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ANNUAL REPORTS 


OF THE 


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


LIBRARY 
NEW. YORK 
BOT ANICA LB 


FOR THE 
GARDEN 


FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1900. 


REPORT OF THE 
SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 
DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1900. 


LIBRARY 


NEW YORK 
BOTANICAL 
GARDE! 
CON TENTS: 
Page. 
REpoLtombhe secretarywomAcricultures --ce2--. 92. = sleet = eee eee ee IX 
SUN AT yee eed te) eee tes ye 2 hs Be ee ee ox 
Weather Bureau._.___. Re iN et fe ate See ge XIV 
Wireless telegraphy for the benefit of commerce______...-. -_.--- XIV 
Special storm forezasts for the North Atlantic Ocean._--___-.- : XIV 
Noaluerotitheforecastasenvicey..2<. 2-5 5. Satna ee XV 
ureatieote Anime ind mshTiye te a. ate ne ae ay ee tee XV 
Meat inspection LE i Pee ney yd Re Anos LOIN OPIS ea SER ee XV 
MCLOSCOPIG INS PeChLOM OL pOnkaeee== = ee se eee a ee XVI 
Inspection of vessels and export animals....____..-...-.---.--__- XVII 
Inspechon Ofimported@animals).— fe: eee eee eee XVII 
Serum for hog cholera and swine plague___..__.__._------------ XVII 
The preparation and distribution of blackleg vaccine_____.-----. | XVIII 
hepreventonvolilbeLeulOSig: = soe es ae SID 
Dancertromera Diese. 26. hee Soe ss tke eee So Sh hae eee tek 2 O%¢ 
iherexperimenb stationges-o a8e 6 oe ee a gee ee! pate XXI 
HC SASELEN Crepe ae ge ers ciel tot ene ey RC eR ATL ee XXI 
HOR ainnyaG livia si One = trae ne meget patch egy) eS Tee Mee XXII 
Inspechonotsdalryprodguctse seme ts) =e en see eee Bae XXIII 
Diva STOnEO ba CHETMIStinyas eee eae ee eo ones ney Senna Se OE ea ee eee XXIII 
Boodraduilteraittongy 6 ase ect Se ee Oe Ser ele, ks ame EXSNSITE 
Olt bactenian see ns IL Ee Ben ok A ee on See ae XXIV 
Sucarapeet mvesticahionse. 2205) sete ge eee eee ee XXIV 
The Association of Official Agricultural Chemists _____.____-~.- E XXV 
Examination of toreron fosdi products. --25.2 2522.5. 4.- ie XY 
Cooperation with Executive Departments. __._ __._..-_.._.---- XOXa 
Cooperation with the legislative branches of the Government....  XXVI 
Cooperation with the Divisions of this Department _. _-_-.--- ._- XXVI 
Miscellaneous work_._..._ ____- Repent ier an, aN ese, Noe ss ge ae XXVIL 
DivisioncoteHmtomOlO gyn. Skee acces eee ea ee ee XXVIII 
importation) of benenciali insects = -- 8-2 =) 26-2 as. XXVII 
WiorksacainstinilinOousimsects:<- -) sane sn mee Sana eee oe. XXVIII 
EUblGAatlOnsOnNNOSiUbOeS yes ee XXVIII 
Wiorkwontbibliorraphyeand: beelculhure ssa) a ae ee XXVIII 
Div TO LO ET OLED yeas eae eee eee er te ap ere ee en Ree es hae Tey XUNe VIET 
NOCGRLESDIN Ge apres ae erin aie J ie Pee Re oe 5 Bk XXVIII 
FalanitsppOIsSOnO USI bO;SbOC eee ee ee ee ee Re SXOKSX 
HMeGnomicep anise OfmGheLEnO pl CS sere sacs 5 a eee eee mee EXOKON 
Eepeniments onthe Potomac Dlatsusssso. +2558 22 sas ase Pansy OE 
enSccHonm of Seca and Plant mmiroductiones +) --24 525.) 22222 es. SXOXOXGII 
=) Some valuable importations... _____ _____ Sie, bears eee SXeXGNOT 
o> Value of seed and plant introduction.__.- _........--.-----.- Be eXeXoXTT 
“Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology ____._......-........ XXXII 
‘@ Cereal work and cereals at the Paris Exposition ake tes Sees ONY 
iBlantabreedinies 2-2-2 ee 2 PES ge eee aes oe ee aed XXXIV 
Cooperation in tobacco investigations Oem ete td Sat RORY 
ae Sotmepacrdisenccntiaa tee ee le ew WO xxxXV 
2] Diseases of forest [HEE Set ols eye ites SN maine Ue ee BC eh BIOL X OGY 
2) Changes among the officers of the Division ._..__.._ ____- Eee XeXeXe Val 
Division of Pomology  - Se neerer a ree ce Re ees ee eee Pe XEXEXGV IT 
The Paris Exposition Seibert Saererver 
Culture of European grapes_____.______.. sea So) 23) A  ERENEV 
Catalogue of fruits and cooperative work _____ _.....-.--.--.... XXXVI 


Il 


Iw CONTENTS 

«port of the Secretary of Agriculture—Continued. Page. 
Division of Agrostology.. _. sy caen se See SS ee eam KenoNava LI 
Classification of Division work .........-.-..-.-.------.--------- XXXVIL 
Cooperative suas pee Work ..2 2. 320 eee XXXVIL 
Field work - Joon Jaen obeacde eee ier XL 
Grass gar dens .- 002-2220 pee eee XL 
Distribution of seeds and specimens _ EE! Mey ee NES ae XL 
Publications__-__-_- rt en ah i ee XLI 
The herbarium ~ ..- owes teenie pee ee >. I 
Paris Exposition exhibit 2) Lif) 2 RO Rare eee oe en XLI 
Pan-American Expositions soe 2 se. aes ae Xuk 
Future work). .25 24 05.5 S529 fe eee eee XLU 
Experimental Gardens and Grounds <.....:.. eee XLII 
Future work. 222.602.3252) [253 ee XLII 
Tea production in ‘the United States_.._.._..___... Lee fees XLII 
Divisionof Biological: Surveyee. -oss eee ee XLV 
Field work. _- oe) s Boy Mang EE ee ee XLV 
The Belgian hare. 2 ssa, eae 218 Ge) | ee XLV 
Study of food of birds and bird protection _ ol efit kee Wal aoe Sey XLV 
The iacey ACh. 22 ee eee ees Syb2 cae eee ee XLVI 
Division of -Soilge. 22. 5214 es es eee Se Se ee XLVI 
Progress of SOiSuEveyce= see eee eee ae ONAL 
Tobacco INVeshoAhlOnsae= jag eer cee Sie RENN peep ere mee Ne DY VOLIEL 
Tobacco exhibit at the Paris Exposition - Lyd Dee ete sabe ee XLIx 
Division of Forestry foo Sess es eel rie Bek Soe ae renee L 
Grow thi ot thentonestriyaw Or korean ee ee ee ee eee eee L 
The: demands aponkhhesW i yastor Sees ee pee eee ee eee L 
Cooperativeiworkiees =) as ine ane res z AS rich 5 eo eh go ge tre LIL 
Theiexhibitiay che Panis|b SpOsitlOn sees = ee ee eee = LIL 
Study of commercial trees and other investigative work ________- LIL 
Office oi Rubleyhordengquirics is saa ice an a eee LIII 
Efforts to secure and diffuse information regarding road materials _ LIL 
Interest of good-roads people in sample-road construction. __—+.== LIV 
Cooperative WOPk 2 oe. 0.2 peices CO ee ee eager LIV 
Office of Experiment] S tabior secs: eye ee LV 
The work.and/successtot the stations) =e) eee =e eee LV 
The inspection service of thestationses =] eee LVI 
Cooperation of the stations with the Department________________- LVII 
Experiments in cooperation with farmers _____ _._.___-_-_--___- LVI 
Agricultural experiment stationsin Alaska_..-_____. .__.____.__- IID 
Agricultural experiment stations in Hawaii and Porto Rico______ LXIII 
Agricultural experiment stations in the Philippines ____________- LXIV 
investigations on the mitrition of mans ee LXIV 
Irrigation investigations... -- 22-2 22 ee ee LXV 
Section of Foreign. Markets). 255 225 ae LXVII 
The purpose of the Section=s = 2 eee LXVI 
Agricultural) -exports:.. 22222.2:).6 4.222. ee eee LXVIUI 
Exports: to. the:Orient.2 2+. 22.45 ae eee Fed eo iii 
Markets in the new dependencies. 22 22 = = ee LXIx 
Division of Publications: 65.22 eee ee LXIx 
Growth of the publication WOTK .-. 51) Valen pln ee LXIX 
Harmers: bulletins===s sss ae eee OR Loyang TUDOX 
The Yearbook... 2... 2250... SES ee ee LXXxI 
Work involved in distribution of public ations. ee ery ot ieee! 9.0.01 
Need of more suitable accommodations) 22-2. 2252555522 eee) EXOT 
The Library. ..--...2£22 42 2. ee ee re ee LXXII 
Growth of the es 26a Ep ae EN Re OLY aee To emg 1D. O-eii 
Card index. 2255) Seo eee es eee eee zee ee ee ee LXXII 
Card. catalogue’... <2. Spee a eR ees ey ee TXT 
Division of Statistics jm sthy.s bs SS ee ae eo) ghee ee LXXII 
Seed: Division: - (2 2 Fee eee ae es Rt LXXIII 
Division of Accounts 27 d Disbursements___..._....._._.. ----_-___. LXXIV 
The Paris Exposition: Sword sty: e see ee ern ee er eee TAXGNNV) 
Affiliation of allied lincs of work Be te 5 RS at Eek 2 La LXXV 
Need of laboratory buildings _ _____- Bae hs OE EE Se ee! BOC 
Difficulty of retaining expert assistants... ___.- a eee ee ILD. ANI 
Experimental Farm at Arlington 2=- Eee ph ae ee Be des Si Le eee 


Silk, culture Soe Ce ae ee et |) ee LXXVII 


CONTENTS. 


WepanimMen talervopOuisim es sie! ae) ee wee ees eS oS ee eens as |S ees 


Report of the Assistant Secretary upon the pur chase and distribution 
CURT VS a fe ND eli rome A/a Se De a Se errr eee 
Report of the chief of the Weather Bureau---.-_...--.-----------.---- 
Reportoluhe; Chemiste=-- 25 2a) 2. See eee eae ta Sonne ee 
Repontolsune; Bmtomo)] Origine sr wee ee cie te e 
Report of the acting chief of the Division of Biological Survey - ‘ 
Report of the chief of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and 
ah OLO Gye see ee arenes eee St BR ee ieee ee ee el Re L 
InepoLrhior theachne pOMoOlosist=_ 420. =) Papen ees ee see eee ss ane 
Beportief the ehie: of the Division-of Soils .22 2.522. 52222222222 22 ese 
Reponnombne A eTOStOlogIstae soo — 25 Se ke ee eee ee 
se pOniOmb hous otamishwe tes sae Sen 3) Le ee 
Report OfbhewOrestet ss ee een. oo one aS 2 oe ae ee ee eee 
Report ombiemGibrarianes ter 2 e859 oe i oars 2 hc eee Soe eee ae 
Report of the Editor, Division of Publications__.........-..----+.--- 
Report of the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations __.__ -_- 
Report of the chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry_- 
Report of the chief of the Division of Accounts and Disbursements_- 
Report of the chief of the Section of Foreign Markets _ ___-___-._-__- 
Report of the Superintendent of Experimental Gardens and Grounds - 
Report of the Director of the Office of Public Road Inquiries -_------ 
sporcoisthe: SuvtisticraNes 2 ane 4 oo eases oe ee 


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REPORT 


SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


hE, POE 


OF THE 


SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


To THE PRESIDENT: 

1 have the honor to report upon the work of the Department of 
Agriculture for the year ended June 30, 1900. 

Beginning with the earliest days of the Republic, Government offi- 
cials, including officers of the Army and Navy and consuls, together 
with private citizens, interested themselves in importing plants and 
animals for the general benefit. Congress began to help in 1839 by 
appropriating $1,000 to be expended by the Commissioner of Patents, 
since which time the enterprise grew steadily year after year until 
1862, when Congress grouped the work along these lines into a Depart- 
ment under a Commissioner. A succession of Commissioners since 
that time have been instrumental in adding many Old World plants to 
all localities in our country, and have developed the work along scien- 
tific lines as the public demand required. Since 1888 the Department 
has been in charge of Secretaries who have effected more complete 
organizations of Bureau and Division staffs. These are now in inti- 
mate touch with producers throughout the land. 

The present incumbent aims to bring the scientists of the Depart- 
ment to the help of the producers, to ascertain what we import that 
may be produced in our own country, and to encourage its growth and 
development; to search the world for grains, fruits, vegetables, grasses, 
and legumes that may be domesticated here and be an improvement on 
what we have; to secure new varieties of plants by cross fertilization, 
that we may by selection establish new hybrids; to cooperate with 
the experiment stations of the States and Territories in research valu- 
able to the people of the country in all sections; to seek new markets, 
that our surplus products may bring better rewards to the husbandman. 

This Department differs from the others. Appropriations for its use 
are investments. It makes direct returns by adding to the wealth of 
the country. It gathers facts and spreads information. Much is added 
yearly to the profits of our farmers and others as the result of its 
investigations. Our Weather Bureau has become a necessity to 


Ix 


x REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


mariners, fruit growers, and others, and, in addition to its services to 
shipping and commerce, will become still more serviceable to rural 
communities as free-mail delivery facilities enable us to reach isolated 
homes more promptly and more frequently. 

Our meat inspection insures the public health at home and keeps 
open doors for us in foreign countries that are satisfied with the excel- 
lence of our meats, and have no purpose to serve beyond that. 

The orange industry of California and Florida owes its beginning 
and preservation to this Department. ‘The sugar and tea industries 
are very promising. Pathological investigations of plants prevent 
in many localities losses that would otherwise be very serious. 

The services of the Entomologist are annually worth more to the 
people than the total expense of the Department; new industries arise 
that will dominate our markets, as in the case of the Smyrna fig secured 
to us because our Entomologist met the fertilizing emergency. 

Our tobacco investigations have already given much new light that 
‘an not be computed in money values. The same may be said of all 
our agencies to help producers. 

This work will grow and expand from the foundations laid so wisely 
and well in the past by our farseeing lawmakers until the power of the 
man and the acre to produce will greatly exceed anything with which 
we are now familiar, and place within the reach of our rapidly increas- 
ing population the necessaries and luxuries of the life that has distin- 
guished us as a people in the past. 

A brief summary precedes more extended consideration of the work 
regularly carried on by the several Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices. 


SUMMARY. 


WeratHeER BurEAu.—The Weather Bureau is experimenting success- 
fully with wireless telegraphy. Messages have been sent over 50 miles 
of rough country. The prospect of further improvement 1 Is very prom- 
ising. Storm forecasts have been arranged for the North Atlantic, 
made possible by location of observers in the West Indies, the Baha- 
mas, Bermuda, and those arranged for from the Azores and Portugal. 
We have also arranged for observations from Great Britain and France. 
It is intended to make forecasts for the first three days of outgoing 
steamers, and the same for those leaving European ports that “place 
themselves in communication with us. 


Bureau OF ANIMAL INDUstTRY.—This Bureau deals with our animals; 
it inspects meats for interstate and international trade; it inspects iste 
with the microscope for countries requiring such inspection; it inspects 
vessels that carry animals to foreign countries, looking to ‘their adap- 

tability; it inspects imported animals to protect our herds; it experi- 
ments with swine diseases through serum treatment; it experiments 
with blackleg in cattle through distribution of vaccine with prospects 
of eradication, and with sheep scab with like prospects. Rabies exists 
among dogs and other animals in the District of Columbia and adjoin- 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XI 


ing States that can be exterminated whenever public sentiment will 
permit the restraining of dogs from biting for a term sufficient to cover 
the period of incubation. The Bureau finds that Texas fever among 
cattle exists in Porto Rico and continues experimentation with dips 
and other remedies. 


Dairy division.—Experimental shipments are being made of dairy 
products across the Atlantic and Pacific and to Cuba and Porto Rico. 
Complete exhibits were sent to the Paris Exposition. Composition 
of butter for tropical countries is being studied. Inspection and 
certification of dairy products designed for export is discussed. 

Division oF CuEemistry.—The work of this Division has embraced 
during the year the extent and character of food adulteration; an 
examination of horse meat; a study of soils; sugar-beet investigations; 
inquiry into foreign-food products; cooperation with other Depart- 
ments, with legislative branches of the Government, and with other 
Divisions of this Department. 


Division oF EntomoLocy.—The Smyrna fig is now successfully 
grown on the Pacific coast as a result of the importation, by this 
Division, of the insect that fertilizes the blossoms. Over six tons of 
this fruit were grown and packed the past season. A scientist has pre- 
pared a life history of this insect for publication. An African insect 
has been imported that preys upon the olive scale. A fungous disease 
of grasshoppers has been imported from Natal that has destroyed 
swarms of locusts in Colorado and Mississippi. 


Division or Botrany.—The work of this Division includes. testing 
of seed for Congressional distribution along lines of purity, germina- 
tion, and trueness to name, the average purity of seeds sent out last 
year being 97.3 and the average germination 91.4; experiments with 
home-grown and foreign clover seeds, and methods of seeding land 
with Bermuda grass; supervision of the introduction of seeds and 
plants from foreign countries, and distribution among State experi- 
ment stations and others making research; investigation of poisonous 
stock plants and preparation of reports; inquiring into tropical plants 
of Porto Rico; introduction of Hungarian wheats. 


Division oF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND PatTHotocy.—The diseases 
of cereals were studied during the past year; cereals were extensively 
shown at Paris; plant breeding is a leading feature; orange hybrids 
have been placed in several Southern localities with a view to hardier 
trees; corn breeding for earlier maturity, drought, and smut resist- 
ance, and increase in protein content is being continued; hybridizing 
of cottons for longer staples and other improvements is being studied 
with promising results. This Division cooperates with the Division of 
Soils in tobacco research; fermentation of tobacco, it finds, results from 
an agent within the plant. Diseases of the sugar beet are being studied, 
and also diseases of forest trees. 


Drviston or Pomotogy.—The most important work of this Division 
during the year was that connected with our fruit exhibit at the Paris 
Exposition, which excelled all other countries in many respects, being 
continuous from the opening to the close; horticultural implements, 
seeds, plants, fruits, etc., were shown. Seventeen States were repre- 
sented in the apple exhibit; the apples were kept in cold storage from 


XII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


the tree to the exposition table. The testing of European grapes was 
continued during the year. Trees, plants, and vines were extensively 
distributed to experimenters. 


Division oF AGrostoLogy.—The study of grasses is essential that 
the plant may be suited to locality and ‘condition. The grasses are 
our greatest source of wealth; the Division gathers, studies, and dis- 
tributes. It cooperates with State experiment stations and producers. 
The farm and the range are being furnished with plants better adapted 
to their conditions. In addition to experiments with our native grasses, 
explorers from the Department search all countries for grasses, legumes, 
and other forage plants for trial in all sections of our country. Two 
hundred varieties of grasses have been distributed during the past year 
and 25 publications “have been issued. This Division prepared the 
exhibit of animal foods for the Paris Exposition, and will have a grass 
garden at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. 


EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GRouNDS.—The Department grounds 
have been brought to their present condition by Mr. William Saunders, 
deceased. They are now under Mr. Galloway, who will use them as an 
object lesson, along horticultural lines, for the adornment of the home, 
in town and country; for a study of nut and fruit trees; for the train- 
ing of agricultural aids along lines of advanced knowledge in horticul- 
ture. ‘he production of American tea is very promising, and capital 
is now seeking investment in this industry; the labor question is being 
satisfactorily ‘solved by utilizing colored children. 


BroLtoeicaL Survey.—This Division is studying the Belgian hare 
and what we may expect of it. Congress has given this Department 
authority regarding the importation of animals from foreign countries, 
and the Division is in charge of the execution of this law; it is bring- 
ing the associations of the States into closer touch regarding the pro- 
tection of birds. Field work during the year has been carried on in 
the Pacific coast and contiguous territories in Mexico and British 
America. 

Diviston oF Sorts.—Progress in this Division comprises mapping in 
several States; tobacco investigations, growing Sumatra tobacco under 
shade, with prospect of saving annually to our citizens, producers and 
consumers, $15,000,000; experiments in improvement of the aroma of 
filler tobacco grown In Pennsy lvania and Ohio; growing Cuban type of 
cigar filler in Texas and Porto Rico. The exhibit at Paris was very 
extensive and satisfactory. In the report expert salaries are discussed 
and the printing of an annual report of the Division is suggested. 


Drviston oF Forestry.—The work of this Division is along the 
lines of demand for a better knowledge of trees. One hundred and 
twenty-five people were cooperating during the last year in the study of 
forestry under the chief of the Division. The Division is cooperating 
with the lumbermen and tree planters. There is great demand for 
help from private owners and public custodians; *‘ working plans” 
are being prepared for both, that is, instructions relative to care and 
harvesting, to the end that forests be improved and yield returns. 
tequests for these plans cover over 50,000,000 acres. Private owners 
of large tracts desire help in this regard as well as States, and those 
in charge of Government reserves and cities getting waters from 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF “AGRICULTURE. XIII 


wooded watersheds call for help. The effects of clearing off forests is 
being studied. 


Orrick oF Pusiic Roap Inqurrres.—To systematize and perfect 
the work of this Office, several expert road engineers have been 
engaged and assigned to different sections. The special mission of 
this Department in connection with road matters is to give informa- 
tion and advice as to methods. In several localities sections of roads 
have been constructed under the supervision of its experts. A labo- 
ratory for testing road material has been established under the joint 
supervision of the Director of the Office and the Chief Chemist of the 
Department. 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT SratTions.—This Office is in touch with 
experiment work in all the States and Territories, and is the medium 
through which the Divisions of the Department cooperate in research 
with the experiment stations throughout the land. It inspects all the 
stations annually, and reports upon their expenditures of national 
appropriations; cooper ation with the stations increases, including work 
with plants, soils, animals, work in the field, and barn, and in the for- 
est, in irrigation of arid lands, and where there is normal rainfall. 
The farmers are cooperating in research with this Department and 
with the several stations, with admitted benefit. Work in Alaska is 
very promising along lines of garden vegetables, grain growing, and 
forage curing. This new Territory will ‘eet much benefit from grow- 
ing of green things for home use. Grasses grow there naturally. 
Cattle can be profitably kept where grasses grow, and mankind lives 
comfortably where cattle thrive. Repor ts from agents sent to Hawaii 
and Porto Rico have been received for transmission to Congress 
regarding the value of experiment stations in those islands, showing 
pressing ‘need of research for the benefit of the poorer classes. The 
nutrition of man is being studied with marked approval of observing 
people. Home economics are fair fields of scientific inquiry, quite as 
inviting as the soil, the plant, or the animal. 


Section oF Forergn Markets.—This Section is engaged in a study 
of the world’s markets. Its mission is to seek an extension in foreign 
markets of the demand for American agricultural products. Else- 
where will be found areport on the development in recent years of our 
agricultural export trade gathered from its reports. 


Division oF Sratistics.—Efforts have been put forth to add to the 
completeness and reliability of the statistics of foreign crops, and 
arrangements have been made with Hungary and are in course of 
negotiation with Germany for an interchange, by cable, of agricul- 
tural data during the four growing months. Steps will be taken to 
extend this arrangement to other countries as means at our disposal 
will justify. Familiarity with conditions during the growth of crops 
helps toward more intelligent conclusions regarding them at maturity. 


Division oF Pupiicatrons.—The work of this Division grows as the 
Department develops. Seven million copies of publications were printed, 
and even this number did not meet the demand. Since March 5, 18: NT, 
1,600 different publications have been issued, aggregating 21,000,000 
copies, 7,000,000 of which were Farmers’ Bulletins. The Yearbook 
of 1899, with the Paris Exposition edition, has been received with 


marked favor. 


XIV REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 
WEATHER BUREAU. 
WIRELESS TELEGRAPH FOR THE BENEFIT OF COMMERCE. 


Important extensions of the Weather Bureau work have been made 
during the past year. Recognizing the advantage that would result to 
commerce and navigation by the establishment of wireless electrical 
communication between vessels at sea and exposed points on our lake 
and sea coasts, and also between islands along said coasts and the main- 
land, the Weather Bureau was directed to systematically investigate 
the various methods of electrical communication without wires. The 
progress made is eminently satisfactory. New appliances have been 
devised for the transmission of signals, and receivers have been con- 
structed that probably are more delicate than any heretofore made. 
Messages already have been successfully transmitted and received over 
50 miles of land, which presented a rough and irregular surface, con- 
ditions most unfavorable for the transmission of electro-magnetic 
waves. It is believed that the efficiency indicated by such transmis- 
sion overland is sufficient to operate successfully over several hundred 
niles of water. The apparatus used is capable of further improve- 
ment. I hope the time is near at hand when the great number of 
craft employed in the coastwise commerce of the United States and 
over its great inland seas will be placed in instantaneous communica- 
tion with the numerous stations of our Weather Bureau, which are 
located at all important ports. The matter is one of such great impor- 
tance to our commerce that I have authorized extensive experimenta- 
tion, which, from the success so far attending our efforts, will be 
vigorously prosecuted. 


SPECIAL STORM FORECASTS FOR THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN. 


Another important addition to the work of the Weather Bureau in 
the near future will be the beginning of special storm forecasts for the 
North Atlantic Ocean, a step made possible both by the use of the 
reports received from the West Indies, the Bahamas, Bermuda, and 
those to be received from the Azores and Portugal through the new 
‘able system connecting Lisbon, the Azores, and New York City. 
Arrangements already have been made by which daily observations 
will be received from Great Britain and France. The transoceanic 
and coastwise commerce of the several nations will doubtless receive 
as much benefit from this extension of the weather service as the com- 
merce of the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and our South Atlan- 
tic cities has received as a result of the action of the United States in 
extending its meteorologic reporting stations over all the important 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XV 


islands of the West Indies. It is intended to make forecasts of wind 
force and wind direction for the first three days of the route of all out- 
going steamers, and for an equal period for such as place themselves 
in communication with the Weather Bureau before leaving European 
ports. We view with satisfaction the consummation of an object so 
long sought by both the meteorologist and the mariner. 


VALUE OF THE FORECAST SERVICE. 


No effort has been spared to improve and strengthen the forecast 
service. The value of the West India meteorological service inaugu- 
rated in 1898 has several times been demonstrated, notably in the case 
of the hurricane that devastated Galveston. This storm was detected 
at its inception on September 1. Its location was daily platted and 
its course and intensity successfully forecast for eight days before it 
reached the Texas coast, during which time it traveled about 2,000 
miles. Storm warnings again were successfully displayed in advance 
of this storm before it reached the Lake region. It is a significant fact 
that, notwithstanding the great number of craft plying the Gulf of 
Mexico and our inland seas, the warnings were so timely that there 
was no disaster upon the open waters. 


BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 
MEAT INSPECTION. 


In the general meat inspection much time has been devoted to improv- 
ing the system and perfecting checks to guard against the use by 
unscrupulous dealers of meat which has been condemned as unwhole- 
some. The law which is intended to guard against this fraud is not as 
stringent or perfect as is desirable, and it requires constant vigilance on 
the part of the inspectors to accomplish the object of the inspection. 

The number of localities where the work of meat inspection was In 
operation during the year was increased from 41 to 45, while the num- 
ber of abattoirs and packing houses receiving the benefit of this inspec- 
tion was 148, as against 138 in the preceding year. 

On account of the lessened demand in Continental Europe for Amer- 
ican pork, due probably in part at least to the increase in price in our 
home markets, there has been a reduction in the amount of micro- 
scopic inspection. 

The total ante-mortem inspections of cattle aggregated 53,087,994, 
including those for official abattoirs in cities where inspections were 
made, for abattoirs in other cities, and for miscellaneous buyers. The 
number of animals rejected, subject to results of a post-mortem inspec- 
tion, was, at abattoirs, 5,958, and in stock yards, 153,561. 


XVI REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


The numbers and classes of animals inspected at time of slaughter, 
and the number of these or parts thereof condemned, will be found in 
the following table: 


Post-mortem inspection for fiscal year 1899. 


Number of EERO Carcasses condemned. Parts of 
: carcasses 
= : On animale . | Animals con- 
Kind ofanimal. | yor official | rejected in Total enon rejected | mora). | Cemned. 
abattoirs. stock : toirs, | 12 stock * | at abat- 
yards. : yards. toirs. 
SS = = ae 
(CE Ae ee oa oe 4,841, 166 | 20, 828 4, 861, 994 | 6, 209 4,029 10, 238 8,973 
Sheep. 2.42 s2e2cceser 6,119, 886 5, 209 6, 125, 095 4,234 1, 240 5, 474 309 
Galives* ese) seer. sass 315, 693 276 315, 969 | 182 54 236 32 
Hogs ...--- ae hae 23, 336, 884 | 92,112 | 23,428,996 | 38,598 7,248} 45,846 21, 032 
IHLOFSCS -fe =12 = = siseisianienie 5 boOs Ean seeeeees 5, 599 INS |Ssqsocoase DD sl exes esatare 
Total << 2 aeee- 34. 619, 188 118, 425 34,737,613 | 49,335 12,571 61, 906 30, 35 


The meat-inspection tag or brand was placed upon 17,177,442 quar- 
ters, 343,427 pieces, and 1,554 sacks of beef, 6,050,444 carcasses of 
sheep, 310,126 carcasses of calves, 1,138,507 carcasses of hogs, and 
653,756 sacks and 48,485 pieces of pork. 

The ordinary meat-inspection stamp was affixed to py 95 pack- 
ages containing beef, 24,151 of mutton, 107 of veal, 13,122,677 of pork, 
and 602 of horseflesh.- 

Seals were attached to 69,937 cars containing inspected products. 

The number of ordinary certificates issued, except for horseflesh, 

was 43,631. The meat products covered by these certificates aggre- 
gated a total weight of 488,138,233 pounds of beef, 680,897 pounds of 
mutton, and 272,050,663 pounds of pork. Eight certificates were 
issued for 188,800 pounds of horseflesh. 

The cost of conducting the work of ordinary meat inspection was 
$505,280.52, an increase of $39,571.29 over the amount expended the 
previous year. 


MICROSCOPIC INSPECTION OF PORK. 


The number of carcasses examined was 999,554, resulting in the fol- 
lowing classification: Class A, free from all appearance of trichine, 
968,405, or 96.88 per cent; Class B, containing trichina-like bodies or 
disintegrating trichine, 11,701, or 1.17 per cent; Class C, containing 
living trichine, 19,448, or 1.95 per cent. 

The number of certificates issued for 253,333 packages bearing the 
microscopic inspection stamp was 12,107; these packages had a weight 
of 55,809,626 pounds. 

The year witnessed a great falling off in the trade in microscopically 
inspected pork products. The cost of this inspection was $154,950.22; 
average per carcass, 15.5 cents; per pound exported, 0.277 cent. For 
1899 the cost was $198,355.14. 


REPORT OF THE’ SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XVII 
INSPECTION OF VESSELS AND EXPORT ANIMALS. 


While there has been an increase in the total exports of cattle to all 
countries for 1900 over 1899, the decline in the number of domestic 
cattle and sheep exported to Europe, noted in the last report, has con- 
tinued; but there has been an increase in the number of horses over 
last year of 40 per cent. The figures for Canadian shipments from 
American ports show a decrease in all classes of animals. 

The total number of inspections made of animals for export was: 
Cattle, 656,164; sheep, 163,267; horses, 56,315. The number rejected 
was: Cattle, 1,391; sheep, 117; horses, 174. 

The number of clearances given to vessels carrying live stock, after 
inspection by officers of the Bureau and having been found suitably 
equipped in accordance with the regulations of this Department, 
was 862. 

The number of American and Canadian animals inspected at port of 
debarkation by inspectors of this Department stationed at London, 
Liverpool, and Glasgow, together with the number and percentage 
lost in transit, is shown in the following table: 


Cattle. | Sheep. | Horses. 
From— — a 
Landed. Lost. | Landed. Lost. Landed. Lost. 
| | Bi =a = 77 
| No. No. | Per ct.| No. No. | Per ct. No. No. | Per ct. 
United States.-...-...0c-<. | 290, 609 | 556] 0.19 | 71,547| 436] 0.61| 27,836] 741| 2.59 
Canna, sees eee A ee 19,889 | 189 94 | 24,997 | 253 1.00 1, 228 20 1.60 
[ee | | ee ee ee eee eee 
Ota ee scse ese soe ces 310, 498 | 745 24 | 96, 544 | 689 | ayft 29,064 ; 761 2.55 


INSPECTION OF IMPORTED ANIMALS. 


The numbers and classes of animals imported from Mexico and 
inspected at ports of entry along the international boundary line are 
here given: Cattle, 80,329; sheep, 9,976; swine, 44; goats, 4,132; 
horses, 3. 

From Canada the imports of animals not subject to detention at 
quarantine stations comprised 77,693 cattle, 209,373 sheep, 1,886 
horses, 1,092 swine, 6 goats, and 1 deer—total, 290,051. Of these, 
1,012 cattle, 7,262 sheep, 137 horses, and 180 swine were imported 
for breeding purposes. 

Through the port of New York there were imported 265 horses and 
350 mules; through the port of San Francisco, 8 horses. 

During the quarantine season of 1899 the Bureau supervised the 
movement of 1,058,484 cattle from the district infected with the South- 
ern cattle tick (Boophilus bovis), and 39,663 cars were cleaned and 
disinfected. In Texas 357,422 cattle were inspected for shipment or 
trail to other sections. 

AGR 1900 


II 


XVIII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


The sheep industry has greatly suffered from sheep scab, and this 
Department has given much time and attention to securing its control 
and eradication. It has been a difficult matter to get control of the 
sheep traffic in such a manner as to prevent the spread of scab with- 
out at the same time too seriously interfering with the marketing of 
the animals. To lessen the burden of the sheep owners as much as 
possible, the regulations were at first very simple and easily complied 
with; they have been made more stringent and effectual as the nature 
and objects of the requirements became known. 

The effect of this work has been very marked. Sheep owners have 
been encouraged and stimulated to treat their diseased animals and 
free their ranges from the contagion. There isa much smaller num- 
ber of diseased sheep found in the stock yards, and the infection is 
gradually disappearing. A few years more of earnest work will be 
sufficient to eradicate this disease and to remove in this manner one of 
the greatest sources of loss to the sheep industry. 

The number of sheep inspected at various places was 1,801,379, and 
626,838 were dipped under the supervision of Bureau inspectors. 


SERUM FOR HOG CHOLERA AND SWINE PLAGUE. 


The work of preparing serum for treating hog cholera and swine 
plague has been continued. Inspectors of the Bureau have been engaged 
in treating a large number of animals in two counties in Iowa, two of 
the same counties in which work was conducted during the previous 
year. The results in general, so far as can be determined at the present 
time, will not justify definite conclusions, but are sufficiently encourag- 
ing to justify continued experimentation, including some experiments 
on entirely new lines. 

The preparation of the large quantities of antitoxic serum necessary 
to conduct this work in the field has entailed a large amount of routine 
work in the laboratory, and also at the experiment station, where the 
animals for supplying the serum have been treated. Full reports are 
being kept this year, as last, of the herds that are treated. Cultures 
are taken from the sick animals and are sent to the laboratory for fur- 
ther tests and identification, and care is taken not only to demonstrate 
the exact character of the disease so far as possible existing in the 
animals which are treated in the field, but also to test the quantity and 
character of the serum used for treatment. Important variations in 
cultures, cultural products, and their bearings which have developed 
in this work are being carefully studied. 


THE PREPARATION. AND DISTRIBUTION OF BLACKLEG VACCINE. 


During the past fiscal year 1,076,060 doses of blackleg vaccine have 
been prepared and distributed among the various States and Territo- 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. D4 D.¢ 


ries, as itemized below. The demand for this preventive is steadily 
increasing, and the summarized reports of 2,000 cattle owners testify 
to the great efficiency of the preparation in reducing losses from black- 
leg toa minimum. It is conservatively estimated that the annual loss 
from this disease when no preventive measures are taken amounts to 
about $6,000,000. This estimate is based upon the reported loss of 
from 10 to 25 per cent of all young stock in the vast districts of this 
country where blackleg prevails. 

So far as can be judged at the present time the loss after vaccina- 
tion during the past year has been less than one-half of 1 per cent. 

Since the beginning of the distribution of blackleg vaccine in Au- 
gust, 1897, the total number of doses furnished to the cattle raisers of 
this country amounts to 1,711,900, and the indications are that between 
2,000,000 and 2,500,000 doses will be required to supply the demand 
during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901. 

The distribution for the year covered by the present report in- 
cluded thirty-seven States and three Territories. 

The biochemie division has made and distributed 10,722 doses of 
mallein for testing horses for glanders. The greatest part of this was 
supplied to the War Department, while small amounts were distrib- 
uted in twelve different States. It has also made and supplied to State 
authorities 33,400 doses of tuberculin to be used for testing cattle for 
tuberculosis. 


THE PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS. 


Tuberculosis is the most prevalent and most destructive disease 
affecting mankind and the domesticated animals. Among farm stock, 
cattle and swine are most often affected. During the last twenty years 
there appears to have been a great increase of animal tuberculosis in 
the principal countries of Europe, and unfortunately in those countries 
from which our breeders desire to obtain animals for the improvement 
of their stock. 

While this disease exists in parts of the United States, it is yet 
limited as to territory, and even in the worst infected districts there is 
amuch smaller proportion of the cattle and swine affected than is found 
in European countries. 

Modern investigations show that tuberculosis is produced by a spe- 
cific germ, the Bacillus tuberculosis, and that this disease can not 
develop until the body is invaded by this germ, which can only come 
from some diseased individual, either man oranimal. Being a strictly 
contagious disease and arising only by contagion it is important for 
our stock interests that the law prohibiting the importation of dis- 
eased animals should be strictly enforced. 

Until the last year reliance has been placed upon the ordinary phys- 
ical examination of imported cattle while in the quarantine stations. 


XX REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


Experience has shown, however, that this examination even by the 
most skillful inspectors is not reliable. Accordingly, the tuberculin 
test has recently been adopted, and it is hoped that with this more 
accurate means of diagnosis the American farmer may be protected 
from further importations of this contagion. 

As the loss of a considerable proportion of high-bred cattle after 
they have been purchased and brought to this country would be a 
severe burden to importers, it has been decided to station an inspector 
in Great Britain to test and certify to the animals before shipment. 
By adopting this method diseased animals may be excluded at the time 
of purchase and the traffic in healthy animals will proceed with less 
risk than heretofore. Similar arrangements have been made for 
testing Canadian cattle. 

Numerous restrictions have been placed upon the interstate ship- 
ments of breeding and dairy cattle by the individual States, in order 
to guard against the introduction of diseased animals. The hardships 
and burdens thus put upon the legitimate traffic in healthy animals 
which are carried in the channels of interstate commerce leads to the 
suggestion that uniform regulations under federal authority may save 
our shippers much annoyance and loss, and at the same time furnish 
protection from disease. 

The authorities of several States have requested this Department to 
take action which would prevent the interstate shipment of tubercu- 
lous animals, but it is doubtful if existing law authorizes the meas- 
ures required for efficient control, and anything short of this would 
prove an additional burden without bringing the desired relief. 


DANGER FROM RABIES. 


It is unfortunate that the disease known as rabies, canine madness, 
or hydrophobia is apparently on the increase in the United States. A 
considerable number of outbreaks have come to the attention of 
Department officials during the past year, and these have been so 
widely separated as to indicate an extensive distribution of the conta- 
gion. While dogs are most frequently affected, cattle and horses are 
not uncommon victims, and a single mad dog running through a herd 
of such animals may cause losses of hundreds or thousands of dollars’ 
worth of property. 

One of these outbreaks of rabies oceurred during the year in the 
District of Columbia, extending into adjoining portions of Maryland 
and Virginia, and was very carefully studied by the Bureau of Animal 
Industry. Between July 1, 1899, and June 30, 1900, the disease was 
demonstrated by the most careful laboratory tests in 45 dogs, 1 cat, 
4 cows, and 1 horse. Other cases occurred which were not submitted 
to this critical scientific study. Four men and sixteen children were 
bitten by these rabid animals. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXI 


For various reasons the local authorities have not in most cases effi- 
ciently controlled these outbreaks of rabies. In the District of Colum- 
bia, under federal laws and administration, the disease has existed for 
a year and has not yet disappeared. n some States its presence has 
scarcely attracted official attention. 

As this is one of the most terrible and fatal of diseases, as it is com- 
municable to man and to most or all species of warm-blooded animals, 
it isextremely desirable that the contagion should be eradicated. That 
this can be accomplished without extraordinary efforts is clearly shown 
by the recent experience of Great Britain and other countries. 

The continued existence of the disease at the national capital is a 
subject for regret, and shows a lack of efficient measures for protecting 
human and animal life. On account of the number of persons, par- 
ticularly children, which have been bitten, and the serious burden and 
expense to families in moderate circumstances to send their children 
to other cities for the Pasteur treatment, I would recommend that the 
Secretary of Agriculture be authorized to pay for such treatment out 
of the appropriation for the Bureau of Animal Industry in all cases 
where the parties have been bitten in the District of Columbia, or that 
one of the medical services of the Government which maintains a lab- 
oratory at the capital be directed to furnish this treatment free of 
charge. 

It appears that some additional legislation is needed to enable this 
Department to prevent the interstate extension and distribution of this 
dreaded disease. 


THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 


The experiment station of the Bureau has proved of great service. 
The antitoxin animals during the year supplied about 1,500,000 cubic 
centimeters of blood for use in the biochemic laboratory in making 
hog cholera serum. A serum for the prevention of tetanus or lockjaw 
is being prepared and will soon be ready for use. 


TEXAS FEVER. 


The work on Texas fever has been of two kinds: First, that directly 
concerning the disease; and, second, that concerning the destruction 
of the Southern cattle tick. 

It has been found by recent experiment that the Texas fever exists 
in the island of Porto Rico, and very probably in other portions of the 
West Indies. The ticks received from Porto Rico and used in our 
experiments are identical with the well-known Southern cattle tick. 

The main problem of the Texas fever question remains as last year— 
the finding of a dip that will effectually destroy the ticks without 
affecting the cattle injuriously. The great benefits to be derived from 
the solution of this problem will justify the expenditure of consider- 


XXII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


able time and money in our efforts to solve it, and further experiments 
will be carried on with unabated energy and the added light derived 
from past experience. It is thought possible that something may be 
done by combining a dip with a drench containing substances which 
will act on the tick through the secretions of the skin of the cattle. 


THE DAIRY DIVISION. 


During the year a detailed report was prepared upon the series of 
experimental shipments of dairy products to European markets, 
which were made under special authority given in the acts of Congress 
making annual appropriation for this Department. 

In the latter part of the year experimental shipments to Europe 
were again inaugurated, special efforts being made in connection with 
the Department exhibit at the Paris Exposition to show the high 
quality of our dairy products. 

A number of experimental shipments of butter, cheese, and cream 
have also been forwarded to trans-Pacific points, which had been 
visited and selected by a special agent of the Department. On account 
of the great distance and the failure of some of the consignees to at 
first fully understand the purposes of the Department's efforts, it is 
not yet possible to make a report upon these shipments. 

Arrangements were ade in the dairy division for the United States 
exhibit of animal industries at the Paris Exposition. The chief of the 
division took personal charge of the preparation of the various 
exhibits. 

Much valuable information concerning dairying in foreign countries 
has been received in reports from consuls, through the courtesy of the 
State Department. These reports will be prepared for publication as 
soon as the work of the division permits. 

Shipments of butter to Cuba and Porto Rico have been begun. In 
these experiments we are confronted with problems quite similar to 
those met in the shipments from San Francisco to the Orient. The 
dairy products are forwarded to warm countries, shipment has to be 
made without refrigeration, and cold storage is not available at the 
points of destination. It is necessary, therefore, to send butter, and 
perhaps cheese, as well as condensed milk and cream, in hermetically 
sealed packages, which afford the best means known of preserving 
such perishable products. The Department is seeking to obtain infor- 
mation useful to butter exporters in canning butter and producing but- 
ter which has a hard body. To this end, experiments are now in prog- 
ress at some of the State stations. Some countries sending butter in 
‘ans to the new markets supply a product with a very high melting 
point, showing in this, as in other ways, a disposition to adapt their 
products to the needs of those countries, an example our producers 
must follow if they are to successfully compete in those markets. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE, XXIII 


The experimental shipments of the dairy division will be directed to 
showing our producers what they have to do in this respect. 

It is proposed to ascertain the prospects for trade in dairy products 
in the South American countries besides those already named. 


INSPECTION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS. 


It is considered extremely desirable that the existing system of 
Government inspection and certification of meats and meat products 
for export be extended, by additional legislation, so as to include 
butter, cheese, and condensed milk and cream for export from the 
United States. Reasons for such legislation have been stated in pre- 
vious reports, and they apply now even more forcefully than when 
first given. Briefly, a few of the arguments for such new legislation 
are as follows : 

Foreign buyers of dairy products have so often been deceived by 
misleading, and sometimes false statements, claiming that shipments 
of dairy products are high grade when really they are inferior, or in 
part inferior, that many of them suspect all products exported from 
this country, and avoid them whenever it is possible to supply their 
needs elsewhere. In this way we have recently lost a fine market in 
Great Britain for our cheese. 

The Department has expended much labor and money to establish 
a reputation abroad for American dairy products, and already the 
good results accomplished are being counteracted by the shipment of 
inferior goods which are claimed to be of high quality. After the 
buyers on the other side have been defrauded a few times by such 
shipments they will be unwilling to deal with us when it can be 
avoided. 

Other countries have developed large foreign trade in their dairy 
products, and it is well known that one of the principal reasons for 
their rapid advance in the largest markets of the world is the fact that 
their best products are marked with a Government stamp, showing 
conclusively that the article is as represented. 

The proposition of inspecting dairy products for export has been 
indorsed by nearly all of the large conventions of representative dairy- 
men in this country, and it has the decided approval of commercial 
bodies and individual exporters. So far as Iam aware, no objection 
to it has been made. 


DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. 
FOOD ADULTERATION. 


The Division of Chemistry has continued, during the past year, its 
elaborate work in the investigation of the extent and character of 
food adulteration and the composition of foods. The principal study 


XXIV REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


during the year has been of the composition and adulteration of pre- 
served meats, a subject in which the whole country has lately taken 
particular interest. In all, 513 samples have been purchased in the 
open market, consisting of preserved meats of all kinds, including 
soups and potted meats. 

An examination of the meat of the horse has also been carried out, 
39 samples having been purchased and analyzed with the object of 
determining a method whereby horse meat could be easily detected if 
sold under any other name. In so far as can be discovered, this meat 
is not offered for sale in any part of the United States under its own 
name, and it is believed that very little of it is sold under any other 
name. 

The Division has during the year been engaged in active cooperation 
with other organized bodies, notably the Pure-Food Congress of the 
United States, to promote the effort to secure State and national legis- 
lation on the subject of food adulteration. In quite a number of the 
States the laws which have been passed have been modeled upon the 
Brosius pure-food bill, which is now pending before Congress, and 
which, by its passage, would secure a perfect control of interstate 
traffic in adulterated foods. It is only by such national legislation 
that the excellent work which the States are doing in controlling State 
legislation can be properly supplemented and made efficient. Every 
consideration of honesty and justice to the producer and consumer 
demands that Congress should take early and favorable action upon 
the pure-food bill which is now pending. 


SOIL BACTERIA. 


The studies of soil bacteria have been continued, with results which 
are of the most encouraging nature in regard to practical agriculture. 
The studies of the relation of the crop to the composition of the soil 
have also been continued, completing a term of five years, which covers 
a sufficiently long period to warrant the tabulation and publication: of 
the results already secured. 


SUGAR-BEET INVESTIGATIONS. 


The chemical work attending the sugar-beet investigations has been 
pursued with vigor during the past year, and comparative data have 
been collected from all parts of the United States relating to the influ- 
ence of soil and climate on the character of the beet produced. These 
investigations have already led to a tentative mapping out of the areas 
of the United States suited to beet culture, and their continuance will 
enable intending investors to locate definitely in those areas most 
favorable to the production of the highest quality of beets. 

It is only by careful attention to these scientific details that the beet- 
sugar industry in this country can hope to compete with the carefully 
controlled industry in Europe. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXV 


THE ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS. 


The patronage of the Department of Agriculture has, through the 
Division of Chemistry, been continued to this official body, represent- 
ing the chemists employed in the agricultural experiment stations and 
colleges and in State and municipal bodies having control of food prod- 
ucts. The practical effects of the work of this organization have been 
most favorable to the advancement of our agricultural interests, and 
also to securing, both at home and abroad, a proper recognition of 
the valuable work of our agricultural chemists. There is no other 
country in the world where agricultural chemical investigations are 
pursued on so large a scale as in this country, and, through the organi- 
zation of our chemical workers, we are securing a dominant influence 
in the agricultural chemical councils of the world. This influence has 
been recognized by the successive international congresses of applied 
chemistry, held at Paris in 1896, at Vienna in 1898, and again at Paris 
in 1900. 

EXAMINATION OF FOREIGN FOOD PRODUCTS. 


The study of the character of foreign food products introduced into 
this country has been prosecuted with vigor during the past year. 
The results of this study are of a confidential nature, and are used for 
the information of the proper authorities of this country in the con- 
trol of imported food products. 


COOPERATION WITH EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. 


At the request of the heads of Executive Departments, the Division 
of Chemistry has continued its extensive cooperation with those 
Departments during the past year. 

For the War Department tests have been made of the chemical and 
physical properties of the cloth intended for the manufacture of uni 
forms for soldiers in the Tropics, and on the results of these analyses 
the contracts for the cloth were concluded. 

Numerous analyses of food materials have also been made at the 
request of the Secretary of War for the guidance of the ration board 
in selecting materials for an appropriate emergency ration for the 
Army. 

Analytical investigations have also been conducted during the year 
for the Departments of State and of Justice, the Post-Office and Navy 
Departments, and for the U. S$. Fish Commission. 

Collaboration with the Treasury Department in connection with the 
methods of collecting duties on imported sugars has been continued, 
and the Chief Chemist gave more than a month of his time to the work 
during the year. The principle of the method of correcting polari- 
scopic readings for the effect of temperature, which has been adopted 
by th2 Treasury Department for fixing duties on sugar, and which the 


XXVI REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


investigations of the Division of Chemistry have shown to be rigidly 

correct, has been approved by the international committee appointed 

to determine uniform methods of sugar analysis. This committee, at— 
its meeting in Paris in July, 1900, recommended that in all countries 

polariscopes employed should be graduated for the temperature at 

which they are to be used. This is an unqualified approval by the 

highest international authority of the methods of sugar analysis estab- 

lished as correct by the investigations of the Division of Chemistry of 

this Department. 


COOPERATION WITH THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT. 


During the past year, at the request of the chairman of the Senate 
Committee on Manufactures, | directed the chief of the Division of 
Chemistry to cooperate in every possible way with this committee in 
the investigation which it was making in regard to the adulteration of 
foods. The results of these investigations have been published in the 
report of the committee already submitted to the Senate of the United 
States. 


COOPERATION WITH THE DIVISIONS OF THIS DEPARTMENT. 


The cooperative work with the several branches of the Department of 
Agriculture has been continued in several directions. 

For the Bureau of Animal Industry a study of dairy products, espe- 
cially of butters of different origin, has been conducted. Particular 
attention has been paid to the detection of so-called ‘* process” butter 
and its chemical and physical peculiarities. A study of the composi- 
tion of foreign cheeses has also been made, both from the point of 
view of adulteration and of food value. 

In connection with the Division of Soils, collaborative work on soil 
analysis has been conducted, and working room for one of the chemists 
of that Division has been provided. 

The Division of Entomology has assisted the Division of Chemistry 
in collecting samples of insecticides, and a number of analyses have 
been made at the request of the Entomologist. 

Determinations of the water content of indian corn and other 
cereals have been made at the request of the Division of Botany. In 
turn, the vitality tests of the beet seeds distributed to various parts of 
the country, and also of the seeds used in connection with the soil 
experiments of the Division of Chemistry, were made in the seed 
laboratory of the Division of Botany. 

Rooms have been provided the Division of Forestry for clerical and 
other work, and preliminary arrangements have been made for exten- 
sive chemical investigations of trees and bark. 

TI directed the Division of Chemistry to make an investigation of the 
methods of testing road materials for the Office of Public Road Inquiries 


- REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXVII 


of the Department. The laboratories at Johns Hopkins and Harvard 
universities were visited, and the machinery and processes in yogue 
studied. Asa result of these investigations, I have established in the 
Division of Chemistry a laboratory for the study of good road mate- 
rials, in order to determine what materials or what mixtures of mate- 
rials are best suited to road making. 


MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 


The Division of Chemistry, in addition to the above outline of its 
investigations, has charge of a large quantity of miscellaneous work 
bearing directly and indirectly upon agricultural subjects. This work 
includes the analysis of raw and manufactured fertilizers, waters 
intended for irrigation or for watering stock, soils of miscellaneous 
origin, whose examination can not be secured in the State agricultural 
experiment stations, and many other analyses of a character incapable 
of classification. 


As will be seen from the above report, the work of the Division of 
Chemistry touches almost every branch of agriculture and every 
department of the Governmental service. 


DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
IMPORTATION OF BENEFICIAL INSECTS. 


In my last Report I referred to the important work being done under 
the direction of the Entomologist in the importation and establish- 
ment of the insect which fertilizes the Smyrna fig. This insect was 
successfully carried through the winter, and during the summer it 
has been cared for with such good results that in one locality in Cali- 
fornia more than 6 tons of Smyrna figs of the highest grade of excel- 
lence have been produced and packed. Down to the present year the 
Smyrna fig has had a practical monopoly of the dried-fig market of 
the world. None had been successfully grown in America. The 
direct result of the importation and establishment of this insect will 
be to make America a strong competitor in the dried-fig trade in the 
world’s markets. Other beneficial insects have been introduced into 
the United States. An important parasite has been imported from 
Africa, which preys upon the olive scale, an insect very injurious to 
the olive groves in California. A fungous disease of grasshoppers has 
been introduced from Natal, which has destroyed injurious swarms of 
locusts in Colorado and Mississippi. The Entomologist is endeavoring 
to introduce European parasites of the gipsy moth. It is hoped they 
will be effective against this injurious species, on which the State of 
Massachusetts has ceased to make war. 


XXVIIT REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. . 


WORK AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


Important work has been done against insects damaging forests 
in the far Northwest and in the woods of Maine. Experimental work 
has been carried on against the scale insects injurious to fruit trees and 
against insects affecting garden crops. 

Further work has been done on the Hessian fly, the codling moth of 
the Northwest, toward the exact delimitation of the permanent breed- 
ing grounds of the migratory grasshoppers of the Northwest, and 
on the geographic distribution of the injurious insects of the United 
States. 

PUBLICATIONS ON MOSQUITOES. 


The recent publications of this Division on the subject of mosquitoes 
have been greeted by medical men of this country with decided 
approval. Physicians are shown how to distinguish the mosquitoes 
which are responsible for the spreading of malaria from those that do 
not carry the malarial parasites, and there is also pointed out the 
means by which certain neighborhoods can be freed of mosquitoes and 
consequently of malaria. 


WORK ON BIBLIOGRAPHY AND BEE CULTURE. 


Work has been conducted on the bibliography of American economic 
entomology, as well as experimental work along much-needed lines of 
investigation in bee culture. 


DIVISION OF BOTANY. 
SEED TESTING. 


As the mandate of Congress has laid upon the Department of Agri- 
culture the work of purchasing and distributing larger amounts of 
seed than ever before, the duty of carrying out this task in an effective 
manner has become still more imperative than formerly. For several 
years past the Division of Botany, by my direction, has tested the 
seeds of the Congressional distribution to ascertain their mechanical 
purity and germination. The importance of these tests will be appre- 
ciated when it is known that the average mechanical purity of the 
seeds distributed last year was 97.3. The average germination of the 
same seeds was 91.4. These averages I consider indicate the high 
character of the seeds in the Congressional distribution, so far as 
mechanical purity and germination are concerned. It has been alleged, 
however, that while the seeds distributed by the Department were of 
highly creditable germination and mechanical purity, they were defi- 
cient in purity of stock, genuineness, or trueness to name. Tests to 
ascertain the validity of these allegations were therefore inaugurated. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXIX 


These tests show-that the average purity of stock last year was 86.7 
per cent. Therefore, although the extent of this defect has been 
greatly exaggerated by those opposed to the policy of seed distribu- 
tion, there is nevertheless sufficient reason to warrant me in taking 
steps to effect a remedy. I have therefore established the following 
standard for purity of stock: 


The standard of trueness to name for each variety shall be the average of the per- 
centage of trueness to name in not less than five commercial samples of the same 
variety purchased under the direction of the Secretary of Agriculture in the open 
market from five or more reliable seed houses, and the Secretary of Agriculture shall 
be the sole judge of the results of the tests reported by the officer or officers charged 
therewith by him. Not less than 100 plants from each lot of the seeds furnished by 
the contractor shall constitute a test. 


The maintenance of the high standards for seeds distributed at the 
direction of Congress will place these seeds above reproach. There 
is, however, another improvement which I propose to inaugurate in 
the Congressional distribution. The Department has maintained for 
some years past a trial ground, in which it has made comparative tests 
of the standard varieties of vegetables, and also of many of the novel- 
ties which are placed on the market by American seedsmen. These 
experiments have shown that each year there are offered new varie- 
ties of established superiority, which the Department without diffi- 
culty can secure and distribute. By proper handling, these novelties 
can be purchased at prices little if at all higher than those of the com- 
mon varieties heretofore included in the Congressional distribution. 
Furthermore, it will be remembered that three years ago, with the 
permission of Congress, I set apart from the seed appropriation a fund 
to be devoted to the introduction of new and valuable seeds and plants 
from foreign countries. The plants thus introduced have been tested 
by the various State experiment stations, by properly qualified private 
experimenters, and by the Department itself, most of our own experi- 
ments having been conducted on the Potomac Flats testing grounds, 
placed at our disposal two years ago by authority of Congress and by 
permission of the Secretary of War. 

Several plants thus introduced have, as heretofore reported, demon- 
strated their capacity of increasing the agricultural products of our 
country by millions of dollars annually. Some of these seeds should 
be very widely distributed. It should, therefore, be the policy of the 
Department to introduce into the Congressional seed distrib-tion new 
varieties of established superiority developed in the United States or 
imported from foreign countries, to distribute these varieties for one 
or more years until they have been sufficiently brought to the atten- 
tion of the people, and then to discontinue their distribution, leaving 
the demand thus created to be supplied through the ordinary commer- 
cial channels. In this way the Department will be enabled to carry 


XXX REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


out the original intent of the seed-distribution law, will furnish seeds 
of the highest character, and will avoid the evil of competition with 
the regular seed trade. 


PLANTS POISONOUS TO STOCK. 


Early last winter an urgent request was received from Hon. T. C. 
Power, chairman of the State Board of Sheep Commissioners of Mon- 
tana, that the Department investigate the poisonous plants of the 
great stock ranges of that State, which annually cause the death of | 
thousands of sheep and other stock. In response to this request, two 
experts in poisonous plants were sent to Montana. It was ascertained 
first what the plants are that have caused the losses of stock, and 
means of preventing these losses were then devised, both through the 
avoidance of the poisonous plants and through the application of 
remedies to animals that have already been poisoned. An illustrated 
report of this investigation will be completed early in the coming 
winter. 

ECONOMIC PLANTS OF THE TROPICS. 


In my last Report I pointed out the desirability of securing at an 
early date, both for the education of the people and for the use of 
those intending to enter the field of tropical agriculture, some reliable 
information on the useful and agricultural plants of the Tropics, and 
although little money was available for this purpose, a fully ifustrated 
report on the useful plants of Porto Rico has been prepared. In this 
report special attention has been paid to india rubber, coffee, and other 
tropical plants, regarding which the Department has received the most 
numerous inquiries. In my estimates for the next year’s appropria- 
tions I have included an item for the prosecution of this special line of 
botanical inquiry. It is intended that this work shall occupy a ground 
intermediate between that of the technical botanist on the one hand 
and the actual agricultural experimenter and tropical farmer on the 
other, and to furnish information which will be indispensable to these 
classes, but which it would be impossible for them to acquire without 
great expense of time or money. 


EXPERIMENTS ON THE POTOMAC FLATS. 


Two years ago Congress authorized the temporary use of a portion 
of the Potomac Flats as a testing ground for the Department of Agri- 
culture. During the season of 1898 an area of 25 acres was fenced, 
cleared, and put in shape for the reception of crops, and this year the 
actual experimentation began. “Among the many experiments carried 
on there, I desire to call attention to two, either of which has more 
than repaid the entire cost of maintaining the grounds. I refer to an 
experiment in the germination of Bermuda grass seed, and another in 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXXI 


relation to foreign and American clover seed. Bermuda grass is one 
of the most valuable grasses known in the Southern States. It has 
been very difficult, however, to get a good stand from seed, and South- 
ern farmers in starting a field of this grass have been compelled to go 
through the laborious process of setting out roots. Tested Bermuda 
grass seed sent out from the Department last year was reported a 
failure by experimenters in the South. Seed showing the same test 
was sowed on the flats under varying conditions, and a remarkable 
stand has been secured. It appears from this year’s trials that for 
good results the seed of Bermuda grass must be sowed at such a sea- 
son as to insure surface moisture for a period of several weeks during 
the time of germination and early growth. This points to the prac- 
tice of fall or winter sowing in the Southern States. If further 
experimentation shall confirm this preliminary conclusion, the result 
will be a large saving to Southern farmers and a wide extension of the 
use of this valuable grass. 

On the subject of red clover seed there has been an active contro 
versy in Europe, particularly on the Continent. In some years this 
seed is exported in enormous quantities from the United States, the 
value of the export in a single year having reached the sum of nearly 
$5,000,000. Upon the allegation that American clover seed contained 
a large percentage of weed seeds a careful investigation of this point 
was made, which showed that such a position was untenable. This is 
now conceded by many of the European seed-control stations. Next 
the allegation was made that the American clovers produced a crop 
different and inferior in character from that of the European clover. 
On this point different seed-control stations of Europe have taken 
opposite sides. The Department has also interested itself in the sub- 
ject, and last year secured many authentic samples of European-grown 
and American-grown clover seed. The comparative tests of these on 
the Potomac Flats strongly indicate that, whatever may be the ulti- 
mate result of the European investigation in regard to the relative 
merits of red clovers for cultivation on that Continent, so far as the 
clover-growing parts of the United States are concerned, American 
seeds are decidedly the more valuable. This is likely to have an 
important bearing on the clover-seed market in years of shortage of 
the American crop, when clover seed is sometimes imported from 
abroad. 


SECTION OF SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION. 


The Section of Seed and Plant Introduction was instituted to bring 
into this country for experimental purposes any foreign seeds and 
plants which might give promise of increasing the value and variety 
of our agricultural resources. So far, its work has been eminently 
satisfactory, and, in the fuller development of its results, there is 


XXXII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


promise of almost incalculable benefits to American agriculture. Of 
the varieties introduced in the past four years, many have proven 
commercially successful and many others show favorable indications 
so far as they have been tried. The newly introduced seeds and plants 
are distributed for testing purposes mainly to the State experiment 
stations and to a small number of private experimenters. No general 
distribution is attempted until the value of the new varieties is estab- 
lished. Among the most valuable importations made, the following 
may be mentioned: 


SOME VALUABLE IMPORTATIONS. 


CrreAts.—Russian and Hungarian wheats, superior in yield, milling 
qualities, and resistance to rust, have been introduced and tested; also 
white wheats from Australia, Europe, and the Orient to replace the 
white wheat of California, which has shown a tendency to deteriorate. 
The so-called macaroni wheats from southern Europe are succeeding 
so well in the Great Plains as to warrant the establishment of the 
macaroni-manufacturing industry. Valuable new varieties of oats, 
rye, barley, and buckwheat have also been introduced. 


GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS.—The smooth brome grass (Bromus 
mermis) from Hungary has proven an extremely valuable pasture 
grass, and is already quite widely distributed throvghout the Middle 
West. Turkestan alfalfa has proven superior in hardiness and drought 
resistance, and is therefore an especially valuable addition to the 
leguminous crops which can be grown in our semiarid regions. Supe- 
rior varieties of soy beans have been brought from Japan, and sev- 
eral other forage plants of lesser importance have proven desirable 
acquisitions. 

VEGETABLES.—In this class may be mentioned some very fine varie- 
ties of muskmelon from Russia which have succeeded in Colorado and 
other Rocky Mountain States, squashes from Italy, a new radish from 
Japan, the silver-ribbed chard, a superior variety of eggplant, and a 
French variety of edible-podded peas. 

Fics AND pDATES.—The Smyrna fig industry, the introduction of 
which had been so often attempted without success, now appears to be 
established in California. The securing for Arizona of date trees true 
to name is another valuable accomplishment which will be slower in 
reaching results, but the next generation will count this one of the 
greatest agencies for the development of the warmer portions of the 
arid Southwest. 

Ricr.—While the rice industry of the South, and especially of 
Louisiana and Texas, has grown rapidly in recent years, the introduc- 
tion of the Kiushu rice from Japan was necessary to lift it to a position 
among the great cereal crops of the country. Of this rice, Dr. 5. A. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXXII 


Knapp, of Louisiana, who procured the original importation in 1898, 
reports as follows: 

This year has thoroughly proved the superiority of the Kiushu rice in every way. 
Under favorable conditions, the yield is on an average fully 30 per cent more than 
that of Honduras or South Carolina (the ordinary varieties). Under unfavorable 
conditions Kiushu rice yields from 100 to 400 per cent more than any other rice. It 
yielded this year 4 or 5 barrels per acre without any water except rain. The Hon- 
duras rice grown under the same conditions produced nothing. The straw is so tough 
that the seeds will not whip off ina storm. It mills30 to 50 per cent more head rice 
(unbroken grains) than the Honduras. The Department never spent money that 
helped the country more than that spent in the importation of this Japanese rice. It 
has brought about the opening up and development of an extensive region in south- 
western Louisiana and southeastern Texas, where the land was not previously of any 
value except for cattle grazing. It has resulted in the investment of probably 
$20,000,000. It has increased the production of rice in Louisiana more than $1,000,000 
perannum. Rice now has a future in the United States second only to wheat. 


VALUE OF SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION. 


That the value of seed and plant introduction to the agriculture of 
the United States is very great, all who are familiar with its results 
must agree. It would be impossible for anyone to estimate in dollars 
the benefits already derived, much less the vastly greater benefits 
which will come with the future. It is safe to say that in many 
instances the introduction of a single new variety will be worth more 
to the country than the whole cost of the work done by this Section. 
It would, indeed, be within bounds to estimate the value of some single 
introductions as exceeding the annual cost of the Department. The 
value of the Smyrna fig industry to California, it is estimated, will not 
be less than $1,000,000 annually. The value of the introduction of 
Kiushu rice will certainly not be less, and probably far more, than 
that of the Smyrna fig industry. 

But the most valuable of all is the introduction of superior varieties 
of wheat from Russia, Hungary, Australia, and elsewhere. In many 
cases these new wheats are reported to exceed in yield the varieties 
they are displacing by 5 bushels or more per acre. The area in wheat 
in the United States in 1899 was over 44,000,000 acres; now, if by the 
introduction of better varieties, the average yield is increased only 1 
bushel per acre, we will have an increase of 44,000,000 bushels, worth 
at the farm price for 1899 (nearly 60 cents per bushel) about $26,000,000. 
These figures will at least give an idea of the possibilities involved in 
this work. 


DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY. 


As now organized, the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathol- 
ogy consists of five branches, or laboratories, namely, plant pathology, 
plant physiology, Pacific coast investigations, plant breeding, and plant 

AGR 1900 III 


XXXIV REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


nutrition and fermentation. Each branch is in charge of an assistant, 
who is responsible for the main details connected with his partic- 
ular line of work. The division of labor effected by this arrange- 
ment has led to excellent results, responsibilities being placed where 
they should rest, and each man being led to take special interest in 
developing his field. 


CEREAL WORK AND CEREALS AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION. 


During the year special attention was given to the study of cereals, 
their diseases being investigated and a number of new lines of work 
inaugurated. The most important work, however, consisted in the 
collection and installation of a commercial cereal exhibit at the Paris 
Exposition. This work was planned to give the world some idea of the 
enormous resources of the United States in the matter of grain and 
grain production. Every effort was put forth to make the exhibit as 
striking as possible, and its effect on our commercial relations with 
other countries was kept in mind throughout the entire work. The 
exhibits of only a few countries, such as Canada, Russia, and Hungary, 
compared well with the exhibit of the United States as regards quality 
of grain, and only those of Canada, France, and Hungary compared 
at all with our exhibit in both quality and variety. 

An excellent opportunity was afforded for showing our wonderful 
capacity in the production of dent corn. Not only was the entire corn 
collections from other countries small as compared with ours, but they 
were composed almost entirely of flint varieties. In all the work 
special emphasis was placed on leading export varieties of wheat, corn, 
and other cereals, the number of separate exhibits entered being about 
1,500. Appreciation of the work of the United States was generously 
manifested by the numerous awards in class 39, which included cereals. 
The exhibit unquestionably aided in bringing the resources of this 
country as regards grain production into prominent notice, and also 
served as a valuable means of gaining knowledge as to the possibilities 
of other countries in this direction. 


PLANT BREEDING. 


The plant-breeding work was pushed forward as rapidly as possible, 
mainly along lines similar to those upon which work was conducted 
last year. The orange hybrids, made with a view of securing hardier 
sorts, have been placed at various points in the South, and cooperative 
experiments have been inaugurated at several experiment stations to 
test the value of these hybrids. The work in corn breeding, begun in 
1899, was continued and considerably extended. The features of 
importance aimed at in connection with this work are early maturity, 
drought resistance, resistance to smut, increased protein content, and 


- REFORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXXV 


increased yield. Important work was inaugurated in the South for 
the purpose of improving varieties of cotton. Special efforts were 
made to obtain by breeding and selection races of cotton with a longer 
and finer staple than that of the ordinary upland sorts. Already prom- 
ising results have been obtained in this direction, and it is believed 
that varieties can be secured which will be of great value in a number 
of important cotton-growing districts. 


COOPERATION IN TOBACCO INVESTIGATIONS. 


The cooperative work with the Division of Soils on tobacco, started 
two years ago, was continued. As a result of the work, it has been 
found that the true cause of fermentation is not bacteria, as formerly 
supposed, but chemical ferments produced by the tobacco plant itself. 
This discovery has suggested important modifications of the old 
methods of handling tobacco, which promise much improvement in 
Northern cigar leaf tobacco. ‘The practical application of the results 
of these investigations will unquestionably be the means of adding 
millions of dollars to the wealth of the country. Unfortunately, the 
specialist who was engaged by the Government to carry on this work 
was led to sever his connection with the Department by the very 
flattering inducements offered him by a foreign country. In addition 
to the work on the fermentation of tobacco, much attention was given 
to a study of diseases of this crop, and some results were obtained 
which will go far toward bringing about methods of prevention. 


SUGAR-BEET DISEASES. 


The growing importance of the sugar beet in this country has called 
attention to a number of very serious diseases which have prevailed, 
especially during the past year. One of these diseases attracted wide- 
spread attention in California, where it caused an estimated loss of 
over $2,000,000. Every effort was made to obtain as much informa- 
tion as possible in regard to the trouble, but owing to limited funds it 
was not practicable to undertake a thorough study of the matter. 


DISEASES OF FOREST TREES. 


Special work on the diseases of forest trees was inaugurated and car- 
ried on in cooperation with the Division of Forestry and the Shaw 
School of Botany of St. Louis. The special agent in charge of this 
work is instructor in botany in the Shaw School and has excellent facil- 
ities for carrying on the investigations. The rapidly growing interest 
in forestry problems has created a widespread demand for information 
as to diseases affecting trees, and in recognition of this fact the work 
has been pushed forward as rapidly as possible. 


XXXVI REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 
CHANGES AMONG THE OFFICERS OF THE DIVISION. 


The affiliation of this Division with three other Divisions in the 
Department, referred to elsewhere in this Report, made some changes 
among the officers necessary. Mr. B. T. Galloway, for thirteen years 
chief of the Division, having been made Director of Plant Industry, 
Mr. Albert F. Woods, who had been assistant chief for the past seven 
years, has succeeded him at the head of this Division. 


DIVISION OF POMOLOGY. 


‘THE PARIS EXPOSITION EXHIBIT. 


The most important new work undertaken by the Division of Po- 
mology during the year was the collection, preparation, and installation 
of the horticultural exhibit at the Paris Exposition. As this was the 
first attempt to make a comprehensive exhibit of American horticul- 
ture and horticultural products at a foreign exposition, it was regarded 
as most desirable that the showing should be worthy of that great 
industry. The results attending this exhibit were such that I am con- 
vinced that the fruit industry of this country will be greatly benefited 
by this notable display of American horticulture and horticultural 
products, which was maintained throughout the entire time of the 
exposition. 

The exhibit consisted of horticultural implements, seeds, plants, 
illustrations, ete. As fruit culture is generally recognized as the 
largest and most important feature of American horticulture, special 
prominence was given to it by maintaining a continuous fresh-fruit 
exhibit from May 9 to the close of the exposition. Seventeen States 
were represented in the apples exhibited, and the California exposition 
commissioner furnished the oranges. The apples were shipped in 
refrigerator compartments, and when they reached Havre, the sea- 
port of Paris, they were again placed in cold storage, being taken in 
installments to the exposition tables as needed. The fruit was in excel- 
lent condition when unpacked, and furnished conclusive proof of the 
practicability of prolonging the marketing season. The exhibit 
attracted wide attention, and the ultimate effect, I am sure, will be an 
increased foreign demand for American products. 

No other country attempted to maintain a continuous fruit exhibit, 
even the French section being bare of fruit during at least two-thirds 
of the time. 

CULTURE OF EUROPEAN GRAPES. 


The effort to give a thorough test to the culture of choice European 
grapes in the South Atlantic States was continued during the year and 
with the promise of ultimate success. It now becomes important to 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXXVII 


make a careful study of the varieties under cultivation. Happily we 
may determine methods of pruning, cultivating, fertilizing, and com- 
bating disease which will render the production of these valuable fruits 
in this country quite satisfactory. 


CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND COOPERATIVE WORK. 


The card catalogue of fruits described in standard American publi- 
cations has been finished, and so soon as all the fruits can be catalogued, 
will afford copy for the most complete index in pomology. 

Cooperative work with the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction, 
Division of Botany, in the distribution of fruit-bearing trees, plants, 
and vines was continued during the year. Over 700 lots have been 
placed with about 125 experimenters, and 200 varieties, representing 
22 species, have been thus distributed. 


DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY. 


CLASSIFICATION OF DIVISION WORK. 


The growth in the work of this Division has necessitated reorganiza- 
tion, and it has been divided into four sections, each under the charge 
of a specially qualified assistant. These sections are: First, experi- 
mental, which has charge of all experimental operations carried on 
outside of Washington, D. C., in cooperation with the State experi- 
ment stations; second, seed and field, which has charge of the col- 
lection of seeds, roots, and specimens, and useful native grasses and 
forage plants, and the distributing of the same, as well as the making 
of field studies with these plants in various parts of the country; 
third, grass garden, which includes the care and maintenance of grass 
gardens and experiments in the District of Columbia; fourth, the 
herbarium section, in charge of the collections of the Division and the 
naming of material or specimens sent in for identification. These 
sections also prepare reports and bulletins along their various lines of 
work. The investigation of animal foods was also assigned to this 
Division by Congress at its last session, but as no appropriations were 
made for conducting this work, it has not been taken up. This 
organization or classification of the Division work has increased its 
effectiveness along all lines, but especially in the field investigations 
and experiments. 


COOPERATIVE EXPERIMENTAL WORK. 


The work in Texas, which has been carried on in cooperation with 
the citizens of Abilene, in that State, was originally designed to demon- 
strate the possibility of improving the worn-out cattle ranges and pas- 
tures by practical methods. The grazing of pastures has been so 


XXXVIII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


improved as the result of experiments conducted by the Division that 
pastures which three years ago were estimated by experts to be capa- 
ble of supporting only one steer to 16 acres will now maintain in 
good condition one steer to 8 acres, a net gain of 100 per cent in the 
carrying capacity. The possibility of growing clovers, and especially 
the improved varieties of alfalfa, in this section of Texas has also been 
determined by the experiments of our agent at Abilene. The work 
carried on at Wallawalla, in cooperation with the Oregon Railroad and 
Navigation Company, has been devoted exclusively this season to the 
production of seed of important native grasses and forage plants for 
distribution to the agricultural experiment stations. 

Arrangements are now made for continuing, through this Division, 
seed production in cooperation with experiment stations, and the work 
at Wallawalla will close with the present season. The station at 
Highmore, 8. Dak., conducted in cooperation with the State expert- 
ment station, has been continued, and the results of the season’s work 
there will form the subject of a divisional report. The work of last 
season was set forth inCircular No. 21 of this Division. These exper- 
iments have attracted a great deal of attention from ranchers and 
farmers, and already they are beginning to put into practice the meth- 
ods recommended for improving the ranges which have been shown 
to be so efficacious at the stations named. Among the questions which 
will be taken up in these cooperative investigations are the following: 
Range improvement; the formation and management of meadows and 
pastures; forage plants for alkali soils; sand-binding and soil-binding 
grasses; soiling crops for a continuous series throughout the season; 
winter pasturage; the relation of forage crops to the reclamation of 
worn-out lands and the maintenance of soii fertility; selection and 
development of varieties of grass and forage plants adapted to special 
purposes or conditions, or possessing special qualities of hardiness, 
palatability, yield, ete. 

The investigation of forage crops suitable for alkali soils will be 
undertaken with the Montana and Colorado experiment stations and 
with the stations in other States in which there is a large amount of 
such land. The question of sand-binding and soil-binding grasses is of 
special importance at certain points on the Pacific coast, along the Great 
Lakes, and on the Atlantic coast, and itis planned to undertake investi- 
gations of such grasses in connection with the Oregon experiment sta- 
tion, and perhaps with other stations in the regions represented. 
Experiments with soiling crops are being carried on with the Maryland 
experiment station, and these will be extended to other sections where 
dairying is a leading industry and where this question is an important 
one. Winter pasturage is one of the most vital questions for the South, 
and its investigation is accordingly being arranged with certain of the 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXXIX 


Southern experiment stations, while with others the study of forage 
crops and their relation to the improvement of the fertility of the soil, 
another question of importance in this section, will be undertaken. 
Similar investigations are being planned for the New England States. 
The study of selected varieties of grass and forage crops is a question 
of general importance throughout the country, and investigations are 
being carried on in cooperation with the Division of Vegetable Physi- 
ology and Pathology and with such of the State experiment stations 
as are prepared to undertake the work. 

During the past three years there have been distributed through the 
Division of Agrostology seeds of 250 varieties of grasses and forage 
plants, nearly all of which had never before been cultivated; 5,000 
packages were sent to volunteer experimenters on farms and ranches, 
3,000 to State experiment stations, and over 1,100 to stations in foreign 
countries. Reports from the volunteer experimenters to whom this 
seed was sent were published in Bulletin No. 22 of the Division. As 
a result of the extensive distribution of the seed of Turkestan alfalfa 
through this Division and through the Section of Seed and Plant 
Introduction, Division of Botany, much useful information concerning 
this crop has been secured and was presented in Circular No. 25 of this 
Division. 

These cooperative investigations form the most important part of 
the work of the Division, and Congress, at its last session, by a clause 
in the appropriation bill, made it imperative that this work be carried 
on in cooperation with the State experiment stations. With a view to 
carrying out this work in accordance with the law, nearly all the State 
experiment stations were visited by the officers of the Division and 
arrangements made for carrying on cooperative experiments. The 
work has been carefully and effectively organized, and articles of 
cooperation have been signed by the directors of ten of the agricultural 
experiment stations jointly with the Agrostologist, and approved by 
me. The plans proposed have met with the most cordial reception on 
the part of the station authorities, and it is already manifest that this 
work of the Department, thus carried on through the experiment sta- 
tions, will have greater efficiency and assure more definite results of 
greater value to the farmers and stock raisers of the country than was 
possible by the methods previously employed. The individual and 
volunteer experimenter, moreover, can accomplish much through sug- 
gestions and aid furnished by the Division, and can carry the work into 
sections which can not be reached in any other way; the intelligent 
farmer or ranchman who is willing to devote land and labor to the 
propagation of new grasses and forage plants furnished by the Division 
is a valuable factor in developing the work of the Department and 
carrying it directly before the people. 


XL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 
FIELD WORK. 


The field work of the Division has been conducted during the past 
season as heretofore, but particular attention has been devoted to col- 
lecting seeds, roots, and specimens of valuable native grasses and 
forage plants, as especially provided for by the last session of Con- 
gress. This work has been carried on in Oregon, Arizona, Colorado, 
Montana, New Mexico, Wyoming, Michigan, Idaho, Minnesota, Maine, 
the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida. Several tons of seed have been 
gathered in this way, which will be distributed to the different State 
experiment stations for further seed production and experimental cul- 
tivation. In cooperation with an official of the State experiment 
station of California, explorations have been made in the northern 
part of that State, and a report has been prepared for publication on 
the forage resources of northern California as a result of these field 
investigations. Aside from the collection of seeds, attention was 
directed in these field investigations to the study of the native grasses 
and their suitability for use in range improvement, investigations of 
drought-resistant forage plants, sand and soil binders, forage crops 
suitable for the reclamation of worn-out lands and winter pasturage, 
and grasses adapted for use in the making of lawns or grassing of 
pleasure grounds. 

GRASS GARDENS. 


The grass garden on the Department grounds, which contains nearly 
500 varieties of grasses, has been continued and has afforded many 
valuable lessons relative to these plants. An important feature of the 
garden has been the testing of various saltbushes and legumes and also 
the different varieties of grasses used for lawns. The space allotted 
to this work on the Department grounds has been so limited that the 
area devoted to any individual species was very small. To remedy this 
and give opportunity for more extended cultivation, especially for the 
large and coarse-growing annuals, an area of land on what is known 
as the Potomac Flats was set aside for the work, and here it has been 
carried on very successfully during the past season. The results 
obtained here with some of the native grasses and legumes from the 
Southwest have been remarkable, and the possibilities of successful 
culture of many foreign species has been demonstrated. 


DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS AND SPECIMENS. 


Seeds of some 200 varieties of grasses in 3,000 packages have been 
distributed, chiefly to experiment stations and correspondents in the 
United States. Nearly 5,000 herbarium specimens of grasses and a 
large number of sample sheaves for exhibition purposes have been 
distributed during the year. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XLI 
PUBLICATIONS. 


During the year the Division has issued 25 publications, covering 
a wide range of subjects along lines of the work of the Division, both 
practical and scientific, and there has been large demand for them both 
from scientists and farmers. 


THE HERBARIUM. 


The already large collection of grasses and forage plants has been 
increased by the addition of more than 5,000 sheets of mounted speci- 
mens, which have been collected by the agents of the Division or 
deposited by the National Herbarium, and specimens obtained by pur- 
chase or received in exchange from foreign countries. Nearly 4,000 
determinations of specimens for correspondents have been made during 
the year. 


PARIS EXPOSITION EXHIBIT. 


To this Division was assigned the preparation of the United States 
exhibit of foods for animals. These were divided into two classes: 
First, seeds of grasses and forage crops offered in the markets, stock 
foods, oil cakes made directly from various cereal crops or as by- 
products in the manufacture of sugar, cotton-seed oil, linseed oil, and 
other commodities; second, the exhibit of the more important grasses 
and forage plants grown in this country, with samples of seed of both 
native and introduced varieties, together with a large collection of 
photographs illustrating the habits of growth of the different sorts 
and the methods of cultivating, harvesting, and utilizing them. This 
exhibit has called forth many favorable comments both at home and 
abroad, and was recognized by the commission of awards with a num- 
ber of grand prizes and medals, both to the Department and to individual 
exhibitors. 


PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 


During the Pan-American Exposition to be made at Buffalo next 
season the Division will maintain a grass garden upon the grounds 
for exhibiting the various native grasses and forage plants or those 
of special value for lawns, binding soils, drifting sands, etc. A fea- 
ture of this exhibit will be the exhibition of sand-binding grasses on 
an artificial sand dune, which has already been planted. The ground 
for this garden has been put in condition, and nearly all the seeds and 
roots have been sown or planted. In addition, there will be an exhi- 
bition of grasses in the form of sheaves or panels and photographs, 
similar to those used to illustrate the work of the Division at the Paris 
Exposition. 


XLII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 
FUTURE WORK. 


The future work, as now planned, will be the supervision and exe- 
cution of the cooperative investigations with the experiment stations, 
which, during the coming year, will consume a large part of the time 
and resources of the Division. The field work will be carried into 
regions that have not hitherto been studied. The routine and office 
work of the Division will be carried on as indicated above under the 
present plan of organization. Preliminary arrangements are being 
made for undertaking experiments in methods of destroying Johnson 
and other noxious grasses, but until appropriations are made for this 
new line of work little can be done. Each year the importance of the 
field work is becoming more and more manifest, one of its useful pur- 
poses being the bringing of the work of the Division before farmers 
and ranchmen and others interested in the various parts of the coun- 
try. The extensive plans now made for carrying on the work in 
cooperation with the experiment stations will demand close supervision 
of experts in the lines of work contemplated and necessitate consider- 
able increase in the Division force. 


EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS. 


The Experimental Gardens and Grounds comprise about 35 acres, 
and ever since the organization of the Department they have been in 
charge of Mr. William Saunders. Mr. Saunders died on September 
11 of this year at the age of 78 years. He was a man of sterling integ- 
rity, and during his long and useful life labored constantly to advance 
the cause of agriculture in all of its branches. The Gardens and 
Grounds have been placed in charge of Mr. B. T. Galloway, who 
since 1887 has been chief of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and 
Pathology. 


FUTURE WORK. 


The future work of the Gardens and Grounds will be along broad 
horticultural lines. The grounds will be used as an object lesson for 
encouraging the adornment of the home and also for a study of the 
problems which will lead to the making of the farm home more attract- 
ive. Close cooperation will be effected with other Divisions in the 
Department, and every facility will be afforded them to strengthen 
their work. A study of nuts, fruits, and other horticultural crops will 
be undertaken with a view of disseminating the rarer and more prom- 
ising sorts, and determining the conditions best suited to their growth. 
Special attention will be given to the encouragement of new horticul- 
tural industries and the advancement of knowledge along these lines in 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XLItl 


cooperation with the present experiment stations and those that may 
be established in Porto Rico and Hawaii. Opportunities will be 
afforded in this work and that undertaken in cooperation with the 
other Divisions of the Department engaged upon plant industriai 
investigations for the training of scientific aids along broad horticul- 
tural lines. For the constantly increasing work of the Department 
and that of the experiment stations men with broad training will be 
needed, and it is hoped that the Department can aid in making more 
such men available. 


TEA PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 


Tn my last Report attention was called to the efforts being made by 
the Department in the production of tea. For several years Dr. 
Charles U. Shepard, a public-spirited citizen of Summerville, S. C., has 
been experimenting with a view of obtaining information as to the 
practicability of producing American tea, and his efforts promised so 
much of value that it seemed proper for the Department to render 
assistance in certain directions. To this end arrangements were made 
with Dr. Shepard whereby certain machinery, etc., were to be fur- 
nished in order to settle some questions pertaining to the commercial 
production of tea. Throughout the work the question of labor has 
been an important one; but through Dr. Shepard’s efforts there has 
been adopted a method for utilizing the labor of colored children. 
What Dr. Shepard has accomplished in this matter in his region could 
undoubtedly be brought about in other sections of the South, where 
much idle labor is awaiting proper utilization. Dr. Shepard has estab- 
lished schools on his place, and in these the children are received and 
educated, and at the same time are taught to pluck tea and perform 
other work in connection with the production of the crop. For such 
work fair wages are paid, and in this way interest is maintained. 

The experiments so far conducted have shown that tea may be pro- 
duced in the United States in two ways: (1) By families in their gar- 
dens, as was demonstrated years ago to be entirely feasible; and, (2) on 
a commercial scale, after the manner followed by the British East 
Indian tea establishments and the beet-sugar industry. 

The work at Summerville was started with a view of ascertaining 
whether under favorable conditions tea plantations could be made to 
yield as much as the average oriental production, and whether the 
crop could be marketed at a fair profit. The results obtained have 
been affirmative, the crop of 1900, although not so large as expected 
early in the season, exceeding that of any previous year by at least 12 
per cent, and the entire product being sold before it was all gathered 
to a prominent Northern distributing house at a price that gave a fair 
profit. 


XLIV REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


As further evidence that tea can be profitably grown in the United 
States, capitalists are already making preparations to begin the work 
in certain parts of the South on a more or less extensive scale. A 
company with a capital of $50,000 is being organized, and will endeavor 
to secure a location having soil and climatic conditions adapted to the 
growth of tea, and where labor, such as Dr. Shepard utilizes, can be 
secured. 

From what has already been accomplished, it has been shown that a 
good grade of tea can be grown and put on the market in bulk at a 
cost not exceeding 15 cents per pound. Under average conditions an 
acre will yield 400 pounds of marketable tea, and this, at 15 cents per 
pound, would make the expense of growing it $60 per acre. The tea 
should sell in bulk for at least 80 cents per pound, and the profit on 
this basis would be 100 per cent. Besides the cost of marketing, 
however, there are other expenses to be considered, namely, the salary 
of a superintendent and the interest of the money invested in the 
plant, which would, of course, cut down the profits. 

From the foregoing, it seems that the commercial possibilities of tea 
production in this country can no longer be questioned, but there are 
still many points to be settled, especially as regards the improvement 
of the product. During the past year experiments have been under- 
taken for the purpose of determining the effect of irrigation on tea 
and of shading the plants from the direct rays of the sun. Work has 
also been inaugurated with a view of reducing the cost of the prepara- 
tion of tea, especially the green tea. The experiments in irrigating 
and shading, which will be continued, have given promising results, 
the shaded plants giving nearly double the yield of the unshaded, and 
a much finer grade of leaf. 

In the future special attention will be given to the manufacture of 
pure green tea. This subject is now claiming the attention of both 
inventors and planters in the British colonies, as they begin to realize 
the hopelessness of bringing American tea drinkers to use the black 
tea instead of the green. The manufacture of green tea in the United 
States can be made successful only by the invention of machinery 
which shall take the place of expensive hand labor and prevent the 
waste which accompanies the latter. These questions are all being 
investigated by the Department and, in addition, it is giving special 
attention to a study of the conditions in various parts of the South 
with reference to determining the localities where tea can be grown to 
best advantage. Experiments have been inaugurated by some of the 
experiment stations and plants distributed with a view of putting the 
work on a substantial basis. Much need is felt for young men capa- 
ble of taking up this important problem, and it would be well for the 
agricultural colleges of the South to bear this matter in mind. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XLV 


DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
FIELD WORK. 


Field work was carried on in California, Texas, New Mexico, 
Alaska, Mexico, British Columbia, Manitoba, and the Northwest Ter- 
ritories. The outlining of life zones in California was continued in 
the Coast Range and carried south to the Bay of San Francisco, under 
the personal direction of the chief of the Division. During the 
present season a careful examination will be made of that part of the 
Sierra Nevada lying between Sierra Valley and the Yosemite, includ- 
ing the region about Tahoe, Donner, Independence, and Webber 
Lakes. 

In Texas special attention was given to the collection of data for 
most accurately outlining the life zones in the southern half of the 
State, and more particularly in the region along the Gulf coast from 
Corpus Christi to Brownsville and west to the Rio Grande below 
Laredo. A preliminary investigation of the most economical methods 
of destroying prairie dogs was also undertaken. In view of the dam- 
age caused by this pest not only in Texas, but also in several other 
States in the arid region of the West, the destruction of these animals 
is a practical question of great interest to many farmers and worthy 
of thorough investigation by the Department. 


THE BELGIAN HARE. 


Much interest in the Belgian hare has been developed during the 
last three years, especially in California, Colorado, and other Western 
States. But however valuable Belgian hares may be for meat or fur, 
their introduction in large numbers is accompanied by a certain ele- 
ment of danger which should not be overlooked. Some are sure to 
escape, and the State Board of Horticulture of California has esti- 
mated that several thousand of the animals are already at large in the 
State. If they increase as rapidly when at large as they do in captiv- 
ity, they will undoubtedly become a source of danger, and stringent 
measures may be required to keep them under control. Still more 
dangerous would be the introduction of the Belgian hare into Porto 
Rico, where the question of its acclimatization has already excited 
interest. 


STUDY OF FOOD OF BIRDS AND BIRD PROTECTION. 


Laboratory and field studies of the food of birds, especially of 
species of economic importance, have received much attention. The 
object of these investigations is to obtain reliable information which 
will enable the farmer to distinguish between species which are bene- 
ficial and those which are injurious to his crops. Such knowledge 


XLVI REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


naturally creates a desire to increase the abundance of useful species, 
and it is very gratifying to note the widespread and constantly increas- 
ing popular interest in bird protection. 

With a view to bringing the various associations concerned with the 
protection of birds into closer touch with one another, a list of the 
State officials, national organizations, State game associations, and 
various Audubon societies was published in the Yearbook of the 
Department for 1899. Still further to meet the demand for informa- 
tion regarding the protection of birds, a compilation was made of the 
laws now in force in each State in the Union, so far as they relate to 
birds other than game. 


THE LACEY ACT. 


A short time before the close of the year I assigned to this Division 
all matters relating to the importation and preservation of birds con- 
templated by the act of Congress known as the Lacey Act, which went 
into effect May 25, 1900. This act gives the Department large powers 
and responsibilities, and the object, as expressed in the first section, is, 
‘**To aid in the restoration of such (game and other wild) birds in 
those parts of the United States adapted thereto where the same have 
become scarce or extinct, and also to regulate the introduction of 
American or foreign birds or animals in localities where they have not 
heretofore existed.” In my last Annual Report attention was called 
to the necessity for legislation restricting the introduction of noxious 
animals and birds from abroad, and Iam gratified to report that in 
the Lacey Act Congress has absolutely prohibited the importation of 
the English sparrow, mongoose, starling, flying fox, and such other 
species as may be declared injurious to agriculture, and has also pro- 
hibited the shipment of such species from one State to another. It is 
believed that this law will afford the United States greater protection 
against the introduction of injurious animals and birds than is enjoyed 
by any other country. 

Congress has also authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to adopt 
such measures as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of the 
act, to collect and publish useful information on the propagation, uses, 
and preservation of birds, and to purchase game and other birds, sub- 
ject to the laws of the various States and Territories. Under my 
direction all necessary steps to carry the law into effect have been 
taken by the Division, so far as this is possible in the absence of a 
specific appropriation. The present appropriations of the Division 
being inadequate, I earnestly recommend an increase which will not 
only enable the regular investigations already under way to be carried 
on more effectively, but will permit the enforcement of the provisions 
of the Lacey Act as the importance of the work and public interest 
in it seem to demand, 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XLVII 


DIVISION OF SOILS. 
PROGRESS OF SOIL SURVEY. 


The Division of Soils has continued and considerably extended the 
investigation and mapping of the soils of some of the important agri- 
cultural districts of the United States. This work has been carried on 
during the fiscal year in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland, North 
Carolina, Louisiana, Utah, California, and Arizona. The total area 
surveyed and mapped (on a scale of 1 inch to the mile) amounts to 
3,386 square miles, or 2,160,000 acres. The Report of the Field Opera- 
tions of the Division of Soils for 1899, which was transmitted to Con- 
gress by the President on February 5, 1900, has been published with 
the accompanying maps and illustrations. There has been an unprec- 
edented demand for this publication, and the number assigned for the 
use of this Department has been heavily drawn upon to supply Sena- 
tors, Representatives, and Delegates, who found their quota entirely 
inadequate to supply the demands. 

The pressure for the soil survey work has been so great from many 
districts that the limited means at our disposal and the few trained 
men available to head the field parties have made it necessary to shift 
the parties in the field more than would otherwise have been advisable. 
Foreseeing the popular demand there would be for work of this char- 
acter, I have caused a number of young men to be trained in the field 
and laboratory work, so as to be ready to meet the demands should 
Congress see fit to increase the appropriations. Since the importance 
and practical value of the work have been appreciated, and especially 
since the published reports and soil maps have appeared, the pressure 
from all parts of the country has been so great that I have asked Con- 
gress for an increase of $80,000 in the appropriation for this soil sur- 
vey work. If this be granted work will be immediately started in 
about twenty States and Territories, assigning one field party to each 
of these States for an entire field season of from six to nine months. 
Each one of these parties should survey from 600 to 1,000 square miles 
per year and prepare soil maps for the use of farmers and others 
interested in the development of our agricultural districts. 

The Department has received many letters and resolutions from 

various individuals and organized associations speaking in the highest 
terms of the practical value of the maps and reports, indorsing the 
accuracy of the work so far done, and urging in the strongest terms 
that similar work be instituted in a number of other localities. 

The reports of the field operations of the Division of Soils can not 
from the nature of things be confined to 100 printed pages, which is 
the statutory limitation imposed upon the Secretary for editions 
exceeding 1,000 copies. As the popular demand for the work is very 


XLVIIIL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


great and is increasing, and as the publication of the reports, illustra- 
tions, and soil maps is expensive, I recommend that Congress make pro- 
vision for the publication of an annual report of the field operations of 
the Division of Soils—as is now done with the Annual Report of the 
Chief of the Weather Bureau and with the Annual Report of the Chief 
of the Bureau of Animal Industry—through an amendment to the print- 
ing bill providing for the publication of 30,000 copies, 10,000 of which 
to be placed at the disposal of the Secretary of Agriculture, and 
the rest to be distributed through Senators, Representatives, and 
Delegates. 

The details of the soil-survey work, together with the physical and 
chemical investigations done in support of this, are given in the 
report of the chief of the Division of Soils. 


TOBACCO INVESTIGATIONS. 


Several years ago, as a result of the soil investigations in the Con- 
necticut Valley by this Department, a prediction was made that the 
Sumatra type of tobacco could be grown there. After some prelimi- 
nary experiments in the summer of 1899 some Sumatra tobacco was 
planted under shade in the spring of 1900, the experiments being under 
the direction of the Division of Soils cooperating with the Connecticut 
experiment station. The leaf produced has been so fine that the New 
York tobacco men say that it can not be told from the imported 
Sumatra leaf. They predict as a result of this work a complete revo- 
lution in the tobacco industry of the Connecticut Valley and the sub- 
stitution of Sumatra tobacco, as has already been done in the State of 
Florida. We import into this country, in spite of the high import 
duty of $1.85 per pound upon wrapper leaf, about 40,000 bales of 
Sumatra tobacco, which, with the duty added, costs about $15,000,000, 
of which nearly $6,000,000 are annually paid to foreign producers. It 
is believed that in a very short time we will be able to save this to pay 
our own producers. 

Experiments are now being made in the improvement of the flavor 
and aroma of the filler tobacco of Pennsylvania and Ohio. It is 
believed that with the introduction of the methods of fermentation 
now being tried in Pennsylvania that the saving in that State alone 
from case rot will amount to at least $1,000,000 annually. Further- 
more, it is reasonable to hope that the aroma and flavor of the present 
crop can be improved, which will greatly enhance the value of the 
product. 

This tobacco work has been so eminently practical and so successful 
that it has received the hearty support of the tobacco men. Not only 
the growers, but the leaf tobacco associations and the large tobacco 
dealers, are urging us to continue and toconsiderably extend the inves- 
tigations. I should like very much, in addition to the present work, 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XLIX 


to foster the interest in Texas, where I believe the Cuban type of cigar 
filler can be successfully grown, and in Porto Rico, where the methods 
are crude and where I believe a much finer product can be produced 
than is now grown. 

Business men and private corporations pay salaries from $4,000 to 
$6,000 to managers of tobacco estates, and it is not possible for the 
Department to get efficient men for much less than this sum. Such 
salaries for tobacco experts are not to be considered, however, while 
the chief of the Division, who directs and coordinates the work, has 
a statutory salary of only $2,500. Already one expert has left to 
accept service at a salary over four times as much as the Department 
was paying him. ‘The tobacco men are demanding that if the work 
be continued and extended it must be by men in whom they have thor- 
ough confidence and who are well fitted by experience to carry on the 
work. Such men can not be retained by the Department except for 
salaries commensurate with what private corporations are paying. As 
the Department is concerning itself more and more with these large 
commercial interests, in order that the work shall conform to a high 
standard and be of the greatest practical value we must pay as much 
for experienced men as they can get elsewhere. 


TOBACCO EXHIBIT AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION. 


The tobacco exhibit at Paris was one of the largest and most com- 
plete exhibits which has ever been made. It contained over 2,000 
samples, representing all the commercial types and grades of tobacco 
produced in this country, including the various export types and our 
domestic manufacturing and cigar types. Two very important points 
came out in the awards of the jury. The Florida-grown Sumatre 
tobacco was awarded 20 points of merit against 18 points for the 
tobacco submitted from the island of Sumatra, and the Florida-grown 
leaf was admittedly a thinner leaf with much more elasticity. It took 
twenty-five more leaves in the 16-inch size to make a pound of the 
domestic than of the foreign-grown leaf. This is a matter for con- 
gratulation, and will undoubtedly secure a name and a market for the 
Florida product, which, on account of the prejudice for foreign-grown 
products, it would have been difficult to secure for the Florida crop. 
The bright yellow tobacco of North Carolina was awarded the same 
number of points as the Turkish tobacco with which it came into 
competition. 

While it was admitted that the Turkish tobacco had a more desirable 
aroma, the North Carolina product, besides closely approximating this, 
has a larger leaf, which can be used for wrappers as well as for fillers 
for all tobacco cigarettes and plug. It costs much less to produce 
and is altogether more of a general-purpose tobacco, and is therefore 
more desirable. Foreign countries are appreciating this fact, and our 

AGR 1900 


IV 


L REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


exportations, especially to Great Britain and Japan, have increased 
enormously in the past few years. There is reason to believe that the 
desirable Turkish aroma may be imparted to our own product with- 
out detracting in any way from the other desirable qualities which 
it admittedly possesses. The tobacco exhibit was altogether a very 
creditable display for this country, and it is believed that it will bea 
very good thing for our commercial interests. The tobacco men 
express themselves as thoroughly satisfied with the work the Depart- 
ment has done in presenting our products at the exposition. 


DIVISION OF FORESTRY. 
GROWTH OF THE FORESTRY WORK. 


The work of the Division of Forestry continues to be thoroughly 
practical and direct. While the principal lines of effort remain 
unchanged since my last Annual Report, the work itself has taken on 
a somewhat new and larger character with its growth. During the 
past summer its total membership at the highest was about 125, and 
this large increase in numbers, which, thanks to the small pay of col- 
laborators and student assistants, does not involve a proportionate 
increase in expenditure, has necessarily been accompanied by a con- 
siderable expansion of the working organization. It may be of inter- 
est to note here that during the past two years the working force of 
this Division has increased about three times faster than its appropria- 
tions. There has been, too, a parallel gain in system and efficiency, 
and the Division of Forestry is now in a more effective condition than 
at any time inthe past. I am particularly glad to report that its rela- 
tions with practical lumbermen and tree planters were closer and more 
useful during the past year than ever before. It has done work of a 
kind which fully justifies the proposal to give it additional resources, 
and I have taken occasion in my estimates to recommend a considera- 
ble increase in the appropriation for its use. I was led to do so not 
merely by the record of the Division, but also by the enormous 
increase in the demand, both public and private, for its services in all 
parts of the United States. These demands were last year far beyond 
the power of the Division of Forestry to meet, and the appropriation 
was accordingly increased. But while the appropriation was a little 
less than doubled, the demand for working plans, the most important 
of the four sections of this Division’s work, increased during the past 
year not less than twenty-five times. 


THE DEMANDS UPON THE DIVISION. 


The insistent demand for the services of the Division of Forestry is 
the most conspicuous fact to be noted here, and the inability of the 
Forester, through lack of resources, to meet these demands is perhaps 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. LI 


the most serious of all hindrances to the progress of practical forestry 
in this country. Public interest in forest matters is just now not only 
keener and wider than at any time heretofore, but it is growing with 
a rapidity altogether without precedent. To fail to use this unequaled 
opportunity for the protection and preservation of our forests would, 
I believe, be of the nature of a real misfortune. 

Until the past year the requests which camc to this Department for 
working plans originated altogether from private sources, and they 
were, as I have said, far more numerous than the resources of the Divi- 
sion of Forestry could meet. During the past year not only have the 
requests from private owners of forest tands continued in undiminished 
number, but the work of the Division in this direction has been recog- 
nized by official requests covering enormous areas of forest land. The 
most important of these came from the Secretary of the Interior in the 
form of an application for working plans for the whole area of the 
national forest reserves. This first step toward the introduction of the 
principles of forestry on Government forest land was heartily seconded 
by this Department, and in spite of the fact that the Department of 
the Interior was unable to bear any share of the expenses, preliminary 
examinations of several reserves were undertaken, and the preparation 
of a working plan for the Black Hills Forest Reserve was begun in the 
very early spring. This working plan was pushed forward vigorously 
during the summer, completed as to field work in the late autumn, and 
will be entirely finished during the coming winter. It will give com- 
plete and explicit directions for the harvesting of the forest crop in the 
Black Hills in such a way as to perpetuate the supply of native timber, 
without which the enormous mining interests of this section must suffer 
most severely. 

The second official request came from the Forest, Fish, and Game 
Commission of New York in the form of an application for working 
plans for the whole area of the New York State Forest Preserve—about 
a million and a quarter acres in extent. Work was begun in June on 
township 40, which includes Raquette Lake, and the completed work- 
ing plan will be submitted to the commission before the close of the 
present calendar year. 

The total requests for working plans amounted, at the end of the 
last fiscal year, to 51,192,714 acres, of which about two and a half mil- 
lion acres are for private lands. It should be noted that all of the 
working plans hitherto put in operation by the Division of Forestry 
have been continued, in most cases under greatly improved circum- 
stances, and in no case with any loss of efficiency. In addition to the 
official work above noted, personal examinations were made during the 
year of 48 tracts in fourteen States, covering 878,670 acres; working 
plans were prepared for 200,000 acres, and 50,000-acres were put under 
management. 


LII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 
COOPERATIVE WORK. 


One of the largest manufacturers of agricultural machinery has 
applied for a working plan for the tract from which his timber is to 
come, and in cooperation with the Division of Forestry extensive techni- 
cal forest work has been for the first time undertaken by a lumber com- 
pany in the South. 

Practical cooperation with tree planters has been greatly extended 
during the year. Field work began in September, 1899, and from 
that time until the close of the fiscal year planting plans were made 
for 59 applicants. The work extended from New York to California, 
and from North Dakota to Texas, but it centered in the States of the 
plains, where the necessity for wood lots, wind-breaks, and shelter 
belts is very great. Studies of the natural encroachment of trees upon 
the plains were conducted in connection with the cooperative tree 
planting, and considerable numbers of public meetings have been held 
by the agents of the Division engaged in tree-planting work. Careful 
studies and measurements of the results of plantations already made 
have formed one of the most useful parts of the work of the section of 
economic tree planting, which is also engaged in a wholly unique 
investigation of the relation of forest cover to the flow of streams in 
southern California. Through the courtesy of Mr. H. B. Hedges, 
engineer of the Arrowhead Reservoir Company, observations of pre- 
cipitation, run-off, evaporation, and temperature, made with complete 
thoroughness and accuracy for a period of eight years, were placed at 
the disposal of the Division, and strong hopes are entertained of valua- 
ble results from the comparison of the run-off from various types of 
cover. This Division is, with increasing frequency, receiving applica- 
tions for planting and working plans for watersheds from which cities 
obtain their supplies. A typical instance is that of the water company 
of Johnstown, Pa., where one of the chief objects in view is to assist 
in preventing the possibility of a recurrence of the great disaster. 

Cooperation with the United States Geological Survey has continued, 
and reports were completed upon two forest reserves and the field 
work for two others was finished. In cooperation with the State geolo- 
gist of Maryland an examination and report was completed for Alle- 
gany County. <A short account of the Big Trees of California, with 
maps and illustrations, was prepared for the Senate Committee on 
Public Lands and afterwards reprinted as a bulletin, and an investiga- 
tion was made of the forest on the watershed of Rock River in northern 
Illinois, where severe cutting, coupled with excessive artificial drainage, 
has very harmfully affected the regimen of the stream. 


THE EXHIBIT AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION. 


An exhibit was prepared for the Paris Exposition, illustrating the 
relation of forests to agriculture in the United States. In addition to 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. LIII 


maps, a few remarkably fine specimens of trees, and a large number of 
photographs, the exhibit included colored transparencies of typical 
forest and agricultural lands, which are believed to be the largest ever 
made. 


STUDY OF COMMERCIAL TREES AND OTHER INVESTIGATIVE WORK. 


The studies of commercial trees, the object of which is to ascertain 
the rate of growth and production, and the other facts which are nec- 
essary for the best kind of practical forestry, were considerably 
extended during the year. Cooperation with the redwood lumbermen 
of California continued as before. The study of the Red Fir of the 
Pacific Coast was continued, and that of the Western Hemlock was 
begun. A study of the Longleaf Pine was. begun and that of the 
Loblolly Pine was practically completed. The investigation of the 
Adirondack Fir, also begun, is particularly timely, because, with the 
decrease of the supply of Spruce, Fir is used more and more largely 
in the manufacture of paper. The data collectéd in the field for Adi- 
rondack hardwoods has been worked up into tables intended particu- 
larly to assist the private owner in managing his hardwood lands. 
Studies of numerous other trees have been continued or begun. The 
investigation of forest fires spread over twenty-six States and Territo- 
ries, and many valuable results were reached. A history of forestry 
in New York and a summary of the forest laws now in operation in 
the various States are completed, and much material was gathered for 
other forest histories. An investigation upon the reliability of the 
widespread views regarding the effect of denudation upon the once 
forested lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea was begun; and in the 
series of studies of North American forests, reports on the Red Cedar, 
White Cedar, Cypress, and four commercial oaks were completed. 


OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROAD INQUIRIES. 


EFFORTS TO SECURE AND DIFFUSE INFORMATION REGARDING ROAD 
MATERIALS. 


There is much inquiry in all sections of the United States regarding 
better roads and better methods of building them. In order that the 
people might have accurate knowledge regarding road materials in our 
country, it has been deemed wise to divide the United States into four 
sections and appoint an expert agent in each of those subdivisions who 
has knowledge regarding geology and civil engineering. This has been 
done, and Mr. L. W. Page has been appointed in the Eastern States, 
Mr. J. A. Holmes in the Southern States, Mr. J. H. Stout in the prairie 
States, and Mr. James W. Abbott in the Rocky Mountain States. It 
is my intention that these experts, in connection with laying a scien- 
tific foundation for road building, shall also report regularly to this 


LIV REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


Department for publication; that they shall on occasions lecture to 
students of educational institutions in their localities, and give them 
assistance where it may be required, furthering education along these 
lines. 

It has been further arranged that these experts shall send samples 
of road material for analysis and testing along the several lines in 
which road material may be used. These tests will determine resist- 
ance to heat, moisture, and abrasion, and the cohesive qualities of the 
different materials. 

It has been further arranged that a testing machine similar to that 
used at the Johns Hopkins University shall be constructed in the 
laboratory of the Division of Chemistry and the work put in charge 
of an expert. The putting of foundation work in charge of compe- 
tent agents it is hoped will result in gaining scientific information 
upon which the people of all sections of the country may rely, and 
upon the establishment of a basis of this kind it is thought the people 
of the several States may proceed confidently to build roads most 
economically. 


INTEREST OF GOOD-ROADS PEOPLE IN SAMPLE-ROAD CONSTRUCTION. 


The organized good-roads people, representing thirty-eight States, 
resolved at their late meeting at Chicago that $150,000 should be 
appropriated to enlarge the work of this Department, so that sample 
roads could be constructed in each State and Territory. This would 
require an addition of experts and machinery to the present force. 
Should Congress in its wisdom appropriate this or any other increased 
sum, every effort will be made to expend it to the best advantage. 
It was anticipated one year ago, when money was asked and granted 
to lay scientific foundations for road construction, that more money 
would be required every year. This action of the people, sympathized 
with by this Department, indicates full appreciation of expert work 
that should have been begun sooner. 


COOPERATIVE WORK. 


The Office of Public Road Inquiries in tbis Department has been 
industrious in the last year in cooperating with people in the several 
States in the building of experimental roads, as well as with agricultural 
and other colleges and with volunteer associations that are interested 
in this line of work. 

It has not been the intention of this Department to build roads for 
the people, but rather that our Office of Public Road Inquiries should 
cooperate with the people who undertake to build roads scientifically, 
and give them such help as is possible. We find a general spirit of 
cooperation; transportation companies throughout the country offer 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. LV 


every encouragement to the work, carrying the Department’s agents 
and road machinery free, and favoring us otherwise. More States 
and Territories were visited by representatives of the Office and more 
sample roads were built last year than in any previous year. The 
work of the Office has been more in States that have not carried this 
work on to any great extent within their borders. Congress has not 
been asked for large amounts of money up to the present time. It has 
been thought wise to lay foundations by scientific means wisely and 
well, and when the superstructure is being erected and when the 
interest in the several States and Territories becomes such as to require 
more expert help, Congress will be called upon for still more liberal 
appropriations. It ismy opinion that the States and Territories should 
build their roads, but that the Federal Government should do scien- 
tific work for the whole country that all the States can not do quite 
so well for themselves. Excellent work is being done, however, in 
several of the States along this line, and one of the duties of this 
Office should be to ascertain what progress is made, along what lines 
it is being made, and according to what principles. Such informa- 
tion will then be given to the people of all the States for their instruc- 
tion and guidance. 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 
THE WORK AND SUCCESS OF THE STATIONS. 


The work of the stations during the past year has for the most part 
been along the same lines as heretofore,and in the aggregate a large 
amount of useful work has been accomplished. By their own efforts 
and with the aid of the colleges of agriculture and the State boards or 
commissioners of agriculture the stations are bringing their work home 
more closely to the farmers through publications, farmers’ institutes, 
agricultural associations, home-reading courses,and the press. It is 
becoming evident that farm practice in this country is being materially 
affected by the work of the stations, and they are more and more relied 
upon by our progressive farmers for advice and assistance. 

It is now twenty-five years since agricultural experiment stations 
were first established in this country, beginning their work under the 
auspices of the States and the agricultural colleges. For half this 
period their operations were very limited in extentand scope. When 
the Hatch Act was passed, in 1887, stations had been established in 
only fourteen States. The sudden expansion of this enterprise to 
cover the entire country, and the great increase in the scope and 
variety of the work, as well as lack of available funds, made the task 
of the development of these institutions very great and arduous. The 
successful establishment of the stations on a permanent basis in all the 
States and Territories, and the great success which on the whole has 


LVI REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


attended their work, is very remarkable. It is now generally recog- 
nized that we have in this country the most complete and efficient sys- 
tem of agricultural experiment stations which exists anywhere in the 
world. They have secured the confidence and esteem of our farmers 
to a most gratifying extent, and will enter upon the new century with 
a most promising outlook for continued and extended success. 

A quite comprehensive survey of the history and present status of the 
stations has been made by the Office of Experiment Stations during the 
past year in connection with the exhibit of the stations at the Paris 
Exposition. This is comprised in a volume of over 600 pages, with 
some 300 illustrations. Under the law only 1,000 copies of this publica- 
tion could be issued, and a large share of these were distributed to the 
representatives of foreign nations at the exposition. It would be 
well, however, if our own people could be made more thoroughly 
acquainted with the extent and success of this great enterprise on 
behalf of the vast agricultural interests of the United States, and I 
hope that Congress will make provision for another edition of this 
volume for distribution in this country. 

A considerable number of the States have continued to supplement 
the funds given to the stations by the National Government. The total 
revenues of the stations during the past year amounted to about 
$1,200,000, of which $720,000 was received from the National Govern- 
ment and about $440,000 from State governments and other local 
sources. The stations now employ nearly 700 persons in the work of 
administration and investigation, and during 1899 published 445 annual 
reports and bulletins which were distributed to more than half a 
million addresses. 

As the work of both college and station grows in extent and com- 
plexity, it becomes more apparent that in order to perform the most 
efficient service the station should be organized strictly as a separate 
department of the institution with which it is connected, and that it 
should have an organization so compact that its work may proceed in 
accordance with a schedule carefully planned and energetically adminis- 
tered. To secure this end, experience shows that it is quite desirable 
that the station should have a competent executive officer who can 
devote his time to planning and directing its operations, managing its 
general business, and representing its interests before the public. It 
is encouraging to observe that in several States during the past year 
these considerations have led to the more complete separation of the 
business of the station from the general business of the college and to 
the appointment of a director of the station as a separate officer. 


THE INSPECTION SERVICE OF THE STATIONS. 


The amount and variety of inspection service required of our exper- 
iment stations continue to grow from year to year. Beginning with 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. LVIL 


the inspection of commercial fertilizers when the stations in the East 
were first established, it now includes feeding stuffs, dairy products, 
and other foods for man, creamery glassware, insecticides, nursery 
stock, and plant and animal diseases. The problems relating to this 
service now affect the stations in all sections of the country, since there 
is no region which does not have some evil against which the agricul- 
tural public is demanding protection by inspection under State or 
national auspices. It becomes therefore of considerable importance 
to have a careful consideration of the policy of our stations regarding 
this matter. 

Soon after the establishment of the stations under the Hatch Act 
this Department ruled that the funds appropriated under this act 
could not be legitimately applied to pay the expenses of the inspection 
and control of fertilizers. The same principle holds good with refer- 
ence to other forms of inspection service demanded of the stations. 
While the methods and usefulness of inspection in any particular line 
are still problematical, it may be justifiable for a station to undertake 
this work to a limited extent, but as soon as it becomes a matter of 
routine business the State should provide funds for its maintenance. 
If it seems expedient that any part of the inspection service should be 
performed by the station under State laws and at State expense, the 
matter should be so arranged as not in any way to interfere with the 
investigations of the station. It is a great mistake to divert the time 
and energy of competent investigators to the toilsome routine work of 
inspection service. It is often supposed that because this Department 
performs such service at the same time it is carrying on a large 
amount of original investigation, that the stations should necessarily 
pursue the same course. This is by no means a correct view of the 
matter. This Department is by law organized as an administrative 
agency as well as a great scientific institution. The stations, on the 
other hand, as far as the Hatch Act is concerned, are departments of 
educational institutions, and by the terms of that act are organized 
solely to carry on investigations for the benefit of agriculture. It is 
only as they have been given other duties by State laws that they have 
properly extended their operations in other directions. 


COOPERATION OF THE STATIONS WITH THE DEPARTMENT. 


During the past year the Department, through its different Divisions, 
has inaugurated or continued cooperative enterprises with the experi- 
ment stations in nearly all the States and Territories. Among the 
subjects on which cooperative investigations are being conducted are 
the following: Tests of varieties of grasses and forage plants in many 
localities; special experiments with grasses and forage plants for the 
arid region, and the improvement of range lands; breeding experi- 


LVIITI REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


ments with plants; experiments with hybrid orange trees; the culture 
of dates, tea, and tobacco; planting of forest trees; investigations on 
the nutrition of farm animals and of man; investigations with refer- 
ence to the effect of feeding stuffs on the chemical composition and 
physical character of butter; studies of diseases of plants and animals; 
studies of alkali soils and seepage; the survey and mapping of soils; 
and irrigation investigations. 

The cooperative enterprises in which the Department and stations 
are engaged have not only increased in number but also in scope and 
variety. Besides the more formal enterprises which involve the 
expenditure of more or less money on both sides, there are many 
minor ways in which the officers of the Department and the stations 
are helping each other. The Department has thus been brought into 
much closer relations with the stations. 

The stations are becoming more alive to the advantages of such 
cooperation, and are therefore more willing to engage in it under 
proper conditions. They see in this a way to extend and make more 
efficient the investigations in which they are themselves already 
engaged, and also to undertake certain lines of work much needed in 
their respective regions, from which they have hitherto been debarred 
from lack of funds. By a more intimate association with the Depart- 
ment on terms which recognize their autonomy and local authority, 
they generally believe that greater stability may be secured for their 
operations and an increased measure of influence may be obtained with 
their own constituencies. 

Questions relating to the more efficient organization of these cooper- 
ative enterprises have engaged the attention of the officers of both the 
Department and the stations during the past year, and with the estab- 
lishment of a fixed policy regarding this work and its more thorough 
organization, it is believed that it may be greatly extended, and thereby 
the efficiency of both the Department and the stations, as organizations 
for the improvement of our agriculture, may be greatly increased. 

The policy pursued by Congress in recent years of giving this 
Department funds for special investigations to be carried on in cooper- 
ation with the stations has proved an economical means of conducting 
such investigations as are of general rather than local usefulness, and 
has already secured results of great practical value. 


EXPERIMENTS IN COOPERATION WITH FARMERS. 


The number and importance of the experiments which the stations 
are conducting in cooperation with practical farmers and horticultur- 
ists have greatly increased of late. Thousands of such experiments 
are now annually conducted in the United States. These range all the 
way from simple tests of varieties of plants to special experiments in 
the management of farm or horticultural crops, live stock, or particu- 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. LIx 


lar operations, such as tobacco curing. It is coming to be more clearly 
recognized that the field operations in agriculture or horticulture, con- 
ducted on the station farm, need to be supplemented by similar work 
in a considerable number of localities in order to be of general useful- 
ness to the State. In experiments with orchard fruits it is often better 
for the station to make arrangements to work orchards already estab- 
lished. Special investigations of different kinds must be carried on 
away from the station in order to be of any use. By going into dif- 
ferent localities, as the needs of its work demand, the station can make 
itself more useful to the State asa whole. Without doubt cooperative 
experiments need to be very carefully planned and thoroughly super- 
vised to be successfully conducted, and their success depends on their 
quality rather than on their number. It is encouraging to observe that 
more careful attention is being given to this important matter by sta- 
tion officers, and it is believed that this work may be made much more 
economical and useful than the permanent substations as ordinarily 
managed. 


AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN ALASKA. 


Having received authority from Congress to establish and maintain 
agricultural experiment stations in Alaska, as well as to investigate 
the agricultural resources and capabilities of that Territory, I have 
endeavored to put this enterprise on a more permanent basis. Head- 
quarters having been established at Sitka, as the capital of the Terri- 
tory, the construction of a building for office and laboratory purposes 
has been undertaken. The lower story of this building has been so 
far completed that it is now in use. <A few acres of land have also 
been cleared at Sitka on the station reservation. <A station has been 
established at Kenai, Cook Inlet, and during the past summer reserva- 
tions of land for station purposes have been made at several points in 
the valley of the Yukon River. The experiments thus far made have 
consisted largely in growing different varieties of cereals, forage 
plants, flax, and vegetables. Experiments in making and storing 
silage and in making hay from native grasses have been tried toa 
limited extent. The correction of the acidity of new land with lime 
has been successfully tried. Much information regarding agricultural 
conditions in different parts of Alaska has been obtained through cir- 
culars of inquiry and the visits of our agents to different localities. 
Seeds have been distributed in a number of different regions and 
reports have in many instances been received of the first trials with 
these seeds. Sufficient evidence has been obtained to show definitely 
that a considerable variety of vegetables can be successfuliy grown in 
different parts of Alaska. It has also been shown that in southeastern 
Alaska and in Cook Inlet oats, barley, buckwheat, and spring wheat 
will mature with careful culture and that the failure of many attempts 


LX REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


to grow crops in Alaska has been due to the natural acidity of the 
soil and the lack of drainage. When these difficulties are removed by 
proper treatment the land is fertile and productive. 

During the past summer Professor Georgeson, the agent in charge 
of the Alaska experiment stations, and one assistant made a journey 
in the interior and examined especially the agricultural capabilities of 
the Yukon Valley, going as far as Dawson. Under date of July 4 
Protessor Georgeson wrote as follows: 

Iam very favorably impressed with the agricultural possibilities of the country as 
far as I have seen them. While the banks of the river are generally hilly and 
in places mountainous, there are also large areas of excellent agricultural land; and 
best proof of all, they have here in the rooms of the chamber of commerce very fine 
samples of wheat, barley, and oats which were raised here at Dawson last year. The 
grain is plump and fully matured. As soon as we pass the coast range the glaciers 
and snow entirely disappear. I have not discovered a speck of snow even on the 
highest mountains in sight. Along the river the native vegetation seems vigorous, 
and in many places the slopes are covered with a profusion of flowers. Here at 
Dawson are three successful market gardens, and the town is well supplied with early 
vegetables, especially lettuce and radishes. It gets occasionally uncomfortably hot 
here. They tell me that the mercury has been up to 96° F. twice already this 
summer. 

There is evidently much misconception regarding the work which 
the Department is attempting to do in Alaska. Persons who are 
unfamiliar with the work of experiment stations have criticised our 
operations at Sitka and elsewhere because they are conducted on so 
small a scale. In this respect, however, they do not differ materially 
from similar experiments at the experiment stations generally, where 
it is the usual practice to test different varieties of plants first on small 
plats. In this way it is entirely feasible to determine in a general way 
the adaptability of a region to the growing of different kinds of plants, 
and what varieties of these plants are iikely to be most successfully 
grown. The plat tests should be supplemented by field and garden 
trials on a larger scale, and this we shall do in Alaska as soon as it is 
practicable. 

It has been said over and over again that Alaska can never become 
an agricultural country, and this is undoubtedly true in the sense in 
which the criticism is made—that is, Alaska will never become a region 
in which the soil will be generally cultivated as it is in most other 
parts of the United States, and especially in the Mississippi Valley. 
There is at present no agriculture in Alaska. Successful attempts have, 
however, been made in growing vegetables in a considerable number 
of places in different parts of the Territory, and here and there fields 
of potatoes and oats have been grown and a few head of live stock 
have been maintained. Native grasses grow abundantly over large 
areas, and here and there have been successfully utilized for hay and 
silage. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. LXI 


The problem which the Department has undertaken to work out is 
to determine whether a sufficient agriculture and horticulture can be 
developed in Alaska to form an important subsidiary industry to aid 
in the permanent development of mining, fisheries, and lumbering, 
which will undoubtedly be the leading industries of this region. If 
all the food supplies of the population engaged in these industries 
must be transported from the United States and Canada, it is evident 
that the development of Alaska will be much slower and uncertain 
than if a considerable portion of these supplies can be produced in the 
Territory. It has already been shown that the green vegetables raised 
in Alaska have been an important factor in maintaining the health of 
the mining communities. If our investigations should do nothing 
more than establish on a sound basis the growing of vegetables in lit- 
tle gardens about the cottages of miners and fishermen in Alaska, they 
will make an adequate return for the funds expended on them. But 
there is a fair prospect that they will do much more than this. There 
are large areas on the western peninsula, in Cook Inlet, and on the 
islands which are naturally adapted to the growing of live stock. The 
fact that a considerable number of domestic animals have already been 
maintained in this region would seem to show that an animal industry 
might be developed there. The Department will attempt to find out 
under what conditions this can best be done.. 

The growing of grain and other forage crops on a large scale in this 
region and in the interior is still problematical. The experiments 
which the Department has thus far conducted have been very largely 
made with reference to the determination of general agricultural pos- 
sibilities of the Territory. The growing to maturity of such plants as 
wheat and oats in any region, even in small quantities, furnishes an 
excellent indication of the climatic and soil conditions of that region 
with reference to its agricultural possibilities, for we know quite 
definitely what is required for the maturing of such plants. 

In southern Alaska, which is the only part of Alaska seen by most 
tourists, the forests cover most of the land. The natural meadows, 
which occur in considerable numbers, are usually of quite limited 
extent, and for the most part escape the notice of visitors pursuing the 
ordinary lines of travel. The clearing of land for agricuitural purposes 
in this region will necessarily be expensive, and will only be done as 
lumbering takes away the trees and increase of population makes a 
demand for agricultural products. In most respects this region does 
not differ materially from that of Puget Sound. It is probable that 
ultimately it will become the home of a considerable population, part 
of whom will engage in agriculture; the growing of such crops as oats, 
barley, potatoes, buckwheat, turnips, and other vegetables, together 
with dairying, will become important industries, and it is probable 


LXII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


that flax will be largely grown for its fiber here, as it will be in western 
Washington and Oregon. 

For a considerable period our operations will largely partake of the 
nature of an agricultural survey, to determine where agricultural 
operations may best be carried on by incoming settlers. By active 
work along the lines already marked out, it is believed that the experi- 
ment station in Alaska will prove an efficient aid in the development 
of the Territory, and will thus justify the expenditures for their main- 
tenance. Considering the fact that the mining and other industries of 
Alaska are already producing millions of dollars annually, it seems as 
if the National Government might very properly expend a reasonable 
sum in aiding the establishment of agriculture, for the sake of the 
greater permanence and more satisfactory development of these largely 
productive industries. 

That Alaska will ultimately have a considerable permanent popula- 
tion there can be but little doubt. As we have shown in previous reports, 
Finland is the country which, on the whole, furnishes the best basis of 
comparison with Alaska as regards natural conditions. Finland sup- 
ports a population of two and one-half million, and its agriculture has 
reached a high state of development. In 1895 there were produced in 
Finland 38,174,083 bushels of barley, oats, and rye, of which 1,396,200 
bushels of oats were exported. At the same time there were 300,650 
horses, 2,398,183 cattle, 1,067,384 sheep, and 197,356 hogs. During 
the period from 1891 to 1895 there were annual exportations of about 
22,750,000 pounds of butter, 400,000 pounds of cheese, and 400,000 

apilois of milk, or a value of $6,750,000 from dairy products alone 
V ery conservative estimates of the agricultural possibilities of Alaska 
indicate that agriculture may be regularly and successfully carried on 
over an area fully as large as that of Finland. 

In the development of the experiment stations in Alaska, account 
must always be taken of the vast area of the Territory, and the diffi- 
culties and expense of transportation under present conditions. These 
stations do not have the backing of educational institutions, or a large 
population interested in agriculture, as is the case elsewhere in the 
United States. All their expenses for building, equipment, and serv- 
ices must be paid from the national appropriation. For the ensuing 

fiscal year the appropriation should be at least $15,000. Heretofore a 
portion of the appropriation has been made immediately available, but 
this has proved to be an unfortunate arrangement, especially in the 
year in which the long session of Congress occurs, when the appro- 
priation act for this Department may not pass until near the end of 
the fiscal year. I would suggest, therefore, that an appropriation of 
$3,000 be made to cover the expenses from April to June, 1901, in lieu 
of the immediately available appropriation hitherto made and in addi- 
tion to an appropriation of $15,000 to cover the operations of the entire 
fiscal year of 1902. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. LXIIl 
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN HAWAII AND PORTO RICO. 


In accordance with the recommendation in my Report of 1899, Con- 
gress made an appropriation of $10,000 for the establishment and 
maintenance of an agricultural experiment station in Hawaii. In order 
to ascertain definitely the condition of the agriculture of that Terri- 
tory, Dr. W. C. Stubbs, who for many years has been the successful 
director of the three experiment stations in the State of Louisiana, was 
sent to the Hawaiian Islands, where he made a careful investigation 
with special reference to the organization and work of an experiment 
station. In his report he recommends that a station be established 
under the direct control of this Department and independent of exist- 
ing local institutions. As the station already maintained by the 

Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association will continue its work on prob- 
lems relating to the sugar industry, he recommends that the station to 
be established by this Department give its attention to other agricultural 
interests. Among the subjects which require special attention are the 
culture of fruits and vegetables, coffee growing, stock raising, dairy- 
ing, irrigation, forestry, and diseases of plants. 

For Porto Rico an appropriation of $5,000 was made to determine 
the agricultural conditions existing in that island, with special reter- 
ence to the more desirable localities for agricultural experiment. sta- 
tions, as well as the subjects on which the agricultural people of the 
island are in most immediate need of practical information, and how 
this need can be most economically and effectively supplied. Witha 
view to determining these questions, Prof. S$. A. Knapp, formerly of 
the Iowa Agricultural College, and more recently engaged in agricul- 
tural enterprises in southern Louisiana, was sent to the island. He 
found that there was urgent need of agricultural education and inves- 
tigation to promote the interests of agriculture there, and recommends 
the establishment of an experiment station in the vicinity of San Juan. 
He also urges that this station be established on a broad basis, special 
attention being given at the outset to demonstration experiments and 
the dissemination of information regarding improved methods of agri- 
culture. Among the subjects to which the station should direct its 
attention are the improvement of the culture of coffee, sugar, and 
tobacco; the encouragement of the production of food supplies for 
home consumption; the improvement of live stock; the making of 
cheese and butter; and forestry. 

As a result of these investigations, [am convinced that experiment 
stations should be established in Hawaii and Porto Rico, as in other 
parts of the United States, and that these island Territories should 
receive an annual appropriation for experiment stations equal to that 
which is given to the other Territories. This Department is prepared 
to take active measures for the establishment of these stations as soon 
as Congress has declared its policy in this matter. 


LXIV REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES. 


Owing to the disturbed political conditions existing in the Philip- 
piries, we have not deemed it wise to mnake any specific recommenda- 
tion this year for an appropriation for experiment stations in those 
islands. There is, however, no doubt that such stations will be needed 
there and should be organized just as soon as there is a reasonable pros- 
pect that their operations can be regularly and efficiently conducted. 
In considering the measures necessary for the establishment of a per- 
manent government in the Philippines the need of agencies for the 
education of the people in agricultural lines and for the investigation 
of agricultural problems should receive careful consideration. 


INVESTIGATIONS ON THE NUTRITION OF MAN. 


The investigations on the food and nutrition of man have been con- 
tinued the past year on the same lines as heretofore, including studies 
on the nutritive value and cost of different food materials in various 
parts of the United States, special investigations on the relative digesti- 
bility of different foods, and the transformation of the energy of food 
materials in the body and the use which the body makes of the energy 
so transformed. These investigations have been largely carried on as 
hitherto in cooperation with agricultural experiment stations and agri- 
cultural colleges and other educational institutions in different parts of 
the country. 

Six bulletins on these investigations have been published during the 
past year. The subject of these investigations is one that touches 
every household, as well as numerous public institutions and the Army 
and Navy. and the results obtained in them may be made of direct 
practical value. 

A demand for the extension of these investigations has arisen from 
several sources. The results of this work affect both the producers 
and the consumers of our agricultural products. There is a wide 
demand on the part of the producers for accurate information which 
will enable them to improve their products in accordance with the real 
needs of the users. Consumers, on the other hand, are seeking infor- 
mation which will enable them to secure such products as will give 
them best nourishment at a reasonable cost. The movement for the 
application of scientific knowledge to the conduct of public institutions 
and homes is gathering strength each year. Household economics is 
‘apidly taking its place among the required studies of our institutions 
of learning, and the demand for reliable information and for popular 
and technical literature on such topics is rapidly increasing. 

The investigations of this Department having now become well 
established and having proved highly successful, should be developed 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. LXV 


as the demand for them increases, and I therefore recommend that the 
appropriation for this work for the coming fiscal year be increased to 
$20,000. 

IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. 


Much progress has been made during the past year in the organization 
and development of the irrigation investigations conducted through 
the Office of Experiment Stations. 

In accordance with the terms of the appropriation act, two general 
lines of investigation have been pursued: (1) The study of the laws 
and institutions relating to irrigation in different regions and (2) the 
determination of the actual use made of irrigation waters. 

The largest single enterprise connected with these investigations has 
been in the State of California. The growing value and increasing 
scarcity of water in that State are creating imperative need of better 
laws to control the distribution of streams, and there is much public 
interest in this subject. This local interest has been shown in a most 
substantial and gratifying form by the cooperation of the California 
Water and Forest Association in our work and the contribution of 
several thousand dollars to be expended under the direction of the 
agents of the Department. The University of California and Leland 
Stanford University have also given efficient aid to this enterprise, and 
have been represented on the staff of agents employed in the prosecu- 
tion of the work. 

Eight typical streams in different parts of the State have been 
thoroughly studied with reference to the conditions under which the 
water for irrigation is owned, distributed, and used. A comprehensive 
report on these investigations is now in course of preparation. It is 
believed that this is the largest and most comprehensive inquiry regard- 
ing irrigation laws, customs, and conditions which has been undertaken 
inthis country. Similar investigations, though on a smaller scale, have 
been made in Utah, Colorado, and other States. 

The measurements of the duty of water undertaken last year have 
been extended this season, regular stations for this purpose having been 
maintained in eleven States and Territories in the irrigated region. A 
detailed report on the observations of the previous season is now in 
press, which includes a larger amount of data on this subject than has 
ever been brought together before. Studies of the losses from evap- 
oration and seepage and of the amount and character of sediment con- 
tained in irrigation waters have also been carried on in a number of 
localities. 

