocdoseoS -.. 686
Feeding stuffs, cota of the “compo-

Sition Of, ...cccececsecececees caice oe cee eeeeeenode
Feeding stufts, tables (es, onogoCbocr oveds cam 180
Feeding stuffs, determining Of, ....-+..-+-. 898
Feeding stuffs, composition of, Table 1, .. 903
Feeding stuffs, digestible ingredients of,

Table 2, ccccccccccccecccccccccccessescecccs Be RS
Feeding stuffs, average composition Of. con eas
Feeding stuffs, nutritive ratio of. esas tee 930
Feeding stuits, average Pennsylvania eal

TICES, ceccccccceccceccceccsecccssccssceees oe eee
esaine stuffs, fertilizing constituents of, 934
Feeding StaATGATGS,) side seacccieseeise -emislclajsietae 932
Fertilizers, commercial, collection of sam- a

VES.) Nobis cle creme wciniewinisisiejannsieemiciiacins mesic
Weetilizexs: commercial, schedule of

VAIUCS, cececee cece ee cecceceececescessereees 33
Fertilizers, commercial, tabulated analy- Pe

SCS Of, cccccccccecccccccscerccewcssocscces 6p0C
Fertilizers, commercial, act regulating, .. 693
Fertilizers, commercial, valuation 1901, .. 696
Fertilizers, commercial, valuation in

neighboring States, --.-+ses+csseeeeeseeeeee 709
Fertilizers, commercial, chemist’s report

of spring samples analyzed, wane ote eieletejemiers 713
Fertilizers, commercial, analyses of

spring samples, IDS Beeaconeupe oaseonsocKC 719
Fertilizers, commercial, analyses of com-

Plete, ...ccsececcceececsesecersseresccesesss 20s
Fertilizers, commercial, analyses of rock

ANd potash, ....-.eeeseeeeeereeseeee Re eee 760,826
Fertilizers, commercial, analyses of dis-

SOlVEd DONE, ..--ceeeeceerceececreeeeesoeccs 771, 842
Fertilizers, commercial, analyses of

Zround HONE, ..--seeeeeeeeeesecseeceeseres 772,844
Fertilizers, commercial, analyses of acid-

ulated LOCK, ....cercccnsescesceccoreseass 778, 834
Fertilizers, commercial, analyses of mis-

CELLANEOUS,. 2.2.22. e cee serecssecececcecssees 789, 850
Fertilizers, commercial, analyses of fall

SAMPIES, ..-eceeeeceeceeeecreeetctseseeeseees 791
Fertilizers, commercial, chemist’s report

of fall samples analyzed, LAS. isn eetaeiaiers 4S
Fertilizers, commercial, list of manufac-

turers and brands, ....-..sseeeeeseeeeeeeeee 854

Fertilizer ingredients, wholesale prices of, 699
Fertilizer ingredients, cost per pound, Pome offi)
Food and energy, experiments IN)? saisictemaioe 670
Food constituents the income of energy, .. 675

Food, work of in body, ....-.+.-sseeseees PP meet (3
Food, conditions changed, .....-.+++++++++ 685
Food, functions and uses of, 944
Food, digestibility of, .........- 952
Food, dietary standards of, ....-+++++e+eees 949
Food, antiseptics im, .......---..ssseeeeees Sue 20
Food definitions and standards of, ......-. 550
Food preservatives, ....++-.sceeceecseteeeees 18
Food preservatives, meeting of Sanitary
Institute CONgreSS, ....0c.-c.-ccceecess ue 19
Food preservatives, resolutions of Society
of Medical Officers, ...........ssessssesssess 20
Food preservatives, investigation of Mason
COMMIMMETOR cede oss tcc. casenittameciie sellemere 21
Food preservatives, investigation of eta
lish Departmental Committee, ......- 22
Food preservatives, recommendations. ‘of
English Departmental Committee, -.... cares
Food preservatives, summary of, ....... 26

