74 She * f fe, syea) ots Bx ie 5 Ne Fy Me eh tal vie ihiog oak Ge en id Wee an ay ‘ie ; a ho 2 | ey Air h, te he i ‘ at 7 re ws n vee To ne ay ee UAT ral a ail arlines wai Li thes HR aY Rie *f, Y bi ver : gos ie hd vitae ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, LiSR ART 1910. catumeas GARDE REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. REPORTS OF CHIEFS. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1941. [CHAPTER 23, Stat. at L., 1895.] [AN ACT providing for the public printing and binding and the distribution of public documents.] ¥ : * * * * * Section 73, paragraph 2: The Annual Report of the Secretary of Agriculture shall hereafter be submitted | and printed in two parts, as follows: Part One, which shall contain purely business’ and executive matter which it is necessary for the Secretary to submit to the Presi-| dent and Congress; Part Two, which shall contain such reports from the different bureaus and divisions, and such papers prepared by their special agents, accompa- nied by suitable illustrations, as shall, in the opinion of the Secretary, be specially suited to interest and instruct the farmers of the country, and to include a general’ report of the operations of the department for their information. There shall be printed of Part One, one thousand copies for the Senate, two thousand copies for the House, and three thousand copies for the Department of Agriculture; and of Part Two, one hundred and ten thousand copies for the use of the Senate, three hundred | and sixty thousand copies for the use of the House of Representatives, and thirty thousand copies for the use of the Department of Agriculture, the illustrations for, the same to be executed under the supervision of the Public Printer, in accordance , with directions of the Joint Committee on Printing, said illustrations to be subject to. the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture; and the title of each of the said parts shall be such as to show that such part is complete in itself. 2 COMP ENT Ss’. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. Deemer mroancLion Of LITO... oo. Gacgrend cme ua dow teidp deel Gale Sees Bee tari PIOUUCIR: 200. o 2. a kee oo eels e ahs ola gee dene ae See Pm batte SCran VICKS, ANG DICER. 025) = 42.0 sn 5. ip Sopee te AE see’ oe Proposed department or bureau of public health. ..............22222-2.------ Masorcement of the food and drugs act... ....-- = secede lule oadeeceecth he Work of the department in 1910..........-... Beaten eh ener re me pony eam pee Cees See 1) FO DENT LGAs 0) Po 116 ake Ae I Be il ary pe aa aS ats. Serta el Bre SIEGES LEO PORSONNOL...~ Gc. 2... << +o cece, nace 2 ape Maueeh eeu pe tee e ae RU ERERATOD ERITORE 5 va nis peo 2 wea x! ac0d oS afeih woo ben nie/a.c nia ape RE Boe etere ys aeons PeGTORICO! ATMINGAL TAOUBIEY 5p eo che abcigs ete ane ek eee © RES Cr tATh ANGUBLEY soo ao ac ce ca amino e's ahs orien wake ae ope cio e EES [hrs 21 gL Ny an A ees leas SR Fe eC INC 2a ener Pad Ta PeITORG GE CHCDLAGEY.< 00's Sc ~~ apm ra shite be nen ee Ry eae wee eked 8 ERT E AUP OM SONG es coe coc orn. 3 oe artiee occre ere es Ue oe ee ae ae ee ee PABSCHUOF MOTOMOIOGY. . ~- 5-66 -.-cose 10 0 48 | 1,401 50 72,300 138 1 DWelawaress a.)5 0550. 2ce se 8 0 16 111 296 4, 865 0 27 District of Columbia....... 0 0 OF eal r25 0 20, 000 0 1 Mondas £225 ecb tae) 35 113 52} 1,010 220 8, 268 0 69 GeOrciasancss hoes ween ee ates 34 31 239 | 2,161 832 34, 350 0 149 fidahioe eset non. eee cee 15 1 0 613 200 13, 680 0 0 Rin O1s aes ao tone cece eee 120 1 402} 2,386] 2,835 376,799 0 17 ANGIAN Dass 5-52 eee oc Sane 117 1 221 | 2,347 | 1,818 175, 466 0 Fih TOW Soe eect ce eee 142 5 381 | 1,993 | 4,187 171, 389 25 0 Kan sass: (cia seesels snes 94 1 175 | 1,015 | 2,310 306, 709 0 51 WKenbickeys~caeh clos a. Seine 44 32 84 1,843 806 47,565 0 1 TGOWISIATS < oe ans 2. oa 77 23 49 644 143 17,034 0 18 Maine ere oe 2c 13 1 39} 1,151 802 14, 406 0 0 Maryland =f 20 4 46 | 1,781 575 7, 691 0 65 Massachuse 16 11 58 | 3,108 210 9, 450 77 0 Michigan. . 69 1 326 | 4,974 348 216,796 279 387 Minnesota. 75 5 181 | 2,314] 4,100 137,901 0 13 Mississippi 45 6 108 | 1,205 886 34, 611 0 6 Missouri. . . 31 1 146 | 3,486 | 2,121 304, 347 0 52 Montana... ne 12 21 13 408 50 5,911 0 0 Nebraska... 822225228 622 75 1 217 | 1,141 408 210,717 0 0 NWeyadas sche slo stet iss 6 0 0 | 74 0 967 0 0 New Hampshire..........- 14 -0 33 910 | 1,409 2,397 15 0 NOW Jersey). ac. sees sere 23 18 105 | 1,220 100 27,778 0 179 New, Mexico: 22. 2 a5 nash 11 1 0 7 0 3,541 0 8 ING WY OLK oe cccenoere cen oe 128 45 351 | 7,190} 2,194 332,505 207 163 North Carolina............. 81 lil 164 777 | 2,030 27,705 0 0 North Dakotas ..--2--.2.=< 23 0 93 189} 1,919 16, 453 0 0 Ohions essere sesso es 81 169 310 | 5,880 830 540, 137 24 34 Oklahoma. ..secoascsceee 32 1 16 722 | 1,104 6,994 0 130 Oreponee 2 yo aca p ote ciemexs 9 1 0 458 183 16, 465 0 0 Pennsylvania....--..:.2.-- 86 il 137 | 3,814} 1,718 160, 459 if 449 Rhode Island ...........:-- 2 0 12 478 0 1,163 13 0 South Carolina............. 29 9 105 948 636 10,076 0 33 South Dakotas... <2 25 63 10 76 807 183 49,174 0 0 *WEMMESSER sc ccsce hes ncccaee 52 3 285 | 1,187} 1,055 39,344 0 3 Mexds fae. Sess Se eas 63 46 227 | 1,460} 1,188 71,551 0 63 tale: ee See eee ne ee 5 23 0 300 661 34, 277 0 0 Vermont: 2 leo e nce ee eee 13 0 44 483 461 20, 461 12 0 Wabeiniag) 5510 ak ie ee ee 61 4 118 | 1,283 | 2,124 31, 204 101 72 Washington. cscs scce. 25 1 0 787 | 1,091 11,023 0 0 Wiest Varginid-ys ses ee 28 7 51 849 4 34, 924 0 17 Wasconsins=2> 6225 cone 108 6 306 | 2,520] 2,110 55, 063 0 0 Wyoming 26 sooo) Teka 7 2 8 128 0 6,710 0 0 POLARS noe nee eee 2,180 742 | 5,526 | 73,846 | 49,295 | 38,680,905 892 2,159 7 WEATHER BUREAU. : 187 To show the status of the distributing work of the Bureau in recent years, its growth, and by some methods its curtailment, the accom- panying table has been prepared. From this statement it will be seen that the telephonic distribution has been materially increased, notwithstanding the decrease of 190 in the number of stations re- ceiving forecasts at government expense. The mail distribution has, however, suffered a slight decrease. At government expense. Without expense to United States by— 57 (aE Year. | F ea Special | Emer- Rural | Railroad | Railroad special warnings| gency Mail. qalivery: | Telephone. train tele- [ales aly only. | warnings. a service. | graph. | ns | OS Se a eee 2,076 983 6,152 77, 605 83, 639 | 152,302 | 2,423 2,655 th OS ee Se ee 2,158 973 6,152 77,774 75, 602 | 464,738 2,423 2,443 oS eS ee 2,150 767 5,998 76,719 82,466 | 1,014,285 2,514 2,145 OS eee ae 2, 280 734 5,998 78,109 71,300 1,985,905 1,423 2,134 Ge eee oe eee } 2,334 690 5,998 76,154 58,008 | 3,553,067 852 2,139 ee wes atodas as oe | 2,370 782 5,998 77,563 53,402 | 3,143,985 | 883 2,305 CE eee 2,180 742 5, 526 72,121 49,295 | 3,680,905 892 2,159 It is estimated that of the $260,000 appropriated for telephone rentals, telegraphing, etc., for the year 1909-10 the Bureau expended in distribution of daily forecasts and special warnings and for storm- warning messages approximately $73,000, or about 28 per cent, of which 25 per cent was used for the daily forecast service and 3 per cent for special warnings of cold waves and frosts and for storm- warning messages. STORM-WARNING DISPLAY STATIONS. A storm-warning display station was established at Rockport, Mass., and arrangements were completed for the establishment of two others, one at Grand Marais, Minn., and one at Singers Island, Michigan. Three cooperative storm-warning display stations, viz, Everett, Wash., Neah Bay, Wash., and Vermilion, Ohio, were changed to a paid basis. One paid and nine cooperative stations were dis- continued. Those discontinued were stations at which the informa- tion could be as readily and conveniently obtained from near-by sources. The station at Rockport, Mass., has suppled an important need, and the proposed stations in the western Lake Superior region will undoubtedly prove valuable additions to the system of storm- warning display stations. The storm-warning display stations received the usual careful attention, 130 having been inspected during the year. A circular was issued to all storm-warning distributing centers on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts at the close of the year, having for its object a revival of interest in the plan of disseminating information regarding hurricanes, with special reference to warning people livin in districts in which unusually high tides might cause fas of life an property. 188 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The following statement gives the number of stations, arranged under district centers, receiving storm warnings: Cooper- Weather Naval ative Bureau wireless stations. stations. stations. Paid sta- Centers. * . . tions. | | AU NENG MI Co tears os HS 2 Se ee RN a ita came ee Ce set aa eae PAUL NTR CN Farad SE Re PRA gph Pe mie hee: 2 Eta ts 8 be epee rads PAIWOIONS Ue Ow cores onc te eee ee eee ee Block Tslandy Ris Tee eis es saute Gas eee ee ae oe Boston; Masse 5.2.0.2 scae ce mene eee eee ee eee IButialos INS ce Sot es ae aa eee ee eae eee as Cane. MayiN: Di. eset acce nan ete otlagn scree ae ee ea ee Charleston) SiGe ee Soe eee SR OR Chicaro, Ts Seyi 4s., bese ee Soe Se) oe ere ee Cleveland .'Obion ste Fosse ts Wen bate a sen eee alee ee Corpus Ohrish "Tex c2c- 3 ces ce ca ces oscar eee: Detroit, Mich........ Seine abana tere eed cians see eee yeti: vidries ee es Se eee eee ee he SA na HUASEDOLE, IMCs se cc een ee Seo ORY eed OA ye RE: EI > eee 95) ay |e Se ee HOSCANA DE MICLs | Seon me a Anie Oi re ee Melee rp lea Gales sols ee Ee Se OE aes Sac hee ed Galveston) Mex si. 5 {eR re OS re ee UL ere ae Grand ‘Haven, Michio: ss. tei! i se es oe iis cee oe Green| Bay HWis.d; 2 7joneee ena Sem ne ESE AE ey Houghton, Micha 5242 ek Seen ie Te a) ee Ae Jacksonivalle: Mig 4s. Se SU a ae eee a ee ares 2 fe Vupiier, ls 22. eee ete ek ee ee 2 RSE eh Oy Kier Wiest, Hib). 95-2 bigee Baneper ts sat ie Com eee ee oseATi Peles Call con occ te wche nee see aeee ne eee Marquette, Mich (50: cfoch 0885 22. Lew sete mais eae sabe ce Milwatikee Was #55.) ce ence cucteee a ae ean ese nik IMoDile tala a5 eee een ee 2 Oe SEE SOS BIRT Gr RA Nantucket; Massa. 226s. tech te Sl SiR Ta oe Neweklaven, Conneg i260 20. teen so, baa. ae eae NewiOrleans han ay Zee. ee eles 2 ey es ee IN Gaya ionic tNOY alae eet 2 7 ee aio) SS a INGO Viale assy Ae rene ee ee a amen oa ee eee OSWEEO: INE WHE Se ax eee ins ee ay: et ee Pensacola: Mas oc oe etek ak scion rae Sane e ee nee aoe Philidelphia weak bi Oo tle ee ee eae pane Ponbebhuroens Michts.-..\-seso cease eee le aren ea Portland Mes soc. cl. Sees oon cee eee eee eae Portland Oreo ole de eee ssc seeees an Geen ce aneeas IETOVIG ONCE Nise en mies Mote sere ae een ees oboe Rochester pNis yas.) ers eee eve ek eee see a SansWieros Calenee sins See coy te oan oe veemae cinco SRNGTIS kay OHIO die oe sc. ee See atta ati ce et Does: Sani iranciscosCalesia. 265. see seen. ae eS RIAD RAL y Lespthrn ee ee rse shy ommctaae pe Ao ee eee paulte Ste: Maney Michal st oih Ee Sash sae ee eae Savannah Ga seh. Rr ea. Je eens ala ee ap ermal e Mein a igs ea oy 5 Oy be a a ls ed MoledoMOBiG@sss-o cele. esa Mee SWalmin sbOnguN Coe onc acces ee San ea eee ee ee he) 2) I ee ee eS einen See oe 181 69 bo CON Re he wWOm eb — NONKFOCOHONSCOWNFOSCOAOWHOCONDOWOCOHNOCORHOOHOHOONHOHACHRO RR RRR ORR EHH OH RENEE RN REE HERON REE Ee eee eee OED HOME PESSPNWOrFOEOSOCSSOSSCSOKNWSCSSSSSCSSSCSCSCSCSSoOHKSSOSOSOSSOrKOSOOROeSCS WOWRFMNONOSCOPOWRWROAUWNORDOHHOHOANOORONKROMONW QR —s i oO a Not centers. s STATION PUBLICATIONS. Early in 1910 the policy was adopted of discontinuing the station weather maps wherever the newspapers would undertake their pub- lication. The announcement of this purpose met with a cordial response from the press. The first “ commercial weather map,” as it has been called, was published in the Minneapolis Journal on March 1. Within the four months following its publication has been extended to 65 morning and evening papers in 45 cities, while 55 additional stations will introduce the method as soon as suitable outfits can be supplied, which will probably be during the coming August. By this plan of publication the weather chart is placed before the public twice daily, and reaches millions of people where WEATHER BUREAU. 189 it reached thousands before. Some opposition to the plan has natu- rally been experienced in a few quarters where special purposes were served by the somewhat more elaborate charts formerly issued, but for purposes of study or for permanent file, the large Washington map remains available to those willing to pay its subscription price. I have no doubt that the change has resufted in vastly increasing the benefits of the map to the public in general, while the saving effected by discontinuing the printing at government expense will permit the extension of the work of the Bureau along other lines of usefulness. The publication of the daily weather bulletin has been continued at all stations heretofore issuing this form of report, with materially increased editions. EXAMINATION OF METEOROLOGICAL FORMS. The principal record ‘kept at Weather Bureau stations and the record kept by cooperative observers are examined, and the accuracy of the data verified or corrected, by the examining force of the Dis- tributing Division. These records were received, examined, and veri- fied or corrected for 195 Weather Bureau stations and more than 3,600 cooperative stations. TELEGRAPH DIVISION. The telegraph and telephone lines operated by the Weather Bureau have been kept in good order without any general repairs having been made. The line from Port Crescent to Tatoosh Island, Washington, worked better than ever before. The line from San Francisco to Point Reyes is in poor condition, but as there is a commercial telephone line from San Francisco to Inverness, which is but a short distance from our station at Point Reyes, it may be cheaper to make some arrangement with the Pacific States Telephone and Telegraph Company to pay them regular tolls on each message sent between San Francisco, Mount Tamalpais, and Point Reyes and do away with the govern- ment wire altogether. This would save the rental of leased wires between San Francisco and Mill Valley, as well as the expense of keeping the line in order. The lines and cables from Charlevoix to Beaver Island, Michigan, and from Glen Haven to South and North Manitou islands, Michigan, have been kept in good working order by the life-saving crews with- out expense to the Weather Bureau, except for material. The cable between Charlevoix and Beaver Island was broken by the United States dredge General Gillespie on August 24, 1909, and was repaired four days later at small cost, the life-saving crew assisting. The line from Alpena to Thunder Bay and Middle Island, Michi- gan, has been kept in good working order, but the poles are now seventeen years old and will shortly require cutting off and resetting, and in some places new poles will have to be furnished. The submarine cable from Key West to Sand Key, Florida, has worked satisfactorily the entire year without repairs. The line from Norfolk, Va., to Hatteras, N. C., has been kept in good order during the entire year. The life-saving crews, every 5 190 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. miles apart from Cape Henry to Hatteras, have rendered prompt and valuable assistance in this work. The Block Island line has worked excellently during the entire year and has been maintained with slight expense. The arrangements with the different commercial telegraph com- panies for handling the daily weather reports throughout the world have been very satisfactory. The average time of transmission to the central office from all points is about one hour. The work of auditing the telegraph and telephone accounts of the Bureau is well up to date. The government receipts from all lines for commercial messages handled during the year were $1,710.66. The requests for additional weather reports by telegraph from the various observing stations were unusually numerous, exceeding those for any single year in the previous history of the Bureau. While pub- lic requirements in this respect have been met as far as possible by a reorganization of the Bureau’s system of “circuit” reports, the de- mands were more than could be satisfied with the present fund avail- able for telegraphic expenses. PUBLICATIONS DIVISION. The Publications Division has continued to print and to supply to stations the necessary blank forms, maps, and cards, and has con- tinued the issue of the regular publications of the Bureau, such as the daily weather map, the Monthly Weather Review, the Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory (quarterly), the National Weather Bulletin (weekly and monthly), and the Snow and Ice Bulletin (during the winter season). As heretofore, the Government Print- ing Office has done all the binding required by the Bureau, and has also printed a few reports that could be more economically handled there. The material change that was made in the character of the Monthly Weather Review during the year added so largely to its mechanical work that it became necessary to install a larger folding machine and an equipment of type-setting machinery. ‘This permits a more rapid output of the printing office and has improved the typograph- ical appearance of the work. DIVISION OF SUPPLIES. In conformity with an executive order effective July 1, 1909, all supplies for the Bureau not covered by special department contracts for articles of a technical nature were purchased, so far as listed, under the contracts prepared by the general supply committee. As this inaugurated a system of unifying and standardizing the miscel- laneous supplies used in common by all of the Executive Departments, and involved the setting aside of individual preferences, some fric- tion developed during the first year of its practical application, though in this Bureau to a less degree than might reasonably have been expected. In some instances out-of-town contractors declined to fill small orders; in others the articles under contract were inferior in quality or unsuitable to the purpose for which they were desired; and as no samples were furnished by the committee, it was impossi- ble to determine whether or not such articles were up to their ac- cepted samples. List prices with three or four discounts were also a WEATHER BUREAU. 191 constant source of vexation. These and other incongruities were brought to the attention of the committee when occasion offered. It is believed that there will be fewer difficulties of this character ex- perienced hereafter. Most of the technical supplies heretofore covered by the depart- mental contracts were included in the general contracts for the coming year. OBSERVATORY BUILDINGS. The main observatory building of the Weather Bureau at Mount Weather, Va., has been completed and was first occupied on February 12, 1910. It is practically a fireproof structure, especially designed to meet the requirements of the Bureau for office and living quarters for the investigators and employees on duty at the research observa- tory. The building replaces the one that was destroyed by fire on October 23, 1907, and it is the last structure that will be required at that point.for the present. The observatory building located on Sand Key, Florida, a few miles from Key West, was completely destroyed by a hurricane on October 11, 1909. Congress has made appropriation for the recon- struction of the building, the plans of which are now in course of preparation, and it is hoped that this work will be completed before January 1, 1911. The proposed building will be composed of con- crete, with a foundation of concrete piles driven into the solid rock. It is believed that this type of building will withstand future hurri- canes and will involve a minimum cost for maintenance. Seven observatory buildings were authorized in the appropriation bill for the fiscal year 1909. They were erected at Abilene, Tex., Canton, N. Y., Dodge City, Kans., East Lansing, Mich., Northfield, Vt., Richmond, Va., and St. Joseph, Mo., during the past year and are now occupied. The following table shows where the buildings owned by the Weather Bureau are located, the fiscal years in which they were erected, and the cost of the buildings and grounds: Buildings owned by the Weather Bureau. Location. Erected. prec building s, | Total cost. ETC DOK. ne ns none aie t oc a = 2 oo se ee Cee te $2,000.00 | $12,841.81 | $14,841.81 CS NE oS eg a ee eerie eo oe ee ee el : 1, 255. 00 6, 503. 00 7, 758. 00 ‘Anniston, Alacs 32% 3)... 1,799.75 | 12,920.69 14, 720. 44 Atlantic City, N.J.... ic (a) 5,991.00} 5,991.00 Bentonville, Ark...... 3 500. 00 5,119. 90 5, 619. 90 Birmingham, Ala......... 661.50 15, 630. 36 15,691 86 Bismarck, N. Dak (a) 10, 085. 99 10, 085. 99 PR UNAMAR SUTRA SRC owen oe 8 «aS a, < « 2 wo SO ee eee 1904 1, 034. 50 7, 668. 25 8,702.75 PS AMELIE RWC re a ates anne => win soe ay Same comet 1906 b 20.00 10,043.50 | 10,063.50 Altstein ee Ole eo. cts eee ees 1909 61.35 14, 135. 20 14, 136. 55 a CMS ly PES giele Cs ee eae es 54" 5) ee 1902 (a) 9, 222. 45 9, 222. 45 po OS eo ee i nS te 1907 3,036.75 9, 338. 47 12, 375. 22 OM iii ESS 2) See nee eipemeeS LES Sr 1905 3,799.00 | 9,165.00} 12,964.00 DEVIN LARGE, Se ARs 26 is) SCS Ea os. ss os ooo eeme en 1904 2, 209. 05 7,431.50 9, 640. 55 PORES GMS 5a ook heale fa wo w.o ov 6 a eee 1909 2,050.00 10, 837. 62 12, 887. 62 Duluth, iTittic) | SRS ie eee a Feiner 1904 2,041.70 7, 430. 68 9, 472.38 East Lansing, Mich..... --| 1909 611.35 | 12,781.04 12, 792. 39 matters NGC sigs. os 1902 ad 217.00 4,889.75 | 5, 106.75 Havre, Mont............ 4, 1904 1,795. 00 5, 087.08 | 6, 882. 08 Tela. Mate. . Ahac 26. axis... 2, 1907 2}241.25 | 9,730.94! 11,972.19 a Government reservation. ¢ Remodeled. b Donated; figures represent cost of title transfer, @ Additional ground purchased. 192 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Buildings owned by the Weather Bureau—Continued. : Cost of Cost of Location. Erected. ground. | buildings. Total cost. Ase arse hE A le PRS SRA Ae eg td ats od 1902 (2) $6,346.90 | $6,346. 90 Wey qWesty bles So see aC kt ee hl deme ied Be 8 came inee 1903 $2,020.00 | 7,994.75 | 10,014.75 Reatvynaw iN Osc neste Rare te ees aman b 1902 (a) 1, 616. 00 1, 616. 00 REN ETOSSE MW Seine crags te ore meee nae mae eon nem eee 1907 3,523.50 | 12,276.24 15, 799. 74 aderias taht} os: oie (seg Sake ae ee os 1903 (2) 4,346.00] 4,346.00 Mount Weather, Va.: Administration buildings. cease ose ee eee eens 1909 1,863.15 | 48,035.26] 49,898. 41 Machine shop and balloon shed.......-............... 1904 650. 00 8, 167. 00 8,817.00 Central heating and power plant..................... 1909 (@) 11, 964. 74 11, 964. 74 Absolute buildings 2 32252234 seer 2. seen Si, alee ¢ 1906 (a) 7, 000. 00 7,000. 00 Variation building! S223. oie nee! ee ee ¢ 1906 (@) 8, 904. 55 8, 904. 55 SL RENT pL ARAL ER AACN TON ICON a © Ck I 1903 (a) 1, 900. 00 1, 900. 00 Babi cid on true deeeiscen stincens siccme eee cement eetae 1905 (a) 900. 900. 00 Cottarefornworkment 355. Se ee ee ae 61905 ea} 1, 300. 00 1, 300. 00 Physical a boravoryy en. Seee sone eee ee eee TSU d 1909 a) 37,521.51 37,521.51 Cottare'andiotice ts. eo Sue aus. 3 erage 05 eee € 1909 (a) 11, 246. 34 11, 246. 34 Nantiicket’ Mase suc css uie aun, Wea alles Cth pan le 1905 (/) 4, 728.53 4,728.53 INAITEPANSE bu DIELS Rail EBrecemerata cece chs meen oie a ale eee 1904 4, 151.75 8, 036. 50 12, 188. 25 WNorthizeld: (Viies2 22> 2p eee CABS BAERS 9 5 CEP a pee 1909 9101.00! 12,795. 64 12, 896. 64 ING@ruhwEfen di Wrashit be Mewiae Oo rei Mad ieee eae aera E gio 1902 ci 3, 820. 13 3, 820. 13 Worth) Platte, Nebr. . os... 8-se-e- Uae oo isioienta tetera aie aie eraser 1906 Pp) 3,818.50 3,818.50 Oklahoma? Olas suc se cose ohee euisee eaten Le Se ee 1906 938.90 | 10,520.25 10, 559.15 580) git! SS Sip ae el ly So as eat llega Ae Rl RR al te 1905 9 54.00 7, 875. 50 7, 929. 50 Point¢Reyesdiehtt Calo see skin ee okie Selene play 1902 (2) 2, 875. 00 2, 875. 00 Port Crescent, Wash 1902 102. 00 730. 94 832. 94 Richmond) Vas -.252 50.7 1909 98.75 | 15,489.01 15, 497. 76 St,.Joseph, Mos soo. = 2c 1909 5,040.95 | 16,882.80 21, 923. 75 Sand [Key ila tes alee eas eee eeuhh, Shia ees 1903 (a) (h) (h) Savilt Stet Maries Michs.1). ben siyade) See Us Ee 1899 (a 2,994. 12 2,994. 12 WHERGANESW YOste. “eens oUnme. ass eee sa Lely a EE 1907 2,021.75 | 12,089.30 14, 111. 05 Souphesst) HarallonsCal--\2 26a. 52s ee eee ee 1903 tay 5, 211. 22 5, 211. 22 Poy oy hata ave Ks hh 0 Pe ioe Set hee pe ere ah ag ee ee ed 1906 (a 10, 236. 50 10, 236. 50 Tatogsn island. Washoe sce 282 2 es BIE ete ae See 1902 of 5, 000. 00 5, 000. 00 WHshingtonyeD. (G22. .f2ot a hast Stee O86 aul elie ee ee | eee, ee iG; 174,950.79 | 174,950.79 WellowstoneiPark) Wyn os £2 a5 ste eee eee 1904 ta 11, 156. 00 11, 156. 00 Wma, ATI go 50. Se eae nN S25 21d Se RO cen b 1903 (a 1,500. 00 1, 500. 00 ot Nor eM Ee ee ey Semi MN RAEI ae El ein 43, 648.95 | 667,084.25 | 710,733.20 a Government reservation. b Remodeled. ¢ Begun in 1905. d Begun in 1903. e Begun in 1907. f Building and ground purchased as a whole. g Donated; figures represent cost of title transfer. h Destroyed by a hurricane October 11, 1909. Buildings rented by the Weather Bureau for living and observatory purposes. Station. “ua Other items included. JAlipenam MiGhics < S4S Sen eee oe as $650 | Heat, light, water. Cape May, IN. Gico. co sw chemo gene 650 ‘Clallam JBaiy, Washes. 22.5) ala a 120 | Water. Del Rio; Tex Pee aa. | ieee ae 444 | Heat, light, water. Durango iColows hast oe Nel ere. Be 318 | Water. MR ostattvAniZh= so sSonee. cae eos eee 420 PIGlana HMONG ES Pee 282 ee See BI 624 | Steam heating plant, water. Honolaiay Hawalits > set eee 1,020 | Six rooms; heat, cleaner, light, janitor, and porter service, electric current for fan, storage. Independence Gali 4... eeseicer see 456 | Water for domestic and irrigation purposes, and the trimming and care of all trees on the premises. Kalispell) Mont eis Ae fie See ck o 360 Thewastom: Idaho ssa eee el eae 540 Manteo Capac soe he ee. oa. 144 ‘Moorhead: Marm siete: 235 beep ko ate 600 |! Heat, light, water. Mount Mamslpais; Cal. 252-2625 2 222 420 | Heat, light, water, and the free transportation of government employees and supplies. PYSDL, SW ashes eee eee Aen te. See 144 | Water. Roseburg: Orep aut $eo a ee se? 550 | Heat, light, water. RoswellN: Mext<2 2) cues ates pt 2 720 | Heat, cleaner, light. SanWuan je. yaa iS Seer eae aie 600 | Ten rooms. whomasville. (Gaal pho ee eee 420 whonopal, INC Veet face ea. 8 eee eer eneeae. 840 Twit? Washi: 2 0 oct Le oes aie eee ie 108 | Water. Writliston;.N. Dales 8°. teehee eee 510 | Heat, cleaner, light, water. Winnemucca, Nev. i250 5. 22 eae 480 | Heat, light, water. Totals soe: See fe Sete er eee 11,138 WEATHER BUREAU. 193 PERSONNEL OF THE BUREAU. The total numerical strength of the Bureau at the close of the fiscal year was 6,895. Of this number more than two-thirds rendered service without compensation other than through the free receipt of government publications. The increase of 285 over the figures given at the close of the preceding year was mainly due to the em- ployment of observers in connection with the extension of mountain snowfall investigation in the Western States, although more than a hundred were added to the lists of special meteorological observers and cooperative observers and correspondents; the number of em- ployees engaged in the remaining lines of work remained practically unchanged. The distribution of the 792 commissioned employees of the Bureau gave 210 to the central office at Washington and 582 to the stations throughout the country. This represents an increase of 6 and 14, respectively, in the record of similar assignments for the close of the preceding twelve months. At the central office the distribution of the employees among the several divisions remained practically as in the year before, except in the Publications Division, where an in- crease in the amount of printing necessitated an addition of 5 to the working force. At stations the transfer of the climatological work from Galveston to another point and the curtailment of special evaporation studies at Salt Creek Bridge, California, caused the working force at each of these stations to be reduced by three, while at a number of other points the force was lessened by one man through transfers to stations where the demands for additional help had become imperative. It is a fact that both in the central office and at stations the increase in the number of employees has not been proportionate to the increase in work; in other words, the operations of the Weather Bureau have been so enlarged during the past year as to require more work than formerly from each member of its commissioned force, despite the fact that the number was increased by 20 during that period. In the classified service of the Bureau there were 4 more perma- nent appointments, including those effected by transfer and rein- statement, and 7 more temporary appointments than in the preceding year. The promotions during the same period—52 at the central office and 129 at stations—were fewer by 59 than in the year before. All promotions but 5 were made to the next higher grade; of the exceptions noted, 4 resulted through the assignment of especially meritorious employees to charge of important stations in large cities, where the enlarged duties and responsibilities called for appreciable increases in compensation, and the remaining instance was that of a central office employee possessing particular qualifications for the duties to which assigned. There were 53 voluntary resignations in the classified service during the year, or 11 more than in the pre- ceding twelve months. By far the larger part was in the subclerical force, especially among the messengers and messenger boys, which was to have been expected, a less stability naturally belonging to the lower and less remunerative grades than elsewhere. . =. -..)...<-.2.52-5 St a Sn ee ee ee os 566 Unclassified: oe ee eg 16 —— 582 Total commissioned employees! == a 792 Additional employees outside of Washington, D. C.: Storm-warnine displaymen.—- 22) ee 181 BVI VEL) OPSCLVERS seme ee a ee ee ee ee 392 Gotton-region: ‘observersak= ess se ee 117 Cormuand wheat recionobservers]-— 9 ee Se eee ee 130 RAIN fall ObSCRV CTs ase tA hr i 2 ee ee 107 Sugar and rice: region opsenvers=—2 =) 3532s eee ai Special meteorological observers=-= 5a ee ee 74 Special cranberry-marsh> ObServers=—- 2352s eee 4 WEATHER BUREAU. 197 Additional employees outside of Washington, D. C.—Continued. Special: snow and ticevobserversu2l2 ll oi ee ee es eb is ee 4 Mountainpsnowrfall: GDSCLVers=s Ste 2: 5 anes 8s pee dee ces 333 ‘otal noncommissioned: employecs==_— === sae ee 1, 349 Movlopaid ‘emiployees._ esis ev tee ee Sate eee Fi) a a2, 141 Persons serving without compensation (except through the distri- bution of government publications) : Cooperative observers and correspondents (omitting 415 paid observers enumerated elsewhere) ____-___--_______________ 4, 636 Cooperative storm-warning displaymen______________________ 84 Cooperative rivertobsenversits2220rm. SAe_ 2b Nosy eee 23 Cooperative rainfall: opservers: 22 2 = a alae UO ReTERCOO CTA LLVCS a ee A See EEN Se) vo ee ee eee 4, 754 DORE TTT OR Gale SURE Oi Snes hk Se ee ee 6, 895 Distribution of the commissioned force, June 30, 1910. In Washington, D. C.: RC COUMIASMLEVISIOU == oh = ee a eh es 2 ee b14 Climatological Division 222-222-122 ase ese 16 ID ASANO TOS) DA GAS) (0) 0) Se ee eee eRe eR OME Fetes). Ye 11 Ea: PVEN DRI, C20) O21 0 Gl 0 Re Cae PSR oe ey ee vee eMeemnener TY yy tn 16 MOTeCHStsWO1VISION === oe ee a Sin ere IL Si Oi =a a ee ee ee ed A: WibTrary = 22 s2.2 o> ee St Ae eT ee nitbes $16 An ph nine see 4 Marin GwiliwiSiOn: se. 62) ee ae ee eee ee 13 ODECEVALORY.- = 2-23 = So ee ee Se ee ee ee 9 Publications) Division —-=2 == == == cos SS Ne ee 41 Biman snc HlOOG.DIVISLON:= & 26 = ss 2s a ee Pes Re 3 CST SUA NF) 9a | a a a rear PURE RI Atte Bayh as a EK A 10 elena WO lVISLONe as ee Se Se eee eee 11 Menmiicail Ons NeCLiOnes = st eet ES ae ee es eee Ae 2 Drafting room (under direction of the chief clerk) ~_________________ 4 Heat, light, and power plant (under direction of the chief clerk) _____ 5 Miscellaneous mechanical work (under direction of the chief clerk) ___ 6 Watch force (under direction of the chief clerk) —~___________________ 6 General messenger and laborer service (under direction of the chief @le@pis, )/ se 2 F oe es ee ee ee 8 21 210 Outside of Washington, D. C.: 53 stations ‘with 1 commissioned employee-_-_222- = = ee 53 51 stations with 2 commissioned employees__~.____________________ 102 43 stations with 3 commissioned employees___._____________-_-_.._ 129 18 stations with 4 commissioned employees__________________~_.._- 72 14 stations with 5 commissioned employees_____-__--______________ 70 10 stations with 6 commissioned employees_________________-____-__ 60 38 stations with 7 commissioned employees___..-_______-_-_________ 21 1 station with 8 commissioned employees_____________--__-___-___ 8 2 stations with 9 commissioned employees__________-___-________- 18 2 stations with 10 commissioned employees._____________-_____-__ 20 ai ‘station with 11 commissioned: employees: ==) 4222255. -.- == 252 11 1 Station ‘with 22: cémmissioned: employees. .--s____.___-_-_=_-____..___ 22 VIED ATs TILA 2) 0 LS i Sa EI SS hs ek Bd ae eel RL, Sa 2 © 586 @'This total embraces all paid persons connected with the Bureau on June 30, 1910, except 18 commissioned employees absent on that date and who had been granted leaves of absence or furloughs without pay for one month or more. > One employee devotes a portion of his time at one of the map stations at the United States Capitol. ¢This represents the normal station force. On June 380, 1910, there were actually on duty 582 employees. 198 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. In addition to the foregoing there are eight special observing (one man) stations in the West Indies, mainly in operation during the hur- ricane season, and a special repair station in Washington, operated from October to April, inclusive. ; The following salary table omits 3 evaporation observers, who re- ceive pay only when they take observations, and persons on duty at special observing and substations where the salaries are $25 a month or less, and where, as a rule, the tour of duty covers but a small frac- tion of the day and only certain seasons of the year. Salaries paid in the commissioned grades. June 30, 1910. Grades. Washington,, Stations. Dar Classified grades: MISH OSG SALAIY oc = 550 Sooo vslcinpe sino s%0 bio eininiorwlsinte's wisiocimie mio = ai Pemacice tae Cnece ae $3, 000 $6,000 TSOW eCSLSAIAIY, © crc cba siaciotae racic c nimaetactile eos naemepeealree cecal eee re eee 360 450 IAW OTS PC SRIALY ooo cic Stcte sa ose oieinre cine ela the ea SSE Pea, wn Chet e eoe 1,035 1,166 Unclassified grades: % i Hiphestaalaryomesesscse atest nes ance. one ean eee eee eee meee ee eons 720 720 Lowestsalary=cicciciactiess oi toad “ar- ar- casses. Baris: casses. Farts: | casses. Parts. | casses.. Parts. casses. Parts. | | | | Muberculosiss=oeeceea-—= see \27,638 | 48, 997 184 166 28,882 720, 775 | BARE Bern noe cnc. ion oono5 ACtINOMYCOSIS |<... San.c os -l-:° 527 | 53,008 1 85. eo njele dal ee eens = «ll's.5 om pein | te eel eee LOR pew hya sey clertolyotis yee mls oe Ie eel bere sdllsdondne| Somdosallbensaecs egg Tall seicscrn 25 eeseoe Hop choleras: dato. cess 2-4 | senor | poesia oel|> neta |= eect | 0677 |acewc = se]edcis oee]| eS otetetete eterno eee a Tumors and abscesses. ....-- 171 7,070 oD 61 932 | 1,516 | 164 41 Si secees Septicemia, pyemia, and | Uremiide 2 a4 arses eines TOE (all eee S09 mies, 5. S6Lal ea eee | -~ ‘6890 |= Bera 5 A | ene . Pregnancy and recent par- | PUTIGON Hee oe bee eee Wee ZOOM eect tun los, belly eal AO MBE ee | 72.\ 2.22062). aaa eee Immaturity....-. Ae Ses need eae a! | ames! SAT2 teers eS ers e eyes ce | emer |s ae oa/a'al Scie oats eee Pneumonia, pleurisy, en- | teritis, hepatitis, nephri- | tis, metritis, etc........... ASST 2ulneee ne 346:|-4eie WA SODiIwe cater. [Lb 72slhegeeee 54+ ue VGUETMS ee ene see ee enioeee WE \odoc does 1 al Rese Wl 2485). emer | -909"'|- see ee T3.|nseeeer OxAS [6VELs. care cesses see Asai bene CE tesa cae Iban eters \Someberelion ova clesese ch. Cee eee Injuries, bruises, etc..-.--... 3,333 | 5,253 499 166 | 383 | 2,915 657 | 183 11 1 Sexualliodonts - ctic occa Verwlorsvepsieitoye ayo nei lleieoreeier [eee ek: D0) eee e armccae eee Paneode ssc = Asphiyxiationoss) sess ceeense EAA BILE ee ery Le eee NaS Delianeeee ar 4D |S ata ee eee POMIAC atone seca sete see ae 1GSATOn bomen e621 Seen eee a see Ee 85s 3 760leeeeee CHU eee ee Miscellaneous.........-.---- 664 | 7,839 | 216 22| 866 | 1,623 | 674 [24,490 Deubsz zt te Potalevvs aes eeoeen sae 42, 426 nee 167 | 7,524 | 500 2, 439 (726, 829 11,127 24,714 | 226 1 SUPERVISION OF PREPARATION OF MEATS AND PRODUCTS. The amount of meats and meat food products prepared and proc- essed under the supervision of the Bureau is shown in the following statement, being a decrease of 8.5 per cent from the preceding year: Meat and meat food products prepared and processed under Bureau supervision, fiscal year 1910. Kind of product. Weight. | Kind of product. Weight. Pounds. | Pounds. Beef placed in cure... 205, 762,443 || Bakers’ compound..............---- 2,499, 309 Pork placed in cure..........- 2,216, 680,470 || Oleo stock and edible tallow ‘ 55, 034, 672 All other classes pieced in cure 2 223090" | Oleoiollus co aaceeeeeeeteee 156, 374, 212 Sausage, chopped . 485, 863, 902 || Oleo stearin...............- 83, 713, 020 Canned beef... -. 107,050,501 || Oleomargarin or butterine.. -| 139,158,391 Canned pork sos peee =. 17,862,128 || Mutton stock..............- 5 325, 604 All other canned meats 2,300,311 || Mutton oil. ...--..-2.---2-- 3 1,016,510 Meatiexttacts.o.5s-seea- neers 429,861 || Mutton stearin.........-. : 715, 291 Steam and kettle rendered lar 865, 270,940 || Oleo and mutton stock... 105, 939 19,899,786 |} Oleo and mutton oil... --. 1,069, 865 63, 297,635 || Oleo and mutton stearin..... 3 131,410 6,736,004 || Miscellaneous products......... ---| 1,115, 676,133 5, 689, 868 | SS Lard compound. i 11,537, 949 | Totaly: eee cath sea eee 6, 223, 964, 593 Lard-substitutesicceecenk seen cceee 657, 488, 849 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 945 The following amounts of meat and meat food products were con- demned on reinspection during the fiscal year because of having be- come sour, tainted, putrid, unclean, rancid, or otherwise unwhole- some: Beef, 9,566,199 pounds; pork, 9,273,124 pounds; mutton, 137,- 598 pounds; veal, 54,616 pounds; goat meat, 271 pounds; total, 19,031,808 pounds. For the past two years there has been a steady and marked decrease in condemnations for these causes as a result of continued improvement in sanitary conditions and in methods of pre- paring and handling the products. INTERCHANGE OF MEATS BETWEEN INSPECTED ESTABLISHMENTS. Considerable quantities of meats and meat food products that have been inspected and passed are transferred between inspected estab- lishments, this traffic being closely supervised and the meats and products identified by means of marks and seals. During the fiscal year there were transferred in this manner 2,734,019,943 pounds of meats and meat food products, part of which was contained in 16,073 sealed cars and 21,169 sealed wagons. MEATS AND PRODUCTS CERTIFIED FOR EXPORT. The amounts of meat and meat food products certified by the Bureau for export are shown in the following table, being a decrease of 30.7 per cent as compared with the previous fiscal year: Inspection certificates issued for export of meat and meat food products, fiscal year 1910. Kind. Number. | Beef. Mutton. Pork. Total. | Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Herlarages tee a2. Ses Sessa 42,265 | 212,408,598 | 4,680,846 | 377,380,234 594, 469, 678 PPERSPDV OLIV Oss. Soe a. Seton ens oars © hao 29, 767 | SB) PPE eS eee Base 218, 945, 328 220, 892, 472 Potala evn, cae Soe Se gecsewes es 72,032 | 214,355,742 | 4,680,846 | 596,325,562 815, 362, 150 There were also issued 2,174 “inedible product” certificates, cover- ing exports of 17,676,942 pounds of such inedible products as hoofs, horns, casings, bladders, bungs, etc. IMPORTED OLEO STEARIN. During the fiscal year 23,416,479 pounds of compound and 118,300 pounds of oleomargarin were manufactured from imported oleo stearin at five inspected establishments located at three seaport cities (Jersey City, New Orleans, and New York). This imported product is kept under lock and key while in these establishments and no domestic meat food product is permitted to be mixed with it. The finished product is also kept under lock and is promptly loaded into vessels and exported without certificates, stamps, or other marks of federal meat inspection. EXEMPTION FROM INSPECTION, The provisions of the meat-inspection law requiring inspection do not apply to animals slaughtered by farmers on the farm nor to retail butchers and dealers. The Department requires that such 946 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. butchers and dealers, in order to ship meats and meat food products in interstate commerce, shall first obtain certificates of exemption, but no such requirement is made of farmers. The number of cer- tificates of exemption outstanding at the close of the fiscal year was 2,428, as against 2,114 at the close of the previous fiscal year, an increase of 314 certificates. During the year it was found necessary to call in and cancel for various causes 428 certificates of exemption. In many of these cases, however, the certificates were reissued later when business was resumed or when insanitary conditions had been corrected. During the year 118,800 shipments were made under certificates of exemption, covering 19,932,221 pounds of meat and meat food prod- ucts. Included in these shipments were 102,409 carcasses, of which about 90 per cent were veal. INSPECTIONS FOR THE NAVY. Upon request of the Navy Department occasional inspections of meats and meat food products were made for the navy during the year. These inspections were made at Baltimore, Boston, Brooklyn, Jersey City, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, Norfolk, Phila- delphia, Providence, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington. The meats and products inspected aggregated 6,448,072 pounds, of which 934,313 pounds were rejected. Rejections were made on account of the sour, slimy, tainted, or putrid condition of the product, for failure to comply with the specifications regarding weight, and because of the substitution of buck, heifer, or cow meat for the meat of wethers and steers as specified. CONTROL OF CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. TEXAS FEVER. The number of cattle shipped during the quarantine season of 1909 to northern markets from the area quarantined on account of Texas or splenetic fever of cattle was 1,394,658, being an increase of 252,854 head, or 22.23 per cent, as compared with the previous year. These were carried in 46,741 cars, 45,757 of which were reported as having been cleaned and disinfected under Bureau supervision. The num- ber of inspected or dipped cattle moved interstate from the provi- sionally quarantined area under 1,859 certificates of inspection issued by Bureau inspectors was 143,545. During the fiscal year 35,081 head of southern cattle were dipped in crude petroleum or otherwise treated under Bureau supervision for unrestricted movement, as provided in the regulations. TICK ERADICATION. As the result of the work done in cooperation with authorities of various States for the extermination of the ticks which spread the in- fection of Texas fever of cattle, areas aggregating more than 57,000 square miles, as shown by the following table, were released from quarantine during the fiscal year: BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 247 Areas released from cattle quarantine as a result of tick eradication. | Square Square State. miles. State. miles. "UE ott CS ee er ee Se a eee SO 2 Th] AGCOLPIRS 2 Saeters =a jo a0 + 32. csecec cca se ete aeeeee eee Jelsesieeeleches eee 10 1.) 255 5S Ss eee Mexican border ports...........- 190, 616 18, 462 1, 423 1,892 3,105 6, 539 60 Canadian border ports..........- 3, 204 98,170 588 6, 262 37 16 183 otal eso sone ee 193,821 | 116,632 2,011 | 14, 383 3,214 6, 555 251 TESTS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND CANADA, The regulations governing the importation of animals subject to inspection and quarantine provide that all cattle 6 months old or over imported from Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands shall be tested with tuberculin by an inspector of the Bureau of Ani- mal Industry before being exported or after arrival at the animal quarantine station at the port of entry. The following table shows the results of such tests made in Great Britain during the fiscal year: Results of tuberculin tests in Great Britain of cattle for importation, fiscal year 1910. Breed. Passed. | Failed. Breed. Passed. | Failed. A berdeen-Angus2ecscescsj-acer 6 0: Red Polled oot sacs escereaeee 13 0 ATSIC Hs oes eel seniscaiaete 116 45%) ‘Shorthorn 22 sos.ses- co ete 38 10 Dexter-Kerry ‘, > mah eee eer oe I bh 7 aoe Pre ud ©. “a PU Re ND WaT Sith Wee a ree eas, NO" a Aga ot eas Ng args abbaeeek iY gt Bae

order to color lemons rapidly has been made the subject of a special study. Experience has shown that methods supposed to improve on the old oil-stove device do not serve the purpose. Mr. A. F. Sievers, Chemical Biologist, has shown that heat and humidity are not as im- portant factors in bringing about the desired change as has been sup- posed, the work being done rather by some of the gaseous products of incomplete combustion, generated by the oil stoves. This con- clusion, if applicable as is now supposed, should have an important bearing on sweat-room construction and operation, quickening the time of coloring, reducing expense for fuel, and diminishing fire risks, PLANS FOR FUTURE WORK. The same general outline of work will be continued during the ensuing year, in order to yield the best results in the work already under way. DrUG PLANTS AND SPECIAL PROBLEMS.—The future work of the drug- plant testing gardens will look largely toward the improvement of the plant stock. The services of a skilled plant breeder will add very greatly to the value of the entire drug-plant work. An exten- sion of the testing work in Texas and the opening of a testing garden in the arid Southwest, in order to test valuable drug plants from similar locations in the Old World, are matters worthy of attention. In the hop investigations an effort will be made to extend into ad- ditional hop regions the important and very promising improvement work. A thorough laboratory study of hop constituents seems re- quired in order to place this line of work on a sound basis. The work on perfumery plants, hitherto carried on chiefly as a laboratory study, seems ripe for a wider development. A promising beginning has been made, and the investigations should now be ex- tended in area and scope in order to test the commercial possibilities of some of the more promising crops. The projects dealing with physiological and fermentation investi- gations are relatively new and are likely to require some little time before they will begin to show results. The lemon work will be con- tinued, and the coloring of lemons by combustion gases should be tried on a commercial scale in special experimental sweat rooms. 300 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PoISONOUS-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.—Work on poisonous plants has met with much appreciation from stockmen, especially in the grazing States, and the calls for investigations both in the field and in the laboratory have overtaxed the present resources of the organization. The cooperative work with the Forest Service in the matter of stock poisoning by plants has opened up an opportunity for great use- fulness. In order to attain the best results the laboratory work must keep pace with the field investigations. Srupy OF CROP UTILIZATION.—An important line of work in crop utilization should be undertaken during the ensuing year. Special characteristics are sought by the users of many farm products which go into the hands of manufacturers. The exact nature of these quali- ties is at times not clearly known to the man who finds difficulty in getting an article having the requirements sought. Between the user with his special needs and the general grower of crops there is an unbridged space. It should be the function of an investigator along this line to learn the requirements of the utilizer in exact and scien- tific terms, and to study the agricultural conditions under which the crops can be grown to fulfill these conditions. These investigations will be of a technical nature, looking on the one side toward the special demands of the utilizers and on the other toward the agricul- tural conditions in their bearing on the production of the desired qualities. Investigations in this direction are urgently needed at the present time and could be well combined with the other lines of work of this office. AGRICULTURAL-TECHNOLOGY INVESTIGATIONS. The investigations of problems in agricultural technology, includ- ing cotton grading and paper-plant investigations, have continued under the direction of Dr. N. A. Cobb, Agricultural Technologist, assisted by Mr. Charles J. Brand, Physiologist, in charge of paper- plant investigations; by Mr. Wingate P. Barbot, Mr. W. E. Chambers, Prof. R. L. Bennett, and Mr. D. E. Earle in cotton standardization ; and by Dr. Albert Mann in general technological and microscopic work. COTTON STANDARDIZATION. Much time and energy have been devoted to the work on cotton standardization during the past year. Sets of the official cotton grades to the number of 175 have been prepared, of which 25 sets were for preservation in vacuum storage and 50 sets for placing with the principal growers’, merchants’, and manufacturers’ associations in various parts of the country, the remaining sets to be sold. Orders received in advance more than covered all of the sets prepared. The sets so far issued have been received with general favor, so far as is known. In numerous instances highly commendatory letters have been received by the Department concerning them. METHOD OF PREPARING OFFICIAL COTTON GRADES.—It is believed that the official grades have been prepared with greater care and precision than has ever been attained before in connection with similar work. The object of the officers in charge has been to copy as closely as pos- sible the types submitted by the Committee on National Standards, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 301 appointed to advise the Secretary of Agriculture in behalf of the cotton interests of the country as to what should constitute the nine official grades. The aim has been to match as exactly as possible the original types deposited by this committee with the Secretary of Agriculture. To accomplish this object much experimenting has been necessary and various expedients have been adopted. Several improvements have been made in the method of preparing the grades. The idea of protecting them by full-size photographs fastened in the cover of each box seems especially to have met with approval. CoMPosITION OF THE GRADES.—Each of the nine official grades is represented by a box containing twelve individual samples called “ types.” Care has been exercised to eliminate uncertainties and dif- ficulties in connection with the grades by preparing them in such a way that their appearance and character will change as little as pos- sible with time. PAPER-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS. The object of the paper-plant investigations of the Bureau of Plant Industry is to find fibers suitable for paper making that will offer at least a partial substitute for wood, the diminishing supply of which is accurately reflected by its constantly rising price. This substitute is being sought (1) among the waste or by-products of our cultivated crops, such as corn and broom-corn stalks, the stalks of saccharine and nonsaccharine sorghums, rice, flax, and common grain straws, hemp waste, and bagasse; (2) among plants that may possibly be grown with profit especially for paper-making purposes, such as hemp, esparto, jute, okra, Hulalia japonica, and several of the stand- ard Japanese paper plants; and (3) among wild plants such as the grasses, rushes, and sedges of our coastal and interior marshes, the canes of the canebrakes, the yuccas, sotols, and certain grasses of the dry Southwest. These investigations include both laboratory and field tests, as well as semicommercial and commercial tests in paper mills. Firtp AND LABORATORY WoRK.—In the field work cornstalks have been produced at selected stations in Kentucky, Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri; broom-corn stalks in Indiana and Kansas; stalks of sey- eral varieties of nonsaccharine sorghum at the dry-land experiment farm of the Bureau at Dalhart, Tex., and hemp plants in the hemp- growing sections of Kentucky and Indiana. In addition, numerous other raw materials from cultivated and wild plants have been assem- bled for tests from other sources. In the production and growing of materials cooperation has been effected with numerous private indi- viduals and with several offices of the Bureau. In the laboratory preliminary digestions have been made of corn, broom corn, and hemp stalks, rice and flax straw, Colorado River hemp (Sesbania macrocarpa), cotton-seed hull fiber, bagasse, esparto, water hyacinth, Poseidonia (an Australian marine plant), saw-grass, and several other materials. The purpose of these preliminary exper- iments is to furnish a guide for the semicommercial tests at the paper mills. The optimum time of cooking, pressure, chemicals, etc., are here determined, and handmade sheets are produced for examination and testing. All chemical determinations are made in cooperation with the Bureau of Chemistry, and a portion of the preliminary work 802 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. has been done in cooperation with the Forest Service. Facilities have been installed also for the microscopic study of paper fibers, which is now under way. SEMICOMMERCIAL PAPER TESTS.—In the making of semicommercial tests considerable work has been done during the past year. These tests are made under contract at the Cumberland Mills of §S. D. Warren & Co., near Portland, Me. One problem has been met with in connection with most of the raw materials under test, namely, the necessity of removing wholly or greatly reducing the relative pro- portion of the pith or parenchymatous cells. The long fiber resulting from the separation is suitable for the various grades of book and writing papers, while the pith pulp can probably be used in making paper and pulp specialties. Paper has now been made in a wide variety of finishes from corn, broom corn, rice straw, and several other materials, both pure and in combination with other fibers, including soda fiber from poplar and sulphite from spruce, and also cotton-hull fiber. Small quantities, or “engines,” as they are commonly called, of paper have been made from about eight varieties of Indian corn and four varieties of broom corn to make possible a comparison of the different varieties, both as to yield and as to paper-making qualities. Cotton-hull fiber, the short- est lint that remains adhering to the hulls, which are a by-product of the cottonseed oil industry, used in combination with corn, broom corn, and rice straw papers, has been found to facilitate greatly the draining of the pulp and also to add to the softness of the paper. The rice straw used in the experiments was furnished by the Arkansas Rice Growers’ Association. The tests of broom-corn stalks have been especially complete and quite encouraging. All papers produced in the work are tested in cooperation with the Bureau of Standards of the Department of Commerce and Labor. Foop EXTRACT FROM CORNSTALKS.—Good progress has been made in the study of the so-called “ food extract ” obtained by aqueous extrac- tion under pressure from stalks of corn and broom corn and some other crop materials. The favorable results of the chemical analyses of this extract produced on a small scale led, during the past season, to the production of a larger quantity. A vacuum evaporating appara- tus was improvised and set up at the paper mill, and sufficient extract of a molasses-like consistency was made to conduct preliminary feed- ing tests. The results of these tests, which were continued for a month in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry, justify the production of sufficient material, say, 1 to 2 tons, to conduct a decisive feeding test. If the food value of cornstalks in the form of water-soluble solids can be conserved profitably and returned to the farm for feeding, an important point will have been gained. The removal of the raw material will then not represent a serious attack upon our soil resources. It seems possible that this extract may have an important bearing upon the ultimate possibility of cornstalks as paper-making material. GENERAL TECHNOLOGIC WORK. Although the cotton and paper work have occupied the major por- tion of the time of the Office of Agricultural Technology, several problems of a general nature have received attention. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 303 CROP-INFESTING NEMATODES.—F rom a study of three main crops of the country it is becoming clear that the number of their nematode enemies, especially those attacking the roots, is so great as to demand immediate further investigation. Hitherto the inquiries on this sub- ject have related largely to the number and nature of the species of nematodes found attacking these crops and the extent of the injury due to their attacks. From a comparison of the specimens thus far examined it is possible to draw certain general conclusions, and these conclusions show the strong advisability of carrying out tests to settle more definitely the nature of the injury caused by a certain class of these pests with a view to devising combative measures. In the future it is proposed to give this work increased attention. Prelimi- nary physiological tests made during the past year have indicated the lines along which the new investigations will have to proceed. IMPROVED METHODS OF PRODUCING ILLUSTRATIONS.—The installations made in the laboratory for the purpose of producing illustrations and measurements have been further improved and utilized during the past year. The methods first adopted in these installations are being adopted elsewhere. The apparatus so far installed is of the greatest service in connection with the work on cotton standardiza- tion and on paper-making plants. These new devices are frequently consulted by experts both in and out of the Department, and explana- tions of their underlying principles have been made upon request. FIBER-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS. The investigations relating to plants producing textile and brush fibers have continued in charge of Mr. Lyster H. Dewey, Botanist. During the past year the work has been devoted chiefly to hemp, flax, sisal, and zapupe. Hemp INVESTIGATIONS.—Hemp grown on the state farms in Wis- consin in 1909, in cooperation with the state experiment station, has been retted and broken under the direction of this office. The yield and quality of fiber compare very favorably with hemp grown. in the bluegrass region of Kentucky. The destruction of Canada thistle, quack-grass, and other weeds by the dense shade of the grow- ing hemp, and the excellent physical condition of the soil after this crop, together with the profits in the cultivation of hemp for fiber, have aroused the interest of Wisconsin farmers. Further experiments are being continued in Wisconsin in 1910, and work along similar lines has been begun in Iowa in cooperation with the Iowa Agri- cultural Experiment Station. A study of the history of hemp has shown clearly that all of the best fiber-producing varieties are derived from the giant hemp, “ta ma,” of China. Several samples of Chinese seed obtained by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction are being carefully tried in order to procure improved varieties. _ Fuax nvestications.—More than 1,000 plants were selected in the fiber-flax fields of eastern Michigan in 1909. By careful laboratory tests these were reduced to the 100 best plants. The seed from each one of these was carefully planted in the spring of 1910 in separate plats, and the resulting plants are being subjected to a rigid selection. The 304 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. excellent results obtained by similar selection with other plants, and especially with flax for seed, indicate that improved varieties of uniform flax for fiber may be expected, making it unnecessary to im- ort from Europe flax seed for fiber growing, as has been done hetctotote The increasing demand for linens during the past season, resulting in an improved market for the fiber, has led to a greater interest in the production of flax fiber in this country. SISAL AND OTHER HARD FIBERS.—The experimental plantation of sisal, henequen, and zapupe near Yauco, P. R., carried on in cooperation with the Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, is showing excellent results in the development of the plants, and plans are being made to harvest some of the leaves for the first crop of fiber during the coming year. An experimental plantation of sisal, cabuya blanca, from Costa Rica, and two varieties of zapupe from eastern Mexico, has been started on one of the Florida Keys. The growth of these plants thus far gives excellent promise of success. PLANS FOR FUTURE wWork.—Plans are being made for the ensuing year to extend the cooperative work with hemp in order to encourage the cultivation of this crop over a wider area; to cultivate plats of flax for selection at three or more points so as to obtain information regarding effects of soil and climate, and especially to avoid danger of total loss from unfavorable weather conditions in any one place; and to investigate other fiber-producing agaves in Mexico so as to intro- duce those kinds which are found most promising. TAXONOMIC AND RANGE INVESTIGATIONS. The Taxonomic and Range Investigations of the Bureau have con- tinued along the same general lines as heretofore, under the general charge of Mr. Frederick V. Coville, Botanist. IMPROVEMENT OF FOREST GRAZING AREAS.—As a partial result of the cooperative work with the Forest Service on the improvement of forest grazing areas a report has been published as Circular 178 of ‘the Forest Service, entitled, “The Pasturage System of Handling Range Sheep,” by James T. Jardine. It is shown that under this system, when sheep are relieved, not only from dangers due to wild animals, but from the worry and restrictions imposed by a herder and his dogs, the sheep scattered out and fed where they pleased; they” selected the grass that suited them best; they chose clean bed grounds; they went to water whenever thirsty and only when thirsty; they wasted far less vegetation by trampling; they fattened more quickly ; they did not lose their fat from long drives and the worry of sheep dogs; and they produced a heavier fleece. ; As an outgrowth of the coyote-proof pasture experiment already under way, an experiment was begun in the spring of 1910 on the use of 40-acre coyote-proof inclosures for lambing purposes. This ex- periment was located in the Cochetopa National Forest of Colorado. The experiment begun in 1908 in the Wallowa National Forest of northeastern Oregon on the natural reseeding of destructively over- grazed mountain pasture areas has been brought to a successful conclusion, and a report will be ready for submittal for publication during the present year. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 3805 RELATION OF ACIDITY OF SOILS TO GRAZING PLANTS.—In the progress of the cooperative experiments between the Forest Service and the Bureau of Plant Industry on the artificial reseeding of denuded grazing lands in the National Forests, it had been found in 1908 and 1909 that the failure of certain forage plants on certain experimental areas could not well be attributed to improper conditions of moisture and temperature. On the suspicion that the conspicuous differences of success or failure might have been caused by differences in the acidity of the soil, a study of the acidity of these areas was made in 1910, with wholly conclusive results. It was found that the areas on which Kentucky bluegrass and timothy failed were acid and that on these same areas redtop grew with great success. It was found, on the other hand, that the areas on which redtop made a poor growth and timothy and Kentucky bluegrass succeeded were neutral or slightly alkaline in their chemical reaction. It is clear from the season’s study that acidity of the soil is a factor of the greatest im- portance, hitherto unconsidered, in the seeding of these mountain grazing lands. Hereafter experimental sowings will be made with reference to conditions of acidity as well as those of temperature and moisture. Fortunately, nature herself has furnished a guide to the acidity of these areas. There are certain wild plants which grow only on acid lands, others which grow only on neutral or alkaline lands, and the presence or absence of these indicative plants is an excellent practi- cal guide for field work. The most trustworthy indicators of acidity, are various plants of the blueberry and heather families, especially the species of the genus Vaccinium, known in New England as blue- berries, but in the region of most of the National Forests called huckleberries. DomMeEsTICATION OF THE BLUEBERRY.—A report entitled “ Experi- ments in Blueberry Culture,” by Mr. Frederick V. Coville, has been prepared and is now in press as Bulletin No. 193 of this Bureau. The writer has found by experiment how blueberries differ from ordinary plants in their method of nutrition and in their soil requirements, and by means of this knowledge he has worked out a system of pot culture, under which these plants attain a development beyond all previous expectations. There is good prospect that the application of the knowledge thus gained will establish the blueberry in field culture and that ultimately improved varieties of these plants will be grown successfully on a commerical scale. The blueberry will grow successfully only in acid soils. The most promising situations for experiments in the field culture of the blueberry are either peat bogs or sandy uplands treated with upland leaf peat. The full results of the investigation of blueberry culture are given in the bulletin referred to. BoiaNy OF THE ECONOMIC GRASsES.—The botanical studies of grasses have continued in charge of Mr. A. S. Hitchcock, Systematic Agrostologist. During the past year the work on the genus Panicum, which is the largest genus of grasses in North America and contains such important economic species as hog-millet, Para grass, Guinea grass, and Colorado grass, as well as several sand binders, has been completed and prepared for publication. Memoranda regarding val- uable grasses found in different foreign countries are in preparation 73477 °—acr 1910 20 306 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. in the form of a card catalogue to be available to the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction and to agricultural investi- gators generally. Specimens of grasses and grass seeds have been identified for various offices in the Department of Agriculture, for state colleges and experiment stations, and for numerous private individuals, Economic cottections.—The work of identifying and preserving record material of the plants introduced by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, in charge of Mr. W. F. Wight, Botanist, has continued in cooperation with that office. The collection is also rapidly increasing through the addition of other economic material. particularly in the groups that are the subject of taxonomic study by members of the office staff. Experience has shown that in working out the relationship and botanical origin of the varieties of cultivated plants a large amount of material, both cultivated and wild, is neces- sary to establish definitely the range of variation in a given form under varying conditions of soil and climate. Material will be col- lected during the coming year in connection with field studies on the various groups under investigation. SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE GENUS Prunus.—A critical study of the various American species of the genus Prunus is being made. Many orchards have been visited in New York, Maryland, Michigan, Min- nesota, Iowa, and Texas, and it is certain that this work will now result in a much more accurate classification of the cultivated varieties of plums than has heretofore been made. It has been found, for instance, that Prunus nigra and Prunus americana may be readily distinguished, and that each of these species in the western portion of its geographical range is represented by a form more valuable from the horticultural point of view than the eastern and typical form of the species. A form of Prunus americana extends as far north as Brandon, Manitoba, and is probably the hardiest American plum so far as ability to withstand extreme winter temperature is concerned, although Prunus nigra has previously been supposed to be the hard- iest. Another result of this study of American plums that may prove valuable to horticulture is the identification of a variety grown locally in a few counties in Kansas with Prunus orthosepala, a species occurring in a few botanical gardens and special collections, the native region of which, however, is not definitely known. It is ex- pected that field work now in progress will result in the discovery of — the origin of this species and in securing information that will lead to its further utilization. It is expected that work on the native American plums will be completed during the present year and that the investigation will then be extended to the Old World species of the genus. As rapidly as practicable other fruits will be taken up and given careful study. Work of the same character on forage plants and ornamental trees and shrubs has also been planned and will be carried to completion as soon as possible. SrTupDY OF THE BOTANICAL ORIGIN OF THE PoTATO.—The investigation of the origin of the cultivated potato has shown that a number of forms referred by some investigators to Solanwm tuberosum have well-defined specific characters and a definite geographical distribu- tion, and that the range of Solanum tuberosum in a wild state was BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 307 much more restricted than has been generally supposed. One form now used in breeding work for blight resistance has been found to be distinct from any species previously described. Effort is now being made to obtain through the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Intro- duction material of all the tuber-bearing species in order that their relationship with the cultivated potato may be accurately determined, and when this material is available it will be possible to bring the investigation to early completion. INVESTIGATIONS IN BOTANICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY.—The special biblio- graphical investigations which have enabled the botanical workers of the Department to reach the literature of taxonomic botany with efficiency and economy have been continued, under the direction of the Botanist in Charge, by Miss Marjorie F. Warner and Miss Alice C. Atwood.’ It is planned to issue a circular of information for the convenience of those wishing to use the catalogue of botanical litera- ture. It is believed that this work will prove of great value to investigators both in and out of the Department. SEED-TESTING LABORATORIES. The work of the seed-testing laboratories has been carried on as formerly under the immediate charge of Mr. Edgar Brown, Botanist. GENERAL LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS.—While the number of tests made at the Washington Laboratory has increased slightly, no effort has been made to increase the amount of routine seed testing. This laboratory is devoting proportionately more time to the investiga- tional side of seed work along such lines as the study of the distin- guishing characters of nearly related groups of seeds; the perfecting of methods of testing for vitality; the value of “hard seeds” and treatment to improve their practical value; the proper condition of storage which will best preserve vitality, including vacuum storage; and other closely related problems. The examination of forage-plant seeds for the presence of adulter- ants has been continued. As a result of the publications following such examination the sale of misbranded and adulterated seed has practically stopped, with the exception of Kentucky bluegrass and orchard grass, and the sale of these has been reduced to less than one- fourth of what it was formerly. Work OF THE FIELD LABORATORIES.—Three new laboratories were opened during the past year in cooperation with state institutions in Oregon, Indiana, and North Carolina, and those in Nebraska and Missouri were continued. In each of these States an opportunity has been offered farmers, as well as seedsmen, to have seeds examined by experts who give definite information as to the quality of the seeds submitted, including trueness to name, freedom from weed seeds and chaff, and germination. This work has been well received, as is shown by the number of samples of seed submitted for examination, and especially, where the laboratories have been in operation more than one year, the increasing number of samples examined each year. As soon as any State is able to make examinations independently the work will be turned over to it. New cooperative laboratories are to be established in other States where seed testing has thus far received little or no attention. 208 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. GRAIN STANDARDIZATION. The investigations of the Bureau bearing upon the methods of handling and grading commercial grain have continued in charge of Mr. John D. Shanahan, Technologist, with Dr. J. W. T. Duvel as Assistant in Charge of Laboratory Methods. CoMMERCIAL HANDLING OF corn.—Various lots of corn, aggregat- ing approximately 50,000 bushels, have been under the control of the Department at various times during the past year through agreement with the owners. The object of this arrangement has been to deter- mine for experimental purposes under actual commercial conditions the relation of the methods of handling to the ultimate condition or grade of the corn. These lots of corn were under observation at regular intervals while in transit from points in the corn. belt and while in storage at terminal and export points. Many shipments of various sizes not under the control of the Department were also examined at point of shipment and again at destination. Two car- goes of corn aggregating 275,000 bushels were accompanied to Euro- pean ports by Mr. E. G. Boerner and Mr. J. H. Cox, assistants, who made observations at regular intervals en route. The quality and condition of corn in cribs on the farm and when marketed at country grain elevators have been studied. These experiments and observations have yielded much valuable information and a great quantity of data bearing upon the behavior of commercial corn stored in cribs and elevators, in transit by rail and water, the factors influencing such behavior, and the influence of those factors upon the commercial grades and values of corn. The moisture- testing apparatus, which was developed and recommended by the Department, has continued during the year to play an important part in fixing grades and market prices of corn. Work WITH WHEAT AND OTHER GRAINS.—The methods of handling commercial wheat from field to mill, including the harvesting, trans- porting, storing, and grading, have been studied, and approximately 300 samples of the various varieties, classes, and grades were obtained, milled, and baked, in cooperation with the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, in order to study the factors which constitute milling and baking quality, with special reference to the influence of those factors upon the commercial grades and values of wheat. Other commercial grains have been studied along similar lines during the year, special attention having been given to the bleaching of oats with sulphur. Satisfactory cooperation with grain-carrying rail- roads, commercial exchanges, grain-dealers’ associations, and grain- elevator companies has been effected and this cooperation has con- tributed to the success in acquiring additional valuable data bearing upon the factors which constitute the intrinsic worth of the various erains for commercial purposes and upon which the commercial grades of grain must be based. The work during the ensuing fiscal year will be continued along the same general lines as heretofore. Experience has shown, however, that certain modifications in methods are necessary in order to bring the investigations to bear more effectively upon the fundamental principles and factors which underlie the intrinsic and economic worth of commercial grains. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 3809 GRAIN INVESTIGATIONS. The general adaptation, breeding, and other work of the Bureau on grains has continued, as in previous years, under the immediate charge of Mr. M. A. Carleton, Cerealist, and good progress has been made along a number of lines. WINTER-WHEAT EXTENSION.—Experiments with the different strains of hard winter wheat have been continued even more extensively than during the preceding year, particularly in the western portion of the Great Plains and intermountain districts. The season throughout all the semiarid region has been unusually severe, the summer having been particularly dry and the winter cold in certain localities. The opportunity, therefore, has been good for a test of the Kharkof variety, which had already given indications of being an unusually hardy strain. From experiments so far, two facts appear to have been learned with reference to this variety, namely, (1) that it gives the _best comparative results in seasons of extreme drought and cold, and (2) that while on the whole it is a hardier strain than others of the Crimean group, in a number of localities the common Turkey strain gives fully as good results on an average. The total annual produc- tion of the Kharkof variety is now probably between 15,000,000 and 20,000,000 bushels. DvtRUM-WHEAT INVESTIGATIONS.—The conditions of the past year have been particularly favorable for durum wheat in comparison with common varieties in view of the extreme drought. The superior adaptation of this kind of wheat over others in dry districts has been demonstrated more emphatically than ever before. Work in the development of pure types from the different durum varieties has proceeded as before and several distinct strains have been obtained that are considerably different in their local adaptation. As rapidly as possible these representative strains will be assigned definitely to the districts in which they belong, there being no doubt that the Kubanka, already well known, will remain the important variety for the northern States of the Great Plains. During the year there has been an unusual amount of correspond- ence with individuals with reference to the source for obtaining durum-wheat flour, showing a distinct demand among the people for flour of this kind. As heretofore it has been difficult to point out where a good grade of durum flour could be obtained. On the other hand for the entire year there is yet no case on record known to this Department where anyone after trying the flour has been displeased with it. Durum-wheat flour is now commonly used in a number of eastern cities, particularly Baltimore, Washington, and Richmond, a single firm having disposed of five carloads in the last-named city within three months. PAcIFIC COAST GRAIN INVESTIGATIONS.—The demonstration of the adaptation of Chul and Fretes wheats to the San Joaquin and Sacra- mento valleys in California were mentioned in the last report. It remained to increase the seed of pure strains of these wheats that the farmers might be able to make use of them. This work is going on as rapidly as possible. During the year a number of demonstration trials have been arranged with some of the representative farmers 310 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. in this region. The results of these trials confirm those of our own experiments in showing the yield of these wheats to be much greater than that of the varieties commonly grown. GRAIN WORK IN THE SOUTHWESTERN PLAINS.—Grain work is done on the experimental farms at Amarillo and Dalhart, Tex. The super- intendent of the farm at Amarillo comes in contact with farmers to a considerable extent at different times during the year and is thus able to disseminate among them, through institute lectures and other- wise, a considerable amount of information obtained from the results of our experiments. Over a large portion of this region the season has been the driest of many years, thus giving an unusual oppor- tunity to show the superiority of proper methods of cultivation over those heretofore commonly practiced by the farmers. In all this re- gion winter grains continue to show themselves superior to spring grains, except in the case of oats. The short-season varieties of oats are better than those that require a longer period for ripening, and there is continued proof of the great importance of the sorghums as dependable crops for profit. INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT ON THE COMPOSITION OF GRAIN.—The environment experiments comprise several series, each consisting in the planting of the same original seed of a variety of grain at three different points and the transfer of enough of the succeeding crop for seed from each point to each of the other two points the following season for the purpose of determining the effect of a change of soil and climate on the composition of the kernel. The past two years’ work in this line has given interesting results. In some of these experiments there has been a departure from the results obtained heretofore from wheat, in that the yield from home-grown seed has not been as great as that from seed of the same original source brought from other localities, though the difference was not great. In the soil-transfer experiments conducted in Maryland, Kansas, and California the quality of the wheat produced has been practically the same on each of the three different soils at the same point, though the appearance of the growing grain in the three plats was quite different, and the yields have usually been greater on the western soils. PRODUCTION OF PURE STRAINS OF CEREALS.—In recent years a critical examination of experimental work throughout the country has shown that many experiments heretofore conducted with considerable pains over a long period of time have been of little value because of the neglect to observe certain fundamental facts in inaugurating the experiments. One of these essentials is the employment of a pure strain of the crop. The Office of Grain Investigations, recognizing this fact, has given much labor to the sorting of so-called standard and introduced varieties, which are really mixtures, and to the development thereby of pure types from a single mother plant. This work has now been carried on far enough for the acquirement of a considerable amount of seed of a number of pure strains. As rapid] as possible the seed of these strains will be substituted for the ordi- nary seed heretofore used in all of the important field experiments. CROPS IN ROTATION WITH CEREALS.—The crop-rotation experiments intended to determine what crops should be used in alternation with cereals to obtain the best results have been conducted for several years BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. one at different points, particularly in California, Kansas, and Utah. All results in the cases where legumes were employed in these rota- tions have completely confirmed the results of other experiments here- tofore conducted in showing the importance of such crops preceding wheat. In California the value of green rye turned under in prepara- tion for wheat seeding was also shown. Both rye alone and a mix- ture of rye and vetch plowed under green were followed by a yield of 50 bushels of wheat per acre, being 22 bushels more than that ob- tained on summer fallow, and 35 bushels more than where wheat followed wheat. At several of the dry-land experimental farms two years’ experiments have been conducted with potatoes as a crop to precede wheat. The idea is to determine whether a cultivated crop, such as potatoes, could be substituted for summer tillage, even where the rainfall is very deficient. It seemed first necessary to determine whether the potato crop itself would be sufficiently profitable to justify its cultivation. TIME AND RATE OF SEEDING GRAINS.—For a number of years experi- ments have been conducted at a number of the experimental farms operated by this office to determine the best time of seeding for the different small grains and the proper amount of seed to sow to the acre. As one important result of general application, after several years’ work, it is shown that a considerably smaller amount may be employed in the drier districts than in the humid areas. The proper amount of wheat, for example, is an average of somewhere near 3 pecks, while in the humid portions of the eastern United States it is common to sow from 5 pecks to 2 bushels. From the experiments on time of seeding no general conclusion can yet be drawn which will be applicable to all of the experimental farms. Dry-LAND GRAIN INVESTIGATIONS.—During the past year dry-land investigations were conducted, as heretofore, under the immediate charge of Mr. W. M. Jardine, Agronomist. The field assistants at each of the experimental farms, ten in number, are acquiring increas- ing familiarity with the needs of the work and the investigations are rapidly becoming more effective. During the year one new farm has been added, at Moro, Oreg., which is conducted in cooperation with the state experiment station. This farm comprises about 250 acres of tillable land fairly representative of the whole of eastern Oregon and eastern Washington, and it has been supplied with the necessary equip- ment for experimental work. In all of the work facts are being ob- tained each year concerning the best time for seeding the different crops, the proper amount to sow to the acre, proper methods of culti- vation for the conservation of moisture, the crops best adapted for cultivation in alternation with grains in order that the latter may give the best yields, the best varieties of each crop to grow, and other cultural conditions. The very unusual dryness this season through- out almost the entire dry-land farming region gave an excellent op- portunity to demonstrate the value of the methods being employed on the different experimental farms for the conservation of moisture and in determining the varieties best adapted for dry seasons. In Utah the drought was particularly severe and the possibilities for grain production in that district. through proper methods of farming, have been thoroughly tested. J12 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. GRAIN-SORGHUM INVESTIGATIONS.—The work with dry-land grain- sorghum crops has continued in charge of Mr. Carleton R. Ball, Agronomist. The season of 1909 was marked by intense drought during July, August, and September in the grain-sorghum belt. Ex- cellent opportunity was afforded to study the adaptability of different varieties to such conditions. Dwarf and early varieties of kafirs and milos produced 25 to 60 per cent of their normal yield, in comparison with ordinary larger and later varieties which produced, on an aver- age, 10 to 25 per cent of their normal yield. Such droughts probably occur on an average of once in three years. Merely as a form of drought insurance, the Great Plains farmer is advised to plant some of these more drought-evading varieties each year, even if he prefers larger and later varieties for other reasons. Planting the ordinary varieties at about one-half the usual rate per acre will permit fair grain production even in dry years. Experiments have been continued with Sudan durra and Blackhull kowliang. The durra showed itself to be a fair producer under condi- tions of drought. The Blackhull kowliang is still regarded as highly promising, but progress has been retarded by numerous field hybrids due to natural crossings because of the limited space available. A considerable number of chemical analyses of different varieties have been made in cooperation with the Bureau of Chemistry, and many more are now in progress. There is considerable variation in the fat content and protein content of different varieties and different strains. The maximum protein content found was 16.6 per cent and the average 12.2 per cent, which is higher than the average for corn varieties. In conjunction with the cooperative milling laboratory of the Office of Grain Standardization, preliminary experiments in mill- ing some of the best varieties of grain sorghums have been started. It has been shown that an excellent quality of meal, comparable with corn meal, can be produced. Cooking tests made in a small way show attractive results with the meal, and demonstrate also that the flour can be used in mixtures. Rice INvESTIGATIONS.—During the past year rice investigations, in charge of Mr. Charles E. Chambliss, Expert, have been continued and extended. Experiments have been begun at Beaumont, Tex., and an assistant has been stationed there to look after the experi- mental work. Much satisfaction has resulted from the experiments at Biggs, Butte County, Cal., indicating the possibility of profitable rice cultivation in that region on a commercial scale. An important feature now is to determine the varieties best adapted and the best methods of soil preparation and of handling the crop. Experiments were continued in South Carolina in the investiga- tion of rice blast, and arrangements have been made for more ex- tensive and thorough work in that district. Attempts to obtain earlier maturing and higher yielding strains of rice are being con- tinued. A series of experiments is now under way to determine the effects of change of soil and climate on the yield and composition of rice grown from the same original seed. CEREAL RUSTS, SMUTS, AND OTHER DISEASES.—In the cereal-disease work, in charge of Mr. Edward C. Johnson, Pathologist, further re- searches into the life history and physiology of rusts have been made and the relations between meteorological éonditions and rust epi- demics explained. Papers have been prepared on the causes of floret BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 313 sterility of wheats in the Southwest, and on the relationships and dis- tribution of timothy rust, which has recently become an important disease. Results promising briefer and simpler treatments tor the prevention of loose smuts in wheat and barley have been obtained. A Bureau circular on the smuts of sorghum has been revised and improved preventive measures have been recommended. Particular attention has been given to the breeding of rust-resistant grains. Numerous new crosses between the rust-resistant durums and the common bread wheats have been made, and the selection and fixing of types from crosses made in 1907 have been continued. OaT INVEsTIGATIONS.—Work in the investigation of oats has con- tinued under the immediate charge of Mr. C. W. Warburton, Agrono- mist. Breeding work with spring oats in the Middle West and with winter oats at the Arlington Experimental Farm has been con- ducted along the same lines as in previous years. Some excellent strains of spring oats, quite different from any now in cultivation, are being developed, the result of hybridization between the Clydes- dale oat and a variety of the Rustproof type imported from Asia Minor. Preliminary tests show them to be desirable in size of grain, yield of grain, and stiffness of straw. Hybrids of the Sixty- day crossed with Burt promise some good strains of early oats, while somewhat later, large-grained types with good straw are being devel- oped from hybrids between Sixty-day and Clydesdale and Sixty-day and Probsteier. In winter oats the most promising pedigreed selec- tions so far are those derived from the Culberson and Red Rustproof. The methods of producing and handling oats in common use among farmers have been studied rather extensively during the past few years in connection with experimental work on all phases of oat pro- duction, and the results of these studies have now been presented in a series of bulletins. One of these has been devoted exclusively to the methods of growing winter oats in the South, where considerable interest has been aroused in the past few years in the production of winter small grain. BaRLEY INVESTIGATIONS.—The work with barley, conducted by Mr. H. B. Derr, Agronomist, has continued along three general lines, the introduction of new varieties, the improvement of existing varieties, and the production of improved strains by hybridization. Excellent results have been attained during the past season from some of the newly introduced barleys. Gaitami, introduced from Manchuria, ripens one week to ten days earlier and is outyielding the other six- rowed barleys in the Northwest. Several hull-less varieties are also very promising. Good results have been accomplished in improving the yield and quality of barley by means of selecting the seed. This method is simple and can be practiced by any intelligent farmer. A circular has been issued on the subject entitled “ The Selection of Seed Barley by the Specific Gravity Method.” Experiments have been continued with the awnless winter variety of barley. This barley resembles the Tennessee Winter variety and from all indications it will be as hardy and yield fully as well. It will be a valuable addition to the crops of the South where hay grasses do not succeed very well. A hooded hybrid barley has also been produced that gave an excellent yield under field tests the past season. 314 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PLANS FOR FUTURE WORK ON GRAIN CRops.—The unfinished lines of investigation which have been described will be carried forward dur- ing the ensuing year. The work in the production of pure types of different cereals will be continued and an effort will be made especially to increase the seed of those already established to such an extent as to be of use in general cultivation. The hardiest winter wheats will be given still more severe tests to determine, if possible, the limit of their endurance in resistance to drought and cold. In the work with durum wheat an attempt will be made to obtain still more definite results on the adaptation of local varieties, and special attention will be given to the encouragement of the use of durum-wheat flour by baking tests and otherwise. Efforts will be made to make more available to farmers the results of experiments with grains on the dry-land experiment farms. Such experiments as seem necessary will be added to obtain as much further knowledge as possible concerning the effect of legumes, potatoes, and other cultivated crops upon the yield of cereals when grown in alternation with them. Experiments to determine the proper time of seeding in the vicinity of the different experiment farms will be emphasized. In the work with sorghums special attention will be given to the trials of kowliang varieties, determinations of the commercial uses of sorghums, and the improvement of milo and kafir with reference to drought resistance and the shortening of their growing period. In rice investigations it is expected to obtain much more information on the adaptation of varieties, particularly in new districts such as California and Arkansas. Methods of rice cultivation and the life history of rice blast will also be investigated. Experiments for the development of hardy winter varieties of oats and barleys will be emphasized, as well as for promoting greater yield and quicker ma- turity. It is expected also to obtain further information as to the hardiness and uses of Black Winter emmer and the proso millets. CORN INVESTIGATIONS. The general corn investigations of the Bureau have continued in charge of Mr. C. P. Hartley, Physiologist, assisted by Messrs. Curtis H. Kyle, Ernest B. Brown, and L. L. Zook. ACCLIMATIZATION OF HIGH-YIELDING sTrAIns.—The cross-bred strains, the foreign introductions, and the pure-bred strains of corn that have been undergoing acclimatization and selection for higher yields by this office for periods of six to nine years continue to respond to improvement in adaptation, yield, and quality. U. S. Selection 77 has been undergoing improvement by the Department in cooperation with a local farmer at Piketon, Ohio, since 1902. In 1909 the average yield of 740 acres of this corn was 77 bushels (70 pounds dry ears per bushel) per acre, some fields averaging 100 bushels to the acre. This corn is adapted to river-bottom lands of southern Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. U.S. Hybrid 120, produced in 1902 by crossing Hickory King and Boone County White, is un- dergoing improvement at Round Hill, Va. It is a large-kerneled, white dent corn, adapted to upland conditions of northern Virginia. U. S. Selection 133 is a ninety-day yellow dent corn that has given BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 315 excellent satisfaction in the southern half of Wisconsin and of Michi- gan. U.S. Selection 136, introduced from Mexico in 1904 by Dr. S. A. Knapp, has been under process of acclimatization and improve- ment in production at Waco, Tex., for six years in cooperation with local corn growers. It is now grown by farmers about Waco, Brownsville, and other portions of Texas, and to some extent in Arizona and southern California. It continues each year to produce best, or second best, in comparison with other introductions, cross- bred and pure-bred types, with which it is tested in dry, hot localities. TESTING METHODS OF CORN BREEDING.—The various methods of corn breeding that have been put to practical tests during the past ten years are showing their comparative merits. The yields of this fall will show the relative production of corn that has been undergoing improvement by different methods of close breeding and crossing. It is well established that the retention of half the seed of ears tested as to production is important. It allows further testing under differ- ent seasonal conditions and isolation or crossing of individuals of improved merit. Indications have been found that power to yield well is with corn a Mendelian character and that when two homo- zygous individuals, related or unrelated, are mated the progeny produces heavily. DETERMINATION OF MOST PROFITABLE VARIETIES.—Tests of produc- tion made during the past year in cooperation with about 500 farmers have brought forth many reports showing greatly increased yields from well-selected and well-adapted strains of corn. Corn growers desirous of making accurate tests to ascertain what variety can be most profitably grown are furnished with advice, as well as record blanks, and in certain localities seed of some of the improved varieties developed by the Department. PLANS FOR FUTURE WORK ON corN.—The gratifying and valuable results that have followed the production by breeding and adaptation of high-yielding strains of corn make an extension of the work desir- able. It will not be possible for the corn-breeding experts of the Department to breed high-producing strains for each locality, but it is desirable that their broad knowledge and experience be utilized in producing such strains in distinct portions of the United States. Such strains can be taken up by private corn breeders for more local adaptation, as is now being done with the strains already developed. There is need for an extension of corn-breeding work into the rich delta country of the lower Mississippi River, into Pennsylvania, New York, the rich muck lands of Florida, the semiarid regions, and the extreme Northwest. Such work would greatly increase the profit on the acreage already devoted to corn in those sections. TOBACCO INVESTIGATIONS. SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATIONS. During the past year the tobacco investigations of the Bureau, in charge of Dr. W. W. Garner, Physiologist, have included work with most of the principal cigar, manufacturing, and export types, cover- ing ten of the leading tobacco-producing States. The work has been confined to the established tobacco districts and no effort has been 816 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. made to extend the industry into new territory. In some of the dis- tricts which have received considerable attention in the past the in- vestigations have been discontinued in order to take up work in other tobacco sections in which nothing has previously been done. There are three fundamental problems included in the tobacco work, as now organized, one or more of which are receiving attention in each of the districts in which investigations are being conducted. These problems are: (1) Tobacco-breeding investigations and variety tests; (2) fertilizer experiments, qualitative and quantitative; (3) crop-rotation experiments and demonstrations. The breeding inves- tigations include a study of the fundamental principles which need to be applied in the improvement of the crop by breeding and selection, as well as the practical work of developing better varieties and strains for the different tobacco sections. In some cases this feature is limited to a comparative study of local varieties. The extensive fertilizer experiments under way are for the purpose of determining the best sources of plant-food elements for the various types of tobacco and the most profitable quantities to be applied from the standpoints both of yield and of quality. The crop-rotation work is designed to collect data based on direct experiments and to afford practical dem- onstrations as to the most profitable systems for use where tobacco is the leading money crop, with due consideration given to the special requirements of the crop as regards quality. In addition to these three general lines of investigation a number of special problems in harvesting, curing, fermentation, the control of diseases, etc., receive attention in those districts where such work is most needed. In conducting the investigations along the lines indicated above, field stations are maintained in representative districts producing con- trasted types of tobaceo and at each station the work is shaped to meet local conditions. The investigations are so planned, however, that the breeding, fertilizer, and crop-rotation studies in each section shall not only supply necessary information bearing on the local situation but shall also contribute data for reaching important gen- eralizations, the work in each locality thus fitting into a general scheme with definite objects in view. Correlation of the results of the work systematically followed up will form a substantial basis for the introduction of more profitable and permanent systems of farm- ing with tobacco as the central money crop. INVESTIGATIONS IN CIGAR-TOBACCO DISTRICTS. During the past year studies with cigar types have been carried out in the States of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Ohio, and Texas. Work has also been begun in Pennsylvania in cooperation with the state experiment station. FERTILIZER AND OROP-ROTATION EXPERIMENTS.—In the broadleaf belt of the Connecticut Valley, the yield has been falling off in recent years, and fertilizer experiments, mainly with various forms of hosphates, have been undertaken for the purpose of restoring the ormer large yields. In New York experiments have been under- taken in cooperation with the state experiment station to develop the best systems of rotation and the most profitable use of fertilizers for the tobacco crop of the State. In Texas an experiment farm has BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 317 been established at Nacogdoches for working out and demonstrating in a practical way to farmers the best systems of rotation and ferti- lizing the soil for growing filler tobacco as an additional money crop in conjunction with cotton and the other crops adapted to that section. BREEDING INVESTIGATIONS.—The special study of the fundamental principles of tobacco breeding has been continued in the Connecticut Valley and some of the results of the work will be ready for publica- tion at an early date. The practical work in this section for the present is the development of a broadleaf hybrid analogous to the Halladay Havana originated by the Bureau. In Ohio some very productive filler hybrids developed in the course of the breeding investigations in cooperation with the state experiment station are being tried out commercially in cooperation with growers. In Pennsylvania breeding investigations for improving yield and secur- ing greater uniformity in the filler crop have been inaugurated in cooperation with the state experiment station. STUDIES ON CURING, FERMENTATION, AND CONTROL OF DISEASES.—The laboratory studies on the important changes effected in the curing and fermentation processes have been practically completed and the results are being prepared for publication. Much interest is being manifested by growers in the Connecticut Valley in the process which has been devised for the use of artificial heat in curing and which will remove the danger from pole sweat and also insure more uniform curing. The new process of harvesting tobacco by picking the leaves from the stalk is becoming more important in the Connecticut Valley and is of special interest, because of the fact that the new Halladay tobacco does not cure well on the stalk. The merits of the new process are being carefully tested this year in both the Havana and broadleaf districts. The value of the method of sterilizing seed beds with steam, devised by the Bureau for the control of root-rot, has been again emphasized by serious outbreaks of the disease in beds which were not subjected to this treatment. INVESTIGATIONS IN MANUFACTURING AND EXPORT TOBACCO DISTRICTS. During the fiscal year just ended experiments and demonstrations with manufacturing and export types of tobacco have been carried on in the States of Maryland, Kentucky, Virginia, and North Caro- lina. Some preliminary work has also been undertaken in the bright flue-cured district of South Carolina. The three essential features of the work with all these types are fertilizer tests, crop-rotation ex- periments and demonstrations, and variety tests. Local stations are maintained in districts producing the important types of leaf, and the general features of the work, as well as the special problems taken up, are adjusted to local requirements. Work rn Virainta AND Marytanp.—In Virginia the investigations have been continued largely along the lines followed in the past, and local stations have been maintained at Appomattox and Rustburg in the dark-fired district, at Louisa and Bowling Green in the sun- cured district, at Chatham and Axton in the bright flue-cured district, and at Fork Union in the dark-stemming district. The institutes 318 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. held at these stations, which form an important feature of the work, have been largely attended by farmers. Not only are the farmers showing their interest in the investigations by attending the insti- tutes, but they are putting into practice the lessons drawn from the experiments and demonstrations, and there is a marked demand for the extension and further development of the work. The investi- gations in Virginia are conducted in cooperation with the state ex- periment station, and a special appropriation of $5,000 is made by the State in support of the work. _In Maryland the investigations have been continued along the same lines as last year, with headquarters at Upper Marlboro and subsidiary centers at Lyons Creek and La Plata. These investigations are being conducted in cooperation with the state experiment station. Work in Norru Caroutina AND SoutH CaAroLtina.—The work in the so-called “new belt” of the bright flue-cured district of North Carolina, which was begun last year with headquarters at Greenville, in Pitt County, has been continued in cooperation with the State De- partment of Agriculture. In addition to the fertilizer experiments, crop-rotation studies, and variety tests, a special feature receiving attention in this section is the relation of commercial fertilizers to the burning quality of the tobacco. There has been considerable com- plaint in the trade that much of the tobacco produced in this district does not burn freely, and it seems likely that the system of fertilizing is largely responsible for this trouble. During the coming year it is planned to extend the general features of the work into the “ old belt ” of the bright flue-cured district and the darker tobacco district of the State. A: problem of vital importance to the tobacco industry of the old belt, more particularly in Granville County, is the control of the Granville wilt. This problem has been taken up in cooperation with the state experiment station both from the standpoint of breed- ing resistant varieties and of developing systems of rotation, fertiliz- ing, and cultivation which will control the disease. The work which has just been begun in South Carolina, with head- quarters at Manning, Clarendon County, will be along the lines fol- lowed in North Carolina. Work 1n Kentrucxy.—The investigations at Lexington (in the Burley district), at Hopkinsville (in the dark-fired district), and at Hardinsburg (in the Green River district) have been continued; and, in addition, experiments have been undertaken at Bowling Green (in the one-sucker district), in cooperation with the West Kentucky Normal School. All of the work in this State is in cooperation with the state experiment station. PLANT-NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. These investigations, in charge of Dr. W. W. Garner, Physiologist, relate to some of the fundamental problems in plant nutrition of a general nature as distinguished from the nutrition work of the Bureau which has reference to specific crops. These studies include laboratory researches supplemented by practical field tests which are carried on in the Piedmont area of North Georgia, in the Coastal Plain section of eastern South Carolina, and on the Arlington Experimental Farm. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 319 RELATION OF NUTRITION TO THE COMPOSITION OF THE PLANT.—Ex- periments are in progress to determine the factors controlling the production of the important constituents of crop plants, with special reference to the influence of the various elements of plant food on nutrition and composition. During the past year particular attention has been given to the quantitative production of oi in such plants as cotton and soy beans. These plants offer many advantages for investi- gating the relation of the factors of nutrition to the amount of oil produced, and very satisfactory progress has been made on these problems. There is much need for information on this important subject and it is believed that the results of the investigations now in progress will aid in a better understanding of the underlying prin- ciples involved. FUNCTIONS OF THE SECONDARY ELEMENTS OF PLANT Foop.—The aim of this study is to acquire more definite information regarding the role of some of the mineral elements which are commonly regarded as of little practical importance, but which may perform very important functions in influencing the nutrition of the plant. The practical question involved is as to the relative value of the so-called high-grade and low-grade mineral fertilizer salts for feeding crop plants. A series of field tests are being conducted to determine in a practical way whether the secondary constituents of the low-grade fertilizers play any important part in the nutrition of the plant, either direct or in the maintenance of a physiological balance with the most valued elements of food supplied. Most FAVORABLE NUTRITION RATIOS FOR CROP PLANTS.—AIlthough a knowledge of the optimum nutrition ratios for different crop plants is of fundamental importance to practical agriculture, little exact information on the subject is to be had, mainly for the reason that no satisfactory methods have been available for determining these ratios. The work under this head for the present, therefore, has to do pri- marily with the development of methods whereby the various disturb- ing factors of environment may be controlled, so as to make it pos- sible to determine the relative quantities of the important elements of plant food actually required to produce definite crop yields, not only with respect to gross yields, but also with reference to the more valuable crop constituents. It is hoped that a series of experiments now in progress will demonstrate the efficiency of a proposed method of procedure for acquiring reliable data on this subject. DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE INVESTIGATIONS. The investigations in dry-land agriculture in the Great Plains area, under the direction of Prof. E. C. Chilcott, Agriculturist, have pro- gressed along the lines outlined in previous reports. THE SEASON’S RESULTS.—The season of 1910 has been a particularly favorable one for obtaining results from the various rotations and methods of cultivation. The seasonal precipitation has been normal or less than normal at all stations; and at some, notably Amarillo and Dalhart, Tex., Williston and Edgeley, N. Dak., and Bellefourche, S. Dak., the drought has been severe. The results of the various 320 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. methods of tillage have been consistent and in general accord with the results of previous years. A bulletin is now in press containing the most important results and tentative conclusions reached in the investigations up to the close of the year 1909. Summer tillage and alternate cropping have generally given larger yields than continuous cropping or crop rotations. These increased yields have not generally been sufficient, however, to make the practice of summer tillage profitable when the extra cost of this system as compared with rotation or green manuring is taken into considera- tion. In some instances quite as good yields have been obtained from properly planned rotations as from alternate cropping and summer tillage. Green manuring has also given excellent results in many instances. DEVELOPMENT OF THE work.—The interest shown by the local farm- ing communities in the work of the several stations is very gratifying, and it is believed that this phase of the work can be still further developed to the mutual advantage of the farmers and the station workers. It is planned to strengthen the work in crop rotation and cultivation methods by increasing the number of rotations, using fertilizers of various kinds, and in other respects more fully meeting the local demands which have become more apparent since the work was begun. The close and cordial cooperative relations which have heretofore existed with other offices and with several of the state ex- periment stations have been continued, and there is urgent need of still further extension and coordination of these cooperative relations. No new stations have been established nor have any been discon- tinued during the past year. It is deemed desirable, however, to extend the work to one new station at Hettinger, N. Dak., in cooper- ation with the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. It is also hoped that the entire work may be strengthened by employing an additional traveling field assistant to aid Mr. J. S. Cole, Expert, in that important work. The staff now engaged in the work includes J. M. Stephens, Special Agent; Fritz Knorr and O. R. Mathews, Experts; and W. W. Burr, E. F. Chilcott, O. J. Grace, A. L. Hallsted, F. L. Kennard, C. H. Plath, J. C. Thysell, and W. O. Whitcomb, Assistants. ; WESTERN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION. The Office of Western Agricultural Extension, under the direction of Mr. Carl 8. Scofield, Agriculturist, has been engaged during the past year in the operation of a number of field stations for the Bureau of Plant Industry at various points in the Western States. With the exception of the station near San Antonio, Tex., these field stations are located on reclamation projects of the Department of the Interior. The lines of work underway have had to do with local problems-of crop production. By cooperative arrangement much of the investigational work conducted at these field stations is planned and, to a certain extent, supervised by members of the investigational staff of the Bureau. It is the aim to make these stations the centers for the investigation of local crop and tillage problems and to apply the results of scientific investigation by actual field practice in the various localities. Four of the stations, which will be first mentioned BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 321 in the paragraphs which follow, have been in operation for three years or more, while work on the other stations was inaugurated during the summer of 1909. YUMA EXPERIMENT FARM.—The Yuma station, of which Mr. W. A. Peterson is superintendent, includes 154 acres of land, 7 miles north of Yuma, Ariz., on the California side of the Colorado River. The experimental work, which up to the present year has been conducted on rented land south of Yuma, has now been brought together on this new experiment farm. The different lines of work under way include Egyptian cotton, dates, miscellaneous forage crops, various kinds of fruits, and experiments with eucalypts in cooperation with the Forest Service. Owing to the necessity of clearing and preparing for irrigation all of the land required for the experimental work this year, the work has been considerably impeded. The station is now fairly well developed, however, and the experimental work will go forward rapidly. TRUCKEE-CARSON EXPERIMENT FARM.—The Truckee-Carson station, of which Mr. F. B. Headley is superintendent, is located on the Truckee-Carson project of the Reclamation Service, 1 mile south of the town of Fallon, Nev. The station farm includes 160 acres of land, of which about 50 acres have been leveled and put under ditch. Cooperative experimental work with forage crops, cereals, corn, hor- ticultural and truck crops, and forest trees has been continued during the year. New lines of cooperative investigational work dealing with the causes of the infertility of the raw desert land have been begun during the past year. These investigations include studies of the bacterial flora of the soil and of certain physical and physiological phases of plant nutrition. Experiments in the application of ferti- lizers have also been started. San ANTONIO EXPERIMENT FARM.—The San Antonio station, of which Mr. S. H. Hastings is superintendent, includes 125 acres of land, 5 miles south of San Antonio, Tex. The lines of cooperative investigational work mentioned in previous reports have been con- tinued, with added emphasis during the past year on studies of native plants related to the cultivated fruit and nut trees. The aim of the work at San Antonio is chiefly to determine what crops and what tillage methods are likely to produce the best results without irriga- tion. The season of 1909 was the driest year recorded during a period of over thirty years; consequently an excellent opportunity was af- forded for determining the eflicacy of improved methods of tillage and the relative value of various crops. The most significant feature of the season’s work was the demonstration of the value of a pro- longed fallow period preceding crop production. Land that had lain fallow and had been thoroughly cultivated for twelve to eighteen months prior to cropping in 1909 gave very satisfactory yields of corn, sorghum, and cotton, while other land which had lain fallow for a much shorter period produced practically no crop. The difference in soil moisture content in the two fields appeared to be hardly suffi- cient to account for the difference in yields. Experiments have been begun to determine what factors other than available moisture supply contributed to these observed differences in crop yield resulting from a longer period of fallow. 73477°—acr 1910 21 522 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BELLEFOURCHE EXPERIMENT FARM.—The Bellefourche station, of which Mr. Beyer Aune is superintendent, includes 200 acres of land, 2 miles northeast of Newell, S. Dak., on the Bellefourche project of the Reclamation Service. Prior to July 1, 1909, this field station was operated by the Office of Dry-Land Agriculture Investigations. Four important cooperative lines of work are being conducted at this sta- tion, namely, (1) experiments in crop rotation and tillage methods, (2) drought-resistant crop-breeding investigations, (3) drought- resistant cereal investigations, and (4) experiments (in cooperation with the Forest Service) with forest trees for fuel and windbreaks. Up to the present time no water has been available for irrigation pur- poses on this farm. It is expected that irrigation water will be available during the summer of 1912. KKLAMATH EXPERIMENT FARM.—The Klamath station, of which Mr. J. P. Irish, jr., is in charge, includes 40 acres of reclaimed swamp land, 14 miles southeast of Klamath Falls, Oreg. The work at this station was begun at the special request of the Reclamation Service, to ascertain the probable agricultural value of this reclaimed swamp land. No cooperative investigational work has as yet been started at this station. HUNTLEY EXPERIMENT FARM.—The Huntley station, of which Mr. J. M. Stephens is acting in charge, includes approximately 200 acres of land, 4 miles east of Huntley, Mont., on the Huntley project of the Reclamation Service. The work so far undertaken has been largely demonstrational, with a view to showing how best to produce stand- ard field crops in that region. Sugar beets, potatoes, wheat, oats, barley, and alfalfa planted in various ways have been given different kinds of tillage. Work at this station is being conducted with the in- formal cooperation of the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. UMATILLA EXPERIMENT FARM.