bye Yor: AW x \ 8 MSs SWS SN > SASS SO Ss WS SSS S\N SOS WH tijjjjp SEARO titty Z Z 4 Z y 2g g Z Z Z 3 Z Z Z Z Z SPOOR Yn nnn ean nr nem pes a varn nana nee POLOLIS EAPO AS REET POP OPEL RCR ORNL L EO COT Af PIRES Hp LE ARLLLEP DDI LLLLOOLL LISELI PALL LID IPA PONE —— = 0 og “|B * os — ; iS Py (zn iE . . r (4 emi Gibson-Invpe’ e. —— 8 eee , 0, = 1% iy é SPL NS; a fA KH cP a 7a Ji New York State Education Department NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 65th ANNUAL REPORT IQII In 4 volumes VOLUME 2 APPENDIXES 2-4 11st A RY KEW YORK BOTA RHICAL GARDEN. TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE MARCH 18, 1913 ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1913 KA (N7T53 STATE OF NEW YORK 1913 IgI7 191g IQI4 IQI5 1922 1918 1920 1Q2I 1923 1916 1924 Zar? as EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Regents of the University With years wheu terms expire WHITELAW Rep M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor New York St Crain McKetway M.A. LL.D. ViceChancellor Brooklyn DanieEL BeacH Ph.D. LL.D. - - - ----- Watkins Puny 1. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. -— == === Palmyra AvsBertT VANDER VeER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Albany CursTer §: orp MA. LL.D. —-=+ —= = —= New York WitiiamM NorttincuaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. —- - Syracuse EuGene A. Pattein LL.B. LL.D. —- - -— - — —- New York Francis M. CarRPENTER — - - - ------ Mount Kisco AsraM I. Erxus LL.B. - - - --- ----=- New York Lucius N. Litraver B.A. - —- —- ----—-- Gloversville ADELBERT Moot . — = = —=—=—= = =—-=- = Buffalo Commissioner of Education ANDREW S. Draper LL.B. LL.D. Assistant Commissioners Aucustus S. Downinc M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. First Assistant CHARLES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Second Assistant Tuomas E. Finecan M.A. Pd.D. Third Assistant Director of State Library James I. Wyer, Jr, M.L.S. Director of Science and State Museum Joun M. Crarke Ph.D. D.Sc. LL.D. Chiefs of Divisions Administration, GEorGE M. Witey M.A. Attendance, JAMES D. SULLIVAN Educational Extension, WiLL1AM R. Eastman M.A. M.L.S. Examinations, HARLAN H. Horner B.A. History, JamMEs A. HoLpEn B. A. Inspections, FRANK H. Woop M.A. Law, FRANK B. GILBertT B.A. Library School, FRANK K. WALTER M.A. Public Records, THomas C. QuINN School Libraries, SHERMAN WILLIAMS Pd.D. Statistics, Hiram C. CASE Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABRaAms Ph.B. Vocational Schools, ARTHUR D. DEAN B.S. STATE OF NEW YORK No. 34 IN ASSEMBLY MARCH 18, 1913 LIBRARY NEW York BOT ANIC.4 i, 65th ANNUAL REPORT — darvew, OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM VOLUME 2 To the Legislature of the State of New York We have the honor to submit herewith, pursuant to law, as the 65th Annual Report of the New York State Museum, the report of the Director, including the reports of the State Geologist and State Paleontologist, and the reports of the State Entomologist and the State Botanist, with appendixes. St Crain McKetway Vice Chancellor of the University ANDREW S. DRAPER Commuisstoner of Education Appendix 2 Economic geology Museum Bulletin 161 161 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York ror1 Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y. under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 522 INIGIBANIN 45 ING NE Inga? WopiZ New York State Museum: cvs Joun M. CrarkeE, Director NES Museum Bulletin 161 THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY OF NEW YORK STATE REPORT OF OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTION DURING torr BY D. H. NEWLAND PAGE PAGE RAEROGIAC TOM ears cud ick eels cies ae Mineralawaterse: sss. e eee oe 2 Mineral production of New York 9° |“Natural gas’. ....2..2¢. 25220. e08 45 Geme;nterrrrs aneise s1ahane Gomera ROM PECUnOLSUIS. Gielen... au ete a 5 = Reterers 49 Clay ee tera ae ets snancions uke Sem 2M Brienne eras cisecss co eae ean eters 2 Productionomclayamatenrials: peels) \miSalims se ecmmcieric neti anenios el. 55 Manufacture of building brick.. 16 | Sand and gravel ................. 60 Other clay materials ........... 2Ow | sanGdalimenonticke ne se eee eee sere 63 IPLCHRSIATA yg re ci elon ose Sia me Te tm SLONE we mieekeyciare were a Mer xe lareore aes 63 WniGerclay ic. eteivemas sneer ie Production) OmStOlne meters. eee 65 IDM OA? Ge ou ee COS 22 Grantor een seeeaciee hase 65 TL SIGS AMR rates cyavecicis s'acsvece selene 23 AMESTOME 2 aes mae aes © ee 77 Notes on the occurrence of feld- Mable Ge tsa. scitesietks: acids 84 SpanaimNew Work... .... asc 26 SAMEUSLONE. sau a esiea oslo acne 86 (G2uRMOR Sa aodede ceo n Cte REET 30 Mapa eis cick sehemnetcrsteve meena tater e arsine go Cxaplitewet. eemeenicie < + + 5 «nriale EN AAMC. 2, Sea NCR TERR REE gI (Ch DEW 6% Seehoclb.o or bOI C 34 The Gouverneur talc district.... 93 IGOR OKO5 6 oe pand ooae 10 oO BEIReLS C PATS ATIC AGT ae, 3 hk a ne eR 101 Mineralepatiiteemerrcyecsi.... snes Als |mlitt GU CKOM ar pepespanveye incase.) les vache 107 wna ¥ x 44 a rc Peat a Vee ; nie ‘a a y “4 j CLS aoe New York State Education Department Science Division, June 13, 1912 Dr Augustus S. Downing Acting Commissioner of Education Sir: I beg to transmit to you herewith the manuscript of our annual report on The Mining and Quarry Industry of New York State, covering the operations and production of the year 1911, and to recom rend this for publication as a bulletin of the State Museum. Very respectfully Joun M. CLarKe Director STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT COMMISSIONER’S ROOM Approved for publication this 14th day of June 1912 CugualiaS Dowrving Acting Commissioner of Education Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 522 ALBANY, N. Y. WGN? ti WON New York State Museum Joun M. Crarke, Director Museum Bulletin 161 THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY OF NEW YORK STATE REPORT OF OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTION DURING 1011 BY D. H. NEWLAND INTRODUCTION The mineral industries of the State shared the general dulness and reaction which marked the prevailing course of business opera- tions during 1911. Very few branches showed progress as measured in terms of production figures. The period of short-lived prosperity experienced in the preceding year left a condition of overextension in its wake and necessarily caused a more or less radical curtailment of activity during the past season. That the set- back is of no serious import to the development of the industries seems certain; in fact the current trend indicates an improvement which if continued should soon reestablish them on the former basis. The census of production now completed for 1911 shows that the value of the materials taken from the mines and quarries in (5) 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM that year amounted to $31,573,111. As in the preceding year the total reached $35,400,257, a decrease of a little over 10 per cent is indicated for the industries in general. The figures are based on some 30 different substances in crude or first marketable forms, but can not be considered as representing the full share which the mineral industries have in the business activities of the State. They are serviceable, however, for stand- ards to compare the conditions in these fundamental branches so closely allied with many other industries of chemical, metallurgical and manufacturing nature. It may be noted that the product of iron by the blast furnaces situated within the State alone is nearly equal in value to the output of crude ores and minerals on which the above totals are based. The iron mines are among the first to feel the effects of market changes, and their contribution last year fell off considerably in response to the decreased demand and lower prices. The gross output was 1,258,873 long tons, as compared with 1,517,880 long tons in 1910. After allowance for concentration of the low-grade magnetic ores there’ remained for furnace use a total of 952,364 tons, which had a value of $3,184,057. The corresponding figures for 1910 were 1,159,067 tons valued at $3,906,478. The greater part of the product as usual came from the Adirondacks where are some of the largest mines in the East. Altogether there were 11 companies who reported a production, 2 less than in 1910. The clay-working industries made an output valued at $9,751,659. This also represented a large decrease as compared with the return for the preceding year when the value amounted to $11,518,982. The loss was mainly in the branch that manufactures structural materials such as brick, building tile, terra cotta, fireproofing etc. for which the market was uniformly depressed in regard to both demand and prices. The output of these materials was valued at $6,473,857, against $8,067,098 in the preceding year. The number of brick for building purposes made in 1911 was 1,078,019 thou- sands, as compared with 1,404,345 thousands in 1910, of which the plants in the Hudson river region contributed about three-fourths. The value of the articles of pottery on the other hand showed a gain and reached the highest total — $2,196,054 against $2,136,518 in 1910 —ever recorded in the State. The number of firms and individuals engaged in the different departments of the clay-work- ing industry last year was 189. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII i The lessened activity in the building trades also affected adversely the quarry industries which reported an aggregate value of $5,455,312 for their products, as compared with $6,193,252 1n IIo. The total was divided acccording to various uses into building stone $632, o85 ; monumental stone $90,468; curb and flagstone $443,036; crushed stone $2,928,740; other uses $1,360,983. The output of slate, millstones and limestone used in making hydraulic cement is not included in these totals. All kinds of stone were quarried less extensively last year, though the falling off was particularly notice- able in granite, sandstone and marble which are used largely for structural purposes. The production of limestone and trap showed little change from the totals recorded in 1g1o. For cement manufacturers the year was very unsatisfactory in that it witnessed the lowest prices known to the trade. That the output in the State should have been well maintained in the circum- _ stances testified to the sound basis on which the local industry has been established. The aggregate production amounted to 3,691,373 barrels, as compared with 3,657,015 barrels in 1910. Portland cement constituted the main part of the total, in actual figures 3,416,400 barrels valued at $2,930,434. The natural cement mills contributed only 274,973 barrels, with a value of $134,900. Eleven plants in all were active, or I less than in IgIo. The production of salt from the mines and wells of the State amounted to 10,082,656 barrels, a little under the total of 10,270,273 barrels in 1910, but larger than that of any other year. The value of the output was $2,191,485. Rock salt was obtained from 2 mines in Livingston county, the other producers to the number of 28 obtaining salt from brine wells situated in Onondaga, Livingston, Schuyler, Wyoming, Genesee and Tompkins counties. Gypsum, a material used principally for the manufacture of plaster of paris and wall plaster, is the basis of a large industry which has developed practically in the last Io years. It is found in a belt which extends from Madison county on the east to Erie county, associated with the same rocks that yield the rock salt. The output last year, mainly by underground mines, was 446,794 short tons and the value of the marketed products totalled $1,092,598. In the year 1910 the output was reported as 465,591 tons with a value of $1,122,952. The combined value of petroleum and natural gas, the only repre- sentatives of the class of mineral fuels obtained in the State, 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM amounted last year to $2,745,945, against $2,869,893 in 1910. The decline in value was due to the smaller prices secured for petroleum, which more than counterbalanced an increased production of natural gas. The total quantity of oil produced was 915,314 barrels valued at $1,198,868, as compared with 1,073,650 barrels with a value of $1,458,194 in 1910. The gas production was 5,127,571,000 cubic feet with a value of $1,547,077 against 4,815,643,000 cubic feet valued at $1,411,699 in the preceding year. Among the smaller industries in which local enterprise has a promi- nent share may be irentioned those of talc, garnet, graphite, and pyrite. The tale is mainly produced from a single district in St Lawrence county, which enjoys a practical monopoly of the trade in fibrous tale. The production last year amounted to 65,000 short tons valued at $552,500, or about the same as in 1910. Garnet for abrasive uses is obtained in Essex and Warren counties, and the quantity reported for last year was 4285 short tons with a value of $121,759. The graphite, all of it the more valuable crystalline variety, amounted to 2,510,000 pounds valued at $137,750, a little under the previous year’s total. Pyrite for acid manufacture was produced to the extent of 53,453 long tons valued at $251,466. The remaining mineral materials which had a place in the list of products for last year were apatite, carbon dioxid, clay, diatoma- ceous earth, emery, feldspar, marl, millstones, metallic paint, mineral waters, slate pigment, quartz, slate, sand, sand-lime brick and zinc ore. The collected value of these materials was $3,052,143, against $3,579,488 in 1910. It is worthy of record that a new industry so far as concerns New York State came into existence during the year with the shipment of zinc ore from St Lawrence county, where some promising developments have been in progress. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII Mineral production of New York in 1910 PRODUCT Bortlandycement ee. ie 1s iINaturalrock cement 2.4. -nce Bailing rick: sya. ote sateen Pottery @thenclay products.).4¢4 4.456 Crider ca ast the ee eee Eme (GT EY = Re An Be eee eee Pee talliic Pat: jc sce ow oes ae Ave PISMente aspera -We se ore Mineraliiwaterse aia sieracciee) «12 oc Sancandsoraviellass aise ria Sana-limelbrick:..4 006 sae eee s Rootinerslatel, 2/5...) sae: ‘Siege iaatehaqeuieenebHes noe Ga unouuss VG Omen ey ey Accrsro-c arse ones UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Shor Onss. . +. Short tons... 2... Shor tons... Gallons oes 1000 cubic feet. . Barcelseaarr eee ons OnSemeare Barrels cee eee Cy eee Qe wont Oc Oech QUANTITY 1 [Includes apatite, carbon dioxid, diatomaceous earth, marl and lead ore. VALUE _ 818 202 o71 518 393 667 736 593 700 700 952 478 613 841 900 034 699 194 791 292 708 619 857 233 763 807 880 796 006 500 986 257 1 fe) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mineral production of New York in 1911 PRODUCT UNIT OF QUANTITY VALUE MEASUREMENT POTtUANG COMENE 5 viv sie e's ae cee eas PIALTORS cts els 3 416 400 $2 930 434 Natural rock cement........... PATVELS acca te whe ath 274 973 134 900 BOMALCSTIOO DTIC grulsikieoe se» bie a Thousands...... I 078 O19 5 443 303 SEE Werk neh x wena kis oss oes «vet eg] hep ee 2 196 054 eRe APEC COS ay orice Be n= < oa cio owe eral) Sietetrlagnineeets 2 083 405 REPIION DRE Fs aixis'Seieen tsi beee es Short tons:...... I4 193 II 982 LETS oa ae ee pen hs ie I eine oo ee Short: tons...... 769 8 810 Feldspar and quartz............ Short tons...... 21 802 75 719 RTRIMICUS er Pals tis okie siecle Kote es s Short tons...... 4 285 121 759 fC ee Se a BOUNdS tenses. 2 510 000 137 750 Eo Oe ET, See Short tons...... 446 794 I 092 598 MYMSEAVONES eter ot o's a fefead oie sote.s Saree e Long tons)... .. 952 364 3 184 057 MEISTER Tet Rye enya ate Ser ferns al i Waclg Wes pols ichgvete gs ]) Mets intel» ei Ge 13) 177, MP CTANIGUSAAT i Wis nek eta! «sod 0185 Short tons...... 7227 68 870 IAPS PIGMOCNG dike bisG sieic'a se ys Short tons...... I 646 12 864 IVICA WALETS bas is.'v s/s:26sio!fiv we) « Gallons.) 2.1.2. 8 923 628 756 147 Ra RSIRE SEMEL hr Masts lars ietn-a) Stace kas 1000 cubic feet 5 27 57a I 547 077 (nia) Ca ee ee ane Oe aE Barrels avec... QI5 314 I 198 868 ROMULUS A Pa chitiei 4,2 x EE lor fors tee Long tons...... 53 453 251 466 RIAA Te cai fe 4,555 std cede dente = ae IBATTOIS Rites. + « 10 082 656 2 191 485 2 CED OO I i ape Ses P| (ek wo A ed li 7270367 PSEA PICU 3 aig ss esainne vines Thousands...... 15 178 g2 064 MNT IEG oc agg es Qidtin onic ton SQUARES! bs..... Il 273 52 311 PISEPATIFTTACHUITES fon) ike ce ch el ee ts sc] oe eters Nil RIESE Eee Sires Siig. a hee tL le eee oad) ois «|. o's 2 ee eee 148 633 PRITIOBTOME if ods cia ori bat Aaa] | Pacer Rea coo. «| ya's erereee heen 3 174 161 INIARISIE Nectar ke nen etic Teel Te meta o.+ lls Lec eee 278 O4! POPERIC RESTA DLES Sr ag: = Pgs ek ts ida | be eark tet ereNe fer, ll, vos age eee 955 063 PE SEEES Mcrae tia arave, 6 of gos ae SiGe | pie te EER] ae eee 899 414 SRAM IE bea ig ON Ae ot oie hot Ao Short:tons:..... 65 000 552 500 DUCES aT aie EE a aa EA Any eS SA Da Pea 232 832 RU SLALOM on Lye eh. ole ahe | le ts 54 ORE RR | See ctor $31 573 III 1 Includes apatite, carbon dioxid, diatomaceous earth, marl and zinc ore. CEMENT The cement trade in 1911 showed a continuance of the conditions which were noted in the review for the preceding year. Prices were on the same low level, in fact averaging somewhat less than in 1910, but as the demand remained active most manufacturers were able to maintain operations at about the normal rate and thus to secure the greatest economy in production. The local market for cement has been very large owing to the unusual amount of engineer- ing work in the way of public improvements that have been in progress in the State, THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII Il The steady decline in the prices that has lasted now for several years has subjected the cement mills to a severe test of efficiency. Some of the mills which were not advantageously situated for econo'ric manufacture or were inadequately financed have been forced out of business. As a consequence the number of producers has fallen off from year to year, though this loss, so far as the port- land cement business is concerned, has been more than made good by enlarging the capacity of other plants and by the erection of one or two new mills. In the natural cement branch the effect of the adverse conditions has been very noticeable in the output which has shrunk to a mere fraction of the former quota. The Rosendale dis- trict of Ulster county was represented last year by a single producer. The aggregate output of cement for the year amounted to 3,691,373 barrels, as compared with 3,657,015 barrels in 1910 and 2,610,383 barrels in 1909. The production last year has not been exceeded since 1906. The returns showed that 11 plants were active, or 1 less than in 1910. In 1905 there were 21 cement mills in operation. As shown in the accompanying table the portland cement mills contributed a total of 3,416,400 barrels valued at $2,930,434, a slight increase over the Ig1o figures which were 3,364,255 barrels. valued at $2,939,818. The average value of the product was 85.8 cents a barrel, against 87.4 cents in 1910. Seven plants were reported as active, 1 less than in the previous year. The output of natural cement amounted to 274,973 barrels valued at $134,900, the greater part contributed by the single producer in Ulster county. The total for 1910 was 292, 760 barrels with a value of $147,202. In addition to Ulster county there was a small output in Onondaga county by 3 companies. Erie county, formerly a large producer, was not represented. I2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Production of cement in New York PORTLAND CEMENT NATURAL CEMENT YEAR I Barrels Value Barrels Value MAO es gir reioats yee 87 000 $190 250 | 3 931 306 | $3 046 279 MSO Qi ernie thc fa bo ocete ece he 124 000 279 000 3 780 687 3 074 781 Rolo Weck cic: Sy eee Seo E 137 096 287 725 3 597 758 2 805 387 OQA ese caehe oe nn sso 117 275 205 231 3 446 330 I 974 463 aLS Iota 0y Cae eee Sea ERG oe 159 320 278 810 3 939 727 2 285 094 MG QO me ctor canter eis she 260 787 443 175 4 181 918 2 423 891 1 GohO 7 fee Akapes eee een a RCA el 394 398 690 179 4 259 186 2abeg 77 I MSO Gein tettte rel ok Syston 554 358 970 126 4 157 917 2 065 658 MSOG a iiads wk eek Oe 472 386 708 579 | 4 689 167 2 813 500 RQOO Pe raciene iat secre 465 832 582 290 3 409 085 2 045 451 120) se Can eno eens 617 228 617 228 20231 I 117 066 TQOZ rs Saeko SA eet sve I 156 807 I 521 553 3 577 340 2 135 036 MQOB pemeiere peel exe So I 602 946 2 031 310 2eATT a7, I 510 529 MQOAC ae esis holes eeees eal Zhoy I 245 778 I 881 630 I 207 883 MOOS ery eine cr cok cies PI AGIG) (opr) 2 046 864 2 257 698 I 590 689 NOOO eharchih cee eee 2 423 374 2 766 488 I 691 565 134,200 QO 730) Meters seis. aris wie 2 108 450 2 214 090 I 137 279 757 730 TOSS ACh SA Clee I 988 874 I 813 622 623 588 441 136 NOOO Me ice stccees ie 2 O61 O19 I 761 297 549 364 361 605 MQMOR es ces states aero 3 3604 255 2 939 818 292 760 147 202 MQW eetrsteute tone: esse Cae 3 416 400 2 930 434 274 973 134 900 The one new producer added to the list during the year was the Knickerbocker Portland Cement Co., which began operation in the summer at its plant near Greenport, Columbia county. The mill is equipped with three rotary kilns, each 10 by 175 feet, and under full headway is expected to turn out 3000 barrels a day. The limestone quarries are situated on Becraft mountain close by and in proximity to those of the New York-New England Company, in an outlier of the Coeymans and Manlius formations. The clay is obtained locally. CLAY The clay-working industries rank first in the value of annual out- put among the mineral industries of the State. Their prominence is chiefly due to the widely. distributed deposits of common clays suited for building brick, drain tile and materials of that class and the very extensive local markets for such articles. As the whole area of New York lies within the zone of Pleistocene glaciation, residual clays are of rare occurrence and of little commercial importance. Most of the clays that are utilized are modified glacial deposits. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 13 They are commonly of blue color, weathering to yellow at the sur- face, and contain rather high percentages of iron and fluxing ingredients. Extensive deposits occur in the Hudson and Cham- plain valleys where they form terraces at different elevations, from near water level to several hundred feet above, and also in some of the large valleys in the interior of the State. These clays gen- erally burn at a relatively low temperature to a red color. Deposits of white-burning and refractory clays are restricted to Long Island and Staten Island. They belong to the Cretaceous, and occur as scattered, but in some places heavy, beds. They are adapted for fire brick, stoneware, terra cotta and the better grades of building brick. The single example of any considerable accumulation of residual kaolin that has come to notice is found near Shenandoah, Dutchess county. The property known as Fowler’s kaolin mine has produced small amounts of white but rather quartzose material which has found use as stove cement. It appears to be a disintegration product of pegmatite formed in place and by some chance has escaped the general erosion. The use of shale which is abundant in many of the stratified rock formations has been of increasing importance of late years. The principal beds are found in the Devonic, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung groups. They are worked mainly in the western counties for the manufacture of paving brick, tile and pressed building brick. PRODUCTION OF CLAY MATERIALS Details of the production of clay materials in New York State during the last two or three years are given in the accompanying tables which are based on reports from practically every producer in the several branches of the industry. The general condition of the industry during tg11 can hardly be described as prosperous. Building operations in most of the larger cities were on a scale below the average of recent years and con- sequently the market for clay structural materials showed little activity. The Hudson river brick industry made relatively the poorest record of any branch, owing to the fact that the yards had to carry over a very heavy stock from the previous year; on the other hand it benefited by a slight increase of the prices in the New York market. The pottery trade fared better than most lines, and the production was well maintained. The output of clay materials of all kinds in 1911 was valued at $9,751,659. Compared with the total for the preceding year, which I4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM was $11,518,982, it represented a falling off of about 15 per cent. The number of firms or individuals engaged in the clay-working industry was 189 against 223 in 1910, and the product was dis- tributed among 39 of the 61 counties of the State. Production of clay materials MATERIAL 1909 1910 IQII (OMMmOT DmGk yee ancl ee $8 009 766 $6 563 212 | $5 310 511 Hrontib ick ir. Misia eco s Sstoes 149 330 119 859 132 7092 Vitrified paving brick........... 207 970 233) 501 307 529 Fire brick and stove lining...... 486 894 464 693 413 500 Draarbilescti. Cetera aati ee eae 268 589 254 679 202 292 DE WELIDIDE ick iera ays Mo la. aeltike 117 324 277A 138 258 Peer OO MECN, yc Meche PEA ee ow le tos 962 497 | I 062 O17 718 700 ENTE DLOOH Oe Mie cutest erie oes 166 025 | 256 820 229 627 Briclinostile: acs tieta tnt tule 54 397 | 65 190 82 217 MGSCelTaNeOUS 14.12 cate ibis anee IOI 497 134 752 20 179 PO GUELYS <9. Santee sac ine ee WiSs27 Log 2 136 518 2 196 054 MROGALS ts skate rae ee oceans $12 351 482 | $11 518 982 | $9 751 659 A comparison of the items entering into the production shows that the main part of the decrease came from building brick, the output of which was valued at $5,443,303 against $6,683,071 in 1910, a decline of $1,239,768. Common brick accounted for $5,310,511 in the totals against $6,563,212 in the preceding year, and front brick for $132,792 against $119,859. The vitrified paving brick industry showed a slight decline with a total of $307,529 against $333,511. Fire brick and stove lining amounted to $413,500 as com- pared with $464,693 in the preceding year. The output of drain tile was valued at $202,292 against $254,679, and of sewer pipe at $138,258 against $127,731. The production of terra cotta had a value of $718,700 against $1,062,017 in 1910; fireproofing of $229,627 against $256,820; and building tile, inclusive of roofing tile and floor tile, of $82,217 against $65,190. The miscellaneous clay manufactures, including such items as flue lining, fire tile and shapes, conduit pipes and acid-proof brick, amounted in all to $20,179, as compared with $134,752 in 1910. The potteries of the State reported an output valued at $2,196,054 against $2,136,518 in the preceding year. Among the counties which contributed largely to the year’s total Onondaga held first place and reported an output valued at $912,892. In the preceding year it was fourth in the list with a THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQITI 15 value of $833,892. The potteries at Syracuse were the most 1m- portant factors in the production. Ulster county ranked second with a reported value of $829,035, represented entirely by com- mon building brick. Erie county maintained its position as the third largest producer and returned a value of $755,602. Rock- land county, which was second in 1910, moved to fourth place last year, contributing an output valued at $747,040. The other coun- ties that reported a value in excess of $500,000 were Dutchess ($648,151) and Orange ($565,152). Production of clay materials by counties COUNTY 1909 1910 IQII PERL EIN ge chen Ac chet tan hale a Se $750 754 $641 227 $470 503 leg amiyAmepas Seven atu acts ances ce 22 601 a 9g 000 Cactaraugusnnas.powet ake ae ane a 63 887 gO 153 Gav tig apie Satya Serco hans oles: 15 400 20 675 15 724 Whaitadcttars ace sese se cle eae 118 897 129 331 166 322 Ghemunoers a. ere a ome 6I 000 a 76 169 (Columbian #4. 32 eo ee oe 472 280 454 550 284 475 IWUpCheSsSaes S12 secs ee ee: 880 707 649 862 648 I51 Be erty: Sahih nie a Gots eee rss 753 362 841 726 755 602 Greenery rare Som ary se aes es | 346 982 266 452 139 578 etiersomes ts Sex 5. > Goa. ...56..--: 112 318 158 038 102 778 Motalmrereee Coie, 2 is $12 351 482 $11 518 982 $9 751 659 a Included under other counties. bIn 1909, aside from counties marked (a), are included Fulton, Genesee, Montgomery, New York, St Lawrence, Tioga, Tompkins, Warren and Wayne counties. In 1910, aside from counties marked (a) are included Genesee, Montgomery, New York, St Lawrence, Tioga, Tompkins, War- ren and Wayne counties. In rort, aside from counties marked (a) are included Clinton, Genesee; Montgomery, New York, St Lawrence, Tompkins, Warren and Wayne counties. 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM MANUFACTURE OF BUILDING BRICK The total number of common building brick made in New York State last year was 1,066,982,000. This represented a large falling off from the total reported for 1910 which amounted to 1,396,606,000, the actual decrease being 329,624,000 or 23 per cent. The decline was attributable mainly to the dull conditions in the building trades of the larger cities, notably of New York. The brick yards along the Hudson river which depend almost solely upon the New York City markets for their outlet were operated on a much reduced scale, and their product showed a decrease of nearly 300,000,000 for the year. The value of the common brick was $5,310,511, or an average of $4.98 a thousand, as compared with $6,563,212, an average of $4.70 a thousand, in 1910. The improved showing was due to the slightly higher prices that were obtained by the manufacturers in the Hudson river valley. In 1909 the average price was $5.31 a thousand. These prices represented the average received at the yards, not inclusive of carriage or selling commissions. In addition to the common building brick there were manufac- tured last year 11,037,000 front brick with a value of $132,792. In the preceding year the number of front brick made was 7,739,000 valued at $119,859. The aggregate output of brick for building purposes was thus 1,078,019,000 valued at $5,443,303, against 1,404,345,000 valued at $6,683,071 in 1910. The manufacture of building brick was carried on in 31 counties by a total of 153 com- panies or individuals. In 1go0g there were 32 counties represented in the list with a total of 172 producers. A tendency toward the restriction of the industry to fewer plants and more tavorable centralized localities has been in evidence for a number of years. It is more apparent in contrasting the present situation with that for example of 1906 when there were 213 active producers dis- tributed over 37 counties THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 7, Production of common building brick 1910 IQII COUNTY NUMBER VALUE NUMBER VALUE INS BiaN ZS So ombae eos 74 496 000 $390 894 59 517 000 $319 503 Cattaraugus ae 612 000 5 984 I 088 000 8 109 Gayuigae ao. 2 403 000 16 075 I 813 000 Il 724 Chautauqua...... 5 058 000 2 588 4 140 000 28 406 @olumbiaeenee ae 92 700 000 454 550 57 695 000 284 475 DWitehesshas seers 147 696 000 649 862 133 229 000 648 151 ESGIOS aprons caste 51 244 000 283 207 35 975 000 2220078 (CHODM ogocucoons 30 374 000 137 452 28 779 000 139 578 effersony ss... s4- I 068 000 FOOT |= he eere eee necro ae IDOE TOI goo oa c 312 000 2 184 425 000 2 550 IMI@IMEOE. = gals co ee 19 531 000 III 758 21 100 000 116 600 ING‘SSAUeioe 5 ae dere ee 17 000 000 107 500 15 790 000 98 445 INDIESEWE on goo cee 3 434 000 22 882 3 178 000 25 426 Oneidase ase ao. : 19 126 000 11g 082 14 434 000 93 105 Onondagare as. 4.) 19 569 000 104 534 22 000 000 132 750 Orange nnn .asee 160 500 000 761 500 121 800 000 565 152 Rensselaer........ 14 600 000 2 800 13 352 000 67 760 Richmond es. 32 355 000 134 049 23 456 000 106 823 iockland!): i: <5 00% 251 190 000 I 080 117 162 400 000 747 O40 atatogay. ....2.:: 84 639 000 387 268 81 575 000 392 427 CUO MK ae con Fane 16 360 000 98 560 II 500 000 68 750 Wistert nae. Ok. e. 263 873 000 I 121 460 178 287 000 829 035 Westchester....... 66 836 000 332 027 52 654 000 263 498 Other counties a... 21 630 000 128 882 22 795 000 138 531 otal acre I 396 606 000 | $6 563 212 | I 066 982 000 | $5 310 511 a Includes in 1910, Chemung, Clinton, Montgomery, Ontario, St Lawrence, Steuben, Tompkins, Warren and Washington counties. In 1911 the same counties are included excepting Steuben which reported no production. Hudson river region. The greater part of the brick production of the State is made in the Hudson river valley in the stretch from Albany and Rensselaer counties southward to Rockland and Westchester counties. The existence of extensive clay beds suit- able for the common grades of brick, the facilities for cheap trans- portation, and the proximity to the large market of New York City and vicinity combine to make this section the largest brick-manu- facturing district in the United States. The brick clays are found in terraced deposits on either side of the river, extending from the water level to a height of 300 feet or more in places. They are interbedded with and some- times covered by layers of sand and gravel. Their thickness at any locality may exceed 100 feet, though usually it is much less. Some clay has been obtained by dredging from the bed of the 18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM river, as at Haverstraw. The clays are usually of blue color weathering to red or yellow at the surface, and are quite calcareous with an average of from 3 to 6 per cent lime carbonate. In addi- tion to their employment for common brick, they are utilized to some extent for fireproofing and hollow blocks. Slip clay used for glazing pottery is obtained from certain beds of the Hudson river clays. The common brick are manufactured by the soft mud process and are burned in scove kilns. Machine molding has been tried successfully on some of the clays, but most manufacturers adhere to the old hand process. There are more than 125 brick yards in the 9 counties along the river, with a combined capacity under full operation of over one and a quarter billion brick a year. So large an output is seldom warranted, however, by the market requirements, and the average product for recent years has ranged around one billion, reaching a maximum of 1,230,000,000 in 1906. During the last two seasons the demand for brick has been below normal. At the beginning of 1910 the yards still had a stock of about 200,000,000 on hand that remained unsold and with the year’s manufacture the total available supply was about 1,300,000,000, of which only 950,000,000 were actually consumed during that season. Consequently the yards carried over about 350,000,000 to 1911. With this formidable accumulation on hand, manufacturers were naturally loath to begin operations, and the opening of the season was delayed beyond the usual time. Many plants reduced their working force; others remained inactive throughout the year. In spite of this curtailment policy which reduced the outturn below that of any previous season for a long time, the market was not able to absorb the supply. It is estimated that about 250,000,000 brick were on hand at the close of 1911. As the number manufactured was approximately 800,000,000 the consumption may be placed at 900,000,000, or about 50,000,000 less than in 1910. Despite the unfavorable conditions of demand, prices showed some improvement over those reported for the preceding year. The average price received for common brick throughout the dis- trict was $4.78 a thousand against $4.54 a thousand in 1910. This represented the average for the salés at the yard and not the New | York prices which ranged about $1:25 a thousand higher, an amount equivalent to the cost of river shipment and commissions exacted by the dealers in New York, THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQIT 19g The production for 1911 as given in the table herewith was 807,713,000 and was contributed by 96 plants. It has been many years since so few plants were in operation. The number in 1910 was 114. Ulster county as usual held first place in the industry ; its contribution was 178,287,000 valued at $829,035, as compared with 263,873,000 valued at $1,121,460 in 1910. Rockland county was second in the list and Dutchess third, the latter displacing Orange county which ranked third in 1910. The Greater New York Brick Co. was organized during the year to act as selling agents for the manufacturers. Output of common brick in the Hudson river region in 1910 NUMBER AVERAGE COUNTY OF OUTPUT VALUE PRICE PLANTS PER M Riya Meecha Meets dh.d 6 ios 12 74 496 000 $390 894 $5 24 @olumbiaree sna. vase ce 6 92 700 000 454 550 4 90 Witehesssaredecie nis steele. : 19 147 696 000 649 862 4 40 (GREENS Nie a ernicnatscs Soa e e 5 30 374 000 137 452 4 52 Orange catie cs oes eee ae 8 160 500 000 761 500 4 74 Rensselaengen anata ence aoa. 4 14 600 000 72 800 4 98 Rockilandh ans sa.no dene 28 | 251 190 000 I 080 117 4 30 JWilSterse seers plc sera 24 263 873 000 I 121 460 4 25 IWiEStCHeStet iat. 0.6 sul. eles 8 66 836 000 Be2mo27, 4 96 Mota ect atels see 114 102 265 000 | $5 000 662 $4 54 Output of common brick in the Hudson river region in 1911 NUMBER AVERAGE COUNTY OF OUTPUT VALUE PRICE PLANTS PER M JNU O Ea 73 che tai euerehe er roe eee 10 59 517 000 $319 503 $5 37 @olumibia eas se teas sees 6 57 695 000 | ' 284 475 4 93 WD ibeMeSse mpc sears sas) st 15 133 229 000 648 I51 4 85 (GiRSSINE aS ce ni ce ae 5 28 779 000 139 578 4 85 Wrancen meee arse aot 6 121 800 000 565 152 4 64 INGENSSCIA Chay a aeoce ated wie oes 4 13 352 000 67 760 5 08 ivOckdamda sami nate tciac 2s 24 162 400 000 747 040 4 60 WIStermo Ae Ree hon et anh oe | 20 | 178 287 000 829 035 4 65 Westchester..:-.... 6.}. 52 654 000 256 449 4 87 TNO IRs Ae mick cucincereaenG 96 | 807 713 000 | $3 857 143 $4 78 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM OTHER CLAY MATERIALS The manufacture of vitrified paving brick was carried on by four companies in Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie and Steuben counties, the same number as in 1910. The number of paving brick made was 18,996,000 valued at $307,529 against 19,762,000 valued at $333,511 in the preceding year. The price received for paving brick averaged $16.19 a thousand, as compared with $16.88 a thousand for 1910. The production of fire brick and stove lining was made in Erie, Kings, Rensselaer, Richmond, Schenectady, Washington and Westchester counties, and was valued at $413,500 against $464,693 in the preceding year. Fire brick numbered 7,192,000 valued at $330,659. The stove lining was valued at $82,841. There were 9 companies in operation, or 2 less than in 1910. Most of the refractory clay used by the manufacturers was obtained from with- out the State, though the company in Richmond county obtained its supply locally. The output of drain tile was distributed among g counties, with Albany as the largest producer. The value of the output, $202,292, showed a considerable decline from the total of $254,679 reported in 1910. There were 16 firms engaged in the industry, 2 less than in the preceding year.’ The production of sewer pipe, mainly from Monroe county, reached a value of $138,258 against $127,731 in the preceding year. It was contributed by 3 companies. Fireproofing, including terra cotta lumber, hollow brick, and various other kinds of hollow fireproofing, was made last year by 7 firms, distributed among Erie, Kings, Monroe, New York, Oneida, Onondaga and Rensselaer counties. The value of the output was $229,027 as compared with $256,820 in 1910, when 8 firms were active. Local clays are used for its manufacture. The use of fireproofing has grown quite rapidly and there would seem to be opportunity for an enlarged development of the local industry. 3uilding tile, inclusive of roofing tile, vitrified floor tile and terra cotta tile, was reported from Allegany, Erie, Kings and Monroe counties by a total of 4 firms, 2 less than in 1910. The output was valued at $82,217 against $65,190 in the preceding year. This is another department of the clay-working industry which deserves greater attention than it has received in the past. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 2 Architectural or ornamental terra cotta declined in value from $1,062,017 in 1910 to $718,700 last year. Its manufacture is car- ried on by 3 firms in Queens, Richmond and Steuben counties. The Staten Island cretaceous clays are used in part for this product. The miscellaneous clay materials accounted for a value of $20,179 against $134,752 in IQIO. POTTERY New York is deficient in clays suitable for the finer grades of pottery such as china and porcelain ware. The clay beds of Long Island, Staten Island and Onondaga county have supplied some stoneware clays, and slip clay of excellent quality is obtainable at Albany. Common earthenware clays also are abundant. There are no kaolin deposits supplying pottery material, and the entire requirements of the local manufacturers are met by purchases from southern mines or by importations from abroad. Notwithstanding the limitations of resources, the pottery industry has shown a fairly steady growth. The output last year was valued at $2,196,054 and was the largest that has ever been recorded. The corresponding total for 1910 was $2,136,578 and for 1909 it was $1,827,193. The potteries contributing to the total numbered 2r, 1 less than in the preceding year, distributed among the following counties: Albany, Erie, Kings, Livingston, Nassau, Onondaga, Ontario, Queens, Schenectady, Suffolk and Washington. Onon- daga county alone reported a production valued at $774,477. Of the various pottery products stoneware is one of the few that has not shared in the general advance of the industry. The production in 1911 was valued at $39,095, or less than one-half of the output five years ago. Red earthenware consisting mainly of flower pots, amounted in value to $32,495, about the usual average. The white products, including china tableware, sanitary ware and electrical supplies, have shown the largest gains; the porcelain and semiporcelain wares were valued at $1,026,517. Most of the china tableware was made in Syracuse and Buffalo, the electrical supplies were made in Victor, Syracuse, Schenectady and Brooklyn; and the sanitary wares in Brooklyn. 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Value of production of pottery WARE 1909 | 1910 I9II SiOne wares sass opracii ron oe cere $41 298 $41 925 $39 095 Rediearthenware.... 4... esas seae ose 32 800 huis 32 495 Porcelain and semiporcelain!........ 999 663 I 027 249 I 048 872 Electric and sanitary supplies........ 697 573 ggI 131 I 026 517 IMINSOPITANEDUS = tom Sec Sens ode taste eee 55 859 50 500 48 075 ARGS Tah pS Ont ea hey crete Bret res cael Shia $1 827 193 | $2 136 518 | $2 196 054 1Includes china tableware ani cream-colored ware. CRUDE CLAY The clay obtained in a few localities is not utilized by the origi- nal producer but is shipped to others for manufacture, some of it going to points outside the State. This production, therefore, is listed separately from that of clay materials. The clay most extensively exploited for shipment is the Albany slip clay which is found in layers within the ordinary brick clay of the Hudson valley. It resembles the latter in appearance but has a finer grain and a larger percentage of the alkaline constituents than the usual run of the deposits. It has consequently a low fusibility and when applied to clay wares as a “ slip”’ gives a rich brown glaze. The light-colored refractory clays of Long Island and Staten Island and various pottery clays are also shipped to some extent. Returns were received from 6 producers in 1911 and their total shipments of crude clay amounted to 14,193 short tons valued at $11,982. In the preceding year the reported shipments amounted to 6005 short tons valued at $9667. The relatively higher value assigned to the product in 1910 is explained by the large proportion of slip clay included in the total. EMERY The mining of emery has been carried on for a number of years near Peekskill, Westchester county, one of the few places in this country where the material is known to occur in quantity. The industry is small, as the native emery does not find so wide a market as the Grecian and Turkish product which can be imported at low cost. The Peekskill emery is a mixture of corundum, spinel and mag- netite chiefly, though the mineral composition is rather variable. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 23 The corundum, which is the most valuable constituent from the abrasive standpoint, may constitute as much as 50 per cent of the entire rock, and in the typical material is often seen in the form of large porphyritic crystals scattered through a fine-grained mass of magnetite and spinel. The rock is dense and hard, of dark gray to nearly black color, sometimes mottled by the lighter crystals of corundum. It occurs as lenticular and banded masses within local intrusions of basic gabbroic rocks which are known as the Cort- landt series. The emery masses are believed to represent segrega- tions of the heavier minerals of the gabbro while the latter were in a molten condition, a process similar to that which led to the formation of the titaniferous magnetites in the anorthosites and gabbros of the Adirondacks. Some of the deposits in Westchester county contain a fairly high percentage of magnetite and were once mined for iron ore, but owing to the high alumina content proved too refractory for furnace use. The output of emery last year was below the usual average, showing a decline of about 200 tons from the total reported in 1910. The actual amount reported by the producers was 769 short tons with a value of $8810. In 1910 it was 978 short tons valued at $11,736. The maximum product for any recent year has been about 1500 tons. The emery is all shipped in lump form to abrasive manufac- turers, who grind and prepare it for use. The list of producers in Tgt1 included the Blue Corundum Mining Co., Easton, Pa.; Key- stone Emery Mills, Frankford, Pa.; and John Buckbee, Peekskill. In former years the Hampden Corundum Wheel Co. and R. Lancaster have been active in the district. FELDSPAR The commercial grades of feldspar are obtained in this State from pegmatite bodies that accompany the crystalline formations of the Adirondacks and the southeastern Highlands. The pegma- tite has the composition of granite and represents a coarse phase of that rock originating through specially favorable conditions of crystallization supplied, perhaps, by abundance of water vapor. It -is commonly associated with granites and granitic gneisses, but may be found as offshoots or independent bodies surrounded by rocks of quite different character. In the granite areas it occurs fre- quently in lenticular and irregular masses which show no distinct boundaries but grade by imperceptible stages into the finer-grained 24. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM rock. Elsewhere the pegmatite shows intrusive relations with the county rocks, forming dikes and bosses with well-defined walls. The feldspar is predominantly a potash variety, that is either orthoclase or microcline, but soda feldspar or albite and the lime- soda varieties are frequently represented. Microcline is by far the commoner of the potash feldspars in the New York localities. For pottery purposes it is an advantage to have the feldspar in large well-segregated crystals or masses so that it can be readily freed from the accompanying minerals. In the pegmatites which are quarried for pottery spar, the crystals range up to 3 or 4 feet in diameter. The pegmatites of finer texture and those in which the minerals are intimately intergrown have application principally for roofing material. Quartz is an important ingredient of all pegmatites and if ob- tainable in pure condition may also have value. It is an important by-product, for example, of the Bedford quarries. It occurs in irregular masses, seldom .showing any traces of crystal form, and is of gray, white, or pink color. When intergrown with the feld- spar to any extent it detracts from the value of the latter for pot- tery use, though quartz is a necessary ingredient of the pottery mixture. The accessory constituents of the pegmatites include a varfety of minerals of which the commoner are the micas, hornblende, pyroxene, and tourmalin, while of less frequent occurrence are garnet, magnetite, pyrite, epidote, titanite, and beryl. Black tour- malin is nearly always present in the Adirondack pegmatites. These constituents may be of determinative importance with ref- erence to the commercial value of a pegmatite occurrence, since if disseminated through the mass they preclude the extraction of high-grade material. The only feldspar quarries that have been worked during the past year are situated in Westchester and Essex counties. Those near Bedford, Westchester county, have yielded most of the higher grade product used for pottery and enamel ware; they are operated by P. H. Kinkel’s Sons. They are opened in a large mass of peg- matite that outcrops on the eastern and northern slopes of the hill lying a little south of Bedford village. In addition to the feldspa¢ there is a considerable output of quartz which is sold for wood filler. The feldspar is shipped in three grades, of which no. 1 THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 25 grade consists of pink microcline practically free of quartz. It is all sold in crude condition for pottery use. No. 2 consists of white albite with more or less quartz and is ground at the local mill before shipment. It goes mainly to enamel ware manufacturers. No. 3 grade carries quartz, as well as more or less of the iron- bearing minerals, and finds application in glass manufacture. It is likewise ground locally. The quarries in Essex county are situated near Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Those at the former locality are owned by the Barrett Manufacturing Co., which utilizes the product mostly for prepared roofing material. The pegmatite is broken down and sent to the mill without sorting. It is thus a mixture of feldspar, quartz and other minerals. The quarries of the Crown Point Spar Co., just south of Crown Point, produce crushed feldspar for roofing purposes, poultry grit and concrete, and some that finds use in enamel ware. They are situated on top of Breed’s hill, an elevation mainly composed of black hornblende-biotite gneiss in which the pegmatite appears to form a bosslike intrusion measuring several hundred feet in diam- eter. The feldspar consists of pink microcline and white or green- ish albite. It is frequently intergrown with quartz, but may form separate masses up to 5 or 6 inches in diameter. Biotite is the chief dark mineral and appears in seams, or as a coating on the feldspar. The pegmatite has been squeezed or fractured, and there is a noticeable development of secondary chlorite. The quarries are connected with the mill which is situated at the lakeside over a mile away by an aerial tram. The product is there crushed and graded into different sizes for use as roofing material, poultry grit, and in concrete. A part of the product is sold also to the enamel ware trade. The production of feldspar, including crushed unsorted pegma- tite, amounted in 1911 to 15,652 short tons valued at $61,769. This showed a slight gain compared with the totals reported for pre- vious years. In 1910 the output was 12,132 short tons valued at $46,863 and in I909 it amounted to 13,871 short tons valued at $46,444. Market prices remained unchanged; the crude feldspar for pottery uses brought about $3 a ton, the ground spar for pottery and enamel ware $6, and the crushed material for roofing, poultry grit, etc., about $3 a ton. 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF FELDSPAR IN NEW YORK It is the purpose of the present notes to call attention to some little known or undeveloped feldspar deposits which were visited in the summer of 1911 during the course of a field investigation of the granite quarries of the State. A report on the feldspar deposits of the United States was issued in 1910 by the United States Geological Survey. The report, contributed by Edson S. Bastin, contains a very detailed description of the better known local occurrences from which the supplies of feldspar have been obtained in recent years, but omits mention of those here considered. Crown Point, Essex county. The pegmatite occurrence called Roe’s spar bed has been a source of feldspar for pottery purposes, having been worked some 15 years ago and the product shipped to potteries outside the State. It has received only fugitive atten- tion in the geological reports relating to Essex county, though mentioned in one of the papers by J. F. Kemp as an important deposit. It is chiefly known at present as an interesting mineral locality. The deposit is most conveniently reached from Crown Point, from which it lies about 8 miles distant in a northwesterly direc- tion. It outcrops about 1 mile directly south of Towner pond at an elevation of between 1100 and 1200 feet, as shown on the topo- graphic map. It is now the property of Mr H. W. Willcox. The old quarry working shows a face about 50 feet high and 75 feet wide in a body of pegmatite which seems rather a lenticular or boss-shaped mass than a dike. The outlines, however, are not clearly revealed by outcrops and there is some uncertainty as to the extent of the deposit. The longer axis appears to run about n. 50° e., as indicated by a series of openings below the main quarry which follows that direction. The width of the exposed part at right angles is from 75 to 100 feet. The pegmatite is very coarse and the components well segre- gated. Feldspars with a diameter of 3 feet are not uncommon. They often show crystal boundaries. Quartz is of subordinate importance, but is rather unequally distributed. It is partly of pink color and partly the milky variety. Graphic intergrowth of quartz and feldspar is not abundant. The iron-bearing minerals are chiefly biotite and tourmalin and though fairly plentiful on THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 27 the whole they are usually concentrated in certain parts of the deposit so that their presence would not necessarily entail any great waste in the production of pottery material. The existence of trap dikes, of which four were noticed in the quarry face, vary- ing from 1 inch to 4 feet thick, is of some consequence though probably not a very serious drawback. The feldspar includes a pinkish variety which shows the charac- teristic optical properties of microcline and a light-gray oligoclase. They appear to be in about equal amounts. In the former operations which were carried on by Mr Roe, the spar was hauled to Crown Point for shipment. The costs of haul- age are reported to have been $1.50 a ton in summer and $1.25 in winter. The stretch of road from the quarry to Crown Point Center is over a rough country but chiefly with descending grade. Chestertown, Warren county. There are openings in a peg- matite body that is situated on the north side of a high ridge about 3 miles south of Chestertown and 1.5 miles east of the War- rensburg road. They are said to date back about 15 years. The purpose of the operations was to produce mica rather than feld- spar. Two workings may be seen of which the principal one lies to the south and higher up on the ridge. This consists of an open cut about 50 feet long and 15 feet wide on a dike or elongated body of pegmatite that strikes northeast. The limits of the mass are indeterminate except on the east side of the pit where the county rock is exposed a few feet away. The northern pit reveals very little as to the size of the pegmatite mass or the conditions of its occurrence, being a narrow opening which at the time of the writer’s visit was filled with water. It may be on a separate body. The pegmatite is a coarse intergrowth of white feldspar, quartz and mica. The last named mineral is chiefly biotite with a brownish variety in subordinate amount. The latter may be muscovite but it is not of good quality being in imperfect crystals that show rulings. The largest crystals measure about a foot in diameter. Black tour- malin is quite common in the feldspar and quartz. The feldspar appears in pure masses and also as graphic intergrowths with the quartz. It belongs to the potash variety with the optical properties of microcline. . Fort Ann, Washington county. An exposure of pegmatite near this place has been worked at different times for feldspar and quartz. It is reported as one of the localities from which quartz was obtained for grinding at the mill that was operated at Fort 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Ann about 25 or 30 years ago. More recently it has been a source of feldspar for shipment and has been worked intermittently ac- cording to the market demand, the last time by Dominick Ashley of Glens Falls. The outcrop lies about 2% miles northwest from Fort Ann at the base of the gneiss ridge of which the higher part is known as Putnam mountain. It is on or near the farm of Ira D. Gilmore. It consists of a rather irregular area, though the general shape is lenticular, with its longer direction nearly transverse to the gen- eral axis of the ridge, or to the northwest. An open cut about 125 feet long and from 30 to 40 feet deep has been made. The lens is broadest near the southeastern end where it measures fully 75 feet wide. To the northwest it gradually diminishes and wedges out in the gneiss 50 feet beyond the end of the pit. When visited by the writer the workings were partly filled with water and the deeper parts of the excavation consequently could not be inspected. The wall rock as seen in exposures nearby is a well- laminated biotite gneiss. The pegmatite is made up largely of graphic granite, that is an intimate mixture of feldspar and quartz, but the two minerals also occur separately to a considerable extent. Masses of milky quartz up to 2 or 3 feet in diameter are found and also feldspar crystals of similar dimensions. The feldspar is mainly of grayish color and so far as tested appears to consist largely of microcline. There is present also a little pinkish feldspar which may be ortho- clase. Tourmalin and the iron-bearing silicates generally have a very limited representation, though the pegmatite shows much iron stain, the result perhaps of pyrite. Alteration of the feldspar is much in evidence in parts of the exposure. This results in the formation of kaolin and sericite and sometimes is accompanied by a greenish coloration of the second- ary products which is probably the effect of intermingled serpen- tine. The presence of this mineral can not be traced to any mag- nesium component of the pegmatite, but seems referable to an interchange of the alkaline constituents of the feldspar for mag- nesium which has been introduced perhaps by ground waters. Kushaqua, Franklin county. A large pegmatite body is found about 4 miles north of this place on the slopes of Sable mountain. It has been prospected during the last few years but has not sup- plied any feldspar in commercial quantity. The outcrop lies high up on the mountain near the summit at an elevation probably of THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQITI 29 about 2500 feet above sea level. It is reached by a rough trail from Kushaqua. Two openings have been made in the body which is elsewhere concealed by surface materials. The lower of these exposes the pegmatite over a width of 50 feet and a depth of 25 feet. The upper opening is a little smaller. There are said to be other pros- pects on the mountain which were not visited but which indicate that the pegmatite has the form of a dike and continues for over half a mile along the strike. The feldspar is red microcline, showing little tendency to assume regular outlines. The rough and somewhat broken masses measure a little over a foot in diameter as a maximum. It is rarely free from admixture with other minerals and consequently could not be quarried to advantage for pottery use. Hornblende, tourmalin and biotite are the chief iron-bearing silicates. De Kalb, St Lawrence county. The existence of a ledge of coarse pegmatite in this section was made known to the writer by J. H. McLear of Gouverneur. The locality is between East De Kalb and Bigelow, about 3 miles north of the latter place. The pegmatite is exposed in a natural outcrop that has not as yet been developed. The principal showing consists of a ledge which exposes the pegmatite for a distance of 75 feet along the strike and 4o feet across it and then disappears below the surface deposits. The outcrop is fresh and free from iron stain. The pegmatite consists of white feldspar and milky quartz in fairly pure aggregates in a matrix formed by a fine intergrowth of the same minerals. The individual feldspar crystals range from 6 inches to 3 feet in maxi- mum diameter. There appears to be very little admixture with other minerals usual to pegmatites. Pyrite, however, may be ob- served occasionally in the quartz. A second ledge in the same line of outcrop is exposed about 300 feet distant from the first, with similar characters. The quality of the feldspar so far as it may be estimated under the conditions, appears to be fairly good. The samples that were examined show it to be practically all microcline. A quantity of first-grade material could be extracted, but the main part owing to admixture with quartz would have to pass probably as lower grade. There is need for thorough prospecting to con- firm the estimate that is formed on the surface showing, as well as to determine the size of the body. 