Interest in the use of irrigation to supplement rainfall in the humid 
regions of the United States is constantly growing. In a number of 
sections this has been greatly stimulated during the past season by 

AGR 1900 v 


LXVI REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


long-continued drought. Interesting and valuable investigations 
regarding the use of water for irrigation in New Jersey have been 
made by Professor Voorhees, director of the New Jersey agricul- 
tural experiment stations. The results of these investigations have 
recently been published, and they indicate that the practice of irriga- 
tion has been quite profitable in that State as far as it has been tried. 

Similar investigations are being undertaken in Missouri and Wis- 
consin in cooperation with the experiment stations in those States. 
A preliminary survey was also made of the conditions of irrigation 
practice in the rice fields and sugar plantations of the Southern States. 
This indicated that there is great opportunity for improvement in the 
methods and use of water in that region, and it is hoped that it may 
be possible to undertake a study of some of these problems in the near 
future. 4 

A report on the irrigation system of Hawaii is now in press. A 
popular bulletin on the practice of irrigation in connection with horti- 
culture has been issued and widely distributed. 

Although the irrigation investigations now in charge of this Depart- 
ment have been in progress too short a time to permit the publication 
of extended reports, it is believed that they have already had impor- 
tant results. As the basis for these investigations, an effort has been 
made to ascertain the actual needs of the people of the irrigated region 
as regards the investigation of irrigation problems. This has led to 
widespread discussion of this subject in agricultural and other associ- 
ations, as well as in the public press. Through the publications of 
this Department already issued and the addresses of our agents in pub- 
lic meetings in different parts of the irrigated region, the existing con- 
ditions have been described as accurately asa preliminary survey would 
permit. The lines along which investigations must proceed have also, 
been definitely pointed out. In this way the experience already 
obtained by the experiment stations, State engineers, and officers and 
experts in irrigation matters has been brought to bear on the public 
mind more effectively than heretofore. The result has been a great 
quickening of interest in this matter throughout the West, together 
with a larger and more definite realization of the importance of the 
development of our irrigation system and the intricate nature of the 
problems involved. A great desire has heen awakened to have an 
accurate and complete showing of facts, on which permanent improve- 
ment alone can be based. This has led to hearty cooperation of the 
people and local authorities in our investigations wherever they have 
been undertaken and demands for our work far beyond our ability 
to meet. 

While the earnestness with which these demands are pressed is very 
largely due to the urgent needs of localities and individual farmers and 
ditch owners for the remedying of evils affecting their immediate 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. LXVII 


interests, it isalso beginning to be seen quite clearly that the questions 
involved in this and kindred investigations have a direct bearing on 
the problems which are of national and even international importance. 
On the supply of water for irrigation and its equitable distribution, 
depends the permanent existence of civilized life in one-third the area 
covered by the forty-eight ‘States and Territories of the Union. 
Questions relating to irrigation are vital not only to agricultural, but 
also to all other interests of this vast region, and the ultimate solution 
of the problems relating to irrigation will be found not only in State 
legislation and administration, but also in the action of the National 
Government. Most of the streams used for irrigation cross State 
lines, and some of them run partly in foreign countries. 

The nation still owns large areas, the development of which will 
necessarily depend on national land laws recognizing the importance 
of extending the irrigated region as far as possible. Sooner or later 
these questions must be taken up by the United States as well as by 
the individual States and settled on a just basis and in accordance with 
actual conditions. What is needed in this matter at the present time 
above everything else is the impartial ascertaining and recording of the 
facts relating to irrigation in this country. It is this task which this 
Department has set for itself. It is believed that an efficient organiza- 
tion for the prosecution of this work has been established and that in 
this way a basis has been laid for the prosecution and extension of the 
work as rapidly as the necessary conditions of the investigations and 
the available funds will permit. 

In view of the urgent need for the extension of these investigations, 
I recommend that the appropriation for the ensuing fiscal year be 
increased from $50,000 to $75,000. 


SECTION OF FOREIGN MARKETS. 
THE PURPOSE OF THE SECTION. 


The work of this Section is directed especially to carrying out the 
provision in the appropriation act which enjoins on the Secretary of 
Agriculture to study ‘* the feasibility of extending the demands of 
foreign markets for the agricultural products of the United States.” 
In the fulfillment of this purpose every effort is made to keep the Sec- 
tion adequately equipped and to maintain its work at the highest stand- 
ard of efficiency. The question of supply and demand in foreign mar- 
kets particularly isearnestly studied, and the publications of the Section 
are directed especially to affording information on this important sub- 
ject. The records of this Section show an extraordinary development 
of the foreign demand for our agricultura! products, which, in view of 
its important effect upon prices at home, is most gratifying. 


LXVIII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 
AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS. 


While the wonderful growth attending the exportation of domestic 
manufactures has, it is true, somewhat reduced the relative proportion 
of farm products comprised in our total exports, the increase in our 
agricultural exports during the period covered by the present Admin- 
istration has nevertheless been most remarkable. 

Our total sales of domestic farm products to foreign countries dur- 
ing the four fiscal years 1897-1900 aggregated the enormous sum of 
$3,186,000,000, or close to $800,000,000 in excess of the export value 
for the preceding four-year period. In other words, we received on 
an average during 1897-1900 for products of domestic agriculture 
marketed abroad nearly $200,000,000 a year above the annual amount 
paid us for such products during 1893-1896. 

The agricultural exports of the United States for the fiscal year ended 
June 30, 1900, amounted in value to $844,000,000, exceeding all other 
records except the phenomenal one of 1898, when a valuation of 
$859,000,000 was attained. During the past four years, 1897-1900, the 
farm produce exported had an average annual value of $797,000,000, 
as compared with only $598,000,000 for the prior four-year period. 


EXPORTS TO THE ORIENT. 


One of the most striking features of our foreign trade during the 
last few years has been the rapid growth of exports to the Orient. In 
1896, five years ago, our total shipments of domestic merchandise to 
Asia and Oceania were’ valued at $43,000,000, and these exports 
included agricultural products to the value of $9,700,000. During the 
following year, 1897, the total export value rose to $62,000,000, while 
the amount received for products of the farm increased to $15,000,000. 
Each succeeding year, in like manner, has witnessed further striking 
gains, until in 1900 our export trade with the Orient exhibited an 
annual value of $107,000,000, including shipments of farm produce 
worth $30,000,000. The growth of our agricultural exports to that 
quarter of the globe—from $9,700,000 in 1896 to $30,000,000 in 1900-— 
was especially marked, showing a gain that amounted in the brief space 
of four years to over 200 per cent. 

One of the most striking examples of increase among our agricul- 
tural exports to the Orient is afforded by the great Southern staple, 
cotton. Of this product, we shipped across the Pacific in 1896 only 
38,000 bales, valued at $1,500,000, whereas our exports to the same 
destination in 1900 were nearly ten times as large, amounting to 
325,000 bales, valued at over $13,000,000. 

It is interesting to note that, with the increased shipments of the 
raw fiber, there was also a marked growth in the exports of cotton 
manufactures. During 1900 our cotton manufacturers shipped over 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. LXIxX 


$12,000,000 worth of goods to the Orient, as against only $5,500,000 
worth during 1896, five years ago. The cotton fabrics we marketed 
in the Orient during the past fiscal year formed in value more than 50 
per cent of our total exports of these goods to all destinations. 

After cotton, the principal article among our agricultural exports to 
the Orient is wheat flour. The trade in this product has been nearly 
doubled since 1896. In that year the shipments amounted to 1,211,000 
barrels, worth $3,600,000, whereas in 1900 they reached as high as 
2,378,000 barrels, worth over $7,000,000, 


MARKETS IN THE NEW DEPENDENCIES. 


During the past fiscal year the new island dependencies of the United 
States—Cuba, Porto Rico, the Hawaiian Islands, and the Philippines— 
furnished a market for more than $45,000,000 worth of our domestic 
products, manufactured and agricultural. Five years ago these same 
islands purchased from us only $13,000,000 worth of goods. In the 
four years subsequent to 1896 our export trade with the islands men- 
tioned has been more than trebled in value. 

A comparison of our total domestic exports for the years 1896 and 
1900 shows that the value increased in the case of Cuba from $7,300,000 
to $25,000,000, Porto Rico from $2,100,000 to $4,300,000, the Hawaiian 
Islands from $3,900,000 to $13,000,000, and ae Philippines from less 
than $200,000 to over $2,600,000. 

The growth of our agricultural exports to the new dependencies 
during these years was proportionately as great as that recorded for 
our total exports of domestic merchandise. During the fiscal year 
1900 we sold to the various islands over $20,000,000 worth of farm 
produce, as compared with only $6,300,000 worth during 1896. 

With Cuba our agricultural export trade in the period under con- 
sideration increased from $4,000,000 to $14,000,000, with Porto Rico 
from $1,200,000 to $2,300,000, with the Hawaiian Islands from 
$1,100,000 to $2,800,000, and with the Philippines from less than 
$23,000 to $1,700,000. 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 
GROWTH OF THE PUBLICATION WORK. 


The publication work of the Department necessarily grows step by 
step with the growth of the Department at large. The diffusion of 
useful information is obviously as important a part of the duty im- 
posed upon the Department as its acquisition. Every effort has been 
made to discriminate in the distribution of our publications so as to 
minimize the waste which is inseparable to greater or less extent from 
a system of free distribution. It is, however, a flattering tribute to 


LXX REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


the work of this Department, that in spite of the very considerable 
increase in the number of publications issued, the demand for them 
has increased ina far greater degree, so that last year, with the largest 
number of copies of all publications ever attained, aggregating consid- 
erably over 7,000,000, the refusals to applicants were at least ten times 
more numerous than six years ago, when the total number of copies 
of the Department publications aggregated barely more than half that 
number. 

It is obviously impossible to reduce the number of publications. 
These must always depend upon the work accomplished in the several 
Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices. At the same time, to reduce to any 
important extent the number of copies issued, in the face of the rapidly 
increasing demand, would sadly restrict the scope of our service to the 
farmers. 

The above facts show that one of the problems urgently calling for 
solution is that of supplying facilities for prompt diffusion of the infor- 
mation acquired as the result of the work and investigations of the sey- 
eral Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices of the Department. The general 
printing fund made available for our use was exhausted long before the 
close of the fiscal year, and many valuable publications were unfortu- 
nately delayed thereby. I have been forced to ask for an increase in 
this fund for the ensuing year. It is a question, however, whether, 
without some change in the present system of distribution, it will be 
possible to maintain a supply equal to the demand in the matter of 
Department publications. 

The report of the Department Editor shows that for the fiscal year 
1900 the number of new publications issued from the Department was 
320, against 297 for 1899. Of reprints, however, there were only 148 
in 1900, as against 306 in 1899. The total number of copies of all 
publications in 1900 was 7,152,478. 

Since the writer assumed control of the Department and up to the 
close of the fiscal year 1900, there have been issued over 1,600 different 
publications, aggregating over 21,000,000 copies. 


FARMERS’ BULLETINS. 


The Farmers’ Bulletins continue to fill a most useful purpose. 
Indeed, it would be difficult to achieve a wider diffusion of practical 
information in proportion to cost than is accomplished by these publi- 
cations. The total number of Farmers’ Bulletins issued during the 
year, including reprints, was 108, aggregating 2,360,000 copies. The 
total number of copies of these bulletins issued from the beginning 
agoregate 13,630,500. Of this enormous number, over 7,000,000 copies 
have been issued during the present Administration, and the total num- 
ber of copies distributed since the beginning through the Senators, 
Representatives, and Delegates in Congress exceeds eight and a halt 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. LXXI 


millions. At its last session, Congress showed its appreciation of this 
form of publication by a large increase in the appropriation devoted 
tothe preparation and printing of these bulletins, and providing for a 
distribution through Senators, Representatives, and Delegates of four- 
fifths of the number of copies printed in lieu of two-thirds, as heretofore. 


THE YEARBOOK. 


The Yearbook for 1899 was prepared with the express purpose of 
making a book especially adapted to circulation in the last year of 
the century, and contains a review, by each officer of the Department 
having charge of a special line of work, of the development of and 
practical results obtained in the line of scientific investigation with 
which he is connected. Like its predecessors, this book has, I am 
glad to say, been received with marked favor. 

The coincidence of the Paris Exposition with the year of issue of a 
Yearbook specially devoted to reviewing the progress of agricultural 
science and enterprise during the past century was sufficiently inter- 
esting to induce Congress to authorize the issue of a special edition of 
the work, mainly for distribution abroad, to be known as the Paris 
Exposition edition, and to be printed on extra paper, with special bind - 
ing. This part of the work was admirably carried out by the Public 
Printer, and the result is a souvenir volume of a most appropriate and 
attractive character, very highly appreciated by the distinguished per- 
sons by whom it is received, and conveying at the same time a worthy 
tribute to the great industrial exposition held in the last year of the 
century in the French capital. 


WORK INVOLVED IN DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS. 


The report of the Department Editor lays special stress upon the 
very large amount of work devolving upon himself and his assistants 
and the clerks and laborers employed in the distribution of publica- 
tions. It appears that the total number of replies to communications 
received in the Division of Publications exceeded 290,000 during the 
year. Nine thousand of these replies were in the form of written let- 
ters, the others consisting of partially printed blanks, postal cards, 
and circulars. In addition to these,some 9,000 letters were written in 
the main office of the Division, making a total of 300,000 separate 
communications prepared, addressed, and mailed in that Division dur- 
ing the year. In the same period there were, moreover, 3,340,349 names 
and addresses written, covering the folding and dispatch of more than 
6,300,000 separate documents. The keeping of registers of all publi- 
cations, save circulars, and 391 separate ledger accounts for Farmers’ 
Bulletins with Senators, Representatives, and Delegates adds very 
much to the clerical and bookkeeping work of the Division, which 


LXXII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


involves also the keeping of accounts covering three several funds, 
aggregating over $180,000, besides separate accounts of publication 
and illustration expenditures with each Bureau, Division, and Office of 
the Department. 


NEED OF MORE SUITABLE ACCOMMODATIONS. 


Much stress is also, and very justly, laid in the report under consid- 
eration upon the sadly inadequate and unsuitable accommodations 
provided for the work of this Division, a condition which it is, I regret to 
say, under existing circumstances entirely out of my power to remedy. 
The condition of affairs in the Division of Publications simply affords 
one additional argument as to the urgent necessity of new and enlarged 
accommodations for the Department of Agriculture. 


THE LIBRARY. 
GROWTH OF THE LIBRARY. 


Additions to the Library during the past year have numbered about 
5,000 volumes. A larger proportion of the additions has come by 
way of exchange than ever before, owing to arrangements for exchange 
made by the Librarian as a result of a personal visit to various points 
in Europe. These arrangements have a salutary effect in bringing to 
the attention of scientific bodies in other countries the numerous valu- 
able scientific publications of the Department, adding prestige to the 
Department as a whole and to its scientific workers in particular. 


CARD INDEX. 


Cards have been issued containing entries of all articles in the Year- 
books and Farmers’ Bulletins issued by the Department; these have 
been printed and distributed to nearly 4,000 libraries, thus assisting 
in the efforts to make these publications more available to readers. 


CARD CATALOGUE. 


The additions to the card catalogue have been so great that it is prob- 
able that it will be in shape to be printed within a year or two. Such 
a catalogue, if printed, would be of the greatest use to workers in 
agricultural experimentation wherever located. 


DIVISION OF STATISTICS. 


In view of the near approach of the time when the reports of the 
census will render possible that broadening of the scope of the 
statistical work of this Department, which is so much to be desired 
but which could not be undertaken with advantage during the closing 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. LXXIII 


years of an intercensal period, the efforts of the Statistician have been 
mainly directed to strengthening and otherwise improving the Depart- 
ment’s several crop-reporting agencies. The most important step that 
has been taken to this end has been the appointment of two statistical 
fieldagents, who are devoting their entire time to a progressive and sys- 
tematic visitation of the principal centers of the agricultural industry. 

While the Statistician makes the gratifying statement that the reports 
received from the Department’s regular correspondents were never 
before so numerous, so complete, so regular, or so prompt, he attributes 
that greater accuracy of his reports, which has been so ungrudgingly 
acknowledged by the commercial press of the country, largely to the 
work of these traveling agents, who have not only made personal 
investigations from time to time, but have brought the Statistician 
into closer touch with the State statistical agents and other principal 
correspondents. 

That broadening of the scope of the statistical work of the Depart- 
ment which will immediately follow the publication of the census 
reports will involve an increased expenditure, either in the payment 
of some small sum to correspondents, who can not reasonably be called 
upon to do more than they are now doing without compensation, or 
in an increase to the clerical force of the Division, rendered necessary 
by an increase in the number of correspondents and a redistribution 
among them of the different classes of products reported upon. 

Great efforts have also been made to add to the completeness and relia- 
bility of the statistics of foreign crops. Arrangements have been made 
with the Hungarian Minister of Agriculture for an exchange of sum- 
marized crop reports by cable; a similar arrangement is in course of 
negotiation with the Government of Germany, and it is expected that 
all the principal grain-producing countries of the world will become 
parties to like arrangements before the crop season of 1901 is far 
advanced. 

The Statistician urges that advantage should be taken of the recent 
farm-to-farm visitation in Hawaii and Porto Rico, and the collection 
of certain agricultural statistics, to extend to those islands the regular 
statistical work of this Department, such a statistical basis as is fur- 
nished by the census being indispensable to any proper system of 
crop reporting. ; 


SEED DIVISION. 


It appears from the report of the Assistant Secretary on the pur- 
chase and distribution of seeds, that of the total appropriation for this 
purpose of $130,000 there has been expended during the fiscal year 
$127,654, of which $24,293.73 was for salaries of employees engaged 
in seed distribution and $20,000 was devoted as provided by Congress 
for the purchase of rare and valuable foreign seeds and plants dis- 


LXXIV REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


tributed through the agency of the Section of Seed and Plant Intro- 
duction, and which have already been covered in the present Report. 

The records of the Seed Division show that apart from $2,120.91 
expended for miscellaneous seeds and $1,663 for vegetable and field 
seeds distributed to sufferers by flood in Texas, there were purchased 
14,738,968 packets of seeds of all sorts, of which 13,531,469 were dis- 
tributed to Senators, Representatives, and Delegates in Congress, an 
excess over the two-thirds reserved by law for Members of Congress 
of 3,705,490 packets. 


DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 


The appropriation made by Congress for the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, was 
$3,006,022. This appropriation exceeded the amount appropriated 
for 1899 by $176,320. The usual sum of $720,000 was also appropri- 
ated for equal division among the forty-eight agricultural experiment 
stations of the country. 

The expenditures and liabilities incurred during the year in connec- 
tion with the first-named amount were about $2,975,000. 

The unexpended balances of the appropriations for the fiscal year 
1898, amounting to $42,391.42, were covered into the Treasury June 
30, 1900. During the year $4,440 was paid for rental for leased build- 
ings in Washington, D. C. 


THE PARIS EXPOSITION AWARDS. 


The final official list of the American awards at the Paris Exposition 
has not yet reached me; but the preliminary reports forwarded by 
the Department’s representatives at the exposition show that in the 
department of agriculture, horticulture, and food products the awards 
to United States exhibitors numbered 490. In group 7, agriculture, 
the awards were 28 grand prizes, 93 gold medals, 100 silver medals, 
49 bronze medals, and 4 honorable mentions. In group 8, horticul- 
ture, awards on permanent exhibits were 1 grand prize, 4 gold medals, 
18 silver medals, 7 bronze medals, and 6 honorable mentions. Exhib- 
itors of perishable horticultural products from the United States, in 
the several temporary competitions in horticulture, were awarded 5 
grand prizes, 80 gold medals, 63 silver medals, 17 bronze medals, and 
10 honorable mentions. These temporary competitions were held at 
intervals of two or three weeks throughout the season. The United 
States was the only country which maintained a continuous exhibit of 
fresh fruits throughout the exposition. In group 10, food products, 
the awards were 7 grand prizes, 41 gold medals, 57 silver medals, 54 
bronze medals, and 21 honorable mentions. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. LXXV 


Of these awards, 14 grand prizes, 7 gold medals, and 7 silver medals 
were awarded to the United States Department of Agriculture, 1 grand 
prize, 12 gold medals, and 4 silver medals to the State experiment sta- 
tions, and a grand prize to the Association of Agricultural Colleges 
and Experiment Stations. 

One grand prize was awarded to the Government of the United 
States, 1 to the Secretary of Agriculture, 4 to the Bureau of Animal 
Industry, 1 to the Bureau of Animal Industry and Weather Bureau, 
and 1 each to the Divisions of Agrostology, Chemistry, Entomology, 
Pomology, Statistics, Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, and Office 
of Experiment Stations. Gold medals were awarded as follows: Sec- 
retary of Agriculture, 2; Weather Bureau, 2; Division of Agrostology, 
Office of Experiment Stations, and the Director of Agriculture, 1 each. 
The Bureau of Animal Industry received 2 silver medals, and the Divi- 
sions of Soils, Entomology, Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, and 
the Office of Experiment Stations 1 each. United States exhibitors 
were awarded 7 grand prizes, 50 gold medals, 70 silver medals, and 6 
honorable mentions for exhibits of dairy products, of which 4 grand 
prizes and 2 silver medals were to the dairy division of the Bureau of 
Animal Industry. 

In the department of forestry a gold medal and silver medal were 
also awarded to the Secretary of Agriculture. 

Tobacco was not included in any of the above groups, but in this, 
as in every other branch of the Department’s exhibit, recognition by 
the jury of awards was most satisfactory. The share of premiums 
awarded to our American tobacco exhibit included the grand prize, 
9 gold medals, 5 silver medals, and many honorable mentions. 


AFFILIATION OF ALLIED LINES OF WORK. 


The development of the Department during the last few years has 
been rapid, and a study of the conditions existing therein leads me to 
believe that the time is at hand for a movement toward bringing 
together the related lines of work. It is fully recognized and appre- 
ciated, however, that whatever is accomplished in this direction must 
come through the harmonious action of all concerned and a full con- 
viction that the opportunities for broader lines of work will be 
increased. In the past the tendency has been to segregate the work 
to such an extent as to make it difficult to bring about close cooperation 
along the broadest lines possible. There can scarcely be any doubt at 
this time that the best interests of the entire Department would be 
subserved by aggregation rather than segregation, but all advances 
along this line must be made in such a way as to give the broadest 
opportunity for the development of each Division without in any way 
interfering with its integrity or organization. 


LXXVI REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


The future success of the Department will depend in large measure 
on each man being made to feel a personal responsibility as to the 
details of his work, and at the same time that he must lend his full 
support to matters of general policy which concern the Division of 
which he is a member and the Department as a whole. The broader 
plan, and one which it seems perfectly feasible to carry out, has for 
its object the arrangement of the work in such a close cooperative way 
as to bring the strongest support from every Division interested. 
Aside from the mere question of close cooperation and the possibility 
of undertaking many problems not feasible under the present plan 
existing in the Department, the intimate relation of the various allied 
groups will bring the investigators into more sympathetic union. Such 
a union can not help being advantageous to all concerned, and if recog- 
nized in the proper spirit, will go far toward advancing the best inter- 
ests of the Department. 

With a view of putting into practical operation a plan based on the 
principles outlined, four Divisions of the Department, closely allied 
by the nature of their work, have become affiliated and have perfected 
arrangements for a close cooperation and union along the lines set 
forth. To this association I have given the name of Office of Plant 
Industry. 


NEED OF LABORATORY BUILDINGS. 


In my last Report an urgent request was made for new laboratory 
buildings. It was pointed out that the Department was conducting 
practically all of its important laboratory work in rented buildings, 
wholly inadequate for the purpose. It was further pointed out that 
the rent and other expenses connected with these buildings cost about 
$10,000 a year, and that a large part of this sum would be saved if 
proper buildings were provided. Plans were prepared and estimates 
obtained showing that the cost of a new fireproof structure, suitable 
for the Department’s needs, would approximate $200,000, and a clause 
asking for this amount was submitted in my estimates to Congress. 
The item was approved by the Committee on Agriculture and was 
reported to the House, but was ruled out on a point of order. . 

I have again submitted estimates for a building costing not less than 
$200,000, and repeat my recommendation that this amount be’ appro- 
priated. The very basis of the future growth and prosperity of our 
agricultural interests will depend upon what science is able to 
accomplish in the way of discovering principles and applying these 
principles in a practical manner. It seems fitting, therefore, that the 
very best facilities be furnished for this important and far-reaching 
work. As regards suitable laboratory buildings, the Department is 
far behind many State institutions, and it is earnestly hoped that this 
difficulty may be overcome in the near future. 


- REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. LXXVII 


DIFFICULTY OF RETAINING EXPERT ASSISTANTS. 


One of the problems which the head of this Department is compelled 
to deal with in every year of his administration is that occasioned by 
the difficulty of retaining in the Department service some of the most 
capable and efficient of its workers. It is true that the facilities for 
scientific investigation on an extensive scale are a great attraction to 
scientific men, and not a few of them in consequence continue in our 
service in spite of tempting offers from other sources. Nevertheless, 
in many cases it has proved impossible to retain some of our most 
useful men, and almost every year I am called upon to record the loss 
of one or more of our scientific staff, owing to my inability to give him 
a salary at all equal to that which is offered him elsewhere. It some- 
times becomes necessary to engage assistance in the conduct of some 
of our important investigations at a rate of remuneration in excess of 
that paid to those under whose supervision they are to work and to 
whose initiative the investigation is due. 

This year already three valuable workers have been lost to the 
Department, one having gone into the service of a foreign government 
and two others attracted by educational institutions. The difficulties 
attending the successful prosecution of our tobacco work for similar 
reasons have already been spoken of. The only remedy is for Con- 
gress to put it in my power to exercise a wider discretion in the matter 
of salaries to those intrusted with responsible positions in this Depart- 
ment—positions calling not only for scientific attainments, but for 
administrative ability, energy, good sense, and a wide knowledge of 
the economics of agriculture. 


EXPERIMENTAL FARM AT ARLINGTON. 


Congress at its last session authorized this Department to take charge 
of part of the Arlington grounds lying east of the Georgetown and 
Alexandria road. These grounds are susceptible of being made _ pro- 
ductive and very attractive, but at the present time require grubbing, 
draining, surfacing, and fertilizing. This work is being vigorously 
pushed; drain tile will be laid during the coming year; $10,000 should 
be appropriated to carry on the work. 


SILK CULTURE. 


The United States paid $32,479,620 in 1899 for raw silk, and 
$45,329,760 in 1900. This article is the product of the cheapest labor 
of foreign countries. We are demonstrating that tea can be grown 
probably in the Southern States, and that it can be gathered by colored 
children, whose parents are pleased with the additions these earnings 


LXXVIII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


make to the family income. This class of labor can pick mulberry 
leaves and feed silk worms. Industrious families in the State of Utah 
have for some years given much attention to this industry, and have 
skill that could be utilized in giving instruction in other States. 

I respectfully suggest that $10,000 be appropriated by Congress to 
set research on foot regarding the production of silk, to the end that 
the money now paid to foreign labor be distributed at home. It is a 
question of utilizing labor which can not be employed in the more 
vigorous undertakings. 

Respectfully submitted. 

JAMES WILSON, 
Secretary. 
Wasuineton, D. C., November 24, 1900. 


DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


ANE TG at 


REPORT OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY UPON THE PURCHASE 
AND DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS. 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY, 
Washington, D. C., November 20, 1900. 

Str: I have the honor to submit the following report on the pur- 
chase and distribution of seeds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900. 

Congress appropriated $130,000 for the ‘‘ purchase and distribution 
of valuable seeds.” 

The total expenditures under this appropriation were $127,654, of 
which $24,293.73 was expended for salaries of employees engaged in 
seed distribution. Of the sum expended in the purchase of seed, 
$20,000 was devoted, as provided by Congress, for the purchase of 
rare and valuable foreign seeds and plants, distributed through the 
agency of the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction, Division of 
Botany, mainly in cooperation with the State experiment stations. 

The sum remaining unexpended, and amounting to $2,345.99, may 
be somewhat reduced, as there are a few unimportant vouchers still 
outstanding. 

I subjoin a report from Capt. R. J. Whittleton, chief of the Seed 
Division, which gives particulars of the Congressional distribution. 
From this report it appears that besides miscellaneous seeds, costing 
$2,120.91, and vegetable and field seeds, amounting to $1,663, dis- 
tributed to Texas flood sufferers, 14,758,968 packets of seeds were 
distributed through the Seed Division, of which 13,551,469 were dis- 
tributed to Senators, Representatives, and Delegates in Congress— 
an excess over the two-thirds reserved by law for Members of Congress 
of 3,705,490 packets. 


CONGRESSIONAL DISTRIBUTION. 


The following is the report of Captain Whittleton, chief of the Seed 
Division, on the Congressional distribution: 


U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
SEED DIVISION, 
Washington, D. C., August 31, 1900. 

Str: In compliance with a circular letter dated June 27, 1899, I 
have the honor to submit the following report of the seed distribution 
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900: 

The records of this Division show the aggregate of seeds furnished 
under the contract awarded to Mr. Charles Parker to have been 

3 


4 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


14,238,968 packets. In addition to this contract, an open order for 
500, 000 extra packets of vegetable seeds was subsequently given to 
Mr. Parker, making an aggregate of 14,738,968, which were “allotted 
and distributed as follows: 
Senators, Representatives, and Delegates in Congress, 15,531,469 
packets of ‘vegetable, flower, and field seeds. 
Correspondents of the Division of Statistics, 709,765 packets of 
vegetable and flower seeds. 
The United States Weather Bureau, 67,485 packets of vegetable 
seeds. ; 
Masters and secretaries of State granges, 25,580 packets of vege- 
table and field seeds. 
Miscellaneous, 404,669 packets of vegetable, flower, and field seeds. 
In addition to the foregoing, there were distributed under the super- 
vision of this Division, “during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, 
various seeds, of w hich vy eg etable and field seeds costing $1, 663 were 
sent to Texas flood sufferers. Seeds of grasses, legumes, ete., costing 
$823.06, were distributed for the Agrostologist. 
The distribution was begun about January 1, 1900, and closed on 
or about May 15, 1900. 
Respectfully, R. J. WHITTLETON, 
Chief of the Seed Division. 
Hon. J. H. BRIGHAM, 
Assistant Secretary. 


INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOREIGN SEEDS. 


From the notes furnished by Mr. Jared G. Smith, assistant in charge 
of the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction, Division of Botany, it 
appears that 1,878 different species and varieties of economic plants 
have been received in the Section during the year. In most cases the 
quantities secured were very small, and their distribution was limited 
to the State experiment stations and to a few private experimenters. 
Some very valuable reports have been received in regard to the tests 
of various importations made during the previous years. To secure 
an intelligent distribution, inventories or catalogues were issued con- 
taining special information procured by the explorers regarding the 
origin, nature, value, and methods of cultivation of the new crops. 

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, four agricultural explor- 
ers visited foreign countries for the Section. Mr. Walter T. Swingle, 
who explored Algeria and other portions of Northern Africa, secured 
an extensive collection of the best varieties of date palms. About 500 
trees were successfully transported to the United States and at once 
forwarded to Arizona. A date orchard has been established on land _ 
controlled by the Arizona experiment station under an arrangement 
by which the Secretary of Agriculture has been given a ten years’ 
lease; and half the suckers produced by the trees are to be at the 
disposal of the Secretary, the balance being reserved for the use 
of the station. The successful establishment of the date-palm indus- 
try in the Salt River Valley of Arizona will not only result ulti- 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 5 


mately in a substantial decrease in the imports of this fruit, but will 
doubtless augment the demand, because of the superiority of the fresh 
over the dried product. Many of the trees introduced represent 
varieties which are sold only in the fresh state, and which therefore 
never reach the American market. Besides the date palms, Mr. 
Swingle secured a number of valuable seeds and plants especially 
adapted to cultivation in the arid Southwest. 

Through the services of Lieut. A. P. Hayne, of the California Heavy 
Artillery, assisted by Mr. Jeremiah Rebmann, private, Company B, 
First Nebraska Volunteers, a considerable collection of seeds of the 
native and cultivated plants in the environs of Manila has been 
secured. These seeds will be specially valuable to the residents of 
Porto Rico and the Territory of Hawaii. 

Mr. M. G. Kains visited the Bermuda Islands to investigate the 
possibility of suecessfully introducing into this country the cultivation 
of the Bermuda lily and other bulbs. 

Through the generosity of Hon. Barbour Lathrop, of Chicago, the 
Department of Agriculture has been made the recipient of a large 
collection of seeds and plants from the West Indies, South America, 
Europe, Asia, and the East Indies, the result of an exploring expedi- 
tion which lasted from December, 1898, to September, 1900. He was 
accompanied by Mr. D. G. Fairchild, formerly special agent in charge 
of this Section. This expedition procured over 450 separate items of 
seeds and plants. A vast fund of information was also secured for 
the Department concerning the most desirable commercial products 
of the countries visited, the introduction of which would be benefi- 
cial commercially to the farmers of the United States. Some of the 
many importations of seeds and plants made through the efforts of 
Mr. Lathrop have already proved to be of decided value to the farm- 
ers of the United States. The warm thanks of the Department are 
due to this public-spirited citizen. 

About 100,000 pounds of imported and domestic seeds, together with 
large numbers of cuttings, scions, and plants, were distributed 
through this office. One of the most promising importations of the 
year has been the Jannovitch cotton, secured in Egypt by Messrs. 
Lathrop and Fairchild. About 2,000 pounds of seed have been placed 
among some 1,100 experimenters in the cotton States. The plants 
are more resistant to diseases than either the sea-island or the upland 
varieties. As Egyptian cotton does not compete with either of the 
latter, the suecessful establishment of this crop in any portion of the 
United States would mean an increase in the total market value of 
the cotton crop. The Jannovitch does not seem to be as productive as 
the best American cottons, but this defect may be remedied by selee- 
tion. 

A large number of seeds and plants have been imported for cooper- 
ative experiments conducted by the various Divisions of the Depart- 


> 


6 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


ment, including grasses and forage plants, cereals, table grapes, 
tobacecos, cotton and other fiber plants, and sugar-beet seed. 

The purchase and distribution of sugar-beet seed was directed by 
the Chemist, but was actually carried out through the Section of Seed 
and Plant Introduction. 

The weight of sugar-beet seed purchased was as follows: Vilmo- 
rin’s ‘‘ White Improved,” 8,800 pounds; Strande’s ‘‘ Zehringen,” 8,800 
pounds; Dippe’s ‘‘ Kleinwanzlebener,” 8,800 pounds; Mrozinski’s 
‘¢Kleinwanzlebener,” 11,000 pounds; the total weight of the seed 
amounting to 37,400 pounds. About one-fifth of this seed was dis- 
tributed among the State experiment stations, and the remainder to 
individuals and associations, either at the request of Members of 
Congress or on direct application. As in previous years, the best 
results from the experiments were obtained through the distribution 
of seed by the experiment stations and by the associations formed for 
the purpose. In general the seeds sent to individuals on direct 
application to the Department did not yield satisfactory results, 
because of the lack of competent supervision of the experiment. The 
largest quantities of this seed were sent tothe States of Ohio, Indiana, 
Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska. In addition to the sugar-beet seed, a 
Congressional distribution was made of the Khiva winter musk- 
melon, seed of which was grown for the Department in Utah during 
the season of 1899. Ten tons of Kiushu rice, grown in Louisiana 
during the season of 1899 from seed imported direct from Japan in 
1898, were placed at the disposal of the Senators and Representatives 
in the rice-growing States, from North Carolina to Texas. Four hun- 
dred and fifty bushels of seed of the Colman, Collier, Edgar, Folger’s, 
and Amber sorghums, grown for the Department in Kansas under 
the direction of Dr. H. W. Wiley, chief of the Division of Chemistry, 
were also placed at the disposal of Members of Congress. These 
varieties have been selected and improved for a number of years to 
increase their sucrose content, thus making them of special value 
to farmers in the manufacture of sorghum sirup. 

Respectfully, 
J. H. BRIGHAM, 
Assistant Secretary. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE WEATHER BUREAU. 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
WEATHER BUREAU, 
Washington, D. C., August 28, 1900. 
Str: I have the honor to submit a report of the operations of the 
Weather Bureau during the fiscal year that ended June 50, 1900, 
Respectfully, 
WILLIS L. MOORE, 
Chief of Weather Bureau. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR. 


FORECASTS. 


The first and most important duty of the Weather bureau, Viz, the 
forecasting of severe storms, tropical hurricanes, cold waves, and 
frosts, has received careful attention during the year. The extension 
of the system of observing stations over the West Indies and the 
Caribbean Sea in 1898, and by cooperation with Mexico over the latter 
country in 1899, very greatly increased the field of observation and 
enabled the Bureau to herald the approach of all dangerous tropical 
storms. The approach and movement of cold waves and the occur- 
rence of killing frosts and heavy snows within the bounds of the 
United States were also accurately forecast. 

No effort has been spared to improve and strengthen the forecast 
service wherever and whenever opportunity presented itself. Our 
latest effort has been directed toward a more speedy collection of 
telegraphic and cable reports from the Republic of Mexico and the 
West Indies. The outlook for obtaining telegraphic advices from 
these far-off regions within an hour and a half after the observations 
are made is promising. i 

An observing station was established at Turks Island, latitude 21° 
21’ N., longitude 71° 7’ W., during the latter part of June, 1900, and 
regular meteorological observations were begun July 1, 1900. The 
station at Turks island was needed to complete the chain of stations 
extending from the Lesser Antilles northwestward to Bermuda and 
the southeastern coast of the United States. 


NORTH ATLANTIC FORECASTS. 


The most important innovation by the Weather Bureau in the near 
future will be the beginning of special storm forecasts for the North 
Atlantic Ocean, a step made possible by the use of reports now received 

7 


5 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


from the West Indies, the Bahamas, Bermuda, and those to be received 
from the Azores, Portugal, France, and Great Britain when the cable 
system connecting Lisbon, the Azores, and New York City shall be 
completed. The transoceanic and coastwise commerce of all nations 
will doubtless receive as much benefit from this important extension 
of the weather service as the commerce of the Caribbean Sea, the 
Gulf of Mexico, and our South Atlantic States has received as a result 
of the action of the United States in extending its meteorological 
reporting stations over all the important islands of the West Indies. 

Whenever possible a forecast will be made of wind force and wind 
direction for the first three days of the route of all outgoing steamers, 
and for an equal period for such as place themselves in communiéa- 
tion with the Bureau before leaving European ports. We view with 
much satisfaction the consummation of an object so long sought, both 
by the meteorologist and the mariner. 

This extension of the forecast service is an inevitable outcome of 
that study of the meteorology of the whole Northern Hemisphere 
which was inaugurated by the Weather Bureau in 1873. 

The Bureau has arranged to send by the new cable daily messages 
containing observations from the eastern part of the United States to 
Capt. F. A. Chaves, director of the meteorological observatory at St. 
Michaels, Azores, thereby enabling him to issue storm warnings for 
his vicinity. 

Eastward of the meridian of Bermuda, the Bureau is especially 
interested in obtaining all possible knowledge of the conditions of the 
so-called North Atlantic area of high pressure, which extends from 
the Atlantic coast eastward to the coast of Africa and southern Europe. 
It is believed that the development of and the paths taken by West 
Indian hurricanes, the intensity and duration of hot waves, and to 
some extent the movement of cold waves, depend upon this great area 
of high pressure, which covers a region larger than the United States. 


HURRICANES, 


In view of the importance of the forecast work of the Bureau, and 
as a matter of record, I append an extract from the report of the 
official in charge of the forecast division, which gives in some detail 
a history of each hurricane that occurred during the year, with copies 
of a few statements from persons not connected with the Bureau 
regarding the efficiency of the storm-warning service: 


The most destructive storm of the year appeared east of the Island of Martinique 
on the morning of August 7, 1899, and moved thence north of west to Porto Rico 
by the morning of the 8th, devastating the more southern of the Leeward Islands 
of the Lesser Antilles during the afternoon and night of the 7th, and causing the 
loss of hundreds of human lives and the destruction of millions of dollars’ worth 
of property in Porto Rico on the 8th. Continuing a north of west course, the 
storm crossed the northern portion of Santo Domingo during the night of the 8th, 
caused a considerable loss of life and property in the Bahama Islands during the 
11th and 12th, and from the 13th to the 17th skirted the South Atlantic coast of 
the United States, attended by gales of almost unprecedented severity on the 
North Carolina coast. 

From the time this hurricane appeared within the region of observation until it 
disappeared off the Virginia coast, accurate advices regarding its character and 
course were telegraphed along the line of its advance and preceded its arrival by 
periods which varied in length from a few hours in the Leeward Islands to thirty- 
six and forty-eight hours along the South Atlantic coast. 

The following reports from points along the path of the storm contain data 
regarding its character and effects and indicate the action taken by the Weather 
Bureau to disseminate warnings of its approach. 


WEATHER BUREAU. 9 


The following communications were received by Mr. W. H. Alexander, 
observer, Weather Bureau, St. Kitts, West Indies: 


Sr. CHRISTOPHER, NEVIS, ADMINISTRATOR'S OFFICE, 
St. Kitts, West Indies, August 12, 1899. 


I beg to tender on behalf of the Government, and the public generally, sincere thanks for the 
information and timely warning afforded by you as to the approach of the late destructive 
hurricane, whereby this island was, no doubt, saved from more serious damage. 

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, 
(Signed) F. S. WIGLEY, 
Acting Administrator. 


CONSULAR SERVICE, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
‘ St. Kitts, West Indies, August 19, 1899. 

I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to you for the service rendered by you 
on the 7th instant, and I have no hesitation in stating that the prompt and efficient manner in 
which you gave notice of the approaching cyclone was of the greatest benefit to this island, and 
was much appreciated by its inhabitants. 

Lam, dear sir, yours truly, 
(Signed) EMILE S. DELISLE, 
United States Vice Com. Agent. 


‘ COLONIAL BANK, 
St. Kitts, West Indies, August 15, 1899. 


The warnings and information given by you prior to and during the hurricane of the 7th 
instant have proved very valuable and of the greatest use to the inhabitants of this island, and 
must have been of similar value to some of the islands northwest of us, and the usefulness of 
the Weather Bureau must be considered as fully established. 

Yours, truly, U. U. GEDDEs, 
Manager. 


WEsT LODGE, 
St. Kitts, West Indies, August 10, 1899. 


Allow me to thank you for your courtesy on Monday the 7th instant, when I called at your 
office, and to express my appreciation of the timely warning you gave of the cyclone then 
approaching us, which was of great value to the people of this island, as they were able to make 
every possible preparation before the storm reached us 

Tam, yours, respectfully, F. W. DEATON. 


The benefits derived in Porto Rico, the next island in the path of the hurricane 
which possessed facilities for receiving and distributing storm warnings, are indi- 
cated in the following extracts from a report made by R. M. Geddings, observer, 
Weather Bureau, San Juan, Porto Rico: 


Immediately upon the receipt of the hurricane warning on the 7th, hurricane warnings were 
ordered at Arecibo, Aguadilla, Mayaguez, Ponce, Arroya, Humacao, and Fajardo. The flags 
were displayed from the Weather Bureau office flagpole, and also from the signal staff on Fort 
Cristobal, the same pole from which all marine signals are displayed at this port. Assoon as 
they were hoisted vessels began to move to a safe anchorage, and the warning was the means of 
saving many of them. 

Reports from Ponce to date (August 16) show that nearly 500 bodies have been recovered, and 
it is thought that there are many vet to be found. In Humacao60 persons were killed, and from 
every side come reports of tremendous loss of life and property. 

The Bureau has been much complimented on its service here. The warnings were the means 
of saving much life and property. At Mayaguez the authorities and all masters of vessels in 
port were notified, and a number of vessels which were about to sail remained in port. The 
Weather Bureau displayman at Aguadilla reports that the timely advice wasvery valuable. At 
Ponce the hurricane warning order sent at lla. m. of the 7th came to hand on Playa of Ponce 
at 5 p.m. It was immediately posted in the most public place, and numerous persons were 
advised thereof. The owners of boats, lighters, etc., availed themselves of the warning and 
placed their craft out of danger, and many persons placed their families out of harm’s way. 
The warning flags were kept flying until flood and heavy breakers washed the pole down. 
Immediately upon the display of the warnings at Arroya all vessels were placed in supposed 
safety. Owing to the timely warnings no lives were lost among the shipping at Arroya. At 
Arecibo the authorities were notified and the warnings were spread as much as possible among 
the people. The flood of the three rivers which, by a common mouth, empty into the sea near 
Arecibo, was such an enormous one that old people have no recollection of anything equa! to it, 
and the loss of life and property from the flood was enormous. At Fajardo the warnings pre- 
vented damage of importance, as word was immediately sent to plantations and shipping to pre- 
pare for anemergency. At Humacao the warning was well justified. A tidal wave destroyed 
almost all the houses in the port, and the loss of life was heavy. The display was of little ben- 
efit at Humacao, for the reason that during the last twenty-three years the inhabitants have 
been warned of many storms that never arrived. and believed that this would be the case in the 
present year. 


A report made by Thomas J. McLain, United States consul at Nassau, Bahamas, 
states: 


The storm began at Nassau about 4 p. m. August 11 and ended late in the afternoon of the 
12th. Warning of its approach had been given by cable by the Weather Bureauat Washington, 
so that the storm was expected and preparations were made for its arrival, which lessened the 
amount of damage done very materially. On the islands the loss of life and property was con- 
siderable, and many small vessels were torn from their moorings and wrecked. Mr. P. H. 
Burns, superintendent of Bahamas cable, Nassau, calculated that 50 small craft were lost, and 
placed the total loss of life at 150, probably 100 of which were lost at Red Bays. 


10 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


The second severe West Indian hurricane of the season was felt only over the 
Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles on = eptember 8, from which region it moved 
northwest, and recurved northeastward over the Bermuda Islands during the 
night of the 12th-13th. On September 7 the Weather Bureau observers in the 
eastern West Indies were advised that conditions were threatening over the Lesser 
Antilles, and to be alert to take local action, if necessary. The morning of the 8th 
the approach of a severe storm from the eastward of St. Kitts was indicated, and 
hurricane warnings were sent to that island, and advisory messages were te e- 
graphed to other observers in the threatened district. It was ca'culated at that 
time that the hurricane would reach only the extreme northeast islands, and sub- 
sequent events showed that this was a correct calculation. At St. Kitts the wind 
reached and maintained a velocity of 62 miles an hour from 8.18 to 8.24 p m. 
of the Sth. and a momentary or gust velocity of 120 miles had been recorded at 
5.51 p.m. The islands to the east and northeast of St. Kitts experienced cor- 
respondingly severe winds, and reports from vessels show that the violence of the 
hurricane did not lessen during its subsequent course over the ocean. The hur- 
ricane was slightly less inten e and far less disastrous at St. Kitts than the storm 
of August 7, the latter fact being due to the circumstance that the August storm 
left only the stronger trees and buildings 

On the morning of the 9th the following message was sent to the central office 
of the Canadian meteorological service at Toronto, through which reports from 
Bermuda are transmitted to the Weather Bureau: 

Hurricane central northeast of Porto Rico, moving northwest, and is likely to pa-s near 
Bermuda. 

Similar messages were at the same time sent to the New York and Philadelphia 
maritime exchanges and to the nress associations. The hurricane reached and 
passed Bermuda the night of the 12th. At Bermuda many houses were blown 
down and much property was destroyed. 

The third and last destructive tropical storm of the year advanced from the west 
part of the Caribbean Sea along the Atlantic coast of the United States from Ocio- 
ber 28to31. Forseveral days previous to the 2sth, Atlantic coast sh pping interests 
were advised of threatening weather conditions, anda careful watch was kept for 
a storm development which, at that season. these conditions favored. Reports of 
the 27th showed th2 looked-for development south of central Cuba, and, during 
the subse uent mnovements of the storm, warnings of dangerous gales were tele- 
graphed to points along the Atlantic coast of the United States, twenty-four to 
forty-eight hours before the beginning of the gales. The storm was exceptionaily 
severe a ong the North Carolina and Virginia coasts, where an immense amount 
of damage was caused by heavy seas and high tides. On the New Jersey coast 
thousands of dollars’ worth of fishing property was saved by fishermen who profited 
by the Weather Bureau warnings, and nets to the value of thousands of dollars 
were lost by fishermen who did not heed the warnings. 


COLD WAVES, SNOWS, ETC. 


The cold waves, frosts, and heavy falls of snow were forecast with 
great accuracy. In the Gulf districts alone the warnings of frosts 
and freezing weather resulted in saving fruit and vegetables to the 
value of hundreds of thousands of dollars. 

The cold waves of February, 1900, were particularly severe, and 
covered practically the entire United States. In New Mexico, warn- 
ings issued on the 6th prompted precautionary measures which saved 
a number of human lives and prevented the loss of live stock and 
perishable produce. In the valleys of California special warnings of 
the heavy frost of February 7 were widely distributed. In the sugar 
and vegetable growing districts of the middle and west Gulf States 
thousands of dollars were saved by protective measures which were 
taken upon the receipts of warnings of freezing weather. Announce- 
ment was made on the 16th of the severe cold which reached Florida 
the night of the 17th, and on the morning of the 17th this announce- 
ment was supplemented by special forecasts and warnings of freezing 
weather as far south as Tampa. Asa result of these warnings thou- 
sands of acres of orange groves were protected, either by the system 
of tents now in use or by the use of dry heat. As a consequence, 


WEATHER BUREAU. 11 


nearly «all bloom, representing many thousands of dollars to the 
growers, wassaved. A large acreage of pineapples and vegetables was 
also protected and saved. Figures furnished by growers show that 
the value of orange and other citrus trees, pineapples, and vegetables 
saved in Florida aggregated over $500,000. 

During February 28 and March 1 a heavy snowstorm extended 
from the lower Lake region over the interior of New York and central 
and northern New England. Timely warnings of this storm proved 
of great value to the public. A heavy and general snowstorm visited 
the Great Lakes March 4 and 5. This storm resulted in a partial 
blockade of railroads in Wisconsin and Michigan. All transportation 
interests had, however, been warned of its approach and prepared for 
the emergency. 

On the 15th of March heavy snow fell in the Middle Atlantic and 
New England States and the upper Ohio Valley. All interests in the 
Middle Atlantic and New England States were notified the morning 
of the 15th that heavy snow and increasing northeast winds were in- 
dicated for the afternoon and night of that date from the upper Ohio 
Valley over the Middle Atlantic and south New England States and 
the lower Lake region. 

FLOODs. 


The month of April, 1900, was marked by destructive floods in the 
smaller streams of the Southern and Southwestern States. In dis- 
tricts where the river and flood service of the Weather Bureau had 
been organized, warnings were issued of the floods referred to. The 
extension of this service over Texas was begun last year and will be 
pushed as rapidly as available funds will permit. Notwithstanding 
the lack of data regarding the rivers of that section the floods of 
Texas were, in some degree, anticipated by the forecasts and warn- 
ings. On the 7th the interests along the Colorado River south of 
Austin were advised of a sudden and decided rise in the river. On 
the 27th all points along the Brazos and Colorado rivers were warned 
of a rise, and freshets in the smaller streams of Texas were foreeast. 
In Alabama the damage by flood along the Tombigbee and Black 
Warrior rivers was placed at $1,500,000, and property to the estimated 
value of $250,000 was saved by the Weather Bureau warnings of the 
17th. 


DISTRIBUTION OF DAILY FORECASTS AND SPECIAL WARNINGS. 


The number of forecasts distributed daily during last year was 
greater than for any previous year. The methods of distribution 
have not been changed in any respect. It has been possible, however, 
to utilize the rwral free-delivery service in furnishing forecasts and 
warnings to the rural population in districts where such service has 
been organized. 

The use of the rural free-delivery service began during the closing 
months of the year. There is no class of people that will appreciate 
the forecasts more than those in agricultural communities, and I feel 
safe in saying that in reaching the farmer with this information by 
means of the rural free delivery we have attained one of the great 
objects for which the Bureau was established. 

At the close of the year 111 rural free-delivery centers of distribu- 
tion were in operation, supplying 11,625 families, or an average of 
over 100 families for each carrier. This work will be further extended 


1 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


during the coming year, and effort made to have as many routes 
served with the morning forecasts as may be possible. 


STEEL TOWERS FOR THE DISPLAY OF STORM WARNINGS. 


In order to meet the increasing demands of commercial and ship- 
ping interests for storm warnings of the highest possible efficiency, 
it has been necessary to reorganize the equipment and provide tall 
masts or flagstaffs at a large number of stations at which either 
flags or lanterns are displayed. An important improvement in this 
connection has been made during the past year by the adoption of a 
specially constructed steel tower with a flagpole at the summit. 
After careful tests and improvements of a sample tower of this 
character, a standard pattern was devised and full drawings and 
specifications prepared. These towers are now under construction by 
contract, and steps have been taken to equip about fifty of the more 
important display stations. 

Wherever it is possible to do so, electricity is used for the illumina- 
tion of the lanterns used in the night warnings, and special efforts 
have been made to inerease the efficiency and improve the quality, 
not only of the red and white lanterns illuminated by electric lights, 
but also the lanterns supplied to our ordinary stations where elec- 
tricity is not available and where oil must be used. 

All this work is in an advanced state, and it is expected that fifty 
or more stations will be fully equipped before the occurrence of the 
severe storms of the fall and winter seasons. 


WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. 


The Secretary of Agriculture, recognizing the advantages that 
would result to commerce and navigation by the establishment of 
electrical communication between vessels at sea and exposed points 
on our lake and sea coasts, and also between the islands along said 
coasts and the mainiand, has authorized the Weather Bureau to sys- 
tematically investigate the various methods of electrical communica- 
tion without wires. The progress already made in this investigation 
is eminently satisfactory. The results thus far achieved will be com- 
muniecated at another time. 


BAROMETRIC REDUCTIONS. 


A thorough reduction of the barometric observations taken by the 
service during the past thirty years to a homogeneous system has 
been undertaken. This study includes an investigation of the vari- 
ous elevations occupied by the barometers, the normals at each sta- 
tion and the variations from year to year and from inonth to month. 
A careful review of the several systems heretofore employed by the 
Bureau in making reductions to sea level has been completed, and a 
new set of gradients and reduction constants inside and outside the 
Rocky Mountain Plateau region has been constructed from many 
years’ observations. A new set of pressure reduction tables is being 
prepared, which will include the results of this discussion. It is pro- 
posed to extend the system so that theoretical maps of the weather 
conditions may be readily constructed as often as desired at the 3,500- 
foot plane and the 10,000-foot plane, as well as at sea level. This 
work has been greatly needed by the service for many years, not only 


WEATHER BUREAU. 13 


to correct some well-known imperfections in the construction of the 
daily weather maps and the other sea-level data used in general work, 
but to take advantage of the facts derived through the records of a 
long series of years. The work will require another year to complete. 


ECLIPSE OBSERVATIONS. 


Prof. F. H. Bigelow conducted a survey of the track traversed by 
the shadow of the total eclipse of May 28, 1900, for probable cloudi- 
ness, and a suitable report was prepared for the use of observers on 
that occasion. Suitable observations were also secured during the 
eclipse of the meteorological conditions, especially for a study of the 
shadow bands and the absorption of the sun’s heat in the atmosphere 
as affected by the shadow. The eclipse was observed by Professors 
Bigelow and Abbe, at Newberry, 8. C., and a report is being prepared 
which promises to contain some new and desirable information regard- 
ing the effect of solar action upon the earth’s atmosphere. 


LAKE MARINE SERVICE. 


Constant attention has been given to the very large interests cen- 
tered about the lake marine. While the size and staunchness of the 
vessels that navigate the Great Lakes have greatly increased during 
recent years, a considerable number of vessels are wrecked or seri- 
ously damaged each year. During the season of navigation of 1899 
30 vessels, representing a money value of $328,900, were lost through 
causes directly connected with the weather, and damages to the 
amount of $284,850 were sustained by 57 other vessels, due to the 
same causes. 

Ninety-one persons lost their lives by shipwreck on the Great Lakes 
during 1899. It is not easy to determine what percentage of this 
number is properly chargeable to the weather, or to what extent bad 
seamanship and unseaworthy vessels contributed to the total number 
of persons lost. 

The arrangements for distributing the forecasts and warnings of 
the Weather Bur eau to vessels navigating the Great Lakes were never 
before so complete as at the present time. During the season of nav- 
igation each of the 20,000 or more vessels that pass Detroit receives 
the latest information available with regard to the force and direction 
of the wind and the location and probable movement of storms. Sim- 
ilar information for the use of vessels bound northward from Chicago 
and other ports on Lake Michigan is distributed by the W eather 
Bureau officials in Chicago, while vessels entering or leaving Lake 
Superior receive the latest advices from the official in charge of the 
Weather Bureau office at Sault Ste. Marie. 


IMPROVEMENT OF STATION EQUIPMENT. 


A systematic plan for the improvement of the instrumental equip- 
ment and the office furnishings of Weather Bureau stations was put 
into operation a few years ago. The instrumental equipment of the 
different stations was fixed according to the varying needs of each 
locality. If the local station happened to be within the sphere of 
influence of large educational institutions, its instrumental equip- 
ment was enlarged and so displayed as to be easily accessible to visit- 
ing students and classes. <A systematic plan for the betterment of 


14 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


the office furniture at outlying stations of the Bureau has also been 
in operation for several years past. Up to within recent years rem- 
nants of the original furniture procured thirty years ago were in use 
at many of the smaller stations. All of these have now been replaced 
by articles not only of modern manufacture, but also of uniform 
design and excellence throughout the service. By a judicious distri- 
bution of the supplies as they became available it has been possible, 
within about three years, to thoroughly equip and refurnish the 
majority of the stations outside of Washington, D. C. 


MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 


The Monthly Weather Review has been published regularly each 
month under the able editorship of Prof. Cleveland Abbe. The Review 
contains text, charts, and statistical tables illustrating the dominant 
weather conditions of each month; it also contains what may be called 
a popular summary of the forecasts, storms, floods, relation of climate 
to crops, and special contributions furnished by those devoted to the 
progress of meteorology, both within and without the service. The 
Review is especially helpful to employees of the Weather Bureau, 
since it offers a convenient medium for the prompt publication of 
abstracts or complete memoirs on many subjects directly connected 
with the practical work of the Bureau. During the past year the 
various methods of protection against frost were widely discussed and 
disseminated in the Review. The general results of the work done 
with kites and balloons in the study of the atmosphere, especially the 
data afforded by the work done at the meteorological observatory at 
Trappes, near Paris, under the directorship of M. Teisserene de Bort, 
were published and discussed. 


EXAMINATIONS FOR PROMOTION. 


In selecting employees of the Weather Bureau for preference two 
conditions must be satisfied: First, the candidates must have a 
thorough knowledge of the practical work of the Bureau and be 
skilled in its performance; and, second, they must possess certain 
scholastic requirements, including a knowledge of the fundamental 
principles underlying the science of meteorology. In order to obtain 
a list of employees eligible for promotion to the higher grades, exami- 
nations were held at a number of places during the first half of 1900. 
The general scope and character of the examinations are shown in 
the following extracts from orders: 


Hereafter observers will be examined in the studies indicated below. Officials 
of or above the grade of local forecast official or section director will not be exam- 
ined: but those who have not completed, at college or elsewhere, the course out- 
lined herein are requested to do so by general reading and study, as their duties 
may permit. 

The course of study is not made obligatory, as it is not desired to work hard- 
ship upon those whose duties are already numerous and exacting, but it is intended 
that after January 1, 1300. only those observers who have been examined and 
found proficient in English grammar, arithmetic, and elementary meteorology 
will be recommended for advancement to the salary of $1.000; that for promotion 
to the grade of $1,200 cr $1,500 observers will also be examined in algebra and 
physics; and, further, that an examination in the remaining studies will be 
required for advancement to the position of local forecast official or section 
director. 

As soon as an observer reports that he considers himself proficient in one or 
more of the required subjects, effort will be made to have him examined therein 


WEATHER BUREAU. 5 


as soon as possible. These examinations will be held, as a rule, by an inspector 
or an Official in charge. Special arrangeinents will be made for examining per- 
sons serving alone at stations. 

The following are the subjects: 

English grammar. 

Arithmetic. 

Elementary meteorology. 

Algebra, through quadratic equations. 
Elementary physics. 

Trigonometry, plane, including use of logarithms. 
E ementary astronomy. 

Elementary plant physiology. 

Advanced meteorology. 

For the information of messengers and others who aspire to appointment as 
observers in the Weather Bureau,it is stated that hereafter the civil-service 
observer examination will be made to include the first four studies indicated in 
these instructions. 

In conducting the examinations required by Instructions No, 79, 1899, the super- 
vising examiner in Washington will prepare all questions and forward the same to 
the official designated to hold the examination, which shall take place under such 
directions as to details as the supervising examiner may prescribe. 

An observer must have passed in all studies prescribed for grades below and 
including his own before he can be examined for promotion to a higher grade. In 
case of failure to pass in any subject, he may be seam examined in such subject 
after the lapse of three months. 


Thus far 75 candidates have been examined, of which number 58 
have passed satisfactorily in three or more subjects. 

The advancement of an employee from the lower to the higher 
grades does not depend wholly upon his ability to pass a creditable 
examination in the required subjects. In addition, he must show, in 
the performance of the duties to which he may be assigned, that he 
possesses the qualifications necessary to properly conduct a station, 
or perform work equivalent thereto, under all conditions that may 
arise. 


REPORT OF THE CHEMIST. 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY, 
Washington, D. C., September 1, 1900. 
Str: In harmony with the requirements of your circular letter of 
July 2 last, I beg to submit the following report of the Division of 
Chemistry for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900. I also include, in 
accordance with your request, an outline of the work proposed for 
the current year, and plans and estimates for the fiscal year ending 
June 30, 1902. 
Respectfully, FW... WIE Y, 
Chemist. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR. 
INVESTIGATION OF THE COMPOSITION AND ADULTERATION OF FOODS. 


The work of the Division in this branch of investigation during the 
past fiscal year has been directed chiefly to a study of the composition 
and adulteration of preserved meats. The analytical data have been 
completed, and the large amount of clerical work necessary for an 
appropriate elaboration, comparison, and final tabulation of the 
results obtained is nearly finished. The text to accompany the tables 
is also almost ready for the printer. It is hoped that the report of 
the investigation may be ready for distribution before the close of the 
present calendar year. 

An investigation that involves an exposition of the relative merits 
of manufactured produets of a given class must be carefully planned, 
so as to avoid the injustice of omitting the goods of one or more manu- 
facturers. Such an omission would work an injustice to the public 
and to the individual manufacturers, whether the omitted products 
be good, bad, or indifferent. It has therefore been the endeavor of 
this Division, in undertaking investigations of this kind, to secure 
samples of every brand obtainable and belonging to the class of goods 
under investigation. The degree of our success in this regard and the 

AGR 1900 2 17 


18 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


extent of the investigation in this case are both well exhibited in the 
following: 
Classified list of sanuples examined. 


Beef (roast, boiled. corned, dried, and smoked) _-.__.--_- ------ Leen EO ay et RO 
Tongue (calf, lamb, ox, and Baengie 2 Le ciase ee ae ee ee ee oma 
Ham and bacon_ ---- Pe Vee Se ee ae eee re 15 
Chicken, turkey, duck, and goose _. Sueereys Sen 2S ek (es erage RESO) 
CSChOTGY | es ere ee meee ea AEDES Soe ple ee ia Bln aes 10 
Potted and deviled ; eoods (beef, chicken, game, ham, miyed, tongue, ‘and tur- A 
IGWp Sere Sees hk, 8 ero es em ete eee eee oui Tete eee ee 1 
Sausage (Frankfurt, Vienna, and qiscellaneous) — eRe PADS Setar Dip ce ee 2 2 25 
IBAtes, PUTCES, CUCS 22 J. erro eee ee ee rte ee Erne ace RN ee ee bl 
Soups —- STR Be) dy AE Ed a 2p Ss ee oS eg 156 
Meatextracts .. ft: lo. 0g ee eh Paha: WLW ek) De Rae ee 
Miscellaneous meat preparations - SARE ey ele gn eee on ew ee aw eae Sis 43 
Mo balls: 30k = Ne ah ee ae — eae et ee Re Es ce. ae pant eae pe a OILS 


In the course of the work 39 samples of horse meat were obtained 
and used for various analytical investigations, made for the purpose 
of finding a ready and certain means of detecting the presence of 
horseflesh in commercial meat produets. Including these, the total 
number of samples examined is 552. 


SOIL STUDIES. 


COMPILATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE DATA OF SOIL STUDIES. 


The first series of studies relating to the relation between soil com- 
position and the character and amount of crop. produced has been 
completed, and the data obtained have been partially classified and 
studied. This series of observations has lasted for five years, and the 
analytical data collected are very extensive. These data include the 
study of the structure of the soil as a whole, the determination of 
the parts of the soil soluble in various chemical reagents, a study of 
the physical texture of the soils under experiment, and the analyses 
of the crops grown on the soils over a period of five years. By the 
alternation of a crop of buckwheat with oats and beans it has been 
possible to secure two harvests a year, the buckwheat following the 
first two crops. The total number of soils under experiment is 177. 
Since two crops were obtained from each soil each year, the total 
number of separate harvests obtained and analyzed is 1,770. The 
proper arrangement and study of such a mass of analytical data is a 
work of great magnitude, and will require some time for completion. 


PLANT DISEASES WHICH HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED DURING SOIL EXPERIMENTS, AND 
METHODS OF COMBATING THEM. 


During the summer of 1899 if was discovered that the beans grown 
upon the soils contained in several pots were being preyed upon by a 
certain parasitic fungus whose ravages greatly detracted from the 
value of the experiments, the plants in many cases being so dwarfed 
as to make it impossible to place any reliable interpretation whatever 
upon the results. At our request the source of the trouble was very 
carefully investigated by the Division of Vegetable Physiology and 
Pathology, and it was found that the beans planted were affected by 
a species of Fusarium, a parasitic fungus which is closely related to 
the one which causes the cotton and melon diseases of the South. 

In order to destroy the fungus and to obtain, if possible, a normal 
growth during the present season, it was decided to sterilize the soils 


DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. 19 


of all the pots by means of heat and to reinoculate them by means of 
a small portion of soil selected from a field which might reasonably 
be presumed to be free from the fungus which had caused the trouble. 
This reinoculation was of course necessary to renew within the soils 
those forms of lower plant life which are helpful to the growing plants. 

A plan was finally devised by which this sterilization and inocula- 
tion could be carried out, although the treatment of 177 portions of 
soil by these processes was a very laborious task. Three dozen covered 
sheet-iron pans were obtained, of such size that each pan would hold 
the soil contained in one pot. The soils contained in these pans were 
subjected to heat on each of three successive days, the temperature 
being carried approximately to 100° C. during the course of each heat- 
ing. The soils were kept as moist as possible during the process, inas- 
much as sterilization by heating is more effective when the material to 
be sterilized is kept moist. A large drying oven, already in use in the 
laboratory for other purposes, was found very convenient for heating 
the pans of soil during the sterilization, as the oven is of such a size 
as to accommodate from ten to twelve pans at one time. The pots 
were also sterilized by washing, steaming, dipping in bichlorid of 
mercury solution, and then thoroughly washing. The soils contained 
in the pans, after sterilization, were mixed with 100 grams of the soil 
used as the inoculating material preparatory to being returned to the 
pots. 

While the growth of the plants during the present season shows 
that the destructive work of this fungus has been practically elimi- 
nated, there is abundant evidence that several causes contributed to 
the poor growth of the bean plants in several of the pots. The cause 
or combination of causes is yet somewhat obscure, but the experience 
of this season gives several clues to the means of ultimately overcom- 
ing this difficulty. The growth of the oats in the pots planted in 
that crop has been very satisfactory. 


STUDY OF SOIL BACTERIA USEFUL OR HURTFUL IN AGRICULTURE. 


Since the discovery of the nitrifying organisms by Schloessing and 
Mintz in 1877, the attention of agricultural scientists has been directed 
to the study of those organisms in the soil which are either helpful or 
harmful to the higher forms of plant life. There has been developed 
an immense literature on the subject, which, however, is now scattered 
through a great number of monographs and scientific periodicals of 
recent date. There is no exhaustive treatise in any language which 
reviews the entire subject and treats of the agricultural importance of 
these organisms, including the best methods of enabling the farmers 
to derive the greatest amount of benefit from the useful ones and to 
reduce the activity of the harmful ones toa minimum. It has been 
my purpose, since the authorization was given me and the necessary 
appropriations first provided in 1894, to compile this information in 
such a form that it would be useful to the American farmer as well 
as to our very large corps of scientific investigators. 

I have also endeavored, by means of investigations in the labora- 
tory, to add to our knowledge of these organisms and their relations 
to agriculturai operations. A considerable amount of time has already 
been devoted to the subject, and the systematic review of the literature 
bearing upon it is now nearing completion. It is hoped that that part 
of the work having reference ‘particularly to the nitrifying organisms 
may be ready for the printer within a few months. 


20 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS. 
COOPERATION WITH THE ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS. 


The patronage of the Department heretofore extended to the Associa- 
tion of Official Agricultural Chemists has been continued, and that use- 
ful association, by the many years of its close relationship to the Depart- 
ment, may almost be considered as organically connected withit. The 
Division of Chemistry has also continued its active cooperation in the 
work of the association. Among the referees and associate referees of 
the association may be found the following members of the Division: 


Referees.—E. G. Runyan, phosphoric acid; William H. Krug, foods 
and feeding stuffs. 


Associate referees.—L. S. Munson, potash; W. D. Bigelow, liquor 
and food adulteration; G. L. Spencer, sugar. 


The work of the members of the Division in this connection is not 
of a routine nature only, but is partaking more and more of the nature 
of research. There is a growing tendency to look to this Division for 
a study of new methods, for the purpose of verification, and for all 
those methods of research which are necessary to the advancement of 
agricultural chemistry. To this end authority has been given to asso- 
ciate the chemists of the experiment stations and ag ricultural colleges 
in the work of the Department. In no other way has this cooperation 
proved so effective as through the various channels of activ ity afforded 
by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. 

In connection with this work, ‘the Division has carried on investiga- 
tions in the ordinary routine methods of analysis of soils, fertilizers, 
and feeding stuffs; has given special attention to methods for the 
analysis of tanning materials; and has in progress an extensive study 
of methods for the analysis of insecticides, including therewith an 
investigation of the composition and efficacy of insecticides now on 
the market. In this latter work we have had the active cooperation 
of the Division of Entomology. 

As aresult of the patronage ‘of the Department of Agriculture, which 
has been extended to the Association of Official Agric ultural Chem- 
ists now for a period of sixteen years, the United States has the best 
organized, as well as the most numerous, corps of agricultural chem- 
ists of any nation of the world. While by no means claiming that our 
methods are the best, they yield results which are more easily compar- 
able among themselves than similar analytical data of any other 
country. By using the same methods in the same way and practi- 
cally under the same conditions, we secure results which are just, not 
only beeause they very closely approach absolute accuracy, but also 
because they are uniform and of general application. 


RECOGNITION OF THE WORK OF THE ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL 
CHEMISTS BY OTHER COUNTRIES. 

At the Fourth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, held 
in Paris in July, 1900, the methods of analysis of the Association of 
Official Agricultural Chemists were recognized as being of common 
application, and citations thereto were ordered to be printed as a part 
of the provisional international methods adopted by the congress. 

The International Association of Leather Trades’ Chemists, which 
met in Paris in August, 1900, adopted a large part of the official methods 
for the analysis of tanning materials which had been previously ap- 
proved by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, and voted 
that other portions of these methods be ‘recommended for further trial. 


DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. malt 


COMPILATION AND COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL DATA. 


An important part of the present and future work of the Division 
consists in the collection, comparison, and tabulation for publication 
of analytical data relative to substances of commercial importance or 
scientific interest. Data of this kind, selected with proper care and 
tabulated in a form for ready reference and comparison, are of the 
highest value in arriving at standards for various agricultural prod- 
ucts. During the year a very exhaustive and valuable compilation 
of analyses of American wines has been prepared and sent to the 
printer; to be published as a bulletin of this Division. 

A filing cabinet has been obtained and a system devised for the 
collection and recording of data of this kind in such a manne1 that 
they will be readily accessible and of the highest utility in connection 
with the correspondence and other routine work of the offices and 
laboratories of the Division. Moreover, when material accumulated 
on a given subject is sufficient to justify its publication, it will be in 
form for printing immediately. 


UTILIZATION OF THE STALKS OF INDIAN CORN. 


The possibility of utilizing the stalks of indian corn as a cattle food 
has long occupied the attention of our agricultural chemists. A large 
amount of experimental and analytical work has been done in this 
direction by the experiment stations, notably by those of Maryland 
and Pennsylvania. Our work has been directed chiefly to the study 
of the rations composed of the fine-ground stalks of maize mixed with 
blood, molasses, ground bone, indian-corn meal, other cereal products, 
and various other ingredients. 

The previous grinding of the stalk is a primary necessity, since 
otherwise it can not be properly masticated. When convenient, it is 
also advisable to remove the pith, which can be used to better advan- 
tage for other industrial applications. The ground stalk has a nutri- 
tive value equal to that of coarse hay and an absorbent power for 
blood, molasses, and other liquids which makes it an ideal vehicle for 
offering these bodies in an appropriate form for consumption to 
domesticated animals. The value of both blood and molasses as 
cattle foods has long been established, but until the employment of fine- 
ground indian-corn stalks as an absorbent was proposed no entirely 
satisfactory method of utilizing these products was known. 

During the past year many different rations have been mixed and 
subjected to analytical study, with the result of showing both high 
nutritive properties and also adaptability to particular purposes. 
This may be illustrated by citing some of the particular rations which 
have been prepared, viz, rations for the maintenance of horses and 
cattle not engaged in work nor being fattened; rations for animals at 
hard work; rations for fattening animals; rations for poultry, both 
for egg production and for preparing poultry for market. Various 
forms of rations for each particular purpose were prepared with the 
object of securing the best balanced and also the most economical 
product. Our experiments demonstrated beyond a doubt that fine- 
ground maize stalks are by far the best material known for utilizing 
blood and molasses as animal foods. Although cattle foods are now 
very cheap and abundant in our country, it is somewhat interesting 
to know that in the almost inexhaustible quantity of this material we 
have a resource for the future which will supply every demand. In 
this material also we find a means of utilizing in the most economical 
way the waste products of our slaughterhouses, of our beet-sugar fac- 


22 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


tories, and of the cane-sugar factories of Louisiana, of the Hawaiian 
Islands, and of our tropical dependencies. 


EXAMINATION OF FOREIGN FOOD PRODUCTS. 


A large amount of work has been done during the year in the exami- 
nation of foreign food products. We desire to send abroad only 
those food products which are wholesome and free from adulteration. 
In like manner we ask that similar products sent to us from foreign 
countries be true to name and label and free from adulteration and 
injurious ingredients. To this end, an extensive study of such 
imported products has been authorized by Congress and has been 
rigorously prosecuted during the year. The results of these studies 
have been in a measure confidential, and instead of being published 
have been transmitted to the Secretary of Agriculture for his guidance 
in discharging the duties imposed upon him by the act of Congress 
authorizing the inv estigation. 

The extension of this investigation to all imported food products 
will undoubtedly prove of the greatest advantage to our people, since 
it will result in the exclusion of harmful and adulterated articles and 
of those which are sold under false and misleading names or labels. 
In securing these samples, the Department has had the active coopera- 
tion of the Secretary of the Treasury and of the officials of the custom 
houses at the more important ports of entry. 


STUDY OF THE SUGAR-BEET INDUSTRY. 


The distribution of beet seed and the analysis of the beets produced 
therefrom in various parts of the country have been continued as in 
former years. These studies are now chiefly valuable for the interest 
they excite among our farmers and for the data which they afford 
relating to the influence of climate on the richness of sugar in the 
beet. It has been well established by the work of the Department, 
extending now over twenty years, that the saccharine strength of the 
beet tends to diminish as the cultivation is pushed southward of a 
certain isothermiec line. The position of this line is not fixed with 
absolute exactness, and from the very nature of the problem can not 
be, but it seems to lie somewhere between the isotherms of 69° and 
71° F., mean temperature, for the months of June, July, and August, 
the three months most important in the growth of the beet. Whether 
this deterioration be due to temperature alone or to combined influ- 
ences of temperature and other meteorological conditions does not 
definitely appear. The more reasonable view is the latter one, and 
for this reason the isotherm alone ought not to be taken as an abso- 
lute limit in defining the zones of successful beet culture. 

The data already at hand are sufficient for pointing out in a general 
way the region suitable to the production of beets under the conditions 
which generally obtain. It must not be forgotten, however, that 
exceptional meteorological conditions often arise which produce varia- 
tions of the most pronounced order. This fact renders desirable the 
continuation of comparative studies under carefully controlled condi- 
tions, and such studies have been already inaugurated in connection 
with several experiment stations. 


DETERIORATION OF THE GLUTEN CONTENT OF WHEAT. 


Statements have reached the Department from various parts of the 
country showing a deterioration in the gluten content of wheat, which 
in some instances—as, for example, where the flour is used for the 


DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. 23 


manufacture of macaroni and spaghetti—has injuriously affected the 
market value of that most important cereal. 

Under the authority of the Secretary of Agriculture, a study of the 
causes which produce this deterioration and of the means of prevent- 
ing if has been commenced in connection with certain experiment sta- 
tions, which have expressed a willingness to cooperate in this work. 
Samples of the same wheat have been planted in different parts of the 
country under widely varying meteorological conditions, and already 
the products of the first year’s growth have been received for analysis. 
It is believed that much practical good to wheat growing will result 
from these studies. 


COOPERATION WITH OTHER EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. 


During the year the cooperative work of the Division with the Exeecu- 
tive Departments has been continued, under the direction of the See- 
retary of Agriculture. 

For the War Department tests have been made of the chemical and 
physical properties of the cloth intended for the manufacture of uni- 
forms for soldiers in the Tropies, and on the results of these analyses 
the contracts for the cloth were concluded. 

Numerous analyses of food materials have also been made, at the 
request of the Secretary of War, for the guidance of the ration board 
in selecting materials for an appropriate emergency ration for the 
Army. 

Analytical investigations have also been conducted during the year 
for the Departments of State and of Justice, the Post-Office and Navy 
Departments, and for the U. 8. Fish Commission. 

Collaboration with the Treasury Department in connection with the 
methods of collecting duties on imported sugars has been continued, 
and the chief of the Division gave more than a month of his time to 
the work during the year. The principle of the method of correcting 
polariscopic readings for the effect of temperature, which has been 
adopted by the Treasury Department for fixing duties on sugar, and 
which the investigations of the Division have shown to be rigidly cor- 
rect, has been approved by the international committee appointed to 
determine uniform methods of sugar analysis. This committee, at its 
meeting in Paris in July, 1900, recommended that in all countries the 
polariscopes employed should be graduated forthe temperature at which 
they are to be used. This is an unqualified approval by the highest 
international authority of the methods of sugar analysis established 
as correct by the investigations of the Division of Chemistry. 

Within the past year American scientific workers have taken active 
steps to secure in this country a naticnal standardizing bureau equal 
in point of equipment and working force to similar institutions estab- 
lished by foreign Governments, notably those of Germany, which 
have placed German scientific workers and those engaged in indus- 
trial and commercial operations dependent upon them at a decided 
advantage over our own in many respects. The Association of Offi- 
cial Agricultural Chemists and the American Chemical Society have 
been among the first and the most active scientific bodies working 
for the success of this movement. Two members of the Division of 
Chemistry are connected with committees appointed, one by each 
of the societies named, to ascertain the best means of increasing the 
uniformity and of improving the accuracy of chemical measuring 
instruments. These committees have reported to their respective 
bodies that the establishment of a national standardizing bureau is 
the first step toward accomplishing this end. During the past year 


24 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


the Secretary of the Treasury recommended that Congress reorganize 
and equip the present Office of Weights and Measures in such a man- 
ner as to enable it to meet the demands of the present for the testing 
and certification of various forms of measuring instruments, and for 
conducting the research work necessarily connected with such oper: 
tions as the changing conditions of scientific and industrial proper 
are to be met. 

Considerable time was spent in preparing a statement relative to the 
usefulness of a national standardizing bureau to this Division of the 
Department of Agriculture in response to a request coming through 
the Seeretary of Agriculture from the Secretary of the Treasury, who 
desired the information for use in connection with his recommendations. 
I wish to state again that I regard the establishment of such a bureau 
to be of the most fundamental, continued, and increasing importance 
for the successful conduet of the work of this Division in the future. 
As we proceed in the development of standards of quality and purity 
for foeds and other agricultural products, and as analytical processes 
become more and more numerous and are made more and more accu- 
rate, the need of a ready and certain means of obtaining apparatus of 
a prescribed standard of accuracy becomes imperative 

W hat is true of our needs is true of every industrial and commer- 
cial operation in connection with which values have become dependent 
on the results of physical and chemical tests. 


COOPERATION WITH THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH OF THE GOVERNMENT. 


The Division, under instructions from the Secretary, cooperated 
with the Senate Committee on Manufactures in its investigation of 
adulterated foods. Many samples of suspected foods were analyzed 
for the committee, and the chief of the Division assisted the chair- 
man of the committee in the investigation on various occasions, more 
than a month of his time being devoted to this work. 

The results of the activity of the Division in this direction were 
largely instrumental in securing the introduction of a pure-food bill 
into the Congress of the United States and its favorable consideration 
by the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce in the House 
of Representatives and by the committees on Agriculture and For- 
estry and Manufactures in the Senate. In order to secure the highest 
standards for foods, both for home consumption and for export, it is 
hoped that this bill may speedily become a law. 


COOPERATION WITH OTHER DIVISIONS. 


The cooperative work with the other branches of the Department 
of Agriculture has been continued in several directions. 

For the Bureau of Animal Industry astudy of dairy products, espe- 
cially of butters of different origin, has been conducted. Particular 
attention has been paid to the detection of so-called ‘‘ process” butter 
and its chemical and physical peculiarities. A study of the composi- 
tion of foreign cheeses has also been made, both from the point of 
view of adulteration and of food value. 

In connection with the Division of Soils, collaborative work on soil 
analysis has been conducted, and working room for one of the chemists 
of that Division has been provided. 

The Division of Entomology has assisted us in collecting samples of 
insecticides, and a number of analyses has been made at the request 
of the chief of that Division. 

Determinations of the water content of indian corn and other cereals 


\ 


DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. 25 


have been made at the request of the Division of Botany. In turn, 
the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction of that Division has con- 
ducted for us the vitality tests of the beet seeds distributed to various 
parts of the country, and also of seeds used in connection with the 
soil experiments of this Division. 

Rooms have been provided the Division of Forestry for clerical and 
other work, and preliminary arrangements have been made for exten- 
sive chemical investigation of trees and bark. 

It is believed that a more thorough system of collaboration among 
the different Divisions of the Department would secure a more eco- 
nomiecal and effective conduct of investigation by confiding to the 
proper experts the control of investigations pertaining to their special 
work. 

At the request of the Secretary, an investigation of the methods of 
testing road materials was made for the Office of Public Road 
Inquiries of the Department. The laboratories at Johns Hopkins and 
Harvard universities were visited, and the machinery and processes 
in vogue studied. In the report of this investigation it was recom- 
mended that a laboratory for testing road materials be erected in the 
Division of Chemistry and the study of road-making rocks and gravels 
be conducted in collaboration with the Office of Public Road Inquiries. 
The results of such studies can not fail to be of the greatest practical 
benefit in the building of good roads. 

The Division of Chemistry during the year has not hesitated to ask 
for the help of other Divisions of the Department, and has found them 
always ready to respond to any reasonable demand. 


MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 


A good deal of time has been given during the year to miscellaneous 
work, which is not capable of classification. It is hard to refuse 
demands for investigations of this kind, even when they are not 
directly connected with agriculture, and yet a refusal is necessary in 
order not to interfere with strictly agricultural work. Where, with- 
out great outlay of time, investigations can be made, even when indi- 
rectly connected with agriculture, they are sometimes undertaken, 
but the tendency has been for the past few years to restrict this mis- 
cellaneous work to the smallest possible limits, looking thus to its 
ultimate extinction. 


PLAN OF WORK FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1901. 


The lines of work above indicated will be continued with such vari- 
ation as the requirements of the public service and economy of admin- 
istration may require. 

The funds appropriated by Congress for this year provide for an 
additional investigation by the Division of the physical and chemical 
tests applied to American food products imported into foreign countries. 
This will lead to a study of the methods of analysis employed in such 
countries and a comparison of these methods with those official in the 
United States. If differences are found of essential importance, a 
further investigation must decide which of the methods is the more 
desirable. The act of Congress also provides that the Secretary of 
Agriculture shall inspect cargoes of American food products intended 
for shipment abroad when the exporters so desire. The object of this 
law is to secure for foreign exports only the best of food products and 
to have them accompanied with an official certificate of purity and 
excellence. By this means we will be able to protect our food prod- 


26 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


ucts in foreign countries from unfair examination and unjust diserimi- 
nation. During the fiscal year these provisions of the act of Congress 
will be put into operation. 

Another provision of the act authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture 
to study the effect of food preservatives upon health and to determine 
if any food preservatives are admissible, and if so in what foods and 
in what quantities. In carrying out this provision it is proposed to 
secure the collaboration of schools and colleges of hygiene where a 
perfect control of the conditions of experiment can be secured. 

A priori, it seems evident that no really effective food preservative 
should be admitted in foods further than is necessary to serve as a 
condiment—as, for instance, sugar or common salt. At the same time 
there is a large class of foods which are difficultly preserved without 
the use of antiseptics. It is not fair to place all antiseptics in the 
same class and condemn them all because some are certainly bad. 
The object of this examination is therefore to determine, if possible, 
the effect of food preservatives on digestion and the amount, if any, 
of certain nearly harmless ones, which may be admitted into foods 
intended for human consumption. This question is one of the great- 
est importance, both froma hygienic point of view and from the needs 
of the manufacturers of a large line of agricultural products. 

Until the hygienic relations of food preservatives can thus be accu- 
rately ascertained, it is clearly the imperative duty of manufacturers 
to state upon the labels of the packages of their goods prepared by 
the use of preservatives the kind and quantities of the preservative 
agents employed. 


PLAN OF WORK FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 380, 1902. 


The work outlined under the first and second general headings of 
this report should be prosecuted, with certain changes, during the 
fiscal year ending June 30, 1902. 

An especial effort should be made to indicate in what direction 
improvements must be sought in the case of wheat and other cereals. 
The work of the Division several years ago in the improvement of the 
sorghum plant, the first of its kind undertaken by the Department, 
shows what may be accomplished in this direction. 

To preserve the good name of our food products abroad, the inspee- 
tion of the exported food products should be perfected and extended, 
and to this end a national pure-food law to secure the same results at 
home would be a most valuable adjunct. 

The influence of temperature and other meteorological forces in the 
composition of the beet, which is now under observation, should be 
studied more systematically. To that end the cooperation of at least 
some of the experiment stations situated in our arid regions and under 
irrigation should be secured. In such stations all the meteorological 
conditions, except temperature, can be readily controlled. It is quite 
possible that with such an adjustment of moisture and other conditions 
as would secure a rapid and unchecked progress of the beet to matur- 
ity, a very high sugar content might be secured at temperatures much 
above those giving the best results under ordinary normal conditions. 

Greater facilities for cooperative work with the other offices of the 
Department and with the other Departments should be provided. 
The Department of Agriculture, without any solicitation on its part, 
has come to be regarded as the chemical adviser of many of the other 
Departments. It is evident that both economy of administration and 
effectiveness of work can be secured by fostering this sentiment. 


REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
Washington, D. C., September 12, 1900. 
Str: I submit herewith an executive report covering operations in 
the Division of Entomology for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, 
dividing it, in PU aT ENCES with the directions contained i in your cir- 
cular letter of July 2, into the following sections: 
(1) A brief report of the operations carried on during the fiscal 
year 1900. 
(2) An outline of proposed work for the fiscal year 1901, under the 
appropriations already made for that year. 
(3) Suggestions as to work for the fiscal year 1902, for use in pre- 
paring estimates. 
Respectfully, 
L. O. HOWARD, 
Entomologist. 
Ilon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR. 


The amount appropriated by Congress for entomological investiga- 
tions (aside from salaries appropriated for by the statutory roll) was 
$20,000. Of this amount there was expended the sum of $19,899.51, 
leaving an unexpended balance covered into the Treasury of $100.69. 
The main items of expense may be grouped as follows: Salaries of 
investigators and other employees, stationed for the most part in 
WwW ashington, D. C., $16,181.01; miscellaneous office supplies and 
expenses, $1,708.92; traveling expenses, $1,740.62; illustrations, 
$268.76. Of the salaries for employees, the amount expended for 
scientific assistants has been $11,941.01, and for clerical and other 
assistants, $4,240. 

The work of the Division may be classified, as in former years, 
under the following heads: 

(a) Investigations upon specific injurious insects or groups of 
insects. 

(b) Experimental work with remedies. 

(c) Determination of specimens sent in by the entomologists of the 
State experiment stations and by other workers. 

(7d) General investigations of the life histories of injurious insects. 

(e) Work on the geographic distribution of the injurious insects of 
the United States. 

(f) Bibliographie work. 

(g) Preparation of circulars of information. 

(h) Correspondence. 

(7) Work upon the exhibit of insects for the Paris Exposition. 

(j) Work in apiculture. 


rae 


28 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Briefly summarized, the work of the Division under each of these 
heads has been as follows: 


(a) INVESTIGATIONS UPON SPECIFIC INJURIOUS INSECTS OR GROUPS 
OF INSECTS. 


WORK ON INSECTS FROM ABROAD. 


‘his branch of work, referred to in some detail in my last report, 
has continued to receive the attention of the Division. The importa- 
tion of a beneficial insect which bids fair to be of some practical value 
has been accomplished during the year with the assistance of the 
Department of Agriculture of Cape Colony. The Entomologist has 
been in correspondence for some years on the subject of parasites of 
scale insects with Mr. C. P. Lounsbury, Entomologist of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture of the Cape, and deciding that one of the species 
known as Scutellista cyanea, a parasite of the black scale in South 
Africa as well as in India and of the wax seales in Italy, would be a 
desirable importation, he so notified Mr. Lounsbury. This gentleman 
brought with him to America in the early summer of 1900 two boxes 
containing specimens of the black seale parasitized by this insect, 
which were immediately sent from this office to Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn, 
horticultural inspector of Santa Clara County, Cal., who, having been 
notified in advance, had prepared certain potted plants badly infested 
with the San Jose scale, and colonized upon these plants the parasites 
found to be issuing on arrival. This was an operation of the fiseal 
year to which this report is devoted, and at the time of the present 
writing a generation of the insect has developed upon American soil, 
and the prospect of its permanent establishment seems excellent. <A 
prior importation of this same parasite was made two years earlier, 
and an attempt was made to colonize it at Baton Rouge, La., with the 
assistance of Prof. H. A. Morgan and Prof. 8. E. MeClendon, of the 
Louisiana experiment station, upon a wax scale growing abundantly 
at that place. So far as can be learned, this early importation was 
unsuccessful. The parasites issued, but ‘apparently did not succeed 
in establishing themselves. The desirability of an effective parasite 
of the black scale in many parts of southern California seems great, 
since the Rhizobius beetle imported from Australia by Mr. Albert 
Koebele, when an agent of this Division, while perfectly efficacious in 
some places, especially near the coast, fails in others. It is hoped 
and expected that the Scutellista above mentioned will prove a most 
desirable addition to our insect fauna. It is possible that it will turn 
out to be no more effective than Tomocera californica, a parasite 
which already exists in California, but from the present outlook it 
seems to be a more rapid breeder than this well-known species, and if 
so, it will be more effective in keeping down the scale. 

In the last report the introduction and establishment of the fig- 
fertilizing insect (blastophaga grossorum) was announced, with the 
qualifying statement that ‘‘the coming winter may temporarily upset 
the promising aspect of the work.” By means, however, of temporary 

canvas shelters over three caprifig trees in Fresno several hundred 
wild figs were carried through the winter on the trees, each fig con- 
taining many of the insects. These issued at the proper season in the 
spring, entered other wild figs, and increased so greatly that by the 
time the Smyrna figs were ready for their reception a very extensive 
fertilization was carried on by oriental methods, and at the present 


DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 29 


date of writing a commercial output amounting to several thousand 
dollars has been obtained within eighteen months after the insects’ 
first introduction. The Entomologist visited California in November, 
1899, to examine into the overwintering conditions, and in March, 
1900, an assistant was sent to Fresno to make continuous observations 
through the summer of the present year. A full account of the intro- 
duction and its potential results will appear in the Yearbook of the 
Department for 1900. 

While not coming strictly under the head of work on insects from 
abroad, yet, since it bears upon international work, the successful 
introduction of the South African locust fungus during the year may 
be referred to here. It will be mentioned again under the head of 
injurious grasshoppers. 

With the help of Mr. W. B. Alwood, of the Virginia experiment 
station, who went abroad in the early summer of 1900, the Entomolo- 
gist is endeavoring to import in living condition certain European 
tree- inhabiting predatory beetles for use against the Tussock moth 
caterpillar in ‘the United States, and especially against the larve of 
the gipsy moth. The lapse of appropriations by the State of Massa- 
chusetts against this last-named insect and its possible great increase 
and spread renders the introduction of its European natural enemies 
very desirable. 


WORK UPON INSECTS DAMAGING FORESTS. 


In the last report mention was made of a trip undertaken by Dr. A. D. 
Hopkins, of the West Virginia experiment station, under the auspices 
of this Division, to the Northwest to study forest conditions, especially 
in relation to damage by insects in portions of northern California, 
Oregon, W ashington, and Idaho. The trip was accomplished during 
the Closing months of the previous fiscal year, but the report was pub- 
lished as Bulletin No. 21, new series, of this Division in October, 1899. 
The work was well done, and has met the approval of the Division of 
Forestry of the Department and of the forest interests of the country. 
In the spring of 1900, induced by accounts of damage to forests in 
northern New England, Dr. Hopkins was again commissioned to make 
a trip to the territory in question, which was accomplished during the 
months of May and June, 1900. Observations were made which are 
deemed of great practical value, and the report will be published as a 
special bulletin of the Division. 


SCALE INSECTS. 


Some further experimental work upon the San Jose seale and allied 
species was carried on during the year, and an accurate record was 
kept, with the assistance of the Department of State, of the measures 
adopted by foreign governments to protect their territory from the 
introduction of the San J ose scale from this country. A circular giv- 
ing a digest of such measures and regulations has been published 
(No. 41, second series) for the guidance of American exporters of 
plants and fruits. The interest in the general subject of scale insects 
has become so great, largely through the reputation which the San 
Jose scale has gained for destructiveness, that much attention has 
been paid to the general subject of scale insects during the year. 
Two assistants have been devoting their whole time to the study and 
classification of this group, the results of which will be published 
later. Scale insects have been sent to the Division, not only from all 


30 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


parts of the country, but from many different parts of the world, and 
the knowledge thus gained can not fail to be of substantial practical 
value. é' 

INSECTS AS CARRIERS OF DISEASE. 


This subject, also referred to in the last report, has been studied 
through the year—entirely, however, from the entomological and not 
from the medical side. T he mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles (the 
only genus which has been shown to be instrumental in the spread of 
malaria) have been studied with special care. The full biology has 
been learned, illustrations of all different stages have been made, and 
many experiments on remedies have been carried out. The Ento- 
mologist has addressed several organizations which have been taking 
up the subject of mosquito extermination, and at the request of the 
American Medical Association lectured on the life history of the 
malaria-bearing forms before its section on theory and practice of medi- 
cine at its annual convention held in June, 1900. He has also been 
able to point out in several instances the breeding places of Anopheles 
in malarial regions, and to advise as to their abolition. The insect 
fauna of human excrement has received constant attention on account 
of the reasonably certain relations between such insects and typhoid 
fever, as well as other diseases of the intestinal tract. The results of 
the mosquito studies have been published in Bulletin No. 25, new 
series, and the results of the second line of work are now being pre- 
pared for publication. 


WORK ON INJURIOUS GRASSHOPPERS. 


In the summer of 1899, asin previous years, a special field agent was 
authorized to visit portions of North Dakota and Manitoba for the pur- 
pose of investigating asupposed permanent breeding ground of the old 
Rocky Mountain locust, or Western grasshopper, in the Turtle Moun- 
tain region. Careful investigation showed that the species in ques- 
tion does not breed permanently in the Turtle Mountains nor in their 
immediate vicinity. The ground is totally unsuited to the purpose, 
and, moreover, Swarms descending upon North Dakota and Manitoba 
have been traced far to the northwest of that region. The probable 
permanent breeding ground, according to the special agent (Mr. W. 
D. Hunter), is upon the Assinniboine River, north and east of Regina, 
in the territory of Assiniboia. This conclusion demands serious 
investigation on the part of Canadian authorities, and the Entomolo- 
gist has corresponded with the Government Entomologist of Canada 
inthis regard. In the last report it was predicted that damage from 
the local swarms which were reported in North Dakota in 1898 (a 
return migration from the South Dakota swarm of 189: ») would pro- 
duce little damage during 1899, a prediction which was verified toa 
degree. There was a local: visitation of grasshoppers 1 in North Dakota, 
but the county authorities took the matter in hand. 

Considerable damage was done during the summer of 1899 by local 
species of grasshoppers in portions of Colorado and Mississippi, as 
well as at one locality in Alabama. This damage was repeated to a 
certain extent during the summer of 1900 in Colorado and Mississippi. 
The Mississippi outbreak threatened to be an especially serious one. 
Large cotton interests in Bolivar County were threatened by enor- 
mous numbers of the species known as Je lanoplus differentialis and 
one or two less prominent species. An agent was sent to this locality 


DIVISION OF ENYOMOLOGY. 3 


in the summer of 1899 to advise with the plantation owners as to the 
best remedial work. This work was carried on to some extent during 
the fall of 1899 and the winter of 1899-1900, but the grasshoppers 
appeared again in great numbers in the spring of 1900. During the 
winter the “Entomologist applied to the Government authorities of 
Natal for culture tubes of a fungus disease which had proved 
destructive to the grasshoppers in that colony. Through the kind- 
ness of the Natal Government, Dr. Alexander Edington, director of 
the Bacteriological Institute, Grahams Town, Natal, sent certain 
tubes, which were distributed in the early summer of 1900. It resulted 
by the use of these cultures that in one locality in Colorado and in 
the Mississippi territory the disease took hold and spread with excel- 
lent effect. and in both localities the swarms were greatly reduced, 
almost to the point of non-danger. 


WORK ON GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE INSECTS. 


Investigations begun in previous years on insects injurious to truck 
crops have been conducted along the same line, certain species affect- 
ing the strawberry, raspberry, and blackberry, and others injurious 
to cabbage and other crucifers having been given special oe 
Several greenhouse insect pests were injurious ‘during the year and 
have been the subject of investigation. A bulletin embodying the 
results of some of the work on insects injurious to garden crops was 
completed in February, 1900, and published soon afterwards. 


(b) EXPERIMENTAL WORK WITH REMEDIES. 


A series of experiments have been conducted to determine the rela- 
tive insecticidal value of various kerosene mixtures, viz, an emulsion 
made by combining Bordeaux mixture with kerosene, an emulsion 
made with kerosene and a thin lime whitewash, and the use of kero- 
sene and of crude petroleum undiluted; also a series of experiments 
with lime applications. The effect of a thick lime whitewash on dor- 
mant trees and seale insects was determined. The lime, sulphur, and 
salt wash, so successfully employed in California against scale insects 
on deciduous trees, was again tested. It was shown that when the 
climatic conditions of the: Pacific coast are duplicated in the East for 
a sufficient length of time to allow the insecticide to operate, the appli- 
cation is notably successful. A study was also made of the reactions 
undergone by this substanee from a physical standpoint, and also 
chemically, in conjunction with the Department Chemist. In con- 
nection with the above experimental work, tests were made of the 
application of boiling water to dormant trees to determine the effect 
of heat alone in sprays applied at a high temperature. 

An examination has been made, also, from time to time, partly in 
conjunction with the Department Chemist, of new insecticide mix- 
tures. The use of fumigants as insecticides has also been under test, 
especially in the continuation of the work quoted last year, and the 
use of the same gas (hydrocyanie acid) for disinfecting houses and 
office buildings of vermin. The study from time to time of the com- 
position of proprietary insecticides by this Division with the aid of 
the Department Chemist led this year to a very extended investiga- 
tion of this'subject. A very large and complete collection of insecti- 
cides from the public markets throughout the country has been made 
by this Division in connection with the various entomologists of the 


OL DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


State experiment stations, and analyses of the material as collected 
are being made by an assistant in the Division of Chemistry especially 
detailed for the work. 

Toward the end of this fiseal year the first assistant entomologist 
undertook a series of experiments with insecticides against the scale- 
insect enemies of the orange in southern California. This series of 
experiments extends over into the present fiscal year, and includes 
spraying of the orchards with a new insecticide known as “‘ distillate” 
(a kerosene and soap emulsion made with a partially refined product 
of the Pacific coast petroleum); also comparative sprayings with the 
ordinary keroseneemulsion. These experiments were directed against 
the black scale, the purple seale, and the silver mite. For the silver 
mite also sprayings were made with a sulphur-lye wash, and the latter 
in combination with kerosene emulsion. Experiments were alse made 
in dusting with dry sulphur trees which had just been sprayed with 
water. ‘Tests were made to determine the relative value of the mechan- 
ical mixture of kerosene and water (not previously used on citrus trees) 
and the emulsions named above. 


(c) DETERMINATION OF SPECIMENS SENT IN. 


As reported in previous years, the different experts in the Division 
have been obliged to devote considerable time to the naming of speci- 
mens for experiment station entomologists and others who have not 
access to large collections either of specimens or of books. This 
labor, excessive as it is, makes no showing in the practical output of 
the office. It is indirect work, however, which must be done, and 
which pays in the long run by facilitating the work of State officials. 


(d) GENERAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE LIFE HISTORIES OF INJURIOUS 
INSECTS. 


During the fiscal year life-history notes were made upon 624 species 
which had not before been studied in the insectary. The catalogue 
number of the biological series so studied reached 9,284 on June 30, 
1900. 


(e) WORK ON THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE INJURIOUS 
INSECTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 


This work has been carried on during the year. <A large number of 
new localities have been mapped on information received from expert 
correspondents in different parts of the country or derived from the 
notebooks of the office force. Several of the more important maps 
have been brought down to date, and their consultation in the prepa- 
ration of an account of any single injurious species is now a matter of 
necessity as well as convenience. 


(7) BIBLIOGRAPHIC WORK. 
The ‘‘ Bibliography of the more important contributions to Amer- 


ican economic entomology” has been continued, and Part VII is prae- 
tically ready for publication. 


DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 33 
(7) PREPARATION OF CIRCULARS OF INFORMATION. 


These circulars which have been of the greatest assistance in the cor- 
respondence of the office have in a number of cases been reprinted, 
the editions having been exhausted, and three additional numbers 
have been published during the year. 


(h) CORRESPONDENCE. 


The correspondence of the office continues to grow slowly, about 
7,000 letters being written in answer to inquiries regarding injurious 
insects, and many others answered by printed or mimeographed cir- 
culars. 


(2) EXHIBIT OF INSECTS FOR THE PARIS EXPOSITION. 


This work, referred to in the last report, was completed in due time, 
and the collection shipped to Paris, where it received a ‘‘ Grand Prix,” 
while a silver medal was given to the apicultural expert of the office 
for collaboration in the collection of material illustrating the bee- 
keeping industry of the United States. It is to be regretted that the 
office was unable to send to Paris in connection with this exhibit a 
good collection of insecticide machinery. Every effort was made to 
secure such a collection from our leading manufacturers, but with- 
ouf success. For one reason or another they were unable or unwilling 
to send competent exhibits. The lack of such an exhibit was particu- 
larly unfortunate, since the American insecticide machinery has a 
high reputation abroad, and a number of persons visited the exposi- 
tion largely to see American machinery of this class. 


(j) WORK IN APICULTURE. 


During the year observations on the comparative value of the honey- 
gathering qualities possessed by Cyprian, Italian, and Carniolan bees 
and various first crosses between these varieties have been instituted, 
and further comparative tests of methods employed in the rearing of 
queen bees have been made. At the request of the directors of farm- 
ers’ institutes in the State of New York, the apiarian expert of the 
Division was detailed in Decemberand January to attend seven insti- 
tutes held in the central and western parts of the State, at each of 
which he made one or more addresses on apiarian topics, illustrating 
them with lantern slides or blackboard sketches. Advantage was 
taken of his presence in the State to make an investigation as to the 
extent and general nature of a new and destructive bee disease prev- 
alent in several of the eastern counties, wherein fully 50 per cent of 
all the colonies formerly kept, including in many instances whole 
apiaries, had been totally destroyed. Much advice as to the treat- 
ment of affected colonies was given at the time, and later the expert 
was enabled to cooporate with and aid the New York State depart- 
ment of agriculture in the preparation of a bulletin treating of the 
disease, now known as *‘ black brood,” and giving methods for its cure. 

AGR 1900 


2 
) 


34 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 
PROPOSED WORK FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1901. 


Aside from the general investigations which the office has been 
prosecuting, the nature of which will have been gained from the pre- 
ceding paragraphs, it is proposed during the fiscal year ending June 
30, 1901, to conduct an investigation of the habits of the codling moth 
in the far Northwest, as authorized by Congress. This investigation 
is necessitated by the apparent, but not well-understood, difference in- 
the habits of the insect in that part of the country from those sections 
where it has been carefully worked up and where its control is simply 
a matter of intelligent care and some small expense. The proposed 
continuation of the investigation of Blastophaga in California and of 
the reintroduction and practical use of the South African locust fungus 
and other matters have already been referred to. The emergencies 
of the coming season may alter plans to some extent, and undoubt- 
edly, as they always do, will introduce some unexpected feature which 
will interfere with ordinary investigation work. 


SUGGESTIONS AS TO ESTIMATES FOR THE YEAR 1902. 


With one exception, the appropriations made for the fiscal year 
1901 are satisfactory. A like amount, with a slight addition herein- 
after mentioned, will serve to carry on the work planned for 1902. 
In the clause appropriating for entomological investigations in the 
appropriation act for the year 1901, an additional investigation, 
namely, that upon the ravages of the codling moth, was inserted, 
and the sum of $2,500 was added to the amount previously appro- 
priated. A special plea had been made for the appropriation of an 
additional amount of $2,500 for apicultural investigations, and the 
Entomologist is unable to decide whether Congress intended the addi- 
tional $2,500 appropriated to be used for the codling-moth investiga- 
tion or for apicultural work. He therefore suggests that in the 
estimates for 1902 a specific additional amount of $2,500 be asked for 
for apicultural work, and that the purpose of this additional appro- 
priation be distinctly specified in the appropriation bill. 

The work that could and should be done under such an appropria- 
tion would include the following: The continuance of the comparison 
of honey-gathering qualities under various conditions of different 
varieties of bees and first crosses of the same; further tests of meth- 
ods in queen rearing; making of outline maps, which would show the 
areas occupied by important honey-yielding plants; investigation of 
the possibilities in apiculture in Alaska, Porto Rico, and the Philip- 
pine Islands; preparation and publication of bulletins on special fea- 
tures of the apiarian industry. <A fourth edition of Bulletin No. 1, 
new series, ‘* The Honey Bee: A manual of instruction in apiculture,” 
will probably be needed during the year, when a revision of some of 
its pages will be advisable. It is hoped that the introduction of the 
large bee of the East (Apis dorsata) may be undertaken in accordance 
with the announcement of the Secretary of Agriculture on page 13 of 
his last Annual Report to the President. Much other experimental 
work in apiculture which it is desirable to undertake suggests itself, 
but many, even of the lines indicated above, must remain untouched 
unless some definite sum can be set apart for the work. 


REPORT OF THE ACTING CHIEF OF THE DIVISION OF 
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 


U. 8S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY, 
Washington, D. C., September 1, 1900. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the work of 
the Biological Survey for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900. 
Respectfully, 
T. S. PALMER, 
Acting Chief. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR. 


During the fiscal year 1899-1900 the work of the Biological Survey 
has progressed along the lines indicated in formerreports. Field inves- 
tigations, having for their object the study of the geographic distri- 
bution of mammals, birds, and trees, and the more exact determination 
of the life zones of the United States, were continued; laboratory and 
field studies of the food of birds, especially of specics of economic 
importance, also received much attention. Just before the close of 
the year the work of the Division was enlarged by the assignment 
of all matters relating to the importation and preservation of birds 
contemplated by the act of Congress, known as the Lacey Act, which 
went into effect on May 25, 1900, This act carried no appropriation 
and has therefore greatly increased the burdens of the office without | 
making any provision for carrying out the new and important work 
thus imposed. 


FIELD WORK. 


The field work was mainly a continuation of the investigations 
mentioned in the report for last year, and was carried on in two States, 
California and Texas; in two Territories, New Mexico and Alaska; 
and also in Mexico, British Columbia, Manitoba, and the Northwest 
Territories. The work of outlining life zones in California was con- 
tinued in the Coast Range and earried southward to the bay of San 
Francisco, under the personal direction of the chief of the Division. 
Some work was also done on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada dur- 
ing the summer of 1899, and was taken up again in the spring of the 
present year. During the present season a careful examination will 
be made of that part of the Sierra lying between Sierra Valley and 
the Yosemite, including the region about Tahoe, Donner, Inde -pend- 

Bi) 


36 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


enee, and Webber lakes. Several important problems in the distri- 
bution of mammals in this section remain to be worked out, and 
several zone lines will be run—one through Beckwith Pass, another 
from Tahoe to Placerville, and still another through the Yosemite 
Valley and across the range to Mono Lake. Work has now been 
continued in California for several seasons, and much of the north- 
ern and centr ‘al part of the State has been covered, but the compli- 
cated character of the topography renders progress necessarily slow. 
The difficulty is further increased by inadequate appropriations, which 
necessitate doing the work piecemeal, and consequently extending it 
over several years. 

In Texas special attention was given to the southern half of the 
State, and more particularly to the region along the Gulf coast from 
Corpus Christi to Brownsville and west to the lower Rio Grande below 
Laredo. This work was intrusted to Mr. Vernon Bailey and Mr. H. C. 
Oberholser, who collected data for more accurately outlining the life 
zones in this part of the State. Several points along the line of the 
Southern Pacific Railroad west of San Antonio were also visited. 
In this region, as well as at Henrietta, in north-central Texas, Mr. 
Oberholser devoted considerable time to securing information respect- 
ing the ranges of certain mammals, and also made some experiments 
in destroying prairie dogs by various methods. 

The plans for work in Alaska last summer were successfully carried 
out, and a report on the biological reconnoissance of the Yukon River 
is now in press. Through the liberality of Mr. Edward H. Harriman, 
of New York, the Division is fortunately able to continue its investi- 
gations along the Alaska coast this season, thereby supplementing 
the work done in 1899. Mr. W. H. Osgood, who conducted the party 
down the Yukon last summer, has been detailed to visit several points 
in British Columbia and Alaska, including the Queen Charlotte 
Islands, Bb. C., Cook Inlet, Kadiak, Unalaska, and, if possible, some 
of the Aleutian Islands. The investigations of last summer brought 
to light certain problems which require special attention and also 
showed the localities which can be most profitably worked. While 
the present plans do not contemplate such detailed work as is being 
done in California and other parts of the United States, still the popu- 
lar interest in Alaska demands that as much information as possible 
on the natural history of the Territory be made generally available. 

A more careful study of the distribution of species found in the 
boreal zone along our northern border has long been needed; but in 
order to carry on this investigation suceessfully Ticats necessar vy to 
revisit some of the points at which the species were originally col- 
lected, and also to study their distribution in the provinces of Canada 
immediately adjoining the Northern United States. Plans for this 
work have been under consideration for several years, but it has not 
been possible to carry them out until this season. Through the cor- 
dial cooperation of the commissioner of the Hudson Bay Company, 
arrangements were made for sending a small party in charge of Mr. 
Edward A. Preble to the region about the southern end of Hudson 
Bay. The party left Winnipeg, Manitoba, about June 15 under 
instructions to work northward and westward to Fort Churchill, or 
as far as the conditions of travel or the short season would permit. 
Many facts of interest regarding the distribution of mammals, birds, 
and trees which occur in this region and in the Northern States about 
the Great Lakes are sure to be brought to light as a result of this 
expedition. 


DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. ol 


ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF BIRDS. 


During the year 2,989 birds’ stomachs were received and 1,959 exam- 
ined in the laboratory. This is a large increase over the number 
received the previous year (1,381), and a slight increase in the number 
examined (1,961). The stomachs examined this year may be grouped 
as follows: 


SPALLOWS4 eho ee eee WalS> | GTCUCS 2 v4 oe eee 40 
Savill Owise eee eee eo Cation sym see zi 3 
Wiootmeckers. 234 5.-5---2 318.|.Warblers: ..-~ 2... ..- 25 
Blackbirds 2552 se= 180n|e Mascelian couse === =aaee 141 
HlvcatChersi === === oe 149 

(Grllseeeen ie & eet eee | 76 Total 2! Glew sense 1,989 


Nearly 50 per cent of these stomachs were those of sparrows and 
blackbirds, used in the completion of reports on these two groups, 
and nearly 25 per cent those of swallows and flycatchers, for investi- 
gations now well under way. Thus far 672 swallows’ and 1,050 fly- 
catchers’ stomachs have been examined, and it is hoped that enough 
material may be collected in the near future to permit publication 
of at least a preliminary report on the food of these important birds. 
Some progress has also been made in other groups; 600 or 700 stomachs 
of thrushes and about 150 of titmice have been examined preparatory 
to issuing reports on these birds. The bulletin on native sparrows 
has been delayed in order to include interesting and valuable matter 
concerning the food of nestlings, methods of feeding, and results of 
experiments with captive birds. This report will probably appear in 
the near future. More than 300 woodpeckers’ stomachs were examined, 
with a view to preparing a revised edition of Bulletin No. 7, on the 
““Kood of woodpeckers,” which has been out of print for some time, 
but which is still in demand. 

The unusual attention which certain plume birds, notably grebes 
and gulls, attracted during the year suggested an inv estigation as to 
whether these species eat food fish to any extent. The stomachs of only 
40 grebes and 76 gulls were available for examination, material too 
meager to furnish conclusive results, but interesting as showing the 
general character of the food. The grebes’ stomachs nearly all con- 
tained feathers in greater or less quantities and very fewif any fish. In 
fact, the fish element was largely exceeded by that of aquatic insects. 
The g culls selected were all Franklin’s gull (Larus fr anklini), a species 
which breeds in the U pper Mississippi ‘Valley, and hence is likely to be 
of some economic importance. These birds fed to avery slight ‘extent 
on fish during the breeding season, but destroyed a re mark: able num- 
ber of insects, as shown by two stomachs collected at Harrison, 8. Dak. 
One of these stomachs contained 83 beetles, chiefly predaceous, 87 
bugs, 984 ants, a tree cricket, a grasshopper, and 2 spiders; the other, 
16 weevils, 66 crickets, 34 grasshoppers, and several other insects. 
Many oulls are important as scavengers, and the economie position of 
these and other birds which are jailed for millinery purposes, as well 
as of game birds of various kinds, should be more definitely known, 
in order that intelligent control of their destruction may be exercised. 
The material illustrating the food of these species is deficient; but if 
sportsmen and ornithologists would take the trouble to send us the 
stomachs of a few of the birds which they kill each year, this deficiency 
would soon be remedied, and the Division would be able to present 
results which would be of general interest. Birds’ stomachs may be 
eollected with little trouble, and blanks and directions for preserving 
them may be had upon application. 


38 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Field investigations designed to show the degree of selection exer- 
cised by birds in their fee ding have been continued by Dr. Sylvester D. 
Judd and Prof. F. E. L. Beal. Several farms in the vicinity of Wash- 
ington have been regularly visited by Dr. Judd during a period of several 
years, and 640 birds have been collected and their stomachs carefully 
examined with reference to the food which may be found in the imme- 
diate vicinity. As soon as a few more details of observation have 
been added the results will be ready for publication. Professor Beal 
continued the work begun last year in New England, and spent several 
weeks in April and May studying the food of migratory birds imme- 
diately after arrival upon their breeding grounds and before farm 
crops or wild fruit had matured. The unusually cold weather which 
prevailed during May retarded the appearance of insects, and many 
birds appar ently found great difficulty in securing food. Many inter- 
esting observations were secured in consequence, and it was noticed 
that some birds, especially warblers, failed to adapt themselves to the 
unusual conditions, and perished in considerable numbers. Reports 
were also received from several observers in New Hampshire and Mas- 
sachusetts showing fhat large numbers of birds were found dead after 
this cold wave. 


PROTECTION OF BIRDS. 


The object of investigating the food of birds is to obtain reliable 
information which will enable the farmer to distinguish between spe- 
cies which are beneficial and those which are injurious to his crops. 
Such knowledge naturally creates a desire to bring about an increase 
in the abundance of useful speci es, and it is very gratifying to note 
the widespread and constantly increasing popular interest in the 
question of bird protection. During the past year many inquiries 
have been received in regard to existing State laws on this subject, 
and the Division has been called upon to furnish information in con- 
nection with new game laws under consideration in Iowa, New York, 
Virginia, and the District of Columbia. 

Last January it was reported that circulars were being distributed 
broadeast through the Southern States by certain millinery houses in 
New York City for the purpose of enlisting the assistance of postmas- 
ters in securing aigrettes and bird skins to be used for millinery pur- 
poses. The matter was referred to the Post-Office Department and 
attention was called to the laws of several of the Gulf States which 
forbid the killing of plume birds. An order was promptly issued by 
the Postmaster-General and published inthe February number of the 
Postal Guide, prohibiting postmasters from aiding in the collection of 
such skins or in any way violating the State laws for the protection 
of birds. 

In March a report was received from the secretary of the Pennsyl- 

vania Audubon Society to the effect that a contract had been made in 
Delaware forthe delivery of several thousand skins of native birds to 
certain millinery firms, and requesting the aid of the Department in 
preventing the wholesale slaughter which would necessarily ensue if 
the terms of the contract were carried out. The Division at once 
communicated with the secretary of the Fish and Game Protective 
Association of Delaware, and through the efforts of that association 
and the Pennsylvania Audubon Society public sentiment was aroused 
to suchan extent that the proposed destruction of the birds was averted. 

In order to bring the various organizations concerned with the 


DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. ao 


protection of birds into closer touch with one another, a list of the 
State officials, national organizations, State game associations, and 
various Audubon societies was prepared for the Appendix of the 
Yearbook of the Department for 1899. At present there are State 
game commissions or wardens in 50 States, fish and game protective 
associations in 22, divisions of the League of American Sportsmen in 
25, and Audubon societies in 25. This list, containing the names and 
addresses of the officers of the various organizations,! was later issued 
as a circular and distributed to all the commissions and associations 
and to other persons interested. 

Still further to meet the demand for information regarding measures 
for the protection of birds, a compilation was made of the laws now 
in force in each State in the Union, so far as these relate to birds 
other than game. This digest was prefaced by a general discussion 
of bird laws and an historical résumé of the efforts thus far made to 
secure bird protection, from the early laws passed by New York in 
1791 down to the latest laws enacted in that State and Rhode Island 
during the present year. It also included a review of the proposed 
federal legislation that has been considered by Congress during the 
last three years. The report was completed during the spring and 
issued early in June as Bulletin No. 12. 


THE LACEY ACT. 


For nearly three years before its final passage last spring, a bill 
introduced by Hon. John F. Lacey, of Iowa, having for its object 
federal protection of game, was under consideration in Congress. 
This bill, as introduced at the last session, was entitled ‘‘An act to 
enlarge the powers of the Department of Agriculture, prohibit the 
transportation by interstate commerce of game killed in violation of 
local laws, and for other purposes.” It attracted widespread atten- 
tion and received support, not only from game and fish protective asso- 
ciations and the League of American Sportsmen, but also from Audubon 
societies and bird lovers in general. It was passed by the House on 
April 30, by the Senate on May 18, and was approved on May 25, 1900. 

This act gives the Department large powers and responsibilities. 
(1) It places all measures for the preservation and distribution of 
birds in charge of the Secretary of Agriculture, and authorizes him 
to expend such amounts as Congress may appropriate for this pur- 
pose. (2) It gives the Department control over the introduction of 
all birds and animals from foreign countries, by providing that a per- 
mit must be obtained from the Secretary of Agriculture before such 
animals or birds can be imported. Moreover, it prohibits absolutely 
the introduction of certain injurious species and such other species as 
the Secretary may declare injurious to the interests of agriculture. 
(3) It prohibits interstate commerce in birds or game killed in viola- 
tion of State laws, prescribes certain regulations for the shipment of 
game, and fixes penalties for evasions or violations of the act. (4) 
It subjects song birds and game imported into a State to the restric- 
tions of the laws of that State. 


PRESERVATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF BIRDS. 


The object of the Lacey Act, as stated in section 1, is ‘‘to aid in the 
restoration of such [game birds and other wild] birds in those parts 


‘In the case of State societies only the addresses of presidents and secretaries 
were given. 


40 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


of the United States adapted thereto where the same have become 
searce or extinet, and also to regulate the introduction of American 
or foreign birds or animals in localities where they have not hereto- 
fore existed.” The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to adopt 
such measures as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of the 
act, to collect and publish useful information on the propagation, 
uses, and preservation of birds, and to purchase game and other birds, 
subject to the laws of the various States and Territories. 

Many persons, apparently , assume thatthe primary object of the law 
is the purchase and distribution of game birds. But its scope is in 
reality much broader, since it provides for the preservation of birds in 
general—those of interest to the farmer as well as those of interest to 
the sportsman. Only about 200 (18 per cent) of the 1,125 species and 
subspecies of birds found in North America nor th of Mexico can 
properly be considered game, and the practical limitations attending 
propagation, even in this comparatively small group, do not seem to 
be generally recognized. In general, game birds may be divided into 
four main groups: (1) Gallinz or upland ¢ game birds, including quail, 
pheasants, grouse, and turkeys; (2) L imicole or shore birds, repre- 
sented by plovers, snipe, woodcock, and curlew; (35) Rallide or rails, 
including meadow-hens and gallinules; (4) Anatidze or ducks, com- 
prising ducks, geese, and swans. Of the birds in these four groups, 
pheasants and a few ducks are the only ones that have thus far been 
successfully raised in captivity. Pheasants, grouse, and quail have 
been established in new localities and depleted covers have been 
restored by judicious distribution of wild birds at certain seasons. 
But to restore the normal abundance of the great bulk of game birds, 
including snipe, woodecock, shore birds in general, rails, swans, geese, 
and the majority of the ducks—in fact all migratory species—the 
chief reliance must be placed on protective measures, and these meas- 
ures must guarantee the birds protection during the breeding season, 
and prevent their destruction in undue numbers during the open sea- 
son. It will thus beseen that the restoration of birds by propagation 
or distribution is limited to narrow lines, and confined mainly toa 
few of the more important upland game birds which are practically 
nonmigratory. 

Furthermore, in obtaining such birds, the Secretary is required to 
purchase subject to the laws of the various States and Territories. A 
cursory examination of these laws shows that in numerous instances 
States prohibit the exportation of game birds even when intended for 
purposes of propagation. For example, some of the States from which 
a supply of quail could most readily be obtained absolutely prohibit 
shipment of the birds for any purpose. Under these conditions the 
Department is somewhat limited in its ability to carry out the object 
of the law in so far as it relates to the purchase and distribution of 
game birds. but it can nevertheless do much to further the desired 
object by furnishing information, by ccoperating with associations 
and individuals, or by suggesting measures which are most likely to 
be successful in a given locality or for a particular species. 


IMPORTATION OF FOREIGN ANIMALS AND BIRDS, 


In the last Annual Report attention was cailed to the necessity for 
legislation restricting the introduction of noxious animals and birds 
from abroad. It is gratifying to report that Congress has at length 
recognized this necessity, and under the Lae “ey act absolutely prohib- 


DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 4] 


ited the importation of the English sparrow, mongoose, starling, flying- 
fox, and such other species as may be declared injurious to agricul- 
ture, and has also prohibited the shipment of such species from one 
State to another. The importation of foreign birds and mammals is 
now under the control of this Department, and with a few exceptions 
no species can be imported except under permit from the Secretary of 
Agriculture. Incidentally it may be noted that the first permit was 
issued on June 25, exactly thirty days after the law went into effect. 
Domesticated birds, canaries, and parrots may be brought in without 
permits, and the Secretary is given authority to extend the list when 
necessary. It will doubtless be advisable to exempt a number of ani- 
mals and all reptiles which are brought in solely for purposes of exhi- 
bition. The Secretary of the Treasury, who is authorized to make the 
regulations governing the importation of foreign birds and animals, 
has heartily cooperated in carrying the law into effect. The neces- 
sary regulations were promptly prepared in the Division of Cus- 
toms and were published on June 28. Officers of the customs at all 
the ports of entry were notified of the provisions of the new law and 
were instructed to use every effort to prevent the introduction of 
prohibited species. 

The Lacey Actis not intended to work undue hardships on importers. 
In the great majority of cases it can be enforced soas to cause very slight 
annoyance and still prevent the entry of species which may become 
pests. Doubtless it will be advisable to exercise control over impor- 
tations in Hawaii and Porto Rico, where certain noxious species have 
already been introduced and where unusual interest seems to be man- 
ifested in the acclimatization of foreign birds and mammals. It is 
believed that this law will afford ereater protection to the United 
States than is now enjoyed by Cape Colony, New Zealand, or any of 
the colonies of Australia which have similar laws. Had such an act 
been in force fifty years ago, the importation and consequent spread 
of the English sparrow could doubtless have been prevented. 


INTERSTATE COMMERCE IN BIRDS KILLED IN VIOLATION OF STATE LAWS. 


Nothing will do more to preserve game than the enforcement of State 
laws. Heretofore States have vainly prohibited the shipment of game 
beyond their boundaries or limited their open seasons to short periods 
intheautumn. Assoonas the seasons closed their game was forwarded 
to other States or sold in distant markets without respect to season, 
on the plea that by such shipment it had become an article of inter- 
state commerce, and hence was not subject to the laws of the State 
where offered for sale. This is now changed. The transportation 
provisions of the Lacey Act strike at the root of the evil by prohibit- 
ing the shipment from any State of birds or game killed in violation 
of local laws and by placing imported game on the same footing as 
birds or animals produced within the State where the game is sold. 
Shippers are required to mark their names, addresses, and the nature of 
the contents on all packages containing game, and common carriers 
and consignees, knowingly - receiving game shipped in violation of the 
law, are liable to heavy penalties. Obviously the enforcement of these 
provisions of the law must depend largely on game wardens and other 
loeal officers, but the Department can accomplish much by furnishing 
information in regard to State regulations governing the export of 
game, open seasons, and similar matters which were formerly of local 


42 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


interest, but which are now important since they form the basis of the 
federal law. 

New interest will hereafter be given to the importance of securing 
uniformity in game laws, and the advantages or defects of certain 
State reg ulations will attraet more attention than before. Some States 
already “hav e excellent game laws, while others are notably deficient 
in this respect, especially in the matter of prolonging open seasons 
into the spring. Nothing is more destructive to the game supply in 
general than spring shooting. While it is perhaps impossible to fix 
a uniform open epee asa “general rule shooting should not begin 
before September 1, nor extend beyond January 1. States which 
under any pretext permit shooting before the Ist of September, or 
after the Ist of January when the birds are gradually moving 
toward their breeding grounds, are slowly but surely paving the 
way for the destruction of their best game birds. So long as the sea- 
sons are open the markets remain open, and this permits the sale not 
only of local game, but also of that imported from other States. And 
if, as sometimes happens, the markets remain open after the seasons 
close, a premium is placed upon the destruction of game in violation 
of the local law or of the law of some other State. 


BELGIAN HARES. 


The widespread interest in Belgian hares has caused the receipt of 
many inquiries concerning this new industry. Correspondents usually 
ask for directions as to the care and breeding of the animals or 
addresses of reliable persons in Europe from whom breeding stock can 
be obtained. Many desire to know how to secure the exemption from 
duty (under section 475 of the tariff act of 1897) provided for other 
pure-bred animals, an exemption which has not thus far been granted 
in the case of hares. 

The Belgian hare is said to have been originally brought to America 
by the late E. M. Hughes, of Albany, N. Y., about the year 1888. At 
first it attracted little attention, but since its introduction at Denver, 
Colo., in 1897, and at Los Angeles, Cal., a year later, its popularity 
has been phenome nal. This popular ity has been fostered by liberal 
advertising. It is reported that in Los Angeles attention was first 

valled to the advantages of the animal by the publication of an illus- 
trated article in a local paper in the winter of 1898. This was soon 
followed by the importation of breeding stock from Denver and from 
abroad, and animals were bred in such numbers in the city that the 
raising of Belgian hares soon developed into an important ‘‘ back-yard 
industry.” By the close of 1899 Los Angeles had become the chief 
breeding place in the United States, and it was estimated that the 
number of Belgian hares in the State of California exceeded 50,000. 
The industry has been still further fostered by the organization of 
Belgian hare associations, by expositions held during the last three 
years at Denver, Colorado Springs, Kansas City, San Diego, and Los 
Angeles, and by a reduction in express rates. Express companies for- 
merly charged double merchandise rates for transportation, but on 
July 1, 1899, reduced the tariff to a one-and-one-half rate, and on 
August 18, 1899, to a single merchandise rate. 

The ady antages claimed for the belgian hare as a producer of meat 
and fur lie chiefly i in the rapidity with which it increases and the ease 
and cheapness with which it may be raised. Breeding can be begun 
at an early age (6 months is the best age, according to several writers), 


DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 43 


the period of gestation is only thirty days, and five litters may be 
raised in a year. The number of young is said to vary from 4 to 12 
or even more, and at 3 months of age a hare may be ere to dress 3 
pounds, at a cost of about 5 cents per pound, while the meat brings 
15 to 20 cents per pound in market. The weight of a full-grown Bel- 
gian hare, according to the American standard of excellence, is about 
8 pounds, and that of a heavy-weight Belgian or Flemish giant is 11 
pounds. 

Recently the demand for breeding stock has been so great that it 
pays much better to raise hares for this purpose than for meat. Young 
animals less than 6 months of age have been sold at prices ranging 
from $100 to $300 apiece. As much as $400 has been paid for an 
imported Belgian hare, and prize winners are beld by their owners at 
fabulous prices. It is of course impossible to say how long such high 
figures will be maintained, but those who embark in the business with 
the expectation of realizing exorbitant prices will probably be doomed 
to disappointment. 

As long as the animals are kept in captivity and raised chiefly in 
towns and cities, either for food or breeding stock, the industry is 
worthy only of commendation, but recent developments in California 
seem to show that there is an element of danger in the breeding 
which should not be overlooked, especially in view of the unfortunate 
experience which the State has already had with its native jack rab- 
bits. As the animals increase in numbers some are sure to escape 
and others are turned loose, either by owners who have lost interest 
in their pets or those who attempt to raise hares on a large scale with- 
out taking the necessary precaution to keep them securely. This has 
already occurred, and, according to a recent estimate of the State 
board of horticulture of California, several thousand Belgian, hares 
are already at large inthe State. Should they succeed in maintaining 
themselves in a wild condition, and increase as readily as they do in 
captivity, they would undoubtedly become a source of danger. Ina 
State whose agricultural and horticultural interests are as important 
as those of California, the losses which might result if the Belgian 
hare should become a pest would more than “offset the advantages of 
the animal as a meat producer, and strict legislative measures might 
become necessary to keep it under control. Still more dangerous 
would such a condition be in Porto Rico, from which inquiries have 
also been received concerning the hare, and where it would perhaps 
be welcome as a new and much needed source of meat supply. It is 
still uneertain whether it will thrive in a tropical climate, but should 
it escape from captiv ity, as it would be almost sure to do, and 
once gain a foothold in the island, it would undoubtedly become a 
far oreater pest than it ever could in California. Until moreis known 
of the habits of the animal when liberated, there is certainly grave 
danger in introducing it into Porto Rico, where native carnivorous 
mammals and other natural enemies which might hold it in check 
are almost entirely wanting. 


SKUNK FARMING. 


Early last September an article appeared in one of the ieading 
papers, purporting to be based on information obtained from this 
Department, setting forth in glowing terms the profits which could be 
realized by raising skunks for fur. This article was unauthorized 
and very misleading, but no notice was taken of it officially, in the 


44 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


hope that it would not attract much attention. It was, however, given 
wide circulation by the pS and was reprinted a number of times, 
and in oS ba soni e nearly 150 letters of inquiry were received during 
the year in regard to the supposed new and profitable industry. Mis- 
led by nie statements regarding the rapid increase of skunks, and 
the high prices paid for their skins, many persons seriously considered 
the experiment of starting skunk farms. For several years a list has 
been kept of such farms reported in various parts of the country, but 
so far as can be learned most of them have been abandoned after a 
year or two, and it is impossible to say how many are now in existence. 

Raising fur-bearing animals for profit is not a new idea. Skunk 
farms, minkeries, and fox farms have been started in a number of 
localities, but the industry apparently has never advanced beyond the 
experimental stage, except perhaps in the case of the fox farms estab- 
lished on certain islands on the coast of Alaska during the last few 
years. The species raised on these islands is the Arctic or blue fox 
(Vulpes lagopus), an animal whose fur is of considerable value, and 
which can be raised in large numbers at slight expense. Inquiries 
are occasionally received as to the feasibility of raising these animals 
or the silver-gray fox inthe Northern States, but little hope of success 
ean be extended to such ventures. Minks and skunks breed readily 
in captivity, but the low price of skins makes the margin of profit 

‘rather small. Last season the highest market prices for prime black 
skunk skins from the Northern States ranged from $1.65 to $1.75 each 
(the average price for high-grade skins being about $1.4: D), but white 
skins sold as low as 15 to 20 cents apiece. While there is a steady 
market for a considerable number of skins, the present demand can 
readily be supplied by skins of wild animals, and only the finest black 
skins from the Northern States command the highest prices. Skins 
which have much white, or which are obtained in the Southern States, 
usually bring less than a dollar each, a price which leaves little margin 
for profit after paying the expenses of raising the animals in captivity. 


PUBLICATIONS. 


The publications of the year inelude two bulletins, Nos. 12 and 15;! 
four numbers of ‘‘ North American Fauna, Nos. 16,” 17, 18,' and 19;! 
one article in the Yearbook of the Department for 1899; the Report of 
the Division for 1899; and reprints of Bulletins No. 10, on ‘‘ Life zones 
and crop zones;” No. 11, on ‘‘ Geographic distribution of cereals;” and 
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 54. Bulletin No. 12, on ‘‘ Legislation for the 
protection of birds other than game birds,” by T. 8. Palmer, consists 
of a general discussion of the various topics pertaining to State and 
federal legislation on the subject of bird protection, and a digest of 
the laws now in force. Although 3,500 copies of this bulletin were pub- 
lished, the edition soon became exhausted and a reprint was rendered 
necessary. Bulletin No. 15, on the ‘* Food of the bobolink, blackbirds, 
and erackles, ” by F. E. L. Beal, contains the results of an examina- 
tion of more than 4,800 stomachs. The group of birds whose relation 
to the farmer and horticulturist is here shown is of great economic 
importance, owing to the number and size of its individuals and their 
wide distribution. The well-known ravages of the bobolink in the rice 
fields of the South, of the red-winged blackbird in the grainfields of the 

'Still in press. 
? Mentioned in the report for 1899, but not distributed until October. 


DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 45 


Mississippi Valley, and of various other members of the family in 
other sections of the country are given full consideration in this bul- 
letin, which, however, also shows to what extent the havoc among 
cereal crops is offset by the number of noxious insects and weeds 
consumed by these birds as food. 

Two of the four numbers of ‘‘ North American Fauna” consist of 
technical papers, No. 17 being a ‘‘ Revision of American voles of the 
genus Microtus,” by Vernon Bailey, and No. 18, a ‘‘ Revision of the 
pocket mice of the genus Perognathus,” by W. H. Osgood. No. 16, 
“Results of a biological survey of Mount Shasta, California,” by Dr. 
C. Hart Merriam, was mentioned in the report for last year. No. 19, 
a ‘‘ Report of a biolog ical reconnoissance of the Yukon River region,’ 
by W. H. Osgood and Dr. Louis B. Bishop, gives the results of the 
field work of last summer on the Yukon River, and contains full notes 
on the mammals and birds observed during a trip down the entire 
length of the river. Dr. Bishop, who accompanied Mr. Osgood as 
voluntary assistant, prepared the ornithological part of the report. 

The contribution to the series of histor ical articles which appeared 
in the Yearbook of the Department for 1899, w as entitled ‘‘A review 
of economic ornithology in the United States,” by T. 8S. Palmer, and 
contained a summary of the advance made in the science of economic 
ornithology and of the application of the knowledge of birds to the 
affairs of everyday life. 