—The Umatilla station, of which Mr. R. W. Allen is in charge, includes 40 acres of land, 2 miles north of Hermiston, Oreg., on the Umatilla project of the Reclamation Service. The chief lines of work have to do with horticultural and truck crops. The station is conducted in cooperation with the Oregon Experiment Station. . MISCELLANEOUS COOPERATIVE WoRK.—In addition to the field sta- tions mentioned, cooperation with the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station is in effect in certain phases of the experimental work on the substation at Williston, N. Dak., on the Williston project of the Reclamation Service. A portion of the Williston farm is irri- gated land, and an assistant familiar with crop production under irrigation is employed to supervise the experiments with field crops under irrigation. Another assistant is employed to supervise experi- ments being conducted at Williston in connection with crop rotation and tillage methods. On the North Platte project of the Reclamation Service, near Mitchell, Nebr., this office is also cooperating with the Office of Dry- Land Agriculture Investigations in the operation of a field station known as the Scottsbluff Experiment Farm, which is being conducted jointly by the Bureau of Plant Industry and the Agricultural Experi- ment Station of Nebraska, ; BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 323 PLANS FOR FUTURE WoRK.—It is expected during the ensuing year to materially extend the cooperative investigational work on some of the newer field stations operated by this office; and if the necessary arrangements can be effected, it is proposed to establish another field station on one of the projects of the Reclamation Service in New Mexico. ALKALI AND DROUGHT RESISTANT PLANT BREEDING. The work of breeding crop plants resistant to alkali and drought and of investigating the physiological factors of alkali resistance and drought resistance has been carried on as heretofore under the direction of Mr. T. H. Kearney, Physiologist. Good progress has been made during the past year in breeding improved strains of Egyptian cotton for growing in the arid Southwest, in breeding drought-resistant strains of forage plants for the Great Plains area, in determining from the physiological point of view what constitutes drought resistance, and in working out correlations between the nat- ural vegetation and the capabilities for drought-resistant crop pro- duction of different types of land in the arid portion of the country. Ee@yptiaAN COTTON IN THE SourHwest.—The work on Egyptian cot- ton is conducted in cooperation with the offices of Western Agricul-, tural Extension, Crop Acclimatization and Adaptation, and Crop Physiology and Breeding Investigations. As a result of the plant-, breeding work to date, three distinct types have been developed from the seed of the Mit Afifi variety of Egyptian cotton, with which the acclimatization and breeding experiments were begun eight years ago. Two of these are so distinct from the parent stock as to constitute new, varieties. They have light-colored fiber and more nearly resemble some of the other Egyptian varieties, such as Nubari and Jannovitch. The third has all the characters of Mit Afifi, including the character- istic brown-colored fiber, but is more productive and produces fiber of better quality than does the imported seed. This acclimatized Mit Afifi and also one of the new varieties were grown last year on a field scale in Arizona and showed a remarkable degree of uniformity in the characteristics of the plants and fiber. The three best types are being tested this year in several localities in Arizona and Cali- fornia in order to determine to what degree they retain their uni- formity and other desirable characteristics under a variety of cli- matic and soil conditions. As a result of the work in 1909 it was proved that the diversity which had previously shown itself in this acclimatized Egyptian cot- ton could be reduced to a minimum by growing carefully selected strains and removing the undesirable plants from the field before flowering. It is evident that by these methods a product can be ob- tained having the uniform staple demanded by spinners of these high-grade cottons. In view of the present relative scarcity and high price of Egyptian and other long-staple cottons, it would seem desir- able to ascertain as soon as possible whether the growing of these new cottons can be made commercially successful in the Southwest. Mean- while the plant-breeding work will be continued at various localities in that region, to develop locally adapted strains of the most prom- ising varieties, 324 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DroUGHT-RESISTANT PLANT BREEDING.—The best of the selected strains of alfalfa developed at Bellefourche, S. Dak., in the course of this work continue to show great uniformity in their desirable forage type and in seed production, both at Bellefourche (S. Dak.) and at Akron (Colo.). This uniformity has been particularly noticeable in connection with one of the strains, seed of which was grown at both places. The very dry weather of June, 1910, has given the first severe test of drought resistance which has been had during the last three years. Most of the selected strains have so far stood the test satis- factorily. If the conditions of drought continue, an adequate test of the resistance of the improved strains of sorgo and millet that have been bred can be made. A study of several hundred individual Sart of Bromus inermis, grown in hills in the breeding nursery at ellefourche, showed that a number of distinct types could be selected, one of which is especially satisfactory as a forage plant. This grass is showing remarkable resistance to the prevailing conditions of drought, and considerable difference in this respect is manifested by the differ- ent types. Further study of the individual plants of western wheat grass in the nursery shows abundant opportunity for the selection of desirable forage types of this highly drought-resistant native grass. Seed of such of the new strains of the crops mentioned as prove to be definitely superior in drought resistance will be increased as rapidly as possible for distribution in the regions to which they are adapted. PHYSIOLOGY OF DROUGHT RESISTANCE.—Under the immediate direc- tion of Dr. H. L. Shantz, Physiologist, and in cooperation with the Physical Laboratory, numerous varieties of most of the important crop plants grown in the Great Plains area are being studied in order to ascertain what structural and physiological peculiarities make some species and varieties more drought resistant than others. Parallel work is being carried on with the native plants of the region, in which the drought-resistant characteristics are usually more easily dis- tinguished. It is found that the best adapted of the cultivated plants, as well as most of the native plants, fall into two classes—those which endure drought and those which merely escape it. Experiments with a large number of species and varieties seem to indicate that there is little difference in the ability of the roots to take up water from a given type of soil when nearly dry, the minimum percentage of soil moisture permitting the roots to absorb being nearly the same for all the crop plants investigated. Among plants which are really drought resistant the two principal factors appear to be ability to withstand wilting by reducing transpiration in times of drought, and ability to recover and continue growth after wilting, when water again becomes available. It is found that many plants which are generally considered drought resistant merely avoid drought by making a comparatively small growth of leaves and stems, thus conserving soil moisture. Other plants, by ripening their seeds rapidly, escape the extremely dry weather of the latter part of the summer. Another adaptation by which some apparently drought-resistant ~plants in reality escape drought conditions is by the development of deeper or more extensive root systems, which enable them to draw water from a larger volume of soil. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 325 INDICATOR VALUE OF NATURAL VEGETATION.—As a result of three years’ field work in a portion of the Great Plains area it has been pos- sible to work out detailed correlations between the native growth on different types of land and the capabilities of those types for crop production. It is found that land which is naturally covered with short grass is best adapted to shallow-rooted and early-maturing crops, such as small grains, and that while such land gives the largest yields in years of heavy and well-distributed rainfall, it is most sub- ject to drought in years when the precipitation is hght or confined to the early part of the summer. On the other hand, land covered with a vegetation of the taller and deeper rooted wire grass, or of the still larger bunch grass and species of similar habit, is well adapted to deep-rooted crops and such as require a longer season for maturing. While production on lands of the tall-grass types is relatively smaller in wet years than on short-grass land, it is much surer in dry years. The physical reasons for these correlations are that moisture pene- trates deeper and is held longer in wire-grass and bunch-grass types of land than in short-grass land. It was very gratifying to observe during the extreme drought of 1910 that the predictions based upon previous studies of the structure and physiology of the natural vege- tation on these different types of land as to their relative adaptability to different crops and their relative productivity in times of drought have been abundantly fulfilled. This year the best crops were gen- erally grown on the wire-grass and the bunch-grass land, while crop failures have been more numerous on the short-grass land which yielded so well in 1909, the wet year. It is proposed to continue this work in order to ascertain what modifications of these correlations will be necessary in order to make them applicable throughout the Great Plains area. PHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS. The work of the Physical Laboratory, under the direction of Dr. L. J. Briggs, Physicist, is largely cooperative in character. During the past year cooperative work has been carried on to a varying ex- tent with about one-half of the offices in the Bureau. The principal lines of investigation have had reference to the growth of crops in dry-land regions, such work having been con- ducted in cooperation with several of the offices of the Bureau. The object has been to determine what method of crop rotation and culti- vation are most efficient in securing penetration of the rainfall and in preventing evaporation. Special attention has also been given to a study of the climatic conditions at each of the dry-land experimental farms of the Bureau to determine the effect on crop production. ‘The subject of evaporation has been given particular attention, since the amount of rainfall required is dependent upon the amount of evapora- tion taking place. Several bulletins have been prepared during the year giving the results of various lines of cooperative work. FARM-MANAGEMENT INVESTIGATIONS. The Farm-Management Investigations of the Bureau have con- tinued during the past year under the direction of Prof. W. J. Spill- man, Agriculturist, with few changes in the problems investigated 326 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. or the methods involved. The most important changes relate to the establishment of satisfactory cooperative relations in this new type of work with several of the state experiment stations. During the year there has been a marked increase in the demand for representa- tives of the Office of Farm Management as speakers at farmers’ meet- ings. While considerable institute work of this character has been done, it has not been allowed to interfere with the regular field work, but, on the other hand, has been helpful in the latter work by bring- ing the representatives of the Department into closer contact with ey in the regions where agricultural problems are being inves- tigated. SOUTHERN FARM-MANAGEMENT DISTRICTS. The farm-management work in the South was continued during the past year under the direction of Mr. D. A. Brodie, Agriculturist. Several additions to the staff engaged in the work were made. WINTER LEGUMES FoR THE SourH.—Special attention has been given during the past year to the establishment of winter legumes through- out the South as a means of putting humus into the soil and of pre- venting leaching and soil washing during the winter season when the soil is usually bare. These crops also make a beginning toward the production of feed for live stock, and are thus expected to have an important effect upon the types of farming which apparently must prevail in the South when the agriculture of that section is estab- lished on the best possible basis. General interest has been aroused on the part of farmers in these winter legumes, as well as in other winter crops. The demand for seed of bur clover, hairy vetch, and crimson clover for sowing in cotton fields and elsewhere last fall was so great that the total supply of these seeds was exhausted early in the fall. In the vicinity of Columbia, S. C., hairy vetch has become fully established as a farm crop. A single farmer grew 100 acres of oats and hairy vetch last winter and harvested the crop for hay and silage to be fed to dairy cows. This crop has assumed importance in other localities. Bur clover has become well established as a farm crop in the vicinity of Talladega, Ala., and large acreages of it were sown there last fall. The common vetch has similarly become a standard farm crop in De Soto Parish, La. All these crops have been sown more or less generally in the South where seed could be obtained. An effort has been made to increase the supply of seed of these crops by teaching farmers how to grow them. Bur clover seed is easily pro- duced in the South, and at present prices is a very profitable crop. Another section of the Office of Farm Management is encouraging farmers in certain parts of Michigan in the production of hairy- vetch seed, not only as a means of enriching the soil but of acquiring increased income, and the results are very promising as well as highly important to the southern farmer. Seed of the common vetch is grown abundantly in Oregon. Farmers in that section consider 24 cents a pound a fair price for the seed. As freight on this seed from Oregon to the Southern States in carload lots is not more than three- fourths cent a pound, it is probable that when the supply is sufficient this seed can be laid down in the Southern States at a price not to exceed 3 cents a pound. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 327 Soy BEANS FOR OIL PRODUCTION.—In certain parts of the South the farmers have been encouraged in the production of soy beans as a possible substitute for cotton seed in the production of oil. The cotton-seed oil mills are able to extract the oil from these beans by means of the same machinery and methods used in extracting cotton- seed o11, and the soy-bean seed is in demand especially in those regions where the area of cotton has been cut down because of the ravages of the boll weevil. In cooperation with the Office of Forage-Crop Investigations, a study is being made of the adaptability of the various varieties of soy beans to the sections where there is a de- mand for them. Some of the varieties under trial are very promising. In addition to their value as oil producers, the vines and the cake made from the seeds in expressing the oil are important sources of feed for live stock. ALFALFA IN THE SourH.—In the demonstration work, especially in South Carolina, many successful fields of alfalfa have been estab- lished. Heavy inoculation with soil from an alfalfa field has been found in many cases to be the determining factor of success with this crop. In some places where soil was easily available for inoculation purposes, farmers have applied as much as five wagonloads per acre, with excellent results. The spread of alfalfa culture on the black prairie soils of Alabama and Mississippi during the past year has been one of the most marked changes occurring in southern agriculture. For several years past the acreage of alfalfa sown in that region has increased enormously, mainly as the result of efforts made by representatives of this De- partment in cooperation with state institutions. Where alfalfa has become established the land has more than doubled in value. As alfalfa is one of our most important forage crops, we are teaching farmers in this section the principles involved in cropping systems for live stock, and there is a remarkable increase in the interest mani- fested by farmers in stock farming. Many cropping systems have been devised for southern farmers entering upon some kind of live- stock farming. On certain soils in the western part of the cotton belt root rot has made serious ravages on the cotton crop, and also attacks most leguminous crops, especially alfalfa. In regions where this trouble prevails it has been found possible to grow alfalfa fairly satisfac- torily for about two years. Methods have also been worked out by another office of this Bureau which make it possible to grow a number of leguminous crops on land affected by root rot, and a number of demonstrations have been instituted on farms in such regions in order to teach the farmers how to utilize these principles and at the same time follow cropping systems that are satisfactory and profitable. LespEDEZA, OR JAPAN CLOvER.—Another leguminous crop that has attracted much attention in the South recently is lespedeza, or Japan clover. This plant has spread all over the South during the past half century, being found generally along roadsides and in waste places. The usual method of utilization has been as summer pasture. Recently, however, in the study of farm experience a number of farmers have been found who have learned how to introduce this crop into a rotation. Special attention has been given to the experience of 328 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. these farmers, and it has been found that the crop is eminently adapted to rotation farming where the soil is suitable and that it produces hay of high quality. NORTHERN FARM-MANAGEMENT DISTRICTS. The farm-management work in the Northern States has continued in charge of Mr. C. B. Smith, Agriculturist. As in the South, special attention has been given to the improvement of cropping systems fol- lowed by the farmers. Many improved cropping systems have been devised and put into operation with resulting benefit to the farmer. These cropping systems have become centers of interest for communi- ties needing instruction in farming. In several instances farm-man- agement associations have been organized in order that the demon- stration work might reach larger numbers of individuals than is pos- sible without such organizations. DEMONSTRATION WoRK IN New York anp New Encuanp.—On the hilly lands of southern New York, which have been exhausted by un- wise systems of management, demonstration work has been conducted during the past year. On many farms good crops have been grown by the farmers under the direction of experts representing jointly the agricultural department of Cornell University and the United States Department of Agriculture. It has been determined both by experi- ment and by the study of farm practice that by the application of sufficient lime clover can be grown on these depleted soils. With good tillage and good seed large crops of potatoes have been grown under our direction where formerly this crop was altogether unprofit- able. Varieties of corn have been introduced which grow success- fully on these hills where corn has not been grown before. In certain parts of the State of Maine enormous quantities of com- mercial fertilizers are used. Many farmers buy ready-mixed ferti- lizers when it is known that by buying the ingredients separately and mixing them on the farm a large saving can be effected. During the year demonstration work on the home mixing of fertilizers has been conducted, not less than 1,200 persons being present at the demon- strations. This work has been done in cooperation with the Univer- sity of Maine. CLOVER MANAGEMENT.—One of the most important discoveries made in the study of farm practice in the Northern States during the past year relates to methods of management of clover in corn-belt rota- tions. The results of this study will be given in a bulletin soon to be published. The evidence accumulated indicates that, in many regions at least, the failure of the clover seeding is due to the fact that the soil easily bakes and forms a crust on the surface, which kills the young clover plants soon after germination. This condition of the soil is believed to be due mainly to a lack of sufficient humus, Many instances have been found where good catches of clover have been obtained by means of a mulch of straw, leaves, manure, etc., which prevents the formation of a soil crust. CROPS FOR CUT-OVER LANDS.—In the northern part of the States of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota there are large areas of cut-over lands which are now being brought under cultivation. Much of this land is sandy and the ordinary methods practiced on loam and clay BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 329 soils result in failure here. A careful study has been made of the experience of hundreds of men who have attempted to farm these sandy soils, and the information obtained in this study indicates quite clearly the method by which certain types of farming can be made successful in the region. Hairy vetch has been found to be eminently adapted to these soils. It promises to become important as a seed crop. We have also ascertained the methods by which red clover can be profitably grown on these soils for the production of seed. This method is outlined in bulletins which are already available for dis- tribution. The sandy soils have proved to be adapted to potato growing when proper methods are followed. DIVERSIFIED FARMING IN NorrtH Daxota.—The Red River Valley of North Dakota has long been known as a region of single-crop farm- ing based on wheat. In recent years weeds have become troublesome and yields are unsatisfactory. Many farmers in that section have for several years been experimenting with other crops and other types of farming. A careful study of the experience of these farmers who have been trying to break away from single-crop wheat growing has shown several lines of departure that promise success. It has been shown that cropping systems involving legumes are well adapted to the region. The cropping systems devised for that region are quite unlike those familiar farther east, and their success shows the impor- tance of working out systems based on experience in the region con- cerned instead of trying to adopt systems worked out elsewhere under different conditions. Srupy OF TYPES OF FARMING.—Special attention has been given in a number of States, particularly in Iowa, to the distribution and adaptation of the various types of farming. In regions where gen- eral farming has long been practiced the farmers have for the most part worked out the main problems involved in practice. In this study it has been possible in many cases to determine the reasons for the distribution of the various types of farming met with in our investigations. For instance, it is well known that a large part of the supply of timothy seed for this country is produced in southern Towa. Studies in that section have shown that the reason why timothy is so largely confined to a definite region in that section is that the locality is one needing drainage but presenting special difli- culties in carrying out systems of drainage. The land is too wet to be well adapted to corn and clover. Many farmers in the section have attempted to drain their farms with unsatisfactory results. Ividently drainage is a critical problem in this region. This matter has been brought to the attention of the branch of the Department which has charge of drainage investigations, and is now under investigation by that office. Ifa satisfactory solution for the prob- Jem is found the work of the Office of Farm Management will then be to teach new types of farming in place of the present rather unprofitable one of growing timothy seed for sale. CoorerATIVE Work IN Mrissourt.—In the State of Missouri a farm management association has been formed with over 200 members. Each member is attempting to revise his system of management along lines suggested by representatives of this office who are work- ing in cooperation with the agricultural department of the state uni- versity. In several sections of the State careful detailed plans have 330 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. been drawn for particular farms, and these plans have been put into operation. On these farms the cost of every phase of management is being studied in detail. Many of the best farmers in the State are adopting cropping systems and methods recommended by the joint representatives of this Department and the state agricultural college. WESTERN FARM-MANAGEMENT DISTRICTS. The farm-management work in the West is under the general direction of Mr. Levi Chubbuck, Expert. In certain sections investi- gations have been in progress for several years with excellent results. StTuDY OF WESTERN FARMING conpiTions.—The problems of the West differ from those of any other section of the country because of the difference in conditions. Farming is new in many sections of the West, and in only a few localities have the problems involved in farm practice been worked out and stable forms of agriculture adopted. Exploitive types of farming are still quite general. In many localities these exploitive methods of farming have been highly profitable because of the inherent richness of the virgin soil, but even in these sections the soils are becoming exhausted and the types of farming are changing. A careful study of farm practice in the Great Plains region has been made during the past four years and the results have recently been submitted for publication. During the past year attention has been given to the problems confronting new settlers on recently re- claimed sandy lands along the Columbia River in Oregon and Wash- ington. Important conclusions were drawn from the results of farm experience and methods worthy of recommendation were recently published in a circular of this Bureau. FARM PRACTICE WITH SUGAR BEETS.—During recent years a serious situation has arisen in regions where the sugar beet is grown. In the vicinity of many factories the average yield of beets is less than 74 tons per acre. In order that sugar beets may compete with other crops the average yield must be not less than 10 tons per acre, and the best authorities say that an average of 12 tons is necessary to render it certain that farmers will grow sufficient beets to enable the factories torun on full time. A study of farm experience has been undertaken to ascertain the conditions necessary for producing satisfactory yields of this crop. This study has shown that in many places new lands recently put under irrigation are lacking in humus and therefore in producing power for such crops as these. It has been shown that men who grow beets in rotation with forage crops, keep live stock, and make proper use of the manure thus produced obtain good yields of beets. In some instances yields of over 20 tons to the acre have been obtained. In this work we are cooperating with the Office of Sugar Plant Investigations of this Bureau, which conducts experi- mental work with this crop. STUDIES OF FARM PROBLEMS. In addition to the general district work already referred to, the Office of Farm Management is engaged upon a number of lines of investigation bearing upon various matters of farm management or farm practice. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. oo Farm pians.—In connection with the district work Mr. J. W. Froley, Assistant, is charged with the working out of details of farm plans submitted by the officers in charge of that work. During the year 64 such plans have been drawn and many of them put into operation. The farms upon which these plans are carried out become demonstrations in improved systems of farm management and cen- ters of interest for their respective localities. FARM ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION.—The work on farm organiza- tion and operation has been somewhat interrupted during the year by the resignation of Mr. W. A. Peck, under whose direction these investigations had been conducted for four years. Mr. E. H. Thom- son has been placed in charge of this work. During the year detailed daily reports have been received of every hour of labor performed on nearly one hundred farms, and records have been made that enable the office to determine the distribution of this labor between various enterprises on each of these farms. This work has been conducted mostly in cooperation with state experiment stations, especially with those of Ohio and Wisconsin. Arrangements have now been completed for similar work in cooperation with the agricultural de- partment of the University of Missouri. In this work data are being collected from many States regarding the cost of every phase of farm management. These data will later become the basis of de- termining the profits of various farm enterprises under widely differ- ent conditions. In some instances the annual summaries of such data which the office has been able to furnish to the owners of the farms reporting have resulted in important changes in the system of management whereby the profits have been largely increased. During the past year a careful farm survey has been made in four townships in southern New Hampshire. This survey has dealt mainly with the profits from each of the farms included in the sur- vey. It involves a study of the relation of profit in farming to the type of farming followed, the educational advantages which the farmer has enjoyed, and other considerations. The results obtained in this survey are of unusual value, and will be presented in a bulletin which is now in press. This work will be considerably extended dur- ing the ensuing year. Farm EQUIPMENT.—Investigations of farm equipment conducted by Mr. L. W. Ellis, Assistant, during the past three years, have been continued; but Mr. Ellis resigned February 28, 1910, and Mr. H. H. Mowry was appointed to succeed him. Recent interest in farming on the part of city men has made data concerning the character and cost of farm equipment a necessity. Men of this class who are going to the farm in large numbers are demanding information concerning the cost of beginning business and the nature of the equipment neces- sary. Special attention has been given during the past year to the character and cost of the necessary equipment on small farms of types suited to the beginner with small capital. During the past four months 86 such farms have been studied in minute detail. This work is to be extended as rapidly as conditions will permit. PRICKLY-PEAR INVESTIGATIONS.—Work in the culture of prickly pears has been continued during the past year under the direction of Dr. David Griffiths, Agriculturist, as outlined in the last report. $32 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. A special effort has been made to bring into condition for breeding investigations the plantations at Chico, Cal.; San Antonio, Tex.; and Brownsville, Tex., as it is becoming more and more apparent that breeding is a necessary part of this work. As a basis for such investigations, a large number of species are being grown from seed to determine the faithfulness with which these plants reproduce through breeding, and how much variation is to be looked for in such propagation. The indications are that prickly pears, which are generally supposed to be exceedingly variable and badly hybridized, breed true from seed. In March and April about 9 tons of spineless pear cuttings were distributed, mostly to the warmer sections of the country. ‘The past severe winter demonstrated that the area mapped as possibly being adapted to the culture of these plants in Bulletin 140 of the Bureau of Plant Industry must be cut down at least 25 per cent. This applies especially to the Gulf Coast region, from Texas to Florida. In California the winter was quite severe. All varieties of spineless pear except the large, glaucous, blue-green forms of the Opuntia robusta group, which are slow growers, were more or less injured, but the majority of the species at Chico, Cal., recovered with only about 5 per cent of loss of cuttings. In some portions of the State they were too badly frozen to recover, except from the roots. Since the past winter was a very severe test, the plants can be said to be an economic possibility in the interior valleys of California. At Falfurrias, Tex., they were but shghtly injured, but the winter was not severe in that section. The present indications are that spineless prickly-pear culture in Texas will be confined to the region lying south of the Texas-Mexican Railway, and it is possible that it can not be grown in some portions of this area. A survey of the prickly-pear region of Texas has been instituted to determine the extent and importance of native spiny pear feeding at the present time. Data already collected show conclusively that dairy and other cattle produce well with no other roughage. RanGE INveEsTIGATiIons.—Doctor Griffiths has also continued his investigations relating to range management. The results of investi- gations upon the Santa Rita National Forest in Arizona have been published since the last report in a bulletin of this Bureau. Experi- mental grazing has been begun during the past year under the imme- diate supervision of a representative of the Department. Cutting and removing the annual growth of grass is being carried out upon other tracts in cooperation with ranches. Other portions are being continued without stock for purposes of comparison. A study of range forage is being continued as time permits in con- nection with other field work, as is also the special study of the more strictly winter sheep pastures of the country, to determine the pro- ductivity and best methods of handling them. In the West and Northwest studies of special areas of native pas- ture lands, which are being handled in a definite way and which have been under observation for a number of years, have been con- tinued. A report on these studies will be ready for publication in the near future. This report will also include data on the effect of seed- ing upon mountain meadows and dry hillsides in three or four widely separated, distinct, and typical regions. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 333 _WEeDs AND TILLAGE.—Investigations of weeds and of tillage prac- tises, with special reference to methods of controlling weeds, have continued, as in the past, under the immediate charge of Mr. J. S. Cates. Two years ago a careful study was made of the agronomic habits of the perennial morning-glories or bindweed. The experi- ence of farmers who had learned how to control this weed was also carefully investigated, and methods which had been found by farmers to be effective were described in a Farmers’ Bulletin in order that others might give them a trial. At the present time about 100 farmers are trying these methods under the direction of this office. Their practicability is thus receiving a thorough test. Demonstrations are in progress with a view to eradicate both wild onions and Johnson grass by means of methods which were devised in this office on the basis of studies of the agronomic habits of these weeds. So many successful demonstrations of these methods have been conducted that there is no longer any doubt as to their efficiency, but it seems to be necessary in all sections where these weeds are found to make public demonstrations of eradiction in order to con- vince farmers of the practicability of these methods. Studies of the manner of growth of quack-grass, which has long been a serious pest in New England and is now rapidly spreading in the Middle West, have shown that the agronomic habits of this weed are similar to those of Johnson grass in the South. Last year experiments were begun to determine whether the same methods used in the eradication of Johnson grass would suffice for quack- grass. This office is able to report at the present time that the same methods are applicable. The results will be prepared for publica- tion during the current year. Studies have shown that ordinary annual weeds common on poorly managed farms in all sections of the country are of more economic importance than the dreaded perennials, such as Johnson grass, quack-grass, wild onions, etc. Methods of controlling or exterminat- ing most of the perennial weeds have already been worked out. We are now giving much attention to the study of the ordinary incidental weeds, most of which are annuals or biennials. Our investigations thus far indicate that the control of these weeds is largely a matter of adopting satisfactory systems of farm management, including prop- erly planned rotations and the adoption of methods of tillage which will prevent these weeds from ripening seeds. We are giving special attention to the relation of weeds to various crop rotations and the systems of farming based on them. Work on the relation of weeds to the tillage needs of corn has been greatly extended during the present year. Demonstration work along this line is in progress on 160 farms in 32 States. These inves- tigations have given important and unexpected results which will be published during the current year. Hay INVESTIGATIONS.—The most important feature of the hay in- vestigations of the past year, in charge of Mr. H. B. McClure, relates to the possibility of curing hay by artificial drying. In our experi- mental work alfalfa hay dried in twenty minutes in a kiln retained the original green color of the plants growing in the field, and was greatly relished by stock. A kiln specially adapted to drying hay has been constructed and was recently operated in a few trial runs 834 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. with very satisfactory results. It is expected that this kiln will be in full operation before the end of the present alfalfa season. The results thus far obtained are promising and are of interest especially to alfalfa growers in humid regions. The relative palatability of kiln-dried hay as compared with ordinary hay will be determined before these investigations are finished. FARM PRACTICE IN THE USE OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.—During the past year Mr. J. C. Beavers has continued his work in the study of farm practice in the use of commercial fertilizers along the lines indicated in the report for last year. This work has been completed for the South Atlantic States and the results have been published in a Farmers’ Bulletin. PRODUCTION OF FORAGE FOR LIvE stock.—Mr. J. S. Cotton has con- tinued his studies of farm practice in the production of forage for live stock. His recent investigations have revealed important changes in the methods used by farmers in beef-feeding sections. These changes have been made necessary by the increased price of grain. Feeders are now using much larger quantities of hay and silage and making corresponding changes in their cropping systems. There is also a larger use of bluegrass pastures than formerly, because of the cheap- ness of making gains on good pastures. A careful study has been made of methods of pasture management and of the resulting effects on the production of forage on pasture lands, especially in the New England States. The pastures have been found to be greatly denuded. In many places they have been rendered practically worthless for pasture purposes. It is believed that the principal causes of these conditions are (1) that cattle are turned upon the pastures too early in the spring, and (2) that too many cattle are kept on a given area. The grasses are thus unable to make a vig- orous growth and have no opportunity to store up energy in the fall of the year for growth in the spring. This treatment, long continued, has killed out most of the good pasture grass, and as a result weeds have taken its place. It is probable from the information we have obtained that it would require 10 acres of average New England pas- ture to support one cow five months. The solution of this important problem is being sought in the experience of the relatively few farmers who have maintained their pastures in good condition. Experiments on certain points of pasture management have been recommended to the State experiment stations and to the Office of Forage-Crop Inves- tigations of this Bureau. CASSAVA INVESTIGATIONS.—Cassava investigations have continued during the past year as in former years, in charge of Mr. S. M. Tracy, Special Agent. Cassava is ordinarily propagated from cuttings of the stem or canes. To keep these canes over winter in the Gulf Coast region has proved to be a difficult matter. During a recent severe winter the crop was almost exterminated in that region by the loss of the canes during the winter season. What seems to be a satisfactory method of keeping these canes has been discovered and practiced for the past three winters by Mr. Tracy. This method will be published in the near future. In former reports the fact has been mentioned that efforts are being made to produce varieties of cassava that can be propagated from seed. These efforts have been successful. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 335 LoGGED-OFF LAND INVESTIGATIONS.—The work of gathering data relating to logged-off lands has continued during the past year in charge of Mr. Harry Thompson, Expert, in cooperation with the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, the Washington State University, and the agricultural experiment stations of Wisconsin and Minnesota. A great mass of additional data has been gathered concerning the practicability and cost of methods now in use. Im- portant facts have been ascertained concerning the use of blasting materials. Some promising new methods for burning stumps have been devised. ‘These methods appear to be cheaper than the use of powder and the donkey engine, although they are slower. They seem to be especially adapted for use by men of small capital who can do their own clearing on their own land. Full details of the results obtained in these investigations will be given in bulletins to be pub- lished during the current year. It is expected that this work will ba brought to a close near the end of the present fiscal year. PLANS FOR FUTURE WorK.—No radical changes are contemplated in the lines of work now in progress in the Office of Farm Management. As conditions permit, it is expected that the farm-management dis- trict work, the farm-survey work, and the investigations relating to cost accounting on the farm will be extended into sections other than those where they are now conducted. FARMERS’ COOPERATIVE DEMONSTRATION WORK. The Farmers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work, under the direc- tion of Dr. S. A. Knapp, Special Agent, has been further extended during the past fiscal year. Within that period the number of agents employed in the work has increased from 322 to 437, while the num- ber of counties in which the work is being conducted has increased from 312 to 455. During the season of 1909, 12,500 boys and more than 52,000 men were under instruction. In the season of 1910, 46,000 boys are in the boys’ corn clubs under direct instructions from this office, and approximately 65,000 men are also working under instruc- tion. Preparations are being made still further to extend the work in the fall of 1910. RESULTS OF THE work IN 1909.—Careful and accurate reports have been obtained from a large number of those instructed during the season of 1909, to ascertain the results of the work as compared with the ordinary farming methods used in the same community. Regard- less of the adverse weather and climatic conditions prevailing through- out the South during the season of 1909, the results obtained have proved very satisfactory. Everywhere largely increased yields of cotton and corn have resulted from the improved methods worked out by this Department, as compared with the yields obtained under ordinary methods: CLIMATIC AND WEATHER CONDITIONS IN THE SouTHERN STATES.— The season of 1909 and the spring of 1910 have both been peculiarly adverse seasons from the crop standpoint. The spring of 1909 saw a large emergence of the boll weevil over the major portion of the terri- tory infested, and especially is this true of southern Mississippi and 336 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the entire State of Louisiana. Until July the season had much more than normal rainfall east of Texas, followed by a general and con- tinued drought lasting until late in the fall. In parts of Louisiana the droughts did not commence until later, and the extreme rains produced a condition which prevented the farmers from getting into their fields to carry out the instructions given them. There were many other causes besides the weevil to reduce the crop in Mississippi and Louisiana in 1909, such as lack of labor, reduced acreage, floods, extreme rains, and other conditions. The spring of 1910 was an unusual one in that the entire South enjoyed warm weather in the month of March to such an extent as to indicate an early season. This was immediately followed by rains and the killing frost of April 25 and 26, 1910, which was general in southern territory except the im- mediate Gulf coast. Following the frosts were continuous and heavy rains until late in the month of July, making it difficult for the farm- ers to properly cultivate their crops. INFLUENCE OF THE WorRK.—One of the greatest things accom- plished by the Farmers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work in 1909 and the spring of 1910 has been the full restoration of confidence in the entire boll-weevil territory. During the season of 1909 a valiant effort was made in Mississippi and Louisiana to prevent the planters and farmers from becoming panic-stricken, and to prevent them from plowing up their crops or abandoning them to the weevil. The results accomplished in 1909 have been so marked that confi- dence has been absolutely restored and the farmers and business men generally throughout the boll-weevil territory are working with every confidence in the result, in spite of the adverse weather condi- tions confronting them. In this victory the Department has enjoyed the assistance of the business interests of the entire boll-weevil sec- tion. Merchants'and bankers in some localities have even gone so far as to refuse advances to farmers unless they agree to follow the methods and practices advocated by the Department of Agri- culture. In accomplishing this result not a little credit is due to the fact that during the season of 1909 there were literally thou- sands of farmers in badly infested boll-weevil territory who made better than an average crop of cotton by following the Department instructions in localities where no crop was made by persons who failed to follow such instructions. DIVERSIFICATION OF croPs.—Throughout the entire Southern States covered by this work there has been a marked tendency toward diversification of the agricultural interests in a territory where formerly cotton was almost the sole cash crop. For example, while eastern Texas under boll-weevil conditions is not raising quite so much cotton in the aggregate as formerly, cotton is still largely grown, and in addition the home supplies are being produced. For the first time the farmers have been able to produce corn and hay for shipment, and this section is fast becoming one of the great fruit and truck raising districts of the country. Prominent and reli- able business men and farmers of eastern Texas declare that this territory was never so prosperous as at present, and that their farmers have learned to produce cotton in spite of the boll weevil, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 337 to raise other crops for commercial purposes, and to produce all their home supplies. Confidence has been absolutely restored, and bank deposits made by farmers have been fully 25 per cent greater than ever before in the history of that section. The same is largely true of northern Louisiana, where for the first time not only corn but hogs have been shipped to outside markets. Large crops of pea- nuts, cowpeas, and other forage crops have been raised. THE corn crop.—The large number of very successful demonstra- tions on corn carried on by Doctor Knapp in the Southern States for the past two years have resulted in a large increase of acreage in the production of corn in these States. The increase in acreage in corn in the eleven Southern States was 2,808,000 in 1909 over 1908, and 2,322,000 in 1910 over 1909. Out of 7,100 demonstrators from whom accurate reports were obtained there were 23 demonstrations which equaled or exceeded 100 bushels per acre in yield of corn during the season of 1909, and 936 demonstrations which equaled or exceeded 50 bushels per acre; all this in a year when ordinarily the weather conditions tended to a reduced production per acre. The confidence that the people of the South have gained in their ability to produce their own corn is resulting in a marked interest and increase in the production of hogs and cattle, horses and mules. DEMONSTRATIONS AMONG NEGROES.—AII classes of farmers in every locality, without regard to color, are being instructed. It is note- worthy that many of the agents in this work are instructing negro demonstrators as well as whites. Work is also being done among independent negro farmers in certain localities in the South where the population is largely made up of negroes who own their own farms. In such instances a negro agent is employed who works entirely among the negro farmers. Cooperation with the various negro schools and colleges is maintained in all of this work. There are at present three negro agents in Virginia, three in South Caro- lina, one in Georgia, four in Alabama, one in Mississippi, and one in Oklahoma. CoorERATION IN THE WorK.—In addition to the funds appropriated by Congress for the Farmers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work, the General Education Board of New York has annually appropriated a liberal amount for cooperation with this Bureau. The amount so appropriated has been increased from year to year by the board and is being expended in the States of Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, while the funds appropriated by Con- gress are used in the States of Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, and Oklahoma. In all of the work the agents employed are under the direct supervision of Doctor Knapp, representing the Bureau of Plant Industry. So great has been the hold that the work has obtained that local organizations throughout many of the Southern States are cooper- ating with the Department in the extension of the work. Sums of money are being expended through local boards of trade, county organizations, and even appropriated by state legislatures, all of which is brought into direct cooperation with the work carried on bY the Department and is assisting the Bureau in extending the wor 73477°—acr 1910——22 338 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, into territory which could not otherwise be reached. It may be said thas this tendency is general throughout the region covered by this work. SEED AND SEED SELECTION.—Through the local agents of the De- partment and local organizations a large quantity of well-selected seed has been distributed. Meetings have been held in a large num- ber of communities for the purpose of drawing special attention to seed selection. Many of these meetings are held in the field at the time of the maturing of the crop and practical instructions are given. at this time by the agent to the farmers under his immediate super- vision. In territory where there is no good seed the Department has either distributed or assisted in obtaining seed in order to start the growing of prolific types of corn and cotton well adapted to that particular locality. The result of this campaign was such that in the spring of 1910 there was probably the largest planting of selected seed, both corn and cotton, ever known in the South. Improvep Toots.—One of the most striking results of this work has been the great demand for improved implements among the farmers of the South. More horsepower and better tools for preparing the seed bed and the cultivation of the crop has been Doctor Knapp’s con- stant advice to the southern farmers, with the result that the demand for two-horse breaking plows, disk plows, section harrows, side har- rows, diverse cultivators, and, in fact, any kind of implements with which level and shallow cultivation can be done has been very great and in some sections beyond the ability of the dealers to supply. Boys’ ctuns.—As previously stated, an increasing interest has been awakened in the boys’ demonstration work carried on in cooperation with the public schools. The number of boys directly enrolled, as already referred to, now exceeds 46,000. In the fall of 1909 four winners of state prizes in the South received from private sources, as a part of their reward, a free trip to Washington, D. C., where they were presented with diplomas by the Secretary of Agriculture as a reward of merit for their good work. This has resulted in a similar prize of a trip to Washington being offered in every Southern State, and great interest has been aroused in these friendly contests in the production of corn. It is also noteworthy that in many places where the farmer can not be reached primarily the Department has been able to reach him by enlisting his boy in the boys’ corn clubs. It has been found that one year’s experience of the boy in the corn clubs has almost universally resulted in enlisting the father as a demonstrator in better farming the next year, and this is true even where the father had declined to cooperate before his son was enrolled in the boys’ contest and had proved the value of the improved methods. Pusiications.—Aside from the large number of orders for Farm- ers’ Bulletins of the Department handled through the Office of Farm- ers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work, printed instructions to all the farmers and boys under instruction have been prepared and sent out. The number of such circulars distributed during the past year has been upward of 1,250,000. Circular letters of instruction covering oe points not covered by the general circulars have also been issued. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 3839 ARLINGTON EXPERIMENTAL FARM AND HORTICULTURAL INVESTIGATIONS. The general supervision of the Arlington Experimental Farm and of the Horticultural Investigations has been continued as in previ- ous years by Prof. L. C. Corbett, Horticulturist. The general plan of the work of these branches has not been modified, but decided progress and development have marked the year. THE ARLINGTON EXPERIMENTAL FARM. The value of the farm at Arlington as an adjunct to the bureaus and offices of the Department conducting investigations is well at- tested by the use being made of its facilities by the various branches of the Department service. Work OF VARIOUS BUREAUS ON THE FARM.—The investigations in progress at the farm under the immediate control of the Forest Serv- ice and the Bureaus of Entomology, Chemistry, and Soils, are for the most part a continuation of work already under way. The For- est Service, in addition to maintaining its osier willow holt, has devoted much time and space to the problems of seed germination. This work has been conducted in, the greenhouse at the farm. The Bureau of Soils has also increased its work by inaugurating a series of fertilizer tests to learn the effect of the three important elements of plant food—nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash—both singly and in combination on plant growth. The area occupied by these four branches of the Department aggregates 15 acres. The Bureau of Plant Industry has increased its work on the farm during the year. Nineteen offices of the Bureau are conducting inves- tigations on areas set aside for the purpose. About 85 acres are at present required for this work, for which the farm provides facili- ties such as tools, implements, and labor. The work of the Bureau on the farm embraces cultural, seed selection, plant breeding, and patho- logical problems with the principal forage, grain, fruit, and truck crops, as well as special studies in seed production, plant nutrition, and floriculture. Nursery work.—The nursery devoted to the propagation and cul- ture of fruit trees for the variety orchard collection and the propa- gation and culture of ornamental trees and shrubs for planting about the grounds has been enlarged. During the winter about 4,000 apple grafts and 18,000 privet cuttings were prepared and are now growing in the nursery. There are also growing in this area about 5,000 orna- mental shrubs, 8,200 ornamental trees, 5,150 fruit trees, 4,000 fruit- tree seedlings to be used for stocks for grafting purposes, 450 bush fruits, 1,000 seedling evergreens, and 1,840 herbaceous perennials. GREENHOUSE WorK.—The last two of the range of ten greenhouses at the farm have been erected during the year, and the entire range will be ready for occupancy at planting time this fall. During the past year about 2,000 roses, 5,000 carnations, 4,000 bedding plants, and 4,000 shrubs were propagated in the greenhouses. Many annual flowering and vegetable plants for the variety tests and other gardens were also started in the houses and later transplanted to the open. The study of blind versus flowering wood rose cuttings is being 340 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, continued, as mentioned in the previous report. The plant-nutrition studies are also being continued in somewhat increased areas. Consid- erable attention has been given to the improvement of forcing-house crops by seed selection. About 44 pounds of lettuce seed, 3 pounds of cauliflower seed, and 1} pounds of tomato seed from specially selected forcing-type plants have been obtained during the year. HORTICULTURAL INVESTIGATIONS. The special work on horticultural crops has been continued during the year and good progress has been made along a number of lines. TRISH-POTATO INVESTIGATIONS.—The work with Irish potatoes has been strengthened and increased by engaging the services of Prof. William Stuart, Expert. Since the potato is one of the most im- portant of American crops, the work which has already been com- menced should be rapidly extended. Studies of disease resistance of potatoes, which have been under way for several years, have been continued in cooperation with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station. A number of the more promising disease-resistant varieties of European and American origin were grown at St. Albans, Vt., on a scale sufficient to supply seed tubers for distribution purposes. These varieties were sent out during the.spring of 1910 to growers in Min- nesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, New York, Pennsylvania, Vir- ginia, and West Virginia for the purpose of testing their adaptability and disease-resistant qualities over a much wider area than has been heretofore possible. The California potato investigations heretofore carried on by the Office of Cotton and Truck Disease Investigations have been largel transferred to this office. Professor Stuart spent two months in Cali- fornia the past spring in conducting experimental investigations of the scab disinfection of seed potatoes by the formaldehyde gas treat- ment and in planting variety trials and fertilizer tests in the great potato fields of the Sacramento River region. PEANUT INVESTIGATIONS.—During the past year great progress has been made in the use of the peanut as a unit in the crop-rotation system of the boll-weevil districts of Texas and Louisiana. Experiments in the manufacture of peanut oil have been carried to a point which leaves no doubt that peanut oil is a commercial possibility in this country. The market demand for peanuts and the status of the crop are such as to warrant a great and profitable increase in the acreage in this country, and until this demand is satisfied there is little hope of developing the peanut-oil industry. The experiments with Spanish peanuts conducted in Louisiana and Texas last season gave very satisfactory results, demonstrating that on the sandy soils of the boll-weevil districts peanuts are generally now more profitable than cotton. In the older peanut district of Virginia and North Carolina demonstrations in crop rotation and the maintenance of soil fertility have been begun. During the past year cooperative seed selection has been continued with certain growers of peanuts. A certain grower during the present season planted 53 acres with selected seed from plants of highly productive qualities, and he is rapidly establishing a reputa- tion for high-grade seed peanuts. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 841 ONION INVESTIGATIONS.—During the past year seed of the Denia onion has been distributed to some twenty localities in the south- western part of the United States. Although it is yet too early to publish results from any of these experiments, the results of last year’s trials, together with those achieved at the New Mexico Agri- cultural Experiment Station with seed imported by the Department of Agriculture and from other sources, justify further work on this crop. CELERY INVESTIGATIONS.—The methods of culture practiced by the celery growers in the vicinity of both Stockton and Los Angeles, Cal., were studied during the season. The workings of cooperative mar- keting as carried on by the California: Vegetable Union were also investigated. A representative of the Department also visited the Florida celery region during the harvesting season and investigated the causes of the late harvest, as well as the cultural practices fol- lowed in bringing this crop forward for market. SWEET-POTATO INVESTIGATIONS.—A study of the varieties of sweet potatoes has been continued. The variety collection has been main- tained and plants of leading market sorts have been distributed for trial in new localities. An investigation of some of the troubles of sweet potatoes while in storage has been undertaken in cooperation with another office of the Bureau of Plant Industry. The investiga- tion of the value of desiccated sweet potatoes as stock food has been continued. Samples aggregating several hundred pounds have been dried, these being sufficient to demonstrate the practicability of the Prout. Analyses of the dried product indicate a high value as stock ood. VEGETABLE TESTING.—The study of varietal differences in garden vegetables and their practical importance has been continued under the immediate charge of Dr. W. W. Tracy, and material progress has been made, not only in our knowledge of such differences but in directing attention to their importance. A number of the largest packers and canners have appealed to the Department for suggestions and advice as to the best varietal type for their particular purpose and how best to obtain seed which will uniformly develop into plants of that type. This study has made it clear that in some instances superior varieties have been ignored by seedsmen, so that it is very difficult to obtain seed in commercial quantity, because seed of such varieties can not be as profitably grown and handled at the same price as that of some of the more common sorts. The importance of uniformity of stock and the practical possibility of effecting a great improvement in this respect by wisely directed line breeding have been studied and material improvement in methods has been developed. The work of preparing a set of bulletins on the growing of superior strains of vegetable seeds has been continued, and a publication on growing the seed of sweet corn, peas, and beans has been issued, while others on growing seed of cruciferous and cucurbitaceous plants are in preparation. FprriLizeR EXPERIMENTS WITH TRUCK crops.—The fertilizer experi- ments inaugurated at Norfolk, Va., and in the Long Island area have been continued, and a very important observation has grown out of this work, namely, the value of potash in the form of sulphate as 342 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. a fertilizer for potatoes in both of these regions. The crop pro- duction, as well as the quality of the potatoes produced, is far superior in every combination of fertilizer where sulphate is used over any other form of potash. The difference in crop yields indi- cated in our tests, if carried out in commercial practice, will many times over repay the cost of the experiments. Truck-crop survEYy.—The truck-crop survey has been continued during the year and important additions have been made to this study, which we hope will ultimately make it possible to determine with considerable accuracy the dates of planting, time of harvest, and market possibilities open to each region or crop zone during the period at which it can normally supply the demand. This result, if attained, will have a tendency to adjust the crop planting to market requirements, thus obviating overproduction and depressed prices. ScHoot Garpens.—The distribution of special collections of seeds for school-garden purposes has been continued on a very much larger scale during the past year than during any previous period. It has been possible to supplement the distribution by an additional collection of economic seeds, including the cereals, several important forage crops, fiber plants, and peanuts. The great demand for material for illustrating economic geography led to the assembling of this collection, which contains the 18 economic plants of great- est commercial value in sufficient quantity to enable teachers to plant demonstration areas illustrating the habit of growth of the crop, as well as to afford seed for laboratory study. In addition to the seed distribution, plans for a number of school grounds offering instruction in agriculture have been provided. It is believed that this work will accomplish much toward the devel- cpment of a taste for beautifying home grounds as well as public places, a taste which has too long remained undeveloped in our American people. The educational value of a well-planned school ground is not less than that of the instruction in the schoolroom, for it teaches not only the pupils themselves, but every passer-by. PLANS FOR FUTURE WORK. During the ensuing year the work on the farm at Arlington, as well as the special horticultural investigations, will be continued along the same general lines as heretofore. ArLINGTON ExprertmentaL Farm.—The general policy now in force in the management of the Arlington Experimental Farm will be continued. The farm has, however, outgrown its present equip- ment, and there is great need for additional buildings, particularly for the scientific corps of the Department, who are interested in field experiments and who require laboratory facilities at the farm. The evolution of the work of the farm has clearly demonstrated its value and the necessity of providing suitable laboratory buildings which will enable the investigators to be in constant touch with their field experiments. FLORICULTURAL INvEsTIGATIONS.—A_ great need exists for a series of investigations of the floricultural interests of the United States. This work is so scattered that individual States, as a rule, are not BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 343 justified in devoting a great amount of time and attention to it, yet the aggregate value of the industry is sufficient to warrant a thor- ough study of it. It is hoped that work of this kind can be under- taken in the near future. POMOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS. The Pomological Collections, including the identification of fruit varieties and the revision of the nomenclature of fruits, have con- tinued in charge of Col. G. B. Brackett, Pomologist. About 300 herbarium specimens of fruit varieties have been added to the col- lections, which will be of value in the identification and description of varieties by foliage and flowers. SIMPLIFICATION OF FRUIT NOMENCLATURE.—Investigations in this direction have been considerably retarded through the death of Prof. W. H. Ragan, so long in direct charge of the work; but considerable progress has been made during the past few months. The manu- script of a bulletin on peach nomenclature, following the lines of those previously issued on the apple and other fruits, is nearing completion. Much valuable material has been collected in connection with this work. IDENTIFICATION OF FRUITS.—The number of fruits received for identification and description has exceeded that for several previous years. Of a total of 3,224 varieties received, 1,323 were for identifi- cation and 1,901 for comparison and examination. The new varieties of fruits received numbered 216. Descriptions of 524 varieties were obtained for the reference files of the office, and 453 water-color paintings, 28 models of new and rare fruits, and 14 drawings, charts, and lantern slides were obtained. VARIETAL STUDIES OF FRUITS ON THE FARM AT ArLINGTON.—About 1.500 varieties of fruits are under experimental observation in cooper- ation with the Arlington Experimental Farm, and the heavy crop of the present season has made it possible to secure valuable notes, espe- cially on peaches, that will be of interest to fruit growers. Seeds, scions, and plants of 11 species of fruits, representing 137 different varieties, were received during the past year and placed on trial on the Arlington Experimental Farm. Varieties were also sent for trial to several of the state experiment stations and to cooperators in various sections. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS IN POMOLOGY. The field work of the Bureau with reference to the culture and handling of fruits has continued along the same general lines as here- tofore, under the direction, until February 1, 1910, of Mr. Wm. A. Tay- lor, Pomologist, and of Mr. G. Harold Powell. Upon the appoint- ment on that date of Mr. Powell as Pomologist and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Mr. A. V. Stubenrauch, Expert, assumed general charge of the fruit transportation and storage investigations. Good progress has been made in the various lines of investigation during the past year. 344 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FRUIT-MARKETING INVESTIGATIONS. The fruit-marketing work of the year has been continued under the general direction of Mr. Taylor, assisted by various members of the field staff. [EXPERIMENTS WITH PERSIMMONS.—Experimentation with the ripen- ing of Japanese persimmons with a view to developing practical methods of removing their astringence in advance of the softening of the fruit, an end which appears essential to the further development of the persimmon industry, has been continued. UTILizaATION OF SURPLUS FRUITS.—Experiments on the drying of pineapples and utilizing surplus ripe fruit of this plant in other ways | during periods of glut and low prices have been made, and indicate a strong probability that such surplus, which would otherwise be wasted, can be converted into wholesome and desirable food products. Ex- periments in the storing of unfermented apple juice at low tempera- tures indicate that this product by proper methods of handling can be held in ordinary apple storage rooms in sound and wholesome con- dition for several weeks without sterilization by heat or the addition of preservatives. The technical features of all of the work looking toward the utilization of surplus fruits have been handled by Mr. H. C. Gore, Scientific Assistant, in cooperation with the Bureau of Chemistry. FRUIT TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE INVESTIGATIONS. The work on fruit transportation and storage has continued along the lines of previous years and valuable results have been secured. Messrs. Powell and Stubenrauch have been assisted in various phases of the work by Messrs. L. S. Tenny, Pomologist; S. J. Dennis, H. J. Ramsey, C. S. Pomeroy, and A. W. McKay, Experts; C. W. Mann, H. M. White, and B. B. Pratt, Scientific Assistants; and C. F. Galli- gan, Special Agent. TABLE-GRAPE TRANSPORTATION.— Investigations in the marketing of table grapes, begun at Lodi, Cal., during the season of 1908, were con- tinued during the past shipping season. The results of this year amply corroborate those obtained the previous year. This work has for its object the determination of the factors which govern the keep- ing qualities of table grapes in transit, and the investigation of the relation of handling the fruit in preparing it for shipment to the occurrence of decay in transit. The work consisted of the shipment of a number of experimental series picked, packed, and handled under exact conditions. In all 33 shipments were made to New York, where they were carefully inspected, the percentages of decay and deterioration being determined by weight. Each shipment consisted of fruit picked and packed under ordinary commercial conditions and fruit carefully picked and packed both in crates and in boxes with fillers of ground cork and redwood sawdust. In loading in the cars, portions of each kind of fruit and type of packing were placed on the floor or bottom tier and on the top tier of the load. The fruit was held a week after arrival, and inspections were made on the day of arrival and on the third, fifth, and seventh days thereafter. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 345 There was a most striking difference between the commercially packed and the carefully handled series, both on arrival and during the holding test. The average decay in the commercial packages on arrival was 5.8 per cent, while the carefully packed fruit showed 1.2 per cent of decay. This difference was maintained through the hold- ing test. After seven days the commercial packages showed 20.2 per cent of decay, while the carefully packed fruit increased in decay only to 9.9 per cent. In the appearance of the fruit, the differences were even more marked in favor of the carefully handled lots. The fruit packed in cork had 1.5 per cent of decay on arrival, and after seven days 5.7 per cent. The redwood sawdust packages had 0.3 per cent and 1.2 per cent of decay, respectively, on arrival and seven days thereafter. The change from crate packing to sawdust packing is not to be recommended, however, for ordinary commercial shipments, except as a last extremity. The trade is accustomed to receive Cali- fornia grapes packed in crates, and would undoubtedly object to a change in the method of packing unless absolutely necessary to insure the sound condition of the fruit. The results of the investigations show that by using care to eliminate injury in picking, handling, and packing grapes can be transported in crates with little or no decay. Another important feature of the results of the grape-shipping work is shown by the comparison of fruit loaded on the bottom and top tiers of the car. On arrival the decay on the top tier averages nearly twice that found on the bottom. This difference militates more strongly against the commercially handled than against the care-< fully handled packages. The commercial packages showed an aver- age of 4 per cent of decay on the bottom tier and 7.5 per cent on the top, while the carefully handled packages had 0.9 per cent of decay on the bottom and 1.6 per cent on the top. The work shows a direct rela- tion between the method and type of handling and decay. Along with the shipping and handling experiments, a series of local demonstrations were made by holding duplicate lots in a refrigerator car kept iced during the season. These series were withdrawn on the days when the corresponding ones reached their destination. The lots were placed on exhibition and the growers and packers were in- vited to witness the demonstration. The work has received the hearty cooperation of all concerned with the industry—growers, shippers, transportation companies, and eastern receivers—and a marked im<« provement in the methods of handling and shipping has resulted. TABLE-GRAPE STORAGE.—Investigations consisting mainly of the study and determination of the factors which govern the keeping qualities of table grapes in cold storage, with a view to lengthening the marketing season, were continued during the year. The produc- tion of grapes in California is increasing rapidly and the prospects are that the output will be more than doubled when new plantings come into bearing. Thirty-five new varieties grown on the coopera- tive experimental vineyards of the Department in California were included in the tests of the past season. The most important result of the work brought out and fully cor- roborated is the fact that the storage period of holding grapes can be very materially lengthened by packing with some filling mate- rial; in fact, it is not feasible to hold this fruit any great length of time when packed in the ordinary shipping crate without a 846 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE filler. The conclusion of former years that redwood sawdust is superior to ground cork for holding grapes in storage has been fully confirmed. The use of the sawdust both in shipping and storage investigations on a rather extended scale shows that it will have to be subjected to a sifting or fanning process to remove the fine dust particles and slivers. ‘These fine particles cling tenaciously to the grape berries, especially at the pedicels, and spoil the appearance of the fruit on the market. It is evident that unless some way can be found to avoid this the use of sawdust can not be adopted on a commercial scale. The continuation of these investigations is planned for the comin season. The storage experiments will be made on a larger scale an the effect of prompt and rapid cooling will be very carefully studied. It has been shown that under the best conditions the cooling of the grapes packed in sawdust will be relatively slow, owing to the insu- lating effect of the packing material. It is planned next season to overcome this disadvantage by cooling before packing. Additional work will be done at Fresno and Lodi, and a number of shipments will be made for storage after arrival in the East. LrMoN HANDLING AND SHIPPING.—The investigation of the methods of handling upon the keeping quality of California lemons was con- tinued on a broader scale, and the work was extended to include a series of shipping experiments, with a view to showing the effect of careful grading and packing upon the carrying qualities of the fruit in transit. The two lines of work were carried on simultaneously. The field-handling investigations were done on a larger scale, and districts and houses were selected for this work which.had not been included in former years. Forty-six experiments were made in fifteen packing houses, the work consisting of a comparison of carefully picked and handled fruit with the same fruit picked and handled under ordinary commercial packing-house conditions. The effect of washing was also studied. Analysis of the results of the experiments shows that the condi- tion and maturity of the fruit materially influence the amount of injury in handling and consequent decay. Green lemons are the strongest, while those which are allowed to color or ripen on the tree are the weakest. Lemons are picked to size, and the most desirable are those which reach full size while green. Regular and systematic picking is necessary to reduce the proportion of the weaker tree-ripe fruit to a minimum. The shipping investigations included a comparison of fruit, care- fully graded and packed, with the same fruit graded and packed under ordinary packing-house methods. The work was done on as large a scale as possible in order to represent commercial shipping conditions. Forty-five shipments, consisting of 178 boxes, were sent through to Washington, D. C. Inspections were made on the day of arrival and one, two, and three weeks thereafter, the fruit being held under ordinary open-market conditions. Represented in the experiments were shipments from houses where the handling was as carefully done as that done under the immediate supervision of the government investigators. The ordinary packages of these houses showed less decay than the average of all the carefully handled ship- ments, while the shipments from houses where the handling was done less carefully showed much heavier decay. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 347 The work has met with very hearty cooperation. Nearly all of the fruit used in the experiments was supplied without charge to the Department. The investigations have resulted in a marked improve- ment in the handling of lemons. The work has been both demon- strational and investigational. As definite results were obtained they were quickly communicated to the growers and packers. At the close of the work a series of meetings was held in different packing houses, and the results were presented by means of charts and tables and all phases of the work were fully explained and discussed. These meet- ings were well attended, as many as 200 growers attending one ses- sion, and great interest was manifested. Lemon srorace.—lInvestigations in lemon storage were continued on a small scale during the past year, mainly with the object of cor- roborating some of the results of previous seasons. The effect of different storage temperatures was again studied. Both fresh and cured fruit was held at 32°, 37°, and a temperature approximating 40° F., as compared with common cellar-storage conditions. The 40° temperature gave much the best results, but as the temperature of the storage room fluctuated considerably, further work at this tem- perature is advisable. The lemons kept best under cellar conditions, but shrinkage due to drying out was greater than is desirable. It is planned to continue these investigations through the coming season, using 40° F. as a minimum and again comparing this and one or two intermediate temperatures with the cellar-storage conditions. FLorma cirrus FruiTs.—Inyestigations were continued during the season of 1909-10 relative to the handling of Florida citrus fruits, and it was planned to carry on the work on a broader scale. Owing to unfavorable weather conditions, however, in December, 1909, and January, 1910, the progress of the work was seriously hampered. The work was carried out along lines similar to those of former seasons, including the study of the effect of handling upon the occur- rence of blue-mold decay and of the effect of washing the fruit. Some shipping work was done, but much less than was planned, owing to the unfavorable weather conditions. Field investigations were made a feature of the season’s work. In several districts the Bureau workers made careful inspections of the work of picking gangs and packing houses, pointing out the amount of injury due to careless work and the effect ‘of such injuries. As a result of these demonstrations and instructions the work done by picking gangs showed material improvement during the season. The results of the washing experiments show considerable vari- ation, depending upon the character of the work. In some sections only slight decay resulted from the washing of fruit, while in others where the work was carelessly done a material loss from decay fol- lowed. Where the machinery was operated at high speed, or where the wash water was not changed often enough to insure cleanliness, decay was always materially increased. An appreciable percentage of long stems in the fruit to be washed always resulted in increased decay. A summary of all the data obtained shows that washing in- creases the chance for decay, and should only be resorted to when absolutely necessary to place the fruit in marketable condition, When fruit must be washed the work should be done with the greatest care, both in the handling and the operation of the machinery and in using clean water. 848 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The shipping experiments consisted of the forwarding of a series of boxes to Washington, each series containing carefully handled and selected fruits packed very carefully under the supervision of the Bureau workers, and the same fruit picked, handled, and packed under ordinary commercial packing-house conditions. The effect of delay in packing and shipping was investigated. Inspections were made on the day of arrival at Washington and one, two, and three weeks thereafter, the fruit being held under ordinary market condi- tions. While the data obtained this season are rather meager, they are consistent and clean-cut, and show (1) that the least decay follows immediate packing and shipping; (2) that there is least decay in carefully handled and packed fruit and most in injured fruit; and (3) that less decay follows delay in packing carefully picked and handled fruit than in packing commercially handled or injured fruit. The Bureau investigations have had a strong influence on the citrus industry in Florida. Improvement in the methods of handling is following the work in all sections of the State. Business and mar- keting methods have been changed to raise the standard. During the past year the Florida Citrus Exchange was organized and im- provement in the marketing system and distribution of the crop has followed. Many new and up-to-date packing houses have been built and more are projected. The Bureau investigations should be con- tinued at least through another season. Further demonstration work is necessary, and the shipping and washing experiments should be continued on a broader and more comprehensive scale. CALIFORNIA APPLE STORAGE.—When investigations in apple storage were begun five years ago in California some of the varieties of apples from the Pajaro Valley were found to be affected in cold stor- age by a peculiar premature browning of the flesh of the fruit. This trouble, which has been designated as “ internal browning,” is worst on the Yellow Newtown, one of the principal varieties produced in the valley. Nothing just like it has been observed in fruit from any other section of the United States. All efforts in connection with the Bureau apple cold-storage investigations in California have been directed toward finding the cause of the trouble and some method of avoiding or overcoming it. The relation of the character of the soil, cf delayed storage, and of stage of maturity when picked have all been carefully studied, but without yielding definite results. Last year the effect of different storage temperatures was studied. Lots of apples of the three leading varieties, Yellow Bellflower, Yellow Newtown, and Red Pearmain, grown in the district were held at 32°, at 34° to 35°, and at 37° F. Inspections were made in December, January, March, and April. The behavior of the fruit after with- drawal from storage was determined by holding the different lots ten days at common market temperatures, The results show a distinct relation between the storage tempera- tures and the occurrence of the internal browning. Much less browning was noted in the 33° to 35° F. room than in the 32°, and still less in the 87° room. The latter temperature was found to be too high for commercial storage, except for a short time, on account of rapid ripening and the development of a “waxy” appearance. The external appearance of all varieties was best in the lots held at BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 349 32° F. At 37° F. a rather large percentage of the fruit developed decay at the core, especially during the latter part of the storage sea- son. This trouble would offset any benefit to be obtained in avoiding the browning at 37° F. The browning increased rapidly in intensity after the fruit was withdrawn from storage. Commercial storage houses holding their rooms this season at a temperature near 35° F., as a result of the Bureau investigations, report far less trouble than they had formerly when using a temperature of 32° F, The work will be continued during the coming season, in order to obtain corroborative data and to make a more careful study of the effect of handling. A temperature held uniformly at 34° to 35° F. appears to be the best for the Pajaro Valley fruit, and a complete investigation of the effect of this temperature will be made. Fruit from the other apple districts of California will also be included. PRECOOLING OF GEORGIA PEACHES AND CALIFORNIA GRAPES.—The recooling work on Georgia peaches begun by Mr. G. Harold owell in 1904 was continued. The portable experimental refriger- ating plant of the Bureau was used in Georgia during the season. Fifteen carloads of fruit precooled at Fort Valley were forwarded to New York along with a number of nonprecooled carloads for com- parison. In each car marked crates were placed both on the top and bottom tiers. Careful inspections, including determinations of decay, were made on the day the fruit arrived and after holding two days under open-market conditions. The results of this work show a marked effect upon the condition of the fruit upon arrival and after holding. The precooled fruit averaged 6 per cent of decay on the top tier and 5 per cent on the bottom tier, while the nonpre- cooled fruit averaged 17 per cent of decay on the top and 7.3 per cent on the bottom tier. After holding two days, the precooled fruit averaged 34.3 per cent of decay on the top and 24 per cent on the bottom, while the averages of decay for the nonprecooled fruit were 45.6 per cent and 31 per cent on the top and _ bot- tom tiers, respectively. The lessening of the differences between the top and bottom tiers when the fruit is precooled is consistent and in line with the results obtained with other fruits. The results of this work are especially gratifying in view of the fact that it was not possible to operate the plant to best advantage. The water supply was somewhat deficient, and it was therefore impracticable to cool to as low a degree as would be desirable under commercial conditions. Whether precooling in cars after loading is advisable or whether a system of cooling in refrigerated rooms before loading is preferable is still an open question. It is planned to continue the work in Georgia next season, with special reference to these points, and also to study closely the relation of careful handling to decay in transit. At Lodi, Cal., eleven cars of grapes were precooled in connection with the handling and shipping investigations in August and Sep- tember, 1909. The temperature of the fruit in these cars was re- duced an average of 20° F. in about eight hours, by forcing 6,000 cubic feet of air at a temperature ranging from 34° to 35° F. through the cars each minute. The results of this work are indeterminate, and further necessary work along this line is planned for the coming season. 850 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. VITICULTURAL INVESTIGATIONS. The investigations of the culture and utilization of the erape have continued in charge of Mr. George C. Husmann, Pomologist, and good progress has been made. Mr. Husmann has been assisted by Messrs. Charles Dearing, Scientific Assistant; F. L. Husmann, Viti- cultural Superintendent; and J. E. Buck and Richard Schmidt, Special Agents. Pactric COAST INvESTIGATIONS.—In the nursery of the Oakville, Cal., experimental vineyard 47 new introductions of grape varieties received through the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, together with 64 additional Vinifera varieties and 123 resistant-stock varieties from other sources, are being grown for future use. As all of the resistant-stock varieties under test are growing in the Fresno and Oakville experimental vineyards and an early determination of their relative resistance is important, phylloxera have been artificially placed upon their roots to insure a uniform distribution of the insect. These “ inoculations ” were made in cooperation with the Bureau of Entomology. Additional plantings have been made of 84 grape varieties in the Chico vineyard, 76 in the vineyard at Colfax, 9 at Cucamonga, 61 at Lodi, and 99 at Oakville to ascertain the relative congeniality of Vinifera varieties to resistant stocks; the value and behavior of varieties with reference to soil types, climatic, and other conditions; and the relative value of particular Viniferas not heretofore grown in the United States. Along these lines valuable results and impor- tant conclusions are being secured from the older plantings in the experimental vineyards. Cuttings of Vinifera and resistant varieties have been sent to cooperators in various sections. RorunDIFOoLIA INVEsTIGATIONS.—In the work on Rotundifolia grapes 1,152 seedlings have been transplanted from the Arlington Experimental Farm of this Bureau to the Pender farm of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture, at Willard, N. C. Of those that have blossomed about one-third are pistillate vines. The other Rotundifolia plantings are thriving and the vines are being trained to various systems on specially constructed trellises. Observations on pruning experiments at Ronnoc Grove, near New Smyrna, Fla., at the Medoc vineyards, near Enfield, N. C., and at other points were continued and previous results were corroporated. In cooperation’ with the Bureau of Chemistry, experiments in making unfermented grape juice from Rotundifolia varieties were continued and much valuable data were obtained. Further research along this line is necessary and is projected. GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN New Jersey.—The grape pruning and training experiments on the farm of the Training School for the Feeble-Minded, at Vineland, N. J., have been continued. The results are showing that Concord grapes can be successfully grown in that section. The restoration of old, run-down vines to full bearing and vigor by proper training methods and care is also being fully demon- strated. These investigations have given new life to the industry of this and other sections, and as a result a considerable acreage of new vineyards has been planted. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 50k FRUIT-DISTRICT INVESTIGATIONS. The projects included in the general title of fruit-district investiga- tions have continued in charge of Mr. H. P. Gould, Pomologist, assisted by Mr. W. F. Fletcher, Scientific Assistant. ADAPTABILITY OF FRUIT VARIETIES TO ENVIRONMENT.—The study of the adaptability of fruit varieties to different conditions and, con- versely, of the influence of conditions on the behavior of varieties forms the leading feature of these investigations. Field work in the Ozark Mountain region has been practically completed, and the data obtained in the several seasons during which it has been in progress are being prepared for publication. Great orchard interests, espe- cially in apples and peaches, have developed in this region, and in some respects the present period may be considered a critical one for these interests. In many places smaller orchards, more intensive methods of culture, improved methods of handling the fruit, and greater diversification in the agricultural interests of the region (in which some form of stock raising, especially dairying, constitutes a prominent part) will be found more profitable than the present system of orchard management. Investigations of a similar character were begun in the region of Oklahoma lying between the Ozark formation and the semiarid or Great Plains region. This work was considerably extended last season in Oklahoma, Kansas, and southeastern Nebraska. The pos- sibilities of fruit growing for home use in the central and southern Great Plains regions have also received attention. The conditions there are severe and fruit growing will probably not assume a com- mercial status, except in rare instances, but the importance of the family orchard in home building warrants consideration. During many seasons some fruit may be grown. Cherries and some varieties of the native plums are the most promising fruits, but certain varie- ties of apples are also to be recommended. CooPERATIVE AND OTHER WORK ON FRUIT VARIETIES.—The dry-land fruit garden, located at the substation of the Bureau at Akron, Colo. is making good progress and now contains 5 kinds of orchard fruits and 8 or 10 kinds of small fruits representing many different varieties. While definite conclusions can not be reached regarding the relative adaptability of the varieties under observation until the have been tested for a longer time, there are some rather marked dif- ferences in the growth of the trees and small fruits of different sorts, In cooperation with the Forest Service, preliminary work is now in progress with reference to the growing of home fruits by the forest rangers in the national forests. Several thousand apple grafts have been propagated at the Arlington Experimental Farm for planting at ranger stations where they can be grown with a view to obtaining data on the adaptability of fruit varieties to a large region of country where little fruit is now cultivated, and under very diverse conditions, Phenological studies of fruit culture have been continued along the same lines as in previous years, with a slight increase in the number of cooperative observers. A large quantity of data has been col- lected, covering a wide range of climatic conditions and forming an important source of reference, the value of which will be very greatly increased when compiled and correlated. 852 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, MISCELLANEOUS POMOLOGICAL WORK. The work on the adaptability of pecan varieties and also that with reference to the improvement of citrus fruits have made good prog- ress during the past year. PECAN INVESTIGATIONS.—Work having for its object the determi- nation of the relative merit and cultural adaptability of pecan vari- eties to cultivation in the South Atlantic and Gulf States has been conducted by Mr. C. A. Reed, Special Agent, along lines followed in previous years. The work is growing in importance and extent, and a large quantity of data is being accumulated. Many inquiries from nut growers and prospective planters are answered through corre- spondence, as well as by addresses and consultation. Field experi- ments are being conducted to ascertain the importance of cross-polli- nation in pecan orchards, with special reference to the influence on the yield and quality of the crops. Cracking experiments with lead- ing varieties were made during the past year to determine the com- parative merits of the nuts of different varieties. CITRUS-FRUIT IMPROVEMENT THROUGH BUD SELECTIONS.—Investiga- tions now being prosecuted by Mr. A. D. Shamel, Physiologist, have for their object the improvement of citrus fruits, especially oranges, lemons, and pomelos, by bud selectien. Previous observations in con- nection with the fruit transportation and storage work of the Bureau in California have indicated that there is great variability in yield, quality, and value of product of individual trees of the important commercial varieties and strains of citrus fruits. During the past year careful records were made of the yield of selected individual trees, and also of selected blocks of trees in typical groves. Records of the crop of each tree and the number of each size of fruit were carefully made, together with observations on the habit, vigor, type of growth, and quality of the fruit. In this way records were made of 207 orange trees and 75 pomelo trees, all 12 years old. The results show marked differences in the yields of trees growing under the same conditions. The yields of oranges in the same grove ranged from 14 fruits weighing 7 pounds to 816 fruits weighing 432 pounds per tree. The yields of pomelos ranged from 5 to 520 pounds to the tree, with fruits ranging from perfectly seedless to an average of 50 seeds per fruit. These records must be continued through a series of years, in order to determine whether the differences in yield persist. GREENHOUSES, GARDENS, AND GROUNDS. GENERAL MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION. The work of caring for the greenhouses, gardens, and grounds of the Department has been continued by Mr. E. M. Byrnes, Assistant in Charge. GREENHOUSE OPERATIONS.—In the Department range 26 green- houses are now devoted to general propagation, hybridization, and plant-breeding work; to experimental work with vegetables and with florists’ crops; to seed-testing work; and to various other lines of investigation of the Bureau of Plant Industry. The propagation of plants, both for distribution and for the ornamentation of the Depart- BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 353 ment grounds, is a part of this greenhouse work. The experimental work with florists’ crops included the growing of 1,702 roses, in 6 varieties; 5,615 carnations, in 8 commercial varieties and 728 seedling plants resulting from crosses made during the past winter; and 3,200 chrysanthemums, in 322 varieties and 428 seedling plants, which are the result of crosses made last autumn. The chrysanthemums were grown for the annual exhibition, which was opened to the public on October 27 and closed on November 3, 1909. Great interest in these exhibitions is shown by the public both inside and outside of Wash- ington. At the close of the exhibition the flowers were cut and dis- tributed to all of the hospitals in Washington. CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR OF GREENHOUSES.—To take the place of the old range of greenhouses which formerly stood at the south end of the Department grounds, 8 new greenhouses have been erected at the northeast corner of the grounds at a total cost of $8,728.16, or an average cost per house of $1,091.02. Seven of these houses, includ- ing a quarantine greenhouse, are 100 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 14 feet high; while one house, designed for pathological work, is 50 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 25 feet high. Facing the north end of these houses a frame shed on brick foundation, 120 feet long, 16 feet wide, and 16 feet high, was constructed for a storage and workroom, at a cost of $1,330.80. A similar shed was also erected facing the north end of a range of greenhouses in the northwest section of the Department grounds, being 155 feet long, 16 feet wide, and 16 feet high, and costing $1,765. This shed is being used for storage and workrooms and also for protecting the steam pipes carrying heat to the greenhouses. In the northeast corner of the grounds a fumigat- ing house, 18 feet long, 16 feet wide, and 13 feet high, was constructed at a cost of $230. Such repairs were made to the older range of greenhouses as were necessary to keep them in first-class condition. Eleven greenhouses were given a coat of paint, inside and outside, at a cost of $600. The old range of greenhouses on the north front of the west wing of the new Department building were torn down and removed. GENERAL IMPROVEMENTS IN THE GROUNDS.—The ground on the site of the old range of greenhouses which were removed was graded and sown in grass. A galvanized-iron pipe railing was constructed at the west end of the main Department building. In the Department grounds 882 at pee yards of cement pavements were laid and 705 square yards of asphalt roads and walks were resurfaced; worn por- tions of the macadam road were repaired and all of the macadam roads were sprinkled with waste sulphite liquor and an oil emulsion for the purpose of laying the dust and binding the surface so as to preserve it. A portion of the lawns was treated with 540 cubic yards of thoroughly decomposed stable manure. During the season the lawns were mowed and the edges trimmed as often as required to maintain them in good condition, the bare spaces being spaded and reseeded. The asphalt roads and walks were cleaned and swept daily, and the macadam roads were watered daily during the dry weather, previous to applying the waste sulphite. During the year 1,291 feet of galvanized-iron water pipe and 839 feet of sewer pipe were laid in the grounds. 73477°—acr 1910——23 354 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ORNAMENTAL PLANTINGS.—A collection of 12,500 standard sorts of crocus, hyacinth, tulip, and narcissus bulbs and 3,500 pansy plants were planted in the beds in the autumn for display in the early spring. A collection of 16,270 bedding plants in 88 species and varieties and 834 tropical plants in 29 species and varieties were planted in beds in the spring. On the trial grounds a collection of hybrid grasses and cowpeas was planted for testing. The collec- tion of ornamentals in the grounds was increased by the planting of 17 young evergreen trees and 124 young flowering shrubs; and 11 young evergreen trees were planted at the east end of the new heat- ing plant to form a screen. The shrubs and hedges were pruned as often as required, and dead trees and branches were removed from the grounds. HYBRIDIZATION AND PROPAGATION OF PLANTS. Mr. George W. Oliver, Expert, has continued his work in the hybridization and propagation of forage crops and other plants. PRODUCTION OF HYBRID ALFALFAS AND COWPEAS.—Numerous crosses have been made between the new types of cold and drought resistant yellow-flowered alfalfas sent by Prof. N. E. Hansen from Siberia and the hardiest of the cultivated forms of Medicago sativa in the United States. Crosses have also been made between Medicago gluti- nosa, recently obtained by Mr. Frank N. Meyer in the Caucasus, and the Grimm and other alfalfas. All of the seed grown as a result of crossing which has been sown has produced hybrids. The method of crossing used with these minute flowers is described in Bulletin 167 of the Bureau of Plant Industry. It may be stated that as a result of two and one-half hours spent in manipulating the flowers in crossing, the number of seeds produced was 531, showing that the method of depending upon insect pollination for the production of hybrids is a fallacious one. More than 900 new forms of the cowpea developed by crossing have been planted at the Arlington Experimental Farm. ‘Two months after planting, a goodly number had ripe pods. Most of the plants now growing are of the third generation, while some promising lots are of the fourth and fifth generations. All of the standard varieties are being grown for comparison. A series of crosses between some of the standard varieties and what is evidently a very distinct variety from South Africa having very thick stems and branches are very promising. PROPAGATION OF VARIETAL APPLE stocKs.—The rapid propagation of varietal apple stocks whereby any variety may be grafted on its own roots has been the subject of investigation during the past year. It is generally conceded that seedling stocks are unreliable, no two of them being alike. It is now an easy matter to multiply stocks of any variety so that they may be used as the stock on which to graft the same or other varieties. A bulletin on the subject is now being prepared. A bulletin dealing with some recent investigations on the rapid propagation of certain plants is now in the hands of the printer. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. gop FOREIGN SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION. The work of bringing in from foreign countries new and valuable plants, which is, as heretofore, under the immediate direction of Mr. David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer, has been materially strengthened during the past year by the appointment to the staff of Mr. P. H. Dorsett, Expert, who will have general charge of the various plant-introduction gardens, and of Messrs. Peter Bisset, H. F. Schultz, and Dr. Walter Van Fleet, Experts, who will have charge of definite phases of the work. AGRICULTURAL EXPLORATIONS IN CENTRAL Asrta.—Mr. Frank N. Meyer, Agricultural Explorer, who left this country in August, 1909, to search for plants in the central Asian region, has been delayed by local conditions in reaching that territory, but he has secured many valuable seeds and plants from the Crimea, the Caucasus, and Bok- hara. Among the most promising of these are a wild almond, which he suggests as a stock for stone fruits in our dry regions; the Afgha- sian apple and a special variety of pear which seem promising for trial in the Gulf States; the Erivan alfalfa, which is reported to be longer lived even than the Turkestan as tried in the Caucasus; a species of Medicago from an altitude of 4,000 feet, which seems to be new and has already been made use of in the work of creating new drought-resistant hybrid alfalfas for the Northwest; an olive from the Crimea which has withstood a temperature of zero and which fruits regularly ; a collection of Caucasian cherries; the best Caucasian hazelnuts; a remarkable collection of table grapes which are much desired at the present time in California; the drought-resistant apple (Malus pumila) which is used in dwarfing the apple in Europe; a yellow-flowered peony which is something new in this class of flow- ers; a collection of sweet-kerneled apricots; the sand-binding plants which are used by the Trans-Caucasian Railroad; and a collection of winter wheats from the oases of Samarkand, Old Bokhara, and Merv. AGRICULTURAL EXPLORATIONS IN Patestrne.—The prolonged visit to this country which was made by Mr. Aaron Aaronsohn, of Pales- tine, during the formation of the Jewish Agricultural Experiment Station at Haifa, made it possible for the Department to secure the results of his long and valuable experience as an agriculturist in Palestine in the form of an important bulletin on the plants of that country which are likely to prove of value when introduced into America. A new dry-land stock for dwarf early pears in high arid situations has already been imported, as well as varieties of the chick- pea, a leguminous field crop which Mr. Aaronsohn believes is adapted to the dry-farming areas of the West; and his account of a wild rela- tive of the cultivated wheat was considered of such importance that Mr. O. F. Cook, of this Bureau, was sent from Egypt, where he went on another mission, to investigate the possibilities of its acclimatiza- tion and use in this country. Work OF THE PLANT-INTRODUCTION GARDEN, Cuico, Cau.—The installation of an irrigation system and the erection of needed green- houses have made it possible to propagate for distribution this year nearly twice as many introduced plants as were propagated at the Chico garden last year, and in addition a large amount of cooper- ative work has been carried on with various offices of the Bureau. 356 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The experiment of budding standard varieties of western peaches, prunes, apricots, plums, almonds, and cherries upon the newly intro- duced Chinese peach (Amygdalus davidiana), which is in common use in China as a stock for all kind of stone fruits, was so very satisfactory (with the exception of cherries) that it was thought advisable to plant a test orchard of 10 plants each of all of the varieties budded (cherries again excepted), in order to further deter- mine the resistance of this stock to disease, drought, and other adverse climatic conditions, and also its congeniality to the varieties used. Plants of this new stock suffered less from the extreme cold during the past winter in Iowa than any of a number of other peach varieties tested, and in southwestern Texas and in the Colo- rado Desert of California grafted plants of it are doing remarkably well. Considerable interest is being shown in the carob tree, or St. John’s bread, the pods of which contain 40 per cent of sugar and 7 per cent of protein, promising to be of great commercial value as a stock food in sections where it can be successfully grown. Carob trees are growing well in California, from Chico southward, and also in southern Florida, showing comparatively little injury from a tem- perature of 18° F. last winter. A rather small, sweet red cherry, introduced from central China and propagated for distribution at the Chico garden, ripened fruit in ten days to two weeks earlier than the earliest cherries cultivated in that section. Several of the introductions of the Chinese jujube (Zizyphus) have borne fruit and give evidence of being of com- mercial importance in the warmer portions of the semiarid South- west. It is expected that several introductions of apricots, plums, peaches, and nectarines, previously propagated and planted at the garden, will fruit in the spring of 1911. A Chinese bramble (2ubus rosaefolius) gives promise of considerable importance, primarily from the fact that it ripened its fruit in April, at a time when standard varieties were just in bloom. The Fezjoa sellowiana, a new fruit belonging to the guava family, originally introduced from Brazil, giving promise of commercial value, is now being investigated at the garden. PLANT-INTRODUCTION GARDEN, BRowNSsvILLE, Tex.—In the work of the past year at Brownsville in the testing of numerous forage plants and a wide collection of newly introduced fruits and other plants it has become evident that a thorough and efficient system of underdrainage will be necessary in order to prevent the accumula- tion of alkali in the upper strata of soil, and a comprehensive drainage system which will be of interest to the farmers of southern Texas will be installed during the coming year. Owing to this fact many of the plants which otherwise might be expected to do well at Brownsville have not been given a fair chance. Certain especially hardy forms, however, such as the bamboos, have been successful. As windbreaks form an important factor in the agriculture of this section of the country, the discovery of the use of the imported oriental bamboos as windbreaks is worthy of special mention. PLANT-INTRODUCTION GARDEN, Miami, Fra.—The work of the Bureau in Florida has been reorganized and devoted to general field work throughout the State in promoting the cultivation and propa- BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. tai | gation of such promising new introductions as the avocado, mango, and other subtropical fruits, a special expert being appointed to de- vote all of his time to this work. As mentioned in the last report, under this reorganization the garden at Miami was turned over to the Subtropical Garden Association, to be operated by them under a cooperative agreement. Subsequent developments, however, showed the advisability of reconsidering this arrangement, with the result that at the beginning of the present fiscal year the Department again resumed full direction and control of the Miami garden work, placing an expert propagator in charge, who is familiar with the propagation of such subtropical fruits as the mango, avocado, and anona. PLANT-INTRODUCTION GARDEN, Ames, Iowa.—Satisfactory results are being obtained at the station at Ames, in cooperation with the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, in the propagation of intro- ductions thought to be of value for the Great Plains region, where only the hardiest of such plant immigrants will grow and succeed. In addition to a collection of miscellaneous breeding material, there is being assembled at this garden a large collection of relatives of the plum, pear, apple, and peach for breeding and experimental purposes, in an endeavor to develop, if possible, races better adapted to the trying climatic conditions of the central Northwest. Already one new introduction, the wild Chinese peach, has proved hardier than even the Hills Chili, a standard heretofore of extreme hardiness. BamMpBoo GARDEN, Brooxsviti£, Fua.—The generosity of a local tobacco company in deeding 20 acres of fertile hummock land at Brooksville, Fla., heavily timbered with trees indigenous to that sec- tion, to the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, to be held in trust for the use of the Department of Agriculture, made the establish- ment of the bamboo garden possible. The soil, a sandy loam under- laid with clay, is naturally well drained. In view of the similarity of the conditions to those in countries where the bamboo is indigenous, it is believed that an ideal place for this work has been found. Ten acres of this land were cleared in 1909, five of which were planted in the spring of 1910 to four of the best timber varieties of bamboo. The work as planned has for its object the growing of the species of valuable bamboos in sufficient quantity to demonstrate their commer- cial importance in the United States. In addition to these plant- ings at Brooksville, one acre of young imported plants has been set out at Avery Island, La., in cooperation with a local company. As bearing on the probable future of bamboo culture in this coun- try, the report from Mr. Frank N. Meyer, Agricultural Explorer, of the successful establishment of a bamboo industry in the Caucasus, giving new methods of handling the canes in the manufacture of fur- niture, deserves mention. Arorp Rroor crops.—For several years past experiments in the grow- ing of the edible aroid root crops, yautias, taros, and dasheens have been carried on in the Southern States. These plants, which are related to the ordinary caladium or elephant’s ear, yield tubers that are adapted for table use, stock food, and the manufacture of starch and industrial aleohol. Their composition is similar to that of the ordinary white potato, and some varieties, when prepared for the table, can barely be distinguished from the potato. These crops have been grown as a staple article of food in tropical countries from 358 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. prehistoric times, and people from temperate climates easily acquire the taste for these substitutes for the potato. In the fall and winter of 1909-10 tubers of the dasheen were distributed to a large number of persons in Washington, D. C., for testing as a table vegetable, and were well liked by nearly all who tried them. Some varieties are grown exclusively for their leaves, which form an excellent substitute for spinach. One of these was grown in the Canal Zone by the Com- mission’s horticulturist for the tables of the American employees, and although hundreds of pounds were harvested daily during the season, the demand could not be supplied. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MANGO INDUSTRY.—Very satisfactory progress has been made during the past year in mango research work in Florida, and the importance of this industry is becoming more fully realized. The common seedlings are being gradually worked over to improved East Indian varieties, as these realize better prices in the northern markets. The danger from frost naturally limits the culti- vation of this fruit to certain favored sections of Florida and espe- cially favorable locations in California. The successful demonstra- tions of several oil-burning orchard heaters in carrying tender plants through several degrees of frost will probably give mango culture a much wider range than was heretofore considered feasible. Of the East Indian mango introductions tested under Florida con- ditions, 21 have already been fruited, eight new kinds maturing their first crops this year. Investigations in mango budding have been continued at the plant-introduction garden, Miami, Fla., with extremely satisfactory results, which show clearly the practicability of this method. DEVELOPMENT OF THE AVOCADO INDUSTRY.—Avocado culture is at- tracting more than ordinary attention in Florida and southern Cali- fornia, and the commercial importance of this peculiar, nutty-flavored salad fruit is universally recognized. The brisk demand for avocados in the East at fancy prices has stimulated a lively interest in their cultivation and is causing an extension of the present groves and the planting of new ones. A study of the peculiarly favorable conditions of the southern por- tion of the west coast of Florida appears to justify rather extensive plantings there, and plans have been made for a wide distribution of named sorts in that area. Particular attention has been given to the introduction of unusually early or late fruiting strains, as these prove most desirable from a commercial point of view, and a number of promising seedlings are under observation in cooperative orchards at Miami and Homestead, Fla. The fact that seedling groves do not produce crops of uniform fruit is becoming more fully recognized and the majority of planters are either top grafting their seedlings or planting budded trees. FORAGE-CROP INVESTIGATIONS. The investigations and demonstration work of the Bureau on forage crops have continued along essentially the same lines as hereto- fore, under the direction of Prof. C. V. Piper, Agrostologist. A large part of the work has been devoted to securing, testing, and distributing new forage crops, especially such as have promise for the semiarid regions and the Southern States where better forage crops are desired. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 359 ALFALFA EXPERIMENTS.—F urther experimental study of the hardy varieties of alfalfa has given somewhat discordant results as to their relative hardiness. The Grimm variety, which has been most ex- ploited, is, however, hardy enough to withstand all but the severest winters in North Dakota. Much progress has been made in encourag- ing the growing of seed of this variety, and by another year it is anticipated that the supply will equal the demand. Hybrids have been made between ordinary alfalfas and two of the hardy yellow-flowered alfalfas found in Siberia by Prof. N. E. Hansen. Some of these are apparently superior to either of the parents in habit and vigor. They are all being tested for hardiness. ALFALFA VERSUS CLOVER IN THE EKast.—The experimental and dem- onstrational work has shown beyond doubt that alfalfa can be suc- cessfully grown in the East wherever there is a deep, permeable subsoil. It succeeds best, however, on limestone soils or on clay loams which have been heavily limed. There is still much to be learned in regard to the relative value of alfalfa as compared with clover on the so-called “clover-sick” lands. Much of the interest in alfalfa in the East has been due to the inability of farmers longer to grow red clover. Alsike clover has been much employed as a substitute, and alfalfa to a less extent. In a limited number of experiments red clover sown under the same conditions found necessary for alfalfa has succeeded well. Numerous experiments are now under way to de- termine how far this method may be relied upon with red clover and how the results will compare with alfalfa sown under like conditions. BREEDING IMPROVED TIMOoTHIES.