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fowler, St Lawrence county. A dike of pegmatite carrying finely crystallized feldspar is found on the farm of C. W. Denesia about 2 miles south of Fullerville in the town of Fowler. It is only exposed, however, over a very limited area and where seen its width is not over 8 feet. The feldspars are developed in prismatic crystals from 2 to 3 feet long. They are inclosed in a ground mass of intergrown quartz and feldspar with which tourmalin and biotite are associated. They consist of a deep red microcline and a pinkish variety which is an intergrowth of microcline and albite. Unless the dike proves of greater magnitude than is indicated by the exposed part it would hardly be workable. Fine, St Lawrence county. The occurrence of pegmatite on the farm of Fred Scott, about 4 miles north of Oswegatchie in the town «of Fine, is of interest particularly for the associated min- erals. These include fluorite, hornblende, pyroxene, pyrite, chal- copyrite and titanite in well-crystallized individuals. The feldspar occurs in pink, white and greenish varieties, evidently represent- ing both the potash and lime-soda series. It is too much intergrown with the other minerals to have commercial value. GARNET The Adirondack garnet mines reported an output last year of 4285 short tons with a valuation of $121,759. This was less than in 1910 when the total amounted to 5297 short tons valued at $151,700 but may be considered as about’ the average outturn. The production has varied from year to year according to the activity of the market but at no time has taxed the full capacity of the mines. In fact the demand for abrasive garnet has shown very little tendency to increase, and there would seem to be little oppor- tunity at present ror the development of new sources of supply. No important changes in the industry have taken place during the past year, The principal producers, as heretofore, were the mines in the vicinity of North River. The largest factor in the industry has been for some time the North River Garnet Co. with mines and milling plant on Thirteenth lake, Warren county. The other active mines in that section included those on Gore mountain owned by H. H. Barton & Son Co. and those of the American Glue Co., a little farther north in Essex county. At Riparius, the War- ren County Garnet Mills have operated in a small way. In north- ern Essex county near Keeseville the American mine shipped some material. The conditions surrounding the occurrence of garnet in the Adirondacks have been described in.several papers and in previous THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 31 issues of this report. The mineral is fairly widespread as a con- stituent of the metamorphosed igneous and sedimentary rocks, but only in a few places is it found in sufficient abundance and with the requisite characters to be worked for commercial abrasive purposes. The value of abrasive garnet depends, of course, primarily upon its hardness. This is a variable character and on the usual min- eral scale garnet is classed as having a hardness of from 6.5 to 7.5. The limits as given are only approximate, as it is difficult and even impossible to estimate hardness with precision. Chemical compo- sition is undoubtedly a factor in determining the hardness of the common kinds of garnet found in the metamorphosed rocks, like gneisses, schists and crystalline limestones. The iron-alumina variety (almandite) is generally harder than the lime-alumina (grossularite), or the lime-iron variety (andradite). Well-crys- tallized garnet is tougher and probably also harder than the granu- lar or massive garnet of similar chemical composition. The prop- erty of toughness or tenacity is very important in an abrasive which has to withstand considerable pressure as when used as pol- ishing machines. Another factor which has a bearing upon the value of abrasive garnet is the size of the product which can be secured in the ordinary practice of mining and separation. If the crystals are small or have been badly shattered by compression after crystallization the product may be too fine to yield the neces- sary assortment of commercial sizes. It is an advantage, however, that the garnet should possess an imperfect cleavage or parting, so that on crushing the grains show one or more smooth surfaces. These surfaces permit firm attachment to the cloth or paper and also provide a sharp cutting edge. Color is no criterion of quality in ordinary garnet, but abrasive users seem to prefer the darker shades of red which approach the distinctive garnet color. The local industry has very little competition from other mines in this country. Mines have been worked at different times in New Hanipshire, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and North Carolina but have not proved permanent factors in the trade. The impor- tation of Spanish garnet, first noted in 1907, has assumed some importance as a substitute for the finer sizes of the Adirondack mineral. This garnet is said to be obtained by concentration of alluvial sands and can be produced cheaper than the domestic garnet, but comes only in the finer sizes. It pays no import duty. The importations in 1911 were 693 short tons, with an invoice 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM value of $10,526. In 1900 they amounted to 775 short tons valued at $14,830. The principal ports of entry are New York, Boston and Chicago, and the shipments are made from both Spanish and British ports. GRAPHITE No noteworthy developments were recorded for the graphite industry during 1911. The production amounted to 2,510,000 pounds, about the usual quantity, and represented a value of $137,750. The total for the preceding year was 2,619,000 pounds, with a value of $160,700. Prices appeared to be somewhat lower; the reported average was about 5.5 cents a pound, as compared with 6.1 cents in I9QIO. The American mine at Graphite, owned by the Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., continued as the leading producer. This mine has long been the largest and most successful of the kind, not only in the State but in the country as well, and may be considered the pioneer enterprise in all that relates to the technology of treating the disseminated flake graphite which constitutes the principal source of domestic production. The methods of extracting and refining the graphite as developed by its management have seldom been applied elsewhere with similar results, owing in some measure undoubtedly to the unusually favorable natural conditions found at Graphite. The ore is a quartzite carrying flakes of graphite distributed along the cleavage planes. The flakes are relatively of large size, showing the appearance of having been squeezed out by regional compression, and measure up to one quarter inch in diameter. The average content in graphite may be placed at about 6 or 7 per cent. What is most important to the success of the milling operations is the practical absence of micaceous minerals which are more or less common in the graphitic schists and quartz- ites of the Adirondacks. When present in any amount a high- grade graphite product can not be expected. The deposits of the American mine have a northeast-southwest strike and their extension to the southwest is found on the adjoining lands owned by W. H. Faxon of Chestertown, N. Y. This property has been explored recently with considerable thoroughness by test pits and diamond drilling, but still awaits active development. The exploration has demonstrated the continuity of the graphite beds over a distance of fully 4000 feet along their course to the south- west and with some interruptions for several hundred feet on the dip which follows a low angle to the southeast. The same series of gneisses, limestones and graphitic quartzites is found here as in the THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 33 area under exploration. The graphitic quartzite that constitutes the principal ore body has a thickness ranging from 5 or 6 to 25 feet, showing local pinches and bulges as is usual in the Adirondack deposits. There is considerable variation in the size and abundance of the flake, but as a whole the character of the quartzite is quite ‘like that in the American mine. Near the southwestern end of the property the graphite series outcrops in a little ravine where a short drift has been extended into the north bank; two distinct beds are found here separated by a band of garnetiferous gneiss. In a drill hole (No. 2) 300 feet or so northeast of the drift a similar relation holds, the upper bed measuring about 4 feet and the lower 18 feet thick with 26 feet of gneiss between them. The two beds appear to merge a little further northeast for in No. 3 drill hole just east of the camp a single seam over 20 feet thick was encountered and this apparently continues with local variations as to thickness to the northeastern limits of the property, except in one place where the series is invaded by a gabbro intrusion. The deepest hole, No. 7, was put down in the flat about 600 feet east of No. 3 and twice that distance from the outcrop of the graphite bed on the ridge to the northwest. The data for this boring have been kindly supplied by Mr Faxon and are illustrative of the general conditions under which the graphite occurs. THICKNESS STRATA FEET INCHES Roos witht Jarce flake, graphite... sc-sess ed aan: eee ne 2 O (GaENePihenGuse CMEISS: «ss, 32. sasrea-cenie ae Gh eae ie ele 20 fe) Garnetiferous gneiss and. limestone. .....5...24.55..-.; 24 (e) AP IME RLOH Girt. 125 HURTS? <) oka w AR ae PS ea 9 fe) BP MESLOMMEY, ANIC: QURATEZ sys 0! «..2.5:..- Ballston Springs, Saratoga co. Wonsress DPMArAs Le 21g eee eee Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co. I ZCEISION SPLING vec esses seed ae ee eae Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co. Geyser Spring feo :5).) eee ote eae See Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co. atbor Sprites a. ; op ehaeken tees Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co. eh Rock: Springs ws. 7.\ce ae einer fee eae ee Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co. Patterson Mineral Spring..........-:.-.... Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co. QOUC VICES priti ower) ae een sree ran arnt Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co. Royal Spritign) syd acca sane eae eee Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co. Saratoga ‘Seltzer Spring... ..:)an. foes sak oe Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co. SaraLogarVichysS prin Sey laren ere merece Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co. eC girs] 0) cht ae a ag ere SSE EN, Ae Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co. @halybeate Sprnee- esos ore eee Sharon Springs, Schoharie co. Ve Waterpro spine meta hin ae een ee Sharon Springs, Schoharie co. Gardner White Sulphur Spring............ Sharon Springs, Schoharie co. Sulphur-Magnesia Spring................. Sharon Springs, Schoharie co. RedSjacket prince. sence cee renee Seneca Falls, Seneca co. Pleasant Valley Mineral Spring........... Rheims, Steuben co. DELAUKELNOPLiMer ie ci tents tao tar eae aerate Setauket, Suffolk co. Bixit Springs, cok Raia Ree ie oe Clintondale, Ulster co. SUN IRAYVZSpLINg oa" oie cen en Ber eee ete Ellenville, Ulster co. Vata Sprite ete artes her cate eee oe eee Fort Edward, Washington co. Briarcliff Lodge Association............... Briarcliff Manor, Westchester co. Gramatan Spring Water Co.............. Bronxville, Westchester co. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 4. Sal Production. The reports received from the mineral water trade in 1911 showed sales of 8,923,628 gallons valued at $756,147. The number of springs contributing to the production was about 40. In the preceding year the sales amounted to 8,432,672 gallons valued at $675,034, reported by 46 springs. The value of the water is est1- mated at the spring water localities and does not include the cost of bottling. No account is made of the waters used in hotels, sana- toriums etc., run in connection with the springs, though this is an important item in the business in some places. A comparison of the sales reported for a number of years back shows that the demand for the higher priced carbonated waters apparently has fallen off, but this decrease has been more than counterbalanced by the increased consumption of the ordinary spring waters supplied for office and family use. Saratoga Springs. The plans for the creation of a State reserva- tion which is to include practically all the springs hitherto employed for the commercial production of mineral waters and carbon dioxid have begun to take definite form. The commission empowered to effect the transfer of the property from private to State ownership had taken over at the close of the year the following springs: Hathorn (nos. I, 2, 3), Coesa or Carlsbad, Champion, Red, Patter- son, Putnam, Star, Governor, High Rock, Seltzer, Magnetic and eetless,. Victoria, Geyser, Adams and Congress. ‘Those ‘not included in the transfer at that time were the Arondack, Vichy, Chief, Excelsior and Quevic. Of the springs on the State reserva- tion a few were utilized for commercial production by Hathorn & Co., under lease. NATURAL GAS The natural gas resources of the State are undergoing steady development, the production being little influenced by the varying trade conditions that affect other branches of mining. The supply, though it has increased markedly of late years, falls far short of meeting the requirements in the territory around the gas fields, and is helped out by importations from other states, chiefly Pennsyl- vania. Natural gas has been in use locally for nearly a century; there is a record of its employment for fuel and light as far back as 1825 at which time wells were in operation in Chautauqua county for the supply of natural gas to households. The industry of supplying gas for general consumption first assumed importance, however, with the development of the oil dis- 46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tricts in Allegany and Cattaraugus counties, the gas being recovered as a by-product and sold to distributing companies who piped it to the towns and villages in the surrounding section. In the nineties of the last century exploration for gas was carried on actively all through the western part of the State and some new fields were discovered, notably in the section along the shore of Lake Ontario. A little later an important field was opened in Erie county, east of Buffalo. The gas pools were encountered in the Medina sandstone and led to the exploration of this formation along the dip in south- ern Erie and northern Chautauqua counties where some very pro- ductive wells have been opened at depths of 2000 feet or more. Altogether there are 16 counties in the State that produce natural gas. The principal fields are found in Erie, Genesee, Chautauqua, Allegany and Cattaraugus counties. Outside of these the pools are of subordinate extent and importance, so far as they have been tested, and are scattered rather sparsely over the western section of the State, from Lake Erie and the Niagara river to the east end of Lake Ontario. Exploration of the rocks in eastern New York has been unsuccessful in locating valuable pools. The supply of natural gas is derived from several geologic horizons, from the Potsdam sandstone in the Cambric to the Che- mung strata at the top of the Devonic. The more productive formations include the Trenton limestone of the Lower Siluric, the Medina sandstone of the Upper Siluric, and the Portage and Che- mung shales with interbedded sandstones betonging to the Devonice. With few exceptions the gas pools now producing occur in one or another of these formations. The oil fields of Allegany and Cattaraugus counties have contrib- uted, and still do contribute, considerable quantities of gas. The pools are found in sandstones at different horizons in the Devonic, such as the Bradford, Kane, and Elk “sands” of the Chemung. Some of the supply is consumed in the gas engines for pumping the oil, and the remainder is used for lighting and heating in the local towns or is piped to Buffalo. The distribution of the gas is mainly in the control of a few companies, like the Empire Gas and Fuel Co. of Wellsville, the Producers Gas Co. of Olean, and the United Natural Gas Co. of Oil City, Pa. Some of the local towns supplied from the fields are Olean, Andover, Wellsville, Friendship, Hornell and Geneseo. In the northwestern part of Cattaraugus county there is a small field of which Gowanda is the center and which extends across the border into Erie county. The gas is said to occur in the THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 47 Marcellus and Onondaga formations of the Middle Devonic. The output is distributed by the Gowanda Gas Co. for use in Gowanda. Explorations have been under way recently in northern Cattaraugus county between Gowanda and Cattaraugus where pools are reported at depths from 2500 to 3300 feet in what is supposed to be the Medina sandstone. In Chautauqua county the productive area comprises a_ belt bordering Lake Erie from Silver Creek southwest to the Pennsyl- vania state line. Until quite recently the supply has been obtained from wells a few hundred feet deep in the Portage and Chemung beds and the individual output was small, sufficing only for a few families at most. Deep drilling during the last few years has resulted in the discovery of more productive pools, lying at depths from 1900 to 2300 feet in what is considered Medina sandstone. Some very large flows have been encountered in the vicinity of Silver Creek, Dunkirk, Forestville, Sheridan and Westfield. These wells are mainly owned by local companies who sell the output in the neighboring towns and villages. The principal operators include the Frost Gas Co., Silver Creek Gas and Improvement Co., South Shore Gas Co., and Welch Gas Co. During the past year the United Natural Gas Co. has been engaged in exploration in the town of Arkwright east of Fredonia and is reported to have encountered gas in quantity at depths around 2100 feet. Erie county contains several fields. A few wells have been put down within the limits of Buffalo. East Aurora, Collins, North Collins, Angola and Springville in the southern part are centers of a more or less active industry. Within the last 15 years a field has been opened east of Buffalo in the towns of Cheektowaga, Amherst, Lancaster, Clarence, Alden and Newstead, which for some time has been the most productive in the State. The gas is found in the Medina sandstone at depths of from 1200 to 1600 feet, and the wells have proved quite persistent producers. It is transported in pipe lines to Buffalo, Tonawanda, Batavia, Lancaster, Depew, Honeoye Falls and other towns in the vicinity. There are over 200 productive wells in the field. In Genesee county a prolific field has been developed at Pavilion during the last five vears. The gas is found in the same horizon as in eastern Erie county, at depths of about 1700 feet. The Pavilion Natural Gas Co. and the Alden-Batavia Natural Gas Co. are the chief operators in the field and supply the gas to Pavilion, Leroy and Batavia. 48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In Wyoming county a few wells are in operation at Attica; in Livingston county at Caledonia, Avon and Lima; and in Ontario county in the towns of East Bloomfield and West Bloomfield. Farther east in Onondaga county there are wells at Baldwinsville and Phoenix which supply gas for local use. The pools are found in the Trenton shales and limestone. Oswego county marks the east- ern limit of the productive territory, with wells at Pulaski and Sandy Creek. Production. ‘The value of the natural gas production during the last 4 years is shown in the accompanying table which is arranged to show also, so far as practicable, the contributions from the princi- pal fields. The returns for the year 1911 indicated a total of $1,547,077, against $1,045,693 for 1909, an increase of approxi- mately 50 per cent in the two years. The quantity of gas produced was approximately .5,127,571,000 cubic feet as compared with 4,815,643,000 cubic feet in 1910 and 3,825,215,000 cubic feet in 1909. These amounts include estimates for some of the smaller producers who have no meters attached to their mains, but they are believed to be close approximations of the actual production. The average value of the gas was 30 cents a thousand, against 29 cents and 27 cents a thousand respectively in the preceding years. Production of natural gas COUNTY 1908 1909 I9IO I9II Allegany, Cattaraugus.. $264 736 $282 964 $337 427 $402 931 Chantatgqua. + ossstee. 153 O19 174 597 202 754 222 023 Te ee er ee 451 869 461 531 717 038 813 279 avin ston =n asses eee 54 083 59 888 60 997 | The ley) Onondaca wk ewisee 130037, 4 I2 310 12 723 I2 972 OSWEROr rato osc oh aon 12 800 14 402 14 783 | 14 913 Wyong. 8. an sd 37 431 | 40 oor | 3% 65 967 7 602 POtAL Ys (rte 30.) oo | $987 775 | $1 045 693 | $1 411 699 | $1 547 077 1 Includes all the output in Geresee county for 1911 and a part of it for the preceding years. * Includes also Seneca, Schuyler, Steuben, Ontario and Yates. 3 Includes Niagara and also some of Genesee except for I9rt. The reports for 1911 covered a total of 1403 productive wells. A comparison of the figures shows that Erie county leads all others in quantity and value of output. Its contribution including also that of Genesee county, amounted last year to 2,444,721,000 THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 49 cubic feet valued at $813,279. There were 342 productive wells in ' the two counties. : The production given under Allegany and Cattaraugus counties included mainly the gas collected from oil wells, but there was a small output also from fields in the northern parts of the two counties where no oil is produced. The combined output taken from the reports of the pipe-line companies and the individual pro- ducers amounted last year to 1,600,317,000 cubic feet valued at $402,931, from a total of 766 wells. The wells in Chautauqua county made an output of 804,713,000 cubic feet valued at $222,023. The principal part of the supply came from the deep wells which have been put down in the last few years in the belt along Lake Erie. Genesee county has shown the largest relative increase in pro- duction during the past years, but the figures are included with those of Erie county. PETROLEUM The anticipated effects of the recent decline in crude oil prices were very manifest during 1911, at least in the New York field. There was less activity in exploration than for many years and with the comparatively poor record of new drilling in 1910, the productive conditions were most unfavorable. The maintenance of the local industry for a long time has been the small increments of yield obtained by redrilling old territory, for which the main incentive existed in the high market value of the local product. The recent decline, amounting to over 50 cents a barrel, practically put an end to such developments. The total production in 1911, as reported by the pipe-line com- panies operating in the New York oil region, amounted to 915,314 barrels. The total for the preceding year was 1,073,650 barrels, showing a falling off of 158,336 barrels, or 15 per cent. The output in 1909, which was a year of good prices on the whole, amounted to 1,160,402 barrels. The value of the product last year was $1,198,868, or an average of $1.31 a barrel, against $1,458,194, an average of $1.36 in 1910, and $1,914,663, an average of $1.65 in 1900. The production of oil during the last two decades is shown in the accompanying table. The figures for the years 1892-1903 have been compiled from the annual volumes of the Mineral Resources, 50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM while those for subsequent years are based on the reports received from pipe-line companies who transport the oil to the refiners. The following companies operate pipe lines in the New York field: The Allegany Pipe Line Co., Coluxbia Pipe Line Co., Union Pipe Line Co., and Fords Brook Pipe Line Co., of Wellsville; Vacuum Oil Co., of Rochester; New York Transit Co., of Olean; Emery Pipe Line Co., Kendall Refining Co., and Tide Water Pipe Co., Limited, of Bradford, Pa. Production of petroleum in New York YEAR BARRELS VALUE FOG? oo oye ea RSS VEIT © 3 Rees ee ees Be Bah eee 12732445 $708 297 TOS. Ce crotk eae tiers saan sere Mergen eee ar seaaie I 031 391 660 000 ) to ( 0) Cae ae en ARs oo Che, Ch Dg 8 er OOO. C SHENSON Oe 942 431 790 464 TBO ae ai ee oeredegta ete Pemtorette ich verccmmeroke aes cient 912 948 I 240 468 TSO sci ettaac ie nites, Mates Ee TRC ee Nene REE I 205 220 I 420 653 Lito fy eae NA aC ce Cae Weare arn ARO PSs mei aD nino Gh I 279 155 I 005 736 USQS ie tA sIon iaterees Riewhevey smears eesysietouees sieves teuewoily) See eret shel I 205 250 I 098 284 TBO ec oy creo a reveenes Castes ted teks heey ee) aan eee eae I 320 909 I 708 926 11810, Oe SPE eis RET OI CATT A See A Pa CHG RR Tt ec I 300 925 I 759 501 1 {0 (0) HES cot eenee Sin Atty OCCT Reatad Sina matics Germ Sy ta Brack’ cc I 206 618 I 460 008 10) 0° ACE RANI TEE Serie honey SCRANS EAPO TIT To EC OIE I 119 730 I 530 852 MQOB ie sess eeteyaie eck eps cate neetenckoncha adorn ane oekeweie ane Sica I 162 978 I 849 135 LOCA Sr cess ets eae ON HR ee ere hore leer oTeueteNe Este cette I 036 179 I 709 770 EQOS rare Bysshe rs eps ee steret aye eRe hote ae eee bios Se oerspa Moyen 949 5II I 566 931 ) Aol 0 eR Bs SCRA PIC cack Roe Fie Seteis Rico a0 I 043 088 I 721 095 NOQO7 Bocce cel crate reese secei net ee apa rela Ore ee oben odetel onal Pete I 052 324 I 736 335 TOQOS sist acto e cae yaya ores, utente so yeas execs uae GupeteoNe ert ove I 160 128 25071 1533 140700) ese Beh AOR cma A trcdian > derma gine anos. I 160 402 I 914 663 CC 6 a er ot one} rR MC arn. ne nial car WS ie wae eh OL BLS .e I 073 650 I 458 194 AC 0) hi ey cp are SRO Pane eee PANEER CAALBOhG am ONS Dciiens Persone 915 314 I 198 868 The average quotations for crude oil from the Appalachian dis- tricts were lower in 1911 than at any time since 1901. The prices of Pennsylvania crude, which are taken as the basis for rating the New York output, were $1.30 a barrel at the opening of the year and remained unchanged until the last week in December when they advanced to $1.35. The outlook for the current season would appear more favorable, as the tendency in the early months was toward a higher level. The records for the year showed that 195 new wells were com- pleted, as compared with 283 wells in the preceding year, and 457 wells in 1909. The increment of production from the new wells amounted to 201 barrels a day, while in 1910 it was 368 barrels and in 1909 it amounted to 715 barrels, Of the number of wells THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 51 given 59 were dry, as compared with 61 and 32 respectively for the two preceding years. The oil pools found in the State constitute the northern exten- sion of the Appalachian field which reaches its main development in Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia. They underlie small areas in Cattaraugus, Allegany and Steuben counties near the Pennsylvania border. The first well was drilled in Cattaraugus county in 1865, and Allegany county began producing about 1880. The oil is found in fine-grained sandstones of dark color belonging to the Chemung formation of the upper Devonic. In Cattaraugus county the productive area embraces about 40 square miles, mostly in Olean, Allegany and Carrolton townships. The pools of which the principal ones are the Ricebrook, Chipmunk, Allegany and Flatstone, occur at several horizons from 600 to 1800 feet below the surface. The oil district of Allegany county extends across the southern townships of Clarksville, Seneca, Wirt, Bolivar, Alma, Scio and Andover and is divided into several pools that are con- sidered to be more or less independent. The Bolivar, Richburg and Wirt pools have been most productive. The oil is found at depths of from 1400 to 1800 feet. The Andover pool lies partly in the town of West Union, Steuben county, and is accountable for the production in that section. The reports of the Mineral Resources covering the year 1910 showed a total of 10,995 productive wells in the State, of which number Allegany county had 7859, Cat- taraugus county 2917 and Steuben county 219. Practically all the wells are pumped and the average yield is less than one-third of a barrel a day. There has been a great deal of exploration outside the districts mentioned, but up to the present time has not led to any positive additions to the productive area. Some of the more interesting and promising developments have been in northern Allegany county. A discovery of oil was reported a few years since in the town of Granger on the Livingston county border, considerably north of the other pools, and about 30 wells were drilled as a test. Some of these flowed under natural pressure, but they soon gave out, yielding less than 3000 barrels altogether. In the last year or two another section near Swain, town of Grove, has been under exploration. The original discovery was reported on the Fred Bennett farm where oil and gas were encountered in a well put down to 740 feet depth. Some other holes in the same vicinity were dry. Recently drilling has been under way on the Harman 52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM place, and two productive wells are reported to have been brought in of which the first produced from 5 to 6 barrels a day. The second was dry when drilled, but began to flow after having been “shot.” The oil is said to be of a dark, heavy quality. PYRE LE Pyrite is obtained commercially in St Lawrence county. The mines of that section have been worked intermittently for many years but have come into prominence only of late, largely as the result of the systematic operations carried on by the St Lawrence Pyrite Co. The property of this company is situated at Stellaville near Hermon, and comprises a number of mines that have been more or less extensively developed, a large concentrating plant, and other equipment including the branch railroad from Hermon to De Kalb Junction which it built to secure an outlet for its product. The shipments are in the form of concentrates which are sold to sulfuric acid makers. In addition to the Stellaville mines, the Cole property near Gouverneur has been a producer during the last two years, having been reopened in 1910. It is worked under lease by the Hinckley Fibre Co., which uses the output in crude form for the manufac- ture of sulfite pulp at its plant at Hinckley, Oneida county. The employment of the crude low-grade ore for direct conver- sion of the sulfur into sulfurous acid to be used in the sulfite pulp process is a new development which if permanently successful, as it appears likely to prove from present indications, may have im- portant consequences for the Adirondack mining industry. The output of sulfite fiber by the mills in that section is reported as about goo tons daily for which 135 tons of commercial sulfur are imported at an average cost of $3300. To supply the equivalent amount of sulfur from pyrite would require from 400 to 600 tons of the usual grade of St Lawrence county ore, or say 150,000 tons a year. According to information privately communicated to the writer, there is an important economy in the use of the pyrite when- ever it can be laid down at the mill at a fair price. In the case of such low-grade ores, its uses, however, necessitate special apparatus and methods which have been the subject of extended investigation ; that success, to a certain degree at least, has attended the experi- ments seems to be evidenced by the continued shipments from the Cole mine. Pyrite is rather abundantly distributed in the Adirondack region, and is represented in larger quantity in association with the Gren- THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 53 ville series of gneisses, schists and crystalline limestones. The principal deposits thus far found occur in the belts of these rocks, which are regarded as metamorphosed sediments, on the western border in St Lawrence and Jefferson counties. One large belt ex- tends from near Antwerp, Jefferson county, across. Gouverneur, De Kalb and Hermon townships of St Lawrence county, a distance of over 40 miles. It is the same belt which carries the red hematite ores of that region. The pyrite is disseminated through the schists and gneisses, but here and there it occurs segregated in bands or lenses so as to constitute mineable deposits, though of rather low- grade character. The bodies are arranged in conformity with the major structural features of the county rocks, so far as can be de- termined, having usually a northeast-scuthwest strike and a north- erly dip as are prevalent throughout the region. They show local modifications in the way of folding, swells and pinches and were no doubt accumulated before the final period of regional compression which has affected the wall rocks. The ore as mined consists normally of a granular aggregate made up of crystals and irregular particles of pyrite distributed through a gangue of which quartz is the chief component. The texture and grade of the ore is quite variable. Considerable masses of prac- tically pure pyrite are found as an intergrowth of large-sized crystals, but the chief part of the output is represented by a mix- ture of medium to fine-grained pyrite showing no crystal develop- ment, with fairly large amounts of gangue materials. Besides quartz the accompanying minerals include hornblende, biotite, feld- spar and alteration products of chloritic nature. Zinc blende and chalcopyrite are found occasionally in small amounts in the ore. In some parts of the belt pyrrhotite occurs as an associate of the pyrite or in separate bodies of closely related features. It is found for instance at High Falls or Pyrites in distinct shoots though in the same mineralized zone with the pyrite. It has not been con- sidered, hitherto, of any economical value, yet recent progress in the use of low-grade sulfides may be regarded as affording some prospect for its future industrial employment. The sulfur content is naturally lower than that of the pyrite, the theoretic. amount be- ing a little under 40 per cent and the average of the usual grade of material probably not over 25 per cent. The pyrrhotite gives a slight reaction for nickel. The mines at Stellaville operated by the St Lawrence Pyrite Co. are opened on a parallel series of deposits, of which the largest is known as the Stella. A second important deposit, the Anna, is 54 " NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM found in the footwall, 1600 feet to the southeast, and others occur in the interval. The ore carries from 15 to 40 per cent of sulfur, with an average probably between 25 and 30 per cent. A small quantity is marketed as hand-cobbed ore or “ spalls’’ with about 33 per cent sulfur, but the main product consists of mill concen- trates with a content of 40 per cent or more. The concentrates are shipped to acid burners in the East. Though of lower sulfur con- tent than the imported ores, they are a desirable material for acid- making on account of their freedom from arsenic and other in- jurious impurities. A comprehensive account of the Stellaville mines and their equipment has been contributed by Felix A. Vogel to volume 16 of the Mineral Industry. The Cole mine at Gouverneur is based on a large outcropping de- posit that was first worked as an open cut. The early development was carried out by the Adirondack Pyrite Co., later succeeded by the American Pyrite Co. The latter company ceased workin 1907 and dismantled the mining and milling plant. The property re- mained idle until the Hinckley Fibre Co. took it over in 1910. As shown in the present workings the ore lies in two parallel bodies separated by 15 or 20 feet of quartz rock. The lower deposit is about 15 feet thick and dips 40° to the northwest. It was first worked by open-cut methods and afterwards through an inclined shaft. The present supply of ore is taken mainly from the over- lying body, which at the point of attack shows a thickness of about 50 feet and which is being developed through a raise from the lower workings. The present development of the mine is insuff- cient to afford much information in regard to the actual relations of the ore: bodies and their extent. The crude ore as shipped car- ries from 25 to 4o per cent sulfur, with an average probably of 30 per cent or slightly less. The deposits at Pyrites which were taken over by the Oliver Mining Co. about five years ago have remained inactive. They consist of a series of lenses that strike northeast and dip northwest at an angle of 15°. Their line of outcrop extends across the Grasse river under which there are workings reached from an island in the river. They have been explored in depth by the diamond drill but nothing can be stated as to the results beyond the fact that the ore appears to be persistent. Besides the deposits mentioned that have been developed as mines, there are many prospects and exposures of pyrite in the THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 55 metamorphic region of St Lawrence and Jefferson counties. Some of the better. known localities are on the Alexander Farr farm, two and a half miles northeast of Bigelow; on the George Styles farm, one and a half miles west of Bigelow; the farm of S. Hen- dricks, one mile south of Bigelow; and that of S. Hockens, seven miles west of Rensselaer Falls. Near Antwerp pyrite is found in the vicinity of the Dixon and Old Sterling iron mines. As has been noted by C. H. Smyth, jr, the hematite deposits of that section are often accompanied by bodies of pyrite in the adjoining wall rocks. Their distribution may afford a useful clew to exploration for the latter. There is an extensive belt of pyrite and pyrrhotite in the vicinity of Ox Bow. The zinc ores near Edwards which are under development carry more or less pyrite intermixed with the blende. The pyritous ores are being reserved for mill treatment by which it is intended to make a pyrite concentrate as a by-product. SALT The salt industry throughout the State was practically unchanged last year. There were no additions to the list of producing plants. The output continued at about the rate established in the preceding year or two, and the market conditions, so far as prices were con- cerned, were almost stationary, at least showing no definite tend- ency toward recovery from the previous low levels. The selling prices of the various grades of evaporated salt have undergone a marked decline of late years, and it is doubtful if any further ex- tensive reduction could take place without reacting injuriously upon that branch of the industry. The only real gains in the production recently have come from the rock salt mines and from the wells whose output of brine is consumed without evaporation for manu- facture of soda products. The total quantity of salt taken from the mines and wells during the year was 10,082,656 barrels of 280 pounds. This was a slight decrease from the total of 10,270,273 barrels reported for 1g10, the largest ever recorded in the State, but exceeded the output of any other year. The actual decline was thus 187,617 barrels, or a little less than 2 per cent of the gross amount. Converted to a tonnage basis the product in 1911 was equivalent to 1,411,572 short tons against 1,437,838 short tons for the year IgIo. 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The value of the salt production, as fixed by the reports from the companies, amounted to $2,191,485, as compared with $2,258,- 292, the value reported for the year 1910. These figures are based on the values at the mines or works, exclusive of costs of package. The average was 21.7 cents a barrel, against 22 cents a barrel in IQIO, 23.3 cents in 1909, 23.7 cents in 1908 and 25 cents in 1907. Prices have thus fallen steadily for a number of years. It is to be noted, however, that the average values as given are reduced con- siderably by the inclusion of salt used in the form of brine for alkali manufacture. Since this salt is not marketed as such, and is not even evaporated, it is given only a nominal valuation, repre- senting practically the mere cost of pumping. The production of this brine is confined to a single company, the Solvay Process Co., which has a number of wells in the town of Tully, Onondaga county, whence the brine is carried through a pipe line to the alkali works near Syracuse. The accompanying tables give the statistics of salt production for recent years. For the years 1910 and 1g11 the output is given ac- cording to grades, so far as the classification could be made without revealing the individual figures. The grades depend upon methods of manufacture and purposes for which the salt is used. Rock salt and salt in brine consumed by the alkali industry appear in the last item of the detailed tables which also includes small quantities of evaporated salt not specially classified in the returns. The evapo- rated salt is chiefly marketed under the grades of common fine, table and dairy, common coarse, common solar, and packers salt. Table and dairy salt includes the finest grades of artificially evapo- rated specially prepared for the table and for butter and cheese making; it brings the highest market price. Under common fine are listed the other grades of fine, artifically evaporated salt that are not specially prepared. Common coarse represents the coarser product from artificial evaporation. Coarse solar salt is made by evaporation of brine in shallow pans exposed to the sun’s heat. This process is employed only by the manufacturers in Syracuse and vicinity, and can be carried on, of course, only in the summer months. Packers salt includes the product sold to meat packers and fish salters. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 57 Production of salt by grades in 1910 VALUE GRADE BARRELS VALUE PER BARREL Commiont fine!) ere I 322 O15 $378 547 $ .28 Commonscoarsems. wee eee 243 928 81 233 5 Be salblevanc: Gaity-? vis sence eee | I 258 089 611 271 .49 Coadrsevsolare. 74%. yn. aaah acer eet 439 780 129 295 .29 BACKERS Rae ttre in can eh ehh chores oO meee 37 935 27, 35 @rbermeradesty 63.030 (ees vt eee 6 968 526 I 044 669 aS PRoiialerers sed ce es Picts ne er ere IO 270 273 | $2 258 292 $ .22 1 Common fine includes a small amount of common coarse. ; * Include rock salt, salt in brine used for soda manufacture, and small amounts of brine salt for which the uses were not specified in the returns. Production of salt by grades in 1911 VALUE GRADE BARRELS VALUE PER | BARREL Common time tes ss 4.6 al. oe ae ae I 143 886 $328 127 iS 6D Comimonzecoarsel asia ye oe ee 285 407 96 968 734 flbial evcimaducleigyay bc, oy.) scence foie eee I 312 000 629 581 -48 (CORI ASE OI ah oka Fs ee ee ee 434 414 Nahih AMG 30 HediGee aur as cr ete Sine eo . Se ee 40 721 II 402 .28 Othemeracdest2 erie ey lt eer 6 866 228 994 160 .14 LOUEI s oi6 Sa A EOD ee Eee 10 082 656 | $2 I91 485 Ge 217 ' Common fine includes a small quantity of common coarse. ; * Include rock salt, salt in brine used for soda manufacture, and small amounts of brine salt for which the uses were not specified in the returns. The output in 1911 was contributed by 30 mines and works dis- tributed among six counties of the State. Onondaga county was represented by the largest number of producers, having 20 in all. Livingston county was represented by 3, of which 2 were rock salt mines, the only ones now active. Schuyler, Torpkins and Wyo- ming counties each had 2 producers, and Genesee county which com- pletes the list had 1. 58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Production of salt in New York since 1887 YEAR BARRELS VALUE oto ge RRP ee reg oty IS ie ee eee 2 353 560 $936 894 TOSS r. hehe alesis Magsteday ae efor areas teattas) eet ce hs ote eae 2 318 483 I 130 409 DSSQiet yd Seeisees Arye ae atc on ete ee bay clone mee 2 273 007 I 136 503 RSQ OnE i.95 csi patesiaee Sek ete ROD Te athe racy aaveheteene 2 532 036 I 266 O18 bo10)) Cea eoait Hi boing 2iS 8 Basic tice cy us Peary CREME eaten ae 2 839 544 I 340 036 DOQZS cee ein ch tee ee een ee AAA TS A uct Geol ete, rear 3 472 073 I 662 816 TSO A econo Cae enema ee its ne SARIN alos cy nth Ores eiegeeea 5 662 074 I 870 084 1Ro) 0); Ogee tt WE AE ics Bie Uee tine ATs 6 eS hak a, WRN ee aman ET & 6 270 588 I 999 146 1M oi2 1 WAR Peet cots ashe er oeaianc fe fe Se OP REA OPENS. tot 2 61.832) /225 I 943 398 TSO Gye eh er kere reece cle eo ee 6 069 040 I 896 681 boy TR REC ACES Ch MCR RON Re) PE, Ue ERE THIS SC Fi 6 805 854 I 948 759 TOO Sh Nee te nee eTA eae he irs Oe ene eee Se ee 6 791 798 2 369 323 161912 Ome Re SPICES a OE Ly MRO a RAO al Snty oy a3 nee Rad Ak 7 489 105 2 540 426 LOOO)) UE tc meee nike res ye hah: eae Sort ht aed men cae ae 7 897 O7I 2 L7TeALS TOOT oi Boake Res erie hen ne eae oe Se A eu7e2zsouszo 2 089 834 NGO 7-#A Banat or Eber tC ots Pet ae a MAC aOR Corea rst SEA ie eS toi 8 523 389 I 938 539 QOS Meera Ses ae N ce ee OAR Eee | 8 170 648 |; 2 007 807 COTO) ta ora Soiree nor ee eee ages a 08 ey ett Gl oe oc iis | 8 724 768 2 102 748 LQOS iis ascent eeaar tere os. leo su eda cae hepa eine cee 8 575 649 2 303 067 TOL OL OTE Ps es Shaka kos Hee tarity ese Meee RS patent cic ia loo ish cick: 9 O13 993 2 131 650 TO) Orhan ay Se Ae ie Se RORRE one RAST AIL CEA G oo oy 9 657 543 2 449 178 TQOOSEM Rome As. toe, mcg nih ohm eee RC ec PE RC Sea Q 005 311 2 136 736 COO. eh Nc Aaa CRERCE 4 sek SEARO oe PEACE eta GO coins g 880 618 2 298 652 LCC) CO rete cate Reece er eM DEALS leat sicace MOOG ogy Ceara cs ous 10 270 273 2 258 292 MCs a iss gue Poe cteons we tal chaste Sue apa oleae sl es pede eel | 10 082 656 2 191 485 The large number of producers in Onondaga county is incident to the solar salt industry which is carried on extensively around Syracuse. The brine used by the solar evaporating works or salt yards is stored in glacial gravels and is pumped and distributed by central plants. The principal supply comes from the old Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation that was sold by the Indians to the State in 1788. The manufacture of salt was placed under State control in 1797 from which time complete records of the industry are available. At one time artificial evaporation was extensively practised but this has been given up almost entirely in recent years with the increased competition from other districts. The solar salt is sold through the agency of the Onondaga Coarse Salt Associa- tion. With the exception of the salt made at Syracuse the entire pro- duction is obtained from the deposits of rock salt which are found in the Salina formation, a succession of shales and limestones with intercalated beds of gypsum and rock salt. The Salina strata out- crop in an east-west belt across the State from Albany county to THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 59 the Niagara river and are represented by a smaller separate area in southeastern New York. Well tests indicate that the salt deposits are restricted to the western section of the main belt beginning in Madison county; east of there the strata diminish in thickness to such an extent as to preclude their existence. They are encountered only at a depth of 1000 feet or more where there has been suffi- cient cover to protect them against solution by ground waters. As the whole stratified series has a dip uniformly toward the south the mines and wells are all located on the southern side of the out- crop which lies about on the line of the forty-third parallel. The dip averages 40 or 50 feet to the mile. The most easterly point where rock salt has been found is at Morrisville, Madison county. Between that place and Lake Erie it has been shown to exist in almost all of the middle tier of counties. The exploration of the rock salt beds dates from 1878 when a well bored for oil near Wyoming, Wyoming county, encountered 70 feet of salt at 1270 feet from the surface. Discoveries were subsequently made at Warsaw, Leroy, Rock Glen, Batavia and numerous places in Livingston, Wyoming and Genesee counties. Practically the whole valley of Oatka creek, from Leroy to Bliss and the Genesee valley south of Monroe county has been found to be salt-bearing. The region is now the most productive in the State. Livingston county has the largest annual output which is contributed by the two rock salt mines at Retsof and Cuylerville owned respectively by the Retsof Mining Co. and the Sterling Salt Co., and by the evaporating plant of the Genesee Salt Co. at Pif- fard. The other companies now active in this section include the Leroy Salt Co., of Leroy; the Rock Glen Salt Co., of Rock Glen; and the Worcester Salt Co., of Silver Springs. In Schuyler county salt is obtained around Watkins. The Glen Salt Co. sank the first well there in 1893 and encountered a deposit at 1846 feet depth. The plant is now operated by the International Salt Co. The Watkins Salt Co. also has works at this place. A well drilled at Ithaca, Tompkins county, in 1885 passed through seven beds of salt aggregating 248 feet in thickness at depths below 2244 feet from the surface. The discovery was fol- lowed by active developments at Ludlowville in 1891 by the Cayuga Lake Salt Co., and. at Ithaca in 1895 by the Ithaca Salt Co. The plants were taken over in 1899 by the National Salt Co., which was merged in 1905 into the International Salt Co. The Remington 60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Salt Co. later erected a plant at Ithaca which is now in operation, obtaining its salt from three wells at a depth of about 2100 feet. The Solvay Process Co. derives its supply of brine from a num- ber of wells located in the town of Tully, 20 miles south of Syra- cuse. The brine is carried in pipe line to the works at Solvay. In Erie county rock salt has been found at Eden Valley, Spring- ville, Perry and Gowanda, but there is no output at present in that county. Among the localities where discoveries have been made may be mentioned Vincent and Naples, Ontario county; Dundee, Yates county; Seneca Falls, Seneca county; and Aurora, Cayuga county. None of these deposits are worked. A well put down in 1909 in the town of Burns, Allegany county, is reported to have passed through 75 feet of clean unbroken salt at 3050 feet depth. SAND AND GRAVEL The production of sand and gravel for use in engineering and building operations, metallurgy, glass manufacture, etc., is an im- portant industry involving a very large number of individual operations. The building sand business is specially extensive as there are deposits suitable for that purpose in every section of the State, and nearly every town or community has its local source of supply. Such sand, of course, possesses little intrinsic value. The deposits of glass sand and molding sands are more restricted in their distribution and their exploitation is the basis of a fairly stable industry ; certain molding sands are even shipped to distant points, as in the case of those obtained in the Hudson river region. The sand and gravel beds of the State are mainly of glacial origin, as the whole territory within the limits of New York, in common with the northern section of the United States east of the Rocky mountains, was invaded by the Pleistocene ice sheet which removed all the loose material accumulated by previous weathering and erosion, and left in its retreat a mantle of transported boulders, gravels, sands and clays. In places these accumulations have the character of unmodified drift or morainal accumulations in which the materials are more or less intermixed, and are then of little in- dustrial value. But more generally the deposits show a sorted stratiform arrangement due to their having been worked over by the glacial streams and lakes. Such is the condition in many of the larger valleys like those of the Hudson, Champlain and Genesee where the sands, gravels and clays occur separately in terraced THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 61 beds extending far above the present water level. Later water action may have effected a beneficial re-sorting of the materials as instanced by the beach sands of Long Island and some of the lakes in the interior of the State. A measure of the importance of the sand and gravel industry may be had from the accompanying table which, however, lacks something in the way of completeness and accuracy. The figures relating to the molding sand production are believed to be a close approximation to the actual totals, but those for building sand and gravel may vary considerably from the true quantities, perhaps understating them by as much as 25 per cent. The building sand operations are so widely scattered and in many sections carried on in such haphazard or fugitive manner that it is extremely difficult to cover them all in a statistical canvass. Production of sand and gravel MATERIAL 1909 1910 IQII Wiolchiaw CehNlstcoane+ pea bROe oben ee. $437 402 $424 O15 $420 780 Corejandetiresandie pans sc) sen. 4e- 30 230 33, 709 27 484 BS iail dimomsamd hye ae sees scree kak b I O16 598 € 750 000 Othenscandia eemneeceits saccicoe one b 65 835 € 50 000 (GCRERG (ELL > ti ed eee ae Chek ba b 589 551 479 103 ARO) la lect so Ran oR RE ER esl Heeeiccie ce iner $2 129 708 | $1 727 367 Pens Sass sand Aes sand, engine and polishing sand. c Partly estimated. Molding sand. The use of sand for the casting of metals calls for a large supply of special grades which have a rather restricted distribution, compared with building sands, and consequently greater value. In New York there are two main areas in which good molding sands occur: (1) on the lands bordering the Hudson river from Orange county to Saratoga county; (2) in Erie county. The sand is found in shallow beds immediately beneath the sod and often covers extensive tracts. In the Hudson river region, which is by far the most important, beds 8 inches thick may be worked if con- venient to transportation. From this they range up to 7 or 8 feet thick, though usually the finer grades occur in relatively thin de- posits. The sand is graded roughly according to size, which varies 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM from extremely fine sand that will pass through a 100 mesh screen to rather coarse gravel. The business of digging and shipping the sand is mainly conducted by a few large companies who operate in several places and are able to furnish all the grades in demand by foundries. The production of molding sand in r1g1t amounted to 476,014 short tons valued at $420,780, or a little more than in 1910 when the total was 471,351 tons valued at $424,015. The greater part of the output came from the Hudson river region, which contributed altogether 435,868 short tons with a value of $388,561. The counties represented in that section included Albany, Dutchess, Greene, Orange, Rensselaer, Saratoga and Schenectady. The counties in other sections that reported a production were Cayuga, Chautauqua, Erie, Essex, Livingston and Queens. Core sand used 1n connection with molding sand for the cores of castings 1s chiefly produced in Erie and Oneida counties. The product is listed with fire sand, the combined production of the two kinds amounting last year to 49,900 short tons valued at $27,484. Glass sand. Sand for glass manufacture is obtained from the beach sands of Oneida lake and Long Island. The crude sand undergoes purification by washing to remove the clay, mica, organic matter, etc. The manufacture of window glass was once an im- portant industry in the district around Oneida lake where there are extensive deposits of very fine sand, but it has succumbed to com- petition with the factories situated in the natural gas region of Pennsylvania and the West. At present the product is shipped elsewhere for manufacture. A total of 20,821 short tons of glass sand valued at $16,000 was reported from the Oneida and Queens counties last year. Building sand. The use of sand and gravel in building and engineering work calls for enormous quantities of these materials and is the basis of a productive industry that is carried on more or less actively in nearly every county of the State. The business is purely local, as the towns and villages are well supplied with de- posits close at hand. The value of the materials is mainly repre- sented in the cost of excavation. A complete census of this branch of the sand industry would entail labor and expense incommensurate with the value of the re- sults, and therefore nothing more has been done than to arrive at a basis for an approximate estimate. The combined value of the sand and gravel produced in 1911 is placed at $1,229,103, against a value of $1,606,149 in 1910, The quantity of sand was approxi- THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 63 mately 2,900,000 cubic yards and of gravel 1,013,470 cubic yards, as compared with 3,838,976 cubic yards of sand and 1,037,026 cubic yards of gravel produced in tg1o. Nassau county from which much of the sand used in building operations in New York 1s ob- tained, contributed alone a total of 1,874,837 cubic yards of sand and 659,106 cubic yards of gravel last year. SAND-LIME BRICK The manufacture of sand-lime brick last year was somewhat larger than usual. Five companies reported as active and con- tributed a total of 15,178,000 bricks with a value of $92,064. This was but little short of the record production which was reported in 1907 and which amounted to 16,610,000 valued at $109,677. The outturn in 1910 was 14,053,000 with a value of $82,619. The sell- ing price of the brick, fixed at the yard, averaged $6.05 a thousand last year, against $5.88 a thousand in IgIo. The following were the active plants: Composite Brick Co., Rochester; Dyett Sand-Lime Brick Co., Port Jefferson; Buffalo Sandstone Brick Co., Buffalo; Paragon Plaster Co., Syracuse; Granite Brick Co., Glens Falls. The Grant Brick Co. of Brooklyn and the Sandstone Brick Co. of Schenectady reported as active in 1910 but did not manufacture last year. STONE The quarrying of stone and its preparation for the varied re- quirements: of building, engineering construction, etc., hold a prominent place in the industrial activities of the State, and the value of the annual contribution ranks second only to that of clay among mineral materials. No other mineral industry includes so many individual enterprises or is so widely represented in the different sections. The resources are abundant and varied, com- prehending all the principal varieties known to the trade. The greater number of quarries, however, are opened in the limestones and sandstones and supply material chiefly for engineering work, highway improvement and such purposes which do not entail any considerable amount of elaboration previous to shipment. In the development of the building, monumental and ornamental branches the local industry has not attained the relative importance that it deserves by reason of the natural wealth of materials adapted to those uses and the advantages for marketing; herein lies, it would appear, the principal field for future enterprise. 64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The statistics of production which have been collected from year to year show that the industry in general remains practically stationary; in fact lately it has taken a downward trend, falling below the average level of earlier years. This has been due in part to the recent business reaction that has affected practically all in- dustries and in part undoubtedly to the gaining favor of cement and concrete for certain construction purposes. The latter has manifested itself particularly in the loss of trade among the blue- stone quarries which supply flagstone to New York and other eastern cities. This branch of the industry has shown a decline of over 50 per cent in the last four years. The total value of the stone quarried in 1911 was $5,455,312, as compared with a reported value of $6,193,252 in 1910. The de- crease thus indicated was $737,940 or 12 per cent. The output for 1909 had a value of $7,061,580, showing that a falling off of about 30 per cent has taken place in the interval. It should be noted that the above figures do not include slate, millstones, or limestone used for cement manufacture, which are reported separately. The output of granite participated in the decline to a marked extent, falling from a value of $244,763 1n 1910 to $148,633 last year. The quarries in the Adirondacks and on the St Lawrence river reported a reduced business, and those in southeastern New York were less active than heretofore. New developments in the syenite and anorthosite areas of Clinton and Essex counties have been under way but have not yet reached the stage that enables large shipments to be made. No great change occurred in the limestone production ; the quar- ries of that material reported a value of $3,174,161 against $3,245,- 807 in the preceding year. The wide use of limestone for concrete and road work has steadied the market, though conditions in some branches were rather unfavorable. The value of the marble that was quarried last year amounted to $278,041 against $341,880 in 1910. The main decrease was in building marble from the Dutchess county quarries. The output of monumental marble from Gouverneur was fairly well main- tained. The sandstone quarries registered a large falling off in production, returning a total value of only $955,063, less than re- ported in any recent year. The output in 1910 had a value of $1,451,796. Most of the decrease came from the bluestone quarries. The trap quarries in the Palisades section produced about as usual, theugh the reduction or extinction of the present industry THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 65 is in prospect for the near future owing to the inclusion of the quarry properties in the new Palisades park. One of the quarries terminated its activity during the past season. The production of trap in the State amounted in value to $899,414, against $909,006 in the preceding year, practically all of it in the form of crushed stone. Production of stone in 1909 BUILDING MONU- apes CRUSHED ALL TOTAL VARIETY STONE MENTAL ING CIRG STONE OTHER VALUE Granite. es 4-427) $35 O19 $33 818 $x 352 $182 020 $227) 7377 $479 935 Limestone........ ZT EOO I) 05 sacle te I5 363 D744. 304 | LD 323.507 3 300 383 Miaxtles 652 Secor 262 934 104 405 25 6 403 6 159 380 016 Sandstone........ BH Sm SOO. |e stern oto ee 783 880 220 200 477 129 I 839 798 AUS SEND Gea? 2 rosGL coe Gtenal | Tce Re en REREAD acre MA Whaas TO OTHAZS Jil) VAnehaees ac I O61 428 ALOtAl Peis ae os $873 651 $138 313 $800 620 |$3 214 374 |$2 034 622 | $7 061 580 Production of stone in 1910 BUILDING MONU- Soe CRUSHED ALL TOTAL VARIETY STONE MENTAL mre STONE OTHER VALUE Granite yaa.: - 327 $40 ort $12 989 a Sor 988 $08 875 $244 763 Limestone........ GO04108 |e se teen $3 888 | 1 815 809 | I 327 O61 3 245 857 Marbles. ines sok 252 965 SSMOSAis lee aciveceterce IMeretetootaete 231 341 880 Sandstones.o.4. 4. OTe TOS a cecsheut ache 408 132 225 408 358 848 I 451 796 TNE evaiad, h heer es asa by eee aera RARE aM ote Tee, fs 908 931 75 909 006 PROCAL Ste any: $780 333 $1or 673 $484 020 |$3 042 136 |$r 785 o90 | $5 193 252 a Included under ‘‘All other.’’ Production of stone in 1911 BUILDING MONU- peo CRUSHED ALL TOTAL VARIETY STONE MENTAL a ESE STONE OTHER VALUE Granites. cease: $30 684 $1 353 a $72 401 $34 1905 $148 633 Limestone........ TG) COA hence oho Ge $11 9890 | I 936 2092 I I13 798 3 174 I61 Marbles oo .c00..- I7I 748 FO! TNS fell ere eerar | ee tema teres 27 178 278 O41 Sandstone........ Esa 7a Meese cei 431 047 23 883 182 562 955 063 “ADSEEND) ci ee ORG Gh | EE ROIS CRE |e ep HP al ieee he 806 164 3 250 809 414 Totaly ete: $632 085 $90 468 $443 036 |$2 928 740 ies 360 983 | $5 455 312 a Included under ‘‘All other.”’ GRANITE In the strict sense granite is an entirely crystalline rock made up of feldspar and quartz, usually with subordinate amounts of one or more minerals of the mica, hornblende and pyroxene groups. Among quarrymen and builders, however, the name granite is 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM given to various other massive rocks that consist chiefly of silicate minerals, such as the heavier and darker colored types included under diorites, norites and gabbros, also syenite which resembles granite but lacks quartz, as well as metamorphic varieties included under gneisses and schists. This usage will be followed for the purposes of the present report, except that the basic dike rocks which are chiefly exploited for crushed stone are treated under the head of trap. The granite trade for the past few years has not been in a flourishing condition. The production in 1911 showed a con- siderable decline compared: with the reported total for the pre- ceding year which was well below the output in 1909. The de- crease has been largely in the less valuable grades of crushed stone and paving blocks, but on the other hand the trade in building and monumental granite has failed to reveal any decided upward trend. The total production of granite in 1911 had a value of $148,633 against $244,763 in 1910, and $479,955 in 1909. Building stone, rough and dressed, accounted for $30,684 in the total, as compared with $40,911 in the preceding year and $35,019 in 1909. The out- put of monumental stone was valued at $11,353 against $12,989 in 1g10; crushed stone at $72,401 against $91,988; rubble and riprap at $28,162 against $20,272; and all other kinds at $6033 against $78,603 in 1910. Production of granite | 1909 I9IO IQII Biilding stonessm. cierto sk necks $35 O19 $40 QI $30 684 Monumental) 5 @-iiee oo heaecme ae 33 818 12 989 1-353 @rushedistone:cisee nr bio homer 182 029 gI 988 72 401 Rupbles riprao. si. vee te serene eee rey fat: 20 272 28 162 Ofherkindsia 8-5) sceaners oot See 216 352 78 603 6 033 MOEA UR Ata ote i aee Recs $479 955 $244 763 $148 633 a Includes curbing, paving blocks and minor uses. NOTES ON THE GRANITE QUARRIES OF NEW YORK The following notes relating to the granite industry are based on the results of a field investigation carried out during the summer of 1911, as an initial step toward the preparation of a comprehen- sive account of the quarry resources in the State. Assistance in the THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 67 field work has been given by R. W. Jones of the State Museum staff, No complete report on the quarry materials of the State has been issued since the publication of Smock’s Building Stone in New York, which appeared in 1890 as Bulletin ro of the State Museum. This work presents a brief but serviceable description of the quarries in existence at the time, as well as chapters on the use of stone in cities, physical tests, and the durability and causes of decay of build- ing materials ; it is still a valuable reference work though, of course, scarcely representative of present conditions in the industry. A short paper on the granite quarries in southeastern New York is included in the report of the State Geologist for 1900. This paper, prepared by Edwin C. Eckel, was intended to be only preliminary to a more detailed treatment of the granite and marble industries of the whole State. It affords information in regard to many quarry localities not mentioned in Smock’s report, and gives a short description of the geological structure of the region as a basis for the classification of the building stones. Adirondack region. The great expanse of crystalline rocks included in the Adirondacks and the bordering area affords a variety of quarry materials. The commoner types which are useful for building or monumental stone comprise granites proper, syenites and anorthosite. These are found in both massive and gneissoid development. Gabbros and various dike rocks of which diabase is the most abundant representative occur locally and have limited application for purposes of road improvement and engineering con- struction. The quarry industry of this region has made slow progress. Until recent years its development was greatly retarded by lack of ade- quate transportation facilities and the high costs of shipment to the important markets. Though of less consequence than formerly, the factor of transportation is still of critical importance in some sec- tions, particularly as competition has became very keen with the advantage naturally inclining toward the long-established enter- prises of other districts which have attained a certain prestige in the trade. At present the only promising fields for industry are to be found in the marketing of special grades of stone which command attention through their exceptional attractiveness or their adapta- bility to certain uses. Among the better known quarry materials for building and monu- mental purposes are the red granites on the northwestern side of 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the Adirondacks, the green syenite which is found in various sections as larger or smaller intrusive masses, and the light gray anorthosite which constitutes the great central core of the mountains and is exposed in outliers to the north and east of the main area. Some of the more accessible and important localities for these materials will be described. St Lawrence river granites. The red granite of Grindstone, Pic- ton and Wellesley islands in the St Lawrence river is one of the characteristic products of the region, widely known as an excellent building and monumental stone. It ranks with the best native granites of its kind. The several exposures on the group of islands between Clayton and Alexandria Bay belong to a single large but irregular mass which in the recently issued geological report cover- ing that section is described and mapped as the Picton granite. In general it is a bright red coarsely textured granite in which the pre- dominant ingredient is feldspar in large red individuals, with quartz and biotite. Most of the product in earlier years came from Grind- stone island which furnished large quantities of structural and monumental material to the cities on the St Lawrence and the Great Lakes. Paving blocks were also made in quantity. These quarries are now idle or worked only in a small way. They are situated mainly along the western shore of the island. The quarry of the old Chicago Granite Co., now owned by H. B. Kelly of Clayton, has been more active than the others of late and has furnished stone for many of the structures along the river. The Forsyth quarry in the same vicinity supplied the large columns erected in the Senate chamber of the Albany Capitol. Though of coarse texture the stone has excellent polishing qualities. The principal quarry operations in the area are now carried on by the Picton Island Red Granite Co., whose property is situated on the northern end of Picton island, between the larger Grindstone and Wellesley islands. The company has three quarries opened in the natural ledges which rise directly from the shore line to a height of 50 or 75 feet and which afford great advantages for economic work. The output as it comes from the quarries or from the cutting yards can be loaded directly on boats for river and lake shipment. Rail shipments are made from Clayton where the com- pany has its own docks and yards. The granite is of finer texture than that from Grindstone island; two varieties are obtained, one with a medium grain and red body flecked with black and the other of finer grain with a uniform pink tint. The latter finds special THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 69 favor for monumental work .on account of its capacity for taking fine tool work and the strong contrast of the hammered and rubbed surfaces. The medium grained granite is very suitable for structural material, its rock and hammered surfaces having a pleasing warm tone, of lighter shade than the polished material. Some of the structures for which this stone has been used include the new part of the American Museum of Natural History in New York, the National Bank in Clayton and the Maryland Museum Building (polished columns) in Baltimore. An exposure of granite in the vicinity of Alexandria Bay has been of some importance for the production of paving blocks and rough stone. It is a finely textured stone which shows the effects of regional compression, and belongs really to the gneissic types that are so widespread in the western Adirondacks. The principal quarry is a little south of Alexandria Bay and is opened in a knob that rises 100 feet or more above the river. It is owned by J. Leopold & Company of New York. The granite is rather variable in color which is a drawback to its general use for cut stone though well adapted for other purposes. It belongs to the biotite-muscovite class and is mainly composed of alkali-feldspar and quartz. Granite in southern St Lawrence county. One of the largest areas of massive granite in the Adirondacks is found in the towns of Fine and Pitcairn, St Lawrence county, probably extending also into the adjacent section of Lewis county. The area has not been delimited or mapped as yet, and has never attracted attention appar- ently for quarry development though traversed by the Carthage & Adirondack- Railroad which makes it accessible to the markets of northern and central New York. The granite appears in practically continuous outcrop for a distance of 8 miles along the railroad, in the stretch between Harrisville and Benson Mines. The more avail- able section lies between milestones 56 and 64 of the railroad line, or 25 miles east of Carthage and a little over 40 miles from Water- town. The granite for the most part shows a coarse massive texture, but medium grained types appear near the borders where also it becomes more or less gneissoid. Compared with the Thou- sand Islands granite it has a lighter color, being light red to pink, with often a mottled pink and white appearance from the vari- colored feldspar. There are abundant quarry sites along the rail- road, as many of the ridges within the central part of the area afford natural exposures several hundred feet high. The results of field and laboratory examination show the stone to be sound and free of 70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM injurious ingredients and practically fresh at the surface. The fol- lowing analysis of a sample of the granite is by R. W. Jones: Si Opes slid Hue cmestae Ws MaeRe c's os Oe Seis Sree ee eee ee as ee 72.69 1 ORO ee mai Pare r ans, ae oti eR aeee Mere aoa BA oR ah ncaa ca aE 14.11 BG Ogee fe 25s He re eee et CE ST ee 26 Ln O Peer e ea ee aia AG to Te MOR He Minis GH owt tis 4 a0 2.89 MigtO). ect eke Mi ieee ae Urea te aw he DRE REE on Een 28 CAO. Se see aoe Die Oe P44 Sree Oe ee 64 Nias OS ON a eerste Mara nchone oti ee Aeon AO Er Ee eee 2887) LO eras Masta Gai 1G ait cee Ee MATa 4 cis Sins ABO ose malls 3 5.16 a Oss oe Sayecn hate tour eacsSiates id ne bee ee ok ic ee ee oe ee 24 1S OO eee re any ACEI REE a aIS A ORS oot oda an E 02 98 .66 Sulfur was tested for but not found. The minor constituents including manganese, phosphorus and zirconium, the presence of which was indicated by microscopic analysis, were not estimated. The granite is bordered on the west by a great intrusion of syenite that is estimated by C. H. Smyth, jr, to cover not less than 75 square miles. The syenite is a grayish green to dark green or nearly black rock composed largely of feldspar but containing considerable amounts of pyroxene, amphibole and magnetite. In its original or unaltered phase it has a coarse massive texture, but the general appearance is that of a granulated and more or less recrystallized rock, showing much more evidence of pressure metamorphism than the granite. The syenite is not adapted for building stone on account of its somber color. For engineering purposes it should prove very serviceable. Quarries in Clinton and Essex counties. In the eastern Adiron- dacks the available quarry materials suitable for architectural and monumental work consist of granite, syenite and anorthosite. These formations are of widespread occurrence but in comparatively few places do they possess the qualities requisite for cut stone as they have been largely metamorphosed into gneisses and schists. The unreduced or slightly modified residuals of the igneous intrusions which are found here and there along the borders afford the basis for quarry operations. The vicinity of Ausable Forks presents many advantages for quarrying in connection with both anorthosite and syenite. For several years past a considerable quantity of monumental stone has been shipped from this section, and recently additional developments with a view to the extraction of all classes of rough and cut stone have been planned. The Adirondack Granite Co., formed in 1910 as a consolidation THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 7 of the properties formerly owned by Moore Brothers and the Ausable Granite Co., controls a large acreage of the syenite and anorthosite in that vicinity which as yet is only partly developed. The syenite quarries lie on both sides of the Ausable river, the more important property covering the ridge which lies north of the river and just east of the village. This is an excellent situation, both for economic extraction and shipment. The syenite is of medium grain and has a bright green color on polished surfaces. It is composed mainly of alkali-feldspar and magnetite. It is particularly adapted for monumental work, taking a lustrous polish and showing the finest tracery in strong relief. It is sold under the name of “ Adi- rondack green granite.” The company has a second quarry on the west side of Ragged mountain, south of the river, where the rock is of finer grain and darker color. This is marketed as “ Killarney green granite.” The anorthosite properties are situated south of the village on the ridge along the east branch of the Ausable. This has been opened only in one place, the Wienholz quarry, from which some building stone has been shipped. The anorthosite belongs to the border phase, having a fine ground mass of crushed feldspar which lends a medium gray tone to the rock as seen in large samples, whereas the characteristic Adirondack type has a very coarse texture and dark gray or green color. The light body is set off by inclusions of black pyroxene and hornblende, with an occasional fragment of dark uncrushed feldspar showing the iridescent play of colors peculiar to labradorite. The color effect of the rough and dressed surfaces is about that of a medium gray granite, for which it is an all-round substitute. Owing to its simple mineral character the anorthosite has superior fire-resisting qualities, an important con- sideration for some purposes. It is no doubt a strong and durable stone. The syenite quarries owned by F. G. Carnes of West Chazy are situated just south of Ausable Forks. The Keystone lies near the base of Ragged mountain and yields a green syenite of lighter shade than that from the quarries at a higher elevation. The Emerald quarry is situated on the westward continuation of the exposure across the river. The stone from this locality is a medium dark green and rather fine in texture. Both afford excellent monumental material. Another syenite quarry, known as the Clements quarry, is situated on the side of Ragged mountain overlooking Ausable Forks. It has shipped some monumental stock. 72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM There are a number of anorthosite exposures in the vicinity of Keeseville, from which building material has been ‘taken for local structures and also for shipment in years past. The stone passed in the trade as Ausable granite. The Prospect Hill quarries, just south of Keeseville, are described in Smock’s reports as having been operated between the years 1888 and 1890. Southeastern New York. Massive igneous rocks play a sub- ordinate part in the structure of the Highlands region. Local intrusions of granite, diorite and syenite in the form of dikes, sills and bosses occur, however, in various sections, and afford a fairly varied assortment of quarry materials. Among the more extensive bodies which have gained some prominence as sources of construc- tional stone may be mentioned the Peekskill or Lake Mohegan granite, the granites near New Rochelle and Garrisons, and the Pine Island bosses in Orange county. An area of somewhat gneissoid diorite, called the Harrison diorite, is found in eastern Westchester county, as an offshoot from the large intrusions of the same rock in Connecticut. The very basic intrusives are represented by the Cortlandt series of gabbros, having a large boss just south of Peekskill, but showing such variability of composition and appearance as to be of little value for quarry purposes. In this class also belong the serpentines of Westchester and Richmond counties. The great sill of diabase which forms the lines of vertical cliffs known as the Palisades ex- tending along the west side of the Hudson river south from the Highlands has been a prolific source of material for crushed stone of the best quality. The gneisses which are the most important element in the geology of this section have a composite character, including both igneous and sedimentary derivatives. Some types in the northern and cen- tral Highlands appear to be only slightly modified granites, as exemplified by the exposures on Storm King, Crow’s Nest and Breakneck mountains at the portal of the Hudson gorge. They have been employed for dimension stone, but mainly for rough work, concrete and road material. Much of the gneiss in the central Highlands is of so variable a nature through injection of igneous material and inclusions of different character as to admit of no extensive application. In Westchester county the Yonkers gneiss is of considerable im- portance for local construction purposes. It is a fairly uniform, though distinctly foliated, biotite gneiss of blue or reddish color. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII ape: Another member of the gneiss series, the Fordham, occupies ex- tensive belts in the county; it is a banded biotite gneiss and finds limited use for local building and rough work. Peekskill granite. This is one of the best known constructional granites of the region. It is exposed in two areas about a mile south of Jake Mohegan and five miles east of Peekskill, the two outcrops probably belonging to the same intrusion. The more northerly outcrop is included in the quarry lands of the Mohegan Lake Granite Co.; the other to the south and nearer Peekskill has been worked as the Millstone Hill quarries. The former quarries were opened in 1892 to supply stone for local engineering works and have since furnished large quantities of building stone, chiefly to New York City and for such notable structures as the new Episcopal Cathedral. The granite is a bio- tite-muscovite variety, of medium grain, massive and free of knots and streaks. It occurs in two contrasting colors — yellow and light gray. The rare and very attractive yellow granite forms the surficial outcropping part of the mass, changing to the normal gray at about 50 feet depth. The peculiar coloration is the effect of limonite stain introduced by seepage of ground water, and is not brought about by weathering of the stone itself. The quarries are large and well equipped. There is also a crushing plant for employ- ment of the waste material. The Millstone Hill quarries opened in a north-facing ridge, across the valley from the above mentioned property, are owned by Rudiger Brothers, but have been worked until recently by the con- tractors of the Croton dam. Besides all the stone used in that structure they have supplied some building material for use in Peekskill and other places. The excavations cover an area of about 500 feet long by 200 feet wide and extend to a depth of 4o feet. The granite is of medium grain, very light gray, with more muscovite than that from the Mohegan Lake quarries. There has been little infiltration of limonite, and the gray color persists prac- tically to the surface. The granite is well adapted for building and all general purposes. Quarries near Garrison. About five miles north of Peekskill and half that distance south of Garrison is an isolated intrusion of granite which has supplied a considerable quantity of building stone. The quarries were worked by the King Granite Co. and later by Doern & Sons, but have not been active since 1906. They will not be reopened, though there is some prospect of starting 74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM work at a new place, on lands owned by Raymond Moore, just south of the King quarries. The granite is of light gray color, medium to fine in grain, and belongs to the biotite variety. : 4... [Fe Shc10) react oct owe "alll vacant orion lente iota reel lai Broas 5 cartel |Steheva) ion j6c Total bluestone. . .|$270 284 $337 300]........ $600| $3 495| $2 655 Sandstone @ileans Oren aso $21 395| $83 519/$145 575| $1 O81) $4 257 $35 Other districts........| 25 892} 10 228) 16 645} 22 202 6 913 2 987 Total sandstone. .| $47 287| $93 747\/$162 220| $23 283) $11 170| $3 022 Combined total.. .'$317 571\$431 047\$162 220] $23 883] $14 665} $5 677 go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM TRAP The quarrying of trap is a somewhat specialized branch of the stone industry which may be treated with advantage under a sepa- rate head. Trap is not a distinct rock type, but the name properly belongs to the fine-grained, dark-colored igneous rocks that occur as intrusive sheets or dikes. In mineral composition it differs from the other igneous rocks classed in the trade as granite, by the prev- alence of lime-soda feldspars and higher percentages of the lime, magnesia and iron minerals and correspondingly lower amounts of silica, with little or no free quartz. The name is sometimes applied to fine-grained igneous rocks of granitic or syenitic composition and even to rocks of sedimentary derivation, but such usage is mislead- ing and indefensible. The particular value of trap is due mainly to its hardness and toughness. Its fine, compact homogeneous texture gives it great wearing powers and it is eminently adapted for road metal and for concrete of which heavy service is required. It has been used to some extent in this State as Belgian blocks. As a building stone it finds very little application, probably on account of its somber color. The expense of cutting and dressing trap is also an obstacle to its employment for building or ornamental purposes. The trap quarried in New York is properly a diabase, made up of plagioclase feldspar in lath-shaped crystals and pyroxene as the main constituents, and amphibole, olivine and magnetite as sub- ordinate minerals. The largest occurrence is represented by the Palisades of the Hudson, which begin near Haverstraw and extend southward into New Jersey. The Palisades represent the exposed edge of a sill or sheet of diabase intruded between shales and sand- stones of Triassic age. The sheet is from 300 to 800 feet thick and about 70 miles long. Most of the trap quarried in this State has been obtained from this region, chiefly from the vicinity of Haver- straw and Nyack, but to some extent from near Richmond, Staten Island, where the sheet has its southern termination. Smaller occurrences of diabase are found in the Adirondacks and the border- ing area. There are countless numbers of trap dikes in the interior of the Adirondacks, but few have any considerable thickness and in general they are too remote from the market to be profitably quarried. In the outlying region the dikes at Greenfield, Saratoga county, and at Little Falls, Herkimer county, are the most notable. Quarries have been opened at the former locality and the trap is crushed for road metal. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII gI The production of trap in 1911 amounted in value to $899,414, a small decrease from the total of $909,006 reported in the preceding year. Most of the output was employed for road metal and the quantity thus used was 850,322 cubic yards valued at $696,367. Crushed stone for other purposes chiefly concrete and railroad ballast amounted to 267,930 cubic yards valued at $199,797. The building stone had a value of $3250. Altogether there were 7 firms represented in the industry, of which 6 operated quarries in Rock- land county, and 1 the quarry at Greenfield, Saratoga county. The Manhattan Traprock Co. of Nyack discontinued operations during the year having disposed of its quarry property to the Palisades Park Commission. The future of the trap industry in the Palisades region is involved with the plans for the creation of the park which has received legis- lative approval in both New York and New Jersey. It is possible that all quarrying operations may eventually be brought to an end. Thus far the only company that has withdrawn from business is the one mentioned, which worked quarries on Hook mountain, north of Nyack. Production of trap 1910 IQII MATERIAL CUBIC CUBIC YARDS yay YARDS LUE Crushed stone for roads....; 1 000 187 | $766 733 850 322 | $6096 367 Crushed stone for other pur- (DOSES wowe ews erloraia OIE norte 185 493 122 198 267 930 199 797 Otherbkandsis- esi. ele cs 100 75 185 3 250 INGA S Sprcieieis GO erceae I 185 780 | $909 006 I 118 437 $899 414 TAEE The tale mines in the Gouverneur district were quite active last year, though their output was somewhat curtailed by the impair- ment of mill capacity incident to the long period of dry weather in the late summer and fall, a condition that has been repeated during each of the last three seasons. The production amounted to about 65,000 short tons, all shipped in ground form and mainly, as here- tofore, for use in paper manufacture. Prices averaged nearly the ¢ Q2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM same as in the previous year, or about $8.50 a ton; the prevailing quotations for paper stock were between $8 and $9, with a slight reduction for the coarser or inferior grades used for other purposes. Some interesting developments have taken place in the district during the year. The most important, perhaps, was the entrance of the Uniform Fibrous Tale Co. into the field of commercial opera- tions. This company had been engaged for the last two years in the opening of a mine near Talcville and the erection of a mill and hydro-electric power plant; it began active production in January t91t. The body of tale that has been developed was long neglected on account of the unpromising appearance of the outcrop, but the explorations in depth have demonstrated the existence of a good grade of mineral over a width of 30 feet or more as shown by some of the stopes. Both fibrous and foliated varieties are found, with sufficient of the former to give the mill product the desired quality for the usual commercial applications of the Gouverneur talc. The present mill, a fire-proof concrete and steel structure, is only partly equipped, being. about one-half the capacity that can be obtained when the full complement of machinery is in place. The process of grinding differs somewhat from that employed in the other mills of the district and will be described elsewhere in this article. The power plant that generates the electricity by which both mine and mill are operated is situated on the west branch of the Oswegatchie river, about a mile distant. The dam and power house are built of reinforced concrete. A twin turbine direct connected toa 75 -K.W. alternator supplies the present requirement of power, but a second unit of similar capacity can be added if needed. The Ontario Talc Co. continued to operate the Potter mine which is now in shape to supply a steady output. The mine is opened on two levels for a horizontal distance of 300 feet, and the shaft is being sunk in preparation for another level. The thickness of the body ranges from 15 to 25 feet or more, with very little waste rock exposed in the workings. It yields a white and very uniform product in which there is a large proportion of fiber. A feature of the mine is the occurrence of considerable masses of the long fiber variety that much resembles asbestos. The mill of the Ontario Talc Co. is about a mile south of the mine near Fullerville, on the west branch of the Oswegatchie. It is operated by a local water power which will probably be supplemented by other supply in the near future, as the company intends to enlarge the milling capacity. Improvements to that end are now under way. The other producer in the district, the International Pulp Co., THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQITI 93 made its usual large output, though it concentrated its attentions upon fewer properties than in the previous years. Of the mines owned by the company only three were steadily worked, these including No. 2% and No. 3 at Taleville and a new mine which has been opened in the vicinity of the old Wight mine in the south- western section of the district. The mine formerly worked by the United States Tale Co. and taken over by the International Pulp Co. in the recent consolidation was closed down during the year. This has been one of the most productive and best known mines in the district. Little tale was taken from the Arnold and Balmat mines of the old Union Tale Co. The company operated the new No. 6 mill which has a capacity of about 125 tons a day, as well as No. 3 and the Columbia mill. It has recently converted No. 4 mill at Hailesboro into a power plant. Outside of the Gouverneur district the only tale occurrence that received attention during the year was that near Natural Bridge in Lewis county, mentioned in the preceding issue of this bulletin as under development by the St Lawrence Tale and Asbestos Co. The property is situated about one mile northeast of Natural Bridge in a belt of crystalline limestones and schists that parallels the St Lawrence county district, from which it is 10 or 15 miles distant. The talc, so far as opened, belongs to the massive and platy varieties rather than to the fibrous mineral so characteristic of the Northern belt. There appears to be more or less serpentine in close association with it. Tremolite was observed in a boulder outcrop near the mine. A vertical shaft has been put down on the property, and a crushing plant and mill were under construction last year. THE GOUVERNEUR TALC DISTRICT This description of the St Lawrence tale mines is intended only as a sketch of the principal features surrounding the occurrence of the deposits and their industrial utilization. The information on which it is based has been taken largely from published sources, though with such revision as to make the treatment representative of present conditions. General geology. The investigations of the geology of this sec- tion have been carried out mainly by C. H. Smyth, jr. The work hitherto has been in the way of a reconnoissance, as there have been no adequate maps with which to conduct detailed studies of the region which is very involved in its structural and stratigraphic features. The rock formations belong, however, to the same general classes that compose the central Adirondack region and have been 94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM described at length in the several areal reports issued by the State Museum. The talc deposits are immediately associated with crystalline lime- stones and schists of Grenville age. These occupy belts that have a northeast-southwest trend in conformity with the general struc- tural arrangement throughout the Adirondacks. One of the largest belts begins in the town of Antwerp, Jefferson county, and crosses the towns of Gouverneur and De Kalb, St Lawrence county. It is of considerable economic importance in connection with the marble quarries at Gouverneur. A second belt some 12 miles long and from I to 3 miles wide is found a few miles to the east in the towns of Fowler and Edwards. It is this area that contains the fibrous talc deposits. A third belt to the south and east of the latter and lying across the St Lawrence-Lewis county line includes the Natural Bridge tale occurrence that has been recently under development. The limestones are bordered by members of the Adirondack gneisses, some of which are light in color and have the composition and appearance of slightly modified granites and diorites. A very prominent member in the stretch between Gouverneur and the talc district is a dark hornblende variety which is usually well lamin- ated and garnetiferous and is injected by light red granite. In places the granite forms a branching network that incloses the darker rock in its meshes, producing a mosaic pattern. These granite injections are no doubt offshoots of some of the larger bodies of that rock, while the darker gneiss may belong to the sedimentary series. Of the general relations of the gneiss group it can be said that the igneous types are apparently the youngest and are all later than the limestones. It is not clearly demonstrated as yet whether any of the gneisses in the region are older than the Grenville. Occurrence of the talc. The talc deposits occur along minor belts within the Grenville limestones and schists. They are locally called veins and have been described as such by some writers, though they have nothing in common with mineral veins, being layers or beds included within the limestones. They have the same strike and dip as the latter and show a fair degree of regularity and persis- tence. In thickness they range from seams of a few inches up to 50 feet or more. The dip is uniformly toward the northwest at angles that vary usually between the limits of 30° and 60°. The associated schists are mainly composed of tremolite, but in some places carry considerable quartz. They are singularly free THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 05. - from other minerals. The tremolite is white or light gray in color and is usually developed in finely fibrous individuals which when felted form a compact and tough rock. The pink variety known as hexagonite is of limited occurrence. Bands and irregular masses of the tremolite occur within the talc deposits, and the immediate walls generally consist of the schist, the border being marked by alter- nating layers of tale and schist. The association is suggestive of the derivation of the tale which has been the subject of study by C. H. Smyth, jr.t. The tremolite is no doubt the parent mineral. As explained by Professor Smyth, the limestones were originally impure calcareous sediments and by metamorphic influences have taken on a crystalline character and became impregnated with silicates. Certain limestone beds seem to have contained sufficient magnesia and silica to permit their complete transformation to tremolite, forming a tremolite schist, while other layers, with a preponderance of lime have undergone a partial change, showing scattered crystals and aggregates of silicates within the limestone. The subsequent change of tremolite to talc is the result of weathering and takes place through the agency of ground waters holding carbon dioxid. The alteration may be formu- lated chemically as follows: CaMg,Si, O,, + H,O + CO, = H, Mg,Si, O,. + CaCO;. The change is accompanied by an increase in volume of tale and calcite amounting to 25.61 per cent, though if the talc alone is considered there is a decrease of .83 per cent as com- pared with the tremolite. There is little or no calcite in the talc, so that it probably has been removed with the progress of the alteration. The talc is really a pseudomorph after the tremolite and it is due to this that it possesses a fibrous character. Microscopic examina- tion of specimens from almost any of the mines will show a little residual tremolite in the centers of the fiber aggregates, and in some samples there is a very considerable proportion of unaltered mineral. Foliated tale accompanies the fibrous variety, being more abundant apparently the farther the process of alteration has gone. It is of course a separate development deposited by the circulating waters which have taken the materials of the schist into solution. The view that the tremolite has been formed by metamorphism from the ingredients of the limestones without addition of material 1 Report on four townships in St Lawrence and Jefferson counties, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 47, 1894, p. 491-515. Also, Report on the Talc Industry of St Lawrence County, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49-2, 1898, p. 661-71. 96 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM from other sources is perhaps the least conclusive part of the explanation as given. This entails a rather unusual chemical com- position that is hardly in conformaty with the character of the limestones in the district. As a rule they are not particularly sili- cious or impure. An alternative to that view, which would seem equally probable in the circumstances, may be found in the intro- duction of silica and magnesia along certain beds by underground circulations after the limestones were formed. It is of interest to note that a belt of metallic ores is found in the same limestones on the footwall side of the tale beds. The ores include zinc blende, pyrite and hematite and occur at intervals from Sylvia lake on the southwest to beyond Taleville. They have undoubtedly been deposited by solutions subsequent to the forma- tion of the limestones, and from the similar associations it seems reasonable to connect their introduction with the suggested mode of genesis of the tremolite. General characters. The fibrous tale is the predominant variety and the usual grade consists of the same felted mass of fine fibers that characterizes the tremolite schist. The fibrous nature is very persistent and can be seen by the microscope to exist even in samples that appear to the unaided eye as massive. Foliated talc, that is the crystallized variety, occurs more specially in the mines on the southwestern end of the belt. It is found as intercalated seams between the fibrous talc. The fibrous variety is commonly known as agalite, whereas the name rensselaerite is often applied to the foliated mineral. The latter designation seems to rest upon a mistaken identification. The type specimens of rensselaerite collected by Ebenezer Emmons show it to be a mineral of the serpentine family, and to be an alteration of pyroxene. The color of the talc is white or light gray, with a greenish tint in the foliated variety. The freshly mined material bleaches to a lighter shade on exposure to the air through the evaporation of the mechanically held water. Near the surface the deposits show dis- colorations from iron and organic matter, but at a depth usually of 40 or 50 feet they pass into commercial rock. There is no uniform practice followed in selecting or grading the talc before it is sent to the mill. In most mines the foliated talc forms such a small percentage of the average that it does not influence appreciably the quality of the ground product. Certain mines in the town of Fowler produced at one time considerable THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 97 quantities of this variety, which were sorted out and milled sepa- rately. The principal attention is directed toward the character of the material with regard to gritty impurities. It 1s aimed to leave the gritty talc in the walls and pillars and to send only the milling grade to the surface. The best of the mine output is ground for paper stock, as any appreciable amount of grit affects the sale of the talc in the paper trade. Mining of talc. The mines are situated along the outcrop of the beds which are included in the section from Sylvia lake in the town of Fowler to near the village of Edwards. Most of the mines have been opened in the northeastern part near Talcville, where there are between Io and 15 different workings, many of them now aban- doned. The chief producers in this section of late years have been the mine of the United States Tale Co., now a part of the Inter- national Pulp Co., and No. 2% and No. 3 mines of the latter com- pany. The Uniform Fibrous Tale Co. has a mine just west of Talc- ville. The Potter mine of the Ontario Tale Co. is in the central part of the district on the west branch of the Oswegatchie river below Fullerville. On the southwest end of the belt near Sylvia lake are the mines formerly worked by the Union Tale Co., including the Balmat, Arnold, and Wight mines, and the new mine recently opened by the International Pulp Co. Many of the mines are worked on a leasing system, the operators paying a certain royalty to the owner for each ton of talc extracted. The average royalty is about $.75, which is to be considered as very high for such material. Mining is carried on entirely by undergound methods. The gen- eral practice in the district does not differ materially from that employed in working ore deposits that are similarly situated, though of course the soft and slippery nature of the material necessitates that the pillars left for roof support should be of large size. The workings are reached through inclines carried down on the footwall. In case the bed is not over 15 feet or so thick, a single drift is run from either side of the incline at intervals of from 50 to 75 feet. The drift is carried nearly the full width of the bed and connected with the level above at short intervals by raises, after which the tale is removed between the levels, leaving pillars 25 feet or more square to support the roof. With a bed of greater thickness two drifts may be run on the same level, leaving a wall of tale between to assist 1n supporting the roof. Drilling is mostly by machines of the percussion type and the rock 98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM is blasted by dynamite. It splits readily along the cleavage planes. The large blocks or slabs from blasting are reduced by sledges to a size convenient for handling. From the stopes the talc is loaded into cars and run out to the incline where it is dumped into skips and hoisted to the surface. Preparation for the market. The processes in use for grinding and preparing the talc have been gradually evolved out of long continued experimentation. It is said that the first prepared talc shipped from the district was ground in a grist mill. With the dis- covery of the value of the fibrous variety as a paper filler, attention was directed to the methods of treatment which have been per- fected until capable of producing the desired quality and uniformity of grade. The mills, all of which are run in connection with the mines, number 7 or 8 in all. They have a combined capacity of between 75,000 and 100,000 tons of prepared tale a year. They are situated along the Oswegatchie river in the stretch between Gouverneur and Edwards, the sites being selected with reference to water power facilities. The mines of the International Pulp Co. at Talcville ship their product by railroad to the mills at Hailesboro. The reduction of the tale is accomplished in several stages. The lump tale as mined 1s first broken in a jaw crusher of the Blake type. The product then goes through a cone grinder or through rolls where it is reduced to .5 inch or less. In the third stage the crushed tale may be ground between buhrstones of special manu- facture or in a centrifugal grinder of which the Griffin mill is a common type. The talc is then passed through a bolt of about 60 mesh and goes to the finishing cylinders, or the finest material may be separated by air currents which blow it into settling chambers and then forms one of the grades for the market. The common practice is to make the final reduction in revolving cylinders charged with pebbles. The Alsing cylinder is the one generally used and is from 8 to 10 feet long and 6 feet in diameter. It is lined with porcelain brick. It is turned from 20 to 25 times a minute. The charge con- sists of 1 ton of tale and 3 tons of flint pebbles. The grinding of a single charge takes from 2 to 5 hours, depending upon the grade of product that is desired. The fibrous character of the talc is main- tained throughout the grinding to the end product, so that it is diffi- cult to size the ground tale by screening ; consequently the degree of fineness is regulated entirely by the duration of the final grinding process. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 99 In the new plant of the Uniform Fibrous Tale Co. the Hardinge conical mill is employed in preparing the tale for the finishing process. The crude rock is first passed through a jaw breaker which reduces the lump tale to about 1.25 inch size; and then the product is screened and fed into the Hardinge mill where it is ground to pass a 10 mesh screen for the cylinders. The latter are of the usual intermittent type. Tube mills of large size, such as are used in the fine grinding of cement and ores, have been installed in one or two plants. They take the place of the Alsing cylinder. They have the advantage over the latter of being continuous in regard to feed and discharge, but are more difficult to regulate so as to give the desired finish to the product. A coarser grade known as buhr stock is produced by omitting the last stage of grinding in the Alsing cylinder. This is used as a sub- stitute for asbestos in the manufacture of asbestos paper and pack- ing. The ground talc, or mineral. pulp as it is called, is put up in paper sacks of 50 pounds each, or in cloth bags of 200 pounds. Shipments are made by the Gouverneur and Oswegatchie Railroad, near the line of which most of the mills are located. Prices are usually quoted from Gouverneur. Cost of production. The conditions vary so much in the dif- ferent mines and mills that it is impossible to fix any average basis for estimating the costs of production. The mining and milling operations are perhaps the least variable factors of all, and these may be figured approximately at from $1.50 to $2 a ton. Royalty is an important item in the leased mines; it is usually fixed at about $.75, but may be as low as $.25. The haulage from mine to mill and from the mill to the shipping point is a heavy tax in some cases, as the country is rough and the roads are very poor. This may amount to as much as $1.50 or $2 a ton. The cost of package is about $1. Uses. The fibrous talc is mainly used in the paper trade as filler for book and writing paper and to a considerable extent for news- paper. It is more readily incorporated with the paper stock than clay and at the same time has a beneficial influence upon the strength of the paper. The manufacturers of gypsum wall plasters are con- sumers of the tale which takes the place of hair, wood fiber or asbestos in these plasters. Among the minor uses are in the manu- facture of waterproof paints and steam pipe coverings. 100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Chemical analyses. The following analyses indicate the composi- tion of the tale from this district. No. 1 and No. 2 are from Dana’s System of Mineralogy. No. 3 is quoted from Professor Smyth’s article. For No. 4 the writer is indebted to Mr A. McLintock of the Uniform Fibrous Tale Co.: I 2 3 4 SUOss ache ae CE eek 60.59 59.92 62.10 68.9 AlsiOand otc ee ate qepertee etn ereys fo tans ; Fe, O; eid fo le'1e) ¢ ellotutnie Pisce ieee @iete eves a 'e \ || se (wip - 150 vain oes inter Oh aeeaenr ais Seay Boo a3 occ Gd tee si 6 {oie stele sts Mini @ Foe rn atottenetetotle eee scree rare L.16 7 2 ATG Wee ae IM ORE G2 a eevee Peper ie ss Sets B42 Bit 5 37 32.40 26.6 CEN © Batts Ss co SR oo ee GOURD dasa s 57, Oa dick 8 Nas OL tld MO rare rater coins eictereae sl wes toweneree 48°. 0 Gyo aR eee 1 (0 pled aber do Uo ie eh enti eae aS BATT 6.25 2.05 2A. 100.58 99.85 100.00 100.00 Production. The first shipments of talc from the district were made during the seventies of the last century. The earliest regular operations are said to have been instituted by a mineralogist named Minthorne who formed a company for mining and milling tale on the Wight farm in the town of Fowler. By the year 1880 shipments were made in considerable quantity. The production from that date as given in the volumes of the Mineral Industry or reported by this office have been as follows: Production of talc in New York SHORT SHORT YEAR ee VALUE YEAR Tone VALUE PSSOG Nie. hein 2 A 2105) $5a°730'4| T8096.) ean ene 46 089 | $399 443 1 [de ho) Inaiee Ady 8 eee 5 000 GOROGORMISO7. peer 57 009 396 936 MOOD chow Okarave ite 6 000 5 ROOOM |e LOO Ses aeons 54 356 411 430 MOSQM ECE Pict is oc 6'000 | 75000 | 1899... 7... 54 655 438 150 ESO ce ee eta 10 000 | IIO 000 ;j I1900..... cane { 03.4500] -490 500 Istelver a eked stare 10 000 PLO FOOO)|SLOOUR eee | 62 200 483 600 TGOOs: ass OE I2 000 125 000 | 1902 = nepapanuetene 71 100 615 350 Tete qo oe co ce 4 15 000 NOOMOOO) | PLOO8 eee 60 230 421 600 LOSS ae aw yee 20 000 208 OOO) SLQOAn a eer 65 000 455 000 ESOOE ent oe 23 476 AA ON) SOO). eae | 67 000 519 250 PSQOMa eee 41 354 280) 1964|) LOOG se eee | 64 200 541 600 TOON era eee 53 054 AQZqO0S) || LOO/ia + ene | 59 000 501 500 TOO2 ey epeg otek 41 925 AW PIERS || GCL IBR Gig ati 5 | 70 739 697 390 LOO seseie ace ee 36 500 B37 O25 a \ALQOO! «here | 50 000 450 000 SOA hem Tee 50 500 ALAS OO MeO O meee tee eee , 65 000 552 500 FOO Seer aie 40 000 320 000 Rose PASS, * 65 000 552 500 THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII IOL ZINC Work on the zinc blende occurrence near Edwards, St Lawrence ‘county, was resumed last year. The Northern Ore Co. recently succeeded to the ownership of the property which had lain idle since 1904 owing to legal complications. It began systematic development of one section of the deposit on April Ist and con- tinued active operations throughout the remainder of the season. As a result the company had at the close of the year about 8000 tons of milling ore on the surface, besides a much larger quantity blocked out underground. Shipments of several hundred tons of selected blende were made for experimental purposes, the first com- mercial product ever sent to a zinc smelter from this State. The developments on the property give hope that a substantial mining industry may be established. They are considered suffi- ciently encouraging by the company to warrant the erection of a milling plant, on which work has already been started at Edwards. The mill is planned for a capacity of 50 tons crude ore a day, and present expectations are that it will turn out concentrates averag- ing about 60 per cent zinc. Though about one-third of the ore developed last year would bear shipment in crude state, the dis- tance from the zinc-smelting districts makes concentration an advantage and probably all of the output will pass through the mill. This will enable the production, also, of a valuable by-product in the form of pyrite. Some of the ore, furthermore, carries an appreciable quantity of galena which will doubtless be saved by the mill treatment. Only a limited area of the mineralized zone has been explored as yet. The work during the past year was directed to the under- ground exploration of a single outcropping lens that had been previ- ously uncovered and followed to a depth of 40 or 50 feet. This has been developed through an inclined shaft following the dip of the ore and by a series of drifts and crosscuts. At the time of the writer’s visit to the property in June 1g11, the shaft had been sunk about roo feet and showed a continuous band of ore all the way from 4 to 7 feet thick. According to recent information communi- cated by A. J. Moore, manager of the Northern Ore Co., at Edwards, the conditions have continued favorable with the further progress of the shaft and additional ore bodies have been encoun- tered in some of the crosscuts. The ore lens that has been under development is remarkably high in grade, the whole mass being almost solid blende and _ pyrite. LOZ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM There is considerable variation in the proportions of the two minerals, though blende is much the more common and in some parts of the deposit is practically the only ingredient. Assays of the richer material show from 40 to 50 per cent zinc. The blende is black, nontransparent, and apparently carries relatively large amounts of iron. The general features of the ore occurrence in the Edwards section were presented in the issue of this report for the year 1905, but in view of the discoveries that have since been made, it may be of interest to enter upon their discussion here. The existence of the zinc in this part of St Lawrence county has been known since the early part of the last century and is mentioned briefly by Ebenezer Emmons: in his Report on the Geology of the First District, published in 1838. Some attempts were made to work the ores in the early days, as shown by the exca- vations on the Balmat property which are said to have been under- taken for the purpose of extracting the lead and silver values rather than the zinc. The intimate mixture of galena, blende and pyrite proved no doubt a rebellious material to treat by the methods then available; at any rate mining was soon abandoned. The present interest in the deposits dates from about 1902 when the attention of local mining men was attracted to some specimens of rich blende that were uncovered in the Edwards locality about 12 miles north- east of the old Balmat prospect. These appeared so promising that leases were secured on the.property and work was begun under the direction of T. M. Williams. After a short period of exploration which showed promising results the company became involved in legal difficulties that have but recently been removed, and nothing was done in the interval from 1904 to IQIT. The ores are found along a well-marked zone which parallels the talc deposits and lies on the footwall of the latter. The wall rock is crystalline limestone of the same nature as that inclosing the talc; it belongs to the Grenville series, widely represented on this side of the Adirondacks. -The limestones are interstratified with thinly bedded quartzose schists, tremolite schists and heavier hornblende gneisses, and the whole series has been invaded then and there by granitic intrusions. The limestones and included schists of this particular district are exposed in a belt that extends from near Sylvia lake, town of Fowler, on the southwest to a point a little north of Edwards village, on the northeast. They represent region- ally metamorphosed and compressed sedimentaries which are THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 103 among the very earliest of the Adirondack formations. The granite is found in dikes, stringers and irregular bodies and belongs probably to one or more of the great invasions of that rock which took place in the Adironacks at different times in the Precambric period. Both fine-grained and pegmatitic varieties occur. The other important Adirondack intrusives including syenite, gabbro, dia- base etc., are absent so far as known. There are no Paleozoic strata though they begin a few miles to the west with horizontal beds of Potsdam sandstone. They no doubt extended over this area at one time and reached far into the interior of the Adirondacks, but have been planed off by erosion. The limestones and schists have a northeasterly strike and are upturned at a high angle, the dips being usually 45° or over toward the northwest. The limestone is coarse and carries abundant silicates. The latter in places constitute the greater part of the mass. The tremolite schists from which the tale beds are derived repre- sent the extreme stage in the silication of the limestones. The quartzose schists and hornblende gneisses are probably metamor- phosed products of impure sandstone and shales. The zinc ores at Edwards occur in a mass of impure serpentinous limestone which forms a low ridge just north of the Oswegatchie river on the road to Trout lake. On the north end of the ridge there is a shallow open cut showing a band of mixed blende and limestone about 15 feet thick. The blende occurs in irregular bunches which apparently are the brecciated fragments of what was once a more or less solid lens or band of the ore. There is evidence of intense compression which has forced the limestone into the fractures and recemented the mass. The limestone for some dis- tarice away from the lens is impregnated with blende so as to form a lean ore. The occurrence has not been tested for any considerable depth. Several other showings of ore are found on the sides and top of the ridge to the south of this opening. About tooo feet away and on the opposite or eastern side of the ridge is the one which has been explored during the past season, as above mentioned. In this place the ore shows less evidence of compression or disturb- ance and admixture with limestone. The lenses also have well- defined walls. The blende is finely granular without any trace of crystal form. The pyrite is sprinkled through the mass in rounded grains which range up to one-fourth inch in diameter and occasion- ally show a cubical development. Barite is found in some quantity in the walls. On the weathered outcrop it shows prominently as a spongy aggregate that was first mistaken for smithsonite. IO4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In the interval between Edwards and the Balmat prospect there have been several discoveries of ore which, however, have not been sufficiently prospected to reveal anything definite as to their extent. They indicate that the mineralization follows a fairly definite zone parallel and in proximity to the talc deposits. The Balmat occurrence is described briefly by Emmons in the report already referred to as ‘a remarkable occurrence of the sul- furets of zinc, lead and iron in about equal proportions The direction of the vein is north-northeast and south- sottitia eet and the width about 8 inches, but not well defined. The sulfurets traverse a bed of serpentine 40 to 50 feet wide. The occurrence of zinc intermixed with lead is not favorable to the reduction of the latter.” There are two shafts on the ore body about tooo feet apart. The outcrop of the ore where it is revealed shows a vein or band up to 3 feet thick. Near the south shaft a short adit has been driven into the ore from the side hill, the only part of the workings now accessible, and shows the vein at this point to be from 4 to 5 feet thick. There is much more galena in this occurrence than at Edwards and usually more pyrite. Another ore locality in the southwestern section is on the lands owned by J. H. McLear, south of Little York and near Sylvia lake. The deposit was originally opened with a view to the working of iron ore which occurs in the form of specular hematite. Some of it was used in the Fullerville furnace nearby. The hematite occurs in a lens of uncertain size, some of it being nearly pure and other parts charged with pyrite and blende. The sulfides are specially developed along one of the walls. Specimens from this part have assayed above 20 per cent zinc. There has been no recent work done on the deposit. From the present stage of development there is insufficient evi- dence to base any prediction as to the possibilities of the district as a producer of zine ore. It is evident, however, that a small output is assured by the results obtained at Edwards where thus far only a single outcropping has been attacked. If the developments there continue as favorable during the coming season as they have been in the past they will go far toward proving the persistence of the deposits in depth which is of most importance to the future of the district and about which least is now known. In the case of such issue there will be much encouragement, also, for the exten- sion of exploration to other parts of the mineralized area. Though the deposits are narrow as compared with those found in the important zinc-producing districts of other states, they possess an THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 105 advantage over most in their average tenor. They are furthermore exceptionally situated for economic exploitation, with convenient shipping facilities, cheap electric power available, and efficient labor to be had in the district. The derivation of the ores is an interesting problem that need not be given detailed treatment in this place. The apparent close association of the zinc and tale deposits may be pointed out as a feature of practical importance to exploration and it seems very likely to reflect some underlying geological principle. The geologi- cal relation, if such exists, is probably between the tremolite and the zinc ores rather than between the latter and the talc itself which is an alteration product of the tremolite. The extensive development of tremolite in belts within the limestone is regarded by the writer as the work of underground circulations which have brought in silica and perhaps also a part of the magnesia necessary for the conversion of the lime carbonate to the magnesia-lime silicate. These circulations, it is reasonable to suppose, may have carried other ingredients including zinc, lead and iron which have gone to form the metallic deposits. The zinc deposits have the general appearance of replacement bodies rather than the fillings of open fissures or cavities. In most places their boundaries are not clean cut but are in the nature of transition zones shading off gradually into the limestone. The lens of compact ore which has been under recent development shows, however, fairly sharp contacts. The internal structures are not those characteristic of open-fissure fillings as there is no appearance of banding or crusts or drusy cavities lined with crystallized minerals. The compact granular nature of the ore suggests deposi- tion at considerable depth and under pressure. In that event it may be inferred also that the deposits are very old, possibly of Precam- bric age. Erosion in this part of the Adirondack region seems to have been comparatively slight since Cambric times and has been mainly effective in removing the mantle of Paleozoic sediments which now are only found in the bordering area. hei 4 > aM Ai i Ne a, ey i Peak ff by (ays Vy Lit roy ii Pay a Ay ae Dy a¥s 7 4 ¥ = tthe ea inv wr Ea hal a 1s % : 7 ate ‘ eo a Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 510 AE BAIN Ye Nin Y: JANUARY TI, IQI2 New York State Museum JoHN M. CLARKE, Director EpHRAIM PoRTER FELT, State Entomologist Museum Bulletin 155 27th REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST INJURIOUS AND OTHER INSECTS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK IQII PAGE PAGE MirMmnOGMehHONy,. 25.2... 2550.00 o05 5 | Experiments with heat as an in- Ampttows wSects), .....-:..- ee: 13 SCCEICIG! 4 pA rn Wine ee ata 93 Codling moth. .........2...5: 13) | Notes tom the: year’. sae ean en 98 ipsyy mothe 2. ns 2 Pnuit sree ansects0) .. 6). 98 Green maple worm...........- 48 Small fruit) msectsiiy. . 202.2...) 02 WG OMOMEG Eee. chee 5) es ish hes vee 52 Shadestreenpesus sea. eee ee 104 IGGL) at |e oe eee 54 Hageste poston tues. . ot a7 eae 110 Maple leaf cutter ............. 56 Miscellaneous 7oa:24 4 +4csteene 114 Locust leaf DOE EOE 59 | Publications of the Entomolo- Rosy Hispa...............--.. 63 oats Rae i SEAT SE Fy ee ae 124 inosenleaf hopper. .4:.....5s.+2 65 or : Pees Cicada... 68 Additions to collections......... 130 A report upon the condition of Explanation of plates.......... 137 the shade trees of the city of Tex, SX ae ee ke eee eee I9I Mount Vernon, Ni. Y.....