ai

os

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 103%
Page. Page
Food products, average composition of, ... 946 M.
MOFSRURVIEIUIBION; <\csdsakpeaase save tv siev vane 20
Food definitions and standards, ............ 50 | Mail delivery, rural, needed, ............+. 533
Freight rates of grain, ete., of United Mail delivery, rural, conditions of, ...... 635
GET aa4 cnu Gene eiwe cs 0d accacunannsces Mail delivery, rural, good roads needed, .. 536
Marcantile, 1icenses,-..<<ccscssccccstscccesvs 150
Mii BUpplies, control Of, )dswcssvsscchevncee 449
G. Milk supplies, possible source of tuberecu-
losis in man, 476
Gestation of domestic animals, period of, 943] Milk statistics, 937
RUBIO OUM Re itelcacsss'ccccvectheeseres cuits ++e+» 114] Modern cattle food controls, ........... ccces 634
Gluten products, me Col eMoth, Himperor: the; ...<cs<-csesscercseeeacs 325
ET ORUBTCIAUS PON cin sas cervudiccicwaneeaiceetatasayss 40
Good roads’ and free rural mail delivery, 41
Good roads, State aid necessary, ......... 42 N.
Good roads, the problem of, ..........s...: 234
Good roads, from an engineer's stand- Notaries public commissions, .............. 160
RERMLRIEPM es aticte eles cre ists sinter ew eicercls'cipie.cceoe vee 428 | Nurseries, inspection Of, ........csccsccesce 119
Good roads and their relation ‘to rural Nurseries, inspector's report blank, ....... 120
PET GUO BIO Were suk « sivedican ctuiacsiciepiecs ec 533 | Nurseries, certificate of inspection, ...... 121
Good roads, a new system needed, ...... 654 | Nurseries, acreage in State, .............06 122
Nurseries, list of certificates granted 1901, 959
H.
oO.
Morsenolerd, JOSS TFOM, .ccssccmescavencacess 114
Hominy products, GNGiOat products: «2.4.0.0 scedecaccees cease noe 590
Honey, value of, 334 | Official list of Department, 1
Honey, kinds of, 839 | Oleomargarine, address on Groat bill, .... 507
PIGME Vem AOGCUION SS or citicsins dactelecacie ticle aivleiceie seve 366
PINE CA SUIT DIUIST OLS scciciss cetaceans se ecteae wees 368
PLONE f ORETACUN ES) 1.5 cc ceialnu slices s'vie' vic ves See an, int
Honey, candied, ..... Wen ties gtaeiieta niela otece.eteaie'vie 378
Honey, treatment for soured, Apc TCen ...- 9879 ; Peach lecanium, description of, ........... 326
PIGNe VS VPleMtIne TOM fos. ke ccaiwcise =o escins vee’ 414) | Peddlers?) Wicensesi)).).sccmsescccic ste cs cous 158
Hfaney=comb, thes” <2. .c..cscees.ccccees 344 | Pennsylvania’s road system, 554
Honey-comb, foundation of, 363 | Population of rural districts, 51
Honey-comb, care of, ......-.. A09NMROULEIY; HOOUSs, ere vic oa sicie dees ce mesteodune poeen 618
(EROME Me VID ES AIIG ccc clon talsin cee vce caicesicaeeee 379 | Prices of agricultural products, ............ 72
Honey cooking recipes, %....sc..sccscccsccnee 424 | Publications of Department, .............. 885
Horticultural inspectors, meeting of, ..... 29 | ube oficers: «fees Ofjn cc. cnekn scence wanes 161
Pure food law of 1895, rulings on, ....... 16, 539
Pure food act, samples analyzed, ........ 75
Tr Pure food samples, number analyzed, 78
es Pure food samples taken, 79
WTAE CER UNI TIOWUSS 1. i ie/a/s cisialusctsieis eal aolvisiclele tc.c 325 | Pure food cases prosecuted, 79
Insects as factors in the transmission of
TUBERS GEN miete. silt conirem ccs cicts aeteeae cameleon 329
Inspection of nurseries, 119 Q
Inspection of wae. certificate of, 4 121 ¥
tneetutes, farmers Report of Eig 60 Qualifications essential to the farmer, 666
Institutes, farmers’, sample programme, 60
nstitutes, schedule of GALES tices te aw.nicl ne 65