The demand for Farmers’ Bulletin No. 54, on **Common birds in 
their relation to agriculture,” first issued in 1896, still steadily con- 
tinues. During the year three reprints, aggregating 70,000 copies, 
were issued, bringing the total number of reprints up to nine, with an 
aggregate of more than 200,000 copies in four vears. The bulletin 
has been recently tre nslated into Bohemian and is appearing serially 
in the ‘ eee a Bohemian agricultural paper published at 
Omaha, Nebr. 


ROUTINE WORK. 


Routine work still consumes much of the time of the office foree. 
About 4,255 letters were received during the year, and many of these 
were accompanied by reports, schedules, and notes, which were exam- 
ined and filed for future reference. About 2,041 letters were written, 
several hundred schedules distributed to migration observers and cor- 
respondents, and several hundred packages were received and sent 
out. Other office work comprises arrangement of reports and notes 
received from field naturalists and correspondents, preparation and 
examination of accounts, care of collections, unpacking and repack- 
ing specimens received for identification, forwarding supplies to 
field naturalists, bibliographical work, and preparation of reports and 
bulletins for publication. Much of the correspondence recently has 
consisted of inquiries in regard to the Lacey Act. Many requests are 
received for copies of the law, many inquiries as to the provisions 
regarding shipments of birds from one State to another, and many 
applications for permits to import foreign animals and birds. Un- 
doubtedly this correspondence will increase in the future, and will 
require the entire time and attention of at least one assistant. Pro- 
vision should be made for handling the additional work necessitated 
in replying to such inquiries and in issuing permits for the entry of 
foreign birds by making an increase in the salary roll of the Division. 


46 DEPARTMENTAL REEFORTS. 
OUTLINE OF WORK FOR THE YEAR 1901. 
FIELD WORK. 


The plans for field work for the current year, as already stated, 
comprise a continuation of the biological survey in California, a con- 
tinuance of the work of outlining the life zones in Texas, a recon- 
noissance of the coast and islands of southern Alaska, and a recon- 
noissanee of the Hudson Bay region. In California, the main work 
will be carried on in the Sierra between Lake Tahoe and the Yosem- 
ite Valley. Some collecting will be done in the northern coast ranges 
near Mount St. Helena to supplement the work of last season, and 
also in San Mateo County, below San Francisco Bay. ‘The work in 
Alaska will be chiefly in the region between Cook Inlet and Unalaska. 
Most of this field work was well under way at the beginning of the 
fiscal year. 

DESTRUCTION OF PRAIRIE DOGS. 


The interest in the extermination of prairie dogs in some of the 
States on the Great Plains, especially in western Texas and eastern 
Colorado, emphasizes the importance of making a thorough investiga- 
tion of the most economical method of destroying this pest on the 
ranges of the arid region. Preliminary experiments with gasoline, 
strychnine, and bisulphide of carbon have been made this season in 
the vicinity of Henrietta, Tex. Gasdline is objectionable on account 
of the time and trouble necessary in obtaining the materials, in prop- 
erly applying it, and the danger in its use. In the strychnine experi- 
ments, a formula recommended by Prof. A. T. Peters, of the Nebraska 
experiment station, was used in preparing the poison. According to 
this formula, 5 ounces of strychnine and half a pound of cyanide 
of potassium are dissolved in a quart of boiling water; 2 quarts of 
molasses and a teaspoonful of oil of anise are then added, and after 
the mixture has been poured over 1 bushel of wheat, 4 pounds of 
finely ground corn meal are sprinkled over it and well stirred in. A 
tablespoonful of the poisoned wheat should be seattered about the 
entrance of each hole. Experiments with this preparation were tried 
in summer on a tract several acres in extent, and about 50 per cent 
of the prairie dogs were killed. The results would doubtless have 
been more satisfactory if the experiment had been tried in winter or 
early spring when the animals first come out from hibernation and 
before they find an abundant supply of food in the form of grass. 

Bisulphide of carbon proved more satisfactory than either gasoline 
or strychnine, and is altogether the most effective poison. <A table- 
spoonful of bisulphide properly applied to each occupied hole was 
found sufficient in the majority of cases to kill all the inmates, while 
if any were left a second application nearly always completed the 
work. These experiments show that the expense of extermination 
by means of bisulphide, including the cost of material and labor, is 
about 1 cent per hole. The number of occupied holes per acre in the 
vicinity of Henrietta averaged between 20 and 30, which would make 
the cost of extermination 20 to 50 cents per acre, as compared with 
about 10 cents per acre when poisoned wheat is used. In some loeali- 
ties the number of holes is estimated at 90 to 150, but it is doubtful 
whether the occupied holes ever average more than 100 per aere, and 
of course it is useless to apply bisulphide to any except those that are 
occupied. 


DIVISION. OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. AT 


Means should be provided for conducting these experiments on a 
larger scale in several different States. The main problem is to ascer- 
tain the minimum cost at which prairie dogs may be effectiv ae 
destroyed under varied conditions. 


STUDIES OF THE FOOD OF BIRDS. 


During the ensuing year the report on the native sparrows will be 
completed and investigations of the food of flycatchers, swallows, 
titmice, and thrushes will be continued. If sufficient material can 
be obtained, reports on some of these groups may be prepared for 
publication. A study of the food of purple finches and house finches 
of the genus Carpodacus is much needed, since the house finch is 
considered one of the worst fruit pests in California. Some material 
has already been collected, but a thorough investigation will neces- 
sitate careful work in the field as well as in the laboratory. 


ENFORCEMENT OF THE LACEY ACT. 


Much preliminary work is necessary in ascertaining the means by 
which the preservation of birds under the Lacey Act may be most 
effectively accomplished. Regulations regarding importation must 
be arranged so as to relieve importers from undue annoyance and 
yet enable the Department to maintain a rigid inspection of species 
brought in from foreign countries. A brief compilation of the various 
State laws that relate to the seasons at which birds may be killed 
and the regulations under which they may be exported is greatly 
needed for the use of sportsmen and game dealers. Accurate infor- 
mation should be obtained as to the results of the introduction of Old 
World pheasants (both English and Mongolian) into the various States, 
the methods of propag ation, and the special laws under which the birds 
are protected. An investigation of the preserves maintained by pri- 
vate individuals and game associations would doubtless prove very 
useful in coordinating the efforts now being made to increase these 
and other game birds. 

Before the Department can advise intelligently regarding the intro- 
duetion of birds, it must know the localities from which the birds can 
be obtained to the best advantage, and whether the localities in which 
it is proposed to introduce them will afford proper food, suitable con- 
ditions of environment, and adequate protection. The latter question 
involves investigation of the warden system of the various States and 
the degree to which the game laws are enforced, for evidently it is 
useless to import birds into a new loeality if there is no prospect of 
preserving them until they can obtain a foothold. Popular and well- 
illustrated reports on pheasants and on some of the native game birds 
would meet a wide demand and do much to further the interests of 
game protection. In short, the first and most important work lies 
mainly along the lines of preliminary investigation and general edu- 
cation. 

RECOMMENDATIONS. 


The present appropriations are inadequate for the regular investi- 
gations already under way, and no increase has been made in the fund 
for biological investigations since 1894, in spite of the fact that the 
work of the Division has since been considerably enlarged by Congress. 
Under these circumstances it is impossible to carry out the provisions 


48 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


of the Lacey Act as the importance of the work and public interest in 
it seem to require unless some appropriation is made for the purpose. 
A large appropriation is not necessary at this time if the work is car- 
ried on in the most economical manner in connection with the regular 
investigations of the Biological Survey. 

In submitting estimates for the next fiseal year the following recom- 
mendations are therefore made: (1) A slight increase in the salary roll 
in order to bring the office force to a higher degree of efficiency and 
provide for the increased clerical work; (2) an increase of $10,000 in 
the fund for biological investigations, to enable the Division to carry 
on field work on a larger scale and at the same time more economically; 
to investigate more fully the extermination of prairie dogs; and to col- 
lect data, prepare reports, and carry into effect regulations for the pro- 
tection and importation of birds under authority of the act of Congress 
approved May 25, 1900. 


REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE DIVISION OF VEGETABLE 
PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY. 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY, 
Washington, D. C., September 1, 1900. 


Stir: I respectfully submit herewith a report reviewing the work of 
this Division for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, and outlining 
the work under way and planned for the current fiscal year. 

Respectfully, 
B. T. GALLOWAY, 
Chief. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR. 
ORGANIZATION. 


As now organized, the Division consists of five branches or labora- 
tories, namely, plant physiology, plant pathology, Pacific coast inves- 
tigations, plant breeding, and plant nutrition and fermentation. 
These are in charge of Messrs. Albert F. Woods, Erwin F. Smith, 
Newton B. Pierce, Herbert J. Webber, and Oscar Loew, respectively, 
each of whom is responsible for the main details connected with his 
branch. The division of labor effected by this arrangement has led 
to excellent results, responsibilities being placed where they should 
be, and each man being led to take special interest in developing his 
field. The entire plan of the organization is to give freedom and 
elasticity in general matters of detail and a united front on ques- 
tions of policy. There have been no important changes in the staff 
during the year. Two scientific aids have been secured, and through 
cooperation with the Office of Experiment Stations a third aid has 
been engaged part of the time. The assistance rendered by these 
aids gives encouragement to the belief that they will prove of great 
value to the Department. Coming, as they must, fresh from agri- 
cultural or land-grant colleges, they are found to be in full sympa- 
thy with the practical phases of the Department’s work. The future 
success of the Department will depend in large measure on the prac- 
tical application of its discoveries, and the plan of utilizing the scien- 
tific aids is an important step toward securing the heip necessary for 
this work. 

COOPERATION. 


Recognizing the fact that the best results can be obtained only by 
full and free cooperation with the various Divisions of the Depart- 


LGR 900= 4 49 


50 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


ment and the agricultural experiment stations in the different States, 
efforts have been put forth during the year to bring about such coop- 
eration wherever practicable. With this object in view arrangements 
were made for cooperation with the Division of Soils in connection 
with its work on tobaceo; with the Division of Forestry in the inves- 
tigations of the diseases affecting forest trees; with the Section of 
Seed and Plant Introduction in securing new and valuable seeds and 
plants, especially cereals; and with the “Office of Experiment Stations 
in the matter of giving employment for a part of the time to one of 
the scientific aids who desired to carry on certain investigations in 
plant physiology. Cooperation with the agricultural experiment sta- 
tions has been arranged for through the Office of Experiment Stations. 
So far this work is ‘confined largely to the testing of new forms of 
citrous fruits and other plants obtained as a result of the work in 
plant breeding. The stations are showing a marked interest in the 
plant-breeding investigations, and mutual benefit will undoubtedly 
result from close cooperative work along this line. 


CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 


For nearly ten years this Division has been engaged on one or more 
phases of investigation bearing on cereals, and the work pertaining 
to this subject has been pushed forward as rapidly as the time and 
help at hand would permit. The diseases of cereals have been studied 
and thorough investigations made for the purpose of obtaining facts 
as to the best methods of preventing them. This work led to the 
testing of several thousand varieties of wheat, oats, and barley from 
all parts of the world, the primary view being to determine their 
resistance to rust and other diseases. In connection with this work 
the adaptability of the various cereals to the widely different condi- 
tions prevailing here has been fully studied and many facts of inter- 
est developed. It has been found possible to map the country so as 
to show the regions adapted to certain kinds of wheat, and this has 
made practicable intelligent effort in the way of introducing new and 
desirable forms and the production of the same by breeding and 
selection. 

The principal work of the year consisted in the collection of a com- 
mercial cereal exhibit for the Paris Exposition. Acting under your 
instructions, every effort was put forth to make this exhibit as strik- 
ing as possible. Throughout the work the commercial aspect of the 
case was kept in mind. With the cooperation of the crop reporters 
in the Division of Statistics and the various experiment stations, collec- 
tions were made in all parts of the United States. The work was found 
to be of such magnitude that it required personal visits on the part of 
the associate in charge, Mr. M. A. Carleton, to nearly all the wheat- 
growing districts, and when the collections were made it necessitated 
three months’ work on the part of several members of the Division staff 
to get it ready for installation. The exhibit includes all cereal ee 
used for food. In this group are wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, rye 
some of the millets, buckwheat, Kafir corn, Jerusalem corn, rice corn 
and milo maize. The exhibit was planned to illustrate fully and 
graphically the possibilities of the United States in the production of 
cereals, not only as relates to ordinary food products, but to special 
foods as well. Our vast resources in the matter of varieties were 
shown, and our possibilities in the production of special forms, such 
as macaroni wheats, cracker wheats, breadstuffs, ete., were brought 


DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY. 51 


out. The regions from which these various types could be obtained 
were emphasized in such a way as to show interested parties where 
and how to obtain them. To add to the commercial aspect of the 
exhibit, our methods of handling grain from the time it is harvested 
until it is loaded and ready for export were fully illustrated by photo- 
graphs, charts, and export packages of the grains themselves. The 
packages were provided in quantity so that foreigners interested in 
the grains as food products could obtain samples. After the instal- 
lation of the exhibit the associate in charge was detailed to the Sec- 
tion of Seed and Plant Introduction, and sent, under instructions from 
the special agent in charge of this Section, to southern Russia for the 
purpose of collecting varieties of wheats and other grain suitable for 
cultivation in the United States. 


PLANT BREEDING. 


The work on plant breeding has been carried forward as rapidly as 
possible, mainly along lines similar to those outlined last year, new 
work being inaugurated as time permitted. In work of this nature 
it necessarily requires years to obtain final results, and it is therefore 
encouraging that already many important hybrids and varieties have 
been obtained. The orange hybrids, made with a view of securing 
hardier sorts, have been budded on young stocks, and these are being 
grown and tested in cooperation with the various agricultural experi- 
ment stations of the South. Last winter 12 of these hybrids proved 
considerably hardier than the Satsuma orange, which is the hardiest 
of the evergreen oranges grown in this country. It still remains to 
be seen what may be the character of the fruit and the permanent 
value of these hybrids. This year buds of many of the orange, 
pomelo, and tangerine hybrids have been sent to growers, under spe- 
cial arrangements, to be grown and tested in cooperation with the 
Department. Some 2,000 hybrids of various kinds are now being tested 
in this way. 

As incidentally referred to elsewhere, the work on breeding of 
cereals, especially wheats, was pushed forward as rapidly as could be 
done during the absence of the associate in charge of cereal work. 
Several hundred varieties of wheat, obtained from Russia and else- 
where, were sown at Halstead, Kans., and with these as a basis nearly 
500 hybrids have been obtained, some of which it is hoped will have 
special value. In carrying on this work the special needs of the 
various regions where wheat can be grown were kept constantly in 
mind. Particular attention was given to the needs of the South and 
West, and the work so far is showing promising results. 

The corn-breeding work, started in 1898, is being continued and 
considerably extended. Several hybrids grown last year at the 
Nebraska experiment station showed features of promise for other 
sections of the country, and the present season these are being tested 
in such sections. Such hybrids are now being grown in Virginia, 
Maryland, New York, Michigan, and Nebraska, and will be subjected 
to selection the present season and to further testing next year. The 
value of any new form must be determined by several years’ selection 
in a locality suitable for the purpose. It is confidently expected that 
some of the sorts being tried will prove valuable additions to our lists 
of races. The main features of importance desired in corn are early 
maturing, drought resistance, resistance to smut, increased protein 
content, and increased yield. The Illinois and Kansas experiment 


59 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


stations have recently shown the protein, starch, and fat contents of 
corn to be subject to great variation in different individuals and that 
they are capable of being greatly increased by selection. This feature 
is being carefully considered in all corn-breeding work. 

There is a great demand throughout the Southern States for races 
of cotton with a longer and finer staple than is found in the ordinary 
upland sorts. This demand, it is believed, can be filled by produc- 
tion of forms combining the ordinary upland with the long staple sea 
island. A number of such hybrids were made last year and are being 
grown this year for testing and selection. Some work of this nature 
‘sarried on by private growers has already yielded results of value, 
and the investigations as a whole give great promise. 

The pineapple hybrids mentioned last year, of which about 600 have 
been produced, are being grown and tested in Florida. Many of them 
will fruit next year, and their true value can then be determined. 

The successful results obtained in securing hardy varieties of grapes 
adapted to California and the Pacific coast generally was pointed out 
last year. This year’s work, however, emphasizes the importance of 
these results. The work was started several years ago, mainly to find 
means of overcoming certain inherent weaknesses in the vine which 
led to the loss of the fruit soon after the blossonis set. The new forms 
show none of this weakness, and have yielded fruit of much promise. 

During the year the work on the improvement of pears and other 
pomaceous fruits was continued. A number of valuable crosses have 
been secured between the Oriental or sand pears and some of the 
more delicate kinds, like Bartlett, Seckel, etc. The Oriental pears 
are very hardy and resistant to disease, and the crosses were made 
with a view of obtaining more vigorous kinds than we have at present. 


PLANT NUTRITION. 


In my last report special attention was called to the work on plant 
nutrition in relation to the health of plants and their productiveness. 
The principal elements constituting the mineral nutrients of plants 
have long been known, and the question of the availability of the vari- 
ous elements in the numerous fertilizers used and in soils has been 
and is still being carefully studied for different crops. The experi- 
ment stations are doing valuable work along this line. Another and 
avery important phase of the work, which has hitherto received com- 
paratively little attention, is the study of the function of each of the 
mineral nutrients in the nutrition of the plant. This subject received 
special attention during the year, and a bulletin entitled ‘‘ The phys- 
iological role of mineral nutrients” was prepared and published. The 
bulletin brings together all that is known on the subject up to the 
present time, and embodies much original work also. It was designed 
especially for experiment-station workers. In the investigations 
special attention was given to calcium and magnesium. Contrary to 
former belief, the association of the two compounds in proper relation 
has been found to be one of the most important requirements for the 
vigorous and healthy growth of plants. 


TOBACCO INVESTIGATIONS. 
CURING AND FERMENTATION. 


The cooperative work with the Division of Soils on tobacco investi- 
gations started two years ago has been continued. It has been found 


DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY. 53 


that the true cause of fermentation is not the action of bacteria, as 
formerly supposed, but of chemical ferments produced by the tobacco 
plant itself. This discovery has suggested important modifications of 
the old methods, promising much improvement in Northern cigar leaf 
tobacco. A careful physiological study of Connecticut leaf tobacco 
has also been made during “the year. A third and new oxidizing 
enzym, or ferment, which probably plays an important part in the 
fermentation process, has been discovered. It was found that these 
ferments were often injured or destroyed by some of the methods of 
curing and fermentation practiced, and that as a result the finished 
leaf is of poor quality. The method of correcting these errors has 
been clearly pointed out, but much still remains to be done, and the 
associate detailed to the work, Dr. Oscar Loew, will continue the 
investigations in cooperation with the Division of Soils. 


DISEASES, 


Considerable attention has also been given to the diseases of tobacco. 
The one known as ‘‘mosaic” or ‘‘calico” is the most widespread and 
injurious, sometimes causing a loss of about 10 per cent of the crop. 
It occurs throughout the tobacco- growing regions of the world and 
has been studied by many investigators, especially in Europe, but as 
yet the cause has not been found and no remedy is known. ‘Though 
the study of the disease has not been completed, new facts have been 
discovered which we believe will lead to the solution of the problem. 


PACIFIC COAST WORK. 


During the year the work on the Pacific coast was continued along 
much the same lines as heretofore. A greatdealof the time of the asso- 
ciate in charge of this work, Mr. Newton B. Pierce, is necessarily taken 
up with correspondence and other routine matters. In accordance 
with the plan set forth in my last report, he came to Washington, D. C., 
during the year and spent several months here preparing a bulletin on 
peach leaf curl and investigating other matters of particular interest 
to the Pacific Coast States. The bulletin gives the results of investiga- 
tions and experiments with peach leaf curl for a number of years, and 
shows conclusively that it can be readily prevented at comparatively 
small expense. Widespread interest has been manifested during the 
year in a serious disease of the apple in Washington State, and consider- 
able attention was devoted to a study of this trouble. During the lat- 
ter part of the year many complaints have come from California and 
other Western States regarding a serious disease of sugar beets. It 
is estimated that the loss in California alone from the disease in ques- 
tion was over $2,000,000 last year, and the trouble seems to be spread- 
ing. In order to obtain some information as to the nature of this 
trouble the associate in charge of the work was directed to visit the 
infected regions and confer with large growers wherever it was found 
desirable to do so. As yet there is no information at hand as to the 
probable cause of the trouble, but it is hoped that facilities can be 
afforded for undertaking a thorough study of this matter at an early 
day. Other work has been done in the matter of crossing grapes with 
a view of obtaining some hardy and resistant varieties, ‘but this has 
been referred to under plant breeding. 


54 ‘ DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 
WORK ON PLANTS UNDER GLASS. 


The increasing demand for information upon matters pertaining to 
the cultivation of plants under glass led to the enlargement of the 
work during the year. This particular line of horticulture is increas- 
ing rapidly in importance, owing to the fast growth of cities and the 
demand for the highest products of the gardener’s skill. Over 
$12,000,000 worth of cut flowers are sold annually in the United 
States, and the value of the plants is nearly as great. Owing to the 
intensive nature of this work, every detail must be looked after with 
the greatest care. During the year special efforts have been made 
in the direction of studying the diseases of carnations, Easter lilies, 
violets, and other greenhouse crops, and experiments have been carried 
on with a view of getting information as to the best methods of prevent- 
ing them and at the same time increasing the value of the products. 
Prevention of diseases of greenhouse plants must come largely through 
a knowledge of the best methods of handling the plants themselves, 
so that many lines of work are involved. Watering, feeding, and 
methods of propagation are all important factors and have received 
full consideration. A bulletin on a disease affecting carnations, to 
which the name Stigmonose was given, was issued during the year, 
and other publications are also in press and will be issued at an early 
day. With a view of obtaining authentic facts in regard to the 
development of the industry under consideration, the Division col- 
lected during the year information from all parts of the United 
States. More than 12,000 circulars were sent out, and the results of 
this inquiry, together with information obtained from other sources, 
were published in the Yearbook of the Department under the title 
‘* Progress of commercial growing of plants under glass.” 


TRUCK AND GARDEN CROPS. 


Work on truck and garden crops has been confined for the most 
part to tomatoes, lettuce, cantaloupes, and cabbage. A number of 
diseases of the crops in question have been studied and experiments 
inaugurated with a view of finding a means of preventing them. 
During the past six or eight years the tomato crop in Maryland and 
adjacent States has been seriously injured by blight, which attacks 
the foliage early in summer and soon kills the plant. This blight 
is produced by a fungus, which it is believed may be prevented by 
spraying. In order to test this treatment experiments were inaugu- 
rated during the year and are still in progress. 


DISEASES OF FOREST TREES. 


The work on the diseases of forest trees outlined in my last report 
has been continued. This work is being carried on in cooperation 
with the Division of Forestry of the Department and the Shaw School 
of Botany in St. Louis. The special agent in charge of the investi- 
gations, Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, is instructor in botany in the Shaw 
School and has excellent facilities for carrying on the work. During 
the year he made a trip into the forests of Maine, and through assist- 
ance furnished by the Division of Forestry good facilities were obtained 
in the matter of studying a number of the diseases affecting the forest 
trees of that region. Asa result of this work, two bulletins have been 
prepared and are now going through the press. 


It 
Loy | 


DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY. 9) 
ROOT ROT OF FRUIT AND OTHER TREES. 


For several years the Division has been receiving complaints from 
various parts of the United States in regard to the dying of fruit 
trees as a result of the decay of the roots. The disease is especially 
prevalent and destructive in the Mississippi Valley, where whole 
orchards have been destroyed by it. During the year the special 
agent in charge of the forest-tree diseases has also had the root-rot 
trouble under investigation, and some important results have been 
obtained. The cause of the trouble appears to be a fungus, and 
from its nature and the way it works it may prove practicable to 
prevent its attacks by the use of hardy or resistant stocks. This 
matter is receiving thorough attention, and extensive experiments 
are being inaug urated to obtain definite facts in regard to the ability 
of different kinds of stocks to resist the disease. W ith the coopera- 
tion of a number of large nurserymen in different parts of the United 
States, and also of the Shaw School of Botany, the practical value of 
the work can, it is believed, soon be determined. 


LITTLE PEACH DISEASE. 


Work on little peach disease was continued during the year, parts 
of Michigan and other States being visited for the purpose. As a 
result of the inv estigations, some facts have been obtained which point 
to the discovery of the cause of the trouble. The disease is still 
spreading, but was not so destructive the past year as previously. 


DISEASES OF COTTON. 


The work on the diseases of cotton has been continued. Several 
months were devoted to field work in the sea island cotton region, and 
much information was obtained in regard to the various diseases which 
have prevailed there during the past few years. Inaddition to labora- 
tory studies made with a view of tracing the cause of the sea island 
cotton disease, extensive field experiments were inaugurated for the 
purpose of obtaining information as to the possibility of preventing it. 
During the winter the work was continued at Washington, D. C., and 
with the facilities furnished by the greenhouse a number of new facts 
were brought out. 


ADDITIONAL GREENHOUSE FACILITIES. 


Through a small appropriation secured during the year additional 
ereenhouse facilities were made possible. The value of the entire 
work of the Division can be greatly increased by proper facilities in 
this direction. Heretofore the work has been much hampered through 
lack of space, but with the increased room many of the difficulties 
will be overcome. The houses not only serve to make it possible to 
continue many lines of work which would otherwise be stopped upon 
the approach of winter, but also give opportunity for conducting inves- 
tigations of direct practical bearing on subjects relating to forcing of 
vegetables under glass and the growing of cut flowers for market. 


SUBTROPICAL GARDEN. 


The subtropical garden, located at Miami, Fla., has been continued 
and used largely for the planting of stocks and other hybrid fruits 


56 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


obtained as a result of the plant- breeding work. The garden contains 
about 6 acres of ground, and is provided with a 6-room frame labora- 
tory building. In cooperation with the Section of Seed and Plant 
Introduction, a number of plants introduced by that branch of the 
Department are being tested. It will take some time to complete this 
work, however, as some of the plants will not fruit for several years. 
There are now in the garden about 2,000scitrous hybrids, 600 pine- 
apple hybrids, and 200 select guava seedlings. 


HERBARIUM. 


The herbarium is maintained primarily as an aid to the economic 
work of the Division. It serves the same purpose as the library, and 
for this reason it is necessary to add to it such material as will facili- 
tate the more important lines of practical research on the diseases of 
plants. During the year much material has been added, and that 
already on hand has been put into better shape for ready reference. 
The herbarium is now thoroughly catalogued, and all the specimens 
in it are easily accessible. 


CORRESPONDENCE, LECTURES, ETC. 


The Division receives and answers from 5,000 to 6,000 letters a year 
on many subjects. This correspondence necessarily consumes much 
time, but it keeps the Division in touch with the needs of horticultur- 
ists and agriculturists, and for this reason every effort is put forth to 
make the replies to questions as full as possible. Many of the ques- 
tions can be answered by forwarding bulletins or circulars of the Divi- 
sion, but many others require special studies in order to give an 
intelligent reply. 

During the year various members of the Division have attended 
farmers’ institutes and the meetings of horticultural and other socie- 
ties for the purpose of delivering lectures and addresses upon mat- 
ters pertaining to the Department’ s work. It is not practicable to 
comply with the many requests received for this kind of work, but 
whenever it can be done efforts are made to attend such meetings, as 
it is recognized that mutual benefit results therefrom. 


OUTLINE OF WORK FOR THE CURRENT FISCAL YEAR. 


It is planned to enlarge the cereal work during the year, and to this 
end a number of new lines of investigation are under way. The asso- 
ciate in charge of this work will return the early part of the current 
year from Russia, where he has been engaged in collecting cereals for 
introduction into the United States in cooperation with the Section of 
Seed and Plant Introduction. It is planned to further continue the 
studies of the diseases of cereals, especially rusts and smuts. The 
new forms of cereals that are being introduced and that have been 
secured as a result of selection and breeding will be treated in the 
various regions where the most promising results are likely to be 
obtained from them. 

In the plant-breeding work the cereals present a problem of the 
greatest magnitude to the country, and wheat in particular is probably 
the most important of all plants to the plant breeder from the practi- 
calside. Selection and hybridization with wheats have already yielded 
results of striking value in several instances, and varieties giving a 


DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY. Be 


heavier yield and containing larger percentages of gluten can doubt- 
less be obtained. Plans for cooperation with the experiment stations 
of the West in this work are now under way. It is recognized that to 
obtain varieties of the greatest value for the various districts the 
varieties themselves must be developed under more or less local con- 
ditions. This can probably be best effected through cooperation with 
the stations, and to this end the cooperative work is being planned. 
It is recognized, for instance, that macaroni wheats can probably be 
best developed in Texas, and that other wheats adapted to different 
purposes can be obtained through work at other stations where con- 
ditions are different. The main object of the work as a whole is to 
develop the general principles of breeding, leaving it to the stations 
themselves to look to the details with respect to local needs. 

The investigations inaugurated in the improvement of citrous fruits 
will be continued, but it will be several years before the various 
hybrids can be fruited sufficiently to determine their true worth. In 
the meantime facts as regards hardiness and other desirable charac- 
teristics will be constantly accumulating. The pineapples obtained 
as a result of hybridization will be carefully studied, and such impor- 
tant points as may develop in regard to their value will be recorded. 
It is believed that there is a promising outlook in this country for the 
cultivation of this crop, and it is very desirable to improve the varie- 
ties now on hand, as it is recognized that but few of them have attained 
a high state of cultivation. 

The work of improvement of grapes will be continued in California, 
and as a number of the varieties are now beginning to fruit, plans are 
being formulated for distributing them in a way that will show the 
connection of the Department with the work and at the same time 
give the best and widest distribution to the material on hand. The 
question of distributing the various improved forms of plants is an 
important one, and is receiving careful attention. It would be mani- 
festly unwise to permit a control of the plants which would in any 
way interfere with or curtail freedom of distribution among the peo- 
ple. It isalso important to carefully grow the productions until their 
full value is thoroughly ascertained. 

In connection with the plant-breeding work, careful attention is 
being given to the underlying principles of the subject. Cooperative 
experiments with several experiment stations have been inaugurated 
to test the effect of environment on plants, and to determine how this 
effect can be best utilized by the practical plant breeder. Experi- 
ments for the fixation of hybrids into stable races are also under way, 
and some points of interest have been obtained. This particular line 
of work is of such wide application and must be carried on under such 
varying conditions of climate and soil that it will probably be brought 
toa successful issue better by the Department than by the experiment 
stations, and it will enable the Department to place in the hands of a 
number of plant breeders information as to the principles underlying 
the work. 

The tobacco investigations are being continued in cooperation with 
the Division of Soils. The principal lines of work planned have for 
their object the obtaining of further information in regard to the 
changes taking place in the tobacco ieaf during fermentation, and, 
furthermore, to determine if possible the cause of the aromas of the 
various types of tobacco. These questions being worked out, it may 
be possible to determine definitely whether or not ‘conditions of growth 
and of handling can be so changed as to bring about the desired effects 


58 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


in the texture and other qualities of the leaf. It is planned to devote 
considerable attention to the diseases of tobacco also, particularly 
those in which the nutrition of the plant is involved. The most seri- 
ous troubles affecting tobacco are those due to the derangement of the 
functions of the plant, which are, in a large measure, due to methods 
of culture, particularly those pertaining to the supply of food. 

The work on the Pacific coast is being continued along lines similar 
to those of last year. The growing importance of the agricultural 
and horticultural interests on the coast and the wide variety of ques- 
tions that are constantly demanding attention make it almost a neces- 
sity to enlarge the scope of the work. Therehave been requests from 
orange growers, from sugar-beet growers, and from several other 
interests to undertake work which. with present facilities it is not 
practicable to do. The work planned for the current year covers as 
many of these questions as the help at hand will permit, but it is 
hoped to materially enlarge the scope of this work another year. 

The work planned on plants under glass has for its object the obtain- 
ing of better knowledge of many of the diseases and the elucidation 
of “problems which will establish some of the more important principles 
underlying plant growth. Much interest has been aroused in the efforts 
of the Division to obtain reliable data as to the status of this work in 
the United States. It is planned to continue the collecting of such 
data relative to the growth and development of the industry as will 
enable the Department to ascertain the practical value of some of the 
lines of work itis carrying on. Obviously the first requisite to induce 
the adoption of the Department’s recommendation for the improve- 
ment ot methods is to be able to show conclusively that such recom- 
mendations really mean an increase in profits. To be able to discuss 
the question of profits intelligently a knowledge of the important con- 
ditions controlling the same must be at hand. This is the main object 
of the work in collecting information as to the yield of crops, the area 
of glass, and other questions of a similar nature. 

The work on the diseases of forest trees will be carried on during 
the year on the same plan of cooperation between the Division of 
Forestry and the Shaw School of Botany as has heretofore existed. 
The special agent has been detailed to visit the Pacific coast and to 
make as thorough studies of the important diseases affecting the tim- 
ber trees of the region as time will permit. He will also continue the 
work on the root rot of fruit and other trees. The experiments in the 
breeding of resistant stocks will be continued, and laboratory investi- 
gations will be inaugurated for the purpose of obtaining further 
information on the cause of the trouble. 

The work on cotton will be continued, principally in the field, and 
the same is true of the little peach disease and a number of other 
serious troubles affecting pomaceous fruits. 


REPORT OF THE ACTING POMOLOGIST. 


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
DIVISION OF POMOLOGY, 
Washington, D. C., September 1, 1900. 
SiR: In the absence of the Pomologist, Col. G. B. Brackett, I have 
the honor to transmit herewith a report of the work of the Division of 
Pomology for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, with a brief out- 
line of work of the current fiscal year, and a statement of plans and 
estimates for the work of the Division for the fiscal year 1902. 
Respectfully, 
Wo. A. TAYLOR, 
Acting Pomologist. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR. 


ROUTINE WORK. 


The work of the Division has continued along the same lines as in 
former years, the most important new work undertaken during the 
year having been the collection and installation of the horticultural 
exhibit at the Paris Exposition. The regular correspondence contin- 
ues to increase, the usual wide range of subjects relating to fruits and 
their culture being covered. The total correspondence has been much 
larger than in any previous year in the history of the Division, over 
5,000 letters having been written, in addition to a large routine cor- 
respondence by means of circulars. 

Receipts of specimens by mail continue to increase as compared 
with former years. A large proportion of the fruits received in this 
way are sent by growers for identification, nearly 50 per cent of all 
lots received during the year having been sent for this purpose. As 
this work yields a direct and valuable return to the fruit grower, and 
therefore constitutes one of the most useful features of the work of 
the Division, it is gladly undertaken and encouraged. 

During the year “about )25 fruit descriptions, 260 water-color paint- 
ings, a considerable number of photographie negatives, 185 wax mod- 
els, and about 200 mounted herbarium sheets have been added to the 
collections. 


DISTRIBUTION OF TREES, SCEKONS, CUTTINGS, PLANTS, AND SEEDS. 


The cooperative work with the Section of Seed and Plant Introdue- 
tion, referred to in the last report, has been continued during the year 
just closed. This promises to become more useful as more of the 
desired species and varieties are secured for testing and as closer 
relations are established with individual experimenters. During the 

59 


60 PEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


year over 700 lots of such material have been placed with about 125 
experimenters, either official or private, in different parts of the coun- 
try. More than 200 varieties, representing 22 species, have been thus 
distributed. The most important items in the distribution have been 
European table grapes, of which about 100 varieties have been dis- 
tributed. The improved facilities for handling large collections of 
plants afforded by the new packing rooms of the Section of Seed and 
Plant Introduction render the labor attendant upon such distribution 
much less severe than heretofore, and also make it possible to forward 
the plants in much better condition than formerly. 


EXPERIMENTS WITH EUROPEAN TABLE GRAPES IN THE SOUTH 
ATLANTIC STATES. 


The effort to give the culture of the choice European table grape a 
thorough test in the South Atlantic States has been continued at 
Southern Pines, N. C., and Earleton, Fla. Vines of such varieties of 
the first importation (that of 1899) as failed to grow have been replaced 
so far as possible, and as many additional sorts of supposed merit as 
were obtainable on resistant stocks have been secured. The collec- 
tion at Earleton is reported to have made a very thrifty growth, and 
to have continued almost entirely free from leaf diseases during the 
summer of 1899. It is also reported to be in thrifty condition at the 
present time. The collection at Southern Pines, on the deep and 
sterile sandy soil of the long-leaf pine belt, has made a less thrifty 
growth, and a larger number of vines failed to grow here than at 
Earleton. More difficulty with leaf diseases has been experienced 
here also. This is probably due in some measure to the close prox- 
imity of large vineyards of American varieties, composed mainly of 
Niagara and Delaware, in which black rot and mildew have been 
prevalent for several years, and which continue to be a source of 
infection to the more susceptible European varieties. A collection of 
about 40 varieties grafted on Niagara stocks at this place two years 
before the Department experiments began suffered considerably from 
black rot on both leaves and fruit during the summer of 1899, though 
a number of varieties were apparently not more injured by it than 
was Niagara in the same locality. It is gratifying to record that the 
phenomenal cold weather of February, 1899, injured but few of the 
unprotected vines of these varieties seriously. Most of the varieties 
have made a strong growth and several are now carrying a full crop 
of fruit, which under ordinary climatic conditions should make pos- 
sible an approximate determination of their quality and a forecast of 
their probable usefulness as market grapes in that region. 


CARD CATALOGUE. 


The illness of Mr. T. T. Lyon, of Michigan, for many years an expert 
and capable special agent of the Division, resulted in his death during 
the present fiscal year. The card catalogue, the preparation of which 
had been intrusted to Mr. Lyon from the beginning, because of his spe- 
cial fitness for the work, was left incomplete by his death, the apples, 
pears, and peaches described in standard American pomological 
works having been completed as heretofore noted. The completion 
of this work has been placed in charge of Prof. W. H. Ragan, of 
Indiana, who has been actively engaged upon it during the latter half 
of the fiscal year. During this time the plums and grapes have been 


DIVISION OF POMOLOGY. 61 


catalogued. The catalogue of plums now contains about 2,300 cards, 
of which more than 1,000 represent distinct varieties, and about if 300 
are of recognized synonyms. The catalogue of grapes contains nearly 
2,700 cards, of which more than 1,400 represent distinct varieties, and 
nearly 1,500 are of recognized synonyms. The importance of early 
completion and publication of this catalogue becomes increasingly 
apparent. 


EXHIBIT AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION. 


As indicated in the report of last year, the organization and preparé 
tion of the horticultural exhibit of the United States at the ieee 
Exposition has required a large expenditure of time and energy. As 
this was the first attempt to make a comprehensive exhibit of Ameri- 
ean horticulture and horticultural products at a foreign exposition, it 
was considered important that the showing should be worthy of that 
great industry, bearing in mind the ultimate effect of such an exhibit 
upon foreign demand for our products. 

Exhibits of horticultural implements, seeds, plants, illustrations, 
etc., were accordingly solicited, with the result that a creditable repre- 
sentation from the United States was secured in five of the six classes 
into which Group VIII, Horticulture, of the exposition classification 
was divided. These exhibits were forwarded to Paris during the win- 
ter, and in February the assistant pomologist, who had been in imme- 
diate char ge of their collection, was detailed to install them in Paris. 
As fruit culture is generally recognized as the largest and most 
important feature of American horticulture, it was decided to give it 
special prominence by maintaining a continuous fresh-fruit exhibit 
from the opening to the close of the exposition. Under an agreement 
with the Commissioner-General, by which the cost of tre unsportation, 
storage, and installation of such exhibits was paid from the exposi- 
tion appropriation, contributions of the more durable fruits, especially 
apples and oranges, of the crop of 1899, were e solicited from horticul- 
tural societies, State commissions, and similar organizations, as well 
as from individual growers in all parts of the country. Asa result of 
this, a quantity of ‘choice winter apples, equal to about 300 barrels, 
representing seventeen States, was placed in refrigerated storage at 
seven conveniently located points in the apple-producing territory 
during the autumn of 1899. The California exposition commission 
undertook to furnish a sufficient supply of oranges to maintain a con- 
tinuous exhibit of that fruit and also to provide successive shipments 
of deciduous fruits of the crop of 1900 as these matured. 

Preliminary investigation having revealed the fact that fruit refrig- 
eration, as practiced in this country, was unknown in France, a suit- 
able chamber for the reserve supply was constructed in a meat-storage 
establishment at Havre, the seaport of Paris. <A refrigerated com- 
partment on an ocean steamer was secured, and the apple exhibits 
were successfully assembled in refrigerator cars at New York in 
March, during a period of very stormy weather, when railroad travel 
was much interrupted. These exhibits were transported to South- 
ampton, England, from which point they were transferred on a small 
steamer to Havre, and placed in storage March 23, 1900. Special 
credit for the assembling and successful transportation of this fruit, 
as well as for assistance in collecting exhibits, is due to Mr. H. M. 
Dunlap, president of the Illinois State Horticultural Society, who, as 
a special employee of the Paris Exposition Commission, rendered valu- 


62 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


able services in this connection and throughout the period of installa- 
tion of exhibits. 

The foreign section of the Palace of Horticulture, in which was the 
space allotted to the United States, being still incomplete on the day 
of the formal opening of the exposition, it was found impossible to 
install exhibits until after that date. Since May 9, however, when 
the first installation was completed, the exhibit has been continu- 
ously maintained in good condition. It is worthy of note that a large 
proportion of the apples of the crop of 1900 displayed were excep- 
tionally choice fruit, and were in excellent condition when unpacked 
for exhibition. This is especially gratifying in view of the prolonged 
hot weather of the autumn of 1899, which resulted in unprecedented 
losses by dealers of fruit in transit ‘and i in storage during the autumn 
and winter. It furnishes a conclusive demonstration of the practica- 
bility of greatly prolonging the marketing season for this fruit where 
proper precautions are taken in selecting, handling, and storing. 
Under a continuation of the arrangements made last year regular 
shipments of fruits of the present season are being forwarded, and 
these will be kept up until the close of the exposition. 

The exhibit from the outset attracted wide attention, and distinetly 
beneficial results to the fruit industry may reasonably be expected 
from it. 

No other country has attempted to maintain a continuous fruit 
exhibit, even the French section being bare of fruit during at least 
two-thirds of the time. 


CURRENT WORK. 


In addition to the regular work of the Division, which may be 
expected to require e additional attention in view of its steady growth, 
the maintenance of the fruit exhibit at Paris will require continued 
attention. The presence of the Pomologist in Paris to superintend 
the exhibit during most of the first half of the fiscal year is highly 
probable in view of the constant supervision and attention required 
by such an exhibit. 

The preparation and installation of a suitable exhibit at the Pan- 
American Exposition to be held in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1901, will also 
require attention. 

Field work of observation and investigation, which is needed in 
several important lines, can not be undertaken under existing cir- 
cumstances. 


PLANS FOR THE ENSUING YEAR AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 


The effort to introduce the culture of the European table grapes in 
the South Atlantic States makes important a careful study of those 
varieties and of the methods of pruning, cultivating, fertilizing, ete., 
as well as the methods of combating the diseases which affect them. 
The superior quality of these varieties, which have been developed 
to their present excellence as the result of many centuries of cultiva- 
tion and selection in the Old World, renders their production here 
highly desirable to both producer and consumer. It is believed that 
a large demand at good prices would quickly arise when they are once 
produced in considerable quantity. The necessary work on this sub- 
ject can be done best in cooperation with the Section of Seed and 
Plant Introduction and the Division of Vegetable Physiology and 
Pathology, and I would therefore respectfully recommend a sufficient 


DIVISION OF POMOLOGY. 63 


increase in the appropriation for pomological investigations to render 
this possible early in the calendar year 1901. 

Some of the most serious problems that confront the fruit grower 
are those connected with the questions of harvesting, packing, and 
marketing the product. This has been found especially true in rela- 
tion to the export trade in fresh fruits. In numerous instances efforts 
to increase the sale and use of American fresh fruits in foreign mar- 

kets have failed through the imperfect understanding that exists 
- among growers, packers, and shippers , as well as transportation com- 
panies ‘and their employees, in regard to the requirements of the 
markets to be supplied and the methods of harv esting, packing, 
storing, and shipping necessary to meet those requirements. The 
development of that steady demand which is necessary to build up 
trade is in many eases retarded by the variability in condition of con- 
signments on arrival. A shipment which arrives perfectly sound and 
in every respect satisfactory is frequently followed by one or more 
that arrive in bad condition. The result is loss of confidence in the 
reliability of American fruit as a staple article of trade and a disas- 
trous lowering of prices. For these reasons it seems highly important 
that provision be made for a careful study of methods of harvesting, 
ene storing, and transporting fresh fruits, both at home and 

abroad, With special reference to the dev elopment of the export trade 
in them. Authority to make experimental.shipments should also be 
provided for in this connection. In addition to the immediate bene- 
ficial effect resulting from such an investigation, it would have a direct 
bearing on the selection of varieties for the commercial orchards now 
being planted in many sections of the country, and thus exercise 
an important influence on the character of the commercial fruit sup- 
ply of the next two decades. It is therefore strongly urged that pro- 
vision be made for the prosecution of this work during the coming 
fiscal year. 

What is in some respects the most important work of this Division, 
namely, the accurate mapping of the districts adapted to the com- 
mercially profitable culture of the important fruits, still remains 
practically untouched, and can not be undertaken until a larger ap- 
propriation is available. Thousands of acres of trees and vines are 
annually planted on soils and sites manifestly unsuitable because of 
adverse conditions of soil or climate or of the prevalence of disastrous 
diseases. ‘The data obtainable at the present time bearing upon this 
question consist chiefly of disconnected reports from growers more or 
less isolated, and until systematic field work can be undertaken accu- 
rate outlining of fruit districts is impossible. On the other hand, a 
rapid personal survey of doubtful areas by skilled observers, in con- 
nection with the accumulated data, and such incidental investigations 
of soils, prevailing plant diseases, and perhaps of injurious in: ects as 
may be found necessary, would yield results of immediate and great 
value to fruit growers. This work should be undertaken at an early 
date by this Division, in cooperation with the Divisions of Soils and 
Vegetable Physiology and Pathology and the State experiment sta- 
tions, and J would respectfully recommend that a sufficient increase 
in appropriation be included in the estimates to make a beginning 
of such work possible during the coming fiscal year. 


REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE DIVISION OF SOILS. 


U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
DIVISION OF SOILS, 
Washington, D. C., August 31, 1900. 
Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report upon the work 
of the Division of Soils for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900. 
Respectfully, 
MILTON WHITNEY, 
Chief. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR, WITH RECOMMENDATIONS. 


The work of the year has been a continuation and an extension of 
the work of previous years. It consists of the investigation of alkali 
soils and their relation to irrigation, soil mapping, physical soil inves- 
tigations, chemical soil investigations, improvement of instruments 
and methods, tobacco investigations, work on the collection and 
installation of the tobacco exhibit for the Paris Exposition, and the 
clerical work incident to the field and laboratory investigations, 
together with the ordinary correspondence of the Division. The 
alkali investigations and soil mapping have been developed more in 
proportion than any other lines, and from the great interest shown in 
this work and the great pressure brought upon the Division for the 
extension of the work, it seems likely that these lines will have to be 
developed and rapidly extended beyond the present resources of the 
Division. That so much has been done to meet these demands and 
so much accomplished in economic and practical lines is due to the 
fine organization and personnel of the force and the earnest way in 
which the men have cooperated in developing and executing the plans. 


DIVISIONAL ORGANIZATION AND EXPENSES. 


The Division as organized has an administrative office consisting of 
the chief of Division, a stenographer, two clerks, messenger, watch- 
man, and charwoman. The salaries of these, the general expenses of 
rent, repairs, and improvement of laboratories, supply of gas and 
electric current, engine supplies, and freight and express charges 
amounted to 54 per cent of the total appropriation. 

The laboratory of soil physics, in charge of the assistant chief, Mr. 
Lyman J. Briggs, with one permanent assistant and two temporary 
assistants during the winter, and the laboratory of soil chemistry, 
under Dr. Frank K. Cameron, with two assistants (one paid by the 

AGR 1900 3) 65 


66 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Maryland experiment station for work on the soils of Maryland), took 
together 17 per cent of the appropriation, including all salaries and 
laboratory supplies. 

The soil survey of the Western division, under Mr. Thomas I. 
Means, with an assistant in Arizona and California, and with Mr. 
Frank D. Gardner and an assistant in Utah, together with the soil 
survey of the Eastern division, under Mr. Clarence W. Dorsey, with 
Messrs. Bonsteel, Smith, and one assistant in various States, absorbed 
34 per cent of the appropriation. This includes the annual salaries 
of the men, traveling and subsistence expenses in the field, and sup- 
plies for the field parties, but not the cost of publishing the results of 
this work. 

The tobacco work, under the charge of Mr. Mareus L. Floyd, and 
the physiological investigations, under Dr. Oscar Loew, took 15 per 
cent of the appropriation, including the salaries, traveling, and field 
expenses, but not the cost of the survey of tobacco lands nor the 
chemical work done in connection with the survey. 


PROGRESS OF THE SOIL SURVEY. 
AREA SURVEYED DURING THE YEAR, AND COST. 


Soil surveys have been carried on during the year in seven States and 
one Territory—Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland, North Carolina, 
Louisiana, Utah, California, and Arizona. The total area surveyed 
and mapped amounted to 3,386 square miles, or 2,160,000 acres. ‘The 
actual cost of the field work connected with the survey, the salaries 
of the men while actually employed in the field, and transportation 
(including g¢ team hire) and subsistence expenses in the field, amounted 
to $6,383. This was at the rate of about $2 per square mile, or three- 
tenths ae acent peracre. Part of this expense was paid by the States, 
so that the actual cost of the field work to the Department was con- 
siderably less than the amount stated. The total cost of the field 
work, including the salaries of the men while preparing the reports, 
together with the cost of inspecting the field work, amounted to $8,721. 

The work has all been mapped on the scale of 1 inch to the mile. 
This seale is the one adopted by the United States Geological Survey 
in most of its recent topographic maps, so that wherever available 
these topographic maps are used as base maps for the soil work. On 
such a seale a square tract of 10 acres would be represented by an 
area on the map about one-eighth of an inch square, which is a very 
satisfactory unit, allowing considerable detail in a comparatively 
large area covered by a season’s work. 

The average rate of the soil mapping per field party for all the 
States has been about 3.5 square miles per day, or 100 square miles 
per month. Theaverage length of the full field season for each party 
has been about eight months. The maps are kept fully up in the 
field, and in most cases when the parties come in from the field 
the maps can be turned over immediately to the engraver. There 
remain of course the examination of the specimens and the typical 
soil samples and the preparation of the reports, which require at 
least three or four months. 

The rate at which the field work has been done has varied naturally 
with conditions of the weather, the character of the soil (whether the 
soil types are very distinct and clear ly marked by color, vegetation, 
texture, topography, or other prominent features), and by the aceu- 


DIVISION OF SOILS. 67 


racy and detail of the base maps. The pressure for the work has 
been so great from many districts that the limited means at the dis- 
posal of the Division and the few trained men available to head the 
field parties have made it necessary to shift the parties in the field 
more than would otherwise have been advisable. It requires about a 
month for a party to get well started and clearly see the problems 
presented in a district and to work out the key to the situation. In 
three months the work is going very smoothly, rapidly, and in most 
cases satisfactorily. If then we are forced to shift them to a new 
field to meet an urgent demand, much valuable time is lost and expe- 
rience wasted. Wherever possible a party should be left in one dis- 
trict for an entire season of six to eight months, then they should be 
allowed from three to six months to prepare their report and to work 
up in the laboratories special problems which constantly present them- 
selves in the field. If left thus undisturbed, and with good maps, 
each party should survey and map from 800 to 1,000, or perhaps as 
high as 1,500 square miles in a field season, or from 500,000 to 1,000,000 
acres, in such detail that every 10-acre field will be accurately located 
and properly classified. 


DETAILS OF THE SOIL SURVEY. 


The following table gives the area, rate, and cost of the soil survey 
which has been earried on during the fiseal year: 


Areas surveyed and mapped and cost of same during fiscal year ending June 30, 


1900. 
} ost. 
; 7 er es E Rate pers ———— = = 

State or Territory. Area. day. save lPer square 

= | ~ *amille: 

Sq. miles. | Sq. miles.| Dollars. Dollars. 

MVirrevlarl es ccnmatree at ann a AAR CE SR AR AN con ean 625 5. > 875 1.40 
@OnnGChCODT 2 eo tess We ae eee 400 4.5 800 2.00 
Renna Vlyan lass Smee eeeee ns Se eee 100 3.3 275 2.75 
NOE ENECArOlN a eet ee se ene Ty oie 100 1% 275 2.15 
GUISE cee eee eee Os eee re ee ts, as 1,000 17.0 630 63 
(MGs 225. Se ee 5 Se phe aie as See eee 311 2.0 1,788 as 
California —-2-. FOR Sie ee ee ee ae eee 450 5.0 900 2.00 
JNTAVAGIINE, = Sa SO core ie ORE EE Si CL nets ie 400 3.3 840 2.10 
Were WSS 2 a ae Se See Oe ee ne ee 3, 386 | EES ASIA: OkS8Sr'|\- 2 eA sees 


This work has been done by five field parties, much of it in the 
spring of the present year. The work will be reported in some detail 
to show the importance of the economic problems involved, as well 
as the large amount of useful information collected and the assist- 
ance rendered the several districts. 


The Means party.—In July and August Mr. Meansmade some recon- 
noissances in Utah and Colorado in preparation for further detailed 
work in those States. In December he went to Arizona, where the 
Arizona experiment station furnished an assistant, and three months 
were spent in surveying and mapping 400 square miles of land in 
cooperation with the experiment station. 

In the 100 square miles of land surveyed and mapped around Tempe, 
Ariz., on the south side of the Salt River, the soils were found to be 
formed of wash from the mountains and aliuvial material brought 
down by the river. The underlying material was calcareous, and 
underlying this at still greater depths were gravel and bowlder beds, 


68 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


which invariably carry water. ‘The soils are naturally free from 
alkali, and the irrigation waters are good, containing about 100 parts 
of salts per 100,000 parts of water. The irrigation of the mesa lands, 
however, has caused the water in the lower lands to rise to within 1 
or 2 feet of the surface in years of plentiful supply of water, and con- 
siderable areas of what were the most fertile lands are now liable to 
be too wet to cultivate, and, besides, have accumulated an amount of 
alkali detrimental to all cultivated crops. The question of under- 
drainage was considered in connection with the damage already done, 
and it is believed it is quite possible and practicable to reclaim the 
damaged lands and prevent further loss. 

Similar conditions were found to exist in the 250 square miles sur- 
veyed on the north side of the river, except that the alkali is here 
confined to a narrow strip along the river, which, however, is con- 
stantly widening. Special problems were encountered here as well as 
in an area under the Buckeye canal, which will be fully treated in 
the final report on the work. The results of the work are highly sat- 
isfactory in showing on the maps prepared the conditions ‘actually 
prevailing, and in indicating that the alkali question can easily be 
controlled and the fertility of the land be assuredly maintained. 

The party then went to California, where a short time was spent in 
tracing, with our electrical method of salt determinations in soils and 
waters, the main underground channel of the Los Angeles River from 
the canyon in the granite mountains, where the pure water sinks into 
the ground, to the river proper, which is the source of the water 
supply of the city of Los Angeles. The definition of the channel or 
zone through which this water passes between the more saline sup- 
plies from the mountains of shale or slate on either side bearing 
alkali salts, is the subject of legal proceedings between the city of Los 
Angeles and a certain water company, which has developed a con- 
siderable water supply by constructing a tunnel in the zone through 
which the pure water from the granite mountains has been traced. 
It is believed that evidence was collected which will have an important 
bearing upon the court proceedings. 

A short time was spent in a reconnoissance at Oxnard, Cal., where 
an extensive irrigation plant is proposed for the development of the 
sugar-beet industry. It was found that the underground water was 
alre ady so near the surface and so charged with alkali that serious 
trouble and damage were predicted if the land was irrigated without 
adequate provision for underdrainage. The company proposes fol- 
lowing this advice, and it is planned to return there later in the season 
and spend some time studying the efficiency of this method of pre- 
venting the rise and accumulation of alkali, an opportunity not 
before havi ing come to this Division of testing practically some of our 
recommendations. 

The party then went to Fresno, Cal., where on June 30 about 450 
square miles had been surveyed and mapped, comprising practically 
all of the irrigated lands of that immediate vicinity. Five maps 
have been prepared, showing: (1) The character and distribution of 
the soils; (2) the amount and distribution of the alkali in the soil; 

(3) the amount and distribution of the black alkali or sodium ear- 
bonate; (4) the depth to standing water, to show where drainage is 
imperatively needed; and, (5) the depth and character of hardpan 
which underlies much of the land. Alkali has damaged large areas 
of what were once thrifty vineyards and fruit orchards, causing a loss 
of at least a million dollars in land values alone. Plans and estimates 


DIVISION OF SOILS. 69 


of the cost of reclaiming this damaged land are now being worked out, 
and it will be shown that the reclamation is both possible and a good 
business proposition. The alkali is confined principally to the south- 
ern part of the area, and has its origin in a hardpan below the surface, 
so that it did not at first show any effects on vegetation. After 
irrigation was introduced this material disintegrated and the alkali 
was brought to the surface. This hardpan is soft,and when moist is 
easily penetrated by roots or broken up by plows where near the sur- 
face, and it is only the alkali which it contains that makes it par- 
ticularly harmful to vegetation. In the northern half of the area 
.this alkali hardpan is believed to underlie the land, but the surface 
is much higher, and the alkali is buried in places to a depth of 40 
feet. Overlying this the soils are free from alkali, but there is a dif- 
ferent hardpan cemented with iron and silica, so that it forms virtually 
a sandstone, which is in layers interbedded with sand and other loose 
material to a depth frequently of 40 feet. Over a considerable part 
of this area this hardpan comes to within 5 feet of the surface, and 
the soils are so shallow that fruit trees can not be successfully grown, 
and the crops are liable to fail. Some of this land is quite worthless, 
while part of it is used very successfully for wheat and barley under 
dry farming. This hardpan is a much more serious problem in the 
Fresno area than the alkali. Attempts have been made to blast out 
holes for fruit trees and grapevines, with apparent success, but at a 
cost of $40 or $50 per acre. The results of this work will be fully set 
forth in the report which will accompany the maps. 


The Gardner party.—During the first four months of the fiseal year, 
with the cooperation and assistance of the Utah experiment station, a 
survey was made of a portion of Salt Lake County, comprising about 
250 square miles, or 160,000 acres. Of this area, about 32,000 aeres 
have been under successful irrigation; but 6,400 acres of this, or one- 
fifth of the whole irrigated area, have been ruined by seepage water 
and rise of alkali, and are now lying out as waste and worthless land. 

About one-half the total, or 80,000 acres, lies in such a way that it 
could be irrigated, and there is water enough of good quality, but the 
land contains so much alkali, especially in ‘the lower depths, that any 
such attempt has failed, and much money has thus been lost. The 
land adjoins Salt Lake City and stretches out to the Great Salt Lake, 
a distance of 18 miles. Preliminary estimates make it appear that 
60,000 acres of this land could be reclaimed by underdrainage at a 
cost of not exceeding $20 peracre. The land now has a mere nominal 
value. Comparison with adjoining lands indicates a value of at least 
$70 per acre, if it were in good condition. Allowing for the cost of 
reclamation, this would give a clear increase in value of at least 
$3,000,000. These matters have been clearly set forth in a paper, 
with accompanying maps, in Report No. 64, which has just been issued 
by the Department. 

Early this spring work was again undertaken in Utah in cooperation 
with the Utah experiment station, this time in the Sevier Valley, 
where 225 to 250 square miles will be surveyed and mapped. _ Inter- 
esting conditions have been found in this area, unlike those prevail- 
ing in other localities in which the work has been earried on. The 
soils were originally quite salty, the salts consisting principally of 
common salt. The water supply has been so small that great economy 
has been exercised in the application of water inirrigation. The soils 
generally are quite porous and have good natural drainage. The first 


70 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


application of water has improved the soils, and after two or three 
years the excess of salts has seemingly been entirely removed and the 
soils left in such condition that they have been very productive. At 
Richfield, however, where there has been the most abundant supply 
of water, an excessive quantity of water has been used or has seeped 
from the canals, so that over a considerable area the water table has 
been raised to within 5 feet of the surface. Alkali has risen from the 
lower depths, and lands which were once reclaimed are now in far 
worse condition than they were originally, many of them quite worth- 
less and with no chance of recovery without adequate artificial under- 
drainage. This trouble is so recent and so alarming, and, furthermore, 
seems so unnecessary, that it should serve as the strongest object 
lesson to the irrigation farmers of the West. These facts will be 
clearly set forth in the report to be made on the work. 


The Dorsey party.—The first part of the fiscal year was spent in 
surveying and mapping the soils of an area of about 400 square miles, 
or 256,000 aer es, In the Connecticut Valley, from South Glastonbury, 
Conn., to South Hadley, Mass. ‘The map ‘has been published, with 
full notes as to the character of the soils and agricultural conditions of 
the valley, in Report No. 64 of this Department. Eleven very different 
and distinct types of soil were recognized and mapped. ‘Two are of 
glacial origin and full of rocks and bowlders. The other types are of 
alluvial origin. These include coarse gravel, too barren for crops; 
coarse sands, from which in favorable seasons ‘truck crops and a fine 
wrapper-leaf tobacco are produced; fine sand, upon which the seed- 
leaf tobacco is so successfully grown; still finer sand and silt, where 
the broad-leaf tobacco is grown; the fine silt and clay of the meadow 
lands, not suited to tobacco, but best adapted to corn, grass, and gen- 
eral farming; and, lastly, soils which are so close and poorly drained 
that there are large areas at present unfit for cultivation. The posi- 
tion of these various soils is clearly shown in the map accompanying 
Report No. 64, on a seale of 1 inch to the mile. 

After completing this work the party went to Maryland and com- 
pleted the survey of Cecil County, comprising an area of about 575 
square miles, or 240,000 acres. This work was done in cooperation 
with the State geological survey, Dr. William b. Clark, director. The 
soils of this area are derived partly from the decay of rocks in plaee, 
such as granite, gneiss, gabbro, and partly from the sands, clay s, and 
gravels of the more recent coastal-plain formation. Here again the 
soils range from the most barren to the most productive, with inter- 
mediate grades adapted to different crops and agricultural interests. 
A copy of the map has been furnished the Maryland experiment sta- 
tion to examine and report upon the agricultural conditions and capa- 
bilities of the different soil areas. 

In both the Connecticut Valley and in Maryland we were fortunate 
in having very accurate topographic maps of the United States Geo- 
logical Survey for base maps. 

In December the party went to Louisiana, and in cooperation with 
the Louisiana experiment station a survey was made of about 1,000 
square miles between the Mississippi River and the Pearl River. The 
best map obtainable, however, was very inaccurate, and although 
attempts were made to correct the map in places, it is feared that the 
work can not be published without making a new traverse map to 
project the work upon. 

In June the party went to Lancaster County, Pa., where an area 


DIVISION OF SOILS. i! 


of about 250 square miles will be surveyed. Very excellent county 
maps, on a seale of 3 inches to the mile, were available for use here, 
and very careful detailed work is being done. It is too early yet to 
speak of the results of this work. 


The Bonsteel party.—About the middle of May work was commenced, 
in cooperation with the Maryland geological survey, in the survey and 
mapping of the soils of St. Mary County , Md. Very fair topographic 
sheets of the United States Geological Surv ey were available for base 
maps; and, as the soils in this locality follow the topographie features 
quite closely, the work has progressed very rapidly and very satisfac- 
torily. There are soils here which compare in productiveness with 
some of the soils of Lancaster County, Pa. Wheat yields 20 to 25 
bushels per acre, clover does very well indeed, and grass does fairly 
well; yet the lands in Lancaster County are worth from $125 to $250 
an acre, while these southern Maryland lands are worth only from $3 
to $10. The discussion of the actual conditions in each district which 
have any bearing upon this will be brought out in the reports by these 
field parties, and it is hoped that it may contribute something of value 
to this all-important problem of the deterioration of lands and fall in 
land values in so many parts of the country. 


The Smith party.—Early in May a survey was undertaken, in ¢o- 
operation with the North Carolina department of agriculture and the 
North Carolina geological survey, of astrip of land about 10 miles wide, 
extending from “Raleigh, upon the Piedmont Plateau in the crystalline 
rocks, down through “Gold sboro, to Newbern in the coastal plains, a 
distance of about 120 miles. There were no accurate maps available, 
so a party of traverse men were put in the field and traverse maps 
were prepared in advance of the soil party. The work has not pro- 
gressed far enough to report as to the results, but it seems to be 
progressing very satisfactorily. This strip crosses some of the best 
cotton soils of the State, the bright-tobacco belt, and the truck area. 
The North Carolina department of agriculture intends to follow this 
up by studying the needs and best treatment of the several types of 
soil established by this survey. 


COOPERATION WITH STATE INSTITUTIONS. 


The cooperation between the Division of Soils, State experiment 
stations, boards of agriculture, and geological surveys has been very 
cordial and mutually helpful. In order to facilitate and extend the 
work the States of Mary land, Louisiana, North Carolina, Utah, and 
the Territory of Arizona contributed to the expenses of the soil sur- 
vey, general field reconnoissance, and laboratory investigations as 
carried on under my direction. The total amount so contributed 
during the year was $3,500. 


PUBLISHED RESULTS OF THE SEASON’S WORK. 


The field work and the laboratory work which has any bearing upon 
the soil survey for the season of 1899 were covered in Report No. 64, 
which was transmitted to Congress by the President on February 4, 
1900. It took quite four months to get the reports and maps prepared 
and material in shape for presentation, and, even after Congress had 
authorized the publication, it required a long time for the lithographic 
work on the maps accompanying the report. This accounts for the 
fact that the report was not issued until September, or about one year 


fe DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


after the completion of the field work. Such delay in bringing out 
the reports, while seemingly excessive, is really necessary to insure 
the thorough preparation of the material and field notes and the best 
results in the preparation of the lithographic maps. It ean hardly 
be expected that the results of these field investigations will be pub- 
lished in less than a year after the field work has been completed. 


GREAT DEMANDS FOR THE SOIL SURVEY. 


As soon as announcements were made that the Division of Soils had 
actually commenced the survey and mapping of agricultural lands, 
and as the results began to appear in circulars, bulletins, maps, and 
notices, there was a very great demand for work in important agri- 
cultural centers all over the country. I have endeavored to meet 
these demands so far as the available men and the resources of the 
Division would permit, and the field parties have been shifted from 
place to place more than a consideration of economy and real effi- 
ciency would warrant. It requires three or four weeks for a field 
party to become thoroughly acquainted with the physiographic con- 
ditions, the soil types, and the agricultural conditions of a district, 
which have to be acquired before the most efficient and rapid work 
can be done in the survey and mapping of soils. After three or four 
months of detailed work in an area the party is in a position to do the 
most valuable and most rapid work. For this reason, it should be left 
in an area undisturbed for from six to nine months, according to the 
length of season, but in order to comply as far as possible with the 
requests which have been received, the field parties have not been 
able to spend more than two or three months at most in any one 
locality. 

In several cases the States have offered to provide money for the 
field expenses and even for the pay of soil experts in order to start 
the work of a soil survey or to extend the area that we are able to 
promise them. These offers, however, in several cases have had to be 
declined, as there were no men available to be placed in the field except 
those composing the small force trained in this Division and who are 
at the present time engaged in training others. Foreseeing the great 
interest the work would arouse and the demand there would be for 
the extension of the work, I have given a great deal of attention to 
the selection and training of young men, and Iam gratified to announce 
that we are prepared now for a large extension of the area which we 
can survey next year. Iam ready to expend judiciously and to good 
advantage a large increase in the appropriation for this Division, if 
this should be granted by Congress. 

From the numerous requests for the extension of the soil survey to 
other States a few extracts from letters will show the wide interests 
involved. <A prominent tobacco grower of the Connecticut Valley, in 
acknowledging the receipt of a copy of the soil map of that locality, 
Says: 

It certainly is very interesting and useful and a great advantage to everyone 


seeking tobacco or tobacco lands. As I am very well acquainted with the soil 
through the valley, the map I consider a great work, on account of its accuracy. 


The map is as useful to the packer in buying tobacco of given grade 
as to the person seeking to buy land adapted to certain crops. 
A correspondent from Florida says: 


We regard these soil investigations as of great importance to the farmer, and 
are anxious that the Department extend the work to the State of Florida. 


DIVISION OF SOILS. 73 


One of the large growers and packers of Florida tobacco urged 
that while they knew from experience where good tobacco is grown, 
if they bought land adjacent to this they might be successful or other- 
wise, and that it would be a very great advantage to them to have a 
map showing the area and distribution of land known to be adapted 
to the best grades of leaf. 

An eminent correspondent from the State of Washington says: 


I trust you will be able to conduct a most careful examination, not only at 
Wallawalla and Yakima, but in other sections of this State. All questions of this 
nature are of the greatest importance at this time, because of the fact that a very 
large number of peop'e are coming to this country to buy land and engage in 
farming and fruit raising. There are. consequently, scattered through all the 
United States a large number of heads of families who are interested in all the 
reliable data that can be secured regarding the soils of this State, as well as regard- 
ing the general productiveness of the farming sections and of the irrigable areas. 


A correspondent from Montana writes: 


As you know, this valley consists of about 60,000 acres of land. 10,000 of which 
have gone to alkali, and that is the very best part. 


The director of the Arizona experiment station, in urging the exten- 
sion of the work in that Territory, says: 


The work of the soil and alkali survey, especially in a new country. is of great 
value in showing settlers the nature of the Jand and its liabilities to alkali—infor- 
mation which oftentimes will guide a farmer toa choice between success and dis- 
aster in his oyerations. 

A singie instance during the past year will illustrate the desirability of this sort 
of work. The Arizona experiment station has been conducting sugar-beet culture 
experiments in the fertile valley of the Upper Gila. The plots were very various 
as to the nature of the soil, and five characteristic plots gave the following yie.ds 
of sugar per acre in pounds: 1,491, 1,521, 2,006, 2.267, 3,361. The first two yields 
were secured in sandy mesa soil, the second two in a typical heavy soil found in 
the river bottom, and the fifth and largest yield was secured on a peculiar type of 
alluvial soil. These great differences in sugar production are mainly due to dif- 
ferences in soil: consequently, in the exploitation of this district for be t-sugar 
factory purposes, it is absolutely essential to know the location and extent of this 
latter soil, as it is certain that beet culture would best prosper in this type of soil. 


Finally, a correspondent writes: 


Such a survey is very important and is very necessary in Mississippi. * 
I think you ought to do it, and I think it could be done by simply permitting the 
work in Mississippi to take the place of work finished elsewhere. 


This suggestion can not readily be carried out, for where the work 
has been done it has taken such a strong hold on the people that with 
the slightest suggestion of withdrawing from the State they simply 
go to their Senators and Representatives and ask them to look out for 
the interests of their States. The States of Connecticut, Maryland, 
North Carolina, Utah, and California, where we have done our best 
work, will not permit the withdrawal of our field parties without a 
vigorous protest before the Secretary, and, if necessary, before the 
Congressional committees. Other States are equally insistent that 
the soil-survey work should be extended to their borders. The rapid 
extension of the work has heretofore been limited by the small number 
of trained men; but this has been remedied now, and it will be possible 
to organize at least twenty field parties by the Ist of next July. 

I do not see how any of the States represented in the list below can 
be left out. There is a very determined effort being made in each of 
them to secure an extension of the soil-survey work. Other States, 
as will be seen by the map (fig. 1), have made application through 
some official person or organization. 


“I 
wae 


DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE SOIL SURVEY FOR THE NEXT FISCAL YEAR. 


It is difficult to give, in a report of this character, an idea of the 
demand there is for the soil-survey work or to show the appreciation 
of the work done and the cordial support the Division has in the 
country at large. Many very cordial and earnest letters have been 
received in the Division showing a thorough appreciation of the value 
of the work which has been done or urging the importance of work in 
other localities, and showing the reasons why it should be started and 
its value to the different communities. 

After a careful canvass of the situation (giving due consideration 
to the letters and requests which have come into the Division), after 
prolonged correspondence and personal interviews with representative 
men in many sections of the country, and in consideration of the effi- 
ciency of our methods and work, the adequacy and experience of our 
force, and the value to the communities involved, I have the honor to 


surveveo i 
PROPOSED I90I[-] 


ADDITIONAL 
REQUESTS 


Fic. 1.—Map showing areas surveyed and surveys proposed for 1901 by the Division of Soils, and 
additional requests for surveys. 


recommend that Congress be asked for an increase of $80,"\00 for the 
soil survey of this Division. If this increase be allowed, I would ree- 
ommend provisionally the following allotments for work in the several 
States and Territories in which tentative plans and arrangements have 
all been made for the survey and mapping of from 600 to 1,000 square 
miles per year in each State, making an aggregate of at least 16,000 
square miles, or upward of 10,000,000 acres of land: 


Eastern States: Eastern States—Continued. 
Connecticut e 2242s $2, 000 Vermont. 326 eae 
TO Wate eee es es Se 2, 500 Nirginia, === 22052 coe eee 2,500 
Kenta ckiyes pee ee 3,000 | Western States: 

Mouisianae ee oe 2,500 ArizOnac. 422 oO ee OUD 
Maryland) 225 32222... 25-2. 27000)) California. 222.2) 2 eae 
Mississippi= suas esheets aoe 2, 500 Colorado == ee 2, 500 
New Wiersey. 2 tess as: = oo 2,500 | Montana <2: 32 eee 3, 500 
ING wey One. ss eee ee 2,500 Utah, 32: 2 2 eee 3, 000 
INorinCarolina see) —- 3, 000 Washineton 222222 uuu 
Olio ta. t=> eee o== 125,000) | Wyotting? )--o- 22 Sa 2, 500 


Pennsylvania.2=--—--------- 2, 500 


DIVISION OF SOILS. 75 


Tn addition to this, the following allotments will be required: 


iranspoLruablon Orneld parties... 2. .-5- 22-2252. 2 sees ssisseeeenes sees 59, 000 
Ereparawon oi mapse ee! 528 oa: ae 23 is 5 See et oe eee 4,000 
erin tin Pare pOris; aNd MAPS 625.122 Lee ese De Se es ee ees 12, 000 


If the money be appropriated by Congress and these or similar allot- 
ments are approved by the Secretary of Agriculture, I should propose 
to assign one or more field parties to each of these States and have 
them spend from six to nine months of the year in the field and the 
remaining time in Washington, D. C., writing up their results and 
preparing maps and reports for publication. 

The actual cost of surveying 3,586 square miles in the fiscal year 
1899, including the annual salaries of the men and all field supplies, 
transportation, and subsistence, amounted to between 88,000 and 
$9,000. It is proposed to do between five and six times this amount 
of work during the coming year if this increased appropriation be 
allowed by Congress. This sum, however, did not include the cost of 
the preparation of the maps and the publication of the results. For 
several reasons it is extremely desirable that provision be made in 
the divisional appropriation for the cost of publishing the results 
of the field operations. The rapid growth of the publication work 
of the Department taxes to the uttermost limit the resources of the 
Division of Publications, which controls, outside of Farmers’ Bulle- 
tins, but a single fund available for printing for all the Divisions. 
This fund, even if considerably increased, is liable to become ex- 
hausted, indeed has on several occasions been exhausted, before the 
close of the fiscal year. At such times the publications of certain 
Divisions must necessarily, often unfortunately, be postponed. A 
clause in the divisional appropriation permitting expenditure to print 
would often avoid vexatious and costly delays. While the total amount 
asked for may seem large, the allotment to each State is very moder- 
ate, and does not begin to meet the demands from several of the States. 
For example, there is an urgent request from North Carolina to survey 
at least 5,000 square miles next year. Even with this increase in the 
appropriation 1,000 square miles is all that could be promised without 
neglecting the interests in other States, which are quite as great and 
as urgently asked for as in North Carolina. The allotment for Cali- 
fornia is greater than for other States for the simple reason that the 
State is so large and the interests are so different that at least two or 
three parties should be assigned permanently to that locality. It is 
my purpose, with your approval, to continue, and if possible to com- 
plete, the survey of the San Joaquin Valley; to maintain one party 
in southern California, where the interests and conditions are totally 
different; and possibly to maintain a third party in the Sacramento 
Valley. 

I am well aware that other States have already and will still urge 
the extension of the soil survey to their own peculiar localities. These 
claims will have to be met in the future, either by additional appro- 
priations, if in the wisdom of Congress this is advisable, or by shift- 
ing the force from year to year to take in the principal agricultural 
regions of the United States. It would be a pleasure to show anyone 
interested in the development of the work of the Division the letters 
received in commendation of the work already done and in urging 
the extension of the work, and also to show the plans for the exten- 
sion of the work proposed in this recommendation—matters which 
could not possibly be brought within the compass of a report of this 
size and character. 


76 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 
PHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS. 


The work in the physical laboratory has been largely in coopera- 
tion with the soil-survey work in explaining problems which are con- 
stantly observed by the field parties. 

An extended series of experiments were carried on to determine to 
what extent the soluble mineral salts, commonly found in alkali soils, 
influence the height to which water will be raised in dry soils and the 
rate of evaporation from moist soils. It was found that for concen- 
trations approximating those found in alkali soils the salts had no 
influence on the height of capillary rise, with the excention of sodium 
carbonate, which increased the capillary rise about 8 per cent. For 
concentrations approaching saturation the capillary action was con- 
siderably decreased on account of the increased viscosity of the solu- 
tion. In moist soils the salts decreased the rate of evaporation from 
the surface, owing to the formation of a crust. If the surface of the 
soil be kept constantly stirred, so that no salt crust can form, the salts 
have no appreciable e ffect on the evaporation. Under field conditions 
the soil is always more or less moist; so investigations have been ¢car- 
ried on to determine the height through which capillary action may 
take place in moist soils. These data are obtained by measuring the 
amount of evaporation from the top of columns of soil connected “with 
water reservoirs below. In some soils from James Island, 8. C., in 
which water rises only 14 inches when the soil is dry, there is marked 
capillary action when the water table is 3 feet below the surface, 
but none when the water table is 6 feet below. These are matters 
of very great importance in connection with some of the Western 
soils, on account of the very remarkable properties exhibited by some 
of these soils in subirrigation and in the rise of alkali. 

Experiments have also been made upon the absorption of salts or the 
withdrawal of dissolved salts from solution by soilgrains. One gram of 
a fine quartz sand removes one-tenth of a milligram of sodium carbonate 


when the soil is saturated with a solution of that salt. In this con- 


nection, it has been shown that soil grains, or other finely divided 
materials, have the property of condensing on their surfaces relatively 
large amounts of carbon dioxid, considering the small partial pressure 
of this substance in the air above the soil. It has been found that 
when sodium e¢arbonate is added to a soil more or less of the normal 
carbonate is always converted to the form of bicarbonate, due to the 
reaction with the carbonic acid condensed on the soil grains. Very 
large quantities of sodium bicarbonate have been found i in the alkali 
lands of Utah and California by our survey parties, although the 
presence of this salt was never suspected. The influence of tempera- 
ture, concentration, and carbon dioxid on the equilibrium between 
sodium carbonate and bicarbonate has been. studied conjointly with 
the chemist of the Division. It is believed that this is an important 
problem for the black alkali lands. 

The time and labor involved in making mechanical analyses of soils 
have been materially reduced by the use of a centrifuge for separa- 
ting the finer grades of soil particles. This apparatus, besides requir- 
ing less time, can be used with a much smaller quantity of water and 
is particularly valuable in the analysis of the soluble gypsum soils 
found in many places in the West. During the year 260 mechanical 
analyses have been made in the laboratory in connection with the soil 
survey. 


“1 
~] 


DIVISION OF SOILS. 
CHEMICAL SOIL INVESTIGATIONS. 


The chemical work of the Division has been done, so far as practi- 
eable, with the cooperation and support of the Division of Chemistry. 
Papers relating solely to chemical subjects and having no particular 
bearing on soils, which have been prepared in this Division, have been 
published through the Division of Chemistry. The results of chemi- 
eal soil investigations have been submitted to Dr. Wiley for his 
approval, in accordance with the present policy of the Department. 

The chemical methods employed by the field parties have been 
closely scrutinized and improved insome details. The field parties in 
the Western district are all provided with convenient outfits for deter- 
mining in the field the amount of carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorids, 
and, indirectly, sulphates. 

Tt has been found that an exceptionally large amount of gypsum 
was carried by some of the irrigation waters of the West and was held 
in solution in the soil moisture. This was found to be due to the 
presence of sodium chlorid and other salts. The mutual effect of 
these salts on their solubility in water, in solutions of all concentra- 
tions, had to be worked out in the laboratory for the interpretation 
of certain phases of the alkali problem. In this connection, a paper 
was published in Report No. 64 on the nature of solutions as applied 
to the study of soil problems. Another matter which received some 
attention was the formation of sodium carbonate or black alkali by 
certain saltbushes, commonly found in the West. The results of this 
investigation, showing that sodium carbonate is found in the decay 
of certain plants, will shortly be published. 

The role of carbonic acid in soil solutions as affecting the various 
soil constituents has been investigated, and is still the subject of 
extended studies. Much of the work is being done conjointly with 
the physical laboratory, and the results promise to be not aon of con- 
siderable scientific interest, but of great economic importance. For 
instance, it has been found that when sodium carbonate exists in a 
soil, or is added to a soil, a considerable portion may change to sodium 
bicarbonate, which is probably no more harmful to vegetation than 
sodium chlorid or sodium sulphate. 

The subject of hardpan formation has also been investigated, and 
some very interesting results have been obtained. This is a matter 
of great economic importance in certain sections of the country. 

Mr. F. P. Veitch was detailed to this Division by the Maryland 
experiment station, in September, 1898, for work upon the soils of 
Maryland. Sixteen of the most important types of soils found in that 
State have been studied, with reference to their chemical constitution 
and the relative solubility of the soil constituents in different solvents. 
The object of the work is to gain as much information as possible 
regarding the form of combination of the constituents of the soil. 
The work has not progressed sufficiently far to make any definite 
statements, but the results so far obtained give great promise of a 
most important line of work. 


TOBACCO INVESTIGATIONS. 


Much of Mr. Floyd’s time, as tobacco expert of the Division, has 
been taken up in the collection and arrangement of material for the 
tobacco exhibit of the United States at the Paris Exposition. Inei- 
dentally, a very large amount of information has been acquired, 


78 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


which will be of great importance in the work of this Division upon 
the tobacco soils of the United States and upon tobacco investigations 
which have been planned. 

Our investigations of the soils of the Connecticut Valley, together 
with the study of the climatic conditions prevailing there, and the 
conditions of growth in Florida, Cuba, and Sumatra, convinced me 
that a finer commercial grade of leaf should be grown upon some of 
the soils in that State. The completion of the soil map of a portion 
of the Connecticut Valley, from South Glastonbury, Conn., to South 
Hadley, Mass., gave a basis for an intelligent line of investiga: ution 
looking to the improvement of the Connecticut leaf. In December, 
1899, Mr. Floyd went to New Haven, and, in cooperation with the 
Connecticut experiment station, fermented a lot of tobacco according 
to the most improved Florida methods, which have been developed 
from the methods used in Cuba and Sumatra. The products of this 
experiment were admitted by the growers and dealers to be superior 
in the uniformity of color to the results obtained by the usual method 
of case fermentation. It was found, furthermore, that much of the 
top leaves and trash (ordinarily sold for from 1 to 15 cents per pound), 
if properly fermented made fair fillers, which were valued by several 
firms, who had no knowledge of the origin of the tobacco, at from 18 
to 40 cents per pound. 

Not being satisfied that the change in the method of fermentation 
improved the quality of the leaf as much as the soil and climatic con- 
ditions seemed to warrant, a further line of experiments was planned, 
in cooperation with the Connecticut experiment station, on closer 
planting and partial shading of the growing plants. Florida- grown 
Sumatra seed was also introduced, and. the experiment i is being w atched 
with profound interest by the Connecticut growers and dealers. The 
plants have made a wonderful growth, the leaves appear perfect in 
form and texture, and the results of the fermentation are awaited 
with the most lively interest. 

Dr. Loew’s work has been a continuation and extension of the work 
of last year. He has further investigated the oxidase and peroxidase, 
which are believed to be the cause of the fermentation of tobacco and 
of the development of the desirable flavorand aroma. The conditions 
under which these act and the products which they form have been 
the subject of profound study. Dr. Loew has also announced during 
the year the discovery of a new enzyme, which he ealls catalase. This 
enzyme also is believed to play an important part in the fermentation 
of the leaf. Investigations are in progress on the relation of this 
enzyme to fermentation. Several reports have been issued during 
the year on the results of this work. In this tobacco work we have 
had the hearty cooperation of the Division of Vegetable Physiology 
and Pathology. 

I regret to state that Dr. Oscar Loew, in charge of the tobacco fer- 
mentation investigations of the Divi iain of Soils, has severed his con- 
nection with the Department to accept a position in the Royal Agri- 
eultural College at Tokyo, Japan. His salary will be over four times as 
large as he was receiving here. This is a loss to the country, as it will 
be difficult or impossible to find anyone with the proper training and 
ability to continue the work which Dr. Loew was doing upon the 
important problems in the curing and fermentation of tobaceo. That 
this loss is recognized by the tobacco growers is shown in a recent 
letter from one of the most prominent tobacco growers and dealers of 
Pennsylvania, who wrote that he anticipated a saving to the tobacco 


DIVISION OF SOILS. 79 


interests in his State alone of not less than $1,000,000 per year from 
the results of Dr. Loew’s investigations, as planned for the current 
year. 


RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE TOBACCO INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE YEAR 1901, 


From the work so far done in the Connecticut Valley, I am satisfied 
that the Sumatra type of leaf can be produced there under shade, 
having all the desirable qualities of a small leaf, with small veins and 
great elasticity, as wellas a desirable uniform color and excellent grain 
and style. Samples of the unfermented leaf grown this year (1900) 1 have 
been shown to the different New York packers, who have pronounced 
it as perfect in texture and style as anything which has ever been 
grown. The results of the fermentation of this leaf are awaited with 
great interest. This work will be continued. 

It is proposed to experiment with the Pennsylvania and Ohio leaf 
to see how the aroma of these may be improved by the Cuban method 
of fermentation. From my study of the soil and climatie conditions 
of these two localities and the products which have already been pro- 
duced, I am convinced that a leaf more closely approximating the 
more desirable leaf from Cuba ean be produced. If these results can 
not be obtained by the fermentation of the present crop, it is my pur- 
pose next year to introduce other methods of planting and cultivation, 
and probably a change of seed, with the expectation that we will be 

as successful in improving the quality of the filler leaf in these two 
States as we have been in approximating the qualities of the Sumatra 
leaf in Connecticut. 

My investigations of the soils, climatic conditions, and products of 
Texas have convinced me that the conditions are exceedingly favor- 
able there for the production of a desirable filler leaf from which we 
may expect to get the rich flavor and aroma of the best Cuban prod- 
uct. The development of such a crop in Texas would be worth, at a 
conservative estimate, not less than $8,000,000 or $10,000,000. This 
is one of the most important fields that could be taken up, and the 
work should be started at the earliest possible time. 

Brigadier-General Davis, when governor-general of Porto Rico, sent 
to the Department a consig nment of 17g erades of Porto Rican tobacco, 
which have been recently thoroughly tested i in this Division. It w as 
found that much of the leaf had a rich aroma; and while it has not 
the desirable flavor and aroma of the best Vuelta Abajo tobacco, it 
certainly shows a very promising field in which to work for the devel- 
opment of a high- grade tobacco. Unfortunately, the leaf has evi- 
dently been badly managed, and there is without doubt a big oppor- 
tunity merely in the proper handling of the leaf to develop much more 
than has as yet been realized. This work should be undertaken at 
the earliest possible time for the relief and advancement of the tobacco 
growers and tobacco interests of Porto Rico 

These tobacco interests are so large and so important that they will 
continue to require the careful and constant attention of experts trained 
in the handling and fermenting of tobacco. Private corporations and 
packers of cigar-leaf tobacco pay the managers of their tobacco houses 
salaries ranging from $4,000 to $6,000 per annum. They would not 
be satisfied with the services of a man who would work for much less 
than this, because if he had the ability he would be employed by one 
of their competitors. 

It is impossible for the Department to pay such salaries as these 


SU DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


when the statutory limitations restrict to $2,500 the salary of the 
chief of the Division who directs and coordinates the work. It is 
therefore the low statutory salaries that block the way to the present 
development of the tobacco interests in Texas and Porto Rico and 
make it even doubtful if the work already started in Connecticut, 
Pennsylvania, and Ohio can be long continued, owing to the fact that 
we can not keep our men. The tobacco men are preeminently busi- 
ness men, conducting their work on business lines. They have already 
demanded that if these lines of tobacco investigations are to be con- 
tinued and the interests of such important districts as Texas and 
Porto Rico are to be taken up by the Department, thoroughly compe- 
tent men must be secured and retained. The Department must pay 
what these men can command outside in order to hold them. 

This is a matter at present wholly beyond your power to change, 
and the tobacco associations are already memorializing the commit- 
tees of Congress and are demanding that if the work “be continued 
and extended it shall be in a way which they can approve and sup- 
port, and by men in whom they have perfect ‘confidence. From this 
point of view, as business men, they are demanding that the work be 
well done or that it be not undertaken. The work of the Department 
in these lines has touched these commercial interests so closely and 
has already given promise of so much of value that the people fee 
that they must be heard in this matter and that their interests should 
be fully recognized. The statutory salaries therefore block the exten- 
sion of the tobacco investigations in the lines in which they have been 
planned and even imperil the continuation of the work already 
undertaken. I would respectfully suggest that this matter be brought 
to the attention of Congress. 


THE EXHIBIT OF AMERICAN LEAF TOBACCO AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION 


The leaf-tobacco exhibit of the United States was by far the largest, 
most complete, and most attractive exhibit of the kind at the Paris 
Exposition, and if was pronounced by many persons competent to 
judge to be the finest exhibit ever made. The exhibit consisted of 
about 2,000 samples, representing every type and grade of tobacco pro- 
duced in the United States. A full report will be published i in due time 
describing the exhibit in detail. It iss=fficient to say here that it took 
the grand prize, nine gold medals, five silver medals, and honorable 
mention for many of the exhibitors. Two significant facts were brought 
out in the jury of awards. The Florida- grown Sumatra leaf was found 
to require 25 more leaves to the pound of a given grade than the samples 
exhibited from the island of Sumatra. It received 20 points of excel- 
lence against 18 for the Sumatra, and was pronounced by the jury to 
be perfect. The bright yellow tobacco of Virginia and North Carolina 
was awarded 18 points of merit out of a possible 20, or the same as 
given to the Turkish tobacco, which it resembles in many points and 
with which it most close ly competes. Many very strong letters have 
been received, showing the appreciation of the growers and leaf deal- 
ers of this country in the work the Department did for the tobacco 
interest, and much verbal praise was given by the jury of awards and 
by visitors to the exposition. It is firmly believed that this exhibit 
has done much for the tobacco interest of this country in showing for- 
eigners the great variety of tobacco grown here and the excellence of 
the different types and grades, 


DIVISION OF SOILS. _ 81 


SCIENTIFIC AIDS. 


It has been necessary from the first to take young men into the 
Division and train them for the more responsible positions. There are 
no courses in any of the universities or colleges that would train a 
man for the particular lines which are being developed in the soil 
survey of the Division of Soils. This is so to a greater or lesser 
extent in most of the Divisions of the Department, but particularly 
so in the Division of Soils, where the work and methods have been 
carried far beyond the conventional lines taught in the college courses 
of to-day. The policy recently inaugurated in bringing young men 
in through the civil service as scientific aids has worked admirably 
in the case of this Division. As I believe we will constantly need to 
be training young men for the more responsible positions in this 
Division, I have recommended that six scientific aids be added to the 
statutory roll of the Division, so that we may have constantly that 
many young men in training. The Division must look out not only 
for an efficient foree for its own work, but to train men for other 
responsible positions in the universities, colleges, and experiment 
stations of the country, so that the work inaugurated by the Division 
may be intelligently carried on in more detail by local institutions. 


ADDITIONAL ROOM NEEDED. 


The work of the Division has grown so much in the past two or 
three years and the force has been increased to such an extent that 
the available room in the building rented for its use is much too small 
to accommodate the present force, not to speak of the proposed 
increase. I have been compelled, therefore, to ask for an increase 
in the allotment for the rent of an additional building for this pur- 
pose. If this increase be granted by Congress, I would propose, with 
your permission, to rent an additional building somewhere in the 
neighborhood where adequate accommodations could be had, par- 
ticularly for the field force, which has to be provided for during the 
winter months, when the members are working over their notes and 
preparing reports and maps. This is very urgently needed. 


CLERICAL WORK. 


The publications of the Division during the fiscal year consist of 
one bulletin, five reports, five circulars, two articles for the Depart- 
ment Yearbook, and a list of publications of the Division, aggregating 
in all 558 printed pages, which is a considerable increase over last 
year. The correspondence has also increased considerably. Seven 
hundred and fourteen samples were added to the soil collection, 
which amounts now to 4,758 samples, all of which are very carefully 
described on catalogue cards. During the year also the photographic 
negatives pertaining to the work of the Division and to soil problems 
in general, amounting to 455 in number, have been conveniently 
arranged and catalogued, so that they are readily accessible. The 
special library on soil literature, maintained for the immediate use 
of the Division force, contains now 1,640 books and bound pamphlets. 

AGR 1900: 


6 


REPORT OF THE AGROSTOLOGIST. 


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY, 
Washington, D. C., September 1, 1900. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit the sixth annual report upon the 
work of the Division of Agrostology for the fiscal year ending June 30, 
1900, together with an outline of work for the current fiseal year and 
plans for the future, presented in accordance with your letter of 
instructions. 
Respectfully, 
F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER, 
Agrostologist. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR. 
GRASS AND FORAGE-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS. 


- The grass and forage-plant investigations have been continued 
along the lines indicated in my last annual report. The field work 
has been extended to regions not previously investigated, and the 
information thus gained has enabled us to enlarge the experimental 
work of the Division, particularly along the lines of cooperation with 
the State experiment stations. Much attention has been given to the 
study of native grasses and forage plants suitable for such special 
purposes as sand and soil binding, cultivation on alkali soils, and for 
cultivation in the more arid sections of the country. Much study 
has also been given to special forage crops, particularly the legumi- 
nous varieties that are suitable for worn-out soils and the maintenance 
of the fertility of farm lands, as well as for the production of food for 
animals. 

The distribution of seeds of desirable. grasses and forage crops to 
farmers and ranchmen in various sections of the country and to the 
State experiment stations for experimental purposes has been. con- 
tinued with excellent results. 


GRASS GARDEN. 


In the grass garden upon the grounds of the Department nearly 
500 varieties of grasses and forage plants have been grown, and from 
many of these valuable lessons have been learned. 

The study of grasses suitable for the formation of lawns has been 
continued, and the value of Kentucky blue grass and creeping bent 
for this purpose is clearly demonstrated, their superiority over Ber- 


83 


$4 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


muda grass for this section of the country being readily apparent to 
anyone watching the growth of these grasses on the experimental plats 
of the grass garden. St. Lucie grass has also made a better showing 
than Bermuda grass, particularly in the quality of turf afforded. The 
stock procured from Florida has survived the past two winters. Buf- 
falo grass has maintained the reputation accorded to it in previous 
reports and continued to attract much attention from visitors. The 
possibility of introducing this valuable pasture grass into cultivation 
is here fully demonstrated. Interesting and valuable results have 
also been secured from a number of saltbushes, notably the annual 
saltbush, Australian saltbush, mealy or gray saltbush, spreading salt- 
bush (Atriplex limbata), and. velvety saltbush (Atriplex velutinella) 
among the introduced sorts, and shadscale and sweetsage of the native 
varieties. 

A point of great value to farmers desiring a continued series of 
crops for soiling has been brought out in our study of the soy bean. 
This crop comes readily from the seed sown at almost any time during 
the growing season and is not easily injured by frost; thus it is pos- 
sible to have soy-bean forage from early summer until the approach 
of freezing weather. Japanese barnyard millet has also shown itself 
admirably adapted for use as a soiling crop. 

The limited space on the Department ; erounds that can be used as a 
grass garden has made it impossible to do as much as was wished with 
certain forage crops, more especially the large and coarse-growing 
annuals. In order to meet this lack of space, a piece of land on the 
Potomae Flats was prepared and nearly 500 plats of various plants 
were planted in the spring of 1900. These include an extended list of 
varieties, many of which were secured in foreign countries through 
the agricultural explorers of the Section of Seed and Plant Int rodue- 
tion. The results obtained with certain varieties of millets, sorghums, 
teosinte, velvet bean, soy bean, vetches, and other legumes are espe- 
cially noteworthy, and will be published in detail later. Seed of a 
number of the varieties has been secured for distribution. 


FIELD WORK. 


During the past year field work has been carried on both by mem- 
bers of the regular staff and by special agents appointed for the pur- 
pose, in Washington, Oregon, and California, in Maine and Massa- 
chusetts, and in Georgia, Florida, and the Carolinas. In these field 
investigations special attention was given to the study of the native 
grasses and their suitability for use in range improvement, drought- 
resistant grass and forage plants, sand and soil binders, forage crops 
suitable for the reclamation of worn-out soils and for winter pastur- 
age, and those suitable for lawns and pleasure grounds. A large 
number of specimens have been collected and the seeds of varieties 
suitable for cultivation or for range improvement secured. 


COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS 


As mentioned in my previous report, these investigations are car- 
ried on chiefly in cooperation with individual farmers and ranchmen 
and with the authorities of the State experiment stations. The work 
in range improvement and the testing of drought-resisting forage 
erops at Abilene, Tex., and Highmore, S. Dak., has been continued 


DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY. 85 


with most excellent results, as may be seen from the reports published 
in Circulars Nos. 21 and 23 of this Division. These experiments have 
attracted a great deal of attention from the ranchers and farmers, and 
already they are beginning to put into practice the methods recom- 
mended for improving the ranges, the efficacy of which is being clearly 
demonstrated at the stations named. The station at Wallawalla, 
Wash., has been devoted chiefly to the production of seed of the 
valuable grasses and forage crops that are being grown there, in order 
that a more abundant supply may be had for use in our cooperative 

experiments in the Northwest and at other points throughout the 
country. At this station, as well as at the grass garden at Washing- 
ton City, much attention has been paid to the selection and develop- 
ment of hardy varieties of grass and forage crops. Seed has been 
saved which will be used in our further study of these varieties. 

During the season additional cooperative work along various lines 
of grass and forage-plant investigation has been undertaken with 
the State experiment stations of Maryland, Massachusetts, Minne- 
sota, Iowa, Missouri, Wyoming, and West Virginia, and preliminary 
arrangements made for carrying on these investigations with other 
stations. ; 

Prof. J. Burtt Davy, assistant botanist to the California experi- 
ment station, was authorized to prepare a report giving the results of 
his investigations on the forage plants and forage resources of north- 
ern California, and this is now ready for publication as a bulletin of 
the Division. The results of the cooperative experiments, both with 
individuals and with State institutions, for the past three years were 
brought together and published in Bulletin No. 22. These tests, made 
by practical experimenters in all parts of the country, are of much 
value, and place the economic and practical work of the grass and 
forage-plant investigations of the Department clearly before the publie. 
From this report, it appears that during the three years closing with 
1899 seeds of 251 varieties of grasses and forage plants were distrib- 
uted, making nearly 10,000 packages; that 5,120 packages were sent 
to volunteer ‘experimenters on the farms and ranches, 3,000 to State 
experiment stations, and 1,110 to stations in foreign countries. Asa 
result of the extensive distribution of the seed of Turkestan alfalfa, 
through this Division and through the Section of Seed and Plant 
Introduction, a large amount of useful information concerning this 
crop has been secured, which was published in Cireular No. 25 of the 
Division, for which ther e has been such a demand that a new edition 
has already become necessary. 

In view of the fact that these cooperative investigations have taken 
such an important place in the work of the Division, and that Con- 
gress through its appropriation bill has made such investigations 
imperative, it seemed desirable that this work should be more thor- 
oughly organized and placed upon a systematie basis. Accordingly, 
the assistant chief of the Division, who has been placed in charge of 
the experimental work, was directed by you to visit several of the 
Western experiment stations to consult with the station directors in 
regard to the prevailing forage conditions, the most pressing need in 
the way of grass and forage- -plant investi cations, and the best methods 
of uniting the funds and facilities of the Department with those of 
the State institutions for the better prosecution of these investiga- 
tions. Visits for a like purpose were made to a number of the South- 
ern and Eastern stations by the Agrostologist. Everywhere we have 


86 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


met with a most cordial reception on the part of the station author- 
ities, and it is felt that these visits and consultations will lead to 
greater efficiency in the prosecution of the work and investigations of 
immense value to the farmers and stock raisers of the country. 


DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS AND SPECIMENS. 


During the year the Division has distributed seeds of 200 varieties 
of grasses and forage plants in 3,000 packages, chiefly to experiment 
stations and correspondents in the United States. In a number of 
instances seeds have been sent to foreign correspondents and institu- 
tions in exchange for those of grasses and forage plants of other coun- 
tries that were likely to be of value here. As in previous years the 
seeds distributed by the Division were chiefly of native varieties, col- 
lected for the most part through field agents. 

Nearly 4,500 herbarium specimens of grasses and a large number of 
sample sheaves have been distributed during the year. Of the her- 
barium specimens, 2,200 were sent to institutions in this country and 
the remainder to those in foreign lands. In exchange, we have 
received some fine collections of grasses, particularly from India, 
Japan, France, Brazil, and South Africa. ‘The sheaves were sent to 
museums and other public institutions where they will be used for 
educational purposes. 


PUBLICATIONS. 


The publications issued by the Division during the past fiscal year 
: . 5 J 
are as follows: 


Divisional Bulletins. —No. 2 (revised), Fodder and Forage Plants, 
Exclusive of the Grasses, by Jared G. Smith; No. 7 (third revision), 
American Grasses—I, by F. Lamson-Scribner; No. 14 (revised), Eco- 
nomie Grasses, by F. Lamson-Seribner; No. 19 (revised), The Struc- 
ture of the Caryopsis of Grasses with Reference to their Morphology 
and Classification, by P. Beveridge Kennedy; No. 20, American 
Grasses—III, Descriptions of the Tribes and Genera, by I*. Lamson- 
Seribner; No. 21, Studies on American Grasses, The North American 
Species of Cheetochloa, by F. Lamson-Scribner and Elmer D. Merrill; 
No. 22, Cooperative Experiments with Grasses and Forage Plants, by 
P. Beveridge Kennedy; No. 23, Studies on American Grasses, a 
Revision of the North American Species of Bromus North of Mexico, 
by Cornelius L. Shear. 


Farmers’ Bulletins.—No. 50 (revised), Sorghum as a Forage Crop, 
by Thomas A. Williams; No. 58 (revised), The Soy Bean as a Forage 
Crop, by Thomas A. Williams, with an appendix on Soy Beans as a 
Food for Man, by C. F. Langworthy; No. 108, Saltbushes, by P. 
Beveridge Ixennedy. 


Circulars.—No. 15, Recent Additions to Systematic Agrostology, 
by F. Lamson-Seribner; No. 16, New Species of North American 
Grasses, by I’. Lamson-Seribner; No. 17, Crimson Clover, by Thomas 
A. Williams; No. 18, Smooth Brome Grass, by P. Beveridge Ken- 
nedy; No. 19, New or Little Known Mexican Grasses, by F'. Lamson- 
Scribner; No. 20, Experiments with Forage Plants in Ontario, by P. 
Beveridge Kennedy; No. 21, Cooperative Range Grass and Forage 
Plant Experiments at Highmore, 8. Dak., by F. Lamson-Seribner; 


DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY. 87 
No. 22, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations on the Pacific Coast, 
by F. Lamson-Scribner; No. 23, Progress of Experiments in Forage 
Crops and Range Improvement at Abilene, Tex., by H. L. Bentley; 
No. 24, Cowpeas and Corn for Silage and Fodder, by W. Gettys; No. 
25, Turkestan Alfalfa, by P. Beveridge Kennedy; No. 26, Rescue 
Grass, by Cornelius L. Shear. 

Papers prepared for the Yearbook for 1899.— Progress of Economic 
and Scientific Agrostology, by F. Lamson-Secribner; Sueculent Forage 
for the Farm and Dairy, by Thomas A. Williams. 


HERBARIUM. 


The collection of grasses and forage plants has been increased by 
5,000 sheets of mounted specimens, part of which are the result of 
work in the field by agents and members of the office force, the remain- 
der consisting of material deposited by the National Herbarium, or 
that sent in for determination, or specimens purchased or received in 
exchange. The determination of the material collected by our agents 
and of that sent in by correspondents for identification has required 
a great deal of time and study on the part of those in charge of the 
herbarium work. In all, nearly 4,000 determinations have been made 
for correspondents during the year. 


THE PARIS EXPOSITION. 


The collection and preparation of the United States exhibit of ‘‘ foods 
for animals” for the Paris Exposition was placed in charge of this 
Division, and. the work of preparing the material for exhibition was 
assigned to the assistant chief. Two classes of exhibits were pre- 
pared: (1) The commercial exhibit, consisting of the material sent by 
individual firms for prize competition, in which were included collec- 
tions of the seeds of grass and forage crops offered on the markets, 
and animal foods of all kinds made directly from the various cereal 
crops or as by-products in the manufacture of sugar, cotton-seed oil, 
linseed oil, and other commodities; (2) the general collective exhibit, 
or the material brought together by the Division itself or contributed 
by its correspondents in different parts of the United States, consist- 
ing of panels representing the more important grasses and forage 
plants grown in this country, together with the various kinds of for- 
age made from them, samples of the seeds of both native and intro- 
duced varieties, and a large collection of photographs, illustrating the 
habits of growth of the different sorts and the methods of cultivating, 
harvesting, and utilizing them. The preparation of this exhibit made 
necessary an extended correspondence and visits to various parts of 
the country for the collection of material and conference with firms 
engaged in the manufacture of the various kinds of concentrated 
foods, oil cake, gluten meal, ete. The Division received the hearty 
support of its regular correspondents and of the firms interested in 
the extension of the market for American seeds and the prepared 
animal foods, and the exhibit has called forth many favorable com- 
ments both at home and abroad. 


ADDRESSES AT FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 


Frequent calls come to the Division for addresses before farmers’ 
institutes and other agricultural societies. Attendance upon such 


i 


8&8 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


meetings affords excellent opportunities for bringing the practical 
work of the grass and forage-plant investigations closely before the 
people whom they are designed most to benefit, and wherever it could 
be done without too much interference with the regular work these 
requests have been complied with. During the past year five addresses 
in as many States have been delivered by the Agrostologist and other 
members of the regular staff of the Division. 


CURRENT WORK. 
GARDEN, FIELD, AND HERBARIUM. 


During the current fiscal year it is planned to continue the work 
already under way in the grass garden, paying especial attention to 
the habits of growth and life history of our more valuable native 
grasses and of recently introduced sorts, the selection and develop- 
ment of hardy varieties of our native species as well as of those from 
foreign lands. 

The field work is being greatly extended for the purpose of collecting 
seeds and roots of valuable grasses and forage plants in accordance 
with the provisions of the appropriation bill, whereby $6,000 was set 
aside for this purpose. Three members of the office force, including 
the Agrostologist, and two special agents are working in Colorado, 
Utah, and Wyoming. Two special agents have been sent to western 
Montana and northern Idaho. Our special agent on the Pacific coast 
is visiting portions of Washington and Oregon, paying special atten- 
tion to grasses suitable for range improvement and for sand and soil 
binding. Later in the season a special agent will be sent to Arizona 
and the Southwest to carry on the work in that section. The Agros- 
tologist has already visited the Middle and New England States, and 
another member of the office force has visited the Carolinas for the 
purpose of reading a paper before the farmers’ institute at Clemson, 
S. C., and making investigations along the coastal plains of these 
States. The Agrostologist will also visit a number of the Western 
stations and investigate the sand-dune region of the Great Lakes. 

The work in the herbarium will continue along the usual lines. 


EXTENSION OF COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS. 
° 

As a result of extended correspondence and much personal consul- 
tation between members of the Division staff and authorities of the 
State experiment stations, it is planned to extend very materially the 
cooperative experimental work of the Division. The suggestions of 
this Division regarding possible lines of cooperation with the State 
institutions have met with most hearty support on the part of the sta- 
tion authorities, and there is consequently great encouragement for 
the extension of this work. It is thought that the uniting of the funds 
and facilities of the Division with those of the State institution for the 
investigation of some question of paramount importance in a given 
State will result in much more practical benefit to the people than if 
the investigations were carried on separately, and also that the work 
can be done much more economieally. 

In these cooperative investigations arrangements have already been 
made with one or more of the State institutions, most advantageously 
located for the purpose, for the study of each of the following ques- 


DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY. : 89 


tions: Range improvement; the formation, care, and management of 
meadows and pastures; forage plants for alkali soils; sand and soil 
binding grasses; soiling crops for a continuous series throughout the 
season; winter pasturage; the relation of forage crops tothe reclama- 
tion of worn-out lands and the maintenance of soil fertility; selection 
and development of varieties of grasses and forage plants adapted to 
special purposes or conditions, or possessing special qualities of har- 
diness, palatability, yield, ete. 

The work of range improvement already under way at Highmore, 
S. Dak., and Abilene, Tex., is being continued, and additional inves- 
tigations wili be undertaken in Arizona and Washington in coopera- 
tion with the respective experiment stations. Plans have been made 
for the investigation of the formation, care, and management of mead- 
ows and pastures with the State experiment stations in Missouri, Texas, 
Minnesota, and other States where this question is of first importance. 
The investigation of forage crops suitable for alkali soils will be 
undertaken with the Montana, Colorado, and other stations in States 
in which there is a large amount of such land. The question of sand 
and soil binding grasses is of special importance at certain points on 
the Pacific coast, along the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic coast, 
and it is planned to undertake investigations of such grasses in con- 
nection with the Oregon station and perhaps with other stations in 
the regions represented. Experiments with soiling crops are being 
earried on with the Maryland station, and these will be extended to 
other sections where dairying is a leading industry and where this 
question is an important one. Winter pasturage is one of the most 
vital questions for the South, and its investigation is accordingly being 
arranged with certain of the Southern stations, while with others the 
study of forage crops and their relation to the improvement of the 
fertility of the soil, another question of importance in this section, 
will be undertaken. Similar investigations are being planned for the 
New England States. The study of selected varieties of grass and 
forage crops isa question of general importance throughout the coun- 
try, and investigations are being carried on in cooperation with the 
Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology and with such of 
the State experiment stations as are prepared to undertake the work. 


PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 


Arrangements have been completed to maintain at Buffalo during the 
Pan-American Exposition next season a grass garden in which will be 
grown those grasses and forage plants of most general value, and also 
those of special value, as for lawns, binding soils and drifting sand, ete. 
It is also planned to make an exhibit of panels bearing representative 
specimens of the more important sorts, both native and introduced, 
samples of seeds and other products, and photographs illustrating the 
habit of growth of the plants and the methods of growing and _ har- 
vesting the crop, as well as preserving and utilizing it. 


NEW LINES OF WORK. 


The new lines of work called for in the last appropriation bill, that 
is, experiments and reports on the best methods of extirpating John- 
son grass and the investigation of animal foods, have been begun in 


90 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


a preliminary way, but as no additional funds were provided, the work 
can not be properly undertaken until suitable appropriations are made. 


PLANS FOR THE FUTURE. 


For the future, it is proposed to continue present lines of work, 
extending them in such a manner as to make the results of the great- 
est practical value to the people. Special attention will be devoted to 
the cooperative investigations with other Divisions in the Department 
and with State experiment stations in solving the various problems 
discussed above. The field work will be carried into regions hitherto 
unstudied. It is also planned to have all preliminary arrangements 
made for undertaking experiments in the methods of destroying John- 
son and other noxious grasses and the development of that branch of 
the work relating to animal foods as soon as the necessary appropria- 
tions are made. 


REPORT OF THE BOTANIST. 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
DIVISION OF BOTANY, 
Washington, D. C., October 12, 1900. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith my eighth annual report 
as Botanist of the Department of Agriculture, covering the year 
ending June 30, 1900. 
Respectfully, . 
FREDERICK V. COVILLE, 
Botanist. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR. 
PLANT HOUSE. 


The construction of the plant house, authorized in the appropria- 
tion for the fiscal year 1899, was completed and the building ready 
for experimentation in October, 1899. This house has been particu- 
larly useful in connection with our pure-seed investigations and our 
plant-introduction work. All our germination tests have been con- 
ducted in the building, and the head house has been used also as a 
photographic laboratory. In the greenhouse have been grown a stock 
of different species of rubber-producing plants and a number of other 
seeds and plants introduced from foreign countries, which it was 
desirable to propagate before they were distributed. The excellent 
facilities afforded by this plant house and the important service it has 
rendered in-our investigations amply demonstrate the wisdom of the 
appropriation for building it. 


POTOMAC FLATS. 


The testing garden on the Potomac Flats, the use of which by the 
Department of Agriculture was authorized by Congressional action, 
as detailed in my last annual report, has been an important addi- 
tion to the experimental facilities of the Division. During the sum- 
mer of 1899 and the following winter the ground was several times 
plowed and harrowed in order to keep the weeds in cheek and kill the 
cutworms. In the spring of the present year the garden was fenced 
and an additional plowing and harrowing brought the soil into excel- 
lent condition for experimental work. 

Of the total area of 25 acres, 12 acres were allotted to the uses of the 
Division of Botany, 5 to the Division of Agrostology, 5 to the Division 
of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, 2 to the Division of Chemistry, 
and 1 tothe Division of Pomology. The area kept under experimental 

91 


99 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


cultivation by the Division of Botany was devoted chiefly to the cul- 
tivation of a large series of plants introduced from foreign countries 
through the Section of Seed and Piant Introduction, to field tests in 
connection with pure seed investigations, and to the experimental eul- 
tivation of a series of native and imported hemps. The results of 
these experiments will be duly prepared for publication later. For 
the present, it may be said that these grounds have enabled our force 
of investigators to check their laboratory experiments in a manner 
which was impossible without a field for outdoor experimentation. 
Several of the experiments have been so successful that any one of 
them would have more than paid for the entire expense of the main- 
tenance of the garden. Even these early results clearly indicate that 
the Department should maintain somewhere, conveniently accessible 
to the main buildings, a permanent experimental garden. 


POISONOUS PLANTS. 


During the winter of 1899-1900 the State board of sheep commis- 
sioners of Montana made representation to the Department of the 
large losses of live stock on the great unfenced ranges of that State, 
which were supposed to be due to poisonous plants, and these repre- 
sentations were accompanied by an appeal to the Department to send 
its experts on this subject to Montana to investigate the matter and 
prepare reports which would enable the stockmen to control their 
losses. So great was the loss and so urgent. was the necessity for an 
investigation that the stockmen of the State voluntarily agreed to 
advance the entire cost. Fortunately, the Department was enabled to 
assume these expenses, owing to the fact that a portion of the appro- 
priation for botanical work for the fiscal year 1901 had been made 
immediately available. Mr. V. K. Chesnut and Dr. E. V. Wilcox, 
the latter temporarily transferred to the Division of Botany from the 
Office of Experiment Stations, through the courtesy of Dr. A. C. True, 
Director of that Office, were detailed to field work on the first of May 
and remained in the field for two and three months, respectively, 
making a thorough investigation of the plants on the open ranges and 
determining by physiological tests the nature and action of the poi- 
sonous principles. They also ascertained a remedy, which, for some 
of the most important of the poisonous plants, is effective and easy 
of application. The report of these investigations, which it is 
expected will be ready for publication early in the coming winter, will 
enable the stockmen of Montana, first of all, to know and avoid the 
poisonous species, and, secondly, if stock have accidentally been poi- 
soned, to apply in some cases an effective remedy. The satisfact tory 
results of this investigation are due in large part to the cooperation 
of the Montana Agricult ural Experiment Station, the State veterina- 
rian, and the State board of sheep commissioners. Especially do I 
wish to acknowledge the active cooperation, assistance, and courtesy 
of Hon. T. C. Power, chairman of that board. 


SECTION OF SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION. 


The office facilities for receiving and distributing foreign importa- 
tions have been materially improved during the year. The ware- 
house has been equipped with suitable cases easy of access and so 
constructed as to amply protect the contents, while at the same time 
permitting their proper classification. The records of receipt and dis- 


DIVISION OF BOTANY. 93 


tribution, which in the interest of systematizing the introduction 
work it is necessary to maintain in a manner suitable for precise and 
permanent consultation, have been simplified to a considerable extent— 
just so far, indeed, as simplification is compatible with the primary 
purpose of the records. The accumulation of work on hand in the 
early part of the year made it necessary to employ labor additional 
to the regular force. This extra work has now been completed and 
the office force has again been reduced to its normal size. The prin- 
cipal cause of the accumulation of work was the very large number 
of importations made in preceding years. It has now been shown by 
experience that to secure the best results the energies of the explorers 
and field agents should be directed to the securing of fewer importa- 
tions with more complete information regarding them, rather than to 
a large number of importations with necessarily scantier information. 

At the request of the Chemist of the Department the purchase and 
distribution of sugar-beet and sorghum seeds, heretofore carried on 
by the Division of Chemistry, has been turned over to the Division of 
Botany, and is conducted along with the plant-introduction and dis- 
tribution work. This is undoubtedly an economy, as the facilities 
for handling large quantities of seeds are not now duplicated, as they 
were under the old system. The amount of these seeds purchased is 
still determined by the Secretary on the recommendation of the 
Chemist. The seeds are sent to lists of experimenters furnished by 
the Chemist, and the working up of results is still carried on by him 
as formerly. 

It became clear during the preceding years that some of the most 
valuable plants for introduction into the United States were in the 
hands of foreign botanical gardens which did not sell seeds or plants, 
but which were willing to make exchanges for them. The Depart- 
ment had at that time no available exchange material, but during the 
past year such material has been collected, particularly in the arid 
region of the Southwest, and while no full catalogue has as yet been 
published, photographs, accompanied by accounts of the more inter- 
esting plants, were put in the hands of the foreign agents of the 
Department, and some very valuable exchanges were in this way 
secured. The results of this year’s exchange work indicate that this 
is an important means of securing valuable introductions. 

One of the departures contemplated when the plant-introduction 
work was inaugurated was the redistribution of importations which 
proved to be suecessful. In accordance with this idea the Khiva 
winter muskmelon from Turkestan, which proved to be so successful 
under irrigation in the warmer portions of the arid West, was redis- 
tributed last year. And similarly, it was determined that Turkestan 
alfalfa, which has proved far superior to American alfalfa in withstand- 
ing freezing in the arid regions, should be more widely distributed. With 
this view, contracts were made last spring with several Western growers, 
and when this American-grown stock shall have been delivered it will 
be distributed far more extensively than was possible with the original 
importation. The Kiushu rice, which has proved so remarkably suc- 
cessful in Louisiana, was redistributed last spring. The distributions 
already made, together with direct importations of this rice by private 
parties during the past season, has established this product so widely 
and successfully that it will doubtless be unnecessary for the Depart- 
ment to distribute it further. 

In the introduction of cereals special attention has been paid during 
the past year to macaroni and Hungarian wheats. The European 


94 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


macaronis, which are now largely imported into the United States, 
are made from special varieties of hard wheats which we have not 
heretofore grown commercially in the United States. Several of these 
macaroni wheats have, however, been secured during the past year 
from Russia and from ‘Algeria, and the experiments ‘with these vari- 
eties, if successful (and there is every promise of their success), will 
furnish the basis of a large development of the macaroni-manufac- 
turing industry in the United States, and consequently for the pro- 
duction of macaroni wheats both for home trade and for export, in 
those parts of the country to which the experiments now in progress 
show them to be adapted. Importations have also been made of the 
winter wheats used in the manufacture of the Hungarian export 
flours which have a high reputation the world over. If these wheats 
are as successful in the United States as they are in Hungary a large 
extension will be made in the area in which our highest-priced bread 
wheats can be grown, as the wheats that heretofore have filled this 
description have been spring wheats, the area of successful cultiva- 
tion of which has been comparatively limited. 

The determination of the Department to establish the culture of 
the date in Arizona, in cooperation with the Arizona Agricultural 
Experiment Station, has been prosecuted successfully during the year. 
Mr. W. T. Swingle, after a preliminary trip to California and Arizona 
to ascertain the precise facilities for the receipt and care of the dates 
after reaching this country, then proceeded to Algeria, secured and 
packed the date suckers, arrangements for which had been previously 
made by him, and also secured a large number of additional date 
plants. All these were forwarded to Washington, D. C., and soon 
after the end of the fiscal year 1900 were shipped through to Arizona, 
disinfected, and properly planted. There is, therefore, now estab- 
lished at a suitable spot in Arizona and under the joint administration 
of the Arizona experiment station and the Department of Agriculture 
a date garden in which are growing successfully about 500 plants of 
the best varieties of dates known in the Mediterranean region. As 
these plants develop suckers a distribution of stock will be made to 
individuals in the Southwest who are properly situated for handling 
this crop. 

It is gratifying to learn that the fig-fertilizing insect secured in Asia 
Minor for the Division of Entomology by Mr. W. T. Sw ingle while 
engaged in the plant-introduction work and successfully established 
in California by that Division promises, as reported by the Entomolo- 
gist, to rev olutionize the fig industry of that State. 

At he Departme nt’s investigation of the cultivation of Bermuda lily 
bulbs in the United States was continued during the year, Mr. M. G. 
Kains making two visits to the Bermudas and to various points in 
the Southern States for that purpose. These experiments have not 
yet sufficiently progressed to warrant their full publication, but it may 
be stated that at the present time there is excellent promise that the 
industry may be established at favorable localities in the Southern 
States. 

An opportunity having been afforded the Department of Agriculture 
to make an examination of the agricultural crops of the upper Yangtze 
Valley in China, particularly in the Provinee of Szechuan, arrange- 
ments were made in the spring by which Mr. G. D. Brill, an American 
agriculturist who for two years has been resident at W achang, was 
to proceed up the Yangtze River to secure for introduction into the 
United States some of the valuable agricultural products of that 


DIVISION OF BOTANY. 95 


country. The recent disturbances in China have interfered to some 
extent with this work, and we are as yet uncertain what results have 
been accomplished. 

The expedition conducted at the expense of Hon. Barbour Lathrop, 
in which Mr. Lathrop and Mr. David G. Fairchild bore honorary 
commissions from the Department of Agriculture, has resulted in the 
introduction of some very promising plants from various parts of the 
world, particularly Egypt, and in the securing of a large amount of 
valuable information regarding possible introductions, which has cour- 
teously been placed at the disposal of the Department of Agriculture. 


SEED LABORATORY. 


In addition to the testing of the seeds included in the Congressional 
distribution, the assistant in charge of the seed laboratory has con- 
’ ducted an investigation of certain important commercial seeds which 
are frequently found on the market in a defective condition, the 
buyers of which suffer losses aggregating large amounts. Special 
attention was paid to crimson clover, red clover, and beardless brome 
grass. 

Special studies were made also in the technique of the artificial ger- 
mination of seeds. Heretofore we have been working on the basis of 
the rules adopted by the European seed-control stations, which 
require that most of the testing be done at a constant temperature of 
20° C. Our experience has been that this temperature is not always 
satisfactory. Contradictory results have been obtained with Ken- 
tucky blue grass, lettuce, tobacco, and vine seeds, and it has been 
necessary to conduct careful tests in order to settle finally on the 
best methods of germinating these seeds. The results of these 
investigations will ‘be given in reports to be submitted hereafter for 
publication. 

TRIAL GROUNDS. 


In addition to the field tests for trueness to name of the seeds 
included in the Congressional distribution, the trial grounds at Ken- 
sington, Md., have been used this year to continue and verify the 
tests of the lettuces offered by American seedsmen, and to make field 
trials of a few other novelties or interesting varieties in the line of 
vegetables. A discussion of the tests for trueness to name will be 
taken up later in this report. The testing garden of the Potomac 
Flats having now been in operation a year, and its utility and conven- 
ience, as well as the fertility of the soil, having been demonstrated, 
the trials heretofore conducted at Kensington will be transferred in 
the spring of 1901 to the testing gardens on the Potomac Flats. 


PORTO RICO. 


As pointed out in the last annual report, the Division of Botany is 
receiving a large number of inquiries about the cultivated plants of 
the Tropies. Many of these inquiries relate to the possibilities of 
economic plants in Porto Rico. <A large part of the inquiries come 
from men desirous of making investments in Porto Rican agricul- 
tural lands, with a view to their early and active development. This 
widespread and active interest of Americans give promise of a revo- 
lution in tropical agriculture similar to that which has taken place 
in the last half century in temperate agriculture. With this view 


96 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


of the importance of assisting the people of the United States to an early 
knowledge of the conditions in Porto Rico, it was decided to send an 
economic botanist to the island to secure the data of which the people 
of the United States were in search. Mr. O. F. Cook, assisted by Mr. 
G. N. Collins, spent most of the months of November and December, 
1899, in Porto Rieo, and secured a large amount of valuable informa- 
tion which, together with other information published in places not 
accessible to the American public, has been elaborated into a compre- 
hensive and well-illustrated report. This report was completed at the 
end of the fiscal year and has since been submitted for publication. 


FIBER INVESTIGATIONS. 


In September and October, 1899, a trip was taken through the 
Southern States to investigate the merits of the African Limb- 
less cotton, which had been planted at different localities under the 
supervision of the Department of Agriculture. Egyptian cotton 
grown in Texas from seed originally imported by the Department was 
also made the subject of special investigation, and, incidentally, sev- 
eral leading upland varieties received some attention. Circular No. 
26, entitled ‘‘Egyptian cotton in the United States,” was prepared 
chiefly from data obtained in this investigation. The value of the 
African Limbless cotton, which is a variety of fair merit, was found 
to have been extravagantly overstated by its promoters. In the 
spring of 1900 experiments were instituted at several points in the Car- 
olinas and also on the trial grounds on the Potomac Flats in the eulti- 
vation of hemp. These experiments are under the immediate direc- 
tion of Mr. S. S. Boyce, and are designed to indicate the relative 
merits of different varieties, different soils and locations, and different 
fertilizers. 


TESTING THE SEEDS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL DISTRIBUTION. 


The Division of botany has been charged with the duty of testing 
each year the seeds purchased by the Department for Congressional 
distribution. These tests are for the purpose of ascertaining whether 
the seeds come up to the contract requirements. The tests are for 
purity, germination, and trueness to name. The tests for purity con- 
sist in separating from the good seeds all dirt, sticks, stones, dust, 
chaff, insects, weed seeds, broken seeds, and other foreign matter. 
The impurities are weighed, and a comparison of their weight with 
the weight of the whole sample gives the percentage of purity. The 
weed seeds contained in the sample are identified, and if any seeds of 
certain objectionable weeds named in the contract are found, the 
sample is rejected. The Department reserves the right to reject any 
seed falling below the prescribed standards in purity, or, if it falls 
slightly below the standards and the impurities are not objectionable, 
the seed may be accepted, the Department deducting in payment 
therefor a sum proportionate to the difference between the standard 
and the purity of thesample. Theaverage of the standards of purity 
named in the last contract is 98.5 percent. The average of the purity 
of all the seeds distributed last year was 97.3. This is considered a 
highly creditable showing. 

The test for germination is conducted by counting out several sets 
of 100 or 200 plump seeds from a sample and germinating them both 
in a germinating apparatus and insoil. Onthe basis of the percentage 


DIVISION OF BOTANY. > 97 


of germination thus ascertained, as compared with the standards of 
germination prescribed in the contract for each kind of seed distrib- 
uted, the Department accepts or rejects the seeds, reserving the privi- 
lege of accepting a iot that goes slightly below standard, with a 
provision for a drawback, precisely as in the case of purity. The 
average of the lower limit in the germination standards for the past 
year was 86.2 per cent. The average germination of all the seeds dis- 
tributed was 91.4 per cent. The seeds distributed therefore averaged 
in germination 5.2 per cent higher than a standard which has been 
considered by many seedsmen unnecessarily high. 

The third test—that for trueness to name, or genuineness—is con- 
ducted in the field. Samplesof the seeds, under the names under which 
they are distributed, are planted on our trial grounds along with varie- 
ties of authentic samples of the same seed secured by purchase from 
reliable seedsmen. All the plants that come from the test sample are 
grown to maturity, and those true to name as well as those not true to 
name are counted and the percentage of trueness to name ascertained. 
It is evident from the time consumed in making these field tests that 
they can not be made until after the seeds have been distributed, and 
it is chiefly in this direction that the seeds purchased by the Depart- 
ment have in the past proved to be defective. No standard of genu- 
ineness has heretofore been set by the Department. It will therefore 
be a matter of general interest to announce that the Secretary of Agri- 
culture, since the end of the fiscal year, has established the following 
standard: 

The standard of trueness to name of each variety shall be the average of the 
percentage of trueness to name in not less than five commercial samples of the same 
variety purchased under the direction of the Secretary of Agriculture in the open 
market from five or more reliable seed houses, and the Secretary of Agriculture 
shall be the sole judge of the results of the tests reported by the officer or officers 


charged therewith by him. Not lessthan 100 plants from each lot of the seeds fur- 
nished by the contractor shall constitute a test. 


SCIENTIFIC AIDS. 


The plan inaugurated by the authority of the Secretary of Agricvul- 
ture early in the fiscal year to offer positions as scientific aids at a small 
salary to graduates of the agricultural colleges who had shown special 
qualification for investigation work has been followed by this Division 
to the extent of three appointments of this character. From the expe- 
rience thus gained, it is clear that if the policy of selecting and appoint- 
ing scientific aids is followed with discretion a valuable corps of young 
experimenters will be trained up who will be suitable for positions in 
agricultural colleges or other similar institutions, or for such positions 
as may offer themselves in this Department. It is not, however, to 
the interest of the Department to appoint as a scientific aid a man 
whose work requires constant and detailed supervision. A scientific 
aid should be capable of conducting an investigation with only a mod- 
erate amount of direction from the officer to whom he is responsible. 


FOREST RESERVE GRAZING. 


The Secretary of the Interior, in consideration of the agricultural 
bearing of the controverted question of sheep grazing within the forest 
reserves, requested the Secretary of Agriculture to make an investi- 
gation of this problem, and the chief of 1 the Division of Forestry, who 
was intrusted with the investigation, invited the cooperation of the 
Botanist in a personal examination of the Arizona reserves, in which 


AGR 1900——7 


Stele DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


the controversy was most acute. The necessary field work was carried 
on in May and June, 1900. It is confidently believed that the carry- 
ing out of the recommendations that will follow this investigation will 
result in protecting the industries of Arizona without destroying her 
natural resources. 


PUBLICATIONS. 


The publications issued during the year, in addition to the reprints 
of some of the earlier reports, are as follows: 


BULLETINS. 


No. 22, The Present Status of Rice Culture in the United States, by 
S. A. Knapp, issued December, 1899. This publication gives a descrip- 
tion of the new system of rice culture, particularly as now reaching 
perfection in Louisiana and Texas, by which through a process of 
controlling the water supply of the rice fields and thereby permitting 
the use of machinery for plowing, harvesting, and other important 
operations, the cost of production of rice has been so much reduced 
that this country can compete successfully with rice produced through 
cheap hand labor in the Tropics. 

No. 23, Russian Cereals Adapted for Cultivation in the United 
States, by Mark Alfred Carleton, issued February, 1900. This bulle- 
tin is a detailed report, primarily intended for use of experimenters, 
on the varieties of wheats secured by Mr. Carleton in Russia in 1898 
and 1899. It gives full details of the characteristics of these wheats 
in Russia and the conditions under which they are grown there, and 
makes suggestions as to the places best suited to their trial in the 
United States and the best methods of handling them. 

No. 24, The Germination of Seeds as Affected by Certain Chemical 
Fertilizers, by Gilbert H. Hicks, issued April, 1900. This is a report 
on certain experiments in which field and vegetable seeds of different 
sorts were sown in soil in contact with fertilizers of different kinds. 
The results of the experiments showed that some of these fertilizers 
were distinctly injurious to the germination of seeds and in certain 
cases would have destroyed almost the entire crop. The conclusion 
drawn from the investigation is that these fertilizers should be applied 
to the soil in such a way as not to come into direct contact with the 
seeds. 


CIRCULARS. 


No. 18, Crimson Clover Seed, by A. J. Pieters, issued August, 1899. 
The publication gives the result of an examination of a lar ge number 
of samples of crimson clover, and shows that the seed of this plant, 
which has come into extensive use recently for forage and green fer- 
tilizer, is found upon the market in an exceedingly variable condition. 
Many samples are of high germination and free from weed seeds, but 
some of the samples tested failed entirely to germinate and some of 
them were badly adulterated. The result of the investigation was a 
recommendation to farmers that before planting crimson clover seed 
extensively a sample lot, drawn from what they proposed to sow, 
should be carefully tested either by the farmer himself, by some 
experiment station, or by the Department of Agriculture. 

No. 19, Hop Cultivation in Bohemia, by David G. Fairchild, issued 
November, 1899: This, is an account, ‘by one of the agricultural 


DIVISION OF BOTANY. 99 


explorers of the Department, of the culture of the high-grade hops of 
Saaz and Auscha, the two most noted hop-growing districts of Bohe- 
mia. It contains much useful information for those experimenting 
with the introduction of these hops into the United States. 

No. 20, Horse-radish Culture in Bohemia, by David G. Fairchild, 
issued January, 1900. This contains an account of the culture of the 
Maliner horse-radish of Bohemia, where the culture of this plant has 
reached a high state of perfection and where specially selected varieties 
have been developed. Some of these promise to be useful introduc- 
tions for the United States. 

No. 21, Yams in the West Indies, by David G. Fairchild, issued 
January, 1900. This circular contains an account of the cultivation 
of some of the best varieties of yams in different parts of the West 
Indies. It was issued not only to show what might be done in some 
of the tropical dependencies of the United States, but also to call 
attention to these vegetables as possible additions to the import mar- 
ket of the United States. 

No. 22, Bur, or Globe, Artichokes, by Walter T. Swingle and David G. 
Fairchild, issued Febr uary, 1900. An account of the ‘elobe artichoke, 
which forms one of the most delicious vegetables in southern Europe, 
but the use of which in the United States is as yet very limited. It 
is believed that some of the best varieties of this vegetable will 
become important additions to the truck-growing industries of the 
south Atlantic States. 

No. 23, The Lebbek or Siris Tree, by David G. Fairchild, issued 
March, 1900. An account of the lebbek tree, which is used largely for 
shade ‘and as a protection to irrigation ditches in Egypt and other 
tropical countries. It is suitable for introduction into the warmer 
parts of the United States where only slight frosts occur. 

No. 24, Red Clover Seed, by A. J. Pieters, issued March, 1900. This 
is an account of some of the ordinary defects of red clover seed, with 
instructions to the farming community how to ascertain the quality 
of the seed before it is planted. 

No. 25, The Seed of Beardless Brome Grass, by A. J. Pieters, issued 
April, 1900. The introduction of this grass into the semiarid portions 
of the United States has shown it to be a forage plant of very great 
value, and the demand for the seed has enormously increased within 
the past few years. It is found, however, from testing a large num- 
ber of samples, that most of the brome-grass seed imported from for- 
eign countries and offered for sale in the United States is low in ger- 
mination or contains a large amount of injurious weed seeds, or has 
both these defects. This circular brings out the important fact that 
the brome-grass seed produced in the United States is of far better 
quality than the imported product. 

No. 26, Egyptian Cotton in the United States, by Lyster H. Dewey, 
issued April, 1900. This publication points out the value of the 
Egyptian cotton imported into the United States, which varies from 
$3,000,000 to $5,000,000 per year, gives an account of experiments with 
the varieties already tried in the United States, and compares the 
climatie and other cultural conditions of the American districts with 
those of the Nile region. 

No. 27, Canada Thistle, by Lyster H. Dewey, issued June, 1900. 
This is an account of the damage caused by the Canada thistle, with 
information as to the best method of eradicating the pest. 


100 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 
REPORT. 


Report of the Botanist for 1899, by Frederick V. Coville, issued 
January, 1900. The regular administrative report of the work of the 
Division of Botany. 


INVENTORIES OF SEEDS AND PLANTS. 


No. 2, Foreign Seeds and Plants Imported by the Section of Seed 
and Plant Introduction, Nos. 1001 to 1900. This ineludes a part of 
the importations brought by Prof. N. E. Hansen from Russia and 
central Asia, and some material secured by Mr. Walter T. Swingle in 
various parts of Europe. 

No. 5, Foreign Seeds and Plants Imported by the Department of 
Agriculture and for Distribution by the Section of Seed and Plant 
Introduction, Nos. 1901 to 2700. This is chiefly a continuation of the 
list of vegetables, fruits, forage plants, and ornamentals procured by 
Mr. Walter T. Swingle in France, Italy, and Algeria. 