—Work has been started at the grass-breeding station organized in September, 1909, in cooperation with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station at New London, Ohio. More than 200 selections of timothy are now being grown at the station and many more will be put out this fall. This work is being carried forward as rapidly as possible in order that seed may be obtained at an early date for testing under normal field conditions. PASTURE EXPERIMENTS.—Grazing experiments conducted at Blacks- burg, Va., in cooperation with the Virginia Experiment Station are progressing very satisfactorily. While this work has not continued for a sufficient length of time to give definite results it has already thrown considerable light on the subject of practical pasture manage- ment. The investigations at Blacksburg are being augmented by cooperative experiments with farmers and by field investigations. New crassrs.—Among the numerous new grasses under test two deserve especial mention, Sudan grass and Rhodes grass. Sudan grass is much like Johnson grass in appearance but without running rootstocks, and therefore is easily controlled, as is timothy. Its yield in all the tests thus far conducted is fully equal to that of Johnson grass. Rhodes grass has given splendid results in Florida, southern Texas, and along the Gulf coast, yielding at least two, and sometimes four, cuttings in a season. The hay is fine in texture and quality. This grass promises much in the way of a commercial hay _ grass for the extreme South. Improvep sorcHums.—The testing of the numerous varieties of sorghum has continued at Chillicothe, Tex., for five years and has resulted in developing improved strains of dwarf milo, blackhull 360 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. kafir, red kafir, sumac and orange sorgos, and in introducing various new varieties, among them pink kafir, feterita, and red amber sorgo. Large quantities of seed have been distributed, principally through Members of Congress. A number of seed growers have been en- couraged to specialize in the growing of one or more of these varieties, so as to insure permanent sources of supply for pure seed. Cowpra INvEstTiGATIONS.—The very large number of cowpeas ob- tained from many sources, together with numerous hybrids of the more valuable ones made by Mr. G. W. Oliver, Expert, has made pos- sible an intensive study of this crop, which has cleared up many points about the origin of the varieties heretofore in doubt. Four of the new varieties are manifestly so superior to all others in certain respects that seed is being grown in quantity. It is believed that the results of the work will limit the commercial varieties to only five or six at most. Soy-BEAN INVESTIGATIONS.—The work on the numerous varieties of soy beans imported from Asia has been continued both at the Arling- ton Experimental Farm and in cooperation with twelve of the state experiment stations. Interest in this crop is greater than ever before. Out of the 350 varieties under test about 20 have finally been selected whose records indicate them to be the best of each type represented. Several of them are being grown in quantity for general introduction. LEGUMES RESISTANT TO ROOT-ROT.—The importance of legumes in rotations makes it exceedingly desirable to obtain if possible species or varieties of forage value that are resistant to Texas root-rot. Nu- merous species and varieties are being tested on root-rot infested land in the hope of finding some that are resistant or immune. Dry-LAND FORAGE crops.—Work is being continued at Chillicothe, Tex., Chico, Cal., and Pullman, Wash., in the testing of various drought-resistant forage crops and methods of culture. Similar work is being conducted at most of the dry-land experimental farms in cooperation with the offices of Dry-Land Agriculture, Western Agricultural Extension, and Grain Investigations. In general the most satisfactory results are being obtained from annuals and from perennials in cultivated rows. The results demonstrate that alfalfa thus cultivated is a profitable crop, especially for seed, and indicate that the same is true for the more drought-resistant perennial grasses. CONGRESSIONAL SEED DISTRIBUTION. The Congressional distribution of seeds and plants during the past year included standard and selected varieties of vegetable, flower, cotton, tobacco, and lawn-grass seeds, bulbs, grapevines, strawberry plants, and hybrid citrus trees. VEGETABLE AND FLOWER sSEEDS.—The contract for packing, as- sembling, and mailing the vegetable and flower seeds was awarded to the Brown Bag-Filling Machine Co., of Fitchburg, Mass., the lowest bidder, at $1.10 per thousand packets. This contract was later modified to provide for delivering packeted seed in mail sacks direct from the seed warehouse in Washington, D. C., to the Union Station at an expense of one-half cent additional per thousand BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 3861 aha thereby obviating the necessity for rehandling several mil- ion packets by the postal authorities at the Washington City post- office. The work of packeting, assembling, and mailing the vegetable and flower seeds was begun on October 1, 1909, and completed on April 23, 1910. The total output was 50,173,525 packets of vegetable seed and 9,819,315 packets of flower seed. The demand for vegetable and flower seeds this year was greater than ever before, the entire quantity provided for the distribution having been sent out. ToBacco, COTTON, AND GRASS SEEDS.—A total of 6,029 packets of selected tobacco seed were distributed to persons especially interested in obtaining the best types of standard varieties as well as new and improved varieties developed by the Bureau. Nearly 12,000 1-peck packages of cotton seed of improved Upland and wilt-resistant strains developed by the plant breeders of the Bureau were dis~ tributed. All of this seed was grown for the Department under the supervision of its specialists. Of lawn-grass seed 16,280 4-pound packages were distributed, consisting of a mixture of Kentucky bluegrass, redtop, and white clover. BULBS, PLANTS, AND CITRUS TREES.—Popular varieties of hyacinth, tulip, and narcissus bulbs were imported and distributed, a total of 10,760 boxes, each containing 20 bulbs, having been sent out. The distribution of grapevines involved 4,880 packages of 5 vines each, representing 27 different varieties; while 6,100 packages of straw- berry plants, containing 15 plants each and representing 26 varieties, were also distributed. A total of 1,252 trees of the new hybrid oranges or citranges developed by the Bureau were sent to growers in sections of favorable climatic and soil conditions, the recipient of each agreeing to give proper care and to report results to the Department. MIscELLANEOUS SEED DISTRIBUTION.—During the year 44,104 packets of vegetable seed and 22,330 packets of flower seed already found to be adapted were sent to Alaska, either for distribution through the experiment station at Sitka or upon direct requests received by the Department. Small quantities of vegetable and flower seeds of suit- able kinds were also sent to various army posts and to individuals in the Canal Zone, Hawaii, and the Philippines. Propuction or Dutcu Bugs In Amertca.—The work of propagat- ing Dutch bulbs at the cooperative garden near Bellingham, Wash., was continued during the past year. A supply of assorted hyacinths, narcissuses, and tulips was obtained direct from Holland and sent to the propagating garden to serve as mother bulbs. The blossoms were unusually fine this spring and the bulbs are multiplying rapidly. If the bulbs can be kept free from disease and if the climatic conditions continue to be as favorable in the future as the records of the Weather Bureau show them to have been in the past, there is every reason to believe that Dutch bulbs can be grown and propagated suc- cessfully in the Puget Sound region. The bulblets and offsets are now 1 year old and will not be fully developed for three or four years, when it is hoped that they can be used for congressional dis« tribution and that sufficient data will then have been collected with regard to their propagation and handling to warrant the Department 862 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, in publishing the results of its work at Bellingham for the benefit of those who may wish to engage in the business of growing Dutch bulbs commercially. SUGAR-BEET SEED GROWING AND DISTRIBUTION.—The commercial pro- duction of American-grown sugar-beet seed at Fairfield, Wash., by the breeding of pedigreed strains from individual analyzed mother beets has continued to receive attention. The tests at Fairfield indi- cate that sugar-beet seed of high quality can be produced commer- cially in the United States and thus render the sugar-beet growers in this country independent of European growers for their supply of seed. During the past year 1,230 pounds of American-grown sugar- beet seed were distributed by the Department to sugar-beet factories, cooperators, and growers. Comparative tests of varieties of sugar beets from European-grown seed were also continued in cooperation with state experiment stations, sugar-beet factories, and cooperative growers in different sections of the country. PLANS FOR THE NEXT SEED DISTRIBUTION.—The seeds to be dis- tributed the coming year will be practically the same in kind and quantity as last year, unless there should be a serious shortage in the seed crop and the price should advance sufficiently to make it neces- sary to reduce the quantity. Great care will be exercised to obtain only the best seeds the market affords, and all purchases will be made subject to rigid tests for purity and germination. Owing to the heavy demand for seed this spring and the depleted stocks of seed in warehouses, a larger percentage of the seed will be grown under con- tract than formerly. In the distribution of Dutch bulbs each box, instead of 2 hyacinth, 8 narcissus, and 10 tulip bulbs, as formerly, will contain 10 tulip and 20 narcissus bulbs, thereby giving each recipient 30 bulbs instead of 20. Owing to the size and cost of hyacinth bulbs, it was deemed ad- visable to discontinue their distribution, which, however, will be resumed when the bulbs now being propagated and grown at the gar- den or Bellingham, Wash., reach commercial size and are fully matured. : REPORT OF THE FORESTER. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Forest SERVICE, Washington, D. C., November 5, 1910. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report of the work of the Forest Service for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, together with an outline of the plans for the work of the Service for the cur- rent fiscal year. Respectfully, Henry S. GRAVES, Forester. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. CLASSIFICATION OF EXPENDITURES. The appropriation act for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year 1910 and other acts appropriated for the Forest Service the following sums: PERAAIN CSOs ore ah S oss whe awiaiaiae wins Sineiainiee a omen ea Serene $60, 200. 00 Wor'general expenses........-.--.-------sssbs ean Sb ss setes sone 3, 986, 000. 00 Fer improvement of the National Forests ..................-.22-2---s 600, 000. 00 pon ise Morest PArViCG: = acta 54 oo aed teachin nc ae ee whe a oe 4, 646, 200. 00 Available for the work of the Forest Service, under other congressional appropriations for the Department of Agriculture: Appropriation for naval stores industry ($1,050.68 brought forward from fiscal year 1909, less $4.55 canmed over tomiseal year 1911) oo. 5.262 Bates cae ae $1, 046. 13 Appropriation for paper tests (allotted to Forest Service)... 9, 560. 75 1) ee. ae ee ie Oe) eS See 10, 606. 88 From other sources: Federal cooperation (expenditures reimbursed by other ROC ETAL PUTCATIA 25 cctins coc sok 5 acai de, ae eae eae 4, 627. 16 Private cooperation ($28,674.35 contributed by coopera- tors in 1910; $19,291.25 brought forward from 1909; less $1,239.60 returned to contributors)..........-- 46, 726.00 POUR £5 3d bn a 6,45 hns MOR RAMEE as te Alene eg aOR 2 ston Sata 51, 353. 16 Ova IPOUr AT SOULCOS: i esesce cece tes ap ene ee aan See a 4, 708, 160. 04 At the close of the year there were unexpended bal- ances as follows: From appropriation, salaries and general expenses........ $21, 271. 42 From appropriation, improvement of the National Forests.. 1, 164. 36 From ol ta elonte paperttestsrd 05. SAR ORLA. 1. 68 Unexpended cooperative funds.....................22---- 7, 295. 21 Este cas Aes cc vi nian «dal ee te a cae ena demne oy avenue ka 29, 732.67 AROMA SOROS 5 35 5 sushi LTE Pa D te a Pin od chain See 4, 678, 427. 37 @ In addition to this appropriation for salaries for specified positions, the SPETD ria- tion for general expenses is available for salaries for the purposes set forth in the bill. 363 364 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The total expenditures for the work of the Forest Service were, therefore, $4,678,427.37. The objects of that work were to admin- ister, protect, and improve the National Forests, and to promote the practice of forestry generally through cooperative and investi- gative work and through the diffusion of knowledge of the results of investigations. Prorating among the various lines of work such general expenses as the salaries of the Forester and Associate For- ester, rental of quarters at Washington, etc., and grouping the cost of these various lines according to the object sought, the total ex- penditure may be subdivided as follows: Administration and protection of the National Forests.............-.- $3, 752, 316. 91 Permanent improvements, National Forests....................--+-- 598, 835. 64 Cooperative and investigative work and making known results. ...... 327, 274. 82 GUEe tae ces Len Ae See Cee a eS er 4, 678, 427. 37 There were also made under the direction of the Forest Service the following miscellaneous expenditures: National Bison Range, Montana: Purchase of Jandy ois, se eee mee eet eee ee eee ne $29, 896. 48 Construction of fence and sheds.......-..........-.---- 17, 494. 74 $47, 391. 22 Refunds to depositors, excess deposits (34 Stat., 1270)..........-.---..... 48, 966. 86 Payments to States and Territories, 25 per cent of receipts from National Forest resources for fiscal year 1909.2 00.8.0 222 0 old ae 438, 702. 81 Payments to Indians on account of timber receipts on former Uinta indian lands (33.Stat. 91070) .cc. os sosae ecee a cae tees oc ee 1, 113. 47 Cooperative funds returned to contributors..............------==sscseas 1, 239. 60 Witla ERD PAR eh Ss bes bn he es ie re 537, 413. 96 The following statement shows the amounts paid to States and Territories, to be expended for roads and schools, from the National Forest receipts of the fiscal year 1909, and the approximate amounts that will be paid from the receipts for the fiscal year 1910: Amount Amount Amount Amount State or Territory. paid fiscal darn yond State or Territory. paid fiscal Pte year 1909. 1910. year 1909. 1910. ATIVONA oiciscewaaactle an asics $38, 313. 45 | $51,229.38 || New Mexico.............- $26, 769.64 | $28,529.53 North Dakota...........- None. 63. 64 Oklshonias.(. Leo. 2 2k 584. 84 626.10 Oregoniss (2). 2sseeu see 33, 120. 47 39, 635. 87 South Dakota... sec e ee 10, 501.08 9, 808. 93 Uta ac te Sa ec ie 33, 293. 40 82,905. 49 Washington : s..0o-% 2 a0n 16, 017. 56 23,671.89 Wyoming Sc eee seinenees 34, 246. 85 34, 704. 54 Nebraska.............----. 2) 837.34 | 2) 820.25 Potat. | 25,170 7, 411, 157 CO Cal tea eee APPR SE) MSE oes bg ee ee ede wh B2iGG0 BOO Me. vocal tt 58, 160 12,007, 340 WV ORME See Wik wets Chat ack ass Sys oh sad ORE Ay eee ee a | 457,042 8,941, 681 TORS) It WU OULCG SUBtEB <2 osc. snes cannes dt bee 167, 677, 749 463, 517 2,037, 645 166, 103, 621 MONG Sai ste. ots, pe ab Un wilh ui gs aun oer PRAM EOL AOR) Lekk.ot widdtes alee kab SV ene ee 26, 761, 626 BIGRCO RICH es eae hank hs cde ches dcchbisnds. debe | GRIGG Te eet Aa 2d Eh select. 65, 950 Grand total. ..csccnssellss dais. ck cdieh eae pees? 2324 he. eee 192, 931, 197 @ 80,819 acres transferred to San Isabel from I.as Animas National Forest. 6 915,000 acres of the Blackfeet National Forest was established as Glacier National Park ¢ 604 acres transferred to Wenaha from Wallowa National Forest. 4 56,320 acres eliminated from Cheyenne National Forest, but continued as military reservation. 366 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Of the total gross area approximately 11 per cent are State or private holdings. Owing to the changes consequent upon the elimi- nations of National Forest lands (often heavily alienated) made late in the year a corrected table of gross and net areas of the indi- vidual Forests can not now be given. CLAIMS AND SETTLEMENT. The public-land laws previously existing operated during the year to reduce the area of the National Forests through the pertecting of claims initiated before the Forests were created, the locating and erfecting of new claims under the mining laws, and the entry of ands applied for and listed with the Department of the Interior under the forest homestead law of June 11, 1906. A new method of assing Forest lands into private ownership, through the allotting of ands to Indians, was legalized by the act of June 25, 1910. The opening of lands for Forest homestead entry and the allot- ment of lands to Indians is done by the Department of the Interior, upon the recommendation of the Secretary of Agriculture, after an examination of the land to determine its character and best use. The determination of questions involving the title to land in National Forests is within the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior. The Forest Service aids that Department in ascertaining the facts in regard to the validity or invalidity of claims. Persons holding valid claims under the public-land laws or legal title to land within the National Forests are free to occupy and enjoy their holdings just as fully as outside of the Forest. ie use of ele out- side of the claims must conform to the regulations of the National Forests. There is no restriction whatever to prospecting for minerals or to the location and development of mineral claims in the National Forests. When a mineral claim comes to patent it is examined by a Forest officer, who reports the facts as ie finds them concerning compliance with the mineral laws by the claimant unless the land is of such character that its patenting will in no way affect National Forest interests, in which case no further inquiry into the facts is considered necessary. If there has been compliance with the law, the claim goes forward to patent without obstruction or delay by the Forest Service. Over 80 per cent of the examinations of mining claims and over 75 per cent of the examinations of all kinds of claims were followed by reports favorable to the claimant. It is the aim of the Forest Service to encourage the development of bona fide mining on the National Forests, and protest to the passing of title to mining claims is made only when it appears clear that the mining laws have not been complied with, and fia a proper protection of National Forest interests makes protest necessary. This same principle is carried out in connection with claims which were initiated under other laws before the establishment of the Forest, as timber and stone claims and squatter claims. Field examinations of unpatented claims led to reports to the General Land Office concerning 4,904, as follows: FOREST SERVICE. 3867 Reports to th General Land Office on unpatented claims. Home- | Desert- | Timber : ] . Character of report. stead land and stone piners Nore! ae ben | Total. | entry. entry. entry. Me Me 5 kil io ae 1,611 29 522| 1,519 | 79 | 3, 765. Unfavorable..............-ssese-- 695 12 35 | 333 | 47 | 17| 1,13 tate ee ts. 2,306 | 41 557 | 1, 852 | 126 | 22| 4,904 Action upon claims to National Forest land before the Department of the Interior resulted as follows: Claims to National Forest land disposed of by the Department of the Interior. Home- | Desert- | Timber . } 7 ‘ Mineral | Coal Miscella- Character of action. eee wae speleg entry. | entry. ricki Total. } aun ISRO SG = oe sale cece 2 Woe 700 12 328 602 2 18 1,662 JOE aE eS eee eee 902 9 27 221 7 4 1,170 oo ee one OS Sa SS 1, 602 | 21 | 355 823 | 9 22| 2,832 | The applications for and listings of National Forest lands for home~ stead entry under the act of June 11, 1906, are compared with those for 1909 in the following table. Such lands are listed when an exam- ination, made at the request of the applicants, has shown that they are chiefly valuable for agriculture and not needed for public pur- poses. The total area listed since the passage of the law was at the close of the year 626,872 acres. The large number of claims shown as awaiting action at the close of the fiscal year is due partly to the fact that 1t was considered unnecessary to examine lands in areas shortly to be eliminated, but chiefly to the fact that applications accumulate during the winter months when examinations are gener- ally impracticable. By the close of the field season most of the examinations here shown as applied for will have been made. Applications and listings for forest homestead entry. $y Number | Awaiting | Number ) Acreage . of applica- | finalaction| of tracts ' Fiscal year. tions dur- | at close of | listed dur- pe oo ing year. year. ing year. Bao Ct) OR SRS ES SES aR ae. 2 ee eee eae 5,216 4,193 Tgp 183,211 NITE aan oe tr Une aia Sas Soto hi gto Pisce coy Cencvecsoeck 3,811 3,095 1,382 148, 654 Since settlement within as well as near the National Forests is an aid to their protection and development, there is every reason for encouraging use for agriculture of land which can be properly listed, The act of June 11, 1906, is administered with a view to facilitatin settlement. Decision on applications is made wholly on the basis o the fitness of the land for agriculture as against forest use, not with reference to the ability of the particular applicant to make a living 868 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, from the land. Such questions as the strength or health of the applicant and his ability or experience in agricultural pursuits do not concern the character of the land and therefore have no place in any inquiry regarding it. A careful examination is made, how-. ever, to ascertain whether the land is capable of producing culti- vated crops, and in deciding this the soil, climate, altitude, and slope must be considered. Lands valuable for grazing only are not listed under the act of June 11, 1906. If, however, a tract is found to be valuable for agricultural purposes and will produce crops, and adjacent nontimbered or sparsely timbered land is valuable for grazing purposes, an added area of such land may be listed with the agricultural land, provided that, except. in the case of bona fide claimants who settled on the land before the National Forest was . created, the area of the grazing land shall not exceed the area of the agricultural land. A person who settled upon unsurveyed land within a National Forest before its creation and has continuousl occupied and is now occupying such land in good faith and in all respects complying with the homestead law, has the right to include within the lines of his homestead 160 acres after the land is surveyed. Therefore if the land is occupied for agricultural purposes and is not more valuable for its timber than for such purposes, and the claimant applies for the listing for entry of such land under the Forest homestead act, the examination is made with a view to listing 160 acres of land whenever possible under the provisions of the act. In cases where less than 160 acres have been listed for a person who settled upon the land prior to the creation of the Forest, an_addi- tional area sufficient to complete the homestead entry is allowed upon proper application, under the above conditions. Moreover, negotiations are now pending with the Department of the Interior whereby the surveyors of the Forest Service may be appointed deputy United States surveyors and the survey necessary to Ceopetine the land by metes and bounds made without expense to the applicant and accepted in final proof for issuance of patent to the land. By this means bona fide squatters who settled on unsurveyed land prior to the creation of the Forest, if the land occupied by them is not more valuable for its timber than for agriculture, may have their claims surveyed by metes and bounds, including the full 160 acres to which they would be entitled if they waited for the land to be surveyed in the ordinary way. In the Swan River Valley, in the Flathead National Forest in Montana, very satisfactory progress was made in the examination and classification of lands with respect to their agricultural value. The agricultural possibilities of this valley and the eagerness of set- tlers to cultivate and make their homes on these lands led to a thorough investigation, and as a result the present classification was undertaken. There is a considerable area in this valley supporting a heavy stand of timber, but capable of producing excellent agricul- tural crops if cleared. The ah has been adopted of listing in - practicable farm units, of not exceeding 160 acres, land upon which the value of the timber is not greater than the value of the land for agricultural purposes. If land which would be good arable land when cleared supports a very heavy stand, the timber is sold in accordance with the regula- tions of the Forest Service, and the land is then classified for listing FOREST SERVICE. 369 under the act. This precaution is taken to eliminate timber specu- lation and to encourage bona fide homesteading by persons who expect to till the soil and make the land their home. the Kootenai Valley, in the Kootenai National Forest in Mon- tana, a similar policy was adopted. An agitation begun to secure the elimination of the valley from the Forest ended in an arrange- ment mutually satisfactory to the intending settlers and to the For- est Service, under which the agricultural portions of the valley will be taken up under the Forest homestead act. Sales of timber are being made as rapidly as possible from agricultural areas having a heavy stand, and the land will be listed as soon as the timber is removed. These instances illustrate the manner in which is being worked out a practicable policy to limit occupancy of cultivable timber lands to bona fide settlers, so that the lands may be devoted to their best use and the permanent development of the country may be promoted. Such a policy is necessary that the very purpose for which the land is listed may not be defeated by the passing of the land into the hands of those who wish it for its timber instead of into the hands of home makers. ENFORCEMENT OF LAW. Owing to the transfer of the legal work of the Forest Service to the Solicitor of the Department, on January 15, 1910, the personnel of the force engaged in that work passed beyond the jurisdiction of the Forester. For this reason no reports were made to the Forester by the former District law officers. It is therefore impracticable to give a résumé of the work done prior to the transfer. The report of the Solicitor, although it covers specifically only the latter part of the year, presents substantially the progress made. since fast year’s report in legal matters connected with National Forest administration. At the beginning of the year, however, there were pending on the records of the supervisors’ offices 290 cases of timber trespass, 32 of fire trespass, 42 of grazing trespass, and 37 of special-use trespass. There were added during the year 352 cases of timber trespass, 62 of fire trespass, 342 of grazing trespass, and 40 of special-use trespass, making a total of 1,197 trespass cases to be handled. Of these, 181 cases were dismissed, 552 closed by settlement, and 38 prosecuted in the courts, leaving 426 cases still on the supervisors’ books at the close of the year. Various court decisions of importance in connection with the work of the Forest Service are commented on in the report of the Solicitor. The enforcement of laws relating to the National Forests of necessity falls primarily upon the officers who administer the Forests. In all cases where action in the courts is necessary to enforce the laws relating to the Forests the evidence is secured by the Forest Service and submitted to the Solicitor for examination into its sufficienc and for submission by the Secretary to the Attorney-General with request for institution of proceedings, if the evidence warrants. The evidence in all grazing trespasses of an innocent nature, which are settled by the Secretary without suit, is also secured by the Forest Service and submitted to the Solicitor for examination and report to the Secretary. Adverse reports on claims to lands in the National Forests are made on the evidence secured by the Forest Service. 73477°—acr 1910——24 370 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The procedure in force at the close of the fiscal year provided that these reports and accompanying evidence should be referred to the Solicitor for examination into their sufficiency to sustain adverse proceedings in the Interior Department. If found suflicient, upon the recommendation of the Solicitor to the Secretary a letter to the Secretary of the Interior requests action looking to the ordering of a hearing to determine the validity of the claim. Certain proposed modifications of this procedure are set forth under “ Work for the ensuing year’’ (see p. 60). COST AND USE. The following tables show the cost of administration and protec- tion, expenditures for permanent improvements, and receipts from the several sources, both in totals and per acre, during the year, as compared with those for the fiscal year 1909: Expenditures for administration and protection and permanent improvements during the fiscal year 1910, compared with 1909. Administration and Permanent improve- protection. ments. Fiscal year. a Eee Total. Per acre. Total. Per acre. SLO Roe B= oe ewe’ eae eingeae ee cee : ites ep a eente fe $3, 752,316.91 | $0.01894 | $598,835.64 | $0.00310 UG es = ee eS ee ne AAP oe eon eauoc Scie soaaaeac 2,948, 153. 08 - 01510 599, 471. 02 09 The per acre expenditures are here computed on the basis of the gross area of all National Forests under administration at the close of the year, since private holdings within the exterior boundaries of the Forests do not appreciably lower the cost of administration and protection. Comparison of receipts from the several sources for fiscal years 1910 and 1909. — Timber. Grazing. Special uses. All sources. Fiscal year. | Total. | Per acre. Total. Per acre. Total. Per acre. Total. Per acre. I9LO. ec $1, 043, 428. 20 | $0. 00541 $986,909.38 | $0. 00512 |$59,810.50 | $0. 00031 |$2,090,148.08 | $0. 01084 1909......-. 736, 102. 08 | . 00379 |1,032,185.70 | . 00532 | 38, 982. 88 . 00020 | 1,807,270. 66 . 00931 | | Refunds of excess deposits (as, for example, deposits made by buyers of timber in advance of cutting) have not been deducted from the receipts given above. The refunds of timber receipts in 1910 amounted to $31,584.82, and of all receipts in 1910 to $48,966.86. A deduction of the refunds would leave the total of receipts for 1910 $2,041 ,181.22, as against $1,767,171.93 for 1909. : Grazing receipts for 1910 were paid by the holders of 20,692 per- mits to graze 1,497,570 cattle, horses, and hogs, and of 4,995 permits to graze 7,648,950 sheep and goats. The receipts from timber sales were paid by 5,398 purchasers, who cut the equivalent of 379,616,000 board feet of timber. The receipts from special uses were paid by FOREST SERVICE. 371 the holders of 4,538 permits, including 171 for the use of land in connection with water-power development. These receipts represent profitable use of the Forests by over 30,000.contractors and permittees. The most important form of special use of National Forest land is its use for the development of hydro-electric power. During the year careful consideration was given to revising the form of agree- ment under which such use of National Forest land is permitted. All the details of the proposed new forms have been discussed, point by point, with representatives of power companies and with capable engineers, in order to insure conditions entirely fair both to the interests of the public as represented by the Government and to private interests desirous of occupying power sites, under the simplest and least cumbersome procedure. . The essential features of the new permit and stipulation, which will replace the old agreement, can best De brought out by comparing the new with the old. Under the latter the Government charged for occupancy of its land by a power company an annual sum computed on the basis of the actual output of energy, with a deduction for water used by the company from artificial storage supplies which the company may have created. Deductions were also allowed in pro- ortion to the part of the total drainage basin not contained within National Forests, and for various other specified reasons. Deter- mination of the amount to be collected, therefore, involved constant measurements, both of the actual output of power and of the water flow from storage reservoirs, where these had been constructed. This meant both much trouble to the Government to find out what to charge and fertile grounds of dissatisfaction and dispute. Further, the old form of agreement did not seem to provide sufficient safe- guards against the speculative holding of sites without prompt de- velopment of the power. The new rate will be based, primarily, on the value of the land occupied for power purposes, as measured by its capacity for the development of power, with a deduction for distance from market and for portions of the land to be occupied which do not belong to the Government. * 7 d ‘ - . ' < ‘ a = , ia » { vy ae 2 } / beh heel Ok “SG na = : cig pate om 4 Nie ulti va & is . iy | otedy ae OA ee ~v A PD f ee 4 mg m . ' ae bs > < < REPORT OF THE CHEMIST. U.S. DeparTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, Bureau or CHemMIstry, Washington, D. C., September 1, 1910. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the annual report of the Bureau of Chemistry for the year ending June 30, 1910, together with plans of the work proposed for the year ending June 30, 1911. Respectfully, H. W. Witey, Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAmrs WItson, Secretary of Agriculture. IMPORTANT FOOD INVESTIGATIONS. DETERIORATION OF POULTRY AND EGGS. The investigation of the deterioration of foods, especially of poultry and eggs, instituted primarily to afford data for the enforcement of the food and drugs act, has progressed under the direction of M. & Pennington, along the lines indicated in last year’s report of the Food Research Laboratory. As there stated, this work, which begun with the study of cold-stored poultry, has led to the inv estigation of the handling of poultry in every phase from the producer to the con- sumer. The industries concerned are bringing their problems for solution, and are offering the most hearty cooperation in furthering the work, believing that by the improved methods evolved not only will losses be prevented, but it will be possible to put a better product on the market. The cooperators include not only associations of poultry dressers and merchants, but also railways, refrigerator trans- portation companies, and cold- storage warehousemen. The laboratory studies on the decomposition of flesh, especially as influenced by temperature, have progressed far enough to warrant their collation. The results include data on the changes occurring in flesh when kept at temperatures below zero for varying periods of time, as well as those which occur at atmospheric and ordinary ice- box temperatures. SHIPPING EXPERIMENTS.—During the summer of 1909 the Food Re- search Laboratory conducted a series of shipping experiments with Chicago as the receiving center. Chemists, bacteriologists, and field men from this laboratory established temporary headquarters in the Chicago food and drug inspection laboratory and conducted there the necessary laboratory work. Large poultry packing houses from 429 43 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. southwestern ICansas to northern Iowa were visited; their methods of killing, picking, chilling, packing, and transportation were observed, and a shipment of poultry, of which an accurate record of every-de- tail of manipulation had been kept, was sent to Chicago, where it went either into immediate consumption or into a cold-storage ware- house. In either event, the carload was met on its arrival, the condi- tions in the car after the railroad haul were noted, the boxes of poultry opened and examined, and typical specimens sent to the lab- oratory for immediate chemical and bacteriological examination. A number of these shipments have been traced after leaving their re- spective cold-storage warehouses in Chicago, and again examined after the second railroad haul and a short sojourn in a second ware- house before being placed on the market; some of them have been followed through the market as far as the retailer. At every step specimens were sent to the laboratory for examination. In this way it has been possible to study the practices of a number of packers over a large territory and to trace the results of methods, weather conditions, railroad facilities, etc., on the final condition of the product when it reaches the consumer. A study of the Chicago poul- try market was also made, and is of especial interest, since this city, unlike most others, receives its poultry alive and kills and dresses within the city limits. DRAWN AND UNDRAWN POULTRY.—Especial attention during the year has been given to the question of eviscerating poultry when killed or just before offering it for sale in the markets. Many shipments have been made from the large producing centers of the West to the con- suming sections of the Kast of drawn and undrawn poultry, dressed by commercial and by experimental methods. The cooperation of the industry has permitted the examination and experimental use of much larger quantities of poultry than would have been possible otherwise, arrangements having been made whereby experimental packages, if not rendered unsalable, were turned back into stock and sold. Hence, this much debated question has been studied on a com- mercial scale, under existing as well as under experimental condi- tions, with every facility that the industry could offer to assist in solving the problem. To the visual examination of the fowls, at every stage of their preparation for the market and their journey through it, was added a chemical and bacteriological laboratory examination, that a standard record of changes in the flesh might be correlated with the history of the shipment, and thereby ultimately provide a scientific explanation for the undesirable fowls so often seen in the markets. Shipments were made during cold and during warm weather. Marketing included the handling of the goods by a com- mission man, and by a retailer who sold directly to the consumer. The results of this series of experiments are now being collected. CONDITION OF POULTRY ON ENTERING STORAGE.—It is known that the successful cold storage of poultry depends very largely upon its con- dition when it enters the freezer. It has also been observed that the mode of dressing the birds infinences the quality, especially after storage. This fact was brought out in several addresses to poultry men and warehousemen, the results of the experiments on scalded or dry-picked fowls, promptly stored or delayed before storage, etc., being illustrated by colored sketches of the birds so treated. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 431 The relative stability of the flesh of poultry well drained of blood, as compared with that which holds any quantity of blood in the tissues, as well as the more sightly appearance of the former, has led to a careful study of the whole matter. Shipping experiments, in- cluding marketing and experiments in the packing house, are now under way in the hope of obtaining practical information on this subject. Part of the work includes an anatomical study of the blood vessels of the neck and head of the chicken, that the methods of bleed- ing may be improved by a knowledge of the location of the vessels and the most available place for the cutting of them. The results of this part of the work have already been published in the form of a circular (Circular 61 of the Bureau of Chemistry). Hanp.inc or eccs.—A. study of the changes occurring in eggs after long keeping at low temperatures and after shorter periods at ordi- nary or incubator temperatures is in progress. Eggs of known his- tory, from those of the highest quality to those of a low commercial grade, have been analyzed from time to time after keeping under definite conditions, and have also been studied bacteriologically. This work forms the scientific basis for the study of the commercial handling of eggs along the same lines as are being followed in the investigation of poultry. The details of this investigation and the arrangements for the cooperation of the industry are now completed, and it is expected that it will go forward promptly during the egg season of 1911. This work involves the careful tracing of commer- cial practices in the handling of eggs, from the producer to the con- sumer, and includes the study of the holding of eggs at various points, either for gain in price or through ignorance or carelessness ; sorting and packing in the collecting centers; shipping to distant points; marketing by the jobber and retailer; and storage, from the season of production until the season of shortage. These records of history and environment are to be accompanied by a laboratory analysis at every stage. Fretp LABoRATORIES.—The development of the investigation of the handling of poultry and eggs intended for food and: the ultimate effect of such handling on their wholesomeness has necessitated the installation of small laboratories at the packing houses where experi- ments are being conducted. One such laboratory was established in Atchison, Kans., for the winter of 1909-10, and did most effective work in defining the condition of poultry when fresh killed and the differences caused by various methods of dressing as exhibited by chemical and bacteriological findings. So valuable was the work done in this field laboratory that the establishment of such is now looked upon as an indispensable part of the field equipment. A brief mention, at least, must be made of the interest taken in the field laboratories by the packers themselves and the encouraging under- standing which they evidence of the practical value to them of bac- teriological and chemical findings. During the latter part of the year work has been inaugurated in cooperation with the Bureau of Statistics, in order to obtain reports from the industry concerning the production and sectional distribu- tion of poultry and eggs throughout the country. ANALYTICAL WorK.—The analytical work of the laboratory, which furnishes, as has been stated, the foundation for all the field and 432 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. market investigation and to which almost every problem must finally be referred for solution, necessitated the making of 3,006 determina- tions on 274 chicken samples and 43 egg samples. Three hundred bacteriological examinations of chicken and eggs were also made. The bacteriological work has included the study of growth condi- tions, especially as influenced by temperature, each culture or plating being grown at 0°, 20°, and 37° C. ‘This has necessitated the making of a great number of plates, when quantitative results were desired, and has practically tripled the work done. A considerable number of organisms have also been isolated and identified. The histological examinations of the tissues have been made in connection with the bacteriological whenever it was desirable. SUGARS AND SUGAR PRODUCTS. Marte propucts.—The investigation on the maple products of the United States, begun a year ago, has been practically completed. The samples collected have all been analyzed, and the results on maple sirup have been compiled and are in press. An additional collection of maple sugars was made during the past season; these have been analyzed and the results are being compiled for publication as a com- panion report to that on maple sirups. It is thought that these data will be of material service to the food chemists of the country, as the large number of samples and their wide distribution will furnish a broad and reliable basis for the future valuation of this product. Some experimental work on the manufacture of sirup and sugar from maple sap was done in order to obtain data on the chemical composition of ‘the product as affected by the souring of sap and different methods of manufacture. While many valuable figures have been obtained, the investigation must be continued for several seasons in order to prove some of the points at issue. IXrFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON SUGAR CONTENT OF CORN, ETC.—During this year Bulletin No. 127 on “ The Influence of Environment on the Composition of Sweet Corn” has been published, which includes the results of a four years’ investigation from 1905 to 1908. One additional season’s work has been done on this subject, making a five years’ study comparable to the similar one on sugar beets. The next products to be considered in this series of investigations on the influence of environment on the sugar content are cantaloupes and watermelons. As the quality of melons depends largely on their sugar content, and some sections produce much better melons than others, the work will be of great value in determining what features of the environment influence this content most. This work will be continued for five years in the same way as the two former investi- gations have been conducted. Stations have been selected in Florida, Arizona, Colorado, and some of the Northern States. Sucar Beets.—The methods of analysis of sugar beets are under study to endeavor to adapt them more perfectly to commercial needs. As in previous years, a great many samples of beets have been ana- lvzed for the Bureau of Plant Industry. MiscELLANEOUS INVESTIGATIONS.—A large number of analyses of imported honeys have been made which, together with the results on BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 433 American honeys already published, will be of great value to the food chemist in determining the character and purity of honey. Samples have been collected and analyses begun in an investiga- tion of the composition of American glucose and starch sugars. At present only a few scattered analyses of these products are available, and this work will be of material value to the food chemist in his valuation of sirup mixtures containing varying percentages of com- mercial glucose. The general methods of sugar analysis are constantly being studied in the Sugar Laboratory, under the direction of the chief, A. H. Bryan. New methods as they are published in scientific literature along this particular line are tested and their value for the work in hand is studied. This often requires much work, and may produce only negative results, which are, however, as valuable as positive ones, since it is necessary to know whether the proposed methods are more accurate than those in use. During the year 721 samples were received for analysis by the Sugar Laboratory, and on over 95 per cent of them a complete report has been made. Besides this, about 250 samples of maple sugars, col- lected during the preceding year, were analyzed, and approximately 30 samples of imported honeys. Classifying these samples, the dis- tribution of the work is seen to be as follows: Sugar-bearing plants: CE a et ed a Ne tr Lalit ed 244 Cane sand sorb: 2s eT 62 Official food samples: Maple and cane sirups, molasses, and honeys_____________ 62 Hen ported—bOney Shines ee a et no re RI 39 Memlevsirip and) sugar samples sei foe. nee 399 Samples frem other laboratories and departments: unreal OL ne raying and Priming sos oe 14 General Supply Comin tieens = tens tents hee ee Se 26 Wrug Maavonavory= SaMpless ooo. oe. Se ee eee ee ee 70 Other Jaboratories ‘of ‘the Bureau =) == 3 et ee 8 Sear GHD ROI UC hs aes «teeter en eres ae (UE EY Tt Be oe SY LF ay 32 MUSCEHANCOUS SITUPS!ANG SU SAEs = 2 as ee ee ee 45 BACTERIOCHEMICAL WORK. The principal bacteriochemical investigation conducted has been that of the conditions surrounding the oyster and clam industry. This was continued from last year, and a decided improvement was noted in the methods of handling and shipping these valuable food products. Inspection of oyster beds, floats, shucking houses, con- tainers, and shipping and transportation conditions, and bacterio- logical examinations of water, oysters, and clams were made in the course of this work. The inspection of mineral springs and bottling establishments is being continued, with the attendant bacteriological examinations, and similar cooperation is being given in the Bureau’s investigation of the desiccated and frozen egg industry. Consign- ments of this product have already been seized and condemned as being composed of badly decomposed and filthy material. Assistance was also given in the milk campaigns conducted in Cincinnati and at Boston and Springfield. The results indicate the necessity for further activity along the lines of sanitary milk production. The increased 73477°—acr 1910-——28 434 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. use of milk ferments and kindred preparations is a subject now under consideration. Much valuable information has been gained from the inspection of various factories in different sections of the country where foods are handled and prepared for human consumption. Conditions in milk depots, ice-cream factories, bakeries, candy kitchens, hotels, restau- rants, boats, dining cars, etc., have been observed. The number and nature of the samples examined is shown by the following tabulation of interstate samples and the statement as to research work: Biltierss: 162231 6 ee ae ee eee 12 Ketchup and. ketchup ymaterial= 222s ss asl eee 65 Gorn, meals * — > =e 2) a ee ee eee 18 Cream, raw and pasteurized. 2- 23s eee 158 Creampies Ses fas Ee A eae ee ee ee 18 HKeggs: Desiceated 4 2 — sa eS ee 2 ee eee 50 WrOZen!. Js 5 228) ee eee 50 Wigs Se. ee Se ee 10 Mlour Sse Se Ae: Me ee ee ee 34 TC@ees 2 brtete {0 ee ee ee ee eee 21 Te@. Cream. 2 2s ao. acer teen. Geen tpn reeds ae os ee ee 42 Milk: Raw and pasteurized ==. eee 756 Kermented-milk*preparations==— 2 === 11 Miscellaneoussi22 2222 ek ee eee 57 Oysters. oe te a ph ee ee eee 69 Soft drinks =: 222.2) 22242 4.20 eee eee 40 Water : Bottled...) 2k 89 Allothers:. 22224 225 se oh 2 eee 22 otal. = 22 225 a ot ee 1, 522 The research samples included 92 ciders, 209 samples of desiccated and frozen eggs, 145 samples of oysters, 287 samples of water from various sources, 115 samples of figs, and other miscellaneous materials aggregating 1,068, a total of 2,590 samples examined during the year. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE DIVISION OF FOODS. DETERMINATION OF COLORS IN Foops.—Under the direction of Dr. B. C. Hesse, collaborating expert, New York City, a comprehensive study is in progress by A. M. Doyle, of the Washington Food Inspec- tion Laboratory, looking to the classification of food colors and the construction of analytical trees for their identification. This investi- gation is extensive and intricate in the extreme and will require some time for its completion. The construction of the trees for greens, violets, and browns alone, which has been practically completed, in- volved the making of about 11,000 fundamental observations on 284 samples, in addition to which many hundred tests are made to assure the accuracy and reliability of the trees after their construction. These trees may be relied upon for concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,000 to 1 to 5,000; either side of this range their value has not been established. As far as the work has gone it does not appear that the impurities accompanying different makes of the same Green Table number interfere at all with the use of the trees; the only difficulty observed in this respect was in distinguishing a clean penta methyl BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 435 violet from a poor grade of the hexa methyl violet, and this may be overcome. The actual result of the work so far accomplished is therefore briefly as follows: Given 1 ¢c. c. of a solution of any straight green, brown, or violet dye, containing not more than 1 milligram and not less than one-fifth milligram of such dye, the trees constructed enable one to designate with absolute certainty the exact Green Table number of said dye, with the following exceptions: (1) All browns from G. T. No. 137 to 139, but not between 137 and 139, one against the other; (2) all violets from G. T. No. 451 and 452, but not between the two, one against the other. Similar trees will be worked out for the remaining colors—blue, orange, yellow, and red—and the influence of mixed dyes tested, for which work the fundamental material has already been collected. It will also be necessary to determine what effect, if any, the food ma- terial in which the dye is placed has upon the sensitiveness or relia- bility of the trees as constructed. If this influence is disturbing, then means of obtaining clean color solutions of the necessary strength must be devised. The importance of this work in the enforcement of the food law is apparent. Notwithstanding the number and variety of colors en- countered the continuation of this systematic study will soon place the matter on a practical working basis, the analytical trees furnish- ing a rapid method of identifying the colors, further confirmatory tests to be applied when deemed necessary. These studies are sup- plemented by others at the New York and Seattle food-inspection laboratories. CoprisH.—Codfish and other salt fish are subject to spoilage during the warm weather, particularly between the middle of June and October, and a careful study has been made by Inspector Bitting of the conditions surrounding the industry with a view to obviating or reducing the loss from this source. The first evidence of spoilage is a red discoloration, due to bacteria, and brown spots or “ freckles,” due to a mold. The specific organisms causing the spoilage have been determined and some of the conditions favorable to their growth established. The preliminary work has been directed almost wholly toward finding the cause of the spoilage and the source of the infection. It has long been believed that the organisms causing the spoilage occur normally in the localities where the fish are packed and are abundant in the salt used for curing, possessing a tolerance for salt not common to most germs. The extensive bacteriological studies on the causes of reddening together with the inspection work present strong evidence that the difficulty is largely due to factory infection, use of con- taminated water for washing the fish, and careless methods of han- dling, and that the influence of germs found in the lowlands, in the vicinity of the factory, and in the salt seems to have been over- estimated. At first it was believed that the problem consisted in preventing spoilage in an infected product by stopping the growth of organisms necessarily present, but these investigations indicate strongly that it consists rather in the usual difficulty of preventing infection. Recommendations along these lines have been made in Bulletin No. 133, reporting the results of this investigation. 436 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Kerenupr.—Experiments have been continued by Mr. Bitting in the making of tomato ketchup to increase the time of keeping after opening the container. The work showed that ketchup could be made without any other preservative than sterilization, and such preserva- tive action as may be exerted by the vinegar and sugar present, and have it keep as long as it remains sealed, and also for a reason- able time after opening. The ketchup first made had a specific gravity of about 1.06, a total acidity of less than 0.9, estimated as acetic acid, and about 6 per cent of sugar. In the subsequent experi- ments the aim has been to give a heavier body and a higher total acidity in order to offer greater resistance to germs which might find entrance after the bottle has been opened. It was found that ketch- ups having a specific gravity of more than 1.12, a total acidity of 1.2 per cent or more, estimated as acetic acid, and 12 per cent or more of sugar would keep. All of these figures were gay ex- ceeded in the experiments, and good ketchup may be made in which all or only one or two of the factors are increased. It is possible that there may be a decrease in these proportions, though with some risk. The greater concentration and the increase in sugar and vinegar have been the chief factors in securing a product of superior keeping properties, cleanliness and sterilization being always essential. Examinations were made of commercial ketchups for their specific gravity, total acidity, condition of the tissues, and the organisms present. A comparison made with the record of a similar examina- tion two years previous shows a decided improvement in this time. The ketchups were also compared by dividing them into two classes, those preserved with benzoate of soda and those preserved by steriliza- tion, together with the preservative action exerted by the increased vinegar and sugar present. The latter class has a heavier body and consequently a slightly higher acidity than the former. The ketchups depending mainly upon sterilization and also upon increased vinegar and sugar and concentration for their keeping properties are gener- ally made of higher grade material, and a smaller number of organ- isms are present than in the benzoated products, but there are clean kketchups and dirty ketchups in both classes. The condition of the ketchup is determined by the appearance of the cells, whether they are broken or separated by fermentation or decay, and by the number and kind of organisms present and their condition. The general appearance of the ketchup and its color, taste, and smell may be easily modified by a skilled manufacturer, but no amount of cooking or finishing can change the microscopic structure. FRUIT AND FRUIT PRODUCTS.—The experimental work on fruit and fruit products has been continued in collaboration with the pomolo- gist in charge of the field investigations of the Bureau of Plant Industry. The fruits studied were grapes, apples, pineapples, peaches, plums, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, huckleberries, currants, oranges, and lemons. Investigations on grape juice were made with the object of study- ing the yields obtained by different methods of pressing and of heat- ing before pressing and the effect of these various procedures on the composition and flavor, working on a scale which could readily be extended to commercial proportions. The studies on juices prepared BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 437 from various other fruits have been continued, their nature being similar to those carried on with grapes. It is found, however, that each fruit presents peculiarities requiring slight modifications in treatment. ‘These results were printed in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry for July, 1909. It has been found that freshly pressed apple juice, cooled imme- diately after preparation, can be kept for a period of from six weeks to three months at 32° F. before it begins to ferment, after which the fermentation is very slow and the flavor of the juice well maintained. Investigations made during the past season along this line have veri- fied those previously made and show in addition that cider held at the freezing point on withdrawal from storage keeps well at refriger- ator temperatures. Another study on the value of peaches as vinegar stock was made, covering the composition of peach juices of different varieties, the fermentation of ground peaches, the composition of the resulting ciders, and the preparation and composition of peach vinegar. It appeared from this work that peaches contain sufficient fermentable sugar for use in this way and that they can be successfully handled by the machinery used for making apple vinegar. Studies on the method of preparing dried, sugared pineapples have been continued and a very palatable product which keeps well has been produced. The samples held in cold storage retained to a great degree their original golden yellow color and the rich pine- apple aroma and flavor. These three investigations have been re- corded in Circulars 48, 51, and 57 of the Bureau of Chemistry. Further investigations on Japanese persimmons have indicated that the Japanese process of ripening by using sake or dilute alcohol, as the liquid with which to saturate the walls of the vessel in which the fruit is stored, can be successfully applied commercially if the fruits are evenly ripened. Otherwise a considerable proportion of the fruit may soften unduly. The study of the effect of low temperatures on the life processes of fruits has been continued and extended to several varieties of small fruit. In this study the rate of the evolution of carbon dioxid is used as a measure of physiological activity. In all cases thus far investigated cooling was found to cause marked retardations in the life processes. In collaboration with the Bureau of Plant Industry a study is also being made of the composition of oranges at different stages of maturity with a view to elaborating, if possible, an analytical method by which data may be secured for the comparison and selection of types of oranges. A study has been made of the practice of picking immature oranges and grape fruits and sweating them for the purpose of supplying the’ market in advance of the time of normal ripening. It appears that fruit so treated is so far inferior to that permitted to attain a rea- sonable degree of ripeness before picking that the continuance of the practice would be likely to work great injury to the industry. These fruit studies and the following food investigations are made under the direction of W. D. Bigelow. CITRUS OILS AND CITRUS By-PRODUCTS.—The examination of au- thentic samples of citrus oils obtained in Sicily will soon be com- 438 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. pleted, and the special investigation of the production of citrus by-products in California, begun last year, is being continued. The methods for the manufacture of citric acid have been studied in the laboratory and the investigation is now awaiting the completion of a device for extracting oil. Whether or not such a device can be suc- cessfully operated will soon be ascertained. Disrm.ep spirirs.—The investigation of the methods of handling distilled spirits and the study of the changes taking place in storage of same under varying conditions, which was commenced two years ago, is still being carried on, samples being taken at regular intervals and general conditions noted. The data so obtained are of value in judging of the authenticity of samples in the enforcement of the food law. Ciper vyinecar.—A special study has been made of the changes taking place in the composition of apple cider when converted into vinegar in the commercial types of generators. In order to deter- mine what changes take place when manufacturing on a commercial scale, the cooperation of a large vinegar factory in Michigan was obtained, thus making it possible to exercise chemical control of all of the operations under commercial conditions. ‘Twice during the year, once in the winter and once in the summer, a 20,000-gallon tank of cider was run through a series of generators, and a careful note made of the changes of composition which occurred, thus covering also the effect of the seasonal changes in temperature on the action of the gen- erators. ‘This work is still in progress, and already important in- formation has been obtained as to the composition of pure cider vinegars made on a commercial scale. In addition to the study of changes taking place in the manufacture of cider into vinegar, an elaborate chemical study of the composition of cider to be used in the manufacture of cider vinegar has been made in cooperation with the New York laboratory. OccURRENCE OF ARSENIC IN FOOD PRODUCTS.—The investigations of the Bureau have shown that certain materials, used both as drugs and in the manufacture of foods, sometimes contain a considerable amount of arsenic. For example, a number of samples of various types of foods, in the manufacture of which commercial preparations of phosphates and phosphoric acid were used, were found to contain an excessive amount of arsenic. A study has been begun to determine the prevalence of the use in the manufacture of foods of arsenic- bearing raw materials. Ovystrers.—A number of cove-oyster canneries have been visited and samples prepared in the presence of the inspector have been examined in the laboratory. The data secured are of value in judging of the legality of shipments of cove oysters in interstate commerce. INFLUENCE OF TIN RECEPTACLES ON THE CHARACTER AND COMPOSITION or Froops.—A careful study has been made of a large variety of foods canned in different grades of tin and prepared in the presence of representatives of the Department. This food will be examined periodically to determine the amount of tin dissolved therein and the extent to which the coating of the receptacle has been corroded. During the past year the first examination of all of the samples was made. For the same purpose there were examined some old samples BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 439 of unknown origin. A study was also made under artificial condi- tions (imitating as closely as possible those obtaining in Dee canned goods) of the solubility of tin plate in organic acids simulat- ing the composition and acidity of vegetable and fruit juices. Epretz o11s.—In collaboration with the Bureau of Plant Industry a study has been begun of the composition of a large number of va- rieties of soy beans and the character of their oil. Methods for the clarification of this oil and of peanut oil have also been studied. ANALYTICAL METHODS.—Much progress has been made in the im- provement of methods for the detection of food adulteration. New methods have been devised, improvements have been made in some of those formerly used, and by means of collaborative study the re- sults of the various food laboratories of the Bureau have been brought in closer accord. The method for the quantitative determination of benzoic acid, which previously had been used especially with tomato ketchup, has been investigated in connection with other varieties of foods and found to be generally applicable. The exact determination of the character and quantity of the va- rious organic acids in different types of foods is of the utmost im- portance in the detection of food adulteration, since the organic acids of many foods are dissimilar from those of the products with which they are commonly adulterated. A careful study of methods for the detection and estimation of minute quantities of the common organic acids has been undertaken and marked progress has been made. This not only furnishes additional evidence of adulteration, but also valuable data respecting the soundness or decomposition of products from which certain types of food have been made. The analytical methods used in foreign countries in testing Amer- ican food products, especially those regarding fats and oils, have been under investigation, with the hope of bringing about some inter- national agreement. The necessity for this work can not be over- estimated, especially with regard to the great quantity of animal fats and oils exported to foreign countries, the acceptance of which is based on chemical analysis. Misce.titanrous.—A considerable number of the samples examined was not included either in the ordinary investigations of the Bureau or in its work of inspection. Many materials were examined at the request of other departments for the purpose of determining their purity and quality. At the request of the General Supply Committee the division examined 235 samples of food submitted in connection with bids for government institutions. DRUG INVESTIGATIONS. Both the routine examinations and the special investigations con- ducted by the Division of Drugs, under the direction of L. F. Kebler, are chiefly concerned with the composition, adulteration, and mis- branding of drugs and chemicals imported or found on the American market and shipped in interstate commerce or manufactured or produced in the United States territories or the District of Columbia. The chemical reagents used by the Bureau of Chemistry in its general analytical work are also examined by this division. These lines of work require a study of the methods of analysis, of the standards at 44() ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. present official for certain products, and of normal products, with a view to establishing standards and supplying the necessary data on which to base action. The study of the keeping qualities of hydrogen peroxid was completed and that on the deterioration of certain plant products and preparations derived from the same is still in progress. Much work has been done to establish qualitative and quantitative methods for demonstrating the presence and determining the amounts of several constituents (i. e., morphin,* cocain,’ acetanilid, antipyrin, chloral hydrate, opium, heroin, diacetylmorphin, the eucains, etc.) found in various mixtures, such as the so-called drug-addiction cures, asthma cures, cancer cures, consumption cures, soothing sirups, ete. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, there were examined in this division 2,051 samples; of this number 503 were chemical reagents, 228 imported drugs, 1,184 domestic drugs or dry products, and 136 miscellaneous materials. These include all samples whether collected under the food and drugs act, examined for other branches of the Government, for information, or to be used as a basis for establishing the data on which to fix standards. ESSENTIAL OILS. Several years ago it was a common practice for various manufac- turers to advertise the fact that their salicylic acid and sodium salicylate were made from oil of wintergreen. This representation was largely made because of the fact that the physician believed that the agents so obtained were more efficacious in the treatment of rheumatism than the synthetic products. Numerous complaints were received by doctors to the effect that the wintergreen salicylates they were employing did not give the results formerly obtained. An inves- tigation soon showed that a comparatively small amount of actual oil of wintergreen was produced in the United States, but it was very difficult to prove that any given sample of salicylic acid or sodium salicylate was not made from oil of wintergreen. The results of the investigation soon manifested themselves in the trade, however, by the appearance of statements on labels as the following: “ Salicylic acid natural,” “ Sodium salicylate natural,” with nothing to indicate that these products had a common origin in oil of sweet birch, an oil analogous in many respects to oil of wintergreen, but not the same. In fact, no advertisements have appeared during the past year repre- senting that these commodities were made from oil of wintergreen, but the natural products are still on the market. It is well known that such a representation would be looked upon as false, for the reason that the supply of oil of wintergreen is extremely small. A further investigation showed that a large proportion of the so-called oil of wintergreen consisted largely of mixtures of methyl salicylate and oil of sweet birch; for example, one of the manufacturers of so- called oil of wintergreen found it very difficult to explain certain circumstantial evidence, and finally admitted that the product he was selling as oil of wintergreen was in reality not that article. The investigation is still in progress, with the view to devising a method for detecting the various mixtures of the three commodities known as oil of wintergreen, oil of sweet birch, and methy! salicylate. @The words “ morphin” and “cocain” as used in this report refer to the salts of the respective alkaloids. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 441 Peppermint oil undoubtedly constitutes one of the most important industries in essential oils in the United States. Investigations are in progress to determine whether or not one variety of plant grown under varying conditions would produce oils superior to those made from another variety grown under similar conditions, and whether or not the oils so produced comply with the standard set by the Pharmacopeeia. Quite a number of authentic oils were gathered in southern Michigan, but no conclusions have been reached as yet. A sample of California peppermint oil was also procured and was found to contain an unduly large amount of menthol. Other oils under investigation are spearmint, tansy, and wormwood. The quantitative methods for determining the chief odor-bearing constituents are being studied. These methods involve the deter- mination of many of the ketones and aldehydes present in the vari- ous essential oils. A special study of the hydroxylamin titration method for estimating ketones and aldehydes is in progress in-order to determine whether or not this method is more generally applicable and reliable than the alkaline sulphite or bisulphite solutions at present used. Many of the ketones do not react with the sulphite solutions. From the results obtained so far it is apparent that this method when carefully worked out will give closely concordant results in the hands of different workers, and in most cases the prod- uct of the reaction can be recovered and its chemical identity estab- lished. The method has already been compared with the other assay methods in conjunction with spearmint and dill oils. The method also promises well for determining the quality of such oils as tansy, wormwood, pennyroyal, and dill, for which at present there is no satisfactory method of assay. The official method for determining the presence of dimethyl sulphid in oil of peppermint as prescribed by the United States Pharmacopeeia is also under investigation. The analysis of certain brands of root-beer extracts on the market having revealed the presence of a considerable quantity of free sali- eylic acid, the question of the hydrolysis of methyl salicylate under the conditions obtaining in the manufacture was raised and it became necessary to establish whether the salicylic acid found is added as a preservative or whether it is the result of hydrolysis of methyl sali- eylate. The indications point to the latter hypothesis as the correct one, in which case salicylic acid may appear in the finished product without having been added as such. The interstate samples of essential oils so far examined show that they are either pure or the variation from the standard prescribed by the Pharmacopceeia is very slight. In many instances, however, the oils are evasively labeled with such phrases as “ for technical use only ” or “ not for medicinal use.” SYNTHETIC PRODUCTS. In former years it was customary for manufacturers of proprietary remedies, particularly those for headache, rheumatism, and la grippe, to represent them as containing drugs of exceptional curative powers, while, as a matter of fact, the active ingredients were usually acetanilid, antipyrin, some salicylate, with frequently caffein and quinin. A marked change has taken place under the operation of 449 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the food and drugs act in that such common and active synthetics as acetanilid and acetphenetidin must be properly declared on the label, so that it becomes apparent at once to the consumer how much of these drugs he is taking at each dose. During the past fiscal year the Synthetic Products Laboratory has examined 252 interstate and 12 unofficial samples; 72 of the former were reported as illegal, and 15 notices of judgment dealing with such materials have been issued. The illegal samples included preparations for the treatment of headache, neuralgia, la grippe, rheumatism, and catarrh, and contained among other constituents various synthetics, such as acet- anilid, acetphenetidin, antipyrin, salicylic acid, salol, heroin, codein, and novocain. Several products, such as soft drinks and Haarlem oil, were subjected to check analysis in this laboratory for the pur- pose of verifying the amounts of cocain, caffein, and methyl salicylate originally reported. The investigations inaugurated in 1908 for the purpose of develop- ing methods for estimating the constituents present in headache mixtures were continued during the past year. Very satisfactory results were obtained with the new method for separating acetanilid from acetphenetidin. Sophistication of the latter product with acet- anilid can now be quite accurately determined, both volumetrically and gravimetrically, by means of the iodin addition product of acetphenetidin. A method has also been elaborated for the purpose of separating and estimating antipyrin and caffein in mixtures. The efficacy of these methods was clearly shown in the examination of various check and interstate samples. Further work has been accom- plished in the recovery of caffein from certain animal tissues and secretions, particularly the bile. COOPERATION WITH POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT. The Division of Drugs has continued to cooperate with the Post- Office Department in its efforts to obtain fraud orders against medic- inal agents represented as cures for various maladies sent or pre- scribed through the mails in violation of the postal laws. To this end the analysis of the samples of medicines used is supplemented by a study of all of the claims and representations made for the treat- ments. The number of remedies in each treatment varied from one toten. Twenty of these treatments were investigated, eight of which were so-called “cancer cures.” One of these consisted essentially of cloth bags containing a mixture of about 98 per cent of sand and clay and 2 per cent of boneblack. It was represented that these “ cancer absorbents ” would cure cancer completely and permanently by withdrawing or absorbing the “ cancer poison ” from the system. “ Cancer tablets,” to “soften and dissolve the growth from the in- side,” and “cancer ointments” were also employed in conjunction with them. The tablets were found to consist of 98.4 per cent of sugar of milk, 1.4 per cent of moisture, and a trace of animal char- coal and an excipient ; the ointment was composed of petroleum mixed with oil of tar and a trace of vegetable matter. Another, compris- ing seven remedies, consisted essentially of potassium iodid, and from the evidence presented at the hearing it was clear that, ike many other “cures” of this class, it was in reality directed toward the BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 443 relief of syphilitic troubles erroneously believed to be of a cancerous nature. The Post-Office Department has issued fraud orders in nearly a dozen of these cases, and as a result the mail-order “ cancer- cure” business has, to a very large extent, been suppressed in this country. Other treatments investigated included epilepsy and hernia “cures,” lost-manhood restorers, “ cures” for women’s ills, ete. There are several other cancer “cure” treatments of lesser importance under investigation, besides tuberculosis and epilepsy “ cures,” eye- sight and vitality restorers, and similar remedies, all plainly of a fraudulent character. Most of the “ epilepsy cures” are prescribed and sold through the mails though a few of them are sold in the open market. They rank second only to the cancer cures in the misleading and deceptive char- acter of the claims made for them. Most of them are represented to cure epilepsy, irrespective of kind or cause, completely and perma- nently, and the claims to this effect generally appear in the corre- spondence and printed matter sent to the prospective purchaser through the mail; only a few, if any, appear on the label. The rep- resentations commonly made are to the effect that as a result of the use of the treatment the epileptic seizures are lessened in frequency and severity, any diseased condition of the brain is corrected, and brain tissue which has been damaged or destroyed is replaced; this change goes on steadily until the whole nervous system is restored to a sound and normal condition, and, the cause being removed, the convulsive seizures no longer make their appearance and the epilepsy is cured, never to return. Such claims are false and misleading in the highest degree. The medical profession knows of no substance or mixture of substances which is capable of creating new brain or nerve tissue in place of the old which has been removed or destroyed. Most of the epilepsy cures depend for their efficacy upon the presence of one or more of the bromids. While these agents appear in some instances to exert a palliative effect upon the epileptic seizures, their effect is temporary only, and according to the best authorities they can not in any sense be considered cures for the disease. “Consumption cures” are also sold through the mails as well as in the shops. Analysis in the Division of Drugs has shown that they usually contain ordinary medicinal agents, some of which are occa- sionally useful in combating the distressing symptoms of the disease; but so far as has yet been learned, their effect is temporary only, and they can not in any sense be regarded as “cures” for tuberculosis. Some of these remedies are represented to be cures and absolute cures for all forms of tuberculosis. Symptom blanks are employed in con- nection with these treatments as well as in connection with those can- cer and epilepsy cures which are prescribed or sold through the mails, but this method of making a diagnosis in the absence of the patient is in such cases virtually worthless. Millions of dollars are spent annually to retard the progress of consumption, but it is well known that there is at the present time no specific for its treatment. Any- one engaged in eeploming a so-called consumption cure is simply trafficking in the life and health of the people, since the time lost in such a way may result in the death of the victims by delaying the use of the proper hygienic measures, 444 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MEDICATED SOFT DRINKS, In the summer of 1907 an investigation was begun with the view of determining the number of medicated soft drinks containing either cocain or caffein or both. Since that time over 100 brands have been found containing smaller or greater quantities of caffein, and approximately one-third were found to contain small quantities of cocain. During the past fiscal year 15 samples, representing mostly new brands, were examined, all of which contained caffein and 6 contained small quantities of cocain. The amount of cocain, to be sure, was small in each case, but the presence of such a deleteri- ous agent, sold without restraint to children as well as adults, must be considered a very undesirable practice which brings harm to all consumers. It is not uncommon to find persons addicted to the use of these drinks, especially factory employees, stenographers, type- writers, and others subjected to mental or nervous strain, many of whom, it is reported, spend a large part of their earnings for these drinks. Life insurance companies are considering the status of soft-drink habitués as future risks, and undoubtedly very small quantities of cocain affect the nervous system of many individuals, especially those who have been addicted to the drug habit. Even in the few instances in which the quantity of cocain present is declared upon the container, this information does not come to the attention of the public. During the year a farmers’ bulletin (No. 393) on habit-forming agents has been published for the purpose of warning people in general against all beverages and remedies containing such materials, and explaining the menace that they bear to the public health. SO-CALLED DRUG-ADDICTION CURES. At the beginning of the last fiscal year the division was in com- munication with 35 institutions, combinations, or individuals en- gaged in the practice of treating drug addiction, opium, morphin, and cocain addiction, by furnishing treatment with instructions. As a rule the preparations contain, in large quantities, the very drug for which the treatment is to be taken. They are sent indiscriminately into any home, without any warning whatever relative to their poison- ous character. Some of the promoters themselves have little knowl- edge of the dangerous character of the mixtures they are handling. For example, one of these treatments was found to be handled by a groceryman who had neither medical nor pharmaceutical knowledge, but distributed several treatments to anyone asking for them. Physicians very well understand that there are at present no sub- stances known to the medical profession which can be used success- fully for the treatment of drug addiction without the careful super- vision and restraining influence of the doctor himself and the con- stant attendance of a nurse. It is also well known that drug addicts are incapable of curing themselves. The chief object of these treat- ments appears to be to extract money from the unfortunate victims, as is indicated by the fact that in some instances the treatment is supplied to the same individual over a period of years. A number of cases against products of this character are pending, but these dangerous commodities continue to be sent through the mails and especially by express from one State to another. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 445 PRESCRIPTION REMEDIES. These prescription remedies usually call for several well-known medicinal agents, together with a coined-name product in the exploita- tion of which the advertiser is interested. In order to fill this so-called prescription it is necessary to purchase the agent sold under the coined name. The number of these remedies has been materially increased during the past year. Analysis reveals the fact that they are composed of well-known simple medicinal agents, and the claims made for them are not in keeping with the facts. The introduction of these mixtures has led to another scheme that might be called “household prescription remedies.” They are advertised and sold in the same manner as are those just described, except that the purchaser himself supplies the ingredients necessary to compound the prescrip- tion. For example, in the manufacture of a face lotion, the pros- pective patient is advised to purchase a cheap well-known product under a coined name, mix it at home with certain well-known house- hold agents, among them water, and apply the resulting mixture. The same directions are given for so-called shampoos, obesity re- ducers, and other remedies. The mixtures sold under these trade names are usually among the cheapest available on the market. For example, a certain commodity represented as a face lotion consists essentially of magnesium sulphate colored and perfumed. The amount of magnesium sulphate present in the package is worth less than 1 cent, but the package costs 50 cents. A shampoo exploited under a trade name sells for 75 cents, but consists essentially of borax, the amount contained in the package costing less than 5 cents. These are representative of a large number of products of this type at present on the market. It is of interest to note that these mixtures are sometimes exploited through the “Beauty” departments of certain newspapers. Such commodities are plainly unmitigated frauds. PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS. Srupies ON FLOUR AND NitTRITES.—Additional experiments on blood pressure of cats and dogs were made with alcoholic and aqueous ex- tracts of unbleached flour and of flour bleached by varying quantities of nitrogen peroxid. The results obtained indicate a fall of blood pressure in all cases, equal in degree, however, for the bleached and unbleached flours. In experiments with sodium and potassium nitrite, a fall of blood pressure was obtained in cats and dogs under ether anesthesia when relatively small quantities were injected directly into the circulation. The effect of bleached flour on enzyms has been studied as follows: (1) Experiments on autolysis (self-digestion without foreign bacteria) of bleached and unbleached flour have been conducted, but no difference in the rate of autolysis has been observed; (2) artificial digestion experiments were made on gluten from unbleached flour and that bleached by different amounts of nit- rogen peroxid. No conclusion could be reached as to difference in the digestibility of the wet glutens examined, but when the gluten was dried and powdered the digestion was somewhat retarded in some of the samples of bleached flour studied as compared with those obtained from unbleached flour; (3) the effect of nitrites on the salivary digestion of starch was studied, but, although moderately large amounts of sodium nitrite were used, no effect was noticed. 446 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. STUDIES ON THE PHARMACOLOGY OF CAFFEIN.—(1) The experiments on the comparative toxicity of caffein in different species of animals and by different modes of administration were continued. Chronic caffein intoxication in dogs and rabbits was also studied. (2) Experiments on rabbits to determine the production of caf- fein glycosuria indicate that doses not large enough to induce nervous and muscular symptoms cause a temporary diabetes. After larger doses the amount of sugar in the urine is increased. Glycosuria was also produced in some, but not in all, of the cats under observation. The amount of sugar in the urine of cats was much larger, however, than in that of rabbits similarly treated. It was also found that calcium chlorid stimulates caffein glycosuria in rabbits. (3) Caffein added to liver tissue and allowed to stand in the pres- ence of antiseptics for several days may be almost completely re- covered, thus showing that the liver does not contain any specific enzym which destroys caffein. (4) The elimination of caffein in the bile was studied in dogs, rab- bits, and cats, resulis showing that caffein is eliminated through this channel. (5) The effect of caffein on protein metabolism in dogs has been studied with especial care during the past year. Valuable and inter- esting data have already been obtained, and the work will be con- tinued. (6) A study of the effect of caffein on the circulation of cats and dogs is in progress. 7) The elimination of kreatin and kreatinin after the adminis- tration of caffein has been continued. The results indicate increas- ing eliminiation of kreatin, but the evidence is not yet conclusive. ToxicIry OF THE ALCOHOLS AND OF OTHER COMPOUNDS IN THE FATTY ACID SERTES.—Experiments on the comparative toxicity of ethyl and amyl alcohol were conducted, considerable work being done on the effect of ethyl alcohol on the protein metabolism in dogs. Because of its use in the arts and in flavoring essences for food, the pharma- cology of amyl acetate was made the subject of a special investigation. It was found that from 4 to 6 ce injected subcutaneously caused paralysis and coma in frogs. Some work has been done on the improvement of methods of analy- sis employed in metabolism experiments. The preparation of the sample for the determination of total nitrogen in feces and the deter- mination of allantoin in the urine of animals have been especially studied and improvements made in the usual procedures. CHEMICAL REAGENTS. Five hundred and three chemicals were examined to check the qual- ity of the reagents supplied to the Bureau of Chemistry and the branch laboratories on contract, as well as to other laboratories of the Department. Some improvements have been made in the general quality of the chemicals during the past year, and in many instances the manufacturers have improved on the style of container and the method of labeling. The rejections from the various lots of chemicals has been about 5 per cent. Some of the rejections and the reasons for same are as follows: Absolute ether, containing peroxids; absolute alcohol, containing foreign organic matter and aldehydes; citric acid, _BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 447 containing sulphates; hydrogen peroxid, U. S. P., found to contain acetanilid; lead peroxid, labeled c. p., found to contain 5 per cent of lead sulphate. . Manufacturers have expressed not only in words, but in action, a marked degree of willingness to supply the character of chemicals needed for the analytical work of the Bureau. Difficulties relative to procuring acetic acid complying with the sulphuric acid-bichromate test have been experienced during this year, as in the past. This is largely because of the fact that the awards are made to different deal- ers from year to year, and each one in turn has the task of providing an acid of suitable quality or enlisting some manufacturer to produce a reagent of proper quality. The investigation relative to the quality of the various glacial phos- phoric acids on the market has been completed and the results com- piled. They clearly show that the various brands of this product are variable mixtures of meta-phosphoric, pyro-phosphoric, and ortho- phosphoric acids, together with smaller or larger quantities of sodium phosphate. The latter is usually added for the purpose of causing solidification and thus enabling the manufacturer to supply an article of attractive appearance and which can be readily handled. It was also found that solutions of glacial phosphoric acid reverted from the lower hydrated acids continuously, and the rapidity of such rever- sions depend on temperature, concentration, and the nature of asso- ciated substances. It can therefore readily be seen that a mixture of such variable composition is an undesirable chemical reagent. It is further evident, in view of the fact that solutions of glacial phos- phoric acid are never constant in composition, that such should not be used in the manufacture of medicines to be employed in the com- pounding of prescriptions. The reversion was proven to take place not only in the commercial brands, but also in meta-phosphoric acid made in the laboratory and of known purity. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS. VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. As in former years, the investigations in plant physiological chem- istry, under the direction of J. A. Le Clerc, have been performed to a large extent in collaboration with the various offices of the Bureau of Plant Industry. For example— (a) Studies of cereals for the Office of Grain Investigation and the Office of Grain Standardization, to determine their nutritive value when grown under different conditions and to determine the localities best adapted for the production of the particular cereals in question. (6) Baking studies for the Office of Grain Investigation, in testing the value of Maryland flours, which for a number of years had been selected, crossed, and grown at College Park. This series of tests was for the purpose of eliminating the least desirable varieties of wheat under experimentation. (c) The analyses of wheat to test the effect of varying amounts of shade on the protein and starch content, in collaboration with the physicist of the Bureau of Plant Industry. (d) Acidity studies of peat for the botanist in connection with the blueberry investigation. These results are of value in indicating 448 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. whether the peat in question is suitable for growing blueberries and how to adapt unsatisfactory peat to this purpose. (e) Barley investigation in collaboration with the barley experts of the Bureau of Plant Industry. This experiment was started for the purpose of noting the changes in composition of many varieties of barley when grown at the same experiment farm for a series of years. (f) The study of alkali extracts in collaboration with the Office of Alkali and Drought-Resisting Plants and the Office of Western Agri- culture Extension to determine whether the solutions in question con- tained sufficient alkali to prevent the growth of crops in the localities affected. (g) The study of the absorption of plant foods by plants grown in the Great Plains area, in collaboration with the Office of Dry Land Agriculture. ‘This is only a small part of the work done in connection with a very extensive project begun by the Bureau of Plant Industry to determine the influence of crop rotation. The chemical work in- cludes the determination of the plant food taken up by plants grown under the different conditions. Besides these collaborative studies, this laboratory milled 323 samples of wheat, obtained through the ordinary commercial chan- nels, in order to prepare them for the determination of the amount of nitrites naturally found in flours as a preliminary to the bleached- flour investigation. Other studies have included: (a) Baking experiments to determine the value of high-protein food materials as partial substitutes for flour in bread making. The results thus far obtained promise to afford a cheaper loaf of bread, which shall be both nutritious and palatable. (6) The infiuence of environment on the composition of wheat. This study has shown that environment has a greater influence in affecting the composition than has variety and the results have been published as Bulletin No. 128. (c) The composition of cereals at different stages of growth, in order to determine when the plant should be cut in order to yield the most nutriment. This experiment is being carried on in collabor- ation with the Office of Grain Investigation, and the work is mostly with barley and wheat. (dq) Changes in the composition of cereals during storage. The results thus far obtained show that corn changes in composition very much more rapidly than do the other cereals. (e) The study of the composition of barley and malt. The object of this study is to note the changes which take place on malting and to study the best temperature at which malting and subsequent kiln- ing should be conducted with a view to causing the least possible loss and of producing a malt with the highest diastatic power. (7) The effect of soil exchange (between Kansas, California, and Maryland) on the composition of wheat. This is intended to supple- ment the tri-local experiments on environment in order to determine to what extent the differences in composition found are due to the variations in soil. The first year’s results only are at hand and they would seem to indicate that somewhat better crops can be produced on the California and Kansas soils in all three localities than on the Maryland soil. The differences in composition are, however, not BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 449 nearly so great as that caused by the change due to environment even on the same soil. (g) The study of the form in which phosphorus occurs in wheat and cotton-seed meal. As it was intended to use cotton-seed meal for bread-making purposes, it was thought desirable to determine the nature of the phosphorus compounds found therein. (i) The study of the translocation of plant food and the elabora- tion of plant material during germination and during the early stages of plant growth. Such studies have been carried on in the past with respect to maturing plants. This study takes up the first two weeks of the plant’s life, and the results obtained are expected to be of considerable interest to scientific and practical agriculture. In the conduct of this work, approximately 11,000 chemical deter- minations were made, and over 3,000 other examinations, including milling and baking tests, fermentation tests, physical tests of cereals, and granulation tests on flour. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. A preliminary feeding experiment on animals to compare the rela- tive nutritive values of glucose and cane sugar was.completed. This study has not extended over a sufficient length of time, however, to be conclusive, though the results so far obtained indicate that the animals did not thrive so well on glucose as on cane sugar. Analyses of yeast and beef extracts of known origin and a study on the determination of glycerin in medicinal meat preparations were made. The work on the deterioration of meats and fish has been continued and is nearing completion. So far the results show that incipient deterioration of meats and fish when kept at low temperatures for periods of six to eight months can be detected by chemical means. The scope of the study has been enlarged in order to determine how long such products should be held in storage, especially with reference to their fitness for food under the food law. Progress has been made during the past year in a study of the enzyms which accomplish the digestion of sugars in plants and ani- mals. The laws of the action of one of the most important enzyms, invertase, have been reduced to exact knowledge by accurate quanti- tative study, and from this investigation there has resulted a useful method for estimating cane sugar in agricultural products. By the use of this new method it has been found that a wild plant, which occurs abundantly in Texas and New Mexico, called sotol (Dasylirion texanum), contains 13 per cent of the important sugar fructose. It is planned to examine other related plants by this method. The results of these researches have been published in circular form. There is in progress a study of the enzyms maltose and emulsin, which has for its purpose the development of a method of analysis for the sugars maltose and raffinose. As these enzyms can not in general be employed with certainty in chemical analysis until the laws of their action are fully known, it is necessary to make first a careful scientific study of their properties. An important investigation arising under the food law was made to determine the value of a so-called “diabetic flour.” The excretion of sugar was doubled on feeding a diabetic with a limited quantity of 73477°—acr 1910——29 450 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. bread made from this flour, showing that the claim made for it was entirely without foundation. Approximately 300 samples were analyzed in the prosecution of these studies, from three to five determinations being made on each one. ‘This work is done under the direction of F. C. Weber. MICROCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS. Micro-analysis is of increasing importance both in the routine examination of food and drug samples under the law and in making researches for the solution of problems in connection therewith. Much collaborative work with other laboratories of the Bureau and Department, and some for other branches of the Government service, is done to supplement other examinations. During the year the fol- lowing investigations under the direction of B. J. Howard have been carried on and are at present in varying stages of completion, the fig and egg investigations being made in collaboration with the Bacteriologist. Fics.—The condition of figs imported into this country has required an extensive and thorough study to determine the actual condition of the output as a whole, as well as to perform the routine work in the examination of individual samples. An extended inspection was made at the port of New York at the time of the fall importations to ascertain the condition of the new crop as unloaded at the docks and to collect numerous representative samples of the different grades for more careful laboratory inspection. This examinatnon consisted in sorting each sample according to the percentage of figs containing (1) live or dead worms, (2) worm excreta, (3) sugar mites, and (4) molds. In order to identify these it was necessary to study the life history of the so-called worms (larve) which were allowed to develop in sterile figs, the resulting moth laying her eggs, and the whole cycle was thus followed. DesiccaTepD EGGS.—The egg investigations, begun three or four years ago, have been continued, especially concerning frozen and desiccated products, with a view to detecting inferior materials when used in these goods. Experiments have been conducted on per- fectly sound eggs, also on various grades of spoiled eggs, studying the products under different conditions and thereby determining what changes may legitimately be expected to take place in these products. This work was supplemented by a thorough inspection of Eastern factories during 1909, which inspection has been extended to about 25 factories of the Middle West during the present year. ‘The kind of material used and the conditions of sanitation under which they were handled were the primary considerations, though every step of the process from candling to the finishing of the product was fol- lowed and samples taken for bacteriological and microscopical exam- ination. As frozen and desiccated eggs are extensively used by the bakers of this country and are said to be an important channel for the utilization of the surplus material available in the spring and summer, it is apparent that the product should be carefully prepared from fresh material. Miscrtianrous.—New studies have also been made concerning the conditions of manufacture of ketchup and the causes of certain BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 451 forms of spoilage. This work was especially needed to furnish data for passing on samples submitted for examination under the law, the microscope furnishing evidence as to the condition of the raw material which chemistry unaided could not supply. The work on mustards has been continued and that on charlock is nearly completed. The importance of this weed as a substitute for mustard has led to the examination of a considerable number of commercial samples to determine the prevalence of this product on the market. The condition of olives imported into this country was also investi- gated, the examinations showing that certain grades are very liable to be in a wormy condition, the worms having developed in the fruit previous to packing; apparently this fruit was sorted out as a low- grade product. Much preliminary work has also been done on the application of microscopical methods to quantitative determinations. The work on alkaloids embraces now the study of 66 different kinds, and has yielded very gratifying results in its application to the identification of some of these products. Paper samples have been examined during the past year for the Government Printing Office, General Supply Committee, Post-Office Department, and Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and floor cov- erings also for the General Supply Committee. Among the miscel- laneous samples examined should also be mentioned paint pigments, carpet samples for a determination of the kind of fiber used, and samples of bone ash and cream thickeners. The samples examined in connection with the food and drugs act include nearly 1,300 specimens, and among these are included ketch- ups, eggs, fruit products, olives, cattle foods, cotton-seed meal. Most of the drugs examined have been imported samples. A classified list of the various samples reported during the year is as follows: General samples: . Chie ae ee on Ss > eee ee 2,, 13D Genera LOO Samples m= coset Sen ae eee 602 Stocke 100s = tee ee eee See ee eee 85 PPT ES IRE ENE ES RE ET AY RS ES eae eh ee 32 DTU gS. 2ee ee oa: we hehe ee Sf eiees ope oh we ed ee ee 107 UIICISISS IGG), 235-2 ee a oe ee ee ee 371 PENG Gel ees oe ees re hee Se ee 3, 9382 Interstate samples: /ay0G Fao Lak Soe ake 74 5 LOE 5 ON ee a OF PPR WA Bt 5 SES A ee ee 2 764 BLOCK LOOUS 22-5 ce oe A ee ee pee ae ee he 332 MPS ae ee ee ne ORE SE ee ee a ee 164 REO Gaui =e ow be ee A en ees Eh et 1, 260 SUM CLO ess oe oh ee oe eee eee oe Sg ee a 5, 192 ENOLOGICAL CHEMICAL RESEARCH. GRAPE AND APPLE INVESTIGATIONS AT SANDUSKY, Outo.—The eno- logical chemical research, conducted by William B. Alwood at Char- lottesville, Va., has followed in general the plan of previous years, but the amount of field work done has been greatly increased. It was found necessary in order to study thoroughly the grape crop used 452 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. in the manufacture of fruit juices and fermented by-products to establish a temporary laboratory in the northern grape belt. This laboratory, for convenience of access to the crop, as well as to the large manufactories, was placed at Sandusky, Ohio, and has been in operation practically throughout the fiscal year. The greater part of the work consisted in the chemical examination of the grape crop and by-products to determine the sugars, acids, and other important elements, 624 samples being analyzed. Four hundred and fifty-three samples of apples and their by-products were also examined, a total of 1,077 samples of fruits and fruit products analyzed at the San- dusky laboratory and involving above 8,000 determinations. This work has furnished a large amount of important data, which will have much value for reference and eventually aid in establishing the facts as to the proper composition of these products. In connection with the study of the fruits, both grapes and apples, as presented for the manufacture of by-products, a number of fer- mented products were made in the laboratory in sufficient quantities to furnish full chemical data on all stages of the entire process of manufacture and on the finished article. As this work is especially designed to supply data for use in the administration of the food law, various methods of sophisticating fruit products were applied, and the chemical history of the product was carefully determined. This investigation is now well under way, but several years will be required to complete the work so as to give reliable data, which shall cover the variations in the composition of the fruit from year to year. COMPOSITION OF COMMERCIAL CIDERS AND WINES AND OF THOSE OF KNOWN History.—At the main laboratory at Charlottesville the chemical investigation of the composition of pure wines and ciders of known history has gone steadily forward. There are now under observation 62 wines made under strict control, including samples from most of the important varieties of grapes used for this purpose in the eastern United States. Ten samples of ciders are under obser- vation, especially as to the effect on quality of different methods of storage. These have been so made and handled that both the manu- facturing data and the chemical history are on record, and will furnish indisputable testimony as to what can be made from the fruits used. The systematic collection and examination of the commercial wines and ciders of the eastern United States has been carried forward as rapidly as the conditions would permit. This work must of neces- sity give place to the investigations on the fruit crop and the manu- facture of samples therefrom in season, but it is now approaching a state of completion when a large amount of data will be available. The past year 133 samples of these beverages have been examined, and a considerable stock is still awaiting attention. Previous work on commercial wines included 183 samples; thus data on 316 samples have been accumulated. The total number of samples examined at the Charlottesville lab- oratory during the fiscal year was 597, or about 5,000 determinations, on fruit samples and by-products. Thus the total number of samples handled in the two laboratories reached 1,674, and the determinations made during the fiscal year exceeded 13,000. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 453 Yeast rAcES.—The attention required by the field work has ren- dered it necessary to defer, in a large measure, the critical studies on east races, which has been under way for several years, but this work is in hand and will be carried to completion. The demands for cul- tures of the yeast races already determined as having superior value continues, and small cultures for use as starters are furnished to manufacturers on request, and also to other laboratories. This dis- tribution of cultures with instructions for their use is materially aid- ing in the improvement of the technic in the fermentation industries. The chemical and biological work of this section is now housed in the new laboratory at Stonehenge, Charlottesville, which furnishes an Bepor onity to increase the volume of work and improve the technic as well. DENATURED-ALCOHOL INVESTIGATIONS. During the past year the course of instruction in practical dis- tillery work and lectures on the different phases of the manufacture of denatured alcohol, begun in 1909, were repeated, especial attention being given to the practical side of distillery operation. Besides the general educational work, experiments were conducted to determine the best methods of handling potatoes, using the American types of mashing and distilling machinery. The results obtained were emi- nently satisfactory, it being shown that potatoes could be satisfac- torily handled in the American type of cooker and with good results. Experiments were made also in the preparation of cheap malt, as this is one of the most expensive distillery materials that would ordi- narily be purchased by the small distiller. It was found that a very satisfactory and cheap malt could readily be prepared on a small scale which would result in a very appreciable saving in the cost of operation. Even in so small a distillery as the experimental one used by the Department from $2 to $3 per day were saved by the use of green malt prepared at the distillery instead of the dried distiller’s malt of commerce. Extensive analyses of the various products of the distillery were made, and all the results of the investigation were incorporated in Farmers’ Bulletin 410, entitled “Potato Culls as a Source of Industrial Alcohol,” with a general discussion of the availability of other wastes. FOOD AND DRUG INSPECTION. While nearly every division of the Bureau cooperates to some extent in either the food or drug work, the collection and examina- tion of official samples of foods and drugs is assigned primarily to the inspection force of forty men under the chief inspector, with headquarters at Washington; to twenty-one branch laboratories, lo- cated throughout the country, and including one at Honolulu; and two inspection laboratories at Washington which check the analytical work of the branch laboratories on foods and drugs, respectively, and make original examinations of the samples collected in the vicin- ity of Washington. The official samples on flavoring extracts, dairy products, stock feeds, grains, and waters, however, are referred to the specific laboratories charged with the analysis of such materials, namely, the Food Technology Laboratory, the Dairy Laboratory, and the appropriate laboratories of the Miscellaneous Division, All of 454 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the analytical reports of the branch food and drug inspection labora- tories on official samples are referred to the specified laboratories for checking, and the preliminary selection of cases is made, the same being then prepared for the consideration of the Chief of the Bureau. In addition to their work in the examination of samples and the preparation of cases, these laboratories are conducting many special investigations to secure information necessary to the enforcement of the food and drugs act. Several classes of food products are referred to other laboratories in the Bureau of Chemistry for the expert opinion of specialists on the questions involved. Among these may be especially mentioned the Sugar Laboratory, which examines all samples of sugar and sac- charine foods; the Oil, Fat, and Wax Laboratory, which devotes its attention especially to the examination of those products; the Micro- chemical and the Bacteriological laboratories, in which all examina- tions are made of this nature; and the Leather and Paper Laboratory, to which samples of turpentine are referred. Such special reports are made to the laboratory which has charge of the preparation of the case, as just defined. WORK OF THE INSPECTION FORCE. CHANGES IN THE ForcE.—The general operations of the inspection corps along the lines laid down at the conclusion of the last fiscal year were seriously interrupted by the development of important special investigations and the amount of time spent by inspectors as witnesses in cases which had been referred for prosecution. There has been no increase in the number of inspectors, but a few changes have been made in the personnel of the force, due to four resigna- tions and one death during the past year. Necessary appointments have been made, however, to fill these vacancies, and the quota of forty inspectors is now complete. Two inspectors are stationed at St. Louis and Philadelphia in order to handle to better advantage the volume of work which has constantly demanded attention at these trade centers. New stations have also been established at Cleveland, Ohio, and Springfield, Mass., necessitating the withdrawal of one inspector from Cincinnati and the abandonment of the station at Albany, N. Y. This work is in charge of W. G. Campbell, chief inspector. COLLECTION OF sAMPLES.—The experience gained during the two years since the inception of the inspection work has shown that the most effective way of maintaining supervision over the interstate traffic in food and drug products is to visit the establishments where such commodities are prepared, to note the conveyance of the several classes of goods by the different carrier lines engaged in interstate commerce, and to collect specimens of both manufactured and crude products for analysis. A résumé of the routine work performed shows that a total of over 11,500 samples were thus obtained. This includes official samples, which may serve as the basis for prosecu- tion of manufacturers or shippers, provided there is indicated any violation of the law, and also such samples as were collected for infor- mation or research which do not meet the legal requirements of offi- cial samples, but, nevertheless, serve the useful purpose of disclosing the nature of goods and the tendencies of their producers to meet or BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 455 evade the requirements of the law. The number of factories in- spected is somewhat over 1,600. This, however, does not include the special inspection of manufacturing establishments which may have been perfunctory in their nature and yet thorough enough to yield the information desired. SPECIAL INvEsTIGATIONS.