-..2-- 88 a= “hay New York State Education Department Science Division, December 26, IQII Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D. Commissioner of Education Str: I have the honor to communicate herewith the annual report of the State Entomologist for the fiscal year ending September 30, I9g1I, and to recommend the same for publication. Very respectfully Joun M. CLarKE Director STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT COM MISSIONER’S ROOM Approved for publication this 26th day of December 1911 Commissioner of Education Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16,1894 No. 510 ALBANY, N. Y. JANUARY I, I9I2 New York State Museum Joun M. Crarke, Director EpHRAIM Porter FELT, State Entomologist Museum Bulletin 155 27th REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, t1o11 Dr John M. Clarke, Director of Science Division I have the honor of presenting herewith my report on the injurious and other insects of the State of New York for the year ending September 30, I9QII. The appearance in late May of a large brood of the periodical Cicada or so-called seventeen-year locust was of great popular interest and an entomological event of some importance. A hitherto unknown colony was located near Amsterdam and through the cooperation of many local observers much was learned respecting the present distribution and relative abund- ance of tnis insect in New York State. A fine series of photo- graphs showing the transformations to the adult was obtained. Despite the warnings of earlier years, a number of young orchard trees had been set in the vicinity of populous Cicada colonies and, as a result, were severely injured. A detailed notice of this unique form is given on subsequent pages. During the period covered by this report, Miastor larvae were discovered, their biology ascertained in large measure, their amenability to laboratory condiiions demonstrated, and owing to the value of this information to teachers, a discussion of pedo- genesis in this insect and its allies was included in an appendix to the Entomologist’s report for 1910. Subsequent studies have confirmed the observations referred to above and have shown a wide distribution for Miastor. Fruit pests. The experiments with the codling moth or apple worm were continued in the orchard of Mr W. H. Hart of Poughkcepsie and in those of Messrs Edward Van Alstyne and 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM William Hotaling at Kinderhook. Special pains were taken to secure uniform plots of ample size and to see that the treatment was thorough. Each plot, as last year, except in the case of Mr Hotaling’s orchard, consisted of forty-two trees, the fruit from the central six alone being counted. The relative value of one, two and three sprayings, and also of one application made three . weeks after the blossoms dropped, was ascertained. The results conipare closcly with those obtained in 1909 and go far to show that the conditions in 1910 were exceptional. One thorough ap- plication last season resulted, in the case of trees bearing a fair crop, in from over 98 to more than 99 per cent of worm-free fruit. This should prove most encouraging to the fruit grower, since the work was done under practical conditions which can be duplicated in almost any section. Assistant State Entomolo- gist Young assisted in the field work, classified the wormy fruit and computed the tabulated data. The work of 1911 with the codling moth has been correlated with that of the two preceding years and is the most compre- hensive data yet secured as to the possibilities with one spray- ing under varied conditions. These results should be of great practical value in enabling the fruit grower to determine for himself the advisability of spraying for this pest more than once in any season. The details are given on subsequent pages. Observations show that the San José scale, while a serious fruit tree pest, is being generally controlled, though some fruit growers are not entirely successful, due in large measure to difficulties in treatment. Some of these are excessively large or inaccessible trees, adverse weather conditions at the time the work should be done or defects in equipment. The concentrated home- made or commercial lime-sulfur washes were used largely and mostly with very satisfactory results. The peculiar linear series of eggs so frequently seen on apple and pear bark have been identified as those of the notch wing, a species noticed below. The usually rare Say’s blister beetle was exceptionally numerous. Two small fruit insects, the rasp- berry Byturus and the garden flea, were studied at Milton, the former proving somewhat injurious. Gipsy moth. The discovery of a gipsy moth colony at Lenox, Mass., while not entirely unexpected, was something of a shock to our extensive agricultural interests. A personal ex- amination satisfied the Entomologist that the insect was REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IGITI 7 brought there with trees and shrubs purchased a few years ago in eastern Massachusetts. A small colony was discovered later at Great Barrington, Mass. Nothing but the closest inspection and the adoption of most rigid precautions will prevent the early establishment of this pest in New York State. Judged solely from an economic standpoint, there can be no question as to the advisability of keeping this insect out of the State as long as possible. We have assembled during the year a series of prepara- tions designed to facilitate the recognition of this pest in any stage. Several of these have been reproduced as photomicrographs and will be of great service in ‘identifying this species. The Entomologist visited the territory in eastern Massachu- setts infested by this insect and found the residential area, as a whole, in excellent condition though there were extensive tracts of forest land badly infested. The ultimate spread of this pest is inevitable. The Federal authorities have accomplished much in retarding its dissemination by keeping the roadside trees of the principal thoroughfares free of caterpillars. Marked progress 1s being made in the work of introducing parasites and natural enemies which it is expected will shortly prove of mate- rial service in checking this destructive insect. The latter is no justification for not adopting every reasonable measure for pre- venting the spread of this dangerous enemy. The state of Connecticut has made excellent progress in handling its gipsy moth problem. This insect is more fully considered below. Brown-tail moth. This species, while not so destructive as the gipsy moth, has become established in North Adams, Mass. and smaller infestations occur at Adams and Williamstown, Mass. Since both sexes of the moth fly readily, it will probably not be long before this pest appears somewhere in New York State. The winter nests are so characteristic that there should be little difficulty in identifying the insect and at the outset preventing excessive multiplication. Careful inspection of nursery stock should prove a most effective barrier to its being introduced with trees and shrubs. ‘The observations above relating to the para- sites of the gipsy moth apply equally to the natural enemies of the brown-tail moth. Shade tree pests. The Entomologist investigated conditions in a number of communities and found exceptionally severe and widespread injury by the elm leaf beetle. The defoliation was so general, in connection with the work of previous years 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and the severe droughts of earlier seasons, that many trees have succumbed or are likely to perish in the next few years unless radical measures are adopted for their better protection. There seems to be great difficulty in securing efficient treat- ment, even if the equipment be adequate. This defect has been pointed out and, with a fuller understanding on the part of those compelled to solve the problem, we look for materially better results another season. The elm leaf beetle is not such a serious pest in Europe, and it would seem, in view of the prob- able continuance of the severe injury of the last few years, due in part at least to changed conditions, as though a serious effort might well be made to secure natural enemies, since they appear to be very effective checks upon this beetle in European countries. : . The cottony maple scale and the false maple scale occasioned repeated complaints, because of serious injury to hard and soft maples, especially in the vicinity of New York City. An un- fortunate condition developed in the city of Mount Vernon. Several hundred hard or sugar maples were seriously injured or killed, following the application of one of the commercial mis- cible oils in early spring. An investigation convinced the Ento- mologist that the trouble was due to the material applied, the in- jury being greatly aggravated by subsequent cold weather re- tarding growth and producing conditions favorable for penetra- tion by the oil. We must therefore classify early applications of oily preparations as dangerous to hard maples. Our findings are given in detail below. The extended outbreak by the green maple worm was in- vestigated and must be partly charged to the general destruction of birds and a consequent scarcity of the insectivorous species. Investigations by Zoologist W. G. Van Name showed that nine species were feeding upon the caterpillars, while nine others were in the vicinity, probably for the same purpose. A relatively slight increase in the number of birds would doubtless have prevented the defoliation of the trees. A detailed account of this insect is given in subsequent pages. The spiny elm caterpillar and the white-marked tussock moth are two other shade tree pests which were excessively abundant and the subjects of much correspondence. The ornamental birches are being rapidly destroyed by the pernicious bronze birch borer, the depredations of which were detected the past season in the eastern part of the State. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 9 Forest pests. Injuries by insects to forests have greatly in- creased during recent years. The hickory bark borer has de- stroyed thousands of magnificent trees in the vicinity of New York. The investigations of the Entomologist showed that this nefarious pest had destroyed many hickories at Tivoli. A warne ing circular was issued and widely copied by the local press. The two-lined chestnut borer, probably breeding first in fun- gous-affected chestnut, invaded nearby oaks at Old Westbury. This outbreak was studied and appropriate repressive measures advocated. Damage by this species was also reported from Garden City. The severe though local injury by the locust leaf beetles at Syosset and Jericho received personal attention and is fully discussed on subsequent pages. The exceptional abundance of the maple leaf cutter at Lake George was also investigated, and an account is given below. Flies and mosquitos. General interest has been maintained in the house fly campaign. The Entomologist prepared several popular notices and experimented in a limited way with a fly trap. The results with the latter, while beneficial, were not en- tirely convincing. We investigated a local mosquito problem at South Salem and had the satisfaction of learning that the exe- cution of our recommendations resulted in the speedy disappear- ance of the pests. Many localities in the State are suffering needless annoyance and, in some cases, illness because mosquito breeding pools are ignored. One case came to our notice where malaria developed following the employment of Italians in a locality previously free from this disease. Gall midges. Our studies in this interesting and important group have been continued as opportunity offered. A number of new species have been reared and described, and a table of food habits of the reared species and a generic synopsis of the entire group published. This family, composed entirely of small to minute flies and including a number of destructive forms, is an immense complex which could be grouped satisfactorily only after prolonged and careful microscopic studies. This has been accomplished and a monographic account of the family is now in manuscript. Publications. A number of brief popular accounts of the more injurious species of the year were prepared and widely circu- lated through the agricultural and local press. The extended contributions, aside from the report for last year, are: Summary 1f@) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of the Food Habits of American Gall Midges; A Generic Synop- sis of the Itonidae; Hosts and Galls of American Gall Midges; and New Species of Itonidae. A list of the more important pub- lications of the Entomologist, forty-four in number, is given below. Collections. There has been a continued increase in the State collections. Most of the additions the past year have resulted from collections by the office staff, some of the most desirable having been reared. Extremely large series of Miastor and Oli- garces were obtained in this manner and will later be available for exchange. Specimens illustrating the habits and work of insects are being collected at every opportunity, since they are particularly valuable for economic and _ exhibition purposes. There have been substantial additions to the gall midges or Itonidae and they are now in very satisfactory condition. The pinned specimens were rearranged by Miss Hartman and this, in connections with the numerous microscopic slides, and the large assemblage of galls and other biological material, will prove in- valuable to subsequent workers, especially as the collection in- cludes a very large number of types. The classification of the diversified material in the Museum and that daily coming to hand is necessarily slow and is a work which must extend over years. There is need of more assistance in carrying on the large amount of labor involved in the amass- ing of a thoroughly representative collection necessary for the maintenance of an adequate exhibit in the enlarged quarters afforded by the new Education Building. Three additions have been made to the series of plant groups designed for the exhibition of insects in their natural environ- ment. These will add greatly to the attractiveness and pedagogical value of the enlarged exhibit collections now in preparation. Assistant State Entomologist Young has rearranged and identified the Muscidae, the species belonging to the Coleopter- ous genera Telephorus and Podnbrus, and has done considerable on the snapping beetles or Elateridae, the parasitic flies, the Tachinidae, and a group of parasitic wasps, the Braconidae. Miss Hartman made nearly five hundred microscopical prepa- rations of various species, mostly gall midges and scale insects, rearranged the pinned collection of scale insects and prepared a special Cicada exhibit. She also gave much time to mounting, spreading and labeling of specimens. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII iE Nursery inspection. The nursery inspection work conducted by the State Department of Agriculture has resulted in the office being requested to make numerous identifications and also recom- mendations in regard to the policy which should be pursued by the State. Most of the material submitted for name is in poor condi- tion, may represent any stage in insect develop rent, and is often fron a foreign country. This work, though time-consuming and laborious, is very important, since the disposition of large ship ments of nursery stock must depend in great measure upon our findings. The possibility of introducing the gipsy and brown-tail moths with stock originating in territory in- fested by these pests, justifies a most careful examination of all such material and the adoption of every reasonable precaution. Miscellaneous. A series of experiments, conducted to test the value of heat as an insecticide, showed that the relatively moderate temperature of 120° F. is soon fatal to the common black cockroach so frequently seen in warmer parts of dwellings. Buildings equipped with ample heating facilities are adapted to this method of checking household and stcreroom pests. A series of observations were made upon the hibernation and de- velopment of the rose leaf hopper. An interesting outbreak by an Iris borer was also investigated. These two insects are dis- cussed more fully on subsequent pages. Assistant State Ento- mologist Young had charge of the heat experiments, being assisted in this by Miss Hartman. The Entomologist, as in previous years, has been called upon to lecture upon injurious insects at farmers institutes, horticul- tural and other gatherings. Information respecting shade tree pests, owing to their serious injuries this year, was most fre: quently desired. Office matters. The general work of the office has progressed in a satisfactory manner. The Assistant State Entomologist was in charge of the office and responsible for the correspond- ence and other matters during the absence of the Entomologist. Miss Hartman, in addition to matters noted above, made a large colored chart of the elm leaf beetle, rendered material assistance in various aspects of the experimental work, cared for breeding jars, compiled bibliographies and translated a num- ber of excerpts from scientific articles. Numerous specimens have been received for identification during the year and many inquiries made concerning injurious forms. The correspondence 12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM shows a marked increase over that of last year; 2219 letters, 23 postals, 1014 circulars, 1623 packages were sent through the mails and 42 packages were shipped by express. General. The work of the office has been greatly facilitated, as in past years, by the identification of certain species through the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Ento- mology, United States Department of Agriculture, and his asso- ciates. Several correspondents have aided materially in secur- ing valuable specimens and many rendered efficient service by transmitting local data respecting various insects. As hereto- fore, there has been a most helpful cooperation on the part of all interested in the work of this office. Respectfully submitted EpHratmM Porter FELT State Entomologist October 14, I9II INJURIOUS INSECTS CODLING MOTH Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. Plates I-7 The work of the last two years with this important pest of the fruit grower has been continued and some extremely inter- esting data secured. Even one spraying resulted in obtaining 98 to 99 per cent of sound fruit, while the check trees yielded only 67 and 85 per cent of worm-free apples. The second and third poison applications increased the percentage of sound fruit comparatively little. These results confirm those secured in 1909 and go far toward showing the possibility of a thorough, timely spraying. The low efficiency of the one application made three weeks after the falling of the blossoms, determined last year as approximately one-half that of a timely application, was confirmed this season by experiments in two orchards under diverse conditions. Life history and habits. The discussion of the experimental data may well be preceded by a brief summary of the life his- tory of this species. The codling moth or apple worm, as 1s well known, winters in a tough, silken cocoon usually found under the rough bark of trees. The appearance of warm weather in the spring, which in New York means late April and early May, is followed by the caterpillars transforming within their silken retreats to the brown, apparently lifeless pupae, and a week or ten days after the blossoms drop, the moths com- mence to emerge and continue to appear throughout the greater part of June. The minute, whitish eggs are deposited largely upon the leaves though a number may be found on the young fruit. These hatch in about a week and as a consequence the young apple worms of the first brood may be entering the small fruit from early in June, approximately three weeks after the blossoms fall, to nearly the end of the month or even later. The caterpillars require about four weeks to complete their growth, at which time they desert the fruit, wander to a shel- tered place, spin a cocoon, transform once more to pupae and in about two weeks, namely, the last of July or in August, [13] I4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM another brood of moths may appear. These in turn deposit eggs which hatch in due time and the young larvae usually enter the side of the fruit. Two broods appear to be the rule in the northern fruit-growing sections of the United States though some investigators claim a third in the southwest. Experimental work. The work of the last two years with the codling moth was continued the present season with ex- tremely gratifying results. Comparative tests were made to ascertain the value’ of but one spraying just after the blossoms fall, with a similar treatment supplemented by a second appli- cation about three weeks later, namely, about the time when the young codling moth larvae enter the fruit. The third plot received, in addition to the two sprayings described above, a thorough application the latter part of July, designed especially to control the second brood. One plot, in continuance of the work of last year, was given only one application about three weeks after the blossoms dropped simply to test the relative value of this treatment. Check or unsprayed trees were left for comparison in each of the series. Location and treatment of plots. Series 1 The experiments in this series were conducted in the young orchard belonging to Mr W. H. Hart of Arlington, N. Y., near Poughkeepsie and located close to Briggs Station on the Hopewell branch of the Central New England Railroad. The orchard is on a moderately high hill, the trees being thrifty, about 17 years old, 18 to 20 feet high and 30 feet apart. The experimental trees were in all cases Baldwins. Each plot consisted of approximately 42 trees, 6 trees in a row one way and 7 in a row the other way, the central 6 being the actual experimental trees. These latter were carefully selected for uniformity in size, fruitage and infestation. The one exception to the arrangement outlined above occurred in plot 4 and the check trees. These latter were the central 2 of the usual 6 experimental trees, while the other 4 in the center of a plot containing 42 trees received only the one late application. All of the barrier trees were sprayed at the usual time. This modification was made because the owner did not wish to have too many trees unprotected or only partially protected from codling moth work. The systematic and thorough commercial spraying of the two preceding years had served to keep this orchard in excellent condition and, as a consequence, there was not an excessive infestation by the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII I Sat codling moth. The conditions we consider typical of a well- kept commercial orchard. Plots 1, 2 and 3 were located in the northern end of the orchard on a gently sloping side hill, the actual experimental trees being separated from adjacent wood- land by at least three barrier trees. The conditions were fairly uniform, the plots producing respectively 16,638, 19,994 and 20,926 apples. It will thus be seen that the largest yield was on plots 2 and 3 and, as a consequence, the test for the single spraying was fully as severe as in the case of the trees receiving two and three applications. Plot 4 and the check trees were located near the southern end of the orchard and bore relatively less fruit. The trees were sprayed for the first time May 18th. The day opened with rain about 7 o’clock, continuing to nearly 9, and then breaking with showers till about 11 o’clock, sprinkling again at 1.45 and with a few showers till about 4.20 p. m., at which time it poured. Spraying began at about 1.25 p.m. on plot 2 at which time there was a slight breeze. The treatment of the actual experimental trees was completed by 1.35 and then working southward those of plot 1 were finished by 1.46. A sprinkling of rain began at 1.45 and was rather lively at 1.46, stopping at 2 p.m. The leaves at this time were partly flooded with rain but there was no marked dripping. An examination of the experimental trees in plots 2 and 1 showed that in the former, sprayed some ten minutes before the rain began to fall, there was very little or no washing, while in plot 1 those trees which had been completed just a few minutes before the rain came, showed some washing though this was limited largely to the carrying of the poison to the lower edge of the leaf where it settled in large drops. There was very little dripping and probably nothing was washed from the blossom ends of the young fruit. Spraying on the barrier trees was started at 2.10 p.m., at which time the trees were wet but not dripping. The experimental trees on plot 3 were sprayed at 3.15 p.m., the foliage being dry. The work in this entire plot was completed about 3.45, though some of the barrier trees on plot 2 were not , finished till nearly 4 p.m., at which time there was a sprinkling of rain, it pouring by 4.20. Only 150 gallons were necessary to cover most of four rows in plots 1 and 2, or 59 trees. The spray applied consisted of 7'%4 pounds of Grasselli’s arsenate of lead (15 per cent arsenic oxid) and 41% gallons of 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM eeee @ee4#e7#e *e«e@@ee @eeeee#e¢e? e@eee Gall aN bl =aee ee ee TOO) TOSs lee ee OLR as. 51 5) 30 BARR eer. Septs U5ticer- =| 152 CN 5 oc.ceo oo 13 ano Be [ee eri 20 Ala lltencanete 3 | 92 34> \\scctsrnmee ED A croitesttene I 12 30 24 2 Sept. 26-28.... eal ZANT Taal | ene EES) leery ce 49 24 40 Brel xe pfon | 2967| 2580 | 86.95 2879) £3.05 204 | 63 E20 |r 2 BV an PATIO 8 G2 arte crstst's\| 145 7 DT lWeuaratpctrene (EM Somcctet 32 18 23 ZO errs Siomainagaugen 131 T.Ol ||ccatere tenets bs a nshayete er 20 25 AGU les eae i Kjf aeons} Beh Voboo oon OM \icbotenet evel I 20 38 Sit) Noodoc Sept. 26-28.... { ne! WE lo ooc coc TAU Aieeee 58 45 46 | 46 I | 2370| 1960 | 82.70 410 | 17.30 175 103 132 | 153 I Grand total..| 5337) 4540 | 85.06 797 | 14.94 379 166 252 | 285 3 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM A study of the above data reveals several very interesting facts. The 16,638 apples of plot 1 are fairly evenly distributed between the 6 trees, the numbers ranging from 1794 to 4071. The average percentage of worm-free fruit is 99.26, the indi- vidual trees varying from 99.11 to 99.41. The total wormy fruit is only 123, one tree having but 11, while the maximum is 36. The number of end wormy per tree varies from 1 to 10, while the side wormy range from 10 to 28, a total of 31 end wormy and 104 side wormy. Assuming that the percentage of infested fruit on the check trees in this series is typical for the plot, we find that one application has reduced the infestation by 14 per cent, or resulted in removing from the wormy column some 2329 apples, about 4% barrels. The cost of spraying the 6 trees was 48 cents, or less than 12 cents for each barrel of fruit kept from being thrown into second-class or cider apples as an out- come of injury by codling moth. The financial returns from this transaction are apparent. The 19,994 apples of plot 2 range in number per individual tree from 1383 to 4307. The percentage of sound fruit is 99.54, a variation for individual trees of from 98.98 to 99.82. The total wormy is only 91, there being only 8 of these end wormy and 8&6 side wormy. ‘The end wormy per tree vary from nothing to 5, while the side wormy range from 6 to 30. The second treatment resulted in an additional gain of slightly over % of I per cent (.28 per cent) over the single treatment for plot 1. Obviously, the returns from this second spraying are relatively - less than in the case of the first. The total fruit in plot 3 amounts to 20,926, individual trees producing from 2473 to 4347. The percentage of worm-free fruit was exactly the same as in plot 2, 99.54, the variations ranging from 99.22 to 99.90. There were a few more wormy apples than in plot 2, namely, 96, 19 of these being end wormy and 79 side wormy. There appears to have been no material benefit in the case of this plot, resulting from the third spraying. This is more probably chargeable to the extreme thoroughness of the first two applications rather than being attributable to any defect in method. The margin of less than ™% per cent (.46 per cent) is so small that at best only a very slight differ- ence could be expected. Plot 4 comprises only 4 trees producing 8969 apples, indi- vidual trees yielding from r1oog to 3030. The percentage of REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 23 worm-free fruit was 93.57, individual trees varying from 83.84 to 97.09. ‘There were 576 wormy apples, 281 being end wormy and 390 side wormy. ‘The great relative increase in end wormy apples is apparent at once and is easily explained by the one application being so late that it was impossible thoroughly to poison the floral organs and the calyx cavity. Even this treat- ment was worth while if compared with the results on unsprayed trees, since in this plot we have an average of over 93% per cent of sound fruit as compared with a trifle over 85 per cent on the check trees, a gain of 8% per cent or of over 760 sound apples, approximately a barrel and a half at a cost for spraying of about 32 cents. The treatment paid for itself, though the profit was not nearly so great as in the case of the first application. The two check trees produced 5337 apples, one yielding 2370, the other 2967. The average percentage of sound fruit was 85.06, while the number of wormy apples was 797, 545 of these being end wormy and 418 side wormy. A comparison of these figures with those of plots 1, 2 and 3 show at once that the major portion of the benefit from the early applications at least is in the destruction of the codling moth caterpillars as they attempt to enter the calyx end of the young fruit. These data simply confirm the importance of making the first spraying at the proper time and doing it most thoroughly, since it is the early application which gives the most benefit. Series 2. The experiments in this series were conducted in the orchard of Mr Edward VanAlstyne at Kinderhook, N. Y. Plot 1, comprising greenings, was located on the southwestern side of the road next the shed. Plot 2 was some rows farther north and west on the same side of the road, plot 3 several rows still farther north on the east side of the road, and plot 4, comprising only two trees, on the west side of the road and near two check trees. The relative location of the trees in plot 4 and the checks was nearly the same as in Mr Hart’s orchard, though owing to the uneven setting of fruit a symmetrical dis- tribution was impossible. All of the trees except in plot I were Baldwins. The conditions in plots 1 to 3 were fairly uniform, these plots producing respectively, 20,802, 34,019, and 31,119 apples. The largest yields were therefore limited to the plots receiving the most sprayings and, as a consequence, the test for the single application was rather more severe. 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The treatment was substantially the same as in series I, ex- cept that lead arsenate (15% per cent arsenic oxid), manufac- tured by the Interstate Chemical Co., was used at the rate of 15 pounds to 250 gallons of water, and a concentrated home- made lime-sulfur wash, 40-80 formula (27° Baumé) was used at the rate of 1 gallon to 25 of the spray. ‘The spraying began May 23d. The trees were 18 to 25 feet high and the work slower and if anything more careful than in series 1. The tower was used, one man being located on this and the other with an extension nozzle operating from the ground. There was probably considerably more liquid applied per tree than in the preceding series. The blossom ends were well sprinkled but there was practically no penetration of the poison to the inner calyx cavity. The leaves were well covered with the poison and rarely flooded. There were still a few blossoms on the ends of the limbs. The eastern barrier rows of plot 1 were completely spraved on the first day, and the three rows next the driveway and west were sprayed from the east side beginning with the experimental trees in plot 1. The next day, the 24th, a few of the remaining trees were sprayed with the wind in the opposite direction, though nearly constant showers seriously hindered operations. The remainder of the plots, including the barrier trees, were finished May 25th. Trees A and B on plot 2 were sprayed on the morning of the 24th, the application being followed shortly by heavy showers. The spray, however, could be seen upon the foliage the following day. The weather dur- ing both the 24th and 25th was rather showery and spraying was frequently interrupted. Plots 2, 3 and 4 were sprayed June 19th. The weather was bright and clear with a light southeast wind. The work began at 9.30 a.m. and. was completed at 3.15 p.m. The B tree in plot 2 contained a nest of fall webworms; this was also true of one of the barrier trees. There was throughout the orchard considerable crinkling and yellowing of leaves, which might be attributed to former applications were it not that the unsprayed trees on plot 4 as well as the check trees exhibited the same conditions. There had been an excellent growth and the foliage had a good color. The fruit presented a fine appearance and there was an excellent setting with but few exceptions. Plot 3 was sprayed for the third and last time July 29th, using only arsenate of lead in the proportions previously employed. 25 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI xX Expt. Trees Baldwin Oo Other appk trees © Che ck trees © Plum tees @ Peach Trees O Cherry trees a Location of the Plats in Series 2 -_-_— Plan of Orchard Belonging to Edward Van Alstyne, Kinderhook, Sadwiaz th Fig. 2 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The application was thorough and was confined to the six ex- perimental trees. There was a slight breeze though not suff- cient to interfere with operations. The trees on plot I were well laden, healthy, and the fruit was developing very nicely. Very few or no wormy apples were seen and there were very few on the ground. A rather large number of small apples were on the ground in plot 2, the drop probably being the result of drought. There were a number with brown, scabby areas on the side exposed to the sun, probably due to sun scald. There were very few or no wormy apples. There was abundant fruit on plot 3 except on small portions of one or two trees. There was rather more injury to the fruit possibly than on plot 2 and certainly more than on plot 4. The spray was evident on the foliage and very few or no wormy apples were to be seen. Some wormy fruit was seen on plot 4 but not so much as on the checks. Some of the apples were injured by sun scald though not so much as on plot 2. Some were badly checked later (plate 7). There were only two trees on plot 4 with a good setting of fruit. The checks bore markedly more wormy apples than the other trees and had practically no fruit injured by sun scald. A tabulation of the data follows: TREE REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII DATE Aug. 24 Aug. 24 -* seen eee Grand total.. Series 2, plot 1 (Sprayed once) CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT {TOTAL | a FRUIT n : . Total Per Total Per End | and | Side Exit pat a! | cent cent |wormy| side |wormy| "¢ © - € wormy ZAAi, S258 |i @ ||Sacsnec|(doo tn olledeaoe 6 2m |lenettols 6201) GG220 pees Pi leys eres rete Teo egerater sts Gk lheleralone ters { TSA L6G |p. ates TSittehescrst te I 16 QW ereranss 2895) 2805" |e eerie Orn alle rahe noneho. s oe ee tf Aer BOM Napetallio create 3952| 3804 | 98.53 58 1.47 3 I 54 ADA evatreltalya 2I3) LOG |r emeteters i Oy jie) Pen ene Zia letcoret ah 21 = 15 LAN | otstexare 2501) $3470 |achriae 2M | peaetccare es Mea ete sar GTA Wretets ellisy s eeece { 234" TBO leet AG tlc ae 3 I 41 Sei Raae 2120)" 2000) |b nies On [one 2 2 35 Cn eee 29035| 2822 | 96.15 I13 3.83 8 3 102 CIE NOP rs 281i) 273 \eattelete SU lh neyetohewedel teretereiae |tercvelone 6 3 Zs i|layelerese 3805 S74 newest OF las atqeees P| letevers =i 3 5 Syl eka 2 250] (2449 |e We Nn sa aodo|loucaos|ieeoaed 12 lane 3B A451 3333" lepine T2'> ets wetter 7a \iere caren Lilg" aravae tellers 4262) 4229 | 99.22 33 -78 Dey |i Phar ce si 31 Obl Recor ZAG) DARN een: BN apaccrabehers TUN ley ny os I TN etna 660]) 648012 225223 TO Net ccvetene 2a Wrayalayrats 10 Gi ravens { TAs SEA erator TO 8 | eaecnapeee brave eke I 9 C1 eee 2 2205 is 2TOS eters TFs |e caveenstseol ne hevaar I 16 GO Sis creche 3258] 3217 | 98.74 41 1.26 3 2; 36 T5 |.---- 253)" 1226 is nee ae Thea Seem aC | ees 6 Stat ovek als AS3\ ~ AGGY lactis ee ET Vovenctors es I re 15 Oe ie sake TO3!\/ TSO) |herayoresetens a are oe tye BDU tev svevevs Co eran | Puolsicle 2269|\12'253)\ |v ots EO, | ctsvatcrerats 2 I 13 Cie lac, arene 3178 | 3131 | 98.52 | 47 1.48 5 2 40 TOO secrets LOS | TSSalaqeoeee is ty ae Dp | nena. 9 iy poeae SI BE Wino dcads “Eh lle Sonus 2 5 21 9 2 ZAZb ‘TOA \fatersusters 2B |e yore 3 I 24 (0 | aan 245'7| 2404) Ve tareteiene AS Sashaarers || ae AQ ia al i cuatets 3217) 3108 | 96.61 109 3.39 7 6 96 20 2 20802/20401 | 98.07 401 1.93 28 14 359 ean 2 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Series 2, plot 2 (Sprayed twice) | / TOTAL | TREE DATE “FRUIT. Total A Aug. 242... site 403} 395 Septicrg ic «h-ietere 270; 257 Oct J 567) 562 Cimicecahodar (4024 4020 5264) 5234 Ba | PAtign 2a rect 429, 420 Sept. 292. -0 = 449 ria 53 O07 Octs Seem terror (eee 5720. | | 7286 7167 Gul Apa an ie siya 513 506 | Sept. 19....... 800 775 | 950; 92 Octhksnacuichte 3522| 3507 | 5785| 5716 Dy | Aue tegn . ctsees- 309 300 Septoria eer 319 a 425| 381 | | Octe Sai eter (Bees 3081 4155| 4053 E | IMCB LEA Boa abc 253) 242 |) WEDEA LOh iss oie nae 130 4 452 Ota Sno eeteete { 4480! 4466 5379 5290 1 PB eae 451\ 443 | Septaioe-cyincts 4I2| 372 Oct. 5 J 635 596 | eo Deeererrnee \ 4661 4639 6159 6050 | Grand total.. | 34019 33510 | CLEAN FRUIT wee eee 97-54 98.51 | 98.23 98.50 WORMY FRUIT | ena | End and Side 'wormy, side wormy wer Sou aia cies ea 8 i fal | sega II iiieOle elon bo Se 5 toa A clls acne 4 a ites, ede 28 SN acne] ete ee te 9 6 | 4 23 4| 10] 32] I 3 | 27 Ta 17 fone I soca 2 6 I |} 3 21 3 i 18 3 2 10 8 6 55 =———— Sa ve) anh tee 7 3 Ff 18 5 9 30 2 2 a7, I2 18 72 it | Werte Ss 10 2 2 7 I 4 20 7d eee 12 6 6 68 Di ils cacepeete 7 hal eoeecaee 35 8 7 24 aidoncte getisine Gee beta att a 22 14 | fh 88 ie} 54 402 Exit | Exit hole | hole I 2 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 29 Series 2, plot 3 (Sprayed thrice) CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT | } TOTAL TREE DATE aaa E : ua End Pi Exit | Exit Li er, er n an 1de Total cent Total cent |wormy| side |wormy pele hole wormy aoe AGI Septsilencccisats 308) 2OAMllrerelsterars (Vlg eee OB 8 I 35 DORN actene Septii2tis ccc. 380) B58. lester D2 |e cara Srovat A \lpaoade 15 Thiel Voc, tke CHEM) (ae Nooooone HAE \noaoeoo 3 2 9 Sh llocdoo Oct. 9......... { 2074| 2050 |..-.-+- resi |e eee 2 3 10 eae | Saat 3390] 3295 | 97.20 95 2.80 20 6 €9 ARMS epee BME Septseleascrcic st O25\|) ($08) |rieree Crea Aeon 2 3 22 TO Wek Septet 2kes weve I154| 1145 |...-.-- OW \Soeunee 3 3 3 Spal eerste E332|| T3270 eee Br lineceisharcts B Nee eloes Wal ies Bel (A hae Oct. 2 and 9 { Stal AS lsaacocc cial eed le I I I Th | 6982] 6038 | 99.37 44 63 8 7 29) 20} 5% CriPMep tee Lars. 34,21 | ABYMW OG Noein ose Tl eietepsterays 2 Nein Gan It YN tore cairo EDU 2Ei cis steels aa AA) PAO We dooce MeN | Gea guss Sie leavers A ailacasa TOOL|) | (OO2) eee eee QO) eccvers meats | orsew se 3 ASA aay he Oct.9.......-. { 3500) S55 6rnl rae eesier ill ete stare Thala ro-teyere Te lererecalt mea at piesa, 5447| 54II | 99.34 30 .66 8 3 25 TOI soe D Sephit see. 2750 5358 lease Beal ateueene 3 3 DE TO | ee ED OspzIEet es are cic } BOA 587) \\\serete cite Ti dll sucweueue ake ATA enatever te 3 BE ereneiars Oct. 9 | { 1139] 1120 |....... SE.) Pe ahewons Vall eve raped ccs 2 8 Tale ee Seige aa 20300 2037 a llevvetatae 27) | Petros Mena lReviasteltellotia' | Strenveeliet'e 2 ta eee 5047| 50II | 99.28 36 af? 7 5 24 ZO) | eee eee E Septitis 22.50% 246 i PX M5 ceo tc TOW ee a deree h Esai lege isres ats al QM es a oe Nepter2is cee. os 270\ 25 Ae areeere TO), |S csiceessec 8 2 6 (O14 | Ra ee O87" OGG) I eexete eae Si listrateetete 1 alld enero 7 Te) | Pectcnene Oct. 9.......5, oe S244 eee ia Sees Wi cpa Fi Balle | 4744| 4703 | 99.14 4I -83 12 2 27 20 lan ee, Bp eSeptates voc 3 I> 3604 16820 amram Tiles ae AG \|esrius Slavonia 9 Sept. 20. 6.255. 1333033 ee aecer Balhae Tah | avers ake Te llocketeral| aeavoate Wf E42]! LASS” ices cxsoal| accretcenst | tarereeterereltevetavey tall SiePeg aia) silanes areas lloxere oral | eee Oct 9........ 5) { ZO50|) 2058) We eierertee t ooonacollasaquclisad aoe Eeilliteete arel| enevencie 5500] 5494 | 99.73 15 so Sellltarsectereis be) Omatase Grand total. . 3III9 30852 99.14 2607 .86 60 23 184 QD xsranis 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Series 2, plot 4 (Sprayed once, late) CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT TREE DATE jeatand End b 4 Totat} Per |otai| Per | End | and | Side | Pat | ite oh cent cent |wormy| side |wormy . = wormy AY WC AUS: BSicr io 66 OTe ASSN ln scn 0 Siels BAA Were a ote 171 ae T2T i atop lense Sept, 20.06. .55 T4A0|) (QSL) Vaik eo 15 ASOV| settee 245 06 148 | 339 14 Oct. 6 lege OAT E Nace sss BOO) [ered sass 86 92 I9t | 107 6 ae sD BOS SOVSE | <2 LLOU ioscan 35 31 | 53 Sl aremeern 2214| 1506 | 68.02 708 | 31.98 288 118 302 | 317 4 — = =e Grand total..| 16815) 13113 | 77.98 | 3702 | 22.02 | 1422 578 | 1702 |1782 35 Series 2, check trees (Unsprayed) CLEAN FRUIT | WORMY FRUIT TOTAL \ TREE DATE Soca . i Se En d F erg oe er er n an ide Total cent | Total cent |wormy} side |wormy Boe nore | wormy Oe WOE Die Bat ws > 6 TANT|> \OGO! |i s ss.) HAZE lise cel 447 41 254 | 427 1. Sept. 22-/-4..../> ABA) SOs c stnleccce et E322 ‘Waececene 585 249 488 | 770 21 Octa= 6: Ji 2043) S07) |2 22... || agOwleenrenae 131 113 192 | 126 5 eee hs U.4279) SOTO Nae sts wel) POOOMV sie enamels 168 137 205 al ass. 5 9518) 6418 | 67.43 | 3100} 32.57 | sean 540 | 1229 |1476 | 42 VRP AGP A A acd, 5,3 AEG! ALO 8 Nias sien ao fal eer 116 25 I12 | 160 4 DEDt 20es 55/2 707): 1s} Paar 796, |\c-s1 eter 431 149 216 | 364 5 Oceisee OM ASS Mase) isis 266))| seein 65 90 III 76 I riche ZBAOW @AST \ on. seer | 395 |--.+..- 105 145 145 | 103 2 5152) 3442 | 66.81 | 1710 | 33.19 717 409 584 | 703 12 Grand total..| 14670! 9860 | 67.21 | 4810 | 32.79 | 2048 949 | 1813 |2179 54 TTF SS S$SS9SmaS$9$930.$3$SsS$3S9SsSsSss...sss.sssssssss Swe ue —wm—oohD)—(w——w«—wan—w—m—_n»>«n>«>«—m™” REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 31 Series 2 largely confirms the results obtained in series I though the crop was somewhat larger, the trees older and con- sequently more difficult to spray thoroughly. On the other hand the nearly level ground facilitated the use of a tower, while the greater abundance of the codling moth afforded a more severe test of the efficacy of spraying. Plot 1. produced 20,802 apples, the individual trees yielding from 2935 to 4262. The average percentage of sound fruit was 98.07, the trees varying from 96.15 to 99.22. There were 401 wormy apples, the number per tree ranging from 33 to 109. There were only 42 end wormy, while the great majority, 373, were side wormy. ‘This one treatment resulted in saving nearly 21 per cent of what otherwise would have been wormy fruit or about 4000 apples, approximately 8 barrels. This was effected at a cost of about 60 cents or less than ro cents per barrel. Plot 2 produced a total of 34,019 apples, the individual trees yielding from 4155 to 7286. The average percentage of worm- free fruit was 98.50, the trees varying from 98.23 to 99.43. There were 509 wormy apples, 107 being end wormy and 456 side wormy. It will be noted that this second treatment re- sulted in securing nearly % of 1 per cent (.43 per cent) more sound apples than in the case of plot 1. Plot 3 produced 31,119 apples, the individual trees yielding from 3390 to 6982. The average percentage of sound fruit was 99.14, varying from 97.20 to 99.73. There were only 267 wormy apples, 83 being end wormy and 107 side wormy. ‘Tree A for some reason or other gave distinctly less satisfactory re- sults than the others. It produced over one-third of the wormy apples and had a percentage of only 97.20, otherwise the average percentage would have been perceptibly higher for this plot. As it is, there were about I per cent more worm-free apples on plot 3 than on plot 1, and it is possible that there should have been 1% per cent additional sound fruit. The four trees of plot 4 produced 16,815 apples, the indi- vidual trees varying from 617 to 7188. The percentage of sound fruit was 77.98, it varying from 68.02 to 82.80. There were 3702 wormy apples, 2000 of these being end wormy and 2280 side wormy. Over one-quarter of this latter number included in the totals of end wormy and of side wormy were end and side wormy. Accepting the check trees as standard, this one late application resulted in nearly 10 per cent additional sound fruit or about 1600 apples, over three barrels, the one treatment cost- 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ing approximately 40 cents. It paid for itself though the work would have been much more profitable had it been done three weeks earlier. The check trees yielded 14,670 apples, the individual trees 5152 and 9518. The average percentage of sound fruit was 67.21, there being very little variation in this respect. These two trees produced 4810 wormy apples, 2997 being end wormy and 2762 side wormy. Here we have again most conclusive evidence showing that the major portion of the protection ac- crues from the first spraying as a result of its destroying young codling moth caterpillars entering at the blossom end of the fruit. Series 3. Certain corroborative experiments were conducted in the young orchard of Mr William Hotaling of Kinderhook, N. Y. The trees are exceptionally fine, being only six or seven years old, dwarf in habit and, as a rule, well laden for such young trees. They are set in four rows, running approximately north, with rows of peach trees between, and in the case of the experimental areas the Wealthy apples alternate with Mackin- tosh. Three plots were laid out, the trees invariably being on the two middle rows. Plot 1 was limited to transverse rows 35, 30, 37 and 38, and plot 2 to transverse rows 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 and 45, numbering from the house toward the railroad. The check trees were in transverse rows 23, 24 and 25. The trees were small and the spraying was very thorough, being made by Mr Hotaling personally. He took special pains to cover the under as well as the upper surface of the leaves, apply- ing so much that there was considerable dripping. There was relatively more spray material used for each tree than in any other experiments during the season. Arsenate of lead (15 per cent arsenic oxid) was used at the rate of 4 pounds to 44 gallons of mixture, and a home-made lime-sulfur wash (33° Baumé) at a rate of 1 gallon to 30 gallons of spray. The first treatment was given May 23d to plots 1 and 2. Plot 2 was sprayed a second time June 19th, the treatment being limited to the experimental trees and the barrier trees in the longitu- dinal rows. At that time much of the fruit in this orchard had dropped, though it was not attributed to the spraying. There was some burning from the earlier application to the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 33 barrier trees though there seemed to be no injury to the experi- mental trees. . The orchard presented a fine appearance, many twigs showing a growth of 8 or to inches. There was remark- able freedom from insect injury though near the house one tree had practically every apple injured by the codling moth. The results secured in this series are tabulated below. Series 3, Mackintosh, plot 1 (Sprayed once) CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT TOTAL a re P P End | and | Side | Exit | Exit er er n an ide Total cent Total cent j|wormy] side |wormy nel Hole wormy — ania See res) ES LAG ee a eta syaveveveycr oe) 20> 39 36 92.30 3 7.70 5 al PS Bee ae 2 1318 5 AOOUO CASO rete 3 2 66.66 I SS EISIAN Le) c, 5-5) ered Peubtenenste I 1 ea COSC HOOO OG 119 109 91.60 10 8.40 Cae ey 8 meer Ach cheesy cisice.cillcte jevareuls) | ate -ouetens, | Paotceoeoretete Pereretette al | Perctata cis ove |lats, cuszes | Poteuele cover] ayet'asauetel| [aheiahatone Myre a detcisiervon gic || 34 29 85.30 5 14.70 I I 3 Mieitttersca ec eadesa st sieiecs 17 64 83.11 13 16.89 ' 2 8 pROtallsuvayee oie Jeve 272 240 88.23 32 key 77 7 3 22 Series 3, Mackintosh, plot 2 (Sprayed twice) | CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT iinks TOTAL | FRUIE _ lias wad) | aia Bath mse er er n an ide Total] cent | Total | cent |wormy) side |wormy ele pole | wormy 2 5.40 Tal eens I | peas Ws o.5 solo acne c 2 fo wcccelecescwenalecsccecioesssc|evencs lew wwee [oe v0 « ence] ad. 4) a 6 0))\e ela sale) wield ae o (exe 4.80 Tiilhteneetats II 7 3.30 Zia Penola ata 5 7d aes Ger =u Ie ecu | THA Re eee 3) lp r8e75 Te\lene he 2 ieee lt (erga 5 I 21 | 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Series 3, Wealthy, plot 1 (Sprayed once) CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT TOTAL Sah EUAN Pp P End End Exit Exit er er n and | Side Gual |S et Total} cent wormy| side |wormy hole | hole wormy ! 2 Cease aeccierne a 604 592 08 12 2 DL illatatelever ELs ll s¥o wtote haere te 1D J een tear VSR Fes 273 262 06 II 4 Tlie A akabae 10 1a ees, he ( Se Pcie ee 690 65 94.20 4 OF8Ou| Foe alec one Ad eas | eee 1S Ly eS pape artes 225 213 04.66 12 5.34 Teves etek II 2: ieee ee Re farctere he ciate .9 Sane ei 202 192 95.05 10 ALOS es cele e nee 10 Be lees Bg pean oan 57 50 87.72 7 12.28 ON See Gili. heron eres Totalear eee. 1430 | 1374 | 96.08 56 | 3.92 va | mS 52 5 leek Series 3, Wealthy, plot 2 (Sprayed twice) CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT TOTAL ‘apes 1) Eh Pp P E d End S d Exit Exit er er n and «| Side Total cent Total cent |wormy} side |wormy hole | hole wormy s a (CHAS Sonata 308 305 99.24 3 oie sretetert| a, anciterowe 3'5'|... teasers enere eave 1D Pye epscres ese 179 175 97.76 4 DOAN et eee ellis aes Asi cceia cnet exes Gee aon eee 407 403 99.01 4 99 Tt) eee Zale Sivetesale eco 1 De eae ee rae 14 14 | 100 (3) ©) Al exorcise Fejorclles] tobe ta tora heirentneetien | ena i. SpA Pore Aiea ips etme 83 82 98.79 I TEST |e ae erelc werent Disco eres es eet | Dalat omen era A WAS 87 87 | 100 Oil edhe Bees kaveAl bua; ln Zunue ll cde Sect op See ecocetenniot | eee EL ObAL aoc icker eee 1168 | 1156 098.97 12 1.03 Sens tee TEC Ge. shec.5 leceeeee Series 3, Wealthy, checks (Unsprayed) CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT TOTAL ae marr E a ade Contd eeac | eater er er n an 1de Total cent Total cent |wormy| side |wormy or Bole wormy Osho ak er poration 38 17 44.73 21 So. 27 13 3 5 Pal ieee 1B PA ee Soi ee ORS ee Ye are Crees [TOO Way Wiac eieiete| ah arisioss Tl RPC A Reso Wary REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 35 Series 3, Mackintosh, checks (Unsprayed) CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT TOTAL TREE FRUIT End ‘ Per Per End | and | Side Exit | Exit Total cent Total cent wormy) side |wormy hole | hole wormy H 2 PETRN ata Sa eve S eye c torre te (sitevener sie) fe vatcecoyeetal rettaver site ecilhectenerete-toll mes chevee sete seis c lal vu, a:ucodm les os'etantsvo1[ Suerentecell pee em erate IE e athe crate i aiessvotovetafs 20 17 58.62 TO Paerstevaterers 3 6 3 Tt ereterne Series 3, Winesap, checks (Unsprayed) CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT TOTAL pa FRUIT : : soe genera tee Exit | Exit er } er n an ide = Total cent Total cent wormy|] side |wormy hols hele wormy SEMEL ere arene tch ai devas 20 10 50 Io 50 4 4 2 2i'Ihavay etecave Be retevscouts crulaveter ster acs 20 I4 48.27 I5 5h. 73 TAGS trey easees vod ascahatcei san o:| arcetab eves PApenenetente “Boy ila ae ante ee 118 | Bl || Wey ns | 60 | 50.85 35 13 12 WAlmaeclon Series 3 is interesting largely because it shows the results which may be expected on small trees producing comparatively few apples. It also illustrates a marked difference in the liability of different varieties to injury by this pest. The six Mackintosh trees in plot 1 produced a total of only 272 apples, the average percentage of sound fruit being 88.23, in- dividual fruiting trees ranging from 66.66 to 92.30, though the maximum and minimum number of wormy apples were only 1 and 13. Plot 2. The six Mackintosh trees produced 638 apples, giving an average percentage of 95.76 of sound fruit. There were only 27 wormy apples in the plot, the number per tree ranging from nothing to 12, yet the percentage variations ran from 81.25 to 100. The six Wealthy trees in plot 1 produced 1430 apples, giving an average of 96.08 per cent of sound fruit. There were 56 wormy apples, individual trees producing from 4 to 12 and giving a percentage variation from 87.72 to 08. 2 36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The six Wealthy trees in plot 2 produced 1168 apples, an average of 98.97 per cent of sound fruit. Individual trees bore from none to 4 wormy apples, yet the percentage variation ranged from 98.79 to 100. The above data should be compared with the 58.62 per cent of sound fruit produced by one check Mackintosh tree, and the 44.73 per cent of worm-free fruit on a check Wealthy tree. The comparisons show a decided advantage accruing irom spraying though there is a wide variation in the percentage of sound fruit. A summarized tabulation of the results secured from all the plots emphasizes certain important points and is therefore given below. : Summary of plots | | CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT | TOTAL fais Ge a = < one Exit | Exit : er er End | and | Side | Total cent Total cent |wormy] side |wormy hole | hole wormy : = | | | 5 a Net BEI A TEA 16638 | 16515 | 99.26 I23 -74 19 I2 92 BONS cacao Zien nde a 19994 | 19903 | 99.54 Or +46 5 3 83 33 I Shaye te eee re 209026 | 20830 | 99.54 96 -46 | 24 77 AG Were ts Aaa 8969 | 8393 | 93-57 | 576 | 6.43 186 95 205 LOSM| anchors Check... 5337 | 4540 | 85.06 | 797 | 14.94 | 379 166 252 285 3 2rd RIN RA iene ae 20802 | 20401 | 98.07 401 1.93 28 14 359 83 2 CR, ate ee 34019 | 33510 | 98.50 509 I.5 53 54 402 203 10 Bie eisicvotioware 31119 | 30852 | 99.14 207 .86 60 23 184 220 tae cha lntaeahone 16815 | 13113 | 77.98 | 3702 | 22.02 | 1422 578 | 1702 | 1782 35 heck....| 14670 9860 | 67.21 | 4810 | 32.79 | 2048 949 | 1813 | 2179 54 Mackin- tosh: = fe ae aeeae, tone 272 240 | 88.23 ye | Pema oie 7 3 22 Ooh mre PAN Seo ie 638 611 | 95.76 27 4.24 5 I 21 GUle tases Check... . 29 I7 | 58.62 2d Ware ester ae 3 6 3 1 Sil seem Wealthy: Ml svaveseuate ewe 1430 I374 | 96.08 56 3.92 Ashe eis cee 52 Bvleiversvre | 2..-..05. 1168 1156 | 98.97 I2 1.03 Sy ao DRE ear ereral she teams Check.... 38 E7) | aan Chl Wey ee 47 13 3 5 ic Sal he eh ae 1 Summary of plots. A study of the entire data shows that con- ditions were fairly comparable in series 1 and 2, though the yield from the latter was somewhat greater. This larger yield in series 2 is in some measure offset by the trees being larger and more difficult to spray, not only on account of their size but also because of interplanted plum and peach trees. The percentages of sound fruit from the plots in these two series show a fairly uni- form increase with additional sprayings, though in the case of REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI Oy series I there is no difference between the percentage of sound fruit produced by plots 2 and 3, each giving an average of 99.54. In series 2, however, there is a nearly uniform gain of % of I per cent from each spraying after the first. There is a marked contrast between the amount of sound fruit produced on the plots receiving one treatment just after the blossoms dropped and on similar plots sprayed once three weeks later, the benefit result- ing from this treatment ranging from one-third to two-thirds that of the early spray. An examination of the data relating to end wormy apples shows a very interesting condition. In series I, plot 1 there were 31; plot 2, 8; plot 3, 19; plot 4, 281 and in the check trees, 545. It will be observed that the decrease in wormy apples resulting from the various sprayings is very largely in the end wormy, while the poor results following the one late spray must be attributed in considerable measure to failure in destroying the young caterpillars entering the blossom end of the apple. The data relating to the check trees give an idea of the number normally attacking the apple at this point. The same thing is even better illustrated in the figures for series 2. Plot 1 has 42 end wormy; plot 2, 107; plot 3,.83; plot 4, 2000, while the check trees produced 2997 end wormy apples. A careful comparison of these figures supports the well- established belief that the first spraying within a week or ten days after the blossoms fall is by all odds the most important so far as preventing wormy apples or controlling the codling moth is concerned. Under the conditions obtaining in series 1 and 2, the benefits resulting from the second and third application are comparatively slight and of themselves would hardly justify additional treatment. Should it be advisable to spray for fun- gous diseases of one kind or another, we would not hesitate to . recommend the addition of poison, since even the small benefit recorded above would more than repay the cost of the poison, not to mention the protective or insurance value of these later treat- ments in case there was an exceptionally large second brood as in I910. Summary of three years’ work. Conclusions based upon the results of one season are of comparatively slight value. We have therefore brought together in one table the data relating to the experiments of three seasons, I909-II. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Summary of three years’ work with the codling moth Sprayed once Sprayed thrice Unsprayed | TREATMENT Sprayed twice Sprayed once, late PLOT | SERIES | YEAR I 1 | 1909 I 2 | 1900 z I | 1910 I 2 | I910 ut x |) rors I 2 | Ir Grand total and per CETUL I alelinte ntsl'ayelnin n'y NNNHUN NAHNHHRH H ‘Oo 4 ° | Grand total and per CELG crete renee crete © 3 I | 1909 6 I | 1909 3 I | r911 3 2 | I9II RONG so clee art shertenctale 3 2 | 1910 4 1 | 1911 4 25) ToONn Grand total and per CENUE a iouineaiteioe Check I | 1909 ‘g 2 | 1909 £ I | r910 J 2 | I9IO0 6 I | I9QII - 2 | IQII Grand total and per CEUs y steleies seaienererone CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT TOTAL FRUIT n Per Per Per End | and | Side | cent Total cent Total cent |wormy| side |wormy| end wormy wormy 30177 | 20818 | 98.81 359 TAL 33 18 3084 eee 21264 | 21042 | 98.96 222 I.04 23 18 TST Nevsansae 1839 1664 | 90.48 175 9.52 16 aE TE Bisley sexe 8135 6677 | 82.08 1458 | 17.92 160 CAN Wie 47 heal |S Gini ot 16638 | I6515 | 99.26 123 -74 19 12 O2'|)2% «tem * 20802 | 20401 | 98.07 401 1.93 28 14 350) lin cere 98855 | 96117 | 97.23 | 2738 | 2.77 279 Ito | 2349 -394 10316 | 10206 | 98.93 IIo I.07 4 77 OO ta tasare 19275 | 19084 | 99.01 IOL -99 pae) 9 TID eveciste 2846 2756 | 96.84 90 3.16 6 I tc a leneeben cic 7316 6105 | 83.45 T20r ||) T6355 127 TO) OTA N aerators 19994 | 19903 | 99.54 91 -46 5 3 S3r| Bement: 34019 | 33510 | 98.50 500 I.5 53 54 AOZ 4 ere aents 93766 | 91564 | 97.65 2202 2.35 205 | 84 | 1913 308 9680 9582 | 98.990 98 I.O1 8 10 SONG Sars oc 7710 | 7633 | 99 77 I 6 3 68 ihsaee 209026 | 20830 | 99.54 96 -46 17 2 Lh Ml Qoerecie 31119 | 30852 | 99.14 207 .86 60 23 LESAN see 60435 | 68807 | 99.22 538 -78 oI 38 | 409 185 750A |) 4355.\ 57e350|) 3230 | 42.05) 10485 || egeon|) 42a eee 8969 8303 | 93.57 576 | 6.43 186 95 ZO) eee 16815 I31I13 | 77.98 3702 ||| 22.02) TAz2 Trey Wet Kod NE oe 33378 | 25861 | 77.47 7517 | 22.53 | 2003 999 | 3425 1 12.26 3251 2366 | 72.73 885 | 27.27 312 302 27ikim| Penevenets 7OI5 5127 | 73.08 1888 | 26.92 674 630 BSAA ieeyarare 7II 202 | 28.41 509 | 71.59 186 240 BB As cy.'s ace 2000 593 | 20.65 1407 | 70.35 700 324 SoS 5337 4540 | 85.06 797 | 14.94 379 166 252 Wier se 14670 9860 | 67.21 4810 | 32.79 | 2048 O40) SEONG alesse aye 32984 | 22688 | 68.78 | 10296 | 31.22 | 4299 | 2611 | 3385 | 20.95 The above data! summarize the work for the past three years, *To give a fairer comparison between the results obtained in different vears, the figures for plot 4, series 1, and plots 4 and 7, series 2, 1909 were omitted in the above tabulation, thus avoiding the undue pre- ponderance, so far as feasible, of the results of any one season. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 39 the figures being grouped so as to show the results from various applications. The single spray applied to the different plots dur- ing this period gave from 82.08 to 99.26 per cent of sound fruit or an average of 97.23 per cent for the three years, when com- parisons are made between an equal number of plots in each year. It should be noted that the low percentages occurred in IQIO, a Season remarkable for the unusual destructiveness of the second brood and one presenting infrequent conditions which were accentuated by the small yield of the experimental trees. Excluding the data for this year, the lowest percentage of sound fruit obtained from one spraying was 97.52. Incidentally we would call attention to the fact that less than ™% of I per cent (.394 per cent) of the wormy fruit from the trees receiving but one spray were end wormy. The six plots receiving two sprayings during this period pro- duced from 83.45 to 99.54 per cent of sound fruit or an average of 97.65 per cent, the end wormy fruit constituting about 4% of I per cent (.308 per cent). It will be observed that the average gain in sound fruit resulting from this second application was .42 per cent and that there was a slight reduction in the per- centage of end wormy. It was unfortunate that in 1910 no plot received three applica- tions and, as a consequence, the average percentage for this group is 99.22 of sound fruit, a yield undoubtedly relatively higher than would have been the case if two plots for 1910 could have been included. Even with this omission which, in a measure at least, is favorable to the three applications, the average percentage gain between two and three treatments is only 1.57 per cent, while the average percentage of end wormy is even smaller than in the preceding plots, namely, .185 per cent. The three plots receiving one late application during 1910 and IQII gave an average percentage of sound fruit of only 77.47, there being a range for individual plots from 57.35 to 93.57. This average percentage of sound fruit is approximately midway between that obtained from one spraying and the yield on the check trees. The percentage of end wormy, 12.26, is a great increase over that in the preceding plots and shows in a con- vincing manner where the late spray lacks efficiency. The check trees during this period gave an average percentage of sound fruit of 68.78, the yield varying in individual plots from 28.41 to 85.06. This small yield of good fruit, it should be 40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ‘noted, occurred on trees producing relatively few apples. The aver- age percentage of end wormy fruit for these plots is 20.95, a great increase in the average for the plots receiving one late spraying and very different from the data for the sprayed plots where the greater number of wormy apples have been injured by the second brood and are therefore side wormy. A study of the wormy fruit on the check trees during the three- year period shows that nearly one-third (31.22 per cent) of the entire yield was affected and that over two-thirds (20.95 per cent) of this was end wormy. A comparison of the end wormy fruit produced on the sprayed trees shows at once that by far the great- est benefit accrues from the first spraying, since this reduced the percentage of end wormy to .394, a second bringing it down to .308, and a third to .185 per cent. The one late spray (three weeks after blossoming) reduced the end wormy, taking the check trees as a standard, by less than one-half, that is, to 12.26 per cent. The great value of the first application made within a week or ten days after the blossoms fall and preferably early in this period, is at once evident from these data. Comparative yields. The following tabulation of comparative yields from the experimental plots will prove instructive, since those from the plots sprayed three times, sprayed late and checks have been raised pro rata to make up for a deficiency in the num- ber of plots or a reduced nunber of trees in the plots and the fig- ures thus indicate a fair comparative value. Those for the plots sprayed three times are undoubtedly somewhat higher than they should be, because there were no plots sprayed thrice in 1910, a year when the second brood of the codling moth was extremely abundant. and as a consequence there was excessive injury. Comparative summary of yields from experimental plots 1909-11 CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT NUMBER OF SPRAYS TOTAL Total FRUIT Total Total end Num- Per Total end side and ber cent wormy | wormy side wormy tI GeL Ae car Abe A 98 855 | 96 117 97.23 2 738 3890 2 459 110 Be Wenn ie t tree Gate LU, ee oa 93 766 | Or 564 97.65 2 202 280 I 907 84 Batch s crop etka eNews bare Sete 104 I5I | 91 863 99.22 807 272 596 50 THIER. Eterna siebow hr ck earned 66 756 | 51 722 77.47 | I5 034 8 184 8 848 I 998 GEhechks its bab ane oa 98 952 | 68 064 | 68.78 | 30 888 | 20 730 | 17 988 7 833 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI 4I It will be noted on referring to the above table, that the reduc- tion in wormy apples is constant, whether we take the total, the total end wormy, the total side wormy or the total end and side wormy, with the increase in the number of sprayings, while the plots sprayed but once and late show a large increase in the wormy apples and the unsprayed or check plots approximately twice as many. The evidence is so plain that further comment as to the relative value of the different sprays seems unnecessary. Conclusions. A study of these data as a whole justifies the conclusion for the Hudson valley at least that in normal years when the crop is abundant or fairly abundant, one thorough early spraying, within a week or ten days after the blossoms fall, should result in the production of 95 to 98 per cent of sound fruit. A slight gain will accrue from a second treatment about three weeks later, and an additional gain from the third treatment given the latter part of July. The benefit from the latter two sprayings is comparatively small so far as the codling moth is concerned, though ample to meet the cost of the poison and, in many instances, probably the expense of treatment. Should there be sufficient fungous disease to warrant applications for this purpose, there should be no question as to the advisability of adding poison in the later sprayings. A small crop almost invariably means a larger percentage of wormy fruit and if the prospects are even fair for good prices, the third spraying (the latter part of July) would at least justify itself because of the additional protection from possible severe injury by the second brood. The second spraying, three weeks after the blossoms fall, might be advisable especially if the first application is not thorough for some reason or other. Fungous affections are of comparatively little importance in the Hudson valley. Many of our fruit growers have been ob- taining fair results with the single treatment, and the above data, we believe, show the reason why such is the case. Compara- tively few have appreciated the importance of one thorough treatment a‘ the proper time. With the information given above we believe that our Hudson valley fruit growers can ascertain for themselves whether more than one treatment is advisable. There is no reason why the progressive fruit grower should not watch developments and if wormy apples seem to be somewhat common in early July, protect himself against possible further injury by spraying thoroughly the latter part of that month and thus destroy many of the second brood larvae before they 42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM can enter the fruit. This second treatment would hardly be necessary more than once in three or four years, unless the light crop and high prices justified efforts to produce the largest pos- sible quantity of sound fruit. GIPSY MOTH Porthetria dispar Linn, Plates 9-12 The discovery in August last of a gipsy moth infestation at Lenox, Mass., renders most timely anything relating to this ex- ceedingly destructive pest. A personal examination of the con- ditions compels us to hold that in all probability the insect was brought to Lenox with some recently set nursery stock. There was nothing in the local situation, so far as we could see, to justify the belief that the pest had been carried by automobiles. A similar infestation might easily occur west of the New York State line. This insect may be found elsewhere in the Berk- shire region, or in fact in almost any place where nursery stock has been planted in recent years, provided it was grown in a locality where there was an opportunity for infestation. We hope that a careful examination of all such localities, wherever they may be, will show practical immunity from this pest. It must be recognized that this appearance of the gipsy moth in a section widely separated from the previously known infested district was to be expected and that similar infestations may develop in the future, even though there be the most careful and rigid examination of all trees and shrubs shipped out of the in- fested territory. There have already been, aside from the case mentioned above, several such instances. A small colony of brown-tail moth caterpillars was found in Westchester county in 1909, brought there with ornamentals grown in the vicinity of Boston, Mass. A similar condition (gipsy moth caterpillars being also present) obtained the following year in New Jersey just across the New York State line. Fortunately, exterminative measures were promptly adopted. These cases illustrate the danger of spreading both gipsy and brown-tail moths with nur- sery stock. It is our opinion that under present conditions we have in nursery stock a most important carrier of these insect pests to sections remote from the infested territory. A careful analysis of the situation would, in our estimation, justify the conclusion that this danger was much greater in the case of REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 43 nursery stock grown upon American soil than with that shipped from Europe, since the latter is mostly imported as seedlings, while the larger shrubs and trees receive more personal attention abroad than in this country. (Since the above was written, a small gipsy moth infestation has been found at Great Barrington, Mass., possibly carried on a freight car, since the center of the colony appears to be close to the railroad station.) Description. There is great danger of the gipsy moth being brought into New York State and on this account we have pre- pared rather careful descriptions of the various stages including also certain microscopic features of service in recognizing the insect from remains of exuviae (larval or pupal) or even broken egg masses. ‘This latter is of considerable importance in connec- tion with shipment of nursery stock from infested regions, since even lifeless and therefore intrinsically harmless exuviae indi- cate the previous occurrence of the insect upon the stock in ques- tion and compel its classification as at least suspicious. The egg masses of this insect, occurring from midsummer till the following spring, appear very much like a small section of fine sponge. They are round or oval, buff colored and each contains usually from four hundred to five hundred eggs. The eggs may be found on stones, in tin cans and in fact on almost any station- ary object near at hand, not excluding plantain leaves and other vegetation. They are especially likely to be deposited on the under surface of limbs, fence rails, moldings, etc., on or in the vicinity of infested trees. The nearly globular, pale yellowish or salmon colored eggs are about one-twentieth of an inch in diam- eter and are well concealed in the mass by the buff colored scales from the under side of the female’s abdomen. The micro- pyle of this egg (plate 9, figure 2) comprises about eleven slender, irregularly pyriform plates surrounded by approximately three rows of small, polygonal plates, these in turn merging into larger, thinner, irregular, hexagonal plates. This character is of great value in establishing the identity of individual eggs or a small portion of an egg cluster. It can be demonstrated best by thoroughly cleaning individual eggs by rubbing them with the fingers in alcohol, then sectioning the egg, drying the shell and mounting it in an air cell. The egg mass of the definite marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa definita Pack. approaches in appearance that of the gipsy moth. The approximately oval egg mass of this 44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM insect is thinly covered with short, light buff or yellowish brown hairs and has a length of a little over half an inch. This egg mass is almost invariably deposited upon a filmy cocoon nearly one and one-quarter inches long and one-half inch in diameter and with moderately long, yellowish gray, barbed hairs entangled in the open web. The individual eggs oi the definite marked tussock moth have a diameter of about one-sixteenth of an inch, are sub- globular, the darker micropyle being in a marked depression and surrounded by a light yellowish brown, elevated ring, this in turn variably bordered by dark brown shading into pearly white. The micropyle of this species differs from that of the gipsy moth egg, in that there are usually but seven or eight rather stout, pyriform plates surrounded by a granular area (plate 9, figure 1). The young gipsy moth caterpillar is slightly over one-tenth of an inch long just after it emerges from the egg. It has a black head and the brownish yellow body is well clothed with long hairs. There is a prominent hairy tubercle on either side of the segment next the head, which gives the caterpillar a peculiar, broad-headed appearance in its early stages. At this stage we find the peculiar aerostatic hairs, easily recognized by the bulb- like enlargement near the middle (plate 9, figure 6). The other hairs are distinctly barbed (plate 9, figure 5). The markings become plainer as the caterpillar increases in size. The full-grown caterpillar is from two to two and one-half inches long and has a double row of conspicuous warts or tuber- cles down its back. The eight anterior, not counting the four blue ones just behind the head, blue; the twelve remaining, red. Similar tubercles occur on the side. The caterpillar of this species has large, coarse, yellowish and brown or black hairs, both minutely serrate (plate 9, figures 3, 5) and numerous finer, smaller, lighter hairs with minute reticulations on the surface. The full-grown caterpillars, like those of the well-known forest tent caterpillars, assemble in the day on the shady side of the trunks and under side of the limbs, sometimes forming clusters covering considerable areas. The somewhat conical, dark brown pupa ranges from three- quarters to one and one-half inches long and is usually found in numbers lying among a few threads and securely attached to them by its terminal spine. The abdominal segments of the pupa are ornamented with symmetrically arranged, sparse clus- ters of short, yellowish hairs. Similar hairs also occur upon the thorax and at the anterior extremity of the pupa. A microscopic REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 45 preparation of a portion of the empty pupal case shows the stout, barbed hairs and on the surface of the chitin irregularly placed, oval areas apparently due to a slight increase in pigmentation or chitinization (plate 9, figure 7). The male and female moths differ widely. The former is a slender, oval, brown, black marked insect with feathery antennae and a wing spread of about one and one-half inches. It flies in the late afternoon and early evening. The female is much heavier and lighter colored. She has a wing spread of about two inches, is white or buff white and with more or less distinct, black mark- ings, the abdomen being tipped with black. Distribution in America. The gipsy moth is now well estab- lished in five of the New England states. Aside from the large colony found two years ago at Wallingford, Conn., and two small ones in the Berkshires, it is not known to occur west of the Connecticut river. Both . Connecticut and Massachusetts have undertaken to exterminate these outlying colonies, and it is to be hoped that the gipsy moth may be kept for a long series of years east of the Connecticut river. This stream forms a natural bar- rier, the absence of thick forests and the large, open valley render- ing it comparatively easy to check the progress of this enemy. Condition of infested territory. There is no better way of comprehending what infestation by the gipsy moth or the brown- tail moth means than by a study of the conditions in the infested territory. It was our pleasure, in company with parties in charge of Government, State and private work against both the gipsv and brown-tail moth, to study the problem over a wide section of country. We have also seen representative infested areas almost annually for over twenty vears and, as a conse- quence, can make personal comparisons between the present and earlier status. Generally speaking, there has been much prog- ress in controlling the insects in the immediate vicinity of Boston, in the towns and cities where the pests have been estab- lished for a number of years. The residential areas as a whole are in excellent condition and, to the casual observer, appear free from any very destructive insect pest. This relatively cesirable change has been brought about only by enormous ex- penditures. It has been recently estimated that the cost of con- trol work in Massachusetts and portions of other New England states amounts to upwards of a million dollars a year. This makes no allowance for the actual damage inflicted. Such ex- 46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tended and thorough work means heavy appropriations, practical only in the more valuable residential or business territory and utterly beyond the resources of poorer cities and towns having extended tracts of low-priced lands. ‘he discrimination of an entomologist is not needed to note the widespread and in some instances extremely severe devastations by both the gipsy and the brown-tail moth (plates 10, 11, 12 and 13). The Federal Gov- ernment has in recent years been spraying strips two hundred feet wide on each side of the more important highways for the pur- pose of preventing spread by vehicles and incidentally this serves in a considerable measure to obscure the extent of the injury. Last summer there were hundreds and in some instances thousands of acres of woodland defoliated, although the strips along the highways were in excellent leaf, due to the thorough spraying with poison. These large areas of stripped forest or orchard lands show what would be the result were there a re- laxation of control measures in the well-protected territory. In other words, relative immunity is extremely costly. The conditions would be much worse than obtain at present, in spite of the enormous expenditure, were it not for important advances in methods during the last few years. The develop- ment of very efficient high-powered spraying outfits has mate- rially reduced the cost of spraying and made it possible to protect woodlands, in large measure, for about $7 an acre. It has been found that pure or unmixed plantings of pine, if protected from invading hosts of caterpillars, are immune from injury (plate 12). Ash is not troubled by the gipsy moth, while the work of the last two years has shown that maple, hickory and locust are rarely damaged. Chestnut also appears to suffer but little if the young caterpillars have nothing else to feed upon. Apple, oak, birch and willow are favorites of both gipsy and brown-tail moth caterpillars and under favorable conditions may be the indirect cause of serious injury to adjacent, relatively immune trees. There is also the possibility that the numerous parasites im- ported during the last few years may shortly prove efficient aids in checking these pests. It should be understood that conditions in the infested district are serious, especially in sections where low values prohibit expensive control measures. Means of preventing spread. The prevention or hindrance of the spread of such an insect as the gipsy moth is most important and in large measure practical. The female does not fly and as REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 47 a consequence the pest depends largely for dissemination upon the eggs or caterpillars being carried. The former may be read- ily distributed, since they are deposited upon a variety of mate- rials, such as tree trunks, stones, bricks, boxes, crates, tin cans, and in fact almost any hard object near an infested tree or plant. Even railroad cars standing near infested trees have been bur- dened with eggs. Fortunately, there is a considerable chance that packing boxes, building materials, etc. will, if transported and infested, not be in the immediate vicinity of a desirable food plant at the time the eggs hatch. This one factor probably accounts for so few isolated colonies being found. Railroad cars, both passen- ger and freight, rarely stand for any length of time near trees which may be infested or at the time of egg-hatching adjacent to desirable food plants. Consequently there is not the serious danger of spread with freight and passenger trains running in and out of the infested territory, as would seem at the first thought. On the other hand, young trees or plants bearing eggs carry with them in most instances desirable food or are very likely to be set in the near vicinity of plants upon which the caterpillars can thrive. This is the reason why infested nursery stock must be regarded as a most important factor in carrying the gipsy moth to sections remote from the infested territory. The crawling powers of the caterpillar are limited. Recent experiments have shown that the ycung caterpillars may be blown considerable distances by winds, and other evidence leads to the belief that under certain conditions they may even be carried by birds, especially by some of the larger species. There was undoubtedly a considerable local spread in the early days by caterpillars which were carried on vehicles traveling out of the infested region. Almost any moving object would serve this purpose. Automobiles are particularly effective and could easily pick up hundreds if not thousands of caterpillars in a short run through infested -woods at the proper season of the year. This condition prompted and justified the large expenditures by the Federal Government for the purpose of freeing roadside trees from the pests and thus preventing a wide and rapid dissemina- tion. The adoption of this policy has greatly reduced the danger of vehicles spreading the caterpillars, though the possibility of this still occurring, were there to be a change in conditions, should not be overlooked. 48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM GREEN MAPLE WORM Xylina antennata Walk. Plates 14-16 The work of this insect was very prevalent here and there in the Hudson valley from Kingston north to Fort Edward and in the Mohawk valley to Fonda and its vicinity. This species, though comparatively unknown till recent years as an insect pest, was reported as defoliating many of the soft maples at Kingston. Green maple worms were responsible for stripping trees at Red Hook according to Mr R. N. Lewis. Many such maples and adjacent willows along the river from Glenmont to Kenwood were defoliated by the light green caterpillars of this insect. Similar work was very evident from Albany north to Troy. Defoliation of soft maples was reported from the vicinity of Hoosick Falls and it was stated that all the soft maples on the island near Fort Edward were similarly affected. Many soft maples in Schenectady and adjacent Scotia were attacked, the caterpillars appearing about May 2oth. June Ist it was stated that there were about three inches of half-eaten leaves lying along the gutters in Mohawk avenue. There was also serious injury at Amsterdam in front of St Mary’s Hospital on Guy Park avenue (plate 15) and in that vicinity. There were in this immediate region some fifty trees almost entirely defoliated with many more to the east showing signs of having been rather badly infested. June 9th caterpillars were not very abundant, though the statement was made that they had been excessively numerous prior to a three days’ rain on the 5th to 7th, inclusive. The work of this insect in the vicinity of Albany and at Amster- dam is shown in plates 14-16. Previous history. A similar outbreak on the soft maples at Schenectady occurred in June 1898, at which time many cater- pillars were to be seen upon the affected trees and crawling upon the sidewalks and adjacent roads. There was also injury that year in a number of other localities. Outbreaks by this insect caused several complaints last year. There are comparatively few early records of damage by this species, though the cater- pillars are frequently seen in orchards sometimes in numbers, and in 1896 on account of their prevalence under such condi- tions were denominated green fruit worms by the late Professor REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 49 Slingerland. The injury to fruit trees, however, appears to be slight compared to the damage to ash and maple trees. Description. The moth (plate 17, figure 1) is ashy gray with indistinct, rather variable markings. There is such a close re- semblance existing between this species and X. laticinerea Grote and X. gr otei that only an expert in the group can reliably separate the three forms. The caterpillars (plate 17, figure 2) are stout, smooth, light green, measuring from one to one and one-half inches in length when full grown and resembling in a general way, aside from color, some of our common cutworms. ‘The head is pate yellow- ish green; there is a rather broad, yellowish white or white dorsal stripe along the body, a narrower, white subdorsal stripe, a broken, faint lateral stripe of the same color and an irregular, white stigmatal stripe, the upper margin of the last much broken or indentated by the body color. The tubercles are rather large and white and the skin is minutely spotted with the same color. Life history. The caterpillars are not usually observed till the latter part of May or early June. They complete their growth some time in June (the past season it was early in June), enter the ground and transform to brown pupae an inch or more below the surface. They remain in this stage till September when most of the moths emerge. Though some hibernate as pupae, the majority winter as adults. It has been stated that in the South the eggs are deposited on the under surface of the leaves. No record of the oviposition in the North has been made. Food habits. This insect evidently displays a marked prefer- ence for soft maple, though it frequently defoliates adjacent wil- low and maple. It is also well known as an apple tree insect. Doctor Riley has recorded injuries by this species on peach, oak galls, hickory leaves and those of other forest trees. It has been stated that it feeds also on rose buds. The late Professor Slingerland, in his bulletin, adds to the above, peas, plums, cur- rants and quinces, and states that one grower found it necessary to watch the buds on grafted pears in order to prevent their be- ing destroyed. Natural enemies. Two Hymenopterous parasites, Mes o- chorus agilis Cress. and Meteorus hyphantriae Riley, and a Dipterous parasite, the red-tailed Tachina fly, W in- themia quadripustulata Fabr. have been reared from this caterpillar. The last-named species is one of the most ef- 50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM fective enemies of the army worm, Heliophila unipuncta Haw. Last season numerous birds, sparrows and robins in particu- lar were observed at Amsterdam here and there upon the ground searching out and devouring the pests. One greedy robin was seen with three green fruit worms in his mouth. The birds were much more numerous among and under the infested trees than in other portions of the city. Only a relatively slight in- crease in their number would probably have checked the pest be- fore the trees were defoliated. Dr W. G. VanName, zoologist of the State Museum, visited Amsterdam June roth and made the following observations: The green maple worms were then already much reduced in numbers, and it was evident that if the rate at which they were being destroyed by birds should continue, few would be able to transform to the pupal stage. Nine species of birds were actu- ally seen eating or carrying away caterpillars, and nine others were apparently associated in this work. Considering the num- ber of individuals, size and habits of each of the species seen eat- ing worms, the following were apparently most destructive and in about the order named: English sparrow, robin, crow black- bird, Baltimore oriole, cow bird, cat bird, chipping sparrow. The English sparrow takes first place solely on account of its superior numbers; the robin, cat bird, crow blackbird and oriole are individually more efficient. The cedar waxwing and yellow warbler were also seen carrying off caterpillars. The following species, seen about or under the infested trees, were doubtless there for the purpose of feeding upon the pests: blue bird, rose-breasted grosbeak, red-eyed vireo, warbling vireo, bobolink, redstart, song sparrow. The king bird and phoebe were also seen, and though they feed chiefly on flying insects, appear to take some of the caterpillars, though this could not be established with certainty. The majority of the above-named birds had nests within two or three hundred yards of the infested trees and could be seen carrying off the caterpillars (the robins and blackbirds often with two or three at a time) to feed their young. The cater- pillars were evidently a great attraction to the birds, since there were at least two or three times as many birds as in apparently equally favorable though uninfested localities. The following record, made between 9.30 and Io a.m., will give an idea of the rate at which the birds were destroying the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 51 caterpillars, the numerals indicating the number actually seen eaten or carried off during the above-mentioned period, a time when the birds were less active than earlier in the morning: English sparrows 25, robins 13, cow birds 3, cedar waxwings 2, Baltimore orioles 2, crow blackbirds 1, chipping sparrows 2; total 48. Control or remedial measures. A scrutiny of the history and habits of this insect justifies the belief that under normal condi- tions, parasites and birds should keep this pest under control. The recent severe, widely separated, though local outbreaks must be construed as another evidence of a deficiency in the number of insectivorous birds. These caterpillars are smooth and there- fore form a most acceptable diet to many of our native species. More adequate protection to our birds must be classed as one of the most effective methods of keeping this insect in check. Local outbreaks on the more valuable shade trees of cities and villages can be easily checked by thorough spraying with an arsenical poison, preferably arsenate of lead, using at least two pounds (15 per cent arsenic oxid) to fifty gallons of water and making the application as soon as there is evidence that a number of caterpillars are at work. Unfortunately, many such out- breaks are not detected till almost too late for the successful use of a poison. In such instances many of the descending cater- pillars can be killed by inclosing the trunks of the infested trees with a low, overhanging barricade and then treating the collected larvae with hot water, kerosene or other contact insecticides. Small trees can be protected in large measure by jarring the caterpillars from them, and if sticky bands (tree tanglefoot is most efficient) are placed around the trunk and properly guarded, none can ascend to continue the destructive work. Bibliography A few of the principal references, together with citations of later records, are given below. These, in connection with the earlier bibliographies, afford a ready clue to the literature of this species. 1896 Slingerland, M. V. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul 123 Dp. 509-22. E808 Belt; EiP. 14th Rept State Ent; N. Yo State Mus. Bull 23) pe 2a 1 2: 1899 Beach, S. A., Lowe, V. H. and Stewart, F.C. N. Y. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 170, p. 395. 52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1900 Smith, J. B. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 27 :35-36. 1904 Pettit, R. H. Mich. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Spec. Bul. 24, p. 28-29. 1905 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1:129-32. I9II ———~—_—._ NN. Y. State Mus. Bul. 147, p. 6-7. IRIS BORER Macronoctua onusta Grote Specimens of this boring caterpillar were received July 25, I91t from Mr Waldo L. Rich of Saratoga Springs, N. Y., accompanied by the statement that about half of the Iris tubers in.a bed were partly eaten by a grub. Mr J. W. Huyck also transmitted specimens from Saratoga about the same time and stated that these borers had practically destroyed a bed of Iris roots. He found over one hundred of the caterpillars in a bed about 6 x 8 feet long. This species appears to have largely escaped the observation of economic entomologists. It was first reared from Iris by Doctor Thaxter. Henry Bird records in 1902, injury by this larva to Iris roots, and in a recent letter states that this insect is at times obnoxious in parks and on estates where large beds of Iris are used for landscape effect. The late Dr James Fletcher mentions several instances of injury in Canada in a report for the same year, while the following season Arthur Gibson gives a somewhat detailed note respecting the operations of this borer. Dr J. B. Smith also records injury by this insect. Description. The parent moth (plate 17, figure 3) has a wing spread of about one and seven-eighths inches and is a typical Noctuid in form and color. The forewings are a variable dark purplish brown with a more or less distinct, broadly crenulate and dentate (the latter near the middle) subterminal line. The discal spot is very irregular, being narrowly lanceolate, with an indistinct, rounded, lobelike projection anteriorly. Near the basal third and a little behind the anterior margin there is an irregularly subtriangular area bounded by a narrow line of dark scales. Posterior of this there is a faintly outlined, oval area resting upon a somewhat more distinct, curved line of dark scales, and near the posterior margin a somewhat indistinct, V- shaped mark of similar scales. The anterior third of the wing back to the middle, and the distal fifth especially on the posterior two-thirds, is markedly darker, the margin with a distinct REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 53 crenulation of darker scales. Hind wings mostly a yellowish brown with purplish brown near the tip. The thorax is thickly covered with purplish brown scales, the abdomen with light brown scales. The pupa has a length of about one and one-half inches and a diameter of nearly one-quarter inch. It is chestnut brown, shiny. The anterior margin of the abdominal segments are coarsely and sparsely punctate, the posterior margins thickly and finely punctured. The cremaster is almost black, with two stiff, capitate spines apically and three others on each side. The full-grown larva is about two inches long, white, the head brown and with rows of black spots laterally. Life history and habits. The moth is secretive in habit and appears to be quite local in its operations, since Messrs Fletcher and Gibson record the work of this species in the same locality for three seasons in succession. The adults appear in the fall, September and October, and according to Mr Bird live but a short time. He is of the opinion that the eggs are laid scatter- ingly about the base of the Iris stalks, relying largely on the fact that winter burnings almost surely result in the local ex- termination of this species. He believes that the eggs hatch about the last week in May. The larvae first attack the stems some inches above the ground and gradually work downward, the full-grown caterpillars operating in the roots. Mr Bird states that the larval stages occupy a nine or ten day interval so far as he has followed them, and that. there are probably six molts. This borer has been recorded as attacking different species of Iris (all species seem to be acceptable according to Mr Bird), including the blue flag, the roots of German lily and also of the blackberry lily, Belamcanda chinensis. Under ordinary conditions this species appears to be held in check by parasites. Control measures. Affected stems should be cut out and burned, thus destroying the caterpillars at the inception of the attack. It is probable that thorough spraying with an arsenate of lead applied about the time the insect begins operations, namely, the latter part of May, would be very effective in destroying this pest. Winter burning of the debris on Iris beds, if this can be done without injury to the roots, promises to be the simplest and most effective method of keeping this pest in check. 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bibliography 1874 Grote, A. R. Peab. Acad. Sci. 6th Rep’t, p. 27. 1883 Fernald, Mrs C. H. Papilio. 3:22. 1891 Thaxter, Roland. Can. Ent. 23:35. 1899 Dyar, H. G. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:321-22. 1902 Bird, Henry. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 10:214-15. 1903 Fletcher, James. Ent. Soc. Ont., 33d Rep’t 1902, p. 94. 1903 Holland, W. J. The Moth Book, p. 170. 1904 Gibson, Arthur. Can. Ent. 36:355. 1904 —————— Ent. Soc. Ont., 34th Rep’t 1903, p. 49-50. 19090 Smith; J.B. Ins. N. J., p: 450. NOTCH WING Ennomos magnarius Guen. The peculiar, linear series of polished, greenish brown or bronze colored eggs of this species on apple and pear have been received from time to time during recent years arid mostly from Hudson river localities. "There have been no records of serious injuries by the caterpillars, though this is a common form and a somewhat general feeder. It is widely distributed, having been recorded from northern Maine west to the Northwest Territory. It appears to be closely related to the European E.autumnaria Wernb. Description. The individual eggs are polished, greenish brown or bronze colored, have a length of 1.25 mm, a diameter of .7 mm, subrhomboidal in shape and are deposited transversely upon the flat surface of bark side by side in linear rows. An exceptionally fine series has a length of four and one-half inches (plate 8, figure 2). The newly hatched caterpillar is a yellowish, dark green looper with a length about 2.25 mm. The large, orange yellow head has a diameter nearly twice that of the body, the labrum and antennae being whitish. The cervical shield is moderately large, yellowish, with a deep, median, subquadrate impression, the latter fuscous greenish. The dorsum of the remaining thor- acic and body segments is mostly dark olive green with a rather conspicuous lateral margin of bright yellow, the latter extending and somewhat indeterminate on the anal segments. True legs yellowish orange, venter yellowish green, the prolegs mostly yellowish or yellowish green. According to Beutenmueller the second stage is a pale green, smooth, somewhat shining and without any visible mark- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 55 ings. The third stage is characterized by yellow incisures. In the fourth stage the head and the body beneath are quite flat- tened, the lateral edge being ridged below the spiracles. “ The full-grown larva is a dull dirty green mottled with green- ish ocherous. The head is comparatively small, and the first seg- ment is about equal the width, the remaining segments gradually increasing in size. The thoracic feet have the bases considerably swollen and ringed with ocherous. The pair of abdominal and anal legs are chocolate brown. Over the body are scattered irregularly small, elevated, pale yellowish spots, especially on the last three segments, which are conspicuously mottled. The cervical shield is dirty chocolate brown; on the second to tenth segments inclusive, are four minute black tuberculate spots; the fourth and fifth segments have an additional pair of spots. The transverse ridge on the fifth is very prominent, as is also the one on the underside of the sixth segment and the one on the eighth segment, and the two black tuberculate spots on the dorsum of the eleventh segment. Underside of body same as above, except the last three segments pale whitish-green. Anal plates tinged with lilac. Length 110 mm.” (Beutenmueller) The pinkish white pupa is covered with a mealy substance, the extremities of the segments roughened, the interspaces being semitransparent and yellowish. The change to the pupa occurs in an oval, elongated, whitish cocoon open at each end. The parent moth (plate 8, figure 1) is a delicate ocher yellow- ish insect variably marked with purplish and reddish brown, especially at the extremities of the wings, the anterior pair with a conspicuous, almost hooked lobe near the middle. The male, with its pectinate antenna, has a wing spread of about one and five-eighth inches, while the larger, stouter bodied female has slender antennae and a wing spread of about two and one-eighth inches. Life history. Oviposition occurs in September and October, individual females depositing from five hundred to six hundred eggs. These latter hatch the following May or June, the larvae attaining full growth from the latter part of July till the end of September. The pupal stage lasts from eighteen to twenty days, adults flying from early August until the last of October. There are specimens in the Lintner collection taken at Keene Valley, N. Yi; Auctst 7; 1894: 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Food habits. This caterpillar appears to be a general feeder, it having been recorded by Beutenmueller on elm, maple, sweet gum, etc. It is rather common on black birch, feeds upon poplar and, as stated above, the eggs may frequently be observed upon apple and pear. It has also been recorded on lilac and chestnut. Remedial measures. Should the caterpillars of this species become abundant they could probably be easily controlled, as in the case of other leaf feeders, by timely spraying with a poison, preferably arsenate of lead. Bibliography 1860 Walker, Francis. List Lepid. Het. Brit. Mus. 20:209. 1866 Walsh, B. D. Practical Entomologist. 1:77. 1869 Harris, T. W. Entomological Correspondence, p. 320. 1874 Lintner, J. A. N. Y. State Mus. 26th Rep’t, p. 165, 182. 1876 Packard, A. S. Mon. Geomet. Moths, p. 529-30 (Eugonia al- iolerljeviie a1) )s 1878 Worthington, C. E. Can Ent. 10:16 (E. alniaria). 1885 Dimmock, A. K. Psyche 4:272-73 (Eugonia alniaria). 1886 Hulst, G. D. Entomol. Amer. 2:49 (Eugonia alniaria). 1888 —————— Entomol. Amer. 4:49 (Eugonia). 1690,Packard, A. S$. U.S. Ent. Comm: sth” Repit, p: 425 (he aie jak ial Sri al). 1895 Beutenmueller, William. N. Y¥. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:37-38 (E. aliniva ta): 1896 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 11th Rep’t, p. 266. 1896 Hulst, G. D. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:371-72 (E. alniaria). 1904 Gibson, Arthur. Ent. Soc. Ont. 34th Rep’t, p. 54 (E. alniaria). 1906 Dod, F. H. W. Can. Ent. 38:264. 1906 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:725. 1908 Fletcher, James.- Can Ent. 40:170. MAPLE LEAR CULDER Paraclemensia acerifoliella Fitch Plate 18 This peculiar insect was excessively abundant on the estate of Dr Wilby Meyer, North West Bay, Lake George, in the town of Bolton or North Bolton. The infestation though local was severe and included perhaps twenty-five acres. Some trees had their foliage very badly injured, there being in each leaf a number of oval holes and much of the tissue between dead, because of skeletonizing by the larva. The work is rather characteristic, since the caterpillar reaches out from its oval case, eating all that is within reach and then migrates to another spot. Infested REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQtt 5; leaves (plate 18) may therefore show one or more oval holes with circular skeletonizing here and there, the centers of some of the areas at least being occupied by an oval case, with a diameter of about five-eighths of an inch. The work is usually on the upper surface though the caterpillars occur also upon the lower side of the foliage. Viewed from below, an infested leaf is generally indicated by one or more dark spots surrounded by irregular, lighter, skeletonized, brownish areas. The injury was especially marked on the lower limbs of large trees and on small trees in the woods the feeding was confined mostly to the hard maple, adjacent soft maple practically escaping injury. A few of the larval cases accompanied by feeding were collected on oak and witch-hazel undergrowth. This latter appeared to be largely accidental. The ground was in many places thickly dotted with the circular larval cases. The late James Fletcher has also recorded rather severe injury to beech trees after the foliage on adjacent maples had been destroyed. At the time of our examination September 22d, some larvae were still feeding, though most of them had evidently forsaken the trees or were nearly ready to drop to the ground. Previous history. Early records show this insect to be rather local in habit. The first notice of this species by Doctor Fitch states that injury was rather common during 1850 in the eastern section of New York State, The withered leaves began to be noticed in early August and continued to increase in numbers for three or four weeks. He observed that forest trees were mostly affected, those standing alone as shade trees in fields being practically exempt. This latter hardly obtained at Lake George last summer, since several badly affected trees were well separated from the adjacent woodland. The late Doctor Lintner recorded in 1888 serious injury by this insect to maples at Pittsford, Vt., nearly all the trees having the foliage brown and looking as though they had been scorched by fire. The work of this species has also been recorded from the state of Illinois, while the late Dr James Fletcher reported severe injuries to hard maples in the vicinity of Ottawa, Canada. This species appears to have a wide distribution in the northern part of the United States and southern Canada, it having been reported from New York, New Jersey, Illinois, the vicinity of Ottawa and also Kaslo, British Columbia. 58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Description. The small moth has been described by Doctor Dietz as follows: Head russet-yellow. Palpi fuscous. Antennae blackish brown, pecten of first joint russet. Thorax dark brown, with golden green and bluish scales. Abdomen bronzed brown. Fore- wings dark fuscous, overlaid with deep, bluish purple scales; scattered over the disk and along the apical veins are some bright green, hairlike scales; both margins narrowly edged with golden. Cilia fuscous, sprinkled with bluish scales; under side fuscous brown, with purple reflection. Hind wings pale grayish fuscous, with a feeble, purple lustre, margin narrowly edged with pale metallic scales. Cilia pale fuscous; under side similar to upper. Under side of body dark fuscous, with some silver- white scales. Legs grayish, tinged with dark fuscous, basal half of tarsal joints paler. Exp. I1.5-13.5 mm; 0.36-0.54 inch. Doctor Fitch states that the tips of the wings are commonly bent inward, giving them when closed the appearance of a little pod enveloping the abdomen. The pupa is about five-thirty-seconds of an inch long, pala yellowish, rather stout, the dorsum of the abdominal segments with a transverse row basally of rather stout, dark brown spines; cremaster represented by an indistinct short spine. The full-grown caterpillar is slender, flattened, cylindric, dull white, the strongly depressed head. and the third thoracic seg- ments pale rusty brown. There is an interrupted, more or less distinct, broad, blackish stripe down the back. The case (plate 17, figure 5) of the full-grown caterpillar is oval, about three-eighths of an inch long and composed of two pieces of a leaf fastened together at the edges and forming a shelter. Within this there is another pair of narrowly oval pieces of leaf, each with a length nearly a quarter of an inch. These are fastened together in the same way, and within this inner retreat the transformation to the pupa occurs. Life history. Pupation occurs in the fall, and the winter is passed in the larval cases described above. These shelters usually lie upon the ground in immense numbers or fall with the affected leaves. The adults emerge and may be frequently seen, according to Doctor Fitch, during the month of May, flying by day or resting exposed upon the leaves in forests and along their borders. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI 59 Remedial measures. This species is evidently local in habit and there appears to be no reason why many of the hibernating insects could not be destroyed by burning over the ground in early fall, provided conditions admit of such treatment. It is very probable that thorough spraying, especially on the upper surface of the leaf, with arsenate of lead about the middle of June, would check this pest in a very satisfactory manner. Bibliography 1856 Fitch, Asa. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. Trans. 15:501-5 (Ornix). 1856 —————— Nox. & Benef. Ins. N. Y. Ist-2d Rep’t, p. 269-73 (Ornix). 1872 Clemens, Breckenridge. Tineina of N. Amer., p. 90 (Ornix). 1873 Reed, E. B. Ent. Soc. Ont. Rep’t 1872, p. 42-43 (Ornix). 1973 Chambers, V. TI. Can: Ent. 560 (fined tiridel la). 1874 Lintner, J. A. Cult. & Country Gent. 39:631 (Ornix). 1882 Walsingham, Lord. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 10:172 (Incurvaria). 1885 Fletcher, James. Rep’t of Ent., p. 31-32 (Incurvaria). I6o7.———— ——— _Rep’t of Ent & Bot, p. 33) Cincurvaria): 1888 Walsingham, Lord. Insect Life. 1:147 (Incurvaria). 1889 Lintner, J. A. Injur. & Other Ins. N. Y. sth Rep’t, p. 215-19 (Incurvaria). 1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 408-9 (Incurvaria). 1895 Comstock, J. H. & A. B. Man. Study of Ins., p. 255-56 (In- curvaria). 1897 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 27th Rep’t, p. 69 (Incurvaria). 1902 Busck, August. Amer. Miscroscop. Soc. Trans. 23:90 (Brecken- ridgia). 1903, = —-— Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc 5:103) (Brackenridgia): a= __N: ¥. Ent. Soc: icurm 123077 (breckenridata): 1905 Dietz, W. G. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 31:41-42 (Breckenridgia). 1906 Busck, August. Can. Ent. 38 :348. 1906 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:509-41 (Incurvaria). 1907 Dietz, W. G. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33 :287. LOnOMSmMths Jo Ba Ins: Ne Jey ps 575- LOCUS LEAR MINER Chalepus dorsalis Thunb. The locust leaf miner, a rather common insect on Long Island, was responsible, in large measure, for somewhat serious injury to the foliage of black locust trees at Syosset and Jericho, L. I. Mr Walter S. Funnell, editor of the Long Island department of the Brooklyn Daily Times, stated under date of August toth that the leaves of locust trees at Syosset and Jericho were grow- ing brown day by day, the leaves being apparently reduced to mere skeletons. Mr F. A. Bartlett of the Frost & Bartlett 60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Company, Stamford, Conn., reported the above species with the associated C. nervosa Panz. as doing a great amount of in- jury to locust trees on Long Island, many being as brown as though fire had run through them. He stated that the smaller, C. nervosa, appeared to be the more abundant of the two forms. A personal examination of the locality September 19th showed that most of the injury was confined to trees less than thirty feet high, or to large ones in the near vicinity of this new growth. The damage was so pronounced that affected areas showed a distinct brown color, even at a considerable distance, though this had been obscured to some extent by the develop- ment of new leaves subsequent to the attack. The major por- tion of the injury appeared to result from skeletonizing the leaves by the beetles, the small trees noted above showing comparatively few evidences of having been mined by the grubs. A very few leaf miners, evidently belated individuals, were found. This insect commonly occurs on large trees here and there throughout Long Island, though as a rule there is not material injury. The above described outbreak is undoubtedly irregularly periodic in character and appeared to be limited very closely to Syosset and adjacent Jericho. The trees, while checked, do not appear permanently injured and it is probable that there will be speedy recuperation. Early history. The late Doctor Lintner, in his report for 1896, records similar injury to locust trees at Yaphank, L. LI., the leaves appearing much as does elm foliage after extensive feeding by the elm leaf beetle. Doctor Chittenden states that this species is nearly always more or less troublesome to locusts in Maryland, Virginia and the District of Columbia, adding that the injury is usually most severe on young trees. Doctor Hopkins states that about 1892 thousands of locust trees died in West Virginia after the foliage had been destroyed three years in succession by this insect. The direct cause of the death of these trees, however, may have been due to abnormally cold weather. Serious damage during the seasons of 1904 and 1905 to locust trees along the Ohio river was recorded by Mr E. C. Cotton, the defoliation being general for a distance of over fifty miles, according to Mr Burgess. This insect is local in habit and appears to be decidedly more injurious in the latitude of Virginia. The late Professor W. G. Johnson reports this species as defoliating apple trees near woods, presumably locust trees. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 61 Description. The adult beetle is about one-fourth of an inch long with the head, appendages, under surface and a median triangular area, widening posteriorly, on the wing covers coal black. The remainder of the wings and the dorsum of the thorax are orange red. The thorax is irregularly and deeply punctured and the wing covers strongly ridged and ornamented with deep, nearly flattened, thickly set rows of punctures. The full-grown larva is a trifle over one-fourth of an inch long, with the head, thoracic shield, true legs and anal shield coal black, the remainder of the body being yellowish white; the segmentation is very distinctly marked and the abdominal seg- ments bear conspicuous lateral tubercles, those on the second to seventh being tipped with black and with a black, chitinous point. The brown spiracles are circular. The egg is short, oval in outline and flattened, the two sides being milk white when first laid. The mine of this insect is equally visible on both sides of the leaf, pale green, slightly tinged with brown, its surface being slightly roughened and the margin irregularly undulated. Distribution. This leaf beetle appears to be confined largely to the upper austral life zone. It is common throughout Long Island and probably occurs in the southern portion of the Hudson valley, at least. It has been recorded from Massachusetts, Con- necticut, Pennsylvania, throughout New Jersey, Maryland, Washington, Virginia, West Virginia, southern Ohio, Kentucky, and generally distributed in Indiana and Missouri. Food plants. The beetle feeds by preference on the leaves of the black locust. It has also been recorded as attacking the young leaves of red oak, has been found on white oak, beech, birch, hawthorn, apple, red clover, hog peanut and soja beans. The larvae have been observed in the leaves of false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa). It also occurs on several other food plants. Life history. The beetles evidently winter’ in any sheltered place, and in the vicinity of Washington, at least, make their ~ appearance as soon as the leaves of the locust trees have fully developed. At this time they eat small, oblong holes in the leaves, and later in the season skeletonize the upper surface. The eggs are laid on the under side of the leaves and are partly covered with an excrementaceous secretion. They hatch in about six to eight days, the young larvae breaking through the ege shell on the under side of the ege mass and gnawing at once 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM through the epidermis of the leaf. The three to five larvae in an egg mass enter through the same orifice, excavate the interior of the leaf for from two to four days, desert the mine and wander to other leaves, often to a considerable distance, where each larva excavates a retreat of its own. The number of larval migrations under natural conditions has not been ascertained. Larval existence is never Jess than two weeks and probably averages about three weeks. Transformation to the pupa occurs within the mine, the duration of this stage being from six and one-half to ten days. There appears to be but one generation in the northern states, while in the latitude of Washington there may be two generations. The above outline of the life history is an abstract from a more detailed account by Chittenden. Natural enemies. This insect is subject to attack in its southern range at least, by the wheel bug, Prionidus or Arilus cristatus Linn. This large, predaceous bug preys upon the larvae while still within the mine. Trichogramma odontotae How. is recorded as a common egg parasite, while Derostenus primus How. has also been reared from the eggs and is probably a secondary parasite. Two para- sites of the larvae have been recorded, namely, Sympiezus urolatae How. and Spilochalcis odontatae How. Control measures. These must obviously be restricted to the more valuable shade trees on lawns and roadsides and, as a rule, are unnecessary in New York State. Thorough and timely spraying with an arsenate of lead, using about two pounds (15 per cent arsenic oxid) to fifty gallons of water ought to be effective in protecting the foliage. The application should be made at about the time the leaves are full grown and in New York State the advisability of the treatment must be determined largely by the abundance of the insects. Numerous beetles and slight injury to many leaces in June are liable to result in severe damage during July and early August, unless repressive measures are adopted. Jarring the beetles into inverted umbrellas or other mechanical collectors has been suggested for a few trees in yards or lawns. This would be especially applicable to the small trees which, by the way, are the most liable to injury. This treatment would have to be repeated every few days so long as the insects con- tinued abundant. x REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIT 63 Bibliography The following citations are supplemental to the detailed biblio- graphy given in the 12th report of this office. 1896 Hopkins, A. D. Can. Ent. 28:248 (Odontota). 1697 Chittenden, F.. Ho U. S. Dep’ Agric, Div, Ent. Bul. 9, n. s., p. 22-23 (Odontota). 1897 Lintner, J. A. Injur. & Other Ins. N. Y., 12th Rep’t, p. 264-67 (Odontota). 1899 Johnson, W. G. U. S. Dep't Agric., Div. Ent. Bul. 20, n. s., p. 63 (Odontota). ngo2 Chittenden, FF, H. Ul S) Dep't Agric. Div. Ent. Bul, 38; nv s:, p. 70-83 (Odontota). 1904 Burgess, A. F. U. S: Dep't Agric, Div. Ent. Bul. 46; p. 65 (Odontota). 1905 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1:258, 325-29 (Odontota). 1906 Cotton, E. C. Ohio Dep’t Agric., Div. Nur. & Orch. Insp. Bul. 7, p. I5-19 (Odontota). 1907 Girault, A. A. N. Y. Eent. Soc. Jour. 15:119 (Odontota). 1908 Hopkins, A. D. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 10:10 (Odontota). 1910 Blatchley, W. S. Coleoptera of Ind., Ind. Dep’t Geol. & Nat. IRS, IBEIl, 1 jon 1Are ROSY HYSPZ Chalepus nervosa Panz. This small and variable leaf-feeding beetle was found associated with C. dorsalis Thunb. in an outbreak which re- sulted in the defoliation of many locust trees at Syosset and Jericho. Mr F. A. Bartlett of the Frost & Bartlett Company, Stamford, Conn., reported this species as more abundant than the larger and better known locust miner. For a fuller account of the conditions, the reader is referred to a discussion of the preceding species. Previous history. This small leaf beetle is quite variable in appearance and has been described under several different names, notably, inaequalis Web. and rosea Web. It has been re- corded by Chambers as mining the leaves of linden and Eupa- torium ageratoides, while Messrs Hopkins and Cotton found it feeding commonly on locust in association with the locust leaf miner. Arthur Gibson states that it is common in Canada on basswood, though it has never caused noticeable injury. William Beutenmueller reared this species from the foliage of asters and Eupatorium. Harris states that these insects may be found on the leaves of apple trees and very abundantly on those of the shadbush and chokecherry during the latter part of May and 64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM early in June. Harrington found the beetles upon oaks, haw- thorns and elms, and adds that the larvae mine the leaves of various trees, including apple. Theodore Pergande reared this species from Cassia nictitans, while Messrs Hubbard and Schwarz found a pale variety or race very abundant on the leaves of Robinia neomexicana in the Santa Rita mountains of southern Arizona. Life history. The life history of this species has been out- lined by Saunders as follows: The eggs are small, rough, blackish and fastened to the sur- face of the leaf either singly or in clusters of four or five. The larvae, when hatched, eat their way into the interior of the leaf, where they feed upon its green, pulpy substance, leaving the skin above and below entire, which soon turns brown and dry, forming a blisterlike spot. The larva, when full grown, which is usually during the month of July, is about one-fifth of an inch long, oblong in form, rather broader before than behind, flattened, soft, and of a yellowish-white color, with the head and neck blackish and of a horny consistence. Each of the three anterior segments has a pair of legs; the other segments are provided with small fleshy warts at the sides, and transverse rows of little rasplike points above and beneath. The larva changes to a pupa within the leaf, from which, in about a week, the perfect insect escapes. Within these blister- like spots the larva, pupa, or freshly-transformed beetle may often be found. The beetles hibernate among dead leaves and other debris. Description. This species, according to Wickham, may be separated from allied forms by the elytral punctures being arranged in eight rows and the acute costa. He states that the color is variable, usually with the head dark, the thorax and elytra pale with dark, irregular spots. The beetle is about one-fifth of an inch long, tawny reddish above, with irregular, darker spots and lines upon the strongly ridged, deeply punctured wing covers. The legs are yellow. These characters serve to separate it readily from the larger C. dorsalis with which it is frequently associated. Distribution. Horn states that this beetle occurs everywhere in the eastern regions and also in Arizona. Lugger reports this beetle as common in Minnesota, it being frequently found among dead leaves and rubbish in the vicinity of forests. Remedial measures. It is hardly likely that this species would be sufficiently numerous to make treatment advisable. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 65 An exceptional outbreak could undoubtedly be controlled by thorough spraying with a poison as described for the preceding form. This would of necessity be restricted largely to more valuable street and park trees. Bibliography The following comprise practically all the literature that we have been able to find relating to this species. 1624 say, Thomas. Acad) Nato scl Phill 3:432 (Hispa rosea): Same, in Compl. Writ. 2:205. 1s62) Farris, ©. .W-; Inst Injurm to Vee. gd ed.) py 120-21... ( Hispa rosea). 1869 Packard, A. S. Guide Study Ins. p. 503 (Hispa rosea). io72) Chambers, V. Ds (Can) Ent) 4:12z5 (Elispa inaequalis and Fencettbardenaitiay ie 1874 Henshaw, Samuel. Psyche 1:23 (Odontota rosea). 1877 Provancher, L’Abbe. Pet. Faun Entomol. Can. Vol. 1, Col., p. 683-84 (Odontota rosea). 1882 Horn, G. N. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 10:295, 297 (Odontota). 1683 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 13th Rep’t, 1882, p. 61 C@idion'tio ta rosie a). 1889 Saunders, William. Ins. Injur. to Fru., p. 120-21 (Odontota MOSHE ay). 1890 Beutenmueller, William. Entomol. Amer. 6:178 (Odontota). 1891 Riley, C. V. and Howard, L. O. Ins. Life, 3:435 (Odontota). toot Hopkins; A; Di WeeWae Agric) Expit Sta. 3d Rept, p: 167 (Odontota). 189QI W. Va. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 16, p. 88 (Odontota). 1893 —— W. Va. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 32, p. 202 (Odontota). 1897 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 29:61 (Odontota). 1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 66, p. 251-52 (Odon- tota). 1902 Chittenden, F. H. U.S. Dep’t Agric., Div.. Ent. Bul. 38, n. s., p. 84-85 (Odontota). 1904 Gibson, Arthur. Ent. Soc. Ont., 34th Rep’t, 1903, p. 52 (Odon- (OURE TROSeEel)) 1906 Cotton, E. C. Ohio Dep’t Agric., Div. Nur. & Orch. Insp. Bul. 7, p. 46 (Odontota). 