No. 6, Foreign Seeds and Plants Collected in Austria, Italy, and 
Egypt by Hon. Barbour Lathrop and Mr. David G. Fairchild for the 
Section of Seed and Plant Introduction. This contains several impor- 
tant vegetables and cottons, a seedless raisin grape, and several other 
plants chiefly useful for forage or green fertilizer. 


PAPER PREPARED FOR THE DEPARTMENT YEARBOOK FOR 1899, 


Seed Selling, Seed Growing, and Seed Testing, by A. J. Pieters. 
An account of the history and development of the seed industry in 
the United States, with a special portion devoted to the modern meth- 
ods of testing seeds. 


CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE U.S. NATIONAL HERBARIUM, VOL. V, NO. 4. 


Studies of Mexican and Central American Plants—No. 2, by J. N. 
Rose; Two New Species of Plants from the Northwestern United 
States, by L. F. Henderson; Hesperogenia, a New Genus of Umbel- 
lifere from Mount Rainier, by J. M. Coulter and J. N. Rose; Three 
New Species of Tradescantia from the United States, by J. N. Rose; 
Treleasea, a New Genus of Commelinacez, by J. N. Rose; Notes on 
Useful Plants of Mexico, by J. N. Rose. The last article was issued 
also as a separate. 


PLANS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1901. 
INVESTIGATIONS IN TROPICAL BOTANY. 


The question of investing money in agricultural enterprises in our 
tropical dependencies is attracting a great deal of attention, and we 
are deluged with requests for information on the subject. Investiga- 
tions in the field are necessary to obtain reliable information as to the 
possibilities of the cultivation in Porto Rico and the Hawaiian Islands 
of vanilla, cacao, india rubber, and other tropical products that we 
now import from other countries. It is also desirable to inquire into 
the possibility of extending and improving the cultivation of coffee, 
bananas, and other suitable products. The special agent for tropical 
agriculture will be engaged in compiling the scattered information on 
the cultivation of tropical plants, selecting that which is most authen- 


DIVISION OF. BOTANY. 101 


tic, and putting it into form for information to the public and for 
experimenters. It is important that an appropriation be secured 
which will enable us to follow up this phase of our investigations 
with actual field experience of such a character as to render the addi- 
_ tional information which can be secured only in this way available for 
public use. 


DETERIORATION OF GRAIN IN OCEAN TRANSIT. 


About three years ago protests began to be received from European 
countries against the condition of some of the grain, particularly 
corn, that was being received from the United States. A preliminary 
investigation of the subject by the Department of Agriculture has 
brought out the fact that the problem must receive a thorough inves- 
tigation in order to ascertain the causes of the deterioration of export 
grain, particularly in ocean transit, and to devise means for prevent- 
ing losses from those causes. The points requiring consideration are 
proper stowage, ventilation of vessels, prompt unloading, the condi- 
tion of the grain with respect to cleanness and moisture content, and 
the drying of grain before shipment when necessary. The expendi- 
ture of an amount of money sufficient to make an exhaustive inves- 
tigation of these questions would be amply repaid by the commercial 
advantages to be derived therefrom. 


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REPORT OF THE FORESTER. 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
DIVISION OF FORESTRY, 
Washington, D. C., September 10, 1900. 
Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report of the work of 
the Division of Forestry for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, 
together with an outline of the plans for the work of the Division for 
the current fiscal year. 
Respectfully, GIFFORD PINCHOT, 
Forester. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR. 
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE DEMANDS UPON THE DIVISION. 


The past year has witnessed a conspicuously wider and more effect- 
ive and intelligent interest in forest matters in the United States than 
any previous year; consequently the opportunity for the spread of 
practical forestry in the woods, through which alone the forests can 
be saved, is far better than ever before. If this unexampled oppor- 
tunity is neglected the loss will be correspondingly deplorable and 
severe. 

The Division of Forestry is beginning to move toward the place to 
which the crucial importance of forest preservation justly entitles it. 
This statement is illustrated and emphasized by the central fact of 
the year, which is that the private and official demands for the sery- 
ices of the Division have far outstripped the growth of its resources. 
In spite of the increased appropriations for the fiscal year 1899-1900, 
and of the growth of its personnel from 61 on July 1, 1898, to 123 a 
year later, this Division is proportionately less able to cover the 
ground of its evident duty than it was a year ago. To cite but one 
instance, the applications for working plans have grown within one 
year from 1,513,592 acres to cover an area of 51,192,714 acres. Since 
the introduction of practical forestry on the national forest reserves 
and on private lands alike depends more than on any other factor 
upon the ability of the Division of Forestry to comply with these 
requests, the meagerness of its resources is the most effective of all 
hindranees to the progress of forest reform in the United States. 

The most conspicuous additions to the demands upon this Division 
during the year have come from the Secretary of the Interior and from 
the Forest, Fish, and Game Commission of New York. Simply to 
comply with the request of the former for working plans for the man- 
agement of the timber on the national forest reserves and for the 
investigation of the grazing and other problems within their bounda- 

103 


104 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


ries, would of itself absorb the whole present force of this Division for 
many years. To prepare working plans for the New York State For- 
est Preserve, of a million and a quarter acres in extent, is a far smaller, 
yet, from the point of view of the resources of this Division, a gigantic 
task. In a similar way the section of economic tree planting finds it 
impossible to meet the demand upon it for practical cooperation with 
tree planters throughout the treeless West and for the study required 
to make the experience of past planting available for guidance in the 
future. So also the section of special investigations is ‘checked by the 
lack of funds in its attempt to bring about a ‘reduction i in the number 
and destructiveness of forest fires and to acquire information of crit- 
ical necessity to the best management of our forest resources. 

When to all this is added the various other work of indispensable 
importance which overwhelms the three field sections, and the severe 

strain upon the section of office work involved in the multiplied cor- 

respondence and in the elaboration of results, it becomes still more 
evident that the Division of Forestry is being held by its inadequate 
resources far below the measure of service which it ought to render, 
and for which the demand is already of the most insistent kind. 

There is no subdivision of agriculture dealt with by this Depart- 
ment which approaches the forest in the amount of its contribution to 
the material welfare of the country or in the money value of its prod- 
ucts, and none which is in such pressing danger or in so imperative 
need of agitation and practical work. 


SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL RESULTS. 


During the year applications were received for working plans for 
48,078, 449 acres, personal examinations on the ground were made of 
2,103,670 acres, working plans were begun upon ‘ts 325,000 acres, plans 
were completed for 179,000 acres, and 54,000 acres were put under 
management. In accordance with the request of the Secretary of the 
Interior, the preparation of a working plan for the Black Hills Forest 
Reserve was begun as the first step toward conservative lumbering 
on the national forest reserves. The working plans already in oper- 
ation under the supervision of this Division were all continued, and 
the character of the work was in nearly all cases much improved. 
Planting plans were prepared for 59 land owners in 11 States. A 
unique and most promising study of the effect of forest cover on the 
flow of streams was begun in southern California through the courtesy 
and cooperation of the Arrowhead Reservoir Company of San Bernar- 
dino. Studies of forest fires were made in 26 States, and the grazing 
investigation requested by the Interior Department for the national 
forest reserves was inaugurated. Working plans were also begun for 
the New York State Forest Preserve 
The investigations of the growth and reproduction of commercial 
trees were continued and extended, and the studies in the history of 
forestry produced important results, now ready for publication. A 
report upon the Big Trees of California was prepared for the Senate 
Committee on Public Lands and was printed as Senate Doe. No. 393, 
Fifty-sixth Congress, first session. A complete compilation of the 
laws relating to forestry in all the States was finished, and will shortly 
be submitted for printing. In addition to the reprints from the Year- 
book, 5 bulletins and 1 circular were published during the year, with 
a total circulation of 89,000 copies, and more than twice as many 
papers were awaiting editorial revision at the end of the year. Of 


DIVISION OF FORESTRY. 105 


one bulletin, A Primer of Forestry—Part I, a second edition of 35,000 
copies was ordered by act of Congress. An exhibit, in some respects 
altogether novel in character, was prepared for the Paris Exposition, 
in illustration of the relation of forestry to agriculture; and an exten- 
sive examination of the forests of the southern Appalachians was 
begun. During the year field parties have been at work in 26 States 
and Territories. The general efficiency of the personnel was increased 
to a marked degree during the year. These results were obtained by 
the expenditure of an appropriation of $48,520. 


SECTION OF WORKING PLANS. 
PRIVATE LANDS. 


The applications for advice and assistance in handling private forest 
lands have continued to be so numerous during the past year that the 
small foree of the Division has been entirely unable to meet the 
demand. New applications have been received for 964,450 acres, 
making a total of 2,478,045 acres of private lands applied for since the 
circular offering assistance to private owners was issued in October, 
1898. 

Personal examinations were made during the year of 48 tracts in 14 
States, covering 878,670 acres. Detailed working plans were made on 
4 large tracts—2 in the Adirondacks, aggregating 170,000 acres; 1 in 
Tennessee of 6,000 acres, and 1 in central New York of about 3,000 
acres. Marking was done upon 2 wood lots in Maryland, 1 in New 
Jersey, and 1 in Vermont. In June, 1900, a working plan was begun 
for a tract of Shortleaf Pine in Arkansas, covering about 100,000 
acres. This latter is the first extensive technical forest work which 
has been undertaken by a lumber company in the South. 

Applications for working plans had, on July 1, been received from 
all the States and Territories except 13, and from nearly all of the 
latter requests for planting plans have reached the Division. 

In the Adirondacks the third season’s work of practical forestry 
was successfully begun on two adjoining tracts, which cover an area 
of 108,000 acres. A third tract in the Adirondacks was placed under 
actual forest management during the month of June, and the work- 
ing plan prepared by the Division for 6,000 acres owned by the Uni- 
versity of the South at Sewanee, Tenn., was put into operation at 
nearly the same time. 

PUBLIC LANDS. 


The most important work yet undertaken by the section of working 
plans of the Division is that of preparing working plans for the entire 
area of the federal forest reserves. This work is the result of a 
request upon the Secretary of Agriculture by the Secretary of the 
Interior for technical advice regarding the management of the reserves. 
On account of the lack of funds and the inability of the Interior 
Department to participate in the expenses, it was possible to organize 
the work upon only one reserve during the year. A party was sent 
to the Black Hills Forest Reserve in March, and by the end of the 
fiscal year several hundred thousand acres had been studied. 

Still another very important piece of work has been undertaken 
upon the New York State Forest Preserve. During the winter a 
request was made by the Forest, Fish, and Game Commission of New 
York for working plans for the State preserve. The purpose of this 


106 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


request was that the commission might obtain and make publie an 
authoritative statement of how the preserve should be handied if 
under actual forest management, and upon this basis make definite 
recommendations to the State legislature. The sum of $2,000 was 
appropriated by the legislature for the expenses of the agents of the 
Division in this work, and two foresters in the employ of the State 
were placed at the disposal of the Division. The work was organized 
at the close of the year at Raquette Lake, Hamilton County, N. Y. 


EXPENDITURES. 


The total expenditures during the year under the ledger head of 
‘“Working plans,” were $12,476, or 25.7 per cent of the total appropria- 
tion. The total amount of money contributed by private owners to 
the expenses of preparing working plans upon their tracts was $1,750. 


SECTION OF ECONOMIC TREE PLANTING. 


COOPERATIVE TREE PLANTING. 


The plan of cooperative tree planting outlined in Circular No. 22 of 
the Division was put into operation during the year. The farms of the 
earliest applicants were visited in September, 1899, and from that 
time until the close of the fiscal year planting plans were made for 59 
applicants. The work extended from New York to California and 
from North Dakota to Texas, but it centered in the States of the Plains, 
where the necessity for wood lots, wind-breaks, and shelter belts is 
very great. Danie the year planting plans were made for 3 appli- 
cants in Texas, 12 in Oklahoma, 26 in Kansas, 6 in Nebraska, 5 in 
North Dakota, 2 in Iowa, and 1 each in New York, Minnesota, New 
Mexico, Colorado, and California. 

In connection with cooperative tree planting in the Plains region, 
an excellent opportunity occurs for the study of the natural encroach- 
ment of trees upon the Plains. This work has been pursued during 
the year by the members of the Division working in that region. It 
is of great value in giving more accurate information upon the adapta- 
bility: of different species of indigenous trees for planting on the Plains. 

Special investigations and experiments were made in forest-tree 
planting at Ridgway, Pa., and examinations of tracts of land were 
made in Maine and Pennsylvania, and reports submitted regarding 
their management, with special reference to planting. 


STUDIES OF GROWING PLANTATIONS, 


Careful measurements of the results of plantations already made 
resulted in much valuable material, a part of which was published in 
Bulletin 27 of the Division. In addition, local investigations relating 
directly to trees and tree planting were carried on in 5 States by eol- 
laborators of the Division. 


FORESTS AND WATER SUPPLY. 


An opportunity which is believed to be without parallel for the study 
of the relation of forest cover to the flow of streams was sought and 
found in southern California upon the lands of the Arrowhead Reser- 
voir Company, whose observations of precipitation, run-off, evapora- 
tion, and temperature for eight years, through the courtesy of the 


= 


DIVISION OF FORESTRY. 107 
engineer in charge, Mr. H. B. Hedges, by whom they were made, have 
been placed at the disposal of this Division. A careful study of the 
subordinate watersheds, which differ completely among themselves in 
the character of their forest covering, was undertaken, and strong 
hopes are entertained of valuable results from the comparison of the 
run-off from various types of cover. 

A preliminary examination was made, followed by rough plans and 
recommendations, in cooperation with the section of working plans, 
for the drainage basin from which the city of Johnstown, Pa., obtains 
its supply of water. To assist in preventing the possibility of a reeur- 
rence of the great disaster was one of the chief objects in view. 


EXPENDITURES. 


The expenditures for the section of economic tree planting during 
the year were $5,756.07, or 11.8 per cent of the total appropriation. 


SECTION OF SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS. 


STUDIES OF COMMERCIAL TREES. 


The work commenced last year upon the Redwood and Red Fir of 
the Pacific coast was resumed before the end of the fiscal year, and a 
study of the Western Hemlock was begun. Cooperation with the 
Redwood lumbermen continued as before, and the field work was 
made to include a thorough study of the possibilities of Redwood 
second growth. A study of the Southern Longleaf Pine was begun and 
one of the Adirondack Balsam Fir. The latter is particularly timely 
because, with the decrease in the supply of Spruce, the Balsam is used 
more and more largely in the manufacture of paper. The data col- 
lected in the field for Adirondack hardwoods has been worked up into 
tables intended particularly to assist the private owner in managing 
his hardwood lands. The studies of the Western Yellow Pine, the 
Southern Loblolly Pine, the White Oak, the Yellow Poplar, and the 
Black and Shellbark hickories were continued or begun. 


FOREST FIRES. 


Studies of forest fires were made during the year in 26 States and 
Territories, and valuable results were reached, especially in New 
York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Colorado, Montana, Arizona, 
and California. Much material was awaiting editorial attention at 
the end of the year. In the historical study, records of about 3,500 
forest fires were added during the year, and the cost of compilation 
was decidedly reduced. 


STUDIES IN FOREST HISTORY. 


A history of forestry in New York and a summary of the forest 
laws now in force in the various States were completed and are await- 
ing publication, and much material was gathered for the forest his- 
tories of Pennsylvania, Maine, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Vermont, 
Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan; together with some material for 
California and several of the Southern States. 

An investigation upon the reliability of the widespread views 
regarding the effect of denudation upon the once forested lands bor- 
dering the Mediterranean Sea was begun, and the conditions in Tunis, 
Algeria, and Tripoli were studied. 


108 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


STUDIES OF NORTH AMERICAN FORESTS, 


Reports on the Red Cedar, the White Cedar, and the Cypress, and 
upon four commercial oaks were completed during the year, but not 
carried through to publication. In cooperation with the forest divis- 
ion of the United States Geological Survey, reports were completed 
upon the White River Plateau and Battlement Mesa forest reserves, 
and the field work for similar reports on the Stanislaus and Lake 
Tahoe reserves and adjacent regions was done, including a study of 
fire and grazing. In cooperation with the State geologist of Mary- 
land, an examination and a report were completed for Allegany County. 
Three of the reports prepared in cooperation were in print at the end 
of the year. 

A short account of the Big Trees of California was prepared for 
the Senate Committee on Public Lands, and was published, fully 
illustrated with maps and reproductions from photographs, as Sen- 
ate Document 393, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session. The maps of 
the distribution of Big Trees in Fresno and Tulare counties, with 
tables of ownership, were prepared by Prof. W. R. Dudley, of Stan- 
ford University, a collaborator of this Division, and are of original 
and peculiar value. 

An investigation was made of the forest on the watershed of Rock 
River, in northern Illinois, where severe cutting, coupled with excess- 
ive artificial drainage, has very harmfully affected the regimen of the 
stream. 

EXHIBIT AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION. 


An exhibit along somewhat new lines, consisting mainly of various 
types of photographs and transparencies, was prepared for the Paris 
Exposition, illustrating the relation of forests to agriculture in the 
United States. In addition to maps, a few specimens, and a large 
number of photographs, carefully chosen and described, the exhibit 
includes colored transparencies, 6 by 10 feet in size, of typical forest 
and agricultural lands, which are believed to be the largest ever made. 
Without the kindly cooperation of the Director of the United States 
Geological Survey these notable transparencies could not have been 
prepared. 


PHOTOGRAPHIC FOREST DESCRIPTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Because of insufficient funds, the photographic laboratory has but 
recently been placed on an effective working basis. ‘The work accom- 
plished during the past year was little more than enough to secure 
and preserve the new records of the season. Nevertheless, about 
1,400 prints from various sources were mounted and: made ready for 
filing, and some 3,000 new negatives were added to the collection. 


EXPENDITURES. 
The total expenditures of the section of special investigations were 
$15,288.40, or 31.5 per cent of the total appropriation. 
SECTION OF OFFICE WORK. 
CORRESPONDENCE. 


The very notable increase in the amount of correspondence, which 
was about twice as large as in the preceding year, required the assign- 
ment of a special file clerk and the establishment of separate files for 


DIVISION OF FORESTRY. 109 


the sections of working plans and tree planting. The correspondence 
for the year numbered 8,800 letters, of which 3,200 were prepared in 
the section of office work. In addition, 5,000 postal cards were sent out. 


MAILING LISTS. 


The mailing lists were kept well posted, and new names were added 
sparingly, so that the lists have but slightly increased. This unfor- 
tunate necessity was brought about by the limited appropriation avail- 
able for publication. During the year nine publications were sent 
out—five bulletins, one circular, the Report for 1899, and two extracts 
from the Yearbook for 1898, numbering in all but 70,000 copies. 


ACCOUNTS. 


The workmanlike handling of the accounts of the Division has con- 
tributed greatly to the general efficiency of the work, and to its quan- 
tity as well. 

PHOTOGRAPHIC LABORATORY. 


While progress in the photographic work was made early in the 
year and the current work of the Division was fully covered, the lab- 
oratory was not placed in a thoroughly satisfactory condition until 
June. It is now in a position to meet the demands of the work at 
every point. 


LIBRARY. 


In November, 1899, a trained librarian was appointed, and the work 
of classifying and cataloguing the great accumulation of literature on 
the subject of forestry has made good progress during the year. 


MAP COLLECTION. 


The collection of maps and topographic sheets of the U. 8. Geolog- 
ical Survey and of maps of the General Land Office was completed as 
far as possible and filed for ready reference, and numerous maps and 
plans were prepared for other sections of the Division. 


QUARTERS. 


s 
Owing to the very limited quarters now occupied by the Division, 
a satisfactory assignment of separate rooms to the different sections 
is impossible. Consequently the work has been greatly hampered. 


CHANGES IN PERSONNEL. 


Two notable changes in personnel were brought about after the end 
of the fiscal year by the resignation of Henry 8. Graves, superintend- 
ent of working plans, and James W. Toumey, superintendent of tree 
planting, to take the positions of professor and assistant professor, 
respectively, at the Yale Forest School. The loss of their devoted sery- 
ices would be still more keenly felt in the sections which they built 
up if their work had been less thorough and sound. Each left his 
section in admirable working order, and each remains a member of 
the Division as collaborator. Professor Graves is replaced by Mr. 
Overton W. Price. 


110 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


OBITUARY. 


On June 17, 1900, Mrs. Alice Norris, long a faithful and efficient 
member of this Division, passed away in this city after a long and 
painful illness. : 

On August 6, 1900, Victor b. Fay, a student assistant, passed away 
at Pine Bluff, Ark., after a brief illness. 

On August 30, 1900, Hiram Hurlburt, a student assistant, passed 
away at Holland Patent, N. Y., after a brief illness. 


WORK FOR THE ENSUING YEAR. 


No conspicuous. changes of plan are contemplated for the current 
year. The work of preparing manuscripts and figures for the press 
will be pushed more vigorously than has hitherto been possible, and 
it is expected that much valuable material will be ready to print 
during the year. 

WORKING PLANS. 


The working plans for the Black Hills Forest Reserve, and for 
township 40 in the New York State Forest Preserve will be completed, 
together with numerous plans for private owners, and it is confidently 
expected that considerable additional areas will be put under manage- 
ment. The work on the national forest reserves should be pushed as 
rapidly as possible. 


ECONOMIC TREE PLANTING. 


Special emphasis will be laid on the study of growing plantations, 
the investigation of the encroachment of trees on the plains will con- 
tinue, and special studies of valuable trees will be pushed forward. 
The preparation of planting plans will remain the most conspicuous 
work of the section. 


SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS. 


Results for the Red Fir, Redwood, and it is hoped for the Western 
Hemlock, will be reached during the current year. The work on the 
Loblolly Pine should be made ready for the press, and that upon 
numerous other species will be carried forward. It is intended to 
publish some of the results of the forest-fire and forest-history inves- 
tigations. Reports by collaborators, notably for California and Texas, 
will be ready for the press. The grazing investigation undertaken for 
the Department of the Interior will be carried on and should produce 
definite results in most or all of the 15 reserves which have been or 
are being studied. 


OFFICE WORK. 


Through the courtesy of Dr. H. W. Wiley, Chief Chemist, additional 
space has been temporarily assigned to this Division in the building of 
the Division of Chemistry. Without such an opportunity to expand, 
the work of the present year would be wholly impossible, since the old 
quarters of the Division are altogether outgrown. 


REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. 


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN, 
Washington, D. C., July 30, 1900. 
Str: I have the honor to submit the following statement in response 
to your order of July 2, 1900, calling for my executive report for the 
fiscal year ending June 30, 1900. 
Respectfully, W.. P. CUrTER, 
Librarian. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR. 
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 


The additions to the Library during the present year have num- 
bered about 4,000 volumes, including some rare works and searce sets 
of periodicals. Among the latter, especial attention is called to the 
addition of complete sets of the ‘‘ Revue Horticole,” the leading French 
horticultural journal, and of ‘*Gartenflora,” the leading “Ger man 
horticultural journal. There have also been added by purchase the 
large work of Ramon de la Sagra, ‘‘ Historia fisica, politica y natural 
de la Isla de Cuba,” in thirteen folio volumes, and the folio edition 
of Blanco’s ‘‘ Flora de Filipinas,” in six volumes. As the result of a 
trip made by the Librarian under your authority to the principal 
European countries, sets were obtained of the publications of the great 
academies of Stockholm, Berlin, and Copenhagen, and complete sets 
of the publications of numerous societies and Government institu- 
tions, including a complete set of the Journal de la Société Nationale 
d’Horticulture de France. Arrangements were made at the same time 
for future purchases of books, and in this way there have been added to 
the Department Library many valuable volumes and sets of period- 
icals, including a complete set of the Bulletin de la Société Philo- 

matique de Paris. 

EXCHANGE OF PUBLICATIONS. 


Much progress has been made in arrangements for exchange of our 
publications for those of other institutions, some of which are noted 
above. In visiting foreign libraries, I found that in many instances 
great value was attached to the publications of this Department, and 
all were anxious to perfect arrangements for exchange, and to obtain 
as complete sets of the Department publications as possible. I would 
eall especial attention to the interest shown in these matters by scien- 
tific men abroad, as furnishing gratifying testimony to the value of 
the scientific work of the Department, as reported in its publications. 
In this connection, I can not too strongly urge the recommendation 
made in my report of last year, that the publications of the Depart- 
ment be divided into fewer series; at present, much of the valuable 
work is lost to the general public and even to the smaller body of 

Wi 


IBY DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


scientific workers on account of the multiplicity of series in which 
these publications are issued. Few librarians or bibliographers are 
able to catalogue, classify, and arrange the various bulletins, reports, 
circulars, and periodicals which the Department has issued. 


CARD INDEX. 


Two issues of a card index to the publications of the Department 
have been made, covering all articles in the Yearbooks for the years 
1894 to 1898, inclusive, and the first 100 Farmers’ Bulletins. A com- 
plete author and subject index is sent to more than 300 libraries, 
agricultural colleges, and bibliographical institutions. They have 
been sent without expense to the recipient, and have been so planned 
as to require only alphabetical arrangement in order to be imme- 
diately available. This I believe to be the first attempt to furnish to 
the outside world a complete printed card catalogue of the publica- 
tions of any institution. The ecards have been found very useful by 
the institutions receiving them, and such a demand has arisen for 
continuance that an attempt will be made to cover all of the publica- 
tions of the Department as soon as possible. 


COOPERATION WITH OTHER LIBRARIES. 


As the most complete Agricultural Library of the world, it should 
be the mission of this Library to place at the disposal of the various 
agricultural investigators of this country the reference works which 
they are unable to obtain from any other institution, in so far as such 
a policy does not interfere with existing law. Modern library prac- 
tice has as one of its most important features the idea of mutual lend- 
ing between libraries. This idea has been as fully developed as 
possible in this Library, constant loans being made to the various 
experiment station and agricultural college libraries, thus materially 
assisting the work of the investigators connected with these institu- 
tions. Frequent use is made of the other libraries of this city, and 
especial thanks are due to the Library of Congress and the Surgeon- 
General’s Library for courtesies received. This Library would 
undoubtedly be of far greater use to persons outside of this city were 
it provided with a printed catalogue. 


PRINTED CATALOGUE. 


The card catalogue of the Library may be said to approach comple- 
tion, and the printing of this catalogue would undoubtedly be of 
great service. The cost of such a catalogue is so great that in the 
past no suggestion has been made in this direction. Except in the 
case of a few libraries supported by Government appropriation, the 
printing of catalogues has been too costly to be considered. The 
advantages of such a catalogue would be so great, however, that I 
believe it would repay the cost of its production, and it is my inten- 
tion to ask in the near future for a specific appropriation for this 
purpose. 

RECOMMENDATION. 


I would strongly urge your favorable consideration of the arguments 
accompanying my estimates for an increase of the appropriation for 
the purchase of books. It is false economy to withhold adequate 
support for a repository of knowledge such as this Library must be 
conceded to be. The work is seriously hampered by the lack of funds. 


REPORT OF THE EDITOR, DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 


U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
DIVISION OF Pon 
Washington, D. C., September 25, 1900. 


sir: I have the honor to submit herewith, for your infor ened and 
consideration, a report on the work of this Division for the fiscal 
year ended June 30, 1900; also recommendations in regard to future 
operations. 
Respectfully, GEO. WM. HILL, 
Editor and Chief. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR. 
NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS ISSUED. 


The total number of publications issued by the Department of 
Agriculture during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, was 468, of 
which 95 were publications of the Weather Bureau. With the edit- 
ing and printing of the Weather Bureau publications this Division 
has no connection, and hence the number of publications issued 
under the enna of the Department Editor was 373. Of the 
373 publications, 225 were new, aggregating 10,852 printed pages, and 
the others, 148, were reprints, aggregating 5,983 printed pages. Of 
the reprints, 90 were Farmers’ Bulletins. <A list in detail of the pub- 
lications issued during the year ended June 30, 1906, will be found 
in Appendix B. 

The following shows the classes of publications composing the total 

468, arranged according to the funds to which they were respec- 
tively charged: 


Number and classes of publications, fiscal year 1900. 


Publications: 
Charceablestoaresuilatehmn dia aeor eye eee toe Fee po ey 252 
Chargeable to divisional CLS ey eee een serene es SNe ee 2 de Sey, 
Chargeable to Farmers’ Bulletin fund__.._____- pane PU ard! Sia EA ee Oi 
Printed as Executive: documents. 2-222 2222-2-2 2.262 - Stayed 2 Sy. etemers 7 
Printedratt Weatherabureaile as, sss 0e= 22a e 22 ees fain) Jb. Sen eee 95 
Total: * eens = see Ue Ree Rahs ae Re Oe ea 468 


AGR 1900 


114 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


The following table shows the number of publications, both original 
and reprints, the aggregate number of pages and copies in each class, 
for the fiscal years 1899 and 1900: 


Number of publications, original and reprint, number of pages and copies of each 
class, fiscal years 1899 and 1900. 


| 1899. 1900. 
Original and reprint. F 1 mite ee TL ae Pen ae =|. oe 
Sub Number) Number rata Y’Number| Number 
ae of pages. of copies. Iieations, of pages.| of copies. 
| | 
— —— — = —- — = _ — a | = 
| | ii | 
Original eee ee 297 14,095 | 4,797,675 | 320 | 12,016 5, 147,978 
Reprint oe feces cee a eee ees 306 | 12) 25 | 2,278, 300 148 | 5,983 | 2,004,500 
Motels senate se eee ae eee | 603 26, 420) 7,075, 975 468 17,999 7, 152, 478 


From the above table, it will be seen that the number of original 
publications was greater in 1900 than in 1899, but the reprints were 
only 148 in 1900 as against 306 in 1899. This shows a remarkable 
concentration of demand in the former year on a comparatively 
limited number of publications, for, although the reprints in 1900 were 
so much fewer than in 1899, the total number of reprinted copies was 
not much less. The aggregate number of copies issued in 1900 of 
all publications was in excess of the number issued in 1899, and the 
average cost per publication was considerably greater. The year 1900 
was the first since this Division was established in which the number 
of publications issued did not show an increase. Of course, this Divi- 
sion can not in any way control the number of publications printed, 
as this is a matter regulated solely by the conditions controlling the 
preparation of reports, ete., in other Divisions and by the limitations 
of the publication funds. 


INADEQUACY OF THE PRINTING FUND. 


The printing fund, although equal to that for the current year, was 
found quite inadequate last year, being practically exhausted early in 
April. We therefore began the present year with a very large amount 
of matter for printing on hand, much of it long and unfortunately 
delayed. Among the causes which resulted in this e arly exhaustion of 
the printing fund, two may be specially mentioned: First, a preponder- 
ance in the proportion of the more costly publications, and second, the 
large proportion of illustrations defrayed from the printing fund. On 
the other hand, the amount paid from the several divisional funds for 
this purpose was very small; so also with the illustration fund of this 
Division. The latter fund, being a part of the appropriation for art- 
ists and laborers, which has not grown apace with the growth of the 
Department, is sadly overburdened, and, as far as illustration work is 
coneerned, is pré actically crippled. This is unfortunate for many rea 
sons. It is, among other things, extremely desirable in many eases thet 
the contracts for illustrations be made directly with the concern doing 
the w ork, and that the work be done as far as possible under the direct 
supervision of this Division and of the authors, which is hardly pos- 
sible when the work is the subject of a contract, not with this Depart- 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 7 aES 


ment, but with the Public Printer. Moreover, it is desirable to keep 
the cost of printing and the cost of illustrations separate. 


GROWTH IN THE PUBLICATION WORK. 
The steady growth, with the exception above noted, in the publica- 
tion work of this Department has been most remarkable, as shown 


by the following table: 


Number of publications issued from 1893 to 1900, by years, 
A re ¢.| * 


Number) Total 
Year. | of pub- | number of 
lications. copies. 


| 

USES Coes eee ae Be a te ee Se Se eee eee eee eS ee 210 2, 689, 084 
TOU os eee Sa aee Soe Re rae Oe oe = a tk a So seat eae eee ee a) 205 | 3,169,310 
THUG) ono ec8 Wee oe es actin ail ee eas ES ee pe eee eel ea de ie See | 254 | 4,100, 660 
Eee ee ee a eet ted ES ot a tee Fe ee 376 | 6,561,700 
TEEN (205, Ge Se ae ee eee eS eS. Seer Mees 424 | 6,541,210 
TOS) 2 obese Selo Sop iene 2 SS Sea eee le COP py 7) Mee Itt 501 | 6,280,365 
ISG) Sole Re eee ne ee ee ee en oar ot ne eae 603 | 7,075,975 

ANOUT eee oe OS Se Oe ee oe ae es ea ee ee Se 3, 041 43, 570, 732 


The above figures reflect in a very marked manner the growth in 
the popular demand for the publications of the Department, and this 
is especially noticeable in the figures for 1900, compared with pre- 
vious years; for although in that year the total number of publications 
was reduced the total number of copies showed an increase. 


NECESSITY OF REDUCING COST OF PRINTING. 


The overflow of work from last year and the constant increase in 
the work of the Department, all of it reflected directly in the work of 
this Division, has necessitated an earnest effort toward reducing the 
cost of printing. It will not do to withhold from the public useful 
information in the possession of the Department; hence, it is desirable 
that all bulletins and reports submitted for publication by the various 
Divisions be promptly published; nor will it do to economize cost 
by cheapening the mechanical work. It follows that our effort toward 
economy must be applied especially to the strict limitation of the size 
of the editions issued and to the exclusion of all illustrations not 
actually essential to a proper understanding of the text. This will in 
turn compel a careful revision of the divisional lists and the withhold- 
ing from free distribution of all publications, save Farmers’ Bulletins 
and circulars, from ordinary applicants. 


INADEQUACY OF SUPPLY OF PUBLICATIONS TO THE DEMAND, CAUSE 
AND REMEDY. 


In spite of the increased sales (through the Superintendent of Doe- 
uments) of the Department publications and of the efforts made during 
the past five years to restrict and discriminate in the miscellaneous 
distribution of its documents, the number issued has greatly 
increased; nevertheless, the refusals to honor the requests of appli- 


116 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


cants have been greater than ever before. The increase in the num- 
ber of copies of all our publications in the past four years over the 
previous four-year period has exceeded 150 per cent, and yet the 
refusals sent applicants have been at least ten times more numerous 
in the past four years than in the four years previous. 


WASTE OF DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS. 


One source of frequent demand for our publications arises from 
carelessness in their custody in libraries, where a complete set of them 
ought to be found; such, for instance, as the libraries of the agricul- 
tural colleges and experiment stations, of State departments, and of 
boards of agriculture. The fact that a book or document is a publica- 
tion of the Government seems in many cases to invite indifference 
as to its custody, and to engender an easy confidence that if necessary 
it can surely be replaced. The result is that we are constantly in 
receipt of requests from such institutions for copies of publications to 
complete their sets, which, with a little proper care, would never have 
been broken. Sometimes these requests, with the idea, no doubt, of 
insuring our compliance, are preferred through Members of Congress, 
which is of course quite unnecessary, as the Department is naturally 
desirous that complete sets of its publications should, if possible, be 
found in such libraries as are referred to here. Consequently, as far 
as possible these requests are always complied with, but this only 
makes the evil more serious. It is really high time that the necessity 
for the careful preservation of the Department publications should 
be recognized, in spite of the fact that they are so freely furnished 
without cost to the recipient. In this connection, all persons having 
duplicates of any of our publications are earnestly requested to com- 
municate the fact to the writer, upon which franks for the return of 
the same to this office will be promptly furnished. Such returned 
copies almost always serve a useful purpose. 


REMEDY SUGGESTED. 


These facts are amply sufficient to show that the great question 
to-day in connection with our publications is that of supply and 
demand. The supply, utterly inadequate. to begin with, increases 
very slowly. The demand, great at the start, increases with rapid 
strides. 

The present efforts at remedying the matter are quite inadequate 
and extremely inequitable, entailing discriminations difficult to jus- 
tify. The only fair and equitable plan involves the charge of a small 
sum, sufficient to defray expense of paper and printing only, for each 
publication, which sum should be turned over to the Public Printer 
subject to requisition for reprints from the head of the Department. 


PUBLICATION WORK BY BUREAUS, DIVISIONS, AND OFFICES. 


A table is presented on the next page showing the publication work 
of the Department, according to Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices. 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. i a iy 


Number of publications, new and reprint, and pages, byt Bureaus, Divisions, and 


Offices. 


[Farmers’ Bulletins are included in the Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices contributing them. ] 


| Publications. Pages. Number of copies. 
Bureaus, Divisions, and ——— ee a ‘ | 
ffices. new. Be; | Total. New. Bei Total. | New. Reprint. | Total. 
Secretary’s Office ------- 5 5 10 231 292 523 49,500 76,000 | 125,500 

Executive documents. (a Saas 0 ea Sl eee 2; 504 | 546 228 lees ees 546, 228 
Accounts and Disburse- 

ANGUS eee een ib; Se ae 1 iy ee ee 19 200R eee ee : 200 
RET OSLOLOS YE aan te ol 10 Bl | 666 | 185 851 | 163,000 | 141,000 304, 000 
Animal Industry ses a 16 22 38 | 501 |. 690 | 1,191 23,500 | 402,500 526, 000 
Biological Survey - - ----- 5 4 9} 415 183 598 | 11,300 43, 000 54, 300 
Onan = panes oe ee £23 3 26 | 503 Ss 68 571 | 204.000 63, 000 267,000 
Ghemishry = ses ee 2 6 Sil 1483] G4 762 1,300 | 48,500 49.800 
Bntomolopy=_-- 52 Ss: 13 10 23 505 616 | 1,121) 24,700) 119,000 143, 700 
Experiment Stations - 54 45 99; 3,167 1,604 | 4,771 | 341,100 | 596,000 937, 100 
Foreign Markets -__-_ ---- 6 8 14 524 819 | 1,343 78, WOO 26, 000 104, 000 
Forestry - whe ee oS 7 3 10 411 110 | 521 69, 000 21, 000 90, 000 
Gardens and Grounds__- 1 1 2 2 16 18 300 | 1,500 1,800 
LUN Os pasate See eee 5 2 | ih 94 114 208 8,950 500 4,450 
Reni olap yen. secon ee iM ep c apes 4 LAD Aer 140 1D O00) pans ee 75,300 
Publications. -__-- 17 4 21 262 152 | 414 | 635,200) 100,000 735, 200 
Public Road Inquiries . 2 5 i 14 122 136 10,500 | 80,000 90, 500 
‘SYOULT} 2 Beet BS Se Eo eee 6 12 18 191 281 472 35, 300 128;500 163, 800 
SUCH PIES SE Le alee cee 24 1 | 25 232 4 236 1,951, 300 4,000 | 1,955,300 
Vegetable Physiology ; : 

and Pathology-.-_..---- 5 7 | 12 249 | 113 362 15,300 | 154,000 169, 300 
Weather Bureau _____--_- 9602-2 - | SG) el 188) [Sees A, 1885 809: O00) |e ooo8 .! 809, 000 

| 
otal es ee a Sen 320 148 | 468 | 12,016 | 5,983 | 17,999 5,147,978 2,004,500 | 7, 152,478 
| 


FARMERS BULLETINS. 


The number of new Farmers’ Bulletins issued during the year was 
18, a list of which is given elsewhere. The aggregate number of 
copies of these new bulletins was 525,000. Reprints were called for 
of 90 bulletins, which aggregated 1, 835, 000 copies, making the total 
number of copies of Farmers’ Bulletins printed during the year 
2,360,000. The number distributed through Members of Congress was 
1,666,909, the law then in force reserving two-thirds of the whole num- 
ber for the use of Senators, Representatives, and Delegates. Nearly 
100,000 copies more than the quota reserved for them was conse- 
quently distributed in this manner, notwithstanding that 57 Members 
failed to order any. The quota reserv ed for each Senator, Repre- 
sentative, and Delegate was 9,000, an increase over the previous year 
of 1,000. This increase was due to the fact that a large proportion of 
the quota due Members of Congress remained uncalled for at the close 
of the fiscal year 1899, and this surplus was added, under the order of 
the Secretary, to the quota available for Members for the next year. 
For the year 1901 the amount appropriated for the printing and prep- 
aration of Farmers’ Bulletins has been raised from $3 35,000 to $57,500 
and the proportion reserved for Senators, Representative s, and Dele- 

gates is increased from two-thirds to four-fifths. Under this arrange- 


_ment it will doubtless be possible to print about 3,500,000 copies, “of 


which 2,800,000 would properly be due to Members of Congress; 
and as there still remains a small surplus from the unused Congres- 
sional quotas for the year 1899, the Secretary has authorized that the 
allotment for the year 1901 be fixed at 7,000 copies. 

The table following shows the total number of Farmers’ Bulletins, 
originals and reprints, issued during the year, and the total number of 
copies together, for purposes of comparison, with like figures for 1899. 


118 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Farmers’ Bulletins issued during the year. 


| 
Number 
Originals and reprints of Farmers’ Bulletins. of bul- funiber 
letins. | 0f copies. 
Fiscal year 1900: 

OnStar es ee re ee ane ea ce se eS Ee ee 18 525, 000 
ROPMINGS S22 ese Sane eee eee ee eee ee es Ee ee eee Be 90 1, 835, 000 
Mo Gall yeeneee at ese, Se ee ee ee Cnt ey SNS = a fe) BEE A eee ae 108 2, 360, 000 
Fiscal year 1899: ne ea 
Qripihalsre2 222. 2.25 of Se ee See ee cee eS ee ea eee eee 22 520, 000 
RVG DEIN GG) 2 ego 8 oo == 5S ee ee ee SU oe pee ee meee Cree eee Re Ned ee 154 1,917, 000 
Motel SAccss 52 eee eee eee = ee gaa: eee epee Seer ae eee 176 2, 437, 000 


The subjoined table shows the total expenditures for printing Farm- 
ers’ Bulletins for the two years 1900 and 1899, respectively: 


Cost of printing Farmers’ Bulletins. 


| | 
| Number 
: Number 1 
Item. | eee | of copies. Cost. 
Fiscal year 1900: | 
Paidttrcom Harmers) Bulletimdund =peesee sees eee eee eee 97 | 2,150,000 | $30, 665. 15 
Paid tiromyceneral printine fund | eosecee seer ees eee se eaee 11 210,000 | @3, 469.69 
Po belles Ase is Sere Sie ae 2s ae ee roe ont roe 108 2,360,000 34, 134. 84 
Fiscal year 1899: 
Tote oe se eae Ce ee Seale ee eS Seen at yee mpm ns 176 | 2,487, 000 36, 569. 08 


a Of this amount, $51.80 was paid from appropriation of previous year. 


The above tables show that the great increase in the Congressional 
distribution last year over the year previous was accompanied by a 
tendency to concentration on a smaller number of bulletins; henee, 
the number of reprints called for in 1900 was but 90 as against 154 in 
1899. The cost per copy remained about the same, averaging very 
nearly 15 cents. It would be difficult to achieve a wider diffusion of 
practical information in proportion to cost than these figures indicate. 

The following shows the new Farmers’ Bulletins, 18 in all, issued 
during the year, with the number of copies of each: 


New Farmers’ Bulletins issued during the year. 


No. of Total 
bulle- Title of bulletin. number 
tin. of copies. 
LOU SMall oto. eeeen eee ete oe een ere = 25, 000 
102 | Southern Forage Plants.....--...----.-..- = 30, 000 
103 | Experiment Station Work— ee TPO Sey RS ae cee on nn 30, 000 
OZ ANOLeStOnVE OSE sess) eee seen eres ae eee UR ee eh ease wa! ee Oe ee eee 60, 000 
1054) se xsperiment) Station NWOT k— XD oe ose ae eae eee eee eee eg eee 30, 000 
LOGAN HBreedsio£ Dairy Cattle: ce) See St eae ae SDese o5 Stee RIES ees 30, 000 
LOPE xperimentistationyWiork— xe iss 222 ee ee ee ee eee eee 20, 000 
HOST Am alhbUSheS sa = ol cecicc sees oe he ee Ge ene Se eee eee ee eee 20, O00 
HOP RHarmers*tReadin& Courses. 552s he rests ae eee Se eee eee 30, 000 
110 | Rice Culture in the United States_________- pase ees See eee ee £2. ase 20, 000 
| therHarmer sim terest in Good Seed sescss 225. sae eee aeeeee eee Be gee ee 20, 000 
112 | Bread and the Principles of Bread Making oT AR Celt ee ee eee pe 30, OO 
1183 | The Apple, and How to Grow It - eae Sie a ten ee ee re eee 30, 000 
114 | Experiment Station Work— RT: cio lentes dV LEC SES Ry Ieee ee 30, 000 
115) | eHopiGultunesini@alitornia.ss= 22.2 a See ee Se a eee 30, 000 
116 | Irrigation in Fruit Growing - alse a Sco eee 30, 000 
117 | Sheep, Hogs, and Horses in the Pacific Northwest -.....-..... ---.-..-2-----++---- 30, 000 
is) Grape'Growineunibhemoubhce soe) is. Seo nee sees some Shee ee ee ee 30, 000 
TING Gel. Seen See eI ed ah A Ea 0s ek Ok 525, 000 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 


119 


The following shows the Farmers’ Bulletins and the number of 
copies of each reprinted during the year: 


Farmers’ Bulletins reprinted during the year. 


No. of Total 
bulle- Title of bulletin. number 
tin of copies. 
19 | Important Insecticides: Directions for Their Preparation and Use __----------- 20, 000 
2eple one headin o.Of Harm  ArniimalSe-s-<s22sic— 0. So. 2 1S ee ee ee 30, 000 
23 | Foods: Nutritive Value and Cost 30, 000 
24 | Hog Cholera and Swine Plague ------ .-...- Beir et ote ee ee eee 25, 000 
ZOE PECAN Wdes wel bNTO andwUSeS = see Senta G sos eo ee ee 20, 000 
Poaltowecuilotatoes; Oulbumoand: USeS\---2.- 222-222... te ace ee ee / 10,000 
28 | Weeds, and How to Kill Them-_-____- ee ee eons NE 30, 000 
29 Souring of Milk and Other Changes in. Milk Products: 2.2228: 52 tee e anne 20, 000 
Sig PAL alta woOrdiucerne ss e-*aetane fo c2sasec6 oe oo Le eile ie Be eee 20, 000 
32 | Silos and Silage .______- ee ae ate cass eee oe SS ee ae ee ae 10, 000 
33 | Peach Growing for Maioieniey tag 8. 8 o can tn Des, ons weet nes 30, 000 
34 | Meats: Composition and Cooking-------..--_-- tee eee ee ee eee 20, 000 
SOLE OLAtONC Ul bure eer a) see aa ones ee Ane ee Sota ots Re eee ee 20, 000 
SDILCOLOn Seed andults hTOOUChS=-. 22. oo o-oo tes aoe ie ee eee eee 20.000 
ae Kann CornsiCharacteristics; Culture; and Uses) 2: 22-25-22 - se ee 15, 000. 
38)| Sprayaneitor Wruit Diseases 2 --2~- = 2-2 ee ee 30, 000 
SUE ONTOMO Ml Gun sas ee eee ee eA ee Sey Be eee ee ee 15, 000 
40 | Farm Drainage - Speen em Se seasoned See aaa ee ae Seetseee bo nae eee aay eee 20, 000 
ite MlowieceCarciandvecding |= 68 0-5. eile ee eee ee 50, 000 
APA PHaAGtS DOU byl Keio 9207 22 Se eas ce 2s ee R= 2 So aan Soars cosa ee aoe ee / 20,000 
43 | Sewage Disposal on the Farm and Protection of Drinking Wich reas eee | 20,000 
44) Commercial Hertilizers: Composition and Use ....-------=.----------..---.=_---- 35, 000 
ADT MOmenseetsilnyurlous i tolstored Grains. 9-3 a2 eee ee 20,000 
Pia plniscctisrAlrectine the Cotton Plant ce. - a - 22. ee poner 10, 000 
Scan Gevah Whos Ol CO LUD Mes Asics cae mea) a en a: 8 eRe Se eee | 10, 000 
49 | Sheep Feeding ---.-.-- me eens sa sacewe sons eae = aye ee= pens sSesee oe saee eae 30, 000 
50 | Sorghum as a Forage Cr op- Se ee ne RS oe a EN Ae ee Se Be ee 15,000 
HisRStanGardm varieties Om ChiGkensten ss 9.2 os 5 epee Sa oe ee ee eee Cases | 80, 000 
52 | The Sugar Beet: Culture, Seed, Development, Manufacture, and Statistics ____ 45, 000 
Eat tEow hore cowa Mushroonig t= lke a Ph es ee ni my SST es See iee 20,000 
54 | Some Common Birds in Their Relation to Agriculture. -_-_._-... -..------------- 40, 600 
55 | The Dairy Herd: Its Formation and Management...-...-.-.-=-.---------=-.------ 40, 000 
ain | JOpxiererebanve mM eI LEE Covel VC rA NA ee oe ee ts So gee ee See 10, 000 
57 | Butter Making on the Farm----_-----_ ----- 3 20, 000 
58 | The Soy Bean asa Forage Crop 000 
ais) |) Bisel ere) orate = 5 BS Se So ere cb emae eie ar oe ae ei eee Pas aes He esac 30, 000 
GOh ptethodsion Curing ic bacco aaa oan asso ee eee Seta See 30, 000 
6ieAsparacus Culture = == at ee A ee ee ere eee 20, 000 
62 Marketing Farm Produce __........-.....-.-__- eee eee een 2 ee 15, 000 
G37 |) Careiof Million the: Harm: 222-2. Sosa s- on 3 Reece h es aoaneee et mee seen seae 55, 000 
64 | Ducks and Geese: Standard Breeds and Management._.___..__.........._______- 30, 000 
Cha PE pOGini criti ota clon iNVOrk=—l lias peeeee =) oes ae ae so seen ee eee eae eee 15, 000 
66 | Meadows and Pastures: Formation and Cultivation in the Eastern Middle 
SEIU ea ees Sas eS ee a a ee eee ee ne ee | 20), OOO 
68) |bRhe, Blackchot of the Cabbage! 2225: 7 22s2 8 25 a2 ea ena ace ase nasa ea Se enoe 30, 000 
60 Px perinentnstation Wiork=— Eile pos a) = 2 28 ee oo ee ee eee 15,000 
Oye Principal InsectyEmemiesiol the: Grapes- cs -e = esos es oe eee sane es 10, 000 
Wie Somerissentialsin, Beety erOGUChlON ssp ne ee oe eee eee eae eee 30, 000 
fiieCathlevnangesiot- the: Sombhwest. 222-2222 22-0 eo eee =e 10,000 
aa PLL KAS HOO) s2se- eae tends tase eee Rano e ano se a OSes Le 2 Ce eee oi BEY Sel 20, 000 
(Gn PDOmMaAtOUG TO Win cer sees en ee ee ee Se Sos ee See ae ee oce se se 30, 000 
ieee Splut P1O lS OlLS are oe, sc meee eres ore eee ee aoe eee eee a eee 10, 000 
78 Bre pornnbnmcbation Wonk Werte lee Seal iie) Gents Wise ee Te 10,000 
(ol PM xporinenmtushamont WiOrk—— Vito) ase pes ee a ae ee ee ee ese eee H 15, 000 
80 | The Peach Twig-borer—An Important Enemy of Stone Fruits. ----.----..---_.. 15, 000 
Sin iGorm GulburenmihberSoubhessoees ee eae ee ee ea ee SA Pe ee 15,000 
got! 4 Navey( Tom ay iets OLE No} ste Veo) eo ee ee RS et eee 40, 000 
S37 | RO DAGCO SOM Gia aees sears sees cee ke ene eae eee en Dee gS ae SL EE 40, 000 
San BBESperinOn bs bablOn Ww Ol k——iVvilileay ese ee OS ee ee ea epee 19, 090 
Poy |) LG One a5 Die (ore ee eee te ee See ee ee ee Se eA Sas cred 10, 000 
86 fBhirty. Poisonous Plants ofthe, United States 2229 9225.22 e222 £2 ee 30,000 
7 Baperiment Sialion WRU el AAG Te ee oO a age SR Se Oe i ae a ee en ee 15.000 
SB | AM eala eee CS ees oe a seg a oe ea ree oN ee See Ne hace Le sucks 30, 000 
89 | Cowpeas..--.--. Se cee CS ee oe ee eee 40, 000 
91 | Potato Diseases and Their Treatment............--.....--.---------------------- 40, 000 
92 Exper LINGUS tatlONy WOT k-— lke er ee eee a eee ae At tee ele 10,000 
93 | Sugar as Food ee are eee ee ae i ee eR ate 30, 000 
94 | The Vegetable GE vcolsits Seb cmt oR OLR an akg Bea ND OUT Lon ae ae =e 50, 000 
OS GOOGPROAAS LOR HArMenrsyary cere ees ore age ere ey oo ee Oo se sono 45, 000 
Op PRaisine Sep LOR UitO lee mene era een beeen ee en OS UT FD ose. ste ee 20, 000 
CP PE xXpeLrtimMent otationew Ork— Nurs ee aren wenn cee eee soe oo cee 20. 000 
98 | Suggestions to Southern Farmers - pede Bese ee be ee a eS Ce ee eee 30, 000 
99 Three Insect Enemies of Shade Trees - Be i Se a ee a ee gee an 10, 000 
100 PHO RBISIN Sai CHO SOUL nt o> ae eeeener een ae eerie Ee PP e te Bis Pee ste 30, 000 
1OBNe Breeds ols Dait ye Catt) Oma ee een ee ee A eet ie te 30, 000 
TOW Wx periment.s tatlone Wior ka xe lily s seat ee ene ee Ss a eee eee 10, 000 
| ERO Ga ae ee Ae eee ee ee ee ee Wo Se eee 1,835, 000 


120 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


BUREAUS, DIVISIONS, AND OFFICES CONTRIBUTING FARMERS’ BULLETINS. 


In the following table a list is given of the several Bureaus, Divi- 
sions, and Offices contributing to the total number of bulletins issued, 
both original and reprints, with the number of copies and the cost: 


Farmers’ Bulletins contributed by Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices. 


| Number 


Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices. OFS opens Cost. 

Secretary's Office 4 75, (00 | $936.19 
APTOStOLOSY) eee 222 oe 2s ceeeee POE Tee Sa 10 200, 000.| a@2,898. 76 
PATI A INCUStRy 22>: 55-5502 Sao ene see ee AEDS SS ook Se 17 410, 000 | 6, 678. 84 
Biological Survey-----____. pen SR ahs eee ree ye ie Fi” 2 40, 000 717.10 
FESO LeU yj se rae = oe a ee ee el ey. SE 5 136, UOG 1, 990. 35 
Ge mlistry = 2-2 == ce a oe ees ee te ae tere ans Ls Sa See 2 45, QUO 852.39 
nbOMoOlOry = ost Be Bes ee ee ae eee 7 115, 000 1,521.00 
EX POTIMOENt OtablONs 2 325 escent eee eee aE tos 41 780,000 | 10,953.35 
Pablications <== 26 oe os ae ee ee ee eee eee nee meee 5 130, 000 1,972.51 
IE OMOlOR yea eee oe 2 60, 000 984. 95 
Public Road dnquiriesessse. see es ee ee eee ee aoe ee 2° 45 000 892. 43 
Soilse se.) a. ae eee SL a ee Se ee Se ee eer ee 5 120. 00 1,321.39 
Vegetable Physiology and Pathology-----.---- ..-------------.---- 5 150, 000 | 1,626.11 
Weather Bureaus -. ote 2 Sete ce ee ee eee ees 1 60, 000 789.47 
— | = _ 

TN ball a es he ee oe ee EE ee eee ree 108 | 2,360,000 | 34,134. 84 


a Of this amount, $51.80 was paid from appropriation of previous year. 
TOTAL NUMBER OF FARMERS’ BULLETINS ISSUED. 


The total number of Farmers’ Bulletins printed since, and inelud- 
ing, 1895, when a special appropriation for this purpose first became 
available, is 101, aggregating, with reprints, 12,812,000 copies, of 
which 8,518,661 were distributed through Senators, Representatives, 
and Delegates in Congress. The number of bulletins issued prior to 
1895 was 17, aggregating, with reprints, 818,500 copies, making a 
grand total of 13,630,500 to June 30, 1900. 


FARMERS’ BULLETINS DISTRIBUTED TO SENATORS, REPRESENTATIVES, AND 
DELEGATES IN CONGRESS. 


The following table shows the number of copies of Farmers’ Bulle- 
tins issued prior to and in the years 1894 to 1900, inclusive, together 
with the number distributed to and upon the orders of Senators, Rep- 
resentatives, and Delegates in Congress: . 


Number of copies of Farmers’ Bulletins issued (Nos. 1 to 118) and number distrib- 
uted to Members of Congress. 


Total 
, | Congres- 
Date. amen sional dis- 
oF COvIES | tribution. 

issued. 
Prion tO 1894... 25sec ares oe se soe aes o's 2-5 Vote e Saeco eee See eee 407000) | Peseta sees 
MTL SH ee ae ae Re eo ic ne ee Rise Oa) se~ eee 
In 1895 Pee ee ae ery See eee nee AS rs ol eo 8. SL IS): 885, 770 
Ha POO =p eae re tees ee Gis eee 1,891, 000 1,316, 695 
RESO 7. ite Op me ne aoe ay Rs ON ol i a ee EPO: Gaiam S 2,387, 000 1, 967, 237 
Tan VSO es ee ee eh a ae ee ee a ee eC AOU) 1.580, 065 
Tin. S99 eS Se ee ee OS ea ee eee 2, 437, 000 1,101,985 
Tn 1900 2 ee Se ee. ee te el SS en re TOuU abou 1, 666, 905 

| = 

Gta 3. eee ects Pate _.| 13,630,500 | 8,518, 661 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. ERE 


FARMERS’ BULLETINS ISSUED FROM 1895 To 1900. 


The following table shows the number of Farmers’ Bulletins issued 
in each year from 1895 to 1900, inclusive 


New Farmers’ Bulletins issued in each year from 1895 to 1900, inclusive. 


| Number 
Year. of 

bulletins. 

Pa AG eese cere ree at ene ene me eee tae acto re ee a a ee 11 
Re SOR ee ey ee ee ne SST ae IE 8) as es eee ee 13 
LI (oo oe Sees oe So Re ee ee a ae ne eee eens Se ee 16 
LTP TBS eo Tan Pies Cena Le ae Ene ae a ae ee EE Rn AS Se a 21 
TER, Dep oes hs Se a ee TE ES SE Pee eee spa Mee ed ae Se 22 
Ind 2 ee ee ae eae Siete ae 2 18 
LG et) one eee a see EEO OS SE ep otk ai ON. See el a ee eee 101 


THE YEARBOOK. 


The Yearbook for 1899 made its appearance this year on the 2d day 
of June, a little later than last year, but still much earlier than the 
Annual Report of the old days. The character of the book was clearly 
indicated in the letter of instructions addressed by the Secretary to 
the several chiefs of Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices. These instruc- 
tions were followed, with the result of making a book which seems 
especially adapted to circulation in the last year of the century, and 
which seems to have met everywhere with a most favorable reception. 

The special feature undertaken a few years ago in the Appendix, 
sedulously encouraged since, namely, the publication of a complete 
directory of all officials and associations, national or State, charged 
with the supervision or devoted to the interests of agricultural, hor- 
ticultural, live stock, and forestry matters, elicits many evidences of 
approval, and we note with gratification a growing spirit of coopera- 
tion on the part of those whose assistance is essential to a complete 
directory. This year, in addition to sending out the usual circulars, 
an effort will be made to enlist the agricultural press in the work by 
inviting publication of our purpose. General knowledge of the fact 
that this directory is for publication in an edition of half a million 
copies should surely impress all persons or associations entitled to 
representation with the desirability of securing a place therein. 

The coincidence of the Paris Exposition with the year of issue of a 
Yearbook specially devoted to reviewing the progress of agricultural 
science and enterprise during the past century, was sufficiently inter- 
esting to induce Congress to authorize the issue of a special edition 
of the work, mainly for distribution abroad, to be known as the Paris 
Exposition edition, and to be printed on extra paper, with special 
binding. This part of the work was admirably carried out by the 
Publie “Printer, and the result is a souvenir volume of a most appro- 
priate and attractive character, very highly appreciated by the dis- 
tinguished persons by whom it is received, and conveying at the same 
time an appropriate tribute to the great industrial exposition held in 
the last year of the century in the French eapital. 

The Yearbook for 1900 is already under way, and the number and 
variety of the subjects selected and the competence of the writers 
promise a volume worthy of its predecessors. 


* 


122 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 
REQUISITIONS FOR PRINTING. 
The total number of requisitions for printing issued in the Division 
was 2,450, of which 24 were subsequently canceled. Of the remainder, 
1,891 were issued on the branch printing office. The total in 1899 


was 2,342, and in 1898 only 1,890. 


GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 


The requisitions on the Government Printing Office were for the 
several Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices, as follows: 


Requisitions on the Government Printing Office by Bureaus, Divisions, Offices, ete. 


SeEcretalys) Oilcem -=- ese eeeee Gite Ted eeeS sce ier aw Te ee 
Accounts and Disbursements ________._____-_-_-- ae nee yee see. * ii) 
Nor ostology oes soe ee ee ree ee ee a ee ee es 24 
Aminial lain dias byes ae ee eee UPS as ee eee Mee eee Ta) 
Biglopical Surveys 2 ks. = sae see ee eee ee ee Ey py = Po 11 
Botany. —--- - as Eien Re Bee Mie Sy Be Bat SM eR yd tes Sek ee Se ee 25 
@homistryeve: : 2s. ST Eee eet ee ee eee Bees Bae Re SEM ee eel 
Entomclogy - Berge fore MES 4 2 ee <A E Pe ee See ee egnot 
Office of Experiment Sfations. tana ae oe wee Sle pee ae ek oe ee 123 
horeiony Markets 22-8 pecs) eee Sp SRPMS ee al! 
TICE a doe ees Ue BR gh MED wipe ae Sem eT ey petits eel 
Gardens and Grounds __...... __._____. BGs Seah sty iaeieye = a ee eee 2 
(Si Var iris eS he yas Sao Ne eke Ae ees ete See So epee [a a 23 
IROMOlOR yi a eee a eee ae OTP Prete mee ee rsae ee Ste Al 
Pb ie ations i Te. te ee eo ean i ae Bene te Bee eben ee A eae Jee Rie Se ee eee 
Plead Alm gM IPT Sige rue ie sce eer ame age Re ee a 3 
OLS pes ee Se ra) So ey tees cE ace alt re Fak eg EER | oy a eee eae ae 17 
Slatisticsem sae. = eee es AI ee EE Sa eee eae Sieesae 30 
Vegetable Physiology and Pathology - ROTEL ek ek Lon Shy, Spee ee oe ee ees aoe 
Wenther Bureau! $352. 3s bao Be ae a ee Ee a eee yee ae 1 
WOCGie a tite ye AEN oe sera Bie Ce ee OE PES = aie oa ot ate 
Appointment Clerk aceon fe re ee ee 4 
SUD DIY See a ecsee Petes eee ee. © Seats shee ne aie tte ae ee ee 3 
Mascellaneous ==. 8) =ee ae ee Beet fies EC Rae eee eA Taye) Se ill) 
otal: S38 4e- ae gees Pa Gud ees BIER ye tat oe ee ee _ 535 
Canceled ee spon Beg eS eee Os ee ee Mee een A ee eee 24 


BRANCH PRINTING OFFICE. 


The branch printing office, with the enlarged facilities afforded by 
the foresight of the Public Printer, and under the able direction of 
the foreman, Mr. Frank Wallace, has continued to expand, both as to 
character and amount of work done. ‘This is shown especially by the 
great increase in the number of publications issued from that office 
which were formerly printed at the main office. In 1899 the total num- 
ber of copies of such publications printed in the branch office was 
785,700, while in 1900 the total number was 1,522,900, exclusive of the 
Monthly Crop Reporter, the composition for which is done in the 
branch office, though the size of this publication necessitates printing 
the same at the main office. The total number of copies of this pub- 
lication printed during the year was 669,000. 

In reporting on the work of the branch office special mention should 
be made of the large amount of exceptionally troublesome work thrown 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. $23 


upon this office by the Paris Exposition. This consisted of 15,699 
exhibit labels printed in special type provided by the Publie Printer 
for the purpose and involving the setting up of each label in both 
French and English. 

The experience of the past two years demonstrated conclusively the 
importance insisted upon in previous reports of making provisions in 
the way of adequate room and suitable accommodations for this office, 
which is now confined to very inadequate, inconvenient, and unsuit- 
able accommodations in the basement of the main building. 


Requisitions on the branch printing office by Bureaus, Divisions, Offices. etc. 


PERCE MIRO NCGH Sr Meera tomers 48 PS 2). S28. obs} AM SS ee eee ee 152 
Accounts and Disbursements ______-__.._-... _ pee ee Sie eee te 43 
IPE OSLOLOS Yrs at ee eee eS ea Seok oa orgs oe ke ee 82 
PRA RRCEICE ERMA Pet Oe Oe et Bea, ks ee See 247 
ES tes eeeeRe STEEN GY Et 2 Ks ee we, a 2 veer nee oe ees 42 
LS TTT et ES ee ele oat Sp ea en eta Ma Sr. oe NS 5 3292 
ceteris are Oe a ee ee 2M 40 
Entomology __-__-_-- 32 tele 3) 0 bd) Boel es eve ee 2 ey ee 57 
Office of Experiment Stations. EI ey SI ir a ae ee a ee EE 
Foreign Markets - Die Pee TO epee St nats Seah SDR, cian hae Nh eA  E eee 27 
iorestTry <3 .2-2==2- Be eB ee EP eee See ene ae Os Se Ser” ees 85 
Reeders andGrodniss Se , , O e Cl ee sar ae 13 
SEAT yee ee ee ee DS ES lie ets ep ere te 2? pet 33 
PE TesErae yl henge 2 On Sree 5 oo Bn yates Aa ve Ed hep Uae ys ee ee Ge) 20 
LAU LE nai Sa te eee ee eee es ee eee eee Saale See 211 
ie Se Se ee ee ee ea Paes eae Ree Aner ee Sees 29 
ie eee ee ee eee eer eee ge ees Se ee ee ee Cite Cae ee 27 
SPELLS CS Gop Sins po. LE it at Met ea Rie te) eaten ne alt Die SON bd Pd Eee 284 
ee Pyne ee ERR ye a Le ae 44 
SWeather Duredd a. <2 52 fe ease. te Mate ee kale, Wee NE : 1 
SI el cs eee es Ene hn 8 eA be et eS eee ee Bot Eee ee Sie eee 15 
Paris Exposition Se A ek SORT DIE eg Io Te 5 

BGS 2 ben NR Dad nny) Spee hy Sa ee ee yee eat elie, GS 1,891 


The character and amount of the job work done in the branch office 
were as follows: 


Job work done in branch printing office. 


ea CraSp Cpe ear gee he ek es etry, ee EER ee 950, 750 
Metibemneads and: Note Heads =a tl ee ee ee 508, 300 
COPTHOIS) sce, cc oe Sepa MR sate ae ng SRE Smee ep iy Se dey ae a en ee gs Z 377, 837 
ESRI L ETA emery tar eee I eee ee Pl i Sn 5, 000 
CEC HATS ee eee eee ae gs Peepers ae tb da ON A 386, 200 
DINK Ree ee 2 ee ee oo eS Se it Be Se nd cea A, ee pe ee en 4,311, 950 
rea eeieectaved, SESE VEVIN SS alesis dS ee ee 404 819 
LATING] Sesh ots ce te RR Bee ES See ee De ee ee 1,810,810 
Monthly and other lists be he pS tas IA le ol pe ke eee OE 625, 945 
Crop heporper-- f= - 852. Sa et ete ANd Ad si a liecd ae a Reel wea 421, 000 
Circular letters and other notices - BS rie Se eee ns ee, Ve en ae 705 


NEISCONANTCOUS ae eerie es a a et ee ee i oS PY ae 327,310 


e811 CR elles gape eee Cee a Bee oi eos 2s ot 11, 278, 126 


124 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


The following table shows the number of publications printed for 
the various Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices in the branch office during 
the year: 

Publications printed in branch printing office. 


| -.; |Number of 

Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices. Pewee copies 

~" | printed. 

| 
ASTOSTOLORY. == 2 aiid tae oer ot es cesaini nce ee ac eee eee erat et a cata ease eee 12 69, 700 
Animal inaustry: 212.2 SAE Se eee ee ee ene ee PP See oer She ty 9 49, 000 
BOGAN Y oot ore fa task oak ce Sed 5 eee ee es See Ee eo ee ic lec eee oee 9 80, 000 
Entomology ---.---- ee Noe tS 5S ey ee Re een oy 2 7,000 
Experiment Stations.......-..........-_..- By, BAG Sates COB eee we ze. 6 27, 200 
Horeion Markets = 22 os eee ee eee ee Ee ee ee eee it) 3,000 
TEX Ov IKCE yn tot eee TE Cece a Sy eens Deseo eee 13 589, 000 
Public Road Inquiries 22 sy. sacecese «ae ee See owe ee Se ee eee 4 45, 000 
SO Sees se 5 So os soe eee ge aoe ee See I ee er ee a 4 31,000 
Statistics 02 Sa Ssces 2s asee sie cisces oer ne eee a Semone Sy es|seee eee es ees 13 421, 000 
Vegetable)Physiolory and Pathology = s.5a- se sean seg eee ee eee eee 1 1,000 
| 

Motels ot 2a Fe oa eee ey ee eS ees ee eS G4 1, 322, 900 


EXPENDITURES FOR PRINTING AND BINDING. 
TOTAL EXPENDITURES. 


The total cost of all printing and binding delivered to the Ben = 
ment from July 1, 1899, to June 30, 1900, inclusive, was $130,747.26, 
as shown by the following statement: 


Divisional publications paid from general fund (notincluding Farmers’ 


Bulletins) 2 RS Na ene ee eee ee $54, 842. 49 
Divisional pu blications paid from special funds 1)). 2h do eee 9, 633.48 
IDATIMETS” UNG iS ake ee eee ne eee i gate Meek 2 is i ate rae gee 34, 134. 84 
Blanka books etee Aas sk Lok ey te wien Ce Se a ae Jak se OME eae 
IBranchsoimcer(alluw rks) se see oe ee ee pee Dee I eee 22° 499. 52 

MPoOtalte:< see ol ee ee sees eee Orage ae bate Sate, Se ae Ree ee "130, 747. 26 


EXPENDITURES BY FUNDS. 


The following statement shows the expenditures for printing and 
binding from the several funds: 
General printing fund: 


Expended for various Divisions - :...__..-..-.---__.-.. $63,548. 22 
Expended for branch printing office.__.--_.-.-.-.- _. 22, 422. 52 
Experded for Farmers’ Bulletins_._.----- Se aaeone 
—-—— $89, 435. 48 
Warmers. Bullebimetind = 22 tye eee on ra epee ee ee a ea 30, 665.15 
Divisional funds: 
Bureancot Animalindustryes) ase eee ae ==) § 15994501 
Divisionor Biologicals uUnveye = see. one 542. 87 
Diyision GOL Pmtomolocye. 8.02022) 2 ee eee ee 348. 01 
Office of Experiment Stations: ae... 6 2 2, 265. 69 
HOnelonMMATKEhS: se tes eee Ae a te gt ee ae 2,806. 93 
WMiyision on Statistics -.2 20.2. ee 2, 689. 17 


-—— 10,646.68 


BO ba] De SASS sees aco ok ee oe So Se ee 130, 747. 26 


SALE OF CERTAIN PUBLICATIONS. 


The sale of publications from the office of the Superintendent of 
Documents continues to increase, and could, if duly encouraged, be 


'Tt should be stated that these figures do not cover expenditures for the Weataer 
Bureau, for the use of which $10,000 of the regular printing fund has been set 
aside, and whose printing work. as above stated, is entirely segregated from this 
Division. 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. $I5 


greatly augmented. The absolute necessity now imposed upon us by 
the condition of the printing fund to greatly restrict the distribution 
to miscellaneous applicants of all publications (with the exception of 
Farmers’ Bulletins and circulars), should be recognized by providing 
fora more liberal distribution through the official mentioned. In con- 
nection with a complaint of the Superintendent of Documents that 
‘much difficulty has been experienced in obtaining a sufficient sup- 
ply of documents issued by the Department of Agriculture,” it may be 
stated that, in many cases, the printing fund would not permit the 
reprinting of publications, notwithstanding the urgent requests made 
for them. This again emphasizes the importance of an amendment 
to the printing law, recommended in previous reports, by which the 
funds received by the Superintendent of Documents for the sale of 
Department publications, should, in leu of being turned into the 
Treasury, be held by the Public Printer subject to the order of the 
Secretary, to defray the cost of reprinting such publications as may 
be ealled for in excess of the original edition. 

The sales of the publications of the Department of Agriculture for 
the three years are shown in the following table, for the information 
contained in which we are indebted to the courtesy of the Superin- 
tendent of Documents: 


Number of publications sold and amount received, 


Teankoe Sata! ishosme received. 
Department. ; = — 
“1900. 1399, | “1898. 1900. 1899. 1898. 
Department of Agriculture--_--__--_-- 16,905 | 18,750 Bs 17,740 | $2,157.65 | $2,154.45 | $2,089.15 
All other Departments. ---------.---. | 10,998 | 8, 058 | 3,623 | 6,744.56 | 5,401.66 2,448.12 
[fai he ee ae 27,903 26,808 | 21,363 | 8,902.21 | 7,556.11 | 4,537.27 
| | 


In 1896, the first year that documents were sold by the Superin- 
tendent of Documents, the number of publications of this Department 
sold by that officer was 2,818, for which he received $353. 10. 


ILLUSTRATION WORK. 


The total number of original drawings prepared in the section of 
illustrations was 1,767, of which 630 were reproduced and appeared 
in publications issued during the eurrent year. There were, besides, 
prepared by the engraver 60 wood engravings. The cost of the origi- 
nal drawings and engravings was $6, 400, being for the pay of artists. 
The cost for reproduction was $1,528.24, of which $495.49 was charged 
to the appropriation for this Division and $1,052.75 to the funds of 
other Divisions. There was expended for artists’ supplies $568.47. 
The following presents full details of the work: 


Work of the section of illustrations. 


Drawings, retouching photographs, etc., made by the artists in the Division 


of Publications durinesiscalyyeardS99 1900) 22 928 ee 
Wi0odieneravincs <= yew ee ee a. SS SE LE Ree sey 28 60 
Duplicates furnished to correspondents on requests.._._.-.-_.--.---------- 1,398 
Requisitions and authorizations. _.___- 2 gu 2, 3 Ente ee 5 81 


Illustrations printed or published during fiscal year 1899-1900 (not including 
POPLINGS) Gass se eo eee eee ER LER MY A 1 oe alt Sh eee aa Peel 


126 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Number and cost of illustrations by Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices. 


Amount 
| | Amount chargeable 
F Number) Cost of jchargeable to Division 

Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices. ofillus- | illustra- to | of Pubii- 

| trations. tions. | divisional cations, 

funds. | illustra- 

tion fund. 
Ti Pe A oe SR: Ri os 12 3 a0.|° ‘ogs0'as | eee | 59.25 
‘Acrostolory <<225 4 oa 4 eee ee eee eee 112 | d24. 12 $241. 79 82.33 
Amimalimdustry: = 5-2 sesa cas sete en en eee ee 25 | 35. 59 | 10. 75 24. 84 
Biolorical Survey =~ 2s 2sao- Gee eee 78 156. 16 154. 60 1.56 
BS OURIT Yd ee see se See Nee eee ee ee eee 53 130. 05 9.25 120.80 
WNTOMOlOL Ys Se ce sm ee a en ee ee ee 202 271.47 61D eae segs 
Hxpernment/ Stations =25t.5 oo eceh seas eee ee ae 64 | 229.56 | 221.85 (GyAl 
HONE UI eae ee ee ee ee Sree ee eee al22 | 124. 62 | 123. 04 1.58 
POMOlOPYi= 2-2 Sa 8 ans tee ee tee Sele ee eee eee 1 Ri es ee By) 
RUD MCatiONS —) a ees See een een een Pere 46 162369)|(SS-o eee 162. 69 
Vegetable Physiology anGPathologyesses eee eee 17 | DSU lot) ees cee eee 33.98 
| 750 1,528.24} 1,032.75 | 495.49 
IAT ISLS ASUPDIICS =e ees ae oe we ae ens eee ee ee | Sener BOS ATN on ten eae | 568. 47 
IAT ISLS SQIATICS +2 ome eee ee ee a 6, 400. 00 |------------ 6, 400. 00 
MO tall Ane os ocr: Pee et ane ES he eens | eee ene A mare soel O27 lanl MO ds 7, 463. 96 


a Photon ane 120, 


USE OF DEPARTMENT ILLUSTRATIONS. 


The demand for duplicates of our illustrations by publishers and by 
the experiment stations shows continued increase. The total num- 
ber so supplied was 1,598, against 1,261 in 1899. It frequently occurs 
that publishers reproduce illustrations from our publications for their 
own benefit, but it is gratifying to add that the number of cases in 
which this is done without proper credit to the Department is very 
sensibly diminishing. The present plan by which duplicates are 
supplied on the order of the Department and at the expense of the 
applicant seems to give general satisfaction. 


FACILITIES FOR PHOTOGRAPHING ON WOOD. 


There has been added during the year to the plant of the Division 
the facilities necessary to photographing on wood for the use of the 
engravers—a process heretofore executed, as occasion required, by a 
photographer situated at a distance, and necessitating a special 
authorization ane involving considerable delay in each case. Our 
engraver, Mr. L. S. Williams, deserves credit for having in his own 
time qualified himself to do this work, thus effecting considerable 
saving in time and money to the Department. 


THE DOCUMENT SECTION. 


The amount of work devolving on the document section has sensibly 
increased; especially is this the case in regard to the correspondence 
and answering, either by letter or by means of partially printed 
blanks, the vast number of appleations for publications received 
daily from all parts of the country. There were prepared in this see- 
tion during the year 2,092 letters for the signature of the Secretary, 
and 6,741 communications for the signature of the Editor. The par- 
tially printed blanks, postal cards, and circulars bearing printed 
signature numbered 282,522, making a total of replies prepared, 
addressed, and mailed to communications received, in the document 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 127 
section, of 291,155. Adding to this number the letters and other com- 
munications prepared in the main office of the Division, we have the 
enormous number of 300,000 separate communications prepared, 
addressed, and mailed during the year, or 1,000 for each working 
day. When it is remembered that each one of these communications 
involves the consideration, handling, and filing of an order or an 
application, some idea may be formed of the amount of clerical and 
semiclerical work entailed upon the document section, largely per- 
formed by persons employed as laborers, and whose services are 
consequently only incidentally available for clerical or semiclerical 
work—a circumstance which adds largely to the difficulty of ade- 
quately performing this vast amount of work. 

The number of addressed franks, of registry records, of orders and 
other miscellaneous matter involved the writing of no less than 
3,380,409 names and addresses, covering the folding and dispatch of 
6,301,483 separate copies of documents, all of which had to be picked 
eat and entered in the publications registers. Of these, 33,000 were 
registered packages, and, to prevent duplication, a card ndles x was kept 
of 9 valuable publics ations aggregating 55,000 copies. The utility of 
this card index is shown by the fact that the first year it was under- 
taken 3,600 duplications were prevented in the case of the Yearbook 
alone. To the labor of distributing Farmers’ Bulletins is added that 
of stamping each envelope with the number and title of the bulletin 
it contains—an operation trifling when applied to a few copies, but 
aggregating an immense amount of labor when repeated nearly two 
and one- -half million times. 

The keeping of registers for all publications, save for circulars, and 
of ledger accounts with individual Senators, Representatives, and 
Delegates for Farmers’ Bulletins, numbering last year 591 separate 
accounts, adds immensely to the clerical work of the section, and I 
think it reflects the greatest credit upon the present management that 
the cost of handling and distributing our publications has been pro- 
portionately greatly reduced since the organization of the Division on 
its present basis and the inclusion in its domain of the document 
and folding room. 

The constant call upon this Division to supply persons to fill tem- 
porary vacancies in other Divisions or to assist them in the case of 
urgent extra work results in detaching from our force an average of 
six to eight persons, who are, moreover, always and unavoidably 
selected either from the most capable or most able-bodied, according 
to the services required. The work of this section, as well as that of 
the other branches of the Division, is sadly interfered with by the 
unsuitable and inadequate character of the accommodations at our 
disposal—accommodations not only ill adapted to the purpose they 
are used for, but absolutely prejudicial to the health of the employees. 

The general record of the employees of this section is a most credit- 
able one, especially in view of the constant anxiety attending employ- 
ment on temporary roll. I desire to record my appreciation of the 
capable service of the assistant in charge, Mr. R. B. Handy. 


EXPENDITURES FROM SPECIAL FUND OF THE DIVISION. 
The following statement shows the total expenditures during the year 


from the special appropriation for this Division, including the amounts 
for preparation and printing of Farmers’ Bulletins, for artists and 


128 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


preparation of illustrations, for artists’ supplies, and for labor and 
materials in distribution of documents: 


Pay of artists and preparation of illustr ations _ gee oO a 8 Oty wis $6, 400. 00 
Labor in distribution of documents_- Seat ee Sere Nel Bad OX iL Tat (G) 
Materials tor documentisectioni=—) =e seere es eee ere eee 5, 256. 28 
Artists’ supplies ----- She kek Dees, oR 2 oe ee ee a et 568. 47 
MUUStratiousi:. 5-2 Sees ee ee eee BS hk See coe ey Se eee 495. 49 
Miscellaneous: 2.2 {2s 2.2 ee en Sena ee 369. 84 

Do talet « nee pats Sac 1 ae ALAR ee Ee eS _. 44,829.77 


Preparationlof Marmensg pile rinse ees res eee Se ot A 023.70 


Brintin ge OLeh arm ers us alle tins ees tee ene eee eer aera 30, 665. 15 
Motale a aeee Pe Deiat ae bet ange | SIO ede At) Poe a Ses Set Se ___. 84,688.85 
Grand total: h5 Nose eee eee ee eee ee eee ese eee ee 79, 518. 62 


The above statement gives a summary of the expenditures from the 
special appropriations of the Division, amounting altogether for the 
year 1900 to $80,000, of which $35,000 was for the preparation and 
printing of Farmers s’ Bulletins and $45, 000 for artists and artists’ mate- 
rials and illustrations, distribution of documents, materials for docu- 
ment section, and all other expenses whatever. 


RECOMMENDATIONS. 


INSUFFICIENCY OF APPROPRIATION FOR DISTRIBUTION OF 
DOCUMENTS. 


From the foregoing, it will be seen that, aside from a few statutory 
places, the entire expense attending the care, handling, and distribu- 
tion of our publications, and of disposing of the enormous balance of 
correspondence already set forth in some detail, was $36,995.97, 
against a total for printing and binding of $130, 747.2 6, a proportion 
which, in face of the details given of the work of distribution, must 
certainly impress one as evidencing the greatest economy in manage- 
ment. That such economy in management exists is certainly true, 
but the figures can not be taken alone as evidence on this point. 
The fact is, it was found utterly impossible to adequately carry on 
the work with the means at our command, and before the close of the 
fiscal year help had to be obtained from several other Divisions to 
enable the distribution work to go on. This is a most unreliable and 
unsatisfactory dependence, and I earnestly recommend such an 
increase in the appropriations as will make the Division practically 
independent of such extraneous assistance. Itis extremely important 
to bear this in mind, and I may therefore be pardoned for reiterating’ 
that the amount of work undertaken by this Division is not controlla- 
ble in any way by its head. All the work which it actually performs 
is work thrust upon it by other Divisions in the pursuit of their most 
legitimate undertakings. To restrict the resources of this Division 
while enlarging the scope and sphere of work of other branches is 
like increasing the water supply of a city without extending the dis- 
tribution pipes. In the organic law creating this Department, the 
injunction ‘‘ to diffuse” is quite as emphatic as ‘‘ to acquire” informa- 
tion of benefit to agriculture, and this Division is the medium for such 
diffusion. Every authorization by Congress aiming at the acquisition 
of information by this Department involves, therefore, an increase in 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 129 


the work of the Division of Publications, provision for which has not 
for years been adequate to the services it is called upon to render, and 
without which the other Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices of the Depart- 
ment would be stricken dumb. 


NECESSITY FOR ENLARGED ACCOMMODATIONS 


I beg to accompany this appeal for adequate appropriations with an 
earnest protest against the unsuitable, inconvenient accommodations 
assigned to the Division. I know that this is not the fault of the 
head of this Department or of the Superintendent of Buildings, who 
are both as sensible as anyone can be, who does not actually expe- 
rience them, of the inconveniences and disadvantages under which 
we labor, but I desire to adduce my meed of evidence to that which 
already exists showing the necessity for an enlargement of our build- 
ing accommodations. No branch of the work is in such sorr y plight 
in this respect as is the Division of Publications. 


EDITORIAL FORCE. 


The editorial force of the Division consists, in addition to the Editor 
and his first assistant, of but three editorial clerks on the statutory 
roll and such additional editorial assistants as are carried on the roll 
for the preparation and printing of Farmers’ Bulletins, and number- 
ing usually two persons. 

A review of the work done during the past two years, and of the 
work which should be undertaken, as shown in the annual reports of 
the Division, must convince anyone not only that the force is over- 
worked, but that some of the work urgently called for, such as the 
general index to the publications of the ‘Department, must go undone. 
Such, indeed, is the case. The time of the Editor is almost entirely 
taken up W ith editorial and administrative supervision, the strain of 
the latter being vastly increased by the more or less ephemeral char- 
acter of the help employed and the sad inadequacy of the appropria- 
tions at his command. The editorial work actually performed by the 
Editor himself is done entirely outside of the usual official hours and 
involves in the aggregate the equivalent of very many days’ labor. 

The growth of the business has practically converted the main office 
of the Division into a counting room or business office rather than an 
editorial room. During the year, as shown, 2,450 requisitions and 
authorizations were issued, most of them involving many visits from 
and conferences with Division chiefs or their representatives. The 
publication office not unnaturally has become a sort of bureau of in- 
formation, and is seldom free from visitors, either directly interested 
in the publication work or seeking general information. The super- 
vision of office and administrative details, the general distribution of 
the work, and special supervision of the illustration section, are more 
than sufficient to take up the time of the first assistant, who yet, under 
such adverse conditions, manages to devote some time, snatched here 
and there from these manifold cares, to editorial work. 

In the main office, a room conveniently adapted to the accommoda- 
tion at the most of six persons, and in the midst of all the noise and 
confusion incident to a busy counting room, eight persons are regularly 
employed, of whom three are engaged exclusively in editorial work, 
proof reading, indexing, abstracting, ete. It seems impossible to 
imagine conditions pe less adapted to such work. T'wo of the edi- 


AGR 1900 


130 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


torial assistants have perforce been assigned to desks in the rooms of 
the section of illustrations on the fourth floor and distant from the 
main office by three pairs of stairs. These rooms, moreover, are 
crowded, and do not afford any advantages of quiet to compensate for 
their remoteness and inconvenience. 

Under such untoward circumstances the important editorial work 
of the Division is done, and I earnestly desire that due credit may 
be given to my force in that, in spite of these disadvantages, the work 
is kept up and satisfactorily performed. 

In this connection, I desire to protest against the term ‘‘ editorial 
clerk” given to my editorial assistants. The amount and character of 
the editing work done call not only for an increase in the force, but for 
a recognition of its responsibilities and requirements by the appoint- 
ment, not of clerks, but of associate editors and editorial assistants. 

That the salaries paid to the editorial force are inadequate to such 
official designations is very true, but that also is a matter that urgently 
calls for amendment, and I trust the time may not be far distant when 
the character and responsibility of the work done by my assistants 
and myself may be adequately recognized by suitable compensation. 

Speaking of the editorial force, I have to note with profound regret 
the demise on the 10th day of August of Mr. Edward Bailey, “the 
senior editorial clerk. Mr. Bailey was a most faithful and competent 
member of the force, and his loss is sincerely deplored by his asso- 
ciates as well as by his super iors. His place has been filled by the 
promotion of the next in line, Mr. B. D. Stallings, the mention of 
whose name affords me an opportunity which I gladly embrace to bear 
testimony to this gentleman’s fidelity, “apacity, and modest worth. 
I can not close a reference to the personnel of the force without pre- 
senting the urgent claims of my first assistant, Mr. Joseph A. Arnold, 
to promotion. His arduous and unremitting labors are always cheer- 
fully and capably performed, and in these few words of warm com- 
mendation I voice not only my own appreciation, but that of all those 
whose business brings them in contact with him. 


MULTIPLICATION OF NUMBERED SERIES. 


One of the difficulties attending the wide extension of Department 
work and the multiplication of its various Bureaus, Divisions, and 
Offices is occasioned by the unfortunate adoption, in 1883, of sepa- 
‘ately numbered divisional series of publications. The result of this 
has been to bring about a sort of bibliographical chaos of Department 
publications. The confusion resulting from having numerous Depart- 
ment bulletins bearing the same number has been ¢ ar ried still further 
by changes which have in some cases resulted in a ‘“‘new series” and 
an ‘‘old series” and a ‘‘technical” and a ‘‘popular” series. Libra- 
rians have fr equently called attention to the difficulties attending this 
multiplication of series and numbers, and representatives of the De- 
partment who have visited foreign libraries report the foreign libra- 
rians as confessing their inability to keep track of our publications or 
to know whether they have them all or not. 

The importance of proper classification and facility of reference in 
all libraries where our bulletins are preserved is hardly to be ques- 
tioned, and promises to be still more important in the future. In the 
meantime, however, we ought to consider first of all the convenience 
of the ereat constituency which it is the Department’s first duty and 
privilege to serve, and the delays attendant in filling orders by reason 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. honk 


of the neglect or inability of an applicant to give the proper designa- 
tion of a publication are very numerous and daily multiplying. 

The difficulties presented to applicants by this unfortunate system 
may be inferred when it is known that there are, besides a series of 
departmental reports numbering 1 to 65, and apart from the series 
known as Farmers’ Bulletins and the cire sulars, 17 series bearing num- 
bers 1 to 4; 16 series numbering up to 8; 14 series up to 15; 12 series up 
to 16; 13 series have a bulletin 17; 11 series have bulletins 18, 19, and 
20; 9 series have bulletins 21 and 22; 8 series have a bulletin 23; 7 
series have a bulletin 24; 6 series have a bulletin 25; 4 series have 
bulletins 26 and 27; 3 series have bulletins 28 to 52; 2 series have 
bulletins 33 to 57. Altogether, covered by numbers 1 to 57, we have 
378 separate buHetins, and the confusion in our circulars is equally 
great, 551 separate circulars being covered by numbers | to 43. 

If this be not remedied, the near future will bring about a state of 
things which will be both: aggravating and absurd; and if it is to be 
remedied the sooner it is done the better. The longer the adoption of 
a new method is postponed, the more difficult will it be to effect. 

The remedy I would suggest would be to utilize the present series of 
Department reports by throwing all divisional publications, excepting 
circulars, into that series beginning January 1, 1901. 

This would comprise all Department publications in (1) the Year- 
beok and its reprints; (2) the departmental reports; (5) the circulars; 
and, (4) Farmers’ Bulletins. In Appendix A to this report there are 
pr esented some title- -pages of existing publications showing better than 
ean be done by description the slight alteration in style which the 
adoption of this system would entail. 

The defects of the present system have been very generally recog- 
nized in the Department itself, but the diversity of opinion on the 
subject deterred me from bringing it up. I doso now from the con- 
viction already expressed that to leave things as they are will result 
ere long in a condition which will imperatively demand remedying, 
and that if a change of method is to be undertaken, the sooner it is 
undertaken the better. 

The Librarian of the Department, in speaking of the present system 
of classification and the difficulty of cataloguing the Department pub- 
lications on account of the numerous series and the consequent dupli- 
cation of numbers, says in his annual report for 1899: 

Such confusion exists as a result of the changes in names of Divisions and the 
bewildering classification of our publications that it is becoming more and more 
difficult to find any particular publication or even to so arrange and catalogue the 
heterogeneous mass as to insure complete sets. I would strongly urge an imme- 


diate attempt to segregate these various publications into fewer series, in order 
that our published scientific results may not be entirely lost in the future. 


In view of the necessity, in a matter of this kind, of a very full 
consideration and discussion of the subject and very deliberate action, 
I earnestly recommend that it be referred to a special board of which 
the Department Librarian as well as the Department Editor shall be 
members. 


APPENDIX A. 


CHANGE OF SYSTEM IN NUMBERING PUBLICATIONS. 


The four title-pages following show the slight alterations in style which might 
be necessary in changing from “the present system of separately ‘numbered divi- 
sional series of publications to a series of Department reports with the numbers 
running continuously. 


Lo? DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


U.S; DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUR RU i. 
REPORT NO. 59. 


DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 


L. O. Howarp, Entomologist. 


SOME. MISCELLANEOUS, -RESULIS 


OF THE 


WORK OF THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1 OOOR 


Ent. 10. 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 133 


thes; (UEPART MENT OF “AGRICULTURE 
REPORT NO. 60. 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 


A. C. Trur, Director. 


DIF TARY STUDIES 


OF 


PIV EOE BOAT ORG Wes 


BY 


Ws O; ALWATER. ann. -A. (P2 BRYANT. 


v LES ; Bs 
QS 


iNtesssss” 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMFNT PRINTING OFFICE. 


1900. 
O. BE. S. 10. 


134 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


UIs. DEPARTMENT OF -AGRICUIE Ruin: 
REPORT NO. 61. 


CEREAL RUSTS OF THE UNITED STATES: 


A PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION. 


BY 


MARK ALFRED CARLETON. 


CONTRIBUTION FROM THE DIVISION OF VEGETABLE 
PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY. 


B. T. Gautoway, Chief. 


ms 
Woywsssss> 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 


TE SP OKO): 
Witte: 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 135 


Geo, DEPARTMENT, OF- AGRICULTURE: 
REPORT NO. 62. 


THE MECHANICS OF SOIL MOISTURE. 


BY 


LYMAN J. BRIGGS. 


(Contribution from the Division of Soils; Milton Whitney, Chief. ) 


WASHINGTON : 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 
1900. 


S. 10. 


136 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


APPENDIX B. 


PUBLICATIONS ISSUED DURING THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1900. 


[The following publications were issued during the year ended June 30, 1900. 
Those to which a price is attached, with the exception of publications of the 
Weather Bureau, must be obtained of the Superintendent of Documents, Union 
Building, Washington, D. C., to whom are turned over all copies not needed for 
official use, in compliance with section 67 of the act providing for the public 
printing and binding and the distribution of public documents. Remittances 
should be made to him by postal money order. Weather Bureau publications to 
which a price is attached must be obtained from the chief of that Bureau. Appli- 
cations for those that are for free distribution should be made to the Secretary of 


Agriculture, Washington, D. C. | 
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY. 


Tea Culture: The Experiment in South Carolina. By Dr. Charles U. 
Shepard, Special Agent in Charge Tea Culture Investigations. Pp. 27, 
pis. 9, figs. 4. Report No.61. October, 1899. Price, 10 cents____..___- 

Cultivation of Cigar-Leaf Tobacco in Florida. By Marcus L. Floyd. of 
the Division of Soils, in Cooperation with the Division of Vegetable 
Physiology and Pathology. Pp.31, pls.8, figs.6. Report No.62. Octo- 
bens S99 Prices Olcents a= eee ae che Soe ee 

Sewage Disposal on the Farm, and the Protection of Drinking Water. By 
Theobald Smith, M. D., Professor in Harvard University, Pathologist 
to the Massachusetts State Board of Health,etc. Pp. 20, figs.8. Farm- 
ers’ Bulletin No..43. (Reprint.) ‘November, 1399-2... --2222 =... = 2 

Marketing Farm Produce. By George G. Hill, formerly manager and 
editor of The American Farmer, Illinois. Pp. 28, figs. 7. Farmers’ 
iBulletineNio. 625, (Reprint) November s|399 se ess eee a eee 

Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, 1899. (Preliminary.) Pp. 68, 
December 1S. ee ee alter G One a ete ae Re 

The Culture of Tobacco. By Otto Carl Butterweck. Pp. 24. Farmers’ 
Bulletins Nows2.(Reprnt.)) December 1890 ees eee feee 

Reprint, March, 1900. __ Ae ey ee PEA are ok oo 

The Work of the Agricultural Experiment Stations on Tobacco. Ab- 
stracted by J. I. Schulte, Office of Experiment Stations, with Introduc- 
tion and Comments by Milton Whitney, Chief, Division of Soils. 
Pp. 48. ‘Report No. 63. March, 1900: Price, 5 cents. -_2_2_..-.2-22-- 

Arbor Day: Its History and Observance. By N. H. Egleston. Pp. 80, 
figs. 29. Revised edition.. (Reprint.) April, 1900... _....._--...--.-- 

Physiological Studies of Connecticut Leaf Tobacco. By Oscar Loew, of 
the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, detailed to the 
Division of Soils. Pp.57. Report No. 65. June,1900. Price, 5 cents_- 


CONGRESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS. 


Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for the Year 
1898. Pp. 647, frontispiece, pls. 25, figs. 69. October, 189. Price, cloth, 


of Agriculture, 1877-1898. By B. E. Fernow. formerly Chief of the 
Division of Forestry, United States Department of Agriculture. Pp. 
401, pls. 32. figs. 105. (House Doc. No. 181, 55th Cong., 3d sess.) Pre- 
pared in accordance with a provision of the act making appropriations 
for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ended June 30, 
ISSO sOctober, S90. sae See eee SS aS ce ee eee 
Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year 
ended June 30, 1899. Pp. Ixx, 266. Cloth. January, 1900..:.__.___.. 
Operations of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Letter from the Secretary 
of Agriculture transmitting Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal 
Industry for the Fiscal Year ended June 30,1899. Pp. 71. (Senate Doe. 
No: L00sm6th Cone-alstisess.)) -Kebruary., 190082 2 - See eee eee 
Letter from the Acting Secretary of Agriculture presenting a detailed 
statement of the expenditures of all appropriations for the fiscal year 
ending June 30,1899. Pp. 254. (House Doc. No. 173, 56th Cong., 1st 
Sess:)) S-Bebruanyzg S00 Ree Sees = Di Ego SeSks, ton See ee 


Copies. 


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10, 000 
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DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 


Third Report on the Investigations of the Agricultural Capabilities of 
Alaska, 1899. By C. C. Georgeson, Special Agent in Charge of Alaska 
Investigations. Pp. 55, pls. 17. (H. R. Doc. No. 314, 56th Cones. Ist 
sess.) April, 1900. 

Yearbook of the United States Department of Agr iculture, 1899. Pp. 880, 
at eee Pe 63, ie 33. Ts te BN order of Congress.) June, 
US (00) Sees 


tion en Sr ere rn were oe A MA Ss 62 DA SOL Bee eee ees 
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 


Report of the Chief of the Dviaice ot Accounts and Disbursements for 
1899. By Ff. L. Evans. Pp. 215-233, from care of Sec CF SUAESE of Agri- 
culture for 1899. January, 1900 Sn ee are Nope ae Ne nee ee IE 


DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY. 


Recent Additions to Seas Agrostology. Pp. 10, figs. 5. Circular No. 
iy, Divi, Usk) Les ae Se webats 
New Species of North American Grasses. By F. Lamson- Scribner, Agros- 

tologist. Pp. 6, figs. 2. Circular No. 16. July, 1899 _ 

Millets. By Thomas A. Williams, Assistant Agrostologist. Pp. 28, ‘figs 6. 
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 101. July, OOO Es se eel ws fe ntare 
Sand-Binding Grasses. By F. Lamson-Ser ibner, Agrostologist. Pp. ii, 
405-420, pls. 3, figs. 11, from Yearbook for 1898, ’ (Reprint. ) July, 1899_ 
Southern Forage Plants. Compiledfrom the publications of the Division 
of Agrostology by F. Lamson-Scribner, Agrostologist. Pp.48. Farmers’ 

Bulletin No. 102. August, 1899. 

Crimson Clover. By Thomas A. Williams, ‘Assistant Agrostologist. Pp. 

Gudiss te @irculapinos lire September 1899) 2. 2ts8 22s Bee 
ReprininseptemiberplCIOe «eyes ek ls a en ee ae 

Sorghum asa Forage Crop. By Thomas A. Williams, Assistant Agros- 
tologist. Prepared under the direction of the Agrostologist. Pp. 20, ‘fig. 
1. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 50. (Reprint.) November 1899 ee eee 

Smooth Brome-Grass (Bromas inermis). By P. Beveridge Kennedy, Ph. 
D,, Assistant in Division ee oey Pp. 9, figs. 2. Circular No. 18. 
Decemlberhl SOS seks eas AP rE REED es FE 

New or Little Known Mexican Grasses. “By F. Lamson-Ser ibner, ‘Agros- 
tologist. Pp. 4, fig. 1. Circular No. 19. January, 1900 - 

Experiments W i F orage Plants in Ontario. By P. Beveridge Kennedy, 
Ph. D., Assistant in Division of Agrostology. Pp. 3 _ Circular No. 20. 
January, 1900 - PU re ter rats a hiae Jt ke ene ee te, Lea eS ae 

Reprint, January Vy, 19000252. 

Cooperative Range Grass and For age ‘Piant Exper iments at Highmore, aS 
Dak. By F. Lamson-Scribner, Agr ostologist. Pp. 10, fig. 1. Circular 
Nop easanmarys 1900 9s. 25 oso: hey ees kei 

Grass and Forage Plant Investigations on the Pacific Coast. “By F, Lam- 
son-Scribner, ‘Agr ostologist. Pp. 7 7. Circular No 22. January, 1900_. 

Saltbushes. By P. Bev eridge Kennedy, Ph D., Assistant in the Division 
of Agrostology. Prepar ed under the direction of the Agrostologist. Pp. 
20, figs. 9. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 108. Januanys | G0US2 5 es eee! 

Report of the Agrostologist for 1899. By F. Lamson-Scribner. Pp. iii, 
113-117, from the Report of the py cre ney of Agriculture for1899. Jan- 
uary, 1900. eee 

The Soy Bean as a Forage Crop. By ‘Thomas A. Williams, Assistant 
Agrostologist. Prepar ed under the direction of the Agr ostologist. With 
an Appendix on Soy Beans as Food for Man. By B, F. Langworthy, 
Ph. D., Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. 24, figs. 5. Farmers’ Bulle- 
tin Nu. 58. Revised edition. (Reprint. ) February, 1900_ 

Studies on American Grasses. The North American Species | of Chieto- 
chloa. By F. Lamson-Scribner and Elmer D. Merrill. Pp. 44, figs. 24. 
Bulletin No. 21. March, 1900. Price, 5 cents. : y i 

Cowpeas. By Jared G. Smith, Assistant Agrostologist. Pp. 16, fig. 1. 
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 89. Abe oN ) February. 1900 

Reprint, March, 1900 _-_—. 


200 


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138 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Copies. 
Cooperative Experiments with Grasses and Forage Plants. By P. Beve- 
ridge Kennedy, Ph. D., Expert and Agent in Charge of Experimental 
Work. Prepared under the direction of F. Lamson-Scribner. Agros- 
tologist. Pp. 86, pls. 13, fig. 1. Bulletin No. 22. April, 1900. Price, 

1h conte... : ae ad tee ee ae ee 10, 000 
Progress of Experiments: in Forage Crops and Range Improvement at 
Abilene, Tex. By H. L. Bentley, Special Agent in Charge of Experi- 


ments at Abilene, Tex. Pp. 20. Circular No. 23. April; 190023 ee OUD 
Cowpeas and Corn for Silage and Fodder. By W. Gettys.. Pp. 10, figs 2. 

Circular No. 24. April, 7900.___. : 6, 000 
Alfalfa, or Lucern. By JaredG. ‘Smith. Assistant Agr ostologist. “Pp. 24, 

figs. 3. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 31. (Reprint.) April, 1900 20, 000 


Meadows and Pastures, Formation and Cultivation in the Middle East- 
ern States. By Jared G. Smith. Pp. 28. figs.9. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 
G66. Revised edition.. (Reprint.) April, 1900 - 20, 000 
Ec ‘onomic Grasses. By F. Lamson-Scribner, Agrostologist. | Pp. 85, pls. 
3, figs. 91. Bulletin No. 14. Revised edition. May, 1900. Price, 10 
fee ees 5, 000 
The Structure of the ‘Cary opsis ‘of Grasses with Reference to Their Mor- 
phology and Classification. By P. Beveridge Kennedy, Ph. D., Expert 
and Agent in Charge of Experimental Work. Pp. 44, pls. 8. Bulletin 
No.19.. Reyised edition. May, 1900) Price, 10\cents -_ ===! ==> 1.000 
American Grasses—III. (Illustrated.) Descriptions of the Tribes:and 
Genera. By F. Lamson-Scribner, Agrostologist. Pp. 197, figs. 137. 
Bulletin No. 20. May, 1900. Price. 1) cents __ 1, 000 
Turkestan Alfalfa. By P. Beveridge Kennedy. Ph. D.. Expert and Agent 
in Charge of Experimental Work. Pp. 20. Circular No. 25. May.1900_ 10,000 
Rescue Grass. By Cornelius L. Shear, Assistant Agrostologist. Pp. 4. 
Circular No. 26. May, 1900_._- -- 5,000 
Cattle Ranges of the Southwest: A History of the Exhaustion of the Pas- 
turage and Suggestions for Its Restoration. By H. L. Bentley, Special 
Agent in Charge of Grass Station at Abilene, Tex. Pp. 32, figs.9. Farm- 
ers 2bulletin No: 72... (Reprint.) June, 1900... 10, 000 


BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 


The Serum Treatment of Swine Plague and Hog Cholera. By E. A. de 
Schweinitz, Ph. D.. M. D.. Chief of Biochemic Division, with the Col- 
laboration of Marion Dorset, M. D., and E. C. Schroeder, M. D. V. 

Pp.18. Bulletin No. 23. (Reprint.) July, 1899. Price, 5 cents __._. 5, 000 

Standard Varieties of Chickens. By George E. Howard, Secretary of 
National Poultry and Pigeon Association, under the supervision of Dr 
D. E. Salmon, Chief of Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 48. figs. 42. 
Revised edition. Farmers’ Bulletin No.51. (Reprint.) August,1899_ 30,000 


Reprint, March, 1900 - eo eS es (aa eS ee OO OOD. 
Factory Cheese and How It is Made. “By G. Merry, of Verona, N. Y. 
Pp. 8. Circular No. 19. (Reprint. ) September. 1899 - = +1000 


Scales of Points in Use in the United States for Judging the Dairy Breeds 
of Cattle. Breeds included: Ayrshires. Brown Swiss, Devons, Dutch 
Belted, Guernseys, Holstein-Friesians, Jerseys.andShorthorns. Pp. 16, 
fig. 1. Circular No. 27. From the Fifteenth Annual ae of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry. September, 1899 .._.___.___.__._...._-. 2, 000 
Revised edition. May, 1900. ___ oo ol ees OD 
Care of Milk onthe Farm. By R. A. Pearson, B. S.. Assistant Chief of 
Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 40, figs.6. Farmers’ 
Bulletin No. 63. (Reprint.) September, 1899 _____..___.__-______.__- 15, 000 
Reprints November ade99 . = 2 Si ee rl 10, 600 
Reprint, March, 1960 - _ 30,000 
Blackleg in the United States and the Distribution of Vaccine by ‘the 
Bureau of Animal Industry. By Victor A. Norgaard, V.S. (Copenha- 
gen), Chief of Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 
ili, 27-81, pls. 2, figs. 3, from Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal 
Industry for 1808: noeptem ber, 1890.2 ot) 2d Sa peer 10, 000 
Experimental Exports of Butter, 1897. By ‘Henry E. Alvord, C. E., Chief 
of Dairy Division. Pp. 83-136, pl. 1, diagram 1, from Fifteenth Annual 
Report of the Bureau cf Animal Industry. September, 1899_____.___. 12, 000 
Reprint; Decomberg 8002: ss oo 2s ee Se ee ee 1,500 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 


Breeds of Dairy Cattle. By Henry E. Alvord, C. E., Chief of Dairy Divi- 
sion. Pp. 137-200, frontispiece, figs. 25, from Fifteenth Annual Report 
of the Bureau of Animal Industr y: September. NO OOH RE eee eet eis a 
Breeds of Dairy Cattle. By Henry E. Alvord, C. E., Chief of Dairy Divi- 
sion, Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 48, figs. 21. Farmers’ Bulletin 
No. 106, from the Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1598. 
Weclopens C905. . a) eee eee Sf eh le Se ese Fes Fe 
Reprint he bruany el O00 ete 8 a 2 22 e LL eee i ee 
Asthenia (Going Light) in Fowls. Laboratory Methods for the Diagnos- 
ing of Certain Micro-Organismal Diseases. Vitality and Retention of 
Virulence by Certain Pathogenic Bacteria in Milk and Its Products. 
Artic!es by Charles F. Dawson, M. D., Veterinary Inspector, Bureau of 
Animal Industry. Pp. 829-868 and 224-228, from Fifteenth Annual 
Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry. October, 1899 ___ 

Preliminary Catalogue of Plants Poisonous to Stock. ‘By V. K. Chesnut, 
B.5., Assistant, Division of Botany, Department of Agriculture. Pp. 
iii, 387-4 20, iv, from Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal 
Industry. "October, 1899 - 

Officials, Associations, and Educational Institutions Connected with the 
Dairy Interests for the Year 1899. By Henry E. A'vord, Chief of Dairy 
Division. Pp. 8. Circular No. 26. (Reprint.) November, Ute eee ee 

Facts About Milk. By R. A. Pearson, B. ae Assistant Chief, Dairy Divi- 
sion, Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 29, figs. 8. Farmers’ Bulletin 
No. 42. (Reprint.) November, 1899 - +s i iia te Uh FETE te 

The Dairy Herd: Its Formation and Management. By Henry E. Alvord, 
C. E., Chief of Dairy Division, Bureau of “Animal Industry. (Reprinted 
with revision by the author, from the Yearbook of the U.S. Department 
of Agriculture for ag ghee Farmers’ Bulletin No. 55. eon 
November, 1899 __ Ee eR PE 2 EIT oe EE CE Nn eee te : 

Reprint, April, AUD SR a alae. a en Ie Sen one A Te 

Report of the Chiet of the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1899. By D. E. 
Salmon. Pp. iii, 243-262, from the Report of the Secretary of Agricul- 
ture for 1899. January, 1900 ae Sees Sar Weng Oy Lo Re Ss 

Letters Relating to the Distribution of Vaccine. Pp. 9. Circular No. 28. 
February, 1900 ___. _- 

Officials, Associations, and Educational Institutions ‘Connected. with the 
Dairy Interests of the United States for the Year 1900, By Henry E. 
Alvord. Chief of Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 10. 
Circular No. 29. February, 1900 a 

Hog Cholera and Swine Plague. By D. E. Salmon. D. V. M., Chief of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 16. Farmers’ Bulietin No. 24. (Re- 
print.) February.1900 - ea Ro ad Se ls ye ety Og Fal 

Some Essentials in Beef Production. ‘By Charles F. Curtiss, Director of 
the lowa Agricultural Experiment Station. Pp. 24, figs. 17. Farmers’ 
Bulletin No. 71. (Reprint.) February, 1900 

Reprint, June, 1900._.-____.. 

Notes Upon Dairying i in California and the Export of California Butter 
to the Orient. By R. A. Pearson, M. 8., Assistant Chief of Dairy 
Division. Prepared under the direction of Dr. D. E. Salmon, Chief of 
Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 29, pls. 4, fig. 1. Bulletin No. 24. 
March, 1900. Price, 5 cents Be 

EC pene, ces COU wen) Fae We ere ya eee Le ek 

Butter Making on the Farm. ByC. P. Goodrich, Dairy Instructor, Farm- 
ers’ Institute Department, University of Wisconsin. Under supervision 
of the Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. ta 16. Farmers’ 
Bulletin No. 57. (Reprint.) March, 1900 - 

Ducks and Geese: Standard Breeds and Management. By George E. 
Howard, Secretary of Nationa! Poultry and Pigeon Association. Pp. 
48, figs. 37. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 64. (Reprint.) March, 1900. __. 

Hog Raising in the South. ByS. M. Te M.S., formerly Director of 
the Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station. Pp. 40. Farmers’ 
Bulletin No. 100. (Reprint.) March, 1900 

Butter Substitutes. By E. A. de Schweinitz, Ph. D., M. D., Biochemic 
Laboratory, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of 
Agriculture. Pp. 445-452, from the Yearbook of the United States 
Depar tment of Agriculture for 1895. (Reprint.) April, 1900 


139 
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140 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Raising Sheep for Muiton. By Charles F. Curtiss, Director of the Iowa 
Agricultural Experiment Station. Pp. 48, oa 18. Farmers’ Builetin 
No. 96. (Reprint. * April; 1900 eee) eee 

Directions for the Use of Blackleg Vaccine. ‘By ‘Victor A. Norgaard. 
Chief of Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. § 
Circular No. 23. “Second revision. May 21900" 2-2 ee eee 

Rabies in the District of Columbia. By D. E. Salmon, D. V. M., Chief of 
the Bureau of Animal Industry. ee 15. Circular No. 30. Revised 
edition. May,1900 __. mest 2.8) eh 2 See ees 

Sheep Scab: Its Nature and Treatment. ByD. E. Salmon, D. V. M., Chief 
of Bureau of Animal Industry. and Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., Zoologist 
of the Bureau. Pp. 64, pls. 6, figs. 36. Bulletin No. 21. Revised edition. 
June,1900. Price, 15 cents_-_. -.- Laas ke 

Blackleg: Its Nature, Cause, and Prevention. By Victor A. ‘Norgaard, 
Chief “of Pathological Division. Pp. 22. Circular No. 31. June, 1900- 


DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 


Life Zones and Crop Zones of the United States. By C. Hart Merriam. 
Chief, Biological Survey. Pp. 79, colored ne Bultetin No. 10. (Re- 
print. ) July, 1899.) Price, 10 cents... a ee ey 

The Geographic Distribution of Cereals in North America. By C. 38. 
Plumb, B.S., Director Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue 
University. Indiana. Prepared under the direction of Dr. C. Hart 
Merriam, Chief of Biological Survey. Pp.24,maps4(1 colored). Bul- 
letin No. 11. (Reprint.) July, 1899. Price, 10 cents______________... 

North American Fauna No. 15. Revision of the Jumping Mice of the 
Genus Zapus. By Edward A. Preble, Assistant in Biological Survey. 
Prepared under the direction of Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chiet of Biolog- 
ical Survey. Pp. 42. pl. 1, figs. 4. August, 1899. Price, 5 cents______- 

North American Fauna No. "16. Results of a Biological Survey of Mount 
Shasta, California. ByC. Hart Merriam, Chief of “Division of Biological 
Survey. Pp. 179, pls. 5, figs. 46. October, 1899. Price, 20 cents. —___ 

Some Common Birds in Their Relation to Agriculture. By F. E. L. Beal, 
Bass Popes en ees Biological Survey. aes 40, ery 22, Farm- 
ers’ Balletin No. : (Reprint. ) November, 1390s Lae 

Reprint, April. *t900 Sete ae rs ee ae BEEN NSA Oe eee a eee 

Report of the Acting Chief of the Division of Biological Survey for 1899. 
By T.S. Pa’mer. Pp. iii, 59-70, from the Report of the Secretary of 
ANoriculture; for 1899-- stanuary~ LO0Des. = eee ee ee eee 

North American Fauna No. 17. Revision of American Voles of the Genus 
Microtus. By Vernon Bailey. Chief Field Naturalist. Prepared under 
the direction of Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chief of Division of Biological 
Survey. Pp. 88. pls. 5, figs. 17. - June, 1900. Price, 10 cents_--_. ~2.-2- 

Legis ation for the Protection of Birds Other than Game Birds. ‘By aes 
Paliner. Assistant Chief, Biological Survey. Prepared under the direc- 
tion of Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chief of Biological Survey. Pp. 94, pls. 2, 
figs. 8. Bulletin No. 12, June, 1900. Price, “10 cents 


DIVISION OF BOTANY. 


Crimson Clover Seed. By A. J. Pieters.in Charge of Pure-Seed Investiga- 

tions. Pp. 4, fig.1. Circular No. 18. August, 1899 
Reprint. September, 1899 __- 

Inventory No. 2 of Foreign Seeds and Plants impor ted by the Section of 
Seed and Plant Introduction. Numbers 1001-1900. Pp. 94. AUS Uees 
1900S ees 

Contributions from The U.S. National Herbarium. Vol. V.No. 4. Stud- 
ies of Mexican and Central American Plants.No.2. ByJ.N.Rose. Two 
New Species of Plants from the Northwestern United States. By L. F. 
Henderson. Hesperogenia, A New Genus of Umbelliferae from Mount 
Rainier. By J. M. Coulter and J. N. Rose. Three New Species of 
Tradescantia from the United States. By J. N. Rose. Treleasea, A 
New Genus of Commelinaceae. By J. N. Rose. Notes on Useful 
Plants of Mexico. By J. N. Rose. =o viii, 145-25 9, viii, pls. 47, figs. 26. 
October, 1899. Price, 25 cents -__-__ 


Copies. 


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1,500 


1,500 


3. 000 


1, 000 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 


Hop Cultivation in Bohemia. By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural 
Explorer. Pp. 6. Circular No. 19. November, 1899. 

The Present Status of Rice Culture in the United States.  Bys. A. ‘Knapp. 
Pp. 56, pls. 3. Bulletin No. 22. December, 1899. Price, 10 cents. - 

Horse-Radish Culture i in Bohemia. By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural 
Explorer. Pp. 3, figs. 2. Circular No. 20. January. 1900. _... ____-- 

WA aus in the West: Indies. By David G, Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer. 

Pp. 4. ne, 2. Circular No. 2i January, 1900_.. 722 = = Sees eee 

Repo:t of the Botanist for 1899. By Frederick V. Coville. Pp. iii, 53-57, 
from the Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1899. January, 1900_ 

Russian Cereals Adapted for Cultivation in the United States. By Mark 
Alfred Carleton. Pp. 42, pls. 2, figs. 2. Bulletin No. 28. February, 1900. 
IPmCew Cents ser ee tt ee eee ee uce oe teases 

Bur, or Globe Artichokes. | ‘By Walter T. Swingle and David G. Fairchild, 
Agricultural Explorers. Pp.6. Circular No. 22. Febr warye LOU0S 

Weeds, And How to Kill Them. By Lyster H. Dewey, Assistant Bota- 
nist. Pp. 32, figs.11. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 28. Cr) Benner: 
NS) eee ee aes rh es Sa es St 

Rice Culture i in the United States. By Dr. S. A. Knapp. Pp. 28. Farm- 
ers’ Bulletin No. 110. February, 1900 - 

Inventory No. 5 of Foreign Seeds and Plants Imported by the Depar tment 
of Agriculture and for Distribution through the Section of Seed and 
Plant Introduction. Numbers 1901-2700. Pp. 62. February, i900_ 

The Lebbek orSiris Tree. By DavidG. Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer. 
Pages... Circular NG. co. Marv, 1900) 2 2 2222.8 22k ace ee 

Red iclover Seed. By Adrian J. Pieters, Assistant in Char ge of Pure-Seed 
Investigations. Pp. 5, figs 2. Circular No. 24. March, Gi) cust ee ee 

Inventory No. 6. Foreign Seeds and Plants Collected in Austria, Italy, 
and Egypt by the Hon. Barbour Lathrop and Mr. David G. Fairchild 
for the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction. Pp. 15. March, 1900_ 

The Germination of Seeds as Affected by Certain Chemical Fertilizers. 
By Gilbert H. Hicks. Pp. 15, pls. 2. Bulletin No. 24. April, 1900. 
[PRI Cet Ce Mls ee ee ot Se ape 

The Seed of Beardless Brome Grass. By A. iP ‘Pieters, in Charge of Pure- 
Seed Investigations. Pp. 5, fig. 1. Circular No. 25. April, 1900.___- 

Egyptian Cotton in the United States. By Lyster H. Dewey, Assistant 
iBotanist. 2 Pp: 9. Ciccalar No..co. April. /1900° — =. 28 ss 

Thirty Poisonous Plants of the United States. By V. K. Chesnut, Assist- 
ant Botanist, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Pp. 82, figs. 24. 
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 86. (Reprint. ) April. 1900_ 

The Farmers’ Interest in Good Seed. By A.. J. Pieters, in Char ge eof Pure- 
Seed Investigations, Division of Botany. Pp. 24, figs. 7. Farmers’ 
Bulletin No. 11. April, TOYO Oeste AN OL ei et wr tl A gana gl Ae 

Notes on Useful Plants of Mexico. By J. N. Rose. (Reprinted from 
Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium, Vol. V, No. 4,issued 
October, 1899.) Pp. iv, 209-259, vii, pls. 30, figs. 2. April, 1900_-__-- 

Hop Culture in California. By Daniel Flint. Pp. 28, figs. 2. Farmers’ 
Bulletin No. 115. May, 1900- oie a SS I ace Si hai ine rip pe ae 

Wild Garlic. By Lyster H. Dewey. Assistant Botanist. Ep. 8, figs. 3 
Circular No. 9. Revised edition. June, 1900_- te 5 ae 

Canada Thistle. By Lyster H. Pore a Assistant Botanist. Ep. 14, figs. 
4, Circular No. 27. June, 1900_- : sel 


DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. 


Foods and Food Adulterants. Investigations made under direction of 
H. W. Wiley, Chief Chemist, with the collaboration of K. P. McElroy, 
Wer Ho Keres tC: Trescot, W. D. Bigelow, and others. Cereals and 
Cereal Products. Pp. vii, 1169-1374, pls. 7, figs. 4. Bulletin No. 13, 
Part 9. (Reprint.) July, 1899. Price, 15 cents _ 

Methods of Analysis adopted by the Association of Official | Agr icultural 
Chemists, November 11, 12, and 14,1899. Edited by Harvey W. Wiley, 
Secretary. Pp. 86, figs. 4. Bulletin No. 46. Revised edition. (Reprint. ) 
August, 1899. Price, 10 cents_- Sr ee TNS 2 ee oe SS ee 

Reprint, October, 1899 


141 


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Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Convention of the Association of 
Official Agricultural Chemists, held at Washington, D. C., November 
11, 12, and 14, 1898. Edited by Harvey W. Wiley, Secretary of the 
Association. Pp. 140. Bulletin No. 56. (Reprint.) October, 1899, 
Price, 10 cents_- 

The Sugar Beet: ‘Culture, Seed Development, } “Manufacture, and Statis- 
tics. “By H. W. Wiley, Chief of the Division of Chemistry and formerly 
Director of the Department Sugar Beet Experiment Station in Nebraska. 
Pp. 48, figs. 24. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 52. Revised edition. aes ) 
November, 1899.) 2s. o-oo wi me spite ee bt 7 os ee eee ee 

Reprint, April, 1900 - Sapte 

Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Convention of the Association of 
Official ‘Agricultural Chemists, held at San Francisco, Cal., July 5, 
and 7,1899. Edited by Harvey W. Wiley, Secretary of the eee 
Pp. 130. Bulletin No. 57. January, 1900. Price, 10 cents . : 

Report of the Chemist for 1899. By H. W. Wiley. Pp. ili, 25- 5-42, from 
the Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1899. January, 1900. 


DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, 


The Honey, Bee: A Manual of Instruction in Apiculture. By Frank Ben- 
ton, M.8., Assistant Entomologist. Pp. 118, pls. 11, figs. 76. Bulletin 
No. cane series, third edition. (Reprint.) July,1899. Price, 15cents_ 

Insects Affecting Domestic Animals: An Account of the Species of, Impor- 
tance in North America, with Mention of Related Forms Occurring on 
Other Anima!s. Prepared under the Direction of the Entomologist, by 
Herbert Osborn, Professor of Zoology and Entomology, lowa Agricul- 
tural College, Ames, Iowa. Pp. 302, pls. 5, figs. 170. Bulletin No. 5, 
new series. (Reprint. ) August, 1899. Price, 20 cents._____ fee 2 

The Hop ee Louse and the Remedies tc be Used Against it. Pp. iG 
pl. 1, figs. 5. Cireular No. 2, second series. (Reprint.) August, 1899_ 

The Peach (erie Beret An Important Enemy ‘of Stone Fruits. By Ci 
Marlatt, M.S., First Assistant Entomologist. Pp. 16, figs. 5. Farm- 
ers’ Bulletin No. 80. (Reprint. ) September, ite) S soe Ses: 

Insect Enemies of the White Pine. By F. H. Chittenden, Division of 
Entomology. Pp. 55-61, figs. 10, from Bulletin No. 22, Division of For- 
estry. October, SOO ei Sees Seay ela 2 a ee eee 

Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Association of Eco- 
nomic Entomologists. Pp. 111, figs. 4. Bulletin No. 20, new series. 
November. 1899. Price,10 cents. ____- SU ARE tne = 

The Principal Insect Enemies of the Grape. “By C. L. Marlatt. M. ar 
First Assistant Entomologist. (Reprinted from original plates from 
the Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture for 
1895.) Pp. 23, figs.12. Farmers’ Bulletin No.70. (Reprint.) Novem- 
DOT ROG Ore a eo ak hah ee tea ety aes ee ene dg a ee 

The Laisser-Faire Philosophy Applied to the Insect Problem. By Cute 
Marlatt. Presidential Address Delivered Before the Eleventh Annual 
Meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists, Columbus, 
Ohio. August 18,1899. Reprinted from Bulletin No. 20. new series. 
Pp. 5-19. ‘December, 1899 _ seas 

Preliminary Report on the Insect Enemies of Forests in the Northwest. 
An Account of the Results Gained from a Reconnoissance Trip made 
in the Spring and Early Summer of 1899. Prepared under the direction 
of the Entomologist, by A. D. Hopkins, Ph. D., Vice-Director and Ento- 
mologist of West Virginia Agricultural JEEperment Station. Pp. 27. 
Bulletin No. 21, new series. December, 1899. - Price, 5 cents_-_ 

Report of the Entomologist for 1899. By L. O. Howard. Pp. iii, 25-42, 
from Report of Secr etary of Agriculture for 1899. January, 1900.____- 

Bee Keeping. By Frank Benton, M.S., Assistant Entomologist. Pp. 32, 
figs. 19. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 59. (Reprint.) February, 1900.__._. 

Some Miscellaneous Results of the Wor " of the Division of Entomology— 
IV. Prepared under the Direction of L. O. Howard, Entomologist. 
Pp. 109, figs. 28. Bulletin No. 22. new series. February, 1 1900. Price, 
LOL Cents eee Wess eet ect Sere es cn hee ee 

How to Distinguish the Different t Mosquitoes of North America. By LO: 
Howard, Entomologist. Pp. 7, figs. 3. Circular No. 40, second series. 
March, 1900 SSeS co cto S45 SSeS bee oases aoe E 


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The Two Most Abundant Pulvinarias on Maple. By L.O. Howard. Ento- 
mologist. Pp. 7-23, figs. 17, reprint from Bulletin No. 22, Division of 
Entomology. March, 1900_ 6 set Be OD Be, 

The Insects to Which the Name ‘ ‘Kissing Bug” ’ Became Applied During 
the Summer of 1899. By 15) Howard, Entomologist. Pp. 24-30, figs. 
7, reprint from Bulletin 22, new series, Division of Se March, 
OQQE E eee e Us SIF 

Insect Control in Riverside, California. By Felix G. Havens. Pp. 83-88, 
reprint from Bulletin 22, new series, Division of Entomology. March, 

The Hessian Fly. "By C. L. Marlatt, First Assistant Entomologist. Pp. 4. 
Circular No. 12, second series. Revised edition. April, 1900.._.._.._- 

Some Insects Injurious to Stored Grain. By F. H. Chittenden, Assistant 
Entomologist. Pp. 24, figs.18. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 45. Revised edi- 
LOM Meee CLV Ltn ieee DEA el OU Qian em ee es ee See eee 

Some Insects Injurious to Garden Crops. A series of Articles Dealing 
with Insects of ThisClass. Prepared under the direction of the Ento- 
mologist, by F. H. Chittenden, Assistant Entomologist. Pp. 92, figs. 23. 
Bulletin 23. new series. May, 1900. Price, 10 cents. ‘fe 

Important Insecticides: Directions for Their Preparation and Use. By 
C. L. Marlatt, M.S., First Assistant Entomologist. Pp. 32, figs.2. Far- 
mers’ Bulletin No. 19. Fourth revised edition. (Reprint. ) es 1900_ 

Contributions Toward a Monograph of the American Aleuroidz. By 
A.L. Quaintance, M.S. , Biologist and Horticulturist of the Georgia Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, Experiment. Ga. The Red Spiders of the 
United States (Tetranychus and Stigmzeus). By Nathan Banks. M.S%., 
Assistant, Division of Entomology, PWS: Department of Agriculture. 
Prepared under the direction of “the Entomologist. Pp. 79, ls. 8, figs. 
16. Bulletin No. 8, technical series. Sune, 1900. Price, 10 cents..__.. 

Insects Affecting the Cotton Plant. By L. O. Howard, Ph. D. , Entomolo- 
gist. (Reprinted, with revision by the ener from Bulletin 33, Office 
of Experiment Stations.) Pp. 32, figs. 18. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 47. 
(Reprints) poumes (900 eases ee ee ee 

Three Insect Enemies of Shade Trees. By L. O. Howard, ‘Entomologist. 
(Reprinted, with some annotations by the author, from the Yearbook 
of the Department of Agriculture for 1895.) Pp. 30, figs. 11. Farmers’ 
BulletimeNon99: = cCReprinta esd une: l900RS 2.2 2s eS Sie ease 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 


Experiment Station Record (a condensed record of the contents of the 
bu letins and reports issued by the agricultural experiment stations of 
the United States, and also a brief review of agricultural science of the 
world). Price, 10 cents each. 

ViolSexceeNiog dence avan 1005 eAmoust: 18995 a22 seek aes eeee cee 
Vol. XI, No. 2. Pp. vii, 101-200. October, NESS) 
Vol. XI, No. 3. Pp. vii, 201-300. December, 1899 .._._....--------- 
Volexe Nos 12s Pps xvis 01-1208.) December, 1899" ° = 22242 2222s 
Vol. XI, No. 4... Pp. vii, 301-400, fig. 1. January, 1900 

: Ho.) paw, 401-500.) hebruary,, 1900.) 22225 -: 
Volk Mi oNos6,.- Pp: v5 501-6005 fies (os Mareh, 190002 25.0 2.2. 2.2-22 

7. Pp. v, 601-700. March, 1900 


| 8. Pp. v, 701-800. April, 1900 
Voleexi Noose se penva 1 SOL-JO0R ume 1900). ease bite 2 eee) 
Vol. XI, No. 10. Pp. vi, 901-1000. Jume, 1900..__....__. 
Description of a New Respiration Calorimeter and Experiments on the 
Conservation of Energy in the Human Body. By W. O. Atwater, 
Ph. D., Professor of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, and E. B. Rosa, 
Ph. D., Professor of Physics, Wesleyan Sey. pees’ 94, So 8, figs. 
12. Bulletin No. 33. July, 1899. Price, 10 cents - 
Reprint, April, 1900 _____- RPI Lev NA 
Some Results of Dietary Studies in the United States. ‘By A. P. Bryant, 
of the Office of Een Stations. Pp. ii, 439-452, from Yearbook 
for 1898) July, 1899). - eo 
Reprint, February, 1900 a) ER ee Se Ce a es 
Selection and Its Effect on Cultivated Plants. By Henry de Vilmorin. 


Pp. 19, from Experiment Station Record, Vol. XI, No. 1. August, 
1899 


143 


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Studies on Bread and Bread Making. By Harry Snyder, B.S., and L. A. 
Voorhees, M. A. Pp. 51, pis: 2, figs. 3. Bulletin No. 67, September, 
1899. Price, 10 cents. __- cae, as Sneek ee es a 

Experiment Station Work— les Pp. 32, figs. 7 . Farmers’ Bulletin No. 65. 
(Reprint) Septemiber 1899 0- eene ee e 

Experiment Station Work—Illl. | ‘Prepared in the Office of Experiment 
Stations, Pp. 32. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 69. (Reprint.) September, 
LEGGE ee eee peas 

Experiment Station Work—Vi. Prepared in the Office of. Experiment 
Stations. Pp. 28, figs. 2. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 79. (Reprint.) Sep- 
tember, 1899 .- Eee ee ete as te ey eee ee ee 

Exper iment Station Work—VHI. ‘Prepared in the Office of Experiment 
Stations. Pp. 82, figs. 6. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 87. (Reprint.) Sep- 
Lite} 00 01S) eel Ros) ames male ee ney ged tess ee ee 

Experiment Station Work— Die ‘Prepared, in the Office of Experiment 
Stations. A.C, True, Director. Pp.32,figs.5. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 
103. September, {890s -s e  o ae aC 

Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Convention ot the As:ociation of 
American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, held at Wash- 
ington, D. G., November 15-17, 1898. Edited by A. C. 'True and W. H. 
Beal, for the Office of Experiment Stations, and H. H. Goodell, for the 
Executive Committee of the Association. Pp. 138. Bulletin No. 65. 
(Reprirt.) Octoler,1899. Price, 10 cents.______- 

Experiments on the Metabolism of Matter and Energy in the Human Body. 
By W. O. Atwater, Ph. D., and F. G. Benedict, Ph. D., with the coop- 
eration of A. W. Smith, M. SsandeAcgr: Bryant, MS, Ppiii2> Bul- 
letin No. 69. October, 1899. Price, DO SCOMUS 5 2o 5 5.5 RES Sea ene 

Water-Right Problems of Bear River. By Cl arence T. Johnson and 
Joseph A. Breckons. Pp. 40, pls. 9. Bulletin No. 70. October, 1899. 
IP TICey LONCOMbS Se oy = Res em ee et ee a rere een ee eee ne ae a ne 

Reprint, Decemiber-alB oO eee hee ok ee ee a 

Fourth Report of Committee on Methods of Teaching Agriculture. Pp. 7. 
CircularsNoeelsOctober (009s eee 

A Report to Congress on Agriculture i in Alaska, including Repurts by Wal- 
ter H. Evans. Benton Killen, and Sheldon Jackson. Prepared under the 
supervision of A. C. True, Director of the Office of Experiment Sta- 
tions. Pp. 36, pls. 23. Bulletin No. 48. (Reprint.) November, 1899. 
Price, MO ICONS See eae sare is ee 

A Description of Some Chinese V egetable Food Materials and Their Nuiri- 
tive and Economic Vaue. By Walter C. Blasdale, Profes or in Chem- 
istry, University of California. ay 48, pls.8. Bulletin No. 68. Novem- 
ber; [8995 “Price, d0\cents 12. 252 te) 2 ee ee eee 

Food Nutrients—Food Economy. By A. C. True, Director. Pp. 6, dia- 
grams 2. Circular No. 43. November, 1899 .____- 

Sweet Potatoes: Culiure and Uses. By Je E Duggar, of the Office of 
Experiment Stations. Pp. 30, figs. 4. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 26. (Re- 
print.) November, 1899 _ SSeS Cn, Ee We Sane ee eae 

Cotton Seed and Its Products. Prepared in the Office of Experiment Sta- 
tions. Pp.16. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 36, (Reprint.) November, 1899_ 

Kafir Corn: Characteristics, Culture.and Uses. By C. C. Georgeson, Pro- 
fessor of Agriculture in Kansas State Agricultural College. Pp. 12, fig. 
1. Farmers’ Bulletin No.37. (Reprint.) November, 1899 7 

Commercial Fertilizers: Composition and Use. By Edward 8B. V oorhees, 
M. A.. Director of the New Jersey Agricultural Exper:ment Stations 
and Professor of Agriculture in Rutgers College. Under the Super- 
vision of the Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. 24. Farmers’ Bulietin 
Nor44 (Reprints) eNowenbergl8 99) see eee ee ee ae ce 

(Reprints) (April; S00 Be 2 ey eee eee 

The Manuring of Cotton. Ap ndenees from an article by H. C. White, 
Ph. D., in Bulletin No. 33, of the Office of Experiment Stations.) Pp. 
16. Parmer’ Pullen Ne4e: (Reprint.) November, 18)9 ___ ____. 

Experiment Station Work—I. Prepared in the Office of Experiment Sta- 
tions. Pp. 31,figs.10. Farmers’ Bulletin No.56. (Reprint.) Novem- 
ber; 1800-222 4, Bea oe wt eee Oe eye | oe 

Milk as Food. "Prepared in the Office of ee Stations. Pp. 39, 
charts 2. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 74. (Reprint.) November, 1899___- 


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Experiment Station Work—V. Prepared in the Office of Experiment 
Stations. Pp. 32,figs2. Farmers’ Bulletin No.78. (Reprint.) Novem- 
OEE THO 2 Bee ee eae Rego Ee RN re ieee eta RN EONS 2) Bleed Pee 

Experiment Station Work—VII. “Prepared in the Office of Experiment 
Stations. Pp.32,figs.8. Farmers’ Bulletin No.84. (Reprint.) Novem- 
Der, l8oO sa) = BY PAY Es ye eee Pee eee ee 

Experiment Station Work—XII. ‘Prepared in the Office of Experiment 
Stations, A. C. True, Director. Pp. 32, figs. 4. Farmers’ Bulletin 
No. 105. November, 1899... _.... _-...-._.. ow anes. @: 

Dietary Studies at the University of Tennessee in 1895. ‘By Chas. E. 
Wait, Ph. D., F. C.S., Professor of Chemistry. University of Tennes- 
see. With Comments by W.O. Atwater and Chas. D. Woods. Pp. 45. 
(Reprint.) Bulletin No. 29. December, 1899. Price,5cents _______.. 