—Of the special investigations undertaken the last year, either by the inspection force alone or in conjunction with the chemical force, probably the most important, and the one which required the efforts of the largest number of inspectors over protracted periods, was the bleached flour campaign inaugurated to restrict interstate traffic in flour which had been bleached with nitro- gen peroxid. The work was divided into two periods and carried on during the summer and autumn of 1909 and the spring of 1910. It was found impracticable to collect and deliver samples of all the interstate shipments located to the laboratories for examination, therefore the inspectors were provided with reagents to make prelimi- nary examinations of samples of such flour, and if it appeared that the product had been bleached, a sample was forwarded to the labo- ratory and a check analysis made. A number of seizures were made in various sections of the country, and the preparation of the evidence necessary for the prosecution of these cases required an inspection of ~ practically all of the mills in the Middle West and Northwest en- gaged in bleaching their output. Two cases have been tried, one at New Orleans, La., and the other at Kansas City, Mo., the former before a commissioner and court and the latter before a jury. In both instances decisions were rendered in favor of the Government. Another important investigation related to interstate traflic in desiccated and frozen liquid egg products. This class of material is used exclusively in foodstuffs produced in wholesale quantities, and the consumer is thereby deprived of the opportunity to judge of its actual character before it 1s mixed with other substances and sub- jected to the process of baking and cooking. Necessary factory in- spections and vigilant supervision of interstate shipments led to the institution of a number of criminal prosecutions and the confiscation of shipments on the charge of adulteration due to the contaminated or filthy character of the product. Several tons of eggs in both liquid and dry form have been confiscated and, under order of the courts, destroyed. Another matter which has received considerable attention is the investigation conducted in connection with the Food Division as to the manufacture of cider vinegar. This was very comprehensive, in- volving a great many inspections and the collection of authentic sam- ples in the States of Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas. The inspection begun last year of the shipment of citrus fruit from certain districts in Florida has been continued, with special reference to the practices of some growers in shipping their crops to northern and eastern markets in an immature condition, where the fruit is subsequently treated by artificial means to bring about the appear- ance of a well ripened and mature product. . In collaboration with the Enological Laboratory, some work has been done in regard to the wine industry in northern Ohio, not only for the purpose of detecting instances of violations, but also to secure 456 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the necessary data as to the grades of wine that may be produced in that section and to verify or disprove claims made by the manufac- turers. Reports have also been made by inspectors, as the result of extensive inquiry, concerning the conditions under which food prod- ucts are kept in cold storage in the principal trade centers. The work begun the previous fiscal year in connection with the Sugar Laboratory was continued, samples of maple sugars and of maple sirups being procured at the source of production in the maple camps throughout Ohio, West Virginia, New York, and Vermont. Another inspection which was continued was that of the conditions surrounding the soaking and floating of oysters and clams, and wherever instances of violations of the law were discovered samples were collected and shipments reported for seizure. The investigation of the bleaching of oats and barley with sulphur fumes to improve the appearance of these cereals and the general practice of adulteration of cattle foods, supplemented by the collection of a great many official samples in various States, was continued, The inspectors also cooperated in the concerted campaigns insti- tuted to ascertain the character and quality of milk delivered in inter- state shipments at Boston and Springfield, Mass., and at Cincinnati, Ohio. At the request of certain packers of sardines along the Maine coast, an investigation was undertaken for the purpose of ascertaining the conditions under which these fish were canned, especially with regard to the sanitary features. One of the results of the investigation thus far has been to report shipments of old goods which were seized and destroyed because of adulteration with tin salts. The varied character of the work performed by the inspectors is illustrated by enumerating other investigations in which they cooper- ated: The investigation of methods of manufacture and the collection of authentic samples of essential oils; an inquiry in collaboration with the Dairy Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the con- densed-milk industry; an investigation to determine whether apples grown and shipped from the States of Oregon and Washington were misbranded in being labeled as the products of the Hood River dis- tricts; an inquiry into the practice of the firms engaged in producing salt in California and Utah and marketing it in imitation of well- known brands of English salt; and in numerous other special investi- gations which have been pursued at the request of state officials. WASHINGTON FOOD INSPECTION LABORATORY. The total number of samples examined in the Washington Food Inspection Laboratory during the year was 2,431, of which 790 were check samples of import foods taken at the various branch labora- tories, 205 were import food samples taken in connection with the nonlaboratory port inspection in the Washington district, and 1,436 were samples of food of domestic origin. The preparation of the cases arising from these examinations forms a large part of the work of this laboratory, 1,600 cases having been prepared and submitted to the board for consideration. The volume of work, both analytical and executive, handled in this laboratory restricts the researches, but several important studies have been made or supervised, notably the denatured alcohol investi- BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 457 gation and the study of methods for the identification of colors used in food products. Some specially interesting features of the imported food work during the year were as follows: In order that import cases may be handled in as short a time as possible arrangements have been made with the Treasury Depart- ment to establish certain precedents, and when the adulteration or misbranding of imported foods fall under one of these the port laboratory is empowered to report its conclusions direct to the customs officials in charge at that port. A gradual extension of this list of established precedents has taken place, so that during the past year practically all of the cases were handled at the ports directly with the customs officials, only special cases or appeals from the action of the laboratory being referred to Washington for check examination and final action. It is the handling of these special cases and appeals which often requires special investigation and constitutes the greater part of the import work of the Washington Food Inspection Labora- tory, where all recommendations to the Board of Food and Drug Inspection on imported foods are prepared. The inspection of meat and-meat food products, through the co- operation of the customs officials, has been extended to the ports where no laboratories or inspectors of this Bureau are stationed, so that now all of these products must be accompanied by proper meat- inspection certificates, showing that they have been examined before and after slaughter by an official veterinarian. In addition, through cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry, an actual inspec- tion will be made of imported meats when it is necessary to determine whether they are in proper condition at the time of arrival. The insanitary conditions surrounding the packing of imported figs having been brought to the attention of the Department, and a great many shipments of dried figs being refused entry at the various ports on this score, every manufacturer of figs was required to submit a sanitary certificate from the American consul showing that his factory was in a satisfactory condition before his goods were allowed entry. Asa result, a very rapid betterment of conditions and meth- ods of packing took place. It also developed that these figs were very largely wormy or worm-eaten or infested with sugar mites. As a result of this work foreign countries interested in the production of figs have been making strong efforts to better the conditions at home so as to meet the requirements of this country, and undoubtedly a much better grade of figs, packed in more sanitary surroundings, will be brought into the country in the future. The imported ripe olives were also found to be wormy or worm-eaten, many shipments consisting almost entirely of such imperfect fruit, necessitating re- shipment. The French Government limited the area in which Cognac brandy could be produced, and prohibited the labeling of any brandy pro- duced in other parts of France as Cognac. The value of the word “ Cognac ” was so great, however, that practically all French bran- dies were labeled in such a manner as to convey the impression that they were made in that locality, the word “ Cognac” appearing in very large type and other words restricting its application in very much smaller letters. Quite a number of shipments of brandy A458 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. labeled in this manner were detained and required to be relabeled before entry. As a result, the labeling of these products has been changed, so that they no longer convey the impression that the product is made in Cognae when such is not the case. It was also noted during the past vear that certain kinds of canned fish contained excessive amounts of tin. Especially was this true of the kippered herring, smoked sardines in bouillon or tomato sauce, fish in mustard sauce, etc. In some cases nearly all the tin on the inside of the can would be dissolved and the product would contain from 5 to 8 grains of tin per pound. The corroded appearance of the inside of the can in such eases is readily noted. Many shipments of this class of products were refused entry, and it seems probable that the method of packing these goods must be changed. The examination of fish, sardines, etc., put up in oil shows that, as a rule, they do not contain tin to any extent, the oil acting as a protecting coating to the tin. A survey of the work of the year shows that certain forms of adulteration common at the beginning of the inspection work are now exceedingly rare, such as the mixture of olive oil with other oils, for instance, only one sample being found thus adulterated. Cheeses made from skim milk are now generally properly labeled, and the use of boric and salicylic acids as preservatives has been practically eliminated, only one case being reported. EXAMINATION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS UNDER THE LAW. Of the dairy products entering into interstate commerce, special attention has been given to various brands of cheese of domestic origin labeled as a foreign article. Many instances of this form of misbranding have been brought to the attention of the manufacturer, and the necessary changes made in the labels. In one case where the label of an Austrian variety of cheese was made use of on a domestic product, the foreign label has been discarded entirely, while others have only modified the wording of their labels, substituting English for foreign words. Consideration has also been given to the subject of short weights in the case of the American Cheddar variety of cheese. It appears to be the universal custom of the trade to pay for cheese on the basis of the marks of boxes, which represent the weights at the time of ship- ment from the factory; unless the consignee uses the precaution to reweigh or check these weights a considerable shortage is often shown, due to shrinkage while in storage. Improvement has been made in this form of misbranding, in that most consignments of cheese are re- weighed at the time they enter interstate commerce. Considerable deception is still practiced in labeling whole milk cheese as “ cream cheese.” One company making a well-known variety has removed the word cream from their labels. The examination of fresh marketed milk entering interstate com- merce has been continued during the year. Milks marketed in Boston and Cincinnati were examined in collaboration with the inspection laboratories in the cities named. The adulteration of milk by water- ing for city consumption is found to be still prevalent, though a marked improvement from a chemical standpoint is noted in the BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 459 case of Cincinnati milks, as compared with the previous investigation at this point. An extensive investigation is in progress by the chief of the Dairy Laboratory, G. E. Patrick, of the manufacture of evaporated or condensed milk, for the purpose of determining reasonable limits of composition for this product. The investigation was ordered in con- sequence of numerous complaints from manufacturers, claiming that a total solids content of 28 per cent as at present required is un- reasonably high, it being alleged to be impossible to attain such a standard at all seasons of the year and still produce a smooth, homo- geneous, marketable product. This investigation necessitates a crit- ical study of the manufacturing methods employed and _ results obtained in different parts of the United States. A classified list of samples examined is as follows: Evaporated milks 159, cheese 112, fresh milks 54, butters 131, oleos 8, creams 15, condensed milks 33, milk powders 27, miscellaneous (malted milks, butter colors, ice-cream thickeners, etc.) 52; total 591. Of this total 357 were inspectors’ samples, 49 were received from branch labora- tories, 61 were examined in connection with the evaporated-milk investigation, and 97 were renovated butters examined for the Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. Cases recommended to the Board of Food and Drug Inspection for prosecution were as follows: Milks 83, cheese 66, evaporated milks 12, milk powders 7, butters 4, condensed milk 1, ice-cream thickeners 1; total 174. WASHINGTON DRUG INSPECTION LABORATORY. Domestic prucs.—During the past year 994 samples of domestic drug products have been examined in the Washington Drug Inspec- tion Laboratory, and 323 were found to be in violation of the law. In addition seizures of a number of consignments of drugs were recommended on the ground that they were either adulterated or misbranded under the law. Some of the analysts have devoted much time as witnesses at the trial of the cases. The chief violations found were misrepresentations on the labels of bottle or carton and in the advertising literature accompanying the packages, and further incorrect statements, or the absence of any statement regarding the declaration of alcohol, opium, morphin, cocain, acetanilid, chloroform, etc. A considerable number of pow- dered drugs have been found adulterated, among which are bella- donna leaves, containing an excessive amount of sand and foreign plant material; powdered colocynth, containing large amounts of seed; pilocarpus leaves, spurious or musty and worthless; spigelia, spurious or containing foreign plant and sand; stramonium leaves adulterated with foreign leaves, seed, and dirt. On the whole, how- ever, the quality of powdered drugs was found to be better than in the preceding year, those from the Pacific Coast States being inferior to those collected in the East. Examination of a number of so-called cancer and drug addiction cures have disclosed them to be of the same fraudulent character as previously, but a goodly number of these products have been taken off the market within the last year, or the labels and literature have been made to comply with the law. 460 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Importep prues.—Of the 228 samples of imported drugs analyzed in this laboratory, 201 were found to be fiend: But few shipments of crude drugs were included among these, however, the illegal sam- ples consisting chiefly of proprietary remedies. A large percentage of the imported drug products detained are dis- posed of by the port laboratories under precedents which have been established, but all cases for which there are no precedents are regu- larly referred to the Washington Drug Inspection Laboratory, to- gether with the appeals from importers, shippers, or manufacturers for investigation and recommendation. The character of violations is very similar to those encountered in domestic drugs, namely, mis- representations upon the label, carton, and in the accompanying Lit- erature, regarding the medicinal claims, names, place of manufac- ture, etc., and the absence of or the incorrect declaration of the pro- scribed ingredients, as alcohol, ether, chloroform, opium, morphin, codein, acetanilid, ete. The quality of the crude drugs imported has materially improved, as is noted also in the report on the New York laboratory where the greater number of imported drugs is received. Official crude drugs, for which the United States Pharmacopeeia prescribed definite standards, are less frequently found to be below the specified strength in alkaloidal material, resin content, etc. A number of importations of official drugs for which no specific standard exists, however, were found to be of inferior quality. These included digitalis, senna leaves, uva ursi leaves, buchu leaves, and cubeb berries. Such goods were found to be either improperly cured or contaminated with foreign material, such as sticks, stems, and leaves, indicating that the inferior quality is due to improper or careless collecting and curing rather than to gross adulteration. During the fiscal year henbane leaves offered for entry showed a great improvement, but some consign- ments were still found below the minimum alkaloidal requirement. The practice previously in vogue of importing Hyoscyamus muticus, a spurious henbane, under the name “ henbane,” has virtually ceased. During the early part of the year many importations of saffron were found to contain an excessive quantity of yellow styles, and it was said to be impossible to procure this product without a large amount of this foreign material. Importations received during the last six months, however, indicate that this statement is not well founded and that there is no difficulty in obtaining these goods reasonably free from the objectionable material. The substitution of calendula florets colored with coal-tar dye for saffron, and the weighting of saffron with inorganic material, which frequently occurred when the law first went into effect, have virtually ceased. Considerable difficulty has been experienced in regard to the im- portation of Haarlem oil. After purging the printed matter of the false and misleading claims and representations regarding the medic- inal virtues of the article, the question arose as to the composition of genuine Haarlem oil, and the place of manufacture. A mass of information has been accumulated through the aid of the State Department and the trade regarding the status, merits, and composi- tion of the various brands. The questions regarding the true place of manufacture have been very largely answered and the indications are that the whole matter will soon be adjusted satisfactorily. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 461 During the early part of the fiscal year a number of importations of so-called “ synthetic balsam Peru ” were offered for entry, invoiced under some such names as “balsam Peru” or “synthetic balsam Peru.” Examination showed that they were artificial mixtures, pure and simple. Such goods are intended to be employed instead of natural balsam Peru recognized in the United States Pharmacopceia, Analysis of this product showed that it did not comply with the pharmacopeeial standards for the official product, and. from analyt- ical data and other information available, it is evident that the article in question is purely an imitation of the genuine product. Importations from oriental countries offered for entry under the guise of medicinal preparations were found to contain opium or mor- phin. These products are put up in various forms, such as small red pills coated with cinnabar, contained in bottles or wrapped in paper and inclosed in paraffin or in wax globules. Others are in the form of tablets. Such goods have been invoiced under various names, as “tonic pills,” “stimulant pills,” “tea cake,” etc. The products are recommended, in the English or in the Chinese language, or both. for those who have been addicted to the opium or morphin habit, and also for coughs, colds, consumption, etc. Such products are obviously used to supply drug addicts and to promote drug enslavement. In some instances the statement is made in the Chinese language that the goods do not contain morphin, and that they are beneficial for “women and children, male and female.” Other importations of products have been offered for entry containing habit-forming drugs, as opium, morphin, cocain, codein, chloroform, and ether, recom- mended for certain children’s diseases, coughs, colds, etc.; for exam- ple, the products “ pastiglie dower,” containing opium, and “ pastils of codein,” containing morphin and codein. These goods are in the form of a confection, sweet and attractively flavored. In the hands of mothers, children, and those who are not familiar with the proper- ties of such constituents, the great danger of their indiscriminate use is apparent. Interesting facts have developed regarding the importation of cer- tain linseed, licorice, and chlorodyne cough lozenges. This prepara- tion is in the form of a lozenge, is not unpleasant to the taste, and contains, among other ingredients, chloroform and ether. Whenacon- signment was detained it was represented to be sold only as a medic- inal agent for coughs, colds, etc.; but an investigation showed conclu- sively that in certain localities the product was sold indiscriminately and extensively to school children and others as a confection, without any warning whatever regarding its dangerous character. All such products as the above are detained and prohibited entry under section 11 of the law, as being dangerous to the health of the people of the United States. EXAMINATION OF FOODS AND DRUGS AT THE BRANCH LABORATORIES. Heretofore the inspection of imported food and drugs has been largely confined to the ports at which inspection laboratories were established. Invoices of all shipments of foods to all ports in the United States were received at the Bureau of Chemistry, and from time to time shipments to nonlaboratory ports were sampled and ex- 462 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. amined, but the number of shipments so inspected was not large. During the last year the inspection at important nonlaboratory ports has been systematized’and placed within the jurisdiction of the respec- tive laboratory ports convenient thereto, as shown by the following assignments. This change will undoubtedly greatly increase the efficiency of the inspection in the territory covered.* Boston food-inspection laboratory, United States Appraiser’s Stores, Boston, Mass.: Bangor, Me.; Burlington, Vt. (Calais, Me.) ; Eastport Me.; Fall River, Mass.; New Bedford, Mass.; Newport, R. I.; Newport, Vt.; Portland, Me.; Providence, R. I.; Springfield, Mass, Buffalo food-inspection laboratory, Federal Building, Buffalo, N. Y.: Cape Vincent, N. Y. (Malone, N. Y.); Niagara Falls, N. Y.; Ogdensburg, N. Y.; Oswego, N. Y.; Plattsburg, N. Y.; Rochester, N. Y. (Rouse Point, N.: Y.); Syracuse, N. Y. Chicago food-inspection laboratory, Manhattan Building, Chicago, Ill.: Du- buque, Iowa; Marquette, Mich.; Milwaukee, Wis.; Peoria, III. Cincinnati food-inspection laboratory, First National Bank Building, Cincin- nati, Ohio: Columbus, Ohio; Dayton, Ohio; Indianapolis, Ind.; Louisville, Ky. Denver food-inspection laboratory, Tabor Opera House Building, Denver, Colo.: Nogales, Ariz.; Salt Lake City, Utah. Detroit food-inspection laboratory, Telegraph Building, Detroit, Mich.: Grand Haven, Mich.; Grand Rapids, Mich. (Petoskey, Mich.) ; Port Huron, Mich.; Sandusky, Ohio; ‘Toledo, Ohio. Galveston food-inspection laboratory, Old Custom-House, Galveston, Tex.: Brownsville, Tex.; Corpus Christi, Tex.; Eagle Pass, Tex.; El] Paso, Tex.; Gal- veston, Tex.; Houston, Tex. (Texas City, Tex.) ; (Velasco, Tex.). Kansas City food-inspection laboratory, Government Building, Kansas City, Mo.: St. Joseph, Mo. Nashyille food-inspection laboratory, Custom-House, Nashville, Tenn.: Mem- phis, Tenn. New Orleans food-inspection laboratory, Custom-House, New Orleans, La.: Mobile, Ala. New York food-inspection laboratory, United States Appraiser’s Stores, New York, N. Y.: Albany, N. Y.; Bridgeport, Conn.; Hartford, Conn.; Jersey City, N. J.; Newark, N. J.; New Haven, Conn. (Norwalk, Conn.) ; Perth Amboy, N. J. (Stamford, Conn.). Omaha food-inspection laboratory, Post-Office Building, Omaha, Nebr.: Coun- cil Bluffs, Iowa; Des Moines, Iowa; Lincoln, Nebr.; Sioux City, lowa. Philadelphia food-inspection laboratory, United States Appraiser’s Stores, Philadelphia, Pa.: (Chester, Pa.) ; Somers Point, N. J.; Wilmington, Del. Pittsburg food-inspection laboratory, Park Building, Pittsburg, Pa.: Cleve- land, Ohio.; Erie, Pa. St. Paul food-inspection laboratory, Old Capitol Building, St. Paul, Minn.: Duluth, Minn. (Minneapolis, Minn.) ; Pembina, N. Dak. San Francisco food-inspection laboratory, United States Appraiser’s Stores, San Francisco, Cal.: Los Angeles, Cal. (Oakland, Cal.) ; San Diego, Cal. Savannah food-inspection laboratory, Custom-House, Savannah, Ga.: Atlanta, Ga.: Charleston, S. C.; Jacksonville, Fla.; Key West, Fla. (Miami, Fla.) ; (Palm Beach, Fla.) ; (Punta Gorda, Fla.) ; Tampa, Fla. Seattle food-inspection laboratory, Arcade Annex Building, Seattle, Wash. : Great Falls, Mont.; Port Townsend, Wash. (Spokane, Wash.) ; (Tacoma, Wash.). Washington food-inspection laboratory, Bureau of Chemistry, Washington, D. C.: Baltimore, Md.; Georgetown, D. C.; Newbern, N. C.; Newport News, Va.; Norfolk, Va.; Petersburg, Va.; Richmond, Va. The following tabulated statement of the activities of the twenty- one branch laboratories is of interest as indicating in a general way the extent of the work done, the accompanying text showing the character of the examinations made, the classes of foods examined, and the nature of the research work done in connection with the execution of the law. 7An amendment to the Treasury decision inaugurating this inspection has been requested to cover specifically the inspection of imported drugs at these non- laboratory ports. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 463 In the reports of the various food-inspection laboratories it will appear that a relatively large percentage of the foods and drugs examined were found to be in violation of the food and drugs act. From this no inference can be made regarding the prevalence of adulteration and misbranding. As the work of the Bureau increases the inspectors become more and more experienced in the collection of samples and are more and more conversant with various brands and types of food. The samples taken by them do not represent the average foods and drugs on sale on the markets, but those which the inspectors suspect of adulteration. Food and drug samples examined in the various branch laboratories during the jiscal year ended June 380, 1910. Interstate Imported samples. samples. Hearings _| Miscel- Total Laboratory. : con- laneous | samples Floor-in-| ducted. samples. | analyzed. Legal. | Illegal. | spection Legal. | Illegal. samples. LPS A Se | fee ae 460 295 12, 404 674 744 270 140 1,909 LG 2 2 ae ee ee 76 33 159 146 231 41 523 Ghicheel sees} sce. .52.4e6 2-35: | 173 125 2,572 | 365 658 686 42 1, 684 Os Sr rh 1 28 | 239 | 1,157 228 1 1,409 Diy (1 3S Ree oe Oe eee Wee ae 11 | 160 395 175 44 625 LOC UNG) eae BS ee ee eee 52 4 92 359 151 144 31 382 SIAL VOSION a. nec nec carte wes =n 59 22 365 116 192 144 44 461 rarintelis ates. 22055. toy | 272 144 677 PSUS |. od eee SOR 8 424 1 SCE CCT 7 ge SR a ope Baneee oe Maser Dae 103 125 PY (eee see 252 PUR UAE SO ot A set cciek tir ane [Se cink Sal clcwie = Se Mole oatee ae 157 191 a aa ee 256 Maw OMeans. i 2 - icc). oss eee 95 84 2,891 197 148 108 76 511 INGUWEY Gl Ke s..cacccaschcen--20 2,382 | 1,632 47, 821 1,779 124 297 504 4,939 Oe ee Ree Perens Se See 3 69 239 110 100 449 PDMHGCIDINIG. =. .. + _-_ = See eee 58 Imported cattle and poultry food and grains_+_____________ 13 Domestic cattle and poultry food and grains________________ 497 Miscellaneous feeds and!'erains2222 2-2 22 eee 233 Insecticides and) fungicides ss Se eee 214 Trade ‘wastes’ samples2 2 =). 82 ee ee eee 240 Miscellaneous and hygienic samples_______________________ 83 Total tuo iG ook A ee ee eee 1, 629 Quite a number of these examinations were made for other de- partments of the National Government and other bureaus of the Department of Agriculture, as follows: War Department. = 32-2 22 a ee a ee ae 3 Department of’ Commerceand Labor. eee 30 Interior’ Departmentil lit Le Eee ee eee 31 Isthmian: Canal Commission£. 242. 8hs) see ee ee 9 National Zoological jPark<: . 212.) 2 ee eee ee 2 United States (Senate... 22s a 2 ee ee ee ee al Department of Agriculture: Bureaulor Plantwindustry 222 3 ee ee ee ee ee 229 Bureaw \of “Hntomologyi3-23-2 422s) ee eee 193 Bureau of Porestry 2. 422 22sec 2 es ee eee 8 Irrigation and Drainage Investigations___-____-__-_____ 3 Unclassified samples examined for various other de- partments and) bureaus222-02_ 25ers Se eee 43 BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 479 The most important of the 83 unclassified samples examined were hops, food dyes, and macaronis analyzed to determine whether or not arsenic was present. The greater part of these miscellaneous sam- ples were examined at the request of other departments or other bureaus of the Department of Agriculture. EXAMINATION OF WATERS.—The Water Laboratory under the food and drugs act examines samples of mineral and table waters which enter into interstate commerce and also those which are imported into this country. It also analyzes public water supplies for the purpose of detecting pollution and suggesting remedies therefor, examines waters for irrigation and technical purposes and mineral springs of the United States from source, and studies improved methods of water analysis. During the year 349 samples were examined, and out of the 50 foreign waters 18 were found to be mislabeled. Of the 241 inter- state samples of bottled mineral and table waters and ice 37 were found to be illegal. Thirty complete analyses of samples of water from fish-hatchery stations in various sections of the country were made at the request of the Bureau of Fisheries of the Department of Commerce and Labor. Miscellaneous samples examined for other branches of the government service were as follows: War Depart- ment, 2; United States Senate, 1; Interior Department, 31; Bureau of Plant Industry, 10; Bureau of Forestry, 8; Drainage Investiga- tions, 3. The investigation of mineral springs at source has been continued, and data previously obtained collated. Several other lines of original research previously begun have been continued. The investigation of a method for determining very small amounts of lithium has been completed, and has been of great value in determining lithium in samples of mineral waters collected under the food and drugs act. The investigation of the radio- activity of certain mineral waters has been continued, and the data obtained have been used in examining products claiming radio-active products. A study of sulphur waters and of the several forms of sulphur compounds existing in waters was begun. Some time has also been devoted to the perfecting of methods for the analysis of waters for sanitary, technical, and industrial purposes. INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES.—The composition and method of manufacture of insecticides and fungicides are studied, as well as the effects that they have on foliage, with the idea of increasing the efficiency of these products and suggesting methods of avoiding injury to vegetation. Investigations to discover new and improved insecticides are being constantly made and improved methods of examining various insecticides are being studied. The greater number of the 214 samples examined were the products of cooperative work with the Bureau of Entomology and the Bureau of Plant Industry. In addition to the examination of samples sub- mitted for analysis considerable time was given to the investigation of problems connected with the use and application of insecticides. Questions are always arising in their use which require the coopera- tion of the chemist in their solution. During the past year 8 inves- tigations of this character, requiring more than 300 determinations, were made. One of the most important of these was in collaboration 480 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, with the Bureau of Entomology, to determine the efficiency of sodium hah as a substitute for potassium cyanid in fumigating operations; the proper proportion of cyanid, acid, and water to be used to obtain the greatest yield of hydrocyanic-acid gas, and the effect that im- purities in the cyanid, principally chlorids, will have on the reaction. This work has been completed, and the results are of no small eco- nomic value. The investigations of lead arsenate, begun in 1907 in cooperation with the same Bureau, have been published as Bulletin 131 of the Bureau of Chemistry. The examination of 50 samples of lead arsen- ates found upon the market are given, together with directions for preparing homemade lead arsenate, the chemical examination of the materials from which it is prepared, and the observed effects of different lead arsenates and the impurities they may contain on peach foliage. Results of importance were obtained, and the work is being further continued. Orchard tests are being conducted with numerous poisonous materials which have sugegsted themselves as of possible value as insecticides, with the hope of discovering some compound which may be used on peach and other tender foliage without causing injury thereto. Another investigation, begun last year in cooperation with the ento- mologist, on the toxic effect on orchards of certain elements, notably copper and arsenic, which may accumulate in the soil as a result of spraying, is still under way. This will require the examination of many orchards before any definite conclusions can be drawn. On account of the increasing interest in the subject of insecticides, more accurate and detailed methods for their examination are de- manded, manufacturers in particular being especially interested at this time in this subject, owing to the recent passage of a national insecticide law in regard to the inspection of insecticides and fungi- cides. Much time has been devoted to this subject, particularly as concerns methods for the analysis of the comparatively new and important insecticides, lead arsenates. This work and that in con- nection with the orchard experiments have required during the year ge ae 500 determinations which do not appear in the tabu- ation. CATTLE FEEDS AND GRAINS.—The total number of samples examined in the laboratory studying these materials was 748, including sam- ples of cattle and poultry food and remedies, both foreign and do- mestic, examined under the provisions of the food law, as well as samples examined in connection with the study of such economic problems as the feeding value of forage crops, the composition and value of various grains and cereals and of their milling quality, and of improved methods of examining such materials. Some time was spent in the study of methods for the determina- tion of starch and sugars in cattle foods, requiring approximately 1,000 determinations, a special study being made of the cause of varying results obtained in the starch determinations in cotton-seed meal. An improvement of the apparatus for fat extractions was also devised. Of the 497 interstate samples of cattle foods and grains examined 125 were found to be illegal. The 233 miscellaneous samples ana- lyzed were received principally from other bureaus of the Department. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 481 TRADE WASTES IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURE.—These studies of the relation of the disposal of harmful wastes to agricultural operations and to the purity of streams are of great economical importance. Particular attention has in the past been given to a study of the effect of smelter wastes on agricultural products, forests, animals, and irri- gation streams. This work involved the examination of 240 samples during the year, about 600 determinations being made. A study of the effect of copper salts on certain grain crops was necessary to determine the effect of tailings from smelters on farm crops irrigated with water containing same. At the request of the Department of Justice the chief of the Miscellaneous Division visited Ducktown, Tenn., to in- spect the improvements made in local conditions by the installation of sulphuric acid plants at the two Ducktown smelters, such acid plants being erected for the purpose of condensing the sulphur dioxid and trioxid fumes from the smelter operations. A study was also made of the process of sulphuric acid manufacture as conducted at these smelters. The results of the two investigations were trans- mitted to the Department of Justice. An investigation of the effect of smelter fumes on forests and ranges in the vicinity of Anaconda, Mont., with special reference to the United States Government forest and ranges, was completed during the year, and the results, together with certain previous work on smelter fumes, were published as Bulletin 113, revised, of the Bureau of Chemistry. INVESTIGATIONS OF THE LEATHER AND PAPER LABORATORY. The routine work of testing government supplies, notably papers, for the several branches of the federal service has continued to increase; but more especially is this true of the researches concerning Jeather, paper, and turpentine. The following summary shows the number and kind of samples that have been examined: Papers and paper-making materials: Washington! $35 bc owe te ee bey Ps 2 ek 3, 587 Dawton, laboratory. osbs a es ee a e 2, LAT Leather and leather-making materials_______________-_____ ala lg Turpentine, rosins, oils, and wood products___----------_--- 142 MUSCOIMMOOUSS 2 tee PE Ly Bee 2 ae or Uae ees 71 EE ee a Se OS, De | tee oe ee Se ee 6, 094 Some indication of the usefulness of the laboratory to other branches of the service is afforded by the fact that, of the total number of samples examined, about 5,000 were for other departments. Paper tests have been regularly made at Washington and at Day- ton, Ohio, for the Post-Oflice Department, and also for the Govern- ment Printing Office, General Supply Committee, Bureau of Engravy- ing and Printing, Isthmian Canal Commission, and other branches of the Government. Special investigations have been made of the postal-card paper at the request of the Post-Office Department, and of blueprint papers at the request of the Navy Department. Speci- fications for papers of maximum durability have been prepared at the request of the Census Office, and assistance has been rendered the American Chemical Society, as well as several of the departments, on 73477°—acr 1910——31 482 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the same subject. Considerable attention has been devoted to the simplification of the methods for testing paper and to the study of methods. The facilities for the testing work have been so improved since moving into the new chemical laboratories as to render the equipment inferior to none in this country for this class of work. ParpeER AND PAPER-MAKING MATERIALS.—Cooperative studies on rarely used paper-making materials have been made with the office of the crop technologist, Bureau of Plant Industry. The yield and quality of fiber from different varieties of cornstalks, the proper way of cooking and bleaching the fiber, and the most feasible methods of utilizing the extract obtained in cooking the stalk have all been inves- tigated. These experiments are not for the purpose of establishing the fact that paper can be made from cornstalks which has been proved long since, but to devise methods which will place the process on a profitable basis. Several other new raw materials have been ex- amined as to their suitability for paper stock, but with negative results from the practical point of view. The problems involved in the utilization of new materials are, as has been previously pointed out, primarily those of cost of raw materials rather than of the actual making of paper. The work in progress has for its object the reduc- tion of the cost of raw materials through methods for utilizing the enormous amount of waste which now occurs in paper making. The warning sounded in last year’s report is repeated—that in the exploi- tation of materials not now in general use great care should be exer- cised in order that the losses incident to hastily considered and incompletely developed processes may be avoided. TURPENTINE AND ROSIN.—Investigations on the production and na- ture of turpentine, both gum spirits and wood turpentine, have been continued and analytical methods for the differentiation of one from the other and for the detection of adulterants in either have been studied. Samples of turpentine taken in connection with the administration of the food and drugs act, June 30, 1906, have been examined and a number found to be adulterated or misbranded. Samples of turpen- tine and rosin were also examined for the several departments. The waste in the production of these products is very large, both in the woods and at the still. These problems have all been studied during the year. The question of the grading of rosin has for many years been a bone of contention between the consumers, middlemen or factors, and the producers, with the result that the farmer or producer has been the loser partly through unavoidable but also through avoidable errors in the methods of grading now in vogue. This has occurred, although several of the chief rosin-producing States have laws mak- ing it obligatory that each barrel of rosin be inspected by a sworn inspector. Under present conditions the producer does not know what grade of rosin he has made until he receives the report of the factor through whom it is sold. To the end that the producer may know the grade of each barrel of rosin he makes, and in this way have a check on the grading of his product on the market, an accu- rate but simple and inexpensive method for sampling and grading at the still, which it is believed will add thousands of dollars annually to the income of the turpentine farmer, has been devised. Investi- BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 483 gations looking to the improvement of the quality of rosin are being conducted, but are not sufficiently advanced to warrant conclusions. The quality or grade of rosin is determined by its color and free- dom from foreign materials, and is established by comparison with standard type samples. Much dissatisfaction now exists owing to the changes which occur in these types, and the laboratory is investi- gating the feasibility of preparing permanent rosin type standards with which the types used in the.actual grading may be compared from time to time to assure their accuracy. Leatuer.—The research work on sole leather had for its primary purpose the improvement of the quality of the product and the devis- ing of tests for its examination. In this work the cooperation of several large manufacturers of shoes has been secured, such manu- facturers in general being much interested in preventing the adul- teration of leather with materials which are useless or harmful. The work so far done indicates that much, if not the larger part, of the sole leather now on the market has been heavily loaded with glucose, Epsom salts, barium sulphate, etc., or with two or more of such mate- rials. This practice from the point of view, both of the consumer and of the manufacturer of shoes, 1s utterly without excuse, as the quality and wear of the leather are certainly materially reduced thereby, while its cost is increased. In these days, when the quantity of tan- ning materials and hides available is barely sufficient to meet the demand, every effort should be made to conserve them through the manufacture of leather of the highest quality and greatest durability. The work on leather has progressed sufficiently to justify the con- clusion that vigorous steps should be taken to prevent the adultera- tion or loading of leather in any way. MisceLLANEOUS worK.—Miscellaneous samples, including fertiliz- ers, wastes, oils, and various industrial materials, have been examined at the request of other departments and of other bureaus of this Department, and the laboratory has cooperated with chemical associ- ations in the study of methods for the examination of leather and tanning materials, in the preparation of specifications for suitable and permanent paper for scientific publications, and in the study of methods for the estimation of iron and alumina in phosphate rock. The work of the Leather and Paper Laboratory is in charge of F. P. Veitch. EXAMINATION OF CONTRACT SUPPLIES. The constant demand for the testing of current supplies by the various governmental branches, accompanied generally by the request that the work be rushed as rapidly as possible, leaves little or no time for systematic research. Considerable work has been done in the revision of existing specifications for miscellaneous supplies and the preparation of definite specifications where formerly none was used. A large number was prepared for the General Supply Com- mittee and for the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, with the result that the number of samples tested was diminished very much as compared with preceding years by letting the contracts on the bases thus established and thus rendering sampling on competitive bids unnecessary in many cases. Some progress has been made also 484 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. on the study of the composition of rubber goods, with a view to draw- ing up specifications for this class of material, and an investigation of paint materials has been begun, including the preparation for some extensive paint tests. As to the bulk of the work accomplished, the number of samples examined for the various government departments showed a very great increase over that of the preceding years, being the greatest ever examined in any one year since the establishment of the labora- tory. The attached table shows the distribution of this work, ac- cording to the character of the material examined and the department for which the examinations were made. The character of the samples varies greatly, but the larger number was under the classes of colors, aints, and varnishes, and oils, fats, greases, and waxes. The greatest increase in any one class of samples examined was in typewriter rib- bons, of which 595 were tested as compared with 73 in the previous year. The total number of samples examined during this year is 2,829. which does not include more than 3,600 pieces of apparatus tested for the Bureau of Chemistry. This work is done under the supervision of P. H. Walker. Number of samples of contract supplies analyzed. Bek) stem Vahey a oie a a n é — faa eres a) 4 ea | &4| & |e 1 cialipaecd 3 Departments requesting analysis. aa as| 9 2 . | 3 5 a = | ae Fa | & < a gel@ate |als l2lele) 2° S28) BS eee (2S Bee ieee eee ° my 2° =I G2 2 es a Ss oS = Oo ° Mm jo | & B)/O1o a a & General Supply Committee........ 440 | 194| 249/24, 509 33} Ee arr Isthmian Canal Commission....... 125) Li ae 3 eee 49 -| 28 6 8 502 Treasury Department @...........- fee] 258-1) 122 Taleee] Zi\..2-]' 30] Sie sacee 19 440 Department of Agriculture 6.............. 45 31 AT sacclps UD )n30'] iol Sete 10 145 Post-Office Department. ...22.--2-..---.- & [scsaeclesaeers eee ieee eA ace Seer mee be) ce 54 War Departments 5-255. eee. oa 30.8 10))| elise Boe eEsee Sept eeos Bess coon = 3 28 Commissioners, District of Columbia....-..|....-- 7 12) |2- =.<||scaeee 2a) -<-|2c)ecemee 1 22 Government Printing Office.............- ] 13 Tal, Sa eae wodaloene)l dl eect eee 22 Department of Commerce and Labor..... Di Rano slseeee Pee Gorete- 1h ee ee ee Sea ee 14 aviv. Departinentotee cess eee eee il dete sae sch ee BN an eee 3! 14 interior: Depantmentie: 55 25. See 3 3 2 \sxn paste. peaee oct sloeeleeceee 1 9 National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Enstitdtion 220.2. 33c Ae eee 3 Fl PME © is Hebe Soles 13 |. | pees 6 Samples referred to other laboratories.....|......|....-.|....-- Pee See eseiEcee } pees: | 37 37 Motels... 5.36.4. Bee ee 903 | 565] 294| 70| 595| 82| 65 | 38 18 | 199 | 2,829 @ Including Bureau of Engraving and Printing. b Including Bureau of Chemistry. NITROGEN DETERMINATIONS. A section in charge of T. C. Trescot is devoted entirely to nitrogen work, which is especially important in the administration of the food law, since the value and quality of a product frequently depend largely on the nitrogen content, as in the case of dairy products and cattle foods. Another important application of these data occurs in the research work on cereals and the examination of the excreta of animals, referred by the Pharmacological Laboratory of the Drug Division in the course of experiments on metabolism. In all 10,500 such determinations were made on samples referred from the various laboratories of this Bureau and from the Bureau of Plant Industry. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 485 During the past year this laboratory has collaborated with other nitrogen chemists in work looking to the improvement of the present methods, especially those relating to the determination of nitrates in fertilizers. An investigation has also been begun of methods for estimating free and combined ammoniacal nitrogen in foods, a diffi- cult point which has given rise to considerable controversy. PUBLICATIONS. During the past fiscal year the following publications have been prepared: Fourteen bulletins, of which 9 are in print; 22 circulars, of which 20 have been issued; 7 unnumbered publications, including the Report of the Chemist and instructions to Inspectors and to com- . missioned state officials concerning the execution of the food law; 3 farmers’ bulletins; 16 food-inspection decisions; and 424 notices of judgment; aggregating about 2,580 pages of original matter. Of this, approximately 830 pages were notices of judgment received from the Office of the Solicitor. The food inspection decisions included Nos. 109 to 124 and covered rulings on wines, cordials, whisky, shell- fish, rices, stock feed, cocoa, and certified colors. The bulletins cov- ered a wide range of subjects; of special interest are the report on the manufacture of denatured alcohol, the results of experiments on the effect of environment on wheat and on sweet corn, an extensive investigation of the manufacture and composition of maple sirup, with inspection and analytical data, and the farmers’ bulletin on preparations containing habit-forming agents, which was widely read and commented upon. More use was made of the circular form of publication this year, both for monographs on details of technical research, such as the enzym studies, and for practical applications of scientific data to commercial conditions, such as work on the cold storage of cider, the utilization of peaches as vinegar stock, and the preparation of sugared pineapples. Even under the strict rulings governing the distribution of free publications it was necessary to reprint 7 bulletins, 4 circulars, 15 food-inspection decisions, 4 notices of judgment, 5 Yearbook articles, 5 separates, and 2 unnumbered circulars. There were issued 346 requests for job printing, covering all sta- tionery supplies, forms, circular letters, etc., and 241 requests on the photographic laboratory for drawings and photographs in connec- tion with the illustration of bulletins or the construction of labora- tory equipment. GENERAL BUSINESS OPERATIONS. There was appropriated for the Bureau of Chemistry for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, a total of $930,560. Of this amount $75,560 was for statutory salaries; $112,540 for investigations re- lating to the application of chemistry to agriculture and for col- laboration with other departments; $5,000 for investigating the char- acter of the chemical and physical tests which are applied to American food products in foreign countries and for inspecting the same before shipment ; $737,460 for the enforcement of the food and drugs act. 486 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. On June 30, 1910, there were 467 employees in the Bureau of Chemistry, of which number 228 were analysts, 89 clerks, and 41 inspectors. Half of the total number are employed outside of Wash- ington. During the year 120,000 letters were written to Lahr ed 25,850 correspondents. In addition, 17,500 copies of mimeograp letters, covering 250 subjects, besides a large number of printed cir- cular letters, were sent out, 3,024 requisitions for supplies were pre- pared, 7,500 vouchers checked and passed for payment, and 896 let- ters of authorization drawn up; 6,056 guaranties under the food and drugs act were received, examined, filed, and serial numbers assigned thereto. Complete purchase, property, and financial records were kept. Verbatim reports of all hearings before the Board of Food and Drug Inspection are made and complete records, involving a vast mass of detail, are kept, covering the collection and analysis of samples under the food and drugs act, as well as all data relating to each case thereunder. WORK PLANNED FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1910-11. INSPECTION WORK. The principal work of the inspectors for the fiscal year of 1911 will be, as usual, the collection of official samples of foods and drugs to be used as the basis for criminal prosecutions. This work involves the preparation of testimony to establish sale and interstate delivery, necessitating that the inspectors procure the affidavits requested by district attorneys from dealers and other persons concerned in the prosecution. The regular inspection of factories, for the purpose of observing the character of raw materials used and the sanitary condi- tions surrounding the manufacture of food and drug products, will be continued. Attention will be given to interstate shipments of flour bleached with nitrogen peroxid, and instead of confining this work to a special investigation, as heretofore, involving the activities of a limited number of inspectors, it will be made general and include an exami- nation of shipments received in every section of the country in inter- state delivery. The investigation of the sardine industry on the northern Atlantic coast will be pursued until the inspector in charge is prepared to recommend what steps should be taken to suppress traffic in sardines shown to be adulterated by reason of the unsani- tary character of the fish due to the methods of packing or the sur- rounding conditions. The milk supply of several cities, which, be- cause of their situation, receive a large portion of milk from adjoin- ing States, will be investigated. It is contemplated to make work of this character more general, necessitating the attention periodically of only a few inspectors at the principal cities, instead of undertak- ing the investigation by a short campaign, demanding the services of a number of chemists and inspectors simultaneously. The inspection force will, for the most part, be wholly occupied with the routine work connected with the collection of samples and the prosecution of violations and the investigations made in conjunc- tion with or at the request of the laboratories. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 487 GENERAL FOOD INVESTIGATIONS. The work of the Division of Foods and the branch food inspection laboratories will consist largely, as in the past, of the inspection of foods imported into the United States and those sold in interstate commerce. For the purpose of increasing the efficiency of this work and promoting uniformity in the results obtained the collaborative study of analytical methods must be continued and new methods de- vised from time to time as conditions of manufacture and the char- acter of adulterations change. Investigations regarding the methods of manufacture and the sanitation of foods will be made for the pur- pose in some cases of improving the methods of manufacture or of assisting the manufacturer to overcome difficulties by reason of which his products are in violation of the law, and on the other hand for the purpose of securing information that will enable the Department to determine whether or not certain products should be considered as illegal. : Among such studies which should be continued or inaugurated dur- ing the coming year may be mentioned the changes in composition that occur in the conversion of cider into vinegar; a study of the prevalence in foods of certain added injurious substances, such as arsenic; the solubility of lead solder in foods, especially in foods con- taining oil of various degrees of acidity; the manufacture of citrus by-products from waste fruits; the chemical composition of the soy bean with special reference to methods for the manufacture and clari- fication of the oil; clarification and preservation of fruit juices, giv- ing attention to additional varieties of fruit and continuing the in- vestigation of storing at low temperatures under commercial condi- tions; the effect of low temperatures on the life process of fruits; the composition of several varieties of oranges at different stages of their maturity with a view to securing data that may be used in the definition of types of oranges; a study of canned goods with a view to determining the relative suitability of different grades of tin and the action on tin plate of different varieties of food; a study of the organic acids in various types of foods for the purpose of improving methods of analysis and increasing the data on which judgment of the purity and soundness of foods may be based. The extensive investigations under way in the Washington, New York, and Seattle inspection laboratories in collaboration with ex- -perts concerning the whole question of food colors, their identification, and the construction of analytical trees for this purpose, will be con- tinued. Among the more important researches in progress at the branch laboratories the following should be noted: Vinegar investi- gations and researches as to the chemical composition of the various products and the same product at- different stages of development; study of domestic and imported rices, especially of the Japanese types; work on apple butters to determine the nature of material used ; studies on cocoa products, including additional determinations and constituents of the cocoa bean; the effects of aging on the com- position, physical characters, and bread-making properties of flour; the amounts of phosphoric acid in jams and jellies of known origin and the detection’ of added phosphoric acid; the composition of vanilla extracts prepared by different methods, and the detection of caramel therein. 488 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FOOD RESEARCIL LABORATORY. The plans for the coming year extend and develop the lines of work already begun on the deterioration of poultry. The study of the handling of eggs along similar lines will be especially developed during the next fiscal year, since the question is one of great impor- tance to the consumer and is a matter just now much in the public mind. These studies are of fundamental importance in settling questions raised under the food law. The poultry study, as Lpecenes includes shipping and marketing experiments on fowls chilled in dry, cool air and also in water. The question of “ wet ” and “ dry ” pack- ing is one concerning which the shippers do not agree, and it 1s ex- pected that valuable information for the solution of this problem will be obtained. The study involves, also, some broad problems on the strictly scientific side, since it necessitates work on the relation of humidity, osmosis, temperature, etc., to bacterial growth and chemi- cal change, both bacterial and enzymic. DRUG WORK. The Drug Inspection Laboratory will continue to examine domes- tic drugs, check analyses of imported drugs not provided for by the special laboratories, and keep such systematic records of domestic and imported drugs required for the handling of cases as are necessary. Special investigation of certain drug products imported into the United States which may be dangerous to the health of the people will be made, such as preparations, sold indiscriminately, containing habit-forming drugs. Particular attention will be devoted to the improvement of methods of analysis, such as the detection and deter- mination quantitatively of various alkaloids and other plant con- stituents contained in the complex mixtures upon the market. The time spent by analysts as witnesses in connection with cases under the food and drugs act will doubtless be increased. Plans have been made, now that some of the necessary preliminary work has been done in the drug field, to have a more vigorous part taken in the drug inspection work by the port laboratories than has hitherto been possible, which will greatly increase the efficiency and thoroughness of the control of such products. Especially is this true of the eastern drugs imported on the Pacific coast. The pharmacological studies reported as under way will be con- tinued, these being of a nature to require observation for an extended period before final conclusions can be drawn; other studies will be made as necessitated by the questions raised in the prosecution of the drug work. The work on essential oils and synthetic products will continue along the line indicated in the report; a special study of methods for estimating salicylates will be begun. At the New York laboratory the study of crude drugs will be continued as a special feature of the work, particularly with reference to limits of ash, alkaloids, resin, and volatile and nonvolatile ether extracts. MISCELLANEOUS DIVISION. The mineral-water survey of the United States begun in 1904 will be continued. Other important lines of water work under the food and drugs act will be continued. Improved methods of mineral- BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 489 water analysis will be studied and special attention devoted to the determination of the radio-activity of mineral waters, including an investigation of this important subject at the source of certain springs. Sulphur waters will be studied and improved methods devised for the determination of the several sulphur compounds present. A study of the composition of cattle and poultry foods and remedies which enter interstate commerce, of range forage crops (the latter in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry), and investigations regarding the feeding value, commercial importance, and adaptability of grains and other feeding stuffs will be made. Improved methods of determining the various constituents in cattle foods will be studied with special reference to the fat determination, which, as now made, extracts materials other than fat from certain feeding stuffs. In addition to the examination of such insecticides and fungicides as may be called for by other bureaus of the Department and the continuation of the study of methods of analysis, the following inves- eg will be prosecuted: (1) The study of the cause of injury to foliage of fruit trees by lead arsenate and methods for preventing this injury. (2) The supposed injury to fruit trees from the accumulation of toxic salts in the soils, due to the use of insecticides, in cooperation with the Bureau of Entomology. (3) Orchard and laboratory tests of poisonous compounds not at present used as in- secticides with the view to finding some substance which may be so used on peach and other tender foliage. (4) The arsenic content of fruits to which arsenicals have been applied in spraying operations. The effect of toxic gases on different species of plants and the resist- ance of plants to copper and arsenic in the soil will be studied and field work done to determine the effects of smelter wastes in general on vegetable and animal life. Studies of the amount of arsenic or other poisonous substances in household articles in general use and other sanitary studies. SUGAR LABORATORY. The completion of the extensive investigation under way in regard to the maple-sugar industry and the examination of commercial glucose will be made the most important work of the year 1911, to- gether with the completion of the work on imported honey. The institution of investigations of equal thoroughness relating to cane sirup, sorghum sirup, etc., will follow the completion of the work in hand. The environment studies on the sugar content of watermelons and muskmelons will be steadily advanced. DAIRY LABORATORY. In addition to the regular routine work the following special studies will be made: (1) A completion of the study of the process of con- densing milk to determine the practical limit of condensation consist- ent with good mechanical condition. (2) Continuation of the work on the perfecting of analytical methods and checking of analyses re- ceived from the branch laboratories. (3) Study of all the brands of malted milk in the United States, 490 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. LEATHER AND PAPER LABORATORY. The following lines of work will define the researches proposed for the coming year: (1) The study of unusual paper-making materials and of methods for the utilization of waste from paper making with a view to increas- ing the availability of raw materials for this purpose. (2) Investigations of the service qualities and suitability of leather for various purposes and experiments to improve its character with a view to conserving raw material. Also the study of native tanning materials, with particular attention to their conservation. (3) Studies on the production, refining, nature, and uses of wood turpentine and products of wood distillation. Investigations looking to the improvement of the quality of rosin and methods of grading the same by the establishment of types. The testing of leather, tur- pentine, and rosin, and the preparation and improvement of specifica- tions for these materials for other departments of the Government upon their request. CONTRACTS LABORATORY. The examination of routine samples from the various departments will constitute the greater part of the work. The study of paint and paint materials will be given as much attention as possible and work on the testing of rubber, the revision of existing specifications, and the preparation of specifications for materials for which there are no satisfactory specifications obtainable will be continued. It is pro- posed also to investigate enamel ware used for cooking utensils, in order to ascertain the relative durability of the different makes and the presence or absence of poisonous metals in the enamel coat; also the relative solubility of such poisonous metals in water and in the dilute acid and salt solutions which would.be used in cooking. MICROCHEMICAL LABORATORY. The work for the coming year will be largely routine and coopera- tive as in the past, but in addition to this the following investigations will be elaborated: (1) Condition of eggs and egg products, in con- nection with which field work is contemplated. (2) The work on ketchups will also be supplemented by commercial investigations, especially with a view to obtaining more exact knowledge as to certain forms of spoilage which occur in this product. (3) The studies on alkaloids will be continued along much the same lines as in the previ- ous two years, studying new forms as they may be obtained, and further studies will be made of the histological structure of drug plants for the purpose of identifying the ingredients in medicinal mixtures. The study of mustards will be completed and the informa- tion obtained applied in connection with the examination of this product under the food and drugs act. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS. ENOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. (1) The chemical examination of the grape and apple crops in the northeastern and central fruit sections of the United States. (2) The preparation of samples of native wines and ciders from the fruit in these districts as supplemental to those already in hand. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 491 (3) A study of the pomace and other wastes from the grapes and the apples as found at the manufactories. (4) The collection and examination of native wines, ciders, and vinegars. (5) The study of pure races of yeasts, with especial reference to their efficiency in producing chemical changes in pure juices at dif- ferent temperatures and also in the presence of various preservatives, (6) The further study of technical questions on the cellar practices with fermented fruit products and the economic handling and storing of the same. PLANT AND ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. Special emphasis will be given to plant studies during the early periods of Slates and milling and baking experiments to show the influence of environment on the composition of flour obtained from wheat grown under varying conditions. An exhaustive examination of the infants’ and invalids’ foods now on the market has been begun, and a study of the care, preparation, and modification of foods for infant feeding will be made. BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES. Special bacteriological work will be done in connection with the sustained investigations of oysters, eggs (including stored, frozen, and desiccated products), milk, ice cream, waters, and ketchups. a ee) = an i 7 - tL nk Ses 5 , aa, » i, . . ‘ = ; 7 * ; , , , P 2 ope | it j ; Ls ay - th 20° ie + s i a be s a - i 7 j & : ve c > i y rt E = ° a a : . . = - . f mM ps 24225 ~ , \ ud a as , | : a i 3 - re : ; es ww - ‘ ee : sity I Eee owichtebed REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF SOILS. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BurEAU OF SOILs, Washington, D. C., November 26, 1910. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report covering the operations of the Bureau of Soils for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910. Respectfully, Mitton WHuirtney, Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAmMes Wizson, Secretary of Agriculture. PROGRESS OF THE SOIL SURVEY. THE YEAR’S WORK. Work was continued during the year in both detailed and recon- noissance surveys, and areas completed or begun in 26 different States, comprising 59 areas. Cooperation was continued with state authorities, and soil surveys were assigned in cooperating States after consultation with those interested and distributed, as far as possible, to meet the urgent agricultural needs of the State as expressed by those authorities. During the fiscal year a total area of 22,762 square miles was covered by detailed soil surveys and 79,108 square miles by recon- noissance surveys. The detailed surveys are conducted on the scale of 1 inch equals 1 mile, and the total area covered to July 1, 1910, is 204,276 square miles, or 130,736,640 acres. The results of the reconnoissance surveys are shown on small-scale maps, and represent the more important facts relating to the soils, their character, distribution, surface features, etc., while other infor- mation necessary for the guidance of settlers in the location of new homes is included in the accompanying reports. The area recon- noissanced to July 1, 1910, was 155,288 square miles, or 99,384,320 acres. In the sparsely settled regions, or regions of rather uniform soil conditions, the reconnoissance work will supply the information needed for many years to come, or until the country becomes more thickly settled and more intensive agriculture becomes necessary. Combining the area covered by the two classes of survey, it is seen that to July 1, 1910, there had been surveyed and mapped in the United States 359,564 square miles, or 230,120,960 acres. 493 494 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The tables following give details of distribution and cost of the work: Individual areas surveyed and mapped during the fiscal year ended June 80, 1910. DETAILED. | Area surveyed. | State or Territory. Area. | 3 quare miles. Acres. Alabambsid< 25a: 55 aoe See. Baldwin'Count yo lees.cec ee scm ona ceserecec eae @ 465 297, 600 Chambers’ County os. 3. sca. eens cance secs pax Sees 570 364, 800 GClarke:'County 5... e553 eases set chia. ARES, See 670 428, 800 Cofies Countye.. 555-8 nse fe dear eet eee a418 267, 520 DaleiGounty seo. coc cncccecncccwocssesde see aaa 561 359, 040 Hale County.......... a78 49,920 Jackson County... Sa 275 176, 000 Mobile County...... 5 306 195, 840 Pike. County...i.0.ceucoces pec ae ence Cee oe eee 346 221,440 Tallapoosa County a185 118, 400 Tuscaloosa County 350 224, 000 Califormiai 42> 2-5 oe ese EAVErmoOre ALCO s aiscin ibs anja foun aera ee seeeeoee 225 144,000 Madera areaics <.- ccc cco cee ote woe Boe ee eee 860 550, 400 Wlorlda ee. a2 eee ee Jacksonville'area 55252452 32a eaten eee ee eee ee 250 160, 000 eorolae. See as ccomeseae Bulloch County. -.2ec.cs otc 5s a seees econo ces 980 627, 200 Kranklin\Countiy ss conc: so2ce ose secu eaeee eee 270 172, 800 Sumter County ccoss jac tac ese soe eee eee eee 534 341,760 Mentuclry ss .sccscceeco8e eee Rockeastle:County «s 2 Ot Beer 397 4,183 4, 580 2,931, 200 OEP ESTE EE SEE EO ances ane be Aare Oner © aoe Secre rai 1, ~ 1, ie as an PEO Nee en icc e ena cn cccaeaacceneneaemese sens fccen seenEs 5 " iB eeiey ivan | es el = 5 = See eee ee eee ee ede ge 908 4,978 5, 886 3,767,040 EC PDV UES TO? A OS ARE ae nS eo Oe Se em ae ae 330 330 211, 200 1,085 1,085 694, 400 8, 000 8,710 5, 574, 400 675 675 432, 000 6,137 6, 137 3,927, 680 15,105 16,171 10, 349, 440 G 8 Sot 1, 501 960. eo INT A re Solid ol Diew'in 2, ols w wis a ew ee ee eee den = | ieee a i 27 45, 21 NE en ene ion sa twat oan eee ane cate ects 550 5, 887 6, 437 4,119, 680 BAMNITINO CON sibel. 3 = ote Son tse Paes Loss 55S sseeees -asa|t poe nee 1, 652 1,652 1, 057, 280. ETERS Tn SE nS SRE ES. ere ea eee eR 805 2,839 3, 644 2,332, 160 AE LUE g 0 a ee eee) eS eee See eee? mee es | 2,145 2, 537 4,682 2.996, 480 VORA CRS OSE Se eee ene aes ee eee Sere See eee Be a eee 309 309 197, 760 Mota st 2. 774. 234 ads sabe bee e535 se Be ee 22, 762 181, 514 204,276 | 130,736, 640 RECONNOISSANCE. 1H DA as ns fe Se Rene Serre |e eevee 39,240 | 39,240] 25,113, 600 PP ETIRPNC ENTS aw oe eget ocr a cectinin.cownae naw edecassantn made te sacs 6, 505 10, 128 16, 633 10, 645, 120 reel Praise cts ieee foes ibe Nets wad, ete ALPADOU ECOL Ys. 41,400 | 26,496,000 aes aA Ah tg ieee Nery are ET; © vy Pe 26,812 re ne 9 ang isa CULN 4 () ee a ne sc Se a ame Say Say os SOLON oat ira ze , 67. , 990, WwW Cacerin 0 A ee Oe EE Ee Pe eee aoe ae ae ee 2 Re OOG Nias. de mat data 1,396 893, 440 iitalises 7) oi svete iia). cet. 2 lee ee RE 79,108 | 76,180 | 155, 288 | 99, 384, 320 COOPERATION. During the year this Bureau has cooperated, as far as possible, with state institutions, including experiment stations, boards of agriculture, and geological surveys; also with Bureaus and Divisions 496 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of this Department, as well as with other departments of the Goy- ernment. Such cooperation has been particularly close with state organizations in the States of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, North Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Missouri, Wisconsin, and Washington. All these States with which we are now cooperating are planning to continue the work, and most of them are Netto of increasing the rate at which the work is being done. These States make special appropriations for soil-survey work. The funds are administered by some of the previously existing state organizations, either the agricultural experiment stations, state boards of agriculture, or state geological surveys. The cooperative agreements between these organizations and the Bureau provide for an approximately equal sharing of the expense of the work by each institution. The Bureau in each case controls the work so far as the methods of procedure are concerned. The determination of the relations of the various soils are made by the Bureau men also. In those States where there are local men who are thoroughly familiar with the local geological and agricultural conditions the details of soil differentiation are left, to a considerable extent, to them. The Bureau by this arrangement profits by the intimate local knowledge of the state officials, and the levee on the other hand, profit by the broad knowledge of the Bureau staff. The work done is just as much the Bureau’s work as is that done in any of the noncooperating States, because it is done according to the Bureau’s methods. It is equally the work of the state organizations, since it Incorporates the results of their special local knowledge. At the same time the States avoid the expense of developing a plan of work and training a corps of field men of their own. Each party to the agreement profits by the special knowledge of the other and in so doing sacrifices nothing whatever. The detailed survey work of the Bureau is gradually becoming more and more accurate. This increases the cost somewhat above that of the earlier more generalized work. As arule, the work carried out under cooperative agreements is the most detailed work that is done. The cost is therefore a little higher per square mile than is that of the work done in the noncooperating States. The cost to the Bureau, however, is less than the ttt work, since it pays only about half the expense. It accomplishes a higher grade of work at a less cost per square mile than it is able to accomplish in the other States. The increased demands for cooperative work should be met by apprepriations made especially for this purpose, in addition to the usual appropriations for pushing the work in those States that are not yet ready to appropriate money for carrying on their part of any cooperative agreements with the Bureau. The soil mapping in a number of States has already extended over more than half their area. It is thought to be especially desirable that the work in some, at least, of these States should be pushed to completion as rapidly as possible in order that such States and such work may be utilized for the planning and execution of experimental work on a comprehensive scale. It seems especially desirable to have a soil map of a whole State completed in order to test more thor- oughly than has been possible on the isolated areas mapped so far BUREAU OF SOILS. 497 the value of soil maps in the planning of comprehensive study of agricultural conditions. During the past year many inquiries have been received from experiment-station officers in States not now cooperating with the Bureau concerning possible cooperation with them; and it seems “oeseabl that within a very few years every State in the Union will e cooperating with the Bureau in soil work or will be desirous of doing so. : Many of the agricultural experiment stations are conducting various kinds of experiments on crop adaptations, variety tests, fertilizer tests, rotation experiments, and various kinds of agricul- tural surveys, while others are oiecrer such work. By all these organizations the Bureau is sought for advice about the soil, and soil surveys are sought. The soil survey and mapping of the soils is regarded as the preliminary and fundamental exploratory and research work that furnishes the necessary foundation for all experi- mental work on the relation of soils to crops. The Soil Survey is coming more and more to be regarded as an institution for funda- mental soil study in the field as a preliminary to all experimental work. Its work is not final, and the fact is now well recognized that it can not and does not pretend to solve all the problems of agriculture. It is, however, a well-established and recognized fact that soil surveys are more or less consciously agricultural surveys. The student of the soil in the field (the soil surveyor) is ever on the watch for soil differences and seeks to recognize all the many facts indi- cating such differences, whatever they may be. He becomes a student of crops, therefore, as indicators of soil character. He is not an experimentalist. He studies the natural adaptabilities of the soil as expressed in the natural vegetation and in the varied success gained by man under the many methods adopted by the farmers in any one region. The natural vegetation has adjusted itself to soil conditions. Man in most cases in America has not done so, but is unconsciously endeavoring to do so. (The complete adjust- ment has not and probably never will be reached by any one indi- vidual, but it may be reached in one particular by one and in another by another individual. It will be well within the province of the field student of soils to seek out these isolated instances and combine them. By such studies he gradually acquires’ a knowledge of soil adaptabilities. To this extent soil surveys may legitimately go beyond the first step in fundamental work. ORGANIZATION. The organization and work of the Bureau of Soils have been along essentially the same lines as during the previous year. The interest in the work of the Bureau of Soils is growing penal and the demands for work in different parts of the country are increasing, and it is believed that the results of the work in showing the conditions and resources of the soils of the country and in giving the people precise and accurate knowledge as to the possibilities of the soils justify fully every expenditure that has been made and every recommenda- tion that will be made for the further extension of the work. 73477°—acr 1910——32 498 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PROGRESS OF THE SURVEY IN THE WESTERN DIVISION. In the States of the Great Basin and Pacific coast the soil survey has been brought to play an important réle in connection with the settlement and the utilization of the soil resources of the districts studied, as well as in the development of state and federal projects. In the State of Washington the survey of an area of 3,568 square miles has been completed. This survey covers large areas of logged- off and burned-over forest tracts adjacent to Puget Sound and em- braces the compilation of maps indicating the adaptation of soil types to the various systems of cropping and to reforestation. This State - is now confronted with the problem of developing vast areas of such | unutilized, unproductive tracts, a considerable portion of which have been returned to the State for unpaid taxes. The work of the survey, which has been undertaken in cooperation with the State, will require three or four more seasons for its completion and is expected to provide a basis for the organization of practicable means for rendering state aid in the clearing and development of the lands, including reforestation of such tracts as are found unsuited to agri- cultural purposes. At the request of the United States Reclamation Service a detailed soil survey has been made of the Truckee-Carson reclamation project in Nevada. The results when published will form a ready means of supplying information to home seekers and be valuable in aiding and directing settlement of the government and private lands under the roject now supplied with water for irrigation. The report will also e of service to the settlers in pointing out the soil types upon which the various crops are most likely to succeed. In Oregon an area representative of the humid coastal valley dis- tricts in the vicinity of Coos Bay has been studied and mapped. Owing to favorable climatic conditions and to the lack of suitable transportation facilities for more perishable products, dairying is here now the dominant agricultural industry. Certain soil types have, however, been found suitable to the development of special fruit, small fruit, and trucking industries as soon as favorable trans- portation and market facilities obtain. ' In California similar studies have been carried into the Livermore Valley, an important intermountain valley of the Coast Range noted for the production of sugar beets, hops, and choice wines, while in the dry-farmed grain-producing districts of the San Joaquin Valley the scope of the soil survey has been extended to include the agricultural portions of Madera County. In the former area the results obtained are valuable as data bearing upon the relation of soils to a number of special products grown here; in the latter many soil types varying widely in texture and other characteristics have been recognized. Many of these when developed by future irrigation enterprises will become suitable to the production of a wide variety of staple and special farm, orchard, and vineyard crops. RECONNOISSANCE IN THE GREAT PLAINS AND SOUTHERN TEXAS. During the last few years a great deal of attention has been directed to the utilization of the Great Plains region as a farming Cone Good crop yields throughout the United States, together with the BUREAU OF SOILS. 499 high prices obtained by the farmer for his products, have resulted in an era of great prosperity, and this with the increase in population has caused high prices for farm lands, especially in the central-western States. The demand for land, Sher alls for cheaper land, has been great, and the eyes of many farmers have been turned westward and immigration has forced its way into the semiarid region heretofore used mainly for grazing. In order to meet the demand, great bodies of western lands have been thrown on the markets. Large ranches have been cut up into small farms and sold to farmers, and practically all of the cultivable government land has been homesteaded. Many individuals, companies, and corporations are exploiting and adver- tising the western lands, and the influx of settlers into the western plains has been enormous within the past few years. Many inquiries are received by the Bureau of Soils from people who are contemplating moving into the western country for the purpose of farming and from eople already living in the West who are desirous of obtaining information concerning soil problems. In order to gather information along soil lines which would be available for the people of the West and for the people who wish to move to the West, the Bureau of Soils in 1898 inaugurated extensive surveys in the Great Plains. The importance of gathering the infor- mation as rapidly as possible was recognized by the Bureau and it was decided to make rapid surveys of large areas, mapping the soils on small-scale maps. Thus the beginning of the fiscal year 1908 witnessed the beginning of reconnoissance soil surveys. The purpose of the reconnoissance soil survey is to map the soils in a general way, without attempting to show small areas or trace out soil boundaries accurately, as is done in detailed soil survey work. In some cases where small areas of different soil types are found closely associated and where separating them on a map would require considerable time, these types are mapped in one color, but each described separately in the report. The surface features are also shown in a general way. Soil and general agricultural informa- tion is gathered and the report of the area is written up in much the same way as the report for a detailed survey. In the reconnoissance survey a large area may be covered in a single season. At the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, approximately 1,132,586 square miles had been covered in the Great Plains region and southern Texas. These surveys covered the western half of North and South Dakota and three large areas in Texas; one in the extreme northwestern part of the State covering the Panhandle section and two areas in the extreme southern part of the State bordering the Gulf. A great deal of information relating to soils, crops, and agriculture in these sections has been gathered in this work, furnishing material for unbiased reports on the several areas. In North Dakota some 29 types or conditions of soil were shown. As a rule, all the types that are tillable are well adapted to the pro- duction of wheat, oats, flax, barley, and potatoes. These soils are all quite productive and suited to dry farming, provided the rainfall for the year does not fall greatly below the normal. The country has been settling rapidly during the past few years with an industrious class of farmers, many of whom are emigrants from the Scandinavian countries, and from Russia, Germany, and Bohemia. In some 500 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. sections considerable land has been homesteaded by Americans for speculative purposes and only enough work done to comply with the homestead laws. The ranching industry has been largely broken up by the encroachment of the homesteaders and is now confined principally to the rough, untillable areas. This survey showed that nearly 2,750,000 acres, or over 10 per cent, of the land in North Dakota west of the one hundredth meridian is too rough and broken for profitable cultivation and will always be suitable for ranching 08 oses only. Nearly 2,000,000 acres of this consists of the famous ad Lands. Many people have homesteaded land where a large pro- portion of the surface is too rough for farming and they will not be able to depend on crop production, while 160 acres is too small a unit for. stock raising. The precipitation is near the minimum for profitable crop production mt years of drought may be expected when crop yields will be very slight. A combination of stock raising and farm- ing is safer than depending on grain growing alone, but the farms will have to be larger than 160 acres in order that a suitable system may be evolved. A very large proportion of the land is not suitable for irrigation, and dry farming will have to be depended upon in raising crops for the greater part of western North Dakota. South Dakota.—About one-fifth of the land, or roughly 5,500,000 acres, in western South Dakota was found too rough for profitable cultivation and suitable only for stock raising and forestry. Much of this rough land is comprised in the Black Hills region. Large areas of the region are still held as Indian reservations. Some of these have been recently opened up to settlement and great numbers | of people have come into the region, principally from the Middle West. The soils range from sands to loams and clays. The greater part of the area will have to be farmed without irrigation. Consid- erable land has been taken up that is not suited for the crops that are adapted to the region, being either too rough or too sandy for profitable cultivation of grain crops. Agricultural and climatic conditions are much the same as found in North Dakota. Texas.—In southern Texas a large number of soils were found well adapted to many crops. Owing to uncertainty of rainfall in that - portion of southern Texas west of the ninety-seventh meridian, irri- gation must be practiced when possible to insure profitable crop production. This is done to a considerable extent in the vicinity of the Rio Grande. The soils are well adapted to cotton, corn, vege- tables, truck crops, sugar cane, and rice. This country is being sold to many people who move here in order to escape the cold winters of the north. Land values here have risen greatly in the last few years and many large ranches have been cut up into small tracts for farms. Some land is sold in 5, 10, and 20 acre tracts under the adver- tisement that it is possible to grow truck and oranges or other tropical fruits and make money on such small areas. This may be possible in some of the more favored localities, and the reconnoissance survey has outlined the soils adapted to the different crops and gives informa- tion valuable to the homeseeker. The results of the survey seem to show that the production of profitable crops of the tropical fruits is uncertain, except where protected to some extent, although the soils are well suited to some of these fruits. The Panhandle region of Texas has seen a remarkable influx of American farmers in the last few years. The total value of property BUREAU OF SOILS. 501 assessed has risen from about $37,500,000 in 1905 to over $109,000,000 in 1909, according to the statistics of the Texas department of agri- culture. This remarkable increase has been largely due to the increased value of land. The reconnoissance survey of that region disclosed a large percentage of good soil well adapted to a number of forage crops and, during favorable seasons, to the various small grains, including wheat and oats. Considerable of the region is rough and broken and adapted only to grazing: The survey has also shown the location of the soils adapted to many crops and the por- tions of the area best suited to the production of cotton and Indian corn, as well as other crops. The reconnoissance survey of the Great Plains has been the means of gathering a great store of information regarding soils and soil con- ditions, the adaptability of certain crops to the different soils, and the best methods of handling the soils in order to conserve the soil moisture, the general lack of which has heretofore constituted the ereatest hindrance to a proper development of the Plains region. The results of the reconnoissance soil survey seem to show that in general there is a rather exaggerated opinion of the profits in farming in the West under semiarid conditions where irrigation is not possible. This is perhaps due in part to a great deal of advertising, picturing in glowing terms the possibilities of agriculture, which does not represent average conditions but cites results secured under the most favorable conditions; in other words, the exceptions. This has given rise to a speculation in land that has often resulted in higher rices being asked for the land than conditions would seem to justify. nformation gathered by the reconnoissance surveys also seems to indicate that the farms of many portions of the Plains region should be several hundred acres in size and that a combination of general farming and stock raising should be carried on, especially in the regions where irrigation is not possible. The value of the reconnoissance soil survey may be summed up as follows: 1. Information is gathered and supplied to the home seeker, ena- bling him to understand thoroughly the conditions in this new country and showing him the location of the soils adapted to the type of farming in which he desires to engage. 2. Information is gathered and furnished the farmers living in the region which aids them to overcome the bad effects arising either from some inherent soil trouble, such as alkali, poor drainage, or mis- take in crop adaptation, or arising from improper tillage methods during seasons when climatic conditions are not favorable. 3. It furnishes a broad and comprehensive basis for the future scientific work of National or state agricultural scientists in studying not only soil problems, but general agricultural problems. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS. The laboratories have made a large number of physical, chemical, and mineralogical analyses and examinations for the investigations of this and other bureaus, for other departments, and in response to other properly accredited requests. Methods for soil examinations have received more than usual attention, particularly physical and mineralogical methods, which will much facilitate future work. The 502 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, well-known ‘‘alkali bridge’? which was introduced by this Bureau has been remodeled and a much improved instrument is now available for field and laboratory work. The general lines of investigation have been continued, but among the special results of the year’s work attention may be called to the following: Certain soils from southern China, in the Province of Fukien, which are famous for the production of a high-grade tea, were exam- ined. These soils do not simulate very closely any of the types yet encountered in this country, their nearest prototypes in this country being the Cecil and Durham soils of the southern Piedmont and cer- tain soils in Oklahoma. Although these Chinese soils are reported to have been under clean cultivation for thousands of years and without fertilization, both mineralogical and chemical examination showed that they had a content of the so-called essential plant-food elements decidedly higher than the average American soil, and the examination of them has a considerable value as affecting correct ideas of soil fertility. Further light on the general problem, showing the wide distribution of mineral elements in the soil, is afforded by another of the Bureau’s investigations of the past year, in which it was shown that the element barium is to be found in nearly all soils from every part of the United States, but appears to be especially abundant in the feldspar grains of certain Sai in the Great Plains areas. The phosphates of lime which may be expected in the soils of all parts of the country and have an especial interest as fertilizers have been further studied and important information gained regarding the nature of the phosphates which can exist under different conditions. At the same time, in collaboration with the United States Geological Survey and the Land Office, the phosphate deposits of Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, and Florida have been investigated and important results obtained regarding their nature and importance as a future source of supply for American agriculture. Especial attention is being given to the utilization of the lower grade material, which under present mix- ing methods is largely wasted. The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen in form suitable for use as a fertilizer has been Silkk with a view to determining the possibility of other methods of manufacture than those now in commercial use. It appears that a number of methods are theoretically possible, but all involve practical difficulties, the most important of which is a cheap source of power. The color of soils has been studied, and it has been shown that most soils can be readily classified in this respect and that color has not only consider- able theoretical importance in determining the origin and methods of formation of the soil, but is generally of practical importance as indi- cating the character of physical and chemical conditions determining the crop adaptations of the soil. It is very well known that lime greatly affects the solubility of the organic substances in the soil. Though not so well known, it is nevertheless true that conversely the solubility of the lime is greatly affected by organic matter, as established by some investigations the Bureau has been conducting. More important, perhaps, has been the determination of the chemical nature of the ort substances formed. Thephenomena of flocculation and sedimentation are still under investigation, not only because of their importance in soil transport and deposition, but also because of the relation to the important problems of soils crumbing and tilth. BUREAU OF SOILS. 503 Studies on these latter are in progress, not only as they are affected by mechanical agencies but as they are affected by all cultural operations, especially fertilization. Substantial progress has been made in showing that profound physical effects are produced in soils of quite as great signification for crop production as are the chemical changes and that methods are now available for studying these physical changes. It has been shown that certain properties of the water, such as its density, which influences its movement in soils, is reatly changed by the addition of salts. The optimum water content is also altered by such additions, and in fact all the relations between the solid soil particles and the soil water. Finally, these studies have led to the formulation of the soil prop- erties affecting crop production as a dynamic system involving dependent factors only. The chief importance of this formulation is that it points out the way for more systematic studies of the soil than have been possible hitherto, indicates the relationships of the numerous factors determining crop production, and brings clearly to mind that it is the changes these factors undergo and the control of these changes by cultural operations that are of importance, rather than a static inventory of the soil materials. SOIL-FERTILITY INVESTIGATIONS. During the last year considerable progress has been made in the lines of work pursued in connection with soil-fertility investigations. The new point of view which has been brought to bear on the prob- lems connected with the fertility of soils has opened up avenues of profitable investigation and already forecast results of great eco- nomic importance. The biological relationships existing in soils have received special attention, as the importance of such relationships can hardly be over- estimated. It has been found that the soil can not be considered as the dead, inert remains of rocks and previous vegetation, but must be considered as the accumulation of such material in which the rocesses of formation, alteration, and transposition are still at work. he soil in its entirety is not dead or inert, but endowed with func- tions analogous to life itself. In the soil there take place the same processes of solution and deposition that have taken place in past ages and are taking place to-day in the geologic processes connected with the action of water on the rocks and minerals of the earth’s crust. There take place in the soil the same physical and chemical inter- action as Ne place in the movement of surface waters generally, resulting in ore formations or depositions. These researches have shown that in the soil there take nines likewise the same processes of fermentation, digestion, or decay of organic materials as take place in animals and plants or in the production of industrial products, such as cheeses, wines, beers, etc., brought about in the soil as in these other processes by means of ferments, enzymes, bacteria, fungi, or molds. These biochemical studies have likewise shown that in the soil there take place the same processes of oxidation and reduc- tion which play so vital a part in all life processes and that the nature of compounds in the soil organic matter are the same as those derived from such life processes or from similar laboratory processes of diges- tion, oxidation, or reduction. 504 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. In these researches it has been found that the soil instead of being an inert reservoir is the seat of physical, chemical, and vital actions which directly or indirectly influence soil fertility. The roots of plants and plant débris, with their biochemical activities, micro- organisms, worms, enzymes from various sources, catalytic action of organic and inorganic matter of the soil, the relation of the various activities and the effect of fertilizers upon them, and the processes going on in humus, all play an important part in the soil’s fertility. These investigations have shown that the roots of higher plants are not simply absorbing organs, but possess the power, through oxida- tion, reduction, and otherwise, to make changes in the soil ingredi- ents—changes which are undoubtedly modified by various com- pounds, organic and inorganic. The various fertilizing salts com- monly used, besides serving as nutrients for plants, are doing work in the soil, as are also the various soil constituents themselves, modifying the various reactions in a complex, ever-changing medium, and in particular modifying the kind, the number, and the activities of the microorganisms. These are present in vast numbers, especially in cultivated soils, associated with the organic matter, and exercise important functions, both good and bad, in connection with the higher plants. The biochemical side of soil fertility imvestigation has been little studied in the past, but it is only through this that a thorough insight into the problems of soil fertility can be obtained. Whatever adds to our biochemical knowledge of soil, advances and broadens our understanding of the complex problem of soil fertility. The organic matter of the soil and the biochemical relationships involved are of the utmost importance. Organic matter is essential to make a soil of what would otherwise be pulverized and more or less hydrolyzed rock, and while there are some soils capable of grow- ing crops that contain very small quantities of organic matter, on the whole, the quantity of this material in average soils is considerable, The average organic content of soils amounts to 28 tons per acre in the first 8 inches of soil and 50 tons in the soil and subsoil together to the depth of 2 feet. In regard to this organic matter it has been believed for many years that it consisted chiefly of some such body as humic acid, differing perhaps in different soils, but having the same general properties. One prominent service which these inves- tigations have rendered agriculture has been to show the nonexistence of humic acid and its hypothetical relatives. In considering the importance of the organic matter of the soil it should be borne in mind that it is material that is the result of change, and that much, perhaps all of it, is susceptible of still further change; that is, it is in the transition stage. The changes which it has under- gone and changes which it may still undergo are determined by a number of factors, chief of which are moisture, aeration, character of microorganisms, and mutual relation of the organic compounds and the mineral constituents. These factors are many of them influenced or controlled by cultural methods, including fertilizing, drainage, irrigation, inoculation, etc., used in practical agriculture. The operations of irrigation, conserving of moisture by mulches, aeration, by cultivation, inoculation with cultures of bacteria, addi- tion of organic and green manures, are all common agricultural methods used by farmers and they are also operations that influence the chemical changes which soil organic matter undergoes. BUREAU OF SOILS. 505 Isolation in a pure condition of some of the organic constituents of soils has made possible the correct interpretation of soil changes and the discovery of compounds harmful to crops. This harmful effect has already been emphasized in former reports. This line of re- search has been especially profitable during the last year and has led to the isolation of more than twenty compounds. The classes of materials found are the fats and oils, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, car- bohydrates, esters and alcohols, as well as many nitrogenous com- pounds. Some of these compounds consist of carbon and hydrogen only; some contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; some carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; and still others, in addition to these, sulphur and phosphorus. rior to this investigation not a sing.e organic constituent of the soil was known. All the hypothetical compounds designated as humic acids have been shown to have no definite existence. In carrying out these researches great difficulties had to be overcome. The results thus far obtained are very gratifying. This knowledge of soil constituents is of the utmost importance to every soil inves- tigator, whether he be a chemist, a bacteriologist, or a physicist studying some special problem, or an agronomist, dealing with the general relations of soils to crops. The organic matter of soil is ever changing. On it work bacteria, molds, and other life within the soil, obtaining therefrom their existence and producing in turn other compounds and by-products beneficial, harmful, or innocuous, according to the kind of organisms or soil conditions under which the actions take place. The organic compounds modify all other chemi- cal interactions, influencing absorption, the movement of the soil solutions, and the water-holding power of soils, and this definite information is therefore of the greatest interest in giving direction and definiteness to many lines of soil investigation and soil man- agement. These researches into the nature and properties of soil organic matter have shown conclusively that the soil investigator must take into consideration the presence of organic compounds in the soil, which may be beneficial, harmless, or inimical to growing crops. The presence of the harmful compounds may cause, according to their specific action or to the amount in which they are present, all stages of crop depression from effects probably in many cases so slight as not to be noticed in actual difference in yield, although per- haps in quality or keeping quality of special crops, to the more marked effects when practical sterility 1s observed. A complete solution of the difficulty which the presence of such bodies may occasion the practical tiller of the soil can only be reached by thorough inquiry into the chemical and biological nature of such compounds, by a knowledge of their origin and the causes leading to their forma- tion or accumulation in the soil, and by an investigation into treat- ments of the soil—chemical, such as the addition of fertilizers, lime, etc.; physical, such as drainage, cultural methods, etc.; or biological, such as the influence of crops and their remains on the soil, crop succession or crop rotation, number and kind of bacteria, fungl, etc.—to the end that the best practical means for their removal, destruction, or prevention may He determined and soil treatments 506 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. be more scientific in the future than in the past, with consequent greater and surer returns for the money and labor expended. An especially valuable line of research has been the study of the action of some of the compounds isolated from soils on plants, with- out fertilizers and also with various ratios of fertilizers. In these investigations it has been found that some of these isolated bodies are decidedly harmful in their effects on plant growth and that this harmfulness consists not only in the dwarfing or killing of the plant, but that the process of absorption of nutrients is very seriously interfered with, so that even in the presence of large amounts of nutrient elements the plant can not obtain its full amount of nutrients when the harmful body is present. It has further been found that while the fertilizer salts ameliorate the harmful effect, they do not entirely overcome it. The most interesting factor of this work has been the discovery that certain harmful compounds are overcome most by the mainly nitrogenous fertilizers, that others are influenced most by potassic fertilizers, and still others are influenced most by phosphatic fertilizers. The action of fertilizers on soils is a much contested question, but the weight of evidence is against the assumption that their effect is due altogether to the added plant food. If so simple an explanation were a true one, nearly a century of investigation of this problem by scientists of all civilized nations would surely have produced greater unanimity of opinion than now exists in regard to fertilization. Thoughtful investigators everywhere are finding that fertilizer salts are influencing many factors which contribute toward plant produc- tion besides the direct nutrient factor for the plant. It is this addi- tional influence of fertilizers which makes them doubly effective when rightly used. To this influence of fertilizers on soil and bio- logical conditions is due their capriciousness when applied on the the theory of lacking plant food and any study which throws light upon the mooted question is of direct help toward reaching that view of soil fertility and soil fertilization which will eventually result in a more definite system of fertilizer practice, to the end that surer and safer returns shall be obtained from their use. This will tend to extend fertilizer practice by making it more remunerative and rational than in the past. SOIL-WATER INVESTIGATIONS. The soil-water investigations were continued in field and office throughout the year. The later field work has lain largely in Kansas, Colorado, and California. Western Kansas (in which a reconnois- sance soil survey has just been completed) and eastern Colorado form a typical part of the Great Plains sloping eastward from an average altitude of some 5,300 feet at the base of the Rockies to, say, 1,800 feet, or at the rate of 10 feet to the mile. The underlying formations are largely Cretaceous sandstones and shales; these are overlain by heavy deposits of sands, gravels, and loams which form the soils and subsoils. Both the Cretaceous formations and the overlying deposits are pervious in varying degree, and throughout the region ground water is found at a limited depth below the sur- face; where the materials are sufficiently pervious to permit free movement this ground water supplies wells, and frequently where BUREAU OF SOILS. 507 the surface is relatively low the wells are artesian. The chief pur- poses of the investigation were, first, to ascertain the source of the ground water, and, second, to ascertain its relation to the soil. The observations coupled with the office research render it clear that the ground-water supply is derived partly from locally absorbed rainfall, but largely from the greater rainfall of the mountains absorbed by the westerly outcrops of the strata and carried in accordance with artesian principles thence eastward, the water rising under its hydro- static head from one porous stratum to another in such manner as to approach the surface. The entire mass of the formations and deposits are thus kept saturated, and the water of saturation may be likened to a reservoir with a surface inclining eastward about 10 feet per mile and flowing through the strata at a rate determined by their perviousness, the surface of the reservoir coinciding with the land surface in the permanent stream valleys and in certain basins con- taining permanent ponds. Over perhaps a quarter or a third of the area this ground-water reservoir approaches the surface to within the limits of capillarity, and here it supplies the requisite moisture for lant growth, and except in restricted areas it is within reach of owing or pump wells. This subsurface supply is especially impor- tant in connection with dust mulching, or “‘dry farming,” since this device for checking evaporation permits the moisture to accumulate against the season of growing crops. On the whole the investiga- tions show that the ground water of the plains is an important resource, without which this vast area would be far less productive and habitable than it is. The field work was extended into Uncompahgre Valley in Colorado, and into a part of California Valley, in order to ascertain the quantity and movement of ground water in intermountain valleys in its rela- tion to the soil. In both valleys it was found that the ground-water supply, collected largely from adjacent mountain slopes during storms, exists in sufficient quantity to yield artesian flow in places, and to approach the surface to within reach of capillarity elsewhere. The researches render it clear that throughout both the plams and the mountain regions natural subirrigation through the movement of ground water, while hitherto unrecognized, is an important factor in determining the constitution and productivity of soils. The field work extended also into the Southern States, where the destructive effect of soil erosion is great. In addition to records and photographs illustrating the destruction, attention was given to pro- tective devices, and the data were incorporated in a paper on ‘‘Soil Erosion,” transmitted during the year for publication. Attention was given also to the réle of water in affecting the con- stitution and productivity of soils and the quantity of water required for the best results in production. In this connection a coefficient for the agricultural duty of water, expressed in terms of production, was worked out. The results of this work also have been transmitted for publication. re ywatria? ean sb oh, Reyy da vada “py (wie eB hHlvneat i oghverner - bogey hs TOT nye rot crit hie # + rly At } b gait ® oss iat vaoltih MSS 1 Aafhs et hele | alice ier or. ValLAt Law Oat Speirs uy te bas see or . i HOt i rile - { ae ; ri cul : sis hy ; NTS: ry ly : ith ia Sryhy) a A % be Ja9 24 roth bis AH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. U. S. DerarTMEent or AGRICULTURE, Bureau or Entomowoey, Washington, D. C., August 8, 1910. Sir: I submit herewith an executive report covering the work of the Bureau of Entomology for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, dividing it, in accordance with your instructions, under the follow- ing headings: (1) A summary of the important operations carried on during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910. (2) An outline of the plans proposed for work during the fiscal] year ending June 30, 1911, under appropriations already made for that year. (3) Plans of work recommended for year ending June 30, 1912. Respectfully, 9 ere . O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. Hon. James WItson, Secretary of Agriculture. WORK OF THE YEAR. The work of the year beginning July 1, 1909, and ending June 30, 1910, may be classified, as was the case last year, as follows: (1) Work on the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth. (2) Importations of useful insects. (3) Exportations of useful insects. (4) Work on insects injurious to southern field crops. 5) Investigations of insects damaging forests. 63 Investigations of insects damaging deciduous fruit trees. +2 Cereal and forage-plant insect investigations. 8) Work on insects affecting vegetable crops. et Work on insects affecting citrus fruits. 10) Investigations of insects in their direct relation to the health of man and domestic animals. (11) Work on insects injurious to stored products. (12) Inspection work. (183) Work on bee culture. (14) Unclassified work. 509 510 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FIELD WORK AGAINST THE GIPSY MOTH AND THE BROWN-TAIL MOTH. The work against the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, has been continued along lines similar to those used in previous years, with a few modifications and additions. The infested area is somewhat larger, but the rate of in- crease is proportionately less than it has been in any year since the beginning of the work. Except for the finding of a bad colony of the gipsy moth at Wallingford, Conn., all the additions to the territory have been contiguous to the previously infested areas. The coopera- tion with the state authorities in the infested States has been most cordial and effective, and the livable conditions in the older infested areas are better than at any previous period since 1900. This means that the streets, roadsides, and cultivated lands are measurably free from both pests. Spread has been in forested areas, and looking away from the roadsides toward forested hillsides it was possible at any period during July to find large ranges of browned trees indi- cating the almost total removal of the foliage. As indicated before, however, the death of forest trees does not necessarily follow a com- plete defoliation in July, since the coming of rains in August brings out another crop of leaves, thus saving the trees from asphyxiation. Moreover, it is becoming evident that it is only rarely that the same area is completely defoliated two years in succession. It much more commonly occurs that the bulk of the caterpillars in a large infesta- tion bringing about complete defoliation die as the result of disease from overcrowding, or from starvation owing to the complete de- struction of food; hence the following season the new infestation begins on the borders of the old one, and contiguous rather than identical areas are defoliated. The work, as in the past, has been confined chiefly to the gipsy moth. The infested area in New England is now little more than 10,500 square miles. There has been little increase in the area infested by the brown-tail moth within the past year. The territory which this insect is now known to inhabit is about one-third of the extent of New England. WORK IN MASSACHUSETTS, The work in Massachusetts has been principally in the way of keeping the most traveled woodland roadsides through the worst- infested areas clear of the gipsy moth, and has been a continuation of previous work in nearly every direction, except south, where the conditions are not so serious as they are north and west of Boston. The roadsides which have been cared for more than one year are in such condition as to require a constantly lessening annual expense, and in a few instances additional work may be discontinued, since the roads are so clear that the towns are willing to care for them them- selves. It seems that the Bureau may be able to induce the towns to take over more of the work which it has been caring for. As shown in previous reports, the strip on either side of the road which has been cleaned up has been 100 feet in width. Experimentally during the past year in several instances this width has been reduced to 75 and 50 feet. If these narrower belts prove to be effective in keeping the caterpillars from roadways, an extension of the number of miles of roadsides covered can be gained with the same appropriation. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 511 Spraying operations were begun at the end of May and continued to the end of the fiscal year. Ten large spraying machines were kept at work in Massachusetts on the roadsides through the worst-infested woodlands, and some work was done in New Hampshire. The spray- ing was not so successful this year as last, on account of the unusual number of rainy days, the rain preventing the application of the poison and washing off much of that which was applied. WORK IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. No summer work was done in New Hampshire in 1909, but in the latter part of October scouting operations were begun, and an effort was made to keep 100 men in the State during the winter; but it was not easy to maintain this number on account of the difficulty of getting men who were willing to leave home. A severe blizzard and snowstorm late in December coated the trees and covered the ground to such a depth that scouting operations had to be discontinued tem- porarily. The work was continued into June, 1910. All of the pre- viously known infested territory was scouted, but not so thoroughly as in previous years, the seriousness of the infestation in the southern part of the State rendering it desirable to spend the time in applying creosote to the egg clusters along the roadsides. The orchards and woodlands away from the highways were not touched. During the fiscal year 1908-9 about 50 towns were added to the infested area; the present year 21 were added as the result of this careful scouting. In several of these new towns only single egg clus- ~ ters were found, and in none of them were there any large colonies. There are at present 121 infested cities and towns in New Hampshire, with an area of about 3,500 square miles. There seems to be little hope of controlling the gipsy moth in New Hampshire until a local organization is effected in each city and town, under state super- vision, and a constant concerted effort is begun. The scouting opera- tions were continued outside the area found to be infested, in order to make certain that there has been no further spread. The brown-tail moth situation in New Hampshire was found to be serious. The winter nests were removed from the highway trees in most of the towns, and many property owners cut them from orchard and shade trees near their dwellings, but here again there is necessity for concerted state and township work. WORK IN MAINE. In Maine the trees in the infested localities were burlapped and tended. The worst places were sprayed. In most of the woodland colonies the underbrush has been cut out and the trees put in the most favorable condition possible. Scouting operations were con- tinued throughout the winter and spring months. Four towns were added to the infested area, but in these only incipient infestations were located, the worst one being at a market garden in South Portland, where 22 egg clusters were found and treated with creosote. All of the known infested localities in this State are in shape for future work. The territory now known to be occupied by the gipsy moth in Maine is about 800 square miles. The gipsy moth Rfony pre- viously existing, and referred to in earlier reports, at Soldiers’ Home, 512 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Togus, Me., may be considered as exterminated, no evidence of the moth having been found for nearly two years. During the past winter considerable woodland een was car- ried on, and large gipsy moth colonies were located in a few places, the worst one being on the eastern slope of Agamenticus Mountain, in the towns of York and Wells. Several thousand egg clusters were treated with creosote in this colony, and the ground was cleared up over several acres. A smaller colony was located near the summit of the mountain. Several woodland colonies were located in the Ber- wicks, but Maine conditions in general are not bad. The brown-tail moth seems possibly to have reached the northern limit at which it can thrive in Maine, which is about the forty-fifth parallel of latitude. Although the moth has been known to be present up to this line for two or three years, it does not appear to increase materially. This statement must not be taken as a prediction that the brown-tail moth will not extend north of this region, but simply as a statement of observed fact down to the present time. WORK IN RHODE ISLAND. The area infested by the gipsy moth in Rhode Island has decreased slightly during the past year, and the moth is less abundant than at any time since its control was undertaken. The Bureau work in this State has been in cooperation with the state officials. The state appropriation is used until it is exhausted, and then such of the force as is necessary to keep. up the work is carried on the federal pay roll through the season. The creosoting of egg clusters and the burlap- ping of trees has been the principal work. A little brush has been cut and a great many trees have been cemented or patched with tin to lessen the number of hiding places for the caterpillars and egg clusters. The brown-tail moth has been more in evidence in Rhode Island during the past year than before, and now occurs in about one-fourth of the State—the northeastern portion—although here it is not as prevalent as in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine. ° WORK IN CONNECTICUT, The gipsy moth colony at Stonington is nearing extermination. Less than 100 caterpillars were taken there during the summer of 1909 by the state force. Early in December some of the best scouts employed by the Bureau were sent to this State to assist the state authorities in the search for egg clusters, the combined efforts result- ing in the discovery of but one. While this colony will need watchin for some time, it seems probable that another year or two shoul result in its complete eradication. In December, 1909, a bad colony of gipsy moths was discovered in the town of Wallingford, about 12 miles north of New Haven. The State immediately took steps to do the necessary work, and a little later a force of Bureau scouts was sent down from Massachusetts to examine the territory outside of the lines of the original colony. Every tree in Wallingford was examined, except the woodland, and no egg clusters were discovered except a few near the border of the colony, as at first outlined. The scouting operations were continued BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 513 in the towns of Meriden, Berlin, and New Britain, but no evidence of the existence of the gipsy moth has been found in these towns. It is hoped to continue this line of scouting operations to the Massachu- setts state line in the towns through which a great deal of traffic passes from the infested area in Massachusetts to New York. This is one of the principal automobile routes in New England. All effort to ascertain how the gipsy moth reached Wallingford has been vain. The colony has existed for about three or four years, and possibly longer, entirely undiscovered until last December. About 10,000 egg clusters were destroyed before hatching time. The State is doing all of the work in the infested area. The brown-tail moth has been reported from Thompson, in the northeast corner of the State, and also at Putnam, a few miles south of Thompson. It is possible that this region south of the Massachu- setts line is rather generally infested. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. There have been employed throughout the year from 300 to nearly 500 men. First-class men have been difficult to get, and in February an increase was made in the wages of all of the older men, of from 1 to 3 cents per hour. There have been in use 10 gasoline-power spraying machines, of 400 to 500 gallons capacity, capable of dis- charging 3,000 to 4,000 gallons per day, and about 40 tons of arsenate of lead have been used during the past spraying season. The use of burlap bands for trapping the caterpillars on the tree trunks has been discontinued, and tree tanglefoot has been substi- tuted, 20 tons being used during the summer work of 1910. In an effort to reduce the cost of this operation, similar substances have been introduced from Europe, but have not proved to be as effective as the tanglefoot in the prevention of the crawling of the caterpillars. Some investigations have been begun in regard to certain points connected with the life history of both the brown-tail moth and the gipsy moth, which, although hitherto considered settled, now seem open to some doubt. The principal subject of this kind which has received attention has been undertaken in an effort to explain the presence of the gipsy moth in isolated woodland colonies which it could not possibly have reached by the crawling of the caterpillars and which it is most unlikely to have reached by being carried accidentally on the gar- ments of persons penetrating the woods. Thus a series of experi- ments has been carried on in a most careful way to determine whether the newly hatched gipsy moth caterpillars may be distributed by the wind, and it has been possible to prove during the summer that the newly hatched caterpillars have been carried in this way over a distance of 1,800 feet. The methods used in the entire work, together with new observa- tions bearing upon the work, have been summarized in a bulletin about to be Frablished, entitled “ Report on the Field Work against the Gipsy Moth and the Brown-tail Moth,” by D. M. Rogers and A. F. Bur ess. One new point brought out is that August spraying is an excellent method for the control of the brown-tail moth. The collection of the winter webs, which is the method universally adopted in Europe and which has also been generally practiced in this 73477°—acr 1910——33 514 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. country, necessitates the constant cutting back of the twigs and smaller branches, which, where the moths are so plentiful as to make their webs upon almost every twig, must be to some extent injurious to the trees. Although there is a general section in this report devoted to inspec- tion work, it is proper here to mention the efforts made to prevent the further dissemination of the gipsy moth from the infested territory by the cooperation of the different railroads running through this territory. Beginning with the fiscal year 1909-10, the several rail- roads issued a notice to all of their station agents (about 600 in number) within the infested area to the effect that forest products, such as lumber, cord wood, railroad ties, telephone poles, ete., would not be received for transportation unless accompanied by a permit or a certificate of inspection. The effect of this order was some disturb- ance to shippers for a time, but, as they learned the object of the inspection and saw the possiblity of relieving others of similar incon- venience, they have gladly cooperated. A trial of this plan indicated that it was nearly impossible to inspect all of the material offered for shipment, and permits were granted without inspection for the trans- portation of forest products from one infested locality to another infested locality, but all of the products intended for shipment beyond the infested territory were carefully inspected and all egg masses were destroyed before the material was moved and before a certificate was granted to the shipper. In December, 1909, a supple- mentary order was issued by the railroads to their station agents stat- ing that forest products for shipment from one station to another within the infested territory might be received and shipped without permit or certificate. This order properly gave a list of the stations on the several roads between which material might move, but forbade the transportation of forest products from the stations listed to stations not listed, except when accompanied by a certificate. Three thousand four hundred and seventy-five applications were made for shipment, and 2,751 permits were granted, 724 certificates being issued. This system has worked fairly satisfactorily, although it is not perfect. The actual field work just described has been carried on under the direction of Mr. D. M. Rogers, as in previous years. Mr. Rogers’s headquarters are at No. 6 Beacon street, Boston. IMPORTATIONS OF INSECT ENEMIES OF THE GIPSY MOTH AND THE BROWN- TAIL MOTH. The principal efforts of the Bureau in importing useful insects dur- ing the fiscal year 1909-10 have been in connection with the importa- tion of the.parasites and predatory enemies of the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth from other parts of the world. This work has been in cooperation with the State of Massachusetts, and the parasites have been received at the Gipsy Moth Parasite Laboratory, supported by the State, at Melrose Highlands, the care of the parasites and their distribution being assigned to the Bureau of Entomology. The laboratory has been increasingly busy and increasingly effective, and during the fiscal year has employed 23 assistants, the principal experts being carried on the rolls of the-Bureau_of Entomology and the others being paid by the State. Mr. W. F. Fiske, of the Bureau, has had direct charge of the work. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 515 The writer visited Europe in May and June, 1910; visited agents and officials in Italy and France, and, through the courtesy of the Spanish and Portuguese governments, was able to start a new official service in each of these countries for the collection and sending of parasitized gipsy moth larve to the United States. In Italy Prof. F. Silvestri, of the Royal Agricultural College at Portici, and Dr. Antonio Berlese, director of the Royal Agricultural Entomological Station at Florence, insisted on the desire to be of service to the United States in this direction and declined all financial aid. In Spain Prof. L. Navarro, of the Phytopathological Station at Madrid, volunteered his services under the same conditions, with the ap- proval of the minister of agriculture. In Portugal, Prof. A. I. de Seabra, of the Phytopathological Station at Lisbon, also volunteered his services with the permission of Senhor Alfredo Carlos Le Cocq, director of agriculture. In France arrangements were made with a paid agent stationed in the south of France, and the same arrange- ments as in: previous years were made with paid agents in Germany and Switzerland. The distributing agency at Hamburg was con- tinued, and a new distributing agency was started at Havre on account of its convenient proximity to the American Line steamers starting from Southampton. Sendings from Japan were continued in the same manner as dur- ing the previous year. The minister of agriculture for Japan, at the request of the Secretary of Agriculture of the United States, again designated Prof. S. I. Kuwana, of the Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station at Tokyo, to be its official representative in the work to be carried on during the spring and summer of 1910. Pro- fessor Kuwana continued his most valuable sendings. The thanks of the United States Government and of the govern- ments of the States involved are due in high measure to the officials of Italy, Russia, France, Spain, Portugal, and Japan who have assisted in this work. All of them have been named at one time or another in this series of reports, The work of the Gipsy Moth Parasite Laboratory continued unin- terruptedly during the year, consisting of— (a) Importation of parasites and predatory enemies from abroad, as indicated above. (b) Rearing these parasites and predatory enemies in the labora- tory, and wherever possible breeding them in numbers from imported parent stock. (c) Colonization in the field of the parasites thus obtained. (d) Field work to determine their progress in America. (e) Investigations into their biological and general relations. (f) Field and laboratory investigations into the parasites of native insects most nearly related to the imported pests either in habit or in natural affinity, with especial reference to the probable effect which the introduction of the foreign parasites will have upon the economy of the native parasites and of their hosts. Larger quantities of the raw material from which the parasites have been reared have been received than during any other year. This has consisted, as heretofore, of eggs, winter nests, caterpillars, and pupe of the brown-tail moth from Europe, and of eggs, caterpillars, and pup of the gipsy moth from Europe and Japan, large numbers of adult predatory beetles, and thousands of parasite cocoons and 516 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. puparia. But, for numerous reasons, although the amount received was larger, the results obtained, owing partly to the condition of the material on receipt and owing to curious seasonal fluctuations and differences in the countries of origin and in the infested territory in America, the results have by no means corresponded with the in- creased material. During the year 1909 two important parasites of the gipsy moth (Blepharipa and Parasetigena) were imported in large numbers. They were both hibernated successfully and colonized under ideal conditions in the spring of 1910. During 1910 determined efforts have been made to secure adequate numbers of several interesting and probably valuable parasites not yet secured in quantities sufficient to provide for satisfactory colonies; ut for the most part these attempts seem to have resulted in failure, although the final word can not be said at this time. As the work goes on there seem to be almost as many disappoint- ments as successes. For example, no less than 1,000,000 of a Jap- anese parasite of the eggs of the gipsy moth were reared during the summer of 1909 and the winter and spring following, and great hopes were entertained for its success, but from the present point of view it appears to be wholly unable to withstand the rigors of the New England winter, and another egg parasite, a European species, of which several hundred thousand were reared in confinement, does not appear to make an impression upon the numbers of the gipsy moth eggs in America. On the other hand, success of the most promising character has been reached with others of the imported species. Calosoma syco- phanta, an imported European predatory beetle, was the first of the imported species to be recovered from the field under circumstances indicative of its ability to exist under American conditions. The season of 1910 is the fourth during which its progress has been con- scientiously followed, and during each of these seasons it appears to have combined a steady rate of increase of approximately tenfold with a rate of dispersion in excess of 1 mile a year in every direction from the center of the original colony. A tenfold rate of increase annually means that 100 beetles liberated in 1906 would have increased to 1,000,000 by 1910, and the actual prevalence of the beetle in the field is such as to make this appear a reasonable estimate of the numbers actually existent. They were so abundant in some localities the past year as to affect the gipsy moth materially, although by no means so materially as to meet and overcome the strong reproductive ability of the pest. If, as there is reason to hope, they will continue to in- crease at this slow but steady rate for some years to come, their effect upon the present prevailing abundance of the moth will be apparent to all. Another encouraging example is the tachinid fly of the genus Compsilura, which attacks both the gipsy and the brown-tail cater- pillars as an internal parasite. This species was first liberated in 1906 and was first recovered in 1909 under circumstances indicative of its establishment in America. During 1909 it was found distributed over about five towns adjacent to the one in which the first infected colony was liberated. It was everywhere rare during that year. In 1910 it was expected that it would show a marked increase, but the actual outcome was in excess of all expectations. Instead of a ten- BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 57 fold increase, which would have been considered satisfactory, there seems good evidence that it increased fiftyfold and perhaps much more. It has about equaled Calosoma in actual destruction of gipsy moths this year, and in addition has destroyed an appreciable per- centage of the brown-tail caterpillars, and it is now turning its atten- tion to such native species as the fall webworm, the tussock moth, and other fall-feeding caterpillars. Its increase has been accompanied by a dispersion amounting to 10 or 12 miles in every direction as a minimum aggregate during the four years since its first colonization. Still another example is the European Monodontomerus, the re- covery of which over a large area was made the subject of especial mention in the last report. This species has continued its satisfac- tory rate of increase and phenomenal rate of dispersion throughout the year. It is well over the border line in New Hampshire, and appears to be extending its range about 10 miles each year, and to be maintaining a twenty-five fold annual increase. It has been somewhat disheartening in the course of the study of the progress of the parasites in the field to find that certain species liberated under the most favorable conditions can not be recovered the next year; and even in the case of two species, both colonized in 1908 and apparently established in 1909, no traces could be recovered in 1910. But on the other hand another species (Zygobothria), col- onized in 1907, was recovered in 1910, three years later, for the first time—in small numbers, it is true, but over a considerable territory, indicating a rapidity of dispersion sufficient to render a material increase unnoticeable for the first two years. Another encouraging fact which may be menticned here is that an important ege parasite (Anastatus bifasciatus) seemed this summer to have demonstrated its ability to survive the New England winter, and, having been colonized in 1909, appears to be strongly estab- lished in 1910. On the whole, the results of the work are distinctly more encourag- ing than they have appeared to be heretofore, and we are by no means disheartened over the nonrecovery during the present season of no less than 15 species which have been colonized. In several instances colonization has been much too recent to make their recovery probable, on account of rapid dispersion; and several others have never been re- ceived in sufficient numbers to make a strong colony possible, so that it may well be that establishment has not yet been accomplished. It has been found in the course of this work that there is little hope of the establishment of a colony of less than 1,000 individuals, and in many instances, of course, it has been found impossible to put out so large a number. The insight which is being gained at the laboratory into many points connected with the biology of these important and interesting insects is resulting. in practical knowledge that can not fail to be of high importance in the continuation of the investigation. Some changes in plans will be indicated in another part of this report. OTHER IMPORTATIONS OF USEFUL INSECTS. The greatly increased damage done in portions of Massachusetts by the European leopard moth. an insect whose larva bores into the limbs of many shade trees, and which at present is confined to eastern 518 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Massachusetts and to the vicinity of New York City, has rendered it desirable to attempt the importation of some of the known European insect,enemies of this species. This effort has been made during the fiscal year, but it is too early as yet to observe any result. Further attempts were made to introduce European enemies of the elm leaf- beetle, but as yet without success. It has been ascertained that the eggs of the tobacco hornworm in Porto Rico are destroyed by parasites, and in consequence, through the courtesy of Prof. W. V. Tower, a large number of parasitized eggs were sent to Clarksville, Tenn., the headquarters of the tobacco- insect investigations of the Bureau. The parasites emerged in due time, but through some defect in manipulation that may be remedied as a result of future work none of them could be induced to attack the native eggs. EXPORTATIONS OF USEFUL INSECTS. Prof. Antonio Berlese, of Florence, Italy, reports the continued spread of the American parasite of the mulberry scale and anticipates complete relief. Exportations of American coccinellids have been made to Prof. F. Silvestri, of Portici, Italy, for the purpose of feeding upon this same scale insect. These coccinellids have been reared at Portici and have been liberated in mulberry groves at Acerra. The Chief of the Bureau, visiting in Italy in May, 1910, took with him a large box of these American coccinellids, which arrived at Portici in almost per- fect condition, and from them Professor Silvestri expects excellent work. Shipments of the parasite of the brown dog tick were made to officials in South Africa and to Italy. WORK ON INSECTS AFFECTING SOUTHERN FIELD CROPS. The work on insects affecting southern field crops deals with the following problems, in accordance with the classification made a year ago: 1. The cotton-boll weevil and other species injurious to cotton. 2. Insects injurious to tobacco. 3. Insects injurious to sugar cane and rice. 4. The Argentine ant. 5. Insects injurious to cacti utilized for food. This work is conducted, under the direction of Mr. W. D. Hunter, by four trained assistants, located, in so far as possible, in the regions where the loss is greatest. COTTON-BOLL WEEVIL INVESTIGATIONS. The growing season of 1909 was very abnormal as regards damage by the boll weevil. Although the infested area increased as usual in the autumn, the damage in general was much less than is to be expected in a normal year. An unusually small number of weevils issued in the spring, owing to abnormal winter conditions. Un- precedented dryness, which began early in the spring, was continued throughout a large part of the growing season and checked rapidity of multiplication. Considerable damage, however, was done in BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 519 southern Texas and in the southern parishes of Louisiana. Consid- erable damage was done also in Mississippi. A conservative estimate of the loss will be about $15,000,000. On account of the obviously greater difficulty of the boll-weevil problem in the Mississippi Delta than elsewhere, as pointed out in previous reports, a well-equipped laboratory was started at Tallulah, La., where conditions characteristic of the whole delta region exist, and during the year substantial progress was made in the study of new means of control. Especial attention was paid to the possibility of utilizing parasites of the boll weevil. On account of the scarcity of material for breeding parasites in Texas it was impossible to carry the work as far as was desired. Nevertheless some practical indi- cations of success have been obtained. An important series of experiments was begun to determine the proper spacing of cotton plants in the field in order to obtain the maximum benefits of the factors in the natural control of the pest, including the parasites. These plats were located at five points in Louisiana. The chain cultivator, perfected by the Bureau, was tested with especial reference to its adaptability to the peculiar soil conditions of the delta, and a study was made of the possibility of flooding the fields to kill the weevils in their hibernating quarters. This method will probably be practicable in some localities. In connection with the utilization of the parasites of the weevil a study was made of the relative abundance of the flow of nectar with the different varieties of the cotton plant. This nectar furnishes the only food, so far as known, of the adult parasites. Therefore the cotton varieties that secrete the most nectar may be supposed to at- tract the parasites which will destroy the weevils. Also the cotton varieties which hold the squares best have been found to be more heavily parasitized than other varieties of cotton plants. Therefore a study of varieties having this habit has been carried on. Extensive experiments were made in the effort to obtain definite knowledge regarding the hibernation of the weevil in the delta. The results obtained from these experiments will indicate the best time to take the greatest step in the control of the boll weevil, namely, the destruction of the cotton stalks in the fall. Efforts were made also to ascertain the exact effects of excessive moisture on the hibernating insects, since it has been suggested that the heavy precipitation in the delta region may be unfavorable to the weevil during the hibernation period. On account of the apparent success of experiments made by the Louisiana state crop pest commission with powdered arsenate of lead, experimental work in this direction has been carried on by the Bureau. Arsenate of lead is a very finely divided powder, and will reach parts of the plants that can not be reached by Paris green or other compounds hitherto used. An effort was made to ascertain how many applications are most profitable and the proper interval between applications. The experience of practical planters in using the poison has been collated. Work of this character was also begun in Texas. An important objection against the use of arsenate of lead is its high price, and, moreover, recent experiments seem to indicate that its effect upon the soil under some conditions may be very deleterious. The Texas experiments include a study of arsenical 520 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and other poisons made up especially by certain manufacturers in the hope of discovering a cheaper compound and one which at the same time will possibly have less direct injurious effects upon the soil. TOBACCO-INSECT INVESTIGATIONS. The section of the southern field-crop insect investigations dealing with tobacco insects had its headquarters, as last year, in Clarksville, Tenn., and the work dealt largely with the control of the two species of hornworms of tobacco. An important addition was made to the knowledge of the life history of the hornworms. It was found that the emergence of the moths from the ground in the spring extends over a long period—in fact, until August. It has been supposed that the moths appearing in August were of the second generation, and hence it was argued that large numbers of the first generation of the worms must have escaped destruction by the poisons used. It was thought by planters that it would do little good to attempt to destroy the insects in hibernation, because a large number of worms would escape on young tobacco and in the next generation cause the so-called “August shower of worms.” It was found that a comparatively small percentage of the overwintering insects emerge before the end of June—in fact, in 1909 only 4 per cent issued before this time. The last individuals emerging produce a generation of such numbers as to injure tobacco seriously by August 1. During the eleven days from July 30 to August 9, 50 per cent of the hibernating pupz be- came adult, and about 8 per cent became adult later. This em- phasizes greatly the importance of taking all possible means toward the destruction of the hibernating forms—a move which the planters have hitherto been disinclined to make. The usual means of controlling the hornworm has been the use of Paris green, but this poison is objectionable on account of injury to the leaf. Arsenate of lead, which does not injure the leaf, kills the insects so slowly that it is objectionable. A form of arsenate of lead has been found, however, which has not this disadvantage, and ex- periments were conducted with a number of other poisons which promise to be of practical value. Experimental work against the tobacco flea-beetle was continued, in the way of application of sprays and dust in the plant beds, the dipping of the plants at the time of transplanting, and the applica- tion of various poisons both in dust and spray form to plants in the field. The improvement of the seed beds to avoid attack was also studied. Further investigations on the so-called wireworm of tobacco were carried on at Appomattox, Va. It was found that the insect occurs in great numbers on several wild plants, but the great majority on two species which grow in fallow fields and waste places. It seems obvious that the elimination of these two weeds by cultural process or otherwise would go far toward reducing the injury to tobacco. The greatest damage was found where tobacco was planted on fields in which these weeds had occurred in the greatest numbers. Rotation, therefore, and the keeping down of weeds promise good results. Further work has been done upon the tobacco thrips and the splitworm in Florida, but it was impossible to conduct this work continuously. . BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 521 The work on the cigarette beetle, an important pest in tobacco warehouses, mentioned in the last report, was continued. Considera- tion has been given to fumigation with different gases at different temperatures, and an effort was made toward devising a new form of package for tobacco that would prevent the entrance of the pest. SUGAR-CANE AND RICE INSECT INVESTIGATIONS, The investigations of sugar-cane and rice insects, commencing July 1, 1909, consisted mainly of a preliminary survey of the species affect- ing these crops, and the beginning of work on the more important enemies that were found. The sugar-cane areas of Louisiana, Texas, and Florida were visited, as well as the rice-growing regions in Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas. A laboratory was established in Louisiana, and quarters were provided by the Louisiana sugar experi- ment station, at Audubon Park. The Bureau has been fortunate in enlisting the active cooperation of the Louisiana state experiment stations in this work. This laboratory will be the headquarters for the sugar-cane and rice insect investigations for the South generally, and, as regards Louisiana, will be in direct cooperation with the state officials. The results of the work at this laboratory will apply in a general way to the areas in the entire sugar-cane and rice belts, with the exception of the sugar-cane areas in the Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas and those in southern Florida. Because of the open winters in these districts, by which the insect pests are able to develop continuously, particular consideration must be given to special meth- ods of control. Work was begun upon the sugar-cane stalk borer, the root beetle, the sugar-cane mealy bug, and the root weevil or maggot of rice. It is estimated that the annual loss through insect pests on sugar plantations in Louisiana reaches $1,500,000; in the Rio Grande Val- ley the percentage of loss from the sugar-cane stalk-borer is probably as high, and the annual loss from insects injurious to rice in Louisi- ana, Texas, and Arkansas is estimated to be $966,000. These figures will illustrate the importance of these investigations. ARGENTINE ANT INVESTIGATIONS. At the beginning of the fiscal year work on the Argentine ant was undertaken. Mr. Wilmon Newell, formerly secretary of the state crop pest commission of Louisiana, who had done the principal work upon this species in this country, consented to collaborate in this work, and an expert agent was appointed and placed at Baton Rouge, La. The main line of investigation was the relation between the ant and the sugar-cane mealy bug, the control of which seems to be compli- cated by the ant. At the same time efforts were made toward obtain- ing information regarding other features of the injury by the ant. The insect is of such importance in so many different ways that its life history must be investigated from every standpoint. Aside from this life-history work, experiments were begun in orange groves in lower Louisiana in the effort to control it by means of traps and the flooding process. This ant has threatened to destroy the orange in- dustry in the parishes of lower Louisiana. In fact, many of the groves have been abandoned. The trap and flooding experiments 522 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. were very encouraging, and it is believed that a practical method of control can be perfected. Attention was also given to the question of preventing the spread of the ant in the United States. OTHER WORK. During the year as much attention as possible was paid to the cotton red spider in South Carolina and other States. It appears that this is a pest of more than local importance. Moreover, it is especially important to devise means of reducing injury by the red spider, on account of the invasion by the cotton-boll weevil which will take place before many years have passed. An agent was placed in South Carolina in the fall and in the spring, and experimental work was begun which will be carried through the coming year. The prin- cipal hope seems to be for cultural methods, the perfection of which will require some little time. The investigation of insects injurious to cultivated cactus was practically completed during the year. A few observations and experiments must be repeated on account of the unusual weather conditions of the last year. In several cases good methods of con- trol have been found. Insects interfering with the development of cactus as a farm crop will probably be controlled as a result of this investigation. INVESTIGATIONS OF INSECTS DAMAGING FORESTS AND FOREST PRODUCTS. In the course of the Bureau work on forest insects, Dr. A. D. Hop- kins in charge, investigations of special problems have been carried on by experts and agents in Colorado, Montana, Oregon, West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, New York, New Jersey, South Dakota, and Ohio. Information has been given to correspondents in nearly all of the States and Territories, and to forest officials in 62 national for- ests. Cooperation in the inauguration and demonstration of prac- tical control has been carried on with the Forest Service in certain of the national forests of Colorado, Montana, and Oregon, with the Department of the Interior in a national park, on the public domain in Montana, and with private owners of timber in Montana, Wash- ington, and Oregon; also with manufacturers of agricultural imple- ments, machinery, and vehicles in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and with the state entomologist in a forest insect survey of Illinois. PRINCIPAL DEPREDATIONS. The principal depredations during the year have been the continued and extensive damage to living timber in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific slope regions by the Black Hills beetle and the mountain pine beetle on the pine, by the Engelmann spruce beetle on the spruce, and by the Douglas fir beetle on the Douglas fir. An enormous amount of choice timber has been killed during the year, and a threatened destruction of the larger trees in whole forests in Montana, Idaho, Washing on; California, and Colorado can only be avoided by prompt and radical action by the Government, state officials, and private owners. Damage to the wood of important hardwood timber in the forests east of the Mississippi River has continued practically BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 523 unchecked, and is probably on the increase, owing to the present methods of lumbering and general management of forest land. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS AND RESULTS. While there is evidence that some of the information on practical methods of preventing losses is being utilized to the best advantage to reduce the cost and increase the profits to owners and operators, which will ultimately lead to reduced cost to the consumer and the better protection of the resources, it becomes more and more apparent that, in order to convince the majority of the people who would derive the most benefit that the information is of real practical value to them, they must be shown. They either have not read the publica- tions or asked for informaticn, or they have not appreciated the importance of adhering to the essential details of the recommenda- tions. Therefore, it has been necessary to carry on a certain amount of demonstration work and for the experts to give direct instructions and advice in the field. This line of educational work carried on during the past four years has shown most gratifying results during the past year, especially in proving that the methods recommended may be easily understood and properly applied by owners of timber, government forest officials, and managers of manufacturing enterprises, and that the desired results can be secured through the proper expenditure of a compara- tively small amount of money and energy. The areas in Colorado in the vicinity of Colorado Springs, Palmer Lake, Idaho Springs, and on the Trinchera estate and Las Animas National Forest, where the control work directed against the Black Hills beetle was completed at various times since 1905, as mentioned in preceding reports, have been examined during the past year, and, as indicated by the failure to find dying or infested trees, the success- ful control work continues to have its protective influence. The control work against the Black Hills beetle in the Wet Moun- tains section of the San Isabel National Forest, Colorado, completed at the close of the fiscal year 1909, was found, upon examination during the present year, to be a complete success, as were also the control operations in and adjacent to the Jefferson National Forest, Montana, which were started in June, 1909, and completed in July of the same year. The evidence gathered from the results of the investigations and control work relating to these six cases indicates that the proper disposal of a total of some 4,000 trees within the areas during a period of four years at a first cost of about $2,000, or an average of 50 cents ze tree, has ended depredations, which, during a preceding period of ten years, had caused an average death rate of more than 7,000 trees per year, or a total of 7,000,000 feet, board measure, having a stumpage value of $14,000. The work carried on in cooperation with private timber owners and forest officials in northwestern Montana, inaugurated last fall, has yielded most satisfactory results, especially in the fact that the private owners have been made to realize the importance of prompt action to prevent the total destruction of the remaining ‘ikehshitaBlle timber. This has led to the proper treatment by cutting and barkin or otherwise disposing of between 9,000 and 10,000 beetle-infeste 524 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. trees by ten or more of the owners. This, it is believed, will be sufficient to control the depredations over an area of more than 100 square miles in which the timber has been dying at an alarming rate during the past ten or fifteen years. It will also have a marked effect toward protecting the timber of the adjacent areas of the national forests in which like depredations have been going on. The Depart- ment of the Interior has allotted sufficient money to take the immedi- ate action required to control the depredations in the southwestern section of the recently established Glacier National Park. It is ex- pected that the Forest Service will take the necessary action within the Flathead and Blackfeet National Forests during the coming year to dispose of a sufficient amount of beetle-infested timber, in addition to that disposed of by private owners and the Department of the Interior, to effectually check the depredations throughout the entire area, thus ending the losses of timber which have been progressing in this general region during the past ten years at a death rate of at least 200,000 trees annually. IMPORTANT NEW WORK, During the close of the year there has been organized the most extensive cooperative project for the control of barkbeetle depreda- tions that has ever been undertaken in this country. It is designated as the Northeastern Oregon and Western Idaho Project and involves an area of over 13,000 square miles. The object is to undertake the control of the barkbeetle depredations on the living timber of the national forests and adjacent private and other lands through co- operation between the Bureau of Entomology, the Forest Service, and private owners. The plan provides that the experts of the Bureau of Entomology shall make the investigations of the insects, recommend methods of procedure in control work, and give special instructions and advice relating to the essential details, while the Forest Service and timber owners provide the funds required for the actual control operations. The experts of the Bureau have already determined that the dep- redations are so extensive within the area and the time so limited before the beetles begin to emerge from the tens of thousands of in- fested trees to attack the living timber, that it is not practicable to undertake control work against the present (1909-10) infestation. It is believed, however, that the whole area can be sufficiently worked over and enough trees involved in the new (1910-11) infestation located, marked, and disposed of before the ist of July, 1911, to effectually check, if not control, the depredations—thus preventing the further loss of timber which has been going on during the past five or six years at the estimated rate of nearly a million trees per year. INVESTIGATIONS OF INSECTS DAMAGING DECIDUOUS FRUIT TREES. The investigations of insects affecting deciduous fruits and vine- yards, under the direction of Mr. A. L. Quaintance, have included the continuation of projects under way during 1909, and beginning with the spring of 1910 some additional lines of work have been taken up. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 525 THE PEAR THRIPS. The results of the Bureau’s studies and experiments in the control of the very destructive enemy of deciduous fruits in California known as the pear thrips were set forth in the last report. It was found possible to destroy a large percentage of the total thrips in a given orchard by spraying with a tobacco and distillate spray in the spring, before the opening of the blossoms. Excellent results were also obtained in the destruction of the helpless pup in the soil by deep plowing and cross plowing in the fall. In the fall of 1909 special attention was given to demonstrating on a large scale the benefits of plowing in the control of this insect, and in the spring of 1910 spraying operations were carried out in several parts of the infested territory. The Bureau’s agents had full charge of several orchards or parts of orchards, and in addition acted in a supervisory manner over the work done by a considerable number of orchardists. In this way a large amount of remedial work was accomplished, and the active interest of many orchardists in Santa Clara, Contra Costa, Solano, Sacramento, and other counties has materially strengthened the Bureau’s work. Thus, in the terri- tory adjacent to Walnut Creek there were sprayed about 220 acres of pears, 100 acres of prunes, and 30 acres of cherries; in the Suisun territory 200 acres of pears, 190 acres of cherries, and 60 acres of prunes; and in the Courtland district 200 acres of pears and 20 acres of cherries; a total in the district to the north of San Francisco of 620 acres of pears, 160 acres of prunes, and 240 acres of cherries. In the Santa Clara Valley the Bureau’s work proper included thor- ough plowing of about 100 acres and the spraying of about 70 acres of orchard. There were plowed, however, under the advice of the Bureau, about 1,650 acres, and in a similar manner 540 acres of orchard were sprayed. This work on the whole has yielded about as successful results as were obtained the year previous. However, the benefits have been somewhat obscured on account of the serious injury to the prune crop by late spring frost. There is, unfortunately, often a tendency on the part of orchardists to attribute to any injurious insects that may be present the losses resulting from unfavorable weather conditions. It is proposed to take the yield of fruit from sprayed and unsprayed blocks in the orchards under treatment and thus secure definite figures as to the benefits of the work which may be expressed in dollars and cents. Along with the demonstration and experimental field work, a con- siderable number of other sprays have been tested as they were sent in by persons believing them to be of value or which have been made according to formulas suggested. None of these, however, has proven equal to the tobacco and distillate oil spray mentioned, and this has become the main reliance. Attention has also been given to obtaining additional information on various points in the life history of the in- sect, especially in orchards, as to its migration and ground habits, and its distribution in different types of soil. It seems possible that in the deeper alluvial soils, as in the Courtland district, the value of thor- ough plowing will be materially lessened for the reason that the larve are able to penetrate to a considerable depth and below the reach of plows. Our knowledge of the insect, however, is now very 526 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. complete and covers its behavior during the entire year. A complete report on the investigations in the field and laboratory during the past three years is now in course of preparation. THE CODLING MOTH, Studies of the codling moth on apple have been continued along lines previously reported. The experiments undertaken in the spring of 1909 in a comparison of the so-called one-spray method, in use in the Northwest, with the practice of spraying generally followed in the East, were concluded and a large amount of data on the subject accumulated, the results of which have already been submitted for publication. In general, it appears that about as good results may be obtained by the one-spray method, in so far as the control of the cod- ling moth and curculio is concerned, as by several treatments applied in the customary way. Notwithstanding these results obtained by the one-spray method, however, the plan is not considered to be of special importance under eastern conditions, for the reason that in this terri- tory it is necessary in nearlv all cases to make several applications of a fungicide during the course of the season for the control of fungous diseases, and under these circumstances the addition of an arsenical is, of course, desirable. However, the work points out unmistakably the great importance of much more thorough spraying at the time of the falling of the petals and under a higher pressure than has generally been given heretofore. Further tests of the one-spray method are in progress in Virginia and Michigan, and it is hoped that a final report may be prepared at the close of the present season from the data secured. The experiments in Missouri and Arkansas orchards in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, and men- tioned in the last report, comprising a comparison of dusting versus spraying in the control of the codling moth, plum curculio, and fungous diseases, were concluded in the fall of 1909, and report upon the work is in preparation. It appears that the use of dust sprays for the codling moth, curculio, and other apple insects gave results very much inferior to those obtained by the use of liquid sprays, and the dust sprays are notably ineffective in the control of fungous diseases. Thus, in Missouri the yield of merchantable fruit from dusted plats was approximately 3 per cent of the crop as com- pared with 86 per cent of merchantable fruit on plats sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead. Life-history studies of the codling moth in important fruit regions are being continued as heretofore, as in California and Michigan. The studies in progress during the last two seasons in northwestern Pennsylvania have been completed and a report upon the work is now in press. This investigation brought out forcibly the influence of temperature on the extent of, and injury by, the larve. of the second brood. Thus, during the season of 1907 the proportion of first-brood larvee to transform into adults was 3 per cent, whereas during the season of 1908 the proportion transforming was 67.7 per cent, a difference due entirely, it is believed, to the widely different seasons which prevailed during these respective years. Similar studies have been made in the Ignacio Valley, in California, in con- nection with experiments for the control of the codling moth on BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 527 pears. Owing to a lower mean temperature in this valley than in many other fruit-growing regions, the period for the life cycle of the codling moth was greatly lengthened, requiring from sixty to seventy days, as compared with forty-nine to fifty-six, the time required in the East. Spraying experiments for the codling moth in the Ignacio Valley on pears were completed and gave very satisfactory results. Plats of trees receiving two and three applications of arsenate of lead in Bordeaux mixture gave, respectively, 87.68 per cent and 97.10 per cent of sound fruit, whereas on the unsprayed fruit trees only 46.85 per cent of the fruit was free from injury. There was a net gain in favor of spraying of $1.49 per tree. A detailed report on the life history of the insect in the valley and the results of the experiments on pears has been submitted for publication. Demonstration spraying for the codling moth is being continued during the season of 1910, as heretofore, in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry, mostly in connection with other investiga- tions at the several field laboratories. This work is in progress on pears in several localities in California and on apples in Michigan and Virginia and in nine counties in eastern Kansas in cooperation with the Kansas State Agricultural College. A detailed life-history study of the insect is also being made in the Santa Clara Valley. The demonstration spraying under way in Virginia, Arkansas, Penn- sylvania, and Michigan during 1909 was successfully.completed and gave uniformly good results. This work has been most heartily ap- preciated by orchardists in the respective neighborhoods and seems worthy of further extension. THE GRAPE ROOT-WORM. The investigations of the grape root-worm, which have been in progress since 1907, were continued over the growing season of 1909 as outlined in the report for that year. This investigation has been very thorough both in the field and in the laboratory, and entirely practical and economical measures have been fully demonstrated. The work was therefore practically concluded in the fall of 1909 and a full report has been submitted for publication. MISCELLANEOUS GRAPE INSECTS. In the course of the work on the grape root-worm much information was accumulated on other grape insects. It was found that some of these were of considerable importance, and upon the closing of the grape root-worm studies specific attention has been directed to the so- called rose bug and the grape leafhopper in the Erie grape belt. Studies are also being made on a new insect enemy of the grape, namely the grape bud gnat, which is assuming more and more im- portance as an enemy of this crop. . ARSENIC ACCUMULATION IN SOILS IN SPRAYED WOODLANDS, ORCHARDS, AND VINEYARDS, The agitation concerning the danger of injury to orchard, shade, and other trees by excessive spraying with arsenicals, especially with arsenate of lead, led to an examination of soils in sprayed orchards, woodlands, etc., to determine if there were possibly an accumulation 528 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of arsenic in the soil, and an examination also of trees which might be injured from this cause. A large number of samples was collected during the summer of 1909, and these have been examined by the Bureau of Chemistry, in cooperation with which Bureau the work is being done. The examination of these soils has shown the neces- sity for further studies and an additional series of soil samples will be collected from the same territory as those earlier obtained. INSECTICIDE INVESTIGATIONS, Further experiments have been made with lime-sulphur washes, especially when used with various arsenicals. Special attention is being given to determine the effects of a combined lime-sulphur and arsenical spray on peach foliage, including the various brands of arsenate of lead and other poisons, such as arsenic sulphids, arsenate of iron, zine arsenate, etc. In California much attention has been given to the preparation of various sprays, especially emulsions of crude oil and distillate, in the course of experiments against the European pear scale and the European fruit Lecanium, or, as it is better known, the brown apricot scale. DEMONSTRATION SPRAYING FOR THE PLUM CURCULIO. The plum curculio in the South is a veritable scourge to the peach rowers, every year greatly curtailing the crop, its punctures in the ruit, moreover, forming a nidus for brown-rot spores, greatly favor- ing infection from this serious fruit disease. So critical had become the situation due to the losses from these two troubles—the curculio and the brown rot—that the assistance of the Department was asked through the Georgia Fruit Growers’ Exchange, and also by numerous large commercial orchardists. In cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry, demonstration spraying on a large scale was begun in different parts of Georgia, using arsenate of lead and self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture as a combined treatment for the curculio and brown rot and the scab. The scheme of treatment requires three applications in all, which practice it had previously been determined would effect the control of the several troubles. In addition to the work under the direct supervision of the Department a very large number of orchardists, acting under its advice, has adopted the plan of spraying recommended, and the total trees treated during the spring of 1910 aggregated several hundred thousands. This work is conducted on a strictly commercial basis, careful account being kept of the cost of the work, and the benefits will be accurately determined by a comparison of the fruit on sprayed and unsprayed blocks. CRANBERRY INSECT INVESTIGATIONS. Thé studies of cranberry insects in Wisconsin, in cooperation with the university of that State, mentioned in earlier reports, were con- tinued along the lines indicated during the season of 1909, and be- ginning with the spring of 1910 demonstration spraying has been in- augurated in cooperation with numerous cranberry growers, who bear all costs of the work except for spray materials, An unusually BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 529 complete survey of injurious insects of the cranberry bogs in Wis- consin has been about completed, and a good knowledge of the life history of most of these has been obtained. These studies have been made on the bogs under perfectly natural conditions and will be of the utmost value as a basis for making recommendations for their control. Spraying operations under way in 1909 were carried through the season and the results recorded in a way to show the benefits in dollars and cents. The general absence of the fruit-worm, which had been very destructive the year previous, however, resulted in less marked benefits than previously obtained; nevertheless, the results from spraying showed a considerable improvement over unsprayed plats. This work will be concluded at the close of the present season, and it is planned to extend it to cranberry bogs in other States. CEREAL AND FORAGE-PLANT INSECT INVESTIGATIONS. Several new problems have engaged the attention of the cereal and forage insect section of the Bureau, under the charge of Mr. F. M. Webster, and the older investigations have been continued. THE SO-CALLED ‘‘ GREEN BUG.” The spring grain-aphis, or so-called “ green bug,” has continued to claim attention. During the autumn of 1909 it seemed to have reached its usual abundance along the line extending from North Carolina to New Mexico, but the ensuing winter was normally cold and restrained the pest, while in March there was an extraordinarily high temperature which enabled the parasites to develop in the spring, so that the pest was soon overcome by its natural enemies. The reverse of this—that is to say, a warm winter and a cold spring— would have certainly produced an enormous abundance of the insect. This emphasizes more than ever the imperative necessity for contin- uing government surveillance over the region where this pest first begins its depredations in the spring. This area covers approxi- mately 13 States and Territories, while the territory now known to be occupied by the species, and therefore more or less threatened, covers approximately the whole United States west of about the lati- tude of the city of Washington, excepting perhaps in extreme western New York and Pennsylvania. At present it seems possible to diag- nose the situation by keeping close watch upon the species throughout the area where it first begins its ravages, and by utilizing the records of the Weather Bureau. The studies of the past year emphasize the statement previously made that an outbreak of this pest depends upon temperature conditions beginning in the South, and the extent of its ravages depends wholly upon weather conditions during winter and spring. It seems, therefore, extremely desirable that there should always be a sum available for this particular investigation. A complete report on this insect and its parasites will be prepared for publication during the fiscal year 1911. WORK ON THE JOINTWORM. The investigation of the jointworm has been continued more par- ticularly throughout Ohio, Indiana, and southern Illinois, but the in- sect has been found injurious for the first time in the wheat in Mis- 73477°—acr 1910——34 530 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. souri. Curiously enough, another problem has entered into the joint- worm investigation, which involves sanitary as well as agricultural matters. A mite known as Pediculoides ventricosus attacks both the jointworm and its hymenopterous parasites, and by its work upon the parasites prevents them from overcoming the jointworm. The mite remains in the straw up to and during the early summer following the harvest, and, whether this straw goes into the manufacture of mat- tresses or whether it enters into the domestic economy of the farm, it invariably causes a very annoying skin disorder, recently designated by Doctor Goldberger as Dermatitis schambergi. Throughout the Middle West the joimtworm is the host of this mite, but the mite has caused equally serious trouble in eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Tennessee. Throughout this last territory the host insect is the Angoumois grain moth. In both cases it appears that a revision of certain agricultural methods will become necessary. The farmer throughout the Middle West and in the East draws the unthrashed grain in from the fields, places it in barns, and allows it to remain unthrashed for weeks, and sometimes perhaps even for months. This facilitates the development and increase of the mite, and causes an increased number of cases of dermatitis. In Tennessee the farmers allow the grain to remain in the shock long after it should have been thrashed. This also facilitates the increase of the mite, with the result that when this grain is thrashed the men and teams engaged in the work are attacked and caused great pain and suffering. In all cases, if the wheat is thrashed directly from the field and as soon after harvest as it is in condition for thrashing much of the difficulty will be overcome. - HESSIAN FLY INVESTIGATIONS. The investigations of the Hessian fly have been continued, and a successful introduction of parasites from Kansas has been made into the wheat section of western Oregon. It now seems quite possi- ble as the result of the investigations of the year that what was supposed to be winter-killed wheat in Oregon has really been the work of the Hessian fly. In recent years farmers have found it imprac- ticable to grow wheat in western Washington and Oregon on this account. The attacks of the Hessian fly in the fall have produced this result, and the successful introduction of eastern parasites should have a beneficial effect. An unexpected outbreak of the Hessian fly in Tennessee is being investigated in cooperation with the agricultural experiment station of that State. Up to the present time it has been impossible to secure absolute proof that the Hessian fly will attack grasses, but it has been ascer- tained during the year that it attacks one or more species of Agro- pyron both in Kansas and in western Washington. To what extent this phase of the problem will increase in the future it is impossible to predict, but it will have the effect of allowing parasites to breed in grass affected by the Hessian fly and to migrate to wheat fields and attack the host insect there. THE NEW MEXICO RANGE CATERPILLAR. The unusual and serious state of affairs caused in northeastern New Mexico by the sudden extraordinary development of the larva BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 5381 of a large moth attacking the gramma grass on cattle ranges was re- ferred to in the last report. An expert assistant devoted a large por- tion of the fiscal year to an investigation of this outbreak, and the results have been published in Part V of Bulletin 85 of the Bureau. The insect has spread from a limited area in northeastern New Mexico into the Panhandle region of Texas and the Cherokee strip of Okla- homa, as well as into adjacent portions of Kansas and Colorado. Owing to the immense territory covered by the insect, and to the to- pography of the country, some of which is almost inaccessible, appli- cations usually employed for destroying insects are impracticable. Only a very small percentage of the caterpillars are parasitized, and yet, from the present outlook, the introduction of parasitic enemies seems the only remedy. THE ALFALFA WEEVIL. The alfalfa weevil, beginning in the region about Salt Lake City, is apparently an introduced European insect. It was first observed in the vicinity of Salt Lake, not far from nurseries importing more or less:stock from southern Europe, thus indicating a possibility of its introduction in the packing of stock. At the end of the fiscal year 1910 it was making rapid headway toward the alfalfa fields of Colorado, Wyoming, and Idaho. It constitutes a great menace to alfalfa culture. Studies of the life history of the weevil have been carried on in cooperation with the Utah agricultural experiment station, and experimental work has been done with remedies. The peculiar life history of the insect, however, which lays its eggs during a period of six weeks in the spring, near the base of the plant, renders operations against the larvae extremely onerous on account of the necessity of frequent repetition. An experiment was made in the introduction of a fungous disease which kills an allied weevil in the Atlantic States, but without success. Possibly in irrigated regions with the proper moisture conditions this disease may be made to take hold. THE SORGHUM MIDGE. The sorghum midge, which prevents the sorghum raisers in the far South from securing seed, has been thoroughly investigated, and the results have been published. It now seems as though a large part of the difficulty experienced will be eliminated by the destruction of trash left in the field and of the Johnson grass escaped from culti- vation and growing along roadsides and other waste places. OTHER INVESTIGATIONS. The other investigations of this branch of the Bureau work have included a study of the wheat strawworm in Kansas and the extreme Northwest, the corn root-aphis, the cowpea curculio, the slender seed- corn ground-beetle, a butterfly larva damaging alfalfa in California, Arizona, and Nevada, a gall fly attacking the seed pods of alfalfa in Arizona, the southern corn leaf-beetle, the southern corn root-worm, wireworms, and a number of other species. An important investiga- tion has also been carried out regarding the exact relations of leaf- hoppers to the cultivation of grains and grasses. It was shown some 532 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. years ago by Prof. Herbert Osborn, of the Ohio State University, that the productiveness of pastures is very greatly reduced by these insects, and it is hoped by this investigation to ascertain facts which will bring about amelioration. WORK ON INSECTS AFFECTING VEGETABLE CROPS. Work against insects affecting vegetable crops has been carried on, as during the last two years, in different parts of the country. The work has been both demonstrational and investigational. As pointed out in the report for 1908, although the insects occurring in these different regions are frequently identical, their habits and life his- tories differ on account of the difference in climate, and require either different remedies or modifications of the same remedy. The work has been carried on as heretofore under the direction of Dr. I’. H. Chittenden. It is estimated that the annual loss in a number of the most important truck-growing regions of the country from insect damage is 20 per cent of the crop, and that the preventable in- jury is about 15 per cent, thus indicating the value of the most up-to- date knowledge in this direction. INVESTIGATIONS IN TIDEWATER VIRGINIA. Investigations reported upon in the last annual report, in cooper- ation with the Virginia truck experiment station, the Virginia de- partment of agriculture and immigration, and with associations of truck growers of Norfolk, Va., and vicinity, have been continued. Much demonstration work was found necessary, but some important investigations have been carried on. It has been found that the pea aphis may be successfully controlled by spraying early in the season with whale-oil soap at the rate of 6 pounds to 50 gallons of water, three or four sprayings being necessary for the best results. Tests were made with different nicotine preparations against this same species. Experiments with a lime-sulphur-arsenate-of-lead mixture for the Colorado potato beetle were found quite effective, destroying fully 95 per cent of the insects by a single application. Experi- ments have been continued against the striped cucumber beetle, the best results being obtained with a combination of arsenate of lead, 3 pounds, in Bordeaux mixture, 2-5-50, as a spray. The strawberry leaf-roller has also been studied in this locality as well as certain other insects. STRAWBERRY INSECT INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTH CAROLINA. Beginning with March, 1910, an agent was stationed at Chadbourn, N. C., to study strawberry insects. In 1908 the strawberry weevil caused the destruction of 50 per cent of the strawberry crop in one locality in North Carolina, the cash loss being $700,000. In 1909 the loss in the immediate vicinity of Chadbourn was estimated at $150,000. - Especial attention was given to the life history of the species in the locality mentioned. As a result of the preliminary study which has been given to this species and the tests of remedies thus far, it is the belief that the following four items of farm management will work well in keeping strawberry fields free from weevil attack: 1. Cultivation of a large acreage. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 533 2. The destruction by burning of all adjacent undergrowth in the late fall or winter, and the removal of all wild food plants and débris in which the insects could find winter quarters. 3. High cultivation to secure a maximum number of buds. 4. Immediate and close cultivation of the beds after picking, to destroy infested buds. The strawberry leaf-roller and a root-worm were also studied in this locality. INVESTIGATIONS IN COLORADO. At the beginning of the fiscal year work on truck-crop insects in Colorado was begun, with headquarters at Rocky Ford. The inves- tigation was taken up in cooperation with the Rocky Ford Chamber of Commerce and the commissioners of Otero County and the Rocky Ford Melon Growers’ Association. Work was continued until De- cember 1, 1909, and resumed March 11, and continued to the end of the fiscal year 1910. A preliminary test was made of the trap-crop ladybird method of controlling the melon aphis, early growing crucifers being used as a trap crop. The species was largely con- trolled by natural enemies, so that slight damage was done. The yellow bear caterpillar did much damage to sugar beets and to the truck crops of the upper Arkansas Valley. It was decided that the best method of controlling the pest was the cleaning up and burning of the rubbish in fence corners and similar places where the insect hibernates. In the same way the best remedy for the larger beet leaf-beetle, or “ alkali bug,” was found to consist in destroying heaps of weeds, tufts of grass, and other débris in which the insect passes the winter. The red spider in its occurrence on celery, beans, and other plants, including shrubs, ornamental bushes, and trees, was readily con- trolled by the use of a lye-sulphur solution. Further studies were made of other crop insects in this region. TRUCK INSECTS IN MISSISSIPPI. In the summer and fall of 1909 work was begun in the State of Mississippi against truck insects, with headquarters at Starkville. This work is still going on against the pests especially injurious to cabbage, Lima beans, melons, tomatoes, and strawberries. IN CALIFORNIA, An especial investigation of insects damaging sugar beets and truck crops has been carried on in this State with headquarters at Compton, and the life histories of the insects concerned have been studied and experimental: work instituted. IN SOUTHERN TEXAS, The work at Brownsville, mentioned in previous reports, has been continued. The onion thrips, with the melon aphis, appears to be the most serious truck-crop pest of southern Texas, and as to the onion thrips the work so far done indicates that unless remedial measures, such as the changing of the farming methods or the appli- 534 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. cation of poisonous sprays, are undertaken, the cultivation of this important crop must be abandoned. ‘The practice of growing onions by starting them in sets seems to be one of the chief causes of injury by thrips. Some injury may be prevented by dipping sets, before transplanting, in nicotine sulphate at about the same strength as used in spraying. Clean methods of cultivation, including prompt destruction of remnants, and the stimulation of plants by means of fertilizers and irrigation where possible, are among the best forms of farm procedure. In some localities the observance of these meth- ods serves to hold the insect in check; in others it is also necessary to spray. Reports upon a number of Texas insects belonging to this class have been submitted and accounts will be published. OTHER INVESTIGATIONS ON TRUCK-CROP INSECTS. The onion thrips just mentioned is by no means confined to Texas, but occurs also in Colorado, and recent reports of injury have been received from Stark County, Ind. The estimate of loss in the latter locality was $30,000 for 1910 in the vicinity of the town of Knox alone. The same insect also occurs in the vicinity of the District of Columbia, and studies of its habits in this locality have been begun. WORK ON INSECTS AFFECTING CITRUS FRUITS. As during the previous year, the work on insects affecting citrus fruits has been carried on under the supervision of Mr. C. L. Marlatt. The principal items have been the continuation of the white-fly in- vestigations, work upon the orange thrips in California, and the com- pletion of the hydrocyanic-acid gas fumigation in California. WORK ON THE WHITE FLY IN FLORIDA. With the conclusion of the main features of the life-history studies and fumigation experiments on the white fly, summarized in previous reports, problems connected with insecticides and the mechanics of spraying as adapted to Florida conditions have been made the subject of especial study. The agents of the Bureau, however, have con- tinued the very important experiments leading to natural control by bacteria and fungi, and have cooperated with growers in conducting fumigation on a large scale. Experimental work and observations during previous years with parasitic fungi have demonstrated that under normal climatic and favorable grove conditions the fungi are capable of effecting in a series of years about one-third of a complete remedy, and that they can be very readily introduced artificially into groves infested with the white fly. The main line of investigation during the past year has been to determine to what extent the natural efficiency can be increased by frequent artificial introductions of spores by sprayin at stated periods throughout the summer and early fall. This wor has not given encouraging results. The amount of fungus present at the end of the season in no instance was enough greater than that developing under normal conditions in unsprayed surrounding trees to warrant from a practical standpoint the time expended in the BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 535 work. In several instances more fungus developed on unsprayed trees. Observations and experiments have led to the conclusion that losses resulting from the white fly attacks will be greatly reduced if, in the majority of cases, the parasitic fungi are disregarded and the use of direct remedial measures extended as fast as possible. While no specific bacterial disease of the citrus white fly or spotted- wing white fly has yet been discovered, it became evident very early in the present investigation that mortality among larve and pup resulting from causes other than those recognized as attacks by insect and known fungus enemies, and from overcrowding, was the most important element of natural control affecting these species. This heretofore unappreciated check effected by nature has been cred- ited to the fungi, greatly enhancing the value of the latter. In sev- eral instances the fungi have been credited with controlling the fly in groves in which none of the known fungi was present, or in which they were present in too small numbers to bring about the great reduction in the numbers of flies. This phase of natural control is still under investigation. Fumigation experiments were conducted only in cooperation with the Tangerine Citrus Association of Tangerine and the growers of Arcadia. In each instance an agent of the Bureau gave assistance in securing the necessary apparatus and chemicals and in the general methods of procedure. The fumigation of over one thousand trees under varying conditions thoroughly demonstrated the value of the method of control in isolated groves, as well as its uselessness in groves closely surrounded by untreated infested groves. The experimental work of the previous year to determine the cost and effect of various insecticides has been continued, together with an extensive study of the mechanics of spraying as adapted to the peculiar conditions presented by the problem in hand. It has been found that by a careful application of knowledge gained by life- history studies the cost of insecticides can be reduced about two-thirds during late spray; while experiments have shown that their cost can be safely reduced about one-half during the summer months, due to the greater susceptibility of the larvee and pupe at this season. The control of the fly by spraying has been undertaken in several groves, consisting of several thousands of trees of all sizes, and data are accumulating to warrant the statement that spraying, when once given an intelligent continued trial, will be found a much more promising method of control than is generally believed. THE ORANGE THRIPS. The orange thrips, a serious insect enemy of orange in the south- ern San Joaquin Valley in California, has been under investigation for about two years, and most gratifying progress has been made in the determination of control measures. Large-scale experiments with various sprays have been continued, and on the whole the pest has proved to be less resistant to the sprays than was found to be true of its near relative, the pear thrips. Two or three applications, how- ever, appear to be necessary, since there is a series of generations oc- curring during the year. The actual area of orange groves under ex- periment by the Bureau in 1910 is approximately 30 acres, the grow- ers cooperating in allowing the use of the trees. The destructiveness of 536 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the insect and the successful results obtained by sprays have resulted in a very active interest on the part of orchardists themselves, and a large number of power sprayers have been purchased and extensive spraying operations begun under the advice and immediate super- vision of agents of the Bureau. The total area of orange groves treated for the orange thrips during the spring of 1910 is approxi- mately 2,000 acres. . This is the more remarkable when it is remem- bered that previous to the spring of 1909 practically no spraying whatever was practiced. INVESTIGATION OF HYDROCYANIC-ACID GAS FUMIGATION IN CALIFORNIA. The investigation of hydrocyanic-acid gas fumigation in Cali- fornia, taken up at the beginning of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908, was completed with the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910. The same character of field work has been continued throughout, and efforts were made to conduct the investigation on as nearly a commercial scale as possible, so that conditions and results would be those normal to the ordinary care of citrus groves. The results, which have been brought together in the form of a bulletin about to be published, have been very satisfactory. The orange growers expressed themselves as pleased, and the expense of the opera- tion has been very considerably reduced, and, as a result of the efficiency obtained, longer intervals between fumigations will now serve to keep the groves in good condition. Important experiments have been conducted with sodium cyanide, and it has been found that with the use of a igh-grade sodium cyanide the results are as satisfactory as with a high-grade potassium cyanide. When it is considered that the present manufacture of sodium cyanide is more universal and greatly in excess of potassium cyanide; that the sodium compounds required in the manufacture of sodium cyanide are widely distributed throughout the world, while commercial deposits of po- tassium compounds required in the manufacture of potassium cyanide are largely confined to the German Empire, and also that the present unit price of sodium cyanide averages slightly less than that of the other, it may reasonably be expected that in the future the sodium may be found supplanting potassium in American usage. The field laboratory at Whittier, Cal., used in these investigations, was abandoned June 30, when the lease expired, and the apparatus was turned over to the Bureau. The agent in charge, Mr. R. S. Woglum, was transferred to another investigation. INVESTIGATIONS OF INSECTS IN THEIR DIRECT RELATION TO THE HEALTH OF MAN AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 3 One of the most interesting investigations under the branch of the Bureau work dealing with insects in their direct relation to the health of man and domestic animals has already been mentioned in this report in the earlier section on “ Work on the jointworm.” As the jointworm is a host of the mite in question, it is considered in full in that section rather than here. The subject of remedies and preventive measures for mosquitoes has been considered at great length in a bulletin published in the spring of 1910 (No. 88), and the whole ground has been rather thor- BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 537 oughly covered. It is hoped to follow this bulletin on the active remedial work with others treating of malaria and the malarial mos- quitoes, of yellow fever and the yellow-fever mosquito, of the gen- eral habits of mosquitoes, and still another on the classification of mosquitoes. THE HOUSE FLY. The work on the house fly has been continued, and the crusade against this disease-bearing species has been assisted in every possible way. The name, suggested by the writer, of “typhoid fly ” as a sub- stitute for the name “house fly” is becoming generally adopted. Conservative physicians appear to be more and more convinced of the dangerous qualities of this insect. The American Civic Asso- ciation has taken up the crusade, and boards of health and citizens’ improvement societies all over the United States are paying great attention to the destruction of this species. The crusade has ex- tended into other countries, and the Bureau congratulates itself on having at last aroused strong public opinion in a very important sanitary matter. WORK ON TICKS. The work of the Bureau on the important injurious ticks of the country has been conducted under the direction of Mr. W. D. Hunter by Mr. F. C. Bishopp. These investigations have consisted of two primary lines of work: First, with the tick which transmits splenetic fever of cattle, and, second, with the species Dermacentor venustus, which transmits spotted fever of human beings in some of the Rocky Mountain States. The work on the cattle tick consisted of two parts, one dealing with the continuation of life-history studies and the other with prac- tical demonstrations of methods of control for the benefit of ranch- men. The great diversity of climatic and other conditions in the area infested by the cattle tick causes it to be exceedingly important to ascertain the local variation in the development and life history of the pest. Moreover, such definite information must be available for the practical work of eradication which has been undertaken by the Bureau of Animal Industry and can only be obtained by means of experiments running through several years. Consequently, the experiments to determine the length of time the seed ticks can sur- vive without hosts were continued. Special efforts were made to secure records from a number of localities. In this work the Ten- nessee experiment station cooperated in a very helpful manner. On account of the general popular idea that sulphur taken into the system of cattle either by feeding or drinking of water impregnated with the substance will cause the ticks to drop off, a special experi- ment was arranged to furnish exact information. A fence was built around a well in southern Texas, the water from which is very heav- ily impregnated with sulphur. Small droves of cattle heavily in- fested with ticks were placed in this inclosure from time to time and observations were made regarding the action of the ticks. The results were entirely negative. The well used in the experiment rep- resents extreme conditions as regards sulphur content. The results, therefore, are of very definite value and should prevent the useless expenditure of money for sulphur on the part of cattle owners. 538 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Two large demonstration pastures in southern Texas, one in Vic- toria County and one in Calhoun County, were utilized for the pur- pose of demonstrating the feasibility of reducing the tick infestation toa practically negligible quantity. Cattle were removed from these pastures in the spring and returned in the fall. It was found in both pastures that the cattle were practically free from ticks in the spring, although the cattle which had been pastured elsewhere were heavily infested. In the demonstration pastures a continuous and very profitable gain in weight was made and in the others the cattle were in such condition from tick infestation that very low prices were secured. Efforts to cause the parasite of the brown dog tick to attack the cattle tick were continued but without definite results, except as to methods of manipulation that will assist in future work. Ship- ments of the parasites were made to South Africa and Italy for attempted introduction by the government entomologists. Progress was made in the work on the species of ticks which trans- mit spotted fever of human beings. An agent traveled through some of the Northwestern States to obtain material to reveal the distribu- tion of the species. This work will result in an exact knowledge of the geography of the disease, or at least the region in which it can spread if once introduced. Following this preliminary work, a camp laboratory was established in the Bitter Root Valley, in Mon- tana, where a very virulent phase of the disease exists. Through this laboratory a study was made of the distribution of the dangerous ticks in the locality. There are many points that need investiga- tion. For instance, the disease occurs commonly on the west side of the valley but rarely on the east side. This phenomenon is probably due to some limitation in the distribution of the ticks. In addition, studies of the life history, habits, and means of control will be con- ducted and demonstrations will be inaugurated if the investigational work seems to warrant it. This work is in cooperation with the Montana State University and the Montana board of health. Prof. R. A. Cooley, of the university, has become a collaborator of the Bureau, and is directing the work. On account of his extensive study of the problem it is considered that the Bureau is fortunate in being able to perfect this arrangement. One of Professor Cooley’s stu- dents is stationed at the camp. The Biological Survey of the De- partment is also cooperating. It has stationed two men in the field to determine the limitations in the range of the various animals which act as hosts for the ticks. The Montana board of health has agreed to place a physician at the camp. The work is therefore organized in a comprehensive way and should yield important results. In addition to the work in the Bitter Root Valley a large amount of information concerning the distribution of the ticks throughout the Rocky Mountains region was obtained by means of circulars. In this way over 500 lots of ticks were obtained, representing prac- tically as many localities. This will enable the Bureau to map the distribution of the form which is now known to be pathogenic in nature and of others which may later be found to be capable of transmitting diseases. In addition to the main lines of work indicated, progress has been made in the study of some of the other important ticks. A number BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 539 of experiments with the fowl tick have been conducted. This form is so injurious that it has caused the abandonment of the poultry industry in some places. The work has been carried far enough to result in practical suggestions for control which will be dealt with in a circular soon to be issued. There is a possibility that destructive ticks may be introduced into this country from Mexico at any time. They might be brought across the boundary on cattle, horses, dogs, or even human beings. In order to determine the actual danger an agent was sent through northern Mexico for a few weeks during the year. The results indi- cate that precautions against the entrance of new forms should by all means be taken. WORK ON INSECTS INJURIOUS TO STORED PRODUCTS. The work on insects injurious to stored products has been continued along similar lines, under the direction of Dr. F. H. Chittenden. Special attention was given to inspection and fumigation, as demon- stration work and as experiment, in mills in Kansas, Texas, Okla- homa, Missouri, and Louisiana. THE POINT OF INFESTATION TO EXPORT FLOUR. The original source of the trouble which caused requests for this line of investigation was the infestation, chiefly by flour beetles (7'77- bolium ferrugineum and others), of export flour milled in the States mentioned and shipped to Europe and Africa, mainly through the ports of New Orleans and Galveston. During the two years in which this topic has been under constant investigation, in the warmer months which permit of such work, effort has been made to deter- mine the exact point of infestation, which might be at any place— at the mill or between that point and the place where the flour is delivered to the purchaser. While a possibility exists of infestation on car and steamship lines, on wagons used in carting the flour or other cereal from the mills to the port of destination, and at the ports both in this country and abroad, it is now established that in the vast majority of cases the point of primary infestation is the milling establishments themselves. A large numoer of mills have been investigated in the States mentioned, and while many are maintained in a scrupulously neat and clean manner and are fumi- gated twice a year, or as often as necessary, still there are many others where carelessness prevails and where fumigation is not regularly performed. In the carelessly kept mills, flour beetles, the Mediter- ranean flour moth, and various other mill pests accumulate and are carried from the mills on sacks of flour, thus infesting cargoes which reach foreign ports in unsalable condition. Under conditions favor- able to their development, in warm weather, some of the insects can develop from egg to adult in five or six weeks. THE MEDITERRANEAN FLOUR MOTH. As in the past year, the Mediterranean flour moth has again en- gaged the largest share of attention. The larva or caterpillar of this species is the greatest pest with which millers have ever had to con- 540 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tend. It particularly infests the machinery of mills, spinning a web which causes flour to become felted and lumpy, and, in sum- mer weather, this clogs the machinery, necessitating frequent and prolonged “ shut-downs” resulting in the loss, in large establish- ments, of thousands of dollars. The average cash loss due to closing a mill and the cost of treatment by fumigation and cleaning has been estimated at about $500 for each fumigation, excluding the loss to business, while the owners of mills of large capacity who have fumigated for this species claim a loss of $5,000 a year. One prominent miller states that the loss due to stoppage while cleaning is incalculable. The use of hydrocyanic-acid gas as a means of disinfecting mills, warehouses, elevators, and other inclosures has become nearly uni- versal in the principal milling centers, and especially as a remedy for the flour moth. It possesses many advantages over bisulphid of carbon for the same purpose, the principal ones being that the gas can be generated without the aid of fire as in sulphur fumigation, and that it is noninflammable and nonexplosive when generated according to methods now in practice. Hence its employment in mills where there might otherwise be a conflict with insurance companies. On account of numerous inquiries during the year (which reached as high as five or six daily at times) for advice in regard to the eradication of the flour moth, it was found necessary, as soon as the required data could be obtained, to publish a comprehensive account of the hydrocyanic-acid gas method of fumigation for the control of this pest. This is published as Circular No. 112 (pp. 1-22). In order to make this publication as complete as possible all of the prin- cipal topics which were discussed during the year on this process of fumigation were considered in detail, with the result that to date no questions have been asked since its issuance that are not completely answered in the publication. RICE MILL INVESTIGATIONS, By request of several rice millers, some mills in southern Texas and Louisiana were investigated. In the course of these investiga- tions, as well as in others conducted both in the Mississippi Valley region and in the Atlantic district, it has been noticed that hydro- cyanic-acid gas has one serious defect, and this has been brought out especially during the year. It has very limited penetrative power when used in fumigating sacks of grain and rice. When used under ordinary diffusion, the fact that the greater portion of both clean and weevily rice is stored in sacks under ventilated sheds or in loosely constructed buildings makes the problem of fumigation entirely dif- ferent from that of the flour mill or grain elevator. If it could be possible to apply hydrocyanic-acid gas and bisulphid of carbon with pressure, as is used in sulphur fumigation by the Clayton process, this problem might be solved. Otherwise it is probable that under existing conditions we will have to depend upon heat as a remedy. Experiments are being conducted in this direction. MISCELLANEOUS INVESTIGATIONS. The export docks of Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York have been visited and investigations have been made of the local condi- BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 541 tions and the insects present in both import and export flour and other cereals. Fumigation of mills, grain storehouses, and bakeries have been conducted in the city of Washington with good success and will be continued as opportunity offers, the work extending into some near- by mills in Virginia. More inquiries were received in regard to methods for the pre- vention of weevils in corn and other stored cereals in the South than in several years, and much information was given .in regard to this topic. Efforts were made to ascertain to what extent cereals, espe- cially corn, are attacked in the field, and it was found that in many cases field attack is the direct result of storing grain in the immedi- ate vicinity of grain fields or of planting near granaries. Some com- mon practices in the Gulf region, such as “ pulling” or “snapping” fodder so as to expose corn ears to the ripening and hardening effects of the sun, tend to increase injury by the Angoumois grain moth and the rice weevil and should be discontinued. Early harvesting, prompt threshing, and storage in bulk all conduce largely to the pre- vention of infestation. For the rest, cleanliness in the depositories, with fumigation, preferably before storage, will destroy the insects which remain. A branch of this topic which will sooner or later demand attention is as to the effect of “ weeviled” grain to stock and to human beings when taken as food. Practically nothing definite has been done in this line, although it has been known for some time that horses are badly affected by “ weeviled” grain and by the “ dust,” chiefly excre- ment, occurring in infested oats and other cereals. They also refuse to eat food containing large granary insects, such as the meal-worms. Chickens, swine, and cows do not appear to be badly affected by a moderate amount of this material, but doubtless all would suffer from a larger diet of “ weeviled” grain. In all, the principal seaboard mills and terminal elevators export- ing grain and other cereal products from the Atlantic coast have been inspected and the insects infesting export and import cereals have been studied. In addition, various blending plants and fac- tories manufacturing cereal products, and storage depositories, have been kept under constant observation. The use of bisulphid of carbon, while prohibited by fire-insurance underwriters in many cases, is still in use for other insects than the flour moth, which affect stored products, and in some cases its use is practically necessary; for example, for spraying spouts and other portions of machinery where hydrocyanic-acid gas is unable to pene- trate a large mass of flour. It is also used to a considerable extent either before or after hydrocyanic-acid-gas fumigation. Experiments have been made with sulphur fumigation where it_ was not practicable to use other means of treatment, and these have been found successful. During the year upward of 100 reports were received from many of the principal milling establishments of the country giving re- sults of the treatment of the mills by hydrocyanic-acid gas fumi- gation. An agent of the Bureau, working chiefly in the States of Kansas and Texas during the year, has submitted more exhaustive reports 542 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. on experiments with all of the different methods of fumigation which have been mentioned. In cooperation with the Bureau of Chemistry, insects injurious to imported dried fruits, and especially Smyrna figs, have been studied. Means for their control have been formulated and the work will be continued. INSPECTION WORK. As in previous years, all seeds and plants introduced and dis- tributed by the Division of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction of the Bureau of Plant Industry, as well as ornamental plants im- ported by florists in the District of Columbia, have been thoroughly examined. In addition to these, about 2,000 cherry trees, a gift from the city of Tokyo to the Government of the United States, were ex- amined and found to be infested with a number of injurious insects. All of these plants were destroyed. Several insects were collected on plants introduced by the Bureau of Plant Industry, which, if allowed to gain a foothold in Florida or other warm portion of the country, might prove serious enemies to cultivated crops. In addition to this work carried on at Washington, a somewhat elaborate inspection system for products proceeding from regions in New England inhabited by the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth has been conducted by the gipsy moth force as indicated in a pre- ceding paragraph. INSPECTION FOR THE IMPORTED BROWN-TAIL MOTH NESTS. In the last report the efforts of the Bureau to prevent the importa- tion of brown-tail moth nests upon seedlings shipped from Europe to nurserymen in the United States were described. The extraordina ‘y numbers in which these nests were found upon this imported stock was due probably to the occurrence of the brown-tail moth in certain parts of Europe in most unusual numbers during the summer of 1908. In the summer of 1909 the same conditions existed, and as a result the shipments of nursery stock from portions of Europe in the autumn of 1909 and the winter of 1909-10 again carried many nests. Moreover, upon one shipment of nursery stock from Belgium to Louisiana an egg cluster of the gipsy moth was found. By an especial arrangement, through the kindness of the Secretary of the Treasury, with the custom-houses, and by agreement with the rail- roads, the Bureau was notified of all cases of plants received, and, as in the previous autumn and winter, secured the inspection of probably every shipment at the point of ultimate destination. Ship- ments of nursery stock to the number of 291 were found to be in- fested with nests of the brown-tail moth, and these went to the States of Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Montana, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Virginia. In most of the States inspection was rendered simple by the fact that there were efficient state inspection laws and official inspectors. Notification in such cases from the Bureau was all that was necessary. In other cases where there was no such state serv- ice, the inspection was carried on either by employees of the Bureau or by expert collaborators appointed for the purpose. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 543 THE NECESSITY FOR A NATIONAL QUARANTINE AND INSPECTION LAW. As pointed out in the last annual report, the United States is practically the only one of the great nations of the world which has not protected itself by law from such accidental importations of pests of this character. During the winter an inspection law, based upon the permit system, was drafted and submitted to Congress after consultation with the legislative committee of the National Nursery- men’s Association. Thorough hearings on the bill were held before the Committee on Agriculture of the House, but, probably owing to a disagreement on certain sections between the Nurserymen’s Asso- ciation and the officials of the Bureau, the act was not placed upon the calendar. The hope is again expressed that a satisfactory bill may be drafted the coming autumn, and that it will receive the sanction of both houses of Congress. In June, 1910, the Chief of the Bureau visited Holland, France, Belgium, and England, in order to look once more into the conditions of growing nursery stock and into the inspection systems in those countries as well. The French Chamber of Deputies failed to pass the inspection law proposed by the ministry of agriculture during the past season, owing to some doubt as to the question of expense. The director of agriculture of France, however, is certain that arrangements will be made in the very near future for the establish- ment of the competent service referred to in the last report. In the meantime, however, Belgium has established a service, under the directorship of Doctor Staes, of Ghent, which promises efficient inspection in the future. The officials of the board of agriculture in London state that the exporters of nursery stock in Great Britain are willing to have an inspection service started, and it seems prob- able that the English Government will move in this direction. The insect conditions in the regions of the large exporting nur- series of France, in the vicinity of Angers, Orleans, and Ussey, were found to be very favorable during June, 1910. For some unknown reason it was with the utmost difficulty that a lepidopterous larva of any kind could be found in the north of France—not a single brown-tail moth caterpillar or gipsy moth caterpillar could be found in any of these nursery regions. The mayor of Angers, during the winter of 1909-10, put in force the hitherto neglected police measures providing for the destruction of every visible nest of the brown-tail moth during the hibernating season. It is quite possible that the efficiency with which this work was carried out has contributed to the clean condition of the Angers nurseries the present season. It seems impossible that the condition of nursery seedlings imported from France during the coming winter can be at all like those of the two past winters, but governmental and state vigilance should not be relaxed on this account, since there are many other European insect - pests which constitute dangers to the United States aside from the brown-tail moth and the gipsy moth. WORK IN BEE CULTURE. The work in bee culture has been carried on as before under the direction of Dr. E. F. Phillips. 544 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WORK ON BEE DISEASES, The work of the past fiscal year on bee diseases has demonstrated more clearly than before that this is the most important subject before the bee keepers of the country. The study of the bacteria of the two infectious bee diseases has been continued, with especial atten- tion to the amount of heat and chemical disinfection necessary to destroy the causative organisms. The results are of great value in prescribing methods of disinfecting contaminated material. The drug treatments advocated by European writers have been carefully tested, and it has been found that none of the drugs is of any value in treating American foul brood, even aggravating the condition in some cases. A large amount of work has been done in the effort to establish the cause of European foul brood. Repeated efforts to produce the disease by giving colonies of bees the organisms supposed to be the cause, namely Bacillus alvei and Streptococcus apis, have been uniformly unsuccessful. The results of the work so far carried on show only that the disease can be transmitted by feeding infected material. Other organisms found in diseased individuals are being studied, and new media are being tried. The disease responds to the treatment recommended for American foul brood, but, until the cause is ascertained, little can be done further on the remedial side. Tn the last report it was stated that the effort to learn the distribu- tion of bee diseases in the country would be completed by the close of 1909, but it has been found that these diseases are much more wide- spread than was supposed, and it will take at least one more sum- mer to make the work complete enough for record. Samples of dead brood suspected of disease have been obtained from all parts of the United States, and during the past fiscal year 620 samples were examined, as against 280 the previous year. The data obtained in this study of distribution are utilized mainly in sending a practical circular on the treatment of brood diseases to all the bee keepers in infected districts whose names can be obtained. Every effort is made to inform the bee keepers in the infested territory how to combat the maladies. This information is also available for use by bee keepers who are applying for the passage of state laws for the inspection of aplaries, since it indicates the need of such legislation. It has been found that the treatment recommended by the Bureau can be carried out successfully, not only with no financial loss, but often with an actual increase in returns if done in time. STUDIES OF THE STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE BEE. Work on the structure and development of the bee, which was announced in the last annual report, was completed during the year in so far as the anatomy of the bee is concerned, and the results were published in a technical bulletin. A large number of errors of former observers have been corrected in this bulletin. Accurate in- formation concerning bee anatomy is necessary in many lines of apicultural investigation, especially in investigating the physiology and behavior of bees, these lines being of importance in practical manipulation. Work on the development of the egg stage of the bee has been conducted during the past year. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 545 WORK ON THE BEHAVIOR OF BEES. Investigations have been carried on during the year as to the means by which bees find their way to flowers, the source and gathering of propolis, the behavior of bees on unprotected combs, and color vision. These studies of behavior under normal and abnormal circumstances are highly important in devising practical manipulations. EXPERIMENTS WITH BEESWAX. During the past year some preliminary experiments on the removal of the beeswax usually left in slumgum were conducted. It was found that there is usually a considerable amount of wax lost in the methods of wax extraction now employed, and an effort is being made to make an apparatus which will remove this wax economically. The extraction of all the wax from combs is most important, since, where disease is concerned, there are many combs to be rendered. Complete extraction would add greatly to the profits of large apiaries. Bee keepers in various parts of the country are cooperating with the Bureau in the collection of samples of beeswax produced during the gathering of different kinds of honey, since it 1s known that beeswax from different sources varies considerably in its physical properties. MISCELLANEOUS. An effort has been made to learn what is being done in this coun- try and abroad in regard to education in bee culture. A new location for the Bureau apiary has been obtained at Chevy Chase, Md., and the number of colonies is being increased to accom- modate the needs of experimental work. UNCLASSIFIED WORK. As in previous years, a great deal of work has been done in dif- ferent directions which can not be classified under the main sections. Especial attention has been paid, as in previous years, to the study of pecan insects, especially in Texas and in Mississippi. In the same way the insects injurious to ornamental plants have received con- siderable attention throughout the year. More work has been done than in recent years on the subject of insects injurious to shade trees. The demand for information in regard to insects of this class is constantly increasing. Circular pub- lications have been issued on some of the more important species, but new forms appear occasionally, and insects hitherto considered of no economic importance occasionally develop in enormous numbers and destroy the shade trees in certain cities. During the past year the European leopard moth has done serious damage to the shade trees of Cambridge, Mass., and vicinity, and a new pest from Europe, the elm scolytus, has made its appearance in the vicinity of Bos- ton. So serious has been the damage of these two imported pests and of the imported elm leaf-beetle that the beautiful elm trees of Cambridge have been dying by hundreds. In June, 1910, 1,000 large trees were removed. The Bureau has endeavored to aid in all such cases by giving advice, and where investigations can be made of 73477°—acr 1910. 35 546 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the insects of this class at Washington or at the field laboratories of the Bureau they are carried on incidentally to other work. The work of the specialists of the Bureau, to which annual refer- ence has been made, in the determination of specimens sent in by state entomologists and other workers in practical entomology has again increased. The interest in the study of insects from the prac- tical point of view has grown enormously in recent years, and Wash- ington, by virtue of its large libraries and large force of entomolo- gists, has become the center for this determination work, which could hardly be done as well elsewhere. Much time is occupied in this work, but not only can this hardly be avoided, but it has a very im- portant bearing upon the practical work of the state entomologists, the teachers of economic entomology, and others engaged in prac- tical work. During the fiscal year more than 26,000 specimens were examined in this way. The correspondence of the Bureau continues to increase, and, in addition to correspondence by circulars, more than 22,500 letters have been written. The publications of the Bureau have increased in number, fifty- three new publications having been issued during the fiscal year. PROPOSED WORK FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1911. With the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth work for the fiscal year 1911, some changes in methods are being considered. Continued effort will be made to reduce the cost of the methods in use along woodland roads, and continued experimentation will be made in the hope of finding some means of caring for woodland regions. An improvement in the method ef inspecting products shipped by the railroads from infested regions will be made, and a larger force of permanent inspectors will be established from among the more intel- ligent of the men at present on the rolls. With the importation of the parasites of the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth, the time has arrived to reduce the large bulk of the importations, and in the future to bring over only those species which have not yet been received in sufficient abundance to establish perfect colonies. At the time of this writing an agent is in Europe studying the best methods of bringing this about, and is looking into the question of the autumn life and probable methods of hibernation of some of the species involved. More time will be spent upon the study of the species already introduced, in order to secure a more accurate idea than we have at present of what is to be expected of them in the next few years. With the cotton boll weevil, investigations along the same lines reported upon for the year 1910 will be continued. The work in the Mississippi Valley continues to be the most important work, but it may be necessary during the coming winter and spring to establish observation stations farther east, on account of the continued eastern spread. Experimental field work, however, will be continued throughout the whole infested area. The work upon tobacco insects, sugar cane insects, and rice insects will be continued as outlined in this report, as well as the studies of the cotton red spider and the cotton root louse in South Carolina and adjoining States. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 547 With forest insects, the investigations of the past fiscal year will be continued. The demonstration work outlined in this report will be carried on as vigorously as the cooperation of the Forest Service and of private owners will permit. With deciduous fruit insects, the investigations already outlined will be continued to the close of the season, at which time some of them will be concluded. It will be desirable to continue the work with the pear thrips, although the scope of the operations may be lessened. Further codling moth studies are desirable, especially in the Southeast, as in Georgia, which is a coming apple State, and in the Southwest, as in New Mexico and California. Plum curculio demonstration work will probably be continued and enlarged. A study of fruit-insect parasites is to be begun. The establishment of a laboratory in the New England States for the study of the apple maggot and other fruit pests, which was found impracticable in the spring of 1910, it is hoped may be effected in the spring of 1911. With cereal and forage-plant insect investigations there will be no great expansion of the investigations, but as much attention as pos- sible will be paid to the Hemileuca caterpillar damaging stock ranges in New Mexico, and to the alfalfa weevil in Utah. No new work, except in a small way, will be carried on in insects affecting vegetable crops. With insects affecting citrus fruits, as already pointed out, the in- vestigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas has been completed; the work upon the orange thrips will be continued, and the work on the white fly will be carried on in about the same way as during the past fiscal year. Congress has made an appropriation of $5,000 for the in- vestigation in this and foreign countries to discover natural enemies of the white fly, and, in consequence, an expert agent has been sent to oriental regions, where there is reason to believe that the white fly has its original home, in a search for these natural enemies. This mission will probably occupy the greater part of the fiscal year. Under the work on insects in their direct relation to the health of man and domestic animals, a new series of investigations has been begun on house fly conditions in relation to the agency of this pest in the spread of typhoid fever and other intestinal diseases. Experi- mental work with mosquitoes will be carried on ina small way. The investigations of the southern cattle tick are being continued. Much important work on the spotted fever tick is under way, having been begun shortly before the close of the last fiscal year. The presence of spotted fever—which is transmitted in nature only by the tick—inter- feres with the development of large areas of land in the Northwest. The camp laboratory in the Bitter Root Valley will be continued during a portion of the season, and efforts will be made toward ob- taining exact information regarding the distribution of the dangerous ticks throughout the territory in which spotted fever occurs. It is hoped that the information gained will enable the residents of the Bitter Root Valley to undertake a campaign of eradication. The work on insects injurious to stored products will be carried on along the same lines, the only innovation being the sending of an expert assistant to Smyrna to study the conditions under which Smyrna figs become wormy, in the effort to bring about conditions which will enable importers to bring in and sell wormless figs, meet- ing the provisions of the pure food law. 548 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Inspection work will be continued as thoroughly as possible in the absence of a national law, and in the same manner in which it was carried on during the past year. In apiculture the work in progress will not be completed for sev- eral years, and the same investigations, therefore, will be continued. PLANS FOR WORK RECOMMENDED FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1912. It is hoped that it will have appeared from this report and the ones preceding that the Bureau is accomplishing good practical re- sults, and that naturally its opportunities should be increased. The writer has no hesitation, therefore, in view of plans in sight, in asking for an increase to the lump fund appropriation of $54,750. It is proposed to expend $36,000 of this increase in adding to the funds devoted to the investigation of insects injurious to forests. The prac- tical results of this work as displayed in this and the other reports have been noticeable. Until the past year or two the small allotment devoted to this work was sufficient to meet the requirements of the field work, which has been directed toward the determination of the principal insect depredations and practical methods of control. This, however, has been accomplished, and it is desired to render greater service in practical results in demonstration work on a large scale. More experts should be employed, and sufficient means should be given the service to enable it to do its part in the prompt and effec- tive manner required to command the confidence and support that is so essential in securing the effective cooperation of the other branches of the Government service and of private timber owners. Ten thousand dollars of the increase asked for will be devoted to the important problem of the alfalfa weevil, concerning which some in- formation is given in this report. This money should be spent in cooperation with the state authorities of Utah and the other States which will be involved in all probability before the beginning of the fiscal year 1912. With the remainder of the increase recommended, it is proposed to devote $3,000 to the investigation of southern field crops, especially sugar cane and rice, in addition to the sums already allotted to that purpose; to give $3,750 to further increase the facili- ties of investigations of insects injurious to truck crops, and $2,000 increase to the investigations being carried on against bee diseases. It is also respectfully urged that the salary of the Chief of the Bureau be increased to $5,000. The importance and scope of the work connected with the Bureau seem such as to justify this increase. REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. U. S. DEeparTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, Bureau or Brotocicat SuRvEY, Washington, D. C., October 4, 1910. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on the work of the Biological Survey for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, with outline of work for 1911. Respectfully, H. W. Hensuaw, Chief, Biological Survey. Hon. James WILson, Secretary of Agriculture. WORK OF THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. The work of the Biological Survey as laid down by Congress is conducted under three general heads: (1) Investigations of the economic relations of birds and mammals to agriculture; (2) inves- tigations concerning the geographic distribution of animals and plants with reference to the determination of the life and crop belts of the country; (3) supervision of matters relating to game preser- vation and protection, and importation of foreign birds and other animals. GROUND SQUIRRELS AND SPOTTED FEVER. During the year an important investigation was begun, in coopera- tion with the Bureau of Entomology and the state authorities of Montana, to discover the original source of infection of the so-called spotted fever of Bitterroot Valley, Montana, and other parts of the Rocky Mountain region. This fever, which in certain localities is usually fatal, is believed to be disseminated by ticks which are har- bored on ground squirrels and perhaps other mammals indigenous to the region. A first and very important step in any attempt to eradicate the disease is to discover the particular mammal or mammals which act as carriers. Two assistants of the Survey spent several months in the Bitterroot Valley studying the distribution and habits of its mammals and trapping large numbers so as to secure for study by entomologists the ticks infesting them. Individuals showing signs of disease were turned over to experts for examination with a view to the discovery of the organism causing the fever. It is be- lieved that by these cooperative efforts definite progress has been made in the study of the etiology of this disease. 