1910 Blatchley, W. S. Col. of Ind., p. 1228. ROSE LEAF HOPPER Typhlocyba rosae Linn. This common pest of roses, frequently though inaccurately designated as thrips, is an European form which has obtained a wide distribution in this country. Signs of its presence are readily seen in the series of somewhat characteristic white spots 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM along the midvein and in the vicinity of the other veins. These are, in the ordinary course of affairs, frequently followed by severe injury and many of the whitish or yellowish white, jump- ing adults. Badly infested foliage frequently has the under surface thickly specked with the white membranous cast skins of the young. This leaf hopper was exceedingly abundant and somewhat injurious to the foliage of young apple trees at Ghent, N. Y., in October 1909. This unusual attack was not unpre- cedented, since the late Dr C. V. Riley had earlier recorded this species as abundant on apple foliage. It has also been taken upon the leaves of plum, cultivated cherry, currant, grape, elm and soft maple. Dr T. W. Harris, the first American to write of this species, thought that the insect might winter in the perfect stage con- cealed under fallen leaves and rubbish. This supposition has been repeated from time to time with no additional information respecting the life history of this species. Last winter and early in the spring the eggs of this species were found just under the bark of the new growth of rose bushes and the young issuing therefrom reared to maturity. Description. The full-grown or perfect leaf hopper is about one-eighth of an inch long, yellowish white, the wings usually being whitish and semitransparent. The eyes, claws and ovi- positor are brown. The young present a general resemblance to the adult. They are distinctly smaller, especially when newly hatched, with only rudimentary wing pads and a very light green. They fre- quently harmonize so closely with the color of the under side of the leaf that it is difficult to recognize them. The egg is semitransparent and has a length of .7 mm and a diameter of .2 mm. It is narrowly oval, the anterior extremity being broadly rounded, while near the posterior third there is a slight curve, the posterior extremity being narrowly rounded. The eggs are deposited singly just under the new bark. Their location is indicated by an almost imperceptible, oval elevation in the bark about 1 mm long and presenting a slight greenish or yellowish discoloration occasionally accompanied by in- creased transparency due to the egg beneath. There is at one end of the elevation a very slight scar made at the time the egg was deposited. This wound is quite different from the elongate lenticels seen upon the wood. It is comparatively easy REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 67 to expose the eggs by simply rupturing the bark on either side with a needle and raising it. Prof. R. L. Webster of Ames, Iowa, has found the eggs of this species in the bark of elm two or three years old. He also found nymphs on maple trees though no signs of oviposition. Life history. It is evident from the above that the eggs winter in the bark of various trees and shrubs, especially rose and probably apple. April 17, 1911 material taken at Nassau, N. Y., contained a semitransparent, yellowish embryo with a length about one-third that of the egg and showing an indistinct segmentation. May 14th nymphs were numerous on the lower leaves especially, their presence being indicated by the rather characteristic white spots along the veins. The abundant growth above the affected leaves obscures, in large measure, the early signs of this insect. The injury becomes more marked as the season advances. May 25th the nymphs were about three-quarters grown, the first adults being observed June 3d. Pairing and the deposition of eggs is stated to occur about the middle of June. Owing to the fact that the insects were not numerous later in the summer we did not follow the life history of the species further. The abundant occurrence of this leaf hopper upon apple leaves in October shows that there must be more than one generation, possibiy three under favorable conditions. Remedial measures. The hibernation of the insect in the egg stage and the consequent somewhat uniform hatching of the eggs makes it comparatively easy to watch for the early indica- tions of injury, namely, the series of characteristic white spots along the midvein and in the vicinity of other veins, and then spray with a contact insecticide, either a whale oil soap solution or a kerosene emulsion. This application if thorough and made to the under side of the leaves should destroy practically all of the delicate, comparatively slow-moving nymphs and prevent further injury during the season unless there be an invasion from nearby plants. This early treatment will be much more effective than anything that can be employed after the insects have become adult and able to jump and fly readily. Bibliography 1862 Harris, T. W. Ins. Injur. to Veget. 3d. ed., p. 220 (Tettigonia). 7285 Lintner, J. A. 2d Rep’t N.Y. State Ent., p. 31 (Tettigonia). 1889 Weed, C. M. Ohio Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. v. 2, no. 6, p. 155-50. 1890 Lintner, J. A. 6th Rep’t N. Y. State Ent., p. 166 (Tettigonia). 3 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1890 —— Country Gentleman 55:538 (Tettigonia). 1891 —— 7th Rep’t N. Y. State Ent., p. 345 (Tettigonia). 1891 Weed, C. M. Ins. & Insecticides, p. 156-57. 1893 Lintner, J. A. 8th Rep’t N. Y. State Ent., p. 256-57 (Empoa). 1894 Van Duzee, E. P. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:313. 1895 Comstock, J. H. and A. B. Manual Study of Ins., p. 154 (Empoa). 1895 Gillette, C. P. and Baker, C. F. Col. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 31, pari: 1896 Lintner, J. A. Country Gentlemen. 61:763. 1898 Gillette, C. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 20:771-72. 1900 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 69:131-32. 1905 Felt, E. P. Ins. Affect. Prk. & Wdld. Trees. 1:191. I910 —— 25th Rep’t N. Y. State Ent., p. go. 1910 Webster, R. L. Ent. News. 21 :267. I91t Felt, E. P. Econom. Ent. Jour. 4:413-14. PERIODICAL, CICADA Tibicen septendecim Linn. Plates 19-24 The large size of the insects, their immense numbers, the accompanying roar, the spectacular injury and unique life his- tory, all combine to excite popular interest in the periodical visitations of this remarkable species. The season of IgII was marked by the appearance of the large Hudson river brood, the only one occupying any great extent of this populous watershed. A Cicada colony, especially if the insects occur by the millions, abounds in interest. The early part of the visitation is marked * by the numerous dirty yellow, grublike pupae leaving their bur- rows by the thousands in late afternoon or early evening, climb- ing adjacent vegetation and rapidly transforming to the beau- tiful yellowish white, black spotted, red-eyed insects which at this time cling to foliage and stems and appear not unlike blossoms, and by the following morning have assumed the more sombre colors of the hardened adult. Later the empty pupal shells may be seen clinging to trunks, branches and leaves, while the black, red-winged adults rest upon the foliage or sit motionless on trunk or branch. Hundreds may be driven to flight by shaking small trees. Cicada notes may herald the ris- ing of the sun and if the day remains clear, the sound gains volume with the increase in temperature and, in the case of numerous colonies, resembles the distant hum of a busy factory. The serenade may be continued long after dark on moonlight evenings. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 69 Life history. This insect presents an extraordinary life cycle, requiring in the northern states seventeen years to complete its transformations, though the adult existence is relatively short. The same species completes its transformations in the southern states in thirteen years. The Cicadas appear in this latitude the latter part of May, usually from May 2oth to early June and may continue to July, a few persisting into August. The pupa emerges about dusk from its circular hole or burrow about half an inch in diameter and climbs the nearest support. Here it fixes itself firmly and prepares for the final transforma- tion, which latter is an extremely interesting process and may occupy about an hour and a half. The established pupa is illustrated on plate 19, figure 1, while the first sign of the impending change, namely, a split along the back, is shown at plate 19, figure 2 and only five minutes later at plate 19, figure 3. Two minutes later we have a _ condition shown at plate 19, figure 4, while five minutes after the insect is half way out of the pupal shell (plate 19, figure 5) the with- drawing of the tender wings and legs from their horny cases is a matter of some difficulty and proceeds relatively slowly. One stage of this, taken seven minutes after the above mentioned. illustration, is shown at plate 19, figure 6, while two minutes later (plate 20, figure 1) the developing insect had already com- menced to turn back, and a minute later (plate 20, figure 2) had nearly freed its legs, this process being complete (plate 29, figure 3) I minute later and within another minute (plate 20, figure 4) the perfect insect was resting upon the empty pupal shell, and six minutes later (plate 20, figure 5) it was hang- ing beside the empty shell and the wings were beginning to develop. The developing wings are better seen in a dorsal view (plate 20, figure 6) which represents the pupa as it is turn- ing back in an effort to withdraw its limbs, while six minutes later (plate 21, figure 1) we have the same Cicada clinging to a leaf and with its limp, milk white wings about half expanded. This latter process is rapid and the wings were nearly extended one minute later (plate 21, figure 2) and practically fully de- veloped (plate 21, figure 3) in two minutes. The limp wings gradually stiffen and are then wrapped around the body (plate 21, figure 4). The insect hardens during the night, the wing veins become dark red, the body black and we have the well-known Cicada (plate 21, figure 5). 70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The adults, as demonstrated by Prof. A. L. Quaintance, feed to some extent though there never seems to be any material injury as a result. The Cicadas may be observed throughout the day resting upon the foliage or branches and occasionally flying a short distance. They seem to be very local in habit. The principal injury, as is well known, is caused by the female in the cutting of slits for the reception of eggs. This operation has been described by Mr Ira H. Lawton as follows: After finishing one fissure the female moved slowly forward about two steps, depressed her ovipositor about 45°, and setting her saws in motion, first alternately and then simultaneously, rapidly penetrated the bark, but the ovipositor was soon elevated to 25°. After penetrating to the full length of her ovipositor and filling that chamber with eggs, she swung a little to one side and through the same hole in the bark excavated the opposite chamber and filled it with eggs. The making of each chamber occupied a little over twenty minutes or a total of forty-five minutes for the whole. During the cutting of a fissure, the saws made about eighty strokes to the minute, and after making four, the female would rest for a time. The heads of the Cicadas were directed, in the main, from the tree but not invariably so, as some worked with their heads toward the trunk of the tree. A female with the ovipositor partly inserted is shown at plate 21, figure 6. Oviposition. The female exercises very little choice in select- ing twigs in which to deposit eggs. Mr William T. Davis of Staten Island has recorded oviposition in between seventy and eighty kinds of trees, bushes and herbaceous plants. The limbs of oaks and hickories are favorites, though on Staten Island the black birch and sweet’ gum were frequently severely injured. Oviposition in the twigs of pine and the smooth sumac, Rhus glabra, appears to be comparatively rare. Poison ivy is not exempt. One female may make as many as fifty of these slits (plate 22) in a twig, and after depositing her complement, which is said to be four hundred to five hundred, drops to the earth and dies. Oviposition commenced at Nyack in 1911, according to Mr Lawton, June 22d, the eggs beginning to hatch within five weeks, namely, the latter part of July. Eggs taken in the vicinity of Albany hatched in the office August 5th. The young Cicadas are slender, grublike creatures about one-tenth of an inch long. ‘They are as lively as ants, and after running about on the tree for a short time, drop to the ground and bury them- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIT 71 selves. Their strong forelegs are well adapted for digging and are undoubtedly of great service in searching for the tender succulent rootlets on which they feed. The Cicadas grow so slowly and require so little food that but slight injury to trees or shrubs appears to result from their presence. They remain at moderate depths, especially during the ealier and latter por- tions of their existence though at times they have been found a number of feet below the surface. There is little change dur- ing the subterranean existence, except in size, between the newly hatched young and the full-grown nymph, which latter has on the thorax four scalelike appendages, the rudimentary wings. The insects make their way to the surface in the spring of the seventeenth year through a smooth, firmly compacted gallery which may even pierce the hard surface of a pathway or roadside and under certain conditions may be covered with a cone- like chamber made of mud pellets. Description. The periodical Cicada (plate 21, figure 6) may be easily distinguished from the common dogday Cicada or harvest fly, Cicada linnei Grossb. by the eyes and veins of the wings being bright red. More or less of the ventral surface of the abdomen (especially in the male) and the legs are dull red. The dorsal surface of the body is almost entirely black. The periodical Cicada is more slender than the stouter dogday Cicada, which latter has green markings on the thorax, greenish eyes and bright green wing veins. Distribution. The Hudson valley brood is one of the best known, since it occurs throughout a populous section. Aside from the New York localities given in detail below, it has been recorded from Connecticut, District of Columbia, Indiana, Mary- land, Michigan, the entire state of New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia. An examination of the map indicating the distribution of this brood, shows that it is largely confined to the eastern slope of the Appalachian mountains, the few records in the central states apparently being isolated colonies. There are authentic records of the appearance of this brood extending back to 1724. Comparative abundance. It is difficult to give any very exact data respecting the comparative abundance of an insect appearing only once in seventeen years, nevertheless the follow- ing observations indicate an apparent increase in some localities with a reduction in others, compared with the brood appearing in 1894. The Cicadas were about the same at Copake Falls 72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM (H. D. Harvey) and less numerous at Ghent (Thomas F. Hartigan); equally numerous at West Taghkanic (S. S. Sim- mons); there were slight changes in the infested territory at Annandale (H. D. Lewis); hardly as abundant at Fonda (Frank Jansen); equally abundant or more numerous at Middletown (Eugene Smith) and at Mountainville (R. G. Doxey); twice as abundant at Goshen (C. B. Coleman); much more numerous at Schaghticoke (Fred M. Askins); somewhat more numerous at Highland (W. D. Tallman); not so abundant at Marlboro (H. C. Dawes); equally numerous at Milton (A. E. Bell); more abundant at Port Ewen (Silvanus VanAken); more abundant at Saugerties (C. E. Davis) ; equally numerous at Walkill (J. T. Halmes) and fewer at Thomson (Letitia H. Dixon). There were undoubtedly a number of localities where the insect failed to appear this season though present in 1894. Most of these might easily be explained if we knew all the facts. Mr W. T. Davis, of New Brighton, states that in 1877 there were a great many Cicadas in the garden of the home place, and though the same fruit trees are standing and the conditions as regards vegetation have remained practically unchanged, yet he failed to find any of the insects the past season. He concludes ° that they have undoubtedly been exterminated by the house sparrows which have become very numerous in that section of Staten Island. The destruction of forests and the death or re- moval of shade and fruit trees is bound to result in the local extermination of the Cicada. Many such instances have doubt- less occurred in the vicinity of growing cities and villages. Weak colonies are also very likely to become exterminated by birds. Mr Silvanus VanAken of Port Ewen states that the insect has failed to appear in some localities where it occurred seventeen years ago. No statement is given as to the cause. Mr Eugene Smith of Middletown states that there were great differences locally in the numbers of the insects. Practically all the others reporting upon this question concur in stating that the insect has not failed to appear in any locality where it occurred in 1894. The relative abundance of the insects in limited localities at least, is indicated by the number of holes made by the pupae as they emerge from the ground. In some places the insects were so numerous as to literally give a honeycombed appearance to hard surfaces. This phenomenon was reported by the follow- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI We ing: S. S. Simmons, West Taghkanic; H. D. Lewis, Annan- dale; E. P. Wheeler, New Hamburg; J. H. Mills, Rhinecliff ‘(roadside honeycombed); Eugene Smith, Middletown; R. G. Doxey, Mountainville; C. B. Coleman, Goshen (twenty-five holes in one square foot); Fred M. Askins, Schaghticoke; A. E. Bell, Milton; C. E. Davis, Saugerties; J. T. Halmes, Wallkill; N. D. Rand, West Camp (one thousand holes in twenty-five square fect); C.°W. Hyatt, Peekskill and Annis, FE. Thomson; Yonkers. Time of appearance. The periodical Cicada is most remark- able because of the regularity with which it deserts its subter- ranean retreats. A careful study of this insect in 1894 led the late Doctor Lintner to decide that the first specimens appeared above ground May 2oth, though it subsequently developed that adults emerged that year May 19th on Staten Island. Miss Annis E. Thomson, Loweree Summit, Yonkers, states that the first Cicada pupa appeared above ground last season May 13th, transforming to the adult the next day. The thin, rocky soil of that locality probably explains this somewhat early emer- gence. Mr Davis states that the first Cicada appeared on Staten Island May 22d. Mr George A. Lintner transmitted to this office a living specimen taken at Summit, N. J., May 20th, while Mr Ira Lawton reported the occurrence of perfect insects on that date at Nyack, Mr R. G. Doxey at Mountainville and Mr Samuel H. Cox at Bangall. Mrs Matthew Hart recorded the appearance of Cicadas at Castleton May 22d, while Mr N. D. Rand observed them at West Camp May 23d. They were ob- served at Annandale, Arlington, and Saugerties May 24th by Messrs H. D. Lewis, W. H. Hart and C. E. Davis, respectively, and reported from near New Baltimore Station by C. H. Van Orden May 25th. They were seen May 27th at Athens by Mr O. Q. Flint and the following day at Ravena and Fonda by Messrs Bronk VanSlyke and Frank Jansen, respectively. The first specimens taken in the vicinity of Albany were found May 29th at the Rural Cemetery and were evidently among the first to come above ground, though it is possible that a few emerged on the 28th. It will be seen by scanning the above dates of appearance that they were progressively later as we ascend the river, with the exception of the appearance at Castleton May 22d. There may have been some local cause for this apparent irregularity. Several instances of accelerated or delayed emergence were 74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM brought to our attention. Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale states that he observed a few living, fully developed Cicadas and sev- eral recently vacated pupal shells in r910. The arrival of the main body in that locality in 1911 was later than in 1894. He found that the first appearing individuals seemed to be diseased and lived only a few hours, possibly dying as a result of adverse weather conditions. Mr J. H. Mills, Rhinecliff, also stated that many died shortly after leaving the soil. There is another record of Cicadas appearing in 1910 in New York State, though this latter appears to apply to a different brood. Mr William T. Davis of Staten Island states that he found the insects abundant at Half Way Hollow near Wyan- danch, L. I., in 1910, though repeated examinations in that lo- cality last season failed to disclose any signs of the insect. He is inclined to believe that this appearance represents another brood which can hardly be the case with the few found in 1910 by Mr Lewis at Annandale. Date of the first cry or song of the male. This, like the record for the last appearance and last recorded note, varies consider- ably, ranging in the different localities from May 22d to June 5th. The detailed records are as follows: May 22d, R. G. Doxey, Mountainville; May 25th, S. S. Simmons, West Tagh- kanic; May 27th, H. D. Lewis, Annandale; June 5th, Frank Jansen, Fonda; May 29th, Eugene Smith, Middletown; May 23d, C. B. Coleman, Goshen; June roth, W. D. Tallman, Highland; May 27th, H. G. Dawes, Marlboro; May 30th, Silvanus Van- Aken, Port Ewen; May 26th, C. E. Davis, Saugerties; May 27th, N. D. Rand, West Camp; May 22d, C. W. Hyatt, Peekskill and May 30th, Annis E. Thomson, Yonkers. Persistence of Cicadas. It is well known that the Cicadas remain above ground for several weeks, and in connection with ascertaining the distribution of the insect, two queries were asked designed to supply data respecting the period during which these insects could be either seen or heard. Parties re- porting gave the date when they last saw the insect from June 12th to July 18th. The individual records are as follows: July 4th, R. G. Doxey, Mountainville; July 8th, S. S. Simmons, West Taghkanic; July 18th, H. D. Lewis, Annandale; July 4th, E. P. Wheeler, New Hamburgh; June r2th, Eugene Smith, Middle- town; July 2d, C. B. Coleman, Goshen; July 4th, Sylvester Bulson, Stony Point; July 19th, W. D. Tallman, Highland; REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 75 June 21st, H. C. Dawes, Marlboro; July 1st, Silvanus VanAken, Port Ewen; July 8th, C. E. Davis, Saugerties; July rath, N. D. Rand, West Camp; July 6th, C. W. Hyatt, Peekskill, and June 13th, Annis E. Thomson, Yonkers. The date when the last cry or song of the male was heard is also of value in determining this period, it ranging from June Toth to August 2d or 6th. No one conversant with the party can question the record given by Mr Davis, though there is a bare possibility that Mr Bulson may have been mistaken. The detailed records are as follows: July 12th, S. S. Simmons, West Taghkanic; July 14th, H. D. Lewis, Annandale; June 12th, Eugene Smith, Middletown; July 8th, C. B. Coleman, Goshen; July roth, W. T. Davis, New Brighton, S. I. (he records hearing a belated individual August 2d); August 6th, Sylvester Bulson, stony Point (one male nearly over is head); June 27th, Silvanus VanAken, Port Ewen; July 8th, C. E. Davis, Sauger- ties; july Gth or 7th, C.\W. Hyatt) Peekskill, and june 10th; Annis E. Thomson, Yonkers. Above-ground chambers. ‘These peculiar structures which excited so much attention in 1894 could doubtless have been found in many localities the past season. Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale reports their rare occurence in a few places; Mr C. B. Coleman, Goshen, found a very few; Mr R. G. Doxey, Moun- tainville, observed them in low spots; Mr. W. T. Davis of New Brighton, S. I., states that they were rather common in the William Brook woods; Mr Silvanus Bulson found them numer- ous at Stony Point. Investigations at New Baltimore and at the Graceland Cemetery in the vicinity of Albany showed these above-ground chambers to be rather common though, as a rule, they were not nearly so perpendicular as appears to have been the case in 1894. On scraping away dead leaves the chambers were to be found mostly in an oblique or horizontal position, a few being vertical (plate 23). We fail to find even one locality where they were so numerous as represented by the photographs of the late Doctor Lintner, taken seventeen years ago. The variety Cassinii appears to have been nearly over- looked though Mr William T. Davis of Staten Island records finding small numbers of this form June 16th near Willow Brook and Westerleigh. Mr Isaac Wort, Rossville, gave Mr Davis two specimens taken by him in that locality June 18th. Appearance of the Cicada in the Hudson valley. The detailed records given below show that the Cicada appeared during 1911 76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM on the western end of Long Island, on Staten Island and in practically all of the counties on each side of the Hudson river from New York City north to Saratoga and Washington counties, the northernmost limit recorded the past season being at Thom- son, Washington county. The insects extend some miles back from the Hudson river, probably to the Massachusetts state line in the vicinity of Annandale and in Orange county, possibly some twenty miles or more from the Hudson river. There is, in addition, a recently discovered populous colony near Fonda in Montgomery county. Albany county. Near Albany Cicadas were extremely abundant in Graceland Cemetery, Normansville; were heard at Clarksville by J. Shafer Bartlett; evidences of their work were observed in Coeymans near Coeymans creek from the West Shore Railroad, and they were reported from Dunnsville by the Albany Evening Journal. A complaint of injury by this insect to orchard trees was received from Mrs E. K. W. Vanderzee who lives near Feura Bush. Cicadas were very abundant at Kenwood just south of Albany and numerous in Wildwood valley and probably other sections of the Albany Rural Cemetery at Menands. The insects appeared to be rather generally distributed in Ravena here and there southward to the Greene county line. Mr Bronk Van Slyke of Ravena states that they were present in his orchard and that seventeen years ago they were very numerous, seriously injuring it, and that on the occasion of the preceding appearance, thirty-four years ago, the insects destroyed a nearby orchard. Cicadas were reported in 1894 from New Scotland, Voorheesville and Bethlehem Center in addition to some of those named above. It is very probable that it also appeared in these localities in 1g1T. Columbia county. Cicadas were reported as being present at Claverack by Mr G. G. Atwood of the Department of Agricul- ture. Mr H. D. Harvey writes that they were very abundant at Copake Falls, near Hillsdale. Mr Thomas T. Hartigan of Ghent states that up to June 9th Cicadas had appeared in small numbers compared to those which obtained in 1894, when there seemed to be millions of the insects. Observations on the New York Central trains showed numerous signs of Cicada work from a little south of Hudson nearly continuous to North Germantown. 1The Copake Falls record given above refers to the colony reported in 1894 from Hillsdale. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII WG Evidences of their work were abundant about two miles south of Germantown and three or four miles south of that ‘station. At Kinderhook small numbers were reported in the orchards of Mr Edward VanAlstyne and William Hotaling. Mr VanAlstyne states that there was a numerous colony on another farm of his some two miles west of the home place. There were abundant evidences of Cicada work in a patch of woods about one mile south of Niverville on the Albany Southern Railroad. Scat- tering insects were reported at North Chatham on the farms of W. W. Woodward and Theodore Horton. Along the line of the New York Central Railroad there was evidently an abund- ant colony one-half mile south of Stockport and two miles south of this station they were even more numerous. The insects were also reported from Stuyvesant Falls. Mr S. S. Simmons, West Taghkanic, states that Cicadas were abundant in that local- ity some eight miles east of the Hudson river and only a few miles from the southwestern corner of Massachusetts. Dutchess county. Mr H. D. Lewis reported the Cicadas as very numerous at Annandale, they appearing first May 24th. The insects were very abundant in portions of a small orchard near the residence of Mr Lewis’s father, some trees being very badly infested, while less than fifty feet away comparatively few Cicadas were to be seen. The orchard some distance from the house, which was badly infested in 1894, showed comparatively few this year. Mr Lewis states that the insect occurred here and there on the ridges from the river practically to the Connecticut state line. Cicadas were excessively abundant on the estate of Warren Delano near the river. Vhey were literally present in millions, immense numbers of pupal shells being observed clinging to the branches and lying at the base of the large oaks and maples. Probably several quarts could have been scooped up around almost any one of the trees. The Cicadas were ex- ceedingly numerous on this estate in 1894. Mr W. H. Hart noted Cicadas for the first time in his Arlington orchard May 25th. Early plowing resulted in turning up pupae so abundant in some places that there appeared to be more insects than soil. Mr Samuel H. Cox reported millions of Cicadas in the vicinity of Bangall. They were rather numerous near the Barrytown station. Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale states that several orchards in Barrytown were ruined, even trees set some fifteen years ago. In one instance a recently set orchard had the two rows next a badly infested woodland severely affected, while all ' of the other trees practically escaped injury. There were a few Coed 78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM signs of Cicada work visible from the New York Central tracks two to four miles north of Camelot, while injured twigs were abundant four miles north. There was evidenty a numerous colony along the New York Central tracks one-half mile north of Chelsea and extending for fully one and one-half miles. The work of this insect was most apparent on rocky knolls or hills covered with a scrubby oak growth. Cicada injury was very evident south of Dutchess Junction, while the woodland on the hills to the east appeared to be severely injured. The work of what appeared to be a moderately small colony was observed just north of Fishkill Landing, this colony being fully a mile long. At Hyde Park the evidences of Cicada work were rather prevalent, there being abundant signs of injury one-half mile south, and a little farther south the work was even more prevalent and practically continuous from that point to Pough- keepsie. Mr Everett P. Wheeler of New York states that the Cicadas became very numerous at New Hamburg and were de- structive to young branches of trees, particularly peach and elm. Observations from the New York Central Railroad dis- closed signs of this insect’s work here and there in the vicinity. The Poughkeepsie News states that the insects were present in millions on the river road near “ Carnwath,’ the grass was com- pletely covered with the pupal cases, while the roar of the sing- ing could be heard for miles. Another locality mentioned was on the Ruppert farm south of the driving park. Dr Z. D. Patter- son of Red Hook states that the Cicadas were a great menace in that locality. Mr Joseph H. Mills, forester for J. J. Astor, re- ports an infested locality of one and one-half acres of lawn and shade trees at Ferncliff near Rhinecliff. There was on the aver- age about four quarts of pupal shells under about twenty trees, one having five quarts within a radius of eight feet. Rhine- cliff and vicinity appears to have been one of the localities greatly favored by Cicadas. The insects were present at Staats- burg, evidence of their work being plainly seen from the New York Central tracks some one-half mile south of the station, and more evident two to three miles farther south. Cicada work was abundant also at Tivoli, some trees having their tips killed while a few small ones had most of the branches destroyed. The colonies along the New York Central Railroad were practically continuous and abundant from Tivoli south to Rhinecliff. Greene county. The work of Cicadas was observed from the West Shore Railroad about two miles north of Alsen to one mile REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 79 south, a colony nearly three miles long. The insect was re- ported from Athens by Mr J. Q. Flint as follows: On land be- longing to Mr Egbert Hallenbeck at Morrison Hill south of Athens; on land of Mr Edward A. Guthrie on the Sporenburgh road; on that of Miss Anna Brandow on the Catskill road. The insects were exceedingly abundant at Morrison Hill and were doubtless generally prevalent in that section. They were re- ported as being present at Cairo by Miss Ida M. Bonesteel. Cicadas were said to occur at Leeds. Mr C. H. VanOrden reported the appearance of the insects between West Coxsackie and New Baltimore Station on the 25th, they being in full cry on the 27th. There was a large colony about a quarter of a mile south of New Baltimore Station on the West Shore Railroad. The noise was loud enough so that the insects could easily be heard a quarter of a mile. An orchard about midway between Ravena and New Baltimore Station was very badly infested by this insect and it was reported as being present a half mile or so east of New Baltimore Station. Cicada work was seen from the West Shore Railroad from about one-half of a mile to a mile and a half south of the West Athens station. The insects were re- ported as very abundant at West Coxsackie. Montgomery county. A large colony was recorded by Mr Frank Jansen on the sand flats about three miles west or north- west of Fonda, the insects occurring there by the millions and making the woods ring with their noise about half a mile from his house. Mr Jansen states that he knows they were in that locality in 1894 and adds that his wife heard them on the occa- sion of the’r previous advent, namely, 1877. The local papers refer to this colony as being in Mr Nare’s woods and state that the birds were devouring many of the insects. This appears to be a hitherto unrecorded locality for the periodical Cicada. Nassau county. Miss Grace K. Wandless reported Cicadas as being abundant at Garden City. New York county. Mr Waldemar Cruger, 85 West 18Ist street, found insects, presumably in that locality, and reports Cicadas as rather scarce in the Bronx. He observed fifteen to twenty on a tree at Fort Schuyler. Orange county appears to be one of the strongholds of the Cicada, since its work was seen here and there in the woods along the river, while reports from various localities in this county agree in considering the insect extremely abundant. Many of the tips of the branches in ‘the woods in the vicinity 8o NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of Balmville just north of Newburgh were killed by this insect. Mr C. B. Coleman, Goshen, states that it is difficult to find in that locality a farm where the insect does not occur in consid- erable numbers, many of the trees appearing as though they had been swept by fire. Near Highland Falls the work of this insect was conspicuous at a distance. There were millions of Cicadas, according to C. M. Dayton, at Leptondale some ten miles from Newburgh. The work of the insect was very abundant in wood- lands in the vicinity of Middlehope. Mr Eugene Smith reports the Cicada as occurring in millions in the country surrounding Middletown, while press dispatches allege serious injury result- ing from the work of this species. Millions were to be seen at Mountainville, town of Cornwall (R. G. Doxey). According to the Montgomery Standard there were millions of the insects along the banks of the Wallkill valley, notably in the grove be- longing to Charles Mould near Bodine’s Bridge. Several New- burgh papers record an abundance of Cicadas in the near vicinity of the city. South of the city they were very abundant on the Highlands and at a place about four miles north of West Point the colonies appeared to extend well toward the summit of the ridges and some distance back from the river. The Middle- town Argus reports the insect at Demerest’s Heights, Warwick. Cicada work was rather abundant in the woodlands north and south of West Point. Mr William T. Davis of Staten Island was at West Point June 3d and states that one of the most impressive sights was the number of Cicadas which occurred on the moun- tain side. They commenced singing with the rising of the sun. “Stronger and louder grew the song until it was continuous like the hum of some busy factory. This lasted till the sun went down.” (Davis) Putnam county. There appears to have been no record of the periodical Cicada occurring in Putnam county in 1894. The work of this insect was evident in rg1t here and there along the Hudson river. Injured twigs were observed on the hills just north of Cold Spring, apparently local, while a little north of Pcekskill in Westchester county evidences of oviposition were observed almost continuously north to Garrison. About one mile farther north Cicada work was observed and was prevalent for a distance of some two miles. Evidences of Cicada injury were extremely abundant along the New York Central Railroad north from Cold Spring nearly to Dutchess Junction and un- doubtedly including the section in the vicinity of the New York REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Oit 81 Central station, Storm King. There are no records of the occur- rence of this insect in the eastern part of the county. Queens county. It is presumed that the Cicada occurred in small numbers in Queens county, since it was observed in Suffolk and occurred abundantly in the not distant Westchester and Rich- mond counties. Rensselaer county. The presence of Cicadas at Castleton was reported by Mrs Matthew Hart. In the town of East Greenbush they occurred in large numbers northeast of the village near Elliott’s Station on the Albany Southern Railroad. Mr James Elliott remembers their appearance in both 1894 and 1877. They were not so abundant seventeen years ago as in 1877. At East Schodack, they were reported by James Loweree as very abund- ant on the Thomas Collins’ farm near the residence of John Coons and about two miles west of the village of Nassau. He states that they also occurred on the farm of Augustus Byers. Abel Merchant reports that Cicadas were numerous on Dusen- bury hill about three miles east of the village of Nassau and between the residences of Joseph Miller and Stephen Miller just off from the cross road near what is known as the Cold Water Tavern. The insects occurred scatteringly in the vicinity of the village of Nassau. In North Greenbush, Cicadas were very abundant on the grounds of the Forbes Manor estate and north- east on Quackendary kill according to Julius Keastner. They were also numerous farther to the north opposite Maple Beach Park. Mr M. B. Hartley of Schenectady states that there was a large colony on the river road leaving North Troy or Lansing- burg and near the shore at a point called “ The Riffs.” There was a rather abundant colony along the line of the Albany Southern Railroad just south of Schodack Center and also in the ‘vicinity of Stop 77. There was a large colony near the Boston and Al- bany tracks one mile south of the East Greenbush flag station. Mr Fred M. Askins reported a very numerous colony in the town of Schaghticoke for about two miles along the Hudson river and south of Reynolds, the ground being honeycombed in places by their galleries. The only record we have for this county in 1894 was that for Bath-on-the-Hudson (really Forbes Manor, North Greenbush) where the insects were rather abundant. Richmond county. Cicadas were generally distributed in the wooded areas on Staten Island (except in the small, so-called pine barren region) according to Mr William T. Davis of New Brighton who has kindly supplied us with the following data. 82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The insects first appeared May 22d. They were reported by Mr C. W. Leng on the 23d at West New Brighton, and on the same day by Mr Isaac West at Rossville near the other end of the island. They appeared earlier or were more numerous in some places than in others. At Great Kill they were very common in a grove of sweet gums and could be seen flying and heard sing- ing on May 26th. There were many more males than females at that early date. Rockland county. This appears to be another Cicada stronghold. The results of oviposition were observed ‘on Iona island and vicinity, the insects probably covering most of the Dunderberg mountain to the south. Mr Ira Lawton reports the occurrence of the Cicada at Nyack. They were recorded in swarms near Suffern by Mr M. S. Daniels and reported by Mr Sylvester Bul- son as occupying a territory about six miles square between Haverstraw and Fort Montgomery. This brood was reported by Dr J. A. Lintner in 1894 from Palisades on the Hudson and was doubtless more or less prevalent throughout the county. Saratoga county. Rev. David C. Davies of Mechanicville trans- mitted specimens of Cicadas collected by himself on the Bemis Heights battlefield in the town of Stillwater. He states that there were hundreds-of the pupal cases to be seen. He also sent specimens taken on the farm of George Lape, a mile and a half from Mechanicville and about a mile west of the Hudson river. The trees in this locality were full of the insects and their sing- ing could be heard for some distance. He also states he heard of a colony on the east side of the Hudson and northeast of Stillwater in a locality known as Chase’s Hill, a place where they appeared in 1894. The local press records the appearance of great numbers of the Cicadas on the Guy Fitch farm about three miles northwest of Mechanicville. Mr George B. Thomas observed Cicadas about four and one-half miles south of Schuy- lerville and one-quarter of a mile west of the Hudson river. There was a clump of bushes and trees about one rod wide and twenty rods long which were nearly covered with the insects. Suffolk county. Mr William T. Davis, of New Brighton, states that occasional Cicadas were found in localities on the western end of Long Island. He adds that he was unable to find any specimens whatever after three visits to the Half Way Hollow Hills where the insects were so abundant in 1910, and he is therefore led to conclude that this earlier appearance represents an independent brood. Mr Charles Watkins of Wyandanch in- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI 83 formed Mr Davis that he had seen two Cicadas (in 1911) in the nearby lowlands, and Mr Frederick M. Scott assured Mr Davis that he had heard a few singing about the village but never in the hills. Mr Davis visited Babylon, L. I., on July 21st and was unable to find any one who had seen Cicadas reported from that vicinity by the Brooklyn Eagle. We. have been unable to obtain any other records respecting the occurrence of this brood upon Long Island in ro1t. Ulster county. Just south of Esopus station many locust trees along the West Shore Railroad showed the effects of Cicada work, and the same was true of oak about one mile farther south. At Highland the insects were reported extremely abundant in ‘the woods near the station, though no injured twigs were ob- served. Mr H. W. Ford reported, under date of July 5th, hear- ing only a few of the insects. Mr W. D. Tallman states that the insects were rather abundant at Highland and that they appeared in small numbers one-half mile west of Clintondale, some seven miles from the Hudson river. They seemed to be more abundant than in 1894. Many dead tips were observed from the West Shore Railroad one-half mile south of Malden. Cicada work was very abundant in the woods just above Marl- boro, the colony being more or less continuous from there to Milton where similar conditions obtained. Mr H. C. Dawes, three miles south and west of Marlboro, found Cicadas very scarce in his neighborhood. Mr Arthur E. Bell of Milton re- ports the insect about as abundant as in 1894 and is of the opinion that it did not fail to appear in any locality where it occurred that year. Serious injury resulted in some places. Many Cicadas were reported from the woods back of New Paltz. Dr J. R. Gillett May 30th stated that the insects occurred all along the line from Highland to New Paltz. About one-half square mile of mountain land was abundantly infested by the Cicadas at Port Ewen according to Silvanus VanAken, the insects failing to appear in some localities where they occurred in 1894. Very little injury came to his notice. He reports another colony one and one-half miles southeast of Port Ewen. Miss Ethel H. Dann observed great numbers of Cicadas at Sauger- ties. Mr C. E. Davis of that locality states that there is an. in- fested area some six miles from Saugerties and one mile west of the Hudson, the insects occurring by the millions and so abund- ant that it was necessary to lead horses in cultivating crops. Mr William Waldele, Saugerties, reports the Cicadas so numerous 84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM that nearly every leaf, limb and part of recently set apple trees were covered with the insects. Mr J. T. Halmes, writing from Wallkill, states that June 30th the Cicada cry was almost con- tinuous, especially when crossing the Shawangunk mountain between the Wallkill valley and Ellenville, the cry apparently stopping as he entered Sullivan county. Returning to Wallkill three weeks later he observed that the insects had disappeared and that the oaks and chestnuts especially had been severely injured, it appearing as though fire had scorched the young branches. Mr N. D. Rand of West Camp reports an infestation one-quarter of a mile wide along the Hudson, the insects occur- ring by the millions and extensive injury to apple and peach trees in particular, resulting. Just south of West Camp station on the West Shore Railroad injuries by Cicada were very evi- dent. This insect was recorded by Dr J. A. Lintner in 1894, in addition to certain localities given above, from Quarryville. Washington county. Miss Letitia H. Dixon transmitted speci- mens collected in Governor Dix’s woods at Thomson and states that the insects were there seventeen years ago. Mrs William G. Drake, now of New Jersey, informs us that she remembers very well Doctor Fitch collecting periodical Cicadas in 1877 at Fort Miller, only a short distance from Thomson. There appears to have been no published record of this occurrence in 1894. Westchester county. Mr R. W. Trine is responsible for the statement that Cicadas were thick on his property, “the Kitch- awan Hills,’ Croton Lake, located on the Mount Airy road to Croton. The insects did not occur in the village though they were pretty generally distributed in that section. Mr G. G. At- wood of the Department of Agriculture reports the insect very abundant at Dobbs Ferry and Katonah. Messrs Edward and Robert Broom of Mount Vernon record many pupal cases in that locality. Mr A. J. Bolton of New Rochelle reports large numbers of Cicadas, probably millions, on Twin and Hunter islands. The insect was also reported as occurring by millions at New Rochelle and in the Pelhams. Mr C. W. Hyatt found Cicadas abundant about four miles north and three miles west of Peekskill. Mrs E. H. Kingsland reports thousands of Cicadas at Pelham. Abundant evidences of this insect were observed from the New York Central tracks just north of Ossining, in- juries being rather numerous from there to Croton on Hudson. From Scarboro along the New York Central tracks south nearly to Tarrytown evidences of Cicada oviposition were rather abund- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI 85 ant. Miss Annis E. Thomson, of Yonkers, reports thousands of Cicadas at Lowerre Summit and Park Hill. It is probable that the insect was pretty generally distributed throughout the west- ern and southern portion of the county, at least. Natural enemies. A large and excessively numerous insect such as the Cicada affords abundant provender for many natural enemies. Cats and dogs have been reported as eating the pupae as they emerge from the ground. Miss Annis E. Thomson of Yonkers reports feeding twenty of the insects in succession to a cat without any ill effects. Skunks, groundhogs and gray squir- rels have been observed in earlier years feeding upon the Cicadas, and it is probable that several other quadrupeds do not ignore this article of diet. There were several reports of domestic fowls, probably all kinds, feeding greedily upon the insects. Birds, such as hawks, crows, robins and sparrows, feed readily upon this species. More than one farmer reports no pulling of corn and unharmed cherries as a result of abundant Cicadas in the vicinity. A flock of crows hanging over a woodland and scolding on the approach of man, is very likely to signify a colony of Cicadas. The English sparrow appears to be part‘cu- larly fond of this insect and is undoubtedly largely responsible for its local extermination in the vicinity of cities. Miiece dre ‘several insect enemies ois tnes@icada.. Mis |e. Guffin, Albany, reports having observed one of our largest dragon flies feeding upon a Cicada. His attention was attracted by the Cicada note and sounds of a struggle. An investigation disclosed the two insects on a nearby mullen stalk. The dragon fly was seen to bite off the head of the Cicada, eat into the thorax, and after a time, becoming alarmed, fly away with the remainder of the body. -Mr O. Q. Flint, Athens, reported darning needles numerous in the vicinity of a locust colony. Ants have also been observed to attack Cicadas though they probably content themselves with preying on the dying or dead. The fungus Massospora cicadina was reported rather prevalent in a number of localities. Mr William T. Davis of Staten Island found numerous males and females infected with the disease at West Point June 3d. It was observed in Graceland Cemetery near Albany as early as June gth, while at New Baltimore it was rather prevalent June toth and 13th. Oc- casional specimens could be seen flying even after most of the abdomen had dropped off as a result of the fungous infection. Mr R. G. Doxey, Mountainville, reports the occurrence of the 86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM fungus. Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale recorded many dead and dying insects, some infected with fungus June 16th. The local presence of the disease was also reported by Mr S. S. Simmons, West Taghkanic; Eugene Smith, Middletown; C. B. Coleman, Goshen; Fred M. Askens, Schaghticoke; Sylvester Bulson, Stony Point and C. W. Hyatt, Peekskill. Adverse weather conditions are undoubtedly responsible for the untimely death of many insects. Miss Annis E. Thomson states that on June 1oth, 11th and 12th there were three terrific thunder and lightning storms which killed every Cicada. Not one was seen alive after June 12th. Between the storms, the birds feasted on the insects and the children picked the wings from the multitude of dead bodies in the roadways. Injuries. The reports of injuries as a result of a Cicada’vis'ta- tion usually characterized the damage as very severe, and in localities where the insects are exceptionally numerous, many of the young twigs, in some instances most, may be killed by the numerous oviposition scars. This looks badly in midsummer and gives a very unfavorable impression, whereas in reality the damage is confined largely to the small limbs, and in the case of good sized trees amounts to but little more than a somewhat general heading back. Some correspondents state that affected trees look as though they had been swept by fire. In certain cases fruiting trees had the limbs so badly injured that they broke with the weight of the young apples. The proportionate injury to young trees is undoubtedly much greater than in the case of large ones, and in certain instances may result in the ruin, if not death of individual trees. The Cicada is relatively local in its habits, and as a conse- quence the injury is rarely widespread and mostly confined to comparatively low value forest trees. This disinclination of the Cicada to fly is well illustrated by conditions obtaining on the farm of Mr H. D. Lewis at Annandale. There were a number of trees in one orchard very badly infested with the insects while within fifty feet there were many others practically free from Cicadas. Mr Lewis reports one case where two rows of a young orchard near a woodland were severely affected, while other parts were practically free from damage. Mr R. G. Doxey, Mountainville, records the killing of newly set fruit trees. Preventives of injury. he major portion of the visible in- jury at least is caused by the female as she makes slits in the twigs with her sawlike ovipositor for the reception of eggs. It REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 87 is purely a mechanical injury. Small trees in the vicinity of a numerous colony can be easily protected by inclosing them with a fine netting during this egg-laying period (plate 24). It is equally obvious that some attention to the probabilities of injury in the future would suggest refraining from planting young trees near infested woodlands for at least several years prior to the ex- pected appearance of the insect. Similarly, trees in the local- ity where Cicadas were abundant might well be trimmed very little or not at all for one or two years prior to the advent of the insects, thus leaving a superabundance of wood and mitigating to considerable extent the probable injury. Practical experience has shown that it is possible by system- atic and persistent collecting to protect moderate sized trees from serious injury. The adoption of such measures would be justified only by some exceptional conditions. Their efficacy depends largely upon the somewhat local habits of the insect. Spraying the issuing pupae with a contact insecticide, such as a kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap solution or other material will destroy immense numbers, and where the insects are excep- tionally abundant and the trees valuable, may be profitable. Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale reports that spraying trees in- fested by the insects, with a commercial lime-sulfur solution diluted one part to forty appears to drive out the Cicadas. This method might prove of value in the vicinity of woodlands and assist in keeping the insects restricted largely to the wild growth. It is possible that spraying with a lime-sulfur wash, as mentioned above, or with a bordeaux mixture, may prove of considerable service in preventing oviposition. Bibliography Very many popular notices, accurate and otherwise, have ap- peared in the press of the country during the past season. The insect has also figured in many scientific accounts from time to time. The following brief bibliography, in connection with the citations the works contain, will enable the student to ascertain the more important facts respecting this remarkable species. 1897 Lintner, J. A. Injur. and Other Ins. N. Y., 12th Rep’t p. 272-08. to05 Felt, E, P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1 :231-37. i907 Marlatt, C. L.. U.S. Dép’t Agric, Bur; Ent; Bul? 771, p: 1-181. A REPORT UPON: "THEsACONDITION, OF THE SHADE TREES OF -THE CITY OF MOUNT VERNON; W.-Y. The Entomologist, under the guidance of Alderman Whitmore and Commissioner of Public Works Harlow, examined the shade trees of Mount Vernon Tuesday afternoon, June 20, 1911. It was obviously impossible to make a careful examination of all the injuréd trees in the city. Our investigations were therefore limited to what were considered typical localities. At the outset we were informed that some 2136 trees were sprayed last spring, largely for the purpose of controlling the false maple scale. Many of these, mostly hard maples, show signs of severe injury from one cause or another. An examination of the trees disclosed the fact that the leop- ard moth* is generally present in the city and, furthermore, that it is liable to cause, if allowed to breed unrestricted, serious injuries within a few years. We observed no maples so badly infested with this insect as to justify holding the pest responsible for the recent and sudden death of individual trees, or even of good sized limbs, though we did find certain trees, mostly soft maples, which were.rather badly infested by this species. Our investigations also showed that a “pin-hole” borer* or “ Ambrosia beetle” is generally present on the dead and dying trees. This insect is just entering the maples, attracted by their unhealthy condition and therefore can not have a causative rela- tion to the present sad state of many hard maples in Mount Vernon. There was also found on a number of these trees, a moderate sized, reddish-brown, yellow-marked beetle,t which, like the “pin-hole” borer, is an inhabitant of diseased or dying trees. At Park avenue and East Sibley street, near the church, there were fifteen out of about twenty hard maples with at least the lower limbs seriously affected, a few of the smaller having practically all the foliage destroyed. The type of injury observed here was limited to trees marked or recorded as having been sprayed. We were informed that this was done in March. LPhenacocews \acjertcolas Kane: 27euzera pyrina Linn: ‘x ylo't exis sps 4Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fabr. [88] REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 89 These maples were young trees which presented every appear- ance of having recently been in as thriving and vigorous a condi- tion as nearby unharmed maples, which latter were not marked as having been sprayed, and no record was submitted to show that they had been so treated. These trees, both the injured and the nearby unharmed ones, were young and fairly well separated. There was no evidence of overcrowding, though this would doubtless occur later if all the trees grew and were allowed to remain. At Park and Oakley avenues there were nineteen hard maples perhaps more seriously affected out of about twenty-six sprayed and presumably treated in the same manner as those discussed above. ‘These trees were smaller than those in the preceding lot, and some at least of the injured maples even had the tips of their branches well separated from those adjacent. They pre- sented every indication of having recently been in a thriving condition and there could have been no crowding for several years at least. At North Fulton and Clinton avenues most of the hard maples were killed on one block. These trees were larger than those discussed above. Even here one could hardly consider the maples crowded, though in a year or two such a condition would probably develop. One of these trees was cut down and the larger limbs, the trunk and the base of the roots carefully examined for insect and other injuries. On Beechwood avenue in another part of the city we examined several small hard maples marked as having been sprayed, This work, we were informed, was done later and the injury was not so severe, though three out of some seven or eight hard maples were affected to some extent. Several other trees in this general section of the city were examined. One was dying but the trouble appeared very dif- ferent from the injury under discussion. The entire top was dead and there was a vigorous growth of shoots at the base of the larger limbs. This type of injury we have seen here and there in the vicinity of New York City. Another affected tree was observed. The foliage presented a generally unhealthy condition. The trouble appeared to be similar to, or possibly identical with, the bacterial affection which was so prevalent on hard maples in the Hudson valley two years ago. The condition of this tree is very different, in our estimation, from the severe go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM injury noted elsewhere. There are undoubtedly other trees here and there in the city which are dying from one cause or another. It would be surprising were conditions otherwise. Our findings in connection with the major portion of the injured maples are as follows: 1 The trouble is practically limited to hard maples. 2 It is confined very largely to the lower limbs or portions of the tree most easily reached by spraying outfits of the usual type. This phase of the injury attracted our notice at the out- set. Small trees, those not more than eighteen or twenty feet high, were more frequently killed than moderate sized ones. The lower branches of these latter were usually in a dying condi- tion; sometimes the lower third or the lower half of the limbs were thus affected. On large trees, such for example as those in front of Alderman Whitmore’s residence, the injury was mostly limited to a few of the lowest limbs. 3 Only trees marked as having been sprayed or so recorded, presented the characteristics common to all the hard maples showing this sudden and severe injury, namely, dying branches with withering, usually discolored leaves accompanied by a brown, lifeless inner bark near the middle portion of the branches and the trunk. 4 A careful examination of the trees in the above mentioned localities which, we were informed, were typical of conditions obtaining in Mount Vernon, compels us to exonerate insects. The injury is utterly unlike the work of any insect pest. There is no connection between the abundance of the leopard moth and the severity of the attack. Were this insect the cause we would expect the trouble to show first on the silver or soft maples. This opinion is based not only upon a superficial examination of a number of trees, but also a detailed one of the tree cut down on North Fulton avenue and also a number of limbs which were removed from various other trees. 5 The injury to the affected trees is restricted largely to the trunk near the base of the larger limbs and to the lower branches, places easily reached with the ordinary spraying equipment. Repeated examinations of dying limbs showed green, apparently vigorous bark at both the base and the tip, while for a variable length of the branch the inner bark was brown and dead or nearly so. Some limbs on the more badly affected trees had practically all the inner bark dead, simply indicating that the injury had pro- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII gI gressed farther. Furthermore, this affection was uneven and varied greatly within a few inches, indicating that it might have resulted from some external application. This was true also of the tree cut down. The tips of the branches and the trunk below the limbs had a green, apparently healthy inner bark, while much of the inner bark between these extremes had turned brown and was dead or nearly so. We explain this condition by holding that the thicker bark of the trunk would succumb less quickly to an injurious application than the thinner bark just above. The smaller limbs, especially at the top of the tree, escaped serious injury because of the difficulty of spraying them thoroughly. The lesser injury to the later sprayed trees is probably due to the increased pressure of the sap hindering the penetration of the spray material. It is well recognized among entomologists that bark borers work- ing near the middle of the trunk of the tree, namely, near the base of the larger limbs, may girdle the trunk at this point and cause a successive and rather rapid death of both extremities of the tree. We have repeatedly seen this in the case of bark borers! working in the trunks of white pine, and the same pro- cess may be observed in hickories succumbing to the injuries of the deadly hickory bark borer,? a pest now very prevalent in the vicinity of New York City. The spray material appears to have girdled limbs and trunks by destroying the vital inner bark and produced a condition similar to that resulting from bark beetle attack. These insects can not be held responsible for the injury, since the great majority of the affected limbs and trunks show practically no indications of insect injury. 6 It is our opinion that the trouble is largely if not entirely due to injury caused by the material sprayed upon the trees. 7 We would advise the prompt removal of the dead trees and the early burning of the wood so as to prevent “ pin-hole” borers or Ambrosia beetles breeding out and possibly causing serious trouble later. We would favor leaving trees showing fair signs of vigor till it was evident that they were beyond hope. 8 The leopard moth is well distributed throughout the city and, if allowed to multiply freely, may ruin many trees. A judicious cutting out of the borers and the destruction of the 1Ips_ sp. 2Eccoptogaster quadrispinosus Say. 92 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM moths so far as practicable would do much to avert trouble. There are other insect pests which also need attention. 