Dietary Studies at the University of Missouri in 1895 and Data Relating 
to Bread and Meat Consumption in Missouri. By H. B. Gibson, 8S. 
Calvert, and D. W. May. University of Missouri. With Comments by 
W. O. Atwater wd Chas. D. Woods. Pp. 24. Bulletin No. 381. 
(Reprint.) December, 1899. Price. 5 cents .__. 

Food and Nutrition Investigations in New Jersey in 1895 and 1896. “By 
Edward B. Voorhees, A. M., Director New Jersey Agricultural Experi- 
ment pretione and Professor of Agriculture, Rutgers College. New Bruns- 
wick, J- Ep. 40: (Reprint. ) Bulletin No. 35. December, 1899. 
Price, sree ene 3p ee eee Epes AL ira GS eae 

Dietary Studies in New Mexico in 1895. ‘By Arthur Gross, M. Sie Profes- 
sor of Chemistry. New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic 
Arts. Pp. 23. Bulletin No. 40. (Reprint. ) December, 1899. Price, 5 
cents - 

Farmers’ Reading Courses. ByL. H. Bailey, M. S.. Professor of Horticul- 
ture, Cornell University. Pp. 36. Bulletin No. 72. December, 1899. 
Price. 5 cents —___- Se A Sa OY ate ee 

A German Common School, with a Garden, ‘By C. B. Smith. of the 
Office of Pees Stations. ae Rey 2. Circular No. 42. Decem- 


Jersey Agricultural Snlione and Pr otessor of ‘Agriculture, Bateers Col- 

lege, New Brunswick, N. J. Pp. 28. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 76. ee. 

punt), -Dacembers (899-22 peak Re de ps Reaper RL oe 
Reprint, March, 1900__ Aral: 

Corn Culture in the South. By Ss. M. “Tracy, M.S. "Pp. 24. Farmers’ 
Bulletin No. 81. (Reprint.) December, 1899. 4 

Fish as Food. By C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., Office of ‘Experiment Sta- 
tions. Pp.30. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 85. (Reprint. ) December, 1899- 

Dietary Studies of Negroes in Eastern Virginia in 1897 and 1898, By 
H. B. Frissell, D. D., “Principal of the Hampton Normal and Agricul- 
tural Institute. and Isabel Bevier, Professor of Chemistry at Lake Erie 
College. Pp. 45.pls. 3. Bulletin No. 71, Office of Experiment Stations. 
January, 1900. Brive 5 cents_ 

Fowls: Care and feeding. By G. ‘C. Watson, B. “Agr., M, S., ‘Professor 
of Agriculture in. Pennsylvan: a State College and ‘Agr iculturist of the 
Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. Pp. 24, figs.4. Farm- 
ers’ Bulletin No. 41. engages, January, 1900 

Reprint, April, 1900 ___- 

Experiment Station Work—IX. -Prepar ed in the Office of Experiment 
Stations. Pp.30. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 92. (Reprint.) January, 1900 

Experiment Station Work—XIII. Prepared in the Office of Experiment 
Stations. A. C. True, Director. abs 32, figs. 3. Farmers’ Bulletin 
No. 107. January, LAOOR ces coe Seles te. SRO ee Matty Ae ae ARR 

Reprint cinne, Louse yd sy RR A gee alee SP A 

Report of the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations for 1899. Pp. 
ili, 119-153, from the Report of the os of Agriculture for 1899. 
January, 190002 an 

Irrigation in the Rocky Mountain States. By J.C. Ulrich. “Pp. 64, pls. 
10. Bulletin No. 73. February.1900. Price, 10 cents__ 3 

Onion Culture. By R. L. Watts. B. Agr., Instructor in Horticulture at 
the University of Tennessee and Hort tic ulturist of the Tennessee Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station. Pp. 31, figs. 3. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 
39. (Reprint.) February 14, 1900 


AGR 1900 10 


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146 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Sheep Feeding. By John A. Craig, Professor of Animal Husbandry in the 
University of Wisconsin, under the supervision of the Office of Experi- 
ment Staticns. Pp. 24. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 49. (Reprint.) Feb- 
ruary, 190022252: 

Experiment Station Work—X. | “Prepared i in the Office of Experiment Sta- 
tions. Pp. 23, figs. 5. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 97. (Reprint.) Febru- 
ary. 1900.2 22 Seth Sa Bre Se ote ool ee eee eee 

Farmers’ Reading Courses. Abridgment of Bulletin No. 72, Office of Ex- 
periment Stations, by L. H. Bailey. Pp.20. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 109. 
February, 1900 - Dee ae PS ee ae ee eee eee 

The Feeding of Farm Animals. By EW. ‘Allen, “Ph. De ‘Assistant 
Director of the Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. 32. Farmers’ Bul- 
letin| No. 22. (Reprints) > March 9 00 eee eee ee eee 

Foods: Nutritive Value and Cost. By W. O. Atwater, Ph. D., Professor 
in Wesleyan University. Pp. 32, figs. 2. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 23. 
(Reprint. ) March, 1900_. meee et 

Artificial Changes of Physical Properties of Soils. ~ By Ewald Wollny, 
Phy Ds Professor in the Technical High School at Munich, Pp. iii, 
604-612, reprinted from Experiment Station Record, Vol. XI, No. 7. 
March di9Q0 S22 i Stotee F eee ne bel rae ee eae ee ee ee 

List of Publications of the Office of Experiment Stations on the Food and 
Nutrition of Man. Pp. 6. No. 238. Revised. March, 1900 - 

Methods and Results of Investigations on the Chemistry and Economy of 
Food. By W. O. Atwater, Ph. D., Professor of Chemistry in Wesleyan 
University, Director of the Storrs ( ‘Conn. ) Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
tion, and Special Agent of the United States Department of Agriculture. 
Pp. 222. Bulletin No. 21. (Reprint.) April, 1900. Price, 15 cents - 

Or ganization Lists of the Mencuiteral Colleges and Experiment Stations 
in the United States, with a List of Agricultural Experiment Stations 
in Foreign Countries. Ppl ie Bulletin No. 74. April, 1900. Price, 
TOkGentsid. 52k Pa de ee er Pees 5 BAe Salen eee eee 

Dietary Studies of University Boat Crews. By W. O. Atwater and A. P. 
Bryant. Pp. 72. Bulletin No. 75. April, 1900. Price,5 cents_-_. __- 

Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the Association of 
American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations held at San 
Francisco, Cal., July 5-7, 1899. Edited by A. C. True and W. H. Beal, 
for the Office of Experiment Stations, and H. H. Goodell, for the Execu- 
tive Committee of the Association. Pp. 112. Bulletin No. 76. April, 
1900; .Price:WO:centsS 2252 as Bee Ss ee ee ee ee ae eee 

Statistics of the Land-Grant ‘Colleges ‘and Agr icultural Experiment Sta- 
tions in the United States for the Year Ended June 30, 1899. Pp. 389. 
BulletinjNoy 78>" April; 19005 sPriceyoicentS sees see ee 

Peanuts: Culture and Uses. By R. B. Handy, of the Office of Experiment 
Stations. Pp. 24, fig.1. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 25. (Reprint.) April, 
TOO Rete OR Cas eee Eee Bee ee ie 

Souring of Milk and Other Changes in Milk Products. Prepared in the 
Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. 23. (Reprint.) Farmers’ Bulletin 
NiO BO Aral WOOO eh. . Lesh ied) 9S) Sey es Se oe eee 

Potato Culture. By J. F. Duggar, ‘of the Office of Experiment Stations. 
Pp. 24, figs. 2. Farmers’ Bulietin No. 35. (Reprint.) April, 1900 - 

Sugar as Food. By Mary Hinman Abel. Prepared under the Supervi- 
sion of the Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. 27. Farmers’ Bulletin 
No. 98. (Reprint.) April, 1900 __ -_-. ES LOT i Le 

Bread and the Principles of Bread Making. “By Helen W. Atwater. Pre- 
pared under the Supervision of the Office of Experiment Stations. A.C. 
True, Director. Pp. 39, figs.3. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 112. April, 1900- 

Experiment Station Work—XIV. Prepared in the Office of Experiment 
Stations. A. C. True, Director. Pp. 28. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 114. 
April S008 Bee UB 5280S. ists b yk ee oe EO eee 

Annual Address of the President of the Association of American Agr icul- 
tural Collegesand Experiment Stations, 1899. By H. P. Armsby, Ph. DE 
Director of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station. Pp. 21-28. (Re- 
printed from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of 
the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Sta- 
tions. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Dapeaee Stations, 
Bulletin 76H) eApmril O00 hee ae sa 52 ec. cee eee aE rs 2 ek 


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DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 


Memorial Address on Hon. Justin S. Morrill. By M. H. Buckham, D. D., 
President cof the University of Vermont. Pp. 30-36. (Reprinted from 
the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the Association 
of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. U.S. De- 
partment of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin 76.) 
April, 1900 - ae aE Oe eet Fe. 18S A PE eae eyeeese 

Agricultural Education—Practical and Scientific. By W. M. Liggett, 
Dean of the College of Agriculture of the University oa Minnesota. Pp. 
48-52. (Reprinted from the Pr oceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Con- 
vention of the Association of American = sue be Colleges and Ex- 
periment Stations. U.S Department of Agriculture, Office of poets 

ment Stations, Bulletin 76.) April, 1800 -._-_~.._- z 

Methods of Seed Testing and Their Relation to the Farm and Garden. By 
A.J. Pieters, Division of Botany. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Pp. 
55-59. (Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Thir teenth Annual Con- 
vention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and 
Experiment Stations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experi: 
ment Stations. Builetin 76.) April, 1900_- 

The Principles Underlying the Formation ofan A ericultur al Course in 
the South. By C. E. Coates, A ioyepal ol ove Db Professor of Chemistry, Loui- 
siana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Co'lege. - Pp. 
59-64. (Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Con- 
vention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Ex- 
periment Stations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experi- 
MeniOLAblOns bulletin nos). eArIls W900 9952 6/29 2.r eS, see es 

The Inspection of Nursery Stock and Orchards. ‘By. Alexander Craw, 
Quarantine Officer of the California State Board of Horticulture. Pp. 
87-90. (Reprinted irom the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Con- 
vention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Ex- 
periment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 76. ) 
Aprils 1900) ck =: 

Making a Garden Herbarium and Its Uses. By abe Selby, B.S., Botan- 
ist, Ohio Experiment Station. The Making of a Horticultural Herbar- 
ium. By J. Burtt-Davy. Assistant Botanist, California Experiment Sta- 
tion. Laboratory Work for Winter Instruction in Horticulture. By 
E. 8. Goff, Horticulturist, Wisconsin Experiment Station. Pp. 92-96. 
(Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention 
of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment 
Stations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Sta- 
fons balletin 765) e-Aprile US OO l moe. eo Sea et 

The Practical Importance of Industrials. By W. F. Gilkison, B. ice ‘Pro- 
fessor of Mechanics, University of Wyoming. Pp. 96-98. (Reprinted 
from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the Asso- 
ciation of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. 
U.S. Department of Agritulture, Office of Experiment Stations, Bulle- 
(allay FANS) PANY aia ROARS NU Neo ane 3 ok Salil Pe A Pieet Eee DE aE let aera dete Seas am a a mye 

The Electrical Engineering Laboratory in Its Relations to Local Engi- 
neering Work. By C. L. Cory, M. M. E., Associate Professor of Elec- 
trical Engineering, University of California. Pp..99-103. (Reprinted 
from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the Asso- 
ciation of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. 
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations, Bulle- 
tin 76.) April, 1900. ee ee 

Some Objections to Early Differentiation of Engineering “Courses. “By 
J.C. Nagle, C. E., Professor of Civil Engineering and Physics, State 
Agricuituraland Mechanical Collegeof Texas. Pp. 106-109. (Reprinted 
from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the Asso- 
ciation of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. 
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations, Bulle- 
tin 76:)) “Aprils 1900" = Eien ON Ds dite SN ulead he 

The Digestibility of Americ an ‘Feeding ‘Stuffs. By Whitman H. Jordan, 
Director, and Frank H. Hall, Librarian, New ete Re chy Experi- 
ment Station, Geneva. Pp. 100. Bulletin No. 7 May, 1900. Price, 
OFCOM CS seers en ere Mion Sanat eee Pena ee eves A oe See 

Farmers’ Institutes: History and Status in the United States and Canada. 
By L. H. Bailey, M. 8., Professor of Horticulture, Cornell University. 
Pp. 34. Bulletin No. 7 9, May, 1900. Price, 10 cents 


a 


147 


Copies. 


100 


100 


1, 000 


100 


100 


200 


100 


100 


148 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Copies. 
Meats: Composition and Cooking. By Chas. D. Woods, Office of Experi- ‘ 
ment Stations. Pp. 29, figs. 4. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 34. (Reprint.) 
May, 1900 _ 20, 000 
Irrigation in Fruit Growing. “By E. J. Wickson, M. “A., Professor of 
Agricultural Practice. University of California. and Horticulturist of 
the California Experiment Station. Pp. 48, figs. 8. Farmers’ Bulletin 
WO TS, “Wiley IG) 2 os Le eee 3305000 
The Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States. By ALG! 
Trueand V. A. Clark. The Paris Exposition, 1900. Prepared to accom- 
pany the Experiment Station Exhibit. Contributed to by the Associa- 
tion of American Agricultural Collegesand Experiment Stations. Cloth. 
Pp. 636, pls. 153. Bulletin No. 80. June, 1900. Price, $1.25 _.___.__. 1, 000 
The Use of Water in Irrigation in Wyoming and its Relation to the Own- 
ership and Distribution of the Natural Supply. By B.C. Buffum, M.S., 
Professor of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Wyoming, and 
Vice-Director of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. Pp. 56, 
pls. 8) BulletmiNorsit, June. 1900. Price 0icentsss=-=) asses 6, 000 
Third Report of Committee on Methods of Teaching Agriculture. By 
J. H. Connell,_A. C. True, T. F. Hunt, H. T. French, and H. H. Wing. 
Committee. Pp. 7. Circular No. 39. (Reprint.) June, 1900______- 3, 000 
Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States. By A. C. True, 
Director, Office of Experiment Stations. Pp.8. Circular No. 44. June. 
1900 - SI Ay cee ee Ey en ea te eee 8 eeu oes | BLUM) 
Silos and Silage. ‘Charles S. Plumb, B. S., Professor of Animal Industry 
and Dairying i in Purdue University and Director of the Indiana Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station. Pp. 32, figs. 10. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 
32. (Reprint.) June, 1900____- 10, 000 
The Liming of Soils. By H. J. Wheeler, Ph. D., Chemist of the Rhode 
Island Agricultural Experiment Station. Pp. 20. Farmers’ Bulletin 
INOsie (Reprint. ) June, 1900- rts Z 10, 000 
Adaptation of Methods of Cultivation and Manuring to the ‘Physical 
Properties of Soils. By Ewald Wollny, Ph. D., Professor in the Tech- 
nical High School at Munich. Pp. 805-810. (Reprinted from Experi- 
Ment Stationsvecord | Viol Nels N Ono 5) eee eee ee eg eee 200 


SECTION OF FOREIGN MARKETS. 


Section of Foreign Markets. By Frank H. Hitchcock, Chief. Reprint 
from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture for 1897. Pp. iii, 270-278. 
(Reprint.) January, 1900_+_--_- 3, 000 
Report of the Chief of the Section of For eign Markets for 1899. By Frank 
H. Hitcheock. Pp. ili, 235-241, from Report of Secretary of Agriculture 
for 1899. January, Ne 2 bake See 3, 000 
Distribution of the Agricultural Exports ‘of the United States, 1894-1898. 
By Frank H. Hitchcock, Chief, Section of ee eae: Markets. Beek 153. 
Bulletin No. 16. February, 1900 erice. 0 centsae5-55== ae = 105000 
Reprint; June, 1900352 es Sake ee he oe eee ee 5, 000 
Our Trade with J: apan, China, and Hongkong, 1889-1899. By Frank H. 
Hitchcock, Chief, Section of Foreign Markets. Pp.168. Bulletin No. 18. 
Hebruary, Lo00h merice LlO0icentse ss. ee =se me ae eee 10, 000 
Reprints June 9005s 2 aoe oS) ebes oo Tak Ae le a ee ee 5, 000 
Sources of the Agricultural Imports of the United States, 1894-1898. By 
Frank H. Hitchcock, Chief, Section of Foreign Markets. Pp.118. Bul- 
letineNo 7 Maye 1900) Price, l0icents =) os seas ae ae ee 10, 000 
Reprint, June, 1900... .___. wUi 228 Se Se ee O00) 
Agricultural Imports and Exports, 1895-1899, By Frank H. Hitchcock, 
Chief, Section Foreign Markets. Pp. 16. Circular No. 22. May,1900. 35,000 
The World's Markets. for American Products. The German Empire. 


Pp. 91, pl.1. Bulletin No. 2. (Reprint.) June. 1900. Price,5 cents. 2.000 
The World’s Markets for American Products. Belgium. Pp. 90. Bul- 
letin Nov6.5)(Reprint.)) <June; 1900) Price,5 cents: =. 558s se4 eee 2, 000 


Trade of the Philippine Islands. By Frank H. Hitchcock, Chief. Section 
of Foreign Markets. Pp.160. Bulletin No. 14. ee June, 1900. 
Price, 10 cents). ____. Sakae gs see OOOO) 
Our Foreign Trade in Agricultural Products, 1890-1899. ‘By Frank H. 
Hitchcock. Chief, Section of Foreign Markets. Pp.62. Bulletin No. 19. 
June, 19003 MPricemoreentsees=. Ges ol ee ee ee 10, 000 


. DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 


Our Trade with Cuba from 1887 to 1897. By Frank H. Hitchcock, Chief, 
Section of Foreign Markets. Pp. 30. Circular No. 16. (Reprint.) 
ammestoO0Ws 2 =A ee: Sa ae oo eo ae Re DN Rin Ree Oe ate ae nds ee Rei 


DIVISION OF FORESTRY. 


Practical Assistance to Tree Pianters. By Gifford Pinchot, Forester. 
Pplieiece pe CirenlariNom22. 6 eAUeUst. (S992. 25-2 ese ee eee 
Reprint OChOuer sso omens ess 2.2.2 Je E ee 
RepriliiesNOwemibery | S0Onewe hott l0< 02 Ur) Seas ee eee ee 
A Primer of Forestry. Part I—The Forest. By Gifford Pinchot, Forester. 
Pp. 88, frontispiece. pls. 47, figs, 83, 12mo, cloth. Bulletin No, 24. 
mepucmilet. loud. /Priecerooreents).- _. 222s... == ee ea sense eee 
Notes: on the Forest Conditionof Porto Rico. By Robert T. Hill, Geologist, 
U.S. Geological Bugtod Pp. 48, frontispiece, pls. 8, figs. 9. Bulletin 
No. 55, Neniem ber S90ser hrc, | OreCeNtS.@ 2 = neh eo ee eee 
The White Pine (Pinus strobus Linneus). By V. M. Spalding, Professor 
of Botany in the University of Michigan. Revised and enlarged by 
B. E. Fernow, Chief of the Division of Forestry. With contributions: 
Insect Enemies of the White Pine, by F. H. Chittenden, Division of 
Entomology. The Wood of the White Pine, by Filibert Roth, Division 
of Forestry. Pp. 185, frontispiece, pls. 13, figs. 40. Cae Bulletin 
No. 22. October, 1899. Price, 40 cents _ .-_-..- 3 
Practical Forestry in the Adirondacks. By Henry S. Graves, “Superin- 
tendent of Working Pians. Pp. 85, pls. 22. Bulletin No. 26. Novem- 
ber, 1899. Price, 15 cents. SC ee ee Oe 
Report of the Forester for 1899. By ‘Gifford Pinchot. Pp. iii, 93-100, 
from Report of Secretary of Agricuiture for 1899. January, 190) 
Timber: An Elementary Discussion of the Characteristics and Properties 
of Wood. By Filibert Roth, Special Agent in Charge of Timber Physics. 
Under the direction of B. E. Fernow, Chief of the Division of Forestry. 
Pp. 88, figs. 49. Bulletin N>. 10. (Reprint.) April, 1900. Price, 10 
cents___- Soe Oe aie Rees Sees Ree ee a ee ee ee 
Practical Tree Planting in Operation. By J. W. Toumey, pS ees 
of Tree Planting. Pp. 2 7, pls. 4, figs. 2. Bulletin No. 27. June, 1900_ 


DIVISION OF EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS. 


Pruning of Trees and Other Plants. By William Saunders, Horticultur- 
ist. Pp. ii, 151-166, from Yearbook for 1898. (Reprint.) September, 
fe) yee Se 

Report of the Superintendent of Experimental Gardens and Grounds for 
1899. By William Saunders. Pp. iii, 91-92, from Report of Secre- 
tary of Agricuiture for 1899. J anuary, FO Ofgem See ee tele ste 


LIBRARY. 


Accessions ue the Department Library. April-June, 1899. Pp. 23. Bul- 
letin No. ‘ August, 18/9. Price,5 cents _- 

List of Dablcatoes Relating to Forestry in the ‘Department ‘Library. 
Prepared under the direction of the Librarian. Pp. 93. Bulletin No. 
24. (Reprint.) September, 1899. Price,15 cents_____ Fay gee 

Accessions to the Department Library. July -September, 1899. “Pp. 21. 
Bulletin No. 29. November, 1899. Price,5 cents_..__._._.-...-.------ 

Reprint, December, 1899_- Dh cok ee eS RIN A Rg gen 5 Oa CRS ee 

Report of the Librarian for 1899, By W. P. Cutter. Pp. iii, 213-214, 
from Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1899. January, 1900._ 

Accessions to the Department Library. October-December, 1899. Pp. 
24) spullennm: Novos “March; (9005 Price: > cents, 92 

Accessions to the Department Library. January-March, 1900. Pp. 25. 
BulletimvNonal. May.s(900s oP ricesa Gentsus 0 90a te 


DIVISION OF POMOLOGY. 


Revised Catalogue of Fruits Recommended for Cultivation in the Various 
Sections of the United States and the British Provinces by the American 
Pomological Society. Revised by a Committee of the Society. W. H. 
Hagan, chairman. Pp. 63, map. Bulletin No. 8. August, 1899. Price, 
5 cents 


149 


Copies. 
2, 000 
25, 000 


10, 000 
10, 000 


10. 000 


, 000 


Sil 


— 


. 000 


8, 000 


7, 000 


1.000 
13, 000 


150 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Report of the Pomologist for 1899. By G. B. Brackett. Pp. iii, 71-83, 
from Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1899. January, 1900. 
The Apple and How to Grow it. By G. B. Brackett, Pomologist. Pp. 22, 

hes: 10: Harmers: Bulletin Nos Wisse year Ch. 19()()\s ene 
Grape growing in the South. By S. M. Tracy, M. ef , formerly Director 

of the Mississippi Agricultural ear Station. aie 82, figs. 6. 

Farmers’ Bulietin No. 118. May, 1900. boo. See 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 


List of Bulletins and Circulars issued by the United States Department of 
Agricultureand Available for Free Distribution. Pp. 20,-No. 247, fourth 
edition. Corrected to July 1, 1899. August, 1899__ La coae 

Fifth edition. Corrected to April 1, 1900. April, G00: eee I 

Asparagus Culture. By R. B. Handy, Division of Publications. Pp. 40, 

figs.17. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 61. (Reprint.) November, 1899..__ . 
Reprint tence sete) OU) ven eee ee ee eae ee near 

Report of the Editor for 1899. By Geo. Wm. Hill. Pp. iii, 161-211, from 
Report of Secretary of Agriculture for 1899. January, 1900 

Suggestions to Southern Farmers. Prepared in the Division of Publica- 
tions. Pp. 48. (Reprint.) Farmers’ Bulletin No. 98. March, 1900_ 

Publications of the United States Department of Agriculture for sale by 
the Superintendent of Documents, Union Building, Washington, D.C. 
Corrected to Febr ad 1, 1900. Pp. 37, No. 179, sixth edition. March, 
LOOO Serer ee 2s ey ease 

The Vegetable Garden. ‘By Chas. H. Greathouse, A. M., Division of Pub- 
lications. Pp. 24, figs. 8. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 94. (Reprint.) April. 
SOO ee: Se ee ee 

Sheep, Hogs, and Horses in the Pacific Northwest. I. Sheep Husbandry, 
by James W ithycombe,. V.8S., Director of the Oregon Experiment Sta- 
tion; Ii. Hog-Raising, by Hiram T. French, M.S. Agriculturist of the 
Idaho Experiment Station; III. The Horse Industry, by 8. B. Nelson, 
D. V. M., Professor of Veterinary Science in the Washington Agricul- 
tural College. Pp. 28, figs. 2. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 117. May, 1900. 

Monthivslishot Publications yim ere! S99. me Espns ea see 

Monthly istioL Publications Jimliy. eS 99.8 sys eee ee ee eee 

Monthly: Listiof Publications; August; 18995 (Ppi 4s 28 see eee 

Monthly List of Publications, September, 1899. Pp. 4 

Monthly List of Publications, October, 1899. Pp. 4-......._..___.- 

Monthly List of Publications, November, 1899. Pp. 4 

Monthly List of Publications, December, 1899. Pp. 4 

Monthly List of Publications, January, 1900. Pp. 4 

Monthly List of Publications, February, 1900. Pp. 4 

Monthly Listot Publications) Manch: sl0005 a ibpy 4s es see eee 

Monthly fistiok Bublications: Avril 000g pe ips = ee ee 

Monthly lhistot Publications, May, 1900:) WPpi tee ee eee eee 


OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROAD INQUIRIES. 


Good Roads for Farmers. By Maurice O. Eldridge, Assistant Director, 
Office of Road Inquiry. 7: 47, figs. 8. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 95. 
@Reprint.) November, 1899s... saa cus Se da ee eee eee 

Reprint, March aG00 mi). Loses) PE ne Le Me gee ee 

Report of the Director of the Office of Public Road Inquiries for 1899. 
Pp. iii, 155-160, from Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1899. 
January. LON) Qin ene Bee Prey Sos OMe te ey 2 oe ep Re ae 

The Social, Commercial, and Economic Phases of the Road Subject. Pp. 
Sap Circular INoss43 April, 1900. sn. ee 

Methods of Constructing Macadamized Roads. Pp. 12. Circular No. 21. 
(Reprinita) pee MayaOU0re oie ae 22 oh ae eee Lt eR Hers 

State Aid to Road Building in Minnesota. By A.B. Choate. Pp. 12, figs. 
5. Circular No. 32. (Reprint.) May. 1900 ____-- E pe es 

Traffic of the Country Roads. Pp.4. Circular No. 19. (Reprint. ) June, 
1900 ot Sec Soe eee: See eS oS dae ol ok aie ese a ae ea 


Copies. 
300 
30, 000 


30, 000 


15, 000 
15, 000 


10, 000 
10, 000 


30, 000 
4, 000 
40, 000 
40, 000 
36, 000 
40, 000 
41,000 
45, 000 
55, 000 
50, 000 
52, 000 
60, 000 
55, 000 


20, 000 
25, 000 
500 

10, 000 
15, 000 
5, 000 
15, 000 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 


DIVISION OF SOILS. 


An Electrical Method of Determining the Moisture Content of Arable 
Soils. By Milton Whitney, Frank D. Gardner, and Lyman J. Briggs. 
Pp. 26, figs. 6, Bulletin No. 6. (Reprint.) September, 1899. Price, 5 cents 

An Electrical Method of Determining the Temperature of Soils. By Mil- 
ton Whitney and Lyman J. Briggs. Pp. 15, fig. 1. Bulletin No. 7. 
(Reprint.) September, 1899. Price, 5 cents ____- 

An Electrical Method of Determining the Soluble Salt Contents of ‘Soils, 
with Some Results of Investigations’ on the Effect of Water and Soluble 
Salts on the Electrical Resistance of Soils. By Milton Whitney and 
Thos. H. Means. Pp. 30, figs. 6. Bulletin No.8. (Reprint.) Septem- 
Sher 18994, (Price. .o cents. 2-25.22: 

Soil Moisture: A Record of the Amount of Water Contained in Soils Dur- 
ing the Crop Season of 1896. By Milton Whitney and Ralphs. Hosmer. 
Pp. 23, diagrams 12. Bulletin No. 9. (Reprint.) September, 1899. 
TICE ORCC ML sie eta Aaah a) See) dS ed eS 

The Mechanics of Soil Moisture, | ‘By Lyman ale Briggs, Physicist, Division 
of Soils. Pp. 24, figs.7. Bulletin No. 10. (Reprint.) September, 1899. 
GICOMDECCHLS te os teen eens ie fo Ue 3 eae ei Le er ee 

The Soils of the Pecos Valley, New Mexico. By Thos. H. Meansand Frank 
D. Gardner, Assistants, Division of Soils. Pp. 7. Cireular No. 3. 
Novem bormlS Oommen mse t= Ste Jel Nd er es ie eee ee: 

Reprint. March, 1900 _ tee 

Tobacco Soils. By Milton ‘Whitney, ‘Chief of Division of Soils. Pp. 23, 

fig. 1. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 83. (Reprint.) November, 1899 ____ 
Piepritine Ap cllaplOOO; teas 2A vei ses oe te See pa 

Tobacco Soils of the United States: A ‘Preliminary Report upon the Soils 
-of the Principal Tobacco Districts. By Milton Whitney, Chief of Divi- 
sion of Soils. Pp. 47, pls.13. BulletinNo.11. (Reprint.) Decémber, 
1899. Price, 10 eons are coe on i tS, 

Report of the Chief of the Division of Soils for 1899. Pp. iii, 101-111, from 
Report of Secretary of Agriculture for 1839. January, 1900 - i 

Catalogue of the First Four Thousand Samples in the Soil Collection of 
the Division of Soils. Pp. 145, Bulletin No. 16. February, 1900. Price, 
ROSCEMUS erties CMS 5 he oY ES a ae a eee CN Bm ee 

Farm Drainage. By C. G. Elliott, C. E., Member of the Society of Civil 
Engineers, Peoria, Ill. Pp. 24, figs.6. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 40. Feb- 
ruary, 1900 - : 

The Soils of Salt Lake Valley, ‘Utah. ‘By Frank D. Gardner, Assistant, 
Division of Soils, and John Stewart, Assistant Chemist, Utah Experi- 
ment Station. Pp. 11, fig. 1. Circular No. 4. March, Te ee 

Bulk Fermentation of Connecticut Tobacco. By Marcus L. Floyd, Tobacco 
Expert, Division of Soils. Pp. 10. Circular No.5 March, 1900 .___.. 

Alkali Lands. By Milton Whitney and Thomas H. Means. Pp. 23, fig. 1. 
(Reprint.) Farmers’ Bulletin No. 88. March, 1900......_._..-.. 

Instructions for Determining in the Field the Salt Content of Alkali Waters 
and sets: /ep-7, (Circular No: 6. .May, 19002002.) a ee 

Methods of Curing Tobacco. By Milton Whitney, Chief of Division of 
Soils. Pp.16. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 60. Revised edition. (Reprint.) 
Maya S00 tas os ee 


DIVISION OF STATISTICS. 


The Crop Reporter. Published by the United States Department of Agri- 
culture under the supervision of the Statistician. 

Vol. 1, No. Pp. 4. July, 1899 _ Eee ROSS eet eee 

Vol. 1, No. 


Pp. 4. August, Ti) Aine Aw 2 eis aie 


3) 

vo. 

4, 
Vol. 1; No. 5. Pp. 4 September, 1899. _____.. wi ee nls ae meee ae 
Moko (Wo: 6: SP pt October dau S59 ewe ee 
Nol eeN Gre pe a NOVEINNSETIGO0N- vere 6. ee ee 
VolsieNior S$... bpo4ie December. 18992 an es ee 
ial ieOs: Oates pea ee ae GUO tome oR se Ss 


Vol. 1, No. 10. Pp. 4. February, 1900 
Vol. 1, No. 11. Pp. 4. March, 1900 
Vol. 1, No. 12. Pp.4. April, 1900... 35 Se es 
Vol. 1, No. 12. Pp. 4. April, 1900. (Additional) - 
Viole23 Norm Pp es') Mays 1900ie sss 
Vol.<2) Nox 2c ai. oor elone Iara aye toes” - LY eee 
‘Crop Cireular for eh 1899, By John Ng Statistician. Pp. 8. July, 
1399's 3 


151 


Copies. 
800 


800 


800 


a 
S 
o& 
—) 


10, 000 
30, 000 


ae 


500 
300 


1, 000 


20, 000 


16, 000 
6, 000 
30, 000 
1, 000 


30, 000 


, 000 
2,000 
, 000 
, 000 
2,500 
52.000 
68, 000 
45, 000 
45,000 
52, 000 

2,509 


OW 


- 100,000 


65, 000 


192, 000 


se DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Crop Circular for August, 1899. ues John Hyde, Statistician. Pp. 4. 
August, 1899 - ae EI ee ee ee fo 
Crop Circular for September, 1899, “By John Hyde, Statistician. Pp. 8. 
September, 18998" a: hh eee On ee ee ee eee 
The Brazos River (Texas) Flood of June- -July. 1899, and Its Effects Upon 
Agriculture of ie Submerged Region. By E.S. Holmes, Jr.,of the Divi- 
sion of Statistics. Pp. 8. Circular No. 10. September, 1899 é 
Crop Circular for October, 1899. By John Hyde, Statistician. Pp. 4. Octo- 
ber 399 Ree ie: pS 
The World's Grain Crops in 1899. By John Hyde, Statistician. Pp. 8. 
Circular No. 11. Division of Statisties:, “October, 1899)_- = 2-5 
Crop Circular for November, 1899. By John Hyde, Statistician. ae 4, 
November; 1899) sce: ies oes ae ees or ee ee 
Reprint, November, 1899 . 
Report of the Statistician for 1899. ‘By John Hy de, Statistician. Pp. iii, 
263-266, from the Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1899. Jan- 
aye O00 ee 
The Cotton Crop of 1898- 99, By James L. Watkins, Division of Statistics. 
Pp.32. Miscellaneous series. Bulletin No.17. April, 1900. Price. 5 cents 
Crop Circular for April,1900. By John Hyde,Statistician. Pp.4. April,1900 
Statistical Matter Relating to Principal Crops and Farm Animals, Trans- 
portation Rates, etc., in the United States, 1899. Pp. 758-849. Reprint 
from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture for 1899. May, 1900____- 


DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY. 


Improvement of Plants by Selection. By Herbert J. Webber, Special 
Agent, Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology. Pp.11,355-376, 
pls. 2, figs. 3, from Yearbook for 1898. (Reprint. ) July, 1899 _ 

Cereal Rusts of the United States: A Physiological Investigation. By 
Mark Alfred Carleton, Assistant, Division of Vegetable Physiology and 
Pathology. Pp. 74, pls. 4, fig. 1. Bulletin No. 16. September, 1899. 
Price, 10 cents é ce abr s, he Cee Ce ee ee ae 

New Spraying Devices. By Ba Galloway, “Chief of Division. ae 4, 
figs. 3. (Reprint. ) Circular No. 17. September, 1899 - 

Wilt pee of Cotton, Watermelon, and Cowpea ue Neoe osmospora nov. 
gen. ). y Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist. Pp. 72, pls. 10. Bulletin 
No. Wie ie eee. 1899. Price. 15 cents ___. __ iets d do 

The Physiological Role of Mineral Nutrients. By ‘Oscar Loew, of the 
Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology. Pp. 60. Bulletin 
Nomis Januvaryalos LO00 veri Ces once tS ie = een a een ye ee 

Report of the Chief of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathol- 
ogy for 1899. By B.T.Galloway. Pp. iii, 71-83, from Report of Secre- 
tary of Agriculture for 1899. January, 1900 .—._... (2-3) 3 

The Black Rot of the Cabbage. By Erwin F. Smith, Division of V ege- 
table Physiology and Pathology. Pp. 22. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 68. 
(Reprint. ) March, 112X010 Re ees Sateen ehh tee Nena SM Meera eS Soh Sk 

Potato Diseases and Their Treatment. By B. T. Galloway, Chief of the 
Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology. Pp. 12, figs. 4. (Re- 
print. ) Farmers’ Bulletin No. 91. March, 1900 


Peach Growing for Market. By Erwin F. Smith, Division of Vegetable. 


Physiology and Pathology. Pp. 24, figs. 21. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 33. 
@Reprints)) earl 900 meses ass ee 

Spraying for Fruit Diseases. By B. T. Galloway, Chief of Division of 
Vegetable Physiology and Pathology. Pp.12,figs.6. Farmers’ Bulletin 
INO! ss: (Reprint.))) April 1900-2" 2 JA Sat ee eee 

How to Grow Mushrooms. By William Falconer. Under the Super- 
vision of the Division of Vezetable Physiology and Pathology. Pp. 20, 
figs. 14. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 53. (Reprint.) April, 1900 - 

Stigmonose: A Disease of Carnations and Other Pinks. By Albert F. 
Woods, Assistant Chief of Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathol- 
ogy. Pp.30, pls. 3, figs.5. Bulletin No.19. June,1900. Price,5 cents_ 


WEATHER BUREAU. 


Monthly Weather Review. (A summary, by months, of weather condi- 
tions throughout the United States, based upon reports of nearly 3.000 


regular and voluntary observers. Quarto size.) Price, 10 cents. 
Vol. XXVII, No. 5. May, 1899. Pp. 187-241, charts 8, pls. 6 ._--...-- 
Vol. XXVIL. No. 62" June; 1899" (Pp. 243-285, charts 922.522 ss 


Copies. 


--. 1965000 


196, 000 


9, 000 


- 196, 000 


58, 000 
180, 000 
4,000 
300 

40, 000 
190. 000 


25, 000 


3, 000 


3, 000 


1, 000 


4, 000 


2, 000 


300 


30, 000 


40, 000 


30, 000 


30, 000 


20, 000, 


6, 000) 


4, 000) 
4, 000. 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 


Monthly Weather Review—Continued. 
Vol. XXVII, No. 7. July, 1899. Pp. 287-341, pls. 3, charts 8_-----.- 
Vol. XXVII, No. 8 August, 1899. Pp. 343-393, pls. 2, charts 12 ___- 
Vol. XXVII, No. 9. September, 1899. Pp. 395-448, charts 11 __.__-- 
Vol. XXVII, No. 10. October.1899. Pp. 449-502, pl. 1, figs. 3, charts 9- 
Vol. XXVII, No. 11. November, 1899. Pp. 503-033, charts 9 _.--__-- 
Vol. XXVII, No. 12. December, 1899. Pp. 535-575, charts 10 --_-_-_- 
Vol. XXVII. No. 13. Summary for 1899. Pp. ix, 577-599, charts 4: . 
Vol. XXVIII, No. 1. January, 1900. Pp.-1-49, charts 10 _..+-..-_.- 
Vol. XXVIII, No. 2. February, 1900. Pp. 51-93, charts 11, pl. 1___- 


Vol. XXVIII, No. 3. March, 1900. Pp. 95-139, charts 10 -____..___- ; 


Vol. XX VIL, No. 4. April; 1900. “Pp: 141-191, charts. 92_-...2__2 25 
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes for June-July, 1899... -_-- 
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes for August, 1899 ....._---. __-- 
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes for Se; tember, 1899 _____ A Sie 
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes for October, 1899_._..__ .__. __-- 
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes for November, 1899 .__________- 
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes for December, 1899. ____. ..__. - 
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes for May. 1900 -----.-.... --_-- 
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes for June, 1900 _-_...-. .___ -_-- 
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes. Summary for 1899. Prepared 

under the supervision of Willis L. Moore, Chief U.S. Weather Bureau. 
By Alfred J. Henry and Norman B. Conger. Vol. II, No.9. Pp. 29, 
Chaniselowedamudaiy. MOO9e ue | Vents Wel ee ee ae ee ee 
Property Loss by Lightning, 1898. With Some General Directions as to 
the Erection of Lightning Rods. Extract from Bulletin No. 26. Pre- 
pared under the direction of Willis L. Moore, Chief U. S. Weather 
Bureau. By Alfred J. Henry and Alexander G. McAdie. Pp. 16. July, 
iBrazosiiver: blood: bulletins gba lep teltlliye SSO es eae seen ees eee 
Storm Bulletin No. 1, 1899. The West Indian Hurricane of August 7-14. 
12, We ANAT eG) oe See Le ee Os ee = Pee eee See ees 
Climatology of the Isthmus of Panama. By Henry L. Abbott, Brevet 
Brigadier-General, U.S. A. (retired). Published by direction of Willis 
L. Moore, Chief U. 8. Weather Bureau. Pp. 19, figs. 5. August, 1899_ 
Notes on Frost. By E. B. Garriott, Professor of Meteorology. Pp. 24. 
Rarmerse ballet Non OAs se AttroriS tamlco 9a meee see er ete ree ee 
An Advance in Measuring and Photographing Sounds. By Benjamin F. 
Sharpe, M. A., Fellow in Clark University; Sometime Professor in 
Randolph-Macon College, Virginia; Honorary Scholar in Johns- Hopkins 
University; Professor in the State Normal School at New Paltz, N. Y. 
Published by direction of Willis L. Moore, Chief U.S. Weather Bureau. 
Pp. 18, pls. 7, figs. 3. (Weather Bureau No. 202.) September, 1899 _._.- 
Variations in Lake Levels and Atmospheric Precipitation. Prepared 
under direction of Willis L. Moore, Chief U. 8. Weather Bureau, by 
Alfred J. Henry, Chief Division of Records and Meteorological Data. 
Pps. aiaerams. so: (Wi. .5:-No: 203.) September, 1899 002555. 2s ee 
Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1899. By Willis L. 
Moore, from the Report of the Secretary of Agriculture. Pp. 29. 
(Weel NOs c0Gs\s “December. 18992 sobs watts FeAl sh tena en 
The Probable State of Sky Along the Path of Total Eclipse of the Sun, 
May 28, 1900. Observations of 1899. Prepared under direction of 
Willis L. Moore, Chief U. 8S. Weather Bureau, by Frank H. Bigelow, 
Professor of Meteorology. Pp. 23, charts 4. Bulletin No. 27. (W. B. 


Preliminary Report on the Kite Ob<ervations of 1898. Prepared under 
direction of Willis L. Moore, Chief U. S. Weather Bureau, by H. C. 
Frakenfeld, Forecast Official. Pp. 71, pls. 4, figs. 6. (Bulletin F. 


McAdie and George H. Willson. Pp. 30, charts 5. Bulletin No. 28. 


Frost Fighting. Prepared under direction .of Willis L. Moore, Chief 
U. S. Weather Bureau, by Alexander G. McAdie, Forecast Official. 
Ppalonuesag sb ulle bine NoncO see Mayra O00me=se* 2.) 2 2) eee 

Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1898-99. By Willis L. 
Moore. (In two volumes.) Vol. 1. Pp. 247. June, 1900 


4,300 
4,300 
4, 300 
4,300 
4, 400 
4, 400 
4, 400 
4, 450 


1,500 


, 000 
2,100 


Oi 


(eS) 


, 900 


600 
60, 000 


600 


Cr 
> 
i=) 
—) 


1, 000 


2, 000 


2, 000 


5, 000 


4, 000 


Anemometer Tests. 


' DEPARTMENTAL 


REPORTS. 


By C. F. Marvin, Professor of Meteorology. Pre- 


pared under direction of Willis L. Moore, Chief U.S. Weather Bureau. 


Pp. 18;ies. ie GW bs No: 


Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bu letin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 2 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate. and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 2 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. = 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 
December 5, 1899 
December 12, 1899 
Decemibersl 94890. SS Oe eae 
December 26, 
January 2, 
Januacy.o sl GO0REe. sae 
Ueno ine Was Ue ad 2 sale 
January 23, 1900 - 

dignaaneny Bs IW) = 22 es Clete. fone 
February 6, 1900 -__- 


Snow and Ice Bulletin. 
Snow and Ice Bulletin. 
Snow and Ice Bulletin. 
Snow and Ice Bulletin. 
Snow and Ice Bulletin. 
Snow and Ice Bulletin. 
Snow and Ice Bulletin. 
Snow and Ice Bulletin. 
Snow and Ice Bulletin. 
Snow and Ice Bulletin. 
Snow and Ice Bulletin. 
Snow and Ice Bulletin. 
Snow and Ice Bulletin. 
Snow and Ice Bulletin. 
Snow and Ice Bulletin. 
Snow and Ice Bulletin. 
Snow and Ice Bulletin. 


March 2 


993 


a0. 


SOD IH OV 9 20 E+ oo 


10. 
10k. 
12° 
15. 
14. 
15. 


Hebrvany eles O00) ee eee eee 
February 20, 1900.____. 
February 
March 6, 1900_. ___-- 
March 18, 1900. .--. 
March 20, 1900_- uy 
ici 0 Vestas Se ae 


ly 


) JimmestS00s =. 2.5 A253 
July 3, 18992 haus one ee 
AmmbyenS W800) 22-5 =e ee ee 
rays VOD ons. I. Sse re ees 
ulliye 24 sal'890). 0. 62). a ee 
Salyasie W899. . 220 2. a eee 
Auiemstyi S99) 22 2-3 
August 14, 1899 
NT SuIstrc le MSOOL s 4% ee eee ee 
ATIC UIStoS sn SOO Me A= =e ee eee 
Septemibers4 S90 240. =a sao ae aes 
September 11, 1899. 
September 18, 1899._-__. .--. 
September 25, 1899 
OctoberhiS99 sae Le. See eee 
November, 1899_.___.. ___. 
‘December! 1890-44 ee a ee 
January, 1900--. --_- yaa a ase 
February, 1900 ____- 
March 190022. 4583 ie Se eee 
Norell), WU sp esaccaes ance 
Norell Gs US eas ee 
April 3 7pl900) 2c ane eee ee 2 ee 
April SOs O00: ye eee eee 
Mayr l O00 ties Sse SU a te seen 
Mia yea 0 Oeste oe erie BYE ere 
May soit OOO She sack. Reet eee ren ee 
May 28, 1900 
June 1900 coca aa ee se ee 
June 11, 1900 ___- 
June 18, 1900 
June 25, 1900 


TBOOIES eo ates soe ae Ee ee 


27, 1900__- 


Daily Weather Map (showing weather conditions thr oughout the United 


States and giving forecasts of the a changes): 


July, 1899 - aes See 
August, 1899 


Octobers1699.- 
November, 1899 _-- 
Decemter, 1899 .- -. - 
January, 


Rebiruaiy e000 hearers ees eo S8 oie Ta ots ee 


March..19002- 2 = 
April, 1900 
May, 1900 -_-_- 


June. 1900S : 


TOTNES coke tae 


September, SOO Ree eee Jee ee ae ee A 


Copies. 


ae ee see ee 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS, 


APPENDIX C. 


REPORT IN DETAIL OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE U. S. DEPART- 
MENT OF AGRICULTURE RECEIVED AND DISTRIBUTED DURING 


FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 380, 1900. 


[Nore.—The publications of the Weather Bureau are not distributed from the 
Division of Publications, but by an official in that Bureau specially charged with 
such work and directed by the order of the Secretary of Agriculture, dated March 
29, 1897, to report to the chief of this Division. A list of Weather Bureau publi- 


cations is given in separate tables. | 


Publications other than Farmers’ Bulletins received and distributed from July 1, 


1899, to June 30, 1900. 


Publication. 


DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 
Report othe; ©met tor S09 sp esas. estab fe coke Sead seat ne acesa Seee 
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY. 


Bnlobine Noma revised ness nae ee cane Pees ns oan ese ee ee ee 
IS mlabine NOs Ol (re vaSeGs tne) eee = seen cee ee Se ee ees 
mle ting NOs 20 Seen ear ae ee Coen Oe = 2S es OE es 
Bulletin INO; ola ee eee BP a Se, ee ee ee ee 
BulletinGNo:222-22-25-- =: 5. Coe aes Co eee Le weet ee SAN 
Circulars Nod pee a ee ee ee ek TS eee sai 
CirculamNoyi6s-- epee a RA ee Se ee set eno Ae oe ae Se, | 
Circular NOs ieee = eee Se ee ee ee oe ee ee Se 
CircularsNion | saeee se ee er ey pale aoe eS tea Ue See SoBe Saas 
Gincul AEN 0 ae a ee eA ee 2 Seo See 
(Ciro le OOS Koy 420 ON ae ee | Se ee ee oe ee eee ea eee es 
(Onion BRO IIS PT es eee See ee ee oe ee eee eee ees 
Circular NOg Sek ees eee ree: Pe Cece oe oo ee eee Cae ee 
Circular Novo. ee eee RE ess, ae te hs epg 
Circulars Noses eee a eee ye eee, es eee es Se ee eae AE 
Cir cularstNoy aoe 2c. see eee StF Pet eS gt a 
Circular No. 26__. See tee OL AEE pain et ae ee eee 
Report of the Agrostologist, 1899 - eee ae ee in i en ee Bue 


BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 


BolletinwNioy 2 le (revised )ec2. == oss 2 ane eee oe Fo ee Bg Le 
Bolletim No. 2 (Leprint)|f----5 25. 22-2 
Bulletin No. 24 (and reprint) —--.—--22---2----22- 
Circular No. 19 (reprint) __-___- SS te enn Senate eee ee 
Circular Noles (second revision): nse eee yee en Sasi 
Circular No. 26 (andre print) he: ste oe eee ee ee ee ee 
CirculareNion cin (analre print joes sae 2 sel o ees ee ae eee es ee ae 
ICT TAINO 28 seta ee ame eee eres ne ee ee rose Se ee 
(Cireerrileie Jeanette i Se cS a ee ee ee ee ee 
CinCula RAN OMSU Meese eerste) ee reas See ay DEBE nr oe AT aie ee 8 
Circular No. 31_ pao Teta AP 
Preliminary Catalogue, of Plants Poisonous to Stock__...-.---- 2 
ASEH Emi aR(FOIM Slt ohb PEO Wis eee seen ee ore cent eee eee Se 
BRCCO SOLD ailnys Cattlesee saat See one een eee ee See 
Experimental Hxports of butter loose cesses oe ee eee es = ee ue 
Blackleg in the United States and Distribution of Vaccine ___.________-- 
Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1898 ___- 
Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1898 
(extra bound) ---- é ae ee 
Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industr y. Ty) cane 


DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. | 


Bulletin No. 10 (@eprint)) 226 See e022 aap eee sone ee eae Se ae See oe 2 2 28 
Bulletin No. 11 (reprint) 
BUMS tink NiOsele sake ee ee ao aes ne MES eo gee ie ee eee 
NiGrGheATiericange sun aeNO! dee mec een eee eens eee 
NorthyAcnericanvhann ae NOs Gree eee ee ee ER le 
North American Fauna No. 17 


ReportoribiorA china C@hion tors Soo meaaaaam a tnanene imeem eee) 05) 20 
DIVISION OF BOTANY. 

TERE epiph GAN MO 2 i AS os RS Sn eee ee ee 

Ble tin NOY Got eee ee eee rn eae ees ee tan Se! ST 

Bulle GingNion olanes sso seen eee ee es ee Se ied 

Circular: Nos Ol (revised! Cdition) ea tee ee IN ee 

CircwlarsNon lS) (andsre print) eee ae ne ee eee oe 5S ae = 


Circular Nos 192s oe2. eee ee ST eee ee ee 


Received. | Distributed. 


200 200 
5, 000 1,548 
1,000 478 
1,000 721 
3, 075 1, 809 
10, 000 7, 286 
1,200 960 
1,000 745 
10, 000 8, 031 
10, 000 5, 448 
1,500 1, 500 
5, 000 3, 879 
10, 000 3, 922 
3, 000 1,985 
7,000 2,114 
6, 000 5, 249 
10,000 4,348 
5, 000 3,981 

300 215 
3, 840 “AB 
5, 000 { 1,756 
18, 000 | 11,208 
1,000 \ 584 
5, 000 4,936 
3, 000 1,470 
4, 000 3,031 
2,500 1, 663 
6, 000 4,758 
5, 000 4,746 
10, 000 791 
5, 000 3, 600 

500 447 
5, 000 3,510 
15, 500 12, 425 
10, 000 9,401 
9,900 6,815 

| 

100 92 
1,200 311 
1,500 277 
1,500 209 
3, 500 3, 2389 
3, O25 1,617 
1,500 1,475 
3, 000 2,216 

300 . 283 
4,000 4,000 
5, 000 3, 825 
4,000 3,711 
5, 000 24 
53,000 49, 954 
5, 000 3, 676 


156 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Publications other than Farmers’ Bulletins received and distributed from July 1, 


1899, to June 30, 1900—Continued. 


Publication. 


| Received. ‘Distributed. 


DIVISION OF BOTANY—continued. 


Circular No. 2 
Circular No. 
Circular No. 
Circular No. 
Circular No. 2 


C@ireulariNio: Zoe) >-- = 2 Se Eto oS SRS eRe ee ene OME SUIS Soe athe Sa Rees 
Circular No. 2 
Circular No. 2 ey eh eee 
Inventory No. 2, , For eign Scedslandiblantsan lens a meu chien 


inventory Nos; Foreign Seedsand Plants ===» oss 2s ih 
Inventory No. 6, Foreign Seeds and Plants ae Sees ee 
Report of the Botanist ‘for 1899 __....__- ee 

Contributions from the U. 8. National Herbari ium, Vol. |! 5, SNOUdace eae 
NotesionsUsefuliblantsiotiMexi co ssceses soa nen eee eee 


DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. 


Bulletin No. 13, Part 9 (reprint) --_-.-..--.__ -.- 
Bulletin= No: 46\(revised)) a. 
Bulletin No. 56 - 
Bulletin No. 57 Sea obeys. 
Report of the Chemist for 1899" - 27 = 


DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 


Bulletin No. 
Bulletin No. 
Bulletin No. 
Builetin No. 
Bulletin No. 


1 (new series, third edition, I PODEMIL) Seeae asta pee 
Dime wsSOrles) seen 
20 (new series) - Be Nae Se ee ee Seer ee ae 
Zin@MewsSeries essere re = eee me ee ee eas 
REAM WiSCLICS) Sa. peep ie See ae Ree eee ene te ne ee ee 
Bulletin No. 23 (new series) ---- 
Bulletin No. $ (technical series) 
The Insects to Which the Name “‘ Kissing buy” 
Insect Controlin Riverside, California - 

The Two most Abundant Pulvinarias on Maj ple - ae ae 

The Laisser-Faire Philosophy Applied to he: Insect Problem _ 
Insect Enemies of the White Pine .-....._.....-....____-- 
CiTrCHlaryNo: ei (PEDrING) 2 ee as es soe me et ae at ee ap eee ee 
CirculareNiosle (revydased-edihlon) i s= eee eee 
CirewlarvNo: A0 esos Se 2a ee ee eee Sees At ated FI ete 
Report of phe Entomol sist LOM NS99 Sasa oe wey ee ued ees 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 


Bulletin No. 21 (reprint) 
Bulletin No. 29 (reprint) 
BuUulletine No. Bl (LEprint)) sans eee a eee Ee ee Sey Due yee ee 
Bulletin No. 35 (revrint) 
Bulletin No. 40 (reprint) 
Bulletin No. 48 (reprint) ---- Be eee, wee 
TEpUllerha Norn (HGH ave ley ona bahe) ie Ao awe os Ne eee eee 
Bulletin Wo GorGreprint \ies-— oot ae ne ee ee ee 
Bulletin No. 67 
Bulletin No. 68-_ ._- 
Bulletin No. 69____. 

Bulletin No.7 


Bulletin No.7 
Bulletin No. 
Bulletin No. 


Bulletin No 


Bulletin No. 
Bulletin No. 
Bulletin No. 
Bulletin No.7 
Bulletin No.7 
Bulletin No. 
Bulletin No. 
Record, Volume 10, No. 12_------ - 
Record, Volume 11, No. 1 


IR6CordViolumes WIN One sse ee eee aoa ee ona oe ee 
GCOrG- WioltmmenllyINO: ose sesen ase aa. ee. 2 le eee 


Record, Volume 11, No. 4- 
Record, Volume 11, No. 5- 
Record, Volume 11, No. 6. 


Record. Volum cpl Nourse se sss=e ean s ee ee 
Record, VolimedilegNonQoe-eeeee a 
Record, Volume 11, No. 


1ORS 4 


Circular No. 39 (reprint) -- Se enn ea: Cee nT 


10. GOD 
5, 000 
5, 000 
5, 100 
1,500 
1,500 

500 
1,000 
3.000 


1,000 
1,500 
1, 000 
1,000 

300 


1, 000 
1, 000 
2.500 
2500 
4. 080 
5, 000 
2 500 
100 
100 
100 
100 
500 
2,000 
5,000 
2 000 
300 


4, 000 


5. 000 
3) 000 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 


157 


Publications other than Farmers’ Bulletins received and distributed from July 1, 


1899, to June 30, 1900—Continued. 


| 


Publication. Received. |Distributed. 
OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS—continued. 
Case ed are a ee oe ee ee ee 3, 000 2,230 
(Cienerr ie LOLA 5B ee ee ee amore 15, 000 5, 732 
ee a Beet So555,cbcecw bao eee ee 8, 000 2, 669 
Grrr ora rN A a as recs Sted oe onan Sad es seb eee ee 3, COO 2,160 
Report of the Director for 1899______-- Bre hts ese sda cs seveees- tees 3, 000 1, 765 
Selection and Its Effects on Cultivated Plants.__.............-.-.--------- 200 180 
Artificial Changes of Physical Properties of Soils---....--.....-..-------- 200 12 
Methods of Seed Testing and Their Relation to Farms and Garden-.----- 1,000 608 
The Principles Underlying the Formation of an Agricultural Course in 
THINS) POLO Cl a ene ee SOR i ee ee ee ee ee eee eee 100 65 
Agricultural Education—Practical and Scientific_.__-..._.-..---.-..----- 100 100 
The Electrical Engineering Laboratory in its Relation to Local Engi- 
neering ---- - Saves coeeace Same acs 100 67 
Some Objections to Ear ly Differentiation of Engineeri ing Courses. ----.- 100 100 
The Agricultural Engineer-----.. --- Eee I ee ae ee 100 68 
The Practical Importance of [Eva Hae eee ee eS tee ee mae Sos 100 69 
Memorial Address on Hon. Justin S. Morrill. -----.------------------------ 100 65 
Making a Garden Herbariunr andjits Uses= 2 --.-2---. 2. 522s -nsnc ane 200 118 
The Inspection of Nursery Stock and Orchards_ - nee 100 90 
Annual Address of the President of the Association of American Agri- 
cultural Colleges and Experiment Stations in 1899___..._------_---_---- 100 | 90 
Adaptation of Methods of Colpwaion 2 and Plante to the Physical 
Properties of Soils -.-------------- — Soe toe e ee ee eee 200" 2 tes ee 
DIVISION OF FORESTRY. | 
Bulletin No. 10 ( TAROT) s.cece este ee Sees cess See] cece seca ae ene eae ot et 1,000 382 
BST eG une NOs ocean ieee re eee ne a Sat ee so ey Ree | 1,000 987 
eee Gir vIN Os et ates en cee te Foes re a =O eee Bae ee eee een 10, 000 2999 
Bolle hin NON mee eee oe eer enn Se oe re Sathea se et Cu sae eeeS S 5, 000 4,795 
BrlletinwNos 26 ten ee ee ees Be es ee eee as Pe el eee eee 8, 000 7, 224 
Bulletin No. ai Sd Beek ee Se ee eis ate Fe 2 erg Se ee eee 13, 000 5, 786 
Circular No. 22 (and r epr Ta eee eae a 8 aoe eee eae we eee Eee 45, 000 42,285 
Report of the TRORER Roe Coca aie Lo es Se Aer See 7, 000 5, 547 
SECTION OF FOREIGN MARKETS. 
Bulletiny More (RODEN b) 42a = ee eee a a ee ae ee ee -| 2 0000. oe 
Bulletin No.6 (reprint). 22) >see 2 Sas - eee s, S825 gaat: 25000: |aseee ss eee 
Bulletin No.14 (reprint) -------.--- peers PRE At Oc eRe Soe eee See a 5,019 6 
Bulletin: Nowlo\(andg reprint) = 2: = =o 2.) 2) ooo ses ee ee 15, 080 10,125 
BullebineNosl gland reprint) pss." 82> eaeeeeee en ka eb a ee Doe 15, 016 7, 753 
Bmletim NOs Sian Gst6 Prin) =e aoa ya ae oe te ee oe 15, 000 8, 453 
LErail err rate Wow Mt ee ee Se ee eee ee eo eee aes 10, 000 6, 636 
Report of the Chief of the Section of Foreign Markets, 1899... ________. 3, 000 2, 712 
Gireitanr unos lo,CRODrING) pe oe eee ae ee an he Se oe ee aces 2,000 68 
@iremlaryNion2ee=-4-—— = ae Ee rahe Rie Eee See ood ons Geos ee 35, 400 3, 735 
DIVISION OF EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS. 
Report of the Superintendent for (899- ~~) = sn nat 300 221 
DIVISION OF POMOLOGY. 
Bel ehine NOS S set a: ae eee ne 2 ere a ae ee Sete aaa as Senora h 15, 030 12, 428 
iReport of the Pomolorist for 1899 oe eo eee eee 300 226 
OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROAD INQUIRIES. 
SircolarsNosto (eprint) tesa 2 sete oe = 8 seek a ne oe ewe Sane ae ee Te 15, 000 19 
Cirealar No 2l(raprint)) 5. ane ea ee Ae 2 coke ce wen noes oe een ees 15, 000 391 
GirculariNoroe (TOprin by) eae s ee oa nee ee ee ee een ae eee 5, 000 | 1, 284 
@inculariNOvelet a cee o ee soak oo aes a san See oe see ae oe oem 10, 000 3,443 
Report of the Director of the Office of Public Road Inquiries ----------- 500 461 
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 
Report ob ther Pidivor LOM 1800 22s. = mesa ena os ee ea ess een san ats tee 1,100 1,005 
List of Bulletins and Circulars for free paieenbation Ce ee 30, 000 12, 745 
List of Publications for sale by the Superintendent of Documents----..| 19, 665 10, 825 
Monthly; histiof Publications, June, 18990 2 ee es eee ne 40, 000 28, 933 
Monthly List of Publications, | uly, iSce een eeeee ese 27, 80 40, 000 35, 250 
Monthly List of Publications, IAT SHAS ISO ete eee eee ee ee ee ns 40, 000 33, 364 
Monthly List of Publications, September, 1899 __.___....._._._-.---------- 40, 000 32,875 
Monthly Last of Publications: October 1899!) eS ree 40, 000 31,587 
Monthly List of Publications, November 1899 - tegecee tes eee oe 41, 000 32, 407 
Monthly List of Publications, December, 1899 - ST PO aa 2 0 ee 45, 000 32,109 
Monthly List of Publications, ed Ay ee ee es 9, OOO 438, 201 
Monthly List of Publications, Hopruarysise se ece fT 50, 000 | 41,407 


158 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Publications other than Farmers’ Bulletins received and distributed from July 7, 


1899, to June 30, 1900—Continued. 


Publication. Received. | Distributed. 
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS—continued. 
Monphily list ote ublications, Marchal OU) eens eee ee eee 52, 000 41, 337 
Monthly List of Publications, AND rill G00 RARE See eee ee eo, ns gee 52, 000 41,345 
Monthly List of Publications, May, Ie Te ee a ce aan eee Cae 52, 000 40, 829 
Press NObICES ot 20 c enol ncace ee see eee a oem eg ae Ee See 28, 000 27, 283 
LIBRARY. 
Bear ctl No. oh OPrint) ote eae ey Cun Se aE ee 250 | 142 
Bulletin INO 8s a ak eee ee eee eee Oe eee rea oe 1, 000 | 972 
Bulletin: No: 29\- 22S. Pa ee ee ae eee eee oamesel 1,126 | 1,126 
Bulletin sNo a0 22-222 eee eee bone eS ME Gearon 1,000 1,000 
Builetin No. 3l - RO Ae dS Oe Se EE eS ee ae ee 1, 000 982 
Report of the Librarian torsigog! inte. oceleie ae. ay en er ee anew aee 200 157 
DIVISION OF STATISTICS. 

Bulletin NOs 2h 25 te Sosa a oepcke Sosa ee oe eee 5 eee ee ee ee aeeee 40, 000 38, 663 
Circular: Niodll0 eee Seer eee ere a ee ae eee 9,000 8,485 
Circular Norse 2 Se ee ee ae ee ee eee eee eee 58, 000 53, 520 
REepornolLsheiSbabisticla mer ore O99) see eee ene ee ee 300 | 211 
GropiCircular for. Jilly; SOO ee oa ee ee ee 192.000 | 191, 074 
Crop Circular for August, 1899 _ a ee eae eS a 198, 600 178, 755 
Crop Circular for September. Ry peed We ee Rye ys oe PLES co 8 ee 200, 000 181, 156 
GropiCirenlar forOctober 1899 ee sees sane ee eee 196, 000 186, 035 
Crop Circular for Nov ember, 1899 _.--------- ES te ae St ea 185, 000 177, 485 
Grop.Circularitor April 900) see teeta cae eee ae eee ee eee 192, 000 181, 528 
Pheerop Reporter WV OlUumMenl ANIONS eas ee ee eee ee ee eee 32,000 30,598 
RreiCropureporser Volume den 04) eee eee eee 52, 000 49, H54 
Miho CropiRepontor Volumen sINiO py) ieee ae eee eee nee! 51, 000 48, 881 

Theierop Reporter, Woltumie TAINO. 1G) se see ee eae ee en ren ee ee 52. 000 50, 259 
heiCropsReportersVolmmenlyIN On mers eee eee 52, 000 52, 0) 
phheCrop Reporter sVolumelle NON See ntne see eee eee ee eee ee 52,000 47,388 
hhreiCrop Reporter sViOlumMegEIN OO ase sea eee sees 68, 000 60,575 
The Crop Reporter mvolumed Nop Oj =e es se ee eee 45, 000 41.521 
Mie iCropikepontersVolume wl Nio wlll so eee eee en ee 45, 000 44.066 
mherCrop ReportersvVolumendyNio 2 eos Ses ee eee 54, 500 51, 984 
The: Crop Reporter; iMmolume2: INOn l= 2o0 ) ee eee ee eee eee 104, 600 101, 590 
The Crop Reporter, Volume 2 NOV Oto cab eee So eteae aoa ae ees 67, 000 64, 943 

DIVISION OF SOILS. 
Bulletin No. 6u(reprint) cose eae ee eee coe ee eee eee ee eee 800 158 
Bulletin No. 7 (reprint) .--------- See Se Ae ae ee eee 800 159 
Bulletin sNoysa(reprant) es ae: eas eee ee a ee eee 800 162 
‘Bulletin: No; OX(reprint) sess. sess ae See oe Se eee poe eeeee 800 . 312 
Balle tinsNosLOK Gee print) esa: ose os ee ee ee en ee eee ee 800 143 
Bulletin Nordli(reprint) i <2A5 ee ee ee ee eee 1.500 264 
Bulletin Ne; 16\(reprint) p22 - = sess sk oe es ese Se eee Se 1, 000 946 
Circular Nozsi(and reprint) sess see eee eee 14, 000 12, 607 
CircularuNios 40528 oe ee tess Se ee le ee ee ee See ee oe eee 16, 000 11, 762 
CIR CWIATANG: ON sho ee SR ET Pt 2k oe nA ete a eet eee 6, 000 3,459 
Circular No. 6.- Eee BLS ee Tee 1, 000 860 
Report of the Chief of the Division of Soils, 1899 ___...._...--.-.--------- 300 219 
DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY. 
BailetinuNio: 16s sas eee eee ees a ee tee es ee ee ee ee 3, 000 | 2,395 
ES DLS GANT INO UT eS OE ee Ee i 0 a ee ee 4,000 | 3,451 
Bulletin sNo ys ea a eee PS Serer ey ees et es Sea 2,000 1,846 
BulletinNo.d9 22. cake eee ee ea Saeed Soa Sie See eae eee 6, 000 2,131 
CirculariNo Sees ees ee ee eee. See eine Sweet eee eee eee 1,000 42s 
Report of the Chief of the Division, 1899. .-........-.------ E 300 220 
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY. 
ReporbiNo: Ole Nee ee Be eee ees waceacicccscessnccoce 5, 030 3, 203 
ReOpOLrt INO GZEa ek Soe eater sere cere. oetst Bao 6, 000 4,671 
Report No. GGh a Boe Date «sa Hine enna Retoiabe DESL ALTN LZ. cy 2,098 2,098 
Report No. 65.- atosah oe eee 5, 100 2,474 
Senate Document No. 100, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session __-_.______ 50 | 29 
Arbor Day; Its History and Observance (reprint) ....._---.---.--.------ 1,000 181 
Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, 1899.__._.__._-.-.-___-__-_/-:--- 29,510 23, 483 
Annual Reports, Department of Agriculture, 1899 __._.-___--__---. ------ 3, 000 2, 793 
Yearbook of the Department for 1899 ___- ja ee 19, 600 12,511 
Yearbook of the Department for 1899 (special edition) ). nae ee 5,177 564 
EXTRACTS FROM YEARBOOKS. 

Butter Substitutes, from Yearbook for 1895 (reprint) ...___ _.--..____-. 10, 000 9,708 
Section of Foreign Markets, from Yearbook for 1897 (repel init) oe se 3, 000 260 
Sand-binding Grasses, from Yearbook for 1898 (reprint) - Ee ¢ 000 364 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 159 


Publications other than Farmers’ Bulletins received and distributed from July 1, 
1899, to June 30, 1900—Continued. 


_ 


Publication. | Received. Distributed. 


EXTRACTS FROM YEARBOOKS—continued. 


Some Results of Dietary Studies in the United States, from Yearbook 


ROMS AUP oy ta 0) eee ge 1,500 | 556 
Pruning of Trees and Other Plants, from Yearbook for 1598 (reprint). -- 1,500 | Albi 
Improvement of Plants by Selection, from Yearbook for 1898 (reprint) - 3,000 | 1,055 
Statistical Matter Relating to Principal Crops and Farm Animals, from 

MAG pie ovelic kore het hee ee eS Se ee ee ee eee ee 25, 200 | 23, 773 

eG el gee mer ny re Aen ee See Ll esi r kl lesen ta to. eee eo aD 23, 870, 489 


a Excess of distribution over receipts for the year ended June 30, 1900, was from publications 
received prior to July 1, 1899. 


Farmers’ Bulletins printed, and Congressional and miscellaneous distribution, for 
the fiscal year 1899-1900, 


| Bana 
No. of Total | Distrib | Miscella- 
bulle- Title of bulletin. number | Co eC 22 | neous dis- 
tin. received. | VOPSTESS | tribution. 
men. 

NG Posi tnOUst atthe. ee ee ee Sees ee ae eee nee 11, 797 5, 623 
17 | Peach Yellows and Peach Rosette---..------------- ---- | 36 | 76 
LO PlmpontanbwnsechicidGsre-=-. +26 -5- ease eee. eae il, 685 | 6, 937 
COL IPWashed | SOllstse sme eee he 22 sash 5 22 Baan oes 643 | 2, 454 
21) | Barnyard Wanune se s-2 se a= 2 2= 2 enone ce satan sec Se 18, 851 7,487 
22 | The Feeding of Farm Animals .-------------- 47, 386 11, 240) 
23 | Foods: Nutritive Value and Cost---.... ..-.------------ 20, 387 9, 636 
24 | Hog Cholera and Swine Plague. ---... ---.-----.-------- 36, 001 8, 189 
Zor|) Peanuts: (Culturerand: Uses) =----- =~ --------- === é 7,475 | 5, 856 
26 | Swéet Potatoes: Culture and Uses------- -.--.-------- : 14, 047 6,619 
Pini hinxstor Seediand Biber sso ero = rau ee ee ee | 7, 192 | 1,813 
23:||- Weeds: And! How to: Kall Them: 2-2 222.2 2 ee 30, 900 25, 977 9, 686 
29 | Souring and Other Changes in Milk-----.----.. ---.--- 20, 000 | 13, 793 5.618 
30 |'Grape Diseases on the Pacific Coast_-_... -=--_. -.-....-.|----==-=---- 2,280 1,789 
Sle Altaltaxoriucerteae- ee. 22.5, - canoes anes ene re: 20, 400 | 6,291 
Sol Sllostand collages: Sasa es ee So epee Mees 10, 000 176 
oo) ;beach Growing tor Market -o2-22-eene- --s-=> === == | 30, 250 6.059 
34 | Meats: Composition and Cooking ----.- ----------------| 20,175 7,814 
Soa |sbotato Gulture 25.2) 2 yaaa e oe a enh 20, 125 | 9, 249 
Boa CotsomiMced angdults: Products — 9-2-2 =se5 52 - aes ee. 21, 000 2,543 
7 Kalin Corn: Culture and) Wsess.-.2-<---2--2—22---2 22. > a5, 000 4,502 
SOF DLAyINe OME GMb DISCASeS = esos ese e toe een | 30, 000. | 7, 756 
SOR POD on Guliure! ees Goes Fae sie Se See Bee ee oe kees Sake 15, 800 | 1, 0 
A0 Eb wbarnmar DO rainarewers nse oe sees eee ee a tose 20, 200 Ds 
Als | -Rowlss Carerand! Reedinge sea 522 noses = eae tea ee | 50, 000 14 
AOMEWACTS EA DOU ty Milley meee ae mee eye awe eS OP Se | 21, 000 hie 
43 | Sewage Disposal on the Farm--.--...- --22-.----22-- === 20, 000 3 
ae Commercial Mentilizers => =-- eee nee sees oe 39, 000 6, 
45 | Insects Injurious to Stored Grain -_-.-+.-:--..--------- 20, 400 3, 4 
Ach inricationsinebunrid Olimatese os sss |) ee Z 
47 | Insects Affecting the Cotton Plant -.-....-_..---._----- 10, 000 1, 66 
1 Phe Manuring Ot Cotton. -—- =o =--- 8) ee ae see 10, 000 ile 
AGHES HEED IM GCCIN MR ee a Se he pe en Se i ne eee 30, 000 6,2: 
Dboorehumas ia hOrage Crop sss-2== 2a 2 ne ee eas 15, 000 5,0: 
Hal StangardeVvaricthes On Chickens ae == ses s= = oe 80, 105 12,4 
De eon SULaATY BCOh eno 2) ae Go seas Seo eee eee 45, 220 12;¢ 
53 | How to Grow Mushrooms. ---..---.--------- 20, 150 5, 
54 | Some Common Birds 40, 000 7, 65 
DO NGM aT Onin 8e 2 ees a eames Se ae ee| 40,400 | 8.5: 
56 | Experiment Station Work—I-----.....-..--------------- 10, 000 | 4, 
bf | butter Makinoion the Parm]-.2---=--2--5-22----- =) == 20, 100 3D | i; 
5S he Soy, bean as ajtorage Crops. --)--- 4 -ccs-==5ee-2 eee 20, 000 | ‘ 3 | 5, 01 
HOVIMBEG KCC DIN pee ea ae pee hee ne ee ee ee eee] 30, O00 16,820 | 8, 738 
60) ||P Wethodsion @Curne Tobpaecoss ess sos ae 30, 000 14, 209 | 3, 049 
GL Asparagus Cal turers ene oe = a nee 20, O80 12, 833 5, 44 
62) | WMarketine arm Proguce seo ees=s 2 ene ae | 15, 000 18, 076 5, 995 
63)| Care of Milkion the Harm =o) eee eae a | 55, 180 31, 426 22, 704 
6H Ducks:and (Geese a peckeoemeee eee Pe eee ee ee nse 30, 000 29, 306 8,711 
65 | Experiment Station Work—II ----.-=:---.----.--.-.------ 15, 000 | 12, 736 3, 940 
66. le MeadowsandiPastburest > eas ee nn 20, 200 | 20, 132 5, 607 
Gi | ROrestry_for, HanmOrs eee ee ee ee [ie re at ae 12,917 3, 7 
68 | The Black Rot of the Cabbage-.-....-.--..-.----.---..| 30, 000 12, 097 4, 147 


69 | Experiment Station Work—III_-.-._.--.---+.-----.--- 15, 000 | 9, 156 4, 471 


160 


DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Farmers’ Bulletins printed, and Congressional and miscellaneous distribution, for 
the fiscal year 1899-1900—C ontinued. 


No:of| Total | Distrib: | miscella- 
bulle- | Title of bulletin. number Co co ~ neous dis- 

tin. received. | ~OMSTESS” | tribution. 

men. 

70' | Insect Enemies of the Grape: -------2. == 10, 000 | 9, 942 4,233 
al ssentialsum beet erocduechoniees sae es aes eee 30, 000 | 29, 425 5, 804 
ii Cattlevkaneesot stheisouphiwestee ase sees eee 10, 000 7,358 2,559 
(BY Nba ererinaSia ment nova VOLS IIN Gs oe ee oh ee Soy yoo telane ee somes 7,194 3, 6381 
(4) Malikas Hood :-< =f ec s= = sme ene aes eat Seer tees 20, 000 17, 965 6, 026 
ony Dey Grains eye ee Ase ead 3 16, 574 4,193 
AOE NOTTS tO Gc. Wy eee ee 31, 025 22, 672 9, 853 
77 | The Liming of Soils _ Se ea eeeee 10, 000 8, 391 5, 299 
78 | Experiment Station VV Viger ge eRe) 10, 000 6, 857 4, 0385 
ia) Experiment: Sta bonmwWiork— Villoos sess =e eee eee ee eee 15, 000 6, 457 4,028 
SOs ihe Peach wi ce Donel ee esss === ses eee ene arene 15, 000 9; 959 4,213 
SIeCorniGuléunewnat hens Outliers tera ane weer meee s 15, 300 18, 459 4, 068 
Se) CRN Cul bUPeVO Le MO DACCOss eases aoe ee eee 40, 750 18, 423 3, 882 
BSP | RO DAC COTS OLLG eee eee ee eae ee eae eee ee eee ee 40, 000 11, 403 2, 988 
84 | Experiment Station Work—VII-_-.-----.----- ----.------- 10, 000 7, 061 4,142 
SOM EISH risa OOO ee tenet eek ea ee ie ee hk ae I Oe 10, 200 13, 134 | 4, 966 
SG ie it rstayas 2 OLS OT OU Sa ed) ex TS eae ee 30, O00 18, 331 8, 123 
Si} Mxperiment otvblOonVViOl kK Vall lee =e ene ee 15, 300 7, 122 4, 322 
S84) eAdikaliniiam Seah rer > stern 5 feeee Seek ee oe Ce eee Nea 30, 000 4, 732 2,960 
SOR COO WDA See fy eee as a ae eek Ss neces Se 40, 450 23, 041 6,546 
20} eRhemManutactureonsor chum) Sirup. —sen eo esese a stele eae eee = 11, 682 3, 589 
91 | Potato Diseases and Their Treatment -_--...----. ------ £0, 000 34, 447 7,279 
2p Px perim entbistabloneWiOrk—UXem oss sn eee ae een eee 10, 400 7, 135 | 4,477 
OB a RGU CAT AS TROOU = pee eee toate emia eee titien oe Sen Ses 30, 800 9,456 | 5, 561 
945 Phenvieretablel Garden ee -= aac senna cease eae neeeral 50, 100 44, 138 9, 387 
DRG OOGEROAGS TOM Mam IN OrSee es se eee a oe ee ers 45, 000 39, 4 29, 761 
Gls |) Wee ntethayes Serra none Wilihititorn. sone d oo nto eee eee ee 20, 000 28, 148 9, 485 
| Experiment Station: Work—X---25 2. 3.52 soee ee 20, 645 10, 086 13, 014 
98 Suggestions to Southern Farmers.-...----.------.------ 30, 120 18, 895 7,396 
99 | Three Insect Enemies of Shade Trees_--_-. ._-. .-._ ---- 10, 000 14, 403 4,912 
100 | Hop tRaisine ine phe Southeast se ee ee ee 30, 480 31, 109 10, 420 
101 | Millets... Sete ee ee te eee ae 25, 000 12, 163 6, 441 
102 | Southern Forage Plants. - EM DEL Sill sai eee AS 2 30, 000 16, O81 10, 720 
103 | Experiment Station WiOrk=oX bem ee ers meee 30, 000 18, 831 14,757 
104 | Noteson Frost .__- 62,300 16, 013 37,775 
105 | Experiment StalbiGHe Work Xi it cae Won tm rear 30, OU0 7,573 12, 935 
LOSS WBreedsiotaDainy.©attlen. me pies = eee aee eee 60, 500 29, 118 29, 388 
107 | Experiment Station Work—XIII_-----.---. -...-------- 30, 000 8, 165 14,373 
108 | Saltbushes - Fee LP iatled 9) led ie ge opie | 20, 000 2,820 5, 608 
109 | Farmers’ Rez ading IGounsoS oer nes ae fe Cae aes 30, 640 20, 401 10, 239 
110 | Rice Culture in the United States- ah ie 20, 000 3, 124 6, 821 
111 | The Farmers’ Interest in Good Seed_________.___.-_--- 20, 100 4,403 15, 196 
Ze Breadeand sre ae aMie kin oe ee See eens 30, 080 8,327 16, 334 
HIST hepa ple an dekicwatoi Guo ws Lteeee eee sone eee eee 30, 000 9, 880 18, 447 
if hxperiment Station! Wiork—XiliWio 222-5 a6 23 eee eee 30, 100 9, 629 9, 662 
5s Selo Culture inl alifiormi ae sa ae eee eee 30, 000 167 4,551 
Gs Mierigationtiny Eruiitl Growin pees ae ea ae e 30, 000 5, 434 4, 843 
117 | Sheep, Hogs, and Horses in the Northwest------------ 30, 000 9,995 3,218 
11S) (Grave Growineuimibhe Soulless ee sae aoe ee enemas 30, 000 799 2, 900 
BING telly a epee a ea eee” re eres at ae ae ee 2,376,550 | 1,666,909 764, 144 

1, 666, 909 

Rotallacocrerate distribublon esse se cee ee eee as | aaa eee eee eee a 2, 431, 053 
« Excess of distribution over receipts for the year ended June 30, 1900, was from publications. 


received prior to July 1, 1899. 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 161 


Publications received and distributed by the Weather Bureau during the year 
ended June 30, 1900, by quarters. 


Number 


Number and title of publication. of copies. 


QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1898. 


Received. 

No. 200. Monthly Weather Review for May, 1899 4,000 
No. 201. Climatology of the Isthmus of Panama_--_.....-.-.---.--------- 600 
No. 202. An Advance in Measuring and Photographing Sounds.------------- 600 
No. 203. Variations in Lake Levels and Atmospheric Precipitation ---_-------- 500 
No. 204. Monthly Weather Review for June, 1899 _.__._-.--.__---.---.-------------- ee 4,000 
Non Z0a, Monthly Weather Review for’ July, 1899) °-2_-.- =... 0 2 2 ee, 4,000 
No. 206. Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1899, pamphlet ----------------- 5, 000 
Wiashinetonel silyaWieavherMapsen sess = eee seen ee we. He eo es 2 ee eee 120, 750 
Glimnaterand Cropibulletins S22. 2.22 ss) a ee pe 1s ee 52,571 
MeLcorolomicalGhartoLr pnoareab luakeset es skeet et bo ee eee 7,875 
Storm Bulletin No. 1, 1899. The West Indian Hurricane of August 7-14, 1899 ___..__----- , 560 
ee peaiemb laadebulleting s.r ei shee ae ot oe Ree 2,100 
Pe Hawaiian Islands (reprint from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture for oes 

EN) erased Saabs am oie SA Pn ee AM a RR ee et aaa SPR PRE Ee a ee ne ene nee ee ae ee aS reo PSE 

Cyclones, Hurr icanes, and Tornadoes (reprint from the Yearbook of Department of 
Agriculture for 1898) SU SUES Pee Re eee Sen eee See ee Ree ee pene a Ss Lae et - 200 
Harmersi bulletin No: 104. Notesion Hrost = 222o22 22 see ooo ec tee coe ne secadeoee ses eeee == 2,000 

Distributed. 
Annnal Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1893........-.-------------------- 2 
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1894 -___-...-------------.-------- 3 
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1895-96 __._._.-.--.--.----------- 4 
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1896-97 _----.---.---------------- 8 
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1897-98 ______ -----------.------ = 34 
Empractstronm pe sAnmuUalseportrOrlegl-dese soecnse seco se ane t aoe aera metas 83 
Hxinacts from the Anmualsnepory tor 1895-965 22024 3-26-54 -2--55 Soe een ee eee ee eae 6 
Bxtrachs irom we Annual Re pOLb LOR ASIG-O (sae ta se to a eee ee enone neneee 10 
Hxpractsenrom) ThesyATi Nn Ua ROpOTbtOr 16g 90s nase e eas en ee eee ene enone eee ee ee ae 85 
Nomoo Property suossibyaiaieh imines 1 89G es aes See te ee eee a eee one ee eeceee 228 
Monthly Weather Reviews (various monbns)ics) os 2222 oe nee see ao ee ee ee eee eee 214 
Bulletin No. 11, Part III 4 
iBmlletimy Nos 1632 ee ere 7 
BulletinuNios 18-22 2 
BrllefinwNos 19. a 5 
BullepingNiow2 ee 22s cee See ses Th alae a2 an 4 
Behm O82 eis ts ee ee ee eee ee os eens ere os San eS eas ate : 6 
jeg eieriay INfole23\ see mE Sy San oy ge SS OT Se eee ee ee ee se ee ee 19 
FESTUS GIN ON 25 es ree oe re ep esac ae ones Scene ew enne 85 
ES ESL Ose CON yee ene er et ees re se ee Ee ee eee 97 
iBiviletahay (Oe ee eee ne eee ed ee eee Pe eee eee erent es 2 
Bebe) eae e aes Se cna em eee See = Laas UTS eee Ee ee se essa ese ee fa 
Bulletin E ---.--- TPE SES SESS SSE SPS Ee als ae bee Ca aos eo eee 1 
Description Cave Give Gla Mayer nncje te eer aie ee Ra Be Cr re ot, Rn ae eee 393 
armers? bulletiniNo 04 Notes on Mrostt 2c sot ol i PORT, ee 1,362 
Mhomiawallanlslands (reprint trom) eat bOOk): 2-22 25-5 see eee eetens cane oe ee nesses 200 
Cyclones) Hurricanes; and Tornadoes! (pamphlet) =- 2°22 2-222 22s-- 28 2a 2-525 -one = === = 200 
Brazos River Flood Bulletin __...._- Baas ses 2,100 
Storm Bulletin No. 1, 1899. The West Indian Hurricane of August. PTs GOO Ie ee eee ee 2, 560 
No. 200. Monthly Weather meviewsLonr Mays 1899 keest Soe ses eee ee ea ee 3, 934 
NowUleClimatolozyorthelsthmmus of Panama ueeleeus seleue SeRie ey Tesi 85 
ae 202. An Advance in Measuring and Photographing Sounds ---.--. -----.------------ 465 
COUT Vara LIONS in MM akeHieVvGlsme cs ce se use y =e ee ee Pe ee eee eee Pa che 482 
No. 2045 Monthly, Weather Review for dune; 1899) 222-92) 2 2 oe eh eae ce 3, 943 
No. 205. Monthly Weather Review for July,1899____..----_---. eb eSTeHRO IR Ssee a Rese eoeE se 3, 946 
Washington DallyvaWweathe ria pss rss = oss a ne mone eee en Shee er ee 119, 840 
Climateand: CropyBullle tins soe roe en ooo a Ses Scher Soca oe so eee ese eeeee 62, 571 
MeteoroloricaliChartior the Great Wakes. 25 50ers eee ee ocean eaoee eee aee 7,875 
QUARTER ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1899. 
Received. 

Noi Monthly weather Reviewtor August. 1 0090's neces =e arena ne aan eae ee noe 4, 000 
INCOM CUShs BTS Girt R= 2s soe eso waes Se eae ae Sera yee es eo ae be 02 he sawn en se aee ee 2, 000 
INOM 20S HB UIIe IAN ON eit aes oe Saeco irene nae eae goes teen esse eee 1,000 
No. 210. Monthly Weather Review for September, 1899____..-..----.--.------.----------- 4, 100 
INoszi2s Monthlyaweather Review tor October, 1899> 2222 === ae 22s See aa eee 4, 300 
Washington Daily Weather Maps----.--..-------------- Ave Bia ee oO al S400 
Climateand Crop Bulletins ee ee ee ee eee et ee 8, 185 
Meteorological Chart of the (SRSA Co eee es ee A he a ee eI OER ed ty 5,190 
Snowiandr ces bulletinisiasssss eee eee ee bens et ane ee ee ee Ses5 4 6, 960 
Bound Monthly Weather Reviews for 1898 ....-...-..--------- -.----------0--- £ 200 


AGR 1900 11 


162 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Publications received and distributed by the Weather Bureau during the year 


ended June 30, 1900, by quarters—Continued. 


Number and title of publication. 


Number 
of copies. 


QUARTER ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1899—continued. 


Distributed. 

Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1893 ......-.-.----..--------.---- 
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1894 ___......--.--.----.--------- 
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1895-96 ._...-..----....---.------ 
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1896-97 ___-.. ..._-_..___...-__--- 
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1897-98 _.._..-..-_..-... .__----. 
Separates from the Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1891-92 -_- 
Separates from the Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1894 ___---- 
Separates from the Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1895-9 ____ 
Separates from the Annual Report of the Chief of Weather Bureau for 1896-97-__-____- 
Separates from the Annual Report of the Chief of Weather Bureau for 1897-98_-__.__-- 
Monthly Weather Reviews (various months) 22s se oe ae re ee be ees 
Bulletin: NosllsPart Wi 5 eso a cec ce en ee Se eae ene eee ee eee ee 
Bulletin JNo 4 we eae ess sone sen eceeae= 2 Sadan eee Ui es ease glee aet ee ee 
Bulle tiny NOs UG ee ec ee ee ee a ee ect ne Sc er ee 
Bulletin INO. 18-332 sso.)50 sao eee cate eed sacne ae Se Sheet Sone e cee eee ee eee eee eee ee 
Bulletin NiO; 194524222 Sk eS a en ee eee ee Oe eae ea ee ae ee ee ee 
Bulletin ING. 2l2ct ese. Se ee Beene ee ee Sa ee 
Bulletin INO! 22) cs 2s see see Soe ee ee eS oe era ates oe el age re 
BuUlletimiNO: 2a 0-8 <2 oo os ee een eee eee Semen SSeS eS SE ee ee eee ee 
Bulletin INongo 025 oes sare See a en a ae ae Ee oe ne ee 
Bulletin NO::26 0%. 2 fob ee a Re Se ee oe rt No ee oan eee eee 
Bulletin © iss hee so Pee 8 as Nok 2s i sae Sk ie o e ep  ee SIE Sys sie Sis gee 
IBullotine ses sae er eas ieee et cane oy See oe ee a ern ee cata RR ae RS Cr ON ily ere 
Bulletini b> 2322 eG so ee arene ee a oo an Ek aw eee ae ae ee ee 
INos2U6) Pam phiet Report or the! Chief of urea, 1890 Sessa ose oa ee eee 
No. 13805 Che Hiquations of ‘Eby d rod ynamicsee as asso eae ee ee ee 
No. 168. Investigation of the Cyclonic Circulation and the Translatory Movement of 

Wiest indianthurricanesl. seen ene one ae se fer ein haar EN LESS Bs Sey ee dese 
No. 199. Property Loss by Lightning, 1898 --------- 
No. 201. Climatology of the Isthmus of Panama 
No. 202. An Advance in Measuring and Photographing Sounds --.-.. .-..---------------- 
No208: VariationsaniWake. levels ss ene ee er eee oes 


No: 207. Monthly Weather Review for August, 1899/5222). __)_-) yo a 
No. 208. Bulletin F 


Meteorological. Chart of the'Great lakes = 2232-22 ses. 5 oe =o re ee 
Snow and Ice Bulletins.-_-_.--... .-.--. --.--- Le oa keh sae en eeee oe eae eee eee eee 
Description of CloudiMorms see ee ~ See ee mee eee 
Bound Monthly Weather Reviews for 1898 ....._-...-..-------~------------- Fog oe oes Seen 


QUARTER ENDED MARCH 31, 1900. 
Received. 


Wo. 211, Bulletin No. 28; Climate of San Mrancisco, Calessess--eser a-e-= epee e a eee eee 
No. 213. Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes. Summary for the Season of 1899 -- 
No. 214. Monthly Weather Review for November, 1899 .__. ._....-------------------------- 
No. 215. Monthly Weather Review for December, 1899 ___... .-._-_------- gs See ee ee 
No. 216. Monthly Weather Review and Annual Summary for 1899 ___- .__-_- ------------- 
No. 217. Monthly Weather Review for January, 1900__--.--.---.---------- ---------------- 
Washington Daily Weather Maps = 202s oss ee oe ee cere see eee a ee 
Climate and Crop Bulletin ------ -_: Wo so E EE ose eo So ee 
Snow.and IceiBulletin: 222. 22. <2s5<- oe eR oe Soc wate ce econ owe ee eee 


Distributed. 


Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1893. ......-..--.-------.---.---- 
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1894__._... __...---..-.-.-------- 
Annual Report af the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1895-96_-_....------------ 
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1896-97___.----.-____--- 
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1897-98 __-... .-..-_ ._---. Sayre 
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1891-92 _______- ._-- 
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1894 ____..__._. -_.- 
Separates rrom the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1895-96 _._____. .__- 
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1896-97 ________ ._-- 
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1897-98 __ _-______- 
Monthly wieathersReviewsl (various months) = soon see 22 ee eee ee aan ee ee ree 
Balleting Nios Gace see gee enna ee er et a Se to A ei 
Bulletin NO ote eS ee ese an ear seen ese swsech wade cic codes ee ee ee ee 
Bulletin yNioel 9 kee eee a ae re aaiee te no oa ne See a ee ee eae a Fee 
Bulletin uN ee see ee ee clea acne 6 cape nue eee a hoe oe eS ae ee eee ee ee 
Bulletin Noi23 eso ee oe eee ea keaton ss cence nee a ace tee aie ae ee eee 
DELON Ey HO pe ON css ene sem coco See ne SSS eee SRS SESE os Baa SSS eas a Sensors so HSSSe: 


Hm or 


wh 


DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 


1638 


Publications received and distributed by the Weather Bureau during the year 


ended June 30, 1900, by quarters—Continued. 


Number and title of publication. Reseed 
QUARTER ENDED MARCH 31, 1900—continued. 
Distributed—Continued. ’ 

Bue rinwNO! coe t-te se ee Oe este oe sett eR less eh Bll ae) ARERR ee eee 89 
PS mllehinpAs ener: eh Sok Obs ee yas tS oat Ses genet bt otee noe hn sosaes eee eee 2 
TEAUUUNS HEA, (CHS Sac 8 Bes SS a Se a RE ES ah tome 7 
PERU NID) — 55. Ee eR oe | A Se ee ee eee Set See ah 13 
ae 1aa aero nt ates ede ed Neem fd ha olen ae eats oo a ee a oe 3 
Novo PEropersyiluoss by Michtring 898) 3-2. 28 oo te) 222 Se eee 45 
Noncols Climatology, of thelsthmus'of Panama! o). 2 2222252 2 ee eee 3 
No. 202. An Advance in Measuring and Photographing Sounds _-_.-..---------- --------- 12 
No. 206. Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1899 ___ 2 é 59 
No. 208. Bulletin F. Report on the Kite Observations, 1898 _._-.-.. __._..----------- = 1, 192 
No. 213. Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes. Summary for the Season of 1899__ 1,500 
No. 214. Monthly Weather Review for November, 1899. -.........-. .---------------------| 4, 250 
No. 215. Monthly Weather Review for December, 1899 _---__- .--. ------ nif es See eee 4, 250 
No. 216. Monthly Weather Review and Annual Summar VeLOrn 8095 sees see een 4, 250 
No. 217. Monthly Weather Review for January, 1900 ---.--_-. ----.---.----- eae ee 4, 350 
Wiashineton) Daily Weather’ Mapse.: 2222244235. pases e ae ee a oe a ee ee eee eee 123, 605 
Chmateand Crop bulletins 22.80 ase = seat aes oa ar eee Rr ote SS AL oe Sie, Sa eee 13, 460 
SHOWsATI OC) COPS UL OGIN Sa. sytem Se oe Bek a eS ee pace aoe eee asad eee eee 22,090 
Description of Cloud Forms -_.__- Spee pees eee ee Wie RES Keer te ee Ree ee 364 
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 104. Notes on Frost ._.-.----.---22---2--e-ccceceeeee ec eeee ewe ceee | 251 

QUARTER ENDED JUNE 30, 1900. 

Received. 
No: 218; Monthly Weather Review for February, 1900... .....5222.- .----.--2-1 52. 4, 400 
Noe Oy illerine NO veo wn GOSh nah ban Oye eee ee eee eS Dee os ee ee Se eee 5, 000 
No. 220. Monthly Weather Review for March, 1900 ---..._-..--..-------.--._.-.---------- 4, 400 
INoi222: Monthly Weather Reyiew for April, 1900: 2-24 2 ee esos fai iL eee 4, 400 
No. 223. Anemometer Tests ----- 2 250 
Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1898- 99, “Vol. I.- 4 1, 000 
Wiishimoton Daly Weabhor Maps ess ssa. a a ee en ee ae ! 123, 27 
MeteorolocicalChartor une! Gea Gila Siem ee ee ae re ene nee ae 9, 291 
Climate and! Crop sulle ture sess es eee See nee eee ane eee eee ine ae eee ere 54, 464 
Washington Daily Weather Maps (bound). January 1, 1897, to June 30, 1897___-_.------- 10 
Climate and Crop Bulletin for the Year 1899 (bound) ....-..-.-.-.------------------------ 7 
Distributed. 

Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1894 ......--....-...-.-.-----+------ ------ 2 
Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1895-96 ___-.-._.-._-.-.-- ----=------------- 4 
Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1896-97 ___...._...------------------------ 6 
Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1897-98 _ .___.. -_..__-.---------.---------- 9 
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1891-92. -__.-.-_---- 79 
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1894___----.--- ----- 9 
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1895-96 __--..-_-.-- 12 
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1896-97 --_--._-_---- 26 
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for |897-98_-_--__.----- 27 
Monthly Weather Kheyiews (various months) <2. 22526 8 2 ae bes 2 eee 5d 
DEserin hlOnrOl Ol OmasHOTmS 6 see ce. ee pee Cec ews en ee Pa oe ea ee eee eee 137 
Bulletin No. AY [Oy AWB te 2. eS ae oe ee es aes) pee, He eee een eee 4 
ESAS EIEN Org Sse ener ee ee ee ae wr Dawns pay Se ays Se Ss eas SS ee eee 5 
Bulletin No. 9 “ae Be Se ee ie aan en ee epee hag Te OS eee St i Ree ta a eae 7 
BES CUMS ELTA INI De ee ese oe ae we Te ee a ee Bree aoc eee opiate ae ee cee 9 
BilletingNio.2osen ss oat ane Ea S| AE ey Fm, Ee RE 14 
STS Tas INION os eee ea ee reine, ne eR na ne tee en one PMN oe Lee Geert ea LD ee | 27 
BS hing NOs 2h Sears me aoe Sit eRe ee er ee. Ser eet Pe pe eer or a 16 
ES TUG tins © Reale es Cet el et ne Mets Be Dees wa pete st Ben eee SR | 4 
(Byerley bey 1B) ss See ae en a es es ake ee eee cee ee eee ee | 21 
IBillehingiigse sees ee eS ee ee = eae z; : 2 
Ipmlle hinges eee ee Seno ae ye eens me Poet iae Dike Mey eh eee gee eet cae Eo 5 
Pamphlet Reports of the Chief of the Weather Bureau -_-_..__-. -__------ .------------- 9 
INOWI99ErFopertyse OSS iby wlio btm ee ee a a ee ee eee Be 19 
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 1%4. Notes on Frost- aS OSS RE Nie iy eres 50 
No.218. Monthly Weather Review for Febr uar y, AMY pice ss), SEED eee Cee Mineo 4,265 
No. 219. Bulletin No. 29. Frost Fighting --.._-- Sasa 4,700 
No. 220. Monthly Weather Review for March, Gi OU OH eee See eter (ela ee aren 4,315 
No. 222. Monthly Weather Review for April, 1900. Lee MOORS GETS AE ee ee Se SP 4,335 
No. 223. AMO MONIC FETE RES CS im ee ene ae ae an a Oe ea a ed Se te Os es te ee ER ote 250 
Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1898-99, Vol. I.-.... -...----------------- 800 
WashinstonDaily Weather Ma psieas = see = ere to ene Peet ee 123, 270 
Meteorological Chart of the Great falcata renee np Sor ys ee ea Sa 9,291 
WlimateanagiOro pil lOuiseess ke ee eae Ce Se ene atone. Cy Tale SU aye 54, 464 
Washington Daily Weather Maps (bound), January 1, 1897, to June 30,1897___.___.____- 10 
Climatetand’ Crop Bulletin“(bound) for the Yearlso9e 2 a Uf 


164 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


NUMBER OF WASHINGTON DAILY WEATHER MAPS, METEOROLOGICAL CHARTS OF 
THE GREAT LAKES, SNOW AND ICE BULLETINS, AND CLIMATE AND CROP BULLE- 


TINS ISSUED BY WEATHER BUREAU. 


The following shows the number of copies of Washington Daily V’eather Maps, 


Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, Snow and Ice Bulletins, and 


the Cli- 


mate and Crop Bulletins of the Weather Bureau issued each month from July 1, 


1899, to June 30, 1900: 


Number of Washington Daily Weather Maps, Meteorological Charts of the Great 
Lakes, Snow and .Ice Bulletins, and Climate and Crop Bulletins issued by 


Weather Bureau. 


Maps, charts, and bulletins. 


WASHINGTON DAILY WEATHER MAPS. 


Washineton!Daily, Weather Maps* uly, 1899 eos Saeco ae ee eee eee 
Washington Daily, Weather Mans: Amp mst. (809k ss == eae soe ee eee eee eee eee 
Washineton Daily Weather Maps: september s SO: Sasa e san ee cesar eee rears 
Washington Daily. Weather Maps, October; 1899). 228) S22 oso nee eee ene arene 
Washington Daily, Weather Maps; November 899225225 22 os= fe aes ee eee 
Washineton Daily Weather Maps; Decemiber 1899 2-2 a= eS) Soe eee ee eee 
iWashineton. Daily: Weather Maps, danuatye 1 O00 eae eee nee ee eee 
Washington Daily Weather Maps: Hebruary, 19002222222 2. = ee 
Washines ton. Daily, Weather Mapsw Mar che O00 bre ao emer e eset ee eee ete ee ete 
WashinetonyDaillyaWeather Maps April lO) eee. ee ee ee 
Wiashine ton: Daily, Weather Maps; Mays S00 sass aoe ee ne eee 
Washineton) Daily, Weather Maps. ane; 1900 see sme see ee eee ae ee ee 


METEOROLOGICAL CHARTS OF THE GREAT LAKES. 


Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, July, 1899 _..........---___.--.__-!_----------- 
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, August, 1899 ___--. _.._-..__----_-_--..-------- 
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, September, 1899 __.___..__---.-.-------------- 
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, October, 1899_-__.._._.... -.._ .--.-.-----.------ 
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, November, 1899___...._.-...-----.------------ 
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, December, 1899 __..._._.--- .--------..-------- 
Summary dtoriseason! of 1SOQ Ns aries rays MOU eee ae 
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, February, 1900__-. --.-.. -..------------------- 
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, March, 1900 - -_..-.---.-. ----------.---- 

Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, April, 1900 .-__-.__..--..---------- 
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, May, 1900..-...-...--------.---.--- 
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, June, 1900 ----_.....------------- gS te a 


SNOW AND ICE BULLETINS. 


Snowsand leo Bullebins rehiilys sl) SOO asec eee a ae eee ee ee ote ne eee 
Snow-andvice Bulletins: Avigoust, 1899 = 228-2 os ies oak a aes cee eae eee ee eee 
Snoweand Ice Bulletins’ September W18095o sees snake ne sree ene eee 
Snow, and Ice) Bulletins, October) 1899) s2-- = oes eee eee lee SRT ee ee ee 
Snow:and ice Bulletins. November, 1800 i <2: See e = aaa ea ee eee 
Snow and LeerBulletins) December 1800 2 saa ae eee ae es ee eee 
Snow and [ceibulletins, January. 1900 eo: 2228 See 2 ce ee ee ee 
Snowsand*leebulletins Nebruarys) QUO me ea. eee sen ee ee ee ee 
Snow.and Ice Bulletins: Marche 1900) 22. - 22 ae See ee ae ee ee ee ee 
Snow and Ice Bulletins Aroril 19002 =. ae ese eee 
Snowsand Ice Bulletins May; 19008-2222. 2 = =e eee 


Snow.and Icerbulletins: June; 1900 ~ S. . - ae woe 2 Sac eele a aeee ae eee eae a no eee 


ClimateanGer op ss wUle wis: relly COO ee eee ae ale ee ae ee 


Glimateand Crop Bulletins; September, 1899 <i ere a ee ee ee eee 


"TG tie Le See eee ee Ee ee Se eS ee oe oes ee as Ree nae eee ee 


Number 
of copies. 


486, 925 


29, 050 


128, 680 


REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT 
STATIONS. 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 
Washington, D. C., September 15, 1900. 
Str: I have the honor to present herewith the report of the Office of 
Experiment Stations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900. 
Respectfully, 
A. C.oPRoE: 
Director. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR, WITH RECOMMENDATIONS. 


DIVISION AND DEVELOPMENT OF WORK OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT 
STATIONS. 


The amount of work performed in the Office of Experiment Stations 
during the past year was greater than during any previous year and 
its operations were at the same time more varied and complex. These 
conditions were due in part to a considerable increase in the funds for 
whose expenditure the Office was made responsible, and in part to the 
inauguration of new enterprises and the further development of impor- 
tant business which has only recently come within its province. More- 
over, as the relations of the Office with the experiment stations and 
other institutions for agricultural education and research at home and 
abroad become more intimate with every passing year, calls for its serv- 
ices grow in number, importance, and urgency. They also become in 
many ways more difficult to satisfy, as this involves more often than 
formerly a relatively large amount of labor. In addition to the 
increase in its business growing out of what may be termed the regu- 
lar requirements of the Government service, the pastsyear has brought 
a very considerable burden of extra work in connection with the prep- 
aration and installation of the collective experiment station exhibit 
at the Paris Exposition. No provision was made in the appropriation 
act for extra employees to perform this service, and it was, therefore, 
necessarily imposed on our regular force. This was at times a serious 
hindrance to our regular work and involved considerable personal 
inconvenience to the officers charged with it, who could only do what 
was expected of them by working overtime. Ina larger way than 
ever before, the record of the year’s work has been made by a more 
perfect organization of our force and by their very diligent and _ har- 
monious action. 

The organization of the Office inaugurated near the close of the 
fiscal year 1899, as stated in my previous report, has worked satisfaec- 
torily during the past year and will be continued. The division and 

165 


166 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


assignment of the work of the Office are as follows: (1) Relations with 
American and foreign institutions for agricultural education and 
research, including the supervision of the expenditures of agricultural 
experiment stations in the United States, in immediate charge of the 
Director; (2) the Experiment Station Record, in charge of the assist- 
ant director, Dr. E. W. Allen; (3) Experiment Station Work and mis- 
cellaneous publications of the Office, in charge of Mr. W. H. Beal; (4) 
experiment stations in Alaska, in charge of Prof. C. C. Georgeson, 
with headquarters at Sitka; (5) nutrition investigations, in charge of 
Prof. W. O. Atwater, with headquarters at Middlet town, Conn.; (6) 
irrigation investig ations, in charge of Prof. Elwood Mead, with head- 
quarters at Cheyenne, Wyo. 

It is expected that during the present year the number of these divi- 
sions will be increased by the establishment of experiment stations in 
Porto Rico and Hawaii, preliminary arrangements for which have 
already been made, as stated elsewhere in this report. The enlarge- 
ment of our business has necessarily increased the responsibilities of 
the assistant director in respect to general administrative duties and 
the visitation of the experiment stations. The routine business of the 
Office, involved in its correspondence, requisitions, commissions, and 
miscellaneous clerical work, having reached a point when its more 
definite organization was essential to the greatest efficiency, what is 
practically a ‘‘ business division” has been established and put in 
charge of Mrs. C. E. Johnston, who has been employed in the Director’s 
office as correspondence clerk since the establishment of the Office. 
By this means the numerous details of our business in the city of 
Washington and with our outside agents and correspondents have 
been satisfactorily managed. In the conduct of our more important 
outside enterprises it has been found desirable to have officers con- 
nected with the force at Washington, D. C., whoare especially charged 
with promoting the interests of these enterprises as a regular part of 
their official business. Thus, Mr. W. H. Beal is our local representa- 
tive for the irrigation investigations and Dr. C. F. Langworthy for the 
nutrition investigations. In a similar way, it isexpected that Dr. W. 
H. Evans will aid in the establishment and work of the experiment 
stations in Porto Rico and Hawaii, as he has already done in the case 
of Alaska. During the past year two members of our force, Messrs. 
C. B. Smith and J. I. Schulte, have spent a numberof months in Europe 
at their own expense to enlarge their knowledge of agricultural science 
and practice by study and travel. Mr. Schulte has recently made effi- 
cient use of his linguistic and expert knowledge as interpreter and 
juror under the United States Commission at the Paris Exposition. 

By detail to the Division of Botany, Dr. E. V. Wileox has joined in 
an investigation of the effects of poisonous plants on sheep feeding on 
the ranges in Montana, thus continuing the work begun by him when 
an officer of the Montana experiment station. During the. year the 
office met with a severe loss in the death of Miss J. A. Davis, who for 
many years had been a skilled and efficient clerk and stenographer, 
performing services of high grade and great usefulness. 


RELATIONS WITH AMERICAN AND FOREIGN INSTITUTIONS FOR AGRI- 
CULTURAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH. 


The general features of the work of the Office involved in its rela- 
tions with American and foreign institutions for agricultural educa- 
tion and research, in immediate charge of the Director, have remained 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 167 


essentially as heretofore and may be conveniently described under the 
following heads: (a) Agricultural experiment stations in the United 
States; () American institutions for agricultural education; (c) Asso- 
ciation of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations; 
and, (d) foreign institutions for agricultural education and research. 


AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. 


ADVISORY RELATIONS WITH THE STATIONS, 


The amount and variety of the general advice and assistance which 
the Office has been called upon to render to the stations in the differ- 
ent States and Territories during the past year have been fully equal 
to that of any previous year. The subjects which have recently been 
most prominent are those relating to the functions of a director of an 
experiment station and the duties of the stations in connection with 
the inspection of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, foods, nursery stock, ete. 

As the work of our stations develops, it becomes each year more 
evident that its strength and permanence will largely depend on their 
direct management by skilled executive officers having broad tech- 
nical training and sympathies, combined with good practical judg- 
ment and administrative ability. The proper performance of a 
director’s duties in administration and investigation requires all the 
time and energy of a capable man. For this reason the attempt to 
combine these duties with those of a college president has quite gen- 
erally given unsatisfactory results. Various exigencies in the past 
have made such a combination seem desirable in a number of States, 
but there is now comparatively little reason for the continuance of 
such an arrangement, and it is hoped that before long the separation 
of the two offices will be universal. 

The attitude of the governing board toward the director of the 
station is of course a large factor in his success or failure. The 
theory on which boards of control were originally constituted for the 
supervision of State educational institutions in many States seems to 
have been that these boards would exercise direct management of 
these institutions. It is now apparent to all who have made a careful 
study of this matter that the highest success of these institutions can 
be secured only by committing their direct management to permanent 
executive officers who are making the management of such enterprises 
a life work. The board of control may still exercise useful functions 
in the choice of such officers and in the general advice and support 
which it gives them, but it should be careful not to hinder the progress 
of the institution by unwise interference in the management of details. 

Questions relating to the management of the experiment stations 
are of increasing importance to the National Government in its rela- 
tion with these institutions. The money which Congress annually 
appropriates too often fails to fully accomplish its purpose because 
changes in the governing board of a station have brought about a 
demoralization of that station, so that either little of value is done for 
a considerable period or the accumulated data of years of experi- 
menting in certain directions are rendered useless because of the 
failure of the new board to continue the work to a successful conelu- 
sion. The work of this Office in the supervision of the national funds 
and in the giving of advice and assistance to the stations is often ren- 
dered ineffective because it has no way of securing the adequate 
attention of the governing board to the presentation of its opinion or 


168 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


of preventing changes in the membership of the board from causing 
an overturn in policies which had been established as the result of 
eareful consideration and discussion by the Office with the former 
managers of the station. Ina number of recent cases new boards have 
at their first meeting made radical changes in the staff and work of 
the station, the first intimation of which has reached this Office weeks 
after its consummation. 

The lack of stability which still exists in the operations of a number 
of stations is a serious hindrance to the development of cooperative 
enterprises between the stations and the Department, such as are 
demanded by the best interests of our agriculture, and are in accord- 
anee with the expressed policy of Congress, as shown in recent 
appropriation acts for this Department. In many kinds of agricul- 
tural investigations continuity of plan and effort for a number of 
years is absolutely essential to success. It is therefore impracticable 
for the Department to effectively cooperate with those stations in 
whose management a vacillating policy is pursued. 

The amount and variety of inspection service required of our ex- 
periment stations continue to grow from year to year. Beginning 
with commercial fertilizers, it now includes feeding stuffs, dairy prod- 
ucts and other foods for man, creamery glassy Tare, insecticides, 
nursery stock for injurious insects and plant and animal diseases. 
The benefits of this service are so apparent and so much appreciated 
by farmers and the general public that station managers and officers 
have, in most cases, been quite willing to accept its duties and respon- 
sibilities. The results of the assumption of this service have not, 
however, always been fortunate as regards their effect on the investi- 
gations for which the stations were primarily established. Too often 
the severe routine which the inspection service necessarily demands 
has grown to be too heavy a burden to allow the station officer charged 
with it much time or energy for original work, and in the active pur- 
suit of the immediate benefits coming from this service he has allowed 
the more difficult and remote possibilities of original investigation to 
pass into the background of his thought and activity. Legislatures 
and governing boards have had considerable difficulty i in disting uish- 
ing between the routine labor of inspection and the higher work of 
original investigation. Several times during the past year this Office 
has been called upon to aid in preventing the passage of laws i imposing 
inspection duties on the station w ithout provision for paying their 
expenses, or to guard the national funds from diversion by governing 
boards desiring to include inspection service in the programme of sta- 
tion work without having special funds for this purpose. Fortunately, 
the Department has maintained from the beginning that the Hateh Act 
was not intended to cover this class of work, and this principle hay- 
ing been once established in the case of commercial fertilizers it has 
been comparatively easy to apply it to the new kinds of inspection 
which in recent years have claimed the attention of our stations. 

For a considerable period this matter affected only the stations in 
the East, where commercial fertilizers are largely used, but it is now a 
live question in all sections of the country, since there is no region 
which does not have some evil against which the agricultural publie i is 
demanding protection by inspection under State or national auspices. 
It becomes, therefore, of considerable importance to have a careful 
consideration of the policy of our stations regarding this matter, In 
the present condition of affairs, uniformity of attitude regarding this 
question can hardly be expected of station officers. Many believe 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 169 


that with adequate funds and proper administration the inspection 
service may be made an aid to the investigations of the stations. 
Others are equally positive that it is a hindrance to the more original 
work. There is also involved the broader question as to how far it is 
wise to give administration of State laws and performance of police 
duties to stations which are constituent parts of educational institu- 
tions. This inspection work has spread so rapidly in recent years that 
it is not to be wondered at that legislatures have found it easiest to 
satisfy public demands for the utilization of scientists in this direc- 
tion by calling upon the trained officers of the stations to perform this 
duty. This does not by any means prove that it is the best ultimate 
arrangement. There are many reasons why it would seem more 
appropriate that such work should be intrusted to administrative 
bureaus directly connected with the State government. It is not my 
purpose to discuss this subject here, but simply to call attention to 
its importance and to the fact that as a live question affecting the 
management of our stations, this Office is constantly called upon to 
advise with regard to it and to declare and maintain the policy of the 
Department relating to the national funds as affected by the inspection 
service existing or about to be inaugurated at the stations. 


SUPERVISION OF EXPENDITURES. 


The fifth annual examination of the work and expenditures of the 
agricultural experiment stations which receive the national funds 
appropriated under the act of Congress of March 2, 1887 (Hatch Act), 
with special reference to the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899, was made 
during the past year in accordance with the authority conferred upon 
the Seeretary of Agriculture by Congress, and a report of this investi- 
gation was prepared for transmission to Congress, as required by law. 
This report was published as House Doe. No. 500 (Fifty-sixth Con- 
gress, first session), and a special edition was issued as Bulletin No. 
83 of the Office of Experiment Stations and distributed to the govern- 
ing boards and officers of the stations. 

As heretofore, the report was based upon three sources of informa- 
tion, viz, the annual financial statements of the stations, rendered on 
the schedules prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture in accord- 
ance with the act of Congress; the printed reports and bulletins of the 
stations; and the reports of personal examinations of the work and 
expenditures of the stations made during the year by the Director, 
assistant director, and one other expert officer of the Office of Experi- 
ment Stations. The stations in all the States and Territories have 
been visited since the previous report was transmitted to Congress. 

The following statements taken from the report indicate the general 
condition of the stations, especially in relation to the terms of the 
Hateh Act and the appropriation by Congress under that act: 

The work of the stations during the past year has for the most part been along 
the same lines as heretofore, and in the aggregate a large amount of useful work 
has been accomplished. By their own efforts and with the aid of the colleges of 
agriculture and the State boards or commissioners of agriculture the stations are 
bringing their work more closely to the farmers through publications, farmers’ 
institutes. agricultural associations. home reading courses, and the press. It is 
becoming evident that farm practice in this country is being materially affected 
by the work of the stations, and they are more and more relied upon by our pro- 
gressive farmers for advice and assistance. 


The financial business of the stations.—The financial business of the stations is 
now generally conducted systematically and carefully, and with due regard to the 
limitations of the Hatch Act and the State laws governing their operations. As 


170 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


regards expenditures under the Hatch Act, those stations which are supported 
entirely by the national funds have the most difficulty in strictly conforming with 
the law because of the increasing demands made upon them for various kinds of 
services on behalf of agricelture not provided for by that act. The fact thata 
considerable number of the States have liberally supplemented the national funds, 
and thus greatly increased the scope of the work of their stations, has caused 
much embarrassment to less fortunate stations, since their constituencies often do 
not understand why they can not do things which the other stations are doing. 
The wisdom of Congress in making the Hatch fund a research fund is every year 
becoming more apparent This Department is, therefore, disposed to more 
strongly insist on a strict interpretation of this act in this direction, and to hold 
that it isnot only in accordance with the obligation, but also to the interest of 
the States, to devote the Hatch fund to investigations in agriculture and to sup- 
plement this fund as far as may be necessary to promote the interests of agricul- 
ture in other lines. 


The substations.—The national funds have been almost entirely withdrawn from 
the support of permanent substations. Colorado is now the only State in which 
these funds have not been supplemented by State funds for the maintenance of 
substations. In that State, however, the number of substations has been reduced 
to two,and their operations are being restricted with a view to making their work 
very largely of the nature of special investigations, which may properly be con- 
tinued further for a time in the hope that Colorado will ere long follow the exam- 
ple of the other States in this matter. Substations are now maintained with the 
aid of State funds in California, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, Ohio, Texas, 
and Washington. The work of these sulstations is, for the most part, confined 
to the simpler field operations which are supplementary to the main enterprises 
of the stations. It becomes clearer every year that they can be made thoroughly 
successtul only by the expenditure of relatively large amounts of money and the 
employment of well-trained experts to conduct their operations. 


Relations of colleges and stations.—The movement for the improvement of 
courses of agriculture in the colleges with which the stations are connected is 
steadily growing. The past year has witnessed many changes for the better as 
regards specialization of the work of instruction and the development of courses 
suited to the varied needs of students. More than ever before the colleges are 
reaching out beyond their class rooms and are carrying useful instruction to the 
farmers through farmers’ institutes, correspondence courses, and other forms of 
so-called university extension. As this outside work becomes better organized it 
is more apparent that it belongs to the college rather than tothe station. At the 
same time when properly managed it affords efficient means for bringing the 
results of station work home to the farmer, and thus usefully supplements the pub- 
lications of the stations. With the return of financial prosperity the States are 
more liberally endowing the colleges and providing them with better buildings 
and equipment. As the stations usually make considerable use of the improved 
facilities given to the colleges the means for making their work more efficient 
have been materially improved during the past year. 

As the work of both college and station grows in extent and complexity it 
becomes more apparent that in order to perform the most efficient service the sta- 
tion should be organized strictly as a separate department of the institution with 
which it is connected, and that it should have an organization so compact that its 
work may proceed in accordance with a schedule carefully planned and ener- 
getically administered. To secure this end, experience shows that it is quite 
desirable that the station should have a competent executive officer, who can 
devote his time very largely to planning and directing its operations, managing 
its general business, and representing its interests before the public. It is encour- 
aging to observe that in several States during the past year these considerations 
have led to the more complete separation of the business of the station from the 
general business of the college. and to the appointment of a director of the station 
as a separate officer. 


Cooperative experiments with farmers.—The number and importance of the 
experiments which the stations are conducting in cooperation with practical farm- 
ers and horticulturists have greatly increased of late. Thousands of such experi- 
ments are now annually conducted in the United States. These range all the 
way from simple tests of varieties of plants to special experiments in the manage- 
ment of farm or horticultural crops, live stock, or particular operations, such as 
tobacco curing. Itis coming to be more clearly recognized that the field opera- 
tions in agriculture or horticulture conducted on the station farm need to be 
supplemented by similar work in a considerable number of localities in order to 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. wel 


be of general usefulness to the State. In experiments with orchard fruits it is 
often better for the station to make arrangements to work in orchards already 
established. Special investigations of different kinds must be carried on away 
from the station in order to be of any use. By going into different localities, as 
the needs of its work demand, the station can make itself more useful to the State 
as a whole. Without doubt cooperative experiments need to be very carefully 
planned and thoroughly supervised to be successfully conducted, and their success 
d-pends on their quality rather than their number. It is encouraging to observe 
that more careful attention is being given to this important matter by station 
officers, and it is believed that this work may be made much more economical and 
useful than the permanent substations as ordinarily managed. 


Statistics of the stations.—Agricultural experiment stations are now in opera- 
tion, under the act of Congress of March 2, 1887, in all the States and Territories. 
As stated above, agricultural experiments have been begun in Alaska with the aid 
of national funds, and an experiment station is in operation in Hawaii under 
private auspices. In eachof the States of Alabama, Connecticut, New Jersey, and 
New York a separate station is maintained wholly or in part by State funds, and 
in Louisiana three stations are maintained with national and State funds. 
Excluding the branch stations established in several States, the total number of 
stations in the United States is 56. Of these, 52 received the appropriation pro- 
vided for in the act of Congress above mentioned, 

The total income of the stations during 1899 was $1,143,334.93, of which $720.000 
was received from the National Government, the remainder, $423,334.93, coming 
from the following sources: State governments, $240,300.20; individuals and com- 
munities, $12.100; fees for analyses of fertilizers, $75,294.42; sales of farm products, 
$69,312.60; miscellaneous, $26,327.71. In addition to this the Office of Experiment - 
Stations had an appropriation of $40,000 for the past fiscal year. including $10,000 
for the Alaskan investigation. The valueof additions to equipment of thestations 
in 1899 is estimated as follows: Buildings, $27,218.64; libraries, $10,796.15: appa- 
ratus, $16,917.07: farm implements, $106,784.88; live stock, $16,265.95: miscel- 
laneous, $22,521.93; total, $104,504.62. 

The stations employ 678 persons in the work of administration and inquiry. 
The number of officers engaged in the different lines of work is as follows: Direct- 
ors, 71; chemists, 148; agriculturists, 68; experts in animal husbandry, 9; horti- 
culturists, 77; farm foremen, 21; dairymen, 23; botanists. 52; entomologists, 48; 
veterinarians, 26; meteorologists, 17; biologists, 7; physicists, 7; geologists, 5; 
mycologists and bacteriologists, 20; irrigation engineers, 5; in charge of substa- 
tions, 16; secretaries and treasurers, 24; librarians, 9; and clerks, 43. There are 
also 48 persons classified under the head of ‘‘ Miscellaneous,” including superin- 
tendents of gardens, grounds, and buildings, apiarists, herdsmen, etc. Three 
hundred and eight station officers do more or less teaching in the colleges with 
which the stations are connected. 

During 1899 the stations published 445 annual reports and bulletins. Besides 
regular reports and bulletins, a number of the stations issued press bulletins, 
which were widely reproduced in the agricultural and county papers. The mail- 
ing lists of the stations now aggregate 500,000 names. Correspondence with farm- 
ers steadily increases, and calls upon station officers for public addresses at insti- 
tutes and other meetings of farmers are more numerous each year. The station 
officers continue to contribute many articles on special topics to agricultural and 
scientific journals. A number of books on agricultural subjects, written by sta- 
tion officers, have been published during the past year. 


COOPERATION OF THE STATIONS WITH THE DEPARTMENT. 


During the past year a considerable number of cooperative enter- 
prises between different Divisions of this Department and the experi- 
ment stations have been inaugurated or continued. This Office has 
made a record of all such enterprises reported to it and has aided in 
arranging for them as far as its assistance has been sought. Our 
record shows that the Department is at present cooperating with the 
stations in forty-one States and Territories. Among the subjects on 
which cooperative investigations are being conducted are the follow- 
ing: Tests of varieties of grasses and forage plants in many localities; 
special experiments with grasses and forage plants for the arid region 
and the improvement of range lands; breeding experiments with 


172 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


plants; experiments with hybrid orange trees; the culture of dates, 
tea, and tobaceo; the planting of forest trees; the nutrition of farm 
animals and of man; the effect of feeding stuffs on the chemical com- 
position and physical character of butter; studies of diseases of plants 
and animals; studies of alkali soils and seepage; the survey and 
mapping of soils; and irrigation investigations. 

The cooperative enterprises in which the Department and stations 
are engaged have not only increased in number, but also in scope and 
variety. Besides the more formal enterprises, which involve the 
expenditure of more or less money on both sides, there are many minor 
ways in which the officers of the Department and the stations are help- 
ing each other. The Department has thus been brought into much 
closer relations with the stations. 

The stations are becoming more alive to the advantages of such 
cooperation, and are therefore more willing to engage in it under proper 
conditions. They see inthis a way to extend and make more efficient 
the investigations in which they are themselves already engaged, and 
also to undertake certain lines of work much needed in their respective 
regions from which they have hitherto been debarred by lack of 
funds. Bya more intimate association with the Department on terms 
which recognize their autonomy and local authority, they generally 
believe that greater stability may be secured for their operati ions and 
an increased measure of influence may be obtained with their own 
constituencies. In considering what is practicable for the stations to 
do by way of cooperation with the Department, it is necessary to have 
a clear understanding of the complex nature of their organization and 
operations, as well as the extent and variety of the demands for service 
made upon them by the agricultural and horticultural interests in 
their own States. In the effort to meet these demands it has been 
found necessary to establish at each station a number of divisions, 
representing different branches of agricultural science. As consider- 
able field work is generally peered of each station, quite a share of 
their funds is expended for farm and garden operations. 

Thus the expenditures for salaries and labor necessarily consume 
the greater portion of their income. In many eases this makes the 
fund allotted to the several divisions of the station for the general 
expenses of the investigations too small to enable them to undertake 
these investigations in the thorough way which is desirable. It also 
debars them oftentimes from attempting urgently needed investiga- 
tions. When the Department negotiates with a station with reference 
to securing its cooperation, it should therefore take into account the 
fact that the station’s funds are ordinarily fully used in operations 
from which it can not withdraw. As a prerequisite to successful 
cooperation it must have the assurance that the Department will con- 
tribute a sufficient sum of money to enable the station to go beyond 
what it is now doing as far as the requirements of the proposed coop- 
erative plan may demand. The station can often contribute the serv- 
ices of one or more of its expert officers to conduct the work committed 
to its charge by the Department, especially when this involves to a 
greater or less extent simply the extension of enterprises in which the 
station is already engaged. The station can also usually give labore 
tory, greenhouse, and farm facilities. It is in a position to Savana? 
aid the Department in those enterprises which require the cooperation 
of practical farmers and horticulturists in different localities. One 
of the most useful things which may be done by the Department and 
stations acting together is to increase the number of experimental 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. kis 


inquiries which shall be carried on in different localities in direct 
contact with practical men and conditions. The policy pursued by 
Congress in recent years of giving the Department funds for special 
investigations to be carried on in cooperation with the stations has 
already resulted in broadening the usefulness and influence of the 
Department and the stations and in securing results of great practical 
value. It has proved an economical means of conducting such inves- 
tigations as are of general rather than local usefulness, and may be 
wisely extended. 


EXPERIMENT STATION EXHIBIT AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION OF 1900. 


A very considerable amount of work was done by this Office during 
the past year in connection with the collective experiment station 
exhibit at the Paris Exposition of 1900. This exhibit was prepared 
under the general supervision of a committee of the Association of 
American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, consisting 
of H. P. Armsby, director of the Pennsylvania experiment station, 
chairman; M. A. Secovell, director of the Kentucky experiment sta- 
tion; A. W. Harris, president of the University of Maine; W. H. 
Jordan, director of the New York State experiment station; and the 
Director of this Office. The general plan of the exhibit was made by 
the committee, who also arranged with the several stations for the 
individual exhibits they were to contribute. These contributions 
were forwarded to Washington, D. C., where they were temporarily 
installed under the direction of this Office, which also undertook their 
labeling and packing for shipment. 

The exhibit of objects in cases included special devices and appa- 
ratus for station work and illustrations by models and otherwise of 
notable results of investigation. At the same time the Office secured 
from the stations over 800 negatives and photographs illustrating 
their officers, buildings, and equipment, together with materials for 
about 100 large charts illustrating different features of their work. The 
printing, mounting, and labeling of the photographs and the drawing 
of the charts on a uniform plan involved a large amount of labor. 
This Office, through Mr. G. A. Harlow, also collected and prepared for 
binding, as far as was necessary, a complete set of the Office and sta- 
tion publications (some 4,000 documents), and books and monographs 
by station officers, making in all a library of 750 bound volumes. 
Dr. Walter H. Evans, of this Office, as the special representative of 
the Director, took charge of the collection, installation, and packing 
of the exhibit at Washington, D. C., and of its installation at Paris. 
While in Paris he also aided in the installation of numerous other 
exhibits of the Department. To his energetic and intelligent services 
are due in a large measure the success of the exhibit. 

To accompany the station exhibit the Director and Mr. V. A. Clark, 
of this Office, aided by the directors of the stations and members of the 
Office force, prepared a comprehensive report on the history and pres- 
ent status of the experiment stations in the United States. When 
printed, this made a volume of 636 pages and was illustrated with 306 
figures (arranged in 153 plates), showing buildings, equipment, and 
features of the work of the individual stations. While this report was 
prepared primarily to show to foreign nations represented at the Paris 
Exposition something of the magnitude and success of our experiment- 
station enterprise, it was also intended to reveal this more clearly to 
our own countrymen and to make a permanent record of the condition 


174 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


of the experiment stations in this country at the close of the nine- 
teenth century. Under the law only 1,000 copies of this report could 
be printed, and one-half of this edition was sent to Paris, the remain- 
der being principally distributed to libraries in this country. It is 
hoped that provision may hereafter be made for another edition of 
sufficient size to secure its more adequate distribution in this country. 

Mr. J. I. Schulte, of this Office, was detailed to the United States 
Commission for service during the exposition and acted as juror and 
interpreter, his acquaintance with the French and German languages 
and with scientific and practical agriculture making his services in 
those capacities of much value. 

The class jury which passed upon the station exhibit was composed 
of representative experiment station officers, more than a majority of 
whom were French. The awards recommended by the jury included 
grand prizes for the Association of American Colleges and Experiment 
Stations and the Director of this Office; gold medals for E. W. Hilgard, 
W. O. Atwater, T. B. Osborne, W. H. Jordan, W. A. Henry, 8. M. Bab- 
cock, C. F. Vanderford, L. G. Carpenter, and W. H. Evans, and silver 
medals for Elwood Mead, Milton Whitney, C. F. Curtiss, P. H. Mell, 
and Paul Schweitzer. In the case of Dr. Babcock the group jury 
raised the award to a grand prize, as gold medals were recommended 
by the class juries of this and another class. 

It is expected that a considerable portion of the station exhibit at 
Paris can be utilized at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, 
N. Y., in 1901, and that thus the large amount of labor expended in 
its preparation by the stations and this Office will be more thoroughly 
justified. 


AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 


The past year has been a prosperous one for the agricultural col- 
leges throughout the country. Interest in their work is steadily grow- 
ing, and the number of students is increasing. The regular college 
courses in agriculture are being str engthened, ; and the special courses 
are being organized so as to cover a greater variety of subjects and to 
give the ‘students training in both the seience and practice of various 
agricultural industries. In a number of States the buildings and other 
equipment for the agricultural departments have been “greatly im- 
proved. At the University of Illinois a building costing $150,000 has 
been erected for the special use of the college of agriculture. This 
will be thoroughly equipped with apparatus and other facilities for 
instruction, and when completed will form the largest single plant 
for -gricultural instruction in this country. At the University of 
Nebraska a building costing $40,000 has been erected for the special 
use of the experiment station. This is in addition to a similar build- 
ing erected two years ago for the use of the college of agriculture. 
Both these buildings are located on the university farm and, taken 
together with other improvements recently made there, have very 
greatly increased the facilities for agricultural instruction at this 
university. At the Washington Agr icultural C ollege a science hall 
costing $60, 000 has been erected, which provides greatly improved 
facilities for the work of the college and experiment station. At the 
Texas Agricultural College there is a new agricultural and horticul- 
tural building costing over $30,000, and at the Kansas Agricultural 
College an agricultural building of about the same value. At the 
Oklahoma Agricultural College there are new chemistry and library 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Las 


and science buildings, and at the Virginia Agricultural College and 
the University of Tennessee new and ‘commodious barns have been 
erected, each costing about $5,000. At the latter institution a dairy 
building is in process of construction. At the Agricultural College 
of the University of Minnesota a_ horticultural-botanical building 
costing $35,000 has been erected. 

The movement for the division of the general subject of agriculture 
into specialties to be taught by different instructors still continues. 
More frequently than formerly teachers in the agricultural colleges 
are being given opportunities to increase their special training for 
their work by leaves of absence for advanced study at American and 
foreign institutions. The colleges have been greatly encouraged by 
the recent attitude of this Department in this matter. The fact that 
the Department is opening its doors more widely for the teachers and 
graduate students of the agricultural colleges is felt to be not only a 
direct benefit to the individuals who can avail themselves of these 
privileges, but also of wider importance to the cause of agricultural 
education as a stimulus to the fixing of a higher standard for the 
training of the teachers and investigators in these institutions. 

While the agricultural colleges are thus strengthening their staffs 
and facilities, they are at the same time taking a wider interest in the 
education of the masses of the agricultural population. They are 
coming to see more clearly that their influence should be directly felt 
throughout the communities in which they are located. They are 
therefore more generally engaged in work connected with the farm- 
ers’ institutes, reading courses in agriculture, and the introduction 
of nature study in the rural schools with a view to increasing interest 
in this university extension work in agriculture. To aid this move- 
ment this Office has published during the past year bulletins on farm- 
ers’ reading courses and farmers’ institutes, prepared by Prof. L. H. 
Bailey, of Cornell University. The work of the College of Agriculture 
of Cornell University in the promotion of nature “teaching in the 
schools of the State of New York has been actively continued during 
the past year and on a larger scale than ever before. In a number of 
other States a movement for the introduction of nature study into 
the rural schools is in progress. In this movement the agricultural 
colleges are taking a prominent part. In this way the public is being 
shown that the teaching of young children regarding the natural 
objects and phenomena about them may be so.conducted as to lead 
them to see that a knowledge of nature may be of practical benefit. 
Their minds will thus be early trained to recognize the intimate rela- 
tions between scientific and practical knowledge as applied to the art 
of agriculture. Without doubt this will lead to a desire on the part 
of many young people to undertake courses of study in agricultural 
schools and colleges. The nature-study movement will thus con- 
tribute to a broader development of agricultural education. 