549 550 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Should the ground squirrels prove to be the chief host for the tick which disseminates the dreaded fever, it is believed their extermina- tion within the limits of the valley can be accomplished without undue expenditure of labor and money. CALIFORNIA GROUND SQUIRREL. Recent investigations by the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service in California show that the infection of ground squirrels with plague is more widespread in the State than was at first sup- posed, and infected squirrels have been found in ten counties: Ala- meda, Contra Costa, Merced, Monterey, San Benito, San Joaquin, San Luis Obispo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and Stanislaus. As yet, however, very few of the several thousand ground squirrels exam- ined from those sections show infection, the total number up to June 30, 1910, being 881. The infection, therefore, while somewhat wide- spread, is by no means general, and it is believed that a well-organized campaign of destruction in the counties where infected rodents have been found will go far toward eliminating the danger of the plague’s becoming endemic generally among the rodents of California and spreading to other States. When poisoning operations must be conducted on the large scale necessary in the case of an animal so numerous and widely distributed as this, cost is a prime factor of the problem. Accordingly during the year careful experiments with poisons have been conducted in several parts of California to determine the cheapest and most effect- ive method of use. Green barley heads and whole barley have been found to be the best baits, and strychnine to be the cheapest and most certain poison, provided a good quality be employed. Unfortunately, some of the strychnine bought by farmers is poor, and hence yields a minimum of effectiveness at a maximum of cost. The best time for poisoning operations has been found to be during the late summer and fall months before the winter rains begin, not only because the animals will more readily eat poisoned bait at this time of year, but because this is the season for preventing increase, ue young appearing as early as March in the southern part of the tate. Hundreds of poisoned squirrels were examined with a view to ascer- taining how many young they have. They were found to be very prolific, having from 4 to 11 at a birth, or an average of 6 or 7. This prolificness goes far to explain the quickness with which a locality where a part of the squirrel population is destroyed is repopulated. DIKE BORERS. During the year demonstrations of methods of poisoning gophers with strychnine and catching them by means of improved traps were made in California, Arizona, and Nevada by assistants of the Survey. At Banning, Cal., by cooperation with ranchers and fruit growers, these destructive rodents were so reduced in numbers that their depre- dations in many localities ceased. A report from the engineer in charge of the reclamation project at Fallon, Nev., states that whereas in 1906 over 50 expensive breaks in the canals occurred in consequence of tunneling by gophers, during the past year, as a result of the adop- BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 551 tion of methods of destroying the gophers recommended by the Sur- vey, there has not been a single break. In some localities, as on the Zuni Reservation in New Mexico, kan- garoo rats also burrow in canal banks and cause breaks. During the year these dike injuries were investigated and recommendations for the destruction of the mammals were made, the adoption of which, it is believed, will prevent further injuries. PRAIRIE DOGS. Prairie dogs are confined to the States of the Middle West, where in certain regions they do great damage to the forage grasses and other vegetation. During the year experiments have been undertaken by assistants of the Survey in Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming, Mon- tana, and New Mexico to determine the best and cheapest method of poisoning these animals, especially in summer. In fall and winter, when green food is scarce, it is comparatively easy to destroy large numbers by poisoned grain prepared according to a formula worked out by the Survey. In summer, however, when the animals are most active and most destructive and grass and other green food abounds, it is very difficult to induce them to eat poisoned grain. On account of the varying conditions of the natural food supply, further experi- ments will be necessary before final recommendations can be made. SEED-EATING MAMMALS IN RELATION TO FORESTRY. One of the most serious problems connected with the reforestation of treeless areas within the National Forests is the protection of newly planted seeds and young trees from the attacks of birds, mice, gophers, ground squirrels, rabbits, and other rodents whose depreda- tions collectively continue the year through. This is especially true when the only practicable means of reseeding is by broadcast sowing. In certain areas within the Black Hills National Forest the losses of seed after sowing have amounted during the past year to as much as 50 and even 75 per cent. Accordingly the cooperation of the Sur- vey was requested by the Forest Service in an attempt to devise methods of protecting seeds and saplings from such attacks. Hence two assistants visited the Forests where replanting is being conducted on a large scale to experiment with various protective coatings for seeds and also with traps and poisons. The former proved unsuc- cessful, but attempts to poison the mice and ground squirrels, the chief culprits, proved very successful. The baits recommended are oatmeal mixed with strychnine and water, and wheat coated with hot tallow mixed with strychnine as a protection against moisture. By distributing the poisoned bait several days in advance of the planting, the loss of seed is reduced to a minimum. COOPERATION WITH THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND MARINE-HOSPITAL SERVICE. At the request of the Chief of the Public Health and Marine- Hospital Service Prof. D. E. Lantz furnished several chapters for a report by that Bureau entitled “ The rat in its relation to the pub- lic health.” These chapters are: “ Natural history of the rat;” “ Natural enemies of the rat;” and “ The rat as an economic factor.” 552 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. COOPERATION WITH THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. At the request of the Bureau of Animal Industry Professor Lantz was detailed to make an inspection of some of the principal packing houses in Chicago and St. Louis, with a view to the recommendation of measures for the suppression of the rat nuisance within them. In the more modern-built establishments which are intended to be rat proof comparatively little trouble is made by the rodents, but in the case of the older plants, the buildings of which may cover several acres of ground and which were constructed without reference to the invasion of rats, the loss is large. It was ascertained that in some of the plants effective work was already being done with traps, and that a substantial reduction in the number of rodents by this means had been effected. Professor Lantz’s recommendations include the rat proofing of all buildings used by the packing companies, so far as this can be done consistently with economy; the constant employ- ment within the buildings of at least one skilled trapper; the use of improved traps and certain particularly attractive baits; the elimina- tion of all possible breeding places of rats within buildings and in contiguous sheds and outbuildings; and the employment of poison out of doors where it can be safely used. INJURY TO TIMBER BY WOODPECKERS. Woodpeckers are among our most useful birds, and it is difficult to overestimate the value of their services in the preservation of forests by their destruction of boring and other injurious insects. Three species, however, known as sapsuckers, while eating many insects, more than offset the good they do by boring into the cambium or inner layer of the bark of trees for the sake of the sap which exudes from the wounds. These punctures permit the entrance of moisture, bacteria, and fungi, which cause decay and staining of the wood. When the wounds heal, various distortions of the grain are produced, including more or less open knotty checks. The stains render many woods unsightly and lower their market value, and the checks, fre- quently numerous and of large size, diminish its workability and strength. The wood of many species is sometimes rendered useless except for fuel. The loss to the timber industry of the United States, due to defects in wood caused by sapsuckers, has been conservatively estimated to be at least $1,250,000 annually. Much pains has been taken to ascertain the principal kinds of trees attacked by these birds and the manner and extent of the injuries inflicted in order to devise protective measures, and a report covering every phase of the subject is now being prepared. FOOD OF WILD DUCKS. In many sections of the United States wild fowl, once so abundant, are fast becoming scarce, and the time seems to be rapidly approach- ing when they will no longer be available either for sport or for food. This state of things is attracting wide attention, and among other remedial measures the possibility of rearing wild ducks and geese in preserves is being earnestly discussed. The question of food supply BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 553 has an important bearing on the problem, and for years the Survey has sought to obtain all the duck stomachs possible for the purpose of accurately determining the exact nature of the food, especially of the more highly valued species. During the past year W. L. McAtee visited Wisconsin, New England, Long Island, the South Atlantic, and the Gulf States, chiefly for the purpose of studying the habits of the waterfowl on their feeding grounds, of collecting and identifying the plants they feed on, and of obtaining stomachs for examination. Asa result a large amount of information was gath- ered and more than 700 stomachs were obtained on the trip or were subsequently sent in by sportsmen. This number increases the total on hand to approximately 3,500, the examination of which will mate- rially add to our knowledge of the food of ducks. About 1,200 have already been examined, and a report on the subject is now being pre- pared for publication. FLYCATCHERS. The flycatchers occupy an important economic place because their food consists almost exclusively of insects, many of which are pests to the farmer. While the members of this group are among the most beneficial of birds, it has been claimed that certain species destroy honeybees and hence should be classed as obnoxious. i 0, . 9, 639.7 Library, Department of Agriculture.|........... pans Ste 16, 500. 00 11, 915. 02 4,584. 98 ee oO a a ee Joesncerecseeenes 10, 000. 00 9, 829. 16 170. 84 Allotted to Bureau of Plant In- Go oe? ee ae 5,000 PABO oer) fils v ccs execs yan BGAN cnn 00.0 aaa ao Allotted to Forest Service. ..... 5,000 CDmeO | poe ches nen 9, 389. 91 170. 84 Buildings, Department of Agricul- ture ($1,500,000), balance available } MOISES ROO toes ok oo as |'> on nie vo anc eee dente wets sc 1, 251.10 | 968. 40 282.70 Paper tests ($10,000), balance avail- POR gene LS ey Le ees (ee Se eae Gees 2, 527. 48 | 2, 437.36 90. 12 a And not to exceed 10 per centum of the foregoing amounts for the miscellaneous expenses of the work of apd bureau, division, or office herein provided for shall be available interchangeably for expenditure on the objects included within the general expenses of such bureau, division, or office, but no more than 10 per centum shall be added to any one item of appropriation except in cases of extraordinary emergency, and then only upon the written order of the Secretary of Agriculture. 570 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the fiscal year 1910—Cont’d. Balance Suba Total Transfer of Amount dis-| of appro- Object. propria- funds amount a bursed fz nh priation tions. propriated. on hand. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. General expenses, Bureau of Ani- A) INC USER on 5 52 «a2 aabe eae ol seen oa ciee lene a ceeaeeeeeee $1, 263, 760.00 ($1,082, 152.75 | $181, 607.25 Inspection and quarantine...... $625,000 |. 2 ALM TALI Se 564, 040. 67 60, 959. 33 Eradicating cattle ticks......... 250, OOO) 2 os ctnbis Sins adler eee ee eee 225, 605. 51 24, 394. 49 Dairy WWGUSITY. 2-2 anes eee ee 140 QUO St oie cocee s cmcceleetecrne acces 103, 290. 98 45, 709. 02 Animal husbandry............- 43,000 teks ce. bt os fot eee vasa 26, 120. 67 16, 879. 33 Diseases of animals........:.... 109 G00 ao ahs ee oe ee , 448. 68 16, 551. 32 Purchase of land for experiment RLRHON Seam sccee ne caeeee SOOO cette op dvecle pl ett ee calceep eee 25,000. 00) || 2.0. demnaane Administrative expenses. ...... (9-7 {1 ey aa ee aps IE oes = 45, 646. 24 17, 113.76 Cooperative experiments in animal feeding and breeding sc). oc. <| ace nae se ee | ee SRR 50, 000. 00 40, 156. 32 9, 843. 68 Meat inspection, Bureau of Animal Industry (permanent appropria- BAD) Dee een oe 5 PERS ce Ber na AOE LEE. Rae 3,000, 000. 00 | 2,721,505.48 | 278, 494.52 BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. General expenses, Bureau of Plant Industry, 1909-10 (appropriated $50,000), balance available July 1, WG es re nia ae ne ek oo eae eta cn Nees Ae oe eee | koe Se eee ee 32, 633. 53 32, 498. 50 135. 03 General expenses, Bureau of Plant Gndustry, LOO! «203. cea ee ss eral ate cincar | i e Sena es 1, 130, 796. 00 982,228.81 | 148,567.19 Pathological laboratory......... D2 yALO a re core Sea eee cee 20, 404. 97 2, 065. 03 Bruit. diseases (eis Foes coe oe BF TOO oon ae ler Sees | ee eee 30, 096. 96 4, 603. 04 Forest pathology ......-........ 17,340 | $16,540.00 A |......-.....-- 15, 481.01 1, 058. 99 Cotton and truck diseases. ..... AS 060": st Se Se eee eae ee eee 11, 948. 44 1,111.56 Crop physiolofy:..--<-o5--co-+ Zi, 2A 426, 020.00 CME: |i teres serene 24, 639. 06 1, 385. 94 Bacteriology and nutrition. .... 25,070), $2252 EEE. aaa See ee 20, 212. 54 4, 857.46 Crop acclimatization............ 175000 (Sebo ee 2. eens bee eee anes 16, 831. 74 1, 158. 26 Drug and other plants.......... 43,420) | 44,820 00"BS Wei SoS ae eee 40, 507. 81 4,312.19 Crop:technologyas: 22352. 13*030 i). 4A eee ee a eee eee 10, 002. 93 3,027.07 Cotton standardization......... 12,2004 ose ce a ee ee ee 9, 286. 77 2, 963. 23 Grain standardization.......... 02) 440) oe. Cee ace eee ek eee eee 42, 904. 39 9, 535. 61 Physical investigations......... 15; BLO) ose. Sano eae aaseem ae sea 13,553. 75 1, 956. 25 Special seeds and plants........ 1S a a ee Rn Be i 9, 251.06 2, 298. 94 Seed testing laboratories........ 25 5840 | 26: 040500) Oil osc ee se cosees 24, 489.56 1,550. 44 Grain investigations............ 63; S100) (G4, S000 Ade ne eee 59, 441. 35 5, 388. 65 Tobacco investigations. ........ 23) L808 = Eee nee ee ce el tae ee eee 19, 326. 49 3, 853. 51 Coftonibreeding =. 32. eh. 185130 6162700200, | anaes 15, 387. 83 1,342.17 General plant breeding......... 14840" | OR er ee ee 11, 17364 3, 666. 49 Paper plant investigations...... 105000 | osc hs cee ca cece eee eeeeees 7,602. 31 2,397. 69 Alkali and drought resistant DIAGISe ooo ee ee ee 17,00 8) aks Soothe ee eee 15, 886. 54 1, 663. 46 Sugar plant investigations... .. 24, 300) eee Raden nc otis aeee one 21, 638. 64 2, 661.36 Taxonomic and range investiga- MOUS sehen \-c assis de crue 13.250!) 2.50 cces des ees ene ee eee 16, 906. 11 1,343. 89 Farm management............. 133,000) |),1325270: 00 BQ) Sa. 0 6 eee 103, 980.13 28, 289. 87 Farmers’ cooperative demon- stration work. 2:32.22. 52s: LZ 0002. Soe ee. See aan aoe ocee 157, 119. 90 17,880.10 Dry-land agriculture........... RUE G(s Ue ease eee sere - 27,474.91 4, 285. 09 Western agricultural extension. 16; 680! (5. cca eee | Soe Seaee eee 68, 181.74 8, 498. 26 Pomological investigations... .. 71,3601) 072,625. 00'C Mi | cee pace 59, 365. 34 13, 259. 66 Experimental gardens and PROHNUS).$ 58h ee eee ee 19; 230h 21,'030/00 Di 222 betes en 20, 536. 90 493.10 Arlington farm and horticulture. 384700 373200: 00 NDI. |! * eo ees 32, 869.19 4, 330. 81 Florida subtropical garden. . ... Pn Ct) hee eee eins ae Ae a ae nomcoae 4, 058. 04 1,041.96 South Texas garden............ QF 100: | senate Soe ee cee ee 8, 697.31 402. 69 Administrative and miscellane- GUg2 sweet nt eee 48/076) | «ASk856200 kes Ae se ees ee 42,991.49 5, 864.51 Purchase and distribution of valu- Sblescedsia seco ce eee ee ce ene eee (Be SACRE te tetas 317, 960. 00 294, 875. 53 23, 084. 47 Congressional. seed idistribution:|) ~ 262;320))__ 220-2 e 22 ee ee eeeeee 243, 913. 82 18, 406. 18 Forage crop investigations. ..... 10, 000") S228. 52 0 Seer jae eee 8, 841. 92 1, 158. 08 Foreign seed and plant intro- duction s25 42 4co5 ce ee ee 45, '640)|| 2. Aes odae) oe oes 42,119.79 3, 520. 21 BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. General expenses, Bureau of Chem- Astryoe} Go 2sdh occa ee Det chs o[ifoss eos eee 855, 000. 00 696,393.12 | 158, 606. 88 Deficiency act, February 25, iC Re ere Rees eee. DO 000 | aca ic bron iain: eraesermrars nfo iorstas tat oe’ ml ota 3 Laboratory, miscellaneous ex- BGUSCSE 2. Soc Be concep See ee 43D, 000 yl hein cwecxasrccnde Spb] tees tees eras 21, 827.30 8,172.70 Laboratory, transportation..... 6300 | Rees See u. Koes ee| poem ere eon. 3, 209. 57 3,090. 43 Laboratory, salaries and rent... TODO Re oe so cel ee 64,494.37! 11,745.63 DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 571 Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the fiscal year 1910—Cont’d. | | Balance Suba Total . Transfer of | Amount dis- of appro- Object. propria- fanaa amount a Binrsad | A : : priation tions. propriated. ou tiennit BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY—Contjnued. | General expenses, Bureau of Chem- istry—Continued. Laboratory, American food BROGOUCIN cr on sc ckas enas OOO. ooo. eee eae dale oe ae de cee $4, 968.75 $31. 25 Food and drugs act, salaries in 1 CEST 1017 Re a 200,000 |$185,000.00G |.............. 169, 700. 43 15, 299. 57 Food and drugs act, salaries out of Washington gees Sar 226 ACD ne he CES! ES EP eee tale 217, 562. 24 8, 897.76 Food and drugs act, miscellane- ous expenses ($136,000)... ..-- LEC TAU U1 Die 2 os Satan ieaipae 102 2 bas Fai 89, 523.13 30, 476. 87 Deficiency act, miscellaneous { 22 Teas eS ie eae Zig OOO. ee ene gene Rie wins na RSF) 706. 96 26, 293. 04 F and drugs act, transporta- LAGE | 1007 1) hee ee SL O00 No cee tacos 5 | Se eae 55, 045. 04 25, 954. 96 Deficiency act, witness fees. .... O00) fee hast ee eee 2, 959. 33 20, 040. 67 Allotted to Referee Board: Food and drugs act, salaries out OL Wasbinpton.- . 22) 05.005. 40 /G00))'55;Q00: 00; let. 22 225 552 oF 49, 868.75 5, 181.25 Food and drugs act, miscellane- hes @enensen te fe 16; O00Rt oe SAA. toc ae ee AE ES 15, 034. 94 965. 06 Food and drugs act, transporta- [Ta a a 6 eh aS a ASOODTEULS - 28 te Ree elas tere es 1, 492. 31 2,507. 69 BUREAU OF SOILS. General expenses, Bureau of Soils...).........-- [eae nce eee $197, 360. 00 189, 755. 77 7, 604. 23 Soil laboratory investigations. .. 48000) 48, 500/007 i; 85s oe 48, 185. 46 314. 54 Soil water investigations........ 5,000 AOS OUD. , Lr. ste teeta 3,920. 54 579. 46 (Ol Col e Re TST SOD State ee A ees We es ee 131, 163.12 6, 196. 8S Administrative expenses. ...... 93 OOO! |i x5 cco nas oes eres Bee 6, 486. 65 513. 35 BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. General expenses, Bureau of Ento- | } HOLT ire ae Se a ee ee a es Be Pere Se eee | 198, 400.00 177,971. 47 20, 428. 53 Deciduous fruit insects....... a AG BO0IT AS; BOO0-00 Dir siltc nes sco eee 37,843. 80 5, 756. 20 Cereal and forage insects........ 20,0001 (22s OO 00 Bel. 2599. Sess ee 20,309. 54 2,190. 46 Southern field crop insects... .. AZ, 000)| -...-~ =... BS Bak Lac [AOS be eee a ch 37,993. 38 4, 006. 62 Forest insects........... SES fare 1230007) 235500: 00 eo). 2th tase 12,619. 30 880. 70 Truck crop and stored product | 7, Tei ie ees | LG SA ete tee etas le. asec err tee 15,031. 28 1, 218. 72 IBepCUNOUIE ees ors: ene es oe UE LOE lees Se ee a paste pesegaeos 9,574. 87 425.13 Citrus fruit insects..............| KGS S0U" Wrest tae test Salo ae esse 14, 359. 48 2,140. 52 Miscellaneous insects..........- se Ca Ul bee Be 8 Pe Spee eal Be Se ee te 30, 239. 82 3,810.18 Preventing spread of moths, Bureau | SHOPPER = ee. om ee rn eS Pee” Sie Rae | 300,000. 00 246, 361.94 53, 638. 06 BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. | General expenses, Bureau of Bio- | OT VERT RRS Sp Mae | BNe Ee a ME A en ea oad 74, 420.00 63, 449. 01 10,970. 99 Game preservation ............. bh La [Ect pct tn pc bg ef 6,804. 24 2,615. 76 Maintenance of mammal and | bird reservations.............. CE UD Usa NS Pe ra eolaese yore 5, 293. 68 1, 706. 32 Food habits of birds and mam- “th Pee SE Seis Sr es eee 25 OOO IS: ee soa | ee Bieta he Ad 22,029. 19 2,970. 81 Biological investigations. ....... LETC til ec 3 pcs lg Sl BE PO Ba eg ba 16, 340. 47 1,659. 53 Administrative expenses........ £5,000). 5282285 6 ao | adsense 12,981. 43 2,018. 57 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. | General expenses, Division of Pub- | | PEPIN eee ct oes ac ee RAs pets Baie ai paige Bs te 33, 000. 00 29, 622. 88 3,377.12 Rent in Washington............ 5)000 is cen. Seawake bath, serene, 4, 583. 33 416. 67 Labor saving machinery, etc.... 5: 000) [Sos eee ee eek ee 4,958.95 * 41.05 Stationery and materials........ 11,500.) (12; 50000 tS oe. ee. 11,349. 21 1,150.79 Furniture and fixtures.......... 15000 tW<46oewereeeees J---22ceeeceeee 855. 54 144. 46 Photographic equipment. ...... $5,000: | ee cocaeeeeeece nia A ede 4,659. 61 340. 39 Gas, electricity, ete............. 1, 500 bce hao rryess | 962. 87 537.13 Wagons, horses, ete............. 1,000 , PCL EGS 12) Seba be Re 987. 28 87. 72 Miscellaneous expenses......... 8,000.1" .AjpS2hO0 MS! !0 3s 5220 1, 266.09 658. 91 BUREAU OF STATISTICS. General expenses, Bureau of Sta- / ene ete Reet oot spon ro ea RRR SS haces apie! A een 117,060.00 | 100,440.51 16,619. 49 Administrative expenses........ 25,860 | 23,360.00K |.............. 18, 840. 65 4,519.35 Special field agents. ............ TOM) ae ee al Se ee 49,051: 64 6,948. 36 State statistical agents... ------. 30,200 |""32, 700.00 Koo ooo STI 28,430.20} 4,269.71 Special investigations........... 2,500 eee Peer rere 1,839. 48 660. 52 Cost production farm products. . eg A eee ea a ode a! on ni ohana 2, 278. 45 221. 55 @ Congress also appropriated in the sundry civil bill for printing and binding, $460,000. 572 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF “AGRICULTURE. Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the fiscal year 1910—Cont’d. Subap- . Total Object. propria- 7 panne of amount ap- tions. P propriated. | | e - OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Agrieultural experiment stations CPSRG BODES oo icons rn Sepace ee amet eee elena Beem $143, 800. 00 Agricultural experiment sta- MADNGS 252 koe et NS Soa SS45800 sho ew oe galee seen ees Farmers’ institutes............. 102000) |e 52> 525222 see ee ene ee ee Station at Alaska... ........- ATE UA 1S ee ee SNE OE ad aie © Station at Hawaii.............. 23000 anos pet acta nce Sees e cee Station at Porto Rico........... 285000 Rocca once alla Oba pctae eee Station at Island of Guam...... L5SO00 etek ess se Le ees] tines eee ee Nuiritionginyastizationss 2.3 252224 -eeo eee s ces ok ee 10, 000. 00 Drripavionurvestipations see seo hs os ee ee ek Oe 75, 000. 00 Drainare@aveshipations---; 2). -... ssalce sane ee ae. eee ce meeee 81, 160.00 OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS. General expenses, Office of Public Roads..... BOA Oe a eer ee eee LGsceen che to aee 100, 000. 00 Road management............. 1850003)" ces 0 2 au ee ae ee pee ee Investigating road building and MBintenaNnCe: 22 ste eee a 34000) |s205-2 53-2 os Ae eee Roadampteriaics: =. 54 es sas | 25000) |b Senet see torneo ae eee Reports of investigations........ 23000; 322% co 58 Cece: seee eee eee Total for main department, ex- clusive of Weather Bureau ANGSHOTES SEIVICG. 2.25 eek |o Soe elton See aes 9,156, 988. 11 WEATHER BUREAU. Salaries; Weather Stine awiess 55 oo ee eee 205, 310. 00 Contingent expenses, Weather Bu- WOR Aas .. 2+ ..2:..-J-2s20- 10, 000 ~ Sattar I, eign 8s 080104 469. 96 Cotton boll weevil investigations, Bureau of Entomology..... 40,000. 00 | 38, 396. 83 1,603.17 Preventing spread of moths, Bureau of Entomology, 1907 and 1908 (appropriated $150,000, balance July 1, 1907)............ 141,407.27 | 132,475.59 8,931. 68 BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. Pplopicalunyvestrations <<. =<... sc cevscccaecss sanonacnanices 44, 420. 00 44, 261. 67 158 33 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. Publications, Department of Agriculture@.................... 35, 000. 00 34, 888. 63 111.37 BUREAU OF STATISTICS. Collecting agricultural statistics....................- $118, 000 \ 122. 900. 00 { 117,917. 44 82.56 Foreign markets investigations. .............--- , 900 ta \ , 705. 02 194. 98 OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Agricultural experiment stations ($827,000) ® 28, 341. 73 1,658. 27 RIREIB PS OATISHI GELS 22 2 ceyee oe neo ee 4,931. 47 68. 53 PERO eA ASE As cote eek phot eee 107, 000. 00 23, 995. 29 4.71 HadwOn St AWA ooh. soca eas eee. copier 23,994. 94 5. 06 Ripe Ontiah be OFCOSRACOMSE 2 2. = 568s coseses ade 24,000. 00 Exhausted. DUMiORARVESWPS LIONS 2 28 55. Ooze aoe ae concert 5, 000. 00 1,758. 98 3,241. 02 Puripa nonin VOstPAtlonsers sa50s oc: fee. Saecines donee Seneca 150, 000. 00 149, 305. 43 694. 57 OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS. Pehle road iiequiried. Olsse! ie Fe oe $55, 660 55,592. 98 67. 02 mba dipalRhiossioces sna ieee 2/000 } 57, 660. 00 { 1879. 93 120.07 Total for main department, exclusive of Weather Bureau atid! Worest Service. =. <2s5602228222ecceseeisacécscest 7, 789,169.17 | 7,410,874. 63 | 378, 294. 54 ; WEATHER BUREAU. | Saisnies weather Bursa... ee Je es Ts Bab 196, 990. 00 196, 250. 16 739. 84 Fuel, lights, and repairs, Weather Bureau.................... 10, 000. 00 9,884. 15 115. 85 Contingent expenses, Weather Bureau........................ 10, 000. 00 9,815. 34 184. 66 Salaries, station employees, Weather Bureau................. 551,550. 00 550, 545. 99 1,004. 01 General expenses, Weather Bureau......................-.--- 645, 000. 00 593, 211. 46 51, 788. 54 otal for. Weawwier Buredun. sss | 1,413,540. 00 | 1,359, 707.10 53, 832. 90 FOREST SERVICE. General expenses, Forest Service.................. $1, 696, 800 1,702,007. 47 Rent (joint resolution, Jan. 7, 1908, increas- 71, 756, 800. 00 1,578.17 SPREE acc noes ce. koe ete Se see A 53,214. 36 | Administration, etc., of the national forests, 1908.............. | 375,000. 00 374, 034. 44 965. 56 Survey and report on Appalachian and White Mountain watersheds, 1907 and 1908 (appropriated $25,000, balance RUE OND) ane eae. ee tee ies 2 09) Ea mate el 23, 403. 76 15, 845. 37 7,558. 39 Administration, ete., of the national forests, 1907 and 1908 | (appropriated $125,000, balance July 1, 1907)................ | 118,786.79 118, 786. 29 -50 MIGLALIO“ HP GYORt SAEVICG «oe naw boos ace wean sncceneds 2,273, 990. 55 | 2,263, 887. 93 10, 102. 62 Total of all regular appropriations for entire Department. , 476, 699.72 |11, 034, 469. 66 442, 230. 06 SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS. Sey ane of Agriculture ($1,500,000): Balance AVEUBDIC OMn@ DUE OUG eo can pees 1,251.10 968. 40 282. 70 DEN COR GH sre Ae ne os ou ce oc vinka dw SEDRRWERE RDS b 10, 000. 00 9,974.13 25. 87 Grand total of all appropriations available for the De- partment for the fiscal year 1908. ..................-.. 11, 487, 950. 82 |11,045, 412.19 442,538. 63 a Congress also ya in the sundry civil bill for printing and binding, $460,000. 6 This includes $720,000 for state ex through the Treasury Department. ngress also see for state experiment stations under the Adams bill, to be Total to be paid through the Treasury Department for state experiment stations, $1,152,000. riment stations under the regular appropriation, to be paid ted $432,000 as a permanent appropriation paid through the Treasury epartment. 576 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUILDINGS RENTED IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The following statement shows the buildings under rent in the District of Columbia on June 30, 1910: Buildings rented in the District of Columbia. a ee ~ Annual Location of buildings. For what purpose used. rental. Nos. 1224-1226 B street sw.........-.---- Bureau of Animal Industry, offices and storage pur- $720 poses. Rooms 914 and 915 Munsey Building....} Bureau of Animal Industry, offices.................. 420 Rear of 1228 C street sw.....+.......---- Bureau of Animal Industry, stable.........-...-.-.. 144 Atlantic Binding 2-2 soseteces = tee Forest Service; offices: -..%5 2055". ae eon ae eee 24, 805 Wo; 913" streebixiwss:2.2-c----- eee ee Forest Service, carpenter shop............:...--.... 270 No. 215 Thirteenth street sw.....-.-.--- Division of Publications, document rooms..........- 5,000 No. 201 Thirteenth street sw.........--- Office of Chief Clerk, offices and laboratories......... 360 No. 203 Thirteenth street sw......-.-.--|--.-. GO ise aces Ste swnslsscetes ates. ec eee ee 420 No. 205 Thirteenth street sw.........--.|----- Oz «ain cnte\tareinte's)aiate'alatrioe see i te a a ee 420 No. 207 Thirteenth street sw...-'..-....-|..-.. OO. so accncccoueesicc sense dees canes ae ee eee eee 420 No. 2073 Thirteenth street sw.........-.|..--- GO «2s snee a nicist aaa eaee a seater es ee eee 420 No. 209 Thirteenth street sw.....-.....-|-.--- GO ie oes Sac woecee cease pscns ss opi oe ee eee sooo 420 No) 224 Twelfth street'sw-.-.-- 222 --<2.-|.- GO: 22 cccdoe sce oe ool eee 2,500 Nos. 1304-1306 B street sw......--------- Office of Chief Clerk, offices, laboratories, and storage 2,500 rooms. Nos. 1308-1310 B street Sw...-....-.....-]..-.- OO sins Sebco52is eco shacs acccsnes enc ae eee 360 Nos. 221-223 Linwood place sw..-..------ Bureau of Plant Industry, seed building....-....-..-. 4, 800 No. 206 Fourteenth street sw.......----- Bureau of Chemistry, offices and laboratories....-..-. 180 No. 208 Fourteenth street sw......-.-.-.]----- GO. 5 owed -sepnssseese eae eee eee 120 No. 240 Fourteenth street sw.........---].-.-- GO neo siseacise sana =a eee eee 420 Three apartments in The Fairfax.......]....- GOs osc ca siscSssseccscecemsoent ssiscese eee eee ee 900 INO; AsGeB 'Sirech Weer es 2-8 een ona sna] eto GOs a ososeccde ea acee eae st eee eee ne nee 1,800 Nos. 200-202 Fourteenth street sw....---|..--- 00.5. socssesnsses cas sesesen de eesee ee eee 2,500 Stable, lot 27, square 231..........--..--. Bureau of Chemistry, storage purposes.............- 96 No. 207 Thirteen-and-a-half street sw...-]| Bureau of Chemistry, offices and storage rooms...... 300 No. 212 Thirteenth street sw..--.------- Bureau of Chemistry, offices and laboratories........ 660 INO gos (Es SHEE SW te: scents ee ene eee lL es Owns p32 ocsansccacaesaceccc soecose eee eee 750 Nos. 210-212 Fourteenth street sw..--.-.-- Bureau of Chemistry, shed for machinery..........- 240 No. 2283 Thirteen-and-a-half street sw.-..| Bureau of Chemistry, storing food samples.........- 300 No. 216 Thirteenth street sw.........--- Bureau of Chemistry, laboratories and offices. ....... 16, 000 No. 237 Fourteenth street sw.....-.--.-- Office of Public Roads, offices and laboratories...... 2,000 Wowl3i6 B.streetiswe- st 22c.%2--25 5-2-2136 Office of the Solicitor, offices... ..--.<.-qesieeseeoeee 1, 200 No. 215 Twelfth street sw.........-.-.--- Office of Experiment Stations, offices.............-- 1, 200 Total. 2g. soe Sib oe ane a re ea estate ie ee ia ain a alee rol are oie etna ore= ota ae 72,645 ESTIMATES OF APPROPRIATIONS. The estimates of appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1911, were prepared in this Division, based upon recommendations made by the Chiefs of the several Bureaus and Divisions, and after receiving the approval of the Secretary were forwarded to the Treasury in accord- ance with statutory requirements. APPROPRIATIONS AND ESTIMATES FOR 1911. Estimates for 1911. Salaries, Department of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary..........-..- $198, 770 Officers anduclerks: wend. cce.co eee - eee es ee Ee $191, 170 Bxtradabort 52. Be actasay ecco eee eae ean eee 7, 600 WEATHER BUREAU. Salaries, Weather. Buréatl.. 2.22.2 .2c2 0225 BEd Sie ee 206, 150 Contingent expenses, Weather Bureau.....-....... .ssdecleseusee conch see 25, 000 General expenses, Weather Bureau... 2:5: 012). sine 25). soci alse s se eee 1, 277, 110 SLAtLON: SAlARICS'. 2 oe hares 2 = pois cea a ope eiete lege ae terete 619, 910 Miscellaneous expenses-..-.- 2.62 coehee ene OP ay a Gee 94, 000 Instruments, etelie. 220.0% as oe aeheeee ee eee 30, 000 Rents and repairsls Soi k ss os ote eee See ee 82, 000 ‘Traveling expenses:=-2- 26s -. So. oS. ck ee ee eee ne 22, 000 Telephoninr anid telestapiaaie: se ee ee see 265, 200 Line and. cable Trepaiterctis-tew. s-:<. 2 «> kslanceWennade aeny oir 4,000 Investigations and substations... ... 205. 158.8 oki. Beeeewes 120, 000 Prnting- offices $5770 ee. Se eee ee 40, 000 DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND-DISBURSEMENTS. sve BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. NR eee fel fants ahd = = Se ea ERS Oo im sieamien Ra bina Blah sieve $115, 920 General expenses, Bureau of Animal Industry. .............------------ 1, 234, 540 Pe MeCevOW ADO QUATARLING, ~~ 225 saceeec we =i += x aeqeid “ene $623, 000 Peter eat LICKS]. oS ec ete ale nw ima mt cee le 250, 000 MBER EHOUISEIEN 3 on ota es wala ae yee aon ene naR sl ens 147, 600 SPEIER PICREIORION 3 ooo ow tact ae ie a en oe eh 42, 000 MMR OF AUP <0 tb nga ee Un a de 3 ee Se 108, 000 PEMCEUMRONGAL SET 2o.<555,- 2 o.45 a= em sa coess = s< seed 12, 000 PED INCINhNUO GEDCUSCS....< 2. 1- a0 = 2565 2-45 = mnie oe dee 51, 940 Cooperative experiments in animal feeding and breeding. .........--..-- 50, 000 BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. np RE oe eee late! | eres, $255, 270 General expenses, Bureau of Plant Industry ......-..-.- " DS ae 1, 133, 346 Pathological laboratory 2--<. .. 2... ~.~ mre s os ee $21, 710 GATTACIBCARER (SASS OHSS SII sok tore ans tarstersig Ose a eI 34, 075 TTD | Ge ea a ee Se ee Lea 16, 510 MT RPOMMAN de CECI GIBCABCH 2 a aio-cc = 2. a steyatsoryetecnon gp aioe 12, 960 REY MRE INI onan sash onapsrengrmeensn ra siwine IE 25, 015 ae SrIGiory SUG TWO, oo 3 io nt pe oO So 23, 725 SU AeCMENAHARIIONS 2 2. ow na ratrmnnanrseda J. Ue 34, 670 rariPemi Outer Plants 22k 6 Se ote sow po PII RO 42, 970 WC ACDTIDLO RY. oa So Sree orphan toea nanos cae OSS 13, 030 See RON SUC ARO UARTIOIS ©. 456502 oppo do 11, 650 Pececti Vibe ALN Gl AEC LAA GLO E F2tar =, onctropor st Woe ae ny Dae ee 51, 020 EPRICE VOR PRION | 05. oie dacy SAI a ag = RLS a 15, 255 peor Seodp and planta. 27 3292. 2s sos iion 3s DEUS 16, 650 Risch Destine FA DOTALOIIeS 3/2.) cn ee na 25, 830 fh SDSS ate a acne os 59M Se 61, 925 COO TERMITE SoS 2 os orarctisde om cpr eroret ano an Eran ier 22, 330 ERE IL IER, POULIN aa so oo sec opertcterormichatain arate Deed 13, 700 Paper plant anvestagations.... < - Saab en ap oo) oxen gine 108, 010 Market and miscellaneous investigations...............-.--- 115, 470 DE DBATORG UM AIOnEE MOTCRU..- | <<< on,ceetara ve vied mw ode ee +f 20, 844 IRING NUE TEONCRE.-- ooo. + ee oe ee eee 20, 586 Hayden National Forest. 2222-22520. 055.02 ~ 2. 0s oe en er 16, 850 Helena National ‘Forest .22. s2secer ee een. oo ee eee 34, 508 Holy..Cross. National. Forest... 26 o-:05 = 4-a<- oe - 2 = e+ = 2 18, 610 Humboldt, National Porest: 22.2.2 s2-22--2 2+ > 2 ee ee 19, 026 Tdaho National Forests. ts re ee ree ee er eee 21, 780 inyo National: Forest -< oscar deeeo ceee es cere eee ee eis... ~ 29, 500 Jetferson’ National Forest. 230 a ea eee 34, OOL Jemez, National Worest 2.02 6s ek Se ee ee 31,476 Kaibab National forest 22 Ss eee ee eee 20, 400 KaniksusNationaltForest:) s00. 25522 22h ee ee ee eee 28, 448 Kansas National, Forest 0/25. ee eee eee 8, 805 Kern National*Horests--.. 2... 2 RL ee eee 21, DIZ Klamath National}lorest:s...3..2... 22 ose ee cee eee eee 42,000 Kootenai National Morest....22..2.. 22S... geees- see == ae eee 30, 634 ha: Sal? Nationallgllorestors yt 0 tk ae eee ee 13, 890 Lassen’ National ioresiteenss.'. |. ce sn ee eee ere eee 31, 154 Iueadivalle National @torest as--- = ses). ee 5: 29, 720 hembhi National Forests eee. st: ose: eer a cae eee ee 20, 750 bewis‘and Clark National-Horest:---....---s2sse seem ee tee ee 17, 426 Hincoln National ‘Roresti2essceo s. coe a eee eee 20, 218 DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 579 General expenses, Forest Service—Continued. Eplo Wavional .Porest<.<-% sa-che = 215 stk DER se eee 27, 200 Petia. namnnal: Noreshs -cetx 3 ars eae eseteesches 31, 512 Sevicrs National, Horest 2 toon 2 en ee oe 20, 550 Shasta: NationalHorest::-2 62 ee ees eee 38, 675 Shoshone National NOrest,....06,- 4525s Ook eee eee 25, 220 Sorta NabOual GOrest.=t.0cc- Sorae ce oe tee ee ane aeons 49, 370 Mole LoOnalehorerte. At 3l oe ees oe he aS 10, 919 Bipmtvor NaMmOHA OH OFekt =o sss Se kee cee eet awe ee 29, 561 Piieronved wational: Horest = ties sed Jae ee ee 28, 074 SILIG awe VaLLOUaI- EP OLCSt.. oot eee ee ce ee ee 23, 175 Gucqusimie: National Ferest-.. 22.072 foe ee eet 30, 129 Sopris watwnal Porert sco 224 22d f2o sens eet deen epee 22, 058 Staniwlans National Morest) os s<. it sods ste Sabet eee ee 35, 788 Srndauncee: Nationa lUMorest 2). () kx, <:0j0 <. ccc one cee Seems 6, 029 BNCrIOL; NEWONAMEOLeSbn ioe - ~ a i-i-ria dela ne cemortec ce hee 19, 379 aoc National Horest. «5820.6 252 los 2 eee rere sa reesens 30, 886 iDaeemational Borest..%). .... 5 -cevasakccewees nu oesses 32, 400 Tere rsennl Porest 2. SoS eee eek ce cae en one 22, 100 enyane Dl amemAl Moret. Wa... asda Wag a eeeees engate cons 24, 000 TGnMEGd DIMOMALR OFeSt. las. - ssi CCN oa Uk SETS 8, 300 TALL ERO... oases weed wrunes heewans aes 33, 111 Trmibouerones epost... 1d eee ibis 1.008 ae oe a 36, 000 TARYN NORIQUBL DP OPGet . .. 0 cn cieercminn nasa ac tocak bide 27, 214 Tuite een PRONE osc. <2 racdieweminnind e... .. sticee- ae eeeecoeemee 33, 300 Wasatch National Forest...........- a ckaeseeeee de 2, 500 LIBRARY. (ee oa bal 8 ee eee aed se Sere cane eee cet $19, 920 emitter erties eee fog oes 5 StS tt S 2 ee oo vie ans ore ot ea eee 15, 400 OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Dalaries: .. 2822.05 < . Fees nabs Seer peueca a's ore See eee $46, 180 Agricultural Experiment Stations.............. Benes renssceeee Jee, 862, 400 Agricultural Experiment Stations, to be disbursed by the Predaern MUOpArL Ment on gc ae oe cbs bee ces cess eckeeRe $720, 000 Agricultural Experiment Stations............-..-..---+--- 33, 400 re BMORLTULOG? == a55 SAL ein eo Mo rone f eae fe dee EDL ASE 10, 000 PRM MRR. ee Soe ek eee en os Meee claeete 28, 000 iearloreame Teawarl... so oss oe oe ct es ec erie sida gus 28, 000 Station at Porto Rico (including $5,000 for coffee investiga- TIONG a ee ena ree A Bae Aa te yh dee oe ee shee be 28, 000 Pierurae IMO OL GIR 5. 2; oocce es oes 22s. ome As 15, 000 Ppt ReNINOtt TADEHINPALIONS 9 9 2525855 -- 6255 253 a5 2525045552 R eek dee ees 10, 000 TRRISREIONE SEPERUITAGIONS oso Soc. se 5 2555355; cheenOl dscietetanal ee 70, 380 Diesgteiapes GIVE ICALIONA. = ¢ 00.0 <-> ear fs 6 X42 55. eee cowie alee eee 78, 860 : OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS. — SLE Sal 2 ee ee eens ee ean e ia. 4.7! $21, 260 General expenses, Office.of Public Roads: .:-:.....2. 5.22.2 202 2220322022, 92, 980 Lo UES SoReal Se eB tie a ER $16, 000 Investigating road building and maintenance. ........-..-- 43, 000 lnaeve latina tl Ca Ee Se ee eae eee Lh 23, 280 Mus OEEAT EVE CX DONSES 7.” <2 2 20.2 2525 sat cele ce bee oe 10, 700 MISCELLANEOUS. Contingent expenses, Department of Agriculture.............-.--.-.--..- $100, 000 MU oon anc oa Ae Ltt se eS ehh ett LA SSSA shee Oem hee een ane 10, 000 Ree LOU: fh BRAS PLS eek Ge shit eT ee 13, 377, 136 Meat inspection, Bureau of Animal Industry (permanent appropriation)... 3, 000, 000 Appropriated for 1911. FOREST SERVICE. Salaries (also included in main caption)..........ssseesceseeeeeeeeees---- $60,200 Improvement of the national forests.............-.-.--2----.22-- seen eee 275, 000 General expenses, Forest Service ...........------- sess e eee e cece ee eeeee 4, 672, 900 Fighting forest, fires: : 5 <.-~'. 2... owes banentdesea tool. be $135, 000 Maintenance and supplies.............-..----------eee eee 221, 040 POresG roe nts. ss. an ress e eee seek eee 129, 420 National Forest Range Investigations...................-.- 11, 820 Silviculture, National Forests...................--------- 66, 640 Management of Forests. «ss so... nittte eee weet ee ewes cae 108, 010 Market and Miscellaneous Investigations.................- 115, 470 SIGN RUN kn ass sahara 20 'v'e'a'n/a' chaste wtolw oo ce aera Pe ad wah 14, 000 Absaroke Wwanional: Forest: .:.:..'.cetactrer eine cin w'ste voc been le 20, 844 Alamo Netaanal Forest <<. <0... vectra. eevee secuevsces 33, 449 Angeles National Forest. «ss. ccceccnw ewes avecwscacccckecs 50, 644 Apache Nagmins MOC. sc ieu ewe a8 a bbe das tanwecas 31, 414 582 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. General expenses, Forest Service—Continued. Arapaho Na tonal Uorastes.0.5 -.--- <.2+ sev seus eae ene oto $21, 560 Agkangas dl atlonalvHOrest. = .'.. ... on seesaeee seeien ana Bee 32, 960 Ashley National Moreah....3. <<. <2% 2.0002 uh Gabuieoes eke 19, 668 Battlement: National Forest: .. 2. <0... ws< sree eee ee ee cee 18, 700 California National Soret +. 2... 4. 3.-6262 ceseeeeac eee 26, 240 GanbounNationalHorests.-saessene ss sas 42. eet ieee 20, 200 Garson. National. Worestscce- sos see cicn.c - oe pias OO Me 28, 971 Gaacade- National Morest. /ecicie >. or. +. are Seas 37, 280 ChallistWationsl Forest; 122. 28hes2 5 2s ita ooo odes 21, 600 ChelanUNoational Horest: a22c.-e: 8 4 soe eee ee Pee 42, 195 Chiricahua Nationale borestasea ee eee eee eee PA tks Choctawhatchee National Forest................-.-.-----<< 9, 009 Chugach’Navional (Pores. 02.2 36.4522. 32a ss foe eee 17, 848 Clearwater NationalPerest. ce! eee ee - 41,105 Cleveland National Morest. 20232 «0250 seseecnbee eee 38, 783 Cochetepa National, Norestuods2 «=. 22 = 2.c0:-ed «oS 17, 704 Woconine. National Horesh 45 2-< a pao Sooo tbe ee ee 50, 226 Coeund: Alene-National. Horest=.22224.0.5+s oases eee eee 45, 976 Wolorado National Horests- <> see Lae eee 28, 448 ‘Kansas: Nationallshorest=..% 25 \s4.03 54s occas eee 8, 805 Kern National Worestosesss -- cs. s2scc< shee ee eee 27,512 Kamath) National Horest=:s.2---- ..-...< 22. eeaee eee 42, 000 Kootenn National Worestaes-os--.=-\.5=.)- 00 eee 30, 634 Ta SaliNational Horestsesssess seis oc s0's Lee: 15, 550 Payot Malone Porest. 202 oso ess 8 we athe oe eee eee 20, 660 Perserinndn!) Morestsc2 Met 4S 8. AI ee 29, 489 iRendid: OrerllesN ational Forest. <<... 40h eae eee 31, 925 WeisersNational Forest.:..<- 2-4. -.-253--s02 saa eee Rene 22, 800 Wenaha National Moresh:2252.~. <5. << co acl see eee 19, 790 Wenatchee National. Forest... ~...26-o 05-2 en os 32, 129 White River National Forest... .....60.-0-i.see oe eee 15, 400 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. General expenses, Bureau of Animal Industry................--.----+--- $1, 234, 540 Inspectipn and quarantine. -- 6 noose creeps: aso $623, 000 Rradicatimeyicaitie ticks, (s+ es.carcer aeae ++ e+ eee 250, 000 Dairy MAGUS ions sicy vey bet aoe ees Gee eee setae ee 147, 600 Animal irusbandry. «2; ss. esses ee bade shee eee 42, 000 Diseasestoi amimals: 5 .cso40 5 orn teste ee eee 108, 000 Experimental farm}. sei-ce ess ors creas as Scere etgeee ane 12, 000 Admimiptratlve CXPenses.:--oseccmece=2: ens eereous ae Eee 51, 940 Cooperative experiments in animal feeding and breeding. ........-.-.--- 50, 000 Meat inspection, Bureau of Animal Industry (permanent appropriation)... 3, 000, 000 BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. General expenses, Bureau of Plant Industry, 1910-1911..............-..-- $10, 000 General expenses, Bureau of Plant Industry, 1911............-......----- 1, 183, 346 Patholopicaldaboratory - -.-2---/s:---2esess=: = se -e eee $21, 710 runt disedsesin 2: oes Sates eee Se ee ee eee 34, 075 Forest patholocy. us. -- 2 he ee en ce ence ae ee ee 16, 510 Cottonmndrtiruck dis¢ases 2222-20-52 oe ceee ee eee eee 12, 960 Crop piysiology....-.. 5s ee cotie aces bee eee ee 25, 015 Bacteriolory and nutrition. ..2. 222 s225.2 ps = -- ose ae 23, 725 Crop acclimatization... -.. 2.02222 -tneerse- ce ees ee eee 34, 670 Drug and-ofher plants. . 2-32-2525... 20: <2 bE see ee 42,970 Croptecimolopy. oc. eoshce totes cee ene eee 13, 030 Cottonistandardization2 sss... ek soe eee eee eee 36, 650 Grainisiandardization.=..2. >. 2 kent eee ee eee 51, 020 Physical quyestioations....-.:. =... 22s teh eeee ee eee 15, 255 Speciabseeds and plants: ......-22 20 Yo icdee ee. Cee 16, 650 Seed testizig faboratories......-.-22. -isteeee- ease eee 25, 830 Grain: mvestipationaess230'./5. 2.5 32k eee eee 61, 925 Tobaccoanvestigaimoms 7-25.25... sss Vee ee 22, 330 General plant breedmig-<--------------- se oon eee 13, 700 Aas plant in vestigaivonss. 2.0... 2... 2-2 cao vee ee 8, 775 Alkali and drought resistant plants.....-. 2.2.58 eee 17, 500 Bupar plot investivstions-:~suseeueeean ee 2, 500 OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Agricultural experiment stations ($862,400) @.................-0-ceeeeeee $142, 400 Agricultural experiment stations..................-s-..00- $33, 400 Patmos pIRSUUUOS. - .cawsc ior «amends 4 onic See 10, 000 Station at Alaska — ... . 2.7 .tGsP eee Se a ce ee 28, 000 Stsiionm aida walk. 27 tenes See aude ot nts eae eee 28, 000 Station at Porto Rico (including $5,000 for coffee investi- PALIOUS)~ Caceres recuse eee eee ee eet eee eae eee 28, 000 Station at Island of Guam: s:-2 2522522 sce eee 15, 000 Nutrition mvvestications:....:.2. s.2¢ 222-5: EL eee 10, 000 irrigation investigations. .-..).2..::../.0 BUT ee 70, 380 Drainage investigations’ 1! 25.2 2 LoL 8. Ne 78, 860 OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS. General expenses, office of public roads........-..----.-.-20-2+-+-cccene $92, 980 oad mansremen te 5... soe) chaeta oooe ee ee ee $16, 000 Investigating road building and maintenance. ...........- 43, 000 Boon) WateMmal. oe. oc cee occck ch vie fon ce 2-5 s6e eee ere 9, 294, 976 WEATHER BUREAU. Salaries; Weather Bureau. 20.00 /5s03s>2-s ee beeen tae eee ee $206, 150 Contingent expenses, Weather Bureau.......---..---- 2-2. cece een en enee 25, 000 General expenses,) Weather Bureau... (2. «2500 3. 3 - wid atin oe oe eee 1, 293, 610 Reba PIO TINEA OME BOER NS a chin Sik crwth Seize aoe erie oe $620, 410 Miscellaneous*expenses.. 3.25. fee as es oh eee 94, 000 Instruments} ethan a.c. 2 eo sec te ane aaee ee aeeeEe 30, 000 Rand Wey Olding 22>. . ono; sao 2, sty ome hee eee ee ene 15, 000 Rents and repairs........ Sic hs talt he SA oee oe See een 82, 500 ‘Tra Velippiex pensess.05 2.055. 305-200cl. eStore ene 22, 000 Telephoninp and telepraphing 22/22... esc 2+ 2 =| = Se 265, 700 duine-and cable repairs. 2: 2.2. secede ge cabana ey. Semeete 4, 000 Investigations and substations: « 2.0. eee: 2s 2 eee 120, 000 Privitin@Omice s..27... SOM MAU eee Oe See eee ee 40, 000 Total for Weather Bureauc.<'0425 1s oe eee eee 1, 524, 760 Grand total 203202 '5 Lt be a ee ee 15, 797, 636 FISCAL AFFAIRS OF THE FOREST SERVICE. By the terms of General Order No. 138, dated January 15, 1910, the Secretary of Agriculture placed the disbursing and accounting work of the Forest Service under the immediate supervision and direction of the Chief of the Division of Accounts and Disbursements, @ This includes $720,000 for state experiment stations under the regular appropria- tion, to be paid through. the Treasury Department. Congress also appropriated $720,000 as a permanent appropriation for state experiment stations under the Adams bill to be paid through the Treasury Department. Total to be paid through the Treasury Department for state experiment stations, $1,440,000. DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 587 who was also given authority to make, subject to the approval of the Secretary, such changes in the methods of accounting and dis- bursing in the Forest Service as might be deemed necessary from time to time. By the same order the fiscal agents of the Forest Service, both in Washington and at the district centers in Missoula, Mont., Denver, Colo., Albuquerque, N. Mex., Ogden, Utah, San Francisco, Cal., Portland, Oreg., and Madison, Wis., were made subject to the instructions of the Chief of the Division of Accounts in all matters pertaining to accounts and disbursements. The agricultural appro- priation act of May 26, 1910 (36 Stat., 416), supplemented the Secre- tary’s action by transferring these fiscal agents from the Forest Service to the statutory roll of the Division of Accounts and Dis- bursements, thus completing the change which places the Forest Service on an equal footing with the other Bureaus in regard to fiscal matters, and bringing its accounting and disbursimg work under the immediate supervision and direction of the Chief of the Division of Accounts and Disbursements, who is by statute the administrative officer of the fiscal affairs of the Department of Agriculture. The following statement, furnished by the fiscal agents of the Forest Service, 1s printed: PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. = 5 4 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEI 588 T8620 ‘982 ‘FS 06T ceb19‘Szs 80 SFI ‘060 ‘ZS | FOF IZ | SFO ‘SZ 69 “T19 ‘TS 0¢ “LLT$ 8729'S OTF ‘6 226 °L8 CZ ‘S62 ‘LESS 68 “STF ‘618 FS FSC ‘SF 7 8 *6FS ‘FOTS Tes 00 ‘00F ‘ezes | j : | LT 162 ‘¢$ 8 “LES ‘FESS ZL “100 ‘TLFS FOF ‘€ IT PST ‘F69$ If OL S82 ‘LEz$ 000°§ 000 ‘F 88 “FZ6 ‘ZS GS "996 ‘ZZ9$ FS ‘L 00 “S98 ‘OL9$ “| 00 ‘S#E$ LE 12S ‘7Sz$ 009 °T 00F ‘T 060 ‘T 828 ‘ET 89 “66T ‘Ses Se “902 0z9$ F189 00 “000 ‘Es9$ €T GF “9G ‘OSes 009 *T 000 ‘% G8 "CFCS 0S “ST$ PPP T G¢cs SST ‘FT 1888 ‘FSS Ch GPG “ENS 00‘8 L8T. ILP ccoreepamedonetin cece sesnsacs|ta teen r esc vo ciSse) as deok Ol SOLID pal moda s ei ndae THON 08 ‘ZLg ‘FOOS 06 6F “SFT ‘Sees OTT T SFe ‘Eg OL6 G90 ‘ET 9¢ “969 ‘FPS F6 “886 ‘09¢$ 06 ‘9 1G ‘ELF ‘E99$ SI ST ‘88s ‘FS 96 *FSz ‘OSES 000 ‘€ 00 ‘F | $9 S0z$ 0S “09TS 009 006 ‘Z FE9 ‘ST ST “928 “ees 6L “STL ‘98e$ eee 26029 ‘FI8$ 8& 00 *000 ‘sT$ TL “628 ‘PLES 8F0'E 00S ‘F PL'6z8 ‘LES FO TSE. “OLS 908 ‘2 JOLIISTP PUB S}UESB SuTsINqstp [woods peer saat Sah ah ah tebe eeseeeteeecetreeererees sss gR [Bosy Joljstp pus sjuese Sutsmastp yeroods Are1odurs} sy} 0} spuny oryqnd yo aided og he ay} IOJ pansst suorjistmnber Jo Junoure aeey Vocarseer es Pyar Se tec mi eae aS pec sjuase [80s JOLIISIP Pus S}UISe Sutsinqstp yeroads Aresr -odwe} Ssutpnyout ‘spuny orpqnd jo soouvape roy quoumjreday AMsvaL J, 24} UO UMBIp SUOTJISIMDa yy ee oe YIOM 9ATIBIOdO0d UOT] PaAtaoe1 AOUOT as oa “*="OJ9 ‘SaTBS Jaq WIT} WOIJ PeATede1 AOUOTT Bee eee So Peer os mano ASS Se TINTIG jo uoTjovsuvs}] AIVUTPIO dq} UT PoATodeI $10}40'T 2 ER Ce el 2s ee Sas Se kan oa ssouIsnq jo uoovsuva} AIvUTpPIO oY} UT Wo}jTIA S10}}0'T SURES Ge 2S * SR SOC aes eee aoa ----gahed Aq 10 s[eur oy} YSNOIG} JIsuUvI} UT 4SOT SyOoyO age eee poe 5 ““OT6T IoA [LOST ESS “606T IBad [VOSTT “aan ee: “S061 vad [BOST AT 2JU9UI9]}}9S JOIITP IOF queuredaq AMsvaLy, 94} 0} pepIVMIOJ S}UNODIDY -----Aqrodoid {USTIUIIAOS 4sOT JO JUN0DDB UO PaATodaI ADUOTT ---4qrado1d yuaur -UJ9AOS PoUTMIIpPUOD JO avs MIOIJ PaAtode1 AVUOP Pe Sea Sin = SR SE OER ee aia Ne PeFo5==22== "101484 -10dsuvB1} JYSstodj 1OJ SUTPR JO syjtq [eJueuIedep IO} BOZO STY} UO OST PUB UOT} eIIOdsUBI} FU STAIJ Io} JuoUTIedeq S,doysvtejien’y uo sjsenbexy “777 """"nansst s]sonboel uoryej1odsuts) Jesuesseg aad Bee il oe a 6061 IO syuNodoR eJUeTAETd -dns put ‘O16 fo) syunodoe jo ueurAed Ul pouo;ly -UST VAOB IBAA [ROSY oY} SULIMpP UAvIP SYooyO Peat eles wa eReC es RCs) = SAS 18s oS ‘quoulyiedeq AIMSvoLy, ay} W1OIJ IAATVA JopuN ‘OT6T ‘Og suNL 01 “606T ‘T A[ne WOIy ‘GN6T IBAA [BOSY 9 10J SUOTD -eridoidde oy} wro1y pred syunoo08 [ejuoureyddng ---*-puny aATe1adooo Surpnypout ‘OT6T ved [Rosy ayy 10y suoretidoidde oy} wor pred syuno0d0y Seer so puny oAtye19do00 uroay pred asoy} Sut -pnypout ‘OT6T reed [vosy oy} SutMp pred syunody -="==""""19\ BI] JO PANSst UOTVZTIONING JO $19449'T --->>-|=-sorddns so asvyoind ayy Joy ponsst suoryistn bey 5 > Pear wo}SUTYSe AA *puvyyod ‘9 JOIST. “OOSTO “uel ueg *¢ qOlsI. “uapso F WISI ‘anbionbnqyy *e JOIST “OAUI(T F PINS *CTNLOSST IL T PIAS ‘BUY ysad0,T ayn fo suoyjovsuDs poosYf ayy fo quamajni g DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS, 589 ANNUAL REPORT OF EXPENDITURES. A classified statement of the expenditures of the Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910 (extended to August 31, 1910), was prepared in accordance with law and will be submitted to the Committee on Expenditures. A recapitulation of the expenditures of the Department will be found below, classified as required by the committee: Recapitulation of the several appropriations for the entire Department of Agriculture as distributed among the following groups, and the total expenditures under each. Mere eps pratt ce 052 a IL. Ses Seber. tae SO eb eh) od $1, 308, 686. 95 Bramp-tnd salaries!in, Washington. .2.-- 15. sa eee rie ee wees ee 1, 471, 730. 63 Lump-iund salaries outside of Washington. .......: Dae eee ee 7, 906, 856. 70 Biamonery..2-2..:...... a ss itty Ses eee RGB: sates ify de egy) oh see 105, 591. 10 Miscellaneous supplies and services, equipment, books, machinery, peer ere as. 295 SEUSS A. DEE BESS Sead Tacs 1, 947, 549. 27 rttLiBteee ee Yee. 2 rosie. (hee Liane - t6 ath ete ry eseatic = 5 80, 407. 37 Ee Oe SP ie Pee eS i ine bbe ee oa Oh oe 30, 165. 02 Freight... ...- HRS EP PPE OPE en ete seeaee Sea Sas Sipps yi 9 a 33, 401. 75 ow tee peed ai lalla RIAU 5 ee Sieh APES Be Nea Abie bY. 14, 004. 99 ERIN R A Sts. (ess ih sa Be hn ae Gb pen = = SOE 190, 375. 76 ES SE See a ee en oe en ee ee 42, 513. 85 Villa Jae ae aS epee Sr Eee eee tee eee ah. SA Pe re te 268, 028. 18 SIC ET <2. ocak Chane aki ka ng ASdn Blase us Kamae on 25, 096. 65 Apparatus, instruments, and laboratory material............-...--.--- 129, 347. 64 RIUM EMR VERITIOSHO No oat ea oe oy iy bes ee A een oe ek dae Som 3, 095. 54 Travel and station.and field expenses....~-.. 2... 2-222 ste cee cece 1, 152, 495. 53 TS ae Oa IARED Spe cha La ce, Ee, Ue eli 14, 709, 346. 93 Total appropriations for Department of Agriculture...............-.--- 15, 896, 845. 27 Total expenditures under above groups...........-.-.-- $14, 709, 346. 93 Advances to temporary special disbursing agents of PIPCRUNINCRIMICI ICCD hee fos. ace wom be Seco = s 70, 712.00 Forest Service refunds: To depositors, excess deposits.........-.--------- 48, 966. 86 Payments to Umita Indians...........2---:.---- 1, 113. 47 Payments to States and Territories, 25 per cent WUECREDED CIEE tirana oss te «ep akon eS sina She 438, 702. 81 Total expenditures of entire Department of Agriculture........ 15, 268, 842. 07 Unexpended balance on August 31, 1910.........--....-..---- 628, 003. 20 Repayments to credit of appropriations... .-. 25-2. .0os-s--ce7 ned 40, 756. 94 _ Net unexpended balance on August 31, 1910..:.....-........--, 668,760. 14 Of this amount there was available for further disbursement.......... 692. 80 ND NORE sg 2 SN «or, hs Bs oe ee ta tae 668, 067. 34 Oatetending liabilities (estimated). -:-.......-..---..caaenveenccess- 312, 051. 81 Balance to be turned back in Treasury (estimated)............ 356, 015, 53 INSPECTION WORK. By the terms of the agricultural appropriation act for the fiscal year 1909 there was imposed upon the Chief of the Division of Accounts and Disbursements the additional duty of acting as adminis- trative officer of the fiscal affairs of the Department. In compliance with this provision of law and additional instructions from the 590 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Secretary, the disbursing officer has, at stated intervals during the year, conducted inspections of the property and financial records kept by the several Bureaus of the Department. A uniform system for the keeping of these records has been devised and installed throughout the Department as far as practicable, and the system inaugurated has done much to simplify the financial transactions between the several Bureaus and the disbursing office. CONDITION OF WORK IN THE DIVISION. The work of the Division is up to date, but to keep it so has taxed to the utmost the energies of the clerical force. In ie appropriation act for 1911 Congress has provided several new clerks for the Division, but even with this additional force it will be difficult to keep the work from falling behind in view of the additional demands upon the Division on account of the increasing appropriations, the subdivision thereof, the preparation of several fiscal reports for Congress, the property and financial inspections in the various Bureaus, and the administrative examinations of the accounts and disbursements of the Forest Service DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 91 FINANCES OF THE DEPARTMENT FOR SEVENTY-ONE YEARS. Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States Department of Agriculture from tie fiscal year 18389 to the fiscal year 1910, inclusive. Reference to Sraiapes at Large. Date aa bese eh SE _ Amount Amount Purpose. ropriation ca. appro- : Saat. : year printed disbursed. 3| 2 |g > mm | Mar. 3,1839| 5] 354] 9 | 1839 $1, 000. 00 $1, 000. 00 Mee °3'1843| &| 682 {1| 1844 | 2°000.00| 2,000.00 : = BT .ueo, 2,000. 2,000. 00 Collection of agricultural sta!) Sune 17, 1844| 5| 687|1| 1845| 2,000.00] 2,000.00 ti ES 2 0y tie Mar. 3,1845} 5] 757 | 1 | 1846 3,000. 00 3, 000. 00 ; Mar. 3,1847| 9] 160; 1 | 1847 3,000. 00 3, 000. 00 Aug. 12, 1848} 9] 285; 1 | 1848 3, 500. 00 3, 500. 00 Chemical analyses of vegetable TTS Ne Te ee eee Breer dOvs.-b--u. - July 2,1864| 13] 350 | 2 | 1865 3,704. 05 3, 596. 55 Rent, etc., of Commissioner’s NGG dw maciveeaee ards eeeet July 4,1864| 13] 381 | 3 | 1865 3, 500. 00 3, 500. 00 palates 5 Seetectoe ss, Mar. 2,1865 |{13| 180 | 3 \lis66 | 46,728. 59) 46,726. 59 | Contingent e DON eS awewsiace|socne (a Fe ge Ee 13 | 455 | 1 | 1866 7, 500. 00 7, 500. 00 Collecting agricultural statis- 1 a ee en pie ne GOsn comes 13} 455) 1 | 1866 20,000. 00 20, 000. 00 Purchase, etc., of seeds....... | eer do....2.- i on ; 71866 | 70,165.90 | 70,165.90 | Experimental garden and 13 | 160 | 3 aaron GUIS: kere estes \ onc do....--- 3| 455 | 1 [71866 | 23,305.33 | 23,395. 33 BUIDNE oon sun unaanasedanews July 23, 1866 | 14] 201} 1 | 1867 39, 600. 00 39,600. 00 Contingent expenses...-......'.....d0.......' 14! 201! 1! 1867 11,500. 00 11, 500. 00 Amount unex- pended. 592 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the Untted States Department of Agriculture, ete.—Continued. Date of ap- Purpose. propriation act. Collecting agricultural statis- ties. sie So Sean Seen nae July 23, 1866 Purchase of seeds. 2 <2 .s.60009/9 72" do....... Mar. 30, 1867 Experimental garden and PTOUTNGS, GUC —- = sense eee eee July 23, 1866 Salaried’ +): 2 Seeeees soo eee Mar. 2, 1867 Contingent expenses....... eel oa kta re Collecting agricultural statis- 11 eee ea teg a. 8 a ye es 2) Lge 0s. <== Purchase, etc., of seeds......-]..... 10 a 1 [ar ee eS ee I eae MOS. Ses Experimental garden and STOUNGS eens ween | toca Go 2222552 To erect a building for the De- partment of Agriculture ...-]..... Moss esee For certain goods and services furnished the Department... Salavical se 5 Sy ees 5 Collecting argicultural statis- July 13, 1868 July 20, 1868 iC ae ce eee ee sae eee non GOsee ts." Contingent expenses......-.--.-|--.-- dota Experimental garden and PTOUNGS.5- ck oe oo teas do -22.s53 Purchase, etc., of seeds.....--]..... 6 Pains ep Ree Furniture, cases, and repairs. .|....- dos: 2> SOUS CC Ae ae See Mar. 3, 1869 Collecting agricultural statis- jC ores aa es ee OR COs 2>eee Investigations ofcattle disease]..... GOs csacs Contingent expenses......__.-]...-- dooce Furniture, cases, and repairs..|..... aos Ss Experimental garden and PTOUNUS 3.2 5 hacce oe aeten Se asleoees fo 02 ee ee Purchase, etc., of seeds.....-.]. aoaaeeee aaa - y le, 187 Salaries........-----------++- { July 15, 1870 Collecting agricultural statis- ; Ce: Rae a el an Se Se eee July 12, 1870 Purchase, etc., of seeds......-]..... WO: 5o4 583 STOUNGS 55 2Abo-- | aaeee July 15, 1870 Contingent expemses.......... July 12, 1870 Furniture, cases, and repairs. .|..... doses Collecting and modeling speci- MENS lOLAUIG Ac c2 525 seas emsc-|-ce ss dOz55.555 WAPTATY e2 ao eee eee does. t ee Perberiuis, fates chee aloe ee Gorse ss3 TiADOLALOLY = 2 = sae scene sacs recloeses Osea see Kolding rooms: 25....2.00-e eee qosts- 4 Salaries Collecting agricultural statis- iC eae Seen oe are Nes ed eet Gos setece PTOUNGS oie sot sees cme me do....... Contingent expenses..........|...-. dorsi scs Furniture, cases, and repairs..|..... (ovejee ty sens Collecting and modeling speci- mens OF frp eo ssewe ae hs. od GOs on Herbarium..... ee ar aa ae ois pegs Seat | LibDTary i cc's ae.ne do oes cone cee iape 2s sd dO in So0 Baboratory. oo. tesco eee lasees GOs caiee Salaries=:.4. 203.2 eee May 8, 1872 Collecting agricultural statis- MCB Fo wiciee nse e ee ea oe ee ee ee MOmasaast Purchase and distribution of fe Bi EAR aspires on oaceeed soci ce is Reference to Statutes at Large. | Fis-| Amount eal appro- ; year.| priated 3| & lg >| & |a 14 201 | 1] 1867] $10,000.00 Be 201 | 1 14} 202} 1 |}1867 | 115,200.00 15,|) 2/286 14| 202] 1 1867] 22,800.00 14| 451] 1 1868] 38,020.00 14| 451] 1) 1868} 13,000.00 14/ 451] 1 1868 10,000.00 14| 452] 11] 1868] 85,200.00 14| 452/11] 1868] 10,000.00 14| 452]1)] 1868} 22,800.00 14| 464] 1] 1868 | 100,000.00 15 lee 790 i]s E ee 37,604. 70 15 | 105] 11] 1869] 65,368.00 15 | 106] 1) 1869} 10,000.00 15 | 196] 1] 1869| 31,090.00 15 | 106] 1] 1869{! 23,500.00 15 | 106/11] 1869} 20,000.00 = hy ; 1869 | 22,635.00 113 aia j1870 69, 240. 00 15 | 298 |} 1] 1870} 15,000.00 15 | 298]1] 1870] 15,000.00 15 | 298] 1] 1870} 13,200.00 15 | 298 | 1 | 1870 2,500. 00 15 | 298]1] 1870] 21,500.00 ~ a J 1870 | 20,000.00 oa > rs. sai raratl \1s71 71,980. 00 16} 245]1] 1871] 15,000.00 16 | 246] 1] 1871 30,000.00 16| 246] 1 fie 302 | 1 |}1871 | 53,200.00 16 | 303} 1 16 | 246] 1 | 1871 8,100, 00 16 | 246 | 1 | 1871 4,700. 00 16 | 246] 1 | 1871 1,000. 00 16 | 246 | 1 | 1871 1,000. 00 16 | 246] 1 | 1871 1,000. 00 16 | 246 |.1 | 1871 1,700. 00 16 | 246 | 1 | 1871 500. 16 | 489] 1] 1872] 75,170.00 16 | 489] 1] 1872} 15,000.00 a: = 1|1872| 45,000.00 1 136 meted \1872 36,800. 00 Fe 489 | 1 16 | 490} 1 16} 490] 1 16} 490!1 16| 490|1 16| 490|1 16| 490}1 17| 77/1 17>) orre let 07, | earned Amount Amoun disbursed. naroah $10,000.00 |....... one 115,200.00. eoeouees 22800700 [5.5 es 38,020. 00 |o<2s<-se2 13,000. GOnb. ese & sect ecw eee 71,811. 64 15,000. 00 28,865. 17 etter eee 500. 00 75,017. 89 14,059. 36 940. 64 45,000. 00 36,800. 00 DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 593 Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States Department of Agriculture, etc.—Continued. Reference to Statutes Date of ap- | at Large. | Fis- Purpose. peep von eal. act. year. 2| 8 Ig > a 1D Experimental garden andj) May 8, 1872 | 17 ito fas! eee prema atone { June 10, 1872 | 17 368 | 1 ‘\1s73 Contingent expenses.........- May 8, 1872 iy M ; \1873 GiNe TOOM 5. 5 ..canons -a---)a---- (lo) ee ee 17 77 | 1 | 1873 Furniture, cases, and repairs. .|..... pe ee ae uf cy : 1873 ae oat. 33 Museum and herbarium....... June 10, 1872| 17} 3¢9| 1 \1873 Library..... Bae BA Ree eee May 8, 1872 | 17 78 |...| 1873 PEMENIER> Sete) Sk. OSes oicisc as Mar. 3, 1873 | 17| 506 | 1 | 1874 oe agricultural statis- pels ies Tere et A = 92 JA S2 506 | 1 Purchase and distribution o pia ieee } 507 | 1 |/1874 Experimental garden an a 507 | 1 \\ig74 PrOunus 32) 220 2... a. 529 | 1 Museum and herbarium....... 507 | 1 | 1874 Contingent expenses........-- 507 | 1 | 1874 PE pmenre, cases, and repairs. . a : REPRE YAS IS; Joe. se eS. UT en ee 542 | 4 | 1874 LoL 3 ee Ee eee 107 | 1 | 1875 Callecting agricultural statis- : ae lth ena Neer Ge oe ee ee eee Eee Cie 9 7 een ant distribution OA saa ae ae | ae ~ i 1875 BEGGR, Els? sée-3. . 33 ao an , 187. Furniture, cases, and repairs..) June 20, 1874 | 18 | 107 | 1 | 1875 Spender ce ee daueeaise | a8 | oe | Lp O - S — e / n r | Contingent expenses.......... ‘ees 20, 1874 ° a : 1875 Museum and herbarium......4 - Sens 25, 1874/18 | 29711 M1875 PA DOMEDOr ye wa 20. Nes NS dors. 5. 2 18)| 227 |b. 18% iS oh Aa Oe re eee eo ts does. 5 2 IS) 227) 2 |.4875 MOSLERG a 59" Set k.. .2.00. 0. June 20; 1874 | 18 | 107 | 1 | 1875 To publish Commissioner’s re- Te73 1d po eh nee J 23, 1874 | 18} 227] 1 | 1875 Wiles use Jeet es a8 t oe. une 23, 2 5 Sainries. 5.83 2522.4. .-.~.l8.20- Mar. 3, 1875| 18} 368] 1) 1876 Collecting agricultural statis- in eee es 2 es es OGes.. eo 18 | 368] 1 | 1876 ee and distribution of i ‘ BEGUSO ess re 2. ocean ee ocd gory 5% 4 18 1 | 187 Experimental garden and 'f18 | 368] 1 OOF Re a eS \ ee do......- {is | 304] 1 }1876 Museum and herbarium....... ade <1 (sae ee 18 | 368] 1 | 1876 ole cases, and repairs..| eS: Ee ae ae | 18 Eis i oe SORAPY és.) 65 04 We osc SOR EEA. (ee aE 18 8 | 1) 1876 LG rey a a ee dos. 18 | 368] 1 | 1876 poncinipent expenses.........-. | a4 Ae eee | 18 Hi 1 | 1876 OBUARO. Jee tied obo sucsseesatalt....dOUr.2..- | 18 68 | 1 | 1876 : | July 21, 1876} 19} 95) 1 Salaries.........-.---.-+--++-- ‘Vang. 15, 1876| 19 | 167| 1 \i87 no sad page garden and /fJuly 31, 1876, 19| 115/1 1877 MMOONOS, S2 2cs.1t =~ See seee Aug. 15, 1876 19 | 167] 1 } Collecting agricultural statis- | : cco BEE eae) oe OMe. <2 19 | 167] 1) 1877 ee and distribution of fir Yd0e. 500 19 eH 1 \1877 seeds, ete... -..-.5......5.98.2.)\Mar. 3, 1877 | 19 19} 1) Museum and herbarium....... Aug. 15, 1876 | 19 | 167 | 1 | 1877 a penitore, cases, and repairs. .|..... ae A obs / ” | 167 : _ eS - e ae Se |e OFAC cae 167 URWOLBLONY =. S058. 5.32 olen<-<|-.-5 0 2 (a ee ee oe! 19 ' 167 | 1 | 1877 Toreeeus Pponsos..- fi. 212 .)2 5... = AEs wi . 2 : ~ 2 OS Se ee See Oe ae ore ae 6 7 ee eee eee Mar. 3, 1877| 19 | 317] 1] 1878 Collecting agricultural statis- St SSP fe meres Le MOsS. 2k 19 | 317] 11] 1878 pwn and distribution of feeds, COLA AS. ck ISLS I... aOR. 2st. 19 | 317 | 1] 1878 9 garden ae d 19 | 317 | 1 \\ig7g BIOUNGS. soo cussecoeaee ll bitetatteerty eh WI 73477°—acr 1910——38 Amount appro- priated. $31, 000. 00 13, 300. 00 300. 00 5, 200. 00 5, 000. 00 1, 750. 00 78, 190. 00 Amount disbursed. 12, 507. 06 300. 00 5, 200. 00 4, €74. 43 1,750. 00 76, 924. 00 11, 553. 20 64, 904. 89 25,731. 74 1, 942. 02 12) 699. 34 3, 302. 40 1, 259. 10 35, 449. 09 77, 127. 60 12, 147.56 94,719. 83 4,135. 36 24,094. 06 10, 972. 61 3, 300. 00 1, 300. 00 1, 087. 90 42} 633. 00 49, 561.91 77,115.71 14, 500. 00 Amount unex- pended. 594 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Statement cf appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States Department of Agriculture, etc.—Continued. Refererice to Statutes Date of ap- | at Large. Purpose. propriation Fis- | Amount Amount | Amount : eal appro- disbursed. | unex- aah, oat ey year.| priated. pended. ° a 1/3 >| a a! PAEISOUI 2 ee Soe eee ee 317 | 1 | 1878 $1, 500.00 Furniture, cases, and repairs 317 | 1 | 1878 4, 500. 00 IDTAry 28 ack, cock he eceeceeleeeee do 317 | 1 | 1878 1,000. 00 Laboratory......... dle 317 | 1 | 1878 1,000.00 Contingent expenses.........- b 317 | 1 | 1878 8, 000. 00 POSstage - dec. aaa. a. - na see ete eee 317 | 1 | 1878 4,000.00 Report on forestry 360 | 1 | 1878 2,500. 00 International Industrial Ex- position;at Paris. < . 2.222. Dec. 15, 1877 | 20 | 246 | 4| 1878 10, 000. 00 Batis. coe aaa. bono. = ee ae June 19, 1878 | 20 | 203 | 1 | 1879 66, $00. 00 Collecting agricultural statis- BACH rc ene Sie Soe a es ea GOs... 24 20 | 203 | 1 | 1879 10, 000.00 Parchiins and distribution of pence etc. — ees theme doz: . 4.2 ey A : "weed 75, 000. 00 xperimental garden an | STOUNOS 2 ae eee et \ ----0..-.... $0 240 | 1 |j1879 13, 500. 00 Myiseum. 525s. sce Beers domss- eu 20} 203 | 1 | 1879 1,000.00 Furniture, cases, and repairs ..|..... dosii--. - 20 | 204 | 1 | 1879 4,000.00 Tibrary. 3... =. ee ctta aad see eecl tases dose 2. 2 20 | 204} 1 | 1879 1,000. 00 Daboratorys . 2 21 23 | 1 | 1880 4,000.00 DD Ray see eee ae a seen een Gh ea ee 21 23 | 1 | 1880 1,000.00 Dia bOrAbOny) =o28-- ee eee eee do sssaee: 21 23 | 1 | 1880 1, 500. 00 Contingent expenses..........|..--- dosss. 22 21 23 | 1 | 1880 8,000.00 1 ESO As ae se ae a Beis oa Pee dows 2.72 21 23 | 1 | 1880 4,000. 00 Investigating the history and habits OfimMsects. 3 ..-.45-225-|:--<2 dose2-5- 21 29 | 1 | 1880 5,000.00 Investigating diseases of do- mestic animals: q.: ssc 6hee lee) 2 do. --2= 21 30 | 1 | 1880 10, 000. 00 See Gee ee ee Jun) 16,1880 | 21 rte | 1] 1881 69, 200. 00 urchase an istribution of\|.....do...-... 21 1 SP605, BUC! wait aes aes May 3,1881 | 21| 453} 1 \1881 102, 160.31 Collecting agricultural statis- RICA. 2 ee pie cca tee June 16,1880 | 21 | 293 1 | 1881 10,000.00 9,985. 60 14.40 Experimental garden and PTOUNGBS= ere on ae nae ee 294 1) 1881 12, 600. 00 12, 600. 00 WIMSOUR won corostee Sens 294 | 1 | 1881 1,000.00 1,000. 00 Furniture, cases, and repairs.. d 294 | 1 | 1881 5,000. 00 5,000. 00 PIPKary je Ses eS 294 | 1 | 1881 1,000.00 1,000. 00 MAD OTHLOLY ©. --oece concen c oe 295 | 1 | 1881 4, 000.00 4,000. 00 Contingent expenses. .........- 295 | 1 | 1881 10, 000. 00 9,769.17 TETO EHO a Le ong bar ena Se ee? 295 | 1 | 1881 4,000.00 3, 838.00 Report on forestry............|....- 296 | 1 | 1881 5, 000. 00 3, 762.51 Investigating the history and NnAbItS Of mBegts-. ..... 22... 2. O02) 85 21 | 294) 1) 1881 5,000.00 4,997.31 Investigating the diseases of 1 domestic animals............|..... doze. 2 21} 295/ 1) 1881} 10,000.00} 10,000.00 |.......... Examination of fibers........./..... doze... 21 | 295 | 1 | 1881 4,000.00 , 000.00 |. Stee Experiments in the manufac- | Ture Of SUPA as dame see. as oe dose: 2-7: 21! 295 | 1 | 1881 7,500.00 7, 500200 | 222 es Collecting data touching arid regions of the United States .|..... dosee s226 a 295 | 1 | 1881 5, 000. 00 460.00 4,540.00 Reclamation of aridlands.....|..... MOsceso2. 295 | 1 | 1881 20, 000. 00 18, 353. 55 (a) Salaries 5 - oe lk as Mar. 3,1881 a1 381 | 1 | 1882 79, 500. 00 79, 491.81 8.19 caters agricultural statis- CIPR A 22 ica ecacesi dock oop sees) ease dOzs+ 2 -:- 21 | 382} 1 | 1882 10,000. 00 10; 000. 00"| 23 s22ereee WABOTALOTY.~ 2c ccs cn ee eee ee jo. 2. 21] 382] 1 | 1882 6, 000. 00 5 811.85: 188.15 @ Unexpended balance of $1,646.45 carried to fiscal year 1882. DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 595 Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States Department of Agriculture, ete—Continued. Reference to Statutes Date of ap- | at Large. Fis- Purpose. propriation cal act. " 3 ear die ier >| & |a Purchase and distribution a Mar. 3, 1881 | 21] 382] 1 \1882 CO ee eee Sees | Apr. 16, 1882 | 22 44/1 Experiments in the culture, ees of =. Se a eee ss Mar. 3, 1881 a = : 1882 xperiment. garden and\) See eet \ wees do....... 21| 395 | 1 \f1882 SLE TRr et of or a ed ea do-.=>-:- 21] 383; 1 | 1882 Furniture, cases, and repairs..|....- GOst. sos 21 | 383 | 1 | 1882 Lo) Doe a Ne a eel (Se dosncpet: 21| 383 1] 1882 Investigating the history and abies OF MmseCts..-. 6. .....|t--.. a ee ee 21; 383 | 1] 1882 Examination of fibers.........|..... Gor aos 21| 384/11] 1882 Investigating the diseases of domestic animals............|...-. dos,.2-=- 21) 384] 1] 1882 Collecting data touching the arid regions of the United SULLU TE Bie se eS Sieienaeetied| eee Ct 21 | 384] 1] 1882 Reclamation of arid lands, in- cluding an unexpended bal- ance of $1,646.45 from fiscal CGD ind to ee eed 21 | 384] 1) 1882 Report on forestry... 21 | 384] 1 1882 Lo Gy . ee 21 | 384] 1] 1882 Contingent expenses 21) 384/ 1 | 1882 Building for display of agricul- tural implements............|..... GOS. = <5 21} 385] 1) 1882 Experiments in the manufac- ture of sugar (including $864.60 from sale of molasses, TOY eee 2 8 ee eid Pham Ci (oe ee 21] 384] 1] 1882 Transportation of specimens SPO VATIATIER § - 050050) canoe Feb. 13, 1882 | 22 3/1] 1882 Reerene . ee Seee ee May, 19, 1882 | 22 89 | 1 | 1883 Collecting agricultural statis- nS og el ee Se ee O0ne nat ac 22 90 | 1 | 1883 ERD GTA LOT Ee tee Se | Le OL 8 doz2::...- 22 90 | 1 | 1883 Purchase and distribution of ACPA: hs ES ees ee (: Co ery Bs 22 90 | 1 | 1883 Experiments in the culture, wee of fe. - pee soars - Be (Ce Ee a 91 | 1} 1883 xperiment gaiden an v2 A i Pronnidse ot)... ||\eSeze do....... fe 92 | 1 \1883 PTE cinerea aad eee Hace-.-fo- 22 91 | 1 | 1883 Furniture, cases, and repairs..|..... (3 Folpeae pO 22 91 | 1 | 1883 13). Se; aes See Se Se dome t 222 22 91 | 1 | 1883 Investigating the history and Hapits of Insects. -.-. 52. --. 2)... 3 (pope a 22 91 | 1 | 1883 Examination of fibers.........|..... : Ce Sap See 22 91 | 1} 1883 Investigating the diseases of domestic animals............|..... pe (oes 22 92 | 1 | 1883 Reclamation of arid lands, in- cluding an unexpended bal- ance of $85.26 from fiscal year LED i SE Ra eS a Beste dose. «42 22 92 | 1 | 1883 Report on forestry............|.-.-- dos5~- 2 <21] 22 92 | 1} 1883 D0) Os Ne ne aS Ges 22 92 | 1 | 1883 Contingent expenses..........|..... ORE eee 22 92 | 1 | 1883 Experiments in the manufac- ture of sugar, including an unexpended balance of $3,530.85 from fiscal year 1882.|..... M02 = 9.525 22 92 | 1 | 1883 Erection of building for seed C12 ELCs A SR lS eee Aug. 7, 1882 | 22} 306 1/| 1883 Report on the Angora goat....|..... 2 sn 22 | 337 | 1 | 1883 Ty ee ig See ESS Jan. 20, 1883 | 22| 408 | 1 | 1884 Collecting agricultural statis- ot Re eS ae eee ARES, Cee 22} 410} 1) 1884 Laboratory, and for experi- ments in the manufacture of sugar, including $842.18 from _ the sale of sirup, etc.........!..... dQ. 4.ic2 22! 410!) 11 1884 Amount appro- priated. 500. 00 127, 640. 00 80, 000. 00 16, 842. 18 a Unexpended balance of $85.26 carried to fiscal year 1883. b Unexpended balance of $3,530.85 carried to fiscal year 1883. ¢ Unexpended balance of $7,656.13 carried to fiscal year 1884. Amount disbursed. 8, 750. 87 14, 968. 25 1,000. 00 4,000. 00 |... 973.85 19, 998. 94 5, 000. 00 22, 443. 89 4,216. 55 11, 561. 19 32, 333. 75 4, 998. 91 102, 575. 49 78,170. 80 6, 000. 00 80, 000. 00 3, 905. 66 15, 471. 82 1,000. 00 6,700. 00 1, 485. 32 19, 997. 75 7, 961. 94 21, 584. 28 12, 429. 13 8,731. 99 3, 977. 49 14, 920. 74 28, 529. 31 25,000. 00 500. 00 127, 639. 87 79,770. 86 16, 829. 26. 596 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States Department of Agriculture, etc.—Continued. Date of ap- propriation Purpose. act. Purchase and distribution of Experimental gardens and \ ab PrQUNnUS. suse os- ts. see dEEE po Sewetes wo MIUROUINEN wece cates Casper nee lane ke (eee Furniture, cases, and repairs -..|....-. NO -peees DIBTATG sen cose bees one ceole sees Osea. - Investigating the history and {; xO vase habits of insects..........-.- Aug. 4, 1886 Reclamation of arid lands, in- cluding an unexpended bal- ance of $7,656.13 from fiscal WORE IESate. 2s 1 cette cease Jan. 20,1883 Investigating the diseases of domestic animals............|..... ile rse Sak Report on forestry........--.-|.--.. Glopesbese IPOSUAGC Se opicnan alee Se ce cece oe ol ein MOE ace Contingent expenses.........-|..--- (oleae eee Building of greenhouse.......-]..--- dO s-s-a- Salaries... 5 2) sees Ss. . eecaee June 5,1884 Collecting agricultural statis- ICR ee ee on oe eee eas oO ae aan Bureau of Animal Industry... Purchase and distribution of BERS OL Mertens ot eee June 5,1884 Laboratory, and for experi- ments in the manufacture of "2101247 9 eee eee SENS OR RS. See Se er dOne ans Investigating the history and habits of insects do Silk culture: -.- =... do Contingent expenses..........]...-- do Report oniforestry,_-..- dco acaet ins do Experimental garden and |f....do SLOUNGS: See ees assess ene Oct. 19,1888 Furniture, cases,and repairs ..| June 5,1884 Poestare 2 ees et eae ese do Experiments in the culture, BEC OL GEWe tee eleccenaecete clones (3 a WIDTATY 2= sao s5o.ce-=- Seen nae aie GOs ecece MTSE TI Soo Soe ae neste peal ae ces Gee. teas Quarantine stations........... June 7,1884 Salaries 22 et. ik eaemenice Mar. 3,1885 Collecting agricultural statis- TLCS 2 = ee a de ore aie ae | Sens dOn2eer-- Bureau of Animal Industry, including an wunexpended balance of $93,192.27 from fiscalyear188o-% 2 = == 3- 5-2 aod] 23 oe G0. scene Quarantine stations,including an unexpended balance of $2,970.82 for fiscal year 1885.-.]....- 0 sina anit Purchase and distribution of REROB CECH creer a nic Soscne pine gees dGe noche Laboratory, and for experi- ments in the manufacture GP RGPaM se 5 553 ee elses 3 fe Core Investigating the history and habits. of insects s.= 5s 2-05. s0|..0=- (co es ees 3 Bae 0) Sees, pe Silk culture. ..........-...----- Oct. 19,1888 Contingent expenses........-- Mar. 3,1885 Report'on forestry... ---55-<- =| <0. < dd Sheaoe2 Experimental garden and Mere G8 Sees g. 4,1886 grounds........-.-.---.----- Oct. 19,1888 Furniture, cases, and repairs..| Mar. 3,1885 Postage joesaeeu cap oaceeeeel eee oe Gow octse Experiments in the culture, RUG: OL CER ec. onc c cn cccwccee tosses se LADTary< fecccceec< tease eee eee dor. ibs MUSOU. oo oes oon onan eee |e tee Gee spss. BRIATIONS 6 cnc5ecccnsssndecs-nee June 30, 1886 Reference to Statutes at Large. Fis Re ¢ a oun cal | “appro: | gAmount ; year.| priated. s 3| ® |g > ov n 22 | 410 | 1 | 1884 | $75,000.00 $74, 986. 48 {5 409 | 1 Nisa] 15,500.00} 15, 448.87 22| 409|1{ 1884] 1,000.00 993.51 22! 410/1/| 1884] 6,000.00] 5, 998.82 22) ait | 1 | 1884 1,500.00 | 1,439.86 eee \1884 20,002.82 | 20,002. 82 22| 411|1| 1884] 17,656.13 | 16,164.68 22| 411] 1] 1884] 25,000.00] 24,011.85 22| 411|1| 1884] 10,000.00 998. 22| 411]1| 1884] 4,000.00| 3,841.48 22| 41111] 1884] 14,000.00] 13,991.43 22| 631]1| 1884! 2,500.00! 2,500.00 23| 36|1/| 1885| 137,590.00| 137,557.80 23| 38|1| 1885] 100,000.00! 99,986.59 23| 31/1] 1885] 150,000.00| 56,807.73 23| 3811] 1885] 100,000.00} 99,983.82 23| 38/1] 1885} 50,000.00 49,996.70 3711] 1885] 20,000.00] 19,986.83 3911/1885] 15,000.00] 14,916.23 3911] 1885 | 15,000.00} 14,862.20 3911] 1885] 10,000.00} 9,987.36 pans \1885 17,840.25 | 17,513.67 38 11{1985| 6,000.00| 5,947.27 3911] 1885] 4,000.00] 3,956.98 23| 39/1] 1885] 3,000.00] 2,998.90 23| 3911] 1885] 1,500.00] 1,403.63 23| 3711] 1885} 1,000.00] 1,000.00 23| 20711] 1885| 25,000.00 | 22,029.18 23| 353|1] 1886 | 137,590.00 | 137,337.42 23| 355|1|1886| 75,000.00| 68,723.06 23| 355|1| 1886] 193,192.27] 58,261.05 23| 356|1|1886| 32,970.82] 18,958.57 23} 354|1 1886 | 100,000.00] 99,980.24 23| 354]1 | 1886| 40,000.00] 39,942.11 23| 35411] 1886} 25,000.00] 24,976.46 93| 356|1 33) 356 | 2 lisse | 15,012.00} 15,008.50 931 35611 |1886| 15,000.00| 14,937.62 931 356|1|1886| 10,000.00| 9,836.83 23| 254] 1 24| 273] 1 |‘iss6| 17,208.13] 17,024.88 25| 581] 1 93| 354|1|/1886| 7,500.00| 7,423.59 23| 356|1|1886| 4,000.00] 2,556.20 23! 356|1|1886| 3,000.00] 1,813.67 93| 355|1| 1886} 1,500.00] 1,417. 23| 354] 1| 1886} 1,000.00 998.88 24! 100111 1887! 1427890.00! 141,420.68 a Unexpended balance of $93,192.27 carried to fiscal year 1886. > Unexpended balance of $2,970.82 carried to fiscal year 1886. Amount unex- pended. 6,276.94 134,931.22 14, 012.25 19.76 57.89 23.54 al DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 597 Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States Department of Agriculture, ete.—Continued. Reference to Gy ag at Large. Date of ap- *8 Purpose. propriation act. é ) sg s| a (8 Collecting agricultural statis- UTS 2 Te ee eee June 30, 1886 | 24] 103] 1 Bureau of Animal Industry ...|..... doves. 2 24} 103} 1 Quarantine stations...........|..... 71 ft ee eae 24) 103) 1 Purchase and distribution of SL OCAG) 0 SaaS Se dee..24.5 24} 102/1 BERMPALOLY'S Soe. 3. ew fe ssn 8 dies.53t. 24] 101} 1 xperiments in the manufac- ture of sugar, including $1,891 PRORDBAIES Ses 2S. ok sd .|s2 od de.s<5.2...| 28) 101 Investigating the history and { es (ee ee 24] 101 habits of insects...........-- Oct. 19, 1888 | 25| 582 Silk culture, including $864.81 {t une 30, 1886 | 24] 101 from sale of raw silk ........ Oct. 19, 1888 | 25] 581 Contingent expenses .......... June 30, 1886 | 24] 104 Report on forestry ............|.... dos2.5'. 24} 103 Experimental garden and Se it 2 eee Oe eee dems. +3 24] 102 Furniture, cases, and repairs. .|.....do....... 24] 103 20 eee ae Gomeceaes 24} 104 Experiments in the culture, etc., of Bureau ee a see Peer nes ae ® a el el le of Animal Industry, including $100,000 immedi- ately available ..... 499 | 1 Quarantine stations 499 | 1 Purchase and distribution of CCG) "Le Pee ee co DOs. 4 24] 498 ]-1 RAMOOTALOLG Soe es evs loc ene daar... 24) 497) 1 Experiments in the manufac- on Saket og A Figen er eee Oiiess. 2.4 24] 497} 1 xperiments in the manufac- ture of sugar (deficiency) .... {Oct. 19, 1888 25) 582) 1 Investigating the history and habits of insects............. Mar. 3, 1887 | 24| 497] 1 Silk culture, including $1,989.06 from sale of raw silk.........]..... Co ata Se 24) 497/1 Contingent expenses..........|...-- Go:..3,..4| 24\| -4901) 4 Report on forestry....:.......|.-... ola 24) 499] 1 Experimental garden and epee ee ee 5 eed doe -p22'3 24] 497/1 Furniture, cases, and repairs . .|.....do....... 24] 498) 1 a ae Ls eee P| ae aioe cae 24] 499] 1 Pomological information......|..... dope A. 24] 497} 1 USS Fo: Se ea ae ee ae EPP dos. 883! 24} 499) 1 Botanical investigations......]..... does ot. 24| 496] 1 Er a Sa Es ae ae 24) 497) 1 Ornithology and mammalogy..|..... dG2s...4: - 24] 497] 1 Adulteration of food..........|. ae Sg aes a a 1 y 1, 1 Balarics.........-----..++.-00+- Mar. 2, 1889 | 25| 923 | 1 Collecting agricultural statis- 5 By Be eet ee Se eeneae, July 18, 1888 | 25} 332]1 Botanical investigations ......|..... Cp ie ae 25| 330) 1 Investigating the history and { (i log Be 25] 331] 1 habits of insects............. Sept. 30,1890 | 26| 525] 1 Aa es | | a8 ar. 2, 188! Ornithology and mammalogy.. Sept. 30,1890 | 26| 525] 1 Mar. 3, 1891 | 26| 880] 1 Pomological information...... July 18, 1888 |{53 | 33) | 3 Microscopical investigations..|..... le ee 25 = 1 a OG naduake 25 1 Laboratory.......-.-.-........ Mar. 2.1880] 25! 8371/1 jet iS) ors S588 § SSSSSSEE5 5I 8s ss ore cob 00 83 ve TO SS i S on ee on Oe . S 8888S88sSsS 8S8 [7] oa 8858882 & sssssssss & ROR 1h Oh v_wwewweww S © C= o —— a pe | S ce & 78 20 65 12 88 98 989.14 220.87 % 499, 975.32 9, 538.75 102, 587.55 5, 969.89 49, 997.43 7,927.50 @ Unexpended balance of $12,923.25 carried to fiscal year 1890. 2,737.81 837.55 (2) ewww wee 4.16 -13 1,005.75 598 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States Department of Agriculture, etc.—Continued. Reference to a eg at Large. Date of ap- cas ae Purpose. propriation act. 4 é ° 3 sla |g Forestry investigations. ...... July 18, 1888 | 25} 333 | 1 Purchase and distribution of SO008 3. 2. See ee ee Be ee aos2-26 25 | 332 )1 Experimental gardens and Prounds: 352 e eee eee Ghee ee 25 332 | 1 Muosetin. £205 oes. 2 tee ee ee dors t= 4 | 25) 332 | 1 Furniture, cases, and repairs..|.-.-.. Gye eae 25 333 | 1 aie) eee eee eres Penne ee seeeeee a mS ; GHbEROT Se Jose ee eee ee OULeeees ‘ = soso ©¢ 25 | 333) 1 Contingent expenses.........- {itax 31891 | 26 | 981 | 1 Office of Experiment Stations.| July 18,1888 | 25] 334] 1 Experiments in the manufac- burconsulcars: 20-5 eee eee Geese es 25 | 333]1 Quarantine stations...........]..... fo ae se 25 | 333 | 1 Bureau of Anima! Industry...|...-- dose. ixe4 | 25} 333) 1 Silk culture, including $708.26 from sale of raw silk........).-.-- do..-.-.-| 25 | 331 | 1 Salaries: ieee 2s ode aes Mar. 2, 1889 | 25| 835} 1 Collecting agricultural statis- Se an eae ee we me pee ee dossses-— 25} 839 | 1 » Botanical investigations, in- cluding an unexpended bal- ||....do....... 125} 836 |1 ance of $12,923.25 from fiscal |(July 28, 1892 | 27 | 296 | 1 VERT 188053 2 ae eee Investigating the history and habits of insects............. ane” 2, 1889 | oe aes : =n st ed Ornithology and mammalogy|{; uly 14,1890 | 26 | 285 Pomological information...... (Mar 2 eat a ay Microscopical investigations. - ar oe ee = oe ahoratonyn2sit- 23 ae anee Mar. 2,1889 | 25| 837 Forestry investigations.......|..... do.....--| 25 | &40 Purchase and distribution of seeds 839 Experimental eae ee useum 2 . aay | ee doss2f 3 25 | 839 Furniture, cases, and repairs. { Apr. 4,1890"| 26 42 o ? Pibrary< 2 440) 5.05 Mar. 2,1889 | 25 | 839 IPOSLAP Os F555 eae ee tenets [noes ue Ee See 2 840 Contingent expenses.........- Mies a i300" BA a . ? Office of Experiment Stations..| Mar. 2,1889 | 25 | 840 Experiments in the manu- facture of sugar, including an unexpended balance of vee Bee 16 from fiscal year : . Aaa oie) See eee Cee See aS Aas onl Ree Oesss-64 5 Quarantine stations........... Pian 44 dows ha 25 | 840/1 Bureau of Animal Industry...|...-. dowsiz3 25] 839; 1 Silk culture, including $1,627.81 from sale of raw silk........|....- doz. +t 25| 837 )1 Artesian wells..........c----- Apr. 4,1890 | 26 42\1 Palarieseh co eect bee tee July 14,1890 | 26} 282/1 Collecting agricultural statis- 4 AN ICS treo Soaeac es oe tceorece sagen Oiwuieses Botanica] investigations......|....- dos Ee ; 26 | 284) 1 Investigating the history and {; =Atdo se ese3 | 26 | 285)1 habits of insects............. July 28,1892 | 27| 296 /1 Ornithology and mammalogy. . {way ee 2 a i ? Pomological information .....- July 14,1890 |. 26 | 285 |1 Microscopical investigations... .|....- dossze es | 26 | 285]1 Vegetable pathology..........|...-.d0....... 26} 285) 1 Raboratory.- S23... sees dons 63 26} 286) 1 Forestry investigations. ......|..... ozs: 2= 2 26 | 286) 1 Illustrations and engravings. .|..... dO =... - 26 | 286 )1 Purchase and distribution of ROOMY Ess owe Sees occ eee GOST < 7 x 26! 28611 Ll ce el el el el el el ee ce dl el =~ —— Par cae 1891 104,200. 00 26, 640. 00 1,000. 00 9,350.00 2,000. 00 4,000. 00 20,000. 00 15,000. 00 83, 364. 76 15,000. 00 500,000. 00 21,627. 81 105, 400. 00 Amount Ament disbursed. pended. $7,999.03 $0.97 104,168. 73 31.27 26, 639. 83 -17 891. 25 108. 75 7,236. 74 113. 26 1,956. 34 43. 66 4,000.00 |.......-.- 15,009. 22 .78 9,033. 77 966. 23 41,635. 24 (a) 11,628. 39 | 3,371.61 479, 623. 57 | 20,376. 43 29,208. 26 | Gates 175, 547.04 | 3,032.96 74, 327. 51 672. 49 47,990. 38 18. 87 19,892.72 | 107.28 6,994. 16 5.84 5A, SOLD oomeneeees 1,062:80 | <.< fo 5,461.99 538. 01 7,999. 96 -04 104,174. 55 25.45 26, 478. 45 161. 55 998. 39 9,261. 93 88.07 1,738.28 | 261.72 4,000.00 |......--.- 19,965. 32 34. 68 14,991. 69 8.31 83,064.14} 300.62 11,266.24 | 3,733.76 311,025. 31 (0) 21,626. 10 1.71 19,652. 17 347. 83 239,923.29 | 8,979. 56 85,126. 44 | 14,873. 56 36,428.36 | 3,571.64 27,481.00 20.77 13,003.67 | 1,001.23 4,983. 88 16.12 3,281.90 | 1,718.10 145995. 75 4.25 19,985.27 | 214.73 9,785.99 | 214.01 1,999. 58 42 105,090. 94 309. 06 a Unexpended balance of $58,364.76 carried to fiscal year 1890. b> Unexpended balance of $188,974.69 carried to fiscal year 1891. ————— a DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 599 Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States Department of Agriculture, ete.—Continued. Reference ee at Large. Date of ap- 8 Fis- | Amount Amount | 4mount Purpose. propriation cal appro- disbursed unex- act. 3 year.| priated * | pended. = wo 1S S| a |e Document and folding room .-| July 14,1890 | 26 | 287 | 1 | 1891 $2, 000. 00 $1, 995. 53 $4. 47 Experimental garden and BLOUNIOS. o5< 2 us. =: wos eee doea-s-t.- 26 287 | 1 | 1891 28, 500. 00 28, 396. 41 103. 59 | GTS eee es oe den s.2. a 287 | 1 | 1891 4, 000. 00 3, 832. 28 167.72 Furniture, cases, and repairs.{ -;77-2°s" 33917] 38 | agsq | 1 }1801 | 12,000.00 | 11, 991. 01 8.99 LS ee | July 14, 1890 26 287 | 1 | 1891 3, 000. 00 2, 997. 20 2.80 UNE GOL SAE Se OBE Pees Ree GOzzi.-.5 26 | 287 | 1 | 1891 5, 000. 00 4, 833. 00 167.00 Contingent expenses. .........|..... doz.c-2 = 26 | 287 | 1 | 1891 20, 000. 00 18,097.13 | 1,902.87 Office of Experiment Stations.|..... doz s5-22 re 288 1 | 1891 15, 000. 00 14, 984. 48 15. 52 Ehee of susan mated Siar" 180i | 26 | 1080 | 1 [}289L| 75,000.00 | 74,901.18] 98.82 Irrigation investigations. ..... Sept. 30,1890 | 26 | 525 | 1 | 1891 40, 000. 00 39, 926. 67 73. 33 Quarantine stations..........-. July 14,1890 | 26] 288] 1 | 1891 15, 000. 00 13, 586.72 | 1,413.28 Bureau of Animal Industry, including an wunexpended balance of $188,974.69 from Fagalovea T1890. 25. ..=22:2s2:|0e-~- dO=re <2 26 | 287] 1) 1891 | 538,974.69 | 469,113.35 | 69,861.34 Silk culture, including $565 from sale of raw silk........]..... doze. .-!: 26 | 285] 1 | 1891 20, 565. 00 19, 536.33 | 1,028.67 PPUUETIBR en. = ene os re BS ot Mar. 3,1891 | 26 | 1045 | 1 | 1892 | 256,800.00 | 252,766.17 | 4,033.83 Collecting agricultural statis- ich ae Oe eS tees dosze == 5: 26 1046 | 1 | 1892 | 102,500.00 88, 869.51 | 13,630. 49 Botanical investigations. .... { - cae ee Senile | wala i892 40,246.40| 40,246.40 |......... i Investigating the history and habits of insects...........-- Mar. 3,1891 | 26 | 1047 | 1 | 1892 27, 800. 00 27, 780. 03 19.97 Ornithology and mammalogy.|....-. dase ss 26 | 1047 | 1 | 1892 15, 000. 00 14, 688. 00 312.00 Pomological information....--!....- dosei..:*: 26 | 1047 | 1 | 1892 5, 000. 00 4, 985. 27 14.73 Microscopical investigations - .|_._.. G6. 052-62 26 | 1047 | 1 | 1892 2, 000. 00 1, 251. 46 748. 54 Vegetable pathology......... { recs saoa'| cal aan Va |tBe2. | 45, 076,27 1? 1m, O7p, 47> (tea LOO) a a Mar. 3,1891 | 26 | 1047 | 1 | 1892 19, 400. 00 19, 272. 59 127. 41 Fiber investigations. ...-......|..... dost: 3.2, 26 | 1048 | 1 | 1892 10, 000. 00 8,017.44 | 1,982.56 Forestry investigations... ... { ii ae 3 1803" = Te : 1892 | 15,056.85 | 15,056.85 |..-....... ; Illustrations and engravings.-.| Mar. 3,1891 | 26 | 1048 | 1 | 1892 2, 000. 00 1,999. 85 15 Purchase and distribution of SOG08=...5~5=)-225-< Rrsentueea=s| se. << (bt ae 26 | 1048 | 1 | 1892} 105,400.00 | 104,920.35 479. 65 Document and folding room. .|.....do....... 26 | 1049 | 1 | 1892 2, 000. 00 1, 996. 82 3.18 spread ce SH Oa ga | 2 | 10 | uoea | oona sa | aasoner| — akso LUTE ee Se ee aes eee Mar. 3,1891 | 26 | 1049 | 1 | 1892 4, 000. 00 3, 909. 17 90. 83 Furniture, cases, and repairs. .|..... dota: 222: 26 | 1049 | 1 | 1892 10, 000. 00 9, 996. 55 3. 45 17 et. in ee ee a ae Gorse s-5- 26 | 1049 | 1 | 1892 3, 000. 00 2, 807. 75 192. 25 Postage eee eee eee deks= a. 2- 26 | 1049 | 1 | 1892 5, 000. 00 4, 900. 00 100. 00 Contingent expenses. .........|..... Goss2-F- 26 | 1049 | 1 | 1892 25, 000. 00 24, 762. 32 237. 68 ae otf eee ene pane] a de iia So de on aie 1 | 1892 20, 000. 00 19, 989. 47 10. 53 xperiments in the snanufac-/{)..... Obeians- 6 | 1050 | 1 \\1g99 35, 000. 00 34, 627.78 372. 22 GONG. SUPER. ow 55s cea = Mar. 18, 1892 | 27 mi T 7 be Vinee ¥ Quarantine stations........... Mar. 3,1891 | 26 | 1050 | 1 | 1892 15, 000. CO 14, 983. 63 16.37 Bureau of Animal Industry. { ian a 1892" es - ; 1892 | 650,000.00 | 649,980. 91 19.09 Weather PPINGEN os hes ee on. 2 x Mar. 3,1891 | 26 | 1051 | 1 | 1892 | 889,753.50 | 861,840.83 | 27,912. 67 pO CC ee eae July 5,1892 | 27 74 | 1] 1893 ; 256,800.00 | 253,896.30 | 2,903.70 Collecting agricultural statis- WCB an m --- oo. ces SE Ae Gh) eee 27 76 | 1} 1893} 110,000.00 95, 649.21 | 14,350.79 Botanical investigations and experiments.................]..... OGest «2s 27 76 | 1 | 1893 27, 500. 00 27, 451. 55 48. 45 Investigating the history and habits of insects... ...2...22|:...- dGrs: =. 4. 27 77 | 1 | 1893 17, 800. 00 17, 290. 80 509. 20 Investigations in ornithology and mammalogy............|..... do 77 | 1] 1893} 15,000.00} 14,947.77 52.23 Pomological information......|..... do 77 | 1 | 1893 5, 000. 00 4, 745. 94 254. 06 Microscopical investigations. .|.....do.. 77 | 1 | 1893 2, 000. 00 1, 982. 98 17. 02 Le sont DATMOLORY oo Sewisc nas! oso 77 | 1 | 1893 20, 000. 00 19, 977. 38 22. 62 Laboratory.......... 77 | 1| 1893 19, 400. 00 18,002.59 | 1,397.41 Fiber investigations 78 | 1 | 1893 5, 000. 00 4, 997. 07 2.93 Forest investigations. ........)..... 78 | 1 1893 12, 000. 00 11, 933. 39 66. 61 Illustrations and ravings..|..... do 78 | 1 | 1893 2, 000. 00 1, 906. 73 93. 27 Purchase and distribution of Ct ee eer ep eo. ea Gig iene 27 78 | 1 | 1893 | 135,400.00 | 134,908. 27 491.73 Document and folding room...|..... E0695 swity 27 78 | 1 | 1893 2, 000. 00 1, 623. 55 376. 45 Experimental garden and BTOMNGHL app eecnee a> ecb deerylsd~ssAGaws vd. |an 78 | 1 | 1893 28, 500. 00 28, 115. 09 384. 91 600 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States Department of Agriculture, etc.—Continued. Purpose. MUSOUN «6. 2ae occnsace=- == -- Furniture, cases, and repairs. . ibrary=. Rote sees =o cee eec ee Bosuewe-- 2. fe ia Fe osce eeeee= Contingent expenses-.......---- Experiment stations. ..-.-....-- Experiments in the manufac- brireof supa Foo: boone Irrigation investigations. ..... Quarantine stations-.-......--- ir Saat in the production OUTDO. ence oee cee Bureau of Animal Industry. -- Weather Bureau.........------ Salariog: et ie et st BA eae Collecting agricultural statis- LTCC Is ae ee ee So ae Botanical investigations and experiments;.>.022-.52s. ses: Investigating the history and habits of insects): -.- 225.222 - Investigatior3 in ornithology and mammalogy..-.-------- La Pomological information. ----- 5 Microscopical investigations... yer pathology-.--------- Maporatonysese ee eece ce ascee = Fiber investigations.......---- Forestry investigations. ...--- Tilustrations and engravings. - Purchase and distribution of SC60S 2c hee eens See ae Document and folding room. - - Experimental garden and TORS: coe anse se neee meee acter Experiments in the manufac- HurelOl sisateee n= s-cese= = Irrigation investigations. ....- Quarantine stations......----- hay Bureau of Animal Industry..--)_. Weather Bureau.......------- Sates’: sfc Geen se tes seas sees Collecting agricultural statis- 1 5( 61: Fay ae as at a et Botanical investigations and OxPONImMentSe.- se. sas ose Ivestigating the history and habits of insects........----- Investigations in ornithology, haus det OIE £8. A> 52 hs Se Pomological information. ...-. Microscopical investigations . - Vegetable pathological investi- PAUONS, Cte sean se: - 2a at Laboratory seen seer arses Fiber investigations.........-. Report on forestry ---.----.--- Illustrations and engravings. . Purchase and distribution of valuable seeds..-...---2:-22: Document and folding room .. Experimental gardens and Furniture, cases, and repairs -- WSRDTALY'=/5/2 tls SSE Soe IR POSLAPO. ee ot 2 otte agence Nutrition investigations ....../4.++edQer.eee.-) 28 Reference to ao Date of ap- at Large. is- | Amount Amount propriation |—~— cal appro- ances unex- act. g | ,|Year| priated. - * | pended. S|) a |3 July 5, 1892 | 27] 79]1)] 1893] $4,000.00) $3,973. 67 $26. 33 lesen Ora 2-<- lee 79 | 1} 1893 10, 000. 00 8,931.97 | 1,068. 03 coe WOs-sceec=| eat 79 | 1 | 1893 3, 000. 00 2, 535. 29 464. 71 =e do.......|27| 79|1]| 1893} 5,000.00] 3705.00 | 1,295.00 oS do......-| 27] 79]1 | 1893 | 25,000.00} 297218.19 | 2°781. 81 aS. do......-| 27] 80|1| 1803 | 207000.00| 18°987.65| 1,012.35 oe do.......}27| 80] 1] 1893 | 20,000.00] 19,984. 86 15.14 ote do...-....| 27] 76|1| 1893] 6,000.00] — 4930.67 | 1,069.33 Ee do.......|27| 80] 1] 1893} 15,000.00 | 12°633.23 | 2° 366) pares do.......| 27| 76/}1]|1893| 10,000.00} 4,979.59 | 5,020.41 558 do.......| 27] 79 | 1| 1893 | 50;000.00 | 724’ 696.74 |125; 303, 26 ones (6 (oj) heey 7h 81 | 1} 1893 | 913,660.72 | 890, 424.77 | 23,235.95 Mar. 3,1803 | 27| 734 | 1| 1804] 256,800.00 | 233,679. 75 | 23, 120. 25 roe do.......| 27 { f.9 |1| 1894] 110,000.00 | 91, 080.20 | 18, 919. 80 ee Gozss..5-| Zie| Wet 1894 30, 000. 00 24, 401.40 | 5,598.60 Lose dows. .2-|) 27 37 | 1 | 1894 20, 300. 00 16, 203.96 | 4,096.04 1db=4-4-2 27 | 737|1| 1994] 17,500.00) 17, 450.00 50. 00 s2008@n asec 27 | 738 | 1] 1894 5, 000. 00 4, 248. 99 751.01 ee 27| 7383/1] 1804) 2'000.00| 1117.55] 882. 45 Baio kone 27 | 738] 1] 1894 20, 000. 00 17,576.95 | 2, 423.05 See OO s=54-5- peek 38 | 1 | 1894 21,900. 00 10, 426.79 | 11, 473.21 $9753 do...--..| 27| 738|1|1894| 5,000.00] 2'500.47 | 2) 499.53 Besa Gower ssc) 2) fos | Le 1gor 20, 000. 00 19, 995. 96 4.04 ye oe dOeees-s- ae) es | dey ase 2, 000. 00 664.79 | 1,335. 21- Pacis do...--.-| 27 | 738} 1] 1894} 135,400.00 | 119,719.76 | 15,680.24 Seed Oza == zee Woon) Meet eod 2,000. 00 1, 662. 81 337.19 ni) do.......| 27| 739|1]| 1894] 31,500.00] 26,616.86 | 4,883.14 a eece do..---.-| 27 | 739 | 1 | 1894 4,000. 00 2,787.22 | 1,212.78 ea GO~ -| doves... .t Botanical investigations and Cog tui it) oe ee | GOccescas Entomological ee ek. doavs...4 Vegetable pathological investi- gations Re eee ee ee (Co eS Biological investigations. ..... din Cian eee Pomological investigations....\..... WOenxtecs Reference to Statutes at Large. elidel ° 3 S| lé 23} 272] 1 } 28| 271) 1 28} 266} 1 28) 27k) 1 28 | 271) 1 | 28} 269)1 28} 269/|1 28) 272-1 28) 727 |1 28 | 729) 1 28:) 729:) 1 28 | 730) 1 28 | 730) 1 28 | 730) 1 28 | 730) 1 28 | 730) 1 28 730) 1 28} 730/1 28) 731) 1 ABul Fao Wa 28} 73L.) 1 23 | Tol |) 1 28) 733) 1 28 | 733) 1 28 | 734) 1 28 | 734) 1 SL 2Shl § Poa te t 28) 735) 1 28 | 735) 1 28 | 735) 1 23) 735} 1 28 735 | 1 28} 735) 1 28} 735) 1 28) 735) 1 28 | 736) 1 28.1) Tet le 28} 736) 1 29 99 | 1 29; 105) 1 29| 104} 1 29; 105; 1 29} 105/1 29; 105) 1 29; 105) 1 29; 101/1 29; 101/1 29; 102/1 29; 102/1 29| 102)1 20° 102! I Amount appro- priated. $25, 000. 00 25,000. 00 10,000. 00 10,000. 00 6,000. 00 12,000. 00 800, 000. 00 878, 438. 84 252,840. 00 110, 000. 00 10,000. 00 10,000. 00 15,000. 00 = 2 SS5SSE3S5SEE2= sessssqsssssss Amount disbursed. $20, 452. 79 24,928. 22 6,901. 66 6,188. 80 3,904. 88 6,262. 17 534, 028. 38 820, 691. 94 217, 066. 97 68, 628. 99 9, 568. 39 20,325. 37 17,372. 43 16,175. 45 4,996. 41 22, 371. 15 6, 492. 05 126, 476. 87 1,510: 94 27,712. 86 14892. 96 13,329. 47 13, 524. 84 19,274. 15 17, 483. 05 4,981. 52 Amount unex- pended. $4, 547. 21 71.78 3,098. 34 3,811. 20 2,095. 12 5, 737. 83 1265, 971. 62 57,746. 90 35,773. 03 41,371.01 431. 61 4,674. 63 2, 627. 57 1,324.55 1,003. 59 2000. 00 1, 460. 82 3, 441. 47 6,601. 88 2,014. 29 938. 77 7,128. 85 5, 507. 95 58,923. 13 8, 489. 06 2, 430. 89 9,970. 18 107. 04 1,670. 53 1,475.16 1,354. 02 785. 00 838. 10 1,289. 64 568. 08 9,087. 29 1204, 663. 36 "71,145. 30 23,068. 05 2, 432. 41 168. 85 104. 55 1,270.00 2,019. 71 5, 435. 81 26, 932. 38 - 36 1,362. 99 725. 85 16. 95 1,018. 48 a Of this amount $720,000 was paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury De- partment. + Includes $143.75 from the sale of card index. ¢ Includes $119.47 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications, 602 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States Department of Agriculture, etc.—Continued, Purpose. Date of ap- propriation act. saboratoryes 235-428. -- seh Forestry investigations.......|. Experimental gardens and Proundsse. .\ Picco nee se eeeeele Soil investigations..........-..|. Grass and forage plant investi- Pabions =. ce. sss Ho. e Ss |e Fiber investigations...........]. Agricultural experiment sta- tions ($750,000) Gees. 24 aso |4 Nutrition investigations....-.|. Public road inquiries........-..|. Publicationsy. sasccse. es eke | Purchase and distribution of valuableiseeds.. s%.....5.353 9534 Bureau of Animal Industry-...|. Weather Bureau.........:.-..|- Salaries, officers and clerks... - Furniture, cases, and repairs. -|. AGIDTAM Vis S Slee 's eee seen |e OSTA SG aoe aie sae 3 Dee rae Contingent expenses........-.|- Animal quarantine stations...|- Collecting agricultural statis- ICSA Ta ae ee eo eae Botanical investigations and experiments sot 09 4 eS Entomological investigations -|. Vegetable pathological investi- \. Gabions:. ) see eee See Biological investigations... ....|. Pomological investigations. ---|- Laboratory Sasa: See eee es I Forestry investigations. ......|- Experimental gardens and STOUNGS USES eee 8 2 Sse 3 Soil investigations............]- Grass and forage plant investi- Pations' 2e42 seace see weteale Fiber investigations. ..........]. Agricultural experiment sta- \ tions ($755,0002).-........... Nutrition investigations. .....|. Public road inquiries. -...-....|- Publications, including Farm- ers’ Bulletins.........------- Investigating production of domestic sugars .-:-.-2 2L2¢)- Purchase and distribution of valuable: seedsac-- 2250-25. 255 Salaries and expenses, Bureau \ of Animal Industry......-- Weather Bureau..............|. Salaries, officers and clerks... - Furniture, cases, and repairs. .|- Library hs Sae-ese-ee-. be ee cee Muse. ote s.b6-6-02-5e8- seo POStALC: 2 Le eee aes Peewee Contingent expenses.........-|- Animal quarantine stations. ..|. Collecting agricultural statis- Botanical investigations and experiments ..cssc25-:¢ ee 2e8)- a Of this amount $720,000 was P. 6 Includes $127.25 from the sa sce ag 1896 Apr. 23, 1897 Reference to Statutes at Large. Oo a |g >| a la 29} 102) 1 29 103 | 1 29} 103)) 1 29| 103); 1 29 103 | 1 29; 103) 1 29 103] 1 29) 104/)1 29! 104) 1 29) 104) 1 29) 106) 1 29 106 | 1 297) LOE | 30 OIA 30 chal 30 yal 30 8j1 30 8/1 30 8) 1 30 al 30 ay | al 30 4}1 30 4}1 30 4}1 30 4)1 30 4)1 30 S| 30 5|1 30 sjj al 30 ‘a Pal 30 6]1 30 6/1 30 Gali. 30 Giiyal 30 7¢ ia 30 dale 30 39 | 1 30 8) 1 30 eal 30 eal 30} 330!1 30 | 336 | 1 30 | 336 | 1 30 | 336 | 1 30 |..336 | 1 30 | 337 }1 30 | 336 )1 30 | 333 |} 1 30! 333 11 1899 1899 1899 1899 Amount appro- priated. $12, 400. 00 20,000. 00 20,000. 00 10, 000. 00 10,000. 00 5,000. 00 6 30, 127. 25 15,000. 00 8, 000. 00 70, 000. 00 150, 000. 00 650, 000. 00 ¢ 883, 876, 28 319, 300. 00 9,000. 00 7,000. 00 3,000. 00 3, 000. 00 25, 000. 00 12,000. 00 110, 000. 00 15,000. 00 20, 000. 00 20, 000. 00 17, 500. 00 8,000. 00 12, 400. 00 | 20,000. 00 25,000. 00 10, 000. 00 10,000. 00 5,000. 00 35, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 8, 000. 00 65,000. 00 5,000. 00 130, 000. 00 675, 000. 00 883, 702. 00 319, 300. 00 20, 000. 00 “_ Amount disbursed. $10, 800. 18 19, 514. 88 19, 483, 28 9, 868. 16 9, 203. 14 4143. 00 29,171. 57 14, 821. 64 7,873. 97 67,709. 89 142, 822. 52 642,715. 68 |. 870,581. 46 285,181. 30 92, 896. 01 9,021. 09 14,714. 50 6,718. 71 19, 831. 32 24, 937. 31 121, 870. 38 19, 972. 07 27. 93 aid dicey, to the experiment stations from the Treasury Department. e of card index. ¢ Includes $104.28 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications. ee DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 6038 Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States Department of Agriculture, ete—Continued. Reference to Statutes Date of ap- | “t Large. | Fis- Purpose. propriation cal act. E 3 year. o| aig med TS i Wi Entomological investigations.| Mar. 22, 1898 | 30 | 333 | 1 | 1899 Vegetable pathological inves- MIRA TIOUS: pee ok 2S OSk IE 2. s doei.- 4. 30 | 333 | 1 | 1899 ! Biological investigations. .....|.---- dosits 3-2 | 30) 334 | 1 | 1899 Pomological investigations-..-|.-.-- (al spe ae | 30 | 334] 1 | 1899 MAO LHEOLY opens 22s ne |sae=e doess===- 30 | 334] 1 | 1899 Forestry investigations...-....|.---- Gone S355 30 | 334 | 1 | 1899 Experimental gardens and PEONMGRN cette na ooe ae los oe Gowen s=* | 30; 334] 1 | 1899 Soil investigations.............|----- ages = 3-2 30 | 334 | 1 | 1899 Grass and forage plant inves- TVR (GT Ls ee epee a See (< (RAS 30 | 335 | 1 | 1899 Irrigation information........|----- doz: --2.- 30 | 335 | 1 | 1899 Agricultural experiment sta- tions ($760,000 ¢@)..........- a: do 30 | 335 | 1 | 1899 Nutrition investigations. . 30 | 335 | 1 | 1899 Public road inquiries. ........-. -| 30 | 336 | 1 | 1899 PPI MCMTIOUS <5 oc'~ ooh cw ew cne = 30 | 336 | 1 | 1899 Purchase and distribution of HUA DIO SECON... 5-5-5505 |----< do: 2s.2-2 30 | 337 | 1 | 1899 Investigating production of Hemestiosupars: .....28.555.|-- 2.2 dos s-s=- 30} 338 | 1 | 1899 Salaries and expenses, Bureau | of Animal Industry .........|----- doer S22 30 | 338 | 1 | 1899 iMentner Brreai-— 5... 862.26 i2s.<. does 3:- 30 | 339} 1 | 1899 Salaries, officers and clerks....| Mar. 1,1899 30) 947 | 1 | 1900 Furniture, cases, and repairs- .|----- dose--35- | 30 | 955 | 1 | 1900 RATAN wen aan ace Se secs ~~ 22a) GOssssso5 | 30 | 954 | 1 | 1900 DC ae ae eee Resse dae# i=: 30 | 954 | 1} 1900 DS eee Eee doseee =e 30 | 954 | 1 | 1900 Se tinpant expemnses.........-- eee (diumeases-> 30 | 955 | 1 | 1900 Animal quarantine stations...)----- dOssseo25 30 | 954 | 1 | 1900 Collecting agricultural statis- ss eo ee es 8 ee ee. |sae eS doe*.-3:2 30} 950 | 1 | 1900 Botanical investigations and BEpormenta ye... 85. 2 _|2... 2 do......-| 30 | 950 | 1 | 1900 Entomological investigations .|----- does .= 3. 30 | 951 | 1 | 1900 Vegetanle pathological inves- APA TIOUSSS\see L... $50 Ube. 951 | 1 | 1900 Biological investigations. ..-.-. 951 | 1 | 1900 Pomoloyvical investigations. --- 951 | 1 | 1900 MABOralory. 2222S... 252 be. 951 | 1 | 1900 Forestry investigations... ....- 952 | 1 | 1900 Experimental gardens and Oren 4 ake ee eee (3 (0) = ey oe a 30 | 952 | 1 | 1900 Soil investigations.............|----- (5 (0 | See 30 | 952 | 1 | 1900 Grass and forage plant inves- Haga lone es ee 3|.... Se SSE |e). (0 ee Se 30 | 952 |} 1} 1900 Irrigation investigations......|.---. ls ee 30 | 953 | 1 | 1900 Agricultural experiment sta- tions ($765,000 2).............]----- do...-.--| 30 | 953 | 1 | 1900 Nutrition investigations. .....|--..- cc (oe ea 30 | 953 | 1 | 1900 Public road inquiries. ........----- dors. = 30 | 954 | 1} 1900 Punlications. 2a... 5.20295. ]5-.- 6 (a3) ee a 30} 954 | 1 | 1900 Purchase and distribution of valuable seeds............-..|----- dons 2x 30 | 955 | 1 | 1900 Investigating production of d@omesticibugar.= .....t0.420.[¢. ... aor. 4. 30 | 956 | 1 | 1900 Tea-culture investigations - .-..|----- GO senna 30 | 956 | 1 | 1900 Salaries and expenses, Bureau of Animal Industry.-........|----- dots... +: 30 | 956 | 1 | 1900 Weather Bureau... 2.00.00 .|2<..- | ae Se 30 | 957 | 1 | 1900 Salaries, officers and clerks....| May 20,1900 | 31 | 191 | 1 | 1901 RAWEANG <5 Soo ee nee Seta talecs - Ge ee ae 31 | 194] 1 | 1901 Contingent expenses...........|----- do......-| 31 | 194 | 1 | 1901 Animal quarantine stations...|.-... (2 (3 eae 31} 194] 1 | 1901 Collecting agricultural statis- IOS... ode SE aM Page aes ae GOs. =e 31 | 194] 1} 1901 Botanical investigations and emperiments sche. 0-26 s25-6)5 =. oe GGi 34. 31} 195] 1] 1901 Entomological investigations .|- -.-. dons .5 3 31} 195} 11 1901 Vegetable pathological investi- MUMOUNSs co cease cesta tecaatece =e 0 siase Including $251.01 received from sales of card index. c Including $514.96 received from sales of American butter in foreign markets. 4 Including $157.05 received from sales of card index. DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 605 Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended baiances for the United States Department of Agriculture, etce.—Continued. Purpose. Weather Bureau—Continued. Jo, thot ee ae Contingent expenses.........- Urgent deficiency, contingent.. Vegetable pathological investi- ReOTIS ee ee Vegetable pathological investi- gations, 1902-3.....:...-....- Pomological investigations. -.. Botanical investigations and Gxperiments.—.-.22 25. <-2--- Grass and forage plant investi- PeiatOTIn s. See o ees te Ie fee Experimental gardens and pemmnds 2: 2S SS Ste Arlington Experimental Farm. Investigating -production of mamestic sugar. ......22.222. Tea-culture investigations... .|.... Purchase and distribution of valuable seeds..............- Forestry investigations WADOTAUORY:. -. 202 2soccb a5. 32 Soil investigations............ Entomological investigations.. Entomological investigations, OY Ne Be ee See Biologicalinvestigations...... Biological investigations,1902-3| Urgent deficiency publications. bangs agricultural statis- Te Ae BS os Le eee ee Agricultural experiment sta- ions ($796,000@)............ Amount of deposits. ........-.. Nutrition investigations. ..... Trrigation investigations...... Public road inquiries.......... Foreign market investigations. Silk investigations............ Expenses, Bureau of Animal Tidtistry see CAT. fal fee Urgent deficiency, Bureau of Animal Industry............ Weather Bureau: Rpreriess Meetoo Selo. SR. ae2. Fuel, lights, and repairs... .. Contingent expenses........ General expenses...........- Meteorological observation BreWORSse s-70. oe. SS ee Bi yniitsccirs Dp Aas lap’ aes Sees Cables and land lines. ....... Storm - warning stations, Glenhaven and _ South Manitou Island, Mich..... Salaries, Department of Agri- culture, officers and clerks... Salaries, extra laborers. ....... Bureau of Animal Industry: General expenses, including $1,800 for rent of building. . To eradicate contagious dis- eases of als a Of this amount $720, 000 was paid directly to thee > Reeeipts from sales of certain products of Alaska, Reference A at t Large. Date of ap- “ geet etl propriation act. 3 3| ® Ig >| a la Mar. 2,1901} 31] 923) 1 Swe dos:. 5...) 3k}, 923: ) 1 yeas doe 325524] SL] 19241) 2 eee dors! 43h | 924) 2 June 3, 1902 | 32} 286]1 ee Oe he abies] a00| ee Gos 543) Sa Fo0L ba ees do.......] 32 | 1062 | 1 ae GES cla oee), seul t Laooe “Ue (epee ee | IBS >i E22 re Osea a ae] FOOT SL ee 02 oo dss8} 325) 8292 4k Rea gOS. Ae) eer) 202 1d, Liess dossos = -132))) +293: |: as age Os sab sc alroai|eage Fok Brass GO rfc 5 e2h | 3295) 11 Oe se 32 | 293) 1 32 | 293] 1 32 | 295) 1 32 | 296) 1 32 | 297) 1 BEL Sc 3 (a eee Fe 4 Pl ae wit ae dp <2 552 s21%52)|| B29O8h i Sees do2s.222.) 82: 298: ).1 Eee Gon s2 fe 32h} 7298\) 1 Bat sem do. -..--| 02 | 1062!) 1 See Ot <-32-2} eet) 1o00n 1 iL =) ee dols)2.4.]ro2? SOL | cae GO apee Sea POZE Stoll fea] eee dot S27. (Saif 302 11 wae. do. 2-228) Sah) 0250 eee GOs. Lo. 27 lise | aede, [AL BS. a dots 322.4/Seih 300! [1 eee do. ..../ 32] 303] 1 | Bet do....-..| 32 | 289] 1 ae dor. 5.| ‘Saih W165 || ay a doi. ..2.| 32°} 286 | 1 ae Golde 2c eat) 2287-1 See GONE 25.) SI 287) 1 feed Ons. 3.221 Sao) eee ll 5) ee GOS. =.5.| dBi 288 | 1 Date Go: <6... |[83"|| 2288: 2 Te do.......| 82: 288 | 1 Pe do.......| 82} 288] 1 Mar. 3,1903 | 32 | 1147 | 1 — dO... eas] BS LIE? | 1 pS oan do......-| 32 | 1150 | 1 Ee (1 Us Fie epee | hap "are Niel ee Fis- | Amount eal appro year.| priated 1902 $8. 000. 00 1902 | 865. 500.00 1902 60, 000. 00 1902 46, 000. 00 1903 | 465,500. 00 1903 8,000. 00 1903 37,000. 00 1903 6,000. 00 1903 | 105,000.00 1903 5, 000. 00 1903 30, 000. CO 1903 55, 000. 00 1903 30,000. 00 1903 25, 000. 00 1903 15, 000. 00 1903 5, 000. 00 1903 10,000. 00 1903 | 270,000.00 1903 | 254,000. 00 1903 60, 500. 00 1903 | 130,000.00 1903 37, 500. 00 1903 8,000. 00 1903 26,000. 00 1903 { 4,000. 00 1903 94, 200. 00 1903 76,000. 00 1903 | 61,886.00 1903 20, 000. 00 | 1903 65, 000. 00 1903 30,000. 00 1903 6,500. 00 1903 10, 000. 00 1903 |1, 660,000. 00 1903 | 500,000.00 1903 | 165,260.00 1903 10,000. 00 1903 | 915,000.00 1903 | 60,000. 00 1903 | 50,000. 00 1903 | 40,000.00 250,000. 00 riment stations from the Treasury De awaii, and Porto Rico experiment stations, Amount Amount . unex- disbursed. pended $7,942.81 | $57.19 864; 490.74 | 1,009.26 59,646.49 | 353.51 46,000.00 |.......... 450,976.17 | 14,523.83 7,635.11 | 364.89 42,916.14 83.86 103,646.28 | 1,353.72 4,130.02 | 869.98 29,606.83 | 393.17 54,900. 42 99. 58 29,527.41 | 472.59 24,935.74 64.26 147998. 81 1.19 4,065.10 | 934.90 7,500.10 | 2,499.90 266,229.81 | 3,770.19 2447781.68 | 9/218. 32 59,518.91 | 918.09 128; 408.15 | 1,591.85 37, 485. 44 14.56 7,989. 42 10. 58 25,616.80 | 383.20 1,949. 61 50. 39 \ 190,961. 49 | 13,038. 51 94, 023. 27 176.73 \ 77,552.69) 333.31 19, 901. 12 98. 88 62)201.12 | 2,798.88 29; 996. 13 3.87 6,140.02 | 359.98 7,133.32 | 2,866.68 },a44113.05 215, 886. 95 164,927.46! 332.54 9) 964. 65 35.35 7,806.38 | 193.62 { 4287 219.24 | 1,280.76 480,377.71 | 5,622.29 59,628.24] 871.76 49; 467.00 | 533.00 40,000.00 |.....-.... 15,000.00 |........-. 458, 295.90 | 11,784.10 982. 01 17.99 1,199, 410.98 | 580.02 249,868.64! 131.06 t. 606 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Siatement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States Department of Agriculture, etc.—Continued. Purpose. Bureau of Plant Industry: Vegetable pathological in- vestigations. 9... 22.2.5. Rent of building.........-. Vegetable pathological in- vestigations, 1903-4........ Pomological investigations. - Botanical investigations and experiments............- Rent of building...........- Grass and forage plant in- vestigations............. Rent of building. ......... Experimental gardens and grounds, Department of APTICULiTITes 202-2 eee Arlington Experimental arm Se. eee ae Tea-culture investigations... Purchase and distribution of valuable seeds..........- Foreign seed and plant in- CrOGuChIONe =~ sees noe Rent of building.........- Investigating production of domestic'supar.. --2- 52222. Bureau of Forestry: Forestry investigations, in- cluding $10,000 for rent of butiding, Fak ek hs i ree eve Protection of forest reserves @ Bureau of Chemistry: Laboratory, including $5,000 for table siru Laboratory, table sirup, 1903-45, eee Ss eee Bureau of Soils, including $2,000 for rent of building - Entomological investiga- ODS: eee esosss oe essen Silk investigations.......... Entomological investiga- tions; 190342 = ui-.. See eee Biological investigations, in- cluding $1,000 for care of pai. © ere fe ee ee Publications, Department of Farmers’ Agriculture, Bulletins Artists, ete WahornetGs--) 1904 7, 500. 00 See do......-| 32] 1163 ! 1 | 1904 10, 000. 00 m3 do.......| 32 | 1163 | 1 |. 1904 37, 000. 00 eee dO sctecbee 32 | 1163 | 1 | 1904 40,000. 00 ee 52 doser.t5 || 32%) 164.) Ti, 1904 15, 000. 00 = Spsiaia do.......| 32 | 1164 | 1 | 1904 15, 000. 00 cee ae do..:-..-| 32] 1164 | 1 | 1904 15, 000. 00 ASE do.......| 32 | 1164 | 1 | 1904 5,000. 00 Dee es do.......| 32 | 1164] 1] 1904] 20,000.00 peer do.......| 32 | 1165 | 1 | 1904 65, 000. 00 SEs do......-} 32 | 1165 | 1 | 1904 32,000. 00 PaaS do.......! 32! 1165.' 1! 1904 3, 000. 00 @ This appropriation and amount transferred from Department of Interior. > Of this amount, $720,000 is paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury Department. Amount disbursed. $122, 889. 98 2) 109. 96 4,998. 41 35, 636. 08 60, 693. 23 3,000. 00 34,514. 48 250. 00 24,984. 11 14, 972. 99 8, 701. 07 257, 247.74 311, 588. 63 | 341.12 60, 317. 39 9, 898. 89 166, 286. 32 39, 114. 76 9} 055. 31 11, 825. 82 33, 066. 92 104, 997. 90 97 992. 49 84,746. 73 103, 225. 90 4,996. 84 7, 455. 40 9,972. 93 36, 999. 77 39, 997. 74 Amount unex- pended. \ $0.06 256.26 2,012. 07 3,000. 00 750. 59 1,271.37 16, 522. 89 182. 61 101.11 3, 713. 68 4,385. 24 944. 69 174.18 933. 08 2.10 7.51 253. 27 974.10 3.16 44. 60 27.07 DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 607 Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States Department of Agriculture, etc-—Continued. Reference eee at Large. Date of ap- ee al Tis- | Amount fos Amount Purpose. propriation cal appro- disbursed unex- act. es year.| priated. * | pended. =| ° 3 |3 >| a ja Weather Bureau: “LPT eee Mar. 3, 1903 | 32 | 1148 | 1 | 1904 | $175,440.00 | $175,098.94 $341. 06 Fuel, lights, and repairs.....|.-... doe 5-2 32 | 1148 | 1 | 1904 6, 000. 00 5,981. 63 18. 37 Contingent expenses..-....-|----- CDE sc=--s 32 | 1148 | 1 | 1904 8,000. 00 7, 818. 52 181. 48 General expenses, salaries..-|...-.. do-s3..27 32 | 1149 | 1 | 1904] 472,300.00} 471,917.22 382. 78 General expenses, miscella- ao) aE SE ee Poo dqst-. 2" 32 | 1149 | 1 | 1904 | 496,780.00 | 494,741.03 | 2,038.97 Balidines.. 2<..)'..----------|5-.. do.......| 32 | 1149 | 1 | 1904 50, 000.00 50,000. OU |.......... Cables and land lines -....-.-]..--- doe! 4.35 - 23 | 1149 | 1 | 1904 40, 000. 00 40: 000700) | 2a Salaries, officers and clerks....| Apr. 23,1904 | 33 | 276 | 1) 1905 | 481,300.00 | 407,998.89 | 10,301.11 Salaries, extra laborers......-.|----- d6e:..= 2:5 33 | 277) 1] 1905 1, 000. 00 971. 66 28. 34 Bureau of Animal Industry: Deficiency appropriation. -..|..... do.......| 33 | 1242 | 1] 1905 150,000.00 General expenses, including 1,399,227.96 772.04 $1,800 for rent of building..|..... dopa-:s.- 33 | 279 | 1 | 1905 |1, 250,000. 00 Animal breeding and feeding.|..... doOusesass 33 | 281 | 1} 1905 25, 000. 00 20, 540.67 | 4, 459.33 To eradicate contagious dis- eases of animals, 1904-5¢..-]..... OOscese-4 33 5] 1] 1905 | 250,000.00 | 248,980.79 | 1,019.21 Bureau of Plant Industry: Vegetable pathological inves- tigations... .-.<..-...5--- een eee 33 | 281] 1] 1905 | 145,000.00 | 145,705.01)).........- Rent of building. -.....---||.-.-do...-..- 33 | 281} 1] 1905 3, 000. 00 Pee) | aa ee Vegetable pathological in- vestigations, 1904-5. ....- . adden sek 33 | 281°} 1} 1905 2, 000. 00 2000: QOiie 22-222. 3 Rent of quarters (defi- GIGnGYy) = 42- <---> - See aS OG aeenin eS 33 | 603 | 1 | 1905 2, 500. 00 2, 485. 00) | 15. 00 Pomological investigations@.|..... GOssosecs 33 | 282] 1] 1905 43, 500. 00 41,280.58 | 2,219.42 Botanical investigationsand experiments. .......-----}..... GOss-cc4 33 | 283] 1] 1905 64, 500. 00 63,914. 24 585. 76 Rent of building. ....-----|-...- OG ae~ ae 33 | 283 | 1; 1905 3, 000. 00 3000200) nse ese s- Grass and forage plant in- westications: <<. -- 2. -=.-|3.~-. do...-.--| 33 | 283 | 1] 1905 40, 500. 00 40,012. 04 487.96 Rent of building....-.--.-|-.... dowt.e. 33. | 283 | 1] 1905 2, 000. 00 1, 500. 00 500. 00 Experimental gardens and grounds, Department of eripnlture 2+ 252 -5=--|'= «-. Gos .s.5> 33 | 284] 1] 1905 25, 000. 00 24, 725. 40 274. 60 Greenhouses, Department of Agriculture, 1904-5.....-.-]..... dO=s-2--- 33 | 284] 1] 1905 25, 000. 00 24, 995. 32 4.68 Arlington Experimental prentee: Sees ee Bons 33k donee 33 | 284] 1] 1905} 20,000.00} 19,838.70 161.30 Tea-culture investigations...|..... GG =e 33 | 284) 1] 1905 10, 000. 00 8,387.15 | 1,612.85 . Purchase and distribution of valuable seedsb......|..... dozti<.£- 33 | 285/11] 1905 | 242,500.00} 240,379.71 | 2,120.29 Foreign seed and plant in- troduction b........--.--].-... WOvssa4- 33 | 286 | 1} 1905 40, 000. 00 39, 687. 44 312. 56 Repairs to building.-...--..|..... do-usan2e 33 | 285) 1] 1905 7, 500. 00 4,000.00 | 3,500.00 Investigating production of domestic sugar--.-.....-...].-.-. dese ss.- 33 | 286 | 1] 1905 7, 500. 00 7, 222. 14 277. 86 Bureau of Forestry: | Forestry investigations, in- | cluding $15,500 for rent of DU Gigs wee. 222 sl wis dou... 4. 33 | 286} 1] 1905} 388,000.00} 386,618.32 | 1,381.68 Protection of Forest Re- BBTVOBe saver o> 736 scusee soe Cf sae 33 | 286} 1] 1905 50, 000. 00 49,025. 23 974.77 Testing timbers, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. (deficiency act) .|..... ddsae«- 2: 33 | 1242 | 1 | 1905 10, 000. 00 9,985. 82 14.18 Bureau of Chemistry: Laboratory, including $15,000 for table sirup...... ..do Laboratory, 1904-5.......... é Laboratory road materials. Bureau of Soils: Soil investigations, includ- ing $6,000 for rent of build- 1905 | 105,000.00 | 103,693.95 | 1,306.05 1905 15, 000. 00 14, 716.95 283. 05 1905 15, 000. 00 14, 802. 99 197.01 Bes WG a rors aes enn 3d ap « os GOSS winch 33 | 288} 1] 1905} 170,000.00} 168,638.84] 1,361.16 Entomological investigations .|..... Gir st cea. 33 | 28%] 1} 1905 70, 000. 00 69, 124. 44 875. 56 Cotton boll-weeyil investiga- gations, 1904-6e ............./..... Oa season 33 5! 111905! 250,000.00! 220,685. 40 | 29,314.60 aBy receipto from sale of fruits and vegetables (Pomological investigations) ................ $2, 426. 21 oO By transfer from foreign: to COmMestic SOOOB 2). sana | & Ia Forest Service: General expenses, Forest PervilCe. si oat!) ek Mar. 3,1905 | 33 872) 1 menor buildings... ° s22 ss)... (see 33 | 873 | 1 Bureau of Chemistry: Laboratory, including $3,000 fOmtable SiUp =. 2-22.22 2522]. 223- GO Bnéoace 33 | 873 | 1 Bureau of Soils: Soil investigations, including $4,000 for rent of building. .]..... dOt 2 s.22 33 | 875] 1 Bureau of Entomology: Entomological investiga- tions, including $2,500 for 4 moth investigaticns.......]..... doszerne® 33 | 876 | 1 Bureau of Biological Survey: Biological investigations.....].....d0....... 30,10 Siz PL Division of Publications: Publications, Department of Agriculture, Farmers’ Bul- CELINE SiR ee En | do.eess. 33 | 878 | 1 LADUE SoG) CO ee ce ae dose... 33 | 878 | 1 LAE) Gra (1 Se ae ae een |e dof. 2=-; 33 | 879] 1 Bureau of Statistics: Collecting agricultural sta- [ARYL Seber teal epitome Relates’ [amines OOb enn =*. 33 | 879} 1 Foreign market investiga- HIETE Se en SE ee llge pd a N Peael G0.s5=- 5. 33 | 879} 1 Library, Department of Agri- OUNnUFe = bocees esos = oe select es dose .5- 33} 880] 1 Contingent expenses, Depart- ment of Agriculture.........|..... (ae ee 33 | 880] 1 Contingent expenses, 1905-6.|..... d62./-:25- 33 | 880} 1 Agricultural experiment sta- tions ($1,034,660)@.......}..... dozteese- 33 | 881] 1 Stations of Alaska, includ- ing $3,000 for purchase of ATV OU Ree ete cect eS GOsesee a2 33 | 881] 1 Stations of Hawaii-..-.....|..... do......3-|/33\| > 881 |7L Stations of Porto Rico.....]..... does: 33 | 881] 1 Farmers’ institutes........|..... DOs 5-82 33 | 882] 1 Nutrition investigations.....|..... Gaqess=4- 33? 882" Ft Trrigation investigations.....|.....do....... 33 | 882] 1 Public-road inquiries....:..-.|....- GO sn -pooula Seen e Cotton-boll weevil investiga- ORES es eee ae ees SE AEE ole = dg.2=s-=2 33} 8&3 | 1 Weather Bureau: SECTS Se eee aes Se (ea (0 [ss ere 33 | 862) 1 Fuel, lights, and repairs.....|..... Ogiee-= 2. 33 | 862] 1 Contingent expenses........|..... Cs (ae 33 | 863 | 1 Salaries, station employees. .|..... do. >-- s 33 | 863 | 1 General expenses.......-...-|..... do. s=---<-[ a0, S63 I Brmraiips Peeters. 2 oh) Aes Co (0 ie eg ae 33 | 863} 1 Cables and Jand lines........|..... v0) eee 33 | 864] 1 Salaries, officers and clerks....| June 30,1906 | 34| 670] 1 Salaries, extra labor...........]..... Ghee sae 34 | 670] 1 Contingent expenses..........|....- dgse7 2s. 34] 692) 1 RT See eee. See as a dgeseees. 34} 691) 1 Bureau of Animal Industry: General expenses............]....- (3 (6 Bayan 34] 673) 1 Rent of buildings. ........|..... da. 25-3. 34] 673] 1 Southern dairy work......|..... 0G Beare 34 | 674] 1 Diseases of domestic ani- mals, Minnesota.........|..... iC See 34 | 674/1 Animal breeding and feed- Vrach Sed Sp ee IS eae ee OG... as 34 | 674] 1 Meat inspection. ............|..... Gh ee 34) 674] 1 Eradicating cattle ticks: | ERB e oP OO aes Eee 00. 22e= 4. 34} 696] 1 1907 and 1908.............: Mar. 4,1907 | 34 | 1281 | 1 Bureau of Plant Industry: General expenses. .......... June 30,1906 | 34| 680) 1 Rent and repairs..........]..... do. .'3... FP o47" 6S" Ozark Mountain investi- 0 See pp ene Gee ol ae ci (ape epee 7 2 OR 9 ag OT Grain investigations. .......|..... do.......134] 681] 1 1906 Amount appro- priated. $768, 180. 00 25,000. 00 130, 920. 00 170, 000. 00 S 8258282 190 3352585 B22 222 22222223222 3 8329338 - wus aes ae = o ~I Be on SoS BYuBeS 82 5 825 528: LS 3, 553. 72 15, 000. 00 Amount Amount : unex- disbursed. pended. $767, 722. 04 $457. 96 2p; 0005009) ones ssic2 = - 128, 289. 99 2,630. 01 167, 403. 73 2, 596. 27 65, 457. 52 2, 602. 48 44,064. 71 355. 29 98, 601. 49 148. 51 3,434.10 65.90 29' 767.04 232. 96 90,007. 12 3, 892. 88 4,720. 13 179. 87 7,411. 73 628. 27 34, 878. 55 121. 45 2000.00" |.2 uae yata 20,908. 90 751. 10 18, 000-00 }.22 2/2... 115/000-0041... Shee. 15; 000/00 Po .-3 >. 4,550. 52 449. 48 19, 805. 11 194. 89 74,044. 61 155. 39 154,671.59 | 35,328.41 190, 930. 72 499. 28 9, 926. 33 73. 67 9, 841. 53 158. 47 530, 662. 89 887.11 553, 143. 78 8, 866. 22 52, 748. 43 251. 57 34,121.31 878. 69 9, 518. 47 481.53 745,546.97 | 64,153.03 2,481.00 19. 00 17,762.01 | 2,237.99 1,691.76 | 3,308.24 24, 361. 92 638. 08 2, 163,907.68 | 836,092. 32 81, 328. 30 1,171.70 14,188.10 | 10,811.90 470, 158. 84 8,801.16 11,216.75 83. 25 4,993. 44 6. 56 14, 903. 23 96.77 @ Of this amount $960,000 was paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury Department. 73477 °—acr 1910——39 610 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States Department of Agriculture, etc.—Continued. Reference to Statutes Date of ap- at Large. Tis- | Amount Amount Purpose. propriation |——- cal appro- dune unex- act. B year.| priated. SDURSOns || peaeed ot af we > Ay [om Bureau of Plant Industry— Continued. ‘ Improving roads............ June 30,1906 | 34 | G81 | 1 | 1907 $3, 500. 00 $3, 474. 10 $25. 90 Purchase and distribution of valuable seeds. .......|.---- do.......| 34 682} 1] 1907 | 205,140.00 | 201,004.98 4,135. 02 Foreign seed and plant introduction: - 23. Snje-ce5 Coereses 34} 682 | 1 | 1907 35, 781. 21 33, 834. 64 1,946, 57 Erection of building at Chico Galeesss se as ES ase do.......| 34 | 683 | 1 | 1907 1,998. 79 1,998. 79 (@) Cotton boll weevil investi- gations 1b he ORE SOO RES SSacee rte tO LO eg bs 34 695 | 1 | 1907 105, 000. 00 101, 832. 47 3, 167. 53 1907and' 1908-5. eee Mar. 4,1907 | 34 | 1280 | 1 | 1907 40, 000. 00 39,999. 63 .37 Bureau of Chemistry: MGADOUALODY ences scene June 30,1906 | 34] 685 | 1 | 1907 | 145,920.00 | 142,174.00 3,746. 