nsurance companies, foreign, law relat- AA R.
HES TER. Gonoeitic qaanitic d AARC Oe On OL CAE AEISArie
ED a Ai ‘ Rabies) prevalence, Of... cucceccceccdacweucneen 97
Investigations, ppeetal, = Rabies! daw ito tax GOs. s.cvereceselecvcnes 98
Rabies, apathy on subject of, 99
iT: Rabies. History: Of, «iscsi lscsccsect §11
Rabies, animals affected, ..........cccseees 512
Lard act, samples analyzed, Moe iewece ee 7 77 Rabies, distribution Of, Sisetuccenas peeceeeee 512
Law relative to foreign insurance com- Rabies, CRUBE Gl ese cccccanantnnes eR be anpe ties 513
PRINCE: ~ | Cattod scans agen MOOnEeneCe acre cesses. 134] Rabies, method of invasion, .............. 514
Legislation of 1901 in the interest of ag- Rabies, influences of seasons, .............. 515
PRETEEN Or otic hve ok oxdes« 52 | Rabies, danger from bites, ...........:.+06 . 615
Library and museum, needed by Depart- Rabies, erroneous ideas concerning, 517
RIC YARMMER ee see ONE Ree slcisiceisle s vesicewsaesccteeawe 3g | Rabies in man, ..........00sseeeeee ees 518
Ticenses, mercantile, ..:.8.......sesseeeeee 150 | Rabies in dogs, .......-.:2seseseeee ees 519
Licenses, wholesale, liquor, .........-.-.++- 154 | Rabies of the cat, 521
Licenses, retail liquor, ............-seseeeeee 155} Rabies in birds, — sree 522
PACENRES WI DLOMETItS bcc cechiccseaiicncees cess 155 | Rabies, microscopic examination of, ..... 523
Licenses, bottlers’, ..... Ree Meare cress 156 | Rabies, advancement in knowledge of, 523
Til conses wabiitard +9 <ccdtentee ee temancne essa dee 156 | Rabies, treatment Of, coi... cccersseuevesss 526
WGICONSGS MOIS UULEDS eee anciucla ge ote caaplcs a siee ses 156 | Rabies, Pasteur treatment of, ............. 526
Licenses, brokers’, ....ccssecesesecevess ..... 157] Rabies, preparation of vaccine, ............ 527
Licenses, eating house, ...........0csssers 157 | Rabies, prevention and eradicating of, " 529
Licenses, auctioneers’, .......-...cseeeeeeeee 158 | Rabies, precautions to be taken by those
THCensecsNPECUlers we wccs so cc vco ces deeweevns 158 Ditten, ... ccc eeeceeeee eee e ee neeeeeraeeseee eens 530
Licenses, theatres, ete... .........0.cse ene. 159 | Registration of corporations, ete., ........ 126
Tinieeeds meal emscecuectinc. > + scscsccnvitersee 568 | Registration of associations, .........-..... 127
Liquor licenses, wholesale, ..............005 154 |] Renovated butter, samples analyzed, ..... 76
Liquor licenses, retail, .............0eseeeeee 155 | Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, ... 3
List of Department officials, .............. 1] Report of the Deputy Secretary and Di-
ist of Department publications published rector of Institutes, ..........csssescsesce 60
AUTrINSStNSTVCATMG ee esas ese. sc ec eess 36 enare of the Dairy and Food Commis- 4
List of Department wiblications, AOE AE S85 (0001 ee ee ed
List of aeriauitatel raee held 1901, ....... 70 | Report of the State Veterinarian, ......... 94
List of fertilizer manufacturers and Report of the Economic Zoologist, ........ 116
Drandsy acouee aes sense Nos ds vawses es 854 | Report of committee on roads to the
List of.nurseries in State “granted certifi- State Board of Agriculture, .............. 227
cates, 959 | Report of the committee on live stock
Live stock, Report of committee, ACR CrES 228 to the State Board of Agriculture, ...... 228
Live stock, base of farm operations, .,,,.. 229 | Report of R. C. Scheidt, Entomologist, to
Live stock statistics and valuations, ,.,,.. 229/ the State Board of Agriculture, .,.... rs 326