The number of farmers’ institutes held in this country during the 
past year exceeded that of previous years, and the aggregate attend- 
ance of farmers was larger. There are many indications that these 
institutes have by no means reached their final stage of development. 
One of their greatest needs at present is a more thorough organiza- 
tion and the development of a regular staff of instructors and iectur- 
ers. The demands made upon college and experiment-station officers 
for attendance at the institutes are already too great for them to meet 
in any adequate way. ‘Too often they are compelled to sacrifice the 
interests of their regular work in order to attend the institutes. It is 


176 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


believed that the only satisfactory solution of this problem will be 
found in the employment of special officers to do the major portion of 
the institute work. Without doubt, we have in the past relied too 
much on printed documents for the dissemination among our farmers 
of information regarding the results of agricultural investigations. 
In the United States, as in other countries, the farmers need to have 
considerable oral instruction before they are prepared to profit most 
fully by the information given them in bulletins and reports of the 
experiment stations. W hile our farmers’ institutes have already done 
a great service in this direction, they need in many places a more 
perfect organization and development. There are many problems 
which need to be studied with reference to the best means for mak- 
ing the institutes thoroughly effective and extending their work 
throughout the country. The Department of Agriculture should, in 
my judgment, definitely aid in this enterprise, and I hope that funds 
will soon be put at its disposal which may be used in assisting the 
agricultural colleges, experiment stations, ‘and State governments in 
perfecting our system of farmers’ institutes. 

One interesting feature of the recent development of agricultural 
education in this country is the growing tendency to increase the 
number of schools established under private auspices in which 
the theory and practice of agriculture and horticulture form a part of 
the course of study. The most widely known of these institutions 
is the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama. Much 
attention has recently been given to the development of the agricul- 
tural course in this institution, where the work is in charge of a gradu- 
ate of the Iowa Agricultural College. The Baron de Hirsch School, 
at Woodbine, N. J., and the National Farm School, at Doylestown, 
Pa., are in successful operation. They have been established espe- 
cially for the purpose of training boys drawn from the cities, and are 
organized as secondary schools, in which the actual practice of agri- 
culture engages a considerable portion of the time of the pupils. In 
this respect they are following European models. Plans have been 
recently made for a school of agriculture and horticulture in the 
vicinity of New York City on a somewhat broader basis than the two 
schools just mentioned, but with the same general purpose; and a 
school of horticulture under private auspices has just been established 
near Hartford, Conn. 

Following the suecessful establishment of a school of forestry at 
Cornell University under the direction of Prof. B. E. Fernow, former 
chief of the Division of Forestry of this Department, has come the 
announcement of a munificent gift for the endowment of a similar 
school at Yale PEE SHS The prospectus for this school has already 
been published. Mr. H. 8. Graves, assistant chief of the Division of 
Forestry, has been Banniel professor of forestry in this new school, 
and other officers of this Department will assist in its establishment. 

The financial and statistical reports of the colleges receiving appro- 
priations under the act of August 30, 1890, which, in accordance with 
the law, are regularly forwarded to the Secretary of Agriculture, have, 
as hitherto, been deposited in this Office. On the basis of these reports 
and replies to special circulars of inquiry, this Office has published 
statistics relating to the agricultural colleges for the year ending June 
30, 1899. The reports for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, have 
now been received. An article on the history and present status of 
agricultural education in this country was prepared by the Director 
of this Office and published in the Y earbook of the Department for 
1899. Asa basis for the historical portion of this article, a review of 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. diver 


available literature on this subject was made, at our request, by Prof. 
Herman Babson, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. In this 
way amore complete survey of the development of our institutions 
for agricultural education was made than had previously been possi- 
ble. In connection with the exhibit of educational institutions in the 
United States made at the Paris Exposition, a series of monographs 
on different branches of our educational system was prepared under 
the editorship of Prof. Nicholas Murray Butler, of Columbia Univer- 
sity. Agricultural education was well represented by a monograph 
by Dr. C. W. Dabney, president of the University of Tennessee and 
formerly Assistant Secretary of this Department. 


ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERI- 
MENT STATIONS. 


The thirteenth annual convention of this association was held at 
San Francisco, Cal., July 5-7, 1899. The Director of this Office was a 
delegate and was also reelected bibliographer of the association. The 
Office was further represented by the assistant director, Dr. E. W. 
Allen, and by the expert in charge of irrigation investigations, Prof. 
Elwood Mead. The stenographie report of the proceedings was pre- 
pared under the supervision of the Director, and has since been edited 
by him and Mr. W. H. Beal, of this Office, and the chairman of the 
executive committee of the association, and issued as Bulletin No. 76. 

The committee on methods of teaching agriculture presented as its 
fourth report of progress a syllabus for a college course in zootechny 
(animal production). The work of this committee was discussed by 
the convention and the committee was continued. 

Progress reports were also made by the committees on indexing 
agricultural literature, the collective experiment station exhibit at 
the Paris Exposition, and graduate study at Washington, D. C. The 
Director of this Office has performed a considerable amount of work 
during the past year as a member of the four committees above 
mentioned. 

The annual address of the president of the association, Prof. H. P. 
Armsby, director of the Pennsylvania experiment station, presented 
the work of the experiment station considered as a department of 
higher or university education in agriculture. There were also papers 
on ‘‘Agricultural education—practical and scientific,” by W. M. Lig- 
gett, of Minnesota; ‘‘ The principles underlying the formation of an 
agricultural course in the South,” by C. E. Coates, jr., of Louisiana, 
and ‘‘The principles underlying the formation of an agricultural 
course in the East,” by I. P. Roberts, of New York. 

The irrigation investigations of this Office were explained to the 
association by the Director and Professor Mead, and subjects relating 
to irrigation were much discussed in the convention through papers 
and informal remarks. 

The cooperation of the stations with this Department was discussed 
and a committee was appointed to further consider this matter and 
report to the next convention. 


RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN INSTITUTIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL EDUCA- 
TION AND RESEARCH. 


During the past year the Office has received a considerable number 
of documents giving information regarding the organization, equip- 
ment, and work of foreign institutions for agricultural investigation 

AGR 1900. 12 


178 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


and research, and has also extended its knowledge of such institu- 
tions through reports received from members of the Office foree and 
other representatives who have recently visited such institutions. A 
list of the foreign experiment stations, including the name of each 
station, its location, and its director, was published in more complete 
form than heretofore. The Office was represented at the congresses of 
agricultural education and of experiment stations held in connection 
with the Paris Exposition, and accounts of these congresses have been 
prepared for publication. With a view to giving an example of what 
is being done abroad in the teaching of ag riculture i in common schools, 
an illustrated account of the school at Alfter, Germany, was prepared 
by Mr. C. B. Smith, after his visit there, and published as Circular 
No. 42 of this Office. A notable instance of the progress of agricul- 
tural education abroad during the past year is the establishment of 
the chair of agriculture at Cambridge University, England, and the 
formation of an agricultural executive committee at that university ; 
which has for its. purpose the securing of systematic and efficient 
instruction, both theoretical and practical, in agricultural subjects 
suitable to every class engaged in agriculture, and the diffusion 
among the agricultural classes, by means of printed matter and lee- 
tures, of a more thorough appreciation of the advantages of instruc- 
tion bearing directly or indirectly on agricultural industries. 

State bacteriological institutes are being established in various 
parts of Russia. Among those recently founded are one at Vladivo- 
stock, in eastern Asia, and onein Mery, in central Asia. The latter is 
of special importance, because many epidemic diseases are thought to 
have their origin in central Asia. 

A botanical garden and experiment station has been established at 
Coquithatville, in the Congo Free State, and an association of thirty 
landholders has been formed to organize an experiment station in 
Chojnowo, Poland. 

A new departure in the line of experiment stations is one for milling 
products, recently established in Berlin, Germany, in connection with 
the Imperial Agricultural High School. Among the important objects 
of the station are the examination of flour, mill products, and bran 
for official purposes and for private parties; the analysis of oil cakes 
and other feeding stuffs for individuals; the furnishing of advice to 
millers and bakers, and the testing of implements. Investigations 
are to be made on such problems as the effect of storage of flour on its 
baking qualities, cause of differences in baking qualities of flours from 
different kinds of wheat, occurrence of diastases in flours, fixing of 
types of flours, ete. 


PUBLICATIONS OF THE OFFICE. 


During the year the Office issued 58 documents, aggregating 3,367 
pages. These include 10 numbers of the Experiment Station Record 
with detailed index, 15 bulletins, 7 farmers’ bulletins (including 4 
numbers of the subseries entitled ‘‘ Experiment Station Work”), 
circulars, 4 reports, 4 articles for the Yearbook of the Department, 
and 14 special articles published as separates. 


EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 


General editorial management of the Reeord has been intrusted to - 
the assistant director, Dr. E. W. Allen, during the past year, and he 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 179 


has also continued to act as chairman of the abstract committee of 
the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. 

The review of the foreign literature of agricultural science has been 
made more complete by special attention to reports of investigations 
published in the Russian, Hungarian, and Dutch languages. More 
space has been given to veterinary science, the literature of which is 
increasing with great rapidity. In view of the extension of the work 
of the Department and the experiment stations to tropical regions, 
more attention is being given to the reports of kindred institutions 
located in such regions. Increasing difficulty is experienced in fol- 
lowing up the current literature with the promptness which is desir- 
able. The mass of this literature has become so great that the making 
of adequate abstracts of even the more important articles published 
in many different languages is a formidable one. The amount of the 
literature annually examined for review in the Record has doubled 
within the past four years. 

One very annoying thing which hinders the prompt publication of a 
considerable number of abstracts is due toa provision of the law goy- 
erning the public printing and binding, the practical effect of which 
is to limit each number of the Record to 100 octavo pages. Asapplied 
to such a journal, this requirement is an absurdity, and it is earnestly 
hoped that a modification of the law, which injuriously affects the 
interests of the Department in a number of ways, may soon be secured. 

The most common criticism of the Record is that too many of the 
abstracts are not long enough to give the reader a just understanding 
of the purport of the original article. This can be remedied only by 
extending the Record through increase in its editorial staff and in the 
frequency of publication. Recent experience has furnished addi- 
tional proof of the impracticability of securing prompt and regular 
reviews of the literature of particular subjects by the voluntary coop- 
eration of unpaid collaborators. The pressure of new work on our 
investigators in every department of agricultural science is so great 
that very few men are able to read for themselves all the original cur- 
rent literature of their specialties. Much less can they find time to 
prepare abstracts of this literature for publication. The work of vol- 
untary abstractors is therefore spasmodic and unsatisfactory. Only 
by the organization of a regular paid staff has this Office been able to 
make the Record the most complete review of agricultural science 
now in existence, and only by an extension of this policy will it be 
possible to keep pace with the increasing activity in agricultural 
science which now extends to all quarters of the globe. Now that the 
national and State governments in this country are annually expend- 
ing several millions of dollars in scientific and administrative enter- 
prises, for the most successful prosecution of which the information 
furnished by the Experiment Station Record is regarded by all experts 
of great value, the comparatively small sum required for its mainte- 
nance is undoubtedly well spent. 

The eleventh volume of the Experiment Station Record comprises 
1,224 pages, and contains abstracts of 355 bulletins and 45 annual 
reports of experiment stations in the United States, 155 publications 
of the Department of Agriculture, and 1,184 reports of foreign investi- 
gations. The total number of pages in these publications is 74,981 
(for Vol. VIII it was 38,552). The total number of articles abstracted 
is 2,225, classified as follows: Chemistry, 146; botany, 175; fermenta- 
tion and bacteriology, 19; zoolozy, 18; meteorology, 54; air, Wate 
and soils, 79; fertilizers, 102 : field. crops, | 220; horticulture, 232 ; for- 


180 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


estry, 59; seeds and weeds, 66; diseases of plants, 179; entomology, 
221; foods and animal production, 194; dairy farming and dairying, 
184; veterinary science, 234; technology, 6; agricultural engineering, 
37; statistics, 86. Classified lists of articles, in some cases with brief 
extracts, are also given in each number. The aggregate number of 
titles thus reported is 2,247. 

Special articles were also published in this volume of the Record as 
follows: ‘‘Selection and its effects on cultivated plants,” by H. L. 
de Vilmorin, and ‘‘Artificial changes of physical properties of soils,” 
and ‘‘Adaptation of methods of cultivation and manuring to the 
physical properties of soils,” by E. Wollny. 

There are condensed accounts of the Proceedings of the Sixteenth 
Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 
1899, and of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the Association of 
American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, prepared 
by E. W. Allen, of this Office; and, in addition, editorial discussions 
of the following topics: Scientific aids, Department of Agriculture; 
editorial management of the Record; the new Imperial Agricultural 
Department for the West Indies; the late Henry Levéque de Vil- 
morin; plant breeding and selection as a feature of experiment sta- 
tion work; veterinary work of the experiment stations; two views of 
the functions of experiment stations; the development of the respira- 
tion calorimeter; experiment station exhibit for the Paris Exposition; 
occurrence of leucocytes in normal milk; causes of the changes in 
ripening cheese; statistics of agricultural colleges and experiment 
stations for 1899; comments on the work of the stations for 1899; 
recent investigations on Texas fever; and the services of President 
J. H. Smart and Prof. G. E. Morrow. 

Some work has been done on a general index to the eleven volumes 
of the Record thus far published and Bulletin No. 2 of this Office, 
which is essentially another volume of the same character, being a 
digest of the reports of the stations for 1888. Such an index has 
become a labor- -saving necessity in connection with the work of this 
Office, and if is hoped that on its completion it may be found practi- 

cable to print it for the use of the readers of the Record. 


MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS. 


The miscellaneous publications of the Office consist chiefly of (1) 
technical bulletins and reports and (2) farmers’ bulletins, including 
the series known as Experiment Station Work, and are prepared 
under the immediate editorial supervision of Mr. W. H. Beal. 


TECHNICAL BULLETINS. 


Farmers’ Reading Courses (Bulletin No. 72, pp. 36), prepared by 
L. H. Bailey, professor of horticulture, Cornell University. This 
bulletin shows the scope and methods of work followed in farmers’ 
reading courses in the United States, which, ‘‘as an important phase 
of the “general movement among our agricultural colleges to go out- 
side of their class rooms and promote the education of our farmers 
along the lines of their art are now attracting widespread attention.” 
It reviews their history and present status, describing reading courses 
actually in operation in seven States, and contains suggestions regard- 
ing the organization of such courses, with an appendix, showing rep- 
resentative documents used in the courses in various States. 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 181 


Organization Lists of the Agricultural Colleges and Experiment 
Spations i in the United States, with a List of Agricultural Experiment 
Stations in Foreign Countries (Bulletin No. 74, pp. 121), contains a 
list of the officers of the Association of Agricultural Colleges and 
Experiment Stations and of the Association of Official Agricultural 
Chemists; a list of institutions having courses in agriculture i in the 
United States, with courses of study and boards of instruction; a list 
of experiment stations in the United States, with governing boards 
and station staffs; a list of experiment stations in fifty-seven foreign: 
countries, with their location and directors; a list_of station publica- 
tions received by the Office of Experiment Stations during 1899; fed- 

eral legislation affecting agricultural colleges and exper iment stations; 
and regulations and rulings of the Federal Departments affecting the 
stations. 

Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the Associa- 
tion of ‘Ameri ican Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, held 
at San Francisco, Cal., July 5-7, 1899 (Bulletin No. 76, pp. i12), con- 
tains, in addition to the pr oceedings of the convention, papers, 
addresses, and reports on a number of subjects of interest to students 
and investigators in agricultural science. The stenographie report 
of these proceedings was made under the supervision of this Office, 
and the proceedings were edited for publication by the Director and 
Mr. W. H. Beal, of this Office, and the chairman of the executive com- 
mittee of the association. 

The Digestibility of American Feeding Stuffs (Bulletin No. 77, pp. 
100), prepared by Whitman H. Jordan, director, and Frank H. Hall, 
librarian, of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 
summarizes the results of experiments made at the experiment stations 
in the United States up to the close of 1898 on the digestibility of 
feeding stuffs by farm animals. The bulletin not only gives the prin- 
cipal data obtained in some 378 experiments, but also discusses the 
process of digestion; the significance and practical value of digestion 
coefficients; the methods, sources of error, and limitations of diges- 
tion experiments as at present conducted; and the various factors 
affecting digestibility. This compilation renders possible the general 
use of reliable American coefficients of digestibility in the calculation 
of feeding rations for farm animals. 

Statistics of the Land-Grant Colleges and Agricultural Experiment 
Stations in the United States for the Year ended June 30, 1899 
(Bulletin No. 78, pp. 39), shows the number of officers and students, 
endowment, equipment, and revenue of the colleges, and the number of 
officers, revenues, expenditures, lines of work, and number of publi- 
cations of the stations. 

Farmers’ Institutes (Bulletin No. 79, pp. 34), by L. H. Bailey, pro- 
fessor of horticulture at Cornell University, gives the history and 
present status of farmers’ institutes in the United States and Canada. 
This bulletin was issued in response to an increasing demand for infor- 
mation regarding various means which have been adopted for extend- 
ing our system of agricultural education to the actual tillers of the 
soil. The origin and history of the movement are briefly discussed, 
and the methods pursued in the different States and provinces are 
described. A list of officers in charge of farmers’ institutes in the 
United States is given. 

The Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States (Bulle- 
tin No. 80, pp. 636), by A. C. True and V. A. Clark, prepared as a 
part of the exhibit of the agricultural experiment stations in the 


189 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


United States at the Paris Exposition, is an account of the history, 
work, and present status of the experiment stations in general, and of 
the fifty-six stations individually, profusely illustrated with half- 
tones, showing buildings, plats, laboratories, herds, ete. It treats of 
the ag ricultural conditions in the United States as related to the work 
of the stations; history of the stations; relation of the Federal Goy- 
ernment to the stations; relations of the stations with associations; 
organization, equipment, lines of work, and general results of the 
stations; the associations affiliated with the stations; and gives a list 
of officers, history, organization, equipment, financial support, lines 
of work, methods oMdisseminating information, and general results of 
the work of the individual stations in the several States and Territo- 
ries. An appendix includes an article on inspection work of the sta- 
tions; federal legislation and rulings affecting agricultural colleges 
and experiment stations; statistics of the agricultural experiment 
stations in 1899; publications of the Office of Experi ment Stations and 
the several stations, from 1875 to 1899, inclusive; a description of the 
eard index of experiment station literature; a list of books by experi- 
ment station officers; and a .catalogue of the collective experiment 
station exhibit at the Paris Exposition. 

Third Report on the Investigations of the Agricultural Capabilities 
of Alaska in 1899 (Bulletin No. 82, pp. 55), by C. C. Georgeson, spe- 
cial agent in charge of Alaska investigations. Special reference to 
this bulletin is made on p. 185 of this report. 

Report on the Work and Expenditures of the Agricultural Experi- 
ment Stations for the Year ended June 30, 1899 (Bulletin No. 83, pp. 
111), contains the report of the Director of this Office described on 
p- 169. 

The Work of the ecole Experiment Stations on Tobacco 
(U. S. Dept. Agr. Report No. 63, pp. 48). This bulletin contains 
abstracts of the publications of the stations on this subject by J. I. 
Schulte of the Office of Experiment Stations, made at the request of 
the chief of the Division of Soils, with an introduction and comments 
by Prof. Milton Whitney, chief of that Division. 

A brief statement regarding other bulletins issued in connection 
with the investigations in nutrition and irrigation may be found on 
pages 197 and 206, respectively. 


FARMERS’ BULLETINS. 


Farmers’ Reading Courses (Farmers y Bulletm- No: 109 pps 19): 
This is an abridgment of Bulletin No. 72 of the Office of Experiment 
Stations already referred to (p. 180). 

Bread and the Principles of Bread Making (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 
112, pp. 39), prepared by Helen W. Atwater, under the supervision of 
Director C. D. Woods of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, 
summarizes recent information on this subject compiled from all 
available sources, including standard works and the results of investi- 

gations conducted under the auspices of this Office. Among the 
topics treated are grains and flours; yeasts and other leavening 
agencies; raised bread; special breads; household methods of bread 
making; imperfections and impurities in bread; and the nutritive 
value and cost of bread. 

Irrigation in Fruit Growing (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 116, pp. 48), by 
EJ. W ickson, professor of agricultural practice, University of Cali- 
fornia, and horticulturist of the California Agricultural Experiment 
Station, discusses ‘‘ the relations of irrigation to fruit production, and 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 183 


irrigation methods as they have been demonstrated by Pacific coast 
experience, to the end that recourse to irrigation, wherever it be found 
desirable, may be facilitated and promoted.” The topics treated 
inelude the relations of cultivation and irrigation; effects of insuffi- 
cient moisture; time of application; flowing water v. falling water; 
development and utilization of irrigation water; preparing land for 
irrigation; methods of applying irrigation water; how much water to 
apply; after-treatment of irrigated land; cover crops in the irrigated 
orchard; and minor results of irrigation. 


EXPERIMENT STATION WORK, 


Experiment Station Work XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV (Farmers’ Bul- 
letins Nos. 103, 105, 107, 114, 119) are the five numbers prepared dur- 
ing the past year of the subseries of brief popular bulletins compiled 
from the published reports of the agricultural experiment stations and 
kindred institutions in this and other countries. In the preparation 
of these bulletins the effort has been made to take into account the 
work done at the different experiment stations and to compare results 
obtained under different conditions, so as to present a more complete 
view of the progress of investigations in special lines than could be 
given by abstracts of the reports of single investigations. While it 
has been our effort to show the practical application of these results, 
we have also tried to so present them as to make clear to the reader 
that our articles are intended to be essentially reports of progress in 
agricultural investigations rather than final and authoritative recom- 
mendations of changes in farm practice. It is believed that one of 
the most important things which our farmers have to learn is that they 
are not to follow blindly the advice of experts whose investigations 
have necessarily covered only certain features of the complex problems 
of practical agriculture. The farmer should be made acquainted in 
a broad way with the results of investigations carried on by the experi- 
ment stations and kindred institutions and taught how to take advan- 
tage of the results of these investigations through his own knowledge 
and skill as applied to the conditions existing on his own farm. 


CARD INDEX. 


Copy for 1,300 cards of the index of experiment station literature 
has been prepared in this Office and forwarded to the Division of Pub- 
lications during the past year. The preparation of the index is now 
kept as nearly up to date as the irregularity of the publication of 
station documents will permit. The number of index cards distrib- 
uted has reached 19,200. The receipts from sales of this index during 
the past, year were $111.25. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL WORK. 


The most important piece of bibliographical work done by the Office 
during the past year was the preparation of the subject and author 
list of the publications of the experiment stations in thiscountry from 
1875 to 1899, inclusive, in connection with the account of the stations 
for the Paris Exposition (see p. 181). This list contained 5,885 titles. 
An index to the record in Congress of the late Senator J. 8S. Morrill has 
been compiled from the Congressional Globe and Record, with special 
reference to his connection with the national legislation for the endow- 
ment of agricultural colleges. Considerable additions have been made 


184 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


to the bibliography of the nutrition of man and animals. That por- 
tion of this bibliography which relates to bread and closely allied 
topics is being put in shape for publication. A bibliography of irri- 
gation, which has been in course of preparation for some time, is now 
nearing completion. It is expected that these bibliographies will be 
published as documents of the Department Library. 

The collection and cataloguing of the publications of the agricul- 
tural colleges and experiment stations in this and other countries was 
continued during the past year as heretofore. The publications of 
our stations were received with unusual regularity. This is believed 
to be due to the more general use of the mailing list distributed tothe 
stations by this Office. The number of foreign publications of all 
kinds received as exchanges has materially increased. Many dupli- 
cates of station and other publications were received, a considerable 
number of which were distributed to college and station libraries and 
officers. Theattention of the editors of the Record was also called to 
6,075 numbers of 347 different periodicals received in-the Department 
Library. The proper handling and care of the collections of periodi- 
cals and station documents required in the work of the Office has 
become a matter involving much patient labor and skill, and the fact 
that their custodian, Mr. G. A. Harlow, is able to report that all these 
documents can be accounted for, reflects great credit on his faithful- 
ness. In this,and all other work relating to library matters, the Office 
continues to enjoy the cordial cooperation of the Librarian of the 
Department and his assistants. 


WORK FOR THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION. 


The Director of this Office has continued to act as the general rep- 
resentative of the Department in matters relating to examinations 
held by the Civil Service Commission for technical and scientific posi- 
tions in the Department. Besides the general examination for assist- 
ants, in the preparing and rating of questions for which all the Divisions 
of the Department shared, thirteen special examinations were held 
during the year. The number of papers received from the Commis- 
sion, recorded in this Office, and rated by examiners in the Department: 
during the year was 250. The register for ‘‘ scientific aids,” confined 
to graduates of the land-grant colleges, which was established near 
the close of the previous fiscal year has proved to be a useful one. A 
number of appointments have been made from it, and now that Con- 
gress has approved the policy of employing such graduates in this 
manner, it is hoped that the way may be opened to increase the num- 
ber of such employees in the Department. By this means certain 
kinds of service are satisfactorily obtained by the Department at very 
low cost, and at the same time young persons are being trained for 
high- orade services along the lines of agricultural science who will 
ultimately find their proper places in the public service of the States 
and Territories. 

As the ‘‘scientific aids” take the places to a considerable extent 
which it was originally intended to fill from the register of ‘‘assist- 
ants,” it is doubtful whether that register should be continued. In 
ease this is discontinued, an effort should be made to substitute some 
system of examinations which will more thoroughly meet the special 
requirements of different Divisions and at the same time avoid the 
holding of numerous special examinations at irregular intervals dur- 
ing the year. 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 185 
EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN ALASKA. 


The third appropriation for agricultural investigations in Alaska 
was made for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1899, but a portion of 
this appropriation was made available in the spring of that year. The 
appropriation was increased from $10,000 to $12,000, and the terms of 
the appropriation were changed so that the Secretary of Agriculture 
was authorized to expend this fund ‘‘ to investigate and report to Con- 
gress upon the agricultural resources and capabilities of Alaska and 
to establish and maintain agricultural experiment stations in said 
Territory, including the erection of buildings and all other expenses 
essential to the maintenance of such stations.” The terms of this 
appropriation indicated that experiment stations were to be regularly 
maintained in Alaska as in other parts of the United States, and plans 
were therefore at once made for putting our work in that Territory on 
a permanent basis. As it was decided that on the whole Sitka, the 
eapital of Alaska, would be the most convenient place in which to 
establish a central office and laboratory and from which to supervise 
investigations along the coast, as well as in the interior, and to dis- 
seminate information regarding these investigations in different parts 
of the Territory, it was deemed essential that a building should be 
erected at that place, which might serve as headquarters for these 
investigations. Plans were therefore drawn for a simple but sub- 
stantial wooden building containing ten rooms, which might be used 
as offices, laboratories, and quarters for the special agent in charge. 
Castle Hill, a lot in Sitka, which was set aside a number of years ago 
as a site for Government buildings, afterwards located elsewhere, was 
selected as the site for the experiment station headquarters, having 
been reserved for this purpose by an order of the President. The 
construction of the station building on this site was begun as soon as 
a contract could be made. This building was inclosed and the lower 
story was partially finished, but the amount of funds available from 
that appropriation did not warrant completion. 

Prof. C. C. Georgeson was continued as special agent in charge of 
the investigations, and the regular force was increased by the appoint- 
ment of two assistants and one laborer. Provision was also made for 
engaging the services of other temporary assistants and laborers as 
occasion might demand. A considerable number of farm implements 
and four work oxen were purchased. 

The clearing of the land for experimental purposes was undertaken 
at Sitka and at Kenai, in Cook Inlet, on the reservations made for 
that purpose the previous summer. Much difficulty was experienced 
in obtaining suitable laborers to assist in the work at Sitka, and the 
task of clearing and draining the land proved more formidable than 
was expected. Some 6 acres of new ground, however, was cleared 
and partially drained. A road was also built along one side of the 
farm and another up to the station building on Castle Hill. At Kenai 
about 3 acres of land was cleared and a combined log barn and imple- 
ment shed erected. A log silo was also constructed there and filled 
with native grasses. 

The experimental work was similar to that of the previous year, 
and consisted largely in growing different varieties of cereals, forage 
plants, flax, and vegetables at Sitka, Kenai, and Kadiak. Experi- 
ments were also made in making and storing silage and in making 
hay from native grasses. The correction of the acidity of new land 
with lime was successfully tried. Further information regarding agri- 


186 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


cultural conditions in different parts of Alaska was obtained through 
circulars of inquiry. Seeds were also distributed in a number of dif- 
ferent regions. The results of the work this year confirmed those 
previously obtained in these investigations. Sufficient evidence has 
been obtained to show definitely that a considerable variety of vege- 
tables can be successfully grown in different parts of Alaska. It has 
also been shown that in southeastern Alaska and in Cook Inlet oats, 
barley, buckwheat, and spring wheat will mature with careful culture, 
and that the failure of many attempts to grow crops in Alaska has 
been due to the natural acidity of the soil and the lack of drainage. 
When these difficulties are removed by proper treatment, the land is 
fertile and productive. 

After the close of the operations of the season of 1899 Professor 
Georgeson returned to Washington and prepared his annual report, 
which was transmitted to Congress in January, 1900, and published 
as House Doce. No. 314 (Fifty-sixth Congress, first session), and after- 
wards as Bulletin No. 82 of this Office. Plans were made to continue 
the work at Sitka and Kenai along the same lines as heretofore, includ- 
ing experiments in growing different varieties of oats, barley, wheat, 
buckwheat, flax, clover, grasses, and many kinds of vegetables. Inves- 
tigations will also be made with reference to methods of culture and 
treatment of the soil, especially with lime, and the utilization of native 
and cultivated grasses and forage plants, especially in the form of 
silage and hay, for the maintenance of live stock. 

The clearing of land will be continued, special attention being given 
to studies of economical methods of removing the trees and moss and 
draining the soil. 

Owing to the fact that the appropriation made by Congress at its 
last session did not become available until May 25, 1900, or some two 
months later than the previous year, it was impracticable to under- 
take as much field work as during the previous season, and in a num- 
ber of ways the work for this year was materially hindered. As this 
appropriation was for only the same amount as last year, it was not 
feasible to plan for the completion of the headquarters building at 
Sitka. Arrangements were, however, made to finish the lower story, 
so that the building might be used for office purposes and the storing 
of samples of soil and collections of native and cultivated plants made 
as a result of these investigations. In order to undertake definite 
investigations in the interior of Alaska, a third assistant was employed. 
For this service Mr. Isaac Jones, a graduate of the Kansas Agricul- 
tural College, who had spent some time at Dawson and other points 
in the interior of Alaska, was selected. It was expected that Profes- 
sor Georgeson and Mr. Jones would leave Sitka as soon as navigation 
opened in the spring of 1900, and proceed up the Yukon River, stop- 
ping at points where attempts had been made to grow crops. They 
were to examine the region along the river with special reference to 
its agricultural capabilities and the selection of a few places where 
experiments might best be carried on. They were to go to other parts 
of the interior for the same purposes, as far as might be practicable 
during the present season. Mr. Jones was to remain in that region 
during the winter at whatever point might be selected as a headquar- 
ters for future operations. In this way it was hoped that it might be 
feasible during the season of 1901 to conduct experiments not only at 
the point where Mr. Jones should be located, but at several other 
places in the interior to which seeds might be sent and which Mr. 
Jones might visit during the season sufficiently to supervise the experi- 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 187 


ments and make definite observations regarding the agricultural 
possibilities. 

Owing to the lateness with which funds for this work became avail- 
able, Professor Georgeson and Mr. Jones were not able to make suit- 
able arrangements for going up the Yukon from its mouth the pres- 
ent season. They therefore left Skagway on June 27 and crossed the 
mountains to Bennett and Whitehorse and reached Dawson on July 
3. Under date of July 4, 1900, Professor Georgeson writes from Daw- 
son as follows: 

Tam very favorably impressed with the agricultural possibilities of the country 
as far as Lhave seen them. While the banks of the river are generally hilly and 
in places mountainous, there are also large areas of excellent agricultural land. 
And best proof of all, they have herein the rooms of the chamber of commerce 
very fine samples of wheat, barley, and oats which were raised here at Dawson 
last year. The grain is plump and fully matured. As soon as we pass the coast 
range, the glaciers and snow entirely disappear. I have not discovered a speck of 
snow even on the highest mountains in sight. Along the river the native vegeta- 
tion seems vigorous, and in many places the s!opes are covered with a profusion of 
flowers. Here at Dawson are three successful market gardens, and the town is 
well supplied with early vegetables, especially lettuce and radishes. It gets occa- 
sionally uncomfortably hot here. They tell me that the mercury has been up to 
96° F. twice already this summer. 


Under date of July 14 Professor Georgeson writes that his party 
visited Eagle, Circle, and Fort Yukon. At Fort Yukon a tract of land 
for experimental purposes was surveyed and arrangements were made 
to have asmall area cleared for seeding nextspring. -Professor George- 
son is of the opinion that the summer temperature there is sufficient 
to grow crops that will mature in three months. He reports that at the 
time of his visit he failed to find any frost in the ground which was 
open-to the sun. There may, however, be difficulty in growing crops 
there on account of the scanty rainfall. The agent of the transpor- 
tation company located at that place maintains a small garden. 

The considerations which led Professor Georgeson to undertake 
experiments there he states as follows: 

There are thousands of square miles of level land in this region; there are no 
mountains in sight in any direction, and the climate is therefore not changeable 
and the summers are uniformly warm. It is north of the Arctic Circle, and pre- 


sumably what will succeed here will also succeed farther south. The soil is nat- 
urally warm and favorable to rapid growth and early maturity. 


At Eagle ‘‘ one bona fide farmer” was supplied with seeds of dif- 
ferent varieties with which to make experiments next year. It is 
probable that arrangements will also be made for experiments at 
Circle and at Rampart. In later communications Professor Georgeson 
reports that a tract of land was surveyed at Rampart and arrange- 
ments made for cooperative experiments at Holy Cross Mission near 
Koserefski. The site selected at Rampart is believed to be the most 
favorable location for a station in that region, and clearings are to be 
made there in time for seeding next spring. Haymaking upon a con- 
siderable scale is reported upon the Tanana River, where there are 
said to be extensive natural meadows that admit of the use of mow- 
ing machines. Numerous small gardens were observed at various 
points along the Yukon River, and everywhere success seemed to have 
attended the efforts to grow hardy vegetables. 

At Sitka, besides the land cleared on the reservation, the station 
has the use this year of seven lots, one of which was assigned to us 
by the Navy Department and the others by private parties. Experi- 
ments are being made with varieties of grain, as follows: Wheat, 12; 


188 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


oats, 10; barley, 6; buckwheat, 3; corn, 1; flax, 1; flat pea, 1; and 
broom-corn millet, 1. A considerable number of these varieties are 
from Russian sources. It was reported in August that nearly all of 
these varieties had grown well and were approaching maturity. 

The following kinds of vegetables are also being tested: Turnip, 
carrot, Spinach, beet, parsnip, onion, parsley, rhubarb, asparagus, 
ruta-baga, kohl-rabi, mangel-wurzel, leek, lettuce, kale, cauliflower, 
celery, celeriac, brussels sprouts, radish, cabbage, peas, beans, and 
potatoes. 

Five varieties of apples, one of crab apples, and nine of plums, have 
been planted, and some trees of the wild crab apple, which grows quite 
abundantly in Alaska, have been set in the nursery row, where they 
will be grafted with different varieties. Experiments are being made 
in treating the soil with lime, guano, seaweed, and stable manure, 
with special reference to reducing the acidity of the soil and putting 
it in better physical condition. A log silo is being constructed with 
reference to determining whether a building made of logs can be suc- 
cessfully used for storing silage. ‘‘ The season has not been espe- 
cially favorable for the erowth of cuitivated plants. March was very 
warm for the season of the year; the latter part of April and of May 
was characterized by cold, rainy weather; from June 10 to July 13 
there was less than three-fourths of an inch rain—a little too dry for 
this country.” 

Through the courtesy of the Navy Department, a small steam 
launch, for which that Department had no immediate use, has been 
transferred to this Department for use in connection with our Alaska 
investigations. This launch has been repaired and is nowin running 
order. This will enable our agents to visit different points in south- 
ern Alaska and in many ways will facilitate our work in that region, 
where almost all transportation is by water. 

There is evidently much misconception regarding the work which 
the Department is attempting to doin Alaska. Persons who are unfa- 
milar with the work of experiment stations have criticised our opera- 
tions at Sitka and elsewhere because they are conducted on so small 
asecale. In this respect, however, they do not differ materially from 
similar experiments at the experiment stations generally, where it is 
the usual practice to test different varieties of plants first on small 
plats. In this way itis entirely feasible to determine ina general way 
the adaptability of a region to the growing of different kinds of plants, 
and what varieties of these plants are likely to be most successfully 
grown. The plat tests should be supplemented by field and garden 
trials on a larger scale, and this we shall do in Alaska as soon as it is 
practicable. 

It has been said over and over again that Alaska can never become 
an agricultural country, and this is undoubtedly true in the sense in 
which the criticism is made; that is, Alaska will never become a region 
in which the soil will be generally cultivated as it is in most other 
parts of the United States, and especially in the Mississippi Valley. 
There is at presentnoagriculture in Alaska. Successful attempts have, 
however, been made in growing vegetables in a considerable number 
of places in different parts of the Territory, and here and there fields 
of potatoes and oats have been grown and a few head of live stock 
have been maintained. Native grasses grow abundantly over large 
areas and here and there have been successfully utilized for hay and 
silage. 

The problem which the Department has undertaken to determine 1s 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 189 


whether a sufficient agriculture and horticulture can be developed 
in Alaska to form an important subsidiary industry to aid in the 
permanent development of mining, fisheries, and lumbering, which 
will undoubtedly be the leading industries of this region. If all the 
food supplies of the population engaged in these industries must 
be transported from the United States and Canada, it is evident that 
the development of Alaska will be much slower and more uncertain than 
if a considerable portion of these supplies can be produced in the Ter- 
ritory. It has already been shown that the green vegetables raised in 
Alaska have been an important factor in maintaining the health of the 
mining communities. If our investigations should do nothing more 
than establish on a sound basis the growing of vegetables in little gar- 
dens about the cottages of miners and fishermen in Alaska, they will 
make an adequate return for the funds expended on them. But there 
is a fair prospect that they will do much more than this. There are 
large areas on the western peninsula, in Cook Inlet, and on the islands, 
which are naturally adapted to the growing of live stock. The fact 
that a considerable number of domestic animals have already been 
maintained in this region would seem to show that an animal industry 
might be developed there. The Department will attempt to find out 
under what conditions this can best be done. 

The growing of grain and other forage crops on a large scale in this 
region and in the interior is still problematical. The experiments 
which the Department has thus far conducted have been very largely 
made with reference to the determination of general agricultural pos- 
sibilities of the Territory. The growing to maturity of such plants as 
wheat and oats in any region, even in small quantities, furnishes an 
excellent indication of the climatic and soil conditions of that region 
with reference to its agricultural possibilities, for we know quite defi- 
nitely what is required for the maturing of such plants. 

In southern Alaska, which is the only part of Alaska seen by most 
tourists, the forests cover most of the land. The natural meadows 
which occur in considerable numbers are usually of quite limited extent 
and for the most part escape the notice of visitors pursuing the ordi- 
nary lines of travel. The clearing of land for agricultural purposes 
in this region will necessarily be expensive, and will only be done as 
lumbering takes away the trees and increase of population makes a 
demand for agricultural products. In most respects this region does 
not differ materially from that of Puget Sound. It is probable that 
ultimately it will become the home of a considerable population, part 
of whom will engage in agriculture; the growing of such crops as oats, 
barley, potatoes, buckwheat, turnips, and other vegetables, together 
with dairying, will become important industries, and itis probable that 
flax will be largely grown for its fiber here as it will be in western 
Washington and Oregon. 

The headquarters of the experiment stations of Alaska were locatea 
at Sitka because this is the capital of the Territory and is conveniently 
located with reference to communication with all the coast region as 
well asthe interior. As the work of the experiment stations in Alaska 
develops, the scientific operations always associated with such work 
in this country will be performed in the laboratories to be established 
in the headquarters building. Here will be brought, for example, 
samples of soil and of cultivated and native plants from different 
parts of the Territory for chemical analysis and botanical examination 
and such other studies as will determine their value for agricultural 
purposes. 


190 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


It is not expected that field operations will be conducted on an 
extensive scale at Sitka. A few acres only of the experiment station 
reservation here will be cleared for platexperiments. Other portions 
of this land will be used for experiments in different methods of 
removing the stumps of trees and moss, a matter which is obviously 
of great relative importance to the development of agriculture in this 
region, and experiments in drainage and the improvement of the soil 
by culture, the use of lime, etc., and larger field operations may be 
properly carried on in the region for which the station at Kenai is 
intended to be a center of investigations. There also will be efforts 
made to develop the growing of live stock. 

It is hoped that much may be accomplished by cooperation with 
individuals and organizations working in the Territory for benevolent 
or commercial purposes. For a considerable period our operations 
will largely partake of the nature of an agricultural survey to deter- 
mine where agricultural operations may best be carried on by incom- 
ing settlers. By active work along the lines already marked out, it 
is believed that the experiment station in Alaska will prove an efficient 
aid in the development of the Territory, and will thus justify the 
expenditures for its maintenance. Considering the fact that the 
mining and other industries of Alaska are already producing millions 
of dollars annually, it seems as if the National Government might 
very properly expend a reasonable sum in aiding the establishment 
of agriculture for the sake of the greater permanence and more 
satisfactory development of these largely productive industries. 

That Alaska will ultimately have a considerable permanent popula- 
tion there can be but little doubt. As we have shown in previous 
reports, Finland is the country which, on the whole, furnishes the 
best basis of comparison with Alaska as regards natural conditions. 
Finland supports a population of two and one-half millions, and its 
agriculture has reached a high state of development. In 1895 there 
were produced in Finland 38,174,085 bushels of barley, oats, and rye, 
of which 1,396,200 bushels of oats were exported. At the same time 
there were 300,650 horses, 2,398,185 cattle, 1,067,584 sheep, and 197,356 
hogs. During the period from 1891-1895 there were annual exporta- 
tions of about 22,750,000 pounds of butter, 400,000 pounds of cheese, 
and 400,000 gallons of milk, or a value of $6,750,000 from dairy products 
alone. Very conservative estimates of the agricultural possibilities of 
Alaska indicate that agriculture may be regularly and successfully 
earried on over an area “fully as large as that ‘of Finland. 

In the development of the experiment stations in Alaska account 
must always be taken of the vast area of the Territory and the diffi- 
culties and expense of transportation under present conditions. The 
eost of living and of all materials used in the work of the stations is 
abnormally hig h. It is absolutely essential to the success of our work 
that the headquarters building at Sitka should be completed and that 
the modest structures required for the housing of our employees and 
live stock at Sitka, Kenai, and wherever headquarters are established 
in the interior, should be erected without delay. When we are once 
well established at these three points we can develop definite investi- 
gations in different parts of the Territory as rapidly as the means put 
at our disposal will permit. It must not be expected, however, that 
anything more than simple cooperative experiments can be under- 
taken in many places unless the annual income of the stations is 
much greater than at present. These stations do not have the back- 
ing of educational institutions or a large population interested in 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 191 


agriculture, as is the case elsewhere in the United States. All their 
expenses for buildings, equipment, and services must be paid from 
the national appropriation. For the ensuing fiscal year the appro- 
priation should be at least $15,000. Heretofore a portion of the 
appropriation has been made immediately available, but this has 
proved to be an unfortunate arrangement, especially in the year in 
which the long session of Congress occurs, when the appropriation 
act for this Department may not pass until near the end of the fiscal 
year. I would suggest, therefore, that an appropriation of $3,000 be 
made to cover the expenses from April to June, 1901, in lieu of the 
immediately available appropriation hitherto made, and in addition 
to an appropriation of $15,000 to cover the operations of the entire 
fiscal year of 1902. 


EXPERIMENT STATION IN HAWAII. 


In accordance with the recommendation in my report for 1899, 
which was indorsed by the Secretary of Agriculture, Congress made 
an appropriation for the establishment and maintenance of an agri- 
cultural experiment station in Hawaii under the direction of the Sec- 
retary of Agriculture. This appropriation of $10,000 provides for the 
erection of buildings and all other expenses essential to the mainte- 
nance of an agricultural experiment station, including the printing (in 
Hawaii), illustration, and distribution of reports and bulletins. In 
order to ascertain definitely the conditions existing in Hawaii with 
reference to experimental investigations as related to the needs of the 
agriculture of that Territory, it was deemed desirable to send thither 
an agent who was thoroughly familiar with the work of the experi- 
ment stations in this country. For this purpose the Department was 
very fortunately able to secure the services of Dr. W. C. Stubbs, who 
for many years has been the successful director of the three stations 
in the State of Louisiana, in connection with which extensive experi- 
ments have been made in the growing of sugar cane, the manufacture 
of sugar, and the production of semitropical crops. In the manage- 
ment of his work in Louisiana, Dr. Stubbs has found it necessary to 
familiarize himself with the agriculture of tropical and semitropical 
regions throughout the world. He is thus eminently fitted to make a 
rapid survey of the agricultural conditions in Hawaii and to advise 
this Office with reference to the location and organization of an experi- 
ment station there. 

In connection with his visit to the Hawaiian Islands, under instruc- 
tions from the Director of this Office, Dr. Stubbs made a careful inves- 
tigation of their agriculture with special reference to the organization 
and work of an experiment station. He conferred with the managers 
of educational and scientific institutions already existing in Hawaii 
and with citizens representing various interests. He also received 
valuable advice and assistance from the officers of the Territorial 
government. He was everywhere very cordially received, and found 
that there was much interest in the establishment of an experiment 
station. Since his return he has submitted a preliminary report, in 
which he recommends that a station be established under the direct 
control of the Secretary of Agriculture and independent of existing 
localinstitutions. As the station already maintained by the Hawaiian 
Sugar Planters’ Association will continue its work in problems relat- 
ing to the sugar industry, he recommends that the station to be estab- 
lished by this Department give its attention to other agricultural 


192 ' DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


interests. Dr. Stubbs will later present a detailed report of his inves- 
tigations in Hawaii for transmission to Congress at its coming session. 

Among the subjects which require especial attention are the culture 
of fruits and vegetables, coffee growing, stock raising, dairying, irri- 
gation, forestry, and diseases of plants. As regards investigations in 
irrigation and forestry, the work which is urgently needed in the 
immediate future should, in my judgment, be undertaken by the 
Divisions of this Department having these matters in charge, thus 
leaving the station free to pursue its work along other lines, at least 
until it shall become firmly established. The Territory of Hawaii in 
conjunction with the planters’ association employs a very competent 
entomologist (Prof. A. Koebele), and therefore there is no immediate 
necessity for such a scientist for this station. There are several com- 
petent veterinarians in Honolulu whose services can be obtained when 
desired. 

As a headquarters for the station, it is recommended that the reser- 
vation made by the Hawaiian government in 1893 for an experimental 
and forestry station be secured. This is a tract of 222 acres near 
Honolulu, with an elevation ranging from 50 to 1,000 feet, thus-afford- 
ing opportunity for a considerable variety of field operations. The 
buildings needed by the station can conveniently be erected on this 
tract, and limited areas can be at once cleared for experimental oper- 
ations. For the proper maintenance of the station, funds equal to 
those given to the other stations of the United States should be pro- 
vided for current expenses, and in addition provision should be made 
for buildings and equipment. Following the policy pursued else- 
where, it seems to me that the United States should give to this sta- 
tion the same annual appropriation which is given to other States and 
Territories under the Hatch Act, and the Hawaiian government and 
people should be called upon to supplement these funds as far as may 
be necessary to establish and maintain the station on an efficient 
basis. 


EXPERIMENT STATION IN PORTO RICO. 


For Porto Rico, the recommendation contained in my report for 
1899 was also adopted by Congress, and an appropriation of $5,000 
was made to determine the agricultural conditions existing in that 
island, with special reference to the most desirable localities for agri- 
cultural experiment stations, as well as the subjects on which the 
agricultural people of the island are in most immediate need of prac- 
tical information, and how this need can be most economically and 
effectively supplied. The appropriation also provides for the print- 
ing (in Porto Rico) and dissemination of circulars of inquiry and bul- 
letins of information in the Spanish and English languages. It will 
be observed that this appropriation provides only for the preliminary 
study of questions relating to the establishment of an experiment sta- 
tion in Porto Rico, differing in this respect from the appropriation for 
Hawaii above referred to. The agent selected for this service is Prof. 
S. A. Knapp, formerly of the Iowa Agricultural College. In recent 
years Professor Knapp has successfully engaged in the growing of 
sugar cane, rice, and other semitropical crops in southern Louisiana, 
and has lately visited Hawaii and the Philippines in the interests of 
this Department. He has also had much practical experience in the 
development of agricultural enterprises in the South on a large seale. 
He is thus well qualified to judge of the agricultural needs of Porto 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 193 


Rico and to determine what is feasible there in the way of agricul- 
tural investigations. 

Under instructions from the Director of this Office, Professor Knapp 
visited Porto Rico, conferred with officers of the government and 
representative citizens there, and made investigation of the agricul- 
tural conditions existing on the island with special reference to the 
establishment and work of an experiment station. Since his return 
he has submitted a preliminary report, in which he points out the 
urgent need of agricultural education and investigation in the island. 
He advises that headquarters for an experiment station be established 
in the vicinity of San Juan, and this station should be established on 
a broad basis, special attention being given at the outset to demon- 

stration experiments and the dissemination of information regarding 

approved methods of agriculture. Among the subjects to which the 
station should direct its attention are the improvement of the culture 
of coffee, sugar, and tobacco; the encouragement of the production of 
food supplies for home consumption; the improvement of live stock; 
the making of cheese and butter, and forestry. 

As in the case of Hawaii, the appropriation for current expenses 
for this station should be at least equal to that given to the States 
and Territories under the Hatch Act. Funds will also be required at 
the outset for buildings and equipment. If it is possible for the local 
government to provide the funds for this purpose, as in the case of the 
States and Territories, it should do so. Otherwise, Congress should 
be asked to make an initial appropriation to provide the station with 
suitable buildings and equipment. 

Professor Knapp will present a detailed report of his investigations 
for transmission to Congress at its coming session. 

As the law under which this investigation has been made does not 
provide for the establishment of an experiment station in Porto Rico, 
it will be necessary to await further action by Congress before pro- 
ceeding turther in this matter. I therefore recommend that Con- 
gress be asked to give this Department authority to establish and 
maintain such a station; to erect necessary buildings; to prepare, 
publish, and distribute in Porto Rico bulletins and reports in the 
English and Spanish languages, and to make such other expenditures 
as may be necessary for the maintenance of the station and the dis- 
semination of agricultural information. 


NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. 


The investigations on the food and nutrition of man have been con- 
tinued the past year on the same general lines as heretofore, with 
Prof. W. O. Atwater as special agent in charge. The headquarters 
for these investigations have remained at Middletown, Conn., where 
the work is carried on in cooperation with Wesleyan University and 
the Storrs experiment station. While the amount of the appropri- 
ation has remained the same, the work has been constantly increasing 
and broadening as the knowledge concerning it has been more widely 
spread and the public has come to understand more fully the signifi- 
cance and value of such investigations. 

As in the past, much of the work has been done in cooperation with 
the agricultural experiment stations, agricultural colleges, and other 
educational institutions. In most cases these institutions have borne 
a portion of the expense, contributing it usually in the form of skilled 
scientific labor and laboratory supplies and appliances. This cooper- 

AGR 1900 as: 


194 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


ative system has proved to be economical and efficient, procuring the 
services of more trained workers and the collection of a larger amount 
of data than would be possible if only the fund appropriated by Con- 
gress for this purpose were used. In addition, it creates a more wide- 
spread interest in the work, permits the study of nutrition problems 
under varying conditions, and educates a considerable number of 
investigators along these lines. It makes it possible to extend the 
inquiry to different regions, and the results are more immediately 
available to the different parts of the country. 


GENERAL LINES OF WORK. 


The general lines along which the investigations have been con- 
ducted the past year may be briefly stated as follows: 

Observations have been made on the nutritive value and cost of dif- 
ferent food materials in various localities in the United States. These 
were less extended than in some previous years and were mostly in 
connection with dietary studies. 

Studies have been made of actual dietaries in order to learn the kinds 
and amounts of food materials consumed by people in different local- 
ities, of different occupations, ages, and sex, and under varying 
conditions. 

The digestibility of certain articles of food, especially cereal prod- 
ucts, has been studied, and comparisons have been made between the 
cheaper and more expensive foods to determine the relative effect on 
health and comfort by their use. 

Studies have been conducted to determine the losses in nutritive 
value from various modes of cooking and to find out the most econom- 
ical methods for utilizing different food materials. 

Metabolism experiments have also been continued with the respira- 
tion calorimeter. The principal theme has been the transformation 
of the energy of food materials in the body and the use which the body 
makes of the energy so transformed. One important topic has been 
the relation of muscular work to digestibility and metabolism. The 
amounts of food consumed and metabolized by men under different 
conditions of work and rest have been observed. The fuel values of 
the fats, carbohydrates, and alcohol have been compared. 

Determinations of the heats of combustion of food materials have 
been made with the bomb calorimeter. 

Methods of investigation are being studied with reference to their 
improvement, and constant effort is being made to devise better forms 
of apparatus. 

The current literature of the nutrition of man, which is now quite 
voluminous, is being regularly followed up, and such abstracts and 
compilations are being made as will promote the interests of our 
investigations. 

The rapid accumulation of material which must be made ready for 
publication in both technical and popular form necessitates a large 
amount of editorial work. The correspondence connected with these 
investigations has grown to be extensive. 


THE WORK AT DIFFERENT PLACES. 


The work of the Washington Office in relation to the nutrition inves- 
tigations during the past year has included a general supervision of 
the plans and expenditures; editorial work in perfecting the details 
of reports of investigations; collection of bibliographical data; the 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 195 


abstracting of the literature of nutrition, partly for publication in the 
Experiment Station Record; the conducting of a large correspondence 
growing out of the nutrition investigations, and the distribution of 
publications on this subject. 

The work of the office of the special agent in charge of the nutri- 
tion investigations at Middletown, Conn., has included the planning 
and direct supervision of these investigations in different parts of the 
country, the conducting of special investigations with the respiration 
calorimeter and bomb calorimeter, the compilation of the results of 
nutrition investigations in this country and abroad, and a large cor- 
respondence relating to these investigations. The special investiga- 
tions carried on here the past year in cooperation with Wesleyan 
University and the Storrs experiment station have included ten 
metabolism experiments with a man in the respiration calorimeter, 
the results of which confirm in a striking degree the results previously 
obtained regarding the action of the law ‘of the conservation of energy. 

A number of digestion experiments have been made. In some of 
these the nitrogen | ag was studied. <A digestion experiment was made 
early in June with some of the athletes in the Harvard boat crew 
immediately preceding the boat race at New London, on the Thames. 
Dr. Darling, of Harvard University, cooperated in this experiment, 
taking charge of the more purely physiological side. 

Considerable work has been done also with the bomb calorimeter 
in determining the heats of combustion of different food materials and 
excretory products. 

During the year, also, a bomb calorimeter was constructed for exhi- 
bition at the Paris Exposition, together with a model of the Atwater- 
Rosa respiration calorimeter, reproducing the calorimeter with great 
perfection of detail. 

Considerable work has also been done at Middletown along the line 
of collating and abstracting the work of other investigators, and the 
results have been put in form for future publication. The editorial 
work necessary to make the results of the nutrition investigations in 
the different fields available for publication is considerable and the 
material is constantly increasing. 

Besides the investigations for. this Department several other lines 
of nutrition investigations are carried on at Middletown under Pro- 
fessor Atwater’s supervision. These include experiments conducted 
under the auspices of the committee of fifty for the investigation of 
the drink problem to study the question of the nutritive action of 
alcohol, and investigations made by authority of the State commission 
in lunacy of New York to gain ‘information regarding the proper 
dietaries for the insane in the hospitals of that State. While this 
Department is in no way responsible for these investigations, the 
results are available for use with those of the nutrition investigations 
conducted by this Office, and the information thus acquired is already 
an interesting and valuable contribution to our knowledge on the sub- 
ject of dietetics. In connection with the latter inquiry a considerable 
number of dietary studies have been conducted in the various hos- 
pitals for the insane in New York, and others are contemplated. Prac- 
tical results from this work are already apparent, and it is attracting 
much attention. The further study of this question is sure to benefit 
not only the hospitals directly inter ested, but other charitable institu- 
tions as well, in New York State and also throughout the country. 
The successful application of the results of nutrition investigations 
to the practical needs of institutions where large numbers of persons 


196 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


are to be fed in a systematic manner in itself constitutes an important 
reason for the making of such investigations. 

In Tennessee, Prof. C. E. Wait, of the University of Tennessee, 
Knoxville, has continued his experiments on the effect of muscular 
work upon digestibility and upon the metabolism of nitrogen. The 
general plan of the ex xperiments was quite similar to that followed the 
two preceding years. During the past year the effect of a moderate 
amount of muscular work upon a diet somewhat smaller than normal 
was studied. Nine metabolism experiments were made, including 
27 digestion experiments and covering a period of 108 experimental 

days, with preliminary rest and work. periods. In connection with 
these experiments, 150 analyses of food and excretory products and 
7 analyses of composite samples were made. 

In Maine, Director C. D. Woods, of the agricultural experiment 
station of the University of Maine, Orono, has conducted investiga- 
tions on the nutritive value and digestibility of wheat prepared 
in different forms, in cooperation with Prof. Harry Snyder, of the 
University of Minnesota. During the past year Professor Woods has 
given much attention to studies of methods of conducting digestion 
experiments with man. The number of such digestion experiments 
made with men is still not very large. Already, however, it has been 
shown that the methods ordinarily pursued in such experiments are 
not thoroughly satisfactory. The intricacy of the work involved in 
such experiments makes it a very difficult task to devise a system of 
experimenting which will thoroughly cover the necessities of the case. 
Professor Woods’s investigations have already brought out a number 
of interesting facts tending to modify the conclusions based on pre- 
vious experiments. The importance of this subject will justify 
large amount of effort to solve the difficulties hitherto encountered in 
such investigations, and therefore Professor Woods will continue work 
in this line during the coming year. 

In Minnesota, Prof. Harry Snyder, of the agricultural experiment 
station of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, has continued 
investigations on the nutritive value and digestibility of wheat 
and other cereals, in cooperation with Professor Woods, as stated 
above. In these investigations by Professors Woods and Snyder, the 
fine wheat flour, entire wheat flour, and Graham flour were all pre- 
pared from the same lot of carefully selected wheat. Professor Snyder, 
in connection with these investigations, conducted 13 metabolism 
and digestion experiments with men on the digestibility of full and 
half rations of bread and milk and oatmeal and milk; 3 metabolism 
and digestion experiments with men, studying the influence of the 
addition of wheat starch on the digestibility of bread; 4 experiments 
in bread making, showing the influence of the sterilization of flour 
upon bread products; 3 bread-making experiments, showing the influ- 
ence of the addition and removal of wheat starch from flour upon the 
bread product; 2 experiments showing the effect of warm and cold 
flour in bread making upon the quality of the bread; 3 experiments 
showing the influence of mixing flours upon the quality of bread, 
using flours with varying gladin-glutenin ratios. In connection with 
these experiments, about 75 analyses of bread, feces, and urine were 
made. ° 

In New Jersey, Mr. L. A. Voorhees, of the New Jersey Agricultural 
Experiment Station, New Brunswick, has investigated the losses which 
occur during the baking of bread, thus continuing the work previously 
reported from that station. 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 197 


In Illinois, Prot. H. 8. Grindley, of the University of Illinois, 
Urbana, has continued the investigations of the preceding year in 
regard to losses in cooking meat by frying and boiling. In the former 
method the loss of material has been found to be appreciable. In the 
latter, if the broth is used, all the nutritive value has been found to 
be retained, since nothing was lost in the vapors arising during the 
process of boiling. The investigations at the University of Illinois 
have now become well established and have thoroughly commended 
themselves to the authorities of that institution. It is therefore pro- 
posed to extend this work during the coming year, making this insti- 
tution a center for investigations relating especially to meats. This 
is a subject on which comparatively little accurate work has been done 
aside from studies on the chemical composition of the different kinds 
of meat. 

In California, investigations have been continued by Prof. M. E. 
Jaffa, of the University of California, at Berkeley. Professor Jaffa 
has reported on a number of dietary studies with infants and with 
Chinese in California. It is hoped that during the coming year con- 
siderable progress svill be made in studies on the nutritive value of 
fruits, which it is intended to make the main subject of the investi- 
gations at the University of California. 

In Ohio, Prof. Isabel Bevier, of the Lake Erie College, Painesville, 
has studied the food consumption at a women’s college during one 
week. She has also made a study of the amounts of bread made from 
equal quantities of different kinds and grades of flour. 

In Vermont, investigations will be undertaken at the agricultural 
experiment station of the University of Vermont, Burlington, under 
the direction of Prof. J. L. Hills. It is expected that these will include 
studies of farmers’ dietaries and experiments with special reference 
to the nutritive value of milk. 


FOOD AND NUTRITION PUBLICATIONS. 


Six bulletins and one Yearbook article on subjects relating to the 
food and nutrition of man have been issued from this Office during 
the past year. 

Studies on Bread and Bread Making (Bulletin No. 67, pp. 51) con- 
tains studies on bread and bread making at the University of Minne- 
sota in 1897 and 1898, by Harry Snyder, “chemist, agricultural experi- 
ment station, and professor of chemistry , College of Agriculture, 
University of Minnesota; and on losses in the process of bread 
making, by EneAc Voorhees, chief chemist, New Jersey Agricultural 
Experiment Station. The investigations reported in this bulletin 
belong to a series of inquiries into the nutritive value, digestibility, 
and economy of cereals, cereal products, and foods prepared from 
them, the effects of cooking being also taken into account. 

A Description of some Chinese Vegetable Food Materials and Their 
Nutritive and Economie Value (Bulletin No. 68, pp. 48), by Walter C. 
Blasdale, instructor in chemistry, University of California, describes 
and discusses the nutritive and economic value of some vegetable food 
materials (roots and tubers, green vegetables and cucurbits, seeds and 
grains, fruits, nuts, and flowers, fungi and algz, and miscellaneous 
substances) which are used to a considerable extent by the Chinese 
population in San Francisco and other cities in the United States, and 
which may become generally and favorably known in the United 
States. Very little information has been hitherto available concern- 


198 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


ing many of these materials, and it is believed the report is a useful 
contribution to the knowledge of the food of mankind. 

Experiments on the Metabolism of Matter and Energy in the Human 
Body (Bulletin No. 69, pp. 112), by W. O. Atwater, eG Benedict, 
and others, contains a report of experimental tests of the Atwater- 
Rosa respiration calorimeter and a detailed account of six experi- 
ments on the metabolism of matter and energy in the human body. 
These experiments form a part of a series which are in progress at 
Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., the ultimate object of 
which is to study the fundamental laws of nutrition. The experi- 
mental data reported show that the apparatus and method have now 
reached a degree of perfection which encourages the hope that they 
will yield results of the highest value when applied to the study of 
such questions as the functions of the different classes of nutrients, 
the demands of the body under different conditions, ete. 

Dietary Studies of Negroes in Eastern Virginia in 1897 and 1898 
(Bulletin NGS spp: 45), contains accounts of 12 dietary studies 
conducted in 1897 under the direction of H. B. Frissell, principal of 
the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, with the assistance 
of W. F. Schultz, in families living in the region bordering the Dis- 
mal Swamp, where the style of living is very primitive and the income 
usually quite limited; and of 7 dietary studies conducted in 1898 
by Miss Isabel Bevier, a cOReRaGE of chemistry of Lake Erie College, 
in families living in the neighborhood of Hampton, Va., some of whom 
had been under the influence of the Hampton Institute and were 
quite well to do, while others had received no such training and were 
believed to be fairly representative of negroes of very limited means 
and little or no education. These studies constitute a part of a series 
of similar investigations in charge of this Office, the object of which 
is to discover ways and means by which the dietaries of people of 
different occupations may be impr oved and the available food supply 
most economically used to maintain the body in good health and to 
make it an efficient instrument for the performance of the various 
kinds of physical and mental activity required by our complex 
civilization. 

Dietary Studies of University Boat Crews (Bulletin No. 75, pp. 72), 
by W. O. Atwater and A. P. Bryant, is an account of 7 dietary 
studies made with Harvard and Yale boat crews in the spring of 1898, 
during the month preceding the annual races of these crews at New 
London. These studies were undertaken primarily to secure data 
regarding the food requirements of man perfor ming severe muscular 
work. The regular course of diet and exercise pur sued by boat crews 
in training, and the conditions under which men live at such times, 
give a favorable opportunity for obtaining relatively reliable data. 
Few statistics of the dietaries of persons thus engaged are available 
and for this reason the results of this investigation are of special 
interest. 

Bread and Principles of Bread Making (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 112, 
pp. 38) summarizes the latest knowledge on this subject, as stated on 
p. 182. 

Development of the Nutrition Investigations of the Department of 
Agriculture (Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1899, pp. 
403-414), by A. C. True and R. D. Milner, describes the origin, progress, 
and present status of these investigations. 

In addition to the above publications, the following were completed 
and transmitted for publication during the year: Nutrition Investi- 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ve 


gations at the California Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896 to 
1898 (Bulletin No. 84, pp. 39), by M.E. Jaffa, assistant professor of 
agriculture, U niversity of California; and a Report of Investigations 
on the Digestibility and Nutritive Value of Bread (Bulletin No. 85, 
pp. 51), by Charles D. Woods, director, and L. H. Merrill, chemist, of 
the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. 


INCREASING DEMANDS FOR NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. 


The growing interest in nutrition investigations manifested by the 
generé al public i is an encouraging feature of this work. The demand 
for the publications is constantly increasing and calls are continually 
coming for more of the same general character. Inquiries reach us 
from many different sources and evidence a rapidly developing under- 
standing of the importance of the study of the nutrition of man, as 
well as an appreciation of what has already been done. New fields 
for investigations are constantly opening, new opportunities for 
cooperation are offering themselves, and new demands are being 
made for a broader development along numerous lines. 

The subject of these investigations is one that touches every house- 
hold, as well as numerous public institutions and the Army and Navy, 
and the results obtained in them may be made of direct practical 
value. 

These investigations are being developed in different regions, their 
benefits are not confined to any one class, and the results are sure to 
lead to permanent good. Through such investigations broad princi- 
ples are developed and a sure foundation laid for widespread practical 
applications of scientific principles to the betterment of the nutrition 
of mankind. 

The demand for more work of the kind that is being done comes 
from several sources. One of these is the home science movement. 
Many people fail to realize the strength of this movement and how 
widespread and earnest is the purpose to apply scientific knowledge 
to the conduct of institutions and homes. Household economics is 
rapidly taking its place among the required studies in our institutions 
of learning, and the demand for reliable information and for popular 
_and technical literature on such topics is rapidly increasing. Itisa 
demand that can not be ignored if the results of the investigations 
‘arried on under the direction of the Department of Agriculture are 
to be made of the most direct and practical value. Recognition of 
the value of the work already done by the Department has been made 
by organizations representing this movement and a desire expressed 
that more might be done in this direction. 

An urgent request was made of the last Congréss that the appro- 
priation for nutrition investigations be increased in order that the 
investigations now being carried on with reference to the nutritive 

value of meats and their place in the diet might be broadened. The 
gee and facilities for this work are great, and with the 
familiarity with the methods and the experience already ¢ gained by 
the Pee work done, results of much practical and scientific 
importance may be looked for, especially if sufficient funds can be 
devoted to this kind of work. 

A great deal of interest is being awakened on the Pacific coast in 
investigations into the food value ‘of fruit. The fruit industry of that 
section, including both fresh and dried fruits, is of immense impor- 
tance, and the results obtained from such inyestigation would be 


~ 200 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


appreciated by both the general public and the fruit growers. Such 
work would need both time and labor, as new experimental methods 
must be developed, and the field for experiment is a large one. A 
study of the dietetic value of fruits, their digestibility, and their 
effect upon the digestibility of other kinds of food materials, the eco- 
nomic value of fruit in the diet, and the therapeutical value of fruit, 
could not fail to bring results of great value. 

It is impracticable to meet all these demands with our present 
appropriation. We shall endeavor to utilize the small increase given 
us this year along the lines of the greatest urgency. It is hoped that 
some further provision will be made to meet the growing needs of 
this work the following year. I therefore earnestly renew my pre- 
vious recommendation that the appropriation for the nutrition inves- 
tigations be increased to $20,000. 

A special subject which should be ineluded in these investigations 
in the future is the study of the dietaries of people living in tropical 
countries, and the problems relating to the nutritive value of the food 
produets of these regions. This is a matter already of considerable 
importance as related to the proper maintenance of our soldiers, sail- 
ors, and civil officers in such regions, and will soon be of very great 
importance as affecting our commerce and the health and comfort of 
large numbers of people living under our flag. The Department 
should without delay be put in position to undertake investigations 
along this line. 


IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. 


This report covers the operations of this Office in the use of the 
second appropriation for irrigation investigations. This appropria- 
tion was $35,000, and was made ‘‘to enable the Se cretary of Agricul- 
ture to investigate and report upon the laws and institutions relating 
to irrigation and upon the use of irrigation waters, with special sug- 
gestions of better methods for the utilization of irrigation waters in 
agriculture than those in common use, and for che preparation, print- 
ing, and illustration of reports and bulletins on irrigation; and the 
agricultural experiment stations are hereby authorized and directed 
to cooperate with the Secretary of Agriculture in carrying out said 
investigations in such manner and to such extent as may be war- 
ranted by a due regard to the varying conditions and needs of the 
respective States and Territories, and as may be mutually agreed 
upon.” 

Direct supervision of these investigations has been intrusted, as 
hitherto, to Prof. Elwood Mead, whose headquarters have been estab- 
lished at Cheyenne, Wyo. The Director of this Office has continued 
to exercise general supervision of the investigations, and the office at 
Washington, D. C., has done a considerable amount of work during 
the past year in conducting the business which must necessarily be 
performed in the Department, connected with the organization of the 
force, the supervision of expenditures, the purchase of apparatus and 
supplies, the preparation of bulletins and reports for publication, the 
distribution of these publications, and correspondence. 

At the Cheyenne office much attention has been given to the organi- 
zation of an expert and clerical force, which has been developed as 
the growing needs of these investigations have required. As the work 
undertaken in these investig ations is different from anything hitherto 
attempted in this line, much difficulty has been experienced in get- 
ting agents with suitable training and experience. In this, as in other 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ~ 204 


new enterprises which the Department has attempted, the training of 
the expert force is a matter of great importance. This is necessarily 
a task which involves considerable time. It is believed that a good 
beginning has been made, and now that the requirements of this 
service are becoming better understood students in our colleges will 
fit themselves for this work as far as they can do so in connection 
with their college courses. 

As far as practicable, arrangements have been made with officers 
connected with the agricultural experiment stations and colleges 
receiving the benefits of the acts of Congress of 1862 and 1890 to coop- 
erate in these investigations. The dev ‘elopment of special forms of 
apparatus required in the work has been given much attention. <A 
testing station has been established at Cheyenne, where the apparatus 
received from the manufacturers is tested before being sent out to the 
local observers. One immediate effect of the measurements of the 
duty of water by this Office has been a considerable demand for instru- 
ments with which private parties can make their own measureménts. 
One problem, to which some study has already been given, is the 
devising of a cheap and satisfactory instrument for measuring the duty 
of water on farms. 

In connection with the experiment station exhibit at the Paris Expo- 
sition an exhibit showing the work of the Office in irrigation investi- 
gations was prepared, including apparatus, models of. some distine- 
tively American irrigation works, and photographs and drawings 
Showing the irrigation system of this country, especially as related 
to the irrigation investigations of the Office. 


GENERAL PLAN OF IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. 


im accordance with the terms of the appropriation act, two general 
lines of investigations have been pursued: (1) The study of the laws 
and institutions relating to irrigation in different regions, and (2) the 
determination of the actual use made of in rigation waters. As the 
main object of studying the laws and institutions of the irrigated 
region is to bring out the ways in which existing conditions are unsat- 
isfactory and may be improved, it has been found that this line of 
investigations should be immediately connected with the investiga- 
tions regarding the use of water. It_has also been found more satis- 
factory fo make as thorough an investigation as practicable of particu- 
lar regions rather than to scatter our studies over wide areas. For 
these reasons the two lines of work are being carried on together in a 
number of places. 


IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS IN CALIFORNIA. 


The largest single enterprise connected with the irrigation investi- 
gations in which the Office is at present engaged is in the State of 
California. The growing value and increasing scarcity of water are 
creating an impet1 rative need for better laws to control the distribution 
of streams in that State, and there is much public interest in this 
subject. A convention of irrigators held in San Francisco in Novem- 
ber, 1899, requested this Office to make a study of the water-right 
problems of that State and prepare a report thereon. The California 
Water and Forest Association, which grew out of this convention, 
offered to extend financial aid in the prosecution of these studies, and 
has placed at our disposal $5,250 to be expended in such investigations 
in accordance with the plan agreed upon. The University of Cali- 


202 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


fornia and Leland. Stanford University have taken much interest in 
this matter; have aided in completing the arrangements for the work, 
and are represented on the staff of agents employed in its prosecution. 

For the purpose of this investigation, eight typical streams distrib- 
uted in different parts of the State have been selected and agents of 
recognized experience and ability have been employed to collect infor- 
mation as to how water for irrigation is owned, distributed, and used. 
These agents were instructed to make a comprehensive study of the 
irrigation systems on these streams so as to bring out definitely the 
existing conditions and the causes which contribute to or modify the sue- 
cess which has been achieved. The data which they are to gather 
include: 

(1) Abstracts of the records of claims to water; character of these 
records, including the number of claims, total volume claimed, places 
where recorded, and the ease or difficulty with which the validity of 
any claims can be determined. 

(2) The nature and extent of riparian rights. 

(3) Rights to water for other purposes than irrigation, namely, min- 
ing, power, and domestic uses. 

(4) The methods by which the amount and character of water rights 
are determined, and the accessibility and completeness of the record 
showing the nature of the established rights. 

(5) Character of litigation over water rights, its cost, the causes 
therefor, its influence on irrigation development, and the principles 
established by decisions rendered in cases arising on the stream being 
studied. 

(6) Rights for storage and underground waters, how acquired and 
how they are affected by rights to the surface flow of streams, and how 
the use of underground w aters influences the stream’s discharge. 

(7) Nature of an appropriation of water. Who is regarded as the 
appropriator, the ditch builder, the land owner on which water is used, 
or is the land itself the appropriator? What is the measure of its 
amount, thé size of the claim, the capacity of the ditch, or the area 
irrigated? 

(8 8) Collection of data showing discharge of streams, or measurement 
of discharge where no such data can be had. Study of volume of 
return or seepage water and its availability for being again diverted, 
and influence on value of irrigator’s rights. 

(9) Size, number, location, and capacity of ditches and other dis- 
tributing works establis! 1ed, ‘and irrigated duty of water obtained. 

(10) Collection of data showing how water is divided among different 
ditches from the same stream, and how it is distributed among users. 
Nature of water-right contracts between canal owners and water users. 
Collection of facts showing what contracts have proven satisfactory 
and what forms of contracts have given rise to controversy and the rea- 
son therefor; also, the rates for sale or delivery of water, and the methods 
by which these rates have been established. 

The streams on which these investigations are being made and the 
agents employed in this work are as follows: Salinas River, Cap 
Marx; Kings River, C. E. Grunsky; San Joaquin River, Frank Soulé; 
Yuba Riv er, Marsden Manson; Susan River, William E. Smythe; Los 
Angeles River r, E. M. Boggs; Sweetwater River, J. D. Schuyler; Cache 
Creek, J. M. Wilson and Frank Adams. 

This is the largest and most comprehensive inquiry regarding irri- 
gation laws, customs, and conditions which has been undertaken in 
this country. The work has now been well organized and is being 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 2038 


actively prosecuted. It is hoped that the investigations will be com- 
plored and reported on during the current fiscal year. It is of course 
very gratifying that the people of California should have sufficient 
confidence in the method and organization of the investigations to be 
willing to contribute private funds so largely to aid in the work. 


IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS IN UTAH. 


At the earnest request of the State engineer of Utah and other per- 
sons interested in the irrigation problems of that State, a beginning of 
studies of these problems has been made. This includes the collee- 
tion of data to show the amount of water now being appropriated and 
used from the Jordan River and its tributaries. This work is now 
being carried on in cooperation with Hon. R. C. Gemmell, State engi- 
neer, and Mr. F. C. Kelsey, city engineer of Salt Lake. The State 
and city are cooperating financially in this work. 

This Office has undertaken the collection of data regarding the use 
of water from the tributaries, while the city of Salt Lake is at work 
upon the main stream. Mr. Arthur P. Stover, assistant in irrigation 
investigations, is in immediate charge of our work and has been 
assisted by Mr. W. B. Searle, of Provo, Utah. This work will be con- 
tinued during the present season. 

Beginning with July 1, 1900, Mr. J. D. Stannard, assistant in irri- 
gation investigations, has undertaken a similar investigation on the 
Weber River. Regarding the importance of these investigations, 
Professor Mead writes as follows: 

Unless some simpler and cheaper method of settling titles to water than now 
prevails in Utah can be secured the litigation over such rights is certain to be 
little short of disastrous. The complications already created are so numerous 
that it will require at least six months’ additional time to collect on the Jordan 
the data necessary to enable us to describe the existing situation. The Utah State 
legislature meets next winter. Irrigaturs are anxious to end the uncertainty 
which now prevails and secure stable titles which will insure protection in times 
of scarcity. There is urgent call for whatever aid the Office of Experiment Sta- 
tions can render. It was thought advisable to comply as far as possible with this 
sentiment, and the best method of promoting wise action seemed to be to show 
how water is distributed and used under the existing system, thus placing before 


legislatures a concrete illustration of the merits and defects of the laws now in 
force. 


STUDIES OF THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN COLORADO. 


Hon. A. J. McCune, State engineer of Colorado, is now engaged in 
preparing a report on the rights to water from the big Thompson 
River. This will describe the procedure in Colorado in the establish- 
ment of water-right titles and the operation of their State system in 
protecting these rights. Hon. E.S8. Nettleton, formerly State engineer 
of Colorado, but now an agent and expert in this investigation, is pre- 
paring a report on the reservoir system of the Poudre V “alley in Colo- 
rado. This system of storage basins furnishes a large part of the late 
water supply for nearly 150,000 aeres of land, which is the largest 
area irrigated from stored water in any single valley i in this country. 
The methods of collecting and distributing this water are the out- 
growth of an experience extending over the past fifteeen years. In 
this time many changes and improvements have been effected and 
the system now gives general satisfaction. It is believed that this 
bulletin will be of oreat service to irrigators in sections where reser- 
voir building is in its infaney, but where it must in the near future 
become an important factor in the extension of the reclaimed territory. 


204 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


MEASUREMENTS OF THE DUTY OF WATER. 


In the arid region success in agriculture depends very largely on the 
control of an ample water supply. Where this is assured there is a 
higher and more uniform prosperity than is attained by farmers 
dependent on rainfall. Experience has shown, however, that fields 
watered from streams can suffer from drought as well as those which 
depend on rain. Where the demand is greater than the supply, or 
where the supply is not properly divided, it often happens that ditches 
wil be empty atthe time when water is most needed. To prevent these 
disasters there is need of some action to prevent the building of more 
ditches than streams can fill and secure a just and efficient. division 
of the supply among those in use. To accomplish this those in 
authority must know how much water is required to irrigate an acre 
of land and how this quantity varies in different months of the grow- 
ing season or with different crops. Sooner or later, as has been 
stated before, an approximate knowledge of the duty of water is 
essential to the success of any irrigation system. 

One of the leading purposes of the investigation of this Office is to 
assist in the determination of the duty of water. The measurements 
begun last year have been extended this season and are being carried: 
on at the stations and under the direction of the special agents given 
in the following table: 


Official stations and names of observers. 


State. Location. Observer. 
= aa Sf 
Californias ==-2=—s-24| Riverside _-=----- -.--| W. Irving 
Nebraska’-.-------_---}| Culbertson! =2-5--2-2| Prof. O. ¥ P. Stout, of the Nebraska experiment 
| _ station. 
Washington ---.------- Prosser) 2223-2" ea-e< | Prof. O. L. Waller, of the Washington Agricultural 
: College and School of Science. 
New: Mexicos.=22=2--4|sRoswelll2:5os— ea W. M. Reed. 
idahovss 2220 se rs ae ABOISG 22 -o- eee eee | D. W. Ross. 
ATIZONGs: soeeu Je. Ses) Mesa 22-25 eee ee W. H. Code. 
Phoenix 3243s Prof. A. J. McClatchie, of the Arizona experiment 
station. 
ING VAG ares ® ns: foe ORONO hoes e ose ee J. M. Wilson, of the Nevada experiment station. 
Wiyomins sas. ses uae Wheatland -_.---_--- Eldon T. Johnston. 
Montanais:-2-)-- ee | JBozeniane tess eee Prof. S. Fortier, of the Montana experiment sta- 
tion. 
Witness ea ee | Salt ieake pee ne eae ee R. C. Gemmell. 
| | Logan Po ee ee ee Prof. George L. Swendsen, of the Utah experiment 
| station. 
Colorado == 25 =s---— ie amar se eee ee Thomas Berry. 


STUDY OF LOSSES FROM EVAPORATION AND SEEPAGE. 


The measurement of the losses of water from evaporation and 
seepage is a part of the general investigation of the duty of water. 
The quantity of water required to mature crops (on a given tract of 
land) will be less if measured at the place where used than if meas- 
ured at the head of the ditch or canal which earries it from the 
stream. The amount lost in transit is an important factor in fixing 
the general duty of water from a stream and the amount which must 
be apportioned to each canal to supply the land it irrigates. Last 
year’s measurements showed this loss to average nearly one-third of 
the total supply. The money value of the water which escapes is 
very great, amounting in the aggregate to millions of dollars each 
year. If canals could be so constructed as to prevent this loss, it 
would add many thousands of acres to the area farmed, and would 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 205 


also save other large areas which the escaping water now ruins by 
saturation. It often happens that this percolating water, when it 
reappears on lands below, is charged with soluble salts dissolved from 
the subsoil passed through. 

This accumulation of alkali renders the soil unfit for cultivation 
where the amount of seepage water does not render sueh cultivation 
impossible. The injury which is being wrought through this action is 
shown in nearly every one of the older irrigation districts in Colorado, 
Utah, and California, where extensive marshes covered with flags 
and rushes have taken the place of what were once fertile and pro- 
ductive fields. It is believed that a better understanding by ditch 
owners of the extent of this loss will result in measures to lessen it. 
Investigations in this line are being carried on by a number of the 
agents above named, and, in addition, Mr. Clarence T. Johnston, 
assistant in irrigation investigations, is making a series of detailed 
tests on important canals in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah to deter- 
mine more accurately the rate of this loss and to discover, if possible, 
the best means of lessening it. 


SEDIMENT INVESTIGATIONS. 


The quality of the water used in irrigation has an important influ- 
ence on the enduring success of farming along any stream. In some 
cases the sediment it carries has a manurial value. In others, the 
streams are so impregnated with alkaline salts as to make their use a 
source of increasing injury to the soil, and sometimes to vegetation 
at the time applied. The continuous operation of some canals through 
the season is a matter of extreme difficulty because of the rapid 
deposit of sand and silt, and the enduring value of storage basins 
depends upon the percentage of sediment in the water which fills 
them and the means which ean be employed for its removal. A num- 
ber of the Western experiment stations are investigating this matter 
and have already made important contributions to our knowledge of 
this subject. 

Some investigations regarding the amount and character of this 
sediment were carried on Tast year in cooperation with the Wyoming, 
Arizona, and New Mexico experiment stations, and this year special 
work in this line is being done by Prof. J. C. Nagle, of the Texas 
Agricultural College. 


INVESTIGATIONS IN THE HUMID REGIONS. 


Interest in the use of irrigation to supplement rainfall in the humid 
regions of the United States is constantly growing. In a number of 
regions this has been greatly stimulated during the past season by 
long-continued drought. Searcely a season passes in any section of 
the | country in which there are not periods when the unequal distri- 
bution of rainfall produces a temporary scarcity of water at critical 
periods in the life of certain crops and a resultant diminished yield, 
which the ability to supply water when needed would have prevented. 

During the past year Prof. E. B. Voorhees, of the New Jersey agri- 
cultural experiment stations, who had already made preliminary 
investigations regarding the possibilities of irrigation in that State, 
an account of which was published in Bulletin No. 36 of this Office, 
undertook to continue these investigations in cooperation with this 
Office. In this work he collected data showing the area of land irri- 
gated in New Jersey, the methods employed, the duty of water 


206 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


obtained, and the benefits received. A report on these investigations 
for the past year has been received and the investigations are being 
continued the present season. 

The Office has also been called upon to aid in the solution of prob- 
lems connected with the experiments in tea growing, conducted under 
the supervision of Dr. C. U. Shepard, at Summerville, S. C., and this 
work will be continued. 

Plans have been made for a practical trial of irrigation in Missouri 
in cooperation with Prof. H. J. Waters, director of the Missouri Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station. 

Prof. F. H. King, of the Wisconsin experiment station, and well 
known as an authority on questions relating to irrigation and drainage 
and the author of a recently published treatise on thesé subjects, hav- 
ing become convinced that irrigation may be profitably employed on 
wide areas in Wisconsin, has undertaken an experimental test of this 
matter on sandy lands in northern Wisconsin. In this enterprise the 
Wisconsin station is receiving assistance from this Office. 

In view of the large interests already at stake in the irrigation of 
rice fields and sugar-cane plantations in the Southern States, a pre- 
liminary survey of this region has been made by Professor Mead with 
reference to determining the problems which need investigation. He 
reports that his brief study of rice irrigation in South Carolina showed 
that the methods of storing water now practiced there are wasteful of 
both land and water, and have largely contributed to make wide areas 
very unhealthy. In Louisiana the multiplication of ditches has already 
given rise to some of the difficulties connected with water rights in 
the arid region. The depletion of streams by canals has in some eases 
caused the salf water from the Gulf of Mexico to ascend rivers farther 
than it formerly did. This is already threatening the safety of some 
of the plantations nearest the coast. It is only a matter of time when 
the diversion of Louisiana and Texas streams will have to be regulated 
by law as in the arid region. The proper investigation of these prob- 
lems is a considerable task, and thus far funds have not been available 
for this purpose. 

IRRIGATION PUBLICATIONS. 


During the past year six bulletins and reports on irrigation have 
been prepared for publication in this Office. 

Water-Right Problems of Bear River (Bulletin No. 70, pp. 40) con- 
tains articles entitled ‘‘ Water supply of Bear River and its diver 
sion,” by C. T. Johnston, assistant in irrigation investigations of this 
Office, and ‘‘ Interstate water rights in Bear River, *by J. A. Breeckons, 
prepared under the direction of Prof. Elwood Mead, expert in charge 
of irrigation investigations of this Office. The underlying purpose of 
this bulletin is to present some of the water-right complications of 
interstate streams. 

The bulletin is largely a statement of these interstate questions as 
illustrated in the Bear River Valley. This river was chosen for study 
because in its course of a little over 300 miles it crosses State lines 
(Wyoming, Idaho, and Utah) five times, finally emptying into Salt 
Lake, which is less than 50 miles distant from its source, thus pre- 
senting in small compass a great variety of interstate problems, and 
offering exceptional opportunities for the inauguration of this class 
of inquiries. The topics treated include extent and character of the 
water supply, location, and character of the irrigation works along 
Bear River; claims to water from the river and its tributaries in 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 207 


Wyoming; the irrigated and irrigable lands; the origin and nature 
of interstate water-right controversies, and the need of closer approach 
to uniformity in State laws. 

Irrigation in the Rocky Mountain States (Bulletin No. 75, pp. 64), 
by J. C. Ulrich, is intended to explain the agricultural conditions 
prevailing and the methods of acquiring and using water for irriga- 
tion practiced in that portion of the arid region, covered more par- 
ticularly by the States of Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, and 
Montana, in which the conditions and methods are somewhat similar, 
the main purpose being to instruct those to whom the subject is new. 
The topics discussed are general characteristics of the Rocky Moun- 
tain States; how canals and ditches have been built; operation of 
canals; methods of applying water to the land; character of supply 
and use of water; how water rights are acquired and maintained; 
contracts between corporations and irrigators; and cost and condi- 
tions of reclamation. An appendix explains the methods of water 
administration in the various States. 

The Use of Water in Irrigation in Wi VORNNE: and Its Relation to 
the Ownership and Distribution of the Natural Supply (Bulletin No. 
81, pp. 56), by B. C. Buffum, professor of agriculture and _ horticul- 
ture, University of Wyoming, and vice-director of the Wyoming 
Agricultural Experiment Station, was prepared under the supervision 
of Prof. Elwood Mead, expert in charge of irrigation investigations of 
this Office, and forms a part of a comprehensive series of investiga- 
tions on the use of water in irrigation in the arid region. ‘The topics 
treated include application of water to crops, water measurements in 
Wyoming, duty of water, the irrigating season, and continuous flow 
as a basis for appropriation. 

Irrigation in Fruit Growing (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 116, pp. 48), by 
E. J. Wickson, is a practical treatise on this subject by a ‘horticultur- 
ist of long experience in California. This bulletin has already been 
described on page 152 of this report. 3 

Rise and Future of Irrigation in the United States (Yearbook of the 
Department of Agriculture, 1899, pp. 591-612) is a concise presentation 
of the history, present status, and future prospects of irrigation in 
this country, with brief statements regarding some of the most impor- 
tant problems affecting the further development of our irrigation 
system. 

A detailed report on the measurements of the duty of water, made 
under the direction of Professor Mead in a number of States during 
the irrigation season of 1899, was prepared in this Office during the past 
fiscal year and is nowin press. This contains a larger amount of data 
on this subject than has ever before been collected in this country. 


EXTENSION OF INVESTIGATIONS. 


As the appropriation for the irrigation investigations has been 
increased from $35,000 to $50,000 for the current fiscal year, it will be 
possible to materially increase the amount of work in the lines in 
which the investigations are now proceeding. The feature of these 
investigations which has thus far aroused most interest is that which 
relates “to the practical results of the irrigation laws and regulations 
now in force in the arid region. The collection of data on this sub- 
ject in a manner sufficiently thorough to give a correct view of the 
existing situation, and an adequate basis for improved legislation and 
administration, is a task of great magnitude. As stated ‘elsewhere in 


208 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


this report, work has been most extensively undertaken thus far in 
California and Utah. This has been made possible through the large 
financial assistance received from local associations and State and 
municipal authorities. The work already in hand in these States will 
be pushed actively during the present year, and it will probably be 
necessary to confine investigations in this line very largely to these 
two States. Meanwhile we have received requests for an extension 
of these studies in other States, where irrigators and ditch owners feel 
more keenly, as time goes on, the need of such investigations as an aid 
to the adoption of just laws before mistakes and abuses connected 
with imperfect legislation shall have become hardened into fixed 
usage. Without doubt there is great force in their plea, but the mag- 
nitude of the arid region and the complex nature of the subject will 
prevent a very rapid extension of operations in this direction. 

Studies regarding the practical methods of irrigation and the duty 
of water will be continued throughout the arid region and in a few 
places in the humid region, as stated above. It is hoped that the agri- . 
cultural experiment stations will be able to engage more largely in 
this work, and that it will soon be possible to extend these investiga- 
tions so as to inelude definite experiments with reference to the 
improvement of methods now in use. This is the kind of work in 
which the experiment stations, especially in the arid region, should 
largely engage. They are coming to see more fully the importance of 
this work and to seek for competent experts to undertake it. It is 
hoped that through cooperation this feature of the work of these sta- 
tions may be put upon a more permanent and efficient basis. This 
enterprise easily leads to studies on which it will be necessary for 
these stations to spend many years of investigation. The importance 
of the solution of these problems to the irrigated region will, however, 
justify all the work which the stations can “devote to them. 

The investigations in this country need to be supplemented by 
studies of the irrigation systems of other countries. This should be 
done by persons who are thoroughly familiar with the conditions exist- 
ing in our irrigated region, in order that we may glean from foreign 
experience those things of which we can make the greatest use in the 
improvement of our irrigation system. As the result of careful studies 
of the irrigation legislation of the Old Wor Id, Australia and Canada 
have made codes of irrigation laws which, it is claimed, have put an 
end to complicated legal questions regarding water rights and made 
litigation on this subject as rare in those countries as controversies 
over land filings are in ourown. Without doubt a careful study of 
irrigation systems of these two countries, as well as of the older coun- 
tries of Europe and their colonies, would produce results of much 
value to our people. It is hoped that at least a beginning of work in 
this direction may be made by this Office during the present year. 

A report on certain features of the irrigation system of the new 
Territory of Hawaii has already been obtained. This needs to be 
supplemented by a special investigation regarding the pumping system 
used in connection with irrigation there. The pumps used in this 
region are very large and are said to be unusually efficient in their 
action, justifying a very large expense in securing underground water 
supply. 

The irrigation possibilities of Porto Rico should be studied by some 
one thoroughly familiar with the irrigation laws and methods of the 
United States, and who will thus be able to point out the directions 


OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS 209 


in which irrigation practice and legislation should be developed in 
that island to secure the best results. 

As soon as funds are available questions relating to the drainage 
systems needed for our irrigation regions should be included in these 
investigations. In some of the older irrigated districts the need of 
drainage is conspicuous, and laws to provide for this according to 
some comprehensive plan will soon have to be enacted or the litiga- 
tion which now prevails over putting water on land will be duplicated 
by controversies over the manner of its removal. One of the first 
things to be done is to make a study of the experience of the States 
of the Middle West, where drainage is already an important feature 
of agriculture and is carried out as a public improvement. A bul- 
- letin deseribing some of the State drainage laws and the applicability 
of these laws and the methods employed in digging ditches and laying 
tiling to the reclamation of some of the submerged areas under irri- 
gation canals is what is proposed. The Poudre Valley in Colorado, 
the San Joaquin Valley in California, and the lower Humboldt Valley 
in Nebraska are examples of districts where this improvement can 
not much longer be neglected. 


COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS. 


Thus far the efforts of this Office in the conduct of the irrigation 
investigations have been directed toward the marking out of a distinet 
field of investigation and the inauguration and organization of 
important enterprises within this field. Leaving to the U. 8. Geo- 
logical Survey questions relating to the determination of the water 
supply contained in the natural streams of the arid region, and the 
topography of this region as connected with the location of reservoirs 
and irrigation works, this Office has undertaken the study of the dis- 
tribution of water and its utilization in agriculture. Such utilization 
involves, however, many problems touching the whole range of agri- 
cultural science, and thus the way will be opened, as our investigations 
develop, for the study of many problems in cooperation with other 
Divisions of this Department. Among these will be investigations 
relating to the extension of irrigation in soils now deemed unsuited to 
agriculture; the establishment of the proper system for the utilization 
of the remaining public lands through a combination of irrigation 
farming and grazing, and the relation of forests to such a system. It 
is hoped that definite steps may soon be taken for a systematic study 
of such problems by the Department on the cooperative plan. 


OBJECTS AND RESULTS OF IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. 


Although the irrigation investigations now in charge of this Office 
have been in progress too short a time to permit the publication of 
any extended reports, nevertheless it is believed that they have already 
had important results. As the basis for these investigations an effort 
has been made to ascertain the actual needs of the people of the irri- 
gated region as regards the investigation of irrigation problems. This 
has led to widespread discussion of this subject in agricultural and 
other associations, as well as in the public press. Through the publi- 
cations of this Office already issued and the addresses of our agents in 
public meetings in different parts of the irrigated region, the existing 
conditions have been described as accurately as a preliminary survey 
would permit. The lines along which investigations must proceed 

AGR 1900——14 


210 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


have also been definitely pointed out. In this way the experience 
already obtained by the experiment stations, State engineers, and 
other experts in irrigation matters, has been brought to bear on the 
public mind more effectively than heretofore. The result has been 
a great quickening of interest in this matter throughout the West, 
together with a larger and more definite realization of the 1mportance 
of the proper development of our irrigation system and the intricate 
nature of the problems involved. 

A great desire has been awakened to have an accurate and complete 
showing of facts on which permanent improvement alone can be based. 
This has led to hearty cooperation of the people and local authorities 
in our investigations wherever they have been undertaken, and demands 
for our work far beyond our ability to meet. While the earnestness 
with which these demands are pressed is very largely due to the urgent 
needs of localities and individual farmers and ditch owners for the 
remedying of evils affecting their immediate interests, it is also begin- 
ning to beseen quite clearly that the questions involved in these and 
kindred investigations have a direct bearing on problems which are of 
national and international importance. On the supply of water for 
irrigation and its equitable distribution depend the permanent exist- 
ence of civilized life in one-third of the area covered by the forty-eight 
States and Territories of the Union. Questions relating to irrigation 
are vital, not only to the agricultural, but also to all the other interests 
of this vast region, and the ultimate solution of the problems relating 
to irrigation will be found not only in local and State legislation and 
administration, but also in the action of the National Government. 
Most of the streams used for irrigation cross State lines, and some of 
them run partly in foreign countries. 

The nation still owns large areas, the development of which will 
necessarily depend on national land laws recognizing the importance 
of extending the irrigated region as far as possible. Sooner or later 
these questions must be taken up by the United States as well as by 
the individual States, and settled on a just basis and in accordance 
with actual conditions. What is needed in this matter at the present 
time above everything else is the impartial ascertaining and recording 
of the facts relating to irrigation in this country. Itisthis task which 
this Department has set for itself. It is hoped that an efficient organ- 
ization for the prosecution of this work has been established, and that 
in this way the basis has been laid for the prosecution and extension 
of the work as rapidly as the necessary conditions of the investigations 
and the available funds will permit. 


REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, 
Washington, D. C., September 29, 1900. 
Str: I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the operations 
of this Bureau for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900. 
Respectfully, 
D. E. SALMON, 
Chief. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR, WITH RECOMMENDATIONS. 


INSPECTION DIVISION. 
MEAT INSPECTION. 


The inspection of meat for the interstate and foreign trade has been 
conducted during the year on the same principles as heretofore. There 
has been a great reduction in the amount of microscopic inspection on 
account of the lessened demand in continental Europe for American 
pork. This is probably due to the higher price which this article has 
commanded in the American market. 

The expense of microscopic inspection is considerably greater per 
careass examined than heretofore, partly because of the irregularity 
of this work and partly because more time has been given to each 
specimen examined. 

In the general meat inspection much time has been devoted to 
improving the system and perfecting checks to guard against the use 
by unscrupulous dealers of meat which has been condemned as 
unwholesome. The law which is intended to guard against this fraud 
is not as stringent or as perfect as is desirable, and it requires constant 
vigilance on the part of the inspectors to accomplish the object of the 
inspection. — 

The number of localities where the work of meat inspection was in 
operation during the year was increased from 41 to 45, while the num- 
ber of abattoirs and packing houses receiving the benefit of this 
inspection was 148, as against 138 in the preceding year. 

A table on the next page shows the numbers and different kinds of 
animals inspected before slaughter in stock yards and at abattoirs. 
As most of the animals are inspected in the stock yards, compara- 
tively few are rejected atthe abattoirs. The figures show a material 

211 


9) 


a“ 


21 


DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


increase in all classes of animals inspected with the exception of hogs, 
of which the number is noticeably diminished. 


Ante-mortem inspections for the fiscal year 1900. 


Hor oficial For epactolrs Bee op ues 
abattoirs in inother | i = 
Kind of animal. cities where | cities and Tou BELEWS sera acre 
inspections | miscellaneous Heep ey Tete 
were made. buyers. tae ee F 7% pets 
Cattle =a eens 5, 027, 998 4, 628, 764 9, 656, 762 214 31, 752 
Sheep - is oe eee 6,170, 172 3, 684, 560 9, 854, 732 776 10, 725 
Calves ai. LR Rees 308, 542 251, 193 559, 735 265 3} os 
HOPS a. 22 ccc eee coe eee 238, 328, 102 9, 683, 103 33, 011, 205 4, 637 107, 989 
Horses -- EOS eae ee D HOON Ae eee 5, 560 66-3 eee 
Wotal*ie cesta 34,840,374 | 18, 247,620 53, 087, 994. | 5,958 | 153,561 


The following table, showing the total number of animals inspected 
before slaughter for abattoirs having inspection, for the fiscal years 
1891 to 1900, is given for the purpose of comparison: 


Number of animals inspected before slaughter for abattoirs having inspection, 
fiscal years 1891 to 1900. 


Fiscal year. Cattle. Calves. Sheep. Hogs Horses Total. 
SOI ee toes ee ae oS eet tM (eens Seen nose acaeel pacmacoscSsd||-ss= soacec 83, 891 
1892 - Popa Set SSE es EO NLG TE OG, 59, 089 BSS e561 | 2.oeen eee ee ees 3, 809, 459 
1895 See ee See 2 eee 3, 922, 174 92, 947 810; 5123 | Peete | Sees 4, 885, 633 
USO acess ehh ae SEOs Se SS 3, 862, 111 96,331 | 1,020,764 | 7,964,850 |___. ------ 12, 944, 056 
PROG ee te eS Re Le 3,752,111 | 109,941 | 1,344,031 13) F691 ie | ees 18, 783, 000 
SOG ELS Se he ee Ae 4,050; 011.| 213,575 | 4,710,190 | 14,301,963 |_---------- 23, 275, 739 
SOT 2p 3s a eee 4,289,058 | 259,930 | 5,179,643 16, 813; 18i5|S= ee 26,541, 812 
SOSH Ae ae eee Pete ey oe 4,552,919 | 241,092 | 5,706,092 | 20,718, 863 |..-_--.--- 31, 213, 966 
TSO} ai Sak he ale ne ee 4,654,842 | 245,859 | 5,718,464 | 23,785,576 3,232 | 34,405,973 
1500.3-=- iA 5,027,998 | 308,542 | 6,170,172 | 23,328, 102 5,560 | 34,840,374 


The numbers and classes of animals inspected at time of slaughter 
and the number of these or parts thereof condemned will be found 
in the following table: 


Post-mortem inspection for fiscal year 1900. 


Gee condemned. 


| Sans of Seneca Parts of 
[- = Fosse : ae ; — carcasses 

A 4 ; nanimals nimals con- 
Kind of animal. | oy official jrejected in Total Bae cet rejected! mopa], demned 
| abattoirs. stock 4 rateten in stock * at abat- 

yards. F yards. toirs. 
Gattle= <2). =o 4a -csest 4,841, 166 20, 828 4,861,994 | 6, 208 4,029 10, 238 8,973 
Sheepe= esas 42 ee 6, 119, 886 5, 209 6, 125, 095 4, 234 1,240 5, 474 309 
Gales: 2-3 223! 315, 693 276 | 315, 969 | 182 | 54 2 2 
Hogs ee sean ee 23, 336, 884 92,112 | 28, 428, 996 38,598 | 7,248 45, 84 4 21, 032 
EIOTSCS Ene oe eee SGU) | Some aes 5, 559 112 | See ae 112 }:||_.3. c¢te eee 
Totale= 222 *22 | 34, 619, 188 118, 425 34, 737, 613 49, 335 | 12,571 61, 906 30, 346 


The above table shows the condemnations made upon ordinary 


inspection; 


the additional number resulting from the microscopic 


inspection of hogs for trichinz will be referred to under another 


heading. 


Besides the carcasses condemned at slaughter or for trichinosis, a 
large number, as usual, were tanked because of death resulting from 


BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 


213 


disease or injury, or because the animals had been killed by city 
inspectors after rejection in the stock yards, or had been found dead 


in cars or pens at abattoirs. 


so disposed of: 


The subjoined table shows the numbers 


Manner of death. Cattle. | Sheep. | Calves. | Hogs. | Horses.| Total. 
Diedun: stock vardse-e. = -esese seen 383. | 974 160 13545 |S oes see 3, 371 
Killed in stock yards -- ater oatey) Tone 1,691 | 1,827 BT4 Cy ence tee 10, 128 
Deadtat abattoirs) ©--- soe ss eee ee ee 250 1, 118 119 15, 426 29 16, 942 
TPotalyioss2: 444. See 2, 324 Wheel: 919 853 23,316 29 30, 441 


Immediately following is a statement of the total number of car- 
casses and parts condemned and tanked, including the animals found 
dead and those killed by the city inspectors, and giving the causes of 


condemnation at time of 


slaughter: 


Causes of condemnation of carcasses and parts of carcasses for fiscal year 1900. 


Parts. 


Cattle. Sheep. Calves. Hogs. 
Cause of condemnation. 
Car- _ | Car- |p Car- Car- 
casses. Parts. casses. | ~ arts. casses. Parts. casses. 
Actinomycosis' -----...==<- 1,661 GO Re at are vee a8 
Muiber culosis see ees eae aa eee os 85 993 | - 
Choleraiand's wine plagues essen pases eee eae 
Texasifevent=c2.ss= ee ZA jell Sel eel ee 
HiGhimoCOCCUS 2-2 e aaee ee | eee 


11, 805 


Horses. 


Car- 
casses. 


Measles -------- Pe eee eee 
Scabies -_.-.--- 51 
Eczema -.-.- 41 
Bry sipelas so 4 os Soe Eee (eS 
Cancer ==22-- 1 
humor a 
Abscess --....- 351 
Pneumonia -- 200i |Poes eos 263 
Pleurisy ----- 5008) eee a 83 
Bronchitis: S2ses5 =e eee peseeers |e: | ae 
Carditis=--22. Bea seueaies 1 
Enteritis_-_-- 31 2 86 
Peritonitis--___- 170 1 70 
Metritiss. os. Se ee ees lesen 8 
Niephritisie-.-3- === OM|PER ence 74 
Drsemiae. 2 eee By aetna 36 
Mammitis 1 
Septiceemia 284 
iPycemigeeses eee 224 
Gangrene | il 
Anemia, emaciation, ma- 

TAaSMUS 322225. oe ele LAGS ee 1,730 
Ascites: 3.25225 eee WA) eeeee 2A 76 
JAaAUNGICes. = ese See 161 675 212 
Extreme temperature, va- 

TIOUS Causes) a -- ses se-. = 4) 82-222 82 36: |. Mlles Fee 202 
IPrecnancyee ee ee AQ oS Sas a0), |2aeie 28 eee ae (eee os 344 
Recent parturition_-_---.-- iY (| eer Lal Veena ses | eee (ee ee ae 60 
Hernia oe ee ee LOA Peeeeene Ce) ee Oe Eee eee ees 13 
Downers, bruised,injured, 

ete anise 1,366 | 3,169} 756| 246 33 a7 | 507 
Dead from various causes- C3339 | eg eo fae a |e a 219) ease eee 17, 280 
Too! YOUNG: 2: ss225 asses se = == | hoe ea eee HP ices se7 AO) | Ses oe 
Leucocythemia 2 Soe ees et Dy Seceins | See ee eee een ale Ses ee Ee 2 
Gastritis oe ae eee Sg ee Sal | eee ete eee | Irate | Reps Cees Ieee BEI ee 
Anthrax  Jaul2t Ree a5 es ees aes mae (|| SESE LIT | Say ae 1S aa am (ee eee et 
Hneephalitis-e ee |e nat oe Es | eens oe Seem | Re ean See 
Distomay.= 2 2s ese aoe Op ee eres | Coenen || Mae e PRE eee 
ieonkagostous 5.2 5355224 2 eS See Ease sane Gpieseteet aie oee arse Pee ssh 
SICK: 2.25. oo 22553 22225 Sess 3 | Rae Eee Eee et 7 eS ee (eee 
Melaniosis. 22s. 24e sounen | era Bee | rane ee ernee Pee cee ne Boe RES eet 8 
Paraphimosis sse5 2 = 3 2 | eee | See eee ee Sa  Oeeees | Seen se (base sss ase es cee 
SUSU ee | eee *ee tees ||Esoaees eaeseene| eee ee 
Open. joint. 224.2 25.3652) | ee ee SE Se eee ee an oan (sabe 2 Je = aoe 
Killed’ by city inspectors..| 1,691 |.------- Tete (ees eee by) eee 6, 036 

Total. =o. este 12,562 | 8,973 | 9,393 309 | 1,089 32 | 69,162 


214 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


The meat-inspection tag or brand was placed upon 17,177,442 quar- 
ters, 343,427 pieces, and 1,554 sacks of beef, 6,050,444 careasses of 
sheep, 310,126 careasses of calves, 1,158,507 carcasses of hogs, and 
653,756 sacks and 48,485 pieces of pork. 

The number of packages to which the ordinary meat-inspection stamp 
was affixed consisted of 5,584,995 containing beef, 24,151 of mutton, 
107 of veal, 15,122,677 of pork, and 602 of horseflesh. 

The number of cars that were sealed containing inspected products 
for transshipment to official establishments and other places, was 
69,937. 

The number of ordinary certificates issued, except for horseflesh, 
was 43,631. The meat products for export covered by these certifi- 
cates comprised 1,766,254 quarters, 22,844 pieces, and 1,225,214 pack- 
ages of beef, with a total weight of 438,158,235 pounds; 11,468 pack- 
ages of mutton, weighing 680,897 pounds: and 46,253 carcasses of hogs 
and 897,551 packages of pork, weighing 272,050,663 pounds. Eight 
certificates were issued for 472 packages of horseflesh, weighing 
188,800 pounds. 

The cost of conducting the work of ordinary meat inspection was 
$505,280.52; this isan increase of *: 39,% 971.29 over the amount expended 
the previous year, and as this year’s ‘total of ante-mortem inspections 
is 53,087.994, against 53,223,176 in 1899, the average cost of each inspec- 
tion is increased from 0.88 cent to 0.95 cent. 

The following statement shows the cost of each ante-mortem inspec- 
tion from 1893 to 1900, inclusive: 


Cents. Cents 
SOS eat ee et eee eyes eS eh ate Ban de AD WSO Te ee ae eee es 91 
DS Aes ete ne ee Pe eee ee 1709) 5S 98 tae So) oper ee eee ee 80 
S95 tbe ete Sen EAS ee cue eee 15110)" 1899) vas test eee es ee ree 88 
SOG SiR Pee ses arte. one Pees pike ee OD | A900 A es Ce eee pees See 95 


MICROSCOPIC INSPECTION OF PORK. 


The number of careasses examined was 999,554, resulting in the 
following classification: Class A, free from all appearance of trichine, 
968,405, or 96.88 per cent; Class B, containing trichina-like bodies or 
disintegrating trichine, Lae or 1.17 per cent; Class C, containing 
living trichine, 19,448, or 1.95 per cent. The percentages this year 
are pre wctically the same as those previously found, there being a 
slight increase in carcasses of Class C. 

There were 19,465 trichinous carcasses (including a few left over 
from preceding year) disposed of; their weight is given as 4,674,365 
pounds. Of this quantity, approximately, half was tanked, the rest 
being turned into cooked meat. 

The number of certificates issued for packages bearing the micro- 
scopic inspection stamp was 12,107; the number of packages was 

253,333, with a weight of 55,809,626 pounds. 

T he year having witnessed a great falling off in the trade in micro- 
scopically inspected pork products, the number of examinations and 
the number of pounds exported were reduced to about half the fig- 
ures for 1899, while the expenses were reduced but about one-fourth, 
and, as a consequence, the relative cost is much more. The figures 
for this year are: Expenditures, $154,950.22; average for each car- 
cass examined, 15.5 cents; for each pound exported, 0.277 cent. For 
1899 the corresponding figures were $198,555.14; 8.9 cents; 0.182 cent. 


BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 915 


INSPECTION OF VESSELS AND EXPORT ANIMALS. 


While there has been an increase in the total exports of cattle to 
all countries for 1900 over 1899, the decline in the number of domestic 
eattle and sheep exported to Europe, noted in the last report, has con- 
tinued, but there has been an increase in the number of horses over 
last year of 40 per cent. The figures for Canadian shipments from 
American ports show a decrease in all classes of animals. 

The following table shows the number of American and Canadian 
animals inspected, number rejected for export, number tagged, and 
number exported during the fiscal year 1900: 


Number of inspections, etc., of American and Canadian animals, fiscal year 1900, 


American. | Canadian. 


5 = 5 | | 
ing OF Bia tember, Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | Number 
Acai rejected. | tagged. | exported. inspected.| rejected. exported. 
Cattle2_--=2- 23 632, 512 1,373 318,298 | a 305,182 | 23, 652 18 | 23, 634 
Sheepis-.58-3= 134,313 Dot [ae ee oes b73, 426 | 28, 954 64 | 28, 890 
Horses net es | 54, 868 BPS Uh See €37, 080 | 1,447 1 1,446 
Swine S.32-— | ee eS is) |) eee | eee 10 Fegeeees cae Fe ee ee eek ee 
a 9,754 via Canada. 51,581 via Canada. c410 via Canada. 


The figures showing the exports of American and Canadian animals 
from the United States for 1898 and 1899 are given in the following 
table for purposes of comparison with the number of inspections, ete., 
shown in the table immediately preceding: 


Number of animals inspected and exported for fiscal years 1898 and 1899. 


1898. 1899. 


Kind of animal. : =a 
| American.) Canadian. American.| Canadian. 


| 
Cattle... - 400,512 19,392 | 311,595 27,797 
Sheep _. 147, 907 29) 459 98, 551 37,206 
Horses. -_... - 29,570 3,955 26, 351 2 685 


In addition to the above animals inspected for export to Europe, 
there were also inspected 6 cattle destined to Jamaica and 888 to Ber- 
muda, and 63 Canadian sheep to Argentina. 

The number of certificates issued for American cattle was 1,192; 
the number of clearances of vessels carrying live stock was 862. 

The number of American and Canadian animals inspected at port 
of debarkation by inspectors of this Department stationed at London, 
Liverpool, and Glasgow, together with the number and percentage 
lost in transit, is shown in the following table: 


Number of animals inspected at time of landing in London, Liverpool, and Glas- 
gow, and loss in transit. 


Cattle. Sheep. | Horses. 
From— —— | 
Landed. Lost. Landed. Lost. | Landed. Lost. 
No. No. | Per ct. ‘Noe. || No: Per ct. No. No. | Per ct. 
United States -------.-..--| 290,609 | 556 0.19 71,547 | 436] 0.61 27,836 | 741 2,59 
@anadali ts 2. eS a ese 94 24,997 | 253} 1.00} 1, 228 20 1.60 
Totale eeu ese 310,498 | 745 | .24| 96,544 | 689 | 71 | 29,064 | 761 2.55 


216 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


CONTROL OF CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 


Southern cattle inspection.—During the quarantine season of 1899 
the employees of this Department supervised the movement of 
1,058,484 eattle, in 39,976 cars, from the district infested with the 
Southern cattle tick (Boophilus bovis); 39,663 ears were cleaned and 
disinfected. 

In Texas 357,422 cattle were inspected and identified by brands as 
originating north or west of the quarantine line, and were permitted to 
be shipped by rail or trailed to other States or Territories for grazing. 

In conjunction with the authorities of the State of Missouri 6, 065 
cattle originating in the northern counties of Arkansas were inspected 
and permitted to be driven into the former State. 


The prevention of sheep scab.—The sheep industry of the United 
States has long suffered severely from the form of scabies produced 
by the Psoroptes communis, and commonly known as sheep scab. 
Many of the Western States and Territories have been badly infected, 
and the sheep shipped from these have spread the contagion to the 
feeding yards, stock yards, stock cars, and to all the ramifications of 
the channels of interstate commerce. As aresult of this dissemina- 
tion of the contagion, the Eastern feeders who have purchased store 
sheep have very often found them infected with this troublesome dis- 
ease. ‘There have consequently been severe losses from the disease 
in all parts of the country. 

It has been a difficult matter to get control of the sheep traffic in 
such a manner as to prevent the spread of scab, without at the same 
time too seriously interfering with the marketing of the animals. To 
lessen the burden of the sheep owners as much as possible, the regu- 
lations were at first very simple and easily complied with; they have 
been made more stringent and effectual as the nature and objects of 
the requirements became known. 

The first step in the process of control was to give notice of the 
existence of the disease, and of the provisions of the law prohibiting 
the shipment of diseased or exposed animals from one State or Terri- 
tory to another. At the same time a bulletin giving information of 
the nature of the disease and the methods for curing it was widely 
distributed through the affected sections. Diseased sheep coming 
into the stock yards were required to be dipped before being shipped 
to other States or sold as feeders. 

As the results of the dipping were not satisfactory, this operation 
was put under the supervision of Bureau inspectors, and the dipping 
liquid was required to be made of certain specified ingredients used 
in proper proportions. Inspectors were also placed at all points where 
railroads crossed the Missouri River, in order to discover the diseased 
sheep and stop them before they g cained access to the large stock yards 
of more eastern points. Finally, inspectors were distributed through- 
out the States where the traffic originates to inspect the sheep and 
certify to the healthy ones at the time of shipment. 

The effect of this work has been very marked. Sheep owners have 
been encouraged and stimulated to treat their diseased animals and 
free their ranges from the contagion. There is a much smaller num- 
ber of diseased sheep found in the stock yards, and the infection is 
gradually disappearing. A few years more of earnest work will be 
sufficient to eradicate this disease and to remove in this manner one 
of the greatest sources of loss to the sheep industry. 

Experiments with reference to this disease are in progress at the 


BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 217 


experiment station of the Bureau. A flock of Delaine Merino sheep 
has been purchased in order to determine the precise effect of vari- 
ous dips on a standard fine wool. The wool of the Merino sheep is 
much finer and more closely set than that of most other breeds, and 
it is a question whether a dip effective for sheep with a smooth skin 
and straight wool is equally effective when applied to sheep with the 
fleece and skin of the Merino. 

The number of sheep inspected at various places in order to pre- 
vent the interstate shipment of diseased sheep was 1,801,379, and the 
number dipped under the supervision of Bureau inspectors was 626,838. 


INSPECTION OF IMPORTED ANIMALS, 


The numbers and classes of animals imported from Mexico and 
inspected at ports of entry along the international boundary line are 
here given: Cattle, 80,329; sheep, 9,976; swine, 44; goats, 4,132; 
horses, 3. 

From Canada the imports of animals not subject to detention at 
quarantine stations comprised’ ,693 cattle, 209,375 sheep, 1,886 horses, 
1,092 swine, 6 goats, and 1 deer—total, 290,051. Of these, 1,012 cat- 
tle, 7,262 sheep, 137 horses, and 180 swine were imported for breeding 
purposes. 

Through the port of New York there were imported 265 horses and 
350 mules; through the port of San Francisco, 8 horses. 

The following table shows the number and kinds of animals detained 
in quarantine for the specified time: 


Number of animals imported and quarantined at different stations. 


Stations. Cattle. | Sheep. | Swine. 

Littleton, Mass :.5 22 <-~ Ss s s e  na cbe m eaeee ee ae to Se 14 | ee 
Garfield, N.J - a eet ae Be Se a Ee eee 37 356 2 
Port Huron Michia =e cases ents RECT Reagent es OP ere? TG Bae eek i 
Detroit, Mich. ---.-. ee ee oe eae a ee eS 3 (eae ees ee 2 
Sault Ste. Marie, Mich_- pee ay halt! Sel EE eee ee eee , a) |e ker (ee ee 2 
‘Alexandria Bay, N. She ee ee ie a ee De ee See eed ae ft pases 5 eee eee 
Buitalo, Ne Yo oe es ee a eee V1 ere eS eee 
Osdensbure. NeW. ss ee eee ee ee ee ree cea ce eee 3 d A (See 
St. Albaws; Vib =) 25 Se ee eS tate See eee Sink See Lat Bs ae eee eae 
Richford 5. Wit 222 a a ee a ee en aE ae oe eee eee eee 
Newport, Vt. - SE ee a eee nee ee ee eae eee i TL eae eee ee eee ee 
Beecher Falls, Vt_- ORs ae SAE ree eS Eas a ee ee eee 48 2 1! 
Island Pond Wii ea Se ses eee oe ee ae ee oe Se ee eal ae re 34 7 i 
Honiton; Me 35. Sees eee ee ee ee eS oe ee ee 2 122 2 
Vaneeboro, Moe. 22 5 a ae ae ee ey See ee oe ee 31 | A | oe ee ees 
Hastport) Meo ee a ee ee eee ee 3 ol pees ees 
ol Ly): 9 Aca ah SR ap Bt mh chan Ts Ae > SS eee 587 534 | 6 


There were also received at the Garfield station 7 deer, 4 gazelles, 
32 camels, 1 goat, 2 zebus. 


BIOCHEMIC DIVISION. 
TUBERCULIN AND MALLEIN. 


In addition to the preparation of tuverculin, which will be mentioned 
later, the biochemie division has made and distributed 10,722 doses of 
mallein for testing horses for glanders. Considerable quantities of 
this were used in Minnesota, Towa, South Dakota, and Oklahoma Ter- 
ritory, but the largest part was supplied to the War Department, and 
small amounts have been sent to twelve different States. 


218 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 
SERUM FOR HOG CHOLERA AND SWINE PLAGUE, 


The work of preparing serum for treating hog cholera and swine 
plague has been continued this year as last. The number of animals 
which has been used for the preparation of the serum is about the same 
as last year. A force of inspectors of the Bureau has been engaged 
in treating a large number of animals in two counties in Iowa, two of 
the same counties in which work was conducted during the last year. 
The results in general, so far as can be determined at the present time, 
are hardly such as to justify positive conclusions, though sufficiently 
encouraging to justify continued experimentation. 

The preparation of the large quantities of antitoxic serum necessary 
to conduct this work in the field hasentailed a large amount of routine 
work in the laboratory, and also at the oxperiment station, where the 
animals for supplying the serum have been treated. Full reports are 
being kept this year, as last, of the herds that are treated; cultures 
are taken from the sick animals and are sent to the laboratory for 
further tests and identification, and care is taken not only to demon- 
strate the exact character of the disease so far as possible existing in 
the animals which are treated in the field, but also to test the quan- 
tity and character of the serum used for treatment. Important vari- 
ations in cultures, cultural products, and their bearings which have 
developed in this work are being carefully studied. 


INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES OF MEDICINE AND HYGIENE. 


These two important international congresses, which meet every 
third year, held their sessions during the present summer. As the 
inv estigations conducted in the laboratories of the Bureau of Animal 
Industry are of such far-reaching importance in the study both of 
diseases of men and animals, it seemed proper that the Bureau should 
be represented. Accordingly, Dr. E. A. de Schweinitz, chief of the 
biochemie division, who was in England in connection with some 
tuberculosis investigations, was instructed to represent the Bureau 
and the Department of Agriculture at these meetings. Over 6,000 
doctors were registered in connection with the International Medical 
Congress. The work of this congress was divided into a number of 
different sections, the section on bacteriology embracing the work 
which was more directly connected with the work of the biochemie lab- 
oratory. Thesessions of this section were held at the Pasteur Institute 
in the new chemical biologie (or biochemic) laboratory, which has just 
been completed at an expenditure of several million franes. This labo- 
ratory and an excellent new hospital, which has also just been com- 
pleted, together with the old Pasteur Institute, are to be devoted 
entirely to the study of bacteria, bacterial products, toxines, and anti- 
toxines in relation to disease, and also to the study of bacteria and 
bacterial products from an economical standpoint. If the laboratory 
investigations of the Bureau of Animal Industry conducted in poorly 
adapted buildings have given such useful results, the benefits which 
would acerue from investigations conducted in so complete a labora- — 
tory as the one referred to, where every possible facility is provided, 
would be untold. 

Dr. de Schweinitz presented to the congress a paper giving a review 
of the most important experimental w ork in connection with tubercu- 
losis in the United States during the past ten years. The fact that this 
section was attended by such men as Duclaux, Metschnikoff, Laveran, 


BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 219 


Blanchard, Arloing, Buchner, Ehrlich, Salomensen, Reux, Martin, 
Nocard, and many other of the most prominent scientific men of 
Europe, is evidence of the importance of the Bureau being represented 
on such oceasions and taking an active part in the proceedings. The 
representative of the Bureau was one of the honorary presidents and 
presiding officers. 

While no new or startling investigations were announced, very many 
valuable reviews in different lines of work were brought to the atten- 
tion of the members of the congress, which may be said to have served 
to a great extent as a ‘‘clearing house” and new starting point for 
continuation of important investigations. 

The Congress of Hygiene had a very much smaller number of mem- 
bers than the International Medical Congress, and the matters pre- 
sented were to some extent the same as those discussed in the Interna- 
tional Medical Congress. The paper read here by Dr. de Schweinitz 
was a review of the work which has been carried on in endeavoring to 
control tuberculosis in men and animals in the United States. The 
resolutions adopted and general views of importance expressed will 
be submitted for publication in the Annual Report of the Bureau. 


PATHOLOGICAL DIVISION. 


The principal work of this division during the past fiscal year has 
consisted in (1) the preparation and distribution of blackleg vaccine; 
(2) laboratory experiments for diagnostic purposes in connection with 
an outbreak of rabies in the District of Columbia; (3) an investigation 
of the nature, cause, and economic importance of caseous lymph- 
adenitis in sheep; (4) an investigation of an outbreak of rabies in the 
dairy herd of the Government Asylum for the Insane at St. Elizabeth, 
D. C.; (5) an investigation of the prevalence of tuberculosis in the 
same herd, and the determination of the pathogenic properties of 
milk from cows which have reacted to tuberculin but show no physical 
symptoms of tuberculosis; (6) an investigation of an outbreak of 
facial dermatitis in sheep in Maryland; (7) an investigation of several 
outbreaks of gangrenous vulvitis in cattle; (8) an investigation of an 
outbreak of an infectious disease among a flock of sheep in Michigan, 
(9) an investigation regarding the therapeutic value of the so-called 
gasoline treatment for parasitic diseases in sheep; (10) an investiga- 
tion regarding infectious abortion in cattle; (11) the determination 
of pathological specimens referred to this division for diagnosis; (12) 
the preparation of answers to numerous inquiries regarding diseases 
of live stock in the United States. 

In addition to the above, it has devolved upon the chief of this 
division to prepare the examination for veterinarians in the United 
States cavalry and to grade the numerous papers according to their 
merits. 


THE PREPARATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF BLACKLEG VACCINE. 


During the past fiseal year 1,076,150 doses of blackleg vaccine have 
been prepared and distributed among the various States and Terri- 
tories, as itemized below. The demand for this preventive is steadily 
increasing, and the summarized reports of 2,000 cattle owners testify 
to the great efficiency of the preparation in reducing losses from black- 
legtoaminimum. It is conservatively estimated that the annual loss 
from this disease when no preventive measures are taken amounts to 
about $6,000,000. This estimate is based upon the reported loss of 


220 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


from 10 to 25 per cent of all young stock in the vast districts of this 
country where blackleg prevails. 

So far as can be judged at the present time the loss after vaccina- 
tion during the past year has been less than one-half of 1 per cent. 

An elabor ate report containing the details of this work and an item- 
ized account of the results obtained i is now under preparation. 

Since the beginning of the distribution of blackleg vaccine in August, 
1897, the total num ber of doses furnished to the cattle raisers of. this 
country spares to 1,711,900, and the indications are that between 

2,000,000 and 2,500, 000 doses will be required to supply the demand 
duri ing the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901. 


Number of doses of blackleg vaccine distributed during fiscal year ending June 30, 
1900, by States. 


Number. | Number 

ATIZ ONAL ee oe See ee eee 3,750: || Nevada. 25.22 22 pee hee 1,390 
ATKATISASY a soe ase a4 Oe 420 | North Caroling === 22s 8, 315 
Californias. <6 cha ae ro tdteis) |! INRosety ol IDEMcay ee 76, 325 
Colorado ee 4ee 5 eee ee 99, 340 | Obio2!) She es See ie Se 60 
Geongige 9.0 Mi ee eee 20° | SOklghomarn ys ese. siete 42, 085 
TANG aes OR i ee ee eens 40058 "OTregonvee er aoa eee eee 6, 655 
MNO IS kee ee ee ee eee 135355 | Pennsylvania ose 2,045 
im Gian a pees es Soren Pee 6000) Philippinerislands#== ==. —=s5 50 
Indian SPO: Sa SG, ote ot 28; 495.) south Dakotas.) 5- 2s. 91,575 
Iowa. Ro Bhp ae Oe 13 oe 4) EL CDNESSCO sass sence wee meee 1,970 
TC ATISE isha pean Da 172 0d0e|) LOXRAS ar. aoe. sue eae Won sere a COMOa Ty 
Kenincky se cena ont ee 4923591 belie ee ee eee 2 ene eae 6,725 
oiisiama laste eee ir. Fo eek TOU MOTION Ga C25 Lacey ne ole 410 
Weielsgan 2 cree Ses Al eee 170 | Virginia - 5 A SI ee ete 19, 190 
IMommnesota 25s so fale ieee ts 13, 835 | West Apdieaac: ee Cn eee 500 
IMEISSIS SI [oie nee ee eee oA0U Washing tony = see 2,615 
ME SSOUTIMS + oo a een peat den 19%420) | 2Wiest Wireinia = 2-9 eee 2,770 
Montana® <2 2 J:c8 Se ase 23,560 | Wisconsin -- ._- Ad EB he 3 540 
INebraskavessns set is 185, 580 Wiyoming= 355: nn ieee 38, 600 
New. Mexico: 6.302 sentcnsee 9, 215 — 

ING WV Ork ss 225 2s ee 465 | To tall fk he Ao keep oe 1, 076, 150 


RABIES IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 


There has been a marked inerease in the number of rabid dogs dis- 
covered in the District of Columbia during the past year. In previous 
years the number brought to the attention of this Bureau was as fol- 
lows: In 1893, 11; 1895, 2; 1896, 5; 1897, 3; 1898, 7; 1899, January 1 
to June 30, 4. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, the number 
of cases was: August, 1; October, 2; November, 5; December, 7; 
January, 5; February, 6; March, 4; April, 6; May, 6; June, 3—total, 
45. In addition, 4 cows, 1 cat, and 1 horse were tested and found to 
have died of rabies. Four men and 16 children were bitten. 

The continued prevalence of this terrible and fatal disease at the 
seat of the Federal Government is a serious condition and one which 
demands earnest consideration. Rabies is a disease which only origi- 
nates from contagion; in the vast majority of cases it is caused by the 
bite ofa rabid dog. If, when an outbreak occurs, dogs are kept securely 
isolated or are properly muzzled for a sufficient time to cover the period 
of incubation, the disease is easily stamped out. It seems inexcusable, 
therefore, to allow the contagion to be propagated indefinitely, caus- 
ing untold suffering to the affected animals and menacing the lives of 
persons, particularly children, who go upon the streets. 

Rabies is worthy of the attention of the federal authorities, not 
only because it has been so frequent at the seat of Government where 


BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 291 


federal laws alone apply, but because rabid dogs are liable to be con- 
veyed or to cross into the States of Maryland or Virginia, thus carry- 
ing the contagion. 

Section 8 of the act of Congress approved May 29, 1884, makes it the 
duty of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia ‘‘whenever 
any contagious, infectious, or communicable disease affecting domes- 
tic animals” shall be brought into or shall break out in the District, 
to take measures to suppress the same promptly and to prevent the 
same from spreading, and to report to the Secretary of Agriculture 
whatever they may do in pursuance of the provisions of this section. 
In order to cooperate with the District government in harmony with 
the spirit of section 3 of the act mentioned, all dogs suspected of hav- 
ing rabies have been received at the laboratory of this Bureau, and 
have been tested by post-mortem examination and by inoculation 
experiments to determine positively as to whether they were so dis- 
eased, and the health department has been advised of the result of 
the tests. Public notice was also given by the issuance of a Depart- 
ment order of the existence of rabies in the District, and prohibiting 
the movement of dogs between the District and the adjoining States, 
except under conditions which would prevent the spread of the con- 
tagion. 

The Commissioners of the District ordered the muzzling of dogs for 
a time, but the order was so generally disregarded by dog owners, 
either by allowing dogs to run at large without any muzzle or by the 
use of inefficient and worthless muzzles, that the measure had no 
appreciable effect upon the progress of the outbreak. There was 
increased activity on the part of the authorities in catching and destroy- 
ing unlicensed dogs, which unquestionably had considerable effect in 
limiting the extension of the contagion. New cases of the disease, 
however, continue to develop, and the contagion still exists, menacing 
human life and threatening the animals of the District and of sur- 
rounding States. 

As rabies is a disease which can be best controlled by local authori- 
ties, since such authorities already have the machinery for seizing 
dogs and for properly disposing of them, it has not been deemed 
advisable for the Bureau to take any active steps for the suppression 
of thisoutbreak. Nevertheless, it is plain that unless the disease soon 
disappears of itself it will be the duty of the bureau to take adequate 
steps to protect the several States from the contagion which is being 
harbored in the District. There have been cases of rabies already 
reported just beyond the District boundary, which presumably were 
due to extension of the contagion from the District. 

The number of children bitten by rabid animals is sufficient to 
excite the fears of all parents, and should be an adequate reason for 
the most stringent measures of eradication. It is fortunate that the 
Pasteur treatment has been available, and that nearly or quite all of 
the bitten persons have taken it, otherwise it is likely that in this 
number there would have been several deaths. This treatment, how- 
ever, is expensive, it is painful, it requires time, and it is not infalli- 
ble, although it has reduced the deaths among bitten persons to 0.5 
per cent, or 1 in 200. The children bitten have usually been those of 
people in moderate circumstances and the cost of treatment has been 
a serious burden and hardship to them. 

A disease of this nature is one from which the people rightfully 
expect protection from their Government. It is a danger which they 
can not avoid by individual effort. It menaces their most cherished 


229 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


possessions—their children. It is a disease so terrible in its mani- 
festations, so frightful in the suffering which it causes, that no child 
should be unnecessarily exposed to it, and no parent should be placed 
in the position of seeing his child die in agonies that would haunt his 
memory for all time. 

In view of the practically continuous existence of the rabies conta- 
gien in the District of Columbia for the past three years, I would 
recommend either that Congress authorize the Secretary of Agricul- 
ture to pay out of the appropriation for the Bureau of Animal Industry 
for the treatment of bitten children whose parents would be burdened 
by such expense, or that the Surgeon-General of the Army or the 
Marine Hospital Service be directed to establish an institution for 
such treatment and to administer the same without charge. 

The following table shows in detail the number of animals proven 
by inoculation experiments to have been rabid: 


Animals proven by inoculation experiments to have been rabid, and persons bitten, 
fiscal year July 1, 1899, to June 30, 1900. 


Record : 
Date. number ge ieee hea Persons bitten. 
ot dog. BS. 

August 8018006: sos) st shes ce eee ee 52 
OctoberZi, VeQ9 ssh Soke se eer pe OB ssanemeareence oeeee ae, 2 children. 
October 30, SOO Me Ea Nees ay eg Pe a A | See tee ee ee 2 men. 
November 2, goo ues eee 55 
INOVember 418000 ee ts) so ee eee ee 151 a (Secale pt 8 oe ee 1 man. 
November 13, 1899S ed ee eee Nk ee 57 
INOV.OIN DCT 1 BOO sa ee eee ne eee 58 
NOVeEmMber coy SOG kts Dales eee a eee 59 
Wecemiber4, 1899 =e ess ee ee ee Ee eee eee elCOws 
December, NOOO ES Seas eS eee ee 6 | See ee 1 child. 

Cegiots Stes Meee ae eee eaten ee earediae G2 he See ee ee ee alichald® 
December SS 1SO0 Seen ees seers ee G43) See oe ees eee eee 

SS eee ee». Sh eee G61 Sane eee eee boys 
Dees MOST 890 cere See ee eb ees Toll eeae ease Se eee es 2 children. 
December 20, 1899. __ LS ee eee ee eS || eee Se Lor ea es oe 2 boys. 
Decemberi2 S890 ts eee ee es Ree 70 
December 28 1809 6 PCS Fae 71 
Jan Wary iG O00! see e nee ee ee ee eee 74 
JanUaTy el OAL O00 Ss eee aT ee ee eee 165) 
Satitary 16) 900s eke a ee eee Uae ea seer eee oe halireat aE 
JAMUAry: co) GO02s 2 asses = melee ee en See 78 
Janiarycs yl O00 Ra eee a ae Pomel 79 
Hebrilatsy.oyl O00 ese es eee ee 80 
Hebruary.621900) + eS eee Ose eS 1 boy. 
Hebruanyalesl O00 bee aaa ee eee ee 83 
Hebruanryals el G00 sees eee eee ee 84 
HMebruar yi 900 Sse aes ee ee eee 85 
MODE Ua Taye le ON) ee ee eee 86 
Mar ehiOh 1900 cate eae eee ee peer Sores eee 2 cows. 
Mame hal WS 00 i sree es Se 90 
Marche 1900 Rsee wae. ee Rae Eee 91 
Marchi29 3900 5-2 ee ee eee ee ees PT eee ee ees Saar ee 2 children. 
March 31, 1900_- Spe og ok a ees 93 
April 5, GOOLE G2 aAe Sie PORTE Bey od FIA 94 
AoeiLe, WL Q00 ae 85S * Bete apie eee = Saba eke 22 ee -55|| Leow: 
April APSA, eet er aS a a 97 
PAST lle OOO Semen ee eee ee 98 
Aor 7 1900 ese ee ere es eae ee 99 
April Pai | ieee nh aioe Ce gk 100; 25-222 2.sseeeeso See orca se out fa es ee: 

chi 

PADI 28 LO) Sener aan eae eas oS gS LOS} 2-2-2 se= oon ae ee 1 man and | child. 
May 10, 1000 MEER RNa Sede aaene Fi 105 
May 11,1900 Ba See etek Syoese bee eeee 106 
May 15, 1900 a ae apes 107 
May: 23; 1900 Fir stem aes eo eS eta eee 111 
May 28, 1900 - PEP ets ooo ea ae 114 
May 29.1900 3 585 222 ea-peaeeee cee aan ae ess W150 so scscccesssceeeese 1 man. 
‘Fane 6; LOL » sek ee ere. Eee us| tee S| 0 horse: 
JUNE1Z 1900 eae eee eee as ee 118 
G*urrel2, 19008 222 eae ae eae 119 
Junei28; 1900 =. a. Saree ates eee eee ae= 120 eee See eee il eauakol. 