00 Enforcement of thefood and OnUpsaebes an esse ee oe Dec. 19,1906 | 34] 841 | 1 | 1907 | 250,000.00 | 100,279.95 | 149,720.05 Bureau of Soils: Soils investigations.......... June 30,1906 | 34 | 687 | 1 | 1907 | 181,000.00 | 179,910. 62 1,089. 38 Rent of buildings. ........]...-. do-aannt 34 | 687 | 1 | 1907 4,000. 00 3,920. 00 80. 00 Bureau of Entomology: Entomological _investiga- MOUS Rae ee ee eee Got ee 34 | 688 | 1 | 1907 70,000. 00 69, 114. 27 885. 73 White fly investigations. ..|..... aoe 34] 688 | 1 | 1907 5,000. 00 4,902. 34 97. 66 Cotton boll weevil investi- PIOUS ere eet tee a eee nae Ane Gore seas 34 | 695 | 1 | 1907 85, 000. 00 64,873.54 | 20,126. 46 Preventing spread of moths: Doras ese eos oferta she Eien Owe es 34 | 696 | 1 | 1907 82, 500. 00 81,993. 24 506. 76 1907 ‘andloO8es ss ease Mar. 4,1907 | 34 | 1281 | 1 | 1907 | 150,000.00 8,592.73 | 141,407.27 Bureau of Biological Survey: Biological investigations. ...| June 30,1906 | 34} 688 | 1 | 1907 44, 420. 00 43,975. 22 444. 78 Division of Publications: Publications, Farmers’ Bul- Metin). 6 aes een 0c eee eno dowsstce: 34 | 690 | 1 | 1907 98, 750. 00 98, 601. 18 148. 82 ATLStS ; OCLC: ctremeccane ee melee cite Ohi eae & 34 | 690 | 1 | 1907 3, 500. 00 3,387. 46 112. 54 TA OTe ete sae Bee a ers Ee Oe aes oe 34 | €90 | 1 | 1907 30, 000. 00 29, 836. 21 163. 79 Bureau of Statistics: Collecting agricultural sta- TIStIGS Saemrans eee Chae deere 2 dO sAhre 3: 34} 691 | 1} 1907 | 108,000.00 | 105, 466. 40 2,533. 60 Foreign markets investi- PatlOMSse amen eee Sel eee OO. ere 3: 34 | €91 | 1 | 1907 4,900. 00 4,852. 95 47.05 Office of Experiment Stations: Agricultural experiment sta- tions ($803,5005)........ passport Co lt sae = 34] 693 | 1 | 1907 25,500.00 | 697,210.54 | 48,289. 46 Farmers’ institutes........|....: do. Ate. 34 | 693 | 1 | 1907 5,000. 00 4,765. 85 234. 15 Station at Alaska, includ- ing $3,000 for purchase of live Stocksan5- > ssaeesalanase Goeaenee: 34 | 693 | 1 | 1907 18,000. 00 17, 987. 49 12. 51 Station at Hawaii, includ- ing $5,000 for water sup- 5 Divs eeecens otes ok ee ele ae OG) pees: 34 | 693 | 1 | 1907 20, 000. 00 19,998. 75 1.25 Station’at Porto Rico.....|....- doteete = 34 | 693 | 1 | 1907 15, 000. 00 15,000. 00 (2) Nutrition investigations.....|..... ls) St ae 34 | 694 | 1 | 1907 20,000. 00 19.990. 99 9. OL Trrigation investigations.....|..... doit ees 34} 694 | 1] 1907 | 122,200.00 | 121,638.29 561. 71 Office of Public Roads: Public TORAINGUIMeS=-5° 5" - ot sas alone do! W222. 34 | 694 | 1 | 1907 57, 660. 00 56, 833. 94 826. 06 Weather Bureau: SaIATICS aosson es ats... 2s eal ge do. eee 34 | 671 | 1 | 1907 | 194,690.00 | 193,918.11 771. 89 Fuel, lights, and repairs.....|..... do. sere 34 | 671 | 1 | 1907 10, 000. 00 9,928. 49 71. 51 Contingent expenses........|....- Got Shee e. 34 | 671 | 1 | 1907 10,000. 00 9,912. 56 87. 44 Salaries, station employees. .|__..- doe... 25: 34] 6721 | 1907 | 541,550.00 | 540,702.30 847.70 General expenses..:......-.|.---- do. =eAnS: 34) 672 | 1 | 1907 | 630,000.00 | 616,415.03 | 13,584.97 BualGings pesca- ssc scekene. alc S302 asap 34 | 672] 1 | 1907 53, 000. 00 51, 727. 28 1, 272. 72 Forest Service: Salaries, officers and clerks. .| June 30,1906 | 34 683 | 1 | 1907 | $112,860.00 | $112,133.16 $726. 84 General expenses...........|..--- dose. 34 | 683 | 1] 1907 | 849,640.00 | 849,265. 94 374. 06 Rent. .3- An. ee soe. oe See el doz sere 34 | 685] 1 | 1907 35,000. 00 29,050. 36 5,949. 64 Building on Dismal River Worest eserves...) ceed seeae 06% 22.4: 34] 696 | 1 | 1907 2,500. 00 2,475. 22 24. 78: Wichita Forest and Game IPTESCLVO sae wats). 5h Se i ee GO)..2522:-'. 34! 69611 ! 1907 15,000. 00 14,999. 00 1. 00: aExhausted. 6 This includes $720,000 for state experiment stations paid through the Treas Department. Con~- gress also appropriated $336,000 for state experiment stations under the Adams bill to be paid through the Treasury Department. Total paid through the Treasury Department for state experiment stations, $1,056,000. Congress also appropriated in the sundry civil bill for printing and binding $300,000. DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 611 Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States Department of Agriculture, etc-—Continued. Reference to pence’ Date of ap- at Large. | Fis-| Amount Amount Purpose. propriation cal appro- As unex- act. E year.| priated. pended. ° o me to rS) S| a |8 Forest Service—Continued. Survey and report on Appa- lachian and White Moun- tain watersheds, 1907 and Seen ee ee Mar. 4,1907 | 34 | 1281 | 1 | 1907 $25, 000. 00 $857.14 | $24, 142. 86 Administration, etc., of the national forests, 1907 and oes ee ee eel Peers dO: 2242. 34 | 1270 | 1 | 1907 | 125,000.00 6,213.21 | 118,786.79 Gel appropriations: omological investigations, fund from sale of fruits and vegetables. ........... Apr. 23,1904 | 33} 382 | 1 | 1905 3,744. 74 3,744. 64 -10 Agricultural ex periment stations, fund from sale grcard) indexes: -..----25-s|.--.- dol saas- 33 | 293 | 1 |°1905 65.15 65.15 (@) Buildings, Department of |f/Mar. 3,1903 | 32 | 1139 \ 200) 000: 00! |< comes -tecsie see aemtieee PNPTICULUNTEs cae 2 Soho. Mar. 3,1905 | 33 | 1211 |f--|---"--- 71005000300". oonc ts o2--- | eee Balance available July 1, iL Unk eee PSS Seen] et eee crore! Cte! eae eee | ene ASQ O34''6S' |. . cee lnamaeeesews Sundry civil act..-........ June 30,1906 | 34] 758 |---|------ 300,000.00 | 535,594.61 | 245,340.07 Administration, etc., forest ESE Leet Alege ee a ete] Pe aie aopeeee eds A et (AM AE ste[oteee 925,000.00 | 812,293.34 | 112,706. 66 Cooperative work, forest in- Wen mPeMOUNe He tee. oooh cctsesreak once | cee eae ee == aeeeer 21, 410. 25 16,612.05 4,798. 20 Salaries, officers and clerks....| Mar. 4,1907 | 34 | 1256 | 1 | 1908 | 969,090.00 | 947,454.88 | 21,635.12 Salaries, extra labor.........../...-- Goes= 2 =: 34 | 1256 | 1 | 1908 7,600. 00 7,592. 28 TD Contingent expemses..........|..... dot aaa 34 | 1277 | 1 | 1908 47,000. 00 46, 435. 97 564. 03 151357 eae ei eee I GO: 526225 34 | 1277 | 1 | 1908 12, 500. 00 12, 498. 43 1. 57 Bureau of Animal Industry: General expemses............]..... G0ze ae 34 | 1259 | 1 | 1908} 892,200.00 | 878,938.39 | 13,261.61 Diseases of domestic ani- mals, Minnesota.........|..... do25ss- 34 | 1259 | 1 | 1908 5,000. 00 2,970. 01 2,029. 99 Animal breeding and feed- [1 OO Bis wel ee a aed a Gk = 22552 34 | 1260 | 1 | 1908 50, 000. 00 49,649.15 350. 85 Meat inspection ............. June 30,1906 | 34 74 | 1 | 1908 |3,000,000. 00 |2,725,034.27 | 274,965.73 Eradicating cattle ticks: Li ed et Bel aoe i a oot Mar. 4,1907 | 34 | 1281 | 1 | 1908] 125,000.00 | 122,444.15 2, 555. 85 1907 and 1908 (appropriated $25,000; balance July 1, 90 NOD ane oe eee Cee 5 ate doe-5 = 22 34 | 1281 | 1 | 1908 10,811. 90 10,811. 90 (2) Bureau of Plant Industry: (eneral expenses, 1908-9 2 ab Se) sso. kee rsa | Sea 10,000. 00 9,992. 61 7.39 General expenses............|.-.-- rate Ee ae 34 | 1266 | 1 | 1908 | 515,484.25 | 572,635.62 848. 63 Rent and repairs..........|..... COnseies 3 34 | 1267 | 1 | 1908 11, 295.75 11, 295.75 (a) Grain investigations...........|..... GO: dene 34 | 1267 | 1 | 1908 40,900. 00 39, 862. 20 137.80 Purchase and distribution of valuable seeds (includes $50,000, deficiency act). ....|..... Ci (0 aaa 34 | 1267 | 1 | 1908} 252,000.00 | 249,864.82 | 2,135.18 Foreign seed and plant intro- Ti folio) kaye Raabe eles el co (Tt ee 34 | 1267 | 1 | 1908 36, 000. 00 35, 487. 38 512. 62 Cotton boll weevil investiga- PANELS, SNS taxes 90a fo ates Se Gosres ese 34 | 1280 | 1 | 1908 | 110,000.00 | 109,513. 44 486. 56 Bureau of Chemistry: Labora- i 6 SS EE SE 3 Ce ee ee) ee dos saps). | 34 | 1271 | 1 | 1908 | 650,000.00 | 611,925.10 | 38,074.90 Bureau of Soils: Soil investigations...........|..... Oe 5 sects 34 | 1272 1) 1908} 166,000.00 | 165,589.19 410. 81 Rent of buildings... 2 .2.--|5..-. (: (reel 34 | 1273 | 1 | 1908 4,000. 00 3. 486. 66 513. 34 Bureau of Entomology: Entomological investigations)... .. dO. ctor. « 34 | 1273. 1/ 1908 | 103,800.00 | 101,416. 46 2,383. 54 White fly investigations. ..|..... (: (o Spaaoae 2 34 | 1274 | 1 | 1908 10,000. 00 9, 530. 04 469. 96 Cotton boll weevil investiga- TUDOR ) my he Bureau of Statistics—Cont’d. Foreign markets investiga- fions {oe Poe SS eck Mar. 4,1907 | 34 | 1276/ 1 Office of Experiment Stations: Agricultural experiment sta- tions ($827,000) ¢.........)..... dosse.-s 34 | 1278 | 1 Farmers’ institutes........]..... does: :% | 34 | 1279 | 1 Station at Alaska.........|..... oLaaeect | 84 | 1278} 1 Station at Hawaii.........|..... doiess--t 34 | 1278 | 1 Station at Porto Rico.....|....-. doesn ssc 34 | 1278 | 1 Nutrition investigations.....}..... doze se 34 | 1279 | 1 Irrigation investigations.....|....- dotsees. = 34 | 1279 | 1 Office of Public Roads: Public road inquiries........|..... dole .-| 34 | 1280 | 1 Rent and repairs. .......-.|...-- dotlxees: 34 | 1280 | 1 Weather Bureau: Salaries oe Ae Ss ead. See GOGsss.s2 34 | 1257 | 1 Fuel, lights, and repairs. ..-.|..... dot se25-e 34 | 1258 | 1 Contingent expenses. .......]....- dotsws tote sc sent eeee May 23,1908 | 35 | 268/1 1908 and 1909. ............. beeen Onn mane | 35; 268] 1 Bureau of Plant Industry: General expenses— | O00 Spaeth OS ee ae ict: Ore ate 1.35 | 256 | 1 LOPS and) 1909) see acess loncee dot ise... 35 | 256 ee rr So of valuable seeds, 5,000 . Foreign seed and plant in- |{--~ -do...-... 35 | 257 | 1 troduction, $53,000 ...... Paper tests... 52.2 ee see [ese dope. 35 | 267) 1 General expenses, 1909 and AQUOS os chan wee yee etna Mar. 4,1909 | 35 1,044 /1 Fis- eal year. 1908 1908 1908 1908 1908 1909 Amount appro- priated. NmwNw & Cr eS Or O gS, = oOo of Nor S2 £2 SES5555 BS S8 $338888 1, 696, 800. 00 60, 000. 00 375, 000. 00 23, 403. 76 118,786. 79 10, 000. 00 50, 000. 00 1 1 2 Amount disbursed. $4, 705. 02 28, 341.73 4,931. 47 23,995. 29 23,994. 94 24, 000. 00 1,758. 98 149, 305. 43 55, 592. 98 1,879.93 196, 250. 16 9, 884. 15 9,815. 34 550, 545. 99 593, 211. 46 ,702, 007. 47 53, 214. 36 374, 034. 44 15, 845. 37 118, 786. 29 968. 40 9,974.13 857,714. 32 7, 410. 85 79,017.79 11, 535. 83 ,164, 186. 71 44,817. 57 , $48, 818. 38 192, 528. 67 25,000. 00 810, $46. 00 8, 589. 32 194,020. 57 45, 492. 56 7, 472. 52 17, 366. 47 Amount unex- pended, 83,013. 29 5, 182. 43 151, 181. 62 32, 471. 33 (>) 410. 10, 979. 43 7, 507. 44 2, 527. 48 32, 633. 53 75, 420. 00 1,410. 68 a This includes $720,000 for state experiment stations under the regular appropriation, to be paid through the Treasury Department. Congress also appropriated $432,000 as a permanent appropriation for state experiment stations under the Adams bill, to be paid through the Treasury Department. Total to be paid through the Treasury Department for state experiment stations $1,152,000. b Exhausted. ¢ Including $150,000, deficiency act, February 9, 1909, and $150,000 by deficiency act, March 4, 1909. / DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 613. Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unerpended balances for the United States Department of Agriculture, ete.—Continued. | Reference - : to el = me ate of ap- at Large. is- mount | Amount Purpose. propriation eal appro- eon unex- act. l ¢ year.| priated. * | pended. =/| w& 196 1 o | |e faa] | } Bureauof Chemistry: Labora- |/May 23,1908 | 35 260 | 1 ; rip plan I a {Pay 75 1009 | 32 616 | 1. }#909 |2$860,000.00 | $612, 495. 42 $247, 504. 58 Bureau of Soils: Soil investi- | | ce a ek ae Oe 8 ee May 23,1908 | 35, 261 | 1 | 1909 | 200,000.00 | 190,224.94 9,775.06 Bureau of Entomology: | Entomological in vyestiga- tions— LD) VO ee Se Ba ee ee eee Cope EGssac0-5 35 | 262|1 | 1909] 148,800.00 | 139,380.22 | 9,419.78 UU TEC hI || SE Bee 0s. 55<-2 85 | 262)1 | 1909 10, 000. 00 9,451. 81 548.19 Preventing spread of moths, | } TONS aria) 1900%- 2-5 --- 52 <.]5..c0 dpe. once 35 | 268} 1 | 1909 | 250,000.00 | 217,569.44 | 32,430. 56 Bureau of Biological Survey: Biological investigations.....|...-.. 0 Bees 35 | 262] 1 | 1909 54,420.00 | 51,117.29 3,302.71 Division of Publications: Pub- lications, Department of Ag- atin tt a a0 [a ee 35 | 263} 1 | 1909 40, 000. 00 38, 867. 69 1, 132. 31 _Bureau of Statistics: Collect- ing agricultural statistics....]..... d0s." 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RECAPITULATION. Fiscal| Amount ap- | Amount dis- | A™0UDt || Fiscal| Amount ap- | Amount dis- Amount year. | propriated bursed beac year. | propriated. bursed. hes 5 % pended pended 1839. $1, 000. 00 $1,000. 00 $249, 120. 00 $198, 843.64 $50, 276.36 OY 2| | RS | ee ee 194, 686. 96 188, 206.19 6,480.77 Da. on caste satelt seacasasmcan ee 198, 640. 00 197,634. 94 1,005. 06 1842. . 1,000. 00 1, 000. 00 206, 400. 00 206, 360. 00 40.00 _ toe ks reel Ban ee ee 199, 500. 00 198, 361.72 1,138. 28 1844. . 2,000. 00 2,000. 00 275, 460. 31 267,608. 84 b 7,851.47 1845... 2,000. 00 2,000. 00 363,011. 05 354, 482.39 € 8,528.66 1846. . 3,000. 00 3,000. 00 456, 396.11 438, 941.72 417,454.39 1847... 3,000. 00 3,000. 00 @ 416,641.13 413,618. 09 3,023.04 1848. 4,500. 00 4,500. 00 @ 655, 930. 25 558, 934. 89 € 96,995. 36 1849... 3,500. 00 3,500. 00 @ 677,973. 22 519,196.11 158, 777.11 1850. . 5, 500. 00 5,500. 00 |. @ 657,641.81 628, 287.14 29,354. 67 1851... 5,500. 00 5,500. 00 1,027,219.06 | 1,011, 282.62 15, 936. 44 1852... 5, 000. 00 5, 000. 00 889. .|@1,134,480.60 | 1,033,590. 22 9 100, 890.38 1853. . . 5, 000. 00 5, 000/00) |. 3: 3.2 -= soon. 1890. .| @1,170,139.11 971, 823.62 h 198,315.49 1854... 10, 000. 00 10: 000:100) | = eh eke sa ace 1891. .| 41,372, 049. 21 1, 266, 277. 36 105,771. 85 1855..<. a 50, 000. 00 BO! QO0N00: aes ot ee 1892. .|@2,303,655.75 | 2,253, 262.29 50, 393. 46 1856... 30, 000. 00 30; 000500) 125-25, ee 1893..| 2,540,060.72 | 2,355,430. 25 184, 630. 47 1857... 75, 000. 00 GEL USC Ue) ee eee eee 1894..| 2,603,855.58 | 1,977, 469.28 4 626,386.30 1858... 63, 500. 00 63,157.25 $342.75 || 1895..| #2,506,915.00 | 2,021, 030.38 485, 884.62 1859... 60, 000. 00 GO O00s00 tS s eoe 1896..} 2,584,013.22 | 2,094,916. 42 489, 096. 80 1860... 40, 000. 00 40: 000: 00nl. 22> S28 eee 1897..| 2,448, 763.53 | 2,348,512.98 100, 250. 55 bt.) ee 60, 000. 00 SOV O00! 00 Pe 3s cee wes 1898..} 2,467,902.00 | 2,425,510. 44 42,391.56 1862... 64, 000. 00 63, 704. 21 295.79 |! 1899..! 2,829,702.00 | 2,827, 795.65 28, 899. 27 1863... 80, 000. 00 80* 000.00) |<. ce es] 1900..| 3,006,022.00 | 2,947,603. 42 58,418.58 1864... 199, 770. 60 189, 270. 00 10,500.00 || 1901..) 3,304, 265.97 | 3,239, 137.39 65,128.58 1865... 112,304. 05 112, 196. 55 107.50 || 1902..| 3,922, 780.51 8,902,675. 7 20, 104.72 1866... 167, 787. 82 ey Ay 7 ee ee ee 1903..| 5,015,846.00 | 4,734,230. 84 281,615.16 1867... 199, 100. 00 SO LOD Oise... Seles 1904..| 5,025,024. 01 4,969, 311.64 55, 712.37 1868... 279, 020. 00 277, 094. 34 1,925.66 || 1905..} 5,894,540.00 | 5,820, 204.00 74, 336.00 1869... 172, 593. 00 £72;595500))2 o>. oS ...../| 1906..| 6,225,690.00 | 6,029,510. 02 196,179.98 1870... 156, 440. 00 151, 596. 93 4,843.07 || 1907..] 9,505, 484. 74 9,025, 318. 93 1, 200, 165. 81 1871...| @ 188,180.00 186, 876. 81 1,303.19 |} 1908..| 11,487,950. 82 | 11,045, 412.19 442,538.63 1872... 197,070. 00 195, 977.25 1,092.75 |} 1909 7} 14,536, 320.19 | 12,902, 295.64 1,634, 024.55 1873... 202, 440. 00 201, 321. 22 1,118.78 || 1910 7] 15,470,634.16 | 13,794, 231.97 | 1,676,402.19 1874... 257,690. 00 233, 765. 78 23,924.22 ———_ ae | 1875... ‘| 337, 380. 00 321, 079. 83 16,300.17 || Total.|*115,288,790.39 |/106,845,641.46 |m 9, 248,910.58 a Including deficiency appropriation. + Includes $1,646.45 of the appropriation for rec lamation of arid lan ve ds, carried to the fiscal year 1882. ¢ Includes $85.26 of the appropriation for reclamation of arid- lands and $3,530.85 of the appropriation for eo ears in the manufacture of sugar, carried to the fiscal year 1883. Includes $7,656.13 of the appropriation for reclamation of arid lands, carried to the fiscal year 1884. ¢ Includes $93,192.27 of the appropriation for Bureau of Anima to the fiscal year 1886. tion for quarantine stations, carrie 1 Industry and $2,970.82 of the appropria- 7 For the fiseal year 1888, including the sum of $8,000 appropriated for deficiencies in the appropriation for experiments in the manufacture of sugar for the fiscal years 1887 and 1888, of which $7,927.50 was dis- burse and $72.50 remained unexpended. 9 Includes $12,923.25 of the appropriation for botanical investigations and $58,364.76 of the appropriation for experiments in the manufacture of sugar, carried to the fiscal year 1890. h Includes $188,974.69 of the appropriation for Bureau of Animal Industry, carried to the fiscal year 1891. 4 Includes $7,891.94 for statutory salaries of the year 1894. j For the years 1909 and 1910 the figures given represent payments made to close of June 30, 1910, the accounts for those years being still open at the date of this revision. k This total is the amount actually appropriated for the various fiscal years, with the exception of $37,604.70 appropriated July 13, 1868, to cover a number of expenditures made in Ee years. not include an aggregate sum of $369,344.48 reappropriated from the unexpended years. (See foregoing notes.) It does alances of several fiscal 1 Does not include $37,604.70 which was disbursed during several years, and covered by an appropriation of like amount, made July 13, 1868. (See note *.) m Does not include an aggregate sum of $369,344.48 reappropriated from the unexpended balances of several fiscal years. (See foregoing notes.) -— , q¢-4 - Fe “ Pees oa oa f (? : - x a f*r~ ng t+ a “*t ». ha 4 aTSaht We Ae 24a) Soren " > ae ie a di ae * * " . yet \ Stan ata ey Frcs MS cs sic Pe | eto ue »" mn ‘pent : : ~ ‘ . . . . i . y j a oe as ” ad ce ay ’ La ’ s ; r. Pak . he 7 36 Lrrmaged | om ; ~ a> , : As . ‘ ad } arte tart . ’ AT AA) taal > is vet-w pA ad : é ! » wit “uh ard if reais is 3 2 4o 9, =the & Z 4 F n aloe Vretideda we ? sl “we ‘™s 2 vi wi Gh acre Me 74 - Le . ! 1 : ; ‘ ? ‘ rt hi nO AEE Dy cpersthesus ; é. | Jas arg i . + ; ‘ ' . . , ~ as « « pe «. ‘ ’ 7 ‘ . —_ REPORT OF THE EDITOR. U. S. DeparTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, Division oF PUBLICATIONS, Washington, D. C., October 1, 1910. Str: I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the opera- tions of the Division of Publications for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, some references to the work in contemplation for 1911, and a few recommendations in regard to the year 1912. Respectfully, Jos. A. ARNOLD, Editor and Chief. Hon. James WILson, Secretary of Agriculture. WORK OF THE YEAR. The work consisted of editing, indexing, illustrating, and dis- tributing the 1,983 different publications and documents of the De- partment, of which 25,190,469 copies were issued. This is an in- crease of 46% per cent in the number of publications issued, and an increase of 41 per cent in the number of copies distributed, over the preceding year. These results were accomplished with a saving of $19,000 in printing-and without any increase in salaries. The number of employees on the rolls June 30, 1910, was 194. Of these, 11 were employed in the office of the Chief of the Division, 12 in the Editorial Office, 10 in indexing, 18 in drafting and photo- graphic work, and 143 in the distribution of documents. All of the officials and employees of the Division are on the statutory roll, and assignments are made from time to time to such portions of the work as may require additional assistance to meet the exigencies of the service. The volume of work has been greater than in any preceding: year, and has been performed with cheerfulness and efh- ciency, although many times the force has been taxed to its utmost capacity and lengthened hours of service were imperative. The following is a comparative statement of the appropriations for the fiscal years 1907, 1908, 1909, and 1910: Appropriations for the Division of Publications for the fiscal years 1907-1910. Appropriation. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. Stetntory fob of the Divison 2226626002 vows. ew he fa tese en ave $116, 270 | $126,550 | $139,710 | 2 $173, 450 ECE UIST el, SR a a ie Pet She eee 6 373,750 | 6 408,750 | 6 435,000 | > 435,000 General expenses of the Division. .......................------- | 33,500 35, 000 40, 000 33, 000 PUM sn eee meee eee e eos c leans case rensaeattertetes 5. 523,520 | 570,300 614,710 | 641,450 @ Increase due to transfer of all employees to statutory roll. 6 Exclusive of $25,000 for Weather Bureau. 621 622 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SUMMARY OF RESULTS. During the year 25,190,469 copies of publications were issued by the Department. Of these, 24,530,919 were issued through this Division and 659,550 were issued through the Weather Bureau. Of the total number 17,685,819 were new and 7,504,650 were reprints of earlier publications. Of the more than 25,000,000 copies of publications noted above, 9,337,500 were Farmers’ Bulletins and 15,852,969 were miscellaneous publications, including reports, bulletins, circulars, separates, etc. Of these miscellaneous publications 14,770,819 were new and 1,082,150 were earlier publications reissued. Of the Farmers’ Bulletins 2,915,000 were new and 6,422,500 were reprints. WEATHER BUREAU PUBLICATIONS. Of the funds appropriated for the Department’s printing and bind- ing, Congress allots a specific sum for the publications of the Weather Bureau. These publications do not pass through this Division as do other publications of the Department. They are printed either at the Weather Bureau or at the Government Printing Office, are han- dled and stored at the Bureau, and distributed therefrom. Ocean Cuarts.—The Weather Bureau has continued the issue of - meteorological charts of the oceans, printed in colors and 21 by 28 inches in size. A chart for the North Atlantic is issued monthly in. editions of 5,300 copies; one for the North Pacific, monthly, in editions of 3,100 copies. A chart is issued quarterly for the South Atlantic and South Pacific in editions of 2,600 and 2,100, respectively. In addition to these charts there have been published during the past year charts for Alaska and the Indian Ocean to the amount of 20,000 copies. CriimaToLocicaAL Rerorts.—On June 30, 1909, the publication of the section Climatological Reports was discontinued at 44 section centers and in their place there is now published at the central office of the Weather Bureau a Climatological Report or Summary for the 12 drainage districts of the United States. These reports are issued monthly for each district and the edition has now reached 13,500 copies. Wauteen Mars anp Buiietrins.—In addition to the publications. issued from the central office, there is a large output of Weather Maps, Weather Bulletins, and local Forecast Cards from the Weather Bureau stations located in all parts of the United States. However, during 1910, arrangements have been made whereby daily newspapers in 50 cities are printing maps bearing meteorological data and local forecasts, together with descriptive matter. The result has been a decrease in the number of maps published at stations from 104 mil- lions in 1909, to about 6 millions in 1910. . Fifty-nine stations issue weather maps and bulletins; seven have printing outfits and others use duplicating processes. The station map is a sheet 11 by 16 inches and the subscription price is 20 cents a month or $2 a year. Weather Bureau stations issue Forecast Cards to the amount of 21 millions annually and disseminate local climato- logical data. DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 623 PRESS LISTS. This Division maintains a list of agricultural and other news- papers and periodicals to which are sent copies of all publications issued by the Department in editions permitting such distribution, and a smaller list of Washington correspondents, to which copies of practically every document are mailed promptly upon issue. Notices of important work done by the Department which may be of public interest are prepared in this Division and, with the ap- proval of the Secretary, are distributed to the press. The number of press notices sent out during the last fiscal year was 126, and the total number of mimeograph copies aggregated 124,850. Thus the infor- mation acquired by the Department is given a wider dissemination than is possible by the distribution of its publications, which can not always be issued in editions large enough to supply the demand. AVOIDANCE OF DUPLICATION IN DISTRIBUTION OF DOCUMENTS. During the year it was ascertained that 184 libraries on various lists maintained in the Department were also recéiving through the Superintendent of Documents, who, by provision of law, has 565 copies of every document printed for distribution to Government de- positories, copies of all publications issued by the Department, and the addresses of these hbraries were removed from the Department’s mailing list, resulting in an aggregate saving of more than 220,000 copies of various publications, which number therefore became avail- able for general distribution. The effort of the Division as a part of its economical management of the printing fund is to prevent any duplication in the distribution of the Department’s documents, and therefore from time to time, when discovered, such addresses are removed from all but one of the sts on which they may occur. Additional measures for the prevention of duplication in the dis- tribution of publications have been inaugurated, involving changes in the policy with regard to reprints and individual lists in accordance with the instructions of the Secretary, under which this Division was authorized May 30, 1910— 1. To discontinue the furnishing of publications to Bureaus, Di- visions, and Offices for redistribution by them, it being the policy to restrict all distribution and mailing of publications to the Division of Publications in accordance with the provisions of section 92 of the act of January 12,1895. All letters received by a Bureau, Divi- sion, or Office which are simply requests for publications are to be referred to this office for attention and reply; all letters of a general character which would require an expert opinion to satisfactorily answer are, by direction of the Secretary, to be referred to the Bu- reau, Division, or Office to whose work it relates, where the letter may be answered, and, if necessary to forward publications, an order for the same should be made on this Office for the mailing of the documents. Each Bureau, Division, and Office will, as heretofore, receive not ex- ceeding 200 copies of each of its publications, including 100 for the author, which are for office use and not for miscellaneous distribution. 2. All recommendations for reprints of publications shall be made by the Division of Publications and not by the various Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices from which the publications emanated, as the 624 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Division of Publications is aware of the demand for publications because the requests—that is to say, the letters—are received by that office. The Secretary will decide whether reprints should be ordered, how many copies, and how long such reprints shall continue, it being the policy to reprint and distribute those for which there is the greatest demand. 3. The printing of individual lists of publications of Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices is to be discontinued, it being the Secretary’s idea that the general lists prepared by this Division and those that are furnished by the Superintendent of Documents will suffice for the use of the Department. All such lists are to be distributed only upon request and by this Division. BRANCH PRINTING OFFICE. For many years, up to November 20, 1909, a branch of the Govern- ment Printing Office was maintained in the basement of the Depart- ment building for the purpose of printing blanks, letter heads, labels, circular letters, and other miscellaneous job work for the Department, and this office was from January 12, 1895, to the date above mentioned, under the immediate supervision of the Chief of the Division of Publications. On the date mentioned, however, the office was abol- ished, consent thereto having been given by the Secretary, upon the assurance of the Public Printer that the work could be more economi- cally done in the main office. Although some inconvenience has re- sulted, there has been no serious interruption to the public business, and economy has resulted both in the work of this Division and that of the Printing Office. The Department officials have become ac- customed to the change, understand that more time is required to se- cure the printing of blanks, etc., and are cheerfully cooperating with this Division in its efforts to give satisfactory service under the changed conditions. FARMERS’ BULLETINS. ‘. The appropriation for Farmers’ Bulletins was the same as for the year 1909, namely, $125,000, with which 9,337,500 copies were pro- cured from the Government Printing Office, while 7,755,000 copies were secured with the preceding year’s appropriation. The cost per copy for the year 1910 was 14 cents, as compared with 12 cents per copy for the year 1909. The increase in the number of bulletins procured with the appropriation is due in a large measure to the decision to reduce the size of the bulletins whenever possible. The manuscripts subinitted by the Bureaus have been carefully edited, all extraneous matter being pruned, the illustrations limited to actual requirements, and many of the bulletins reduced from 32 to 48 pages to 16 to 24 pages. The Farmers’ Bulletin subseries known as Experiment Station Work contains fifty-seven numbers, each number comprising from six to a dozen short, condensed summaries of work done in one or more of the state agricultural experiment stations, and they form a library on approximately 500 subjects of interest to practical agriculturists, pre- sented in a comprehensive and intelligible way. During recent years this series has increased in popularity, and there is every evidence that the farmers generally are beginning to appreciate their value. DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 625 The following table shows the output of Farmers’ Bulletins during the past four years and the expenditures therefor: Output of Farmers’ Bulletins and the cost for the fiscal years 1907, 1908, 1909, and 1910. Number |Number of Fiscal year. Fund drawn upon. mad copies. Cost. 8 A SS Warners)’ Bulletin tind.) <2 =) se. bo eee 235 | 6,469,000 | $98,601.17 eo eee tee ee LEAS agg cee eearomeeeia epengaiee oene / Saag She aie et 252 | 6,574, 500 98,601. 49 1) ae eee |e a ae 8) SERS. ch cea nb wen eaaioes 271 | 7,755,000 | 122,475.48 [1 bo pa ie la dee a hepa "SIT ibe ah, tie ule, pel RIAL EA TAS Sea Tes Ae TO 299 | 9,337,500 | 126,579.37 GROWTH OF FARMERS’ BULLETINS AND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRIBUTION. The following table shows the growth of Farmers’ Bulletins during the past twenty-one years, together with the growth and extent of the congressional distribution : Growth of the Farmers’ Bulletin series during twenty-one years, with congres- sional distribution. : | : Copies Copies New : Phat New : | ea : Copies | distributed r : Copies | distributed Year. ee issued by Con- Year. ballstins issued. | by Con- ° gressmen. : gressmen. 1890-1893.......- 12 CADIDOO NE . eee 190833 FEE S222 22 | 6,602,000 3, 954, 976 LL ee 5 278; 900) |=. <..<55---- 1 UE SAE Ie 25 | 6,435,000 4, 895, 556 ee ae 11 | 1,567,000 8855,7701|| 1905. >=. 24 | 5,925,500 4, 782, 643 Vo ee ee 13| 1,891,000 | 1,316,695 |} 1906............ 33 | 6,568,000 5, 279, 476 US: Bae eee 16 | 2,387,000 | 1,967,237 || 1907.-.......... 42 | 6,469,000 3,484,713 PES Sos wocce oct 21} 2,170,000 | 1,580,065 |} 1908............ 26 | 6,574,500 3, 928, 437 Boe It. 8322 22) 2,437,000 | 1,101,985 |} 1909............ | 34 | 7,755,000 3, 960, 642 CO eee 18 | 2,360,000 | 1,666,909 || 1910............ 45 | 9,337,500 6, 449, 589 BODE: A507. 14] 3,345,000 | 2,195,010 || a pt a ae 23 | 6,150,000 | 4,289,126 Total... 406 | 78,792,000 | 51,738,829 During the year 45 new Farmers’ Bulletins were issued. The fol- lowing table shows the number of the bulletin, the title, and the num- ber of copies of each issued: New Farmers’ Bulletins issued during the fiscal year 1910. Bul- Total letin Title of bulletin. number No ‘ee copies, 362 | Conditions Affecting the Value of Market Hay...............2..-.22..22222.ce eee e eee 609, 000 PIPER UP TMM EDN OOS os 222 2 oe on wun en veeesuawtacd et asec cede dita cewut nc oecceeue es 55, 000 Gree Pome OME le CaS CLE RORIIIL 0 2 oo ote acters Hews ans doesn san anasac + ane b= dad eeee oon cen 45, 000 365 | Farm Management in Northern Potato-growing Sections ....................-...----- 60, 000 366 epeiment Sintlon Work—Ll occ. op test c pec wher pire earner: eabsees ee tate ak 40, 000 367 | Lightning and Lightning Conductors.........................-. nae Riera dopey Ae.” ve. | 30, 000 368 | The Eradication of Bindweed, or Wild Morning-glory .....................-.-.---.--- | 40, 000 369 | How to Destroy Rats............--. URE se FR), SR SDR et piety ey | 60,000 B20 Pp ReGpMnDI ey) DAU ION) PLONE», 22... Jan de Soe doe det teh oa eho teduntebencst seotebucwed 85, 000 ed Lisl A RRC TEL COTTA sn ere et ing ee es cet to sgn ts edu > Oho saemens 35, 000 way ey ASP appeal gala RS atl gee ms a mene paapreesen i le pe cod plone Bae / 55, 000 373 Tileadicns Ot PUN, St CLs. . 7 ee APE’. OP SER EEL «Sab - 0h} +s Salkeb ge / 40, 000 Ore tee DERRIRREIED PUORIOEE, WV OF Rls P i owen. mane awn angen ond ath sone pe= nod adedasrh wc cechan 40.000 Sib i Care Gtmmoanitec Ome s:.. . 05.4. cLeaeeeiocn ee ck ils A SL | 190,000 A a CURRY MRE LE nk a id oe IE ae bi ieb wary ood keen omen eee ake a i 60, 000 877 |’ Harmfultriess of Headache Mixtures.-22f5.88 2208 ee a | 55,000 378 | Methods of Exterminating the Texas-fever Tick................-....2-.-22ceeeeeeeeeee 85, 000 7 P RRNey, CME SS Sc tame ots a a ee ME Se ae byt. Wo ows algucysatutup skis Pannen 95,000 Gao Tis Esfedareemiscabe! 030. 25S. 82 SO LS LIAR. BLL. | 35,000 73477°—acr 1910——40 626 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. New Farmers’ Bulletins issued during the fiscal year 1910—Continued. Bul- Total letin Title of bulletin. number No. of copies. 381 | Experiment Station Work—LIV........ 382 | The Adulteration of Forage-plant Seeds. 383 | How to Destroy English Sparrows..... 384 | Experiment Station Work—LV........ 885 | Boys’ and Girls’ Agricultural Clubs. - 222 2a. iss ee eee 386 | Potato Culture on Irrigated Farms of the West 387 | The Preservative Treatment of Farm Timbers 388 || Experiment Station Work—LVI:. 2 22.2625 TI eee eee 280 (| Bread/and' Bread’ Making oss: !)o<2 26 3255 ee ees 558g 8 ee eee 300 | Pheasant Raising‘in the United States... 2. <5... sc. coe coecs ee ee oe eee eee boos eee 391 || .Economical Use of Meatiin the Home... 2. 32 oo occ ccc s wswncicecmcee sees oe eee 392 | Irrigation of Sugar Beets~ =. oo ecw a oo See coe weeu sneer ee eet eee 303 | Habit-forming Agents’ 20 8 Tt ie eee safc Puen oe Bee e see ee Oe ee 50, 000 394 | The Use of Windmills in Irrigation in the Semiarid West.................-.-.--------- 15, 000 395 || Sixty-day and, Kherson Oats=s. 2-225. 85. se eee 15, 000 396 \\!'Dhe Muskrat: 53... 022 StI SA OAR SEL Eh ee eee 15, 000 OPT al) Bees. onic. -Poson. cob Sccemepics sw aldead-cemer. Joga 4 een is soe eee eee 20, 000 398 | Farm Practice in the Use of Commercial Fertilizers in the South Atlantic States....... 20, 000 399. | Irrigation of Grains. <.... sco22.-.0< 22 202 jujona do cence a wince Mee eee eee 15,000 400 | A More Profitable Corn-planting Method ...................-..---.---- Sictein Soe ee 20,000 401 | The Protection of Orchards in the Pacific Northwest from Spring Frosts by Means of Fires‘and:Sniud pes = !2s5 520. Sie tt ee a ee eee PEE De 20, 000 402'| Canada Bluegrass: Its Culture and Uses.. .i 55s. $oa5-noe o-oo cee soc n seen oe eee 15, 000 403 | The Construction of Concrete Fence Posts 30, 000 404 | Irrigation of Orchards................ 20,000 405 | Experiment Station Work—LVII... 15, 000 4061; Soil Conservation... --.-22--2-2-.-25. 30, 000 Totali(45 bulletins).: 5. 2.222525 oe. 00h s/s Seek Bah ce eee 2,915, 000 POPULARITY OF FARMERS’ BULLETINS. As illustrating the popularity of the Farmers’ Bulletins reference may be made to No. 391, Economical Use of Meat in the Home, issued March 23, 1910, and eight times reprinted, the aggregate num- ber of copies printed and distributed during the year being 900,000. A reprint of 500,000 copies was authorized by Congress, making a total of 1,400,000 of this bulletin. Other Farmers’ Bulletins on the subject of nutrition were also in great demand. The demand for Farmers’ Bulletins was unprecedented and it was with some difficulty and not without some delay that the orders for printing them were executed. There is an increasing demand for these popular bulletins from schools of all grades and from higher educational institutions, where they are used in connection with the courses of instruction, which it is extremely desirable to supply, but which it is not possible to do with the present appropriation for printing these ulletins. MISCELLANEOUS DISTRIBUTION OF FARMERS’ BULLETINS. Prior to 1908 the appropriation for Farmers’ Bulletins appeared in the agricultural appropriation bill and contained a provision that congressional quotas not distributed prior to the end of the fiscal year should revert to the Secretary of Agriculture, and under this provision it was possible either to increase the new quotas for the succeeding year or to more fully comply with the miscellaneous requests received by the Department. The Secretary’s quota of one- fifth is not sufficient to satisfy the demands made upon it. The pro- vision has been omitted from the appropriation since it was trans- ferred to the general printing bill and the result has been the con- gestion in the Department’s limited storage space of a large num- DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 627 ber of Farmers’ Bulletins, due to and held upon demand by Senators, Representatives, and Delegates and being withheld from general distribution under the assumption that they might possibly need and call for these documents at some future time. The restoration to the appropriation bill of the above-mentioned provision would greatly relieve the present congestion, enable the Department to furnish the copies desired by deserving miscellaneous applicants and educational institutions, permit complance with requests of Senators and Repre- sentatives who have need for more than their allotment, and cause no inconvenience to such as may not desire to distribute their supply. As a further proof of the popularity of the Farmers’ Bulletin series, attention is directed to the number sold by the Superintendent of Documents, namely, 47,148, at 5 cents per copy, although ordinarily the pamphlet can be secured free by application either to the De- partment or to a Senator or Representative in Congress. THE YEARBOOK FOR 1909. The Yearbook for 1909 deserves special mention. The volume was, by direction of the Secretary, reduced about one-third in size, and issued April 25, 1910—earlier than ever before. Its prompt delivery met with the commendation of Senators, Representatives, and Dele- gates in Congress and the public generally, and its reduced size not only resulted in a saving of about $6,000, but presented a volume more convenient for use and more permanent in character. For the first time the entire expense of the publication was paid from the fund for the fiscal year in which it was ordered, as the entire work was accomplished in that fiscal year. EXPENDITURES FOR PRINTING. The number of requisitions for printing drawn upon the Govern- ment Printing Office during the year was 5,853, of which 4,202 were on the main office and 1,651 on the branch office. The allotment for printing and binding for the Department for the year provided in the act making appropriations for the sundry civil expenses of the Government was $460,000, the same as for each of several preceding years. Of this amount $25,000 for the Weather Bureau printing was expended by that Bureau. Of the remaining $435,000 the ex- penditures for the various Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices aggregated $289,770.57, being $22,593.80 less than spent for similar purposes for the year 1909; and $126,579.37 was spent for Farmers’ Bulletins, an increase of $4,103.89 over the amount expended for Farmers’ Bulletins for the previous year. 628 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The amount expended from the printing fund for miscellaneous publications and for job printing for the various Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices is given in the following table: Amount expended for the various Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices for printing and binding, 1910. Work done at— Bureau, Division, or Office. | Total. Main | Branch office. | office. Division ofA ceounts otc eeg- Ss ith eee: Wee ease ga aes eS ges $5, 874. 55 $416. 16 $6, 290. 71 Burea OlAMIMAl IMGUSED Yee seis nico cuss col eaeiee vce eee bietasemertas 19,187.95 2,649. 98 21,837. 93 BiOlOPICALISULV EY: aclew ca caecew nee ee eee cle aeee ams tale eet teaiarat 4,512.78 122. 88 4, 635. 66 Bureati, of Chemistry series che so ie oct cathe cite os See ete deecieteere 9, 637. 21 569. 19 10, 206. 40 urea OM MntomoOlogy eeepc sess cess cbeacse Be Saar oi coe 10, 256.17 | 772. 16 11, 028. 33 Office of Experiment Stations. ..-: 2 52:: 5-222 --5-<2+>-- Be. SE ae 31,376.95 | 834. 71 32, 211. 66 INGHEST SCLVICC = 25 < Sanco enaias sete cen Soe nee seeie eee eee ce ne eats 18, 644. 87 2,602. 87 21, 247.74 MADEALY.S san. saa saw eas: shee 5 oat ck eae esas eh oor eeeeee ae beers 10, 157. 61 112. 56 10, 270.17 Buresn oh Plan tind ustrye<| 2 ee 88, 116. 70 Administrative and minor publications, job printing and binding__ 89, O87. 84 Potalawicsc Net es Sale) 2 tee ieee ae 416, 349. 94 Under job printing, mentioned in the foregoing statement, come stationery, circular letters, maps, blank forms, and a variety of mis- cellaneous supplies for which expenditures are necessarily large and have been growing rapidly owing to the increased fieldwork of the Bureaus. There has also been a large increase in the expenditures for the publishing of administrative publications issued for the guid- ance of officers and employees, such as Food Inspection Decisions, Notices of Judgment, Service Announcements, Field Programmes, ete., the cost of which has decreased the amount available for printing bulletins and circulars, the vehicles through which are given to the public the results of the original researches of the Department. This year but slightly over $89, 000 was available for this purpose. Through rigid economy the expenses for printing have been kept at the lowest possible point, the only increases noted being for congres- DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 629 sional publications, brought about because the entire cost of the Year- book fell upon this year’s appropriation, while previously it was divided between the two fiscal years in which the work was done by the Government Printing Office, and the slightly larger sum spent for Farmers’ Bulletins. In addition to the publications issued during the fiscal year for which this report is made, requisitions involving the expenditure of about $19,000 were made upon the Government Printing Office, but the work was not undertaken because of the unusual demands upon that office for congressional and other print- ing. In some instances the work was undertaken but not completed. This fact accounts for the apparent balance of $19,000 in the print- ing fund; but this expense, though properly belonging to the year 1910, will fall upon the appropriation for the current year (1911). The following tables give a comparison of publication work of the Department for the years 1907-1910, inclusive. Output of publications from the Department for the fiscal years 1907, 1908, 1909, and 1910 compared. 1907. | 1908. | 1909. | 1910. ING DerOMeGILIONS ISSUE 5. 5... o.. -ecieaapases emesis Henna ss 1,415 022 1,758 1,983 ivumpber Of copies printed':. 2-5... . 22 22... oscseee eens 16, 749,610 | 16,875,515 | 17,190,345 | 25, 190, 469 SALE OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT. The sale of publications of this Department shows a steady growth; the number of documents sold during the past year was 147,327, an increase of 30,109 over the previous year, and the amount received was $18,398.18, an increase of $2,105.08. The average price per document was about 124 cents, a decrease of 13 cents, showing an in- crease in-the proportion of the smaller publications sold. The work of the Department for forty-eight years from the passage of the organic act to the end of the fiscal year 1910 was represented in the publications sold; they ranged from the annual report for 1862 to the latest publication issued. As in previous years, the publications ranged in size from one-page leaflets to bound volumes of 1,300 pages; in price they ranged from 5 cents for the smaller publications to $5.35 for the Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils for 1903 and $10 for Bulletin Q of the Weather Bureau. The greatest number of any publication sold was 6,083 copies of Bulletin 121 of the Bureau of Animal Industry on the Need of Con- trolling and Standardizing the Manufacture of Veterinary Tetanus Antitoxin. The largest income from one publication was, as in the Sabie year, from the sale of 1,814 copies of the Special Report on iseases of the Horse, at 65 cents, making a total of $1,179.10. It is rather remarkable that 4.255 copies were sold of Farmers’ Bul- letin 391, Economical Use of Meat in the Home, notwithstanding the fact that this bulletin had the largest free distribution of any publication ever issued by the Government. 630 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The enormous increase in the sales of the Department’s publications within recent years is shown in the following table: Sales of agricultural publications by the Superintendent of Documents during the fiscal years 1906-1910. rane Number | Amount ‘Tear, of copies.) received. TE cininine cate sa nha os w Ee eee Sin ite Meee miei ale GARNI aie OO bios oN aan 2 iio Rt a 47,745 $5, 388. 28 MOOT oa Sods os ok ae Bee ee oes Hee De weea cin SES Seeiale alee ete aietae here HoT ee ae Eee 71,764 10, 885. 20 IMSS Fae ees Ow ithe dseets ce Geni de tem losezice pees! Guide pe ee | 94,926 | 14,174.22 OOD cache cin daimyo nisin mimnusiain ois aininieere a wewinw a’olap a ctajeynutalaiorere iets aie ets ie eine etter ope 117,218 16, 293. 10 WOON se ses. hese So SEE ABE sas EEG at sole See acme ee coma 147, 327 18, 398. 18 It will be observed that within five years the number of copies sold has increased over 205 per cent, while the amount received has in- creased more than 240 per cent. No other Government publishes as many public documents as the United States, and no other executive department of the Government issues as many publications as the Department of Agriculture. It is the function of this Department to acquire and disseminate useful information in regard to agriculture. With the rapid increase in population of the country and the consequent increasing demand for publications it became apparent many years ago that the Depart- ment could probably never secure an appropriation sufficient for printing enough documents to supply the demand. Congress has, however, provided a solution of the problem by authorizing the sale of government publications at a nominal price. Under the opera- tion of a provision of the law, the Superintendent of Documents can reprint and sell any publication, so long as there is a demand for it, without any expense to this Department. Consequently, by paying the price affixed by law, applicants are able to secure documents which can no longer be obtained from the Department, and which would not otherwise be available, owing to the insufficiency of the Depart- ment’s fund for printing additional copies. It has become necessary, therefore, to continue the policy of referring miscellaneous appli- eants for scientific or technical publications to the Superintendent of Documents when the limited editions of the Department are ex- hausted and it is not possible to order additional copies. In 1906 the Superintendent of Documents reprinted 43 publica- tions of this Department, the total number of copies issued being a little more than 10,000. During the past year he reprinted 462 differ- ent publications, issuing a total of 112,092 copies, an increase in four years of more than 1,000 per cent. The character of the publications of this Department reissued by the Superintendent of Documents is shown by the following table: Classes of agricultural publications reissued by the Superintendent of Docu- ments during the fiscal year 1910. Class of publications. Number.} Copies. Bulletins. . 252 $f. cdess es eee es oa de hee ee eee cate ceeee 180 53, 862 Gireulars: woo. ooo. 6 oc chcce haw oe Salam ce oR eee ies aed Re eL ee See ee eae. ae 22 4,250 Experiment: Station Records 22.25 S222 s2ce.6 < Ss ancn acne «seen oa eee eee arr. aaa 20 2,000 HMarmers’ Bulletins: ~. j2 2.904 ace ee eo ites peas cain ds hi ae eee eae ere cee | 240 51,980 Oba. cawctiiauclgccse Bae we ee eee 462, 112,092 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 631 The following table shows the agricultural publications reissued by the Superintendent of Documents, classified according to the main branch of the Department which originally contributed them: Agricultural publications reissued by the Superintendent of Documents during the fiscal year 1910, classified according to the Bureau or Office originally contributing them. Bureau or Office. Number.| Copies. PaPRR TILT CECE OT nao Seo shoe airs isle Sc cw inte Toe cada wapve~ > aa tcneeas ac acssaaqwiclnces 1 50 RUPEUREPRRSTPV ALTAIR MIGTIS GLY. ooo sans Cece alte cea ne te oc Bas aac cath awebics sedesdocuos 16 8,260 Biological Survey...2--2..-..5.<2..-.2 ne sa EO SRE SE A ee 3 | 500 PEEL TUG lear hy ia ae eS 9 Ds ee ee ee eat ee eee ee eee 26 9,447 neraotsian tomolory.s. 241s es oc. Wester ses Soe nesta e Se = Sete Seely Se Ks Ss oe Venaceise 30 4,700 RRMCH OUT SDCTUNCNG MCALIOUN.. 2.2.55 ce 5 scene cee ccsiee es eenw ne some spanner cnsnncsee 49 10,505 LOL Tiy eaealece BE ls 2 SRG TSS BSE eS ee oe a Ree ee 2455 or eee ia aA 27 7,050 UT OPAT STOTT CUI [Cia ee Be Pn nee ne See Baca iN a Ree ei tine cree 55 | 15,600 Office of Public Roads 4) 1,000 Bureau. of Soils. 26\ A 2 |e RR | A lala l| a a | rar +3 = ——= | | Office of Secretary......-.... ca fame (eae ee hig 9 |. Assistant Secretary . S 150 67 39 10 |= =. Chief Clerk......... 3 105 61 ay 328528 Chief Hnpineers 23.52 cs 8 sees |oenve ne (eos oleae PAA tee Bureau of Animal Industry..| 7,637 | 227 281 | 970 |...- Bureau of Chemistry.......-.- 739 78\| 140:).246-)-< 4 Bureau of Entomology... ....| 3,375 | 235] 271] 179 |..-- Office of Experiment Stations| 1,067 | 953 | 377; 91 CADYarIAn® a occ=ce see oe eet i oh eee WY sneer Bureau of Plant Industry... .-. 22,115 |1,487 |1,352 |2,366 Division of Publications......| 9,685 |...... tr APL cl otceree Pas ecee Office of Public Roads....... 591 S|) OZone fe | een Bureau of Soils............-.- pl es eae lecdi ees 78) |e Bureau of Statistics.......... Li eee eae 5A ened ero Biological Survey..........-- 30) His 3235 | ‘I Rees Fath ase PAG OKUCTS Se een a kine $70]: 796 |, 114.)..2..- = rae Summary of work on illustrations during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910. Photographie work: Velox prints 2: tots oi Ae ee eee 46, 824 Blgeprints +0) 2s Ae esse ee a a ee 7, 863 Solar ‘bromides is. 24... 22.2.) idles Jo) ll eee 1,476 Repro prints _.-.-___ =. eee ee eee 83 Bromide. enlargements == =).-- 222-224 22.122. See eee 923 Prints: mounted 2303.2. Se eee 656. Negatives’ made 2.22.2 Sia ee a ee eee 2, 675 Plates'and films developeds22:2 422s Ee ee eee 4,018 Negatives: opaqued ) soo 2s. au) 4.30 )s ele he et) 2 ee 373 Lantern slides >. =. te 4 a ee ee 3, 985 Liantern slides ‘colored... 21. 22). > SS eee eee 80 Moving-picture film :) 424°. seo 43s os Soe eee feet__ 29, 800 Paid requisitions (amounting to $321.10) 222-222 eee LTE Drawings, electrotypes, ete.: Drawings: madeos22 2). 2 a 1, 460 Requests received for duplicate electros.22_ 98 Duplicate electros furnished on request._____- = eee 734 Illustrations printed or published, not including reprints___________ 2,475 HANDLING AND DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS. During the fiscal year there were distributed from the balance on hand July 1, 1909, and from the new supply issued during the year, 23,749,437 copies of publications and documents, leaving a balance on hand of 5,230,828. This is an increase over the total number dis- tributed during the past fiscal year of over 6,000,000. Of the entire number of documents distributed, 13,656,967 were miscellaneous, DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 637 leaving on hand July 1, 1910, 3,577,746 of this class of publications. Of Farmers’ Bulletins 6,449,589 were mailed under orders from Members of Congress and 3,642,881 copies were distributed upon re- quests of miscellaneous applicants, being an increase in the congres- sional distribution over the previous year of 2,500,000 and an in- creased distribution upon miscellaneous requests of about 775,000, showing a net increase over the preceding year of slightly more than three and a quarter million Farmers’ Bulletins, and leaving on hand 1,673,052 copies. A great increase in the number of miscellaneous ublications is partially explained by the great number of copies of otices of Judgment and the inclusion of Press Notices and Crop Reports under the head of “ Publications.” To handle the publications issued by the Department involves an enormous amount of work, both clerical and manual. The work of storing and mailing the publications is divided principally between two mailing rooms; miscellaneous publications, some of which are heavy and bulky, are mailed under the direction of the foreman of the miscellaneous folding room and by the men under his charge. The Farmers’ Bulletins are distributed by and the principal work inci- dent to mailing them is under the direction and supervision of the forewoman in charge of a number of women employees, who by reason of long service in the Department are exceptionally skillful in arranging and mailing the orders. The amount of detail in con- nection with the mailing of Farmers’ Bulletins, particularly those ordered out on the requests of Members of Congress, is increasing, as the practice adopted by many Members of Congress of distributing thousands of lists, showing the Farmers’ Bulletins available to their constituents, with the request that the publications desired be checked and returned to this office in order that the publications may be mailed, necessitates a separate assembling of each particular re- quest, as rarely will there be two persons who will select the same com- bination of numbers. This assembling of the bulletins in separate sets adds greatly to the work of this force, which for a number of years has been pressed to the limit of its capacity. STENCIL MAILING LISTS. There are now maintained 1,180,316 stencil addresses, 111,790 being added within the last fiscal year. This work has become a most im- portant feature, as there are maintained at the present time the mail- ing lists of nearly every Bureau, Office, and Division in the Depart- ment. This work is done under a clerk in charge, and the employees, principally active young men, have addressed 5,289,252 franks and envelopes during the past year and cut 133,123 stencils, which were corrections of and additicns to the various lists maintained on the stencil system. In addition, 5,499,574 publications were folded by this force on the machines provided for that work. Because of the removal of the branch printing office from the Department, it was found necessary to install a cutting machine in this room, and while it has been in use only a few months there have already been 655,990 sheets cut and trimmed, not including 563,964 franks furnished by Members of Congress. The work done by this force is commendable, the operators of the folding machines frequently having to work at night in order to have publications folded, ready for mailing next 638 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. morning. The work at present is greatly handicapped, and becomes more so each day, by reason of the fact that there is not sufficient space to properly store the stencil cabinets and machinery, to say nothing of the number of envelopes that it is necessary to have within reach in order to expeditiously run off the various mailing lists. The question of storage space has become a serious problem, as in the case of some lists, among others the Crop Reporter list, it has been necessary to discontinue cutting stencils, as there is no room to store them. The following are the lists maintained on the stencil system in this office, with number of names on each list: Agrostology..... =. === 5 3 Se ee 2, 559 Bureau‘of Animal Industry,’ Dairy Division®/2--—_ - 2 eee 271 Biologicale Survey 2idees) 2s & Seat be ee ee eee 78 sureaw of Chemistry + foi es oes Ei eee 4,310 Bureau, of Hntomology 2 ss ke eee 554 MOTESt (SCLVICC. = - Son ae ee ee re 761, 715 Mibrarye Lili} i 2 ites Se a ed Se eee eee 2 Office. of: Experiment ‘Stationse.. 22+ US. 288) ae ee eee 13, 927 Bureawu..of,.Plant; Industry; 42. 2s. 22 ee ee ee eee 29, 387 Division, of, Publications-—_ 2.220. 8. as ee eee 254, 118 Officesof: Public. Roads =22=" > 22 2 sts se aS eee 3, 113 Bureau*of Sotlsu ti Bow he ee eS eee 271 Bureau: of | Statistics 202 45 5. San he eA ee eee ee eee 107, 830 Solicitors (Office). 2-224 5 Se ee ee ee eee 242 INTRODUCTION OF SIMPLIFIED METHODS, The demand for the publications issued by the Department increased greatly during the past year; in fact, so much so that during the fall and winter of 1909-10 the force was taxed to its utmost to handle the applications with anything like promptness, and it was, owing to this continued and increased demand from all parts of the country, found necessary to make some change in the method of handling the applications from miscellaneous applicants. A new plan was put into effect April 6, 1910, and has given satis- factory results. There are received daily about 2,000 requests from Senators, Representatives, and Delegates in Congress, and from mis- cellaneous applicants, aggregating about 52,000 per month, or con- siderably over 624,000 in the course of a year. To handle the miscel- laneous requests of applicants alone required the addressing of 619,694 envelopes or franks and 30,000 postal cards, and the using of 60,848 orders for miscellaneous publications and 198,400 orders for Farmers’ Bulletins. Even with the simplified method the work of complying with the requests involves an enormous amount of clerical work, which requires extreme care, accuracy, and knowledge of the Department’s publications and general work of the Department, which can be gained only by long experience. The correspondence in connection with the distribution of publica- tions furnished a good example of the amount of work of this char- acter involved and the increase of the same. Despite the fact that thousands of blank forms and printed cards are used in reply to correspondents the number of letters that it was necessary to write was 56,901, showing an increase of 10,848 over the number written the year previous. Another feature of the work which is exceedingly important is that of keeping account of the number of the various publications DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 639 received in this Department, as, according to law, a detailed report must be submitted, showing the number of publications received and the number distributed during the fiscal year. A division was made in the work of mailing the publications and storing them. A clerk was put in charge of the receiving and storing of all publications received, who furnishes the mailing rooms, upon application, with the publications needed for distribution. These requisitions are totaled at the end of the day and turned over to the bookkeeper. This is considered to be a more simple and expedi- tious method than the one formerly in vogue, which required con- siderable clerical work after the order had been filled to determine the number of any particular publication that was to be charged as distributed. The change in the method of distributing the Department’s publi. cations having made possible the abolishment of a considerable amount of clerical work, and an immense amount of skilled labor being necessary to handle the mailing of the publications, it was pos- sible to assign temporarily for that work some members of the clerical force; and it should be stated to their credit that they responded in a highly creditable manner, and considering the fact that they were unaccustomed to such duties, which are more or less arduous and laborious, they did an immense amount of work and were largely instrumental in bringing and keeping the work of mailing the Farmers’ Bulletins up to date. FOREIGN MAIL, The demand for publications of the Department from foreign applicants continues to increase steadily, and during the year 1909-10 there were forwarded from this office, by authority furnished by the Library, 110,688 packages, containing publications weighing 38,802 pounds, involving an expenditure for postage of $2,572.52. This is an increase in packages of 20,719, in pounds of 9,042, and in postage of $519.97 over the previous year. 3 2 eee eee 20, 000 Notices of Judgment, Food and Drugs Act: Nos. 69-81. 69, Misbranding of Rye Flour (as to Presence of Wheat). 70, Misbranding of Canned Peas (Underweight). 71, Misbranding of Lemon Extract (as to Presence of Lemon Oil). 72, Misbranding of Canned Cherries (Underweight). 73, Mis- branding of Vinegar (Colored Imitation Fruit Vinegar). 74, Misbranding of Maple Sirup (as to Presence of Cane Sugar Sirup). 75, Adulteration and Misbranding of Pepper (as to Pres- ence of Nut Shells, Fruit Pits, etc.). 76, Adulteration of Oats (as to Presence of Barley). 77, Misbranding of Canned Toma- toes (Underweight). 78, Misbranding of Water (as to Origin and Source). 79, Misbranding of Tomato Catsup (as to Pres- ence of Screenings and Waste). S80, Misbranding of Salad Oil (as to Origin). 81, Adulteration of Milk (Water). 23 pp. July W3Lte Se Bs ee nig i ee eee 15, 000 No. 82.. Misbranding of Drug Preparations. 7 pp. June 30______ 15, 000 Nos. 83-90. 88, Misbranding of Wine (Fermented Solution of Com- mercial Dextrose, Artificially Colored and Preserved with Ben- zoie Acid). 84, Misbranding of Baked Beans and Tomato Sauce (Underweight). 85, Misbranding of Canned Tomatoes (Under- weight). 86, Misbranding of a Drug Product (Saltpeter). 87, Misbranding of Evaporated Apples (as to Quality). 88, Adul- teration of Milk (Added Water). S89, Misbranding of Evaporated Apples (Underweight). 90, Misbranding of Canned Peas (Un- derweight)..-—19" pp. Julynsl__ S29 Sse ee ae ee eee 15, 000 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 647 Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, ete-—Continued. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY—Continued. DEPARTMENTAL—Continued. New Pupsrications—Continued. Notices of Judgment, Food and Drugs Act—Continued. Copies. No. 91. Misbranding of Lemon, Raspberry, and Strawberry Ex- (FIRS Y EG] gah 4 0) oma SYS) 0) erg Lt Se a ae Oh i NS lle le Nr eee A 15, 000 Nos. 92-93. 92, Misbranding of Canned Peaches, Plums, Pears, and Apricots (Underweight). 93, Misbranding of Canned Beans fCerwerl isp se oer Ch acces ee et eee eee eee 15, 000 Nos. 94-99. 94, Misbranding of Water (Artificially Lithiated Water Labeled as a Natural Product). 95, Misbranding of Canned Corn (Underweight). 96, Misbranding of a Cereal (as to Quality and Digestive Properties). 97, Misbranding of Canned Tomatoes Underweight). 98. Adulteration and Misbranding of Sirup (as to Presence of Maple Sugar). 99, Misbranding of Sirup (as to Place of Manufacture and Amount of Maple Sugar Present). Say Va mOsm ee an re et a A A oe ee eT 15, 000 Nos. 100-101. 100, Misbranding of Sirup (as to Place of Manu- facture and Manufacturer). 101, Adulteration of Oats (Mixed Withebariey snd OtheriGrains)}) 4*ppr “Oct sole oes ens 15, 000 Nos. 102-110. 102, Misbranding of Distiller’s Dried Grains (as to Protein and Fat Content). 103, Adulteration of Eggs (Pres- ence of Putrid and Decomposed Animal Matter). 104, Adultera- tion and Misbranding of Stock Feed (as to Presence of Rice Hulls). 105, Adulteration and Misbranding of a Cereal (as to Presence of Wheat). 106, Misbranding of a Cane Sirup (as to Presence of Glucose). 107, Misbranding of Vermont Maple Sugar (as to Presence of Cane Sugar). 108, Misbranding of Preserves (Underweight). 109, Adulteration and Misbranding of Cotton-seed Meal (as to Presence of Cotton-seed Hulls). 110, Misbranding of Sirup (as to Quantity). 20 pp. Novy. 11________ 15, 000 ING. tiie Misbrandine of Catsup: 2 ppl Nov. 16L2 Sore ee, 15, 000 Nos. 112-116. 112, Misbranding of a Drug Product (Quinine- whisky). 1138, Misbranding of Flour (underweight). 114, Mis- branding of Apricots (underweight). 115, Adulteration and Mis- branding of Lemon Extract (imitation Colored with a Coal-tar Dye). 116, Adulteration and Misbranding of Stock Feed (Low Procem-and, hat. Content) <9 ppl Dec. dps ee tape Ee 15, 000 Nos. 117-118. 117, Adulteration and Misbranding of Stock Feed (Low Protein and Fat Content). 118, Adulteration and Mis- branding of Buckwheat Flour (as to Presence of Wheat and Corn Proguctyy.*. oupDe DCG ahs ar eo ee ae ee ee eae ee 15, 000 Nos. 119-122. 119, Adulteration and Misbranding of a Stock Feed (Globe Flour Middlings) (as to Presenec of Ground Corncobs). 120, Adulteration and Misbranding of Pepper (as to Presence of Wheat Meal, Seedcoats, Cocoanut Shells, ete.). 121, Misbrand- ing of Mineral Water (as to Quantity). 122, Adulteration and Misbranding of Strawberry Extract) (an Imitation Colored with a COMI-taT Dye): Sopp. + Dee. alte Siler es ir ele et de By 15, 000 Nos. 123-133. 123, Adulteration and Misbranding of Vanilla Ex- tract. 124, Adulteration and Misbranding of Wheat Flour. 125, Adulteration of Milk (added Water). 126, Misbranding of Canned Corn (underweight). 127, Adulteration and Misbrand- ing of Sirup (as to Presence of Gluecose). 128, Misbranding of Canned Corn (underweight). 129, Adulteration and Misbrand- ing of Buckwheat Flour (as to Presence of Wheat Flour). 130, Adulteration and Misbranding of Lemon Extract. 131, Mis- branding and Adulteration of Rye Flour. 1382, Adulteration of Milk. 1388, Adulteration and Misbranding of Olive Oil (a Mix- ture of Cotton-seed and Olive Oil). 16 pp. Jan. 25___-_-__--__ 15, 000 Nos. 134-140. 134, Misbranding of “ Buchu Gin.” 135, Misbrand- ing of Vanilla Extract. 136, Adulteration and Misbranding of Lemon Extract. 137, Misbranding of Cheese (underweight). 188, Misbranding of Cheese (underweight). 139, Adulteration and Misbranding of Vanilla Extract. 140, Misbranding of Va- Mise mcricts Wa Oe POD. Ssesseees 2 52 Gk ee Soe eae: 15, 000 648 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, etc.—Continued. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY—Continued. DEPARTMENTAL—Continued. NEW PuBLIcAtions—Continued. Notices of Judgment, Food and Drugs Act—Continued. Copies. No. 141. Misbranding of Lemon Extract. 2 pp. Feb. 8_----____- 15, 000 No. 142. Adulteration of Almond Extract. 2 pp. Feb. 8_-______ 15, 000 No. 145. Adulteration and Misbranding of Strawberry Extract. 2 pp.» Web. 8252.22. a24 ee ee 15, 000 No. 144. Misbranding of a Drug Preparation. 2 pp. Feb. 8______ 15, 000 No. 145. Adulteration of Seedless Raisins. 2 pp. Feb. 2._________- 15, 000 No. 146. The Adulteration of Raisins. 2 pp. Feb. 2_____________ 15, 000 No. 147. Adulteration and Misbranding of Lemon HWxtract. 2 pp. Mehiqen sea es et oe Rea es es a 15, 000 No. 148. Adulteration and Misbranding of Vanilla Extract. 2 pp. eb: 8i22 2 22 Pt ee Se eee eee 15, 000 No. 149. Adulteration and Misbranding of Lemon Extract. 2 pp. Web.6222) ee oa Le pe Lee 15, 000 No. 150. Adulteration and Misbranding of Terpeneless Lemon Ex- tract. 2) pp. Webs Gi atten 2is ee 15, 000 No. 151. Adulteration of Vanilla Extract. 2 pp. Feb. 8_____-___ 15, 000 No. 152. Adulteration and Misbranding of Pineapple and Lemon Extracts), 2. ppscHleb. , 2QeL tone. See a 15, 000 No:1538:. Adulteration, of Peaches.) 2pp:.. Heby 82-2 15, 000 No. 154. Misbranding of Cheese. 3 pp. Feb. 10__-.~-~-_-___-_. 15, 000 No. 155. Misbranding of Baking Powder. 3 pp. Feb. 10____-_--___ 15, 000 No. 156. Adulteration and Misbranding of Tomato Catsup. 2 pp. Web. 8-ee best hb as) Ha eek ee _ oe eee 15, 000 No.1 Adulteration and Misbranding of Powdered Asafetida. 2 pp: Web, §.c2. 228) 22 et et ees el Se 15, 000 No. 158. Adulteration and Misbranding of Peppers. 2pp. Feb.8-_ 15,000 No. 159. Adulteration and Misbranding of Pepper. 2 pp. Feb. 8___ 15,000 No. 160. Misbranding of ‘‘ Buchu Gin.” 3 pp. Feb. 10__-__--_-___ 15, 000 No. 161. Misbranding of Evaporated Apples. 2 pp. Feb. 8___----__ 15, 000 No. 162. Adulteration of Seedless Raisins. 2 pp. Feb. 8_____--_-- 15, 000 No. 163. Misbranding of ‘‘ Mapleine.” 7 pp. Feb. 10_--_____-______ 15, 000 INo: 164. Misbranding of Pepper. “2 pp.) Neb: 82220 15, 000 No. 165. Misbranding of Canned Peas. 5 pp. Feb. 28_-____--_____ 15, 000 No. 166. Adulteration and Misbranding of Custard. 2 pp. Feb. 23. 15, 000 No. 167. Misbranding of Macaroni. 2 pp. Web. 2$--=--=- 22 === 15, 000 No. 168. Misbranding and Adulteration of Vinegar. 3 pp. Feb. 28_ 15, 000 No. 169. Misbranding of Vinegar. 3 pp. Feb. 23_---___-___-_---2= 15, 000 No. 170. Misbranding of Corn Meal. 2)pp. Feb. 23___-_=_-2=. 23 15, 000 No. 171. Adulteration and Misbranding of Stock Feed. 2 pp. Mars 8020 40280 ee ie ee ee eee 15, 000 No. 172. Misbranding of Stock Feed. 2 pp. Mar. 8________--_£.= 15, 000 No. 173. Misbranding of Stock Feed. 2 pp. Mar. 3--------------- 15, 000 No. 174.. Adulteration and Misbranding of Stock Feed. 3 pp. Maz? 8.2i Ss 2 ee ae i eee 15, 000 No. 175. Adulteration of Water! 2pp: “Mar: 3af-56-2s3ere——— 15, 000 No. 176. Adulteration of Confectionery (‘‘ Silver Dragees”). 5 pp. MarivGieuents. fos phi ee _ Ot cee ee eee 15, 000 No. 177./Misbranding of Coffee...2) pp. Mar.322 2222 23 15, 000 No. 178. Misbranding of Canned Cherries. 38 pp. Mar. 3__-_----- 15, 000 No. 179. Adulteration and Misbranding of Cottonseed Feed Meal. 8 pp. Mati Si ifeee se oe ee ee ee 15, 000 No. 180. Misbranding of a Drug (‘‘ Gowan’s Pneumonia Cure”). 2 pp.) Mar. 138. 292 9S en eb tee So ee ee ee ee) eee 15, 000: No. 181. Misbranding of a Drug (“ Eyelin”). 2pp. Mar 4_____-- 15, 000 No. 182. Misbranding of a Drug (“Bromo Febrin ”). 2 pp. Mar.4- 15, 000 No. 183. Adulteration and Misbranding of Powdered Colocynth. 2 Dp.) Mar4tete = Abe ee a eee eee 15, 000 No. 184. Misbranding of a Drug (‘‘ Radol”’”’). 2 pp. Mar. 4------- 15, 000 No; 185; Adulteration of Cream. 2 pps) Marie -*=-s2s=s2—5 15, 000: DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 649 Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, etc.—Continued. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY—Continued. DEPARTMENTAL—Continued. New Pusricatrions—Continued. Notices of Judgment, Food and Drugs Act—Continued. Copies. No. 186. Misbranding of Peaches and Apricots. 8 pp. Mar. 4_____ 15, 000 No. 187. Adulteration and Misbranding of Cider Vinegar. 3 pp. Luis ie.t 2 BBs VRS SET ee 2 ee ee ee ee ee ee. a, ee 15, 000 No. 188. Adulteration of Currants. 2 pp. Mar. 4-2. ~--..____ 15, 000 No. 189. Adulteration and Misbranding of Vinegar. 2 pp. Mar. 4 15,000 NoSO! Misbrandine of Rice: 2. pp." Mari4— 5... ee 15, 000 No. 190. Misbranding of a Drug (‘‘ Dr. Parker’s Universal Headache UNE S)iy could Mamet h= Fes ent Othe ot ee teh ee 15, 00C No. 192. Adulteration of a Drug (Powdered Colocynth. 2 pp. NET 1 ESPs Be ER ee oe ee ee eee 15, 000 No. 198. Adulteration and Misbranding of Cider Vinegar. 3 pp. VT erry, ee 5 SON pe Se ar 2 at ee ee ee he ee 15, 000 No. 194. Adulteration and Misbranding of Lemon Hxtract. 6 pp. Wulolies (Dy a 2 a ee eee ee eee 15, 000 No. 195. Adulteration and Misbranding of Vinegar. 2 pp. Mar. 5. 15,000 No. 196. Misbranding of Oil of Lemon. 2 pp. Mar. 5__--~~----__ 15, 000 No. 197.. Adulteration and Misbranding of White Wine Vinegar. 2 | 2) OP PN Rt ARs ee eee ae et bee ce Senet ae 8 oer ee eee EOS yee a 15, 000 No. 198. Adulteration and Misbranding of Sirup. 2 pp. Mar. 5___ 15,000 No. 199. Adulteration and Misbranding of Vinegar. 2 pp. Mar. 9_ 15,000 No. 200. Misbranding of Vinegar.. 7 pp. Mar. 16_--_......._____ 15, 000 No. 201. Misbranding of a Drug (‘‘Make-Man Tablets”). 4 pp. IMIR NG yl bey od Ni eene eee ee ee eee eC een oe ee ne we ae eee 15, 000 No. 205. Misbranding of a Drug (‘“ Radam’s Microbe Killer”). 3 [ajay * Beak 1 tl) eS -e e OeOnnnee i co OO ee enenn sary Pomeeen 15, 000 Wor206.Adulteration ‘of Milk. i2 pp. Mar. 162.2 = = 15, 000 Now207,. Misbranding. ofeVinegar:..2 pp: Mar d(-.2 5 ae 15, 000 No. 208. Misbranding of a Drug (“O. K. Headache Cure”). 2 1) 0 Rate C8 aga WY ere ee ape spe | ea re nr CR OY SS Cer een er ey 15, 000 No. 2092 Misbranding:0f- Sirups..260Ds pe MoT a 2. sen 15, 000 No. 210. Adulteration and Misbranding of Pepper. 2 pp. Mar.17_ 15,000 No. 211. Adulteration and Misbranding of Milk Flour. 2 pp. UH al by (soa ee, ee, NO en a eer aE a. aie eee 15, 000 No. 212. Misbranding of Preserves. 2 pp. Mar. 17_-._..._-_=_._ 15, 000 Nox2i5. Adulteration-ot [ee Cream: 1.,p;.. Mar) 122.22 15, 000 « No: 214, Adulteration: of Milkwe.2:Dps, Mars 17. 13s ee 15, 000 No. 215. Adulteration and Misbranding of Coffee. 2 pp. Mar.19_ 15,000 No. 216. Adulteration and Misbranding of Hydrogen Peroxide. 2 RD) RN CLE SL ei a ee 8 en ee 15, 000 No. '21%..Misbranding: of Olive Oil . 2 pp. . Mar. 19-7 2. 15, 000 No. 218. Adulteration and Misbranding of Strawberry Extract. 2 11 Tea Se a ea a ta es vit ee a 15, 000 INO: 210: Adulteration of Milk. 2 pp, Mar, 19 2° *- 2 = 15, 000 No. 220. Adulteration and Misbranding of Turpentine. 2 pp. Mar. RS SS PRT TTET e OieTar Ol irr ant yer ee ee a ee 15, 000 No. 221. Adulteration and Misbranding of Camphor. 2pp. Mar.19_ 15,000 No. 222. Misbranding of Preserves. 3 pp. Mar. 19_.-_--__---___ 15, 000 No. 228. Misbranding of Condensed Milk. 2 pp. Mar. 19_-----_--_ 15, 000 No. 224. Adulteration of Liquid Eggs. 2 pp. Mar. 19--___-.----- 15, 000 No. 225. Misbranding of Headache Tablets. 1p. Mar. 19_-___ _- 15, 000 No. 226. Misbranding of Laudanum. 1p. Mar. 19_-----__.______ 15, 000 No. 227. Adulteration of Desiccated Egg. 2 pp. Mar. 19__.--___-_ 15, 000 No. 228. Adulteration of Milk, 1p. Mar. 19-...-------L-__.---._ 15, 000 650 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, ete—Continued. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY—Continued. DEPARTMENTAL—Continued. New Pvusiications—Continued. Notices of Judgment, Food and Drugs Act—Continued. Copies. No. 229. Adulteration of Milk. )2 sp.) Marc19__ S22 eee 15, 000 No. 280. Adulteration and Misbranding of Stock Food. 2 pp. Mar. 98 2 ont Bn eee aes sos ete dpe ee Ee No. 231. Adulteration and Misbranding of Bran. 2 pp. Mar. 28_-__ 15,000 No. 282. Adulteration and Misbranding of Cider Vinegar. 2 pp. Mar. 28 senceausconce sie Pele Fee Ba ee eee 15, 000 No. 233. Misbranding of a Drug (“‘Aceton”). 2 pp. Mar. 28______ 15, 000 No. 234. Misbranding of Molasses. 2 pp. Mar. 28--.--=_-1__-_-=3 15, 000 No. 285. Misbranding of a Sirup (‘‘ Cafe-coca Compound”). 2 pp. Mans 2822t: een ae et he ea 15, 000 No. 286. Misbranding of a Drug (‘“‘ Coke Extract”). 2pp. Mar.28_ 15, 000 No. 237. Misbranding of Lemon Flavor. 2 pp. Mar. 28___---_____ 15, 000 No. 288. Adulteration and Misbranding of Apple Jelly. 2 pp. Mar. 90. oom weet pec eces hee ee 15, 000 No. 259. Misbranding of a Drug (‘ Beaver and Oil Compound’’). 3 Dp? Mar; 30 2225222. 25 ee ee ee ee eee 15, 000 No. 240. Adulteration and Misbranding of Vinegar. 1p. Mar. 30__ 15,000 No. 241. Adulteration of-Cream:.-i1. p. Mars 3022 15, 000 No. 242. Adulteration and Misbranding of Vanilla Extract. 1 p. Mar:. 802220 We BR a Sie Pe ae Be, ee SS ee 15, 000 No. 248. Adulteration and Misbranding of Vinegar. 1p. Mar. 30_ 15,000 No. 244. Adulteration and Misbranding of Olive Oil. 1p. Mar. 30_ 15,000 No. 245. Adulteration and Misbranding of Damiana Gin. 1 p. ADP. Te 2 DEO A ED EDA > Se i ee 15, 000 No. 246. Adulteration and Misbranding of Strawberry Flavor. 1 p. Apri Ton ek Nk, 2 TOT TS sD A Sy Bh 15, 000 No. 247. Adulteration and Misbranding of Olive Oil. 2 pp. -Apr. 7 15,000 No. 248. Adulteration and Misbranding of Turpentine. 1p. Apr. 7 15,000 No. 249. Adulteration of Confectionery (Silver Dragees). 3 pp. Apr: 7 ti Aeie SE) akc BO de OU BD Se ae 15, 000 No. 250. Misbranding of Gluten Flour and Gluten Farina. 5 pp. ADD. (Tazace tes a OR eC 15, 000 No. 251. Misbranding of Canned Tomatoes. 2 pp. Apr. T-_-----~ 15, 000 No. 252. Adulteration of Evaporated Egg. 2 pp. Apr. 7_-----_-__ 15, 000 No. 253. Adulteration of Shelled Peanuts. 2 pp. Apr. 7_________. 15, 000 No. 254. Adulteration of Molasses: 2 pp: Apri 72223 15, 000 No. 255. Adulteration and Misbranding of Evaporated Apples. 2 pp: “Apr.” 722.0 Sk ot i Oe ei ee Se 15, 000 No. 256. Adulteration and Misbranding of Stock Food. 3 pp. ApT.Tesa22 222203 ee Ba ee 2 ee 15, 000 No. 257. Adulterationof Herrine>. 2 pp. Apr: {_ 15, 000 No. 258. Misbranding of a Drug (‘‘ Preston’s Hed-ake”). (Trade- mark.) > T.p.:Apr., 282022 2923 08 ie eee 10, 000 No. 259. Adulteration and Misbranding of Lemon Extract. 1 p. ADE 28522288 22522222 ew at oe tpt > ipl ieeet hne ee 10, 000 No. 260. Misbranding of a Drug (‘“‘ U-re-ka Headache Powders’’). 2p, Apr. 28. = 2 eS re 10, 000 No. 261. Misbranding of a Drug (“Sure Thing Tonic’). 2 pp. Apr 282202 222 2h nn eh Pe 8 2 0 ee 10, 000 No. 262. Misbranding of Macaroni. Pp. Apr:> 2385222) eae 10, 000 No. 268. Adulteration and Misbranding of Buckwheat Flour. 1 p. Apt.. 2822252222 322320 4 oo eee 10, 000 No. 264. Adulteration of Cream: “1p. ‘Apr: (2842222222222 10, 000 No. 265.. Adulteration of Milk, 1) p. Apr. 2822224223322 10, 000 No. 266. Misbranding of a Drug (‘ Dr. Johnson’s Mild Combination Treatment for Gancer’)) 34 9 pp: May 42-2 eee 10, 000 No. 267. Adulteration’ of, Milk’. p;” May 4222288) 22 222002 10, 000 No: 268. Adulteration: of Creams 1p. | May, 422222 eee 10, 000 No. 269. Misbranding of Honey, 2:pp. May 4222225225222. 10, 000 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 651 Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, ete.—Continued. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY—Continued. DEPARTMENTAL—Continued. New Pusriications—Continued. Notices of Judgment, Food and Drugs Act—Continued. Copies. No. 270. Adulteration and Misbranding of Molasses. 5pp. May6_. 10,000 No. 271. Misbranding of Cane and Maple Sirup. 5 pp. May 6__-_ 10, 000 No. 272. Adulteration of Desiccated Egg. 2 pp. May 6_--------- 10, 000 No. 278. Adulteration and Misbranding of Powdered Milk. 1 p. LGR oy ee Te op Ns oR as ss ee ie Spee ape SR UR, Sess sere eee eae 10, 000 No. 274. Mishranding of Vinegar... p.. .May'622.-22-5=-2- ees 10, 000 No, 276.) Misbranding) of ‘Coffee. 2) por (May Gin 2+: 222222222 3. 10, 000 No. 276. Misbranding of a Drug Product (‘‘Analgine Tablets’’) Lag OR Brin ga kee aks BE Se igs See SD SID EEE Teak oot ied ee ieee ye obs ees 10, 000 No. 277. Adulteration and Misbranding of Lemon Flavor. 1 p. Leia (SSS aT eS ae ee ee ee ee eS 10, 000 No. 278. Adulteration and Misbranding of Vinegar. 2 pp. May 6__ 10,000 No. 279. Adulteration and Misbranding of Lemonade Powder and GQyansedde, Powders .2.apps . May Ganects ot i ce pe ie a 10, 000 INO 2SOe Mishranding of (Salto13 ‘pp. Mayi20en 22 ese 8 10, 000 No. 281. Adulteration and Misbranding of Lemon Flavor. 1 p. VE ya Os 8 oe ee Se EE ee ee he 10, 000 No. 282. Adulteration of Sardines. 1p. May 20-.-.~~.....-.-.- 10, 000 No. 283. Misbranding of Maple Sirup. 3 pp. May 20__-_________ 10, 000 No. 284. Alleged Misbranding of Danderine. 7 pp. May 20______ 10, 000 Mr lSoLAdniterationso£ ‘Cream, 2p... Maycg20 she =. 2 Sle 10, 000 No. 286. Adulteration and Misbranding of Vinegar. 2 pp. May a Aas RE A Pe sad ena ee Se te ey OE eee ae Gee et be a, 10, 000 INO 2Sis Adulteration son Milk. dep ioMayy2Oee «2s eB ee 10, 000 No. 288. Adulteration and Misbranding of Black Pepper. 1 p. SAUTE A) as Soe wf a ea ee Pc bE Ls ky Se ed Se 10, 000 No. 289. Adulteration and Misbranding of Vinegar. 2 pp. May ie eR EO ee Se og a eee et ee ee ce ee ee See sees Se 10, 000 No. 290. Adulteration and Misbranding of Maple Sirup. 1 p. LURE ADS ae eg a ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 10, 000 No. 291. Adulteration and Misbranding of Neufchatel Cheese. 2 DE). et NST Wwe eer rss yc yey bt sya Pele Aaghek ys Rill whe sole Theta 10, 000 No. 292. Adulteration and Misbranding of Powdered Colocynth. 1 | Raa: ER gop 4 ok ae Senet PRESS ec See SMR ee toner Se yete Gone Seer e 10, 000 No. 293. Adulteration and Misbranding of Essence of Winter Greene. 1 hc May Bee es = Be Se asset Bene 10, 000 No. 294. Misbranding of a Drug (‘‘Make-Man Tablets”). 2 pp. Say Depo pees Se eet tes en ENE Sen ees Swipe AEM £5 4d bes BS eh Fee BES 10, 000 No. 295. Adulteration and Misbranding of Eggs. 2 pp. May 21__ 10,000 No. 296. Adulteration and Misbranding of ‘“ Kos-Kola.” 2 pp. TST en 9 a Ben eee i hear Ee ee Se ape 10, 000 No. 297. Adulteration and Misbranding of Pepper. 1p. May 21__ 10,000 No. 298. Misbranding of a Feed (‘‘Cerecut”). 1p. May 21__-_ 10,000 ING; 209. Adulterationrof; Tee: (ii pew Mag 2352) ee Pe 10, 000 No. 300. Alleged Adulteration and Misbranding of Calcium Acid IPBOSPHaATC: te Opa May. (25 tS ais Oe eS et a 10, 000 No. 301. Adulteration and Misbranding of Vanilla Flavor. 4 pp. URLS gate eee tg eater Se RS Fe ee a ee eo oe Ae 10, 000 No~302) Misbrandingevor Sirup.:2) pp. sMay 23825--o ssh assis 10, 000 No. 803. Misbranding of Metabolized Cod Liver Oil Compound. 4 0) Owes) Lia See sete bbed Beg CM eet a ESL Aes ety Ser epr ep eae ee 10, 000 No. 304. Adulteration and Misbranding of Vinegar. 1 p. May 28__ 10,000 No. 305. Adulteration of Desiccated Egg. 1p. May 23_----------- 10, 000 No, S062 Mishranding: of Mshrt2 pps ‘May 232. 2s_ 2.2 Sess es 10, 000 No. 307.. Adulteration.of Cream. .ci-p.. May 23.22 2s. bosses 10, 000 +/OVNo, 808) Adulteration.of ‘Cream: Ip) May 26.22 so2Gess2e55__ 5. 10, 000 No. 309. Misbranding of “ Coke Extract.” 1p. May 26_--------- 10, 000 No. 310. Adulteration and Misbranding of ‘‘Kola-Ade.” 1 p. . Mavi 26 a Sek Sc Sh es ee OR ae 10, 000 652 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, ete.—Continued. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY—Continued. DEPARTMENTAL—Continued. New Pusrications—Continued. Notices of Judgment, Food and Drugs Act—Continued. Copies. No. 311. Misbranding of Vinegar.: 1 p. May 26_----...1.-.-..-_- 10, 000 No: 312.; Adulterationrof£ Milk; «dpi) May’ 26222):2s-28uree 10, 000 No. 3135. Adulteration and Misbranding of Lemon Extract. 1 p. May: 26) 2s Soe las Fite A weg Ber sg np pee ee 10, 000 No. 314. Adulteration and Misbranding of a Feed (‘“ Globe Flour Middlings ”’)... 1p. Midty 9262~_ 22 ee ee eee 10, 000 No. 315. Adulteration and Misbranding of Feed (‘ International Gluten???) ities Miarye 262). ee bee Fe ner OF) Eee a eee 10, 000 INO:)316.. Misbranding, of Raisins. 1 p.. May 26_--2- >= eee 10, 000 No. 317. Adulteration and Misbranding of Buckwheat Flour. 1 iD.) (May 26 22 os ke Beet oe ee ee ee eee 10, 000 No. 318. Adulteration and Misbranding of Cider Vinegar. 2 pp. Mayi26 s2b3e25. oie fe eee ee eee 10, 000 Wo. 319: Misbranding. of. Hair Tonic: dip. May 26222225 10, 000 No. 320. Adulteration and Misbranding of Vanilla Extract. 1 p. Mayn26 2.2oe poet De Sib eee. ao * Spee ee No: 321. Misbranding of Canned. Peas: 1p. May. 26_L-_~U_=2222 10, 000 No. 322. Misbranding of Stock Food (‘“ Corn Alfalfa Horse Feed ’’). ops May: (262222 A ie Oe oe pee 10, 000 No. 323. Misbranding of a Drug (‘‘ Remedy for Hay Fever and Catarrh-?)is..4ep. May 2681 64 ls one eee 10, 000 No. 324. Adulteration and Misbranding of Sirup. 2 pp. June 4__ 10,000 INOS325.. Misbranding of .Situp, —2app.ydune4 222 eee 10, 000 No. 326. Adulteration and Misbranding of ‘Celery Cola.” 5 pp. June’ 4)_ hate see hoes! Jaletees) iets Pe Fee eg ee ee 10, 000 No. 327. Misbranding of a Drug (“‘ Gin-Seng-Gin”). 2 pp. June 4_ 10,000 No. 328. Adulteration and Misbranding of Fruit Sirups. 2 pp. JUN Aas 33 Se Se ee 8 eee ee eee 10, 000 No. 329. Misbranding of a Drug (‘“‘ Dr. Kohler’s Antidote”). 1 p. ANDUI 0 ete & Savane ee” eae eae ee en Ere SES eed eS PE Eee 10, 000 No. 330. Misbranding of Canned Apricots. 1p. June 4__________ 10, 000 INO. sol. Adulteration: of Cream. 2 :p.. June 42. ae 10, 000 No: 332. Misbrandingsof Butters =) py oSune 4223 10, 000 No. 333. Misbranding of a Drug (Laudanum). 1p. June 4______ 10, 000 No. 334; Misbranding of Oats: 14) pee dune 42282 -42 ee 10, 000 INO..335. Adulteration of Milk «Lop; .June 4.222202 10, 000 No. 336: Adulteration*of Creams" dp.). June 42_ bo -252 ees 10, 000 No. 337. Adulteration and Misbranding of Turpentine. 2 pp. June4_ 10,000 INO. ‘338, ‘Adulteration of Milk.1%p: “thine: 4222 eee 10, 000 No. 339. Adulteration and Misbranding of Flavoring Extracts. 2 Dp: June: 4.253 a er eee 10, 000 No. 340. Adulteration and Misbranding of Olive Oil. 1p. June 4— 10,000 No. 341. Misbranding of Roquefort Cheese. 1p. June 4____-_~__ 10, 000 No. 342. Misbranding of Canned Corn. 1p. June 4-222-222-2258 10, 000 No. 343. Misbranding of a Food (‘ Concreta Butterol”). 2 pp. une A. ae at ee A ee eee 10, 000 No. 344. Adulteration and Misbranding of Neufchatel Cheese. 1 D. SUDeIE Aoi ol lee eee EE ee eee 10, 000 No. 345. Misbranding of a Drug (Extract of Damiana). 2 pp. June: Bie bs ol: bel Fee Se teaed ea ee See one 10, 600 No. 346. Misbranding of a Drug (Headache Cure). 2 pp. June 8_ 10,000 No. 347. Adulteration of:Milk.: (1 :p:\i. June: $2_b2e s52tees eee 10, 000 No. 348. Misbranding:of Olive Oil. 1p: -June!S2. 2922s) see 10, 000 No. 349. Misbranding of Whisky. 1p. Jume 8_~-=~-2---22-2 2) 10, 000 No. 350. Misbranding of Whisky. 7 pp. June 8---_-~-----+--_-2 10, 000 No. 351. Misbranding ‘of Butter. Inps -JumetSi ls seh eee ees 10, 000 No: 352.. Misbranding tof Honey: leap, 1dune 18. 25_242ee ee 10, 000 No: 353.. Misbranding, of Whisky.) 1: p/«' June; 82-24 Ae ee 10, 000 INO: 354., Adulteration of Rye Flour. )i.p. June.82__.___=_ ae 10, 000 INO: 355. Misbranding of Coftee, “1p. June 82 ---—- 10, 000 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 653 Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, etc.—Continued. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY—Continued. DEPARTMENTAL—Continued. New Poupsrications—Continued. _ Notices of Judgment, Food and Drugs Act—Continued. Copies. No. 356. Misbranding of .Currants. 1p. June 8222===-=—=—+—-=.- 10, 000 No. 357. Misbranding of Witch-Hazel. 1p. June 8-----------~--- 10, 000 No. 358. Misbranding of Corn Meal. 1p. June 16__-~~-~----~~-- 10, 000 No. 359. Adulteration of Desiccated Egg Product. 1p. June 16__ 10,000 No. 360: Misbranding of Olive Oil; 1 p:. June. 16 + W.-~.--- ==. 10, 000 Nooo. Misbranding of Whisky. Ip: -June16_._-_=_2-_ sens 10, 000 No. 362. Adulteration of Desiccated Egg Product. 1p. June16__ 10,000 No. 363. Misbranding of Baking Powder. 1p. June 16______-___ 10, 000 No. 364. Misbranding of Baking Powder. 1p. June 16___-__-_-__ 10, 000 No. 365. Misbranding of Canned Fish. 1p. June 16_-______-_~-_ 10, 000 No. 366. Misbranding of a drug (“Mother’s Friend’). 2 pp. 2 yon Cea Ge ee, Se ee eae ae ee ees 10, 000 No. 3867. Adulteration of Raisins and Evaporated Apples. 1 p. Jie [eS Se a ees es eg ee oe ee ees ee 10, 000 No. 368. Adulteration of Peanuts. 1p. June 16__.__.._--_~---~- 10, 000 No. 369. Misbranding of Canned Tomatoes. 1p. June 16 —_______ 10, 000 No.o10. Adulteration of Milk: -ispiysJmmed Gs ee eee 10, 000 Woso ll. Misbrandingoet, Coffee... 2 pps Jumed6s_ =e 10, 000 No. 372. Misbranding of Cherry Sirup. 1p. June 16_~.-~-----~~ 10, 000 INO. 3io. Misbrangine- of Vinegars wil ps ~Juned6_3-2-= 22. ese. 10, 000 Norat4a. Misprandine oF Biours VL py - June Gt 22262 2 ee VE 10, 000 Wo..3(5. Misbranding of Water....1 py ¢June 3622 2925 10, 000 No. 376. Misbranding of Blended Maple Sirup. 1 4 JUNE GL Sse 10, 000 No. 377. Adulteration of a Frozen Egg Product. 1p. June 16_--_ 10,000 INO: 31S: Adulteration; of Oats: 11 p,, MunewGs. 25.5522. ee 10, 000 No. 379. Adulteration and Misbranding of Oats. 1p. June 16____ 10,000 No. 380. Misbranding of Strawberry Extract. 1p. June 16 __---_ 10, 000 ING oS! Adulte tion iof ‘Oats. po dune 16. os sun eee ee 10, 000 No. 382. Adulteration and Misbranding of Bleached Flour. 47 pp. Ju Fe gee Oe eS Ee es ro oe ene Ee ees eae oe ee ee 10, 000 ING: ooo. Adulteration of Coffee. 5 pp. Jume 27222-2555 == 10, 000 No. 384. Adulteration and Misbranding of Maple Sirup Blend (“Aunt Jemima’s) Sugar Cream”). .2. pp. June, 27_-_-...—-=—— 10, 000 No. 385. Adulteration of White Oats. 1 p.. June 27_._.-_-_-s— 10, 000 No. 386. Adulteration and Misbranding of Olive Oil. 1p. June27_ 10,000 No. 387. Misbranding. of \Coffee, 2.pp.. June, 272_-- 10, 000 No. 388. Adulteration and Misbranding of Tomato Catsup. 2 pp. SHOOT Shae ee: 2 BS oe TB ae ee ee 10, 000 No. 389. Adulteration and Misbranding of Vanilla Extract. 4 pp. DUN Cd rrter ee ee Se A a Oe i ee 10, 000 No. 390. Adulteration and Misbranding of Powdered Colocynth. DP PO eh ULLO: Pip See aE ee ee eee 10, 000 No. 391. Misbranding of Gluten Feed. 1p. June 27______-_____ 10, 000 No. 392. Misbranding of a Drug (“Telephone Headache Tab- 1 PTI AD) pag CPA 0 PRR (a (1 a ae ah a ay ay eee rien DS ole 10, 000 No. 393. Misbranding of Oil of Lemon. 1p. Jume 27____--______ 10, 000 No. 394. Adulteration and Misbranding of Vinegar. 1p. June 27_ 10,000 No. 395. Adulteration of Sardines. .1 p. June 272-2... 10, 000 INO: S00. Adulteration, of, Corn Hiour., 4 p. dune 27... ~. 3. 10, 000 No. 397. Misbranding of Olive Oil. 2 pp. June 27_-.__-__--_~_- 10, 000 No. 398. Adulteration and Misbranding of Vinegar. 1p. June 27_ 10,000 No. 399. Adulteration and Misbranding of Vinegar. 1p. June 27__ 10,000 No. 400. Misbranding of “ Oneida” Stock Feed. 1p. June 27____- 10, 000 No. 401. Misbranding of a Drug (“* Hodnett’s Gem Soothing Syrup ”’). DO Rad hl i oe: eo ee eee ee a ES 10, 000 No. 402. Misbranding of Ice Cream Powder (‘“* Cream-X-Cel-O ”’). py, Salen inenree: ok 0 ss ecceere Beg hh te ee Ba 10, 000 No. 403. Misbranding of Maple Sirup. 1p. June 27_------------ 10, 000 No. 404. Misbranding of Chicken Feed (‘‘ Alfacorn”). 1p. June 654 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the ycar ended June 30, 1910, ete.-—Continued. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY—Continued. DEPARTMENTAL—Continued. New Pusrications—Continued. Notices of Judgment, Food and Drugs Act—Continued. No. 405. Adulteration and Misbranding of Banana Extract. 1 p. JUNC* Biases se gS AS A 0 No. 406. Adulteration of Mixed Oats. 1p. June 27_______________ No. 407. Adulteration and Misbranding of Coffee. 2 pp. June 27__ No. 408. Adulteration and Misbranding of Orange Extract. 1 p. JUNE 2% eo Ss OU No::409. Adulteration of Oats: Dp.) June 272) 2 eee No. 410. Misbranding of Canned Corn (‘‘ Ben Hur” Brand). 1 p. JUNe = 2% ass SE Se A SE ees 2 TE No. 411. Misbranding of Lemon Extract. 1p. June 28___________ No. 412. Adulteration and Misbranding of Maple Sirup. 1 p. June’ 28isc eet eee eee ee eee eee No. 413. Misbranding of Apricot Brandy. 1p. June 28___________ No. 414. Misbranding of Peach Brandy. 1p. June 28___-________ No. 415. Misbranding of Jelly (Currant) and Preserves (Logan- berry); -2°pp;)):Jume:28__ 2s) ea eee No. 416. Misbranding of Lemon Extract. 1p. June 28__________ No. 417--Adulteration of Olive Oil) 1 p/“June 2822 No. 418. Misbranding of a Drug (‘“ Falck’s One-Minute Headache Cure”) ::chsp. iJune’2Z82 0b ee Oa ae ee No. 419: -Adulteration of Milke 1p) ‘June 2822 2 Eee No. 420; Adulteration of Milk. 4p; “June '2822 222 No. 421. Adulteration ‘of Milk: “ps June28. 2 ee No. 422. Misbranding of Canned Corn. 1p. June 28____--___-___ No: 423° Adulteration of MIKE?" 4p) June 23 eee No. 424. Misbranding of “ Tuckahoe Lithia Water.” 1p. June 28_ No. 425: Adulteration' of Cream! 1p) June 282 eee No. 426. Misbranding of a Drug Product (“Sporty Days Invigo- rator’?”) soa pie JUNeI2S 25 eet ee ee No. 427. Misbranding of a Drug Product (“Cancerine”): 2 pp. JuneIZS ees oer ee ae ee ee No. 428. Misbranding of Headache Powders. 1 p. June 28_______ No. 429. Misbranding of Holland Rusk. 1p. June 28__8________ No. 430: Adulteration of Cream: 2p. dine 28.2222 No. 431. Misbranding of ‘Cheese~ 1 p. June 2322.22 No. 432. Adulteration and Misbranding of “ Sucrene Dairy. Feed.” 2 ‘pp. “June? 2Z8l252 Pe eee ee ee ee eee No. 433. Misbranding of Skin Food (“ Epp-O-Tone”). 1p. June No. 435. Misbranding of Stock Feed. 2 pp. June 28_________ sa No. 436. Misbranding of Canned Pineapple. 1p. June 28________ No; 487. Adulteration of Milks “1p.” June’ 2822233223 No. 438. Adulteration and Misbranding of Ice Cream. 2 pp. June No. 439. Misbranding of Flour: “ip. June 2622 222) No. 440. Misbranding of Canned Corn. 1p. June 28--_-=-==-2s2 No. 441." Misbranding of Olive Oil; ap; *duue 28-22 No. 442. Misbranding of Canned Blueberries. 2 pp. June 28_____ No. 443. Misbranding of Flour: “L p- June 262222 No. 444. Adulteration and Misbranding of Lemon Flavor. 2 pp. No. 445. Adulteration of Cream. “1 p. June 282222 ees No. 446. Adulteration of @ream: 1p: . June'282-22—2 2. 22 ee No. 447, Adulteration of Oysters: 1 p. ° June 2822222235322 No. 448. Adulteration of Oysters. 1p. June 28_~---~~ 2 ~~ =- -No. 449. Misbranding of Drugs (‘“ Eames’ Tonic Headache Wa- fers”’)..- i. p. “dune "2832 See ea eee ee Copies. DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 655 Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, etc.—Continued. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY—Continued. DEPARTMENTAL—Continued. New PvusBiications—Continued. Notices of Judgment, Food and Drugs Act—Continued. No. 450. Misbranding of Grape Juice. 8 pp. June 28 No. 451. Adulteration of Cream. 1p. June 28____-__-__________ No. 452. Adulteration and Misbranding of Oats.. 1p. June 28___ Miscellaneous circulars: Regulations and Decisions Concerning Quarantines and Serial Numbers and their Uses. Food and Drug Act, Sec. 9. 13 pp. Address delivered by W. M. Hays, Assistant Secretary of Agricul- ture, before the National Farm Land Congress, Chicago, IIl., Mave ei OOO SsuD: SNOVe hts) eo een = 2 ees & Foe The Twenty-eight-Hour Law, annotated. 28 pp. Oct. 12 EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED. Circulars: No. 21. Rules and Regulations for the Enforcement of the Food and DneseNc. OL, june. oO. 1900. 20 DD! NOV. 19s.) tS No. 29. Test of Robert’s So-Called Anti-Abortion Serum. 1 p. PAN, Oe oe Sn ae eee a Food-Inspection Decisions: Nos. 40-48. 40, Filing Guaranty. 41, Approval of Labels. 42, Mix- ing Flours. 438, Relabeling of Goods on Hand. 4 pp. Feb. 16___ Nos. 49-53. 49, Time Required to Reach Decisions on Different Problems Connected with the Food and Drugs Act, June 30, 1906. 50, Imitation Coffee. 51, Coloring of Butter and Cheese. 52, Form of Label. 53, Formula on the Label of Drugs. 6 pp. LENS To pS i a a Rt I ie eB aan Se cs Es Nos. 54-59. 54, Declaration of the Quantity or Proportion of Alcohol ' Present in Drug Products. 55, Method of Stating Quantity or Proportion of Preparations (containing Opium, Morphine, etc.) Used. in Manufacturing Other Preparations. 56, Names to be Employed in Declaring the Amount of the Ingredients as Re- quired by Law. 57, Physicians’ Prescriptions. 58, The Labeling of Products Used as Foods and Drugs, as well as for Technical and Other Purposes. 59, National Formulary Appendix. 7 pp. EG, a aaa Pied xin eee Spal Ce Rae A gee Nos. 60-64. 60, Minor Border Importations. 61, Cocoa Butter Sub- stitutes. 62, Guaranty on Imported Products. 63, Use of the Word ‘‘ Compound” in pans of Drug Products. 64, Labeling GEE LLDCS: a Ordo me CD eet oe ee eee ee No. 65. The Labeling of W Seay Blends, Compounds, and Imita- ROUSE OCPEOr. 6 1G. Ds HOU Ver pee ee eee Nos. 66-68. 66, The Use of Sugar in Canned Goods. 67, Polishing and Coating Rice. 68, Labeling of Food and Drug Products, “Manufactured for,’ “ Prepared for,’ “ Distributed by,” ete. Ly nye PPL NS) oF 2 eet iis ig pe eIpERErE Res JS or. Se No. 73. Interstate Transportation of Imported Meats and Meat- UNGTa YS Wed Sahn T BF Pee 2 EA 0 0 I) Sa ge te eee a ge a a a No. 74. Certificates of Imported Meats and Meat-Food Products of Cattie, Sheep, Swine, and Goats. -3 pp. Feb. 16_._.___..__..- No. 76. Dyes, Chemicals, and Preservatives in Foods. 13 pp. Toys) Ue Pa Se Bellas an eal pig S - 5 2, aah al Sana eRe ance Saar No. 84 and 85. 84, Amendments to Regulations 17 and 19. 85, PDE. DIbLern. 4. DD. mibewerb ee eee No. 90. The Labeling of Foods and Medicinal Mixtures for Stock ATGUMOMIE setae DD. . NOV ces mee ee a 91. The Labeling of Mocha Coffee. 2 pp. Feb. 16------------ No. 98. The Labeling of Whisky Compounds. 2 pp. Feb. 9------ No. 99. Change in Form of Guarantee Legend. 2 pp. Nov. 6, BA ONO), 0 Wigs oh) 3 Hop R20 08 gg RE ae, eye ee Copies. 5, 000 5, 000 5, 000 2, 500 656 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, ete.—Continued. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY—Continued. DEPARTMENTAL Continued. EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED—Continued. Notices of Judgment, Food and Drugs Act. Nos. 5-11. 5, Misbranding of Vanilla Extract. 6, Misbranding of Cider. 7, Misbranding of Eggs. 8, Adulteration of Milk (For- maldehyde). 9, Adulteration of Milk (Water and Formalde- hyde). 10, Misbranding of Cocaine Hydrochlorid. 11, Adultera- tion: of Milk’ (Water): 10. pp. Jani 27 22222022 eee DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. NEW PUBLICATION. Annual Report: Report of the Chief of the Division for 1909. A. Zappone. (From An: Rpts. of Dept., 1909:)-42' pp. “Dec: 182" eee BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. NEW PUBLICATIONS. Bulletins: No. 39. Index-Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoology. Ch. Wardell Stiles and Albert Hassall. Part 24 (Authors: R to Rizzo}). 23 pp.) 10) cts; "Oct. 9 4242 ee eee No. 39. Same. Part 25 (Authors: Roack to Van Rzewuski). 85 pp: 10,ets: Nov. 30-22 =. 2 ee eee No. 39. Same. Part 26 (Authors: S. to Schnyder). 99 pp. 10 cts. JUNC Se oe ee ee ee . No. 115. Camembert Cheese Problems in the United States. Charles Thom: 54°pp: lo ’ctS) “Oct, 622.2232 eee No. 116. Tests Concerning Tubercle Bacilli.in the Circulating Blood. E. G. Schroeder and W. E. Cotton. 23 pp. 5 ets. Ate. 1S Sore stg ee ee ee No. 117. Leucocytes in Milk: Methods of Determination and the Effect of Heat Upon Their Number. H. C. Campbell. 19 pp. DH-Cts;, (OC. Si a= Sa ee ae ee No. 118. Cultural Studies of Species of Penicillium. Charles Thom: 109: pp. 10*cts!, Web: 8222.22 8 2 eee No. 119. Studies on Blood and Blood Parasites. (1) Observations on Mammalian Blood with Dark Field Illumination. (2) The Priority of Cryptobia Leidy, 1846, Over Trypanoplasma Laveran and Mesnil, 1901. (8) Trypanosma Americanum n. sp.; A Trypa- nosome Which Appears in Cultures made from the Blood of American Cattle (Preliminary Notice). 381 pp. 5 cts. Oct. 22__ No. 120. The Intracellular Enzym Penicillium and Aspergillus, with Special Reference to those of Penicillium Camemberti. Arthur Wayland Dox. 70 pp: *10' cts! Apr. 4. eee No 121. The Need of Controlling and Standardizing the Manufac- ture of Veterinary Tetanus Antitoxin. John R. Mohler and Adolph Hichhorn. 22 pp. 5 cts. Nov. 27_------ ee 8 No. 122. Factors Controlling the Moisture Content of Cheese Curds. J. L. Sammis, S. K. Suzuki, and F. W. Laabs. 61 pp. 10 cts. May sole 2A se SE eee ee 2 ee ee No. 125. The Influence of Lactic Acid on the Quality of Cheese of the Cheddar Type. C. F. Doane. 20 pp. 5 cts. May 31_-__-__ Circulars: No. 149. A Cold-Storage Evaporimeter. Milo M. Hastings. 8 pp. Sept. 142232 = ee ee No. 150. Regulations governing Entrance to the Veterinary In- spector Examination: Shepp: Aug: 0 2e eee eee No. 151. Competitive Exhibitions of Milk and Cream, with Report of an Exhibition held at Pittsburg, Pa., in Cooperation with the Pittsburg Chamber of Commerce. C. B. Lane and Ivan C. Weld. 56° pp.” ° Oct: 12 bee eae eh ee oie ee Copies. 3, 000 200 2, 000 2, 000 2, 000 3, 000 3, 000 3, 500 1, 000 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 657 Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, etc.—Continued. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY—Continued. New PvuBLicaTions—Continued. Circulars—Continued. Copies. No. 152. Directions for Home Pasteurization of Milk. L. A. Rogers. SSID 9 OC Pad cate Se SE Bk ee, St 10, 000 No. 153. The Dissemination of Disease, by Dairy Products, and Methods of Prevention. (1) Milk asa Carrier of Contagious Dis- ease and the Desirability of Pasteurization, G. Lloyd Magruder. (2) The Importance of a Wholesome Milk Supply, John R. Mobler. (3) The Relation of the Tuberculous Cow to Public Health, E. C. Schroeder. (4) Interpretation of Results of Bacteriological Ex- amination of Milks, lL. A. Rogers and S. H. Ayers. (5) Pas- teurization, its Advantages and Disadvantages, M. J. Rosenau. DiebhieA DE co D000 3. unease: SOOO Hees .euiiter et) ie od 7, 000 No. 154. The Need of State and Municipal Meat Inspection to Sup- plement Federal Inspection. A.M. Farrington. 14 pp. Mar.14_ 4,000 No. 155. Mycotic Lymphangitis of Horses. John R. Mohler. 5 pp. Mia Oi eo eS A Se AAR et A A Bt Pe td a 3, 000 No. 156. Chronic Bacterial Dysentery of Cattle. John R. Mohler. RATT AUT Oe a aS OA AES eG Ete 3, 000 No. 157. The Prevention of Losses among Sheep from Stomach Worms (Hemonchus contortus). B.H. Ransom. 10pp. Mar.5_ 4,000 No. 158. Improved Methods for the Production of Market Milk by Ordinary Dairies. C. B. Lane and Karl E. Parks. 12 pp. CS Se Es eS Se ee ee ee ee eee me) 4, 500 No. 159. Some Important Facts in the Life History of the Gid Para- site and their Bearing on the Prevention of the Disease. Maurice Cle Eo NI?) ify pp; Mar: 16a eae et acs es ge Oe 3, 500 No. 160. Lip-and-Leg Ulceration of Sheep. (1) The Work of the Bureau of Animal Industry for the Suppression of Lip-and-Leg Ulceration of Sheep, A. D. Melvin. (2) Lip-and-Leg Ulceration (Necrobacillosis) of Sheep: Its Cause and Treatment, John R. Mehler sloonppy. Man: 24s tiie! Sa) ee) to ae). eee 8, 000 MoriGl Whey. Butter,-C. BY Doane. % pp. June (232.2982... 7, 500 Annual Report: | Report of the Chief of the Bureau for 1909, A. D. Melvin. (From Ane Hepts. OL Depew, 19095)0969 pp. Deer 30S. 222s = An lens 2, 500 Yearbook LH«tracts: No. 476. Some Facts About Tuberculous Cattle, E. C. Schroeder. (rom. Ybix;. 19083) Ai3spp:) Aug Olena? ia 0 22h ais ee 2, 500 No. 484. Recent Work of the Bureau of Animal Industry Concern- ing the Cause and Prevention of Hog Cholera, M. Dorset. (From WHeLS008.) 8. AG i pps July) 26. 12 wie ae See sett Seely 2, 500 No. 508. Tuberculosis of Hogs and How to Control It, John R. Mohler and Henry J. Washburn. (From Ybk. 1909.) 12 pp. Separates from Twenty-fifth Annual Report of Bureau (1908): The Economie Importance of Tuberculosis of Food-Producing Ani- mials,.A..-. 1 4___ eee To Prevent the Spread of Lip-and-Leg Disease (Necrobacillosis) in Sheep (Rule 8 B. A. I... Order 163). 3 pp. Auge6li_ 2S To Prevent the Spread of Scabies in Sheep (Amend. 5 to B. A, I. Order 146) ...<1 Additional data included and title changed to Directory of the Bureau of Animal Industry, beginning with January number, 1910. DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 659 Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, ete.—Continued. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY—Continued. New PuBLicaTIons—Continued. Miscellaneous Circulars—Continued. Copies. Amendment to Regulation 9 of the Regulations for the Inspection and Quarantine of Horses, Cattle, Sheep, and Other Ruminants, and Swine Imported into the United States. (Amend. 6 to i Seu: Order 3423); 70.0. Sept 28. 245 ee SS Se 5, 000 Regulations for the Certification of Associations of Breeders of Purebred Live Stock and Books of Record of Pedigrees. Certifica- tion of Foreign Affiliated Associations. (Amend. 8 to B. A. I. 3.315 CS yd 13.0) Samed Col 6 gh So 0) aca peer tn ml ene aE 7 oe ot 2, 000 Same. Withdrawal of Certification. (Amend. 9 to B. A. I. Order TGs ea Anal le) gs SS Se SSS eee ae 2) ee Sgn eee ee oe 2, 000 Same. Certification of Association. (Amend. 10 to B. A. I. Order ‘ieee ot De OCi 2a 8 aa ae Sree eee ee es oe Sere os es 3k 2, 000 Same. Certification of Various Associations. (Amend. 11 to PAS brOrderslag-)i lop OCty ole ores es FES ea 2, 000 Same. Withdrawal of Certification. (Amend. 12 to B. A. I. Order SG) )) vip VARs ole 2 Se, See Se 8 et os 2, 000 _ To Prevent the Spread of Splenetic Fever in Cattle. (Amendment Pe OeR Ace Order 158.)° so DDe. OCte j= 2 = ee to Ne ee 7, 500 Regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture Governing the Inspec- tion, Disinfection, Certification, Treatment, Handling, and Method and Manner of Delivery and Shipment of Live Stock which is the Subject of Interstate Commerce—Revised. B. A. I. Grier 145°) St pp, Oct. 122 = = see eee ho ok Se ee ee 2, 500 Amendment to Regulation 41, Providing for the Dipping or the Quarantine of Sheep Imported from Canada for Breeding, Graz- ing, or Feeding. (Amend. 7 to B. A. I. Order 142.) 2 pp. Oct. Tio ee et er ee ee ee eS ee see 5, 000 Amendment to Regulation 49, Providing for the Dipping Twice of Sheep Imported from Mexico for Breeding, Grazing, or Feeding. (Amend, 6-to .B,A..1.. Order.142:) : 1p. Oct. 23.-2.4225..502- 55 3, 000 Regulations Concerning the Importation of Hay and Straw from Continental Europe, Importation of Hay and Straw from Bel- gium and Denmark. (Amend. 3 to B. A. I. Order 129.) 1 p. ING ype ee a a ee a a ete oes 3, 000 To Prevent the Spread of Lip-and-Leg Ulceration (Necrobacillosis) in Sheep. (Rule 8, Revision 1, B. A. I. Order 165.) 4 pp. NOV N22 Et Eee ee ee = ye Oe he 7, 500 Amendment to Regulation 1, Designating Rio Grande City and Edinburgh, Texas, as Ports for the Entry of Animals which are Subject to both Inspection and Quarantine. (Amend. 9 to B. A. I. Order 142.) PP p.Novsel 2 282 2 hE oe eis 5, 000 To prevent the Spread of Splenetic Fever in Cattle. (Rule 1, Revision/6,.B.-A; t,Order-i6és:) 10 pp:- Deer 22s = 2 ee 8, 000 To Prevent the Spread of Scabies in Cattle. (Rule 2, Revision 8, Pee by Olner 161 )o2o Dia Dee. 225-6 ee ene 7, 500 To Prevent the Spread of Splenetic Fever in Cattle. (Rule 1, Re- winion G...0A. F- Order.168;)is ii pp; Mare Gah ee ee 7, 500 Amendment to Regulation 45, B. A. I. Order 142, for the Purpose of Preventing the Importation from Mexico of Horses Infested with Ticks (Margaropus annulatus) into Any Area of the United States from which Cattle are Excluded on Account of Ticks. (Amend. 10 to B. A. I. Order 142.) 2 pp. June 1_-----~- 5, 000 Farmers’ Bulletins: No. 378. Methods of Exterminating the Texas-Fever Tick. H. W. Graybill. 32 pp. Oct. 26, 30,000; Dee. 17, 15,000; Mar. 10, 20,000 ; Fp AE i ee TOTS et I | = 5 eles aS. 85, 000 No. 379. Hog Cholera. M. Dorset. 24 pp. Novy. 29, 30,000; Jan. 14, 15,000; Jan. 18, 10,000; Mar. 2, 20,000; May 13, 20,000______ 95, 000 660 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, ete.—Continued. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY—Continued. EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED. Circulars: Coples. No. 23. 3d revision, Directions for the Use of Blackleg Vaccine. Victor A. Norgaard: 8 pp. Oct; 94-.-_2_22 2 eee eee 10, 000 No. 31. 2d revision, Blackleg: Its Nature, Cause, and Prevention. Victor A. Norgaard. 24 pp.’ “Dec! (22-_- 2b. _ 222s eee 5, 000 No. 68. Diseases of the Stomach and Bowels of Cattle. A. J. Mur- ray. (Revised by L. Pearson in 1900 and R. W. Hickman in 1908:) 14-pp. “Nov. 24, 3,000; Jan. 27, 3,0002+_- 22>" <"oe eee 6, 000 No. 70. Tuberculosis of Cattle. D. E. Salmon and Theobald Smith. D8 Tse» MER Oe er oe 2, 000 No. 71. Anthrax in Cattle, Horses, and Men. D. E. Salmon and Theobald Smith. -10°pp;. Oct. G22=-=--_ == eee 2, 000 No. 89. The Preparation of Emulsions of Crude Petroleum, T. M. Price: 4 pp: Aug: 28, 2;000:; Dec: -3,-5,000________- === 7, 000 No. 91. Bacillus Necrophorus. John R. Mohler and George Byron. AD TY De LED 5 re cet eet oe ee 1, 000 No. 103. Records of Dairy Cows: Their Value and Importance in Economie Milk Production. C. B. Lane. 388 pp. Dec. 14----___ 8, 000 No. 105. Baby Beef. Ernest G. Ritzman. 34 pp. Nov. 1, 500; Webs 2L5; - FOO sae oe eee oe 1, 500 No. 114. Sanitary Milk Production: Report of a Conference Ap- pointed by the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, with Accompanying Papers. 88 pp. July 1, 3,000; Mar. 19, 2,500__-__ 5, 500 No. 118. The Unsuspected but Dangerously Tuberculous Cow. B.-¢; Schroeder. 19 pp dune 22-2 8 ee 2, 000 No. 123. Instructions for Preparing and Shipping Pathological Specimens for Diagnosis. George H. Hart. 10 pp. Oct. 29____- 500 No. 124. Suggestions for Horse and Mule Raising in the South, George-M. Rommel. --15-pp- (Nov. 4 ee 1, 000 No. 125. The Federal Meat Inspection Service. A. D. Melvin. 40 DDe Dee. 6 so) ee ee ee eee 2, 000 No. 127. Tubercle Bacilli in Butter: Their Occurrence, Vitality, and Significance. E. C. Schroeder and W. E. Cotton. 23 pp. June 4 1, 000 No. 128. White Diarrhea of Chicks, with Notes on Coccidiosis in Birds: Byron Morse. 7 pp:' Mar. 26£5202.__-= eee 1, 000 No. 129. Rabies and its Increasing Prevalence. George H. Hart. 26 ‘pp: > Mar. (262-0 si Sei See ee eee eee 1, 000 No. 131. Designs for Dairy Buildings. Ed. H. Webster. 26 pp. Sept. 28, 3,000; Mar. 24, 3,000_..._..=_ 2. 6, 000 No. 132. A Practical Method for the Detection of Beef Fat in Lard. James “A. ‘Eimery.: ‘9 pp: “Nov. 422-52. 5220 3a. eee 500 No. 134. Classified List of Available Publications of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 8 pp. Sept. 20, 4,000; Apr. 4, 1,500______ 5, 500 No. 186. How to Build a Stave Silo. B. A. Rawl. 18 pp. Mar. 28. 3, 000 No. 139. The Score-Card System of Dairy Inspection. Clarence B. Lane and George M. Whitaker. 382 pp. July 6, 2,000; Mar. WA). (2000 523-22 a oe ee ee re 4, 000 No. 140. The Egg Trade of the United States. Milo M. Hastings. 34 pp. July 17, 2,000; ° July -26, '3,0002222 22222225 e See 5, 000 No. 142. Some Important Factors in the Production of Sanitary Milk. Ed H.:Webster. 22 pp. Aug. 4, 1,000; Dec. 6, 2,000_-__-_ 3, 000 No. 143. Milk and its Products as Carriers of Tuberculosis Infec- tiom, "H:Cr Schroeder, 122’ pp} Nov.t22 222 eee eee 4, 000 No. 144. Tuberculosis of Hogs: Its Cause and Suppression. John R. Mohler and Henry J. Washburn. 36 pp. Aug. 27_------- 2, 000 Farmers’ Bulletins: No. 24. Hog Cholera and Swine Plague. D. E. Salmon. 15 pp. OCt. Gee ee 10, 000 No. 42. Facts about Milk. R.A. Pearson. 32 pp. Feb. 2, 10,000; Apr. -11, 1110;000 22 2a Pee IS 2 i De a ee eee 20, 000 No. 51. Standard Breeds of Chickens. George E. Howard. (Re- vised’ by G. Arthur Bell.) 48 pp. Nov. 11, 15,000; Jan. 29, 15000 Reb: 23; 25:000) May 20; 2000s 75, 000 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 661 Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, ete.—Continued. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY—Continued. EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED—Continued. Farmers’ Bulletins—Continued., Copies. No. 55. The Dairy Herd: Its Formation and Management. Henry HH. Alvord. 32 pp. Oct. 25, 10,000: (Jan: 27, (10,0003) Apr. 12, A OOOO) pe 2 eae ois ea Le is Pees | Ra ete Be 30, 000 No. 63. Care of Milk on the Farm. R. A. Pearson. 40 pp. Aug. 7, 10,000; Dec. 6, 10,000; Feb. 1, 10,000; Apr. 5, 10,000__________ 40, 000 No. 64. Ducks and Geese: Standard Breeds and Management. George E. Howard. 55 pp. Oct. 26, 10,000; Feb. 10, 10,000; May LOS TUK ee ee ee ee eee ae eT 30,000 No. 71. Some Essentials of Beef Production. Charles F. Curtiss. Ee WAT lO 2s Se oe a re es Ans op es 5, 000 No. 96. Raising of Sheep for Mutton. Charles F. Curtiss. 48 pp. DG 0st ee a a ee ee eee ee ee re 10, 000 No. 100. Hog Raising in the South. S. M. Tracy. 40 pp. Sept. 15, 50,000; Dec. 28, 10,000; Feb. 28, 10,000; Mar. 29, 5,000; June 10, 10,000 Ee op Be Oe ee rn eee eee er ee 85, 000 No. 106. Breeds of Dairy Cattle. Henry E. Alvord. 48 pp. Oct. 29, 10,000; Feb. 16, 10,000; May 16, 15,000; Apr. 19, 20,000______ 55, 000 No. 187. The Angora Goat. George Fayette Thompson. (Revised by Edward L. Shaw.) 48 pp. Noy. 1, 10,000; May 20, 10,000_ 20,000 No. 152. Scabies of Cattle. Richard W. Hickman. 32 pp. Oct. SU el CLOOO)* se) LRG LD, 2.0, O00 4 22 = erat se eh Spek Spe es eh ee 20, 000 No. 159. Scab in Sheep. D. E. Salmon and Ch. Wardell Stiles. 48 pp. Aug. 18, 10,000; Sept. 20, 10,000; Mar. 10, 5,000________ 25, 000 No. 166. Cheese Making on the Farm. Henry E. Alvord. 16 pp. et 4825,000-. Web. “14, 100003» eg ee ie oe 15, 000 No. 177. Squab Raising. William E. Rice. 31 pp. Nov. 1, 10,000; a 8) LO OOO — nes ie nS EE «A ae ee 20, 000 No. 179. Horseshoeing. John W. Adams. 32 pp. Feb. 26, 10,000; Mery G10: 000) Stata ate Ol ev ies SP A ee Se a ee Re 20, 000 No. 183. Meat on the Farm: Butchering, Curing, and Keeping. Andrew Boss. 388 pp. Oct. 21, 10,000; Dec. 10, 10,000; Feb. 23, 10,000% Apr.15,. 10,000, Mays 19; 10:00. fh Fre + Sd te 50, 000 No. 200. Turkeys: Standard Varieties and Management. T. F. McGraw. 40 pp. Nov. 4, 15,000; Feb. 19, 15,000; May 6, 15,000__ 45,000 No. 201. The Cream Separator on Western Farms. Ed. H. Webster and’ C. H. Gray: 823: ppt -Octi2: 5000s Apres 725.0002. 82 ss * 10, 000 No. 205. Pig Management. George M. Rommel. 48 pp. Sept. 2, 10,000; Nov. 8, 15,000; Mar. 8, 15,000; May 27, 15,000____________ 55, 000 No. 206. Milk Fever: Its Simple and Successful Treatment. John R. Mohler. 15 pp. July 15, 10,000; Jan. 3, 5,000; Feb. 14, 5,000; IME FFG OOOO eek ee oUt a Pa SE he eh LL a Jee ee 30, 000 No. 236. Incubation and Incubators. Richard H. Wood. 31 pp. “Mar. 3, 10,000; Apr. 7, 15,000; June 14, 15,000_-___- 2 sa 40, 000 No. 241. Butter Making on the Farm. Ed. H. Webster. 31 pp. Oct. 30, 15,000; Mar. 10, 20,000; June 6, 15,000___-_--_-- 2 50, 000 No. 258. Texas or Tick Fever and Its Prevention. John R. Mohler. TAT SONY) hE a a i el el ee 15, 000 No. 261. The Cattle Tick in its Relation to Southern Agriculture. ADBupti Mayer! (22 pp duly 2Z6G4 eh EE ee _e 10, 000 No. 287. Poultry Management. G. Arthur Bell. 4S pp. Aug. 18, 10,000; Oct. 26, 15,000; Feb. 4, 20,000; Mar. 15, 20,000; Apr. 8, 50,000}. Fume 9:05 ,000 22a be ee eae ee eae ee eed 130, 000 No. 345. Some Common Disinfectants. M. Dorset. 14 pp. Sept. 25, 5,000sdan. 13,-10,000 2 ese ea i. SARL Te eee 15, 000 No. 346. The Computation of Rations for Farm Animals by the Use of Energy Values. Henry Prentiss Armsby. 32 pp. Jan. 7, 10;000¢ Aor, 27, -10,000.;- une 24910,000. ..- 2k Lo ee 80, 000 No. 348. Bacteria in Milk. L. A. Rogers. 24 pp. Dec. 29_--------- 15, 000 No. 349. The Dairy Industry in the South. B. H. Rawl, Duncan Stewart, and George M. Whitaker. 40 pp. Jan. 7, 10,000; Mar. 662 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, ete.—Continued. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY—Continued. EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED—Continued. Farmers’ Bulletins—Continued, No. 350. The Dehorning of Cattle. Richard W. Hickman. 16 pp. Dee: 9;°10;0003 "Mar. .5,.10,000_ 2220222) = eS eee No. 351. The Tuberculin Test of Cattle for Tuberculosis. John R. Mohler. 8'pp: QOct.°21, 10,000; May 17,°10,000_2__= 73 SSeaae No. 357. Methods of Poultry Management at the Maine Agricul- tural Experiment Station. Raymond Pearl. 39 pp. July 1, 5,000; July 7, 20,000; Sept. 10, 15,000; Feb. 21, 15,000; May 9, 40 000 anise eet BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. NEW PUBLICATIONS. North American Fauna: No. 29. The Rabbits of North America. E. W. Nelson. 314 pp. 50: cts. Aug. :3l2=- 2 ster Sen =r ae ls te ee 2 ee No. 30. Biological Investigation in Alaska and Yukon Territory. Wilfred H Osgood: 96. pp"15 cts Oct; 1 eee Circulars: No. 70. Directory of Officials Concerned with the Protection of Birds and(Game;1909;- 16 pp.. Augli6: 9 eee No. 71. National Bird and Mammal Reservations in Alaska in Charge of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 15 pp. Apr. 12__ No. 72. Private Game Preserves and Their Future in the United States.” T.S: Palmer. (14° pp... May’ 5d22! 29 3030 eee No. 73. Progress in Game Protection in 1909. T. S. Palmer, Henry Oldys, and. C: #}. Brewster. °19 pp; May 23. -20522 =) eee Annual Report: Report of the Chief of the Bureau for 1909. GC. Hart Merriam. (From: An.. Rpts. o£ Dept., 1909.) 23 pp. Nov. 202-22 aes Yearbook Extracts: No. 474. The Economic Value of Predaceous Birds and Mammals. A-Ix,..Wisher.-- (Prom Ybk. 1908.) 10 pp. Aus) dit eee No. 482. Mouse Plagues, Their Control and Prevention. Stanley E. Piper.» (Krom Yibk: 1908.)-) 13°pp. “Aug. 25.222 4 See No. 486. The Relations between Birds and Insects. F. BE. L. Beal. (From Ybk..1908.) §& pp: July 19, 2}500%> Feb: 1,:3,00022 22 = No. 491. Use of Poisons for Destroying Noxious Mammals. David H. Lantz: . (from Ybk. 1908:) 12) pp: “July/272 eee No. 500. Progress of Game Protection in 1908. T. S. Palmer. (From Y.bk,.1908:) #12 pp. Septi721 28 ee ee eee No. 504. Plants Useful to Attract Birds and Protect Fruit. W. L. McAtee... (From Ybk.'1909:))' 16: pp. June 24_— =.) eee No. 506. Pocket Gophers as Enemies of Trees. David E. Lantz. (From! Ybk.1909:)). 12: pp:= Junei24.224 1 2 se eee No. 510. Introduction of the Hungarian Partridge Into the United States. Henry Oldys. (From Ybk. 1909.) 12 pp. May 23______ Farmers’ Bulletins: No. 369. How to Destroy Rats. David E. Lantz. 60 pp. Sept. 8, 20,000; Oct. 28, 10,000; Jan. 7, 15,000; Apr. 12, 5,000; June 10, No. 376. Game Laws for 1909. A summary of the Provisions Re- lating to Seasons, Shipments, Sale, Limits, and License. T. S. Palmer, Henry Oldys, and C. E. Brewster. 56 pp. Oct. 2, 30,000; Noy... 29; :20;000':; Heb: 16; 10;000_-—_ === = ee a eee No. 383. How to Destroy English Sparrows. TT. S. Palmer and Henry Oldys. 30 pp. Jan. 18, 20,000; Mar. 12, 10,000; June 1, 15,000 2 oo 2S oe ed a eee es, pe No. 390. Pheasant Raising in the United States. Henry Oldys. With a Chapter on Diseases of Pheasants by George Byron Morse. 40\pp: .Apr.i1'9,15,000' | Junev11; 10,000 2222s eee No. 396. The Muskrat. David E. Lantz. 38 pp. Apr. 80__-.____ Copies. 20, 000 20, 000 95, 000 1, 000 5, 000 5, 000 1, 600 5, 000 5, 000 2, 500 5, 000 5, 000 5, 500 5, 000 5, 000 _ 3,000 3, 000 3, 000 60, 000 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 663 Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, etc.—Continued. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY—Continued. EXARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED. Bulletins: No. 17. Birds of a Maryland Farm. A Local Study of Economic Ornithology. Sylvester D. Judd. 116 pp. 5 cts. Dec. 29______ No. 33. The Brown Rat in the United States. David E. Lantz. 54 OD se LO CLR, AU Mela oe a ed ee ee ee North American Fauna: No. 27. A Biological Investigation of the Athabaska-MacKenzie Region. Edward A. Preble. 574 pp. 80 cts. Sept. 30 Circulars: No. 66. The Alaska Game Law and Regulations of the Depart- mentor Acriculture:, 1908; 8. pps. INO... 242222 = 2 - = No. 68. Regulations for the Protection of Deer in Alaska. 1 p. LAURIE: PISS Se ca eR a ae y Yearbook Extracts: No. 183. Birds as Weed Destroyers. Sylvester D. Judd. (From AG BUS SYS FS) Ye i (2 aly aE IO (ae a i ee areotac pei pens No. 197. How Birds Affect the Orchard. F. E. L. Beal. (From iD FOU. eel GO: DI et CCiy Ooi OO MUG. noel OOS ee ee No. 309. The Economic Value of the Bobwhite. Sylvester D. Judd. (From Ybk. 19038.) 16 pp. Aug. 10, 1,000; Apr. 6, 1,000______ No. 416. Birds that Eat Scale Insects. W. L. McAtee. (From Wilkes es Ie PDs, Mab slit ctas oo 2a nee aks 2 eee ee Farmers’ Bulletins: No. 54. Some Common Birds in Their Relation to Agriculture. F. E. L. Beal. 48 pp. Oct. 28, 10,000; Feb., 10,000; June 4, 5,000__ No. 197. Importation of Game Birds and Eggs for Propagation. a sseLalmerand Henry, Oldys., .cOLpDs Ja0i slo ee No. 328. Silver Fox Farming. Wilfred H. Osgood. 24 pp. Feb. SH AT OUD rel 1 a0 ae 9 0 Sm a pdr aac Dy eras > eee No. 330. Deer Farming in the United States. David E. Lantz. PUD IET NT Vat ULENGS Gp scree ee ea ee ee, ee No. 335. Harmful and Beneficial Mammals of the Arid Interior, with Special Reference to the Carson and Humboldt Valleys, Ne- Mae OV eCGNOME MAME Vc ols Ds i AUMOCVO: 2 2-5 ee ee ee Ce BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. NEW PUBLICATIONS. Bulletins: No. 126. The Harmful Effects of Acetanilid, Antipyrin, and Phe- nacetin. L. F. Kebler, F. P. Morgan, and Philip Ruff. 85 pp. TOpets te HUY <65-2:D00 =p Dees 4 500. 2 sas go thet Pe Se No. 127. The Influence of Environment on the Composition of Sweet Corn, 1905-1908. M. N. Straughn and G. C. Church. 69 pp. Cy VP OG 2 ae 9 as SP a A ange NE oy BO owe og No. 128. Tri-local Experiments on the Influence of Environment on the Composition of Wheat. J. A. LeClere and Sherman Leavitt. LSS Due Or CLaS tA DI) 2, bas fa 8 oe ee oe ee No. 129. Enological Studies. I. Experiments in Cider Making Ap- plicable to Farm Conditions. II. Notes on the Use of Pure mm a No. 130. Manufacture of Denatured Alcohol Based on an Experi- mental Still at Washington, D. C., and a Course of Lectures Delivered in Connection Therewith. H. W. Wiley, H. E. Sawyer, L. M. Tolman, A, H. Bryan, A. Given, and H. W. Berger. 166 PD sicalh Ciba enh, OO > SR oe eee a ye BS No. 131. Lead Arsenate. I. Composition of Lead Arsenates Found on the Market. II. ‘‘ Home-made” Lead Arsenate and the Chem- icals Entering into Its Manufacture. III. Action of Lead Ar- senate on Foliage. J. K. Haywood and C. C. MeDonnell, in Cooperation with the Bureau of Entomology. 50 pp. 15 cts. PT 8) gh | ES ee NS RES eS ST ee eel eS 1,000 2, 500 2, 000 1, 000 25, 000 5, 000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 1, 000 664 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, ete.—Continued. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY—Continued. New PusLications—Continued. Bulletins—Continued. No. 182. Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Annual Convention, As- sociation of Official Agricultural Chemists, Denver, Colo., Aug. 26-28, 1910. Edited by H. W. Wiley, Secretary of the Associa- tion. 218 pp: "25 cts: “June 22222225 - Ase eee Circulars: No. 44. Apparatus for Use in the Determination of Volatile Acids in Wines and Vinegar. H.C. Gore. 2 pp. Aug. 17, 800; Nov. No. 45. A New Method for Measuring the Electrolytic Dissociation of Water. C. S. Hudson. 2 pp. Sept. 3, 2,500; Jan. 6, 500_-__ No. 46. The Occurrence of Pinene in Lemon Oil. E. M. Chace. 24 pp: ~ Oct"30;-2;300'; Jan: 10; °500s2=2 252 Se eee No. 47. The Hydrolysis of Salicin by the Enzym Emulsin. C. §. Hudson and H..S: Paine, -S*pp) - Nov. (6222022. eee No. 48. The Cold Storage of Apple Cider. H. C. Gore. 13 pp. Jat, 29in5 82S oe See ee ee eee No. 49. The Relation Between the Chemical Constitution and the Optical Rotation Power of the Sugar Lactones. ©. S. Hudson. 