1040 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.
Page. Page.
Report of Henry Skinner, Entomologist, axconyeross) Premiums; ccc. uccesestsace cscs MelOd
to the State Board of Agriculture; .... 329} Tax on loans, ............ 135
Report of the Botanist to the State Board Tax on collateral inheritance, 138
Of ABTICUITUTE, 20... ccerccccercsscceceec cnc 437 | Tax on personal property, .. 143
Report of Sanitarian, to the State “Board Tax on writs, wills, deeds, ete. Bye ocaaconca, Aki
GHA PTICUIEUTE, saci celeste ciceicesiciele'n vie «ie 439°) ‘Tax, (collection) (Of) (.s..--..-. BoGcocioutoncce: Lin{s
Report of the proceedings of the London Tax from unsalable (EIGER Aneeon scielelolee ower maa
Congress On tuberculosis, ..........++-- . 447 | Taxes; ISPECIAIM Me amemietistick c ccccence Bhnodaen cll
Roads, good, necessity for, .....-..+.++- 560 40 Taxes, amount collected for state pur-
Roads, good, and rural mail delivery, . welts 41 DOSES, © Fisiaisicere deaidcn eee Riaieialeieiate s sve'aiclafclecbin seanne
Roads, good, State aid in receiving, ...... 42 | Taxes, amount colleeted ‘for county pur-
Roads, good, supervisors’ law, ..... picwipeles 43 poses, BED OAG Cognos Sadhu connsapedasc oes ale
Roads, Report of committee on, ... ..- 227] Taxes, amount collected from licenses, be eral!)
Roads in other lands, ..........+.- aes ..ee. 2385] Taxes, amount collected for DOOK, «.;. <cesscmtencel
Roads, value of, ....-.....0«+ Salelits dale sieijee 236 | Taxes, amount collected for schools, Bocas | 28!
Roads, plans for building, Rroclech srajetsioisistelelerevare 430 Taxes, amount collected for roads, ...... 225
ROaAdS, SYAGINE, 2.2. ec .ccecccnccvccocrs baancco 431 ‘Taxes, recapitulation of collections, Afanoce rin
Roads, drainage of, .....sessesos Nelenicteinte .. 431] Taxation for State purposes, ..... ia 125
Roads, placing of culverts, ........seeseees 432 | Taxation for county purposes, ..... aie 163
Road making from an engineer's stand- Taxation, township, rate of, ...... HERE PAS 167
DINE eee sete ieisie cictersieloleiereni-ecjenislaesies esse. 428] Taxation, borough, rate of, ........... 169
Road making, principles underlying, ...... 481 Taxation, for poor, rate of, aeidlalalerelotetalereeine 172
Road making, change of system needed, .. 484 Taxation, SCHOo]), rate) Of; seacecese BOA O5000 7 Lia
Road system of Pennsylvania, .......... esse 554 Taxation, general provision for, ...... esisisie) LSS
Road law of Pennsylvania, .........+0- ---e- 556] Taxation, exemption from, ............ Ate = eels!
Road problem, the, .........seeceescceeeveeee 234 Taxation, special provisions for cities, ... 204
Road supervisors, ...--..--.eseeees 555 Temperature, comparison with previous
Road masters, duties of, 557 year at Harrisburg station, <o-5scsce paca (ill)
FROM STALISEICH) lsciiccccciciscciemaniaiels/ 980 | Temperature, meteorological summary, .. 682
Rural districts, population of, 51] Tuberculosis, discussion in London Con- :
Rye PLOdUCtS, «...ccceccncccmeracisccccceeccece SSOESTESS le ssccucmoncce cence eae sclssint dea Ee!
Tuberculosis, Dr. Koch’s dogma, mele eeaee 94
sf uberculosis, work of suppression of, .... 100
s. Tuberculosis, ep eneE read at Inter-State
ive oc anitary Board Associati
San Jose Scale, prevalence of, .......-++++. 328 Tuberculosis material, testing the one 101
Sanitary Institute Congress, ....+..+.-+++. pon GEM icee east Casco ae Mea ed eae 307
Sanitarian, Report Of, -.-ce+seseeseeeeeere ° a Tuberculosis material, reaction of inocula-
Sanitarian, vor oe Hons , ih interestcot, 45 CLOMID Wis ce wicjarleieraie eee seen aoe ec eee 312