1 These children were bitten by a District dog diagnosed by inoculation experiments in Balti- 
more as rabid. 


BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 923 
THE PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS. 


Since the discovery of the diagnostic value of tuberculin in bovine 
tuberculosis in 1891, there have been many official tests made in the 
United States to ascertain the extent to which the disease exists, and 
to diminish the number of affected animals. While numerous herds 
have been found diseased to a remarkable and even alarming extent, 
the consensus of opinion is that, considering all the cattle in a State, 
not over 5 per cent of the animals would react to the test even in our 
dairy sections and not half of 1 per cent of the cattle killed under 
the Bureau inspection is found tuberculous. In certain districts, 
however, the disease is much more frequent, and the astonishing 
degree to which it may develop in a herd before its presence is dis. 
covered by the owner and much less by others has led to a demand 
for investigation and for repressive measures. 

A considerable number of States have laws and regulations made 
for the purpose of preventing the introduction of tuberculous cattle 
from other States or foreign countries. While these differ much in 
detail, the general plan is to require that cattle introduced for breed- 
ing or dairy purposes be tested with tuberculin and their healthful- 
ness certified by the authorities of the States from which they origi- 
nate, or, failing in this, by the authorities of the State where they are 
destined to remain. The weak points in this system are, first, that 
many States from which cattle are shipped have no officials to make 
the tests and none with authority to issue certificates; second, that 
very few of the receiving States have a sufficient veterinary force to 
make the required tests; and, third, that the numerous and varied 
requirements of the several States are confusing to shippers, difficult 
to comply with, and a serious burden to interstate commerce. The 
situation is not unlike that which existed fifteen years ago, when 
nearly every State had a quarantine against the cattle of every other 
State to guard against the introduction of contagious pleuro- 
pneumonia. 

This Bureau has endeavored to assist the individual States in guard- 
ing against infection from other States and from foreign countries, as 
contemplated by its organic act. Notice has been given that it isa 
violation of the federal statutes to ship animals affected with tuber- 
culosis from one State to another. Cattle imported from Canada for 
breeding or dairy purposes are required to be accompanied by a cer- 
tificate of healthfulness shown by a tuberculin test made by an official 
veterinary surgeon, while those from other countries which pass through 
the quarantine stations are tested during the period of detention. 

The certificates of tests made in the country of origin have frequently 
been unsatisfactory, and it has been determined to make immediate 
arrangements to have imported cattle tested by officials of this Gov- 
ernment. It isthought thatthe cattle from Great Britain may be tested 
before they leave that country, and the importers thus saved from the 
loss which is inevitable if they are tested here. 

The effort to control tuberculosis is a most reasonable and proper 
one, and if conservatively directed should receive the support of every 
friend of the cattle industry. Notonly is tuberculosis one of the worst 
scourges of the bovine race, attacking as high as 90 per cent of the 
animals in individual herds, but its existence is believed by the best 
sanitary authorities to be a serious menace to the health of the con- 
sumers of meat and dairy products. It is therefore a disease to be 
dreaded, not only because of the value of the cattle which it injures 


294 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


or destroys, but because it threatens mankind with an incurable and 
fatal infection. The individual States, therefore, have good reason 
for desiring to stop the importation of the tuberculosis contagion and 
for adopting measures intended to lessen or control the disease within 
their own territory. 

Tuberculosis unfortunately is not confined to cattle, but also affects 
swine, and in these animals is more acute and more likely to involve the 
edible portions of the careass. There is good reason to believe that 
the disease is becoming more frequent with swine, probably on account 
of feeding the mixed milk returned from creameries. A single tuber- 
culous herd of cows might in this manner infect the greater part of 
the swine in a considerable district. While this method of propagat- 
ing the disease could be easily guarded against by sterilizing the milk, 
it appears that this simple precaution is usually neglected. 

The herds of the United States are far less seriously affected with 
tuberculosis than are those of European countries, notwithstanding 
the fact that none of our States feels able to adopt and enforce system- 
atic and thorough measures for the immediate control of this disease. 
The proportion of animals affected in Europe indicates both the dan- 
ger which threatens our herds, if the disease is allowed to progress 
here, and the importance of thorough measures to prevent the intro- 
duction of diseased breeding stock from abroad. 

Recent figures from reliable sources show that of 4,256 cattle tested 
in Moravia, Austria, 1,553, or 36.48 per cent, were tuberculous. The 
slaughterhouse statistics of Amsterdam show an increase in the per- 
centage of tuberculosis among adult cattle from 1.76 in-1888 to 13 in 
1898. In France, according to Nocard and Leclainche, Champagne, 
Lorraine, and Brie are highly infected, the number of tuberculous 
cows in some regions reaching 15 to 20 per cent; veterinarians esti- 
mate that the proportion of tuberculous cows in Beauce exceeds 265 
per cent; in Brittany and Nivernais the disease is making frightful 
progress; in the Hautes Vosges 30 to 40 per cent of the milch cows are 
said to be tuberculous, while in the southeast the proportion is greater 
still, and in certain valleys of the Pyrenees exceeds 50 per cent. In 
Denmark, of 67,263 cattle tested from 1896 to 1898, 32.8 per cent were 
found tuberculous. In Belgium 48.88 per cent of cattle reacted out 
of a total of 20,850 head tested. Recent slaughterhouse statistics from 
Germany show that the cattle slaughtered are affected with tubereu- 
losis as follows: At Berlin (1897), 20.63 per cent; Magdeburg (1897), 
24.1 per cent; Bromberg (1896), 27.6 per cent; Lubeck (1896), 33 per 
cent; Leipsic (1897), 36.4 per cent; Stolp (1898-99), 37.7 per cent, and 
in the whole of Saxony (1898), 30.46 per cent. 

In Great Britain the investigations have not been so extensive as in 
some other countries, but according to McFadyean 15,392 head of 
cattle were tested during three years with tuberculin supplied by the 
Royal Veterinary College, anc of these 4,105, or 26 per cent, reacted. 
These animals were located in all parts of England, with a few in 
Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and the Channel Islands. Four veterinary 
surgeons tested 80 purebred Shorthorns for export, and 34 of these, 
or 42 per cent, reacted. 

These facts show the almost universal distribution and the serious 
extent to which tuberculosis prevails among the cattle of Europe. 
We might almost question the advisability of further importations 
from such badly diseased herds, but certainly if importation is allowed 
it should be under the strictest supervision and with the adoption of 
every precaution to prevent violation or evasion of the law which 
prohibits the importation of diseased animals. 


BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 225 


There have been made and distributed during the year 33,400 doses 
of tuberculin, which were supplied to local authorities as a means of 
cooperation for the suppression of the disease. The greater part of 
this was used by the States of Minnesota, Vermont, and Illinois, but 
a considerable quantity was sent to Michigan, Iowa, New Jersey, and 
California, and a small amount was supplied to the War Department, 
the Marine Hospital Service, and to inspectors of the Bureau of 
Animal Industry for official use. The use of tuberculin as a means 
of discovering tuberculosis has been less extensive in the United 
States during the past year than in some previous years, owing, it 
appears, to a sentiment which has been created against it by those 
who oppose work for the suppression of this disease. The value of 
this agent has been thoroughly established by scientific investigation 
and practical use, and no well-informed veterinarian would at the 
present day undertake to conduct any effectual operations for eradi- 
‘ating this disease without its aid in selecting the affected animals. 
While, therefore, certain States may temporarily abandon the use of 
tuberculin, they are sure to return to its use when they seriously 
attempt to control the disease, since its aid is indispensable to intelli- 
gent and efficient action. 

The Bureau has recently made a test of the herd of cattle belonging 
to the Government Asylum for the Insane, at St. Elizabeth, D. C., 
which serves as an additional illustration of the great value of tuber- 
culin. The presence of tuberculosis in this herd was revealed acci- 
dentally. A number of the dry cows were running in a field, where 
they were undoubtedly bitten by a rabid dog, as 18 of them died of 
rabies in the course of two weeks. In making the post-mortem exami- 
nation to discover the cause of death at least 12 of them were found 
extensively affected with tuberculosis. This led to the entire herd 
being tested with tuberculin by the pathological division of this 
Bureau. Of the 102 animals tested, 79 gave a decided reaction, mak- 
ing the proportion of animals affected more than 77 per cent. As 13 
of the 25 animals which did not react had but recently been purchased 
from a farm in Virginia, it will be seen that more than 90 per cent of 
the old herd reacted to the test. . 

Advantage has been taken of this opportunity to test the ineffect- 
iveness of milk from cows which have reacted to the tuberculin test, 
but which on physical examination are apparently healthy. A large 
number of feeding and inoculation experiments are in progress, in 
which about 700 experimental animals are being used. The results, 
which will be of great value from a sanitary point of view, will be 
submitted for publication as soon as the experiments are completed. 


GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS. 


During March and April a highly fatal disease appeared an_ong the 
cattle belonging to the Government Asylum for the Insane, at St. Eliz- 
abeth, D. C. Six or seven dry cows died in the course of two days, 
exhibiting symptoms of gastro-enteritis with cerebral complications. 
A number of other cows became similarly affected, and in the course 
of two weeks from the beginning of the outbreak eighteen animals 
had died, when the disease suddenly stopped. 

A careful investigation in connection with the history of the pres- 
ence of a supposedly mad dog among the cattle of the affected herd 
suggested that the disease might be rabies. This diagnosis was sub- 

AGR 1900 15 


226 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


sequently proven by animal inoculations, and a report is now being 
prepared covering this investigation. 

Caseous lymphadenitis in sheep has been found to be quite preva- 
lent in the United States, but owing to its very chronic course the 
pathological alterations seldom reach such an extent as to cause death, 
or even to cause therejection of the carcasses on post-mortem examina- 
tion. The disease has been observed in Europe, South America, and 
Australia, and is due to a specifie bacillus first described by Preisz in 
1891. The results of the investigations made by this division are 
published in the Sixteenth Annual Report of the Bureau. 

An outbreak of facial dermatitis in sheep occurred on a farm in 
Maryland about 16 miles east of Washington. The principal symp- 
toms consisted in the formation of thick, “warty seabs on the lips and 
around the nostrils and spreading to a greater or less extent up toward 
the eyes, sometimes involving the lids and causing severe conjuncti- 
vitis. Out of a flock of 142 ewes, 45 head were affected. The disease 
yields readily totreatment. Abundant material was preserved for an 
investigation as to the specific cause of the lesions, and this work will 
be taken up as soon as possible. _ 

An investigation of an infectious disease among a flock of sheep 
in Michigan was based upon material sent to the division by Drs. 
Ackerson and Klopfenstein, of Manchester, Mich., for diagnosis. It 
consisted of a bottle of blood obtained immediately after death from 
one of the affected animals, and was accompanied by post-mortem 
notes which suggested that the disease in question might possibly be 
anthrax. An examination of cover-glass preparations made from 
the blood showed it to contain, in apparently pure cultures, a short 
spore-bearing bacillus, which morphologically differed from any of 
the common spore- -beari ing pathogenic bacteria. The possibility of 
the disease being braxy, or bradsot, a fatal infectious sheep disease, 
common in Norway and Scotland, at once suggested itself. That this 
supposition was correct, has since been fully -demonstrated, and a 
paper on this subject is now being prepared for publication. 

Two outbreaks of gangrenous vulvitis in cattle were reported dur- 
ing the fiscal year and specimens forwarded to the division for exami- 
nation. A short motile aerobic bacillus was isolated from the deeper 
parts of the lesions, which, on injection on smaller experiment animals, 
produced similar lesions. Inoculations on sheep and calves failed to 
give positive results. The investigation will be continued as soon as 
fresh material can be obtained. 

The investigation regarding the therapeutic value of the so-ealled 
gasoline treatment for parasitic diseases in sheep has embraced only 
the treatment of a single flock, consisting of 89 head, the majority of 
which showed unmistakable symptoms of bronchial and intestinal 
helminthiasis. The results, which were very encouraging, will be 
referred to the zoological division for publication, as the pressure of 
work in the pathological division has not allowed of the continuation 
of this investigation. 

It appears that infectious abortion in cattle is constantly spreading 
among the dairy herds of the United States, and numerous outbreaks 
have been reported during the past fiscal year. In each case the 
method of sanitation and prevention as suggested by Professor Bang, 
of Denmark, has been recommended, but sufficient time has not yet 
elapsed to allow of any conclusions being drawn from the results 
obtained. The disease is caused by a specific bacillus, pure cultures 
of which have been obtained from an outbreak among the cattle at 
St. Elizabeth, D. C. The disease is highly interesting; and as the 


BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 227 


possibility of finding a vaccine or preventive serum for this disease 
has been suggested by Professor Bang, the further investigation of 
the specific bacillus will be continued in the pathological division. 

A great number of pathological specimens have been referred to 
the division for diagnosis. These have been received from members 
of the meat-inspection foree of the Bureau of Animal Industry, from 
various State sanitary officials, from practicing veterinarians, or from 
private parties. In each ease a histological and bacteriological exami- 
nation has been made and the inquirer informed of the results. 


THE EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE BUREAU. 


The experiment station has cooperated with the other divisions in 
their experimental investigations, by which it has been conclusively 
determined that the best animals to use for the production of hog 
cholera and swine plague antitoxic serum are cattle, mainly because 
of their considerable immunity from inflammatory processes of the 
kind which are produced in other animals when the cultures of living 
hog cholera and swine plague germs are injected under the skin. 
The serum obtained from horses, mules, and donkeys is fully as 
potent as that from cattle, but can be produced only at a much 
greater cost. 

The antitoxine animals during the year supplied about 1,500,000 
cubie centimeters of blood, which was delivered to the biochemie 
laboratory, where the serum was collected and prepared for distri- 
bution. 

A serum for the prevention of the disease known as tetanus, or 
lockjaw, is being prepared and will soon be ready for use. The exer- 
cise of the greatest care does not prevent an occasional outbreak of 
tetanus among antitoxine animals unless measures are taken to make 
the animals immune from the affection. A perfectly satisfactory 
immunity is produced by periodic injections of tetanus antitoxic 


serum. 
TEXAS FEVER. 


The work on Texas fever has been of two kinds: First, that directly 
concerning the disease; and, second, that concerning the destruction 
of the Southern cattle tick. 

In a previous year a number of cattle ticks (Boophilis bovis) were 
received from Porto Rico and tested as to their infectious character. 
Two Northern cattle were exposed to them and seemingly escaped 
having an attack of Texas fever. During the year just ended two 
cows and a ealf were received from Porto Rico. Blood was drawn 
from the jugular veins of the cows and injected under the skin of two 
Northern cows susceptible to Texas fever. The result was that the 
two Northern cows became affected with the disease. One died and 
the other is now making a slow recovery. This shows conclusively 
that Texas fever exists in the island of Porto Rico, and very proba- 
bly in other portions of the West Indies. 

The two eattle which were exposed in a previous year to ticks 
received from Porto Rico, seemingly without suffering an attack of 
Texas fever, were turned into a field ‘during the year just ended with 
several other cattle and infected with noninfectious ticks. When the 
noninfectious ticks had matured and dropped to the ground, and eggs 
had been produced and hatched, and the new crop of young ticks 
began to appear on the cattle, several cases of fatal Texas fever 
developed. The two animals pr ‘eviously exposed to Porto Rican ticks 
remained unaffected. From this we may draw two conclusions: First, 


228 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


that the cattle exposed to Porto Rican ticks suffered an attack of 
Texas fever too mild to be diagnosed as the result of the exposure; 
and, second, that the mild disease was sufficient to produce such 
changes in their blood that they were capable later on of reinfecting 
noninfectious ticks with an infection sufficiently virulent to cause 
fatal Texas fever. The ticks referred to as Porto Rican ticks are 
identical with the well-known Southern cattle tick. A further report 
on this subject will be presented at another time. 

A number of other experiments concerning Texas fever were planned 
for the year, but could not be made because of the lack of space and 
time at the station. 

The Southern cattle tick dip question remains without a wholly sat- 
isfactory solution. Many dips were tested during the year and were 
found to be unsatisfactory. The dips either do not kill the ticks or 
affect the cattle too severely to be of practical value. The ticks show 
a wonderful resistance to adverse conditions which is entirely out of 
proportion with their small size. Among the dips tested, the best 
results were obtained from the so-called Australian dip, which has the 
following formula: 


Stockholmutarit 2 ee 2s aes Soe ec net Poe emer ete ober Aeneas we eee as gallons.. 74 
Carbonateorsod ae sseae eee ee eee eee ee eee ames Oh ES pounds__ 23 
White arsenic ______- ae A eee Ee em ere IOS 


Water sufficient to make 400 ‘gallons. 


This dip is objectionable because of the arsenic which it contains 
and because it is necessary to dip an animal twice before all the ticks 
are killed. From the first dipping the cattle do not seem to suffer 
much, but as a result of the second dipping it has been frequently 
noticed that they refuse food for several days, act generally depressed, 
and have a more or less severe diarrhea. The same dip without 
arsenic at one trial gave very encouraging results, but when tried 
again, prepared with tar from another barrel, it proved to be almost 
without effect on the ticks. 

A number of modifications of the Australian dip have also been 
tried, such as an increase in the amount of tar, the substitution of 
North Carolina tar for Stockholm tar, the substitution of other alka- 
lies for the carbonate of soda, the addition of soap, ete. No better 
results were obtained. The addition of soap to the Australian dip 
containing arsenic killed practically all the ticks, but also killed two 
of the three cattle dipped. Dips containing as the main ingredients 
earbolie acid, tobacco extract, oil, sodium sulphate, glycerine, lime, 
and sulphur, and numerous other substances, either singly or in com- 
bination, have been tried and found to be unsatisfactory. This work 
is stiH in progress and will be continued. Possibly something may be 
done by combining a dip with a drench containing substances which 
will act on the tick through the secretions of the skin of the cattle. 


THE DAIRY DIVISION. 


The general survey of the condition of the dairy industry of the 
United States, begun upon the organization of the dairy division, has 
been continued, and special inquiries have been made along lines such 
as the milk supply of cities and towns and the development of foreign 
markets for our butter. Some reports have been issued and others 
are nearing completion. 

The routine work of the office, including preparation of manuscripts 
for publication and replying to the requests for specific information 


BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 999 


from many correspondents, is constantly increasing. The publica- 
tions of the division during the year number five, comprising in all 
185 pages. One was issued as a bulletin, one as a circular, one as a 
paper in the last Yearbook of the Department, and two as papers in 
the Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau. Correspondence on all 
subjects connected with dairying is sometimes so heavy as to greatly 
retard the other important work with which the office is charged. 
Some inquiries have recently been received concerning the dairy pos- 
sibilities in the islands which have lately come under the control of 
this country. 

During the year a detailed report was prepared upon the series of 
experimental shipments of dairy products to European markets, which 
were made under special authority given in the acts of Congress mak- 
ing annual appropriation for this Department. 

In the latter part of the vear experimental shipments to Europe 
were again inaugurated, special efforts being made in connection with 
the Department exhibit at the Paris Exposition to show the high 
quality of our dairy products. 

A number of experimental shipments of butter, cheese, and cream 
have also been forwarded to trans-Pacific points, which had been 
visited and selected by aspecial agent of the Department. On account 
of the great distance and the failure of some of the consignees to at 
first fully understand the purposes of the Department’s efforts, it is 
not yet possible to make a report upon these shipments. 

The chief and assistant chief of the division have visited dairy cen- 
ters in fifteen different States and attended the annual meetings of 
State dairy associations and similar bodies in ten of these States. It 
has thus been possible to meet and consult with many persons actively 
engaged in the dairy industry in different parts of the country and 
to learn their needs, and personal relations have been established 
which will be of material benefit in future work. No special agents 
for representing the Department at important dairy meetings which 
the officers of the division could not attend were employed during the 
past year, as had been the practice during previous years. 

Arrangements were made in the dairy division for the United States 
exhibit of animal industries at the Paris Exposition. The chief of 
the division took personal charge of the preparation of the various 
exhibits, which were planned toshow, by photographs, models, mechan- 
ical devices, raw materials, and finished products, the development 
and present condition of the different branches of the live-stock 
industry. 

The plan of the work of the dairy division for the fiscal year 1900- 
1901 includes a continuation of the different lines of work above 
reported. 

Much valuable information concerning dairying in foreign coun- 
tries has been received in the numerous reports from consuls, which 
were secured through the courtesy of the State Department, and it is 
proposed to prepare these reports for publication as soon as the more 
pressing work of the division permits. 

Attention to the many details in connection with the experimental 
exports requires a large share of the time of the working force of the 
office. Shipments of butter to Cubaand Porto Rico have been begun. 
In these experiments we are confronted with problems quite similar to 
those met in the shipments from San Francisco to the Orient. The 
dairy products are forwarded to warm countries, shipment has to be 
made without refrigeration, and cold storage is not available at the 
points of destination. It is necessary, therefore, to send butter, and 


230 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


perhaps cheese, as well as condensed milk and cream, in hermetically 
sealed packages, which afford the best means known of preserving 
such perishable products. It is hoped to obtain information useful to 
butter exporters in connection with the most important subjects of 
canning butter and producing butter which has a hard body that will 
stand up better than even much of the high-grade butter marketed in 
this country. Experiments are now in progress at some of the State 
stations to determine the causes affecting the body of butter, and the 
results of these are awaited with interest by all who are engaged in 
foreign trade. Some countries sending butter in cans to these new 
markets supply a product with a very high melting point, showing in 
this, as in other ways, a disposition to adapt their products to ‘the 
needs of these countries, an example our producers must follow if 
they are to compete successfully in these markets. The experimental 
shipments of the dairy division will be directed to showing our pro- 
ducers what needs to be done. 

It is proposed to ascertain the prospects for trade in dairy products 
in the South American countries besides those already named. 

Reports from the Paris Exposition show that the products of Ameri- 
can dairies, creameries, and cheese factories have won a large number 
of high honors. A detailed report upon the dairy features of the 
exposition will be made later by the chief of the division. 

The dairy division is arranging to make a suitable exhibit at the 
Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo. It will be in the nature of an 
object lesson, illustrating the wonderful development of this branch 
of agriculture. 

It is considered extremely desirable that the existing system of Goy- 
ernment inspection and certification of meats and meat produets for 
export be extended, by additional legislation, so as to include butter, 
cheese, and condensed milk and cream for export from the United 
States. Reasons for such legislation have been stated in previous 
reports, and they apply now even more forcefully than when first given. 
Briefly, a few of the arguments for such new legislation are as follows: 

Foreign buyers of dairy products have so often been deceived by 
misle: iding, and sometimes false statements, claiming that shipments 
of dairy products are high grade when really they are inferior, or in 
part inferior, that many of them suspect all products exported from 
this country, ‘and avoid them whenever it is possible to supply their 
needs elsewhere. In this way we have recently lost a fine market in 
Great Britain for our cheese. 

The Department has expended much labor and money to establish 
a reputation abroad for American dairy products, and already the 
good results accomplished are being counteracted by the shipment of 
inferior goods, which are claimed to be of high quality. After the 
buyers on the other side have been defrauded a few times by such 
shipments, they will be unwilling to deal with us when it ean be 
avoided. 

Other countries have developed large foreign trade in their dairy 
products, and it is well known that one of the principal reasons for 
their rapid advance in the largest markets of the world is the fact 
that their best products are marked with a Government stamp, show- 
ing conclusively that the article is as represented. 

The proposition to inspect dairy products for export has been 
indorsed by nearly all of the large conventions of representative 
dairymen in this country, and it has the decided approval of com- 


BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. aa 


mercial bodies and individual exporters. So far as this office is aware, 
no objection to it has been made. 

Legislation by which the Department shall be given supervision of 
oleomargari ine and filled cheese, when offered for export, and perhaps 
also of the movement of these commodities in interstate commerce, 
after having been taxed and stamped under the regulations of the 
Treasury Department, seems advisable. These are food products, 
mainly of animal origin, and the duty of seeing that they maintain 
their true character when entering interstate and foreign commerce 
may properly be placed upon this Department. It is easily under- 
stood that the spirit of the oleomargarine and filled cheese laws requires 
something more than their administration simply as revenue meas- 
ures; and it is evident that the interests of consumers and producers 
of pure dairy products, and their imitations, and of honest dealers in 
all, would be greatly conserved by giving the Department authority 
to prevent one from being substituted for the other, and to compel all 
to be sold under their true names and free from deception on the 
part of those who handle them 


vel oe tee 


‘joel 


REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND 
DISBURSEMENTS. 


U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS, 
Washington, D. C., August 1, 1900. 

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a brief report of the work 
of this Division for the year ending June 30, 1900, in which the appro- 
priations and expenditures are shown in detail. 

There is also submitted with the report a revised statement of all 
appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances from 1839 
to 1900, inclusive; also a table showing the various amounts estimated 
for by the Department, and those actually appropriated by Congress. 

Respectfully, 
F. L. EVANs, 
Chief. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR. 
APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES. 


For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, the sum of $3,006,022 was 
appropriated by Congress for the United States Department of Agri- 
culture, exceeding by $176,320 the amount appropriated for 1899. In 
addition to this sum, $720,000 was appropriated for equal division 
among the 48 agricultural stations of the country, being the usual 
amount provided by Congress for this purpose. 

During the year the expenditures and liabilities incurred in con- 
nection with the first-named sum were about $2,975,000, leaving a 
final balance to be returned to the Treasury of about $30,000. 

Including the payment of supplemental accounts for the year 1898 
and 1899, the total expenditures during the year amounted to 
$2,710,885.10. 

The unexpended balances of the appropriations for the year end- 
ing June 30, 1898, were carried to the surplus fund and covered into 
the Treasury on June 30, 1900, amounting to $42,391.56. 

During the year 17,055 accounts were received, audited, and paid, 
as follows: Divisional, 5,173, amounting to $822,222.94; Bureau of 
Animal Industry, 3,467, amounting to $890,816.56; Weather Bureau, 
8,419, amounting to $997,845.60. In payment of these accounts 
29,376 checks were drawn on the Treasury at Washington and sub- 
treasuries at New York and Chicago. 

The amount expended for telegraph and telephone service for the 
Weather Bureau was $171,500. 

During the year the telephone service of the Department, exclusive 
of the Weather Bureau, was further extended, there now being 31 
stations in the system. 

233 


234 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


In completing the work of resurfacing the roadways and walks of 
the Department grounds, $8,730.37 was expended. This work was 
commenced in 1898, at an expense of $4,509.50. 

The amount appropriated, the amount disbursed, and the unex- 
pended balance for the year ending June 30, 1900, appear in the fol- 
lowing table: 


Appropriations, disbursements, and amount unexpended for the fiscal year 1900. 


. -_| Amount 
a Appropria | Amount dis- 
Object. tions, 1900. bursed. pended! 

Salaries oficers| and Clerks 22222 s-s2eeee ono - sass nsose a aaeeene $336, 340.00 | $330, 666. 24 $5, 673. 76 
Hurninunres Cases, and LOpalrses see a ee eee ee ene 10, 000. 00 9, 496. 81 503. 19 
Library SOR OE ore FP ss bE ee a en ee 3 5, 000. 00 2, 504. 67 2,495.33 
Museum: 202-22 See ee ee ee ee ee eee 1,500. 00 1,490.01 9,99 
Postace-e cca iee ee See rs Rane oe eae ae eaae eee eee ee 2,000. 00 2000300" | 2222 ee eee 
Confin Senbex PCN SCS ese eee ee ee 25, 000. 00 22, 264. 69 2, 735.31 
Animal quarantine stations)--_--_--=--_--_----,_-< ==. -=- = 12, 000. 00 9, 806. 36 2,193. 64 
Collecting agricultural stabistics_-.---2-=-----.----_-------- 110, 000. 00 99, 999. 47 10, 000. 53 
Botanical. investigations and experiments. -.-.._---.------- 20, 000. 00 18, 440. 02 1,559. 98 
Hntomological investigations 69). . ss epee ee 20, 000. 00 18, 983. 80 1,016.20 
Vegetable pathological ImVvestigzablons = --—s-o eee ee 26, 000. 00 24, 740. 03 1, 259. 97 
Biolozicalinvesticationsic-.s-s2e oe ene eee eee 17,500. 00 15, 232. 60 2, 267. 40 
iPomoloricalinvestications==—- =---2.o- ass ee eee ee 9,500. 00 8, 774.33 725. 67 
ADOLALOLY ore q ee oe a ee ee ees 17, 700. 00 14, 953. 63 2, 746. 37 
Forestry INIVESTIPATIONS se — estan ee tt ee 40, 000. 00 36, 240.19 3, 759. 81 
Experimental gardens and grounds -_-..--.------------.--- 28, 000. 00 26, 425. 48 1, 574. 52 
Soilinvestigationsi=. 208. (sete eee eee eee ee eeee 20, 000. 00 18, 755. 93 1, 244. 07 
Grass and forage-plant investigations__.__.-_-.-.-------.-- 12, 000. 00 10, 486. 63 1,513.37 
inrivationinformabions see eee eee ee eee 35, 000. 00 25, 220.32 9, 779. 68 
Agricultural experiment stations [$765,000] @ ----..-.------ 45, 000. 00 42,298.75 2,701. 25 
NGibrtOoMIM Vesti Sa blONs ea s==eee ee een eee eeeeenemeeee 15, 000. 00 11,741.79 3, 258. 21 
Public road inquiries ---.------ zee Pape eg aN ee 8, 000. 00 7,528.64 | . 471.36 
Publications, including Farmer. siBullerins sete er 80, 000. 00 - 75, 681. 64 4,318.36 
Purchase and distribution of valuable seeds-_-_..---.---.-- 130, 000. 00 118, 561. 53 11, 488. 47 
Investigating production of domestic sugar --_------------ 7, 000. 00 6, 159.35 840. 65 
Tea cultureinyesticablons = ni a en sane ee eee 1,000. 00 993. 7 6.25 
Salaries and expenses, Bureau of Animal Industry-------- 950, 000. 00 | 838,111.86 | 111,888.14 

Notal ors wos. saeewe Fen Pie site ic ane Pb a ee ie 1, 983,540.00 | 1, 797,558.52 | 185,981.48 

WEATHER BUREAU 

Salariess.u2 a. 2 eee ee ee ee eee 153, 320. 00 152, 835. 99 484. 01 
uel dichtstand repaitse ics noe tee oe eee 8, 000. 00 7,113.99 886. 01 
Contingentiexpenses = ee aa Se 8, 000. 00 6, 688. 43 1,311.57 
Generabexpoenses/-- ve ae a ee ee eee 768, 162. 00 648, 630.45 | 119,531.55 
Meteorological onservation stations ___._.--_--------- .-..-- 60, 000. 00 54, 773. 92 5, 226.08 
Building 2755. 22322227 | se a a i ee 25, 000. 00 24 950. 79 49.21 

Total Weather Bureau 9 ae ee ee eee 1, 022, 482. 00, ~~ 894,993 993.57 57 | 127,488.43 

Grand totale: eae ae ae a eee ee ee 3, 006, 022. 00 2, 692,552.09 | 313,469.91 


aOf this amount, $720,000 is paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury 
Department. S 


Following are the appropriations for 1900 and 1901, showing an 
increase in favor of the latter year of $297,478 


Appropriations for the years 1900 and 1901. 


ae Amount Amount 
Object. appropriated appropriated 

for 1900. for 1901. 
Salaries) ofticersianG Glonks peeene === s\n - saan mecca no seer e eee $336, 340. 00 $326, 680. 00 
Murniture:cCases,andopainsmea so. eas toca. Sebess Ses ean eee eee 10: 000500) |G2=-2 ace esau 
Wilbrary. 222. Ssaese es eee te ane e Sheena -\e nebo acsn Seca nn eee semen 5, 000. 00 5, 000. 00 
MGSSUM eens coasters eee 2 Saas a a oaao ban cosscacees eeesee ees iL 500300) (acts seet ease 
IROStAZO sate coset meron eee eee bem aaa = ae = eee a eee ee 2/000) 0002s 22-2 pees 
Gankicasnt OX PONSES ease ee een sne ae seca kee ances comes ee saeaeeeeecee 25, 000. 00 37, 000. 00 
Animal quarantine stations-- ..----..--.--------------- Baseaeeee 12,000. 00 50, 000. 00 
Collecting agricultural RESP IStIGN MEE aS rec wen c= ed 110, 000. 00 110, 000. 00 
Botanical investigations and experiments --_-----------.--------~--- 20, 000. 00 30, 000. 00 
Batomological In wWestigablOns ses-55 = sa-25 25--55= S225 = 525 oe Secs tesa 20, 000. 00 22,500.00 
etable pathological TRV OSUISALIONS = 2 esc. on a ose eee ete eee 26, 000. 00 28, 000. 00 
Te loc tral dot ont ee ime Re a Ta ah ~vaeas eee 17, 500. 00 17, 500, 00 


DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 


Appropriations for the years 1900 and 1901—Continued. 


235 


Object. 


Pomolorical investications s.seseeaee serena seer a> aeaees eee eee 
a pOnabOny 22 = 39-= e 
Horestry inves tipabions 5-5. - os 2- <4 eo raate eee ee cee ee 
Experimental gardens and grounds. - ae 
Soil investigations Ee aU oe ae tS as RE ee eee oh es eS 
Grass and forage-plant investigations See ee 
Frniga tions TAlOrMabions © ot e> ss ke, sete ee ee ee ee ae ees 
Agricultural experiment stations [$765, 000] a- 
Arlington experimentai farm 
Nutrition investigations _- oS So eee 
Publicroadiinguiriens © seas eee eee 
Publications, including Farmers’ Bullotinsmetsesa eee eens tree 
Purchase and distribution of valuable seeds 
Investigating production of domestic sugar 
Tea-culture investigations --_- -_- 

Salaries and expenses, Bureau of Animal Industr y- 


Salaries 


Buel lights sand Topanga sere oe he een on oe a See eee eee] 


Contingent expenses 22-2 sees ee ee ee eee eeener 
Goneral expenses e525 eee oe ec ee 
Meteorological observation stations 
Building 


Total, Weather Bureau 
Grand total 


Amount 


appropriated 
for 1900. 


Amount 


appropriated 


for 1901 


$9, 500. 00 $9,500. 00 
17, 700. 00 28,500 00 
40,000. G0 80, 000. 00 
28, 000. 00 20, 0 000, 00 
20, 000. 00 25,000. 00 
12,000. 00 17,000. 0 
35, 000. 00 50, 000. 00 
45, 000. 00 60, 000. 00 
sesee aonsieeae 10, 000. 00 
15, 000. 00 17,500.00 

8, 000. 00 14, 000. 00 

80, 000. 00 105, 000. 00 
130, 000. 00 170, 000. 00 
7, 000. 00 7,000.00 

1, 000. 00 5, 000. 00 
950,000.00 } 1,000,000. 00 
19 983, 540.00 | 2,245, 180.00 
153, 320. 00 | 153, 320.00 
8, 000. 00 9, 000. 00 
8,000. 00 8, 000. 00 
768, 162. 00 828, 000. 00 
60, 000. 00 60, 000. 00 
25, 000: 00) |---- ==. = 2822s 
1.022, 482.00 | 1,058,320. 00 
3, 006,022.00 | 3,303,500. 00 


aThe total appropriations under this head are $765,000 and $780,000 for the years given, 
respectively, but $720,000 of each appropriation is paid directly to the experiment stations from 
the Treasury Department. The sums included in the figure columns represent only the amount 


available for departmental expenditures. 


REQUISITIONS, LETTERS, AND REQUESTS. 


During the year 100 requisitions were drawn on the United States 


Treasury for various amounts aggregating 52,9 
of all claims against the Department. 


28,635.21 in settlement 


There were 6,950 requisitions issued for the purchase of supplies. 
Letters of authority were issued for travel and other expenses to 


the number of 1,296. 


In the usual transaction of business 32,812 letters were written and 


received. 


There were 2,172 requests drawn on the Quartermaster-General for 


the transportation of Government property. 


There were 1,904 requests for passenger transportation issued to 
agents of the Department traveling on official business. 


MONEYS RECEIVED FROM SALE OF CONDEMNED PROPERTY, ETC. 


During the year $15,25 


2.51 was received from the sale of condemned 


property and other sources and deposited in the United States Treas- 


ury, as follows: 


Condemned property 
Card index 
Publications, W eather Bureau ; 

United States seacoast telegraph receipts 
Sale of American butter in . Europe Cee ee er 


ee 


$7,526. 15 
111. 25 
150. 26 

4,051. 62 
3, 455. 23 


15, 252. 51 


236 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


The amounts received from the sale of card index, publications, 
and American butter were deposited in the Treasury to the credit of 
the proper appropriations, as provided by the appropriation act. 
Other moneys were deposited to the credit of miscellaneous receipts. 


SETTLEMENT OF ACCOUNTS. 


All accounts received and paid during the year were forwarded to 
The accounts for the first 


the Treasury at the close of each quarter. 


three quarters have been settled and certified by the Auditor. 


for the fourth quarter are now in course of settlement. 


ACCOUNTS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1898 FINALLY CLOSED. 


Those 


The accounts for the year ending June 30, 1898, were finally closed 
on June 30, 1900, and the balances of the appropriations carried to the 
The following table shows 
the appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for 1898 


surplus fund and turned into the Treasury. 


on July 1, 1900: 


Appropria- Amount 
Object. tions tor eee unex- 
1898. ; * | pended. 


$285, 181.30 $5,118.70 

Salaries of cers andicler ics ess. eee ne ee eee eee $319, 300. 00 18, 962. 98 37.02 
9, 811. 02 188. 98 

Furniture, cases, and repairs 9, 000. 00 7, 851.30 1,148. 70 
(i Rary ees eee ys ian Boos a SEA 7, 000. 00 6, 734. 81 265.19 
MIS Orn pee et Pes ates Pay wie ec Tee 3, 000. 00 2,906. 02 93.98 
OSta eee hat a iee pe sires Saabs 3, O00. GO 1,500. 00 1,500. 00 
Contingent expenses___---- : 25, 000. 00 22, 061.73 2,938. 27 
Animal quarantine stationsenessey ae. ae ene et eee see 12, 000. 00 10, 897. 98 1, 102. 02 


g? 9 5 
Collecting agricultural statistics ___...__..._._---. eres eves 110, 000. 00 { es eae a Bane 
Botanical investigations and experiments__.-...--__------- 15, 000. 00 14, 714.50 285.50 
Bntomologicallinvestigations: as eee e onan ene 20, 000. 00 19, 735. U2 264. 98 
Vegetable pathological investigations -......-....--.------- 20,000.00 f 78:28 ar ots 
iBiologicalsinvestitationse:. 5.) =— ee aan eer eee 17,500. 00 16, 160. 90 1, 339. 10 
Pomolopicaltinvesti gations meses sees apes nee eeen nee 8, 000. 00 Gen sel 

3,913. 86 6. 
TA WOTATON Yes sac ee ee ee es 5 eae re 12, 400. 00 _ rit Ht eee ees 

, 618.7 781. 2! 

Forestry investigations--....._.... Piet SA ALS) ee SS 20, 006. 00 | 19, 831.32 168. 68 
Experimental gardens and grounds. __.....----. --------- 25, 000. 00 ne a a 62.69 
Soiltinvesticationst=-20 so-so ee ee ee 10, 000. 00 { 660.00 ise mee 
Grass and forage-plant investigations ._.....___..--..------ 10,000. 00 | 8, 877. 68 1, 122.32 
Hiberinvesticationsse. oe eae en ee ES ee 5, 000. 00 | oo res he 1,340.95 
Agricultural experiment stations [$755,000] a______... -_-__- 35, 000. 00 i “"Y 925, > soak a 
Nitritioninvestigationsss esse ee eee see ee 15, 000. 00 14, 872. 88 127.12 
ED e rr OA sin UIEIOS pee eee me eee ne ee 8, 000. 00 a 978. = 21.56 
Publications, including Farmers’ Bulletins -._.__--_-___-__- 65, 000: oo J ett 59 in ra 
Investigating production of domestic sugar ___...__.-.----- 5, 000. 00 | 4, 941. 32 58. 68 
Purchase and distribution of valuable seeds.--__..---.----- 130, 000. 00 Te a c a sri e 

13, m4 a. 


675, 000. 00 


1 1200.00 


ANOLE bate Ae ek ke oe tk See Soc I a ie eo 1,584, 200.00 | 1,547, 672.09 36, 527.91 
WEATHER BUREAU. ra, 639 21 ina 

TQ RAQ an |. , 839. 2 900. 7! 
Salatios/s—= sa se akin a Pe ee oS ee $150, 540. 00 799. 61 39 
uel sh ohibsrand are paises ae see ee os 8,000. 00 7, 782.71 217.29 
Contingentiexpensesoa ee ee nee eee 8, 000. 00 F ae aeons 93.55 
1 : rae) ee 1, b 745. 35 
Generallexpensesse=+ saeeetee eae ee ie ee 717, 162. 00 361, 060. 72. 3, 906.28 
‘Total, Weather Buneatls---2--- =~ = 5-2 - eee eee 883, 702. 00 877, 838. 35 5, 863. 65 


Grand total 


2,467, 902. 00 


2, 425, 510. 44 


42,391. 56 


a Of this amount, $720,000 was paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury 


Department. 


DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 237 
MONTHLY CHECK STATEMENTS. 


The usual monthly check statements were rendered by the Treasury 
at Washington and subtreasuries at New York and Chicago. These 
statements were verified and certified as agreeing with the records of 
this office. During the year 11 checks were lost in transit through 
the mails or by the payee. Duplicates of these checks have been or 
will be issued at the expiration of six months from date of the original 
check. 


STATEMENT TO CONGRESS OF ANNUAL EXPENDITURES. 


A report in detail of all expenditures from the several appropria- 
tions of the Department for the year ending June 30, 1899, including 
the names of persons employed and the sums paid to each, as required 
by statute, was prepared in this office and transmitted to Congress 
at the beginning of the last session through the Speaker of the House. 
This report was subsequently printed by order of Congress. Copies 
may be had on application to the House document room. 


CONTRACT FOR SEEDS. 


Bids were invited early last fall, in the usual way, for furnishing 
seeds to the Department for the fiscal year 1900 for Congressional dis- 
tribution. Nine bids were received, varying in amount from $64,900 
to $79,017.60. These bids were examined and tabulated by a board, 
and an award was made by the Secretary of Agriculture to Mr. Charles 
Parker, of Santa Clara, Cal., the lowest bidder. A contract was made 
on the line of the contract for last year, secured by a sufficient bond. 


ANNUAL SUPPLIES. 


An advertisement, dated April 2, 1900, soliciting bids for annual 
supplies to be furnished during the year ending June 30, 1901, was 
issued on April 7, 13, 20, 27, and May 1, 1900. All bids received in 
response to this advertisement were opened on May 3 following, and 
carefully tabulated and passed upon by a board of award. The 
recommendations made by this board were approved by the Secretary 
of Agriculture, and were forwarded to the Treasury for final action, 
under the provisions of the act approved January 27, 1894, amending 
section 3709 of the Revised Statutes. These recommendations were 
subsequently approved by the Treasury board, established under the 
above provision, and contracts were awarded at prices generally 
higher than those paid last year for the same class and character of 
goods. The increase in price is due entirely to the general advance 
in the cost of nearly all materials. In the item of fuel alone the addi- 
tional expense to the Department for the ensuing year will be about 
$1,800. All contracts were secured by sufficient and satisfactory 
bonds. 

ESTIMATES OF APPROPRIATIONS. 


The estimates of appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1901, 
were prepared in this Division, based, as usual, upon written recom- 
mendations submitted by chiefs of the several branches of the Depart- 
ment. These recommendations were fully considered and approved 


Ly 
238 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


by the Seeretary of Agriculture. The estimates, including the $720,000 
for agricultural experiment stations, aggregated $4,106,257. All dif- 
ferences in the estimates from the appropriations of the preceding 
year were, as usual, explained in footnotes for the information and 
euidance of the proper committees of Congress, and were also 
explained orally to these committees. The Committee on Agriculture 
visited the Department during the last session of Congress in connec- 
tion with the estimates to scrutinize its expenditures and to inquire as 
to its future needs. 

The main items of increase in the appropriation bill for 1901 are as 
follows: For the distribution of seeds by Members of Congress, $40,000, 
added at the request of over 225 Members of the House, who signed 
a petition asking this increase. 

An increase of $38,000 was made for the purchase of ground for a 
new quarantine station at the port of New York and the erection of 
buildings thereon, the present station at Garfield, N. J., having to be 
abandoned on account of extending streets of the town through the 
same. 

The Bureau of Animal Industry has an additional $50,000 to meet 
the constantly growing demands for the inspection of meats destined 
for interstate and foreign commerce. 

The appropriation for forestry investigations is increased $40,000, 
thus doubling the appropriation. : 

The appropriation for botanical investigations is increased from 
$20,000 to $30,000; that for irrigation investigations from $35,000 to 
$50,000; for tea-culture investigations from $1,000 to $5,000; for 
publications from $80,000 to $105,000. Eighteen appropriations are 
increased, aggregating $297,478. 

The sum of $10,000 is provided to enable the Secretary of Agricul- 
ture to undertake the necessary improvements to establish and main- 
tain a general experimental farm and agricultural station on the 
Arlington estate, in the State of Virginia, in accordance with the 
provisions of the act of Congress approved April 18, 1900, entitled 
‘‘An act to set apart a portion of the Arlington estate for experi- 
mental agricultural purposes, and to place said portion under the 
jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agriculture and his successors in 
office.” : 

The Weather Bureau receives an additional amount for the purpose 
of erecting iron storm-warning towers in place of the wooden ones 
now in use, which are constantly decaying and breaking down, and 
also to meet the increased cost of paper and other material used by 
the Bureau. 

By the appropriation bill a number of clerks were transferred from 
the statutory salary roll of the Secretary to the statutory rolls of the 
several divisions where they are actually employed, thus reducing 
the Seeretary’s roll by $9,660, and correspondingly increasing the 
other rolls. 

The fund which provides for messengers, laborers, and charwomen 
was reduced $1,420 by Congress. This fund was already inadequate 
to the demands upon it, and the reduction thus made has necessitated 
a proportionate cut in the pay of certain laborers, and will prevent 
the employment of necessary emergency help. 

For greater convenience, the appropriations for ‘Contingent 
expenses,” ‘‘ Furniture, cases, and repairs” and ‘‘ Postage” were com- 
bined under ‘‘Contingent expenses,” for the fiscal year 1901. 


DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 239 


The estimates carried an item of $200,000 ‘‘ for all labor, materials, 
heating and power apparatus, plumbing, lighting, ventilating, and 
other necessary expenses in erecting and fitting up suitable fireproof ’ 
laboratory buildings for the use of the United States Department of 
Agriculture, on Reservation No. 2, in the city of Washington, District 
of Columbia, all plans and specifications to be approved by and the 
work to be done under the supervision of the Secretary of Agriculture.” 

This recommendation by the Secretary of Agriculture for a labora- 
tory building has the hearty support and approval of the Committees 
on Agriculture of both Senate and House, and also of the Committee 
on Appropriations. The subject has been very fully and carefully 
considered by these committees, and is regarded by them as a good 
business investment for the Government, as the Department is now 
under an expense of over $10,000 annually for rent and repairs of 
buildings entirely unsuited, with one exception, for laboratory pur- 
poses. For reasons which do not appear, Congress failed to appro- 
priate for a laboratory building. Nevertheless, an appropriation for 
this purpose would be manifestly and emphatically in the interest of 
economy, especially as the laboratory work of the Department is recog- 
nized as a most important factor in the development and promotion of 
agricultural science. 

During the four years of the present administration of the Depart- 
ment the appropriations have been increased by $835,598. This 
increase has been well distributed among the several Bureaus, Divi- 
sions, and Offices, according to their respective needs. 


PAYMENT OF SALARIES AT THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. 


Attention was called in the last report of this Division to the posi- 
tion of the Comptroller of the Treasury relative to the payment of 
salaries from lump-sum appropriations in the District of Columbia. 
The Comptroller at that time decided, in a written opinion, that the 
payment of such salaries was in contravention of the statutes (22 
Stat. L., p. 235). In this connection, and with a view to relieve the 
situation, the language of the several lump-sum appropriations was 
amended in the last estimates so as to provide for the payment of 
salaries ‘‘in the city of Washington and elsewhere, and in collecting, 
digesting, reporting, and illustrating the results of such experiments,” 
which amended language is acceptable to the Comptroller. In order 
to legalize all payments for salaries made in former years from these 
lump-sum funds, the following paragraph was inserted in the appro- 
priation act: 

The accounting officers are hereby directed ‘to settle all accounts for disburse- 
ments from former appropriations for the Department of Agriculture on account 
of salaries and services according to the terms and conditions of this act, except 
that no increase of compensation herein provided shall be allowed for current and 
prior fiscal years. 


CONDITION OF THE WORK IN THE DIVISION. 


It is thought proper to state here that no part of the work of the 
Division of Accounts and Disbursements is in arrears; also that the 
work of the employees of the Division during the year was character- 
ized by the usual zeal and efficiency. 

The following letter from the Auditor for the State and other 


240 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Departments, who passes upon the accounts of the Department of 
Agriculture, explains itself: 


TREASURY DEPARTMENT, 
OFFICE OF AUDITOR FOR THE STATE AND OTHER DEPARTMENT, 
Washington, D. C., December 8, 1899. 


Hon. JAMES WILSON, 
Secretary of Agriculture. 

Sir: Ihave the honor to state that, acting under the authority conferred upon 
me by the act of March 15, 1898, section 5 (30 Stat., 277,316), I recently caused an 
examination to be made of the books, papers, and accounts of F. L. Evans, Dis- 
bursing Clerk, Department of Agriculture, which showed the following to be the 
condition at the close of business on October 12, 1899: 


Debit. 
Balance due the United States on settlements____. ____--.-_--__._.___ $18, 135. 53 
Amountadyanced OnereqdisijiOns es sees se eae ee 1, 203, 193. 42 
Tosbe accounted for.# 352 227.6 AS ee oe ee ee 1, 221, 328. 95 
Credit. 
Balance duejofticerson settlement s=4se see eee ee eee 4,195.09 
Gash onthan diac rst5- SSeS Votes See eg eee ede ec Lge heh te oe 365. 12 
Voucher paid since September 30, 1899. ___.. ______ ..-. 2... ~+_- ==. 65, 931. 50 
Amount to credit of Disbursing Clerk with Treasurer of 
pheLWmitedsStates: 22 22 ee eee Ae Bee Oe ee $14, 500. 51 
Outsiandine:checksPa'.2 6-2 iat ee ies eso Sebeels eee 3, 101.74 
— 11, 398. 77 
With assistant treasurer at Chicago__........--....----. 46, 253. 69 
Outstandinexcheckss ss 5 sane ee ee ee _.. 26,346.24 
a 19, 907. 45 
With assistant treasurer at New York_......-.-----.---- 54,909.31 
Outstandiney checks Sa) ts 5 ss a ae ee ee eee 51, 355. 85 
————— 3, 553. 46 
Wouchers sin th eras ditorsO fit Comes eee ee 1,115, 976. 24 
Suspensions outstanding =. vs. 200: gh Oe Wien Care eee Pn DEE Aes 1.32 


1, 221, 328. 95 


It affords me pleasure to state that the condition of affairs in this office shows 
that Mr. Evans, his cashier, and clerks are extremely careful and painstaking in 
their official work. I find that at the close of each day the books are balanced so 
as to show the amount of cash on hand and on deposit, and the vouchers paid for 
the day and for the month. Mr. Evans’s accounts are rendered promptly and in a 
manner very satisfactory to the accounting officers. 

Respectfully, 


Ernst G. TimMkE, Auditor. 


LEASED BUILDINGS, WITH LOCATION AND MONTHLY AND ANNUAL 
RENTAL. 


In the District of Columbia.—The following is a statement of the 
location, annual rental, and use of the several buildings under lease 
by the Department in the District of Columbia during the year ending 
June 30, 1900: 


No. 1362 B street SW., Bureau of Animal Industry laboratory____.-_..... $1,200 
No. 1358 B street SW., Division of Botany laboratory .____- A ee ae 720 
No. 1364 B street SW., Division of Chemistry laboratory ._.__.....--.---- 1, 200 


No. 212 Thirteenth street SW., Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pa- 
thology laboratory pen see = ee oe eee 660 
No. 214 Thirteenth street SW., Division of Soils laboratory____. .._..----. 660 


Baltimore, Md 
Boston, Mass®=22-= ee 
Buffalo, N. Y 
Chicas: ii 


Indianapolis, Ind 
Kansas City, Kans 
Oe ee 
Littleton, Mass--- 
Louisville, Ky 


DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 


241 


Outside the District of Columbia.—The following are the Bureau of 
Animal Industry and Weather Bureau stations under lease by the 
Department outside the District of Columbia during the year ending 
June 30, 1900: 


BUREAU 


OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 


Stations, with location and monthly or annual rental. 


Station. 


Location. Rent. 


INo?215 Stebaulistreet =-22-2ss 252-45 a= 52 -tn nae 
No. 44 Kilby street 
East Buffalo Live Stock Exchange Building 
No. 4193 South Halsted street 
Union Stock Yards 
(Quarantine station) 
35 Live Stock Exchange Building 
Corner Ceutral and James streets 
Live Stock Exchange Building 
Aap ine station) 

O. 


$125 per annum. 
Be ee ee ee ee ea re re $30 per month. 
eee Do. 

$225 per month. 
$75 per month. 
$1,800 per annum. 
$10 per month. 
$45 per month. 
$15 per month. 
_--| $250 per annum. 
$10 per month. 


507 Johnson street 


National Stock Yards, Ill __-| Live Stock Exchange Building ------- -- -| $75 per month. 
New: Work, Ne Were 2222-2 22=- No. 18 Broadway - ------ See ieee $500 per annum. 


San Francisco, Cal 
South St. Joseph, Mo 
St. Denis, Md 


No. 
No. 
87 Flood Building 
St. Joseph Stock Yard Company Building 
(Quarantine!station) 2.22 = 2] ------ |} $eeo per annum: 


109 West Forty-second SER GGteT ee Us ae pe 


$40 per month. 
(0\Plume’streets 5s oe aes eens 


$12 per month. 
$20 per month. 
$30 per month. 


WEATHER BUREAU, 


Stations, with location and annual rental, including such items as heat, light, 
janitor, ice, brooms, matches, ete. 


No Station. Location. ey: 
UNITED STATES STATIONS. 

1 | Abilene, Tex --..----------| On South First street_.......---.-------=------=-------- $424. 45 

2 OA Vibeanity. (Nis Vee ee ene In public building, corner Broadway and State street |---- .----- 

3) | Alpena, Mich >=--=-3— =~ Corner Fletcher and Dock streets ---------------------- 211.36 

4.) Amarillosexes== =.= =a== @orner:Polkjand) Fifth streets... -25-2-522—- 4-22 22255-5- 120.00 

5) | pAstorialOrepos seen No: 545 \CGommercialistreet =: --2408—-  =e nee ee 252.00 

6) | Atlanta, (Gass sess In Prudential Building, corner Broad, Walton, and 900. 00 

Forsyth streets. 

7 | Atlantic City, N. J._..._-.| In Real Estate and Law Building, 1421 Atlantic avenue- 175, 00 

8 | Aueusta,/Gaes=-- Rs Seo In public building, corner Campbell and Greene |---------. 

streets. 

9 | Baker City, Oreg ---------- In Pollman Building, Main street ------------- -------- 350. 00 
10 | Baltimore, Md-__.....---...| Johns Hopkins University, 532 N. Howard street------|---------- 
11 | Binghamton, N. Y--------- In public building, corner Wall and Henry streets----|----.----- 

2 | Birmingham, Ala-------. -- In Walker & Jordan building, 2011 First avenue ------ 120.00 
18 | Bismarck, N. Dak —--. 2-25] am pubis building, corner Main and First streets-----| .--- pete 

ae SiOne Main’ Street = 2 es-ss ao. es = oe ee 259. 97 

14 | Block Island, R. I -------- \| On cupola of National Hotel, on Main street---------- 20.00 

15.\ Boiwse.1daho= | In Sonna Building, 228 Main street------ --.-.---------- 480.00 

16) | Boston}iMass'22-"-s === | In public building, Post-Office Square ----.-..--.-- - ..--| ---------- 

1% || Buattalos Nz ¥ 2223523224 | In ‘Fradential Building, corner Pearl and Church 539. 85 
streets. 

18) Cairo. Wiest Se In public building, corner Washington avenue and |---------- 
Fourteenth street. | 

19 | Cape Henry, Va ------ ____.| In Weather Bureau Building, on the beach--------.---|---------- 

20)| (Cape wWiayaeNe de ena leNOsalO eno hes Shree bee saan ae eee eee 420.00 

21 | Carson City, Nev---------- In public building, on Carson street ------.------------]------ ---- 

23 | Cedar City, Utah. =-— 2=-2 In Jones Building, 318 Main street --------------------- 284. 00 

23 | Charleston, 8. C -_..-.-.---| In public building, 200 East Bay street_----------------|---------- 

OF @harlotte ss Ne Gr eee In public building, corner Trade and Mint streets----|---------- 

25 | Chattanooga, Tenn------_-- In public building, corner Eleventh and A streets. --_|---------- 

26 |-Cheyenne, Wyo------ ------ In _ Commibrcial Building, 216-218 West Sixteenth 517.61 
street. 

OT i@hicarOs Uli=oenea aaa Auditorium Building, corner Wabash avenue and 1,800.00 
Congress street. | 

98) Cincinnati, Ohio2—==-25---= | In public building, Fifth street, between Walnut and), |~ 2252-5. 

| Main streets. 
29 | Cleveland, Ohio------------ | 1,140.00 


al 
} 


| Columbia, Mo === == —- 


AGR 1900——16 


In Society for Savings Building, corner Public Sauare | 
and Ontario street. | 

In Agricultural Co)ege Building, Campus State Uni- | 
versity. 


242 


DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Stations, with location and annual rental, including such items as heat, light, 


janitor, 7 


ce, brooms, matches, etc.—Continued. 


Station. 


Location. 


Eastport, Me 


| Erie, Pa 


| Jupiter, Fla -- 


jUNITED STATES STATIONS— 


continued. 


Columbia, SsC 2 = - ees 
Columbus, Ohio:---2222-2 
Concordia, Kans- 


Corpus Christi, Tex. __----| 


Currituck Inlet, N. C.. --- 
Davenport, Iowa 
Denver, Colo - 


Des Moines, lowa 


Detroit, Mich 


Dodve-pKansess ee ose ase: 
Dubuque, lowa 


Duluth, Minn 


Hagle. Alaska s-s2->--<2-=22 
East Clallam, Wash 


BING aWiesVick = Sestoc pees 


Evansville, Ind 
Flagstaff, Ariz 


Fort Smith, Ark 
Fort Worth, Tex 


Fresno, Cal __--- 


Galveston; Text = 


Grand Haven, Mich 
Grand Junction, Colo 
Greenbay, Wis 
Hannibal Moe. ee 
Harrisburg, Pa 
Hatteras, N.C 
Havre, Mont 


Helena; Monti 22-20 
Houghton, Mich. ---.-_-=- 


Huron, 8. Dak 
Independence, Cal 
Indianapolis, Ind 


Ithaca, Ni Wo 3 [on 
Jacksonville, Fla 


Kalispell, Mont 


Kansas City, Mo 


Keokuk, Iowa 


Kev West, Fla 
Kittyhawka Ne Cases 
Knoxville, Tenn 
La Crosse, Wis 
Lander, Wyo 
Lansing, Mich 


Lexington, Ky 
Lewiston, Idaho-_- 
Lincoln, Nebr 


| In public building, corner Jennings avenueand Texas. 


In public building, corner Main and Laure! streets-_-- 

In Eberly Block, 203-215 South High street-----. .----- 

Post-Office Building, 204 Sixth street -_-----_---------- 

In French Building, corner Chapparal and Star 
streets. 

In U.S. Life-Saving Station Buiiding. 


In public building, corner Sixteenth and Arapahoe 
streets. 

In public building, corner Fifth street and Court 
avenu 

Union nEaee Building, corner Griswold and Congress 
streets. 

Beeson Block,.on Front street..-. -..--------=-=------- 

| Bank and Insurance Building, corner Main and Ninth 

| streets. } 

'In public building, First street and Fifth avenue 
west. 

Corner Front street and Columbus avenue 

In telegraph otfice, Frontier street -----..--------.---- 

In public building, corner Water and Washington 
streets. 

In Warfield & Dann Building, corner Third street | 
and Davis avenue. 

In public building, St. Louis and Oregon streets 

In public building, Park row and State street .-- .__- 

In Semer Block, corner Ludington street and Harri- 
son avenue. 

In Buhne’s brick building, corner Second and G@ 
streets. 

In Federal Building, Second street, between Vine and 
Sycamore streets. 

In Milligan Cottage, corner Aspen avenue and Park | 
street. 

In public building- - 


street. | 

Farmers’ National Bank of Fresno Buiiding, 1056 I 
street. 

Levy Building, corner 
streets. 

Cutler House, corner Third and Washington streets-- 

In Canon Block, corner Fourth and Main streets ~ -_-- 

In Soquet Building, 320-322 North Washington street_ 

In public building, corner Broadway and Sixthstreet- 

| In public building corner Third and Walnut streets. 

in Styron’s House, main road 

InGussenhoven Building, First street, between Third 
and Fourth avenues. 

In Power Block, corner Main street and Sixth avenue- 

In Shelden Building, northwest corner Shelden and 
Jsle Royale streets. 

In Jeffris Block, 337 Dakota avenue---..-. ..-._- -_------ 

In Norman House, corner Market and Edward streets || 

In Majestic Building, corner Pennsylvania and Ma- 
ryland streets. 

In Lincoln Hall, Cornell University --.....---..-------- 

In Astor Building, 138 West Bay street .__.----.------- 

In Weather Bureau Building, near light- house ____-_-- 

in Conrad National Bank Building, corner Main and 
Second streets. 

| In Rialto Building, corner Grand avenue and Ninth 
street. 

In public building, 
streets. 

In Waite Building, corner Duvai and Wall streets-__- 

In Weather Bureau Building, on the beach 

University of Tennessee -__- 

In public building, corner Fourth and State streets__ 

In Bunce & Iiam’s Block, 36 Main street-_-..----- .----- 

In Federal Building, corner Michigan and Capitol 
avenues. 

In State College Building, South Limestone street _- 

inPA dams Block: 2. Sos ee See eee 

In University of Nebraska Building, corner Twelfth 
and T streets. 

In public building, Second street, between Center 
and Spring. 


Twenty-third and Market 


} 


corner Seventh and Blendeau 


In public building, corner Fourth and Perry streets__|-.-. 


Annual 
rental. 


300. 00 


DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 


243 


South streets. 


Stations, with location and annual rental, including such items as heat, light, 
janitor, ice, brooms, matches, ete.—Continued. 
| Stats | F iAmhal 
No. Station. Location. rental. 
UNITED STATES STATIONS—| 
continued. 
85 | Los Angeles, Cal ------.... } In Wilson Building, 102} South Spring street ----.-. -_-- $563. 30 
86 | Louisville, Ky-.---.------- In seule building, corner Fourth and Chestnut | --------- 
streets 
8%" | oyynchbure. Vaeos se oe | In Law Building, 807 Main street_-__._....--..--.------ 270.00 
Sor Macon’ Gases == ee In public building, corner Third and Mulberrystreets |-----..--_- 
89 | Marquette, Mich --_----.-.- In Palbhe building, corner Third and Washington |--------_- 
| streets. 
90 | Memphis, Tenn.--....__---- In poner Building, corner Main and South Court 600. 00 
streets. 
91. |) Meridian. Miss -=--ess-" = In public building, corner Twenty-second avenue |-__--_____- 
and Eighth street. 
92 | Miles City, Mont .-_.-_---- In Leighton Building, Main street _.__.____-_..__-.-..- 168.00 
93 | Milwaukee, Wis--.---- | In public building, Wisconsin street, between Jeffer- |.--------- 
| son and Jackson streets. 
94 | Minneapolis, Minn -_----_-- | In public building, corner Third street and First |.--..____- 
avenue south. 
957) Mobile} Alag 22 =e ssaee= | In ule building, corner St. Francis and Royal |_-___---.- 
streets 
96 | Montgomery, Ala. ____-__-_- |In public building, corner Lawrence street and Dex- |_________- 
ter avenue. 
97 | Moorhead, Minn--------_-- In oust National Bank, corner Front and Sixth 265. 25 
| _ streets. | 
98 | Mount Tamalpais, Cal -- --| In Peay abery, Building, eastern peak Mount Tam- | 420.00 
| alpais. 
99..|: Mount. Washington Nebr Onisnraim ite. ae nes ee ee ee oe eee 5.00 
100 | Nantucket, Mass --- _. .__-| In Pacific Club House, corner Main and Water streets- 270.00 
101 | Narragansett Pier, R. I---| In Odlen Cottage, Kingstown street ------.-.---------- 150.96 
102 | Nashville, Tenn ---_--.------ In Chamber of Commerce, 309 Church street - ._------ 400. 00 
103 | Neah Bay, Wash -.------.- In Indian Agency Building, facing bay -----.----------|---------- 
104 | New Brunswick, N. J----- In New Jersey Experiment Station Building, corner |..-------- 
Bleecker Place and Hamilton street 
105 | New Haven, Conn..--.- .--- | In Insurance Building, 890 Chapel street ___---_.------ 400. C0 
106 | New Orleans, La ----_____- In public building, corner Decatur and Custom-house |----- --.- 
streets. 
10%} New, Yorks Nyse In American Surety Building, 100 Broadway ---------- 2,500. 00 
LSi Norfolk Vale In Citizens’ Bank Building, 191-195 Main street___----- 525. 00 
_ 109 | Northfield, Vt_.._-_-- In Norwich University, on Central street. ----_...----|---------- 
110 | North Platte, Nebr--_-- | In Odd Fellows’ Hall, corner Fifth and Dewey streets- 339.50 
li klahoma, Okla In Opera House Block, corner Robinson street and 510.00 
Grand avenue. 3 
1923) (Omaha, Ne brass = eee lan pane building, corner Sixteenth and Dodge a 
streets 
113) |\Oswego: Nei Nese es eee In public building, Oneida street - Se err ore eee 
114) Palestine; Tex 222-22 =225=- In City Hall, corner of Palmer and Oak streets. _____- 314. 00 
115 | Parkersburg, W. Va -__--- In public building, corner Fifth and Juliana streets-_-_|_---_-----. 
116 | Pensacola, Fla_----. ------ In public building, corner Palafox and Government |---------- 
streets. 
ly, | Phoenix Agizeesssa= ee In Wharton Building, 38 North Center street. __.____- 300.00 
118 | Philadelphia, Pa=-=>=- = In public building. corner Ninthand Chestnut streets_|.-----_--- 
119 | Pierre! S=Dak==-5-----e Corner Attica and Tiffin streets. 144. 00 
120) | Pittsburg) base-s=- In public building, Smithfield street, Third to Fourth |---------- 
avenues. 
121 | Pocatello, Idaho___---...... In Phoenix Block, corner First avenue and Center 300. 00 
street. 
122; | Point. Reyes Light, Cal2—_|\ Inilightbouse building: 2-5-2 -=22-- 22. 25--- == -20 5-5 
123 | Port Crescent, Wash------ In Hart Building, corner Third and A streets 
124 | Port Huron, Mich --..--.-. In Federal Building, corner Sixth and Water streets-|--.-.-_._. 
175) Portlands Mer sees—- ee ee First National Bank, 57 Exchange street - 504. 00 
126: |: Portland; Oreg/=- | In Oregonian Building, corner Sixth and Alder streets. 840.00 
12%. (PuebloxColo2 === In public building, corner Sixth and Main streets __-.|---------- 
123 | Raleiehe Ni © aes sere In Fisher Building, corner Fayetteville street and 240.00 
| Exchange Place. x 4 
129 | Rapid City, S. Dak ---.-__- In Lakota Building, corner Seventh and St. Joe | 276.00 
streets. 
130:|Redi Blutts Cal =s22eee—n- In Bank of Tehama County, Cal., corner of Main and 39625 
Walnut streets. 
1S | Richmond) Vase In Times Building, corner Bank and Tenth streets _-__- 600. 00 
132) | Rochester) NaWi= 22 In ouee building, corner Church and Fitzhugh |--.--..--- 
streets 
133 | Roseburg, Oreg--.----- ---- ; In Marks Building, 228! Jackson street ---- - 309. 00 
134 | Sacramento, Cal. --.--- ---- In public building, corner Seventh and K streets. =220|5.2oees 
1350\) St; uous Moes-2 2-22 In public buiiding, on Olive street, between Eighth |--------.- 
and Ninth. 
136 te Stabad Mann): 6 eee In Chamber of Commerce Building, 112 East Sixth 872.85 
street. 
137 | Salt Lake City, Utah-_---- In Dooley Block, corner West Temple and Second 600. 00 


244 


DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Stations, with-location and annual rental, including such items as heat, light, 
janitor, ice, brooms, matches, etc.—Continued. 


No. Station. 
UNITED STATES STATIONS— 
continued. 
188 | San Antonio, Tex -.----.-- 
1390) san pier oo Cale= sesso 
140 | Sandusky, Ohio -....------ 
141 | San Francisco, Cal--.-_--..- 
142 | San Luis Obispo, Cal------ 
143 | Santa Fe, N. Mex---.------ 
144 | Sault Ste. Marie, Mich __-_- 
145 | Savannah, Ga see eee 
MMGweScrantonweaee- sees es 
147") Seattle: Wash. =----- ~--- 
148 | ‘Shreveport, laa 2. .22--=-=-- 
149) | “Sioux City.lowa.-2-- +-_--- 
150 | Spokane, Wash 
DIG Sprincheld yale es ee 
152 | Springfield, Mo 
THs we Tacoma. Wash eee sss 
154 | Tampa, Fla ------ 
155 | Toledo. Ohio=--— 2. 
156) Ropeka. Kans). == 22 22 
157 | Twin, Wash_-- 
158 | Valentine, Nebr- .-..------ 
159 | Vicksburg, Miss___...-..-- 
160 | Wallawalla, Wash-_------- 
1613) SWichitanKanss24—-— os 
162 | Williston, N. Dak-_--.- : 
163 | Wilmington, N. C-_.-_--.--- 
164 Winnemucca, Nev -------- 
165") Wankton.S. Dak 2225225" 
16600 Yomlal Ariz-o-- seeee ees 
| Doballet a2. sees 
| WEST INDIAN STATIONS. 
1 | Basseterre, St. Kitts_--.-- 
2 | Bridgetown, Barbados.--- 
3 | Cienfuegos, Cuba---_..-__- 
4 | Habana ubae sss a 
5 | Kingston, Jamaica -------- 
6 | Port of Spain, Trinidad_- 
7 | Puerto Principe, Cuba--.-- 
8 | Roseau, Dominica-.-------- 
9 San Juan, Porto Rico __-_- 
10 | Santiago de Cuba, Cuba--- 
11 | Santo Domingo, Santo 
Domingo. 
12 | Willemstad, Curagao ---.- 
Wotals-= Seee eases 


i 
| 


..-.----.-| In Knight Building, 315} Franklin street 


| In public building, corner 


i Rivas Building 


ton street. 


Market street. 


streets. 


streets. 


streets. 


Ninth streets. 


streets. 


eet oes in JOness ulin ose 


streets. 
streets. 


streets. 


nando. 


At 55 San Ignacio street 


Lane. 
No.5 Fortaleza street 


F Annual 

Location. mental’ 
In Hicks Building, corner Avenue C and East Hous- $480. 00 
In Keating Building, corner Fifth and F streets-_--- 360. 00 
In public building, corner Columbus avenue and: |.= eam 
In Mills Building, corner Bush and Montgomer y | 290. 00 
In Rackliffe Building, corner Choro and Marsh str tal 300. 00 
In Catron Building, corner Plaza on Palace avenue- 420.00 
In Weather Bureau Building on Government FOSere | een 

vation known as ‘‘ Canal grounds.”’ 

In public building, corner President and Whitaker |---------- 
oe sibel eee eae Se nS 500. 00 
‘In New York Building, 7 704 Second avenue .._.--.-__-- 480. 00 
In public building, corner Texasand Marshall streets _|------ ---- 
In public building, corner Sixth and Douglas streets_|--.--_--.. 
In Jamieson Building, 705 Riverside avenue-------.--- 540 00 

In public building, corner Monroe and Sixth streets-_|--------- 
_In publie building, corner Boonville and Brower Bis 
In Chamber of Commerce Building, corner C and 240.00 
eae ee 326. 75 
_In public building, corner Madison and St. Clair |__.-_.___- 
| In Columbia Building, 112 West Sixth avenue -______.. ee 00 
. 00 
In Davenport Building, corner Catherine and Main | 300. 00 
Crawford and Walnut | |. 2 aS Rae 
In Paine Brothers’ Building, corner Main and Sec ond | 295. 80 
In The Sedgwick, corner First and Market streets --- 350. 00 
Corner Main and Third streets ---------- 390. 00 

In public building, corner Front and Chestnut streets_|_..._..-- 
In county court-house, on Bridge street. -_--..-_-.---- 268. 00 
In Union Block, corner Third and Walnut streets.___ 280. 00 
In public building, on Government reservation --_---_|---------- 
bee o ase Sse ce ee el OOS 
In American House, Liverpool Row-.----.----------.--- 288. 00 
In Ice House, corner McGregor and Broad streets ___- 352. 00 
In Union Hotel, 19 D’Clouet street, corner San Fer- 480.00 
ok ee NEE, Slat te Sera eee een eee 1, 200. 00 
ek OR A eae a eee 240.00 
In Hacienda, between Obispo and Obripia streets _-__-_|_---__---- 
| Halfway Tree, 3 miles north of Kingston-------- 438. 00 
| In Family Hotel, 48 Kung street Rees =-.— ase 360. 00 
In San Francisco College, San Francisco Square oe oe 300. 00 
In Bow Lane House, corner Hanover street and Bow 240.00 
Corner of Nepomuceno and Enramadas, baja, No. 10_| 360.00 
In Vicini Building, 7 Santo Tomas street ---.--------- 480.00 
| In Washington Villa, on Hoogstraat-.-_--_------------- 341.40 
fap SE. 2 oo Sen ace ee i ee ee eee 5, O79. 40 


APPROPRIATIONS, DISBURSEMENTS, AND UNEXPENDED BALANCES FOR 


FISCAL YEARS 1839-1900, 


INCLUSIVE. 


The table commencing on the next page shows all appropriations 
made to the Department of Agriculture, the date of the act making 
the appropriation, and the disbursements and unexpended balances, 
from the fiscal year 1839 to the fiscal year 1900. 


DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 


245 


Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the Department of 
Agriculture from the fiscal year 1839 to the fiscal year 1900, inclusive. 


Reference to 


| Fis- 


Date of ap- | Statutes at 
Object. propriation Large. eal 
act. Spe Ly Cars 
Vol.| Page. | Sec. 
| 
1839 To 1847, INCLUSIVE. 
ar. 3,1839 5 354 9 | 1839 
Aug. 26, 1842 5 533 | 26 | 1842 
Collection of agricultu- |}Mar. 3, 1843 5 642 |- 1 | 1844 
ral statistics, etce_-.-_._- June it 144 5 687 1 | 1845 
\|Mar. 3,1845 5 BYE 1 | 1846 
|(Mar. 3 1847 9 160 1 | 1847 
| 
Total, 1839 to 1847, | 
inclisive H=ssse=- ei es oe Be | 2 ee ee a al eae 
1848. 
Collection of agricultu- I 
ral statistics, etc______- Aug. 12,1848 9 285 1 | 1848 
Chemical analyses of | 
vegetable substances__|____- dos 9 285 1 | 1848 | 
Rotal; 1949 2k See Ree ne Ne feo) all eae 
1849. | 
Collection of agricultu- 
ralstatistics, ete. (total, 
8419). -~ see ee Mar. 3,1849 | 9 364 1 | 1849 | 
1850. | 
Chemical analyses of 
vegetable substances_-| Mar. 3,1849 9 364 1 | 1850 
Collecting agricultural : 
statistics -...._.---.-.--.| Sept. 30, 1850 9 541 1 | 1850 
Totaly, [S502 352. 22 Es see ee | ee Bee ete 
1851 TO 1857, INCLUSIVE. 
| 
Collection of agricultu- 
in pee eee Roe Mar. 3, 1851 9 615 1 
Collection of agricultu- aS aes ee ps 
ral statistics and pur- ne oh ees 4 ae j 
chase of seeds----------} Be ee aera = 
Collection of agr icultu- May 31,1854 |} 10) 292) L| 
ral statistics and pur- |;Aug. 4,1854 | 10 pote |) .* 1) 
Gone eee soe ee | Mar. 3,1855.| 10 664) 1] 
oilection of agricultu- = ] 
ral statistics, etc., and eee ee eo it i 4 
purchase, etc., of seeds- S- 28; cal 
Total, 1851 tos Bie== eas eee ee (ees 
1858. 
Collection of agricul- 
tural statistics, etc., 
and purchase, etc., of 
S@e008-<2-22 82nd se ses Mar. 3,1857 11 226 1 
Information in relation 
to consumption of cot- 1 
[6 6 ie eee ee Se Perey | eee do.=42-52 11 226 1 
Total, 1858) 2=- > es ee eee ee ee eS 
1859 To 1863, INCLUSIVE. | 
Collection of agricul- | Hee i bee a re 1 
tural statistics, etc., | June25. 1860 | 12| 108 1 1861 
and purchase, etc., of | Mar. 2.1861) 12 217 1 | : 
peed -- 252 dates Mabe ta, 1Bae p12 |) gees. jisez 
Collection of agricul- | 
tural statistics, etc., 
aud purchase, etc., of 
seeds, including a defi- 
Seney appropriation 
of $20,000, made March | 
Belle Sree soc see cas ee 1,1862 | 12 350 1 | 1863 
Total, 1859 to 1863, | 
inclusive ____.-..- | SS ane a (eect Seed eral ree re 


Amount Amount 
Amount 
appro- : unex- 
priated. | disbursed. | pended. 
$1, C00. 00 $1000: 00 || 
1, 000. 00 000: 00) es 
2, 000. 00 2; 000: G0 ts Bee 
2, 000. 00 2,000.00 |_ 5 = 
3, 000. 00 5: O00: 00: |p sees 
3, 000. 00 3) 000200: 2 
12, 000. 00 2,000: 00) |S =sseeee 
= 1 
3,500. 00 3,900: 00) |-2 2-52" 
1,000.00 | £000: 00) | ae 
4,500.00 | 4,500.00]. 
3, 500. 00 3,300: 00) |p 
1,000. 00 iL 000: 00 |e = ae 
4,500.00| 4,500.00]... 
5,500.00} 5,500.00]. _____- 


80, 000. 00 | 


304, 000. 00 


605,000! 00) Eze aes 
63, 704. 21 295.79 
80; 000! 00) |=s2=e= == 
303, 704. 21 295. 79 


246 


DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, ete.—Continued. 


Object. 


Salaries 
Collection of agricul- 
tural statistics, etc., 
and purchase, etc., of 
Seeds £54. a ee 
Culture of cotton and | 
TODACCOP me ate 
OES RUS with flax | 
hemp. 
Pur chase of sorghum 


To emmie shop in prop- 
agating garden 
Postage 
Furniture, carpets, fuel, 
etc 


Salaries 


Contingent expenses -__-_- 
Collecting agricultural 
statistics - 
Furniture, car pets, ete__. 
Library and laboratory - 
Purchase and distribu- 
tion of seeds .--...------ 
Experimental gardens 
and grounds 
To pay a debt incurred 
in preparing the Agri- 
cultural Report for 


Rent, etc., of Commis- 
sioner’s office 


Totaly l865— 2s 
1866. 
Salaries 


Contingent expenses ___- 
Collecting agricultural 
statistics 


Purchase, etc.,of seeds_- 
Experimental gardens 
and grounds, etc_-_---- 


Total, 1866 


Salaries 

Contingent expenses ---_) 

Collecting agricultural 
statistics - 


Purchase of seeds_______- 


Experimental gardens 
and grounds, etc-_-_---- 


Otel A 86% ee Eee 
Salaries 


Contingent expenses ---- 
Collecting agricultural 


statistics=-=s>- eee Za 


Purchase, etc., of seeds-- 
Museum 


Experimental gardens 


and grounds -_-..-_.--- 


Reference to 


| 


a Ineluding deficiency appropriation. 


Date ofap- | Statutesat | Fis-| Amount Amount 
propriation Large. cal appro- soe unex- 
act. year.) priated. * | pended. 
Vol. | Page. | Sec. 
Feb. 25,1863 | 12| 691| 111864! $5,000.00! $5,000.00 |___...___- 
ieap do..-..-.| 12| 691] 1] 1864| °s7,000.00| 87,000.00 |_-.-..._-- 
__..-do.......| 12| 691| 1| 1864] 3,000.00} 3,000.00 |__...-___- 
Pairs a ate 12| 691} 1/1864) 20,000.00} 9,500.00 $10,500.00 
Mar. 14,1864 | 13| 23| 1/1864] 2,000.00] 2,000.00 |_.____..-. 
La dot | glk es alent 800.00 800:00 |..2..:--.- 
eae k do. 2 2:|| 13.) 23 e241 | eee} 0 aese0ieo)||' aeaso apne see anaes 
Ay) do2z=.2.|" 18;\ shes! | in| sad astenac00 650.00 |... 2. 
Re eet iree Faster gees Po Ly" (be 119,770.00 | 109,270.60 | 10,500.00 
{June 25.1864 | 13 155 I eens 5 
{Tule 21861 | 13| 320 | 2 [$1865 | 38,300.00 | 38,800.00 |... 
June 25,1864 | 13} 155| 1/1865] 3,500.00| 3,500.00 |.__._____. 
ai, do....-..| 13| 155] 1] 1865] 20,000.00| 20,000.00 |....____._ 
age doseemees| 6 13'|) 155.1) 1 ase5 800. 00 800.00 |__........ 
ane, do-.c2c.:| 23.| 2355 | 1 | 1e9e5"|- 4,000, 00+}: aoa ang s00)| ae aaaeeaee 
Watt do.......| 12| 155] 1] 1865] 61,000.00] 61,000.00 |-_._..___- 
ics do..-.-.]43'|7 155 '| 4 | aes |: Assen sce: >> 645, s00 oon eememeee 
| July 2,1864] 13]. 350} 2| 1865! 3,704.05| 3,596.55 | 107.50 
July 4,1864| 13] 381! 3|1865| 3,500.00]  3,500.u0 |__.______. 
See EN sr BM hor nl Nera | end | eee a 150,604.05 | 150,496.55 | 107.50 
Mar. 2,1865 {33 re 1 (1866 46,726.59 | 46,726.59 |........-- 
— do_......|°13 | 455! 1 |1se6} 7,500.00)" “93000042 ee 
Bee Eee 13 | 455 | 1) 1865 | 20,000.00 | 20,000.00 |... 
60| : Bios poe eS 
sede tener |S iee 1 1866 70,165.90 | 70,165.90 |_.-...-._. 
N 513! 160| 3| a ee aga ee 
I ieee tl sree pl Ue }1866 23,395.83 | 28,395.33 |_...______ 
PR ASEY Bele Meet) aa oe! pine |! A 167,787.82 | 167,787.82! ... 
July 23,1866 | 14/ 201] 1/1867] 39,600.00] 39,600.00|....____. 
arg do.......| 14|° 201} 1| 1867] 11,500.00 11,500.00]........__ 
Se 2 os 14{ 201} 1/|1867| 10,000.00! 10,000.00}... 
= fi4} 201] 1| 
cs -------1) 14 | 2027) 1 |bisev | 115,200.00 | 115,200.00 |... ____ 
Mar. 30,1867 | 15| 28] 1 
July 23,1866 | 14| 202] 1] 1867} 22,800.00] 22,800.00 |._____...- 
ier: kare | be 2} 225i y eel Baas | 199,100.00 | 199,100.00 |......._-- 
Mar. 2,1867| 14| 451] 111868] 38,020.00! 38,020.00'..._______ 
eee do.......| 14] 451]. 1.1868} 13,000.00] 13,000.00 |.____.___- 
doles 14| 451| 11] 1868| 10,000.00] 8,406.34 | 1,593.66 
fit do_......| 14| 452] 1]|1868| 85,200.00| 85,200.00 |__..-_...- 
SOF: do_i...|.14| 4521. 1| 3868 | 10;000,00'| 0: 00m auy satin 
ee: do.......| 14! 452| 11/1868! 22,800,001 22,800.00 |_......--- 


DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 


247 


Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, ete.—Continued. 


Hererenea va 
Date of statutes a is- y. nt 
Object. prapeiation Large. zal ee mount ae 
; act. year arnt disbursed. | jended 
Vol. | Page. | Sec. 
1868. 
an a building fox 
the epartment o 
Agriculture == 2) = 2-2. Mar. 2, 1867 14 464 1 | 1868 | $100,000.00 } $99,668.00 $332.00 
otal, Is6o hata eee ee Sales eR ah cee 279,020.00 | 277,094.34 | 1,925.66 
| == —S 
1869. 
For certain goods and 
SP Evicee furnished the erioed a : 
epartnient) = 9s WS SBS le don) G0" olleaeees 37, 604. 70 Pe? Vil [eee AE 288 
Salaries’: soto. <2 ne July 20,1868 | 15 105 1 | 1869 65, 368. 00 65:568: 00" |/2e2 = eee 
Sevres cap eelsce d 15 106 1 | 1869 10, 000. 00 10,000. 00 

statistics \ fo 235 2 ee Oe H } , 000. *000:'00)| 222 ease 
Contingent expenses -_-__|__._- doe sse 15 196 1 | 1869 31, 090. 00 3109000) |= 
rea rou care Leelee 15 106 1 | 1869 23,500. 00 Pp 000: 002s eae eee 
Purchase, ete., of seeds__|.___- Gomis: 1 106 1 | 1869 20, 000. 00 205 000 008 aa aes 
Furniture, cases, and re- 

Pairs=. 222s eS ee (6 Ko Nae ean 15 106 1 | 1869 22, 635. 00 225\650..00 | Pees 

Total’ [sei . % os el epee eee Pee Soe _.|.....-| 210,197.70 | 210,197.70 |___... vay 
nn | —=— 
1870. ie ae ; i 
Salaries) 2052 = sae eee Mar. 3,1869 1 15 598 1| y1870 69, 240. 00 67,720.00 | 1,520.00 
Collecting agricultural : 

Shauistics = ase aed (ohoja: fie 15 298 1 | 1870 15, 000. 00 OOO 00" Pee yee ae 
are espuaihads ie mies id nb Grace: 15 298 1} 1870 15, 000. 00 12, 695. 60 304. 40 
Contingent expenses --___|____- dose te 15 298 1 | 1870 13, 200. 00 TSE 2002000 ee eee 
Furniture, cases, and re- 5 - a |e ee ean 

Palrs. =: 2 oS2-tSe= ea eee OSes 5 298 7 2,500. 27000: (08 eae 
Hepe nmol gar dens |.___. Con ees 15 298 1 | 1870 21, 500. 00 215 500; 00) | za 

and groundsi= ose 
Purchase, etc., of seeds__|_-__- (Kove pes eee 15 298 1 j 187 20, 000. 00 18,981.33 | 1,018.67 

Totals 1870} 22225 = = ewer we teers eee e sepals 2 ere 156, 440.00 | 151,596.93 | 4,843.07 
1871. 
+ sSuly 12,1870] 16] 245]. 1/40, ie aah 
Salaries: ~~ <-<: 252-557 -25" uly 15,1870 | 16| 314 1 871 71, 980. 00 71,811. 64 168.36 
tae aca | July 12,1870 | 16 245 1 | 1871 15, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 

Stabishicse a= =a= aes uly 7 245 7 5, 000. D000 00" |S222e a 

Purchase, ete., of seeds -- eens Bee ot He oe : 1871 30, 000. 00 28,865.17 | 1,184.83 
F te V0On ees! 246 
Experimental gardens ©--=""1 96 | 302 | 1 |lis7t | 53,200.00 | 53,200.00 

and grounds ~------.-.- '|Fuly 15,1870 216 | 303} 1 era sale paige 
Contingent exnereee ..--| July 12,1870} 16 246 1 | 187 8,100.00 85100500) 2522s 
Furniture, cases, and re- 

pairs:.+ 20.3 ee eee doe stsre: 16 246 1 | 1871 4, 700.00 AE OO! OD) eae eee 
Galincuine and modeling s F BF ntler: ee eae 
+ gpocimons ae Pent lee ears Wal ace es Phe | oe ee tee aa eee 
Herbaritumscese 2 oe = eee Omeaneee 16 246 1 | 187 1, 000. 00 T. 00: 0012 = Seas 
Laboratory. ee Goes si 16 246 1 | 1871 1, 700. 00 JF 200500) eee ee 
Holding room\s---2-—5 ee dos: 16 246 1 | 187 500. 00 DN0500; |= ee 
Total: 7a sec |e eee Be ak Sema ee Sar 188,180.00 | 186,876.81 | 1,303.19 
1872 | 
Salaries=2-----= er ee Mar. 3,1871 | 16 489 1 | 1872 75,170.00 75, 017.89 152.11 
Collecting agricultural : 

ilies es ee sina does. 16 489 1 | 1872 15, 000. 00 14, 059. 36 940. 64 
Purchase an istribu- 

tion of seeds, etc__-..-- eed O's eses 2 16 489 1 | 187 45, 000. 00 45. 000! 00) 222 eee 
Experimental, Gardens |\__-.do------ 95 | goa | 1 \yis72 || 86,800.00 |, 38,800.00 

and grounds ----.-_---- a 6 i | een os a > 
Contingent expenses -...|_....do......-] 16| 490 1 (}1872| 12,900.00) 12,900.00 |... 
Furniture, cases, and re- j t =. a 

PRPS os ost eee a ee oe eeaee |G 490 1 | 1872 4, 700. 00 4°00; 00): |2eeee ee 
Collecting and modeling 3 

Bpeeuueee of fruit ---_- -do. 16 pt A ae ee a 1, a 002); ae 
Herbarigm) =) 5s sooo » - 2 , 000. 5000! 00}: || == Saree 
Tibrakys ct. ste o sees eee 16] 490} 1] 1872 2,050. 00 2° 050K 00) | eeceeeenee 
Thaboratoryoosenees see 16 490 1 | 1872 3, 450. 00 42 OO), (eae 

Total, 1812) =e JA |535) es 197,070.00 | 195,977.25 | 1,092.75 


248 


DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, ete.—Continued. 


Reference to 

Date of ap- tatutes at | Pis- | Amount Amount 

Object. propriation Large. cal appro- ee unex- 
act. year.| priated. ursed. | pended. 

Vol. | Page. | Sec. 
1873. 

Salaries: #os2-2 2. fe. f May 8,1872 | 17 77 1 | 1873 | $75,890.00 | $75,889.73 $0. 27 

Collecting agricultural : 

statistics _ eas TE ld (keynes 5 17 77 1 | 1873 | 15,000.00 153000200) |S senee 
Purchase and distribu- | | 
sion of seeds Sees aeeslata Bone ae we 1 eee | 55, 000. 00 0D; O00F008 Seen aa=== 

xperimental gardens |f_.. do. ._---- a 77 Il ai ¢ F 

and grounds --..------- {June 10,1872 | 17 368 1 je END 8) ee 
Contingent expenses _..| May 8,1872 { eee Le \isr3 13,300.00 12,507.06 | 792.94 
Folding room s22=- -2.--- Wee 5 don se-=3 17 17 1 | 1873 | 300. 00 300500) |= 
Furniture, cases, and re- | | 

pairs: sets ss tots tenella we OW sadecas|) Jy 18 1 | 1873 5, 200. 00 5200500) |Soeene eee 
Museum and herbarium eee ear io 569 | i 1873 | 5, 000. 00 | 4, 674.43 B25. 57 
Iibrary ease sesso May 8,1872 | 17 v8 | 1 | 1873 | 1, 750. 00 1 05001 | Baers 

Motel slB(See nao ceee eae eee eee U Ec ese 202, 440.00 | 201,321.22 | 1,118.78 
1874, = na 
Salaries. ee ya ee ar. 3,1873 | 17 506 1 | 187 78,190.00 76,924.00 | 1,266.00 
Collecting agricultur al | 
Statistics 299 sees eeeae do aS i 506 1| 1874 | 15,000.00} 11,553.20] 3,446.80 
pee 7 506 il | 
Purchase and distribu- . it a4 : ; 

Tail Bo DG Ee Gk \ aT don eee A a | 1874 | 65,000.00 64, 904. 89 95, 1a! 
Experimental gardens i F ipeila 507 1 os oR On 0 OK Wa1 4 

and er GUnGS Lee SENS (ont ) 17 529 ] 1874 26, 200. 00 25, 731. 74 468. 26 
Museum and herbarium | ___- dome ile 507 1 | 1874 | 2,000.00 1, 942. 02 57.98 
Contingent expenses ---.|_---- oye eee 17 507 1 | 1874 | 13,600.00 | 12,699.34 900. 66 
Furniture, cases, and re- 

Dainese eee. acces seals ee douea 17 507 1 |-1874 4, 200. 00 3, 302. 40 897. 60 
WADPArY | sees oe so eee eee 51S So 2c2.|!| wile 507 1 | 1874 1,500. 00 1, 259.10 240.90 
IPOStAL Olen eee a eel dos 17 542 | 4 | 1874 52, 000. 00 35, 449.09 | 16,550.91 

Do bale svat ee Oe on Otel |e) eet axe an 257, 690. 00 | 2 233, 765.78 | 23,924.22 
1875 ay ¥ 
SRE ONS) a eee ou sasoee June 20,1874 | 18 107 1 | 1875 77, 180. 00 77,127.60 52. 40 
Collecting agricuitural 
pe natistics Se eee oo ge eee i 107 t 1875 15, 000. 00 12,147.56 | 2,852.44 
urchase an IStPIDU-a| ieee O = hae 7 107 Naor 6 . ‘ » 
tion of seeds, etc. ....-- ee 251876 [218 |» B08 |) Blfeeies|) CUO COs ae ss eee 
Furniture, cases, and re- A | | 
DBs Behl 8 fags sa ee fn auee 20, 1874 aS me 1 | 1875 4, 200. 00 4, 135. 36 64. 64 

xperimental gardens j|f.--.do---...- 8 0 1 jer ¢ came P 

and croundse==5-- =) \\ June 23,1874 | 18 227 i p85 24, 100.00 | 24, 094. 06 5. 94 
Contingent expenses - June 20,1874 | 18 107 1 | 1875 12,600.00 | 10,972.61} 1,627.39 
Museum and neRbarines 53895 87 a a j 1875 4,500.00 | 3,300,.C0 | 1,200.00 
Maboratonyaess=- pee ee ieee ne peruse 18 227 1 | 1875 1,300. 00 is COMO0) || 225 5se5- 
1 Digi ob a ra ah eee ee eee Eee (5 Koy ose Be 18 227 1 | 1875 1, 500. 00 1, 087. 90 412.10 
IPOStagece-f= see. see Fane 20, 1874 18 107 1 | 1875 52, 000. 00 42,633.00 | 9,367.00 
To pu blish Commission- 

er’s reports for the | 

years 1872 and 1873 ____| June23,1874 | 18 227 1 | 1875 50, 000. 00 49,561.91 438.09 

Total, 1875 ......---- brie eae PN Reese | Bou: |_.....| 837,380.00 | 321,079.83 | 16,300.17 
1876. | | preg 
Salaries! 2—. casaceen es Mar. 3,1875 | 18] 368 1 | 1876 77,180.00 fifealuliss, rial 64. 29 
Collecting agricultur al | : 

statistics: 52235 == ss ee doers. 18 368 1/1876 | 15, 000. 00 14, 500. 00 500. 00 
Purchase and distribu- | 
Sues of secus ee = 20S ae ly 8 368 1 | 1876 65, 000. 00 | 6530000001 | ease see 

xperimental gardens || f 18 368 L yor - me 

Bnd proundee ee ---do..-..-}) 7g | 394 | 1 |f1876 | 19,990.00) 19, 956. 11 33.89 
Museum and herbarium |.___- doae=s-2 18 | 368 1 | 1876 2,000. 00 | 1,993. 55 6.45 
Furniture, cases, and re- 

Pairs 2h vee (hes See een | eee dot Reet: 18 | 368 1 | 1876 3, 300. 00 3, 124. 28 alaprie 
WWIbTAY 2) o cae eoeneee WETCORes = 18 | 368 1 | 1876 1, 250. 60 1, 046. 84 203.16 
Laboratory ....---------- Pesos Bars 18 368 1 | 1876 1,300.00 3003 00"| aaa eens 
Contingent expenses ----}----- Goweesee.|) 18 368 1 | 1876 ae 100. 00 11,378, 91 721.09 
Postage: (5 341 See eee doe 18 368 1 | 1876 52, , 000. 00 3, 428. 29 | 48, 571. 71 

DIN bac ETE et eee alee | Sea ETRE NCT 50, 276.36 


DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 


249 


Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc,—Continued. 


Salaries 


Experimental gardens 
and srounds===— 
Collecting agricultural 
Statistics. - = 
Purchase and distribu- | 
tion of seeds, ete__-.--- 
Museum and herbarium- 


Furniture, cases, and 
Tepairs:- ese see Se 
Ri DraRyiece- see 
Maboratory, “= =) 2.===- 


Contingent expenses ---- 
Postage 


Motaloisii c= == 


Salaries 
Collecting agricultural 
statistics --.------- 
Purchase and distribu- 
tion of seeds, etc 
Experimental gardens 
and grounds 
Museum 
Furniture, cases, 
TOPMES See eee 
library: 22-6 0e- 
Laboratory 
Contingent expenses 
Postage ---.- 
Report on for estr y 
International Industrial | 
Exposition at Paris .- 


Salaries 
Collecting agricultural 
statistics _ 
Purchase and distribu- 
tion of seeds, etc------- 
Experimental gardens 
and grounds - ==- 
Museum: .22225525- 22 == 
Furniture, cases, and 
PEPalrs' 24 ee 


Laboratory -_-- 
Contingent expenses ---- 
Postage 
Investigating the his- 
tory and habits of in- 
sects) --- 
Investigating diseases of | 
domestic animals 
To erect a stable-- 


Total, 1879 


Salaries 

Collecting agricultural 
statistics --- 

Purchase and distribu-. 
tion of seeds, ete------- 

Experimental gardens 
and grounds 

Museum 


Laboratory 


Contingent expenses ---- 
Postage 


Heference io 
Date of ap- Statutes at | Pis-, Amount Amount 
propriation Large. cal | appro- Pie munex- 
act. eT SR RIG Cheers iated. pended. 
Vol.} Page. | Sec. 
Hoey ere | 4a 1 aoc] LSI | $67,836.96 | $67,806.19 $30.7 
{July 31, 1876 19 115 Ll lq que 4x4 44 
/|Aug. 15, 1876 19 167 1 ip38! ‘ 14: 550. 00 TS 5000) pees 
we do.......| 19} 187 1 isi7 10,000.00) 10,000.00 |____--..-. 
Leo lo WNRS eee 9 67 ey e = 
(rat5isaz| 181 35 | 1 |f1sr7| 85,000.00 | 80,000.00 | 5,000.00 
‘Aug. 15,1876 | 19| 167} 1| 1877 2,000, 00 25000500) |aeaee 
reas! do_.-.-.-| 19} 167} 1|1877| 2,000.00 2000500) eae ee 
ie do... 19h 16% | 1 187% , 7 000500 800. 00 200. 00 
see oseees Ory. 187) hte | 8% 1,300. 00 1, 800! 002). sha ee 
iRy, dons same! 19.) 167) 1.) 1877 |) *10;000;,00 8,800.00 | 1,200.00 
os doen 10 eee) mele lei 4.000. 00 3,950. 00 50.00 
ps Re ayo Se [| EERO oe (eee 194,686.96 | 188,206.19 | 6,480.77 
Mar. 3,1877| 19| 317| 1{|1878| 65,640.00] 65,640.00 |__-.-.-_.. 
ade dos) | 9st © 31%) L fas7s)' lf 15; 000 00")! > 15; Gon ODE esceees 
whey fae. 19 ai 1 } 3878 75 000.00 | 74,579.38 420. 67 
Ne2do-1.2} £19} 360| 1 | }1878 | 10,500.00 | 10,500.00 |... 
pente dope se) 19)| aesly.| =~ alil1s78 1,500. 00 16 500.001 0= = or 
bes dose 198) Bi72| et 1s78 4,500. 00 APR O0! OOM eae eee ee 
hae (iS) ecm ash saalegal lope ate (akeyes 1,000. 00 1: 000: 00'\| saeaeuaune 
id Sid Opeeteae 19\| 317 | “1 | 1878 1,000.00 1:000!00:)2 Stasi 
Ware Loe | 0) S178 eet 187s 8.000. 00 8,000. 00 He 
aoe ea lee Site = ih a 1371 4. 000.00 3,415.61 584.39 
Sra dos ee 19} 360] 1) 1878) 2,500.00 25500500: eae 
Dec. 15,1877] 20| 246| 4| 1878] 10,000.00} 10,000.00 |__......- 
Wis a teeta Meme ot en WE 198, 640.00 | 197,634.94 | 1,005.06 
| 
June 19,1878 | 20} 203|}~ 1|1879| 66,900.00} 66,900.00 |-----.---- 
was don ecole consti, i) 187 10,000.00} 10,000.00 |._..-.---- 
-.---do.....--| 20} 208} 1] 1879} 75,000.00 | 75,000.00 |.........- 
|\rune 19,1878 1 3 aller, kisi 13,500.00 | 13,500.00 |....-.---- 
ae Gee ral) ees ae) 1,000. 00 1000/00) ween 
ted dae sees | 620), ees [ety 4,000.00 4. O00: 00:22 ease 
fob do_....-.| 20} 204| 1 | 1879 1, 000. 00 15, 001001 | Sie eee 
palit do. 222s" 20)| 204) © 1) \/1879 1,500.00 1,500.00 |_..------- 
oe domme 20) nee Je 1-87 8,000. 00 3: 000500! [ences 
Fi dod seed 20) e0eie, Ih (879 4,000. 00 3,960. 00 40.00 
wad do.......| 20| 204] 1] 1879] 10,000.00) 10,000.00). --.-.---- 
NAS eee 20| 240]! 1/1879 10,000.00} 10,000.00 |._-....... 
Mar. iS: 1879 | 20} 392) 1/ 1879 1.500. 00 1,500. 00:|2.2. 228 
ED SES. It eee eel. sleet 206,400.00 | 206,360. 00 40.00 
June 21,1879 | 21 23} 1/1880] 66,900.00 | 66,900.00 |.....-.... 
rau doen e ace 23) 11880] 10,000.00 9, 982. 88 17.12 
paw do.......| 21| 23] 1|1880| 7,000.00) 75,000.00 |... .-..-- 
ahh. B OE en e210 eee) |e 18 880" 1132100500} 
Be he donee ale on 931 1 | 1880 1,000.00 
Bone doi-..-2:| 21) 28)! 1 | i880 4,000. 00 | 
aaa dota en 23} 1) 1880 1,000. 00 | 
ae doLtaee:|* ot 93| 1| 1880 1.500. 00 
“idoniae: 21 231 1 | 1880 8, 000. 00 
Las do_......| 21! 231 1/1 1880 4.000. 00 | 


DEPARTMENTAL 


REPORTS. 


Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc.—Continued. 


Reference to 


Date of ap- Statutesat |§ Fis-| Amount Amount 
Object. propriation Large. | cal appro- a ee unex- 
act. } ; year.| priated. ISP arEoes pended. 
Vol.| Page. | Sec. | 
| 
1880. 
Investigating the _his- | 

tory and habits of in- | | 

GECTSM a eee eee June 21,1879 | 21 29! 11 1880) $5,000.00 $5;,000500)|= aes aaeee 
Investigating diseases of 

domestic animals -----_|____- doe es |eaek 30 1 | 1880 10, 000. 00 8, 872.84 | $1,121.16 

Totals 1880-222 ae eee | en Oe see ee Se al 199,500.00 | 198,361.72 | 1,188.28 
1881. 
Paries Eieee Aopen aes Sune 16,1880 | 21 292 1 | 1881 | 69,200.00 69, 185. 22 14.78 
urchase an istribuas |e -dos-=- 21 294 1 j\ ' ey TIGA 

aor eee ee {itay Sissi) Bt | es] 4 p188b| 102,160.31 | 102,157.48 | 2.83 
Collecting agricultural | 

Statistics. oae---- 2-3} duned6 1880) 21 |) 2293 1 | 1881 10, 000. 00 9, 985. 60 14.40 
Experimental gardens 

angler ound sae ae dona | 21 294 1 | 1881 12, 600. 00 122001000 Sees 
Muse soe sos oe SOE ae dors 21 294 1/1881) = 1,000.00 1000! 0012 Seems 
Furniture, cases, and re- | | 

Dales ssa eee sees ee Cho eeecee||, eal 294 1 | 1881 5, 000. 00 5; 000500! | 2252 aeeeee 
Pb raiys ane e e oe Goes == 21 294 1 | 1881 1, 000. 00 000! 00 42 eae 
laboratory, 2 eeee dose 21 295 1 | 1881 4, 000. 00 4°000 0072 Saas 
Contingent expenses ----.|----- Go<hs= 21 295 1 | 1881 10, 000. OU 9, 769.17 230. 83 
IPostaze eas ene cee do 22.222 21 295 1 | 188] 4,000. 00 3, 838. 00 162.00 
Report on forestry ------|----- donbss= al 296 1 | 1881 5, 000. 00 3, 762.51 | 1,287.49 
Investigating the his- 

tory and habits of in- } 

Secises wee eo eee paeee 2 doze 21] 294 1 | 1881 5, 000. 00 4,997.31 | 2.69 
Investigating the dis- | 

eases of domestic ani- | | 

ANAS So er ices Pe pee e eS doze lel e295 1} 1851 |} 10,C00.00 LOS 0005 0072222 ee 
Examination of fibers __- Bones a4 |e 295 1/1881} 4,000.00 £0003 00s ee 
Experiments in_ the | 

manufacture of sugar ~ --__-- (Voy s Se | 21 285 1 | 1881 | 7,500. 00 1000: 000 Sees ee 
Collecting data touching } 

arid regions of the 

Wnited States <-=:-- = =|=--—= Ores == 21 295 1 | 1881 5, 000. 00 460.00 | 4,540.00 
Reclamation of arid lands ----- doe 21 295 | 1 | 1881 20, 000. 00 18,353.55 |a@1, 646. 45 

| 
Total esis: 3s | ae eee eee Al Seat S825 | Sesese 275,460.31 | 267,608.84 | 7,851.47 
1882. 
Salaries! 082 2a ee Mar. 3,1881 | 21] 381 1 | 1882 79, 500. 00 79, 491. 81 8.19 
Collecting agricultural 

BEAtIStieS teeta Sees es doeeee ) BAL 382 1 | 1882 10, 000. 00 105000007) 222s eee 
Laboratory Ene aa ee fe SS Be Bt 382 : eee 6, 000. 00 5,811.85 188. 15 

urchase an ISbr URW en O Orr este 382 | ' ‘ ~ ~ 

tion of seeds, etc .__..-- pair: 16,682 | 22 || |) ah | ca [Ee | EO OOO se 8.47 
Experiments in the cul- 

ture, etc., of tea_-.----. Mar. 3,1881 | 21 383 1 | 1882 10, 000. 00 8,750.87 | 1,249.18 

. 3 | ° ten 
aa pee GeUE |} eeeio eae sah eee | oe 1882 15,000.00 | 14,968.25 31. 75 
Mrrseum £ ies es e< Se eee Pee donee 21 383 1 | 1882 1,000. 00 1 O00S00y| Seen 
Furniture, cases, and re- 

PAINS) bots Sos een Fee | ee doyteeate 21 383 1 | 1882 4, 000. 00 4 000;005| Sess seee 
DAibrary Soo sscses eee aes do. ls2---- 21 383 1 | 1882 1, 000. 00 973. 85 26.15 
Investigating the his- 

tory and habits of in- 

SCCUS 22 PGS eae eee eeeee Gosses222 21 383 1 | 1882 20, 000. 00 19, 998. 94 1.06 
Examination of fibers ---!----- does 21 384 1 | 1882 5, 000. 00 5 O00! 00s) Seen ee eos 
Investigating the dis- 

eases of domestic ani- 

Malis): 53 3a ee ee do 21 384 1! 1882 25, 000. 00 22,443.89 | 2,556.11 
Collecting data touching 

thearid regions of the 

Unitedi States 2-5 -24-—|-==- do 3222 3. 21 384 1 | 1882 5, 000. 00 4,216.55 783. 45 
Reclamation of arid 

lands, including an un- 

expended balance of 

$1,646.45 from fiscal 

year 1881- ¢- Se dolaa-s- 21 384 1 | 1882 11, 646. 45 11,561.19 b85. 26 
Report on forestry -~-----|----- dose. 21 384 1 | 1882 5, 000. 00 4,941. 00 59.00 
‘Postage... 2.2203 a do) 222222. 21 384 1 | 1882 4, 000. 00 4:000:00'}|2 e222 se 
Contingent expenses ----|----- dos) 21 384 1 | 1882 10, 000. 00 1 OXG00[008| See 
Building for display of 

agricultural imple- 

ments js 4322s eae alee se CoOeEeeeeall pe! 585 1 } 1882 10, 000. 00 10, 000. 00 pixels 


«a Unexpended balance of $1,646.45 carried to fiscal year 1882. 
b Unexpended balance of $85.26 carried to fiscal year 1883. 


DIVISION OF 


ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 


951 


Appropriations, disbursements, and uneapended balances, ete.—Continued. 


Object. 


1882. 
Experimentsin the man- 
ufacture of sugar, in 
eluding $864.60 from 
sale of molasses, etc ---- 
Transportation of speci- 
mens from Atlanta --_-- 


otal Assees eee 
1883. 
Salaries». =a) ae ae 


Collecting agricultural 
Sfatistics.-52-22-" 22-5. 
Laboratory 
Purchase and distribu- 
tion of seeds, ete 
Experiments in the cul- 
ture, etc., of tea 
Experimental gardens 
and grounds 


Museum) 2 ee 


Furniture, cases, and re- 


Investigating the his- 
tory and habits of in- 
sects.---- eth ees 

Examination of fibers --- 

Investigating the dis- 
eases of domestic ani- 
MalSiso- se ocsete tee eee 

Reclamation of arid 
lands, including an un- 
expended balance of 
$85.26 from fiscal year 
1882 - .--. 

Report on forestry 

Postage --.--- 

Contingent expenses ---- 

Experiments intheman 
ufacture of sugar, in- 
cluding an unexpend- 
ed balance of $3,530.85 
from fiscal year 1882 - -- 

Erection of building for 
Seed Division 

Report on the Angora 
goat 


Total, 1883 


1884. 
Salaries!) 52 -ees ee 
Collecting agricultural 
statistics 
Laboratory, and for ex- 
periments in the man- 
ufacture of sugar, in- 
eluding $842.18 from 


the sale of sirup, etc-_--}. 


Purchase and distribu- 
tion of seeds, etc- ---.-- 


Experimental gardens 
ang crounds)22---— -- 
Museum 32255 e2 eetee 
Furniture, cases, and 
TODAS = =a es 
Tibratyi--2 eee ere 


Investigating the _his- 
tory and habits of in- 
S@CCUSS! = a5- = ee as ees 

Reclamation _ of 
lands, including an un- 
expended balance of 
$7,656.13 from fiscal 
year IS8sisee i 22s =e aes 


a Unexpended balance of $3,530.85 carried to fiscal year 1883. 
b Unexpended balance of $7,656.13 carried to fiscal year 1884. 


Reference to : | . 
Date of ap- Statutes at | Fis-| Amount Amount 
propriation, Large. cal appro- aes unex- 
act. year.| priated. ‘ *| pended 
Vol.| Page. | Sec. 
Mar. 3,1881| 21| 384 1882 | $35,864.60 | $32,338.75 |a$3,530.85 
Feb. 13,1882 | 22 3 1882} 5,000.00! 4,998.91 1.09 
th eat |__.|.......|....|......] 368,011.05 | 354,482.39 | 8,528. 66 
May 19,1882} 22] 89 1883 | 102,580.00 | 102,575.49 4.51 
Se do.......| 22] 90 1883 | 80,000.00} 7,170.80 | 1,829.20 
ieee do.......| 2 40 1883 | 6,000.00 | 6,000.00 |.....-.--. 
| tee dows 2} 90 1883 | 80,000.00 | 80,000.60 |.....---.- 
Sate do......-| 22 91| 1] 1883! 5,000.00} 3,905.66 | 1,094.34 
oo 
Vado! (33) |} |}1ss3| 15,500.00} 15,471.82} 28.18 
Fes doteune BY Ugh Ver tises 1,000.00 1 000306: |. ener 
| 
feed 2k | 22> 919) ..1 | 1883 |. 6, 700.00;}" 18, 700,00!) == eae ee 
NEOs Ce pe » Hii heats] Se3 1,500.00 1, 485.32 14.68 
WE oe dO ces eal poe 91| 1] 1883} 20,000.00) 19,997.75 2.25 
eS do.-.-...; | 91] 1 1883 10,000.00 7,961.94 | 2,038.06 
pdare do.-.....| 22] 9 1883 | 25,000.00 | 21,584.28 | 3,415.72 
we pte ees! Roe 2| 1/1883] 20,085.26 | 12,429.13 | b7,656.13 
oe) do_......| 22] 92{ 1 1883] 10,000.00} 8.731 99| 1,268.01 
mas do.__....| 22| 92] 1/1883] 4,000.00] 3,977.49 22.51 
ee do.__....| 22} 92] 1] 1883] 15,000.00| 14,920.74 79. 26 
ee do......-.| 22] 92 1883 | 28,530.85 | 28, 529.31 1.54 
Aug. 7,1882| 22] 306 1883 | 25,000.00} 25,000.00 |.....--... 
pl ty do.......| 22| 387 1883 500. 00 Bt eee ee 
Dae es bale er oe a ae 456,396.11 | 438,941 72 | 17,454.39 
| ee SSS SSS = 
Jan. 20,1883 | 22] 408 1ss4| 127,640.00 | 127,639 87 13 
rae do.......| 22] 410 1884 | 80,000.00! 79,770.86} 229.14 
_...do.......| 22] 410] 1] 1884] 16,842.18] 16,829.26 12. 92 
eae do.......| 22] 410/ 1] 1884] 75,000.00) 74,986. 48 13.52 
\do....-155| ftp] 7 |fset] 15,500.00) 15,448.87) 51.13 
fs do.......| 22| 409]. 1] 1884 1,000. 00 993 51 6.49 
|.....do.......| 22] 410] 1] 1884] 6,000.00| 5,998.82 1.18 
(oe dos ce al 222) | Sa Rss. 1,500. 00 1,439. 86 60.14 
it dos sie 22| 409| 1) te ogee ee 
Kag. i186 | 34} 973 | 1 (p'88t| 20,002.82] 20,002.82 |... 
| gan. 20,1883] 22| 411! 11 188¢! 17,656.13] 16,164.68! 1,491.45 


252 


DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc.—Continued. 


Ere vg 
Date of ap- atutes a Fis- | Amount Amount 
Object. propriation Large. cal appro- aa unex- 
act. year.; priated * | pended. 
Vol.| Page. | Sec. | 
1884. 
Investigating the dis- 

eases of domestic ani- | 

VS = Boe ss ae ee Jan. 20,1883 | 22 411 1 | 1884 | $25,000.00 | $24,011.85 $988. 15 
Report on forestry ------ BEES oersn wee. 411 1 1884 10, 000. 00 9, 998. 30 1.70 
IROStag OL eer ees ees dow ee 22 411 1 | 1884 4,000. 00 3, 841.48 158. 52 
Contingent expenses ---_-|----- dof ss 22 411 1 | 1884 14, 000. 00 18, 991.43 8.57 
Building of greenhouse-.|----- doles 22 631 1 | 1884 2,500. 00 250003003 pee 

Totals 8822 ce ee = pees > eee a eee eee a 416,641.13 | 413,618.09 | 3,023. 
1885. 
Salaries) see sce eee June 5,1884 | 23 36 1 | 1885 | 187,590.00 | 187,557.80 32.20 
Collecting agricultural | 

Statishiesye tee ee |eeaee (Sloe eaesee | 23 38 1 1885 100,000.00 99. 986.59 13.41 
Bureau of Animal In- 

Gusityss ee eee ee May 29, 1884 | 23 31 1 | 1885 | 150,000.00 56, 807.73 |b 93,192.27 
Purchase and distribu- 

tion of seeds, ete_------| June 5,1884 | 23 38 1 | 1885 | 100,000.00 99, 983. 82 16.18 
Laboratory, and for ex- 

periments in the man- ; 

ufacture of sugar .-.-.-|--.-- Goes 23 38 1 | 1885 50, 000. 00 49,996. 70 3.30 
Investigating the his- - 

tory and habits of in- 

BCCiS 2s eee eee eae G0e eee 23 BT 1 | 1885 20, 000. 00. 19, 986. £3 13.17 
Siikveultateces2 ee ese eeleeee doseaae 23 39 1 | 1885 15, 000. 00 14, 916. 23 83. 77 
Contingent expenses ----| do ass 23 39 1 | 1885 15, 000. 00 14, 862. 20 137.80 
Bepont on forestty, Pee aes do Bee =e 4 : oe 10, 000. 00 9, 987.36 12. 64 

xXperimental gardens |f_.-.do----...- 2 7 x ” 5 P 7 Onur 

and STOuUNnGS)-5-— epee \\Oct. 19,1888 | 25 581 1 j1885 17, 840.25 17,513. 67 326.58 
Furniture, cases, and 

TEPAllS eae ee one se eel une: 9, 165449 125 38 1 | 1885 6,000. 00 5, 947.27 52.7 
(ROSbA SOM cee areas eee eee do. = 23 39 1 | 1885 4, 000. 00 3, 956. 98 43.02 
Experiments in the cul- | 

ture, etc., of tea --_----- See Vo ene res 39 1 | 1885 3, 000. 00 2, 998. 90 1.10 
Shibratys eee ease ee ees |oeees Oe eel ae 39 1 | 1885 1,500. 00 1, 403. 63 96. 37 
IMI Se@ GIN ae eer et ens Os. 23 re 1 | 1885 1,000. 00 1000500552 eee 
Quarantine stations -----| June 7,1884 | 28 207 1 | 1885 25, 000. 00 22,029.18 | c2, 970. 82 

Total al S8beee=,s25pee A ban eee a eee ey |e dell ee Bp 3 hae a. 655, 930.25 | 558, 934.89 | 96,995.36 
1886. | rae 
Salaries —-_._- hs Sera ee Mar. 3,1885 | 23] 353 1} 1886 | 187,590.00 | 137,337.42 252.58 
Collecting agricultural | 

statistics 228 eel ee do 23 355 1 | 1886 75, 000. 00 68,723.06 | 6,276.94 
Bureau of Animal In- 

dustry, including an | 

unexpended balance | | | 

of $93,192.27 from fis- | : 

calpyearinSeaeee- 8: Sees see d= 23 | 355 1 | 1886 193, 192. 27 58, 261.05 184, 931. 22 
Quarantine stations, in- | | 

cluding an unexpend- 

ed balance of $2,970.82 

from fisval year 1885 ---}----- Gow ee 23 356 1 | 1886 32, 970. 82 18, 958.57 | 14,012.25 
Purchase and distribu- } 

tion of seeds, etc. -..-.-}- PEG Oe == | -23|)_ 354 | 1 | 1886 | 100,000.00 99, 980. 24 19.76 
Laboratory, and for ex- | 

periments in the man- | | 

ufacture of sugar.----- {eee dopa 23 dot 1 | 1886 40,000.00 | 39, 942. 11 57.89 
Investigating the his- | 

tory and habits of in- 

SOCUSk22 ae se ere Eee eee Go. es me 354 1 | 1886 25, 000. 00 24, 976. 46 23. 54. 
Silk culture..........---- ee 10, 1888" 33 | Sar | 7 886 | 15,012.00 | 15,008.50 3.50 
Contingent expenses ----| Mar. 3,1885 | 23 306 1 | 1886 15, 000. 00 14, 937. 62 62. 38 
Report on forestry ------ ees Be ee A 8 aoe i 1886 10, 000. 00 9, 836. 83 163.17 

Js (Sedo. aee.- z 5 
Experimental gardens ang. 4/1886 | 24| 273| 1 |11886| 17,208.18] 17,024.88) 183.25 

ENON AOA TS) a Ss \\Oct. 19,1888 | 25 | 581] 1 
Furniture, cases, and | 

TOpairs'=¢22.e see eee | Mar. 38,1885 | 2 354 1 | 1886 7,500. 00 7, 423.59 76.41 
Postage Fie aae Saae aettoe 23 356 1 | 1886 4,000.00 2,556.20 | 1,443.80 
Experiments in the cul- 

ture, etc:, Of tede sess eee Gceee=-=| cco 356 1 | 1886 3, 000. 00 1,813.67 | 1,186.33 
Wsibranry. 22o2.5 sao eee lee doses 23 355 1 | 1886 1,500. 00 1, 417.03 82.97 
Museum ©2222. oes ee eee dose 2 23 B54 1 | 1886 1, 000. 00 998. 88 1.2 

Totals 1886-2 sso eee as [aoe ak soecee | tne =| ee Ne O77 978: 22) IOI oS aie Le 


a Including deficiency appropriation. 
b Unexpended balance of $93,192.27 carried to fiscal year 1886. 
c Unexpended balance of $2,970.82 carried to fiscal year 1886. 


1 


DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 


253 


Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpeiided balances, etc.—Continued. 


reas ta 
; Date of ap- alutes a Fis- | Amount Amount 
Object. propriation Large. cal | appro- dees unex- 
act. year.| priated. | @SPUrsed. | ) ended. 
Vol.| Page. | Sec. | 

1887. } 
SCALE aile\s We ae eee Seer. June 30,1886 | 24 100 1 | 1887 | $142, 890.00 | $141,420.68 ] $1,469.32 

Collecting agricultural 

Statistics Joes) ae eee do2s-2-5- 24 103 1 | 1887 | 65,000.00 | 64, 955. 14 44.86 
Bureau of Animal In- 

dustry... wee AS. [st son tate 24| 103| 1/1887 | 100,000.00) 99,985.56 | 14. 44 
Quarantine stations ___..|_....do_._...- 24 103 1 | 1887 | 30, 000. G0 10, 639.44 | 19,360.56 
Purchase and distribu- 

tion of seeds, etc. ---._.]-...- dope==s 24 102 1 1887 | 100,000.00 99, 998. 37 1.63 
Maporator yas sass ee eee (5 Koy eS a4 101 1 1887 6, 000. 00 4,570.86 | 1,429.14 
Experiments inthe man- 

ufacture of sugar, in- H 

cluding $1,891 from 

Sales 24222 - ee e eew M0) 5553-28 24 101} 1 | 1887} 95,861.00 95, 853. 14 37.86 
Investigating the _ his- da 24 101! 1 } | | 

tory and habits of in- Oct. 19, “1888'| 25 592 1 | 1887 15,096.25 | 15,088.05 8.20 

SOCtS)). Hc e~ Sian ee ra x 
Silk culture, including Sall ISyinl 

S848] from sale of \foct. to tsee | 35| der | + |yis87 | 15,939.56 | 15,989.56 |_.-__-._- 

TA: SU: oe ee eae ee a | | 
Contingent expenses ---- / June 30, 1886 | 24| 104] 1 | 1887 15, 000. 00 14, 936. 83 63.17 
Report on forestry ------|----- dos 24 103 1 | 1887 | 8, 000. 00 7, 953. 50 46.50 
Experimental gardens } 

and: oTroundsS = -— = | aaa dons = 24 102 1 | 1887 23, 200. 00 22, 202.15 997. 85 
Furniture, cases, and re- 

Dairies es os Goes sess 24 103 1 7 8, 125. 00 8, 092. 11 32.89 
POStAEO iL aoe ees eee 2 eee dot 24 104 1 | 1887 4, 000. 00 3,500. 00 500. 00 
Experiments in the cul- | 

tune, ete;. Of teacs=29-.= pease Gores 24 104 1 | 7 2,000. 00 1, (53. 7 246. 22 
Pomologicalinformation |----- do. path ppt 100 1 | 1887 | 3, 000. 00 2, 993. 20 6.80 
iuibratny.. 2 2) Sees Se eee GOs eed 103 1 7 | 1,500. 00 1, 428.65 71.35 
Botanical investigations _| Bee Gos sae. | ed 100 1 | 1887 5, 000. 00 4, 988. 12 11.88 
IMIS@ UN ooo so ee aes es eee donee 24 $02} 1) 1887 1, 000. 00 998, 88 1.12 
Ornithology and mam- | 

malogy ----. --- eae domss-=oe 24 101 1 | 1887 10, 000. 00 9, 999. 98 -02 
Reclamation ofaridlands _._..do_____.- 24! 108) 1) 1887 000! 00) | sees ee 5, 000. 00 
Adulteration of food .--. ----- don seine. 24 100} 1 1887 1,000. 00 989. 14 10. 86 

| | ——— 
Total) 1887 oe aces 2 | eens erates |e eae oe sees eee |~-----|@657, 641.81 | 628,287.14 | 29,354. 67 
= 
1888. 
Salaries. 24.4 eee | Mar. 3,1887 | 24 495 1/1888 | 161,490.00 | 158,220.87 | 3,269.18 
Collecting agricultural 

Statistics|=- =e Kena do 24 498 1 | 1888 65, 000. 00 64, 965. 33 34. 67 
Bureau of Animal Indus- | | 

try, including $100,000 

immediately available | -...do-._...- 24} 499} 1] 1888] 500,000.00 | 499,975.32 | 24.68 
Quarantine stations _-.__-_|----- clo ees 24 499 1 | 1888 20, 000. 00. 9,538.75 | 10, 461. 25 
Purchase and distribu- 

tion of seeds, etc. ----_.|----- domeserceil| (4: 498 1/1888 | 103,000.00 102,587.55 412.45 
Laboratory ee doses: 24. 497 1 | 1888 6, 000. 00 5, 969. 89 30.11 
Experimentsin the man- | 

ufacture of sugar .-__-__|.---- dope seee 24 497 1 | 1888 50,000 00 | 49,997.45 2.57 
Experimentsin the man- 7 

ufacture of sugar (de- |;Oct. 19,1888 | 25 | 582) 1 4709 8, 000. 00 7, 927.50 72.50 

ficiency). = 1888 
Investigating the history | fe 

and habits of insects.-.) Mar. 3,1887 | 24 497 1 | 1888 20; 000:.00)1)" 20; C00; 00) |=== 2225 =e 
Silk culture, including | 

$1,989.06 from sale of 

Taw sillc 2e.- eee | oe | domes 24| 497] 1 | 1888] 16,989.06 | 16,989.02 | - 04 
Contingent expenses -___|----- done 24. 499 1 | 1888 15, 000. 00 14, 825. 57 174. 43 
Report on forestry -----.|----- Coane 24 499 1 | 1888 8, 000. 00 7,996.10 | 3.90 
Experimental gardens 

and. Sround Sse es eee doeeae 24) 497] 1 | 1888 24, 800. 00 24, 706. 86 93. 14 

‘Furniture, cases, and re- | 

oF 1h d= eee, eae ie | ee GOtsiee=: 24 498 1 | 1888 7,000. 00 6, 982. 88 | 17.12 
Postage: 2 2. -s2esh2525-2= [oes do s-2e2 24 499 1 | 1888 4,000. 00 3,000.00 | 1,600.00 
Pom ological information |____- dors 42. 24 497 1 | 1888 3, 000. 00 2,971. 69 28.31 
Library jos2— 32> es | ee 20 Oss one 24 499 1 | 1888 2,000. 00 1, 983. 7 16. 22 
Botanical investigations | ---.-- do =es 24 496 1 | 1888 7,000.00 6, 997. 28 2.72 
Museum. = 922 5-2-2 o-2<-5 | Seeee doa iae: 24 497 1 | 1888 1, 000. 00 947.41 52.59 
Ornithology and mam- 

IMAL OL Yee n eee ee eee doses. | 24 497 1 | 1888 3, 940. 00 3, 869. 23 70.77 
Adulter: pied of food. ---- apa doles 24 | 497 | 1] 1888 1, 000. 00 830. 16 169. 84 

j 
Total, 1888". = =a ee eee ee oe ----{1,027,219. 06 |1, 011, 282.62 | 15, 936. 44 


254 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc.—Continued. 


pererence to 
Date of ap- tatutesat | Fis-| Amount Amount 
Object. propriation Large. cal appro- ae unex- 
act. a ae 2 year.| priated. = * | pended. 
ol.| Page. | Sec. 
1889. = ; | 
- July 18,1888 | 25 328 1\\ ear a9 | e189 19 % 29 WAN 
‘ah Malar, (Mae, 21889 | 25) 923 1 y1889 $171, 890. 32 | $169, 152.51 | $2, 737.81 
Statistics 222 55seon- seks July 18,1888 | 25 332 1 | 1889 70, 000. 00 69, 162. 45 837.55 
22080) investigations; ---do ------- 25| 330} 1 cee 35,000.00 | 22,076.75 |a12,928. 25 
nvestigating the history |{--..do--____. 25 331 1 P 
and habits of insects-- -|\Sept. 30,1890 | 26 a 1 |is89 20,131.64 | 20,181. 64 |---.--...- 
uly 18,1888 | 25 | 332 1 
Ornithology and mam- ae 2,1889 | 25 838 1 . canoe Se SSS hve 
in alOpiy eee ee |Sept. 30, 1890 26 525 1 | 1889 5, 025. 90 5, 022. 06 3. 84 
- ar. 3,1891 26} 880 1 | 
| OF | | | 
Pomological information July 18,1888 | 53 333| ] (bss 4,024.48 | 4,020.32 4.16 
Microscopical investiga- | 
GlONS af ae see ee ee ale 2 GO chee 25 330 1 | 1889 1, 000. 00 999. 87 13 
Laboratory -.....-------- (iaeal°s isag'| 32 | 387 | 1 [$1889] 11,000.00 | 9,994.25 | 1,005. 75 
Forestry investigations _ July 18,1888 | 25 | 333 1 | 1889 8,000. 00 | 7,999. 03 = 9% 
Purchase and distribu- | | | 
=e of seeds ee do'<-F=--- | 20 3o2 1} 1889 | 104,200.00 | 104,168.73 31.27 
xperimental gardens | 
wes gTrounds= se soe | a ue eee 25 || 322 1 | 1889 | — 26,640.00 26, 639. 83 ine 
SOU Mc eee se ee ae Pee oa 23:| 332 1 | 1889 | 1, 000. 00 891. 25 3. 75 
Furniture, cases, and re- | 
[OPPURS\ Selo e S5e8o5 sees as oes (OKO) ee 25 333 1 | 1889 7,350. 00 7, 236. 74 1!3.26 
Tibrany sl sso ee hes |e AO) ee 1 ele #8333 1 | 1889 2) , 000. 00 1, 956. 34 43. 66 
OStAG OES oe ee oes poate do ees 25 333 | 1 | 1889 £000. 00 A; 000500: | 2: 26 e-2e 
- 25) 333 | 50Q | x ~ o« ~ 
en ae = {stax Oe isdL | oe | cen | 4 yi880| 15,010:00) N= tejoag.22 78 
ce Oo xperimen | 
tations pees eees ea UL yo. 1888ul) e25 334 1/1889 10,000.00 | 9,033. 77 | 966. 23 
Experimentsinthe man- | | 
ufacture of sugar. ..---|..-__do____-.. [25 333 1} 1889 | 100,000.00 41,635.24 |b58, 364. 76 
Buremof Animal Ind Bh ee do- | 20| ddd 1 | 1889 | 15,000. 00 11, 628.39 | 3,371.61 
ureauof AnimalIndus- | | | | 
z Ie SPeertr eee ace es doesee eel re 333 1 | 1889 | 500,000.00 | 479,623.57 | 20,376.43 
ilk culture, including | 
$708.2€ from sale of raw 
IE? oo BO ua tent Oo degree 25| 331 | 1 | 1889 | 23,208.26 | 28,208.2t |.-.....-.- 
Mo tall Leag se creeywleepten 4 Meee le eae Fee aah ee 1,134,480.60 1, 033,590.22 100, 890. 38 
1890. | | | 
Salaries) Woes ee | Mar. 2,1889} 25 | 8385] 11] 1890] 178,580.00} 175,547.04 | 3,082.96 
Collecting agricultural | 
Statistics == os ee Ese doce Ban. 25) 839 | 1] 1890) = 75,000.00 74, 327.51 | 672.49 
Botanical investigations, | | 
including an unex 46 25 836 | 1 | 
y ae ---- ~------ o~ Oe | to y-4 ind . 
PE OEAeS. EPO fiscon |[Omly 281882 | 27 F208 | |p (U8A0 | 28, OR. AS ee 
year SSO ee eee | | | 
Investigating the his- | 
tory and habits of in- | | | 
Onis a oar aaie eee anes 2,1889 | 25] 837 1 | 1890 | 20,000.00 | 19, 892. 72 107. 28 
rnithology and mam- |f-__- : 25 838 er ~ P | : 
malogtys ss sss eee ---- July 14,1890 | 26 | 285 1 | 1890 “000. 00 6, 994. 16 5. 84 
2, OF 427 | 
Pomologicalinformation Mor. 5 ee oe | a ; |1890 4,304. 79 | 4,304.79 Renee 
Microscopical investiga- fMar. 2) 1889 | 25| 837 Leh 29 En | sy a | 
{pr eecopcal MUvesuE =| Eee es ive | 2p) aa) 1 p18 1,082.30 | 1,082.50 ans 
Laboratory ..2.--<.+.1= | Mar. 2,1889 | 25-) 887 1 | 1890 6,000.00 | 5,461.99 538.01 
arose, Say GoiieaOne | sone do. eee P25 O40 1 | 1890 8,000. 00 | 7, 999. 96 | O04 
urchase an istribu- | | 
tion of seeds... .-.-.. ales: Bort bet: | 25/ 839| 1/1890] 104,200.00 | 104,174.55 25.45 
xperimental gardens 
Mone crounds nes eae ee Be 838 |} 1 | 1890 26, 640.00 26, 478. 45 } 161.55 
25 838 8¢ b 3. .6 
Furniture, casesandre {do | 33| 88] 1fiso| o'as000|  9,2508/ as or 
(DALES (os epee ee eens PAcp reed T8008) 126) | 2 elles Se OO Ay pa erey el : 
Iuibrary, =). ea eee Mar. 2,1889 | 25 839 1 | 1890 2,000. 00 1, 738. 28 261. 72 
Postage fees er ae (eae ck -| 2] 840 1 | 1890 4, 000. 00 A; 000! 00 sesso n 
=o at Cord see 25 840 1 |\4 007 ‘ . 
ina a eee “ee Apr. 4,1890 | 26 42 1 1890 | 20,000.00 | 19, 965. 32 34. 68 
ce o xperimen 
Stations? 22ers | Mar. 2,1889 | 25! 840! 11-1890! 15,000:00! 14,991.69 | 8.31 


a Unexpended balance of $12,923.25 carried to fiscal year 1890. 
b Unexpended balance of $58,364.76 carried to fiscal year 1890. 
c¢ Including deficiency appropriation. 


DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 


255 


Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc.—Continued. 