9g In conclusion, we would emphasize the fact that not all the sickly trees were injured by the application. Moreover, the majority of the sprayed maples were infested by insects and therefore less able to withstand injury. Had the season been as early as usual, it is probable that the damage would not have been so severe. Nevertheless, the use-of oils or oily prepara- tions on living plants is attended with a certain amount of danger. EXPERIMENTS WITH HEAT AS AN INSECTICIDE There are numerous places where it is impractical to employ gases, contact insecticides or arsenical poisons for the destruc- tion of injurious pests, and in some oi these situations heat may be available. The work of Dean! indicates the possibilities along this line in the case of several well-known mill pests. It seemed advisable to test this with other insects, and the heat- loving, oriental cockroach, Periplaneta orientalis Linn, was selected as presumably a very resistant form. The work be- gan with insects in vials, then in jars and finally in jars or paste- board cylinders in a small room. In all instances observations were possible throughout the test and the thermometers were corrected ‘by comparison with standard instruments. Great care was exercised so to place the vials or jars containing the insects that the walls could not become unduly heated with consequent burning of the contained roaches. The apparatus employed in experiments I to 3 consisted of a candy jar about eight inches high, in which was placed an ordinary stab file supported on three wooden blocks so as to separate its metal base from the glass bottom. y €Z 91eId - ia i r; : ; P 2 a 4 7 f ‘ >; ’ f4, : : i ‘ oe _ { ee . ap = hs . p ‘ ad , * | i] ; . . 1, ~- wae - . - 7 Vows & ei et | (BEATE 26> r 185 > A i Py ? bf) 7 ° 7, : . oh - © = pak, Li f - a? F f 7 ‘~~ oF ' aa r ‘ ‘ Ly 4 4 _ r . Sacer ‘ *% d White marked tussock moth Hemerocampa leucostigma Sm. & Abb: Defoliated linden at the corner of Eagle and Hamilton streets, Albany, N. Y. Photo June Io1r 186 Plate 25 White-marked tussock moth work Four-lined leaf bug Project loca ps tesaslame a tise abr Wilder currant shoots showing the characteristic spotting caused by this pest 188 Plate 26 Four-lined leaf bug work 1 Males of white marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa leuco- Gigmesroney WShobacs Yavolay, oe il 2 Female of white marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa _ leuco- stigma Sm. & Abb. depositing eggs on the filmy cocoon x I 3 Cocoon of Cecropia moth, Samia cecropia Linn. containing nu- merous puparia of a parasitic fly, Frontina frenchii Will. 4 Pupa and larva of Xylophagus lugens Loew and larva (the larger one) of the allied X. ahdominalis Lw. 190 Plate 27 ine) INDEX abdominalis, Arthrocnodax, 125 Xylophagus, 121 Abia inflata, 114-15 acanthodes, Syrphus, 120 acericola, Phenacoccus, 88, 98 acerifoliella, Paraclemensia, 56-59 Actia pilipennis, 100 Additions to collections, 130-36 aeneus, Eumerus, 120 athnis, Trichius, 98 agilis, Mesochorus, 49 Agrilus anxius, 108-9, I13, 12 bilineatus, 113-14 agrostis, Neolasioptera, I Alabama argillacea, 116 Aleyrodes vaporariorum, 124 allioniae, Lasioptera, 129 Ambrosia beetle, 88 americana, Endaphis, 125 Hyperdiplosis, 128 Miastor, 126 Thryptocera, 101 Anasa tristis, 124 Angoumois grain moth, I antennata, Xylina, 48-52 antiopa, Euvanessa, 104-5 anxius, Agrilus, 108-9, 113, 127 Apple borer, round-headed, 127 Apple caterpillar, red-humped, 99- IOI Apple maggot, 125 Apple miner, Ior Apple tree, injurious insects: apple caterpillar, red-humped, 100 cicada, periodical, 84 codling moth, 13 forest tent caterpillar, ror gipsy moth, 46 locust leaf miner, 61 maple worm, green, 49 notch wing, 6, 54 _ / 29 24 I | | : | | | | I Apple tree, injurious insects (con- tinued ) rose leaf hopper, 66, 67 rosy hispa, 63 Apple worm, 5, 13-42 argillacea, Alabama, 116 Arilus cristatus, 62 arizonensis, Lasioptera, I Army worm, 50 Arsenate of lead, 51, 53, 56, 62, 98 100, IOI, 103, 105, 110, 126, 128 Arthrocnodax (Endaphis) abdomi- nalis, 125 arvalis, Smynthurus, 103 Ash, green maple worm injuring, 49 Ash psylla, 126 Asphondylia pattersoni, 128 vincenti, 125 Aspidiotus perniciosus, 102, 127 Aster, rosy hispa injuring, 63 Asteromyia nigrina, 129 reducta, 129 atomella, Depressaria, 116-17 autumnaria, Ennomos, 54 Azalea, Gracilaria injuring, 117 2 9 ’ 125, Basswood, rosy hispa injuring, 63 Bean weevil, 127 Beech, injurious insects: locust leaf miner, 61 maple leaf cutter, 57 bilineatus, Agrilus, 113-14 Billbugs, 128 Birch borer, 127 bronze, 8, 108-9, 113 Birch trees, injurious insects: bronze birch borer, 108 cicada, periodical, 70 gipsy moth, 46 locust leaf miner, 61 notch wing, 56 2? 192 Blister beetle, 6, 99 Blood worms, 122 Bordeaux mixture, 87 Bronze birch borer, 8, 108-9, 113 Brown mite, 126 Brown-tail moth, 7, Bruchus obtectus, 127 Bryobia pratensis, 126 Butternut, Say’s blister beetle in- juring, 99 Byturus unicolor, 102-3 J 2°52 z caliginosellus, Crambus, 118-19 candida, Saperda, 127 Canker worms, 98, 125 Carpocapsa pomonella, 13-42, I Case bearers, 125 cecropia, Samia, 116 Cecropia moth, 116 cerealella, Sitotroga, 124 Chalepus dorsalis, 59-63 inaequalis, 63 nervosa, 60, 63-65 rosea, 63 Chermes floccus, 127 Cherry tree, injurious insects: apple caterpillar, red-humped, 100 rose leaf hopper, 66 Say’s blister beetle, 99 Chestnut, injurious insects: cicada, periodical, 84 June beetles, 115 notch wing, 56 Chestnut borer, two-lined, 9, 113 Chironomus sp., 122 Chokecherry, rosy hispa injuring, 63 Cicada, dogday, 71 Cicada, periodical, 5, 68-87, 128; life history, 69-70; oviposition, 70-71; description, 71; distribu- tion, 71; comparative abundance, 71-73; time of appearance, 73- 74; date of first cry or song of male, 74; persistence, 74-75; above ground chambers, 75; ap- 2 4 pearance in the Hudson vallev, 75-85; natural enemies, 85-86; injuries, 86; preventives of in- jury, 86-87; bibliography, 87 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Cicada linnei, 71 Clover mite, 126 coccidarum, Lobodiplosis, 127 Cockroach, 11 oriental, 93 Codling moth, 5, 13, 126; summary of work with, 38 coffeae, Hyperdiplosis, 128 Coleophora limosipennella, 110 Coleoptera, additions to tions, 130-32 Collections, 10; additions to, 1307 36 communis, Dasyneura, 129 concinna, Schizura, 99-101 Contarinia lycopersici, 128 Corn, Sphenophorus sp. injuring, 128 Cotton moth, 116 Cottony maple scale, 8, 98 false, 98 Crambus caliginosellus, 118-19 cristatus, Arilus, 62 Cucumber beetle, striped, 124 Currant bushes, injurious insects: four-lined leaf bug, 103 maple worm, green, 49 rose leaf hopper, 66 Cutworms, 127, 128 Cystiphora viburni, 120 Cytisus albus, 116 i 124, three 125, years’ collec- injurious insects, Dactylopius, 127 Dasyneura communis, I gibsoni, 129 pergandei, 120 smilacifolia, 129 definita, Hemerocampa, 43-44 Depressaria atomella, 116-17 Derostenus primus, 62 Diabrotica vittata, 124 Diptera, additions to collections, 132 dispar, Porthetria, 42-47 | disstria, Malacosoma, I01 2? 9 INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII Dogday cicada, 71 dorsalis, Chalepus, 59-63 Eccoptogaster quadrispinosus, 91, IIO-13 Elm case bearer, European, I10 Elm caterpillar, spiny, 8 Elm leaf beetle, 7, 105-8, 126 Elm trees, injurious insects: notch wing, 56 rose leaf hopper, 66 rosy hispa, 64 spiny elm caterpillar, 104 Endaphis, 125 americana, 125 hirta, 127 Ennomos autumnaria, 54 magnarius, 54-56 Ephemerida, additions tions, 136 Eriophyes, 125 erythrocephalus, Neoclytus, 88 Eumerus, 120 aeneus, 120 funeralis, 120 grandicornis, 120 lunulatus, 120 planifrons, 120 selene, 120 strigatus, I19~20 eupatorii, Hyperdiplosis, 12s Eupatorium ageratoides, 63 European elm case bearer, I10 Euvanessa antiopa, 104-5 Explanation of plates, 137-90 False maple scale, 8, 88, 08 Flies, 9 floccus, Chermes, 127 Forest pests, 9, 110-14 Forest tent caterpillar, ror Four-lined leaf bug, 103-4 Frontina frenchii, 116 Fruit, small fruit insects, 102-4 Fruit tree insects, 5-6, 98-102, 125 Fumigation poisoning, 125 funeralis, Eumerus, 120 fungicola, Toxomyia, 128 fusca, Lachnosterna, 115 to collec- | nS Galerucella luteola, ro05-8, 126 Gall midges, 9, 126, 127, 128; food habits, 10; hosts and galls of, 10; two new, 125 Garden flea, 6, 103 gibsoni, Dasyneura, 129 Gipsy moth, 6-7, 42-47, 127; de- scription, 43-45; distribution in America, 45; condition of infested territory, 45-46; means of prevent- ing spread, 46-47 gnaphalodis, Rhopalomyia, 129 Gooseberries, Rhopalomyia grossu- lariae injuring, 128 Gracilaria, 117-18 violacella, 117 Grain insects, 124, 125 grandicornis, Eumerus, 120 grandis, Lachnosterna, I15 Grapes, injurious insects: cotton moth, 116 rose leaf hopper, 66 Green maple worm, 8, 48-52 Greenhouse white fly, 124 grossulariae, Rhopalomyia, 128 grotei, Xylina, 49 Hartman, Miss, work of, Io, 11 Harvest fly, 71 Hawthorn, injurious insects: locust leaf miner, 61 rosy hispa, 64 Heat as an insecticide, experiments with, II, 93-97 Heliophila unipuncta, 50 Hemerocampa definita, 43-44 leucostigma, 109-10 Hemichionaspis minor, 124 Hemiptera, additions tions, 134-36 Hickory, injurious insects: to collec- cicada, periodical, 70 green maple worm, 49 hickory bark borer, 9, 91, 110-13 hirsuta, Lachnosterna, I15 hirta, Endaphis, 127 Rhizomyia, 129 hirticula, Lachnosterma, I15 Hispa, rosy, 63-65 194 Hogpeanut, locust leaf miner in- juring, 61 Holoneurus occidentalis, 128 Hoplia trifasciata, 98 Horse-chestnuts, tussock moth, white-marked, injuring, 110 House flies, 9 Howard, L. O., identification of species through courtesy of, 12 Hymenoptera, additions to col- lections, 130 Hyperdiplosis americana, 128 coffeae, 128 eupatorii, 125 hyphantriae, Meteorus, 49 inaequalis, Chalepus, 63 Indigo, false, locust leaf miner injuring, cl inflata, Abia, 114-15 Injurious insects, 13-87 Ips sp., OI Iris borer, II, 52-54, 119; descrip- tion, 52-53; control measures, 53; life history and habits, 53; bibliography, 54 Itonidae, 126, 128, 129; generic synopsis, 10; new species, Io Joanissia pennsylvanica, 129 June beetles, 115-16 Juniper webworm, 126 Jussiaea linifolia, 125 suffruticosa, I25 Kerosene emulsion, 51, 67, 87, 103, 104, 126 Kronomyia, 129 populi, 129 Lachnosterna fusca, I15 grandis, I15 hirsuta, I15 hirticula, 115 Lasioptera allioniae, 129 arizonensis, 129 portulacae, 127 Lasiopteryx schwarzi, 128 laticinerea, Xylina, 49 Leopard moth, 88& NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Lepidoptera, additions to collec- tions, 132-34 Leptosyna quercivora, 123 quercus, 123 Lestodiplosis peruviana, 124 leucostigma, Hemerocampa, 10 Lilac, notch wing injuring, 56 Lime-sulfur wash, 6, 17, 87, 102, 126 limosipennella, Coleophora, 110 Linden, injurious insects: rosy hispa, 63 tussock moth, white-marked, 110 lineatus, Poecilocapsus, 103-4 linnei, Cicada, 71° Lobodiplosis coccidarum, 127 Locust leaf beetles, 9 Locust leaf miner, 59-63; early history, 60; description, 61; dis- tribution, 61; food plants, 61; life history, 61-62; control meas- ures, 62; natural enemies, 62; bibliography, 63 Locust trees, injurious insects: cicada, periodical, 83 locust leaf miner, 59-63 rosy hispa, 63 Say’s blister beetle, 99 longior, Tyroglyphus, 124 lugens, Xylophagus, 121 Lunate onion fly, 119-20 lunulatus, Eumerus, 120 luteola, Galerucella, 105-8, 126 lycopersici, Contarinia, 128 109~ Macronoctua onusta, 52-54, I19 magnarius, Ennomos, 54-56 Malacosoma disstria, Iort Mamara, IOI Maple leaf cutter, 9, 56-59; previ- ous history, 57; description, 58; life history, 58; remedies, 59; bibliography, 59 Maple scale, cottony, 8, 98 false, 8, 88, 08 Maple worm, green, 8, 48-52; de- scription, 49; natural enemies, 49-51; food habits, 49; life history, 49; control measures, 51; bibli- ography, 51-52 ) ii I i rit 1 urlow in metas TIO forest tent caterpillar, 101 Oonusia, Wiacronoctua, 52-54, fly maple leaf cutter, 57 orientalis, feriplaneta, 93 —_~— | roOerT er- “ ys = - | ~ 1 ~ Mapsc Worn, green, AO .TenOp ja, ACH > f ' fey | * ae Pos tag notch wing, 56 ; tions, 1236 rose ledf hopper, 66 Oyster scale. 12 re , a 7 Maples of Mount Vernon, report upon condition of, 88-92 May beetles, 115 melanipodia, Psilocephala, i2t meles, Phytonomus, 98 Mesochorus agilis. 40 Meteorus hyphantriac, 40 pattersoni, Asphondylia, 128 Peach tree, injurious insects: oa ta periodical. 8 cicagda, periodical, 54 maple worm, green, 49 Miastor, 5, 125, 127, 128 : a ee ie eee 99 Miastor americana, 126 Deeb Che Aaa Ss oaccls: Z apple caterpillar, red-humped, 100 Mosquitos, 9 Oe Mount Vernon, report upon con Hoplia trifasciata, 95 ditions of shade trees 22-a- mapie worm, green C ‘ not-4 wing. 6, 54 Neoclytus erythrocephalus %* Reat, (grec maple: sw 3 Neolasioptera agrostis, 120 19 squamosa, 129 pectinala, Winnertzia, 121, 129 trimera, 129 pennsylvanica, Joanissia, 129 nervosa, chalepus, 60, 63-65 pergandei, Dasyneura, 129 Neuroptera, additions to collec- Periodical cicada, 68-87 tions, 134 Periplaneta orientalis, 93 nigrina, Asteromyia, 129 perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 102, 125, Notch wing, 6, 54-56; description, 127 54-55; life history, 55; food | peruviana, Lestodiplosis, 124 habits, 56; remedial measures, | Phenacoccus acericola, 88, 98 56; bibliography, 56 Phytonomus meles, 98 Nursery inspection, 11 posticus, 98 pilipennis, Actia, 100 Caks, injurious insects: “Pin-hole” borer, 88 chestnut borer, 9 Pine, injurious insects: _two-lined, 113 : bark borer, 91 cicada, periodical, 70, 83, 84 Genda poeuiediealara eee planifrons, Eumerus, 120 June beetles, 115 ; : locust leaf miner, 61 Plant lice, 125 ’ maple leaf cutter, 57 Plates, explanation of, 137-90 maple worm, green, 49 Plecoptera, additions to collections, rosy hispa, 64 136 : obtectus, Bruchus, 127 Plum tree, injurious insects: occidentalis, Holoneurus, 128 apple caterpillar, red-humped, odontotae, Spilochalcis, 62 Too ' Trichogramma, 62 maple worm, green, 49 Office matters, II rose leaf hopper, 66 196 Poecilocapsus lineatus, 103-4 Poison ivy, periodical cicada in- juring, 70 Poisons, do sprays poison people, 125 Polyphylla variolosa, 115 pomonella, Carpocapsa, 13, 124 Pomphopoea sayi, 99 Popcorn, sooty Crambus 118 Poplar, injurious insects: notch wing, 56 spiny elm caterpillar, 104 populi, Kronomyia, 129 Porthetria dispar, 42-47 portulacae, Lasioptera, 127 posticus, Phytonomus, 08 Potatoes, June beetles 115 pratensis, Bryobia, 126 primus, Derostenus, 62 Prionidus, 62 Protective mimicry, 123 Psilocephala melampodia, 121 Psylla, ash, 126 Publications, 9-10, 124-29 Pulvinaria vitis, 98 Pyrausta theseusatis, 123 pyrina, Zeuzera, 88 injuring, injuring, quadripustulata, Winthemia, 122 quadrispinosus, Eccoptogaster, 91, 110-13 quercivora, Leptosyna, 123 quercus, Leptosyna, 123 Quinces, green maple worm injur- ing, 49 49, Raspberry bushes, garden flea in- juring, 103 Raspberry Byturus,-6, 102-3 Red clover, locust leaf miner in- juring, 61 Red-humped apple caterpillar, 99- IOI Red-tailed Tachina fly, 49 reducta, Asteromyia, 129 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM * Remedies and preventives: arsenate of lead, 51, 53, 56, 62, 98, 100; 101, 103, 105, I10, 126, 128 bordeaux mixture, 87 kerosene, 51, 67, 87, 103 104, 126 lime-sulfur wash, 6, 17, 87, 102, 126 whale oil soap solution, 67, 87, 98, 126 Remedies and preventives for: apple borer, round-headed, 127 apple caterpillar, red-humped, 100 chestnut borer, two-lined, 114 cicada, periodical, 86 codling moth, 6, 14, 126 cutworms, 127, 128 elm leaf beetle, 107 forest tent caterpillar, 1o1 four-lined leaf bug, 104 hickory bark borer, 112 Hoplia trifasciata, 98 iris borer, 53 locust leaf miner, 62 maple leaf cutter, 59 maple worm, green, 51 notch wing, 56 raspberry Byturus, 102-3 rose beetles, 128 rose leaf hopper, 67 rosy hispa, 65 San José scale, 6, 102, 125, 126, 127 Say’s blister beetle, 99 spiny elm caterpillar, 105 tussock moth, white-marked, 110 Rhizomyia hirta, 129 Rhopalomyia gnaphalodis, 129 grossulariae, 128 rosae, Typhlocyba, 65-68, 128 Rose, injurious insects: apple caterpillar, red-humped, 100 maple worm, green, 49 rose leaf hopper, 65 Say’s blister beetle, Rose beetles, 128 99 INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI Rose leaf hopper, 11, 65-68, 128; description, 66-67; life history, 67; remedial measures, 67; bib- liography, 67-68 rosea, Chalepus, 63 Rosy hispa, 63-65; previous his- tory, 63-64; description, 64; dis- tribution, 64; life history, 64; remedial measures, 64-65; bibli- ography, 65 Round-headed apple borer, 127 rubida, Toxomyia, 127 Salt and cutworms, 128 Samia cecropia, 116 San) José scale, 6) To2; 125, 126, 127 Saperda candida, 127 sayi, Pomphopoea, 99 Say’s blister beetle, 6, 990 Schizura concinna, 99-101 schwarzi, Lasiovteryx, 128 Scurfy scale, 125 selene, Eumerus, 120 septendecim, Tibicen, 68-87 Seventeen-year locust, 5 Shadbush, rosy hispa injuring, 63 Shade tree pests, 7-8, 104-10 Shade trees of Mount Vernon, re- port upon condition of, 88-92 Silver-spotted skipper, 128 Siphonaptera, additions to collec- tions, 132 Sitotroga cerealella, 124 smilacifolia, Dasyneura, 129 Smynthurus arvalis, 103 Soja beans, locust leaf miner in- juring, 61 Sooty crambus, 118-19 Sphenophorus sp., 128 Spilochalcis odontotae, 62 Spiny elm caterpillar, 8, 104-5 Svraying, 125, 126 Sprays, do sprays poison people, 125 Spruce, Chermes floccus injuring, 127 Spruce gall, large aphid, 126 squamosa, Neolasioptera, 129 Squash bugs, 124 197 Strawberries, June beetles injur- Ieee TS strigatus, Eumerus, 119-20 Striped cucumber beetle, 124 Sumac, smooth, periodical cicada injuring, 70 Sweetgum, injurious insects: periodical cicada, 70 notch wing, 56 Sympiezus uroplatae, 62 Syrphus acanthodes, 120 Tachina fly, red-tailed, 49 theseusalis, Pyrausta, 123 Thorn, apple caterpillar, red-humped injuring, 100 Thrips, 65 Thryptocera americana, IOI Thysanura, tions, 136 Tibicen septendecim, 68-87 Toxomyia, 128 fungicola, 128 rubida, 127 Trichius affinis, 98 Trichogramma odontotae, 62 additions to collec- trifasciata, Hoplia, 98 trimera, Neolasioptera, 129 tristis, Anasa, 124 Tussock moth, definite marked, 43-44 Tussock moth, white-marked, 8, 109-10 Two-lined chestnut borer, 9, 113-14 Typhlocyba rosae, 65-68, 128 Tyroglyphus longior, 124 ulmi, Oligarces, 129 unicolor, Byturus, 102-3 unipuncta, Heliophila, 50 uroplatae, Sympiezus, 62 Van Name, W. G., investigations by, 8 vaporariorum, Aleyrodes, 124 variolosa, Polyphylla, 115 viburni, Cystiphora, 129 vincenti, Asphondylia, 125 198 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM violacella, Gracilaria, 117 | Wirntherfta guadripustulata 40 Pulvinaria, of IZ: vittata, Diabrotica; 124 Witch-hazel, maple leat cutter in juring, 57 Webworm, juniper, 126 - Whale oil soap solution, 67, 87, o8 ; i j Ne, Mylina antennata, 48-52 ee grotei Witeat Cases Bijctar koorle nour. re ie: 3 49 i : iafticinerea, 40 bal > . . sheet 98 ; Xylophagus abdominalis, 121 ayo eel bug, 62 lugens, I21 N hi - c 5 . 8 a White-marked tussock moth, &, Xyloterus sp., &8 FOG-I0 Willow, injurious insects: gipsy moth, 46 spiny elm caterpillar, 1ro4 \Winnertzia pectimata, 121, 129 Zeuzera pyring, BS Young, D. B., work of, 10, 11 Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 511 ALBANY, N. Y. JANUARY 15, I912 New York State Museum Joun M. Crarke, Director EPHRAIM PorRTER FELT, State Entomologist Museum Bulletin 156 ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH BY EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D.Sc. PAGE PAGE IMGROSIEC KON So aoeneouoaBeodoc 5 Remedial measures........... II ikon Meant lOSESs oe cccseooce oo oec 6 | White-marked tussock moth..... 14 NesultsTotmattackn ne seme aeaemte Fi Descriphioniar tee ee ae 15 1NaOGl EINES oo oc coornneuoos ae 7 Life history and habits....... 15 DiStrilubionep ere tee sone te eel 7 Hoods plantceepiscetc ee ters 16 IDESORD TION ys 5 20 sin haye ss sien 8 Natural ememies#..2./5:.4-..en- 16 Noite histOmVyersets «statin nso ccs sree 9 Remediesh() nyyaanctuess sre 16 Natural enemies.............. TO) | E)xplanationsofeplatess assesses 19 a -_ << = a as “4 =p 08 > to» oe eS ia .y ie heave ve Pre > oy, : nT ce) New York State Education Department Science Division, April 4, 1912 Hon, Andrew S. Draper LL.D. Commissioner of Education Sir: Ihave the honor to submit herewith a revision of our State Museum Bulletin 109 relating to the elm leaf beetle, the tussock moth and their depredations upon our shade trees. The demand for information on these insect pests is large and the last edition of the bulletin is now exhausted. I therefore recommend this manuscript for publication. Very respectfully Joun M., CLarKEe Director STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT COMMISSIONER'S ROOM Approved for publication this oth day of April 1912 @ ea Commissioner of Education ae i's See 7 . hn a at Ba el tik 1 v4 we a le t i ren , yeti ny o% Ny ' 2) j PS i ( ‘ oe Dm | i aa) ' ah Pek ws pit A 4 cP A 7 f i out >a ’ y ' we . ” ’ = 7 é ~7 i ash \ Ds PAS Par ply ai i) AY ui Ny y * tet 4 Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 511 ALBANY, N. Y. JANUARY 15, I912 New York State Museum JoHn M. CvLarKE, Director EPHRAIM PorTER FELT, State Entomologist Museum Bulletin 156 ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH BY EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D.Sc. The elm leaf beetle and the white-marked tussock moth must be ranked among the most important leaf feeders affecting the shade trees of cities and villages in New York State. They have been responsible for widespread injury to thousands of trees in recent years, while earlier experience shows that we must reckon with these species if we would preserve the beauty of our trees. Experience in the past has demonstrated beyond all question the practicability of checking both of these leaf feeders by spraying, an operation which is not very costly if modern apparatus be employed. We are forced to conclude therefore that extensive injury by either of these pests must be attributed to indifference or culpable neglect rather than in- ability, despite the fact that many appear very eager to take up the warfare at a time when the ravages are most apparent and unfortunately when repressive measures can be employed to very little advantage. There is a tendency on the part of many private individuals to attribute their woes to the neglect of adjacent shade trees on public streets, and conversely municipal authorities are prone to state that injury to public trees is due to the pests swarming thereto from neglected private grounds. The facts of the case are that both of these insects are very local in habit. This is a 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM necessity in the case of the tussock moth, because the female is wingless and as a consequence the species relies for dissemina- tion on the very limited crawling powers of the caterpillar or upon being carried by other agencies. The elm leaf beetle, on the contrary, flies readily, but for some reason or other it is very local in its habits and not infrequently one may see magnificent trees infested with hordes of beetles and larvae, while within a block, sometimes within 50 feet, other elms may be practically free from the pest. These facts are of greatest importance to all interested in the welfare of shade trees, since they demon- strate beyond question the possibility of protecting the trees on our public streets, irrespective of what is done by private citizens, or conversely, the practicability of keeping the pest in check on private grounds, even though there is little or no re- pressive work upon those adjacent. Elm leaf beetle Galerucella luteola Mull The ravages of this dangerous enemy to elms has been par- ticularly severe in recent years. The damage has doubtless been accentuated in numerous instances by exceptionally dry weather and possibly by extremely low winter temperatures. These two factors afford no adequate explanation for the great increase in the number of injured trees, and particularly for the general de- struction of the foliage so conspicuous in many communities in 1910 and 1911. It is very probable that the extension of electric car service and the more general use of automobiles have been of material service in disseminating a local and exceedingly prolific insect, since both of these vehicles usually traverse tree- lined streets and afford abundant opportunities for the collection and dissemination of the beetles and thus greatly increase the damage along favorite routes of travel. This pest was so abundant and injurious from 1896 to 1899 in the cities of Albany and Troy as literally to compel some action or a very large proportion of the elms would have been destroyed. The insect made such headway in these cities that it ruined or killed about 3000 elms before the end of 1900, and it is more than probable that at least 1000 additional succumbed the following decade. The earlier spraying against this pest produced for the most part very satisfactory results, while the treatment in recent years has given indifferent returns in many ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH i instances. An examination of conditions in several communities in the summer of 1911 forced us to the conclusion that most of the poor results following spraying were due to careless or slovenly work. It was a rather common occurrence to find the lower limbs fairly well sprayed, while the upper branches were almost untouched by the poison and, as a consequence, severely injured by the beetle. Dead foliage in midsummer, a weakened or dying condition of the trees, and the vacant spaces formerly occupied by elms, are in most instances the direct result of injury by this per- nicious beetle, though all conversant with the situation must admit that leaking gas and electricity have killed some trees in many communities. The number destroyed by these latter two agencies is small compared to those succumbing to insect depredations. Old age has been advanced by some as a reason for the death of many elms. This is hardly an adequate explana- tion, since many trees which have perished were comparatively young. Authentic records show that the American elm may live from 150 to 200 years. Under favorable conditions it should thrive for at least a century and in many instances for a century and a half. It is lamentable that so many magnifi- cent elms, representing the growth of several generations, and in many instances occupying commanding positions and addine greatly to the beauty and value of the adjacent property, should be destroyed within a few years by an insect which may be controlled at a comparatively small expense. Results of attack. Elms losing two crops of leaves a season for three or four years are invariably seriously affected and some at least may die. The injury is almost as severe if the first crop of leaves is destroyed so late that very little new foliage de- velops the latter part of the season. This condition was rather general with American elms in 1911 and may have resulted in part from the weakened condition of the trees, an outcome of earlier injuries. Food plants. This leaf feeder displays a marked preference for the more tender foliage of the English and Scotch elms, though after the beetle has become abundant, it is frequently exceed- ingly destructive to the American elm. Its operations on this latter tree have been especially severe in the city of Watervliet and in villages in the upper Hudson valley. Distribution. This pest has now attained an extensive distri- bution in this country, ranging from north of Salem, Mass., to Char- 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM lotte, N. C., and westward into Ohio and Kentucky. It occurs in most of the cities and villages in the Hudson valley, having made its way north to Glens Falls and Ticonderoga and along the Mohawk valley at least to Amsterdam. It has become well established at Elmira and Ithaca and has been known for some years in Oswego, though it does not appear to have been par- ticularly destructive in that city. There is no record known to us of this species occurring in Utica, Syracuse, Rochester or Buffalo, though it is rather surprising that it has not already become established in all of these cities. Description. The skeletonized brown appearance of the fol- lage in midsummer is very characteristic of the work of this pest, particularly in the eastern cities and villages of the State. The irregular, oval holes about one-quarter of an inch in diam- eter, eaten by the beetles in early spring, are another indication of the work of this species. The parent beetle may be recognized by reference to the colored illustration [| pl. 1, fig. 5,6]. It is about one-quarter of an inch long, with the head, thorax and margin of the wing covers a reddish yellow. The coal-black eyes and median spot of the same color on the head are prominent. The thorax is marked with a dorsal black spot of variable shape and with a pair of lateral ovoid ones. The median black line on the wing covers is widely separated from lateral stripes of the same color by green- ish yellow. The wing covers are minutely and irregularly punc- tured, bear a fine pubescence and at the base of each there is an elongated, black spot in the middle of the greenish yellow stripe. These markings are fairly constant in the beetle, though the color is quite variable during life and changes more or less after death. Many of the insects emerging from winter quarters have the vellowish stripes of the wing covers nearly obliterated by black. The orange-yellow eggs [pl. 1, fig. 1] are usually deposited in irregular rows side by side, forming clusters of from three to twenty-six or more on the underside of the leaf. Each egg is somewhat fusiform, attached vertically by its larger end and with the free extremity tapering to a paler rounded point. The recently hatched grub [pl. 1, fig. 2] is about one-twentieth of an inch long with the head, thoracic shield, numerous tuber- cles, hairs and legs jet-black. The skin is dark yellow but the tubercles are so large and the hairs so prominent that the pre- vailing color of the grub at this stage is nearly black. An increase ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 9 in size, following molts, is accompanied by the stiff hairs be- coming less conspicuous and the yellow more prominent, till the grub becomes full grown [pl. 1, fig. 3]. It is then about one- half of an inch long, more flattened than in the earlier stages, with a broad, yellowish stripe down the middle of the back and with a narrower stripe of the same color on each side, these be- ing separated by broad, dark bands thickly set with tubercles bearing short, dark colored hairs. The dorsal yellow stripe is broken on each side by a subdorsal row of black tubercles which decrease in size posteriorly. The lateral yellow stripe includes a row of prominent tubercles with dark tips bearing hairs of the same color. The under surface is yellowish. The pupa [pl. 1, fig. 4] is a bright orange-yellow, about one- fifth of an inch long and with a very convex dorsal surface which bears transverse rows of stout, inconspicuous hairs. Life history. The transformations of this insect are so rapid and so greatly influenced by local conditions that a man must know what to expect or he will accomplish very little in fighting the pest, because a substance effective against the beetles or grubs may not kill the pupae and, after the larvae have begun to de- scend, may be of no value. The beetles winter in attics, sheds, belfries and other shelters. They emerge with the advent of warm weather and may then be found on the walks during the sunny portion of the day or at the windows of houses, trying to escape. The last of April or early in May, with the appearance of the foliage, the beetles fly to the elms and eat irregular holes in the leaves. Some time is occupied in feeding before the deposition of eggs, the latter may continue four and possibly five or six weeks. The prolific beetles consume a large amount of foliage during this time, depositing clusters of from three to twenty-six or more eggs every day or two. Over half the total number of eggs may be laid at the height of the season within about twelve days; in 1808, from June 12th to 23d. A female may produce over six hundred eggs. The young grubs appear early in June or about five or six days after the eggs have been deposited later in the season. They feed on the under surface of the leaf, producing the familiar skeletonization [pl. 1, fig. 7] which is caused by their eating the softer underpart, leaving the veins and the upper epidermis practically untouched. The results of their feeding are so marked that it is easy to detect the presence of the grubs by the IO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM semitransparent patches in the foliage. These latter soon dry and turn brown. There are two and occasionally three generations of this de- structive insect in the latitude of Albany, the number depending to a considerable extent upon the availability of suitable food. The grubs complete their growth in from fifteen to twenty days, descending limbs and trunk to a great extent in search of some shelter under which to pupate. Seven days are spent in this latter state in warm July weather, while in September it is ex- tended to twelve and in October to twenty-four days. Vhe grubs of the first brood usually forsake the trees in Albany by the last of June or early in July, and beetles belonging to the second generation may begin depositing eggs about the middle of July, and from then to late in autumn it is generally possible to find this insect in all stages in some part of Albany. The beetles of the second brood are naturally attracted to fresh foliage and consequently more eggs are usually deposited on trees which have been defoliated earlier in the season than upon others. Badly infested trees are therefore very likely to lose two crops of leaves in a season and may possibly have their third seriously marred by this pest. The second brood of grubs completes its growth about the middle of August, beetles appearing the latter part of the month, and if there is an abundant supply of fresh leaves, a third generation may appear in considerable numbers. This last brood more frequently occurs in near-by trees which have not been severely injured earlier in the season. Natural enemies. ‘This leaf feeder is subject to attack by a number of natural enemies, most of which, however, are of com- paratively little importance in keeping it in check. The common garden toad will devour many beetles, and the much despised English sparrow also feeds upon these insects to some extent. Several predaceous insects prey upon this pest to a certain ‘ degree. Preventive measures. ‘There are measures of considerable value in the prevention of insect depredations, and there is no reason why such should not be applied to the shade tree problem. It is a mistake to have half to three-fourths of all the shade trees in a city or village one species, especially if mostly on contiguous streets. This is true of many localities where the elm leaf beetle has caused very serious injury during the last few years. The American elm and sugar maple, both ELM LEAF BEE1LE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH i deservedly favorites for shade and park trees, may well give way in part at least to other desirable species, such as the Nor- way maple, an excellent tree in many ways and practically free from the insect pests so injurious to the sugar and the white or silver maple. The last named has been extensively used in many localities, and though brittle and liable to injury by wind and ice, usually keeps in excellent condition for a number of years. The red maple is also a valuable tree. The American basswood or linden, the horsechestnut, the European plane tree or buttonwood, the American ash and oaks, especially the pin oak, red oak and scarlet oak should be set more freely. The Ailanthus (pistillate trees) and the Carolina poplar, though pos- sessing serious drawbacks, are desirable under certain condi- tions. This diversified planting would admit the use of one species on a street, and if adjacent streets were set with differ- ent varieties, such an arrangement would go far toward reduc- ing the possibility of extended outbreaks by injurious insects or fungous diseases. The proper care of trees, including judicious selection so as to secure the best adaptation to local conditions, is an important factor in forestalling insect ravages. Trees in full vigor are better able to sustain injury and are usually less troubled by in- sects than those in a debilitated condition. Certain progressive communities have already recognized this need and have met it in a more or less satisfactory manner. ‘The city of Newark, N. J., with a population of 347,469, expends for tree work (which latter is separate from park work) about $27,000 a year, $6000 of this being for pruning, $6000 for spraying and $15,000 for setting out new trees, maintenance etc. East Orange, N. J., with a population of only 34,371, expended in 1909 over $10,000 through its shade tree commission, $1200 of this being a special appropriation for spraying elms. The city of Buffalo has re- cently placed the care of its trees in the hands of a forester and there is no reason why other communities should not adopt equally comprehensive measures. Spraying alone is not suffi- cient. There should be wise planting, judicious pruning and liberal fertilization whenever necessary. Remedial measures. The secret in controlling this insect lies in understanding thoroughly its life history and appreciating the vulnerable points. A thorough spraying with a poison early in the spring, when the leaves are half out or larger, is most I2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM effective in preventing breeding, as the beetles are de- stroyed before they can deposit many eggs. Arsenate of lead is by far the best poison and should be used at the rate of four pounds (15 per cent arsenic oxid) to fifty gallons of water. Fortunately the beetles are rather local in habit and as a consequence individual trees or groups of trees may be protected to a very large extent even if there are neglected ones in the near vicinity. The local spread of this pest is slow and this should be taken advantage of to the greatest possible extent by keeping the insect in control wherever it occurs, even though the infestation be a small one and the present injury of comparatively little importance, It is a mistake on the part of local authorities to wait till this enemy of the elms has become well established and destructive before repressive measures are undertaken. The grubs feed almost exclusively on the under surface of the leaf, rarely occurring upon its upper side. The first injury is usually on the upper more tender leaves, hence there is great need of spraying the tops of the trees, and in order to kill the de- structive grubs it is essential that the poison be thrown on the underside of the foliage. Spraying with an arsenical poison for the destruction of grubs is satisfactory only when the application is early, as it is hardly advisable to spray for this insect when the grubs are nearly full grown, since they are liable to desert the tree even when slightly underfed and complete their transforma- tions, rather than to eat distasteful foliage. The ideal spray for this pest is a fine mist applied to the under side of all the leaves. It is impossible to throw such a spray any distance, and owing to the great height of most elms, such treatment is impractical. A moderately coarse spray which can be thrown 25 to 40 feet has been usually employed in connection with ladders or the use of a high tower. The latter is practical only where the streets are fairly level. The recent development in the use of a solid stream and pressures of between 200 and 300 pounds for gipsy moth work has greatly reduced the cost of applications in woodlands, and the system is now being applied to shade trees with a corresponding saving in time and expense. This method necessitates the use of more poison, there is in- creased dripping and the throwing of the spray upon the foliage is not so readily controlled. These are grave though not insur- mountable objections, and for the present we are inclined to favor a moderately coarse spray with the use of ladders or a tower as the most practical method of spraying shade trees. ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 13 Communities usually fail to realize that in the elm leaf beetle we are dealing with an insect extremely sensitive to poison and one which will feed upon sprayed leaves only when no others are available. Its senses are so keen that it can detect poison hardly visible with a powerful hand lens. Under such conditions one may readily see how easy it is to secure indifferent results. Spraying trees is a disagreeable, hazardous occupation, and in order to secure the best returns, it is necessary to make the com- pensation such as to result in a keen competition for the position of nozzleman. The application of business principles would justify larger municipalities placing this work in the hands of one who understood at least the rudiments involved (a skilled landscape gardener or forester would be even better) and giving him au- thority to insist upon any reasonable standards in methods and operation. Such a person could reasonably be expected, if pro- vided with sufficient funds, to keep the foliage of elms practically intact throughout the season, even in sections where the elm leaf beetle was excessively abundant or upon trees adjacent to those badly injured by the pest. Many trees were badly injured last year because there was so much difficulty in securing men who would do thorough work, a prime essential in an under- taking of this kind. The effective spraying season extends from early to middle May till nearly the latter part of June, a total of approximately six weeks. Making allowances for interruptions by rain, we can hardly expect more than thirty full working days during this period. A power spraying outfit of the usual type and provided with two lines of hose can spray thoroughly, perhaps fifty trees a day or a maximum of 1500 during the season as restricted above, much depending upon the size and location of the trees as well as the efficiency of the men in charge. The cost of thorough spraying is not excessive. It may be esti- mated at about 50 cents a tree or only 10-20 cents a tree if all the work be done from the ground with a high power outfit, in each case making no allowance for the cost of apparatus. A power spraying outfit adapted to shade tree work can hardly be obtained for less than $275 to $500, and in case of the high pressure outfits, may easily amount to more than double the latter sum. There should be plenty of power, an abundance of hose and good ladders unless it is planned to do all the work from the ground. This work can be done with a powerful hand pump at a greater cost for operation though the initial expense 14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ($30—S$50) is much less. It is extremely desirable, where conditions permit, for a community to provide not only for the spraying of the street trees, but also to arrange for the care of those on private grounds at a nominal cost. The full-grown larvae crawl down the trunks in great num- bers and the golden yellow pupae may be found in abundance in crevices in the bark and on the ground about the tree. A good proportion of the insects can be forced to take refuge on the ground by scraping off the rough bark, thus depriving them of shelters upon the tree. Large numbers can then be killed when assembled about the base of the tree by spraying them with a contact insecticide such as kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap solution or even by pouring boiling water on them. The grubs should be destroyed in the manner indicated every five days so long as the pests are seen in numbers, in order to secure the best results. This method of fighting the pest is advisable only when it is impossible to employ the more satisfactory arsenical sprays. Bands of tar, sticky fly paper, cotton batting, etc., while they do no harm, can not be considered of much value in keeping the elm leaf beetle under control. The relatively few grubs caught on a sticky band are but a drop in the bucket com- pared with the masses which complete their transformations either above or below. It is worse than useless to attempt to control this or any other insect by boring a hole in the trunk of a tree and inserting therein compounds of any nature. The tree is weakened and unless the chemical be powerful enough to kill it, the insects are not affected. White-marked tussock moth. Hemerocampa leucostigma Abb. & Sm. This insect, preeminently a pest on city and village trees, occasionally proves a veritable scourge over considerable areas. Some cities appear to be more afflicted in this way than others. The summer of 1906 was marked by extensive depredations in a number of cities and villages throughout the State, thus dupli- cating the experience of 1898. It will therefore be seen that seri- ous injuries by this caterpillar are more or less periodic. This is to be explained by the fact that the species has a number of natural enemies which assist materially in keeping it under con- trol. The destructive outbreaks are examples of what might occur annually were there no parasites to check the work of this ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 15 voracious leaf feeder. The cause of this native species thriving so greatly in cities and villages during recent years is explained by the abundance of the English sparrow. This bird will not eat the caterpillars and drives away many of the native forms which, in earlier days, were of great service in devouring these hairy pests. Description. The full-grown caterpillar is really a beautiful object. It has a coral-red head, a pair of long, black plumes just over it, a single one at the opposite extremity of the body, four delicate yellowish or white, brushlike tufts on its back and just behind them, separated only by a segment, two small retractile red elevations. There is a broad, black band broken only by tubercles and tufts along the back and bordered by yellowish stripes. Each side is dark gray except for the yellowish tuber- cles. The breathing tubes or spiracles are in a lateral black line and below this the caterpillar is yellow, the legs usually be- ing paler [pl. 2, fig. 4]. The very young caterpillar is pale yel- lowish or whitish with long, irregular hairs. It increases in size, casts its skin from time to time and assumes one after another the characteristics of the full-grown larva. The thin cocoons spun in the crevices of the bark [pl. 2, fig. 6] have the long hairs of the caterpillar interwoven and within this shelter the larva transforms to a yellowish white pupa more or less shaded with dark brown or black [pl. 2, fig. 7]. The sexes differ strikingly as is shown on plate 2, fisures I and 2. The male is a beautiful moth with large feathery anten- nae, tufted legs, and with the wings and body delicately marked with several shades of gray or grayish white. The female, on the other hand, is a nearly uniform gray with simple antennae and but rudimentary wings. The eggs, usually over three hundred, are deposited on the empty cocoon, under a conspicuous white mass of frothy matter about one-half of an inch in diameter [pl. 2, fig. 3]. This soon hardens and forms a very effective protection. The egg masses [pl. 7, 8] are easily removed and a tree thoroughly cleared thereof can become infested again only by caterpillars crawling from adjacent trees or being carried thereto. The individual egg is nearly spheric, about one-twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter, white or yellowish white and with a light brown spot surrounded by a ring of the same color. Life history and habits. This insect winters in the conspic- uous egg masses described above, the young appearing about 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the latter part of May in this latitude. They feed at first on the more tender lower epidermis of the leaf and soon devour all but the principal veins. The small caterpillars frequently hang by a silken thread and continued jarring may cause many to drop to the ground. Feeding and growth occupy a month or more, pupation occurring the latter part of June or early in July. There is some deviation from this, as a few individuals spin up early and some caterpillars linger till numerous egg clusters indi- cate that most of the insects have completed the round of life. The pupal stage occupies from ten to fifteen days. The wingless female appears at the end of this period, crawls on her co- coon and shortly deposits eggs as described. There is normally but one generation annually in Albany and other inland cities, while in New York City and vicinity and in Boston, Mass., there are two broods and at Washington, D. C., there are three gen- erations each year as stated by Doctor Howard. The young caterpillars drop from the tree readily, suspend themselves by silken threads and then may be blown or carried considerable distances. The full-grown caterpillars desert the trees and wander considerably. This is particularly true of the larger ones which almost invariably produce female moths. The cocoons are spun very generally on the trunks or on the under- side of the larger branches. Food plants. This leaf feeder exhibits a marked preference in cities for the linden and horse-chestnut, while it feeds readily on elms and maples. It has also been recorded on a number of other trees. Natural enemies. This species has a number of natural ene- mies. Its comparative rarity in the country shows that our native birds must be very efficient natural checks upon this in- sect. Mr E. H. Forbush states that forty-seven species of native birds feed on hairy caterpillars, most of which would probably take this leaf feeder. The robin, Baltimore oriole and cuckoo are among the more valuable in this respect. Parasitic insects are also very efficient checks. This species is subject to attack by some twenty-one primary parasites and these in turn may become the prey of fourteen hyperparasites. Remedies. A simple and very satisfactory method of con- trolling this insect is the gathering and destroying of egg masses. Several cities and villages in New York State have employed children in this work by offering a small bounty and a system of prizes. The result has been that a large number of egg masses ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH W7/ were secured and destroyed at a comparatively slight cost. The defect in this method is that it is more or less irregular in opera- tion and is usually resorted to only after serious injury to the trees has aroused public opinion. There is no doubt as to the effectiveness of collecting egg masses and in not a few instances it may prove the cheapest method of keeping this pest in check. It would seem better for the welfare of the trees to make some provision for the systematic collection of egg masses from year to year from all the trees, even though the cost be some- what greater. The collection of egg masses should be supplemented, if un- cleaned trees are in the vicinity, by banding the trunks at the time the caterpillars begin to crawl, with some material which will prevent the ascent of straggling larvae. A very simple method.is to take a band of cotton batting some six or eight inches wide, wrap it around the tree, tie a string about its middle and then turn the upper edge down over the string. Tree tangle- foot, a preparation made by the same company that manufac- tures tanglefoot fly paper, has been used very extensively on trees about Boston. It is very adhesive, remains sticky for a con- siderable time and does not injure the bark of older trees at least. The tussock moth caterpillar succumbs readily to arsenical poisons and where the trees are infested or are likely to be at- tacked by more than one leaf feeder, as is true in the Hudson valley, spraying is perhaps the best method of protecting the trees. One of the best poisons for this purpose, particularly in sections infested by the elm leaf beetle, is arsenate of lead, (15 per cent arsenic oxid), used at the rate of four eee to fifty gal- lons of water. EXPLANATION. ©F PLATES Plate 1 Executed from nature, under the author’s direction, by L. H. Joutel of New York City, and reproduced from the 5th report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests through the courtesy of the commissioners 19 I Elm leaf beetle Galerucella luteola Miill. Cluster of eggs, much enlarged ta Side view of single egg, still more enlarged 2 Cn x OS Ov I Recently hatched larva or grub, much enlarged Full-grown larva or grub, much enlarged Pupa, much enlarged Overwintered beetle, much enlarged Fresh, brightly colored beetle much enlarged Leaf showing eating of larvae or grubs and a few holes eaten by beetles, eggs in clusters, cast larval skins and full-grown larvae, natural size Leaf skeletonized by grubs Leaf eaten by beetles PLATE 1 f { eis er sf 4 \) Ta aA) LZ a) a L. H. Joutel, 1900, ELM LEAF BEETLE ‘Reprint from 5th report of commissioners of fisheries, game and forests) A ie Plate 2 Executed from nature by L. H. Joutel 21 White-marked tussock moth Hemerocampa leucostigma Abb. & Sm. Male moth at rest on trunk Female laying eggs upon her cocoon Egg masses on cocoons A full-grown caterpillar resting on a twig Cast skins of caterpillars Cocoons massed on trunk Pupa of female within cocoon Twigs girdled by caterpillars Twig broken off at point of girdling The foliage shows the effects of this caterpillar’s work 22 PLATE 2 L. H. Joutel, 1906. WHITE MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH = r i] © i * Z *. od * ? 1 ee te aS: « =" 7 , “ Lal te , ] | d 4 7% ae 7 > 3 Kz ; A hig a= ea a ; Py aif ; e 7 7 ‘ 4 Mi , t wal Plate 3 23 A magnificent English elm nearly defoliated by the elm leaf beetle. Galerucella luteola Mill. Lancaster street, Albany. Photo August 1906. Plate 3 Albany, Aug. 1906 Work of elm leaf beetle on Lancaster street eed) 1 ie | Row of English elms on South Hawk street, Albany, nearly ruined by the work of the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mull. Photo August 1g06. These nine trees were, in 1898, in about the same condition as the one illustrated on plate 3. Albany, Aug. 1906 Work of elm leaf beetle on South Hawk street Plate 5 27 American elm on Washington avenue near Fort Orange Club, Albany, seriously injured by the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mull. Photo August 1906. Note the numerous dead limbs. This tree died about two years later. 28 Plate 5 | oh paceman ns tat Ri Albany, Aug. 1906 Work of elm leaf beetle on Washington avenue Plate 6 29 Work of white-marked tussock moth, Hemerocamp.a leucostigma Abb. & Sm., on clump of horse-chestnuts standing on the grounds of St Francis de Sales Asylum, Albany. Photo August 1906. 39 Plate 6 Min : Miln,» Albany, Aug. 1906 Work of white-marked tussock moth on horse chestnut “Plate 7 3I Ege masses of white-marked tussock moth Hemero- campa leucostigma Abb. & Sm., on American elm. Congress street, Albany. Photo August 1906. Note that the egg masses are conspicuous, attached to slight cocoons and therefore easily removed. Ww to een Sr. ee © ete Spring street S 3 wn 20 80 vo a i S] = “4 oO fo) wn n p 3 ~ iP) “ te sj & White Egg masses of white-marked tussock moth, Hemero- campa leucostigma Abb. & Sm, on English elm. Capitol park, Albany. Photo August 1906. Note that the egg masses are conspicuous, attached to slight cocoons and therefore easily removed. 34 Plate 8 , Albany, 1906 Capitol Park -marked tussock moth eggs White < a. we d al 7 : ¥ Ve - wan : ' ? 7 c = ; . ( oo 8 ‘ag , i . ° : or. « 7 = a) a nat vp “* . . ® * * ? . ’ ' * - - INDEX Arsenate of lead, 9, 12, 17. Birds, feeding on white-marked tussock moth, 16; on elm leaf beetle, 10. Cotton batting, 14. Elm leaf beetle, 6-14; description, 8- 9; distribution, 7-8; food plants, 7; life history, 9-10; natural enemies, 10; remedial measures, II-14. Fly paper, 14. Galerucella luteola, 6-14. Hemerocampa leucostigma, 14-17. Kerosene emulsion, 14. leucostigma, Hemerocampa, 14-17. luteola, Galerucella, 6-14. 35 Parasites, white-marked tussock moth, 16. Remedies, arsenate of lead, 12, 17; cotton batting, 14; flv paper, 14; kerosene emulsion, 14; tar bands, 14; whale oil soap solution, 14. Tar bands, 14. Tussock moth, see White-marked tussock moth. Whale oil soap solution, 14. White-marked tussock moth, 14- 17; description, 15; food plants, 16; life history and habits, 15-16; natural enemies, 16; remedies, 16— 17: Appendix 4 Botany Museum Bulletin 157 157 Report of the State Botanist torr a >» ie ye ; ‘ - p : : Wy j ‘ . ine a le an At ee oe ‘db Lo ' as ‘ 4 5 - a 7 ; / ant, Te j 4 yn _ : » Te nD | i" fae bes nS eae! uM i - 4 i, te uae oR, eras er : A, Bes ts ; hoo aT neg : ; id ae Pan one a en eK mrs ier ; ak mh eos a 7 | o, y - ne. & wi | : re! id T= ° . Vict io) 3) Pal? WE net ee 3% Sa | ve 7 rv . j eh) re : ° ¥ ‘ « >» ve : Aad 2 4 i ¥ cn 4°— (i SA ms ee f i 4 “7 e ca) are ‘ Ps - a ai 7 . 7 7 ie rr : ; » Cee hoe ee 7 coir t ? - a a aa -— 7 = ) ae “oom b> ly 4 * 7s ) 4h 7 ' J = ha 7 - ; Nes , 7 i ih @ , g : _s ‘n ‘ib S Waa — , d . . ts "7 oi - 7 mg ie) ( i ‘'* “) ir 7 OY Ve ’ ul hin UP ieFines awt a) , : oe *) ' y ' ‘a0 “a +", . he ! “ae, 7 Bb? oe ee Tie ; 1 rhs yj "2 taste ee iat: +7 Oe ee ean) | op y a ¢ i vl ; OF A. : PS see Ml aN é! fal Ue «ea aa as) ‘ Je tha, é f ’ ; ! Ve ua “a ; 7; ; i! ¢ i 5 ; us Made , i y en ae 9 me { aL Pa ee . -* , fet" 5 , &* 6 7 a = Nig Ket ae aut | vere ie 4 ai -_ < i Be . py 3 a” At A 5 Seen i Fy - mee nba? ating Ale eral Hh ait 5a oy A ‘ aN. « ie i wi 7 Yu- ( a SP iy : ra i ,* fi , ,} be ty 1h ‘ 9 vie Loy 7 , ye iv 8 Fay, . , . ae ’ U 4 7 ne uy, ‘ I a can | ; Pai a mary ‘ - ! Ae ‘ “— ; i‘ : Se 4 1} af Ney 3, ae : v2 .) jaya . neg Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y. under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 514 ALBANY, N. Y. MARCH I, I9I2 New York State Museum Joun M. CrarkeE, Director CHARLES H. PEck, State Botanist Museum Bulletin 157 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST tog11 PAGE PAGE Initrodiuchiony seer |i Wishlayloisphsten endo abbouebovcoor 53 Plants added to the herbarium... 11 | New York species of Clitocybe... 59 Contributors and their contribu- New York species of Laccaria.... 90 TAOS Rey. Wythe mousyorsy aeons ree 14 | New York species of Psilocybe... 94 Species not before reported...... 21 | Latin descriptions of new species Remarks and observations...... ay ANGUVATICIES amie ck s aeteeresieva ee 106 New species and varieties of ex- Explanation of plates).).......<.. 117 nealbnaomiell TqbiMeels GAS oobae Seisera SAS LMG eRe eetare sita csretatectarstteencene atc: 135 4 are Neral: 7 U's eae 4 Che Ji 7 - + le46 7 28 448 & 70 = Se : gery = ss bs 4" weatiy 4 Mit ; a Soy ae . di se a, - U sit hieec ty wis. , 1 ‘ ' $ iv} Cf q 2 i, mh a iw & ro 6% _ a New York State Education Department Science Division, February 28, 1912 Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D. Commissioner of Education Sir: I beg to transmit herewith for publication as a bulletin of the State Museum, the annual report of the State Botanist for the fiscal year ending September 30, IQII. Very respectfully Joun M. CiarKE Director STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT COMMISSIONER'S ROOM Approved for publication this 29th day of February, 1912 Commissioner of Education * Yee Lat iY ey! Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office, at Albany, N. Y. under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 514 ALBANY, N. Y. MARCH I, I912 New York State Museum Joun M. Crarke, Director. Cuarces H. Peck, State Botanist Museum Bulletin 157 REPORT OF STATE BOTANIST 1og11 Dr John M. Clarke, Director of the State Museum: I have the honor of submitting the following report of work done in the botanical section of the State Museum during the past year. Specimens of plants for the State herbarium have been collected in the counties of Albany, Essex, Lewis, Oneida, Otsego, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Steuben and Warren. Specimens have been contributed by correspondents and others that were collected in the counties of Albany, Cattaraugus, Columbia, Cortland, Franklin, Fulton, Greene, Herkimer, Jefferson, Monroe, New York, Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Queens, Rensselaer, Richmond, Schenectady, Suffolk, Tompkins, Warren, Washington and Westchester. Extralimital specimens have been contributed that were collected in Alaska, California, Canada, Colorado, Connecticut, Cuba, Dela- ware, District of Columbia, Europe, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Mary- land, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Utah, Vermont and Washington. The number of species of which specimens have been added to the herbarium is 283 of which 100 were not before represented in it. Of these, 28 are new or hitherto undescribed species. All of these are fungi. A list of the names of the added specimens is marked “ Plants added to the Herbarium.” The number of those who have contributed specimens is 74. This includes those who sent specimens merely for identification, if the specimens were collected in our State and were in such condition 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and of such character as to make them desirable additions to the herbarium. The number of persons for whom identifications have been made is 162. The number of identifications made is 1915. A list of the names of contributors and of their respective con- tributions is marked “ Contributors and their contributions.” The names of species new to our flora with their localities, time of collecting and remarks concerning them will be found in a chap- ter marked ‘‘ Species not before reported.” This includes species which may have been reported before as varieties of other species but which now are regarded as distinct species. Also descriptions of those regarded as new species. New localities of rare plants, new varieties and any facts of interest that may have been observed are given under the title “ Remarks and observations.” Many specimens of fungi collected outside of our State have been received for determination. When no description could be found to correspond to their characters they have been considered new species and names given to them and descriptions of them written. These will be found under the heading ‘“ New species and varieties of extralimital fungi.” , Eight species and varieties of mushrooms have been tested for their edible qualities and approved. These added to those already known make the number of New York edible species and varieties of mushrooms now known, 213. One species previously reported as edible was found by Mr F. C. Stewart to have a bitter taste. It is the rooted collybia, Collybia radicata (Relh.) Fr. In my trials of this species for its edi- bility no such flavor was observed. At my request Mr Stewart sent me specimens of this mushroom gathered in the locality from which the bitter ones came. These were cooked in the same manner as in my former trials. Their bitter flavor was verified: but no evil conse- quences resulted. It has been learned in this case that some mush- rooms, as well as apples and other fruits, may vary in flavor. When the bitter taste is mild it is not a serious objection to their edibility provided it is not distasteful to the eater and no evil consequences follow. Dandelions cooked as a pot-herb often have a decidedly bitter flavor which to some persons is not at all objectionable and may even be considered as valuable because indicating tonic properties. . Two trips have been made in my efforts to locate and investigate the chestnut bark disease. Having learned by report that this REPORT OF THE STATE LOTANIST IQII 7 disease was supposed to have attacked the chestnut trees about Cooperstown, that locality was visited and under the guidance of one familiar with the locality and interested in the woodland sup- posed to be affected, a careful search for it was made. No evidences of the presence of the fungus that causes the chestnut bark disease were found either in the standing trees or in the branches, stumps and young shoots of trees that had been cut because they were sup- posed to have been attacked by it. The real cause of the trouble was not satisfactorily ascertained, but it seemed probable that the severe drouths of three preceding seasons may have contributed to the trouble. Having heard that the disease was advancing northward from New York City through the counties along the east bank of the Hudson river, and had already reached Columbia county, a visit was made to the town of Sand Lake in Rensselaer county. Chestnut trees are common in the woods of that region but my efforts to find there any evidences of the fungus that causes the chestnut bark disease were wholly unsuccessful. Subsequent investigations by others have indicated its presence in both the southern and northern part of the county. In this case as in others.a new attack appears to have been made in places widely separated from any others. In this respect the disease is specially dangerous, the germs or spores being evidently carried by insects, birds or some other agent than winds. It is therefore of the utmost importance that a close watch be kept for the appearance of the disease wherever chestnut trees abound and that trees found affected by it should be cut and their bark burned as soon as possible. The spread of the disease has been so rapid and its work so virulent during the two years past that constant watchfulness and prompt action whenever it appears are essential to its suppression. It is probable that this destructive out- break of this remarkable disease is sporadic and brought about by an unusual combination of favoring circumstances and will not long continue to be so destructive. Nature generally finds some way to check such extraordinary action and restore the equilibrium of her forces, but sometimes the proper conditions are not restored till after great damage has been done. It will not do therefore to sit quietly down and wait for such a consummation. We may by prompt and judicious action aid the natural processes and thereby diminish and shorten the ravages of the evil. In continuance of my investigation of the marsh flora of the Adirondacks, Peacock marsh in the town of North Elba was visited. It is located about three miles south of Lake Placid and nearly east 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM from Averyville. The visit was made in June and owing to the early time in the season it is probable that some plants which occur later were not seen. A list of those seen will be found in the chapter designated “* Remarks and observations.” It is interesting to note the seasonal influences on plants and their similar results on our cultivated plants and wild mushrooms. In the eastern part of the State the prevailing low temperature in the spring retarded the development of vegetation and kept back the blossoming of the early varieties of fruit trees. Then a somewhat abrupt change to warmer weather caused these and later varieties to blossom more nearly simultaneously than usual. The early Rich- mond cherry and the Montmorency commonly have an interval of about ten days between their times of flowering. This year that interval was only two or three days. Pear trees, plum trees and cherry trees were in blossom nearly at the same time and apple trees quickly succeeded them. The resulting fruit crop was abundant and matured early. In midseason a long period of dry hot weather kept back the development of those species of mushrooms that com- monly appear at this time of the year. It was a rare thing to find one. They were extremely scarce even in swamps and wet places. Several correspondents wrote that they never before knew mush- rooms to be so scarce. One correspondent says, “ On account of the drouth this has been the poorest season for fungi I have known in twenty-five years. Not a single morel could IJ find.” This condition continued longer in some places than in others. Where plenteous rains came toward the end of the season mushrooms began to appear. In the vicinity of New York City rain fell abundantly during a whole week. This effectually broke the drouth and soon a crop of mushrooms began to appear. Summer and autumn species came up together and by their great variety and united numbers made such a crop as is rarely seen. In some places the ground appeared as if it was almost covered with them. One correspondent says, “the Long Island woods are full of mushrooms. It seems that almost every step reveals some different species.” Others represent their abundance as so great that they could be gathered by the bushel. One says that a friend who had been out collecting mushrooms brought in half a bushel of Tricholoma personatum Fr. This abundance has extended to other states than our own and has induced people to gather them for food more freely and in greater quantity than usual. As a con- sequence more accidents and deaths from eating poisonous mush- REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 9 rooms have been reported than usual. In New York City and vicinity it is reported that more than thirty deaths from this cause have taken place. It is affirmed however that nearly all these were among foreign born people who have doubtless mistaken poisonous species for the European species they were accustomed to eat in their own country. Native American people generally have a proper sense of the danger of rashly eating mushrooms whose edible qualities are unknown to them and are prudent enough to avoid doing it. In European countries the ignorant are to some extent protected from such danger by an inspector of the markets who permits to be sold only those mushrooms known to be edible. It is possible that poverty combined with the high cost of living may have been a source of danger in some cases of mushroom poisoning. An instance was reported to me of a poor family in which the mother and two children were poisoned. The mother recovered but the children died. An enthusiastic mycologist living in the vicinity of the place where this accident occurred began an investigation of the case in an attempt to learn what mushroom caused the sickness. Enough was learned from the mother to indi- cate that the mushroom chiefly eaten was one known by the name autumn pholiota, Pholiota autumnalis Pk. This was not known to mycologists to be an unwholesome species, but apparently impelled by hunger the family had collected a considerable quantity of it, cooked and ate it. The mother ate about a pint, the boy about the same quantity and the girl somewhat less. All were made sick and after several hours delay a physician was called. The result was as above stated. The flavor of the mushroom is not specially entic- ing and I can see no reason why they should have eaten so much of it unless they were impelled by hunger. An excessive quantity of a good mushroom may be harmful, but of a bad one it would be still worse. The mycologist who investigated the case learned by sub- sequent experiment that this is a noxious species and though it may not always be fatal it should be rigidly avoided. It is at least unwholesome. Besides the abundance of the crop caused by the concentration of summer and autumn species the appearance at such a time of species not before recorded as growing out of season is remarkable. Morels are among the most constant spring and early summer growers. I have not before known them to appear at any other time. One correspondent writing after the morel season had passed says, “I have not been able to find a single morel this season.””’ My own experience was similar to his. Evidently the cold spring time 10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM immediately followed by dry weather suppressed the crop of morels. The moderately warm and moist fall weather, however, gave oppor- tunity for a crop of morels in a limited station near Boston, Mass. Specimens were collected and some of them sent to me by Mrs U. C. Sherman with the inquiry if it was not unusual for morels to appear in autumn. An examination of them showed a very close relation- ship to the conic morel. They differed in a few minor characters from the conic morel, Morchella conica Pers., but most of all in their time of appearance. This is probably due to the peculiar weather conditions of this season, nevertheless it seemed best in view of the minor differences and the very unusual time of its appearance to designate it by the varietal name which will be found in its proper place in this report. Some seasons seem to be specially favorable to the development of the species of certain genera. In one season species of Hygrophorus will be abundant, in another many species of Lepiota will be seen and in another, species of Lactarius will appear to be unusually common. This year specimens of more species of Tricholoma have been received by me from correspondents during September, Octo- her and November than in any other previous year. This indicates to me that the latter part of the season has been unusually favorable to the development of species of Tricholoma. The custom of issuing generic monographs of New York species has been continued. Revised descriptions of New York species of the genera Clitocybe, Laccaria and Psilocybe have been prepared and arranged as far as practicable according to the Friesian system as given in Sylloge. To meet the requirements of the rules of the International Botanical Congress of 1905 Latin descriptions of the new species and varieties herein reported have been written. My assistant, Mr S. H. Burnham, has performed his clerical duties with noteworthy faithfulness, doing all the typewriting of the office, attending to the arrangement, mounting and labeling of speci- mens, aiding in the identification of specimens sent for that purpose, and in conducting the correspondence. In addition to this he has improved his opportunities during holiday and vacation periods in collecting specimens and in making many valuable additions to the herbarium. Respectfully submitted CuHartes H. Peck State Botanist Albany, December 28, 191t REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII PLEANTS*ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM New to the herbarium Acer carolinianum Walt. Aecidium atriplicis Shear Anthyllis vulneraria L, Armillaria pinetorum Gill. Artemisia frigida /Villd. AG gnaphalodes Nutt. Ascochyta imperfecta Pk. A. rane JB. wp 1B, Boletus ballouii Pk. Camarosporium maclurae Pk. Centaurea maculosa Lam. Cercospora medicaginis E. & E, Cercosporella terminalis Pk. Clavaria subtilis Pers. Clitocybe fumosa brevipes Pk. hirneola Fr. sinopicoides Pk. splendens (Pers.) Ir. tuba Fr. tumulosa Kalchb. AAAAN Coniothecium chomatosporium Cd. Coprinus domesticus (Pers.) I’r. Coronospora angustata Fck!. Cortinarius albidipes Pk. Ge phyllophilus Pk. C: purpurascens J[’r. Coryneum disciforme K. & S. Cytospora rhoina Fr. C. salicis (Cd.) Rabenh. Dasyscypha sulphuricolor Pk. Deutzia scabra Thunb. Diplodia spiraeina Sacc. Diplodina medicaginis Oud. Flammula sulphurea Pk. Fusarium pirinum (Fr.) Sacc. Ganoderma sessile Murr. Gloeosporium valsoideum Sacc. Gutierrezia sarothra (Pursh) B. & R. Gymnolomia multiflora( Nutt.) B.& H. Haplosporella ribis Sacc. Hebeloma sinapizans Fr. Helvella capucinoides Pk. Hendersonia grossulariae Oud. Hydnellum peckii Banker Hygrophorus recurvatus Pk. Hygrophorus sordidus Pk. Leptosphaeria distributa (C. & E.) Marasmius epiphyllus Fr. Melanconis alni Tu/. Mycena atroumbonata Pk, Mycena metata Fr. Naucoria arenaria Pk, Oenothera muricata L. Omphalia offuciata Fr. Ophiotheca vermicularis (Schw.) Peniophora tenuissima Pk. Periconia pycnospora Fres. Peronospora trifoliorum DeBy, Pestalozzia adusta FE. & E, 1p. funerea Desm. 12. longiseta Speg. Phacidium lignicola Pk. Pholiota rigidipes Pk. Phoma amorphae Pk, IP. bacteriophila Pk. 12%. leprosa Pk. P smilacis B. & J. Physcia granulifera (Ach.) Tuck. Polyporus melanopus Fr. Polysaccum pisocarpium Fr, Psilocybe fuscofolia Pk. 12 polycephala ( Paul.) Poria pulchella Schw. Ramularia karstenii Sacc. Rubus glandicaulis Blanch. Sagedia cestrensis Tuck. Septoria aquilegiae P. & S. S- dianthi Desm. Ss malvicola EE. & M. Ss mirabilissima Pk. Sphaeronema minutulum D. Sacc. Sphaeropsis amorphae FE. & B. Se maclurae Che. Spongipellis occidentalis Murr. Stagonospora carpathica Baeuml. Steccherinum peckii Banker ier Steganosporium fenestratum(E.&E.) Stigmina populi (FE. & E.) Pk. Teichospora trimorpha Atk, Thyridium pallidum E. & E. I2 NEW YORK STATE Tricholoma boreale Jr. de planiceps Pk. Fly subsaponaceum Pk, Ale subsejunctum Pk, Trimmatostroma salicis Cd. MUSEUM Uromyces spartinae Far. Ustilago hypodytes (Schl.) Fr. Verbena stricta Vent. Vermicularia hysteriiformis PR. Volutella buxi (Cd.) Berk. Not new to the herbarium Acalypha virginica L. Agaricus abruptibulbus Pk. A. placomyces Pk, A. subrufescens Pk, Amaranthus crispus (L. & T.) A. Br. Amelanchier oligocarpa (M-x.) Andromeda glaucophylla Link Andropogon furcatus Muh. Anthostoma gastrina (Fr.) Sacc. Anychia dichotoma Mx. Arctium minus (Hill.) Bernh. Arabis drummondii Gray Belonidium aurelia (Pers.) DeNot. Bidens cernua L. Boletus albidipes Pk. B. speciosus Frost Botrychium obliquum Muhl. Be simplex E. Hitchce. Calocera viscosa (Pers.) Fr. Calvatia gigantea (Batsch) Cantharellus aurantiacus [r. Centaurea nigra radiata DC. Cichorium intybus L. Claudopus nidulans (Pers.) Pk. Clavaria crassipes Pk. Clitocybe candicans Pers. Gc: clavipes (Pers.) Fr. G. nebularis (Batsch) Fr. G; sudorifica Pk. Coccomyces juniperi Karst. Collema pulposum (Bernh.) Ach. Collybia albipilata Pk. C butyracea Bull. (S familia Pk. Cc radicata (Relh.) Fr. CG tuberosa Bull. Coniophora puteana (Schum.) Fr. Convolvulus arvensis L. Corallorrhiza trifida Chat. Corticium martianum B. & C, Coryneum pustulatum Pk, Crataegus helderbergensis 5S. Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.) Cynosurus cristatus L. Cytospora microspora (Cd.) Rabenh. Datura stramonium L., Dendrophoma tiliae Pk. Dentaria diphylla Vx. Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Didymium squamulosum (Ad. & S.) Drosera rotundifolia L. Durella corrugata (C. & P.) Sacc. Entoloma grayanum Pk. Epilobium molle Torr. Epipactis tesselata (Lodd.) Eragrostis frankii (F. Mey. & L.) Euphorbia corollata L. Flammula alnicola Fr. F. pulchrifolia Pk. Fomes conchatus (Pers.) Fr. F. fomentarius (L.) Fr. F. pinicola (Sw.) Fr. F. roseus (A. & S.) Fr. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Fuligo septica (Link) Gmel. Galera reticulata Pk. Galium trifidum L. Geopyxis hesperidea C. & P. Gloniopsis australis (Duby) Sacc. Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) G. squar. nuda (Wood) Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br. Helvella macropus (Pers.) Karst. Hibiscus trionum L. Hirneola auricula-judae (L.) Hydnum caput-ursi Fr. inl. coralloides Scop. Ee erinaceus Bull, H. subfuscum Pk. Hygrophorus min. subluteus Pk. Hymenochaete tabacina (Sow.) Lev. Hypholoma boughtoni Pk. lal rigidipes Pk. H. subl. squamosum Che. REPORT OF THE Hypoxylon serpens (Pers.) Fr. Irpex lacteus Fr. Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Laccaria striatula (Pk.) Lachnea hemisphaerica pusilla Pk. Lactarius cinereus Pk, iL, minusculus Burl. es rimosellus Pk. Lentinus lepideus Fr. Lenzites sepiaria Fr. Lespedeza procumbens Mx. Linnaea bor. americana (Forbes) Lonicera tatarica L. IL xylosteum L, Lycoperdon pusillum Batsch Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. Lysimachia punctata L. ee thyrsiflora L. Macrosporium tomato Cke. Marasmius spongiosus B. & C. Mentha gentilis L. Merulius fugax Ir. M. tremellosus Schrad. M. ulmi PR. Monilia peckiana S, & V. Mollisia melaleuca (Fr.) Sacc. Mutinus caninus (Huds.) Fr, Mycena clavicularis Fr, M. pseudopura Che. M. pura Pers. M. sanguinolenta 4A. & S. M. vulgaris (Pers.) Fr. Mycosyrinx osmundae Pk. M. osm. cinnamomeae Pk. Naucoria vernalis Pk. Osmunda cin. bipinnatifida Clute Panaeolus retirugis Fr. Penicillium glaucum Link Phlebia pileata Pk. Pholiota adiposa Fr. autumnalis Pk. comosa Fr. discolor Pk. praecox Pers. vermiflua Pk. Pigees hypoleuca (Muhl.) Tuck. Pleurotus porrigens Pers. Poa compressa L, Polygonum hydropiper L. Polyporus admirabilis Pk. supe tence acil Ac) STATE BOTANIST IQII 13 Polyporus albellus Pk. benzoinus (Wahl.) Fr. brumalis (Pers.) Fr. delectans Pk. fragrans Pk. frondosus Fr. giganteus (Pers.) Fr. umbellatus /’r. Polystictus parvulus K/. Propolis faginea (Schrad.) Quercus prinoides Willd. Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr. R. vitis Schw. Roestelia aurantiaca Pk. Rosellinia mutans (6. G P)) Sace. Rubus canadensis L. R. sativus (Bail.) Brainerd Russula purpurina O. & S. Rynchospora fusca (L.) Ait. f. 1B glomerata (L.) Vahl Scirpus cyp. condensatus Fern. Scleroderma geaster Fr. Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf. Solenia ochracea Hoffm. Solidago juncea ramosa P. & B. Sphaeropsis biformis Pk. Si persicae FE. & B, Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britt. Stereum acerinum nivosum fav. S radiatum reflexum Pk. S. spadiceum Fr. Streptothrix fusca Cd. Stropharia aeruginosa Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Taraxacum officinale Weber Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt. Tricholoma album (Schaeff.) Fr. Bee Se Ue Oh eage Karst. (Curt.) Fr. Nutt. Te. eques. albipes Pk. lie personatum Fy, Ay: resplendens Fr. Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link Trichostema dichotomum L. Valsa linderae Pk. W. rhoophila C. & E. Vernonia altissima Nutt. Viola blanda Willd. We cucullata Ait. V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd Xyris caroliniana [Valt. 14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS Miss L. C. Allen, Newtonville, Mass. Lepiota farinosa Pk. Mrs C. Beach, Catskill Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl Miss F. Beckwith, Rochester Anthyllus vulneraria L. Grindelia squarrosa nuda (Wood) Artemisia frigida Willd, Gutierrezia sarothra (Pursh)B.& R. A. gnaphalodes Nutt. Gymnolomia multiflora( Nutt.) B.G@H. Veronica virginica L. Mrs E. B. Blackford, Boston, Mass. Collybia atrata Fr, Mrs R. C. Burnham, Hudson Falls Agaricus subrufescens Pk. Miss M. C. Burns, Middleville Vernonia altissima Nutt. Miss J. F. Conant, Melrose, Mass. Hydnum laevigatum Sw. Morchella conica serotina Pk. Mrs G. E. Duryee, Schenectady Agaricus campester majusculus Pk, Mrs E. P. Gardner, Canandaigua Arabis drummondii Gray Oenothera muricata canescens CT GG) Oenothera muricata L. O. oakesiana Fobbins Mrs L. L. Goodrich, Syracuse Centaurea nigra radiata DC, Miss C. C. Haynes, New York Astrella tenella (L.) Bu. Riccia arvensis Aust. Cololejeunea jooriana (Aust.) Ricciocarpus natans terrestris Lindb. Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.) Scapania uliginosa Lindb. Riccia americana M. A. Howe Targonia hypophylla L. Miss A. Hibbard, West Roxbury, Mass. Tricholoma piperatum Pk. Mrs M. A. Knickerbocker, San Francisco, Cal. Astragalus watsonianus (Ktze.) Ephedra nevadensis /JVats. Lewisia rediviva Pursh REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IgIitI Mrs M. Miller, Boonville Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr. Misses M. L. Overacker and I. §. Lawrence, Syracuse Claudopus nidulans (Pers.) Pk. Mrs F. W. Patterson, Washington, D. C. Hygrophorus sordidus Pk, Mrs J. H. Poor, New York Volutella buxi (Cd.) Berk. Mrs U. C. Sherman, Roslindale, Mass. Morchella conica serotina Pk. Miss E. H. Smith, Berkeley, Cal. Septoria populi Desm. Miss E. C. Webster, Canandaigua Clitocybe fumosa brevipes Pk. Helvella crispa (Scop.) Fr. C. sudorifica Pk. Hieracium murorum L, Cortinarius purpurascens Fr. Hygrophorus recurvatus Pk. Cynosurus cristatus L. Hypholoma perplexum Pk, Flammula sulphurea Pk. Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. Hebeloma sinapizans Fr. Mycena metata Fr. Pholiota squarrosa Muell. F. H. Ames, Brooklyn Boletus vermiculosus spraguei (Frost) Pk. J. C. Arthur, Lafayette, Ind. Aecidium kellermanni DeTom G. F. Atkinson, Ithaca Teichospora trimorpha Atk. G. G. Atwood, Albany Irpex tulipiferae Schw. Peridermium pyriforme Pk. W. H. Ballou, New York Boletus auriflammeus B. & C. Lentinus spretus Pk, B. balloui Pk. Peridermium cerebrrm Pk. Clitocybe fumosa brevipes Pk. Polyporus albellus Pk. (ee illudens Sch. P flavovirens B. & R. Entoloma batschianum Fr. 12 frondosus Fr. Fistulina hepatica Fr. Pp; umbellatus Fr. Fomes pinicola (Sw.) Fr. Polystictus parvulus K/. Ganoderma sessile Murr. Psilocybe fuscofolia Pk. Gloeoporus conchoides Mont. Steccherinum ballouii Banker Lactarius rimosellus Pk. Stropharia coronilla Bull, H. J. Banker, Greencastle, Ind. Acalypha virginica L. 15 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM E. Bartholomew, Stockton, Kan. Alternaria brassicae phaseoli Brun. Amanitopsis vaginata alba Stev. Camarosporium berkeleyanum Lev. Camptoum cuspidatum Cke. & Hark. Cercospora circumscissa Sacc. eustomae Pk. henningsii Allesch Quote Cercosporella mirabilis Pk. Cladosporium aromaticum FE. & E. G gloeosporoides Atk, Coryneum sorbi Pk. Cytospora foliicola Libert Dermatea mori Pk. Diaporthe inornata Pk. Diplodia polygonicola Pk. Exobasidium vaccinii (Fckl.) Woron. Gloeosporium psoraleae Pk. Graphyllum chloes junci Pk. Haplosporella ailanthi E. & E. Helotium citrinum (Hedw.) Fr. Hendersonia rosae Kickx, pastinaceae (Sacc.) Pk. Henningsinia caespitosa Pk, Hysterium cubense Pk. Leptostromella scirpina Pk.. Macrophoma burserae Pk. M. numerosa Pk. Melanconium betulinum S. & K. Ovularia avicularis Pk. Phoma roystoneae Pk. Pyrenophora depressa Pk, Ramularia macrospora asteris Sacc. Rhytidhysterium guaraniticum Speg. Rosellinia bigeloviae roystoneae Pk. Septonema spilomeum Berk, Septoria apii Chester ficarioides Pk. magnospora Pk, purpurascens E. & M. solanina Speg. Sphaeropsis smilacis E. & E. Thelephora sullivantii Mont. Uromyces pictus Them. Valsa ceratophora Tul. NNN J. M. Bates, Red Cloud, Neb. Cercospora gymnocladii FE. & K. Puccinia silphii Schw. Ramularia pruinosa Speg. Septoria gramineum Desm. M. S. Baxter, Rochester , Antennaria neglecta Greene Antennaria neodioica Greene Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. F. S. Boughton, Pittsford Cantharellus aurantiacus Fr. Clavaria stricta Pers. € ’ tsugina Pk. Flammula sulphurea Pk. Galera reticulata Pr. Hypholoma rigidipes Pk. Omphalia oculus Pk. Pholiota confragosa Fr. Polyporus ovinus (Schaeff.) Fr. Stropharia aeruginosa (Curt.) F. J. Braendle, Washington, D. C. Bovistella ohiensis FE. & M. Hygrophorus sordidus Pk. Tricholoma melaleucum Polyporus volvatus Pk. Tricholoma columbetta Fr. (Pers.) Fr. C. E. Brand, Norwich, Conn. Lepiota farinosa Pk. S. H. Burnham, Agaricus subrufescens Pk, Amaranthus crispus (L. & 7.) A. Br. Anthostoma gastrina (Fr.) Sacc. Hudson Falls Anychia dichotoma J/x. Aretium minus (f/ill.) Bernh. Boletus speciosus Frost REPCRT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 7, Cephalozia lunulaefolia Dui. Clavaria crassipes Pk. Clitocybe candicans Pers. Cc. clavipes (Pers.) Fr. GC. nebularis (Batsch) Fr. C sudorifica Pk. Convolvulus arvensis L. Coryneum disciforme Ff, & S. Cytospora microspora (Cd.) Rabenh. C. rhoina Fr. Datura stramonium L. Deutzia scabra Thunb. Diplodia spiraeina Sacc. Eragrostis frankii (F. Mey. & L.) Euphorbia corollata L. Flammula alnicola Fr. Be pulchrifolia Pk. Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr. F. roseus (A. & S.) Fr. Ganoderma sessile Murr. Hibiscus trionum L. Hirneola auricula-judae (L.) Berk. Laccaria striatula (Pk.) Lentinus lepideus Fr. Lespedeza procumbens Mx. Lonicera xylosteum L. Mentha gentilis L. Mycena vulgaris (Pers.) Fr. Mycosyrinx osmundae Pk. M. osm. cinnamomeae Pk. Osmunda cinn. bipinnatifida Clute Phlebia pileata Pk. Pholiota autumnalis Pk. Phoma amorphae Sacc. Physcia granulifera (Ach.) Tuck. Plagiothecium deplanatum (Schimp.) Polyporus admirabilis Pk. iE delectans Pk. P; fragrans Pk. 127 melanopus Fr. Pe: picipes Fr. 12 underwoodi Murr. Poria pulchella Schw. Quercus prinoides Willd. Sphaeropsis amorphae EL. & B. Ss: biformis Pk. S: maclurae Che. Spongipellis occidentalis Murr. Stereum radiatum reflexum Pk, Ss spadiceum Fr. Thyridium pallidum E. & E. Tricholoma album (Schaeff.) Fr. pli boreale Fr. T. resplendens Fr. H. W. Clute, Gloversville Corallorrhiza maculata flavida Pk. M. T. Cook, New Brunswick, N. J. Trichoderma koningi Oud. S. W. Cowles, Marietta Silene dichotoma Ehrh. J. A. Crabtree, Montgomery Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal S. Davis, Brookline, Clavaria peckii Sacc. Entoloma flavifolium Pr. lee grayanum Pk. E. subtruncatum Pk. Mass. Leptoglossum luteum (Pk.) Sacc. Leptonia davisiana Pk. Pilosace eximia Pk. Tricholoma terraeolens majus Pk. J. Dearness, London, Can. Creonectria verrucosa(Schw.) Seaver Dothiorella quercina (C. & E.) Sacc. Entyloma polysporum (Pk.) Farl. Mazzantia sepium S. & P. Ophiobolus cesatianus (Mont.) Sacc. Peronospora hydrophylli Waite 18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Peronospora parasitica DeBy. Puccinia minutissima Arth, Pestalozzia funerea Desm, Pyrenopeziza artemisiae (Lasch) Phyllachora graminis (Pers.) Fckl. Septoria noctiflorae E. & K. Puccinia glaucis Arth. Urophlyctis pulposa (Wallr.) Xylaria filiformis caulincola Rehm F. Dobbin, Shushan Bryum capillare L. Collema pulposum (Bernh.) Ach. C. E. Fairman, Lyndonville Septoria polygonorum Desi. Sphaeronema minutulum D. Sacc. Ustilago hypodytes (Schl.) Fr. W. G. Farlow, Cambridge, Mass. Tolyposporella ( ? ) nolinae Clint. Uromyces spartinae Far. Ustilago muhlenbergiae Clint. O. E. Fischer, Detroit, Mich. Clitocybe piceina Pk, Lepiota fischeri Kauffm. ined. M. J. French, Utica Pholiota comosa Fr. Volvaria bombycina (Pers.) Fr. G. S. Graves, Newport Collection of 24 abnormal ferns, leaves and flowers. C. Guillet, Westfield, Mass. Solidago juncea ramosa P, & B. J. F. v. Hafften, Winfield Cedrus libani Barr. Ginkgo biloba L. C. C. Hanmer, East Hartford, Conn. Lepiota farinosa Pk. Marasmius peronatus Fr. B. B. Higgins, Ithaca Trimmatostroma salicis Cd. A. P. Hitchcock, New Lebanon Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. G. T. Howell, Rockville, Ind. Pluteus alveolatus eccentricus Pk, Tricholoma subsaponaceum P%&, M. E. Jones, Salt Lake City, Utah Puccinia aberrans Pk. Uredinopsis copelandii Syd. Thecopsora pyrolae (Gmel.) Karst. Uromyces erythronii (DC.) Pers. G. L. Kirk, Rutland, Vt. Dichelyma pallescens B. & S, R. Latham, Orient Point Aecidium atriplicis Shear Belonidium aurelia (Pers.) DeNot. Ascochyta rhei E. & E. Boletus ballouii Pk. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 19 Camarosporium maclurae Pk. Clitocybe pithyophila Fr. Coccomyces juniperi Karst. Collybia tuberosa Bull, Coronophora angustata Fckl. Coryneum pustulatum Pk. Cytospora salicis (Cd.) Rabenh. Dendrophoma tiliae Pk. Durella corrugata (C. & P.) Sace. Geopyxis hesperidea C. & P. : Gloniopsis australis (Duby) Sace. Haplosporella ribis Sacc. Hendersonia grossulariae Oud. Hydnum subfuscum Pk, Hygrophorus laetus (Pers.) Fr. lets miniatus subluteus Pk. Tale sordidus Pk. Hymenochaete rubiginosa (Schrad.) Hypoxylon serpens (Pers.) Fr. Marasmius epiphyllus Fr. M. spongiosus B. & C, Merulius ulmi Pk. Mollisia melaleuca (Fr.) Sacc. Monilia peckiana S. & V. Mycena sanguinolenta 4. & S. Pestalozzia adusta E. & E. IP funerea Desm. 122 longiseta Speg. Phoma smilacis Boy. & Jacq. Physcia hypoleuca (Muhl.) Tuck. Poa compressa L. Polyporus giganteus (Pers.) Fr. Polysaccum pisocarpium Fr, Propolis faginea (Schrad.) Karst. Rhytisma vitis Schw. Rosellinia mutans (C. & P.) Sacc. Russula purpurina OQ. & S. Sagedia cestrensis Tuck. Scleroderma geaster Fr. Septoria dianthi Desm. Solenia ochracea Hoffm. Sphaeropsis persicae E. & B. Steganosporium fenestratum(E.& E.) Stereum acerinum nivosum Rav. Streptothrix fusca Cd. Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt. Trichostema dichotomum L. Valsa linderae Pk. Valsa rhodphila C. & E. W. B. Limberger, Randolph Lysimachia punctata L, Viola cardaminefolia Greene Viola minuscula Greene C. A. Mabie, Holley Hydnum erinaceus Bull. Lepiota naucinoides Pk. Lepiota rhacodes Vitt. G. E. Morris, Waltham, Mass. Amanita crenulata Pk. A. morrisil Pk, Armillaria nardosmia Ellis Boletus cyanescens Bull. B. luteus L, B. parasiticus Bull, Cortinarius cinnabarinus Fr. G: morrisil PR. G vibratilis Fr. Geaster morgani Lloyd Merulius rubellus Pk. Panaeolus subbalteatus B. & br. Paxillus microsporus Pk. Pholiota duroides Pk. Scleroderma tenerum 5. & C. S: verrucosum ( Bull.) Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr. Tricholoma saponaceum Fr. Tricholoma sejunctum (Sow.) Fr. F. T. Pember, Granville Centaurea maculosa Lai. Verbena stricta Vent. L. H. Pennington, Syracuse Coprinus domesticus (Pers.) Fr. Hymenogaster anomalus Pk, 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM C. R. Pettis, Albany Chilonectria cucurbitula (Curr.) Phoma bacteriophila Pk. Septoria mirabillissima Pk, D. Reddick, Ithaca Monilia peckiana S. & V. W. H. Ropes, Salem, Mass. Calvatia rubroflava Cragin Lysurus borealis serotinus Pk. F. L. Schrader, New York Hygrophorus sordidus Pk. F. J. Seaver, New York Herpotrichia nigra Hartig E. B. Sterling, Trenton, N. J. Fomes igniarius (L.) Fr. Hebeloma subcollariatum B. & Br. F. C. Stewart, Geneva Ascochyta imperfecta Pk. Gloeosporium nervisequum (JF ckl.) Cercospora circumscissa Sacc. G. valsoideum Sacc. \& medicaginis E. & E. Hypholoma boughtoni Pk, Collybia radicata (Relh.) Fr. Lentinus spretus Pk, Diplodina medicaginis Oud. Peronospora trifoliorum DeBy. Flammula sulphurea Pk. Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.) W. G. Stover, Stillwater, Okla. Bolbitius fragilis Fr. Marasmius delectans Morg. Marasmius bellipes Morg. M. opacus B. & C. J. M. Van Hook, Bloomington, Ind. Hypoxylon atropurpureum Fr. Hypoxylon rubiginosum ( Pers.) effusum Nits. H. sassafras (Schw.) isl petersii B. & C. ie turbinulatum (Schw.) Nummularia microplaca B. & C. W. G. Van Name, Albany Roestelia aurantiaca Pk. H. L. Wells, New Haven, Conn. Boletus edulis clavipes Pk, T. E. Wilcox, Washington, D. C. Boletus affinis Pk. Boletus subtomentosus L. Sparassis herbstii Pk. C. L. Williams, Glens Falls Coniothecium chomatosporium Cd. D. B. Young, Albany Cee Pea goeppertiana Kuehn Chaetomium streptothrix Quel. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 21 SPECIES NOT BEFORE REPORTED Acer carolinianum Walt. Troupsburg, Steuben co. May. This species is readily distin- guished from Acer rubrum L., the red maple, when in fruit. The wings are nearly parallel or convergent, but in the red maple they are divergent. They are also nearly or quite fully developed when the leaves are yet partly expanded. The leaves are usually only three lobed and are more hairy, specially beneath, than in the red maple. On account of the three lobed leaves it was named Acer rubrum var. tridens in Wood’s Class Book of Botany It has generally been neglected by botanists but it certainly seems worthy of recognition. The station here reported is the only one in our State known to me and is north of its previously recorded range. Aecidium atriplicis Shear On living leaves of young plants of the halberd leaved orach, metriplex patula hastata (E.)iGray. Orient Point, Sat- roli= Fr Cook Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. July. C. F. Baker. Pluteus alveolatus eccentricus Stem short, curved, eccentric; spores pale pink, in old or water soaked specimens paler or yellowish, globose or subglobose, min- utely rough or pitted, 6-8 » in diameter. 52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM On decaying wood. Rockville, Indiana. September and October. G. T. Howell. In other respects it matches the description of the type. Septoria magnospora Spots small, 2-3 mm broad, pallid or whitish with a reddish brown border ; perithecia epiphyllous, minute, .20-.25 mm broad, depressed, biack; spores large, broadly filiform or subcylindric, curved, hya- line or faintly tinged with greenish yellow, continuous or plurisep- tate, 45-80 x 3-4 pm. Living leaves of Prunus fremontii Wats. San Diego co., California. January. S. C. Mason. Communicated by E. Bartholomew. Tricholoma terraeolens majus Pileus 2-6 cm broad, umbonate, nearly plane or sometimes de- pressed around the umbo when mature; stem 6-10 cm long, 4-6 mm thick, solid. In other respects similar to the type. Stow, Massachusetts. October and November. S. Davis. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQITI 53 EDIBEE FUNGI Tricholoma subsejunctum n. sp. SUBDISJOINED TRICHOLOMA Plate 124, figures I-5 Pileus fleshy, conic or convex, often wavy and lobed on the mar- gin, slightly viscid when. moist, virgate or reticulate with blackish brown fibrils, blackish brown, often pale yellow or greenish yellow on the margin, flesh white, taste farinaceous; lamellae thin, close. rounded behind, adnexed, white, sometimes tinged with yellow anteriorly ; stem stout, solid, nearly equal, white, sometimes tinged with yellow; spores minute, 5-6 x 4-5 up. Pileus 2.5—7 cm broad; stem 3-5 cm long, 6-12 mm thick. The subdisjoined tricholoma is a rare species. It has been seen by the writer but once and then only in limited quantity. It was found growing gregariously among mosses and fallen leaves under evergreen and deciduous trees on the margin of a swamp near Mohawk Hill, Lewis county, in September. The cap is 1—2.5 inches broad, at first conic but expanding with age, with the margin sometimes irregular, wavy or lobed and the surface covered with brown or blackish brown fibrils which radiate from the center toward the margin and sometimes form reticula- tions by connecting with each other. The general color is grayish brown or blackish brown, yellow on the margin and at first nearly black in the center. In wet weather it is a little viscid. Its gills are white, sometimes yellow at the outer extremity. They are slightly attached to the stem, which also is white and occasionally tinged with yellow. The stem is 1-2 inches long and 3-6 lines thick, solid and firm. The taste is farinaceous. The plants may be sought in September and October. Tricholoma equestre albipes n. var. WHITE STEM EQUESTRIAN TRICHOLOMA Plate 124, figures 6-9 Pileus fleshy, convex becoming plane or nearly so, viscid when moist, glabrous or with a few spotlike scales in the center, flesh white, taste farinaceous; lamellae thin, close, sinuate, slightly ad- nexed, yellow; stem equal, solid, glabrous, white; spores ellipsoid, 6-8 x 4-5 pm. 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pileus 2.5-6 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 6-8 mm thick. The white stem variety of the equestrian tricholoma scarcely differs from the typical form of the species except in having a white stem. It is gregarious or cespitose in its mode of growth, its cap is viscid when moist, and 1-2.5 inches broad, its stem is 1-2 inches long and 3-4 lines thick. The cap is yellow or greenish yellow on the margin, reddish yellow in the center and there usually adorned by a few spotlike appressed scales. The flesh is white and like that of the preceding species has a farinaceous taste. It grows in thin woods or open places and occurs in September. North River. Volvaria bombycina (Pers.) Fr. SILKY VOLVARIA Plate 125, figures I-3 Pileus fleshy, campanulate or very convex, densely silky fibrillose, white or whitish, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae broad, close, free, whitish becoming bright pink; stem straight or curved, solid, silky fibrillose, white, volva large white or whitish; spores flesh colored or pink, ellipsoid, 8-10 x 5-6 up. The silky volvaria is a large species which usually grows in a solitary manner. It inhabits the sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh., and grows from dead places in living trees. It is a noble looking species. Its pileus is 2-4 inches broad; the stem 2-4 inches long, 4-0 lines thick. It bursts from a large persistent volva which is white or whitish and appears like a cup or loose wrapper at the base of the stem. Its specific name has reference to the copious silky fibrils which persistently cover the cap. The species may be found at any time during July, August and September. Its flesh is firm but tender, palatable and satisfying. Unfortunately its scarcity detracts from its availability as an esculent species. The spores in our plant are larger than the dimensions given for those of the European plant and the color of the pileus is paler. Pholiota discolor Pk. FADING PHOLIOTA Plate 127, figures 10-15 Pileus thin, convex, becoming nearly plane, glabrous, viscid, hygrophanous, watery cinnamon and often striatulate on the margin when moist, pale yellow or subochraceous when dry, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae narrow, close, adnate, pallid becoming pale ferruginous; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, fib- REPORT OF THE STATE BPOTANIST IQITI 55 rillosely striate, pallid or brownish, often with a white mycelioid tomentum at the base; spores ellipsoid, 6-8 x 5-6 up. Pileus 2-4 cm broad; stem 2-5 cm long, 2-5 mm thick. The fading pholiota is a small but common species growing in woods on decaying wood or branches. It is easily distinguished from Pholiota autumnalis Pk. by its viscid cap. The change of color in the cap by the escape of its moisture is very noticeable and is suggestive of the specific name. It grows singly or somewhat gregariously and very rarely in small tufts. In this case the caps are apt to be smaller than usual. It usually appears in August and September. Its caps are rarely more than one and a half inches broad. Psilocybe polycephala ( Paul.) MANY CAP PSILOCYBE Plate 127, figures I-90 Pileus fleshy but thin, subcampanulate convex or nearly plane, glabrous, even, hygrophanous, at first whitish with a reddish yellow center, then darker or brownish and obscurely striatulate on the margin while moist, paler or whitish when the moisture has escaped, flesh white or whitish when dry, taste mild; lamellae thin, narrow, close, adnexed or nearly free, whitish becoming purplish brown; stem equal or flexuous, hollow, glabrous, mealy or pruinose at the top, white; spores purplish brown, ellipsoid, 7-8 x 4-5 up. Pileus 1-3 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long; 2-4 mm thick. The many cap psilocybe is a small mushroom but it sometimes occurs in such abundance as to make it available for culinary pur- poses. It is not highly flavored but it is harmless. It has been classed as a mere variety of Psilocybe spadicea Fr. from which it differs chiefly in its: mode of growth and in its nearly free fuscous brown gills. When growing on the ground it forms densely crowded troops or patches several inches in diameter. This is given as the typical form. It also grows on trunks of trees, but it then appears to be more cespitose and to grow larger. This form is represented in our plate by figures 3-9. Other marks by which it differs from P. spadicea Fr. are its smooth, not scabrous, pileus, and its clear white stem. The form growing on tree trunks is larger than that growing on the ground and has the cap more strongly convex approaching bell shape. It is darker brown when moist and paler or whitish when dry. The dried specimens retain this color better than the dried specimens of the terrestrial form in 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM which the brown color is more permanent and more clearly shown. The moisture escapes first from the center of the cap, last from the thin margin. The gills in the young plant are white or whitish, but they soon change to the purplish brown of the mature plant. The stem in the lignatile form is sometimes slightly stained toward the base. Our specimens were found in woods near Constableville, in Sep- tember. The larger form was growing from a dead place in the trunk of a sugar maple tree about two feet from the ground; the smaller form was growing on the ground at the foot of the tree and on the same side. Specimens of both were collected at the same time. Entoloma grayanum Pk. GRAY ENTOLOMA Plate 126, figures I-7 Pileus fleshy, but thin toward the margin, broadly convex or nearly plane, sometimes broadly umbonate, glabrous, moist or sub- hygrophanous, whitish or grayish brown, flesh white, taste farinace- ous; lamellae thin, moderately close, adnexed, whitish becoming flesh colored; stem equal or nearly so, solid, stuffed or hollow, silky fibrillose, white or pallid; spores angular, uninucleate, 7.5 pm in diameter. Pileus 5-8 cm broad; stem 3-7 cm long, 4-10 mm thick. The gray entoloma is a very variable mushroom, both in size, habit and color. The cap ranges from 1-3 inches broad and from watery white to grayish brown. Its stem also may be long, slender and flexuous or short, stout and straight and from 1.5—3 inches long end 2-6 lines thick. It may be solid, stuffed or hollow, and white whitish or pallid. The flesh of the cap is white when dry and its flavor is distinctly farinaceous. The gills are at first white but when mature they are pink. They never assume the brown color so characteristic of the common mushroom and other species of the genus Agaricus which have pink gills when young. The mode of growth is single, loosely gregarious or rarely cespitose. They usually grow among fallen leaves in mixed woods and may be found from July to September. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 57 Cortinarius albidipes n. sp. WHITE STEM CORTINARIUS Plate 128, figures 1-6 Pileus fleshy, compact, hemispheric becoming broadly convex, obtuse or subumbonate, viscid, glabrous and shining when dry, buff color, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae 4-5 mm broad, moderately close, pale violaceous when young, cinnamon when mature; stem commonly narrowed upward from a thickened or bulbous base, firm, solid, silky fibrillose, white ; spores subglobose, 8-10 x 7-9 pw. Pileus 5—10 cm broad; stem 5-8 cm long, 1-1.5 cm thick at the top. The white stem cortinarius is a large fine species easily recognized by its buff colored viscid cap, its violaceous young gills and its white stem thickened or bulbous at the base. In similar species, having the young gills violet, the top of the stem is also violet. The wholly white stem therefore separates this species from all such related species. Sometimes the spores lodge on the remains of the white webby veil and form a conspicuous rust or cinnamon colored ring near the top of the solid stem. The cap is from 2-4 inches broad, the stem is 2~3 inches long and about 5 lines thick at the top. The plants grow among fallen leaves in woods. Collected near Con- stableville in September. Found but once. Agaricus campester majusculus n. var. LARGER MUSHROOM Plate 120, figures I-5 Pileus fleshy, firm, convex or nearly plane, fibrillose and squamose on the margin, even in the center, the margin surpassing the lamellae, the color is dark umber brown, flesh firm, white, not at all or but very slightly and slowly assuming a faint ruddy tint when cut, taste mild, agreeable ; lamellae thin, close, free, pink, becoming brown or blackish brown; stem stout, equal, stuffed, fibrillose, white, with a white annulus, the white veil at first concealing the lamellae; spores broadly ellipsoid, 7-9 x 6-7 wu. Pileus 6-15 cm broad; stem 2.5—7 cm long, 1-2 cm thick. The larger mushroom is one of very many varieties of the com- mon mushroom. It closely approaches the garden mushroom, var. hortensis Cke., but differs from it in its rather larger size, darker colored cap with even center and more coarsely scaly margin. 58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In the color of the cap it approaches the brown mushroom var. umbrinus Vitt., but that has an even cap and a squamulose stem. The cap also resembles that of var. villaticus Brond., but that also has the stem squamose below the collar. It inhabits rich soil and was found in October at Schenectady by Mrs Geo. E. Duryee. The flesh is firm but not tough. It affords a very sub- stantial, enjoyable and satisfactory dish scarcely inferior in this respect to the common mushroom. Boletus albidipes Pk. Boletus granulatus albidipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p. 168 WHITE STEM BOLETUS Plate 130, figures I-5 Pileus fleshy, convex becoming broadly convex or nearly plane, viscid or glutinous, yellowish white when young becoming pale ochraceous with age and then obscurely spotted by the drying gluten, flesh white, tubes plane, adnate, whitish in the young plant, becoming yellow and finally brownish ochraceous, the edges of the dissepi- ments naked or rarely with few glandular dots; stem short, equal, solid, white, with few or no glandular dots at the top; spores 8-10 x 3-4 B- Pileus 5-8 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 8-12 mm thick. The white stem boletus is related to the granular boletus, Bole- tus granulatus L. It may be separated from that species by its paler cap, white flesh and few or no glandular dots at the top of the stem and on the edge of the dissepiments of the tubes. Gre- garious. Under or near white pine trees. The cap is 2-4 inches broad; stem 1-2 inches long, 4-6 lines thick. This is an excellent edible species and may be sought in September in pine groves or under or near white pine trees, specially in rocky places. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 59 NEW YORK SPECIES OF CLITOCYBE Clitocybe Fr. Pileus generally fleshy, specially in the center, flexible or rather tough, convex plane or centrally depressed, umbilicate or infundi- buliform, involute on the margin, flesh confluent with the stem; lamellae adnate or decurrent, not normally sinuate; stem normally central, externally more compact, fibrous, somewhat elastic, solid stuffed or hollow; veil sometimes present as a slight silkiness on the pileus or its margin. Terrestrial or occasionally lignicolous, usually gregarious or cespi- tose. They occur chiefly in late summer and autumn. Many species are edible but a few are known to cause sickness and one is very sudorific. None are known to be fatally poisonous. The species are numerous, variable in color and not always sharply limited from each other. This has given rise to numerous synonyms and much difficulty in the identification of some of the species. They have been divided into two large groups or series. The first includes all species having a dry pileus and those having a moist but not clearly a hygrophanous pileus, that is a moist pileus which does not essentially change its color with the escape of the super- fluous moisture. This series includes all of the large species and many of medium size with a few small ones. The second series includes those species in which the pileus is truly hygrophanous. The flesh is thin, soft and watery and changes color with the escape of moisture. The pileus is convex plane umbilicate or centrally depressed and sometimes cup shape but not normally infundibuliform. In one section the flesh is separable into two horizontal layers. The species are mostly terrestrial, gre- garious and of medium or small size. KEY TO THE SECTIONS Series A Not truly hygrophanous Plant solitary or subgregarious, pileus fleshy, regular, lamellae regularly adnate or decurrent.....55.....<.....- Disciformes Plant commonly cespitose, pileus often irregular or eccentric, lamellae irregularly adnate or decurrent........... Difformes Plant soon infundibuliform or deeply and umbilicately depressed, lamellae regularly decurrent from the first. .Infundibuliformes 60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Series B Plant truly hygrophanous Pileus thin, depressed or cup shape, lamellae adnate be- coming idecurfentiqecarecwek secs ch ecociteninearer trie aie Cyathiformes Pileus thin, convex flattened or depressed, glabrous, lamellae thin, close, horizontal, adnate or decurrent Wath sa EOOUR ee wt chaete eect aversue ie shih rans tvs’ oraforevel Rost Rake ee Se aie ramen ... Orbiformes Section Versiformes differs from Orbiformes chiefly in having the pileus not glabrous. It is largely composed of species which we have placed in the genus Laccaria. Other New York representa- tives are wanting. SERIES A Not truly hygrophanous Disciformes Pileus subequally fleshy, convex, plane or depressed; lamellae at first adnate or regularly adnato-decurrent. Solitary or gregarious, commonly terrestrial, rarely lignicolous. This section includes many species of very diverse size, habitat and appearance and they are not always sharply limited from each other. The pileus, in some of the more fleshy species, assumes a broadly ebconic shape when mature. The pileus is dry in some, moist, but not truly hygrophanous, in others. The species have been assembled in groups depending on the color of the pileus. KEY TO THE SPECIES Pileusssomesshadesot, DrowimOncineheOUS ase atn eine neta I Pileus. meddish ‘orctan ‘coloprsc is. cscecae ee eee eee 3 Pilews some shade: of svellow st. cutie cise ceree Sele cc een eee ae Pilews? green or 1ereenishic4;,. 2 ss eka os oe ee ais eee en odora Pileuserayish Or swihttiShe arnt ne he oe oe ere ree 8 Pileus white or watery white when moist........0..2....<.-.+es+ss- 12 1 otem tapering wpward! <.7.c satan deem ocio ee EE EEE CELE errr 2 I Stem: Not taperineatipwandear ws once serra eater iene ene nent eter media 2' Lamellae ‘crowded. Gis b.5 edt eke ere eee eee nebularis 2 Lamellae notacrowded sac. tices testo pein aeie ere clavipes 3 laste. and odor tarinaceous, spiletiseevichin = sateen eee pinophila 3 Taste and odor not farinaceous, pileus rivulose................... rivulosa 4 Growing on ‘decaying awood. spose eee beeen aera 5 4 Growing’ on tthe Sround)™ a. 206 Rete Cee EE ee eee 6 5. Pileus minttely: squamulosey. +a... eee ee os a eee eee decora 5 Pileus ‘glabrous. inci tate ott mee One eee sulphurea 6 Young pileus hairy or tomentose... ...eee peek we eee een subhirta 6 Young pileus*glabrous, 3) 0.2. ch eee eee ee eee eee ee eee 7 7 Taste: bitter,: stem “stuftede 200. cc)c se cheats ieiete tcl tere etre esi ee ete fellea REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII Or 7 Taste: not, bitter mstempsalidirniy 14 ove eee ska eos et ao ea biformis & Pileus*moreythan 4 em) broadeescod uke ee oc eee trogii & Pileus notumeore thanaecim broads On faethe: ea ee 9 G Plant, CAOTO Use cee eae are ene orca oe ence 0 eet totes | lac Net an 10 O,Plant iiodoroustn feta eee yee ee ee i ae ee ee a II EO. Stent: SoliGh (PAs ee cree Veet ee Baca ht Cat eee he LN EEE aperta no) Stenisstuttedh Or ‘Hollow stair een ee ee ee albidula Te-Pileus. umbilicatesshininceerrnn fiaak tele eee ies ee hirneola Tat JPM THON Konoha, TMGIE SlowimiiMe 55. oucasacoduacccgcoucuscnunuc sudorifica EGO WANG.“ OMWOOG. seyret te oe een e Wee rte AA Ne ts Sy oy a 13 12 Growing on the ground or among fallen leaves .................. 14 Mig Reb AS CAt Leia St's vas csr Saal ah ak ae AEN ETL Ee AI Saran So truncicola 03 Pileus moist when young or in wet weathers, 5.4. -s.eseess eee leptoloma WA Mesh ary. (oc4 20 gine ee Oe er ee, albissima 14 Pileus moist when young or in wet weather....-..........+s.ci ss 15 TS A OUCMAMN TOM ths 4 sic mara Gave Moers TOR eae ee eee ee fuscipes Hor orenienot brown white Or. wilitichin + uae ower enc N rae ae eiae eae 16 LOL Stent ubrillosely reticulate ean eee ne aan eee subcyathiformis Tor Stem» not, fibrilloselysreuculatersset = eee eee ee te eee 17 ie Pilews undone than. 5, cmi broads. a... ee tetes eee eee 18 i7Jenleuselesstthany 5 cm broadae case aoa ee ee eee 21 LOU STEM Solids "ads dc t.grael aceasta ene AE ASA is OT nace en eae 19 msotent, stutted or hollow: ma. casa eae aint eel rece eee 20 19) Lamellae very close;scolor-white, persistent .7-+25. 44. /..0- os. cerussata 19) Eamellae white, hecoming=palltdl eee sens aen eee a ee eee difformis romleameliiae. whitish c.g oot as ron me acta Macrae een eras robusta 20 Lamellae becoming yellowish with age................... phyllophila 20) Eaniellae persistently: awitites eae een en ite eae pithyophila Aras teraGric! x yapeh erssuhte ek three CMa eee eRe thn oman nie tae Aa oat gallinacea Zin RASC tut CLIC) Hire eS roe aye eee aes ea RSET ao ee Mt ant NS ot ee 22 22) Stent bulbouslystnckencdpatsunespascumeme eect cece: regularis 22eStem not Hulboushyeinick wa : hn ra Das nti * f Na ‘ Plate 128 125 _ i) W nw Cortinarius albidipes Pk. WHITE STEM CORTINARIUS Immature plant Immature plant showing color of the gills Mature plant Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant Four spores x 400 126 N. Y. STATE MUS. 65 EDIBLE FUNGI PLATE 128 CORTINARIUS ALBIDIPES PK. WHITE STEM CORTINARIUS Plate 129 127 Agaricus campester majusculus Pk. LARGER MUSHROOM 1 Young plant or “ button” with gills concealed by the white veil 2 Immature plant showing pink color of the gills 3 Mature plant showing blackish brown color of the gills 4 Vertical section of an immature plant 5 Four spores x 400 128 N. Y. STATE MUS. 65 EDIBLE FUNGI PLATE 129 ro —— ——— — = ———s — AGARICUS CAMPESTER MAJUSCULUS Px. LARGER MUSHROOM Boletus albidipes Pk. WHITE STEM BOLETUS 1 Immature plant showing whitish tubes Immature but older plant showing yellowish tubes 3 Mature plant with expanded cap and ochraceous tubes 4 Vertical section of the upper part of a plant 5 Four spores x 400 i) 130 N. Y. STATE MUS. 65 EDIBLE FUNGI PLATE 130 BOLETUS ALBIDIPES Px. WHITE STEM BOLETUS ‘t) TR, “3 é a il ie 7 ae z >. vat we 7 os = 1 iX . = a a : é r ' : a ¢ ‘ od Ly ‘ F Plate VIL y 131 oj Trod s . ri yo | Cae : rahi jt A ry “<3 UN i 14 és Rady > al) ’ ‘ - “a t w © -. 7 a4 | ib ‘ « . * ‘ 4 ‘ ‘ ’ vee 7 J " i * i « * A * af A , 7 ; al c én Clitocybe sudorifica Pk. SUDORIFIC CLITOCYBE 1 Immature plant with convex cap 2 Mature plant with centrally depressed cap 3 Cluster of plants 4 Mature plant with the margin of the cap lobed 5 Vertical section of the upper part of a plant 6 Four spores x 400 Flammula sulphurea Pk. SULFUR-COLORED FLAMMULA 7 Immature plant 8 Tuft of plants, two of them showing the color of the mature gills 9 Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant 10 Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant 11 Four spores x 400 132 N. Y. STATE MUS. 65 FUNGI PLATE VII Fic. 1-6 Fic. 7-11 CLITOCYBE SUDORIFICA Px. FLAMMULA SULPHUREA PK. SUDORIFIC CLITOCYBE SULFUR-COLORED FLAMMULA Plate VIII 133 Boletus ballouii Pk. BALLOU BOLETUS 1 Immature plant 2 Mature plant 3 Tuft of plants, two of them showing faded color 3a Vertical section of the upper part of a plant 4 Cystidium x 400 5 Four spores x 400 134 PLATE Vill FUNGI N. Y. STATE MUS. 65 BOLETUS BALLOUII Px. BALLOU BOLETUS INDEX Acer carolinianum, 21 rubrum, 21 var, tridens, 21 Adirondacks, marsh flora, 7 Aecidium atriplicis, 21 Agaricus (Clitocybe) anisarius, 66 arvensis, 37 campester majusculus, 57, 106 laccatus, 91 ochropurpureus, QI (Hypholoma) phyllogenus, 99 (Hypholoma) squalidellus, 97 subrufescens, 37 (Clitocybe) subzonalis, 83 tabescens, 75 Andropogon furcatus, 37 Anthyllis vulneraria, 21 Armillaria mellea exannulata, 75 pinetorum, 21 Artemisia frigida, 21 gnaphalodes, 21 Ascochyta imperfecta, 21, 106 medicaginis, 22 rhei, 22 Boletus, white stem, 58 Boletus albidipes, 22, 58, 106 ballouii, 22, 106 granulatus, 58 albidipes, 58 subsanguineus, 22 Burnham, S. H., work of, 10 Calvatia gigantea, 37 Camarosporium maclurae, 23, 107 Centaurea maculosa, 23 nigra radiata, 38 Cercospora apii pastinacae, 45 eustomae, 45, 107 medicaginis, 23 pastinacae, 45, 107 Cercosporella mirabilis, 45, 107 terminalis, 23, 107 veratri, 23 Chestnut bark disease, 6 Cichorium intybus, 38 135 Clavaria subtilis, 2 Clitocybe, 59-60; New York species, 59-89 acrid, 72 Adirondack, 82 bitter, 64 bowl shape, 79 brown stem, 69 cespitose, 84 changeable, 87 clouded, 62 club sstem, 62 cup shape, 84 deceiving, 76 decorated, 63 deformed, 70 ditopodalike, 88 double stem, 86 eccentric, 81 ectypoid, 81 flat stem, 89 fragrant, 89 funnel form, 80 hairy, 64 intermediate, 61 inverted, 83 ivory, 73 large, 79 leaf-loving, 71 little jug, 67 many cap, 78 mottled, 76 mound, 75 multiform, 77 narrow gill, 88 open, 66 peltigerine, 87 pine, 63 pine-loving, 71 regular, 72 revolute, 77 rivulose, 63 robust, 71 saucer, 70 shining, 83 sinopican, 80 136 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Clitocybe (continued) Clitocybe (continued) sinopican-like, 80 flavidella, 86 smoky, 75 fragrans, 89 spreading, 75 fumosa, 75 subconcave, 85 brevipes, 24, 75, 108 sudorific, 67 fuscipes, 69 sulfur-colored, 64 gallinacea, 72 sweet, 65 ° gilva, 24, 82 thin margin, 68 hirneola, 24, 67 trog, 66 illudens, 76 trumpet, 81 incilis, 81 trunk inhabiting, 68 infundibuliformis, 79, 80 two-form, 65 var. membranacea, 80 united, 74 inversa, 83 very white, 69 leptoloma, 68 waxy, 92 maculosa, 83 white lead, 70 marmorea, 76 whitish, 67, 72 maxima, 79 wintry, 85 media, 61 worthless, 87 metachroa, 87 yellowish, 82, 86 monadelpha, 74 Clitocybe adirondackensis, 82 multiceps, 78 albidula, 67 var. tricholoma, 78 albissima, 69 multiformis, 77 ampla, 75 nebularis, 62 angustissima, 88 odora, 65, 66 aperta, 66 var. anisaria, 66 biformis, 65 patuloides, 75 brumalis, 85 peltigerina, 87 caespitosa, 84 phyllophila, 71 candicans, 72 pinophila, 63 candida, 71 pithyophila, 71, 82 carnosior, 62 poculum, 84 catina 79 regularis, 72 centralis, 67 revoluta, 77 cerussata, 70 rivulosa, 63 clavipes, 62 robusta, 71 compressipes, 89 sinopica, 80, 81 concava, 85 sinopicoides, 24, 80, 108 cyathiformis, 84 splendens, 24, 83 dealbata, 68, 73 subconcava, 85 sudorifica, 68 subcyathiformis, 70 var. deformata, 73 subditopoda, 88 var, minor, 73 subhirta, 64 decora, 63 subzonalis, 83 difformis, 70 sudorifica, 24, 67, 108 ditopoda, 86, 88, 89 sulphurea, 64 eccentrica, 81 tornata, 72 ectypoides, &1 trogil, 66 fellea, 64 truncicola, 68 INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII Clitocybe (continued) tuba, 24, 81 tumulosa, 24, 75 vilescens, 87 virens, 65 Clitopilus conissans, 97 Collybia radicata, 6 Coniothecium chomatosporium, 2 Convolvulus arvensis, 38 Coprinus domesticus, 24 Corallorrhiza trifida, 38 Coronophora angustata, 24 Cortinarius, white stem, 57 Cortinarius albidipes, 24, 57, 108 phyllophilus, 25, 109 purpurascens, 25 Coryneum disciforme, 25 sorbi, 46, 169 Cryptogramma stelleri, 39 Cyathiformes, 60, 83 Cytospora rhoina, 25 salicis, 25 Dasyscypha pulverulenta, 25 sulphuricolor, 25, 109 Dermatea mort, 46, 109 Deutzia scabra, 25 var. plena, 2 Diaporthe inornata, 47, 109 syngenesia, 47 r Difformes, 59, 74 Diplodia polygonicola, 47, 110 spiraeina, 26 Diplodina medicaginis, 26 Disciformes, 59, 60 Drosera rotundifolia, 39 Edible fungi, 6, 53-58 Entoloma grayanum, 56 subtruncatum, 47, 110 Euphorbia corollata, 39 Explanation of plates, 117-34 Flammula alnicola, 26 spumosa, 26 sulphurea, 26, I10 Fungi, edible, 6, 8, 53-58; extra- limital, new species and varieties, 45°52 Fusarium pirinum, 26 137 | Galera reticulata, 39 Ganoderma sessile, 26 tsugae, 27 Gloeosporium nervisequum, 2 psoraleae, 48, I10 valsoideum, 27 Graphyllium chloes junci, 48, 110 Grindelia squarrosa, 39 squarrosa nuda, 40 Gutierrezia sarothra, 27 Gymnolomia multiflora, 27 Habenaria ciliaris, 40 Haplosporella ribis, 27 Hebeloma sinapizans, 27 Helvella capucina, 27 capucinoides, 27, I1I Hendersonia grossulariae, 28 Henningsinia caespitosa, 48, III durissima, 48 Hydnellum peckii, 28 Hygrophorus colemannianus, 28 recurvatus, 28, III sordidus, 28 Hypholoma incertum, 97, 104 modestum, 99 rigidipes, 40 Hysterium cubense, 48, III pulicare, 48 Infundibuliformes, 59, 78 Laccaria, New York species, 90-93 amethyst, 91 laccate, 92 plastered, 90 purplish ocher, 91 striatulate, 93 twisted, 93 Laccaria amethystina, 91 laccata, 91, 92, 93 var. decurrens, 92 var. pallidifolia, 92 ochropurpurea, 9I striatula, 93 tortilis, 93 var. gracilis, 93 trullisata, 90 Lachnea hemisphaerica pusilla, 40 Lactarius minusculus, 40 138 Lepiota rhacodes, 40 Leptonia abnormis, 49 davisiana, 49, I12 Leptosphaeria distributa, 28 Leptostromella hysterioides, 49 scirpina, 49, II2 Lobelia cardinalis, 40 Lonicera tatarica, 40 xylosteum, 41 Lysimachia punctata, 41 terrestris, 41 thyrsiflora, 41 Lysurus borealis serotinus, 49, 112 Macrophoma burserae, 50, II2 numerosa, 50, 112 Marasmius epiphyllus, 28 insititius, 28 Melanconis alni, 28 Mentha gentilis, 41 Merulius ulmi, 41 Morchella conica serotina, 50, I12 Mushrooms, 6, 8, 45-58 larger, 57 mowers, 98 Mycena atroumbonata, 20, 113 galericulata, 29 metata, 29 Mycosyrinx osmundae, 43 cinnamomeae, 43 Naucoria arenaria, 29, I13 platysperma, 29 Oenothera muricata, 29 muricata canescens, 29 Omphalia offuciata, 2 Ophiotheca vermicularis, 30 Orbiformes, 60, 85 Osmunda cinnamomea_ bipinnati- fida, 41 Ovilaria avicularis, 51, 113 rigidula, 51 Paxillus microsporus, 51, 113 Peacock marsh, 7, 44 Peniophora tenuissima, 30, 114 Periconia pycnospora, 30 Peronospora trifoliorum, 30 Pestalozzia adusta, 30 funerea, 30 longiseta, 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Phacidium lignicola, 30, 114 Pholiota, fading, 54 Pholiota autumnalis, 9 discolor, 54 rigidipes, 31, I14 terrigena, 31 Phoma amorphae, 31 bacteriophila, 31, 114 leprosa, 31, 114 roystoneae, 51, II4 smilacis, 32 Phyllosticta rhei, 22 Physcia granulifera, 32 Plants, added to herbarium, 5, r1- 13; specimens collected, 5; con- tributors and their contributions, 5, 6, 14-20; remarks and observa- tions, 6, 37-44; species not be- fore reported 6, 21-36 Plates, explanation of, 117-34 Plowrightia morbosa, 41 Pluteus alveolatus eccentricus, 51, II5 Polygonum hydropiper, 42 Polyporus albellus, 42 chioneus, 42 focicola, 42 melanopus, 32 radicatus, 32 varius, 32 Polysaccum pisocarpium, 32 Polystictus parvulus, 42 Poria pulchella, 32 Psilocybe, 94; New York species, 94-105 bay, I00 bent stem, 102 blackish, tor blue stem, 95 brown gill, roo chestnut, 90 dusty, 97 haymakers, 98 hilly, 103 leaf, 990 liberty cap, 103 long stem, 104 many cap, 55, 98 moist, 105 INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 139 Psilocybe (continued) Septoria aquilegiae, 33 mud, Io1 dianthi, 33 mud-loving, 104 magnospora, 52, II5 old, 102 malvicola, 33 one-colored, 102 mirabilissima, 33, II5 sandy, 96 Smilacina trifolia, 44 squalid, 97 Solidago juncea ramosa, 42 tawny brown, IOI Sphaeronema minutulum, 33 two-colored, 104 Sphaeropsis amorphae, 33 Psilocybe ammophila, 96 maclurae, 33 arenulina, 96 atomate, 96 atomatoides, 96 Spongipellis occidentalis, 34 Stagonospora carpathica, 34 Steccherinum ochraceum, 34 caerulipes, 95 peckii, 34 camptopoda, 102 Steganosporium fenestratum, 34 canofaciens, 103 Stenophyllus capillaris, 42 castanella, 99 Stigmina populi, 34 cernua, 105 clivensis, 103 conissans, 97 dichroa, 104 elongatipes, 104 foenisecii, 98 fuscofolia, 32, 100, 115 fuscofulva, IoI limicola, 101 limophila, 104 nigrella, IOI Teichospora disseminata, 35 trimorpha, 34 Thyridium pallidum, 35 Tipularia discolor, 42 Tricholoma, equestrian, white stem, 53-54 subdisjoined, 53 Tricholoma boreale, 35 equestre albipes, 53-54, II5 melaleucum, 35 phyllogena, 99 multipunctum, 64 modesta, 99 personatum, 8 polycephala, 32, 55, 98 planiceps, 35, II5 semilanceata, 103 saponaceum, 36 caerulescens, 96 subsaponaceum, 35, 116 senex, I02 subsejunctum, 36, 53, 116 spadicea, 55, 98, 100 terraeolens majus, 52, 116 squalidella, 97 Trichostema dichotomum, 43 var. deformata, 98 Trimmatostroma salicis, 36 var. macrospora, 98 var. umbonata, 98 Uromyces spartinae, 36 uda, 105 Ustilago hypodytes, 36 var. elongata, 105 osmundae, 43 unicolor, 102 Vaccinium oxycoccus, 43 Ramularia karstenii, 32 Verbena stricta, 36 Rubus glandicaulis, 32 Vermicularia hysteriiformis, 36, 116 sativus, 42 Vernonia altissima, 44 Rynchospora fusca, 42 Veronica virginica, 44 Volutella buxi, 36 Sagedia cestrensis, 33 Volvaria, silky, 54 Sarracenia purpurea, 44 Volvaria bombycina, 54 Ath a ZY nu A Wy er a * ‘ Wve ia fl ih er 7 4,8 aie aM i pe ‘i - 7 oF oa “i vat te oes at ; ass ahiae a) A . BON SS KO BRN \ “ XQ \\ RAS UG WS SS AWN A x \ 13 4 7 4 7 | 4 ; } 4 i; -~ WKY \ \ MAG pan ce a el in tt a ine nls aS cline tinge Stl aK padi mcipcnaea tlk hed