Schools, rural, legisla ion Tuberculosis material, human of,
Seed supply investigation in Pennsylva- 240 Tuberculosis material, bovine Ses ah oa 31
TID, cececcccscscececeesessccscccvcsccce stteeees Tuberculosis material. post morte ;
Seed supply investigation, collecting of 241 Tuberculosis in Sa eT its eae ee is
SAMPIlES, ---2-eeeeeeeeeesect eee seeteee eee ees ? Tuberculosis, combating, eieariowe Acne 453
Bore Ely yeaa methods 0 249 Tuberculosis, Dr. Koch's PADCENON ee eee 453
conducting teStS, .---cessesereeeseeeceseres Tuberculosis, how infection k z
Seed supply investigation, weeds repre- Tuberculosis, man not ainceptibie ee 456
BOTIPEEMOLIIN so oteisicieieic s sieleenesle <= seceeeteeeeee eee 271 VLTLC Meee ain a AR 460
Soils, practical experiments in restoration res Tuberculosis, reply of Lord Figion perro
Of, cccvvcccncccrccesesencr cs ccoccccoscsnesceses Koch, Sea hlccee sca ait ee es eee oe eee
Soils, of what composed, .......+++eeeeeeeee 489 Tuberculosis, reply of Prof, ‘Nocard, to 467
Soils, treatment of Bee eictetetersistniate clete!sicrarele wiciers oo DrwekOch oc eee 468
Shoselghl chess Goopphepccpeccucpsseog. —t)| (iia kr sees pray mee pay eRe OR SO auo dour 6
Spraying calendar, ....1+.ssscssssessreeseres 963 Panels reply of Prof. McFadyean to a
State Agricultural Society, Tuberculosis, aaa pene oie Ae do é
State Board of Agriculture, ao Tuberculosis, means of counteracting ne rs
State Horticultural Society, 2099 Tuberculosis Congress, resolutions of, 487
State Live Stock Breeders’ Association, 48 Tubercle bacillus in man and animals, = 286
arate LN Aarne nmeihie e erereyeisisiels a Tubercle bacillus, study of, An on
State Veteri ; 3 Bee cee rene 7 es
State Live Stock Sanitary Board, ex- Typhoid fever, source OLeitataisiolao acce ein eres 445
penditures Of, ....ccccseeccaccescreerceseeses 115
State Board of Agriculture, Report of R. . Vv
Cc. Scheidt. Entomologist, ga eaters aga 325 .
State Board of Agriculture, eport o Veter
Henry See mn tool OEE a ore 329 Voteuiuarian: Repiee oes cee OF, ve eeeeee ees 2
State Board o griculture eport o Vin BES OO SOUCOCCOSSUC Ir ‘
TeY Sch oh Che a AL On Sen ESC iaiC Oa LR Tme non 437 inegar act, samples (analy ZOC er wlee cee 16
State Board of Agriculture, Report of the
Sanita riley, inci cclm cisle winisiolel oles bialeielaleio(piararnvinlels\s 439 w
Statistics of farm and live stock, oe .
Statistics Of MIlK, .....+.seeeeeeeeeee : Weights an E
Statistics of roads, tables of, ..... 955 | wheat aserte asures of Pennsylvania, a
Statistics of freight rates, .........--cs.c. 980 Wheat bran. ............. 575
Steer-feeding, methods of, ........:+++seeee 495 | wheat middlinga® cca one eee 573
Steer-feeding, plan of experiments, ...... 495 | wheat shorts, ............... 583
Sugar feed, ....ccceccscccscecccccceccsrscocses 605 | Wheat feeds’ Bed
Synopsis of the tax laws of Pennsylvania, 125 Wheat, average cost for raising, 896
Wide tire, influence of, on draft wagons, 986
T Wide tire. experiments: 20:3: aee.seenuee sone thst
: Wide tire, summary of results, ........... 1002
Tables of milk statisticS, .............e.0 - 987
Tables of freight rates, of grain, ete., .. 980
Tables of weights and measures in Penn- Z.
SV LV ANIA) co cles vise sincttie ei stabivleidoiwissinnis selanin niece 954
Tax laws of Pennsylvania, synopsis of, .. 125 | Zoology, Economic, Division of, ........... 27
Tax on Capital Stock, ic saccccesscsebe ROCCCIC 128 | Zoology, Economic, Report of Division, 116
Tax on gross receipts, ...... Siwienie APOOCTICACD 133 | Zoology, Economic, Work. of taeer ca. «aces 127

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