: Date of ap- | 
Object. propriation | 
act. } 
1890. 
Experiments in the man- 
ufacture of sugar, in- 
cluding an  unex- 
pended balance of 
$58,364.76 from fiscal | 
year 1889._.__.__.__.....| Mar. 2,1889 | 
Quarantine stations_____|_____ dom s=-- 
Bureau of Animal Indus- ' 
BEY 2235655, ce ane tees eal oe see dorr=s 
Silk culture, including 
$1,627.81 from sale of 
DAW Sil kz See as So. Be eee 
Artesian wells -._...-....| Apr. a 1890 
otal, 1890 53-22 S| ee eee 
1891. 
Salaries\ <9 <a. ee July 14,1890 | 
Collecting agricultural | | 
statistics) ess eee do _- é 
Botanical investigations. |____- dose: 
Investigating the his- van 
ag, onl eta oa ae 
Ornithology and mam- een 14,1890 | 
malogy -...--..---.-----|\July 28.1892 
Pomological information July 14,1890 
Microscopical investiga- 
tIOHS eee ee ees eae doe 
Vegetable pathology .._-|____- Gomt sae 
baboratorye. 222 22 eee (SVawpherts2 4s 
Forestry investigations_|.....do______- 
Illustrations and engray- 
ings soo) so. SAS eee eee Gores 
Purchase and distribu- 
tion of seeds == = sen aes dora 
Document and folding 
room. 3-2-5. See dos == 
Experimental gardens 
and sroundss- >=. ee ee dOne2 
Museum - 227222 edor are 
Furniture, cases, and re- |f.__.do_- 
pairs-----2.} 2-228 Mar. 3, 1891 
Library; s- se July 14, 1890 
Postage; 5: = 222 2 ss7 eee do-_- 
Contingent expenses ----j----- doz 
Office of Experiment | 
Stations <=-2 25 22-2 =| doe ee: 
Experimentsin: the man- 1G Sdon= 
ufacture of sugar -----. Mar. 3, 1891 
Irrigationinvestigations Sept.30, 1890 
Quarantine stations --_-- 


Bureau of Animal Indus- 

try 4 including an unex- 
pended balance of 
e188, 974.69 from fiscal 
year 1890_-_- 


Silk culture, including 
a from sale of raw 
sil 


1892. 
Salaricsl oe ee 
Collecting agricultural 
statistics -- 


Botanical investigations. 


Investigating the his- 
tory and habits of in- 
S@CUS =. 2520 


Ornithology and mam- 
malogy 
Pomological information | 


July 14, 1890 


July 14,1890 | 


er 23, 1894 


Mar. 3,1891 | 


Reference to 


a Unexpended balance of $188,974.69 carried to fiscal year 1591. 
b Including deficiency appropriation. 


Statutesat | Fis-| Amount Amount 
Large. cal appro- Pimaccaes unex 
7 year.| priated. ‘| pended 
Vol.) Page. Sec. 
25| s40| 1| 1890! $83,364.76 | $83,064.14} $300.62 
25) 840} 1] 1890! 15,000.00 | 111266.24| 3,733.76 
25! 939! 1/1890 | 500,000.00 | 311,025.31 | 188,974.69 
251 837 | 1 | 1890 | 21,627.81 | 21,626.10 17 
26) 42) 1/1890 | 20,000.00 | 19, 652.17 347.83 
res Pubs hs __61,170,139.11 | _ 971,823.62 | 198,315.49 
| : — 
26 | 282 1 | 1891 | 248,902.85 | 239,923.29) 8,979.56 
26 284 1/1891 | 100,000.00) 85,126.44 | 14,873.56 
26 | 284} 1 | 1891 | 40,000.00 | 36,428.36 | 3,571.64 
| See 1 |}se.| 27,501.77 | 27,481.00 20.77 
| 3oa) 1 sot | 14,004.90 | 13,008.67 | 1,001.28 
26| 285|/ 1/1891! 5,000.00) 4,983 88 16.12 
26| 285| 1] 1891 | 5,000.00! 3,281.90 | 1,718.10 
26} 285] 1/1891 | 15,000.00 | 14,995.75 | 425 
26 | 286) 1 | 1891 | 20,200.00 | 19,985.27 AL 73 
26 | 286 | 1 | 1891 | 10,000.00 9,785.99 214.01 
26 286) 1) 1891 | 2,000.00 1,999.58 2B 
26 | 286 1/1891 | 105,400.00 | 105,090.94 309. 06 
26! 287} 1/1891! 2,000.00! 1,995.53 4. AT 
26 | 287) 1 1891 | 28,500.00 | 28,396.41 103.59 
26 | 287 | 1/1891 | 4,000.00 | 3,832.28 | 167.72 
2} 287| 1 k 
be lane Hina jis | 12,000.00 | 11,991. 01 8.99 
26) 287 | 1) 1891} 3,000.00] 2, 97,20 - 2.80 
26 | 287) 1/1891 | 5,000.00] 4,833°00 167.00 
26 287) 1/1891 | 20,000.00 | 18,097.13 | 1,902.87 
26-288; 1. 1891) 15,000.00) 14,984.48 | 15.52 
sl ee 
oe Fay | , isa 75,000.00 74,901.18 98. 82 
26 |. 525 | 1/1891) 40,000.00 | 39,926.67 73.33 
26/288) 1) 1891 | 15,000.00 | 13,586.72 1,413.28 
| j 
| BT] 1 1891 | 538,974.69 | 469,113.35 69,861.34 
| 
26 285 | 1 | 1891 | 20,565.00 | 19,536.33 1, 028. 67 
ey Es |---| ------|01,372.049.21 |1,266,277.36 | 105,771.85 
H | | = . 
26) 1045 | 1 | 1892 | 256,800.00 | 252,766.17 4,033.83 
26 | 1046 | 1 | 1892) 102,500.00 | 88,869.51 13,630.49 
Cal Mei aa ee we aye 
be | tan tied oe 40,246.40 | 40,246.40 |. ....-- 22. 
26| 1047 1 «1892 27,800.00 | 27,780.08 19.97 
26} 1047} 1| 1892! 15,000.00) 14,688.00 312. uu 
26 | 1047 1 | 1892 5, 000. 00 4, 985. 27 14.73 


256 


DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc.—Continued. 


Be ohenke te Z 
Date of ap- tatutesat | Fis-| Amount | a oynt |4mount 
Object. ropriation Large. eal appro- se AOU unex- 
3 e Cae year.) priated. disbursed. pended. 
Vol. |Page. | Sec. 
1892. 
Microscopical investiga- : d 

LOTS Se eee ee Mar. 3,1891 26 ae 1 | 1892 $2, 000. 00 $1, 251. 46 S748. 54 
Vegetable pathology ---- { nee 35 ear a 140 ‘ }isee 15,076.47! 15,076.47 |_________- 
Waboraboryaee eae Mar. = 1891 | 26] 1047 1 | 1892 19, 400. 00 9. 272. 59 27.41 
Fiber investigations __.__|____- Gos2-e2 26 i i 1892 10, 000. 00 8.017.44 | 1,982.56 

gh edt et “dole 26 | > eon Ba 
Forestry ieGatieationel ress 3.1893 | 27 660 1 \isee 15, 056. 85 153056250" | =- =e 
Illustrations and en- 

STAVINGSE = 2 eno eee Mar. 3,1891 | 26] 1048 1 | 1892 2,000. 00 1, 999. 85 15 
Purchase and distribu- 

tion ofiseeds i Ses |e Gos sae2! || P26 |'¥1048 1 | 1892 | 105,400.00} 104,920.35 479.65 
Purchase and distriba- 

tion of seed to drought 

SULETeES teen eee | ee dome cere 26 | 1048 7) 18927) 51505 000:005| 2s ==as samenns 150, 000. 00 
Document and folding 
prem ate hee a Bal eis dope=-= 26 Hits i 1892 2,000. 00 1, 996, 82 3.18 

xperimental gardens |f{__..do-_-----. 26 | | 92 p00 aS rey 2 

and eT OWS) 22a \\Mar. 3,1893 | 27 660 1 jusae 28, 622. 53 28, 536. 67 85. 86 
Museums = ene eee Mar. 3,1891 | 26) 1049 | 1 | 1892 4,000. 00 | 3, 909.17 90. 83 
Furniture, cases, and 

TEPAITS aero ee ee ee oye ese 26) 1049 1 | 1892 10, 000. 00 9, 996. 55 8.45 
[ai Dray oe eS eee See eee dons 26 | 1049 1 | 1892 3, 000. 00 2,807.75 192. 25 
IPGSta ee Sear eee nee Gorse 26| 1049] 1 | 1892 5, 000. 00 4,900. 00 100.00 
Contingent expenses ----|____- dors 26 | 1049 1 | 1892 25, 000. 00 24, 762. 32 237.68 
Office of Experiment 
peeations ie Se STS SAL eet) cle Goss 26 ae 1 | 1892 20, 000. 00 19, 989. 47 10.53 

xperiments in the man- doses 26 050 1 l\ye99 p K 

ufacture of sugar --_---- Aiea 18,1892) 27 ‘tlre |p1892 60, 000. 00 oy, goo 40.56 
Irrigation investigation _|_____ dossenese 26 | 1052 1 | 1892 10, 000. 00 8,433.57 | 1,566.43 
anreniine epauions Bee ee 3, 1891 | 26 awe 1 Reais 15, 000. 00 14, 983. 63 16.37 

ureau oO nimal in-s||fPee=doe se. 26 045 1 |Yyeq9 x 

USER Bes re \Mar. 18,1892 | 27 | 7 1 y1892 650,000 00 | 649, 980. 91 19.09 
Weather Bureau......._- | Mar. 3,1891 |} 26)| 1051 1 | 1892 | 889,753.50 | 861,840.83 | 27,912. 67 

Total, 1892 Sts es See eee BAe rer eae a2,478,655.75 |2 ei 027.52 1201, 628. 23 
1893. 

Salaries) wero eee eee July 5,1892| 27) 74) 1) 1893 | 256,800.00 | 253,896.30 | 2,903.70 
Collecting agricultural 

Statisbics: 2 oe ee ee | eee (ole aa 27 76 | 1 | 1893 | 110,000.00 95, 649.21 | 14,350.79 
Botanicalinvestigations | 

and experiments. --___-.|____- Gotan 27 | 76 1 | 1893 27, 500. 00 27,451.55 48.45 
Investigating the his- | | 

tory and habits of in- 

SOCUS S62 pa eee eo el eeeee doss ee 20 77 1 | 1893 } 7,800.00 | 17,290.80 599. 20 
Investigations in orni- | | 

thology and mammal- 

Of22\ (RSE ees Se te ee aA dose" 27 | i7 1 | 1893 15, 000. 00 | 14,947.77 | 52.23 
Pomologicalinformation |....-do_.----- 27 77 1 | 1893 5, 000. 00 | 4, 745, 94 254. 06 
Microscopical investiga- | 

CIONSUe-b ae Pern eee me Gomer Zips || 17 1 | 1893 | 2,000. 00 | 1, 982. 98 17.02 
Vegetable pathology - ee dors ee 27 17 1 | 1893 20,000.00 19, 977.38 22: 62 
Laboratory - ps Se scence dows 27 a7 | 1 | 1898 19,400.00 | 18,002.59 | 1,397.41 
Fiber investigations __ Uses \legoee does: 27 78) |» Wsi1893; 5, 000. 00 | 4.997. 07 | 2.93 
Forestry investigations - Laer SA WEP 78; 1 | 1893 2,000.00 | 11,933.39 | 66. 61 
Illustrations and en- | a 

PTAVINeSs So eee S15 Olson 27 78 | 1 | 1893 2, 000. 00 1,906. 73 93. 27 
Purchase and distribu- | 

tion Of Seedsiee=ee en eee Gopeea == 21 | 78 1 | 1893 | 135,400.00 | 184,908.27 | 491.73 
Document and folding | | 

TOOT oe ee ee | ee One = =e 27 78 1 | 1893 2,000. 00 1, 623. 55 376.45 
Experimental gardens | | 

and) sTounGs aaa ee ae doe 22. ==: 2 78 1 | 1893} 28,500.00} 28,115.09 384. 91 
Muse (2 >) ese ee Blo) oe sll Pay 79 | 1) 1893 | 4,000. 00 | 3, 973. 67 26.33 
Furniture, cases, and | | | 

Tepairs -— ee eee tees eee CGneeeee= 27 | 79 1 | 1893 10, 000. 00 8,931.97 | 1,068.03 
Library ~ eee ee eee eed Om een ee 27 79} 1 | 1893 3, 000. 00 2, 535. 29 464.71 
‘Postagel= sae ee eae Gdopese == 27 79 | 1 | 1893 5, 000. 00 2 705.00 | 1,295.00 
Contingent expenses ----| .---- dopsas=- | 27 uc 1 | 1893 25, 000. 00 22,218.19 | 2,781.81 
Experiment stations ---_)----- dole | 27) 80 | 1 | 1893 20,000.00 | 18,987.65 | 1,012.35 
Experiments in the man- 

ufacture of sugar ---_--/----- (BKD) eas SN EE 80 | 1 | 1893 20, 000. 00 19, 984. 86 15.14 
Irrigation investigations | ----.do------- toy 76 1 | 1893 6, 000. 00 4,930.67 | 1,069.33 
Quarantine stations --.--)----- Choe sceg| tl 24 80} 1 | 1893 15,000.00 | = 12,633.23 | 2,366.77 
Experiments in the pro- | | 

duction of rainfall ----..|_-~-- dona-= 27 76 1 | 1893 10, 000. 00. | 4,979.59 | 5,020.41 


a Including deficiency appropriation. 


DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 257 


Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc.—Continued. 


Reference to 


Date ofap-| Statutesat | Fis-| Amount Amount 
Object. propriation Large. cal | appro- Gee unex- 
act. ——————year.| priated. isbursed. | pended. 
Vol.| Page. See. 
1893. 
Bureau of Animal In- 
QUStt y=. ees July 5,1892 | 27 79 1+} 1893 | $850,000.00 | $724,696.74 $125,303.26 
Weather Bureaw:.-_---_-|2--< 5 doses = 27 81} 1) 1893 | 913,660.72 | 890,424.77 | 23,235.95 
obo ree a Bo) 3 Je cas | ae ee cel [aaa eg Bae em | 2,540,060. 72 |2 355, 430. 25 | | 184, 630. 47 
1894. 
ae i eae eee Mar. 3, 1893 | 27 734 | 1 | 1894 | 256,800.00 | 233,679.75 | 23, 120.25 
ollectin ral | on 

DN SE Cotes | eta ean 27 ; Ue } 1 | 1894 | 110,000.00 | 91,080.20 | 18,919. 80 
Botanicalinyestigations 

and experiments-_--__-_-- fice dos= 27 737 1 | 1894 30, 000. 00 24,401.40 5,598. 60 
Investigating the his- 

tory and habits of in- 

Ssectst = {axe Oley eee 27 737 1 | 1894 20, 300. 00 16, 203. 96 4,096. 04 
Investigations in orni- 

thology and mammal- . 

ORY 22-5244 so ie ee does ral 737 1 | 1894 17,500. 00 17, 450. 00 50.00 
Pomological information |____- does. 27 738 1 | 1894 5, 000. 00 4, 248.99 751.61 
Microscopical investiga- | 

flanges eee [ewes cee OTN 1| 1894| 2,000.00) 1,117.55) — 882.45 
Vegetable pathology --_--|---.-do-----.- cdl male 1 | 1894 20,000.00 | 17,567.95 2, 423.05 
Laboratory: 22-2 aie. dos 27 | 1 | 1894 21, 900. 00 10, 426.79 | 11,473.21 
Fiber investigations -_--|----- doses 27 738 1 | 1894 5, 000. 00 2,500. 47 2,499.53 
Forestry investigations - eae Oe Se 27) 738 1 | 1894 20, 000. 00 19. 995. 96 4. 04 
Illustrations and en- 

STAVINGS tee ee ee eee don 27 738 1 | 1894 2,000. 00 664.79 | 1,335.21 
Purchase and distribu- 

fionoO ssedsj= 25s eae dom 27 738 1} 1894} 135,400.00 | 119,719.76 | 15,680.24 
Document and “folding 

TOON soo. ee ee dora hae 739 1 | 1894 2,000. 00 1, 662. 81 337.19 
Experimertal gardens 

andyerounds)— = ee sae does a 739 1 | 1894 31,500. 00 26, 616. 86 4, 883. 14 
Museum___---- A CS dona 27 7 1 | 1894 4, 000. 00 2, 787. 22 1, 212.78 
Furniture, cases, and re- 

1 OPEN o> ep eae eS al Le doe 27 739 1 | 1894 10,000.00 8, 628. 71 1,371. 24 
hibrary 2 ee dole: ra 739 1 | 1894 3,000. 00 2,900. 07 99.93 
Postage. 2-3): 22 edo 27 740 1 | 1894 5, 000. 00 1,375. 00 3, 625. 00 
Contingent expenses --__|.----do -_---- 2 740! 1 | 1894 25, 000. 00 20, 493. 04 4,506. 96 
Experiment stations ____|.....do---.-- 20 740 1 | 1894 | a 25, 223. 50 22 381.85 2, 841. 65 
Inquiries relating to 

public roads. ---.------- dors 27 737 1 | 1894 10, 000. 00 2,997.39 7,002.61 
Experiments in theman- 

ufacture of sugar___-___]----- doe] | 27 741 1 1894 | 620,107.33 9.451.80 | 10,655.53 
Irrigationinvestigations |---. do -_---- 27 741 1 | 1894 6, 000. 00 5, 475. 92 524. U8 
Quarantine stations _____|----- do 27 740 1 | 1894 15, 000. 00 6, 263. 92 8, 736.08 
Bureau of Animal In- 

dustry - oe ale doles 7 740 1 | 1894 | 850,000.00 496,111.34 | 353, 888. 66 
Weather Bureau.________|____- donee 27 741 1 | 1894 | ¢951,124.75 | 811,256.73 | 139, 868.02 

Total 1894s2 52 23 chet? pk See |e nl (a a] | | 2, 603, 855. 58 |1, 977,469.28 | 626,386.30 
1895. } } 
Salaries) =e ...--| Aug. 8,1894 | 28 264 1 | 1895 |d249,876.16 | 204,589.72 | 45,286.44 
Collecting agr icultural } x 

statistics: == Pe ee ae 28 266 1 | 1895 | 110,000.00 | 95,125.67 | 14,874.33 
Botanical investigations 

and experiments- ------ 22260042 es 28 267 1 | 1895 30, 000. 00 25,695.30 | 4,304.70 
investigating the his- 

tory and habits of in- 

SCCES oe eee ae ee. do=e- ss 28 267 1 | 1895 20, 300. 00 16, 822. 87 3, 477.13 
Investigations in orni- 

thology and mammal- 

ORY 27 os see ee doe 28 47) 17) 1895 17,500. 00 15, 526. 35 1, 973. 65 
Pomological infor mation |-_---- do sts. 28 267 1 | 1895 5, 000. 00 4, 920. 23 79.77 
Mier oscopical investiga- 

tons === BPRS |) =e 2foboy es ee 28 267 1 | 1895 2,000. 00 313. 87 1, 686.13 
Vegetable pathological 

investigations and ex- 

perimenteres = se see do =e 28 267 1 | 1895 20,000. 00 19, 063. 69 936. 31 
Laboratory oo | ao eee 28 267 1 | 1895 14, 900. 00 11,010.50 3, 889.50 
Fiber investigations --_--'-.--- dose: 28 2711 1! 1895 5.000. 00 3, 973. 81 1,026.19 


a Including $223.50 from the sale of card index. 

b Including 3107.33 from the sale of sugar and molasses. 

c Including $24.75 from the sale of maps. 

d Including $7,891.94, or thirty-eight three hundred and sixty-fifths of theamount for statutory 
salaries of the year 1894, the act making appropriations for 1895 not being approved until 
August 8, 1894. 

17 


AGR 1900 


258 


DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, ete.—Continued. 
par eres to 
Date of ap- tatutes at | Pis-| Amount Amount 
Object. propriation Large. eal appro- _ Arnous unex- 
act. year.| priated. * | pended. 
Vol.| Page. |Sec. 
1895. F ; 

Report on forestry ------ Aug. 8,1894 | 28 268 1 | 1895 | $20,000.09 | $19, 908. 23 $91.77 

Tllustrations and engrav- ; 

isis Oat pei an e Sed Oe See ee 268 1 | 1895 15, 000. 00 §,114.71 | 5,885.29 
Purchase an istribu- 
auwe of valaable ier a}, S22 20022-2522 28 269 1 | 1895 | 165,400.00 | 120,545.15 | 44,854.85 

ocument an olding 

TOOLS Jane betes eke es ee ee CO eel aes 268 1 | 1895 2,000. 00 1, 166. 83 833.17 
Experimental gardens 
and grounds}=2 e222 aes de Beason 28 268 ii ee | oy pn 2, fee rere 

TSOUIM ssa S2 ee | eee O.ctetese: 28 25 By , 000. , 889. 7 110.27 
Furniture, cases, and re- 

PALES. eee ees Ba eee do. 2-2=-| 128 271 1 | 1895 10, 000. 00 7,952.27 | 2,047.73 
Taany Ba 855 SS eee |S do Tassos 28 | aie 1 ee Nr Ge ee i a 

OStALO sae eee eases pe ees 28; 271 f , 000. 765. 00 , 235. 00 
Nutrition investigations |----- doz <2: 28 271 1 | 1895 10, 000. 00 9, 746. 30 253. 70 
Contingent expenses ----]----- dor =a |\es 202 1 | 1895 25, 000. 00 20,452.79 | 4,547.21 
Agriculturalexperiment 

stations [$745,000] a@_ _--|----- (olor ese (a ocr 1 | 1895 | 625,155.75 2A, 928. 22 227.53 
Inquiries relating to pub- 
moe roads geass parce ses|e7 dose 28 266 1 | 1895 10, 000. 00 6,901.66 | 3,098.34 

xperimentsin the man- 

ufacture of sugar _-_-.---|----- dotsa=—s 28 27 1, 1895 10, 000. 00 6,188.80 | 3,811.20 
Irrigation investigations |_---- do-2==4 28 271} 1 | 189 6, 000. 00 3,904.88 | 2,095.12 
Quarantine stations for 4 
pont cate rene a Os (oye ssa 28 269 1 | 1895 12, 000. 00 6,262.17 | 5,737.83 

ureau of Animal In- 

dustry Soe J Se ae do 28 269 1 | 1895 | 800,000.00 | 534,028.38 |265, 971. 62 
Weather Bureau.._.-----|----- Ghose eaalt 3 272 1 | 1895 | cd 878,516.83 | 820,691.94 | 57,824.89 

Motel SO sae seces | frees eee nese eeeeaceeees ene | See 2,507,148. 74 |2,021, 030.38 486, 118. 36 
1896. 
polaris pe eae Oe Mar. 2,1895} 28 727 1 | 1896 | 252,840.00 | 227,066.97 | 35,773. 03 

‘ollecting agricultura | 
7 statistics rer eee ee does ar 2s 729 1 | 1896 110, 000. 00 68,628.99 | 41,371.01 
nquiries relating to pub- | 

leroadss a= 2 Ree dowsees! 28 | 729 1 | 1886 10,000.00 9, 568. 39 431.61 
Botanical investigations 
- aude perunee Ses Meidoes--e 28 | 730 1} 1896 | 25,000.00 20,325.37 | 4,674.63 
nvestigating the his- 

tory and habits of in- | 
: Sects 15 Bese Sa eae doz =z 28 730 1 | 1896 20, 000. 00 17, 372,43 | 2,627.57 
nvestigations in orni- | 

thology and mammal- 

= anak epee we” ie eae dose |..28 730 1 | 1896 17,500. 00 16,175.45 | 1,324.55 
es ological storms pon pee dose 3)/ 128 730 | 1 | 1846 6, 000. 00 4,996.41 | 1,003.59 
icroscopical investiga- | 
HLONS See ee ee Gon ses 28 730 1 | 1896 25000200 sS a= ees 2,000. 00 
Vegetable pathological 
investigations and ex- : 
Peruments Soe. sess 28 730 | - 1 | 1896 20, 000. 00 18,539.18 | 1,460.82 
Laboratory 28 730 | 1 | 1896 14, 900. 00 11,458.53 | 3,441.47 
Tae on Taree ee 28 | 731 1 | 1896 25, 000. 00 18,398.12 | 6,601.88 
ustrationsand engray- 
aes ae co -|; 28) lL 1 | 1896 | 15,000.00 | 12,985.71 | 2,014.29 
ocument and folding 

moon ese eee ee Ben GOe a2 25-528 731 1 | 1896 | 2,000. 00 1, 061. 23 938. 77 
xperimental gardens 

gas rounds rope te fe 6 Kopeeroe 28 731 | 1 | 1896 29,500.00 | 22,371.15 | 7,128.85 
uarantine stations for | | 

pene CaS ee eA) ied don 822822128 733 | 1 | 1896 12,000.00 | 6,492.05 | 5,507.95 
urchase an istribu- | 

ees of valuable seeds. USO eee. 28 733 | 1) 1896 | 185,400.00 | 126,476.87 | 58, 923.13 
xperiments in the man- 

jeupatite of Sugar ste sss Sapo Koangeeeeees 28 734 1 | 1896 10, 000. 00 1,510.94 | 8,489.06 
gricultural experiment 

stations [$750,000] @ --.-|---- - doses 2s 28 734 1 | 1896 | e380, 143. 75 27,712.86 | 2,430.89 
Irrigation investigations |----- GOs 25|\, 128 735 1 | 1896 15, 000. 00 5,029.82 | 9,970.18 
Nutrition investigations |_....do---....] 28 735 1 | 1896 15, 000. 00 14, 892. 96 107 04 


aOf this amount, $720,000 was paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury 


Department. 


b Including $155.75 from the sale of card index. 
cIncluding $7,891.94, or thirty-eight three hundred and sixty-fifths of the amount for statutory 
salaries of the year 1894, the act making appropriations for 1895 not being approved until 


August 8, 1894. 


d Including $77.99 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications. 
e Includes $148.75 from the sale of card index. 


DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS 


AND DISBURSEMENTS. 


2459 


Appropriations, disbursements, and uneapended balances, etc.—Continued. 


ae Date of ap- 
Object. propriation 
act. 
896. 

Investigations and ex- 

periments with grass- 

es and forage plants_--| Mar. 2,1895 
Investigations in_rela- 

tion to agricultural 

Soils 22.305 SS Se te dos = 
Furniture, cases, and re- 

Dalbss 3 ocysec cone ee=as eee ee Goes 
Postage 2s Se eee dose 
Museums s2* ts Se ee doe sae4 
Fiber investigations Soles doses 
ibrar yea 4 See oes ee $2085 ss" 
Contingent expenses - S32 oes 
Bureau of Animal In- 

dustry 2 alee dons 
Weather Bureau --.-.----.|.---- doses. 


Postage -- 
Contingent expenses eer 
Animal quarantine sta- 
tions - 
Collecting agr icultural 
statistics _ aoeheaeeee 
Botanical investigations 
and experiments------. 
Entomological investi- 
gations - 
Vegetable “pathological 
investigations 


Biological investigations] - 


Pomological investiga- 

tions). 222 bee sees eae 
Laboratory 
Forestry investigations. 
Experimental gardens 

and/eroundsieee2s-5 5 
Soil investigations- ------ 
Grass and forage-plant 

investigations -_-_._.--.--- 
Fiber investigations- ---- 
. Agriculturalexperiment 
stations [$750, 000]b___-- 


Nutrition investigations) - 
Public road inquiries-_---;- 


Publications 
Purchase and distribu- 
tion of valuable seeds. 
Bureau of Animal In- 
dustry 


Salaries 
Furniture, cases, and re- 


Postage --- 
ete pee expenses os 
Animal quarantine sta- 
tions --- 
Collecting agr icultural 
statistics - -- 


do 


Reference to 
Statutes at 
Large. 


Vol.| Page. |Sec. 


Fis- 
eal 


year. 


28 739 1 
28 735 1 
28 739 a 
28 735 il 
28 739 at 
28 735 i 
28 735 1 
28 736 il 
28 731 ik 
28 736 1 
29 99 1 
3) 105 i 
29 104 1 
29 105 1 
29 105 1 
29 105 i 
29 105 1 
29 101 1 
29 101 1 
29 102 1 
29 102 1 
29 102 1 
29 102 if 
29 102 1 
2 103 u 
29 103 1 
29 103 1 
29 103 1 
29 103 1 
as 108 1 
29 104 1 
29 104 1 
29 104 1 
29 106 1 
29 106 1 
29 107 1 
30 1 1 
30 8 1 
30 7 1 
30 8 1 
30 8 1 
30 8 1 
30 7 1 
30 3 1 


1898 


a Includes $119.47 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications. 
bOf this amount, $720,000 was paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury 


Department. 


c Includes $127.25 from the sale of card index. 
d Includes $104.28 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications. 


Amount ‘ Amount 
appre | qpount, | inex: 

priated. “| pended. 
$15,000.00 | $18,329.47 | $1,670.53 
15, 000. 00 13,524.84 | 1,475.16 
10, 000. 00 8,645.98 | 1,354.02 
2, 000. 00 1,215. 00 785. 00 
3, 000. 00 2,161.90 838.10 
5, 000. 00 3, 710.36 | 1,289.64 
6, 000. 00 5, 431.92 568. 08 
25, 000. 00 15, 912.7L | 9,087.29 
800,000.00 | 595,336.64 |204, 663.36 
5 |a 885, 729.47 | 814,584.17 | 71,145.30 
2,584, 013. 22 |2,094, 916. 42 |489, 096. 80 
213, 860.00 | 290,791.95 | 23,058.05 
12, 000. 00 9,567.59 | 2,432.41 
7, 000. 00 6,831.15 168. 85 
3, 000. 00 2, 895. 45 104.55 
3, 000. 00 i, 730.00 | 1,270.00 
25, 000. 00 22,980.29 2 019. 71 
12, 000. 00 6,564.19 | 5,435.81 
110, 000. 00 83, 067.62 | 26, 932.38 
15, 000. 00 14, 999. 64 . 36 
20, 000. 00 18, 637.01 | 1,362.99 
20, 000. 00 19, 274.15 725. 85 
17.500. 00 17, 483. 05 16.95 
6, 000. 00 4,981.52 | 1,018.48 
12, 400. 00 10,800.18 | 1,599.82 
20, 000. 00 19,514.88 485.12 
20, 000. 00 19, 483. 28 516. 72 
10, 000. 00 9, 868. 16 131. 84 
10, 000. 00 9, 203. 14 796. 86 
5, 000. 00 4, 148. 00 857.00 
30, 127.25 29,171.57 955. 68 
15,000.00 | 14,821. 64 178. 36 
8, 000. 00 7, 873. 97 126. 03 
70, 000. 00 67, 709.89 | 2,290.11 
150,000.00 | 142,822.52 | 7,177.48 
650,000.00 | 642,715.68 | 7,284.32 
d@ 883, 876.28 | 870,581.46 | 18,294.82 
2, 448, 763. 53 (2,348, 512.98 |100, 250. 55 
319,300.00 | 318,955.30 | 5,344.70 
9, 000. 00 7,851.30 | 1,148.70 
7,000.00 6, 734. 81 265.19 

3, 000. 00 2,906. 02 93. 98 
3, 000. 00 1,500.00 | 1,500.00 
25, 000. 00 22,061.73 | 2,938.27 
12, 000. 00 10,897.98 | 1,102.02 
110,000,00 } 101,917.10} 8,082.90 


260 


DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc.—Continued. 


Object. 


Botanical investigations 
and experiments --..--- 
Entomological investi- 
Babions= assis. aa 
Vegetable pathological 
investigations 
Biological investigations 
Pomological investiga- 
tlonssse sees Ee 
Laboratory 


Forestry investigations _|- 


Experimental gardens 
and grounds 
Soil investigations. _____- 
Grass and forage-plant 
investigations 
Fiber investigations_-__- 
Agricultural experiment 
stations [$755,000] a ___- 


Nutrition investigations |- ._-- 


Public road inquiries. __- 
Publications, Farmers’ 
Bulletins 
Investigating produc- 
tion of domestic sugar 
Purchase and distribu- 
tion of valuable seeds. 
Bureau of Animal In- 
Gustiyeaceeeee ee. nee 
Weather Bureau 


Salaries 


Postage)s tse 8S ee 
Contingent expenses ___- 
Animal quarantine sta- 
(CLO S|: eeeee eee eae 
Collecting agricultural 


stabisticserme eae ee s 


Botanicalinvestigations 
and experiments. -____- 
Entomological investi- 
Pa thlonsee eae See 
Vegetable pathological 
investigations...._... . 
Biological investigations 
Pomological investiga- 
tions See eee 
WaAbOraLoLyaeeeeeeen eee 
Forestry investigations - 
Experimental gardens 
and grounds 


Soil investigations. ._____|- 


Grass and forage-plant 
investigations.-._...___- 
Irrigation information .- 
Agricultural experiment 
stations [$760,000 | a___- 
Nutrition investigations 


Public road inquiries--_-_-|-. - 


Publications, Farmers’ 
Bulletins sae eee 
Purchase and distribu- 


tion of valuable seeds-. 


Reference to 
Date of ap- atutesat | Fis-| Amount Amount 
propriation Large. cal appro- Aeon unex- 
act. year.| priated. * | pended. 
Vol.| Page. | Sec. 

Apr. 23,1897 | 30 4 1 | 1898 | $15,000.00 | $14,714.50 $285. 50 
ae Choy nosena|| 320) 4 1 | 1898 20, 000. 00 19, 735. 02 264. 98 
ed dole 2-=|| 30 4 1 | 1898 20, 000. OU 19, 626. 67 373. 33 
weere dora = |30 4 1 | 1898 17, 500. 00 16,160.90 | 1,339.10 
eee (Ko) oo Sse l|) Bie) 4 1 | 1898 8, 000. 00 7,487.93 512. 07 
one Be (6K eS pacee |) 340) 5 1 | 1898 12, 400. 00 11, 5382. 57 867.43 

we wrdosttee ss 30 5 1 | 1898 20, 000. 00 19, 831. 32 168. 68 
S353 Oho 25 se5,)! 8) 5 1 | 1898 25, 000. 00 24, 937.31 62. 69 
Sees Roses | 3) 5 1 | 1898 10, 000. 00 9, 859. 82 140. 18 
weeeae doeeeee 30 6] 1 | 1898 10,000. 00 8,877.68 | 1,122.32 
ae a Co sesenss||| 2) 6 1 | 1898 5, 000. 00 3,659.05 | 1,340.95 
eee Goa sheees|) BD 6 1 | 1898 | 6 35,095. 25 34, 338.90 756. 35 

Ghose snec4|| SD 6 1 | 1898 15, 000. 00 14, 872. 88 127.12 
ae doze sees | 30 if 1 | 1898 8, 000. 00 7,978. 44 21.56 
Soe Gos es Pa0) vi 1 | 1898 65, 000. 00 64, 779. 14 220. 86 
eee (OY O\s Sac ||) 30) 39 1 | 1898 5, 000. 00 4,941. 32 58.68 
meen (keys Se neal ee) 8 1 | 1898 130,000.00 | 121,870.38 | 8,129.62 
nee (Glove ssceal! | a.) 9 1 | 1898 | 6 675,463.30 | 674,644. 02 819. 28 
Lares dose= 30 9 1 | 1898 |d 883,798.01 | 877,888.35 | 5,954. 66 
Se Bee ole _aeeee_|-----]------|2, 468, 551. 56. (2, 425,510.44 | 43, 041.12 

Mar. 22,1898 | 30 330 1 | 1899 | 319,300.00 | 315,986.70 | 3,313.30 
Rae as GCkoye Se 4||| 1620) 336, 1 | 1899 9, 000. 00 8, 667.75 332. 25 
eueee (OWoys ss ||| SB) 336 1 | 1899 6, 000. 00 5, 659. 51 340. 49 
Se (OKs Beet ea|| 0) 336 1 | 1899 1,500. 00 1, 465. 36 34. 64 
cae Glove See |) aid) 336, 1 | 1899 2, 000. 00 2 O00 k005 pa 
ae Gio = 6 =-5|| 60) 337 1 | 1899 25, 000. 00 23, 863.08 | 1,136.92 
Seen okoyt ic —-55)| 820) 336 1 | 1899 12, 000. 00 11, 833.38 | 166. 62 

et dole ase 30 333 1 | 1899 | 105,000.00 | 100,952.48 | 4,047.52 
Pee 8 Co toeaeno|) Bo) 333 1 | 1899 20, 000. 00 19, 970. 67 29.33 
Bers doe 30 333 1 | 1899 20, 000. 00 19, 808. 54 191. 46 
ee ae) Os otcmeal) Bl) 333 1 | 1899 20, 000. 00 19, 634. 382 365. 68 
Wie a hoy Beet a}). 8) 334 1 | 1899 17, 500. 00 17, 870. 91 129.09 
Sa Osean) 0) 334 1 | 1899 9, 500. 00 8, 247.18 1, 252. 82 
reas Gh Speci) BU) 334 1 | 1899 12, 400. 00 11, 989. 05 410. 95 
PELs Okey. HS asi 334 1 | 1899 20, 000. 00 19, 529. 97 470. 03 
eee One een e= |) 230) 3384 1 | 1899 20, 000. 00 19, 879. 66 120. 34 

aI OM os 30 334 1 | 1899 10, 000. 00 9, 881. 09 118. 91 
eee Glos o55c4|| 2870) 335 1 | 1899 10, 000. 00 9, 950. 09 49.91 

eed ono 30 335 1 | 1899 10, 000. 00 9,997.49 2.51 
i. does==— 4) 130) 335 1 | 1899 | e 40,084. 00 39, 437. 10 646. 90 
eo Glos Sell) Bi) 335 1 | 1899 15, 000. 00 14, 903. 08 96. 92 

ECO aa te 30 336 1 | 1899 8, 000. 00 7, 469. 50 530. 50 
ce ies doses |a0 336 1 | 1899 65, 000. 00 64, 773. 62 | 226. 38 
Ons 30 337 1 | 1899 | 180,000.00 | 127,150.52 | 2,849.48 


aOf this amount, $720,000 was paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury 


Department. 


b Includes $95.25 from the sale of card index. 
c Includes $463.30 from the sale of American butter im Europe. 

d Includes $91.01 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications. 
e Includes §84 from the sale of card index. 


DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 


261 


Appropriations, disbursements, and wnexpended balances, ete.—Continued. 


Date of ap- 
Object. propriation 
act. 
1899. 
Investigating production 

of domestic sugar __-_--- Mar. 22,1898 
Salaries and expenses, 

Bureau of Animal In- 

dustry Sees ees eee (6 (oes 
Weather Buresuss sep dor 

Total 1890)s=s5 see | pees oer 
1900. 
Salaries, officers and 

Clorkaee nee Mar. 1,1899 
Furniture, cases, and re- 

PALER SS Se eee eee | eee donee 
TADRARY ee aoe ee eee ee dos 
Museum sie ee see oe | een GoOmss sss 
Postage. eee ee eet dof 
Contingent expenses ___.|.-__- (6 (oe 
Animal quarantine sta- 

tiONs! 52-2 ee el ee donaes.=2 
Collecting agricultural 

statistics). 22... arson bane doe e--2 
Botanical investigations 

and experiments. -----.|---.- dosss2 
Entomological investi- 

GAblONS Set ee ee ee 10. 
Vegetable pathological 

investications= ses. Eade see 
Biologicalinvestigations | _.__- do2=== 
Pomological investiga- 

tiONSt 5 2o2 si ae es eee Gowssas2) 
alboratorys essen eee |e Gos a 
Forestry investigations -_}._...do_------ 
Experimental gardens 

BUCS TOUNGS a eae eee doees-2= 
Soillinyestigations#=—-— |= donee 
Grass and forage-plant 

investigations? = 52222. |P2==: Goneaeea= 
Irrigation information __]._...do -_----- 
Agricultural experiment 

stations [$765,000] d@ __-|---.- Cae 
Nutrition investigations |----- dot=s= =. 
Public road inquiries---.|---.- oo} = Sones 
Publications, Farmers’ 

Bulletins 2232-32-3se--|S One ee 
Purchase and distribu- 

tion of valuable seeds. -|--..-.do.---.-. 
Investigating production 

of domestic sugar---.-.|--.-- Oe eases. 
Tea-culture investiga- 

tions: 33 22222255 32=250-2| eae Goz23---- 
Salaries and expenses, 

Bureau of Animal In- 

GuStLy -2s-2525 2 sees ae4=|2 2525 Oe se 
Weather Bureau-_-------|---_- donesae 

Total 1900)-.2--—-ses| Panne eee 


Reference to 


Statutes at 
Large. 
Vol.| Page. | Sec. 
30 338 1 
30 533) ee 
30 359) esee2 
30 947 1 
30 955 mi 
30 954 il 
30 954 1 
30 954 1 
30 955 1 
30 954 1 
30 950 1 
30 950 1 
30 351 1 
30 951 il 
30 951 1 
30 951 1 
30 951 1 
30 952 1 
30 952 1 
30 952 1 
30 952 1 
30 953 1 
30 953 1 
30 953 il 
30 954 1 
30 954 1 
30 955 1 
30 956 1 
30 956 il 
30 956 1 
30 957 1 


Fis- 
cal 


year. 


1899 


1899 
1899 


1900 | 


1900 
1900 


1900 
1900 
1900 


1900 
1900 


1900 
1900 


1000 
1900 
1900 
1900 
1900 
1500 


1900 


1900 


| 1900 


_ 3,009, 727.73 
| 


Amount Amount 
Amount 
appro- . unex- 
priated. disbursed. pended. 
$7,000.00 | $6,860.30} $139.70 
2926, 992.92 | 920,061.17 | 6,931.75 
b1,015,584.68 |1, 007, 962.92 | 7,621.76 
2, 856, 861. 60 |c2,825,305.44 \c31, 556. 16 
336,340.00 | 330,666.24 | 5,673.76 
10, 000. 00 9, 496. 81 503. 19 
5, 000. 00 2,504.67 | 2,495.33 
1,500. 00 1,490.01 9.99 
| 2,000.00 000500) |e 
| 25,000.00] 22,264.69 | 2,735.31 
12, 000. 00 9,806.36 | 2,193. 64 
110,000.00 | 99,999.47 | 10,000.53 
20,000.00 | 18,440.02 | 1,559.98 
| 20,000.00 | 18,983.80 | 1,016.20 
| 
| 26,000.00] 24,740.03 | 1,259.97 
17,500.00 | 15,232.60 | 2,267.40 
| 9, 500. 00 8, 774.38 725. 67 
| 17,700.00] 14,958.63 | 2,746.37 
| 40,000.00 | 36,240.19 | 3,759.81 
| 28,000.00 | 26,425.48 | 1,574.52 
| 20.000.00! 18,755.93 | 1,244.07 
| 12,000.00 | 10,486.63 | 1,513.37 
35,000.00 | 25,220.32 | 9,779.68 
| 645,161.25 | 42,298.75 | 2,862.50 
15,000.00 | 11,741.79 | 3,258.21 
8,000.00 7, 528. 64 271.36 
80,000.00 | 75,681.64 | 4,318.36 
130,000.00 | 118,561.53 | 11,438. 47 
7,000. 00 6, 159.35 840.65 
i, 000. 00 993. 75 6.25 
| £953, 433.23 | 838,111.56 |115, 321.37 


g1,022,593.25 | 894, 993.57 


€2,692,552.09 


a Includes $26,992.92 from the sale of American butter in Europe. 
b Includes $82.68 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications. 


c Account still cpen. 


127, 599. 68 


€317,175.64 


dOf this amount, $720,000 was paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury 


Department. 


e Includes $161.25 from the sale of card index. s 
F Includes $3,433.23 from the sale of American butter in Europe. 
g Includes $111.25 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications. 


DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc. —Continued. 


RECAPITULATION. 

Fiscal] Amount ap- | Amount dis- suacunt Fiscal | Amount ap- | Amount dis- aaa 

year. | propriated. bursed. pended year. | propriated. bursed. pended. 
$188,180.00 | $186, 876. 81 $1, 303. 19 
197, 070. 00 195, 977. 25 1,092. 75 
wees 202, 440. 00 201, 321. 22 1, 118.78 
} : 257, 690. 00 233, 765. 78 23, 924. 22 
Je oe er ee eee : 337, 380. 00 321, 079. 83 16,300. 17 
1844 .__ 2, 000. 00 2, 00000 Eaeas eee 2 | 876" 249, 120. 00 198, 843. 64. 50, 276. 36 
1845 __- 2, 000. 00 Ahi IY Ne anae Sa eae eee 1877_- 194, 686. 96 188, 206.19 6, 480. 7 
1846 _ 3, 000. 00 GUC OSG 0). ee See ae oes 1878 - 198, 640. 00 197, 634. 94 1, 005. 06 
1847 __- 3, 000. 00 SAO NOOR es eae | 1879_ 206, 400. 00 206, 360. 00 40. 00 
1848 _- 4,500. 00 4,500.00 |.----..------|] 1880_ 199, 500. 00 198, 361. 72 1,188. 28 
1849 _.- 3, 500. 00 ca) NC0 I eee eae See 1881_ 275, 460. 31 267, 608. 84 67, 851.47 
1850 __- 5, 500. 00 000300) | eeen ce aaa 1882 363, 011. 05 34, 482. 39 €8, 528. 66 
1851 - 5, 500. 00 Dan OHO0) Peer messes 1883 _ 456, 396, 11 438,941.72 | 17,454.39 
1852 -- 5, 000. 00 DB O00S00) (Paso. 2 2ee ese Leeds a 416, 641.18 413, 618.09 3, 023. O4 
1853 _- 5, 000. 00 5 O00500) | eae as 1885_._|  @655, 930.25 558, 934.89 | e 96,995.36 
1854 _- 10, 000. 00 10, 000. 00 Z a677, 973. 22 519, 196.11 158, 777. 11 
1855 - 50, 000. 00 50, 000. 00 -| @657, 641.81 328, 287. 14 29, 34. 67 
1856 -- 30, 000. 00 30, 000. -| £1,027, 219.06 | 1,011, 282. 62 15, 936. 44 
1857 -- 75, 000. 00 : -.-|@1, 184, 480.60 | 1,053,590.22 | g 100,890.38 
1858 -- 63, 500. 00 -|@1, 170, 139. 11 971, 823.62 | h 198,315.49 
1859 _- 60, 000. UO a1, 372, 049,21 | 1,266, 277.36 105, 771. 85 
1860 _.- 40, 000. 00 -| 2,478, 655.75 | 2,277,027.52 | 201, 628. 23 
1861 - 60, 000. 00 2,540, 060.72 | 2,355, 430. 25 184, 630. 47 
1862 .- 64, 000. 00 2 ..| 72,693, 855.58 | 1,977, 469.28 626, 386. 30 
1863 _ 80, 000. 00 803000100) -aeaa eee 1895_._| 72,507, 148.74 | 2,021, 030. 38 486, 118.36 
1864 - 119, 770. 00 109,270.00 | 10,500.00 || 1896___' 42,584, 018.22 | 2,094, 916. 42 489, 096. 80 
1865 - @ 150, 604. 05 150, 496. 55 107.50 || 1897. __| 72,448, 768.53 | 2,348, 512.98 100, 250. 55 
1866 - 167, 787. 82 TGS (ace |e eee /.-.-|| 1898_._|m2, 468,551.56 | 2,425,510. 44 43, 041.12 
1867 - 199. 100. 00 BO SOO LOO) Beene eemenne 1899. __|12, 856, 861. 60 | 02,825, 305.44 | 031,556.16 
1868 __- 279, 020. 00 277, 094. 34 1, 925.66 || 1900...) 3,009, 727.73 | 02,692, 552.09 | 0317,175. 64 

1869 ___ 172,593. 00 172,593: 00 |. ---- bore tee ——_—___——_. SS SS ESS = 

1702s 156, 440. 00 151, 596. 93 4,843.07 943,377, 074. 37 (739,020, 952.53. |s4, 356, 121. 84 


alIncludes deficiency appropriation. 
b Includes $1,646.45 of the appropriation for reclamation of arid lands carried to the fiscal year 


1882. 


cIncludes $85.26 of the appropriation for reclamation of arid lands, and $3,530.85 of the appro- 
priation for experiments in the manufacture of sugar, carried to the fiscal year 1883; in all, 


$3,616.17. 


d Includes $7.655.13 of the appropriation for reclamation of arid lands, carried to the fiscal year 


1884. 


eIncludes $93,19: 


2 O7 
ew 


of the appropriation for Bureau of Animal Industry, and $2,970.82 of the 


appropriation for quarantine stations, carried to the fiscal year 1886; in all, $96,163.09. 
J Including the sum of $8,000 appropriated for deficiencies in the appropriation for experiments 


in the manufacture of sugar for the fiscal years 1887 and 1888, of which $7,92 


and $72.50 remained unexpended; in all, $16,000. f 
g Includes $12,923.25 of the appropriation for botanical investigations, and $58,364.76 of the appro- 
priation for experiments in the manufacture of sugar, carried to the fiscal year 1890; in all, 
$71,288.01. 
h ends $188,974.69 of the appropriation for Bureau of Animal Industry, carried to the fiscal 
year 1891. 
i Includes $223.50 from the sale of card index, $107.33 from the sale of sugar and molasses, and 


7 


.50 was disbursed 


$24.78 from the sale of maps; in all, $355.58. 

j Includes $7,891.94, or thirty-eight three hundred and sixty-fifths of the amount for statutory 
salaries of the year 1894. The act making appropriations for 1895 was not approved until August 
8, 1894; also includes $155.75 from the sale of card index, and $77.99 from the sale of Weather 
Bureau publications; in all, $8,125.68. 

k Includes $143.75 from the sale of card index, and $119.47 from the sale of Weather Bureau pub- 
lications; in all, $263.22. 

lIncludes $127.25 from the sale of card index, and $104.28 from the sale of Weather Bureau pub- 
lications; in all, $231.53. 

m Includes $463.30 from the sale of American butter in Europe, $95.25 from the sale of card index, 
and $91.01 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications; in all, $649.56. 

n Includes $26,992.92 from the sale of American butter in Europe, $84 from the sale of card 
index, and $82.68 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications; in all, $27,159.60. . 

o Account still open. 

p Includes $161.25 from the sale of card index, $3,433.25 from the sale of American butter in 
Europe, and $111.25 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications; in all, $3,705.73. 

q This total is the amount actually appropriated for the various fiscal years, with the excep- 
tions noted, and the sum of $37,604.70 appropriated July 13, 1868, to cover a number of expendi- 
tures made in previous years. Itdoesnotincludeanaggregate sum of $369,344.48 reappropriated 
from the unexpended balances of several fiscal years; in all, $406,949.18. (See foregoing notes.) 

r Does not include $37,604.70 which was disbursed during several years, and covered by an appro- 
priation of like amount, made July 13, 1868. (See note q.) 

s Does not include an aggregate sum of $369,344.48 reappropriated from the unexpended bal- 
ances of several fiscal years. (See foregoing notes. ) 


DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 


263 


The following tabie shows the several amounts estimated for by the 
Department of Agriculture and the amounts actually appropriated by 
Congress for each year from 1864, when the Department was reorgan- 
ized, to 1901, inclusive: 


Amount estimated for by the Department and amount actually appropriated by 
Congress, 1864-1901. 


Amount esti- Amount esti- 
Fiscal year. mated by De amount ap : Fiscal year. mated by De- Sout ee 
partment. Prop i partment. [egy ; 
L864 525 22 $180, 000. 00 S19 E7000) ||P BB4nee = eee Se $512,270.00 | ec $416,641.18 
BGH ey eee ene ee as C00) 00) |e a@l50: 60S" Onn el S8ireen enna ee 512, 140. 00 d 655, 930. 25 
LOG see eee eee 159, 300. 00 AGE S82? PleSG waste See ae 699, 110. 00 e 677, 973. 22 
PSGe [5 oe od ee 169, 100. 00 1995100200): 188 sess 651, 875. 00 f 657, 641. 81 
1868 Shea e see 190, 620. 00 ZTOSOZUKOOR EI SSS seme ne oe eee 606, 680. 00 1, 027, 219. 0€ 
T8695). 252 See eae 287, 285. 00 172, 593.00 || 1889 .....--.---...---| 1,046, 925.00 | g1, 134; 480. 6C 
Oy ee eee 327, 942. 00 565440300"): 1890 Saar e ee 1,101, 160.00 | 1,170, 139.1] 
SVs eA 202, 0705000) G188<180 00) ||) [89-25 2 eee 1, 208, 480.00 | 71,372, 049. 21 
Sie: SAR eee 225, 090. 00 ESTE OTOL O08 A802 = eee eee 2,104, 003.50 | 2,478, 655. 75 
1873.2 196, 510. 00 202, 440.00 || 1893 See eh 2 G52), 9953D0 2, 540, 060. 72 
LB (Ae ee ee ee 204, 640. 00 2 OOOs OO LB Odeens wre ees Rakes 2, 610, 500. 00 2, 603, 855. 58 
NSD See eee eee 273, 390. 00 Sot OOO! ODE MSOb rs see seen a nee 2, 233, 843.00 2, 499, 023. 06 
186-0 ea ee 276, 280. 00 24921:20500))|\ 1896) eee = = 2, 400, 330. 00 2,583, 750. 00 
Sih 5 See ee ee 251, 565. 00 194° 686:965)| 189 fe ee 2,542, 692. 00 2, 448, 532. 00 
LSU Rite aaa aoe 227, 290. 00 19864000) |nl898' 222c 5: eee 2,385, 742.00 2,467, 902. 00 
1ST OREaE eee ee eee 232, 130. 00 206° 400! 00 | S99 Maat sarees 2, 835, 350. 00 2,829, 702. 00 
18805622 Se 204, 900. 00 1995500500) || 1900 rea a eee eee 3, 127, 722.00 3, 006, 022. 00 
ISS eee eee 233, 250. 00 275, 4603 | (1901 ee 3,541, 257. 00 3, 303, 500. 00 
SBE ese. ee eee ae 342, 720. 00 363, 011. 05 -—: a 
1 U8 Yan es ee Ac ae 502, 980. 00 456, 396. 11 Mota, -22e-.se2> 37,619, 787.00 | 38, 454, 366. 80 


a Including deficiency appropriations, $3,704.05. 


b Including deficiency appropriations, $1,110. 

c Including deficiency appropriations, $2.82. 

d Including deficiency appropriations, $740.25. 

e Including deficiency appropriations, $1,008.13. 
f Including deficiency appropriations, $171. 

g Including deficiency appropriations, $4,446.20. 
h Including deficiency appropriations, $5,367.29. 
i Including deficiency appropriations, $9.52. 

7 Including deficiency appropriations, $502.25 


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REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE SECTION OF FOREIGN MARKETS. 


U. 8S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
SECTION OF FOREIGN MARKETS, 
Washington, D. C., September 1, 1900. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith the report of the Section 
of Foreign Markets for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900. 
Respectfully, 
FRANK H. HITCHCOCK, 
Chief. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR. 


Commercial expansion was a subject that attracted unusual atten- 
tion during the past fiscal year. The growing interest in export trade 
development manifested itself, among other ways, in larger demands 
upon the Section of Foreign Markets. 


INQUIRIES REGARDING THE NEW DEPENDENCIES AND THE ORIENT. 


As in the year preceding, much of the information requested had 
reference to our newly acquired dependencies. A lively interest was 
alsoshown in the commercial possibilities of the Orient, recent devel- 
opments having directed a more general attention to that quarter of 
the world. 


USE OF COMPUTING MACHINES. 


The statistical work required during the year in order to supply the 
information requested, and especially that involved in the prepara- 
tion of the numerous tables used in the publications issued, called for 
a large amount of computing. Through the utilization to the greatest 
possible extent of the modern calculating machines, with which the 
office is now fully equipped, the necessary computations were per- 
formed with much greater facility than in the past. For several years 
the Section has been making a careful investigation into the relative 
merits of the various computing machines on the market, and after a 
thorough trial of the most approved types, two styles have been 
adopted as meeting most satisfactorily the needs of the office. One 
style of machine is used exclusively for adding and the other for all 
work in division and multiplication. The two kinds of machines 
adopted are employed together to excellent advantage, the work of 
one supplementing that of the other. Several machines of each style 
have been purchased, and now practically the entire task of computing, 
which plays such an important part in the operations of the Section, 
is done by mechanical means. Experience has shown, as regards 

265 


266 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


either style of machine, that the average clerk can do fully three times 
as much work in computing with the aid of the mechanism as without 
it. There is also a decided gain in accuracy. In fact, the advantages 
of machine computing are so clearly manifest that there seems to be 
little excuse for clinging to the old method. Although the machines 
purchased by the Section were rather expensive, the sum paid for them 
has already been more than balanced by the gain they have caused in 
the working efficiency of the office. 


PUBLICATIONS. 


The publications issued by the Section during the fiscal year 1900 
comprised a report on the distribution of our agricultural exports for 
the five years 1894-1898, a report on the sources of our agricultural 
imports for the same period, a report on our trade with Japan, China, 
and Hongkong, a report on our foreign trade in agricultural products 
covering the decade 1890-1899, and a statistical circular on our agri- 
cultural imports and exports for the five years 1895-1899. 


REPORT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF OUR AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS. 


First among the publications of the year came the report on the 
distribution of our agricultural exports. In this report detailed 
statistics were presented as regards the extent to which each farm 
product exported from the United States during 1894-1898 was mar- 
keted in the several foreign countries. As the statistics given covered 
all our agricultural exports for the years mentioned, it was possible, 
by summarizing the various items for each destination, to arrive at 
the total value of the farm produce shipped from the United States 
to every one of the numerous foreign countries. So far as is known, 
the figures thus obtained constituted the first complete statement of 
the kind ever published. 

One of the interesting facts brought out in the report was the rela- 
tive importance of the various foreign markets to which our surplus 
farm products are sent. The United Kingdom is our leading cus- 
tomer, buying more than all other countries combined. According to 
the statistics for the five years 1894-1898, about 55 per cent of our 
agricultural exports during that period went to the British market, 
the average annual value of the sales amounting to $362,000,000. 
Germany, which ranks next to the United Kingdom as a market for 
the products of American agriculture, took about 13 per cent of the 
exports during 1894-1898, paying us an average yearly sum of 
$86,000,000. France followed Germany in importance, making pur- 
chases that averaged $44,000,000 a year. It will be seen, however, 
that our agricultural exports to France were little more than half as 
large as our shipments to Germany. They formed only 6.6 per cent 
of the total. The shipments to Germany, on the other hand, were 
less than one-fourth the size of those to the United Kingdom. These 
three leading countries (the United Kingdom, Germany, and France) 
purchased together nearly 75 per cent of the American farm produce 
exported during 1894-1898. After the three countries just men- 
tioned, the Netherlands, Belgium, Canada, Italy, and Spain afforded 
the most important foreign markets. 

Our agricultural exports to the United Kingdom inereased $83,000,000 
in value during the five years, amounting to $439,000,000 in 1898, as 
compared with only $356,000,000 in 1894. While this was decidedly 
the largest gain recorded for any country, the shipments to Germany 


SECTION OF FOREIGN MARKETS. 267 


and to France also showed a considerable growth. In the case of 
Germany there was an advance from $73,000,000 to $119,000,000, and 
in the case of France from $42,000,000 to $75,000,000. The purchases 
of the former country increased $46, 000,000, and those of the latter 
$33,000,000. Among the various other countries that showed a grow- 
ing demand for our agricultural products the most important. were 
Belgium, Canada, the Boned Japan, Italy, Denmark, and 
British Africa. 

From summarized statistics giving the total amount of our agricul- 
tural exports to each continent, it appeared that 88 per cent ‘of the 
farm produce shipped from the ‘United States during 1894-1898 found 
a market in Europe. The value of the shipments to European coun- 
tries during that period averaged $587,000,000 a year. In 1898 it 
reached as high as $762,000,000, showing a gain of $196,000,000 over 
the record for 1894, which was $566,000,000. 

Of the agricultural exports that were sent to destinations outside of 
Europe, amounting to about 12 per cent of the total, Canada and the 
other North American countries and islands took a considerable por- 
tion. The farm produce exported by the United States to destina- 
tions in North America during the five years amounted in average 
annual value to $49,000,000. Nearly half of it went to Canada. 

Our agricultural exports to Asia during 1894-1898 were of special 
interest because of the marked increase that occurred. The value of 
the shipments to Asiatic ports advanced from $4,000,000 in 1894 to 
$15,000,000 in 1898, making a gain of 275 per cent during the brief 
space of five years. 

The report on the distribution of our agricultural exports was pub- 
lished as Bulletin No. 16 of the Section. As the statistics presented 
on its pages covered in the greatest possible detail the entire list of 
farm products exported, this bulletin proved to be exceedingly useful 
as a ready means of answering numerous inquiries on the subject of 
our agricultural export trade, and also as a convenient basis from 
which to compile various statistical statements that were required in 
the work of the office. 


REPORT ON THE SOURCES OF OUR AGRICULTURAL IMPORTS. 


To supplement the report on the distribution of our agricultural 
exports, a bulletin along similar lines was prepared with reference to 
the sources of our agricultural imports. As in the case of the export 
bulletin, the review of our import trade covered the five years 
1894-1898, showing the extent to which each one of the numerous 
agricultural products imported by the United States during that period 
was purchased from the several countries of supply. A summary of 
agricultural import values, by countries, similar to the statement of 
agricultural export values given in the preceding bulletin, was a fea- 
ture of the report, probably constituting the first complete presentation 
of such statisties. 

The report on the sources of our agricultural imports was published 
as Bulletin No. 17 ofthe Section. In the work of the office it occupied 
a similar place as regards the agricultural import trade to that filled 
by Bulletin No. 16 for the agricultural export trade, affording a most 
convenient medium of supplying information. 

From the statistics presented in Bulletin No. 17 it appeared that 
considerably more than half of the agricultural produce imported by 
the United States during 1894-1898 came from countries that lie 


268 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


wholly or in chief part within the Tropics. The average annual value 
of the products of agriculture purchased directly from such countries 
during the five years amounted to $195,000,000, while the value 
of our agricultural imports from all other sources averaged only 
$176,000,000. Of these latter imports, however, an important part 
undoubtedly consisted of tropical products that were received in- 
directly, coming in the form of reexports from countries outside of 
the Tropics. Taking into account these indirect purchases, it can be 
safely estimated that our agricultural imports annually include over 
$200,000,000 worth of tropical products. 

Of the agricultural imports received directly from the Tropics dur- 
ing 1894-1898, it is interesting to note that about 30 per cent came 
from our new insular dependencies—Cuba, Porto Rico, the Hawaiian 
Islands, and the Philippines. The average yearly value of the agri- 
cultural produce supplied from these four sources was $57,000,000. 

Next to Brazil, which furnishes over two-thirds of the coffee con- 
sumed in the United States, Cuba is the most important among the 
sources from which our agricultural imports are derived. During 
1894-1898 we purchased agricultural produce from Cuba to the aver- 
age annual value of $57,000,000. These figures, however, owing to 
the disturbed conditions that prevailed on the island throughout the 
period mentioned, do not represent a normal state of trade. In 1895, 
under more peaceful conditions, our agricultural imports from Cuba 
reached a value of nearly $75,000,000. At that time Cuba stood fore- 
most among the sources of our import trade in agricultural products, 
and as soon as the present process of rehabilitation has restored Cuban 
agriculture to its normal state the island will doubtless resume its 
former importance in this respect. 

In addition to sugar, which is of course the leading article among 
our Cuban imports, we procure from the island in considerable quan- 
tities leaf tobacco, hides and skins, tropical fruits, such as the banana 
and the orange, cocoanuts, cocoa, and various other products yielded 
by the Tropics. 

The agricultural produce imported into the United States from 
Porto Rico during 1894-1898 had an average annual value of some- 
thing over $2,000,000. As in the case of our Cuban imports, sugar 
formed the principal item. In fact, our imports from these two 
islands differ little in character, except that among the products pur- 
chased from Porto Rico coffee occupies a rather prominent place. 

Our agricultural imports from the Hawaiian Islands during 1894— 
1898 amounted in average yearly value to $12,000,000. Sugar was 
decidedly the largest item. Other Hawaiian products imported by 
the United States quite extensively are rice, coffee, and bananas. 

From the Philippine Islands we imported agricultural products to 
the average annual value of $5,000,000. Manila hemp, the commer- 
cial supply of which comes entirely from these islands, formed the 
principal factor in the trade. After this fiber, the most important 
item was sugar. While at present our agricultural imports from the 
Philippines consist chiefly of manila hemp and sugar, the islands 
yield numerous other tropical products that will doubtless be obtained 
there in increasing quantities. 


REPORT ON OUR TRADE WITH JAPAN, CHINA, AND HONGKONG. 


The growing demand for information relative to the commerce that 
is being developed with countries across the Pacific led to the prepara- 


SECTION OF FOREIGN MARKETS. 269 


tion of a report on our trade with Japan, China, and Hongkong. In 
this report, which was published as Bulletin No. 18 of the Section, 
statistics were presented in the greatest possible detail as to the char- 
acter and value of the merchandise exported from the United States 
to Japanese and Chinese ports, including Hongkong, and also as 
regards our imports from those destinations, during the years 1889- 
1899. 

By the statistics of importation and exportation quoted in the report 
it was shown that the total value of the goods exchanged had increased 
from $46,000,000 in 1889 to $87,000,000 in 1899. The growth occurred 
chiefly in the exports from the United States. While our total annual 
imports in the trade with Japan, China, and Hongkong during 1889- 
1899 advaneed in value from $35,000, 000 to $48, 000, O00, making a gain 
of about 40 per cent, our total exports rose from $11, 000, 000 to 
$39,000,000, which was a gain of over 250 per cent. 


AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS TO EASTERN ASIA, 


Of the domestic merchandise shipped during 1899 to the three des- 
tinations mentioned, fully 40 per cent consisted of agricultural prod- 
uce, whereas in 1889 products of the farm constituted only about 25 
per ‘cent. The value of the agricultural exports for 1899 amounted to 
nearly $16,000,000, as compared with less than $3,000,000 for 1889. 

Cotton and wheat flour comprised the principal part of these exports. 
Other products of American agriculture sent to eastern Asia in con- 
siderable quantities were dairy products, canned and cured beef, and 
canned fruits. 

COTTON. 


The cotton shipments went chiefly to Japan, where the manufacture 
of cotton fabrics has become one of the leading industries. During the 
last few years the exportation of United Statcs cotton to supply raw 
material for the Japanese mills developed with astonishing rapidity. 
Prior to 1889 no consignments to Japan were recorded. During that 
year 25,500 pounds were shipped, the value being $2,341. In the fol- 
lowing year, 1890, the exports increased to 841,95 9 pounds, worth 
$85,211. By 1894, a half decade later, they had advanced to 4,801,595 
pounds, worth $360,492, and in 1899 they amounted to 91,367,051 
pounds, with a value of $5,775,784. 

The increased importance Japan has so rapidly assumed as a mar- 
ket for raw cotton is strikingly shown by the fact that in 1888 the 
total imports into that country from all sources barely exceeded 
30,000,000 pounds, while in 1898, the latest year for which the Jap- 
anese returns of importation are available, they amounted to more 
than 300,000,000 pounds. From these figures, it will be seen that the 
import demand was ten times as great at the close of the decade as 
at its beginning. 

In 1888 American cotton was hardly known in the Japanese mar- 
ket; in 1898, according to the import statisties of Japan, about a third 
of the total importation intothat country came from the United States. 
The Japanese cotton manufacturers formerly procured their raw 
material chiefly from India and China, but at present they are turn- 
ing their attention more largely to the United States as a source of 
supply, and the probability is that the remarkable growth the past few 
years have witnessed in our shipments of cotton. aeross the Pacifie 
will be followed by a still further increase. 


270 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


COTTON MANUFACTURES, 


In this connection, it is interesting to note that an export trade in 
cotton manufactures, as well as in the raw product, is being developed 
with the countries of eastern Asia. Our exports of cotton manufac- 
tures to Japan, China, and Hongkong during 1899 amounted in value 
to $9,959,665, as compared with only. $1,603,315 for 1889. China was 
the leading market for these exports, the consignments to that country 
in 1899 having a value of $9,844,565. To the entire Orient, including 
under that term all countries, ports, and islands of Asia and Oceania, 
we shipped during 1899 cotton goods worth $12,340,084. In 1889 our 
exports to the same destination - were valued at only $2,763,737. The 
increase for the decade amounted to nearly $10,000,000. 

While in 1889 the consignments to Asia and Oceania constituted less 
than 25 per cent of our total exports of cotton manufactures, in 1899 
they formed over 50 per cent. This fact shows that the recent develop- 
ment of our export trade in cotton manufactures can be attributed 
chiefly to the new markets afforded by the Orient. 


WIILAT FLOUR. 


After cotton our largest agricultural export to eastern Asia is wheat 
flour. During 1889 we shipped to Japan, China, and Hongkong 
408,055 barrels of this product, the value amounting to $1,746, 622. 
In 1899 our exports to these three destinations reached as high as 
1,475,869 barrels, worth $4,858,250. There wasa gain of over 1 ,000,000 
barrels in quantity and over $3,000,000 in v alue. 

The total exports of wheat flour from the United States to all Asia 
and Oceania increased from 519,002 barrels, worth $2,244,009, in 1889 
to 1,810,394 barrels, worth $6,003,5 3,995, in 1899. 


OTHER ARTICLES. 


Our exports of dairy produce to Japan, China, and Hongkong dur- 
ing 1899 amounted in value to $187,962. Of milk, which was the 
principal item, there were shipments ‘worth $126,457. In this article 
little gain was shown over the exports for 1889, which had a value of 
$126,062. The shipments of butter and cheese, however, exhibited a 
marked increase from 1889 to 1899, the value of the butter exported 
advancing from $19,349 to $30,254, and that of the cheese from 
$15,805 to $31,251. 

In the exportation of beef, canned and cured, there was a striking 
gain, the value for 1899 amounting to $124,384, as compared with only 
$12,223 for 1889. The shipments. of canned beef increased in value 
from $6,908 to $80,749, and those of salted or pickled beef from $5,315 
to $45,403. 

Of canned fruits there were exports in 1899 worth $80,547, or more 
than double the value for 1889, which was recorded at $36,039. 


REPORT ON OUR FOREIGN TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 


Following a custom adopted four years ago, the Section prepared 
during 1900 an annual review of our foreign trade in agricultural 
products, based on the latest import and export statistics available. 
In this review, which brought the yearly figures down to include 1899, 
an entire decade, beginning with 1890, was covered, instead of a five- 
year period, as had been the case in similar reports for prior years. 
The ten-year tables permitted some interesting comparisons by means 


SECTION OF FOREIGN MARKETS. 271 


of quinquennial averages, and were in other respects more satisfac- 
tory than statements embracing only five years. The report review- 
ing our agricultural trade during 1890-1899 was published as Bulletin 
i oa 

According to the statistics presented in Bulletin No. 19, the agri- 
eultural products sent from the United States to foreign markets 
during 1899 had a value of $793,000,000, forming about 66. per cent of 
our total exports of domestic merchandise. Although the value for 
1899 was somewhat less than the exceptionally high record of 1898, it 
exceeded all previous figures except those repor ted for 1892, a year 
made notable by the fact that a remarkably abundant har vest in the 
United States was accompanied by serious crop shortages abroad. A 
situation somewhat similar to that existing in 1892 , but less marked, 
prevailed in 1898, causing an unusually heavy expor tation of bread. 
stuffs. Under the more normal conditions of 1899 the foreign demand 
for grain was considerably lighter, and our exports naturally showed 
a falling off as compared with the extraordinarily large shipments of 
the year before. When contrasted with the average of earlier years, 
our breadstuff exports for 1899, amounting in value to $274,000, 000, 
appear to be unusually large. The shipments for 1898, however, 
reached the enormous value of $334,000,000, far exceeding all previous 
records, and in comparison with these abnormal figures the 1899 returns 
exhibit a decline of $60,000,000. This marked falling off in the expor- 
tation of breadstuffs, together with a loss of $21 ,000, 000 in the value 
of the cotton shipments, more than accounted for the total decrease 
during 1899 in our agricultural exports. Aside from breadstuffs and 
cotton, the only export groups of importance that showed lower figures 
for 1899 than for 1898 were live animals, dairy products, and fruits 
and nuts. The exports of live animals fell in value $8,400,000, dairy 
products $1,500,000, and fruits and nuts $1,100,000. On the other 
hand, our shipments of meat products increased $9,600,000, tobaceo 
$3,500,000, seeds $2,100,000, oil cake and oil-cake meal $1,900,000, and 
vegetable oils $1,800,000. 

The agricultural products imported by the United States during 
1899 had an aggregate value of $356,000,000. As compared with these 
figures, the value of our agricultural exports for the same year showed 
an excess of $437,000,000. 

Preliminary statistics now available for 1900 disclose a marked 
increase in our agricultural exports, the value of the farm products 
shipped to foreign countries during that fiscal year reaching close to 
$845,000,000, or more than $50,000,000 above the value recorded for 
1899. 

CIRCULAR ON AGRICULTURAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 


Some of the statistical tables prepared for Bulletin ‘No. 19 were 
made the basis of a brief report, issued as Circular No. 22, exhibiting 
the quantity and value of the various agricultural imports and exports 
of the United States for each of the five years 1895-1599, the purpose 
being to give the facts presented a more general distribution than 
could be had through the limited edition of the bulletin. 


STATISTICS FOR FUTURE PUBLICATIONS. 


During the last few months of the fiseal year such time as cquld be 
spared from the work of meeting the requests for information received 
by the Section was devoted tothe preparation of a series of statistical 
statements designed to show the character of our commerce in agri- 


a2 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


cultural products with each of the several foreign countries during 
1895-1899. These tables were later made the subject matter of two 
reports, published after the close of the fiscal year, one of which 
treated of our export trade, and the other our import trade. 


PLANS FOR THE CURRENT FISCAL YEAR. 


Since the opening of the current fiscal year the two reports relating, 
respectively, to our agricultural export trade and our agricultural 
import trade with the several foreign countries during 1895-1899, the 
preparation of which was begun in the past fiscal year, have been 
brought te completion and published as Bulletins Nos. 20 and 21 of 
the Section. In these bulletins the various articles exported, or 
imported, as the case happened to be, are collated under the head of 
the several countries of destination or source, forming a series of 
tables, each one of which shows at a glance the character of our agri- 
cultural export or import trade with a single country, whereas in Bul- 
letins Nos. 16 and 17, relative to the distribution of the agricultural 
products exported and the sources of those imported during 1894-1898, 
the exports and the imports were arranged primarily by articles, the 
countries of destination or source being grouped under the several 
products. Aseach method of arrangement has its advantages over 
the other, it is the purpose of the Section henceforth to issue these two 
styles of reports on our agricultural exports and imports in alternate 
years. Tables similar to those published in Bulletins Nos. 16 and 17 
are already in course of preparation for two reports that will bring 
the statistics of our agricultural trade, by countries, down to inelude 
1900, showing the distribution of the exports and the sources of the 
imports during the last five years. 

Work has also been begun on the briefer summary report issued 
annually by the section under the title ‘‘ Our foreign trade in agri- 
cultural products.” The forthcoming report on this subject, to be 
published as Bulletin No. 23, will review the leading features of the 
import and export returns for 1900, comparing the statistics of that 
year with the figures for 1899 and earlier years of the decade. 

A report on the trade of Denmark, a country that has had remark- 
able success in the development of an agricultural export business, is 
now in press. Several years ago data were collected for a similar 
publication, which was to have been issued as Bulletin No. 9, but the 
more urgent statistical work called for by the breaking out of the 
war with Spain prevented its completion at that time. In preparing 
the present report the material previously gathered was utilized as 
far as practicable, but much new matter has been added, bringing 
the facts down to date. Although several bulletins bearing higher 
numbers in the series have been published, the report on the trade of 
Denmark will be issued, in accordance with the original plan, as 
Bulletin No. 9, that number being unoccupied. 

In connection with the report on Denmark’s trade some elaborate 
statistical tables were compiled regarding the commerce carried on 
between the United States and the Scandinavian countries. These 
tables, which were too large to be incorporated in Bulletin No. 9, 
have been made the basis of a separate bulletin on the subject of our 
trade with Scandinavia, to be issued as No. 22. 

Facts are also being gathered for several additional publications, 
among them a comprehensive report on Chinese commerce, following 
in general plan the bulletin published by the Section with reference 
to the trade of the Philippine Islands. 


REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS 
AND GROUNDS. 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS, 
Washington, D. C., November 5, 1900. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the work ear- 
ried on by the Experimental Gardens and Grounds during the fiscal 
year ending June 30,1900, and a statement of plans for the future. 
Mr. William Saunders, who was in charge of the gardens and grounds 
for more than thirty-five years, died on September 9 last, when, at 
your direction, I assumed charge. 
Respectfully, B. T. GALLOWAY, 
Superintendent of Experimental Gardens and 
Grounds and Director of Plant Industry. 


Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR. 
DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS AND BULBS, ETC. 
Since the last report, submitted by Mr. William Saunders, I find that 


about the usual number of plants and bulbs have been distributed. 
The records show these to be as follows: 


PLANTS. - BULBS. 

Camphor. 2425. er lel Sie OFOCUSESS <2" ore ae ee 41,151 
Figs (bundles) === CUGtisEiyaAcinths see = 2 oes Se 20, 904 
Grapes. 3.924 eee PU tte t Walnes: (NAETION) = seer ae Ae 2,000 
Guavasi iis.2U 2.) See ate 181 | Narcissuses _____-_-__- Se ee 4,388 
Olives 2:2 Sae2. 5S eee: Pre cia bok la rb 0s hae eee ORs Or © py 40, 854 
Pineapples... 3--=22-- ese 36 | — 
Privets (bundles) p= ee ene ee O0) | Potalie: sje ee 109, 297 
Stra wherries.--. > oa] 5 ee 1OnGIe 

Teas. (ote so oe ee ee 1,488 


Miscellaneous plants, including 
pepper. vanilla, Avocada pear, 
banana, cinnamon,etc .._- 619 


Dotal? laos. eee Oameced| 


Much time was necessarily occupied in the care of the grounds sur- 
rounding the Department buildings and also in the general routine 
work of keeping up the greenhouses and conservatories. Mr. Saun- 
ders was also charged by you with the direction of the improvements 

AGR 1900 18 


ce 


wo 


274 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


on the Arlington Experimental Farm, and was engaged upon this 
work at the time of his death. 


THE LATE MR. WILLIAM SAUNDERS. 


During Mr. Saunders’ long and useful life he made a lasting impres- 
sion on American horticulture. His influence was always exerted in 
a quiet way, and much of his work, therefore, is not recorded in print. 
The following action was taken by his colleagues in the Department 
in recognition of his services: 

In the death of Mr. William Saunders the Department of Agriculture has lost a 
faithful and efficient officer and American agriculture and horticulture a true and 
trusted friend. As Superintendent of the Gardens and Grounds of this Department 
for more than thirty-five years and as a promoter of many important agricultural 
and horticultural lines of work, Mr. Saunders’ name has become famous through- 
out the land. His ability as a landscape gardener was universally recognized, and 
his knowledge of plants was of amost thorough kind. The beautiful departmental 
grounds are a monument to his skill, and some of the best fruits in the country are 
the result of his keen insight into horticultural work. Mr. Saunders was a man 
of sterling honesty, and manifested astrong interest in the progress of our country, 
especially of the man at the plow. Im his desire to benetit the farmer he was 
largely instrumental in the organization of the National Grange and a number of 
other associations which have had a marked influence on the country’s weitare. 
Mr. Saunders was noted for his strong convictions as to what was right. A good 
father, an estimable citizen, his loss will be felt by all who knew him. ‘Therefore, 

Resolved, That the sympathies of the officers of the Department of Agriculture 
and other associates of Mr. Saunders be extended to the widow and family of the 
deceased, and that a copy of this minute and resolution be transmitted to them. 


PLANS FOR FUTURE WORK. 
THE GROUNDS OF THE DEPARTMENT. 


The grounds connected with the Department proper comprise about 
33 acres, of which 9 acres are occupied for the most part by buildings, 
the remainder being devoted to ornamental and other plants. There 
are on the grounds about 250 species and varieties of trees, shrubs, 
and vines, which were planted about twenty-five years ago, and con- 
stitute probably one of the finest collections of the kind in the coun- 
try. There are nine plant houses, the largest of which is 30 by 320 
feet, and is devoted to a collection of economic plants, mostly tropical 
and subtropical. In addition to the large house, there is a grapery 26 
by 136 feet, containing some of the more choice varieties of Vinifera 
grapes; an orange house 24 by 101 feet; a propagating house 20 by 81 
feet; and five houses devoted to miscellaneous crops, including pine- 
apples, roses, carnations, chrysanthemums, ete., and ranging in width 
from 20 to 24 feet and in length from 100. to 148 feet. Besides these 
houses, there are five heated frames, each 7 feet wide, aggregating 570 
feet in length. 

It is planned to utilize the grounds and greenhouses, as far as pos- 
sible, in the collection of new and rare plants which are being intro- 
duced from time totime. These plants will be grown in order to secure 
information as to their value, and, furthermore, to serve as object !es- 
sons to those who may visit the Department with a view of obtaining 
facts bearing on such lines of work. 

In order that the work on the grounds may be made as valuable as 
possible, all trees, shrubs, and other plants out of doors and under 
glass will be labeled. This will add greatly to the value of the col- 
lections and enable visiting horticulturists and others to obtain facts 
of value in connection with their work. 


EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS. 275 


COOPERATION WITH THE DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND 
PATHOLOGY. 


Cooperation with the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathol- 
ogy will be along a number of important lines. In assuming my duties 
as Director of Plant Industry, the work of the Division in question 
was placed in charge of Mr. Albert F. Woods, with whom close coop- 
eration has been effected. It will be the aim of the Experimental Gar- 
dens and Grounds to furnish every facility for the important work of 
this Division on the diseases of plants. The trees, shrubs, vines, and 
other plants on the grounds will serve as valuable subjects for study, 
and greenbouse facilities will be provided for working out important 
problems in plant physiology and pathology. Heretofore the impor- 
tant work in plant breeding carried on by the Division in question has 
been more or less hampered by lack of proper facilities, but the close 
union of work arranged for will remove many of the difficulties and 
make it possible to materially broaden the investigations already 
under way and to inaugurate new ones equally as important. One 
feature of this work in which it seems the Experimental Gardens and 
Grounds can cooperate is the propagation and dissemination of new 
plants obtained as a result of breeding. Already some very promis- 
ing new plants, such as hardy oranges, pineapples, ete., have been 
produced in this way, and the proper dissemination of these must be 
looked after with care in order to achieve the greatest success. 

A line of work which it is proposed to enter on as soon as it is found 
practicable to do so will have for its object the obtaining of informa- 
tion relative to the conditions affecting the cultivation of plants under 
glass. This particular branch of horticulture has developed remark- 
ably during the past twenty years, and now represents a capital of 
many millions of dollars. There are many problems connected with 
the work about which it would be desirable to obtain definite informa- 
tion and which have an important bearing on success, for instance, 
the construction of houses, relative value of different methods of 
heating, and the relation of water and soil conditions to growth. 

It is planned to inaugurate experiments along broad lines in this 
direction at an early date, and to this end model houses for the culti- 
vation of roses, carnations, violets, and other plants will be secured. 
The best methods of handling such crops, the advantages arising from 
careful selection of stock, proper methods of feeding, watering, ete., 
are all questions which will receive due consideration. In addition, 
it is hoped to arouse greater interest in this work by calling atten- 

tion to improvements in the methods of handling the products, and 

to carry out this object efforts will be made to “bring about closer 
union of the florists through proper organization and encouragement 
by the collection of statistical data relative to the work. 


COOPERATION WITH THE DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY 


One of the primary objects of the Experimental Gardens and 
Grounds will be to develop to the fullest extent cooperation with the 
other branches of the Department engaged in plant industrial work. 
To this end arrangements have been made with the Agrostologist, 
Prof. fF. Lamson-Seribner, for cooperative work on lawn grasses. In 
the matter of lawns and landscape work generally, the gr ounds should 
be made an object lesson for the many thousand visitors who come 
here every year, and, furthermore, they should be the medium in 


276 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


which to work out problems that will be of value to the whole coun- 
try. They should also be made to show the possibilities of beautify- 
ing the home, not by elaborate and intricate landscape effects, but 
by the use of simple plans and the full utilization of the many plants 
within easy reach of all. Hundreds of our own beautiful trees, 
shrubs, and hardy herbaceous plants can be obtained nowadays at 
comparatively little expense, and if properly utilized would add 
greatly to the attractiveness of our homes and tend to bind us to 
them*more and more in a way that could not but result in good to the 
family, to the State, and to the nation. 


COOPERATION WITH THE DIVISION OF POMOLOGY. 


Another line of cooperative work has been arranged for with the 
acting pomologist, Mr. William A. Taylor, its object being a study of 
our native nuts, with a view of making their cultivation profitable in 
regions to which they are adapted. There are hundreds of acres of 
idle land in this country, which in a few years could be made to yield 
fair returns if planted to nut trees. It is planned to collect, propa- 
gate, and disseminate some of our more promising nuts, and at the 
same time to make a thorough study of the conditions best suited to 
their growth, the methods of propagation, and the handling of the 
product. It seems proper that the dissemination of the nut seedlings 
and such plants as may be generally propagated should be made under 
the direction of the Secretary of Agriculture through the Senators, 
Representatives, and Delegates in Congress. To this end, the districts 
where the different productions are likely to succeed should be eare- 
fully studied, and full instructions, based on the knowledge thus 
gained, should be given, so as to insure proper planting and handling. 

In addition to nuts, there are many fruits, trees, and other plants 
in this country which have local value and which are not yet in the 
trade lists. It is planned to bring these together as rapidly as the 
work will permit, and to distribute them in the same way as the nut 
trees. The primary object of this work is edueational, and if prop- 
erly conducted will in no way interfere with established trade. On 
the contrary, it will be of benefit to the trade, for it will arouse an - 
interest in lines of work which will act as a direct stimulus to busi- 
ness enterprises. The Department’s duty is done when it shows the 
practicability of the work, and how, in its judgment, this work can be 
best carried on in the future. 


COOPERATION WITH THE SECTION OF SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION. 


Full cooperation has been arranged with the Section of Seed and 
Plant Introduction, which is in charge of Mr. Jared G. Smith. This 
Section has for its object the introduction of new seeds and plants 
from foreign countries into the United States. Many of the most 
promising introductions have necessarily been obtained in small 
quantities, and it will be of great value to propagate them here with 
a view of giving them wider dissemination. This is especially true of 
tropical and subtropical plants, which are likely to become an impor- 
tant factor in the near future in the development of the agricultural 
and horticultural interests of Porto Rico, Hawaii, and other trop- 
ical countries. It is planned to make the gardens the center from 
which a distribution of some of the more important tropical and sub- 


EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS. 277 
tropical plants may be made, and at the same time the medium in 
which to determine, as far as possible, the conditions best suited to 
the growth and propagation of the plants thus handled. 


GENERAL HORTICULTURAL WORK. 


It is planned to give special attention to the broader lines of horti- 
eultural work. The aim will be to develop an interest in the study 
of living plants with reference to their behavior and variation under 
domestication. Horticultural varieties and garden plants generally 
are well worthy of systematic study to obtain light on lines along 
which future improvements must. be made. 

A collection or herbarium of economic plants would be a valuable 
adjunct to this work, and if properly managed would be of great aid 
to a number of Divisions. Vegetable culture, which includes both 
market gardening and truck growing, has received little attention 
by the Department in the past. It is hoped in the near future to 
inaugurate some lines of work which will be of value to this important 
industry. One of the first problems in this field which will receive 
attention is a study of the soil with relation to the trucking interests. 
This will naturally be followed by a study of the crops themselves, 
including methods of handling, marketing, diseases, ete. Cooperation 
in the work can be secured with the Division of Soils and the other 
Divisions interested in the special phases of the work. 


THE ARLINGTON EXPERIMENTAL FARM. 


The Department has been handicapped by lack of sufficient ground 
to carry on its experimental work on plants. It would be of great 
advantage to have an orchard of the leading varieties of apples, pears, 
peaches, and other fruits, and also a vineyard and gardens where full 
opportunity for experimenting along the lines here laid down would 
be afforded. The Arlington Experimental Farm, recently secured to 
the Department by an act of Congress, will probably be the means of 
furnishing the much-needed ground. 


ORGANIZATION OF THE OFFICE OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 


In order to bring about a closer union of the different branches of 
the Department engaged in plant industrial work, arrangements have 
been perfected and approved by you for the affiliation of the Division 
of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, the Division of Agrostology, 
the Division of Pomology, the Experimental Gardens and Grounds, 
and the Section of Seed ‘and Plant Introduction. The group will be 
known collectively as the Office of Plant Industry, and the general 
object is set forth in your order of October 1, which is as follows: 

For the purpose of unifying the work of certain branches of the Department, it 
is hereby ordered that the chief of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and 
Pathology, the chief of the Division of Agrostology, and the chief of the Division 
of Pomology confer upon all matters of general policy and plan with the Superin- 
tendent of Experimental Gardens and Grounds, who is hereby designated as 
Director of Plant Industry. In carrying out this order the several branches of 
the Department named will maintain their present integrity and organization. 


By a subsequent order the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction 
has been included in the group under the same conditions as outlined 
in the first order. 

The desirability of a better coordination of allied lines of work has 
long been recognized.in the Department. Forsome time the Divisions 


278 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


now grouped in the Office of Plant Industry have been planning their 
work in consultation with each other and in close cooperation, and 
the step which has been taken is the result of the natural growth of 
this policy. All interested realize that under the new arrangement 
still closer cooperation and more effective work along broad general 
lines will be made possible. This arrangement will also check the 
tendency to segregation of allied work, although the elastic nature of 
the combination will permit the indefinite extension of any line of 
investigation or group of related lines of research. Carrying out the 
plans as here set forth will, it is believed, bring added strength to 
every line of work and materi ally aid the erowth of the Department 
along broad lines. 


REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROAD 
INQUIRIES. 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROAD INQUIRIES, 
Washington, D. C., August 25, 1900. 

Str: Ihave the honor to submit herewith the report of the Office of 
Public Road Inquiries for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, together 
with an outline of the work for the current year and estimates for the 
ensuing year. 

My appointment as Director of the Office of Public Road Inquiries did 
not take effect until near the close of the last fiscal year, and as my 
assistant, Mr. M. O. Eldridge, directed the operations of the inquiry 
for several months previous to my coming, he has prepared, at my 
request, that portion of the report relating to the work of the year. 

Respectfully, 
MARTIN DODGE, 
Director. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR. 


The work of the Office during the fiscal year 1899-1900 continued 
according to plans laid down in our previous report and in pursuance 
of the general plans and purposes of the inquiry. The office force was 
kept busy collecting and giving information, attending road conven- 
tions and other meetings where the subject was under discussion, and 
cooperating with State agricultural colieges and experiment stations 
and State and local road authorities in the construction of object- 
lesson and experimental roads. The field agents of the Office were 
engaged in attending road meetings and in looking after the details 
connected with the building of sample roads throughout the country. 
Owing to the great importance of practical work and the urgent and 
constantly increasing demand for practical demonstrations in road 
building, the Office has made a special effort to push the scientific and 
practical side of the work, although the literature of the subject has 
not been neglected. 

In presenting this report, this Office desires to acknowledge the 
generous cooperation of various road-machine companies and trans- 
portation companies in the work of constructing experimental and 
object-lesson roads. 

According to the strict construction put upon the law by your pred- 
ecessor (see letter of instruction printed in the report of this Office 
for 1893), we were, up to the time of your accession, prohibited from 

279 


280 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


engaging in any practical road work. On May 29 of last year the 
Director of this Office received the subjoined letter of instructions, to 
the effect that we should push the practical side of our work. Under 
these instructions this Office has embraced every possible opportunity 
to assist in or take charge of the construction of object-lesson, sample, 
or experimental roads. 
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, 
Washington, D. C., May 29, 1899. 

Srr: In order that the provisions of the statutes relating to ‘‘ Public-road inquir- 
ies’? may be properly and efficiently executed, you are hereby authorized and 
directed to supervise, manage, and conduct investigations, inquiries, and experi- 
ments relating to the following subjects, viz: 

(1) To make inquiries in regard to the various systems of road management 
throughout the United States. 

(2) To make investigations, by experiment and otherwise, regarding the best 
methods of road making and the best kinds of road-making materials to be found 
in the several States. 

(3) Toprepare didactic reports and statements upon the subjects of road making 

and road management suitable for publication and distribution as bulletins of 
this Department. 

(4) To assist the agricultural colleges and agricultur al experiment stations in 
disseminating, by object- lesson methods or otherwise, information on the afore- 
mentioned subjects. 

The necessary expenses attending the execution of these instructions will be 
provided for upon requisitions and specific letters of authorization. 

These instructions supersede all former general directions given you respecting 
the scope and purpose of the work of the Office of Public Road Inquiries. 

Respectfully, 
JAMES WILSON, 
Secretary. 


PRACTICAL ROAD WORK. 


Because of the limited funds provided by Congress for carrying on 
the work, this Office has been unable to do any experimental or object- 
lesson work on its own account, but has had to cooperate with the 
various parties interested—that is, the citizens and county authorities 
concerned, the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, the 
manufacturers of road machinery, implements, and supplies, and the 
railway companies. The citizens and county authorities or the col- 
leges and stations have supplied the materials and labor, while the 
road-machine companies have furnished the necessary machinery. 

Owing to the fact that the construction of sample roads with mod- 
ern machinery so often leads to the sale of the machinery, it is quite 
probable that road-machine companies will find it profitable to place 
needed machinery at our disposal, and that hereafter there will be no 
trouble in securing all the machinery needed. The railroad com- 
panies throughout the countr y are so much interested in the improve- 
ment of the short haul, or primary means of transportation, that in 
every instance where sample roads were to be built in territory adja- 
cent to their lines and at right angle to them, they have gladly coop- 
erated to the extent of furnishing free transportation for our agents 
and machinery. 

More States and localities were visited by representatives of this 
Office and more sample rosds were built under its direction last year 
than in any previous year. In this work the endeavor has been to 
assist those who most needed assistance, and for this reason little has 
been done in the Northeastern States, while much has been accom- 
plished in the Middle Western and Southern States. We have 


OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROAD INQUIRIES. 281 


cooperated to the fullest extent possible in the construction of vari- 
ous kinds of roads in Virginia, Louisiana, Tennessee, South Carolina, 
Mississippi, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Illinois, Towa, Minnesota, 
Texas, Michigan, and the District of Columbia, and reports on the 
impor tant work in some of the States are here given. 


VIRGINIA. 


During July and August there was an opportunity to direct the 
construction of a sample road at Hot Springs, Va., where practically 
all the expense was borne by the Hot Springs Company and the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio Railroad. The road improved was a half mile in 
length and 8 inches in depth on the average and 13 feet in width. It 
was constructed of native blue limestone of good quality found near 
the road. Three sizes of stone were used, namely: For the founda- 
tion course, from 2 to 3 inches in size; for the second course, 14-inch 
stone, and for the surface, three-quarter-inch stone, with dust. The 
foundation course was placed with a spreading cart to the depth of 
about 5 inches, and it was then thoroughly rolled and covered with 
screenings and stone dust, after which it was rolled again until the 
interstices were filled and the surface was hard and smooth. The 
second course was then spread on and similarly treated, water being 
applied with a sprinkling cart as the rolling progressed, and enough 
fine stone and screenings added to make the surface perfectly smooth 
and impervious to water. The exact cost of this road was not 
obtained, but with a similar plant and under like conditions, it was 
estimated that good roads 10 feet in width can be built in that section 
of Virginia for about $2,200 per mile. This road, both during its 
building and since its completion, has been visited by many promi- 
nent people, all of whom have been seemingly pleased with the char- 
acter of construction. It has stood the wear and tear of traffic and 
weather remarkably well, and this sample road has led to the con- 
struction of several miles of high-class macadam roads in the vicinity. 


LOUISIANA, 


About the middle of September we assisted the North Louisiana 
experiment station at Calhoun in the construction and improvement 
of some earth roads. Aside from clay and gravel, Louisiana is not 
well supplied with road material. The experiment in that State, there- 
fore, consisted in demonstrating the way in which the local materials 
could be most economically and efficiently utilized. With the aid of 
a disk plow, asteel road machine, and an ordinary farm roller, sections 
of earth and clay roads were graded, rounded up, treated with sand, 
and rolled. Sloping ditches or gutters were made on each side of the 
roadway and modern culverts were built at low places to carry the 
water away after the showers and in wet weather. 

One day during the construction was set apart as ‘‘ Good roads day,” 
every parish in the State except those in the yellow-fever district being 
represented. An able address on the ‘‘ Importance of good roads in 
Louisiana” was delivered by Governor M. J. Foster. Mr. Charles T. 
Harrison, the road expert in charge of the work, also addressed the 
meeting on ‘‘ The practical side of the road question,” and showed the 
delegates the use of the road machine. This work, and especially 
the use of the roller in connection with the road machine, was a reve- 
lation to many of the visitors. The expert was plied with questions 


282 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


regarding improved roads, and it is believed that much good work 
will be the result of this demonstration. 


TENNESSEE, 


During the months of October and November an object-lesson road 
was built near Knoxville, Tenn., for the benefit of the students of the 
State University Agricultural College and Experiment Station and the 
farmers and other citizens interested. The road selected for this pur- 
pose is 1,600 feet in length, and extends from the Kingston pike to 
the farm buildings. Instead of following the line of the old road 
straight over the knolls and through the depressions, where the grade 
in some places exceeds 10 per cent, a new and comparatively level 
route around the hill was selected, laid out, and graded. The broken 
stone with screenings and dust was spread on the prepared foundation 
10 feet wide in layers about 4 inches in depth. Each layer was sprin- 
kled and rolled according to the usual custom and fine stone and 
screenings applied to the surface. The material of which this road 
was constructed was the ordinary limestone, which abounds in. east- 
ern Tennessee, and which is about the only material used in the per- 
manent improvement of the public roads. 

A quarry was opened midway of the improvement, only a few feet 
from the roadway, and from this an abundance of good material was 
secured and crushed. Through the courtesy of the Delaware, Lacka- 
wanna and Western; the Chesapeake and Ohio; the Baltimore and 
Ohio; the Louisville and Nashville; the Southern; the Nashville, Chat- 
tanooga and St. Louis; the Atlanta, Knoxvilie, and Northern; the Cin- 
cinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific railroads we were successful 
in installing at Knoxville the most unique and one of the most com- 
plete road-building outfits ever operated under the direction of this 
Office. The railroads above-mentioned granted free transportation 
of all machinery used at Knoxville. The plant consisted of a crusher 
with bins holding 40 tons, an elevator, and a revolving screen, the 
power for the crusher being supplied by a 15-horsepower gasoline 
engine. <A 5-ton horse roller was used and a distributing cart was 
exhibited and operated. The city of Knoxville supplied a sprinkling 
cart, as well as a steam roller, the latter being used for only a few days 
in making the finishing touches. The ease and quickness which char- 
acterized the use of the engine and crusher and the economy in fuel 
and attention required were very much admired by the large number 
of visitors. The plant was so effective and complete that the road- 
machine companies interested had no trouble in disposing of it after 
the work had been practically completed. The contractors who pur- 
chased the plant have since used it in connection with the building of 
100 miles of stone, gravel, and chert roads in the vicinity of Cleveland. 

During the construction of this road such students as desired to 
attend were instructed in the art of practical road building. Novem- 
ber 28, 1899, was set apart as ‘‘State day,” and quite a number of 
students and representative east Tennesseeans were in attendance, 
and addresses were delivered by Dr. Charles W. Dabney, president 
of the University of Tennessee, Prof. William Carson, C. E., and Mr. 
Charles T. Harrison, the expert in charge. We have been unable to 
secure data in reference to the cost of this work, but under similar 
circumstances, it is believed that such roads can be built in Tennessee 
at a cost of $2,000 to $3,000 a mile. 


OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROAD INQUIRIES. 283 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 


Special Agent and Expert Charles T. Harrison, in his report to the 
acting director of this Office, in reference to the work done under his 
direction at Clemson College, South Carolina, says: 


Clemson College road.—During the progress of the Tennessee road work arrange- 
ments had been madeto carry the work of the Office of Public Road Inquiries into 
- South Carolina, and early in December I went to Clemson College, situated a mile 
west of Calhoun station, on the Southern Railway, and 32 miles from Greenville, to 
look over the ground and determine upon what should be done. Early in the fall, 
to facilitate the work, the college trustees had begun upon the road set apartas an 
object lesson, and at the time of my visit had laid over a half mile of foundation. 
The college was already provided with a crusher, an elevator, and a chute screen; 
and the broken stone, as it came from the crusher, was placed upon the earth 
foundation; the only rolling that was done being by the aid of the wide-tired 
wagons used on the college farm. As large and small stones had been placed indis- 
criminately, the superintendent in charge of the work, Maj. J. E. Bradley, one of 
the trustees of the college, and his foreman, Mr. J. P. Lewis, the college farm 
manager, were advised to have the larger stones broken. Other timely suggestions 
were given and material looked up for the experimental features of the work to 
be done later. I then returned to Knoxville, where I found the model plant being 
shipped to its new location. December 19 I returned to Clemson College under 
an authorization to instruct the students in the art of road building by practical 
demonstrations and lectures. 

In the interim between my visits, the Office of Public Road Inquiries had secured 
the loan from Mr. Murray Bocock, of Keswick, Va., of an improved 5-ton horse 
roller that could be weighted to 7 tons, and great good has been done with it. 
Considerable progress has been made on the road, a gang of men being kept at 
work breaking the large stones as they were placed. 

It was deemed best at this time to remove the plant to a point more convenient 
to all parts of the work, and, as the Christmas holidays were coming on, when but 
little work would be done at the college, it was decided to remove and reset the 
plant at that time, so as to be ready to prosecute the work vigorously with the 
beginning of the new year. This was done, the new location proving more advan- 
tageous in every way. 

The road improved extended from Calhoun Station to the college campus, and 
had been laid out to avoid the steep grades on the old road. A great amount of 
cutting and filling had been done, and an average grade of 3} per cent obtained. 
A fine stone culvert was erected across a good-sized creek or branch, and a fill of 
several feet in depth made over it and on the approaches thereto. The new road 
has a number of graceful curves, and, though the length was increased, the time 
between the college and railroad station was materially lessened on account of the 
easier grades established. 

The stone construction, as started by the college authorities, was 9 feet in width, 
placed on one side of the roadway so as to adinit of an earth road immediately 
adjoining; the depth of stone varied according to the lack of firmness in the sub- 
grade, which, on the big fill over and near the branch, had become softened by 
reason of heavy travel in the wet season of the fall. On this considerable stone 
was placed, which was worked in by travel until a firm foundation was had. The 
average depth of stone was to have been 9 inches. The stone used was gneiss, 
and, though of an inferior quality, was the best to be obtained there. and far supe- 
rior to mud. 

The work on this section of road, about a mile in length, was in charge of Trustee 
Bradley and Prof. P. T. Brodie, instructor in civil engineering. It was known as 
the ‘‘ College Road,” though a general oversight was given the work by the Office 
of Public Road Inquiries’ representative. 


Experimental roads.—In order that it might be ascertained how good for road 
purposes the different rocks and materials at hand might prove, the road work 
done directly by the Office of Public Road Inquiries embraced several distinct fea- 
tures. They were known as ‘‘experiments,’’and were so designated by appropriate 
markings, so that ‘‘he who runs may read.” This work began at the end of the 
college road and extended a distance of 1.302 feet by a number of curves to the 
entrance of the main college building. The stone construction was 10 feet wide, 
with an average depth for macadam of 5inches. The depth of stone was a distinct 
feature, as the general impression where stone roads have not been tried is that 
nothing less than 10 or 12 inches in depth will answer. 


284 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


The experimental sections were four in number and comprised the following 
features: 

Section I: Macadam; length, 325 feet; quartz foundation with cinder filler, 
gneiss surface, and screenings. 

Section II: Telford; length, 44 feet; gneiss foundation (7 inches); gneiss sur- 
face (3 inches); gneiss fillers throughout. 

Section III: Macadam; length, 713 feet; quartz and gneiss foundation, mixed; 
gneiss surface. with cinder fillers for both courses. 

Section IV: Macadam; length, 220 feet: gneiss foundation, no filler; quartz sur- 
face, topped with a mixture of sand, gravel, and loam. This section was 12 feet 
in width, and instead of the usual earth, shoulder stone wings of quartz were 
made on each side 4 feet wide and 2 inches in depth, giving a top surface of 20 
feet in width. 

During the progress of this work a clay and sand road was built at the end of 
the last section, which, being well mixed as it was put in and thoroughly rolled, 
gave promise of being a model in its line. This outside section was constructed 
by Farm Manager Lewis, who was the first to putinto practice what he had learned 
of road work through the demonstrations then being made. A section was also 
laid near the farm buildings, of gneiss foundation, with a surface similar to that 
used to top off Section IV of the experiments: this had severe tests, but stood up 
well. 

On all the road work done at Clemson College care was taken to have good side 
ditches and culverts, and, except in one place, storm water was not permitted to 
cross the road on its surface. For the work, in addition to the plant before men- 
tioned, we had the distributing cart used in the Virginia and Tennessee work, and 
a steel road machine, the property of the college farm. With this machine or 
scraper nearly all the shouldering was done, and in some cases it was used toeven 
up the stone surface. 

One of the State convict camps was located at Clemson College, and the labor 
was done by the convicts, very little free labor being employed. There were fre- 
quent delays from storms and the hauling of freight from the station, but on the 
whole the construction moved more smoothly than is usual in such work. 

Road supervisors and superintendents, as well as numbers of interested citizens 
of the section, were frequent visitors to the new road, all of whom seemed to gain 
practical information that would aid them in such work in their own neighborhoods. 

Careful memoranda were kept of all expenses connected with the road by 
Manager Lewis, so that the exact cost of the experimental work can be given. 


Potal lens th of work _ h-hh 345 Be ee eae aes ere eee feet.- 1,302 
Amount of stone placed on TAL. te S| ee ee cubic yards__ 4302 
Cost : 
Quarrying stone: 22 42 64" eR) $e a ee eee $112. 70 
Hauling stone to crusher from quarry and fields, + inelnding 423 cubic 
yards purchased ______- s Jib s2 seca 2 ew tee 
Crushing stone, hire of engine and labor ____- Sep (= Bae eae 2 OO SUD. 
Placing rock on road, grading, shouldering culverts, ete_- SASOe26 
Stone previously cr ushed and banked on side of road at Sections L Te 
and TDD sa ssek es ee a ee Beta ie ne ee 210.00 
Rollimerroads= sas. se Pes Ee) Re eee eee EN tee eS 20.00 
Potal re St Se Ose a ee Te ee ee 676. 50 


The above cost, for the length given, would give the cost of a mile of road as 
$2.700. Taking the fact of the delays that occurred (unavoidable ones, largely) 
and the want of a sprinkler in the work, the cost is not excessive. Could the 
work have been prosecuted under more favorable conditions, it is likely that the 
cost would have been considerably less. Before it was decided to have object- 
lesson roads constructed, estimates were asked for the college road, the figures 
given ranging between $2,300 and $2,600 per mile. 


Class work.—Supplementing the actual road work, a class in theo- 
retical and practical road building was organized, of which Mr. Har- 
rison was placed in charge. Besides several practical talks by him, 
addresses on the subject were delivered by Dr. Henry 8. Hartzog, 
president of Clemson College, Prof. C. M. Conner, of the experiment 
station, and M. O. Eldridge, acting director of the Office of Public 


OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROAD INQUIRIES. 285 


Road Inquiries. The road-building class visited the work daily, and 
after the class work had been completed wrote theses on various 
phases of the subject. President Hartzog offered a gold medal for 
the best essay submitted to the Office of Public Road Inquiries. Mr. 
R. N. Reeves handed in the best paper and subsequently received 
the gold medal. All the papers were good and showed that the stu- 
dents had profited by the instruction given. 


MISSISSIPPI. 


At the agricultural college and experiment station, Starkville, Miss., 
sample roads were built during the monthof April, 1900. The condi- 
tions being similar to those in the adjacent State of Louisiana, our 
work there was similar in character to that already done at the north 
Louisiana experiment station. By the use of drag and wheel scrap- 
ers, reversible road machine, road roller, harrows, and plows, a 5 per 
cent grade was reduced to one of 23 per cent, and a model earth road 
built. The Illinois Central Railroad Company furnished free trans- 
portation of implements from Chicago to Starkville. 

Many students and visitors carefully examined the work and seemed 
to be impressed with the necessity and importance of a smooth, solid, 
and well-rounded surface that would shed water into the side drains, 
which in turn discharged it into low places. About fifty students, 
including two ladies, were organized into a class, and three times 
a week they were instructed in practical road building, the plan of 
teaching being similiar to that given at Clemson College, South Carolina. 

In a letter addressed to the acting director of this Office, Mr. W. L. 
Hutchinson, the director of the Mississippi experiment station, says: 

I can not express too strongly my appreciation of the good work that you have 
done for this State. I believe that the cause of good roads has received an impetus 
which will mean continued success in probably the most important matter which 


confronts our people at present. Itis very gratifying to me to feel that I am now 
in a position to deal with the matter with more or less efficiency and ability. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


During the months of April and May and the first half of June, 
Special Agent and Expert E. G. Harrison was stationed at Doyles- 
town, where he was engaged in cooperating with the National Farm 
School and the road authorities of Bucks County in constructing 
about a mile of sample road and in instructing the students and citi- 
zens in the art of scientific road building. The practical work as well 
as the instruction offered to students and others was similar in char- 
acter to that followed at Clemson College, South Carolina. The stu- 
dents seemed to be equally interested—so much so, in fact, that they 
petitioned the dean to allow them to construct with their own hands 
aroad from the school buildings to the Government sample road during 
their summer vacation. With the instruction they received, it is not 
doubted that they will make a creditable showing and that other 
agricultural schools and colleges will adopt the same system of 
instruction. Although this method of applying the information 
gained had been previously recommended by the Office, this is the 
first time that the students have taken it up on their own account. 
The funds from which the Doylestown object-lesson road was con- 
structed were donated by the National Farm School and the citizens 
interested. The machinery, including crushing outfit, engine, distrib- 


286 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


uting cart, and horse roller, was contributed, and the Pennsylvania 
and Reading railroads furnished: free transportation of machinery 
from Kennett Square, Pa., and Canton, Ohio. 


WISCONSIN. 


In reference to the Menomonie, Wis., sample road built by Hon. 
J. H. Stout, under the direction of Expert E. G. Harrison, of this 
Office, of which mention was made in our last annual report, the 
Milwaukee Sentinel of April 20, 1900, makes the following comments: 

The Stout model road.—The short section of model road built just outside the 
city limits of Menomonie, Wis., by Senator J. H. Stout is serving its purpose as 
an object lesson most admirably at this season of the year, when unimproved 
country roads are in many cases rendered impassible by the wet weather, which 
converts them into quagmires of mud. 

This road presents a hard, smooth surface, perfectly drained, that makes traffic 
as easy asin dry weather, thus providing a str iking illustration of the advantages 
of well-constructed roads. While it is unnecessary to dwell upon the manifest 
superiority of improved roads at any season of the year, inasmuch as no one is 
likely to argue the matter. the contrast between the Stout model road and the 
average road in other parts of the State at the present time is so great as to convey 
adeep impression. It should bring home to the farmer the economy of good roads. 
The expense of building such roads as that at Menomonie is very considerable, but 
the cost does not seem to be large when one observes the results. 

If there were such roads thr oughout the State, as there may be eventually if a 
systematic scheme of road construction is indorsed by the people, thousands of 
farmers will reap benefits that will be worth to them many times what they are 
assessed to help pay for the roads. As the assistant director of the Agricultural 
Department Bureau of Road Inquiry said in a recent report: ‘‘The difference 
between good and bad roads is often equivalent to the difference between profit 
and loss.” Anyone who observes the results attained by the Menomonie model 
road can appreciate the significance of this remark. 


EXPERIMENTAL ROADS. 
BRICKS. 


A system has been perfected by which vitrified brick trackways or 
tramways can be made at a compart atively low cost on account of the 
small number of bricks required. Longitudinal bricks are placed in 
such a way as to allow the vehicles to turn off and on the tracks at 
any point without sliding and forming ruts alongside the track. A 
short section of this road has been built on the grounds of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, and owing to the abundance of good brick clay 
throughout the country, this experiment will be looked upon with 
much interest, especially by the good-roads people, wlio advocate the 
use of convict labor in the preparation of bricks for road improve- 
ment. If, after sufficient time has elapsed to observe the action of 
the traffic on this road, we deem it advisable, a report on this sub- 
ject will be prepared for the benefit of the general public. 


OILED ROADS. 


By reason of the numerous inquiries being made in regard to the 
improvement of roads with oil, we decided to cooperate with the 
Government officials of the District of Columbia and a dustless road- 
bed company in testing this new system. Qucens Chapel Road, in 
the District of Columbia, was selected for this purpose on account 
of it being so near Washington, that the results could be carefully 
noted from time to time. This road is a typical country thorough- 
fare of the ordinary width; 4,650 feet was rounded up, treated with 
oil, and rolled; the width of the sprinkled portion varied from 9 to 12 


OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROAD INQUIRIES. 287 


feet. The oil used was that which is left of crude petroleum after 
such volatile substances as naphtha, kerosene, benzine, and gasoline 
have been extracted. It was a residuum oil of 26 gravity, weighing 
7.48 pounds per gallon. 

The material of which Queens Chapel Road is composed being a 
sandy clay and loam, and being quite loose in some places, it took 
more oil than would be required to treat an ordinary clay or loam 
road free from sand and in good condition. The amount of oil used 
was a little over 5,000 gallons, and it was sprinkled on from an ordi- 
nary perforated gas-pipe sprinkling wagon. This wagon had been 
used in sprinkling the roads with water, and the holes were not 
enlarged for the experiment, thus necessitating the sprinkling of cer- 
tain portions three or four times, while the looser and more dusty 
sections were sprinkled as many as six or seven times. The ordinary 
sprinkling wagon was found quite satisfactory, especially as the 
weather was warm, so that the oil ran quite fast enough to be grad- 
ually taken up by the surface and not so fast that it would flow into 
the side ditches, as would have been the case had the required amount 
been applied all at once 

This road was tr eated several weeks ago, and so far as we are now 
able to judge the new system is a success as a dust settler. We believe 
that where roads have so much traffic and dust as to require the use 
of the sprinkling cart in dry weather, the residue oil, or roadbed oil, 
as it is called by the dealers, could be used very effectively and eco- 
nomically. The fact that it settles the dust and kills weeds was first 
recognized and utilized by the West Jersey and Seashore Railroad. It 
is now being applied annually to about thirty of the leading railroads 
throughout the country, and its use is being gradually extended to the 
ordinary country roads. It is claimed by some that the application of 
erude oil will make a surface impervious to water, and consequently 
‘comparatively free from frost and mud. If this be the case, oil will 
supersede gravel and stone in the improvement of countryroads. The 
test of time alone can settle this very much disputed question. It is 
deemed inexpedient, therefore, to discuss this phase of the subject 
until after the experiment has been tested by traffic, winter and spring 
rains, freezes, and thaws. 


LITERATURE. 


Each year brings added interest to the various phases of the ques- 
tion of improving the condition of the country roads. The business 
man, the manufacturer, the farmer, and the laborer are alike con- 
cerned, and each is equally anxious to perform his part, provided the 
burden is borne by all those who are interested in and benefited by 
the improvement. The literature of the Office not only treats the ques- 
tion of scientific and practical road building, but also points out the 
most equitable and feasible methods of road taxation and road legis- 
lation and management. Two new circulars have been issued during 
the year, namely, Circular No. 34, ‘‘ The social, commercial, and eco- 
nomie phases of the road subject,” by Mr. W.-H. Moore; Circular No. 
35, ‘‘ The State-aid law of New York,” compiled in the Office of Public 
Road Inquiries. 

These circulars are valuable additions to our literature; it is 
believed that their wide circulation will stimulate activity in behalf 
of better roads everywhere, and that the facts contained in the latter, 
especially, will encourage the enactment of State-aid laws in several 


288 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


of the States. There has been constant demand for the bulletins and 
circulars heretofore published, many of which had to be reprinted 
during the year. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 95, ‘‘ Good roads for farmers,” 
was Se twice, one edition amounting to 20,000 copies, and the 
other to 25,000 copies. This bulletin is again exhausted and another 
edition of 25,000 copies has been ordered, which will, with the original 
edition, make 95,000 copies in all, that ‘have been. gratuitously dis- 
tributed to persons directly interested i in or engaged in road building. 
The information thus distributed by the Government has no doubt 
been effective in promoting a more careful administration of the 
present roads and road expenditures. 


ROAD CONVENTIONS. 


In addition to the main features of our work—that is, the building 
of short sample roads as object lessons and the distribution of prac- 
tical good-roads literature—an attempt has also been made to inform 
and stimulate the public mind by attending and addressing State legis- 
latures, the legislative committees, road conventions, farmers’ insti- 
tutes, and other meetings where various phases of the road subject 
were to be discussed. The State and Interstate Good Roads and Pub- 
lic Improvement Association held several important conventions in 
. linois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Texas, and Arkansas. Several plants 
of road-building machinery, with experts to operate them, were fur- 
nished by the road-machine companies, and short samples of roads 
were built at most of these conventions, under the direction of Mr. E. 
G. Harrison, of this Office. The first convention was held at Mon- 
mouth, Ill., September 2, and the last one at Fort Smith, Ark., Decem- 
ber 22. During this time thirty-eight road associations were formed, 
and through these over one hundred have since been organized. 
Aside from the work of the National League for Good Roads, this is 
the greatest campaign that has ever been waged in behalf of better 
highways , and will surely and favorably affect road legislation. 

A good- roads school or institute, lasting about ten days, was held at 
Char ‘lotte, N. C., under the direction of Prof. J. A. Holmes, State 
geologist of that State. The Director and assistant director of this 
Office attended and assisted in the practical instruction given. In 
order that the people of the State may derive the maximum benefit 
from the practical good-roads work being done near Charlotte and 
from the educational advantages gained by coming together near the 
work and discussing the details, it is quite probable that these insti- 
tutes will be repeated from year to year. 

Representatives from the Office have, during the year, attended and 
addressed farmers’ institutes, boards of trade, farmers’ clubs, or other 
special meetings in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, 
District of Columbia, Virginia, Tennessee, North Car olina, South 
Carolina, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, 
Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, W isconsin, and Ohio. 
At all of these meetings it was quite apparent that the agitating and 
educational influences of this Government during the past few years 
have not only advanced publie opinion in behalf of better highways 
in the rural districts, but have revealed to the public the fact that the 
system by which most of our roads are now built and maintained is 
by no means conducive to the best interests of all the people con- 
cerned. No one who has given the question careful consideration is 
now opposed to good roads, and men of all classes and conditions are 


5 OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROAD INQUIRIES. 289 


seeking to solve the question of ways and means by which the great 
direct and indirect annual loss now going on may be either checked or 
turned into more profitable channels. 


” 


OPERATIONS AND PLANS OF WORK FOR FISCAL YEAR 1901. 


At the beginning of the fiseal year, July 1, 1900, E. G. Harrison, 
road expert of this Office, was engaged in building an object-lesson 
road at Port Huron, Mich., under an authorization issued during the 
last fiscal year. This was built to serve as an object lesson during 
the meeting of the First International Good Roads Convention and 
League of American Wheelmen Festival, held at Port Huron July 2, 
3, 4, and 5, 1900. The crushing plant and the road machine, kindly 
placed at the disposal of the Office by a road-machine company, were 
operated by Mr. J. M. Starkweather, who also had general supervision 
of the road. An enterprising engine and thrasher company supplied 
a traction engine, provided with extra wide wheels for rolling, a 
spreading wagon, and a sprinkling cart, as well as otherwise materi- 
ally aiding the enterprise, and it was largely due to the efforts of this 
company that the work was so successfully completed. 

A special feature of the work was that the traction engine was used 
instead of horses to draw the road machine and dumping wagons, 
which plan proved very satisfactory. Thus, the traction engine served 
the treble purpose of furnishing power for the crusher, drawing the 
road grader, ete., and rolling the road. The plan of construction was 
that which is usually followed in the macadam sample-road work. 
Part of the sample had been completed and part was under construe- 
tion when the convention met. Thus the delegates were afforded an 
opportunity to observe the methods and details of construction and to 
see the principles, taught by the road builders present, actually put 
into practice. The objects of the gathering was to create an enthusi- 
asm for improved roads which would result in better legislation and in 
increasing the mileage of improved roads in Michigan and neighboring 
States and provinces, as wel! as to disseminate as widely as possible 
a correct knowledge of road construction and maintenance. The 
meeting was largely attended, and froma practical standpoint was a 
decided success. 

On July 2 the Director of this Office joined Mr. Harrison at Port 
Huron, and took general supervision of the work July 2, 3, and 4, 
making explanations of the work done there and in other parts of the 
country by this Office, and also presiding over the convention July 3 
and 4. 

The results of this meeting, and especially the object-lesson road, 
of which there was about a mile built under the auspices of the Gov- 
ernment, were so satisfactory that many applications were made to 
have similar work done at other places. Of the numerous requests 
made the Director immediately accepted two, one for an object-lesson 
road and convention at Saginaw, Mich., August 21, and another for 
an object-lesson road and convention at Topeka, Kans., September 
24 to 28. 

During a portion of the time intervening between the adjournment 
of the convention at Port Huron and the beginning of the object- 
lesson road at Saginaw, Mr. Harrison proceeded to Swanton, in Ful- 
ton County, Ohio, where he gave instructions to the road officers in 
reference to the construction of a road being built by them there. 
About August 10 the work of actual construction was begun on the 


AGR 190019 


290 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


object-lesson road built south of the city of Saginaw. <A distance of 
8,017 feet was prepared, by properly grading first, then the crushed 
stone was put on in layers as usual and rolled, so that when the con- 
vention assembled on the 21st there was an opportunity to see the 
road in every stage of improvement, from the undisturbed earth at 
one end to the finished roadway at the other. The work was substan- 
tially a repetition of what we did at Port Huron, except that a longer 
distance was undertaken. The Director of this Office again joined Mr. 
Harrison in the work at Saginaw August 18 and remained until August 
22, explaining the work. He also presided over the convention held 
on the 21st. At the close of this meeting there was again a strong 
demand to have the work repeated in other places. Out of the several 
requests, the Director selected Traverse City, Mich., as another place 
to build an objeet-lesson road and to hold a convention in the early 
part of October, and Springfield, Il., where an object-lesson road was 
to be built on the State fair grounds at the time of the convention 
held September 22. 

The Congress at its last session appropriated an additional sum of 
$6,000, over and above that usually appropriated heretofore, in order 
that the work of this Office might be extended; and for the purpose of 
carrying out that idea the United States has been divided into four 
divisions known as the Eastern, the Southern, the Middle, and the 
Western, as follows: 

Eastern division—Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- 
setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- 

rania, and Ohio. 


Southern division—Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, 
Kentucky, Tennessee; North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Flor- 
ida, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. 

Middle division—Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minne- 
sota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, 
and Montana. 

Western division—Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, Colo- 
rado, Utah, Nevada, California, Arizona, and New Mexico. 

The Secretary of Agriculture has appointed the following persons as 
special agents in these divisions: 


Eastern division—L. W. Page, Cambridge, Mass. 
i Py ’ 


Southern division—Prof. J. A. Holmes, State geologist, Chapel 
HilieNecC: 


Middle division—iW. 8. Earle, Detroit, Mich. 


Western division—James W. Abbott, Lake City, Colo. 
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR 1902. 


The very great demand for the assistance and cooperation of this 
Office in localities in many of the States makes it desirable that the 
number of specialagents and experts should be increased. I therefore 
recommend for the next fiscal year that the number of special agents 
beincreased from four to eight, and that there be four road experts and 
four scientific aids, so that there may be one of these to assist each 
special agent, and thereby enable us to greatly multiply the object- 
lesson work of this Office. 


OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROAD INQUIRIES. 291 


The Pan-American Congress is to be held next year at Buffalo, N. 
Y., and the South Carolina and West Indian Exposition at Charleston, 
8S. C. It would be very beneficial to have this Office make some road 
exhibit at each of these places, and I recommend an appropriation of 
$2,000 for the purpose. 

We shall also need improved machinery of various kinds, and I 
request an appropriation of $18,000 for this purpose. 

The increased correspondence of the Office makes it necessary to 
have a skilled and experienced stenographer, for which I reeommend 
an appropriation of $1,200. 

During the past years the usefulness of this Office has been some- 
what impaired by insufficient appropriations. The sum of $10,000, 
which was formerly appropriated for this Office, is none too much 
for the ordinary work which presents itself in regular course. In 
addition to this sum there should be at least $2,000 appropriated for 
the purpose of making experiments and traction tests with wide-tire 
wagons and also to assist agricultural colleges in object-lesson work - 
in the various States. 

I therefore recommend that the sum of $54,320 be appropriated for 
the use of this Office for the year 1902, as per estimates submitted. 


REPORT OF THE STATISTICIAN. 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
DIVISION OF STATISTICS, 
Washington, D. C., October 1, 1900, 
Str: I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the work of 
the Division of Statistics for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900. 
Respectfully, 
JOHN HYDE, 
Statistician. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 


WORK OF THE YEAR, WITH RECOMMENDATIONS. 
THE PRINCIPAL WORK OF THE DIVISION. 


The principal work of this Division, the work that forms the most 
conspicuous feature of its entire operations, has continuously 
employed upon it three-fourths of the clerical force of the Division, 
embodies the results of the work of upward of 200,000 correspond- 
ents, and absorbs nine-tenths of the annual appropriation, affords, 
eight years out of ten, but little material for use in an executive report. 
Its scope can not be abridged without serious detriment to the agri- 
cultural industry, nor can it be enlarged, under conditions giving the 
promise of satisfactory results, except when the decennial Federal 
Census furnishes a new statistical starting point that is at once defi- 
nite and authoritative. This work consists, as has frequently been 
stated, of a continuous inquiry into the condition of the agricultural 
industry, as indicated by the area of land devoted to the cultivation 
of the principal products of the soil; the actual volame of production 
and the value of particular crops, both on the farm and in the princi- 
pal markets; the cost of production per acre and per unit of quantity, 
and the cost of transportation; the number and value of farm ani- 
mals and the losses annually resulting from disease and exposure; 
and the volume, condition, and prospects, according to the season of 
the year, of such of the crops of foreign countries as compete with 
those of the United States in the world’s markets. 

The approaching availability of the census reports brings with it the 
necessity of immediate preparation for that broadening of the scope 
of the statistical work of this Department in relation to domestic 
products which has so frequently been urged upon the Secretary and 
the Statistician, but which could not be properly entered upon during 
the closing years of an intercensal period. 

The most important fact in this connection is the entire impractica- 


293 


294 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


bility of requiring from the Department’s statistical correspondents 
either more frequent reports or reports covering a larger number of 
products than those now included in the schedules. This difficulty 
will have to be surmounted either by making correspondents some 
small pecuniary compensation for their work or by increasing the num- 
ber of correspondents and having some of them report on the grain 
crops and others on fruits, vegetables, farm animals and animal prod- 
ucts, ete., according to the season of the year. From one or the other 
of these alternatives there seems to be no escape, and either of them 
will involve an increased expenditure, the former as already indicated, 
and the latter by so increasing the number of reports to be dealt with 
in the office as to render it impossible to tabulate them with that 
promptness which is so necessary, if the result is to be of value to the 
agricultural and commercial interests of the country, without corre- 
spondingly increasing the clerical force. I therefore earnestly recom- 
mend that in the Congressional appropriation for the fiscal year 1891-92 
the amount made available for the work of this Division be increased 
by the sum of $15,000. 


EFFORTS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE DOMESTIC CROP-REPORTING 
SERVICE. 


In view of the near approach of the time when the reports of the 
Federal Census will enable the Statistician to broaden the scope of the 
Department’s crop-reporting system by furnishing him with a definite 
and authoritative starting point for those minor but still important 
crops which have never yet been embraced within the Department’s 
statistical investigations, great efforts have been made to strengthen 
and otherwise improve the various crop-reporting agencies. The 
number of the Department’s statistical correspondents is so large, and 
the geographical unit for which each one of them reports is, in nine- 
teen cases out of twenty, so small, that errors that are those of the 
individual rather than of the class, and that escape the watchful eyes 
of the tabulators, have no effect upon the general result. Among 
correspondents of all classes, however, there is and always has been 
an apparently irresistible tendency to underestimate acreage—a ten- 
deney that is only partially offset by a disposition to overestimate 
yield per acre, and which has to be modified by subsequent reports of 
production and movement or by the results of special investigations. 
While there is no reason to believe that any Statistician of the Depart- 
ment has ever found it necessary to make changes that have been 
purely arbitrary, there has long been a manifest need of an auxiliary 
ageney, whose reports should be absolutely unbiased and independent 
of every consideration save that of presenting to the Statistician, from 
time to time, an accurate setting forth of actual conditions. 

This the Statistician had in contemplation for more than two years 
before the condition of the appropriation made its attainment feasible, 
but on October 1, 1899, it was found practicable to appoint two special 
field agents, whose entire time should be devoted to a progressive 
visitation of the principal centers of the agricultural industry, with 
such special assignments as occasion might require. For these appoint- 
ments the Statistician was so fortunate as to have available Mr. E. S. 
Holmes, jr., chief of the crop-reporting section of the Division of 
Statistics, and Mr. B. C. White, of Louisiana, who had charge of the 
cotton investigation of the Eleventh Census, under the direction of 
the present Statistician of this Department. ‘These gentlemen have 


DIVISION OF STATISTICS. 295 


fully justified their appointment. They have kept the office in close 
touch with the Department’s State statistical agents and other princi- 
pal correspondents, have secured a greater degree of uniformity in 
the methods of crop-reporting, and, by their own individual investi- 
gations, have largely contributed to that greater accuracy of the 
Statistician’s reports which has been so generally acknowledged by 
the commercial press. By no means the least valuable feature of 
their employment consists in their availability for such investiga- 
tions as those relating tothe ravages of the Hessian fly and the effects 
upon agriculture of the West India hurricane (chiefly associated in 
the public mind with the destruction of the city of Galveston), on 
September 8, 1900. When the news of the latter disaster reached 
Washington Mr. Holmes was at Topeka, Kans., and Mr. White at 
New Orleans, La., and within a few hours both of them were on their 
way, under telegraphic instructions, to Houston, Tex., from which 
city every important point in the entire region devastated was visited 
and the extent of the loss sustained by the farmers and planters was 
ascertained. 

The Statistician’s facilities for making an accurate forecast of the 
cotton crop have also been largely increased by the compilation of a 
list of cotton ginners, more than 50,000 in number, and by the success 
that has attended his efforts to induce these most favorably situated 
persons to report to him from time to time during the ginning season. 

But, notwithstanding these important additions to the crop-report- 
ing service, the Department was never under greater obligations to 
its regular county and township correspondents, its county assistants 
and State agents’ aids than it is at the present time. Their reports 
still constitute the basis of the Statistician’s work, and it is exceed- 
ingly gratifying to be able to announce that they are more numerous, 
more complete, more regular, and more prompt than at any past 
period in the history of the Department. 


REGULAR PUBLICATIONS. 


In the report of the Statistician for the year ended June 30, 1899, 
reference was made to a monthly publication, called ‘‘The Crop 
Reporter,” designed for the exclusive use of the Department’s crop 
correspondents. Partly on account of the difficulty of thus restricting 
the circulation of a publication of general interest, for which thou- 
sands of applications were received from the general public, but still 
more largely in recognition of its possible usefulness as a medium for 
the publication of information relative to the work of the Department 
that would searcely be of sufficient importance to be made the subject 
of a bulletin, the monthly statistical Crop Cireular was, on May 1 
1900, consolidated with it, and the restriction of its distribution to cor- 
re espondents was removed. While continuing to fulfill its original pur- 
pose of interesting correspondents in their. work, anticipating their 
requirements, and making intelligible to them the relation they bear 
to one of the most important branches of the entire work of the 
Department, the publication has proved acceptable in the much wider 
field in which it now circulates, and that without trespassing upon the 
province of either the commercial or the agricultural journals. In 
addition to a considerable amount of matter relative to the methods 
of work in the Division of Statistics and statistical reports of various 
countries, it has contained articles on ‘‘The agricultural work of the 
Census,” ‘‘Agriculture in India,” ‘‘ Government crop reports and spee- 


>) 


296 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS. 


ulation in farm products,” ‘‘ The utilization of cornstalks,” ‘*‘ The geo- 
graphical distribution of the area of production,” ‘‘ The New York 
State canals,” and many other topics likely to be of interest to the 
farmer. 

Of the Crop Reporter and Crop Cireular, there were printed in the 
fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, 1,824,000 copies. 


SPECIAL REPORTS. 


The special reports issued during the year Cae the following: 
‘The world’s grain crops in 1899, s by Mr. E. T. Peters; ‘‘The Brazos 
River flood of June— July, 1899, and its effects ce the agriculture of 
the submerged region,” by Mr. E. 8. Holmes, jr.; ‘‘ The cotton erop 
of 1898-99,” by Mr. James L. Watkins; ‘‘ Changes in railroad freight 
classifications,” by Mr. E. G. Ward, jr., and a ‘‘List of free employ- 
ment agencies, arranged by States and counties, for the use of farmers,” 
compiled by Dr. Max West. Of these publications there were printed 
176,500 copies, making the total number of copies of publications 
issued by this Division during the year 2,000,500, not including the 
reprint of the article on ‘The progress of agriculture in the United 
States,” by Mr. George K. Holmes, assistant statistician, which 
appeared in the Yearbook of the Department for 1899. 


REPORTS ON THE CROPS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 


The Statistician’s reports on the crops of foreign countries have not 
been entirely satisfactory to their author, for the reason that they 
have not, in every case, been exclusively based on information received 
directly from original sources. Efforts are now being made, however, 
to put the foreign department of this office on a more satisfactory 
footing. The Government of Hungary has undertaken to cable the 
condition of the grain crops of that country at regular intervals dur- 
ing the growing season, in return for information, similarly commu- 
nicated, relative to the grain crops of the United States. Arrange- 
ments of a like character are at the present time the subject of 
negotiation with the Government of Germany, and it is confidently 
expected that all the principal grain-producing countries of the world 
will become parties to similar reciprocal arrangements before the 
growing season of 1901 is far advanced. 


SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS NOW IN PROGRESS. 


The special investigations now in progress include ‘* The influence 
of the European rye crop on the price of wheat,” ‘‘ The transportation 
of perishable products,” and ‘*The benefits likely to accrue to the 
agricultural interests of the country from the extension of trolley lines 
through the rural districts.” T hese inv estigations have been sever- 
ally intrusted to Mr. E. T. Peters, Mr. KE. G. Ward, jr., and Dr. Max 
West. They are ets rapidly approaching completion, and reports 
embodying their results will shortly be ready for publication. A 
report on farm Ww ane is also nearing completion. 


EXTENSION OF WORK TO NEW DEPENDENCIES. 


I earnestly recommend that provision be made in the appropriation 
for the fiseal year 1901-1902 for the extension of the crop-reporting 


DIVISION OF STATISTICS. 997 


work of the Department to Hawaii, Porto Rico, and, as far as practi- 
cable, the Philippine Islands. Not only, as it seems to me, have the 
people of these islands a right to share in whatever benefits accrue to 
the agricultural interests of the United States proper from the statis- 
tical work of this Department, but it should be remembered that unless 
the recent agricultural census in Hawaii and Porto Rico, with its 
farm-to-farm visitation, be made the foundation of whatever statistical 
work this Department may undertake in those islands, sueh work can 
not be begun under anything like the favorable conditions that now 
present themselves until the census shall once more furnish a definite 
and authoritative statistical starting point. I estimate the expense of 
extending the statistical work of the Department to the islands in 
question at a sum not exceeding $8,000 per annum. 


THE STATISTICAL LIBRARY. 


The accessions to the statistical library numbered during the year 
about 1,000 volumes, increasing the total contents of the library to 
about 15,000 books and pamphlets. While, as stated in the Statisti- 
cian’s report for the year ended June 30, 1899, this library is an integral 
part of the general Library of the Department, segregated merely for 
the convenience of this Division, it has been built up largely through 
the efforts of successive Statisticians, and its magnitude is now such 
that a special effort should be made to make it absolutely complete as 
regards the agricultural statistics of the world. The assignment to 
this purpose of the sum of $1,000 would render this great desideratum 
practically attainable. 


THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT COTTON EXHIBIT AT THE PARIS 
EXPOSITION OF 1900. 


The United States Government cotton exhibit at the Paris Exposi- 
tion, the preparation of which was assigned to the Statistician, received 
the highest award bestowed upon any exhibit or class of exhibits, 
namely, the grand prize. While the award has no pecuniary value, 
it is especially gratifying to the Statistician, if only as a recognition 
by the exposition authorities of the success which attended the efforts 
of the Department’s statistical correspondents, who were the principal 
contributors, to make an exhibit that should not only be worthy of 
the United States as the greatest cotton-producing country in the 
world, but at the same time illustrative of all the particular varieties 
that are peculiar to the different sections of the cotton belt. Every 
portion of the cotton region was represented, even to that remote 
southwestern corner of Utah, bordering upon Arizona and Nevada, 
where cotton has for so many years past been raised by irrigation for 
the consumption of a local factory. 

AGR 1900 20 


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