8 DD: Swan. Dae = ne ee oe ee ee No. 50. The Quantitative Determination of Cane Sugar by the Use of invertase." ‘CC: S:" Hudson: -8>pp:, Heb; 3. eee No. 51. The Value of Peaches as Vinegar Stock. H. C. Gore. 7 DD.” Heb. (262-5. >. 25 2 ee No. 52. Extracts from Proceedings of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1909. Report on the Recommendations of Réferees: ToK aay wood. “32. pp. Mares) ee No. 53. Suggested Modification of the Winton Lead Number, espe- cially as Applied to Mixtures of Maple and Cane Sirups. S. M. Ross. 9) Pps Mar. sO52 "a ee ee No. 54. Analysis of Canned Peas and Beans, showing Composition of Different Grades. W. L. Dubois. 9 pp. Mar. 28__--____-- "= No. 55. Influence of Acids and Alkalis on the Activity of Invertase. CSS: Hudson ands: S-baine: t pp. Apt. 222-5) No. 56. The Determination of Total Sulphur in Organic Matter. Herman Schreiber? “9: pp! -June 15.2233 233 2 eee No. 57. Experiments on the Preparation of Sugared Dried Pine- apples: H. C€.-Gore, 8 pp: May iG=222. =) eee No. 59. The Destruction of the Enzym Invertase by Acids, Alkalis, and Hot Water. C.S. Hudson and H.S. Paine. 5 pp. June 24_ Annual Report: Report of the Chemist for 1909. H. W. Wiley. (From An. Repts. of Dept. 1909.) 62 pp: “Dec. 9) 1;5003) Apr. 12/500! 2) 2a aie Yearbook Extracts and Separates: No. 479. Suitable Paper for Permanent Records. F. P. Veitch. (From Ybk.'1908.) 10°pp) July 1-2-2 eee eee eee No. 485. The Manufacture of Flavoring Extracts. E. M. Chace. (From Ybk. 1908.) 2pp. Aug. 17,800; Nov. 6,500; Feb. 3, 1,000_ No. 489. Plant Food Removed from Growing Plants by Rain or Dew. J. A. LeClere and J. F. Breazeale. (From Ybk. 1908.) 16*pp.» July 22h 2 eee ee eee The Effect of Distillation in Different Types of Stills. L. M. Tol- man. (From Bul: 130, Buy of Chem.) "*@: pp: °Fanv202 2 es Farmers’ Bulletins: No. 377. Harmfulness of Headache Mixtures. L. F. Kebler, F. P. Morgan, and Philip Rupp. 16 pp. Sept. 28, 10,000; Dec. 10, 15,000::- Mar. $745,000; Apr: 4, -15,000_ 25a a. eee No. 393. Habit-forming Agents: Their Indiscriminate Sale and Use a Menace to the Public Welfare. L. F. Kebler. 19 pp. Apr. 29, 20,000; May 315 30,000 5255+ 2 ese Aes Sees eel eee Copies. 1, 000 1, 300 8, 000 2, 800 2, 200 8, 500 2, 100 2, 000 2, 500 2, 700 2, 000 2, 500 2, 200 2, 500 2, 500 2, 500 2, 000 1, 000 2, 300 500 100 55, 000 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 665 Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, ete-—Continued. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY—Continued. EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED. Bulletins: No. 84. Influence of Food Preservatives and Artificial Colors on Digestion and Health. Part I. Boric Acid and Borax. H. W. Wiley, with the cooperation of W. D. Bigelow, IF’. C. Weber, and Otersweat Tipp Soles. eJuly7 20. Sooke ee a No. 84. Same. Part V. Formaldehyde. H. W. Wiley, with the cooperation of W. D. Bigelow, F. C. Weber, and Others 212 pp. DRO DULY, JOO ee Sie 2h Pres ff he OIG) Bh) iO wins ae No. 9S (Revised). Part I. Drug Legislation in the United States. tw aMeplerso40 pptes ctsiituly 262122 vt pes. ne ee No. 107. Official and Le seer Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. As Compiled by the Com- mittee on Revision of Methods (J. K. Haywood, J. P. Streel, F. W. Woll, J. H. Pettit, L. M. Tolman, F. P. Veitch, and A. L. Winton.) Novy. 1, 1906, and provisionally adopted by the associa- tion. Edited by H. W. Wiley, Secretary of the Association. ton DD= 20uCtsay Wel. <1 ses Ot Se ee Pees ak ee ee No. 109. Some Technical Methods of Testing Miscellaneous Sup- plies, including Paints and Paint Materials, Inks, Lubricating Oils, Soaps, etc. Perey H. Walker. 68 pp. 10cts. Mar. 1_____ No: 115. A Preliminary Study of the Effects of Cold Storage on Eggs, Quail, and Chickens. H. W. Wiley, with the Collaboration of M. E. Pennington, G. W. Stiles, Jr., H. B. Howard, and F. C. Wook. S17 -pp2) J0ictiss -Apr S22 23 ee ee eee No. 118. Unfermented Apple Juice. H. C. Gore. 23 pp. 5 ets. No. 122. Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Held at Wash- ington, D. C., Nov. 12-16, 1908. Edited by H. W. Wiley, Secre- tary of the Association. 248 pp. 40 cts. Aug. 28_____________ Circulars: No. 14. Organization of the Bureau of Chemistry. Revised to iV 909-529) pps Ock. 12a ee tS OE Gs - ee eee, _ ee No. 16. Officials Charged with the Enforcement of Food Laws in the United States and Canada. Revised to July 1, 1909. 37 pp. INE Se Sei re Pees. Been beet eel hy ee AT Th epg oO No. 35. Report on Colors: The Solubility and Extraction of Colors and the Color Reaction of Dyed Fiber and of Aqueous and Sul- phuric-acid Solutions. H. M. Loomis. 51 pp. Jan. 10____-____ Yearbook Extracts: No. 328. Determination of Effect of Preservatives in Foods on Health and Digestion. H. W. Wiley. (From Ybk. 19038.) 16 pp. WEG, 26 2 ee ES ke eh A 2 chee 10 eager No. 331. Adulteration of Drugs. Lyman F. Kebler. (From Ybk. 1903; ) "12 pp: Ot: 2622 8 3 a BE nee ho ote Sh pees Farmers’ Bulletins: No. 52. The Sugar Beet: Culture, Seed Development, Manufacture, and Statistics. H.W. Wiley. (8d Revision, by A. Hugh Bryan.) 47 spp.+ -Oct.15, 5,000 3; Jan. 28;'5,000; Apr. 235,000 2_-.2e-5 No. 131. Household Tests for the Detection of Oleomargarine and Renovated Butter. G. E. Patrick. 10 pp. Sept. 18, 5,000; Jan. 293.000 June 15; 10; Q00L ni 2a ee SO ee A ee BR. No. 135. Sorghum Sirup Manufacture. A. A. Denton. 39 pp. Oct. 9, 5,000.1 eb. LC; 5,000; Apr. 30) BO 000 eo os eos ee No. 268. Industrial Alcohol: Sources and Manufacture. H. W. Wileyar. 45) ppv) wan. Fabia eR etek festinns SR No. 269. Industrial Alcohol: Uses and Statistics. H. W. Wiley. 29 pp. Aug. 11, 5,000; Jan. 15, 5,000; May 11, 10,000_____._______ No, 359. Canning Vegetables in the Home. J. I’. Breazeale. 16 pp. Aug. 6, 20,000; Feb. 4, 15,000; Feb. 26, 20,000; Apr. 28, 30,000___-_ Copies. 250 300 300 100 100 666 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, ete—Continued. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. NEW PUBLICATIONS. Bulletins: Copies. No. 58. Some Insects Injurious to Forests. Part IV. The Southern Pine Sawyer. J. L. Webb. 16.pp: »6 cts... Noyoddss she ee 2, 000 No. 58. Same. Part V. Insect Depredations in North American Forests, and Practical Methods of Prevention and Control. 45 pp. 10 cts, Dec. Bs2-sasss2. eh lest a ee eee 2, 000 No. 63. Papers on the Cotton Boll Weevil and Related and Associ- ated Inseets; .TL.pp. .15.:ets., Sept. 20.20.21 2:20 2) eee ee 1, 000 No. 68. Same. Part [VIII]. Supplement. Index to Papers on Cot- ton Boll Weevil and Related and Associated Insects. 5 pp. 5 Cts Jali) 122 bea et oy Soe Tt 2 1 3, 000 No. 64. Some Miscellaneous Results of the Work of the Bureau of Entomology. Part VI. The Greenhouse Thrips. H. M. Russell. 18 pp... cts. Ang 4 iW ci ere ee ee eee 2, 000 No. 64. Same. Part VII. New Breeding Records of the Coffee- bean Weevil. HE. S. Tucker. 4 pp. 5 cts: Aug. 6222282_2ea 2, 000 No. 64. Same. Part VIII. The Woolly White-Fly: A New Enemy of the Florida Orange. E. A. Back. 12 pp. 5 cts. May 9______ 2, 000 No. 66. Some Insects Injurious to Truck Crops. Part VII. Mis- cellaneous Notes on Truck Crop Insects. F. H. Chittenden. 5 pp.) Sicts:! July 20s 222 ee ee Sa ee eee 2, 000 No. 66. Same. Part [VIII]. Contents and Index. 10 pp. 5 ets. Mar, 1922 oa Se et eis 2 ee 2, 000 No. 68. Papers [9] on Deciduous-fruit Insects and Insecticides. 117. pps2:25.ctss, ANOV:. 2.0255 Sih. See ee eee 1, 000 No. 68. Same. Part I. The Pear Thrips. Dudley Moulton. 16 pp. 1Oets.( Septiv20 2 vc sd lary peaeg oe Seto ee 2, 000 No. 68. Same. Part [X]. Contents and Index. 9 pp. 5 cts. Sept. 20a ae a Rt ee Se See 2, 000 No. 77. Hibernation of the Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil. W. B. Hinds and W. W. Yothers, under the direction of W. D. Hunter. 100 spps 25 .ctsciOct: 10. ae eee ee eee ee eee 2, 000 No. 77. Same. [Supplement.] Contents and Index. 6 pp. 5 ets. Octsy 2B= 222 Po Ee ny Pee i sh bereat > Aye) hee 2, 000 No. 80. Papers on Deciduous-fruit Insects and Insecticides. Part II. The Cigar Case-bearer. A. G. Hammar. 44 pp. 10 ets. July? 22s eee ds Se Peek a Oe ee eee 2, 000 No. 80. Same. Part III. Additional Observations on the Lesser Apple Worm. S. W. Foster and P. R. Jonas. 10 pp. 5 ets. Aug, 8223 2 ite ou | bee ea SO Tes ae 2, 000 No. 80. Same. Part IV. The Pear Thrips and Its Control. Dud- ley .Moulton.. 20.pp... 10: cts:.Oct: 30... = ee eee 2, 000 No. 81. A List of Works on North American Entomology. Nathan Banks:>. 120, pp: tets: a JanaS- 232). ee eee 1, 000 No. 82. Some Insects Injurious to Truck Crops. Part I. The Colo- rado Potato Beetle in Virginia in 1908. C. H. Popenoe. 8 pp. 5. ctss (Novis i 6 ee a ei ee ee 1,000 No. 82. Same. Part II. The Parsnip Leaf-Miner. The Parsley Stalk Weevil. The Celery Caterpillar. F. H. Chittenden. 24 pp. 5 ete, NoveS0 re: 2m) Ah etek 2, 600 No. 82. Same. Part III. The Lima-bean Pod Borer. The Yellow- necked Flea-beetle. F. H. Chittenden. 12 pp. 5 cts. Dec. 29___ 2,000 No. 82. Same. Part IV. The Life History and Control of the Hop Flea-beetle. William H. Parker. 30 pp. 10 cts. May 23_______ 2, 000 No. 83. Practical Information on the Scolytid Beetles of North American Forests. Part I. Barkbeetles of the Genus Dendroc- tonus;: A.D; Hopkins’: J69) pp. 25 cts:. Och 12ae2 2 eee 1,000 - No. 84. Fumigation of Apples for the San Jose Scale. A. L. Quaintance). 43 pp: 20° cts) Sept30_. eee eee 3, 000 No. 85. Papers on Cereal and Forage Insects. Part I. The Lesser Clover-leaf Weevil. F. M. Webster. 12 pp. 5cts, Nov, Js2=—— 2, 000 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 667 Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, etc-—Continued. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—Continued. New FPusBLicaTions—Continued. Bulletins—Continued. No. 85. Same. Part II. The Slender Seed-corn Ground-beetle. Waa biliios. - 28inp. Vp cts, GNOy. S08! ess ees 2 ieee No. 85. Same. Part III. The Clover-root Curculio. V. L. Wilde- Mipen-uel4 pp ioretes Mian f= Sasser te ee ee te eee No. 85. Same. Part IV. The Sorghum Midge. W. Harper Dean. BAIN EO. Cha wa yet es oS eee et eee ee No. 85. Same. Part V. The New Mexico Range Caterpillar. C. N. Ainehien 42 mpidouere:. JURE IGs2e 1 22! ne eee at ae No. 86. Plant-bugs Injurious to Cotton Bolls. A. W. Merrill. 110 pe, SUD SOR hina eee eee ee No. 88. Preventive and Remedial Work Against Mosquitoes. L. O. Howard.41126.0n: wld ctstndmnei2i 2. af ai bee hen Bulletins—Technical Series: No, 12. Part IX. A New Genus of Aleyrodide, with remarks on Aleyrodes nubifera Berger and Aleyrodes Citri Riley and How- Ards A. ac i. Quaintance.. 7 pp. Mar. 14) No. 121. The Oyster-shell Scale and the Scurfy Scale. A. L. Quaintance and E. R. Sasscer. 15 pp. Apr. 30_---------------- No. 123. Methods of Controlling Tobacco Insects. A. C. Morgan. 17 pp. June IO —__~_~-__--_-_-n +> ---- = - Annual Report: Report of the Entomologist for 1909. L. O. Howard. (From An. Rpts. of Dept., 1909.) 56 pp. Oct. 15.----.---------------.=---- Copies. 668 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, ete.—Continued. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—Continued. New PuBLICcCATIONS—Continued. Yearbook Partracts and Separates: No. 480. Information about Spraying for Orchard Insects. pp: June 22. £_LU2 . ae Practical Information on the Dendroctonus Enemies of North American Forests. A. D. Hopkins. (From Bul. 83, Part I.) 41 pp. -Dee.-.29 a2 2cessnSacnnsece ase sense J hk eee The Western Pine Beetle. The Southwestern Pine Beetle. The Round-headed Pine Beetle. A. D. Hopkins. (From Bul. 88, Part IJ.) ~16-pp: “Dee, 3802.22.22... 5 1 Se ee eee The Southern Pine Beetle. A. D. Hopkins. (From Bul. 83, Part T.) 28 pp: Dee: 16 423 es eee eee The Arizona Pine Beetle. The Smaller Mexican Pine Beetle. The Larger Mexican Pine Beetle. The Colorado Pine Beetle. A. D. Hopkins. (From: Bul.-83, Part I.)° -9 pp: Dec. 30.2222 The Mountain Pine Beetle. The Black Hills Beetle. The Jeffrey Pine Beetle. A. D. Hopkins. (From Bul. 88, Part I.) 24 pp. The Eastern Larch Beetle. The Douglas Fir Beetle. A. D. Hop- kins. --(From Bul.-83; Part 1.)— 14 pp; --Ocet.414 232 eee The Eastern Spruce Beetle. The Engelmann Spruce Beetle. The Alaska Spruce Beetle. The Sitka Spruce Beetle. A. D. Hop- kins. (From Bul. 83, Part 1.) ‘24: pp:’ Dec..30 eae The Redwinged Pine Beetle. The Lodgepole Pine Beetle. The Allegheny Spruce Beetle. (From Bul. 83, Part I.) 12 pp. Dec. 152-2225 222 eee ee ee ee eee The Black Turpentine Beetle. The Red Turpentine Beetle. LIOMpp. Sept; Se oa ees ee Vol. XXI, No. 3, September, 1909. 109 pp. Sept. 18_--_.____.___-_ Vol «x1 NO: 4 Abstract Number. “10 pp.. Oct. 2. Vol, aCe, NO: >; October, 1909: 24 pps “Novi Ste 2 Vol No. G,. November, 1909,” TL pps - eee Copies. 5, 000 2, 500 3, 000 2, 000 3, 000 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 673 Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, etc.—Continued. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS—Continued. New Pvusiicarions—Continued. Miscellaneous Circulars: Copies. Doe. 1180. Organization, Work, and Publications of Drainage Tnvestications:, Sipp. >. Aue s 2 ee ee ee es ee ee ea 2, 000 Doe. 1210. Forestry in Nature Study. Gifford Pinchot. 10 pp. NEVE OO TO 0U0 INO Ve LOL 2) ae oe OL Se eee 4, 200 Address List Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United SEAT ES ees ANION G2 res Ast fe ee eee ee 1, 000 Address List Agricultural and Mechanical Colleges in the United ESUHEN ae ae) PATS Cite Me tket tenet ee Se ae eee eee 1, 000 Farmers’ Bulletins: . No. 363. The Use of Milk as Food. R.D. Milner. 46 pp. July 15, 15,000; Sept. 25, 10.000; Dec. 4, 10,000; Mar. 8, 20,000__--______ 55, 000 No. 366. Experiment Station Work—LII. 382 pp. July 22, 30,000; BRETT Cell = OOO) rae, Ee AA EO ee he 40, 000 No. 371. Drainage of Irrigated Lands. Charles F. Brown. 52 pp. Oehs4 620.0008 Web. 14-915. 000. 28a Sek. =a sk SAU ee ee eS 35, 000 No. 373. Irrigation of Alfalfa. Samuel Fortier. 82 pp. Nov. 1, Sh 000: cMarc6, 15,000; “Apr 921 -A5 000. Obs eur Ss 50, 000 No. 374. Experiment Station Work—LIII. 32 pp. Oct. 4, 20,000; HET IAUT? 1270000 eS Ei i te ee AO Be ee oe See a 40, 000 No. 375. Care of Food in the Home. Mary Hinman Abel. 48 pp. Noy. 20, 20,000; Dec. 16, 40,000; Feb. 15, 20,000; Apr. 7, 20,000; Apr. 12, 30,000; Apr. 16, 40,000; June 1, 20,000_______________- 190, 000 No. 381. Experiment Station Work--LIV. 382 pp. Nov. 29, 20,000; hard MOOG E4 a Re 22. ed ea DE eee A ee 30, 000 No. 384. Experiment Station Work—LY. 382 pp. Feb. 7, 20,000; Anns be 1O000H tL Ii oe Ve Se eee eee 30, 000 No. 385. Boys’ and Girls’ Agricultural Clubs. F. W. Howe. 32 pp. Feb. 4, 20,000; Feb. 23, 50,000; Apr. 7, 40,000____-_______ 110, 000 No. 388. Experiment Station Work—LVI. 32 pp. Mar. 24__--__-__ 20, 000 No. 389. Bread and Bread Making. Helen W. Atwater. 47 pp. Apr 15;/30,000; May 7; 50,000; June 6; -50,000_- ---~_ =~ 130, 000 No. 391. Economical Use of Meat in the Home. C. F. Langworthy and Caroline L. Hunt. 45 pp. Mar. 28, 50,000; April 4, 100,000; Apr. 14, 200,000; Apr. 25, 100,000; Apr. 27, 100,000; May 2, 100,000; May 5, 100,000; May 19, 100,000; June 2, 50,000________ 900, 000 No. 392. Irrigation of Sugar Beets. F. W. Roeding. 52 pp. UA 1 8 i a A ee ee 20, 000 No. 394. The Use of Windmills in Irrigation in the Semi-arid Westie PE Puller; ..44-pp» “Way oa 2 eee 15, 000 No. 399. Irrigation of Grain. Walter W. McLaughlin. 23 pp. IM SG 19 tpt bee et iy te RE END oe AE Oe TS es 15, 000 No. 404. Irrigation of Orchards. Samuel Fortier. 36 pp. June 30_ 20,000 No. 405. Experiment Station Work—LVII. 32 pp. June 21___---- 15, 000 EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED. Bulletins: No. 144. Irrigation in Northern Italy. Part I. Elwood Mead. OOM Doenel eS «gE Dig et eee oe ee et ets 500 No. 177. Evaporation Losses in Irrigation and Water Requirements of Crops. Samuel Fortier. 64 pp. 10 cts. May 21_--_--------- 1, 000 No. 181. Mechanical Tests of Pumping Plants in California. J. N. Comtesineniakh lait (2 ppp lorcten Octet. 2535.2 aan 500 No. 203. Distribution of Water in the Soil in Furrow Irrigation. R. Buoughridee. 63 pp... 20 cents,. Oct... 28.22. -..52——-=s 26 1, 000 No. 206. Organization Lists of the Agricultural Colleges and Experi- ment Stations in the United States. 114 pp. 10 cts. July 29___- 500 No. 2. Alaska Experiment Station. Vegetable Growing in Alaska. ©: C. Georgeson. 46 pp... 5: ctai | May. 24. —. nn eect emte 1, 000 73477°—acr 1910-——43 674 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, etc.—Continued. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS—Continued. EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED—Continued. Circulars: Copies. No. 6. Fertilizadores Abonos. D. W. May. 18 pp. May 5.---._+_ 1, 000 No. 46 (Revised). The Functions and Uses of Food. 11 pp. Apr. 1445 see sa ee See ee Se ee ee 500 No. 51 (Revised). List of State Directors of Farmers’ Institutes and Institute Lecturers of the United States. 14 pp. Dec.17_-__ 8,000 No. 60. The Teaching of Agriculture in the Rural Common Schools. 20 pps, Jans AS 22. see esd ee Se ee 3, 000 No. 70 (Revised). Publications of the Office of Experiment Sta- tions from Its Organization to June 30, 1909. 20 pp. Sept. 20-__ 1,500 No. 76. Swamps and Overflowed Lands in the United States. Own- ership and Reclamation. J. O. Wright. 23 pp. Aug. 4___-_-__ 500 Experiment Station Record: Vol. Xiex, No; 2; October, 1907; 110 pp;. Reb. 28220 eee 300 Vol. XEX,. No: 10, June; 1908: 109 pp:s Keb. 2852 32) Sea 300 Vol. XTX, No. 11; July, 1908: 109:pp. Mebs 282) Sa aee eee 300 Vol. XexX, No: 1,,September;, 1908:, a0 °pp. «Jilly, 22 =e 500 Vol: XX, No.2, October; 1908. 4210)pp. -dulys2)_ eee 500 Farmers’ Institute Lecture: No. 10 (Revised). Syllabus of Illustrated Lecture on the Produc- tion and Marketing of Eggs and Fowls. 20pp. Apr. 5.---______ 1, 500 Yearbook Extracts and Separates: No. 238. Some Problems of the Rural Common Schools. A. C. True. (Krom, Ybk. 1901.) 24 pp. Aug:_9, 5005 Noy. 26, 1.000... 1, 500 No. 285. Progress in Secondary Education in Agriculture. A. C. True; ).(From, Ybk. 2902))° « 24.ypp:) ,-Aug.. Ot. = eee 500 No. 324. Wheat Flour and Bread. Harry Snyder and Charles D. Woods... (From Ybk:.19038:)* 19 pp. . heb. 19-2 eee 500 No. 582. The Uses of Illustrated Material in Teaching Agriculture in Rural Schools. Dick J. Crosby. (From Ybk. 1905.) 83 pp. periment Stations. Compiled by M. T. Spethman. (From An. Rpt: 1907, O. E..8:): 40: pp); July 2022.25). se be 500 No. 2. (From An. Rpt. Irrigation and Drainage Investigations, 1904.) - Elwood Mead); 183 pp Aug: 92224 12S eee 500 Farmers’ Bulietins: No. 22 (Revised). The Feeding of Farm Animals. E. W. Allen. 39 pp. Sept. 2, 20,000; Oct. 9, 15,000; Jan. 19, 15,000; Feb. 19, 150003 Apr. 6;15,000; May 26; 415,00028.. 22. 2 eee 95, 000 No. 32 (Revised). Silos and Silage. Charles S. Plumb. 32 pp. Keb: 4;°.10,000;:-May 27, 10,000.23. _.. -_. -. 20, 000 No. 34. Meats: Composition and Cooking. Charles D. Woods. 31 pp. Aug. 24, 10,000; Nov. 22, 10,000; Feb. 24, 10,000; May 13, No. 35. Potato Culture. J. F. Duggar. 23 pp. Oct. 4, 10,000; Dee. 3, 15,000; Feb. 3,'15,000; May 6, 15,0002. -=-- 2 = = ee 55, 000 No. 36. Cotton Seed and Its Products. 16 pp. Aug. 24, 10,000; Jan. No. 44. Commercial Fertilizers: Composition and Use. Edward B. Voorhees. 39 pp. Oct. 15, 5,000; Feb. 1, 10,000; Apr. 7,10,000__ 25,000 No. 48. The Manuring of Cotton. H. C. White. 16 pp. Feb. 14, 10;,000';+ June! 6, 20,000 5-2 - SON a) 30, 000 No. 49. Sheep Feeding. John A.Craig. 30pp. Aug. 4, 10,000; Oct. 26,'10,000 ; ‘Apr.-19, 10,000; Apr. 21, 10;0004-222).. ae 40, 000 No. 56. Experiment Station Work—I. 32 pp. Nov. 20, 5,000; Mar. 4, 5,000 28 SS ere eT). a SD ee cl 10, 000 No. 66. Experiment Station Work—II. 82 pp. Jan. 29, 5,000; June 10). 10,000. 2 5. se iis Oe Se | SI 2 ee 15, 000 No. 69. Experiment Station Work—III. 32 pp. Feb. 1___________ 5, 000 No. 73. Experiment Station Work—IV. 31 pp. Jan. 29___________ 5, 000 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 675 Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, etc.—Continued. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS—Continued. EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED—Continued. Farmers’ Bulletins—Continued., Copies. No. 77. The Liming of Soils. H. J. Wheeler. 23 pp. Oct. 15, 5,000; Dec. 16, 5,000; Jan. 29, 10,000; Apr. 28, 10,000; May 24, 10,000__ 40, 000 No. 78. Experiment Station Work—V. 31 pp. Apr. 29___________ 10, 000 No. 79. Experiment Station Work—VI. 380 pp. Oct. 9, 5,000; Apr. SLES ASE); COQ STE Ss ee eS ek _ i ee ee 10, 000 No. 81. Corn Culture in the South. S. M. Tracy. 24 pp. Aug. 12, IKONS CONE O o's cam OM 0) ep ee RE PS gg ee = ee oe eee ee Oe 20, 000 No. 84. Experiment Station Work—VII. 31 pp. May 6, 10,000; Oct. ee anet A pec ee es es eS ED oS FS ee ae Se Ss Bs Ses ee 20, 000 No. 85. Fish as Food. C. F. Langworthy. 32 pp. Aug. 12, 5,000; INOV..25,, 0.0003) Marib;, 10,000; Iunel4y'5\ 000 i eet 25, 000 No. 87. Experiment Station Work—VIII. 32 pp. Feb. 12, 5,000; 1G a9 0 0) ee ee ES Seas ENT) ad AEE Le Ve bs pe eee eee 10, 000 No. 92. Experiment Station Work—IX. 382 pp. Aug. 10, 5,000; BISA penis ot CO) em ae ae Barer ee Ba Oe ee te: PE ire 0) ee 10, 000 No. 93. Sugar as Food. Mary Hinman Abel. 31pp. Dec. 17, 10,000; PANY acta Pel CAD ee eA a i ae SS eee ee Sd ae 20, 000 No. 97. Experiment Station Work—xX. 31 pp. Apr. 11___--______ 5, 000 No. 103. Experiment Station Work—xXI. 32 pp. Mar. 26________ 5, 000 No. 105. Experiment Station Work—xXII. 31 pp. Oct. 4, 5,000; RET sere) OU abe Te Se pal ae Oh te bh eek > oErT 10, 000 No. 112. Bread and the Principles of Bread Making. Helen W. At- water. 40 pp. July 7, 5,000; July 29, 10,000; Oct. 23, 10,000_____ 25, 000 No. 114. Experiment Station Work—xXIV. 30 pp. Dec. 7, 5,000; PA as 12 10.000 Me Sats <5 AF ee Oe ee en esa 15, 000 No. 119. Experiment Station Work-—XV. 32 pp. Feb. 25________ 5, 000 No. 121. Beans, Peas, and other Legumes as Food. Mary Hinman Abel. 40 pp. Oct. 15, 5,000; Feb. 21, 10,000; May 16, 10,000____ 25, 000 No. 122. Experiment Station Work—xXVI. 32 pp. Feb. 16_______ 5, 000 No. 124. Experiment Station Work—XVII. 32 pp. Feb. 12_______ 5, 000 No. 128. Eggs and their Uses as Food. C. F. Langworthy. 40 pp. Oates, 10,000s eb: 1:2:510:000 s-Apri22) 10/000! eset a8 30, 000 No. 133. Experiment Station Work—xXVIII. 382 pp. Oct. 9, 5,000; Mati va O00 =o Marri, ELO OOO Pee Per ee eat Pent git eee 20, 000 No. 138. Irrigation in Field and Garden. E. J. Wickson. 40 pp. Mar? S10;000's* Mar 0 000 Sas er Bee ae ee ee ee TS 20, 000 No. 142. Principles of Nutrition and Mutcithee Value of Food. W. O. Atwater. 48 pp. Nov. 16, 10,000; Feb. 23, 10,000; May 23, OOOO Sak a a 22 es ew es Se ees 30, 000 No. 144. Experiment Station Work—XIX. 32 pp. Feb. 12_--_--_-- 5, 000 No. 158. How to Build Small Irrigation Ditches. C. T. Johnson and J. D. Stannard. 30 pp. Feb. 18, 10,000; May 13, 10,000________ 20, 000 No. 162. Experiment Station Work—XXI. 32 pp. Mar. 16______- 5, 000 No. 169. Experiment Station Work—XXII. 382 pp. Feb. 10, 5,000; Mai T» 1S, OOO Set eet al SO Ee a SP een ae ee 10, 000 No. 170. The Principles of Horse Feeding. C. F. Langworthy. 46 pp. July 29, 10,000; Oct. 30, 15,000; Feb. 21, 10,000; May 16, SOOO ese h Sai eh) se Bt Pee ee ee ee 45, 000 No. 182. Poultry as Food. Helen W. Atwater. 37 pp. Oct. 5, 10,000; MW ett0; 10.0004 A pri 15.510, 000s. 422 sere ee ee Se 30, 000 No. 186. Experiment Station Work—XXIII. 32 pp. May 26___--- 10, 000 No. 187. Drainage of Farm Lands. C. G. Elliott. 40 pp. July 1, 10,000 ; Nov. 1, 10,000; Feb. 23, 10,000; May 13, 10,000___-------_ 40, 000 No. 190. Experiment Station Work—XXIV. 32 pp. Dee, 31, 5,000; Vi PR CLO) Ae eee Br = 2 TU eS Same Spee age Re SY 10, 000 No. 192. Barnyard Manure. W. H. Beal. 32 pp. Aug. 10, 20,000; Mart, 10,0002 Apr: 277 10 000s kta sot oo See ee ee 40, 000 No. 193. Experiment Station Work—XXV. 32 pp. May 27_------- 10, 000 No. 202. Experiment Station Work—XXVI. 32 pp. Feb. 15, 5,000; May-EL 10 000k Saat ane ae seee hse Se ne ea 15, 000 676 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, ete-—Continued. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS—Continued. EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED—Continued. Farmers’ Bulletins—Continued, Copies. No. 208. Canned Fruits, Preserves, and Jellies: Household Methods of Preparation. Maria Parloa. 31 pp. July 138, 20,000; Aug. 6, 10,000 ; Dec. 17, 10,000; Mar. 10, 20,000; Mar. 11, 20,000; Mar. 31, 20,000; Apr:.14;.40,000; May’ 18, 300002222 eee 170, 000 No. 210. Experiment Station Work—XXVII. 32 pp. Mar. 3-_____ 5, 000 No. 217. Essential Steps in Securing an Early Crop of Cotton. R. J. Redding. 16 pp. Aug. 24, 10,000; Feb. 9, 15,000________________ 25, 000 No. 222. Experiment Station Work—XXVIII. 32 pp. Oct. 6_-____ 10, 000 No. 225. Experiment Station Work—XXIX. 32 pp. Nov. 3--_____ 10, 000 No. 227. Experiment Station Work—XXX. 32 pp. May 16________ 10, 000 No. 233. Experiment Station Work—XXXI, 32 pp. June 13______ 5, 000 No. 234. Guinea Fowl and Its Use as Food. C. L. Langworthy. 24 pp. - Jan:3,. 10,000; Apr,.413,.10,000_25__ eee 20, 000 No. 237. Experiment Station Work—XXXII. 32 pp. Feb. 2, 5,000; Apr..30, 10,000 33... 2 205. SoS ee 2 eee 15, 000 No. 244. Experiment Station Work—XXXIII. 32 pp. Noy. 30, 5,000; June 6,.10/0002.2-.2 Ls ee eee 15, 000 No, 249. Cereal Breakfast Foods. Charles D. Woods. 38 pp. Dec. 9,:15,000:5- May 145,000: S252. 2 2 on ee ot eee 20, 000 No. 251. Experiment Station Work—XXXIVY. 32 pp. Feb. 15_____ 5, 000 No. 256. Preparation of Vegetables for the Table. Maria Parloa. 48 pp. Jan. 14, 15,000; Feb. 25, 15,000; Apr. 8, 40,000; Apr. 28, 40,000; May 16, 20,000; May 20, 30,000; June 6, 50,000; June 10;°30;0002 ew 3: ee oe ee 240, 000 No. 259. Experiment Station Work—XXXY. 382 pp. Mar. 16, 5,000.; May. 11) 10,00022 2022 2 9 ase) Qe eee 15, 000 No. 262. Experiment Station Work—XXXVI. 32 pp. Feb. 26_____ 5, 000 No. 265. Practical Information for Beginners in Irrigation. Samuel Fortier. 40 pp. Noy. 9, 10,000; Feb. 26, 5,000; June 6, 10,000___ 25, 000 No. 270. Modern Conveniences for the Farm Home. Elmina T. Wilson. 48 pp. Nov. 8, 10,000; Feb. 23, 15,000; May 8, 15,000___ 40, 000 No. 273. Experiment Station Work—XXXVIII. 32 pp. Mar. 9_--__ 5,000 No. 276. Experiment Station Work—XXXIX. 32 pp. June 17_____ 10, 000 No. 277. The Use of Alcohol and Gasoline in Farm Engines. Hd- ward Lucke. 40 pp. Dec. 11, 10,000; June 11, 10,000___________ 20, 000 No. 281. Experiment Station Work—XL, 32 pp. June 13, 10,000; Mar::2} 5i000S02 5 Ya stein ee Fee iss erste ia |e 15, 000 No. 293. Use of Fruit as Food. C. F. Langworthy. 40 pp. Aug. 2, 10,000; ‘Feb. 21, 15,0005 May 41, 15,000.22 2 eee 40, 000 No. 295. Potatoes and Other Root Crops as Food. C. F. Lang- worthy. 47 pp. Noy. 8, 10,000; Feb. 14, 10,000; June 6, 30,000__ 50, 000 No. 296. Experiment Station Work—XLI. 32 pp. Mar. 4, 5,000; June :21, 5,000 222 242 Sale Pee pee eels ee 5 10, 000 No. 298. Food Value of Corn and Corn Products. Charles D. Woods. 40 pp. Dec. 14; 10,000; Apr. 1, 15,000__2_ s=2s 25, 000 No. 303. Corn-Harvesting Machinery. C. J. Zintheo. 32 pp. Mair. .26 2. = ep Oba i beet een bee dae be oe 10, 000 No. 305. Experiment Station Work—XLII. 32 pp. June 13______ 20, 000 No. 809. Experiment Station Work—XLIII. 32pp. Sept. 25, 5,000; Aprn29, 10;000 2 £2 ets | ene 15, 000 . No. 316. Experiment Station Work-—XLIV. 32 pp. Apr. 16_____ 10, 000 No. 317. Experiment Station Work—XLY. 32 pp. Novy. 8________ 10, 000 No. 320. Experiment Station Work—XLVI. 32 pp. Jan. 24 _____ 10, 000 No. 329. Experiment Station Work—XLVII. 82 pp. Nov. 5_____ 10, 000 No. 352. Nuts and Their Uses as Food. M. E. Jaffa. 30 pp. Noy. 6,:10;000 ;, Mars10,- 10,000; June 6;315:000 == 2. eee 35, 000 No. 334. Experiment Station Work—XLVIII. 32 pp. Mar. 18____ 5,000 No. 353. Experiment Station Work—L. 32 pp. Feb. 23__________ 10, 000 No. 360. Experiment Station Work—LI. 32 pp. Aug. 24, 10,000; dan. 15,.5,000; May 23, 10,000... oe eee eee 25, 000 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 677 Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, etc——Continued. FOREST SERVICE. NEW PUBLICATIONS. Bulletins: Copies. No. 76. How to Grow and Plant Conifers in the Northeastern States. C. R. Pettis. 36 pp. 10 cts. Nov. 15, 1,500; May 18, ELS CS Pert, Sel TER es a bee Ae A 2) glans 2, 500 No. 78. Wood Preservation in the United States. W. F. Sherfesee. ee pp. .10.cts,-.Nov, 12,-4,000:- May: 26, 500i... ee et 4, 500 No. 79. The Life History of Lodgepole Burn Forests. F. E. Glements../56' pp!’ 15° cts "June 2022 ial Hoe ieee ee 10, 000 Circulars: No. 160. Coyote-Proof Pastnre Experiment 1908. James T. Jardine in Cooperation with B. P. I. 40 pp. Oct. 1, 7,000; Feb. 23,3,000_ 10, 000 No. 163. Paper Birch in the Northwest. S.T. Dana. 37 pp. July 7_ 13,000 No. 164. Properties and Uses of Southern Pines. H. S. Betts. 30 PES EC SOR) VRE W IZ tak ene a ee 30, 000 No. 166. The Timber Supply of the United States. R. S. Kellogg. Cg ES ge Ese SES 2 Sa Pape nee ef 10, 000 No. 167. The Status of Forestry in the United States. Treadwell Mievelands sr hao pp: Septet 7q2- $s. NO yee EE 20, 000 No. 168. Commercial Importance of the White Mountain Forest. Philippw. Agres: SPAPD rw Wo yjeAeie Bee tte nd Pl bee ee ee 20, 000 No. 169. Natural Revegetation of Depleted Mountain Grazing Lands. Arthur W. Sampson. 28 pp. Sept. 30, 5,000; Dec. 16, CDOS Tver 155, TOO ee ae ed Ye gee ee Bor! all b 11, 700 No. 171. Forests of the United States: Their use. Overton W. Price, R. S. Kellogg, and W. T. Cox. 35 pp. Dec. 11, 25,000; Tunes 11) I OOO Mae ek, ts ee bo rere pee PT Fh dee eet eee AEP Ee, 30, 000 No. 172. Methods of Increasing Forest Productivity. E. E. Carter. 16ND. “Dec: 20) 25000 May 16 L:O00L2.. ott tart een 26, 000 No. 174. Production of Western Yellow Pine in the Southwest. G. A. Pearson. 16 pp. Jan. 5, 10,000; May 16, 2,000__________ 12, 000 No. 176. Surface Conditions and Stream Flow. W. L. Hall and PireMiamwell! RGF npieadan: eee ol tne 4 ne! ee oo 25, 000 Annual Report: Annual Report of the Forester for 1909. Gifford Pinchot. (From AT Dion, DeEDE,. 1909:)) (45 Dp. Jal. ps. See ae Sa eer Papen 2, 500 Silvical Leaflets: No. 48. Red or Norway Pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.). 4pp. July16__ 8,000 No. 44. Jack Pine (Pinus divaricata (Ait.) Du Mont de Cours). PETE. etek Ly tee a ee ee ee 8, 000 No. 46. Limber Pine (Pinus flerilis James). 4 pp. July 19_______ 8, 000 No. 47. Pinon Pine (Pinus edulis Engelm.). 4 pp. July 24______ 8, 000 No. 50. Big Shellbark: King-Nut Hickory (Hicoria laciniosa (Mieht:) -Sargent):):| Sepps ) duly 242222 se kee sea 8, 000 Field Programs: Index to Service Notes and Orders in the Field Programs, July, 1908—June, 1909:. 10: pos! Der. 928527 Woks ste ee ei 32 8, 800 Hor sly, 1909; $2. pps ody 22 2 sen ste Sees ett Fr 3, 500 Wor-Aneust, 1909, 182. ppi, duly 280 ee ss ek eV Sere ee 3, 600 Hor’ September, 1900; 22 pps: Sepie di 8 eee Stet a 3, 700 Her Ccroher, 1909." 28 np. “Oct. 1 ee a es £5 3, 700 mor iwovember,. 19005182 pp, & INOW A as ee eet en 8, 700 Wor. December, 1009: /32 pp. 4, Deena aes Spelt ng 3, T00 Wor January, 1910. (63 pp. Jams J seetaate esi elt 25 2 oe 3, 7 MoD PepLusry., .OnU. vou PDs’ Rept shesaaten fee) oes fe 8 3, T00 Mor’ inwar, . rlOs:' BS op; “Ma Perkwets noes 3 sche eee FS 8, 700 dhe) hdr: Wass May 2 iG nS Wh 0 PN: 0) A er Nee See SS 3, 700 Hor: May, 1910. »28.pp; i May iden ee ot a eee 3, 700 Hor June, 18l@s 1/80 op... Jute dices eh eee Seek aes 3, 7 Olassified Lists of Publications Available for Distribution: List for September, 1909. 4 pp. Sept. 9...-~~--224-22-22.--s 22 5, 000 Last for. October, 1809... 4.nn. OG bo =. fo) ee eee ee A 5, 000 ist tor November, 1900." 4-DOMaINGN, 10s. nocu cc oeese leas 10, 000 678 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, etc.—Continued. FOREST SERVICE—Continued. New PuBLications—Continuéd. National Forest Areas: National Forests of Arkansas. 4 pp; Oct. 18_~2-22-22-2_- 423 Miscellaneous Circulars: Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope. George B. Sudworth. 441 pp. 60 .cts.. Aug, 10.so222. Suet Se ee 2 eee The Use Book: Regulations and Instructions for the Use of the Na- tional Forests, and Manual of Procedure for Forest Officers. Issued Jan. 1, 1910. Grazing, 1910. 84 pp. Aug. 2, 1,000; Jan. 6, 25,0002. ee ee se Farmers’ Bulletin: No. 387. The Preservative Treatment of Farm Timbers. C. P. Willis: S9eqpp. Marcidl0eto3- 23s a ee eee FARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED. Bulletins: No. 41. Seasoning of Timber. Hermann yon Schrenk and Reyn- olds Hill.. 48 pp. 25 cts ‘Sept.-2f 2220 eS eee No. 61. Terms used in Forestry and Logging. Prepared in Co- operation with the Society of American Foresters. 53 pp. 5 cts. July Qs tue ey ee ee eee No. 64. Loblolly Pine in Eastern Texas, with Special Reference to the Production of Cross-ties. Paul Zon. 53 pp. 5 ets, July (OT se. oe a ee eee ee ee No. 70. Effect of Moisture Upon the Strength and Stiffness of Wood. Harry Donald Tiermann. 14 pp. 10 cts. May 28__-_- No. 72. Wolves in Relation to Stock, Game, and the National Forest Reserves. Vernon Bailey. 31 pp. 5 cts. July 25_--________—_ Circulars: No. 15. Summary of Mechanical Tests of Thirty-two Species of American Woods: 25 pp.) sApry 22222225 see ee ee No. 25. Forestry and the Lumber Supply. Forestry and Foresters, by Theodore Roosevelt. The Exhaustion of the Lumber Supply, by R. L. McCormick. The Lumberman and the Forester, by Gifford Pinchot: 14 pp. “Nov. 13i..222<) = 22332) 2 eee No. 39. Experiments on the Strength of Treated Timber. W. Kendrick Hatt. 31 pp. Sept. 17, 1,000; Apr. 22, 500__-_______- No. 45. Forest Planting in Eastern Nebraska. Frank G. Miller. 32 pp. July) 21 ee ee No. 48. Kiln-Drying Hardwood Lumber. Frederick Dunlap. 19 pp. Apr. @iie). 9250 2 oa eee eee No. 55. How to Pack and Ship Young Forest Trees. 2 pp. Apr. 22- No. 56 (Revised). Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa). 3 pp. Aug. 9, 1.0007 Apr 12, 20000222) = 22 === a ee ee No. 57. Jack Pine (Pinus divaricata). 2 pp. July 7T------------- No. 59 (Revised). Eucalypts. 13.pp. May 16_-----------_----—-2 No. 60. Red Pine (Pinus resinosa). 2pp. July 7---------------- No. 63. Basswood (Tilia americana). 38 pp. Apr. 29_------------ No. 64. Black Locust (Robinia pseudacacia). 4 pp. Oct. 18, 1: 000%: Aipr.o 29: 50022 oa a ee No. 65. Norway Spruce (Picea ercelsa). 4 pp. July T----------- No. 66. White Elm (Ulmus americana). 4 pp. Apr. 30_---------- No. 67. White Pine (Pinus strobus). 6 pp. Apr. 29-------------- No. 68. Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris). 4 pp. Apr. 29----------- No. 70. European Larch (Larix europea). 3 pp. Aug. 11, 1,000 ; May 11, 500. 2.2.~-.+----+.------__-._-. 5-2 ___- No. 73. Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana). 4 pp. July T-------- No. 74. Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos). 38 pp. May 5------ No. 75. Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). 3 pp. May 5----------- No. 76. Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum). 3 pp. Aug. 4, 500; May 5, 500; May 18, 1,000------------------------------------ Copies. 2, 500 1, 000 26, 000 25, 000 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 679 Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, ete.—Continued. FOREST SERVICE—Continued. EARLIER PUBLICATIONS RrprRiIntep—Continued. Circulars——Continued. Copies. No. 80. The Fractional Distillation of Coal-Tar Creosote. Arthur Dean and, Hrnest Bateman. 31 pp. -Aug. 5222-2 = ss 500 No. 81 (Revised). Forest Planting in Illinois. R. S. Kellogg. 32 PELE Spey gh Soe es (AE Rs UN ek Le ae Poe he et ee i) eee 5, 500 No, 82. Hardy Catalpa (Catalpa speciosa). 8 pp. Feb. 24__-_____ 500 No. 84. White Ash (Frazrinus americana). 4 pp. July 1__---__-_~ 700 No. 86 (Revised). Boxelder (Acer negundo). 3 pp. Aug. 10__~____ 1, 000 No. 8%. White Willow (Salix alba). 4 pp. May 20______.-._---_ 500 No. 88 (Revised). Black Walnut (Juglans nigra). 5 pp. Aug. 17. 1,000 No. 89 (Revised). Tamarack (Lariz laricina). 4 pp. Aug. 4____ 1,000 No. 91. Coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus). 4 pp. July 27-----_-~ 1, 000 No. 93. Yellow, or Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipfera). 4 pp. PA Trees ete OA SHPO Re Ab PIR TA Ae wk ek ee 1, 000 No. 95. Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum). 4 pp. Aug. 4, 1,000; EORORSEME WO)= tH) east Sat eS = atv end ot ap te Rae ne br LE 2 LEAS be 1, 500 MOSOA aE pOr ay. 4 Dp. “Way ta es si Th Ted St 500 No. 101. The Open Method for the Treatment of Timbers. Carl G. Grawiord-rals Dp. May detest elth val oie he sit EOE ANAT ay 500 No. 202. The Production of Red Cedar for Pencil Wood. L. L. WE Ges ELD yy yO 23 Sr ket te TI, A 3 SS 500 No. 103. Seasoning of Telephone and Telegraph Poles. Henry Grin- mello selG pps d aly AS Se oe ee eee en eee 500 No. 104. Brush and Tank Pole Treatments. Carl G. Crawford. EATS SVaM cD EURO ee 2 ete 2h Tea gl ako ne Ei Pay ee na) I, 500 No. 112. The Analysis and Grading of Creosotes. Arthur L. Dean andHenest: Batenian. 44) pp" duly 202026 ae: Ee eet ta ee 500 No. 115. Second Progress Report of the Strength of Structural Pinwer? awe cDarick Hatt. +39" pp. Aug 19. tt ee os ee 2, 000 No. 116. The Waning Hardwood Supply and the Appalachian For- ests. William L. Hall. 16 pp. July 15, 1,000; May 16, 500______ 1, 500 No. 117. The Preservative Treatment of Fence Posts. Howard F. IVY CANE MEL Dee SIN OV ic ieee) Pate: Serer see iy a tte, Wel pee 500 No. 1382. The Seasoning and Preservative Treatment of Hemlock and Tamarack Crossties. W. IF. Sherfesee. 31 pp. July 7, HO eny Hest aOO + eee oe dE ps ory ea i seers it 1, 000 No. 141. Wood Paving in the United States. C. L. Hill. 24 pp. Lic a ee ee eee ee a, ee: Een er ee 500 No. 142. Tests of Vehicle and Implement Woods. H. B. Holroyd nnd .EL. Ssbetts, 29 pp) July’ 7; 500; Dec).6; 500. 2 ee 1, 000 No. 145. Forest Planting on the Northern Prairies. James M. TCRHCEOUSA Hee DOs ANOV SO. ose ee ae Oe As ae 1, 000 No. 146. Experiments with Railway Cross-ties. H. B. Eastman. Pees © SUING OUU SP NEa ys CUS OU ts se ace See er ae ee 1, 000 No. 147. Progress in Chestnut Pole Preservation. Howard F. iyi! Pe Ep Eo) a [Ee le a Ma resi ea lal Es ah ol Mea Wl Ral geht 500 No. 148. Practical Results in Basket Willow Culture. C. D. Mell. Det sty h, DOA SLCC, oy OOO 55 eo ee sn ee eee eS 1, 500 No. 150. Douglas Fir: A Study of the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain Forms, E. H. Frothingham. 38 pp. Nov. 22_________ 1, 000 No. 151. The Preservative Treatment of Loblolly Pine Cross-ties. W. F. Sherfesee. .29 pp. Dec. 20, 25,000; May 16, 500_________ 25, 500 No. 154. Native and Planted Timber of Iowa. Hugh P. Baker. 24 J) ME an D5 (Se ea eR oe 2a ier ea fo eS ee oa 500 No. 156. Preliminary Report of Grazing Experiments in a Coyote- proof Pasture. James T. Jardine, with an Introduction by F. V. Oovitle. + S2 Op. - TUL te eed Ulleiey O02. a ee 700 No. 158. The Revegetation of Overgrazed Range Areas. Arthur W. Sampson, with an Introduction by F. V. Coville. 21 pp. Nov. 18_ 500 No. 159. The Future Use of Land in the United States. Raphael yA) Mabel 5 9 0) CM Oo ab A NE ie Coen i RSs let aaa ais 2, 000 680 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, etc.—Continued. FOREST SERVICE—Continued. EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED—Continued. Circulars—Continued. Copies. No. 165. Practical Assistance to Owners of Forest Land and to Tree. Planters. ¢ pp.» Heb; 232. 224-222 2 ee 4, 000 Yearbook Extracts: No. 3876. How to Grow Young Trees for Forest Planting. E. A. Sterling. (From Ybk. 1905.) 12 pp. May.20_-..-___=_ 3 ae 500 No. 484. Natural Forests and the Lumber Supply. Thomas H. Sherrard: (From Ybk. 1906.)., 8 pp.: NOV. 32-23 — = =e 500 Silvical Leaflets: No. 24. Bristle-cone Fir (Abies venusta). 2 pp. Oct. 12, 500; Oct. 27;,000:, May, 6,,1,G00_ 5-4-2 oe ee 2, 600 No. 2%. Torrey Pine (Pinus Torreyand)..2 pp. Oct, 12-22 eee 500 Miscellaneous Circulars: The Use Book: Regulations and Instructions for the Use of the National Forests, 1908. Abridged. Popular Edition. 109 pp. Sept. 14, 5,000; Feb. 14, 5,000__--..___ =. === eee 10, 000 Information Regarding Employment on the National Forests (3d revision). 4 pp. Sept. 14, 3,000; Jan. 17, 1,000; May 27,1,000___ 5,000 Suggestions for the Collection of Range Plant Specimens on National Forests. 3 pp. May 102.--.-:-.____2- = _ ee eee 1, 000 The Green Book. 47 pp. Dec, 11_-_--__-. eee 200 Regulations Governing Applications Under the Act of June 11, 1906. 4 pp... Oct. 400s ee 5, 000 Instructions for Making Forest Maps and Surveys. Revised. 51 DD: Pep. 242 ee ee 5, 000 Farmers’ Bulletins: No. 134. Tree Planting on Rural School Grounds. Wm. L. Hall. 32 pp. Jan. 5, 15,000; Feb. 18, 15,000; June 25, 5,000____________ 85, 000 No. 173. A Primer of Forestry, Part I. Gifford Pinchot. 47 pp. Oct. 20, 15,000; Dec. 17, 15,000; Feb. 24, 15,000; June 1, 15,000_ 60,000 No. 228. Forest Planting and Farm Management. George T. Clothier. 24 pp. July 28, 15,000; Mar. 10, 15,000_____-_-____-_- 30, 000 No. 252. Maple Sugar and Sirup. William F. Hubbard. 38 pp. Deend425/000: April 1. 5,000 22 2a te ee eee 10, 000 No. 341. The Basket Willow. William F. Hubbard. 47 pp. Mar.12_ 5,000 No. 358. A Primer of Forestry, Part II. Gifford Pinchot. 48 pp. Sept. 17, 15,000; Dec. 29, 15,000; Feb. 28, 15,000; Mar. 20, 25,000_ 70, 000 LIBRARY. NEw PUBLICATIONS. Bulletins: No. 71. Accessions to the Department Library, January—March, 1909." “Si. pps 10! cts. ily (G20 es eee 1, 000 No. 72. Accessions to the Department Library, April-June, 4909, 90sppasclOvets: 7 Septs SO ee 1, 000 No. 73. Accessions to the Department Library, July-September, 1909: 463 pp." 10: cts ENoy 320 1, 000 No. 74. Accessions to the Department Library, October-December, 19092068 spp: 10:cts,.” Mar, 142 ee eee 1, 000 No. 75. List of Periodicals Currently Received in Library of the United States Department of Agriculture, Arranged by Title and Subject.: 72 pp:. 10'cts.. Dec. 232-2. eS eee 1, 000 Monthly Bulletin (Price 50 cts. per annum. No single copies sold) : For January, 1910. , Vol..1, No.1. 25 pp.” Mare 15_2_- ee 1, 000 Kor Nebruary, 1910. Vol. 1, No. 2.425, pps Apia =| 1, 000 Wor March, 1910) Vol-i..No;.3.. 28 pp. May ss) == eee 1, 000 For-April, 1910... Viol. beNo..4. sol DD) dues o= a sees oe eee 1, 000 Annual Report: Report of the Librarian for 1909. Claribel R. Barnett. (From An. Rpts. of Dept., 19092) 16 pp: Nove 40 eee 350 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 681 Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, etc.—Continued. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. NEW PUBLICATIONS. ' Bulletins: ~ Copies. No. 141. Miscellaneous Papers. Part V. The Present Status of the Chestnut Bark Disease. Haven Metcalf and Franklin Collins. TI Ag Og Oe page Sgn CL: Pegs bf gt Eat te = cap a nd Waal 3 Gel Vi Roe) Le Eh L 4, 500 No. 141. Miscellaneous Papers. Parts I-V. 56 pp. 10 cts. Sept. apt ad oS SS Sr oh Ag hile Pld A I) eal a ie ed ee ee 2, 500 No. 149. Diseases of Deciduous Fruit Trees. Hermann von Schrenk and Perley Spaulding. 85 pp. 15 cts. July 1_-_-_-____ 5, 500 No. 152. ‘The Loose Smuts of Barley and Wheat. E. M. Freeman anoetawara Gc, Johnnson:~ 48 pp: 15’ cts. July iss 22 = 2, 000 No. 154. Farm Water Supplies of Minnesota. Karl F. Kellermann and H. A. Whittaker, in cooperation with the Minn. State Board Gimteal tno t ID: Melo, Cine NOV. Gno= eel sa BARE eos at SSE 2, 500 No. 155. The Control of Black-rot of the Grape. C. L. Shear, George F. Miles, and Lon A. Hawkins. 42 pp. 15 cts. Aug. 31__ 3,500 No. 156. A Study of Diversity in Egyptian Cotton. O. F. Cook, Argyle McLachlan, and Rowland M. Meade. 60 pp. 15 cts. Ad bc I ES SP CP Ree ee i ee ee aes 2, 000 No. 157. The Truckee-Carson Experiment Farm. Carl S. Scofield ana snoper J. Rogers: S8"pp:” 10'ets? Aug: ds eee 2, 000 No. 158. The Root-rot of Tobacco Caused by Thielavia basicola. VWeeraw. Gubert. (i> pp." 25 ets (Octs 7 22st ates eee ae 2, 000 No. 159. Local Adjustment of Cotton Varieties. O. F. Cook. 75 pp. AMD ACCS pS a S12) 0] Rea toe 8 a eee Ree a Bie a Ee eee tse eee ae pe eee 2, 000 No. 160. Italian Lemons and Their By-products. I. The Italian Lemon Industry. G. Harold Powell. II. The By-Products of the Hemon-in Ltaly./ Bb. MY Chase. 57 pp: 15'etsy Oct6es = Se 5, 500 No. 161. A New Type of Indian Corn from China. G. N. Collins. SUEDD- Oct Dec. Oise Sie os ee Se eee 2, 000 No. 162. Seeds and Plants Imported, January to March 31, 1909. Inventory No. 18: Nos. 24430 to 25191. 73 pp. 10 cts. Dec. 23__ 2,000 No. 163. Varieties of American Upland Cotton. Frederick J. Tyler. Tome Oot Cts.) AW eD; 2aiies) vw sine ee ee te a eee 2 oe 1, 000 No. 164. Promising Root Crops for the South. I. Yautias, Taros, and Dasheens. O. W. Barrett. II. Agricultural History and Utility of the Cultivated Aroids. O. F. Cook. 43 pp. 10 cts. Yi) tag 5S A Ee 2 et | ee ee cm Sate Oe a ek ee 2, 000 No. 165. Application of Some of the Principles of Heredity to Plant Breedine. W. J2 Spillman> ‘74 ppiy 10%cts! ens se 2, 000 No. 166. The Mistletoe Pest of the Southwest. William J. Bray. Sed: 2110; CIS AH eDi2: Soest eS Sh eae eee 4, 500 No. 167. New Methods of Plant Breeding. George W. Oliver. 389 Divo cts: Ctepr ge. fie ini ee te ee en Eee 2, 000 No. 168. Seeds and Plants Imported, April 1 to June 30, 1909. In- ventory No. 19: Nos. 25192 to 25717. 45 pp. 5 cts. Dec. 29____- 2, 000 No. 169. Variegated Alfalfa. J. M. Westgate. 63 pp. 10 cts. No. 170. Traction Plowing. L. W. Ellis. 45 pp. 10 cts, Mar.12_ 6,000 No. 171. Some Fungous Diseases of Economic Importance. Flora W. Patterson, Vera K. Charles, and Frank J. Veihmeyer. 41 pp. Ph oie Te 5 eS a Med eS PON TUES es BS TB ead oP aa ae ee 2, 000 No. 173. Seasonal Nitrification as Influenced by Crops and Tillage. Oy Ate ROMEO Sb culcHIT), iO uClGe» Aone aes a ee ee a 2, 000 No. 174. The Control of the Peach Brown-rot and Scab. W. M. Scott and T. Willard Ayres. 31 pp. 10 cts. Mar. 7--._-._-- -~- 6, 000 No.175. The History and Distribution of Sorghum. Carleton R. Da BRR AN V0 Re Ca 1 Or oa IV: i pl RE RR ROOTES SE 2, 000 | No. 176. Seeds and Plants Imported, July 1 to September 30, 1909. Inventory No. 20: Nos. 25718 to 26047. 34 pp. 5cts. Apr. 25.. 2,000 No. 177. A Protected Stock Range in Arizona. David Griffiths. 2 Pir - 10: Cte: ADE - 20. amnisnenre iL Le A Se 3, 000 682 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, ete.—Continued. ' BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—Continued. New Pusrications—Continued. Bulletins—Continued. Cire No. 178. Improvement of the Wheat Crop in California. Henry F. Blanchard. 37 pp: .10°cts... June 62.22.2222 ee No. 179. The Florida Velvet Bean and Related Plants. C. V. Piper and S. M. Tracy. 26 pp. 10 cts. May 20 ulars: No. 80. Improvement of the Oat Crop. C. W. Warburton. 10 pp. July 1;.2,500; Oct. 30; 1,000* Jan..21,, 9,000.2 =- = eee No. 582. Moisture Content and Shrinkage in Grain. J. W. T. Duvel. 13) PDs Sully, | Gee. fe et oe See ee ke No. 34. The Work of the San Antonio Experiment Farm in 1908. Frank B, Headley and Stephen H. Hastings. 17 pp. July 22__ No. 35. The Present Status of the White-pine Blights. Perley Spaulding. 12..pp; ; Augi 025420225 ke ee eS ee No. 36. The Bud-rot of the Cocoanut Palm. John R. Johnston. DS Pp: July Oss ees seh Ds a ee ee No. 37. Comparative Tests of Sugar-beet Varieties. J. E, W. Tracy. 21 (pp. Sept) 2iac2 lest ts fe 5 es A ee ee No. 38. European Currant Rust on the White Pine in America. Perley, Spaulding... 4 pp: Aug. d0 2... 3 = eee No. 39. The Decay of Cabbage in Storage: Its Cause and Preyen- tion.. LE) LHarter: 08 pp.) Oct715; 2,000 Jan: 225 500222—a =e No. 40. A Simple Method of Detecting Sulphured Barley and Oats. WePi:Carrolly 8 pphisNowa80 22s a eS ee 2 eee No. 41. The South African Pipe Calabash. David Fairchild. 9 pp. Dee. 1, 2;500:: Heb.«95 2.000% May: 12" 300022. = ee No. 42. Origin of the Hindi Cotton. O. F. Cook. 12 pp. Dec. 11___ No. 48. The Deterioration of Corn in Storage. J. W. T. Duvel. 12 pp. Dee; 4-2 ies 2 eee A es ee ee No. 44. The Minor Articles of Farm Equipment. L. W. Ellis. 15 pp: June 171.000 sJana1955:.600 sss ia eee No. 45. The Utilization of Pea-cannery Refuse for Forage. M. A. Crosby?) 34ppt:« Heb? 43-4,000% Mar.28, 4500 == 28 eee No. 46. The limitation of Satsuma Orange to Trifoliate-orange Stock. (Walter Swingle. “0/pp: \Janje222 eee No. 47. Prickly Comfrey as a Forage Crop. H. N. Vinall. 9 pp. No. 48. The Present Status of the Tobacco Industry. Wightman W.. Garner. 13 pp!’ Feb: 12)3;000;(Mar. 29° 2.000. a No. 49. Improvement of Pastures in Eastern New York and the New England States. J. S. Cotton. 10 pp. Mar. 21___--_______ No. 50. Three Much-misrepresented Sorghums. Carleton R. Ball. 14pp. .Mar., 82 <0) <2 feds & © Sis ea eee Pe te No. 51. Fruit Growing for Home Use in the Central and Southern Great Plains, HH. P: Goulds, 23 pp. Mar i823) aaa No. 52. Wart Disease of the Potato. W. A. Orton and Ethel C. Field: app...) Mat. S222) See eee eee No. 53. Mutative Reversions in Cotton. O. F. Cook. 18 pp. Mar. No. 54. The Substitution of Lime-sulphur Preparations for Bor- deaux Mixture in the Treatment of Apple Diseases. W. M. Scott. 15..pp..c Mar). 232222.) UO te ea ee ee No. 55. American Export Corn (Maize) in Europe. John D. Shana- han, Clyde E. Leighty, and Emil G. Boerner. 42 pp. Mar. 28____ No. 56. Some Conditions Influencing the Yield of Hops. 12 pp. No. 57. The Cultivation of Hemp in the United States. Lyster H. Dewey... 7’ pp" May. 23222. 2k _o: eae ee No. 59. Dry-land Grains for Western North and South Dakota. ~ Cecil. Salmon. 24 pp... June, 1022... 24232 eee eee Copies.” 3, 000 2, 000 5, 500 3, 000 2, 500 9, 000 2, 500 2, 500 38, 500 2, 500 4, 000 7, 500 2, 000 4, 600 6, 600 5, 500 5, 000 3, 500 5, 000 12, 000 6, 000 6, 000 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 683 Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, ete.-—Continued. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—Continued. NEW PUuBLICcCATIONS—Continued. Circulars—Continued. Copies. No. 62. The Separation of Seed Barley by the Gravity Method. pelo A OO Rye Seg 0) oe Eh gy See eee ee Ne nee Pearse eal ree 3, 000 No. 68. Methods of Legume Inoculation. Karl F. Kellerman. 5 pp. iL Eih) 7.2 = Mint SS ee Dee eS eee oe eee eee See 2 ae 5, 000 Annual Reports: Report of the Chief of Bureau of Plant Industry, 1909. B. T. Galloway. (From An. Rpts, of Dept., 1909). 118 pp. Dec. 1__ 2,500 Yearbook Extracts: No. 475. The Wastes of the Farm. A. F Woods. (From, Ybk. . 1908). 24 pp. July 23, 1,000; Nov. 13, 1,000; Jan. 23, 2,000_____ 4, 000 No. 478. The Search for New Leguminous Forage Crops. C. V. Piper CH ronyyY DE. 1008;)° 9" pp: JAE Ass see pep 1, 000 No. 483. The Causes of the Southern Rural Conditions and the Small Farm as an Important Remedy. S. A. Knapp. (From ip kee1 OOS.) Aap pi NOV. = 24 so as ee Se 1, 000 No. 487. Types of Farming in the United States. W. J. Spillman. (From Ybk. 1908.) 19 pp. July 23, 2,000; Nov. 12, 1,000_____- 3, 000 No. 490. Intensive Methods and Systems of Rotation of Crops in Tobacco Culture. E. H. Mathewson. (From Ybk. 1908.) 18 pp. Te, FU aS Ea EASES PD TS gs eer SE 0 Re is PP ee eee 2, 000 No. 498. By-products of the Sugar Beet and Their Uses. C. O. Townsend. (From Ybk. 1908.) 14 pp. July 20, 1,500; Feb. 1, iy 0) a ot) od oe ed ee ce ees eee eee fo eee ae 2, 000 oa 494. The Development of Farm Crops Resistant to Disease. W. A. Orton. (From Ybk. 1908.) 10 pp. Aug. 13, 1,000; Feb. 1, CG a ae re Meat Te ARR ate ha fee NL eke ee eV 2, 000 No. 496. Promising New Fruits. William A. Taylor. (From Ybk. TAOS) te) PD: uSeD tro O ses oh fete Se Re eee ee ee 4, 000 No. 503. Conditions Influencing the Production of Sugar-beet Seed in the United States. C. O. Townsend. (From Ybk. 1909.) a OT apes AUST b O77. Se eee ee a ES 21S os SL Eee Se ee See 2, 000 No. 505. The Problems of an Irrigation Farmer. Carl S. Scofield. PH rote enes Goo) «AG np. tne 16.2. 2 tek ee eh seat ON ee 1, 000 No. 507. The Functions and Value of Soil Bacteria. Karl F. Kellerman. (Brom: Ybk)1909:) 12 pp: June 282202 22s 1, 500 No. 509. Farming as Occupation for City-bred Men. W. J. Spill- mans (irom: Ypk;1909)) La) pps time 25. ee ie Bs oat 5, 000 No. 511. The Future Wheat Supply of the United States. Mark Alfred Carleton. (From Ybk. 1909.) 16 pp. June 16__________- 1, 000 No. 512. Vegetable Seed Growing as a Business. William W. Tracy, Sr. SChTGHE SDES 1900.) VLG Dp: dUDe Lee ee ee ee eee 1, 000 No. 515. Progress in Methods of Producing Higher Yielding Strains of Corn. C. P. Hartley. (From Ybk. 1909.) 16 pp. June10__.__ 2,000 No. 518. Comforts and Conveniences in the Farmers’ Homes. W. R. Beatie,” “Chrom. Ybizii909;) (16) pp:): June Byes. ee ew ee ce 1, 000 No. 519. Prevention of Frost Injury to Fruit Crops. G. B. Brackett. (rome y DE: 1.900.) “a ppe (Sune! 202 2 Se ee 2, 000 No. 520. The Handling of Deciduous Fruits on the Pacific Coast. Vy. A. Stubenrauch. (From Ybk. 1909.) 12 pp. June 10________ 2, 000 No. 521. Promising New Fruits. William A. Taylor. (From Ybk. Cas eh Oo Dee do Une LOS ers ie ee eee iS oe 4, 000 Miscellaneous Circulars: Doc. 475. Hints to Settlers on the Umatilla Project. 12 pp. Aug.5_ 1,600 Doc. 503. “A—68.” Fall-breaking and the Preparation of the Seed Bed. 8 pp. Sept. 9, 80,000; Noy. 10, 50,000; Mar, 24, 50,000___. 180, 000 Doe. 504. Publications of the Bureau of Plant Industry. 11 pp. RR eee eee ns ee Cer eo eS ee 2, 000 Doc. 523. “A—69” Field Instruction for Farmers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work. 8 pp. Nov. 10, 100,000; Mar. 9, 50,000; gh gi Fs a LD | a ci AE Re CL sc ee ed hE 200, 000 684 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ~ublications issued during the year ended June 380, 1910, etc.—Continued. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—Continued. New PvusLications—Continued. Miscellaneous Circulars—Continued. Doc. 526. Publications of the Bureau of Plant Industry. 12 pp. NOV. IOS. 2 2 ee Se ee ee eee Doc. 538. Plans for the Continuation of the Tobacco Investigations. 3: DD. . Dec... 145.226 fo a re Doc. 535. Distribution of Cotton Seed in 1910. 13 pp. Jan. 19, 2,000): , Web. 28; ) 2,000i2%. 3 3 25h an ee pete oe Doc. 5388. Cooperative Distribution of New Varieties of Smyrna Figs and Caprifigs. 6 pp. Sept. 18, 2,000; Oct. 6, 1,000; Jan. D9, GOON. seat et I ES ee Doc, 548. Publications of the Bureau of Plant Industry. 12 pp. Web. 26222-25224. fe ood eee ek eet to ee Doe. 555. Southern Farm Notes. 5 pp. Mar. 26, 125,000; Apr. 23, TO, 00Q econ Siebel (ete oie otk A Doe. 564. Directions to Cooperative Corn Breeders. 10 pp. Apr. a hp Farmers’ Bulletins: No. 362. Conditions Affecting the Value of Market Hay. Harry B. McClure. 29 pp. July 10, 15,000; Sept. 7, 10,000; Nov. 5, 10,000; Jans %,'b,000 ' Meb..25; 10:000; June 6, 10,000 Ss 28 eee No. 364. A Profitable Cotton Farm. C. L. Goodrich. .23 pp, Aug. 21, 20,000 ; Nov: 23,.10;000);. Dees 17;, 15,0005. = 8 No. 365. Farm Management in Northern Potato-growing Sections. Lawrence G. Dodge. 31 pp. Sept. 2, 10,000; Nov. 1, 20,000; Febsw0; 15,000 ;; Meb2 26) 15,0002 22225 be No. 368. The Eradication of Bindweed or Wild Morning-glory. H. R. Cox. 19 pp. Aug. 6, 15,000; Feb. 25, 5,000; June 10, 20,000_ No. 370. Replanning a Farm for Profit. C. B. Smith and J. W. Fooley. 56 pp. Sept. 30, 30,000; Feb. 23, 15,000; Apr. 15, 15,000; Apr. 25,, 10;000:;; June 2; 15: 000222 22 =a ee ee No. 372. Soy Beans. C. VY. Piper and H. T. Nielsen. 26 pp. Oct. 7, 20;000);, Max15, .20:000)) June 10; 15.0002.) = = eee No. 380. The Loco-Weed Disease. C. Dwight Marsh. 16 pp. Noy. 414;,20:000': Dee... 27; 15,0002 2 Pee a No. 382. The Adulteration of Forage-plant Seeds. F. H. Hillman. 23 pp. Dec. 15, 20,000; Mar. 10, 20,000; June 4, 25,000__________ No. 386. Potato Culture on Irrigated Farms of the West. E. H. Grubb. 13: pp: Jan. 11; 15:000); Mar; 5; 20,00052 eee No. 395. Sixty-day and Kherson Oats. C. W. Warburton. 27 pp. May. .5.....--_ Stent Ee eee No. 398. Farm Practice in the Use of Commercial Fertilizers in the South Atlantic States. J.C. Beavers. 24 pp. May 26______ No. 400. A More Profitable Corn Planting Method. C. P. Hartley. 11 ‘pps= Mayall 2 St. os er ee ee eee No. 401. The Protection of Orchards in the Pacific Northwest from Spring Frosts by Means of Fires and Smudges. P. J. O’Gara. 24 pps - Sune 2253 Set See ey eee No. 402. Canada Bluegrass: Its Culture and Uses. R. A. Oakley. 20 ppc Sune: 252 244 Aa tle St ee ee ae eee No. 406. Soil Conservation. W. J. Spillman. 16 pp. June 17______ Indexes: Index to Circulars Bureau of Plant Industry Nos. 1 to 40, Inclu- sive, 1908-1909: Vol. 1. 10 pp:- Dec. 1822 eee Index to Bulletins Bureau of Plant Industry Nos. 137 to 148, In- clusive; 1909) Vol. XI. 10 pp. Aug. fet. see os eee EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED, Bulletin: No. 108. The Cold Storage of Small Fruits. S. H. Fulton. 28 pp. 15 ‘ctsh) (Marl 252222 eee be et 8 ee eee 14, 000 3, 600 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 685 Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, etc.—Continued. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—Continued. EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED—Continued. Circulars: No. 3. Some Stem Tumors or Knots on Apple and Quince Trees. merce G, Hearcecock, AG DNsa OGL. Ge) - ee No. 8. The Smuts of Sorghum. Edward M. Freeman and Harry ee PEINDCrLEL. «GEE we AN te es oe Re ee ee No. 10. Notes on Dry Farming. William M. Jardine, 6 pp. No. 23. Potato Diseases in San Joaquin County, California. W. A. SUIS PER, LP ET) Re Ve oe al a all ee a ae ee ee No. 24. Alfalfa in Cultivated Rows for Seed Production in Semi- arid Regions. Charles J. Brand and J. M. Wesgate. 23 pp. “UVTI? AAC DCm (TaN ar BRR fie >, Pp cee No. 26. Some Factors Affecting the Keeping Qualities of American Lemons. Rodney H. True and Arthur F. Sievers. 17 pp. Nov. 2- No. 27. Lime-sulphur Mixtures for Summer Spraying of Orchards. COLE malig DD: WAT 26 = a ee No. 31. Notes on the Number and Distribution of Native Legumes in Nebraska and Kansas. Joseph Allen Warren. 9 pp. Mar. 5_- No. 33. The Necessity for New Standards of Hop Valuation. MEW SHOCKDETSCr: -LL Dp OC. 2822 22-- 52+ on ee eee Yearbook Extracts: No. 47. Small Fruit Culture for Market. W. A. Taylor. (From ST) ge Ta yey Wren WPA) oO eA a a Alpen nl ae ae eee nah No. 203. Commercial Pear Culture. M. B. Waite. (From Ybk. TE LETS) jee 4 Mey oY 0 rte, Cs € ter i Ma Sep eth ee Sate S fu i 9 earn Be peel ene No. 266. Top Working Orchard Trees. G. Harold Powell. (From VAD AML AM vilma Usa 0) oS smal Ce) 1 ey Linens pp ea Spt So a ane A Ret a os Cw lee a No. 320. Relation of Sugar Beets to General Farming. C. O. Town- Ren rOMl Y Dik. 1905.) LO. DOs ASO ee ee No. 340. Opportunities in Agriculture. B. T. Galloway, M. B. Waite, and W. J. Spillman. (From Ybk. 1904.) 32 pp. Novy. 5, TC es “TOTES toe al a: aon ati aS Sina By ees beeen ident 2 aon a Miscellaneous Circulars: Doc. 834. The Morton Citrange. 4 pp. Noy. 5---______-_-=______- Doe. 355. ““A—52”" Economize! Cut Down the Expenses of the Farm. S. A. Knapp. 5 pp. Dec. 15, 75,000; Feb. 5, 50,000; ME Peg OMI0U:. la VicLOA GUNA == = ee oe ee = eS ee Dec. 441. “A—65”’ Commercial Fertilizers: Their value and Uses. S. A. Knapp. 4 pp. Dec. 18, 75,000; Feb. 11, 50,000; Mar. 21, ECR TEL Y. Oss; COD ns a ee ee ee See ee Doc. 447. American Ginseng. Rodney H. True. 3pp. Aug. 24____ Doa 485. “‘A—67” The Selection of Cotton and Corn Seed for Southern Farms. S. A. Knapp. 8 pp. July 1, 50,000; Jan. 27, en RUT chr OND a eee ee Farmers’ Bulletins: No. 28. Second Revision. Weeds, and How to Kill Them. Lyster H. Dewey. 32 pp. July 30, 10,000; Oct. 25, 10,000; Feb. 4, 10,000; Pee te O00. SAM Vc Oe LOU a ae 2 oe ea ee ee No. 86. Thirty Poisonous Plants of the United States. V. K. Chestnut. 32 pp. Oct. 13, 5,000; Feb. 10, 10,000; May 16, LU 8.1 SRM ie aS NG AOS ia eta SK a A ee ae meee No. 91. Potato Diseases and Their Treatment. B. T. Galloway. 15 pp. July 27, 10,000; Dec. 17, 10,000; Feb. 25, 10,000; Apr. Re TOLUNN) «ES Y2Os. LO:0U0.= =, cere eee ee a A ee ee Se No. 101. Millets. Thomas A. Williams. 32 pp. July 9, 5,000; No. 110. Rice Culture in the United States. §S. A. Knapp. 30 pp. INGOs hes U0 te oh Lt LOU ee ea No. 113 (Revised). The Apple and How to Grow it. G. B. Brackett. 32 pp. Jan. 31, 15,000; Mar. 18, 15,000; Mar. 23, 11TH 4 || peepee epi e ae nae Err Ac el SN REP Re HEN, Seletoniiiod be raomraaied Copies. 4, 000 5, 000 1, 000 1, 000 500 686 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, ete.—Continued. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—Continued. EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED—Continued. Farmers’ Bulletins—Continued. Copies. No. 118. Grape Growing in the South. S. M. Tracy. 32 pp. Nov. 2; 10,000; Mar. 13> 10,000.22" 2 ee eee 20, 000 No. 139. Emmer: A Grain for Semiarid Regions. Mark Alfred Carleton. 15 pp. Dee; 14; 5,000; Apr. 16, 5,000.22 eee 10, 000 No. 140. Pineapple Growing. Peter H. Rolfs. 47 pp. Feb. 10_-____~ 5, 000 No. 154. The Home Fruit Garden: Preparation and Care. L. C. Corbett. 16 pp. Nov. 2, 10,000; Apr. 16, 15,000; Jan. 29,15,000__ 40, 000 No. 156. The Home Vineyard. with Special Reference to Northern Conditions. W. H. Ragan. 24 pp, Oct. 12, 5,000; Feb. 2; 10,000 5 Apr.’ 13; 10,000" Snes, 15,000. 2 eee 40, 000 No. 157. The Propagation of Plants. L. C. Corbett. 23 pp. Nov. 16;--20;0005 June’ 9)°5,0002 82: ee eee 25, 000 No. 164. Rape as a Forage Crop. - > eae 10, 000 No. 242. An Example of Model Farming. W. J. Spillman. 16 pp. Dec. 27, 15,000; Mar. 12; 15,000; May 26, 15,000_-2 22 = 45, 000 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 687 Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, ete.—Continued. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—Continued. EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED—Continued. Farmers’ Bulletins—Continued. Copies. No. 243. Fungicides and Their Use in Preventing Diseases of Fruits. M. B. Waite. 32 pp. Aug. 11, 10,000; Mar. 4, 10,000; June 10, BOO0) Stes Sa ee ee ee 25, 000 No. 245. Renovation of Worn-out Soils. W. J. Spillman. 16 pp. July 28, 5,000; Oct. 9, 5,000; Nov. 26, 10,000; Feb. 12, 10,000; Apercow OOOO. buneGr10 O00). =. oe. as eee 50, 000 No. 246. Saccharine Sorghums for Forage. Carleton R. Ball. 387 pp. s Dec, 31, '5,000; May 16,.10;000;; .May;.17,:5,000_-_.___-____.___ 20, 000 No. 248. The Lawn. L. C. Corbett. 20 pp.. Dec. 11, 15,000; Apr. SOT SUL eet eee ee ee ee ee eee 30, 000 No. 250. The Prevention of Stinking Smut of Wheat and Loose Smut of Oats. Walter T. Swingle. 16 pp. Oct. 2, 5,000; Dec. 29, OO ent. i les OOUe: AUDE 2.r O00 2228 Se 2 ee 20, 000 No. 253. The Germination of Seed Corn. J. W. T. Duvel. 16 pp. epi lo, OOOR May 2O,eL0;000 22a. = ee eee eee ee 25, 000 No. 254. Cucumbers. L. C. Corbett. 32 pp. Jan. 7, 5,000; Mar. 31, LOC eS eee re ae a ee ae ee ee ee ee 15, 000 No. 255. The Home Vegetable Garden. W. R. Beattie. 47 pp. Dec. 3, 15,000; Feb. 28, 15,000; Mar. 5, 20,000; Mar. 29, 40,000; HN TST ES DOE COC aa I A a a ps ee NP SS 130, 000 No. 260. Seed of Red Clover and Its Impurities. Edgar Brown and TD, TSE 1S UNC Mee ie 0) oa ee Re A ee Sa Pa Pane eS 5, 000 No. 271. Forage-crop Practices in Western Oregon and Western Washington: Byron Hunter. 30 pp: June.9---—--_ =. 15, 000 No. 272. A Successful Hog and Seed Corn Farm. W. J. Spillman. 16 pp. Oct. 21, 10,000; Feb. 26, 10,000; Apr. 22, 10,000; June 3, SUSU GT oe ee an ae pe gan Ae ges ls Fo pata ae tae Ea) Od biel 45, 000 No. 274. Flax Culture. (From a report of H. L. Bolley.) 38 pp. SYREN 2 ey a a eo pees ae ree Ee eee eet Ee won A 5, 000 No. 278. Leguminous Crops for Green Manuring. C. V. Piper. 29 pp: » Oct 18, 10;000 > Feb.) 26; 10,000* May. 3, 10,000____-_-" = 30, 000 No. 279. A Method of Eradicating Johnson Grass. J. 8S. Cates. 16 ey i eae OnE Ine rs 0.000 2 8a 2s Sas See ee 10, 000 No. 280. A Profitable Tenant Dairy Farm. Lyman Carrier. 16 pp. fel tye PUA ad a OS Lele wh iD Ie a RUN NPS A Se aE RE Ry ChE Se 10, 000 No. 282. Celery. W. R. Beattie. 36 pp. Aug. 14, 10,000; Feb. 25, ROO Fe he. 0: OG) = ee ee ee eee cane cee ee 30, 000 No. 283. Spraying for Apple Diseases and the Codling Moth in the Ozarks. W. M. Scott and A. L. Quaintance. 44 pp. Oct. 6, S00 Dee. 10,15,G00 rep i 26; 10000" 25s Ss ast ee eee 20, 000 No. 285. The ae of Planting Heavy Cotton Seed. Herbert J. Webber and E. B. Boykin. 16 pp. Oct. 18, 5,000; Feb. 14, AVI) CU 1.0 Sea ogi © Sag SS Op rae a 2 SA ee ee eee a eS 15, 000 No. 288. The Nonsaccharine Sorghums. C. W. Warburton. 30 pp. NT oe AAs ee de, ae Sie Ss ee eS he ee eee ey 10, 000 No. 289. Beans. L. C. Corbett. 30 pp. Feb. 21, 10,000; June 1, LE 0s Sas pote St A oe SS ot See eo 20, 000 No. 291. Evaporation of Apples. H.P. Gould. 40 pp. Feb. 25____ 5,000 No. 292. Cost of Filling Silos. Lyman Carrier. 15 pp. Jan. 8, AG Sa Eataies aees U 08 ie See Deas Sa eS eS re as 25, 000 No 294. Farm Practice in the Columbia Basin Uplands. Byron ETHIER, BOL ODs Ati eee en ee ee a Se 5, 000 No. 299. Diversified Farming Under the Plantation System. D. A. Brodie and C. K. McClelland. 16 pp. July 29, 5,000; Jan. 10, I0000s Mar. 26,°10,000 s- bUHe as FOO) 2) es 35, 000 No. 300. Some Important Grasses and Forage Plants for the Gulf Coast States. S. M. Tracy. 15 pp. Oct. 4, 5,000; Feb. 26, I 2 este ee ee ee er a eS ae 15, 000 No. 301, Home-grown Tea. George F. Mitchell. 16 pp. Jan. 8_-_ 5,000 688 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the year ended June 380, 1910, etc.—Continued. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—Continued. EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED—Continued. Farmers’ Bulletins—Continued, Copies. No. 302. Sea Island Cotton: Its Culture, Improvement, and Dis- eases; W.' A: Orton. 48’ pp.: Dec. 162-2222. _ 932 eee 10, 000 No. 804. Growing and Curing Hops. W. W. Stockberger. 389 pp. Feb;:25, 10,0003 June 61000022 == 2 ee eee 20, 000 No. 310. A Successful Alabama Diversification Farm. M.A. Crosby, J. ©. Duggar, and W. J. Spillman. 24 pp: May 132225 ss=eaae 20, 000 No. 312. A Successful Southern Hay Farm. Harmon Benton. 15 pp: “Noy: 9; 10,000; Apr=i2, 20,000; Apr. 21,.10,0002 22.2 ae 40, vO0 No. 318. Harvesting and Storing Corn. C. P. Hartley. 31 pp. Oct. 16, 10,000; Jan. 7, 10,000; May 3, 10,000; June 8, 5,000_-222> = 35, 000 No. 314. A Method of Breeding Early Cotton to Escape Boll-Weeyil Damage. R. L. Bennett. 30 pp. Jan. 14, 10,000; June 10, 15,000_ 25, 000 No. 315. Progress in Legume Inoculation. Karl F. Kellermann and T. R. Robinson. 20 pp. Oct. 18, 5,000; Jan 8, 5,000; May 16, 10,000 22 82a" 225 SS Sas ee se ei eee 20, 000 No. 318. Cowpeas. H. T. Nielson. 30 pp. Feb. 24, 10,000; Apr. 22, 15/000 s 22 Po tees sr Pee Ree a eb as at See ee eee 25, 000 No. 319. Demonstration Work in Cooperation with Southern Farmers. 8S. A. Knapp. 24 pp. July 15, 25,000; Mar. 21, 15,000; June "8, « LO000227 2S See Bt Shen Se ee ee 50, 000 No. 322. Milo as a Dry-Land Grain Crop. Carleton R. Ball and Arthur H. Leidigh. 23 pp. Feb. 25, 10,000; June 6, 10,000______ 20, 000 No. 328. Clover Farming on the Sandy Jack-Pine Lands of the North.” (C.“B?Sniith: 24 pp). Jans 2450 ee ee 10, 000 No. 324. Sweet Potatoes. W. R. Beattie. 39 pp. Noy. 1, 10,000; Heb: 24, 10:000:) Apr: 25, 15,0002. eee 35, 000 No. 325. Small Farms in the Corn Belt. J. A. Warren. 31 pp. Jan? 19) "10;000%" Apr: 19, 15,0002 eee 25, 000 No. 326. Building Up a Run-down Cotton Plantation. C. A. Brodie. 24 pps, Dec G6; 10000 hue 1a O00 sae ee ee 20, 000 No. 331. Forage Crops for Hogs in Kansas and Oklahoma. C. R. Quinny 24 pps TAPE: 22e0 ene en ee 10, 000 No. 338. Cotton Wilt. W. A. Orton. 24 pp. Sept. 13, 10,000; June 4 TOOOO Ae Ste I ee Se ee 20, 000 No. 337. Cropping Systems for New England Dairy Farms. L, G. Dodge. “(24 pp.” “Webt 1822 tu _ a3 2 2 ee ee 15, 000 No. 339. Alfalfa. J. M. Westgate. 48 pp. Aug. 26, 10,000; Oct. 22, 15,000; Dec. 9, 10,000; Mar. 2, 15,000; Mar. 12, 30,000; May 26, 20 000 ee ee ee eee ee 100, 000 No. 348. The Cnitivyation of Tobacco in Kentucky and Tennessee. W. H. Scherffins, H. Woosley, and C. A. Mahan. 31 pp. Oct. 18, 10;000'3" June. 107100002 22 a8 S22 2 ee ee 20, 000 No. 854. Onion Culture. W. R. Beattie. 39 pp. Feb. 9, 10,000; May '1S, 100002 = ee eM eS eee 20, 000 No. 355. A Successful Dairy and Poultry Farm. W. J. Spillman. 40 pp. July 19, 10,000; Aug. 10, 20,000; Oct. 4, 20,000; Feb. 25, 10;0003 Apr: 45 40/000; June’ 9, 1010002 ees sea a eee 110, 000 No. 356. Peanuts. W. R. Beattie. 40 pp. Aug. 14, 10,000; Dec. 15, 10,000; Mar. 7, 15,000; Apr. 19, 10,000; June 8, 10,000__________ 55, 000 No. 361. Meadow Fescue: Its Culture and Uses. H.N. Vinall. 24 PD: dilly, Oia- 4 eee 15, 000 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. NEW PUBLICATIONS. Circulars: No. 2 (Revised). Publications for Free Distribution. C. H. Great- house. 45 pp. July 26, 3,000; Nov. 3, 15,000; May 21, 2,500____ 20, 500 No. 3 (Revised). Publications for Sale. C.H. Greathouse. 85 pp. Nov. 2 nn a a a a , DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 689 Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, etc.—Continued. DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS—Continued. New Pusrications—Continued. Circulars—Continued. Copies. No. 4 (Revised). Farmers’ Bulletin Subject Index (Including No. 382).. C. H. Greathouse. 36 pp. Jan. 21_--------------------- 5, 000 No. 6 (Revised). Publicatious of the United States Department of Agriculture and How th2y are Distributed. The Editor. 3 pp. Dery. 1-500 “1 bee! 1%,.2.000; Jan. 21,0,000.---— 9, 000 Annual Report: Report of the Editor and Chief. Jos, A. Arnold. (From An. Rpts. PHMRIC Tee LOUIS Re OO Ds CC. e aan Sa ee 500 Yearbook Extract: No. 497. A Directory for Farmers. (From Ybk. 1908.) 29 pp. OO phage pi aching ab ri RE de eh ees eS 2, 500 Monthly List of Publications :% Time O09 s Horeien.. 4 pp. way 20 aoe 5, 000 May-June, 1909.. Domestic. 4 pp. . July 13___._...-=.==.-_=.-=- 235, 000 Siw ae. oreign. 4 pp. Ang? ’20 22252 SY eo ee 5, 000 were toon... Domestic. 4. pp; Aug..9 2-8 sane a ae 240, 000 AnEUstHl00-+ ROLeiIon. 4 Dp. S@pt. 225-5. eS 5, 000 MUSH. 1000!" 7 Homestic: --4 pp: --Sept.110222>- 23 2252S 240, 000 September, 1909. Foreign. 4 pp. Oct. 22-------_-___-__-__-_._- 5, 000 Septemper, 1909: Domestic.” 4 pp.” Oct: 122-2" == ee eee 250, 000 @ctober: 1909" ‘Noreign.. “4 pp. Nov. 19fs2- 2 22 ae ee eee 5, 000 October. 909) Domestic, <4 pp? | Noyi 102s. 2208s ta 255, 000 Noveniper 1909: -»Foreien:|''4*pp! “Deets - = 2 eee 5, 000 November: 1909>.. ‘Domestic: "4 pp.) Dee t=. 2 Se 260, 000 PMecember, 1909: - Foreien. -4-pp- -- Jan: 24-=~ 222-22 = 5, 000 Mecembher:: 1909-4 Domestic. “4ipp. :. Ign. +. eee eee 275, 000 Jinan Ole "Roreien:* 4. pp. 2 Webbe 2) 2-2 ee 5, 000 sannaKry.- 1910! Domestic: 4 pp Webetic22222- ee eee 310. 000 Hehanary 1010. Woreion.. 4 pp. .Mar, 19... ee 5, 000 Mepreary, Tord. * Domestic.’ 4 pp,” Mar? 722 th ee 500, 000 March 4010..Foreien:* 4 pp: CApritS oe ees 5, 000 eee nony Horeion: Anyi May) 29 2 eh ot Oe 5, 000 March-April, 1910.) Domestic. 4 pp. May 11"=—-— _._---_----— 220, 000 May. tO, \Worciats = Aino Jane 20e2 eo Ent bee aeay 2s 5, 000 Miscellaneous Circulars: Table of Contents for Binding with Farmers’ Bulletins Nos. 201 to Joy ATNClUSIVeS Ge pps” INOVineo toes tne ee ee ee en ee ee ee 1, 000 Index for Binding with Farmers’ Bulletins 201 to 225, Inclusive. MEE s a INO Do 2 a ee a ee a ee 1, 000 Table of Contents for Binding with Farmers’ Bulletins Nos. 226 to PHO sANCLUBIVEs TODD. NOC, Lone ee es eee 500 Index for Binding with Farmers’ Bulletins Nos, 226 to 250, In- ALES, WASNT 0) append COQ Gets ene te RE eA eh A REMEE, cane Ss bn ae ER nt 500 Table of Contents for Binding with Farmers’ Bulletins Nos. 326 to SA TUCLUIBIVe: 06 TODse OCU las ane ee 2,500 Index for Binding with Farmers’ Bulletins Nos. 326 to 3850, In- nse: $40) Np OC: 2h ae a ee re ee eee 2, 500 Table of Contents for Binding with Farmers’ Bulletins Nos. 351 Toot, wnelusive. “Tipp. Dar. 16.4 35. = es ee ee 2, 500 Index for Binding with Farmers’ Bulletins Nos. 851 to 875, In- CURE SUL HS Ly 2) oiled 4 afin (RAR se PE es OMe en al pa le pane as 2, 500" Lists of Farmers’ Bulletins. 4 pp. July 22, 5,000; July 31, 50,000; Aug. 10, 60.000; Sept. 9, 50,000; Oct. 22, 50,000; Dec. 22, 50,000; Jan. 13, 100,000: Jan. 24, 100,000; Feb. 15, 100.000: Teb. 17, 100,000: Feb. 26, 150,000; Mar. 26, 100,000; Apr. 5, 100.000; May 11, 150,000;. May 26 100,000; May 31, 50,000__-----__-__- 1, 315, 000 2 Two lists are issued, one for a wide distribution in the United States, the other for a limited distribution in foreign countries. 73477°—ack 1910——44 690 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, ete.—Continued. DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS—Continued. EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED. Farmers’ Bulletins: No. 61. Asparagus Culture. R. B. Handy. 389 pp. Novy. 2, 10,000; Peb: 25, 10,000... 2 oe eek Bee No. 62. Marketing Farm Produce. George G. Hill. 41 pp. Oct. 25, 10,000* Feb. 17, 10,000; May. 13, 10:0002 2-2" 222 eee No. 98. Suggestions to Southern Farmers. Prepared in the Divi- sion of Publications: 48) pp. July 1-22. =2 2 See No. 126. Practical Suggestions for Farm Buildings. George G. Hill. 48 pp. Oct. 12, 5,000; Dec. 9, 10,000; Feb. 23, 10,000; May 27, 1000082 ee eee nee eer No. 150. Clearing New Land. Franklin Williams, Jr. 24 pp. Oct. 15, 6,000° Jan: 29; 5,000; Apr, 1s, 100005222. 222222 2a OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS. NEW PUBLICATIONS, Circular: No. 91. Sand-clay and Earth Roads in the Middle West. W. L. Spoon. 31 pp. “Mary 2122+) 52). -- 32s) Sse ee Report: Report of the Director of the Office of Public Roads. Logan Waller Page. (From An. Rpts. of Depts., 1909.) 30 pp. Nov. 26_----___ Yearbook Extract: No. 513. Information in Regard to Fabricated Wire Fences, and Hints to Purchasers. Allerton S. Cushman. (From Ybk., 1909.) S pp. May 3)lo 222.22 Se eee Miscellaneous Circular: Exhibit of the Office of Public Roads. Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Hxhibition: 23 pp: Sept. 10s 22442 2a eee Farmers’ Bulletin: No. 403. The Construction of Concrete Fence Posts. Prepared in the Office of Public Roads. 31 pp: (May 24-=—-_2=-2-_Ss=e eee EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED. Bulletins: No. 30. The Corrosion of Iron. Allerton S. Cushman. 35 pp. 10 cts..(Oct.: 18.42) ue ee No. 31. The Examination and Classification of Rocks for Road Building. Edwin C. B. Lord. 29 pp. 15 cts. Mar. 81_---_-_--_ Circulars: No. 88. Publications of the Office of Public Roads. Compiled by William. W. Sniffin. 7 pp. July 29; 2500; Oct 28, 3.0002 = No. 90. Progress Reports of Experiments in Dust Prevention, Road Preservation, and Road Construction. Logan Waller Page. 28 pp... NOV. 4222 .-22 se a eee oe Be eee Yearbook Extracts: No. 204. Selection of Materials for Macadam Roads. Logan Waller Page. (From Ybk. 1900.) di pp.- Oct. 022) == eae No. 850. Practical Road Building in Madison County, Tenn. Sam. C. Lancaster. (From Ybk. 1904.) 20 pp. Sept. 10-_-_.---=-=== armers’ Bulletins: No. 235. Cement Mortar and Concrete: Preparation and Use for Farm Purposes. Philip L. Wormley, Jr. 23 pp. Aug. 26, 10,000; Feb.. 24, 10,000; Apr. 7,. 10,000; June 9,.15,000222-___- = ee No. 239. The Corrosion of Fence Wire. Allerton S. Cushman. 31 DD. June Lasoo 2 = 8s. ae ee eer No. 311. Sand-clay and Burnt-clay Roads. William L. Spoon. 20 DD: May: 28.22 oe ee No. 321. The Use of the Split-log Drag on Earth Roads. D. Ward King. 16 pp. Nov. 13, 15,000; Feb. 28, 15,000; May 28, 10,000__- No. 338. Macadam Roads. Austin B. Fletcher. 48 pp. Nov. 29, 15,000 ;’ Feb: 26, 10:000; dune 4,-10,000-= = Eee Copies.’ 20, 000 30, 000° 10, 000. 35, 000. 20, 000 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 691 Publications issued during the year ended June 80, 1910, etc.—Continued. BUREAU OF SOILS. NEW PUBLICATIONS. Bulletins: No. 57. A Study of Crop Yields and Soil Composition in Relation to Soil Productivity. Milton Whitney. 127 pp. 20cts. Oct. 8____ No. 58. The Composition of Commercial Fertilizers. Milton Whit- Ney MOU See LOrCUS sy gk aye tien mee te et oe oe eee ee eee SEE eee ET No. 59. Heat Transference in Soils. Harrison E. Patten. 54 pp. PORCIS SE ODT OO ft eee s: epert Sealy, DEV SED ee Ae ee No. 60, A Preliminary Report on the Volusia Soils, Their Problems and Manaecement. 22 pp. ~20°cts: “Sept: d02 2 ee ee No. 62. Fertilizers for Cotton Soils. Milton Whitney. 24 pp. 5 cts. SHED STR SUI Wise OTe. cea AA MeglO ea AS ED Sn nn Sr I No. 68. Reference List of the Electric Fixation of Atmospheric Ni- trogen and the Use of Calcium Cyanamid and Calcium Nitrate on Soils. Compiled by Stephen Conrad Stuntz. 89 pp. 10 ets. No. 64. Fertilizers for Corn Soils. Milton Whitney. 31 pp. 5 cts. AES SS a Re ae a are see pepe eee Oe EN No. 65. Fertilizers for Potato Soils. Milton Whitney. 19 pp. 5 ELISE = NUE In AIS Repth pl se pare Re Lane 32 SoA aint Re c pe ON nA Sat Sap tet he No. 66. Fertilizers for Wheat Soils. Milton Whitney. 48 pp. TE) CES B gy oie fe aE Re ee ee ee ee kt eek Be No. 67. Fertilizers on Soils Used for Oats, Hay, and Miscellaneous Crops). Milton: Whitney>:\7e pps -10\cts." Junet8 ee No. 69. A Review of the Phosphate Fields of Idaho, Utah, and Wyo- ming. .W: H. Waggaman. 48 pp; 10 cts. June 24... Circulars: No. 20. Soils of Pender County, N. C. A Preliminary Report. MEA ae eth hae So ee ee ne OE ae ee eo ee ee No. 21. Soils in the Vicinity of Brunswick, Ga. A Preliminary Re- OR iteRo LY DD. eRLeD.: LOL ees ee ee ene ee ee ee Report: : Annual Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Soils, 1909. Milton Whitney. (From An. Rpts. of Dept., 1909.) 20 pp. Dec. 8_____ Yearbook Extract: No. 516. Agriculture in the Coal Regions of Southwestern Penn- sylvania. H. J. Wilder. (From Ybk., 1909.) 12 pp. June 17__ EARLIER PUBLICATIONS REPRINTED. Bulletin: No. 55. Soils of the United States, Based upon the Work of the Bureau of Soils, to Jan. 1, 1908. Milton Whitney. 438 pp. 45 1 OY. 5T se eee Oe TAL le Met Ud ee ee Yearbook Pxrtract: No. 415. The Use of Soil Surveys. J. A. Bonsteel. (From Ybk., RG0G. SDD: MAT ako See eos Ui BS ee ee a Farmers’ Bulletins: No. 60. 2d Revision. Methods of Curing Tobacco. Milton Whit- ney: 25 pp. (Och«15,'10;000 5 June a5 1.00002 se s2 be eet ee 8 No. 82. The Culture of Tobacco. O. C. Butterweck. 24 pp. Feb 1_ No. 838. Tobacco Soils. Milton Whitney. 23 pp. Jan. 138, 5,000; Lai ale CD, 0) 0 a ereeee tame: OS PS CaP ee eS No. 88. Alkali Lands. Milton Whitney and T. H. Means. 24 pp. NGv..11, 5,000; Jan.29, 5,000: Tune 20008 =e pe to et ee No. 257. Soil Fertility. Milton Whitney. 389 pp. Dee. 28, 10,000; Mar6i,, 10/000); /T une’, 10 Q0Q ee eee hie a et eS No. 266. Management of Soils to Conserve Moisture, with Special Reference to Semiarid Conditions. George H. Failyer. 32 pp. Oct6,20:000::.. eb; 9,310,000. Apr. 30,. 10,000. a ee Coples. 1, 000 2, 500 3, 000 5, 000 3, 500 2, 000 2, 500 2, 500 2, 000 2, 500 2, 500 2, 500 2, 500 200 1, 000 692 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, ete.—Continued. BUREAU OF STATISTICS. NEW PUBLICATIONS. Bulletins: Copies, No. 51. Foreign Trade of the United States in Forest Products, LS51—1908... 52" Dp... xd. CEB, ADOC... Ge a 4, 500 No. 74. Imports of Farm Products into the United States, 1851— 1908.:"'62"pp.» 10: cts, Web: 62222 2s 2S eee 4, 500 No. 75. Exports of Farm Products from the United States, 1851— 1908. “66' pp.) 20 %etss Web.(5.- 2528 _ 22-2 eee 4, 500 No. 76. Imports of Farm and Forest Products, 1906-1908, by Countries from which Consigned. Prepared by Division of Pro- duction and) Distribution. 65.pp. 10)cts. Oct.29- = eee 3, 600 No. 77. Exports of Farm and Forest Products, 1906-1908, by Countries to Which Consigned. Prepared by the Division of Pro- duction and Distribution. 91 pp, 10 ets,, Neb.S_- 22)... 3, 600 Circular: No. 18. Tobacco Districts and Types. J. P. Willebrew. 16 pp. NOY,,,20 ==--- ee os ee ee ee ee 5, 500 Report: Annual Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics for 1909. Victor H. Olmsted. (From An. Rpts. of Dept., 1909.) 16 pp. Oct. 8 <3 2s ee ae ea ee 1, 000 Yearbook Extracts: No. 498. Agricultural Statistics for 1908. (From Ybk. 1908.) 190 \ TDs hy SSCP gl ee 50, 000 No. 502. Methods and Cost of Marketing. Frank Andrews. (From Ybk. 1909. )>, 12) PDs UNC: Zaire Fe 2 8, 000 Crop Reporter (a two-column quarto devoted to Agricultural Statis- tics) : Vol.dd, No.7, duly, 1909." 4opp> duly des eee 135, 000 Vol. di NoxS, Auzust,, 1909).04 pp. “Aves 14 eee 135, 000 Vol. 11, No. 9, September, 1909. 4 pp. Sept. 14-__________- "=== 3 135, 000 Vol. Li, No: 10, October; 1909), 4 pp. 0c eee 135, 000 . Vol: 11,.No..11,.Noyember;.1909) 4 pp: sNOv ail 135, 000 Vol. 44, No, 12, December, 1909-4 Dp. Dec, tie = 135, 000 Vol. 11, No. 12, Supplement, December, 1909. 4 pp. Dec. 20________ 138, 000 Vol..12,. No. 1, January, 1910. 4 pp. Jan. 142.2 eee 135, 000 Vol. 12)-No:. 2,, February, 1910) 4° pp: Heb..82__ =e 135, 000 Vol. 12; No: 3, March, 1910) 4 pp; Mair. 12-222 135, 000 Vol. 12, No.4; April; 1910: 4 pp. Apr. 13--2=.__ 2 _ eee 140, 000 Vol-412;, No.5, May, 1910.4 pp, “Mayi42: 2. eee 145, 000 Vol. 12; No: 6, June, 1910: 4 pp. June 112.) eee 140, 000 Crop Reports: A Summary of each Formal Crop Report, 2 pp. (25 nos. of 1,500 copies: of each), aggregating=___.-.=3 __.-__=_ {4 = eee 37 .500 WEATHER BUREAU. NEw PUBLICATIONS.® Bulletins of the Mount Weather Observatory” (Quarterly): Vol. Il; Part 2). 108-ppi 7 July 1h.) _oeeeeaoe as ae ee eee 1, 000 Vol. Ti Barts. ..76-ppin) Jab.. 62282222) ele eee eee 1, 000 Vol., EL, PartA....104 pp... Sune. 10, eee ee eee 1, 000 Volo Ek. Part 50 32 ppl, ) Mayi2620.vls see eee ee A, 250 Vol. IE, Part:6;..65, pp:.- . dune: 45. 2s. 2 eee eee ee 1, 250 Report: Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1909, Willis L. Moore. (From An. Rpts. of Dept., 1909.) 43 pp. Nov. 26___ 1,000 @ This list contains only the important publications issued by the Washington Office of the Weather Bureau. For an account of other publications, see page 6. : > Subscription price 25 cents per number, or $1 per year. DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 693 Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, etc.—Continued. WEATHER BUREAU—Continued. New Pvupiications—Continued. Yearbook Extracts: 4% No. 481. The So-called Change of Climate in the Semiarid West. Richard H. Sullivan. (From Ybk., 1908.) 16 pp. No. 492. Instructions for Making Weather Observations on Farm. Dewey A. Seeley. (From Ybk., 1908.) 12 pp. Nov. No. 522. How Farmers May Utilize the Special Warnings of the Weather Bureau. Charles F. von Hermann. (From Ybk., 1909.) SiMe Re! fae Fie ee ee BE ae ASP Miscellaneous: Instructions for Making Weather Observations on the Farm. Ae No. 415. Instructions to Special River and Rainfall Observers of 13 pp. ee SeeWeather Bureau. 47 pps 2 ee ee Ee ah Ye. River Stages, Part IX. For the Years 1907 and 1908. H. C. Mrankentield-4 pos pp. —4.90: Mam 9: == e-oxlestiien nah dt No. 423. Studies of the Vortices of the Atmosphere of the Earth. By Frank Hi. Bicelow:. 46 Dp 2 3 se es ee ge ea als Daily Weather Map,? Washington, D. C., average daily edition AON pero Re are ee ee Monthly Weather Review © (quarto): Molaexown V he. INO, 4. sApril: 1909, -bP pp... eee MOR eer INO: o,. Mav, L909... 48 npi- = epee ee MWOlarsono ney I NO: G.. JUNC 909s “44 pp = = SE Be ee WO meee VT INO: fs. July, 1909). 146 Ppp. .= 2 Ee ee ae WOlnckoeeV DE NOS. - August 19005) 40! nn = Rea ees Volo XX NVil, No. 9: September, 1909.. 1746 pp __- ees ee eee Molo x VET. No, 10. October, 1909. 144 pp: Se = ee Se ee Wol. ss VIL ‘No. 11. November, 1909: 156 pope. === sere a as Vol xe vir No. 12. . December, 1909: 158, pp. eee ee Molexoewey Lbs No.l Tanuary, 1910! AGS ppt ee Pare Woaleexoey LIT Nowe. sMebruary, 1910.5 160;pp es si te aes Bes Wiis EL. NO... Mare, 1910;. 78: ppea2ea. - 3» Bs ed MO). SR Oe ITs Nor 45 April 19105, 162 ppees of beeline dpa National Weather Bulletin? (Reportin g¢ Temperature and Rainfall with a Summary of Weather Conditions by Sections throughout the United States) : No. 12, for the week ended July 7 No. 13, for the week ended July . 14, for the week ended July 2 . 15, for the week ended July 2 . 16, for the week . 17, for the week . 18, for the week . 19, for the week . 20, for the week . 21, for the week . 22, for the week . 23, for the week . 24, for the week . 25, for the month of October 8 ended August 4 ended August 10 ended August 17 CNGEO MATS URG Ae = a 2 ee ee ended August 31 ended Septembersh2. 2 -3-3e2> 2 eee ee ended September 14 ended September: Zils. 2s 5 es eee ended September 28 ne ed SL date Rate i) Copies. ¢ Contributed by the Weather Bureau, but issued by the Department through the Division of Publications. DA single sheet (19 by 24 inches) printed on one side, containing a weather map, a table of temperature, rainfall, and other data for the entire United States, and forecasts for the eastern districts. month, or $2.50 per year. ¢ Subscription price, 35 cents per number, or $4.00 per year. 4A single sheet (19 by 24 inches) printed on one side only, containing charts, tables, and reading matter, issued weekly during the crop-growing season and monthly during the remainder of the year. Subscription price, 25 cents per year. Subscription price, 25 cents per 694 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1910, etc.—Continued. ~ WEATHER BUREAU—Continued. New Pusriications—Continued. National Weather Bulletin—Continued. No.. 26; for the month-of November. =? 222 220 -) (eel ess eee No. 27,-for the’ month of Decemberl:2icustt tl eee No.1, for the month of January i. 2. Se eee No. 2, for. the:month of(Mebruary ls) t-te eee No.3} for the:month ‘of Mareh sci 22o lb 2b eee eee No. 4;.for the month! of Apriloo2c2. 3) eee se 2 eee No.5, for..the. -week-ended. May. 16-22-__ eee No. 6, for the week ended ‘May 23_..--.--___ eee No. 1, forthe weekended#May7s0se-_- 2222022. Sa eee No.,.8,.-for. the. weelk..ended. June: 62. -2.2—- = No. 9, for the-week. ended! Jume 13¢i2_.-- "2b. ee eee No, 10,.for.the week -.ended..June-20_._32_ i -- Sie No. 11; for the“week ended. June '272221_22_.. 2 eee Snow and Ice Bulletins: % December:'7; (W909. 2222 see ee et Se eee December. 14, 19092-22222. a EE a eee = December? 21519090 222226. a ees i eee December. -28,.. 1909. 2 ee eee eee January. 4, A910. 20- = ee ee January. 11,, 1910-— =. 2.8232 Ee eee January. ,.18;;: 1910... = eee January -25,.1910 22. ==. A ee ee eee eee February: 2;, 1910... = Set SE eee February. 8}. 1910.) es ee ee Mebruary-16,. 1910.2 Be es ee eee eee Kebruary- 23): 1O10L.. 4h ee eee Mareh s1,: I920L a eth se. 2 Oe eee March: :8,, 19102222... ee 2 Se eee ee eee Mareh, 15,1910 2222220 ee eee March. 22,1910 2.225 2. Goes Se eee Farmers’ Bulletins: No. 104 (Revised). Notes on Frost. E. B. Garriott. 31 pp. July 17, 5,000% Noy. 3; 10,000; Mar:-24,°5,000_- = eee No. 367. Lightning and Lightning Conductors. Alfred J. Henry. 20 pp. Aug. 18, 20,000; Jan. 3, 10000s._2_ 3. eee 30, 000 4A single sheet (12 by 19 inches) printed on one side, containing map, table, and descriptive matter; issued weekly during the season of ice and snow. Subscription price, 25 cents per year. REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF STATISTICS, Washington, D. C., August 31, 1910. Str: I have the honor to submit herewith the report of the Bureau of Statistics for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910. Respectfully, Victor H. OLMsTED, Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. INTRODUCTION. During the fiscal year which closed June 30, 1910, the Bureau of Statistics pursued the same general lines of work and followed the same general methods as characterized ‘its operations during pre- ceding years. These have been fully and explicitly set forth and described in annual reports relating to the years 1909, 1908, and other revious years, and it would appear unnecessary to reiterate the information already supplied. Those who may be interested in more detailed information than is set forth herein can be supplied with copies of the reports above referred to. A mere outline of the organization and character of the work performed is deemed sufficient at this time. ORGANIZATION. Briefly, the Bureau is organized in three main divisions: The Division of Production and Distribution, the Editorial Division and Library, and the Division of Domestic Crop Reports. Nearly all work accomplished by the Bureau is in connection with or performed by these divisions, which also, occasionally, make statistical tabula- tions or computations for other Bureaus of the Department. The corps of special field agents, State statistical agents, and the various classes of voluntary crop correspondents, numbering approximately 130,000, supply data for use in the compilation of domestic crop reports; the Editorial Division and Library performs functions clearly indicated by its name; and the Division of Production and Distribution compiles statistical data and prepares reports along lines shown by the statement given farther on covering the wor accomplished = it during the year. 695 696 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The appropriations available for carrying on the operations of this Bureau were no greater for the year ended June 30, 1910, than for the two preceding years; and for the current year they have not been increased ; consequently it has been difficult to increase the scope or expand the etal seat a to an enlargement of the collection and compilation of agricultural statistics. Nevertheless, some additions have been made to our work during the year, and considerable strides have been taken in the way of systematizing the work, and in verify- ing or modifying results by utilizing the best comparative data obtainable. CHANGES IN THE MONTHLY CROP REPORTS. During the fiscal year 1910 the following changes were made in the monthly crop reports of this Bureau: é On September 1, 1909, for the first time an inquiry was made concerning the quantity of barley of the preceding year’s growth on farms September 1. In the November schedule the average weight of a measured bushel of wheat, of corn, of oats, and of barley was asked, these questions hitherto having been asked in December, except that the weight of barley was reported for the first time. In November, also, inquiry was made for the first time as to the quality of apples. Inquiry relating to the production of rice was made in the Decem- ber schedule, instead of in November as previously, and the acreage of rice harvested was also asked for the first time in December. Commencing with February, 1910, there was inaugurated a special monthly schedule of inquiry concerning the monthly prices of numer- ous farm products, including rice, clover seed, tobacco, sweet potatoes, cabbages, onions, beans, apples, peaches, pears, quinces, cranberries, broom corn, oranges, lemons, hops, peanuts, wool, milk, honey, milch cows, veal calves, beef cattle, sheep, lambs, hogs, horses, and cost to farmers of bran and cotton seed, in addition to continuing the regular monthly inquiry concerning the prices of the staple products of corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, potatoes, flax, hay, eggs, butter, and poultry. In March, for the first time, the stocks of barley on farms March 1 were asked, also the percentage of the barley crop shipped out of the county where grown. In April, 1910, the schedule included for the first time an inquiry concerning the mortality of spring lambs from disease and exposure. During the crop season of 1910 the cotton schedules included for the first time an inquiry concerning the condition of the crop in com- parison with condition on same date of preceding year, this question being asked in addition to the regular question as to condition compared with a normal. During the year the regular monthly crop reports included the following items: July 1, 1909, inquiry relating to acreage and condition of corn, potatoes, tobacco, flax, rice, percentage of wheat on farms, condition of winter wheat, spring wheat, oats, barley, rye, apples, hay, timothy, clover for hay, alfalfa, millet, spring pasture, kafir corn, Canadian or English field peas, cowpeas, bluegrass for seed, acreage and condi- tion of sweet potatoes, condition of tomatoes, cabbages, onions, BUREAU OF STATISTICS. 697 beans (both dry and lima), peaches, grapes, pears, blackberries, ‘raspberries, percentage production of strawberries, condition of watermelons, cantaloupes, oranges, lemons, hemp, broom corn, sugar cane, acreage and condition of sorghum, sugar beets, hops, peanuts, and average weight per fleece of wool. In August, inquiry concerning condition of corn, spring wheat, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, potatoes, tobacco, flax for seed, rice, apples, hay, timothy, alfalfa, millet, pasture, kafir corn, Canadian or English field peas, cowpeas, bluegrass for seed, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, cabbages, onions, beans (both dry and lima), peaches, Brapes, pears, watermelons, cantaloupes, oranges, lemons, hemp, room corn, sugar cane, sorghum, sugar beets, hops, peanuts; average yield per acre and quality of winter wheat; percentage of old crop of oats on hand on August 1; acreage of buckwheat and hay; percentage production and quality of clover for hay; percentage production of blackberries and raspberries. In the September schedule, inquiries relating to condition of corn, spring wheat, oats, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, tobacco, flax for seed, rice, apples, stock hogs, clover for seed, millet, kafir corn, Canadian or English field peas, cowpeas, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, cabbages, onions, beans (both dry and lima), grapes, pears, water- melons, cranberries, oranges, lemons, hemp, broom corn, sugar cane, sorghum, sugar beets, hops, peanuts; percentage of old crop of barley on hand September 1; acreage, yield, and quality of rye; number of stock hogs on hand September 1 as per cent of preceding year; yield and quality of hay; acreage as per cent of preceding year of clover seed; production percentage of alfalfa, bluegrass for seed, peaches, cantaloupes. In October, questions relating to condition of corn, buckwheat, potatoes, tobacco, flaxseed, rice, apples, cowpeas, sweet potatoes, grapes, pears, cranberries, oranges, panei sugar cane, sorghum, sugar beets, peanuts; yield and quality of spring wheat, oats, barley; production in percentage of clover seed, millet (hay and seed sepa- rately), kafir corn, Canadian or English field peas (grain and forage separately), tomatoes, cabbages, onions, beans (both dry and lima), watermelons, hemp, broom corn; yield per acre and quality of hops. In November, condition of oranges, lemons, sugar cane, sugar beets; ee and seeped of corn, buckwheat, potatoes, tobacco, flaxseed; percentage of old corn crops on farms November 1; average weight per measured bushel of winter wheat, spring wheat, oats; production in percentage and quality of apples; production in per- centage (grain and fodder separately) of keair corn, and percentage of the grain used for feeding purposes; production in percentage of cowpeas (grain and forage separately), and the percentage of the crop plowed under; yield per acre and quality of sweet potatoes; production in percentages of grapes, pears, cranberries, peanuts; average yield per acre of sorghum sirup. In December, the acreage and condition of winter wheat and rye sown in fall of 1909; acreage harvested, yield, and quality of rice; pro- duction in percentages of oranges, lemons, sugar cane; acreage harvested of sugar beets compared with a year ago, their production in percentage, average yield per acre, and average yield of sugar per acre of beets. 698 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. In January, 1910, inquiries relating to the number of horses, and prices per head of those under 1 year, between 1 and 2 years, and 2 years and over; similar inquiries concerning mules; number and average price per head of milch cows; number of other cattle, and average pace per head of those under 1 year, between 1 and 2, and 2 years old and over; number of sheep, average price per head of those under 1 year, of ewes 1 year old and over, of rams and wethers 1 year old and over; number of swine, and average price per head. On March 1, inquiries concerning stocks of corn, wheat, oats, and barley on hand March 1, percentage of the total crop which will be moved out during the season from the county where grown, and the percentage of the corn crop which was of merchantable quality. In April, inquiry concerning the condition of winter wheat and rye; the mortality during the year of horses from disease, of cattle from disease and from exposure, separately, of sheep from disease and from exposure, separately, of spring lambs from both disease and exposure combined, of swine from disease; number of breeding sows in comparison with a year ago; the condition of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine on April 1. In May, inquiry concerning the condition of winter wheat, rye, meadow mowing lands, spring pasture, percentage of winter-wheat acreage abandoned, the percentage of the hay crop remaining on farms May 1 and the percentage of the crop which will be moved off the farm during the season, the percentage of spring plowing done to May 1. In June, inquiries concerning condition of winter wheat, spring wheat, oats, barley, rye, apples, hay, clover for hay, alfalfa, spring pasture, Canadian or English field peas, bluegrass for seed, cabbages, onions, lima beans, peaches, pears, blackberries, raspberries, water- melons, cantaloupes, hemp, sugar cane, sugar beets; acreage of spring wheat, oats, barley; acreage percentage of a year ago of clover for hay and of sugar cane; production in percentage of asparagus. The acreage and condition of the cotton crop was reported upon as of May 25; and the condition of the growing crop as of the 25th of June, July, August, and September; while the yield of lint cotton was reported upon on November 25. The following special-crop inquiries were made during the year: Stocks of potatoes-in hands of growers and in hands of dealers on January 1, 1910; result published in February Crop Reporter. Causes and extent of deviation from normal production of various crops; results not yet published. Monthly marketings by farmers of wheat, corn, oats, barley, flax, and hay; results published in January Crop Reporter. The titles of some special articles prepared for the Crop Reporter (the official monthly publication of the Bureau) were: ‘‘Total values in 1908 of crops reported quantitatively, compared with values in 1899, by States” (in August Crop Reporter); ‘‘Yield per acre, by decades, of wheat, oats, barley, and rye, in various countries” (September Crop Reporter); ‘‘Production and consumption of manufactured fertilizers’? (October Crop Reporter); ‘‘Statistics of mortality among farmers’? (November Crop Reporter); ‘‘Per capita production of farm products, by decades” (November Crop Reporter) ; ‘Wheat prices in England in six centuries, averages by decades” BUREAU OF STATISTICS. 699 (November Crop Reporter) ; ‘‘Meaning of normal in estimates of crop condition”’ (ete: Crop Reporter); ‘‘World’s supply of live stock”? (February Crop Reporter); ‘‘Percentages of total land area in various crops in different decades by States, and for given years by various foreign countries’? (April Crop Reporter); ‘Total value in 1909 of crops reported quantitatively, compared with values in 1908 and 1899, by States’? (May Crop Reporter). During the year investigations in regard to acreage and production of tobacco have progressed so favorably that the Bureau is now making estimates annually of the total acreage and production of tobacco by types. A new feature inaugurated during the year has been the publication in the Crop Reporter of charts which show graphically the relative condition of crops in the different States of the United States. It is a gratifying fact that during the entire year there has been practically no adverse criticism or comment upon our crop estimates; on the other hand, much praise has been given, and the disposition of the public at large to give our work credence has manifestly increased to a great extent. It is notable that among those who most severely criticised the methods and results of the Bureau in past years, many have, during the year 1910, given praise and indorsement. PLANS FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1911. During the current year ending June 30, 1911, certain improve- ments in plans and methods are contemplated which, it is believed, will add materially to the value of our monthly crop estimates. Among the more important may be mentioned an intended increase in the number of crops for which quantitative estimates are made. As many additional crops, now classed as ‘‘minor crops,” but which are of great and growing importance, as our means and facilities will permit, will be added to the existing list of leading crops regarding which annual estimates of acreage and yield are published. The par- ticular crops to be thus dealt with will be determined as soon as the results of the federal census, now in process of compilation, are available. Another feature is contemplated, namely, quantitative interpreta- tions of crop-condition estimates of important crops, made by the Crop Reporting Board, from month to month, during the growing season: that is, the figures representing the condition of each growing crop dealt with will be promulgated monthly, as in the past, and in addition, the quantity or volume of the year’s final production, as indicated by the condition figures, will be stated, thus enabling all interested in our reports to realize their full import and meaning. The most important matter to be attended to in connection with the Bureau’s domestic crop reports will be taken up as soon and as rapidly as the results of the census agricultural enumerations are available, which, it is believed will be by or before the month of March, 1911. The census results showing the total acreage and pro- duction of each crop in each State for the crop year 1909 will be used in adjusting the estimates of this Bureau relating thereto, so as to conform to census figures; and the acreage figures for 1910 will also be revised by applying the reported percentage of increase or decrease for each crop to the corrected figures for 1909. Thus we shall have 700 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. new bases for our annual estimates, which will remain unchanged until the next national agricultural census is made. Our last annual report referred to the urgent necessity for personal supervision, inspection, and instruction of state statistical agents and special field agents. With the beginning of the current fiscal year this work has been carried on in a systematic manner. Each state statistical agent and special field agent is visited by an official of the Bureau, who is thoroughly familiar with all requirements per- taining to the collection of information regarding crop acreages, con- ditions, and yields, and who possesses comprehensive knowledge of agricultural statistical methods; the agents’ records and methods are carefully examined, and proper instructions given when neces- sary. These inspections have a stimulating influence upon the agents, and will certainly result in raising the standard of accuracy and effi- ciency of our salaried employees whose duties are performed away from Washington. WORK OF THE DIVISION OF PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. PRICES OF MEAT AND FARM PRODUCTS. In the original work of the Division of Production and Distribution during the fiscal year 1909-10 the prices of beef and pork constituted a leading place and were investigated for the purpose of ascertaining the difference between the wholesale and retail prices in many cities throughout the United States. The particular quarter, or half-car- cass, or whole carcass sold by the wholesaler was followed to the retailer, and the number of pounds of each description of “‘cut” and other subdivisions of the original piece was ascertained, together with the price per pound. By this method the total amount of money paid by the consumer to the retailer for the entire piece was ascertained, to be compared with the wholesale cost. In connection with this line of investigation, an examination of the change of prices of many farm products was made, covering a period beginning with the low prices of the industrial depression ef 1893-1897 GRAIN TRADE OF THE GREAT LAKES. The marketing and. transportation of grain in the region of the Great Lakes was the subject of a bulletin which was sent to press at the close of the fiscal year. This report treats of the reduction in the cost of sending grain to market and the increased quantities handled during the past quarter century. Statistical tables in the bulletin cover such topics as freight rates, receipts, and shipments in domestic trade, exports and imports across the Canadian border, tonnage carried by lake and rail, facilities for navigation, and methods of marketing. GRAIN AND LIVE-STOCK MARKETING ON THE PACIFIC COAST. Preliminary work was done on a bulletin relating to the marketing and transportation of grain and live stock in the Pacific Coast States. The principal object of this investigation is to show the conditions BUREAU OF STATISTICS. 701 affecting the cost of selling and delivering grain and live stock from farm to consumer, and to make note of changes which have occurred in these conditions in the past thirty years. An article on methods and costs of marketing was prepared in this division for the Department’s Yearbook for 1909. Various features in the movements of a large number of different products from farm to consumer were described, with especial reference to the part taken by middlemen. WAGES OF FARM LABOR. The nineteenth investigation of the wage rates paid to farm labor was begun in the autumn of 1909 and the work was well advanced toward completion at the end of the fiscal year 1909-10. All previous investigations of farm wage rates had been confined to the money rate of wages, and hence had omitted many items of supplementary wages in the form of house rent, firewood, laundry are and other elements of real wages not incorporated in the money rates. The scope of this investigation has also been broadened so as to include the cost of living of the farm laborer in comparison with his cost of living as a street-railway employee or in any other occupation in town or city, an important element of the real wages of the farm laborer. This latest investigation has introduced these essential elements into the examination of the earnings of farm labor with results that establish a favorable comparison of the farm laborer with men in com- peting occupations with respect to real wages. FOREIGN TRADE IN FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS. The foreign trade of the United States in farm and forest products is determined by the Division of Production and Distribution and by no other office in the Departmental service. The quantities and values of the domestic exports, the imports, and the reexported imports of all agricultural and forest commodities have been classi- fied and tabulated as far back as 1851, an undertaking of several years, which was completed in the fiscal year 1909-10. The tables so made reveal the national surplus and the national foreign require- ments in the products of the farm and forest during the last sixty years, and present a large amount of information of much public interest. In continuation of the policy of providing the public with informa- tion otherwise practically inaccessible concerning the production, value, foreign trade, and consumption of principal agricultural roducts for this country from the earliest times, tables for rice and ops have been added to those for cotton, tobacco, and sugar for ublication in the agricultural statistics of the Yearbook of this epartment. DATES OF PLANTING AND HARVESTING. The subject of the dates of planting and harvesting crops through- out the world has received constant attention during the year. It has proved to be one of the most difficult projects ever undertaken by the Division of Production and Distribution and has required 702 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. scientific criticism constantly, a work in which many experts in the Bureau of Plant Industry, the Weather Bureau, and the Office of Experiment Stations have cooperated with this division. This inves- tigation has resulted in securing much original information; and many real discoveries of relations between crop planting and growth on the one hand, and climatic, altitudinal, and latitudinal conditions on the other, which are of fundamental importance to the science of agri- culture, have been made. The first bulletin of this project was nearly completed at the end of the fiscal year. BALKAN AGRICULTURE AND FOREIGN TRADE. A bulletin on the agriculture and foreign trade in agricultural products of Bulgaria, Roumania, and Servia was included in the work of this division in the fiscal year covered by this report. This investigation treats of topics relating to landholding, agricultural opulation, live stock, farm implements, area and production of eading crops, especially cereals, and foreign trade in agricultural products. WORK FOR 1911. The work of this division is of such a character that its future, for the next year, can be indicated with little definiteness. As far as can be foreseen, during the fiscal year 1911 the work of the nineteenth investigation of the wages of farm labor will be completed and also the bulletin on the marketing methods of the Pacific coast, an exami- nation of the cost of distributing certain farm products from producer to consumer, a tabulation of the foreign trade of the United States in farm and forest products for 1910, a large amount of work in the agricultural statistics section of the Yearbook for 1910, the comple- tion of another bulletin in the project concerning crop dates, and as much work as possible on various bulletins that are in hand, WORK OF THE EDITORIAL DIVISION AND LIBRARY. The work of the division during the year consisted, in so far as it can be readily classified, of: (1) Editing all manuscript prepared in the Bureau for publication, and correcting the proof thereof; (2) — compiling comprehensive statistics, for publication in the Yearbook, of the area and production of certain crops in all foreign countries for which data are obtainable; (3) the preparation of reports, for publication each month in the Crop Reporter, on the state of agri- culture in foreign countries, with special reference to the extent of surface under different crops, their current condition, and the yields, when harvested, as reflected by the official publications of the respec- tive governments; (4) the assembling of statistical and other infor- mation and the composition of text for bulletins on the world pro- duction of and trade in cocoanuts and cocoanut products and the world production and trade in coffee; (5) the compilation of statistics, from the records of the Treasury Department, relative to the domestic saber: of tobacco and the consumption of hops by domestic rewers; (6) answering a part of the requests received by the Bureau from other Departments, other Bureaus of this Department, states- men, economists, statisticians, educators, commercial exchanges, BUREAU OF STATISTICS. 703 and business men, for statistics relating to agricultural, commercial, and economic subjects; (7) translations of letters and agricultural literature from foreign languages for the use of the Bureau, and, when requested, for other branches of the Department; (8) the management and care of the Bureau’s statistical library, includin the revision and maintenance of a card catalogue of the agricultura statistics contained therein; (9) stenography and typewriting for the Bureau and occasionally for other Bureaus of the Department. Seven bulletins, one circular, and twelve monthly issues of the Crop Reporter, the official organ of the Bureau, have been edited during the year. Of the bulletins six have been published, and one— ‘Consolidated Schools’’— is in press, being, by request, published by the Office of Experiment Stations. The poiesiaiel reparation of all these bulletins and of the greater part of the material of the Crop Reporter has been done in other offices and divisions of this Bureau, the functions of this division in relation to them being editorial in character. The work originating in the division is described in items 2 to 9 enumerated above. To the Yearbook summaries, by countries, of the so-called world production of corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, and flax-seed—sum- maries prepared annually in this division—there has this year, for the first time, been added, as the result of painstaking and careful researches into the official publications of foreign governments, statistics, by countries, of the acreage under these cereals in the different foreign countries during each of the past five years. The great amount of labor involved in the collection of these figures and their reduction from different foreign units to American equivalents is believed to be justified by the constantly increasing demand for information relating to the comparative soil productivity, etc., of the different countries of the world. More timely information respecting the progress of agriculture in foreign countries is also collected in the division each month and a brief summary prepared for monthly publication in the Crop Reporter, this work having been first delegated to the division in April, 1910. The collation and coordination of statistics and the preparation of text for a bulletin on coffee production has been hotietobadl and similar work for a bulletin on the production and trade in cocoanuts and their products is nearing completion. The editing and revision of these bulletins remains to be undertaken, and will be expedited as much as other editorial work of the division will permit. In con- nection with the work of the first named of these bulletins a statistical statement has been prepared of the production of coffee in different countries for each of the past five years and published in the 1909 Yearbook. Statistics relative to the sales of tobacco by growers and to the consumption of hops by brewers in the United States—the former for use in the Bureau in connection with its estimates on tobacco a ampeigia the latter for publication in the Crop Reporter—have een compiled, as is customary each year, from records in the office of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue; the data relating to hops appear annually in the November issue of the Crop Reporter. Many requests from public organizations and private individuals for statistical data have been referred to the division during the 704 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. year. These inquiries have related to the usual wide diversity of subjects and required quite extensive researches into domestic and foreign statistical literature for the information requested. The management and care of the library, translating, typewriting, etc., involves labor of a more or less routine nature, and, exceptin, for a constantly increasing tendency, remains of the same genera character from one year to another. There have been the usual accretions to the library through exchange and purchase in statistics of agriculture, especially of those relative to the area and production of crops. It is doubtless as complete as any similar collection in the world. WORK OF THE DIVISION OF DOMESTIC CROP REPORTS. Asin the past, the most important work of the Bureau has consisted in collecting information and compiling reports regarding crop acreages, conditions, and yields, and the number and status of farm animals. The tabulation and computation of reports received from the many thousand voluntary correspondents of the Bureau devolves upon the Division of Domestic Crop Reports; and so heavy is this work, at times, that clerks from other divisions have to be drawn into requisition to aid in their prompt compilation, so that they may be ready for final preparation and promulgation at the earliest possible date after the time to which they relate, from month to month. Approximately four-fifths of the total funds of the Bureau are expended on the work of collecting and compiling information for our monthly crop reports, the importance and necessity of which are growing rapidly. IMPORTANCE OF FREQUENT INFORMATION. The demand for current statistical information is constant and increasing. In all lines of human endeavor and accomplishment there is never ceasing call for facts, or, in their absence, of reliable estimates which may serve as guides to those whose interests are identified with the country’s and world’s productive and commercial activities. Available statistics have never been sufficient in scope and detail to meet public demands, notwithstanding that statistical science and methods have enormously improved and developed in recent years, until at present vastly more data, covering wider ranges of industry and accomplishment, are available than in the past. In many lines the statistics given the public are compiled from carefully kept records, of which the exports and imports of the nation, or the financial transactions and status of municipalities, States, and the country at large, are examples. The decennial census statistics are based on actual enumerations; and, nearly always, whether the subject dealt with be governmental, commercial, or otherwise, the statistical data published regarding it result from combinations of accomplished facts definitely ascertained. The necessity for information regarding agriculture, the areas, growing conditions, and yields, of leading crops throughout the BUREAU OF STATISTICS. 705 country, can not be met by supplying previously recorded or definitel ascertained facts, except for every tenth year, when national agricul- tural censuses have been taken. The results shown by the decennial censuses, while of great value, historically and for purposes of com- arison, are not of immediate, current use, as they can not be pub- ished until the year to which they relate has passed. The constant public demand is for immediate current information regarding agri- culture, is pressing and incessant, and must be met as far as possible. In order to supply this demand, recourse must be had to carefully made estimates Feo on the best obtainable information; and the collection of such information and making of such estimates is the principal work of this Bureau. Every year these estimates are made from month to month, and are published broadcast, both officially and through the public press, throughout the length and breadth of the land; they are wholly unbiased, and supply the only annual official data for all the separate States and the country as a whole regarding the subjects to which they relate. They are relied upon so generally and have become so influential in aiding in the determination of questions of supply and distribution and of price, that the utmost care is required, not only in their preparation, but also in their pub- lication, in order that they may not wrongly affect producers or con- sumers, and that they may be available to all alike. The methods by which current information is gathered and handled, and the estimates based thereon are made, have been explained in previous reports. It will be sufficient to say here that these frequently issued estimates are principally founded on the percentage system. The acreage of a given crop in any year is reported by the correspondents and agents of the Bureau in figures representing percentages of the acreage of the preceding year. The growing condition each month of each crop reported upon is indicated in percentages of a normal condition giving promise of a full crop. The production of crops for which quantitative estimates are made are based on reports indicating estimated yields per acre, which, when tabulated and combined, are applied to the acreage figures. This brief summary conveys no adequate idea of the great detail and infinite care involved in the work, a description of which would be technical, intricate, and tedious. It requires much training and experience, and those engaged in it must be persons of ability and judgment. The system of collecting information regarding agricultural areas, conditions, and yields, and the numbers and status of farm animals, through reports made by correspondents and agents, reflecting their best knowledge and judgment as to the subjects dealt with, is the only tangible system by which such data can be secured short of an actual census. The diversity of crops, with their ever-changing areas, the enormous extent of farm territory, and the great variety of climatic influences in the United States, require, in the work of making esti- mates, the greatest possible care, involving consideration of all elements affecting agriculture in the different sections of the country. Even with the cooperation of the Bureau’s well-informed, intelli- gent correspondents and agents, and the exercise of experienced judgment in the consolidation and consideration of their reports, the most careful quantitative estimates may not fully reflect the facts, 73477°—acr 1910——45 706 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. because of the lapse of years between censuses upon which such estimates must be primarily based. Heretofore, agricultural censuses have been taken once in ten years; hereafter, such censuses are required by law to be taken every five years; and the execution of the law will contribute to the greater accuracy of the Bureau’s estimates by furnishing more frequent reports based on actual enumerations to which the estimated annual per- centage of increase or decrease can be applied. Though there may be farmers, as ual as others, including perhaps a few large producers, handlers, and purchasers of agricultural products, who do not take personal cognizance of the official monthly crop reports of the Bureau, and do not regulate their marketings or dealings in farm surpluses or reserves with reference to prospective or probable ultimate yields of growing crops, they are, nevertheless, indirectly benefited by these reports. The market prices in centers of trade and distribution are largely governed by probabilities of roduction as affecting the law of supply and demand which can not be abrogated, and must, in the last analysis, establish price. Such prices are, to a great extent, regulated and controlled by dependable information regarding growing crop conditions and probable yields, and are thus measurably protected from speculative manipulation based on exaggerated reports promulgated for the sole purpose of causing unjustifiable market price fluctuations. The producer is protected as well as the consumer, and the evil effects of manipulative speculation are largely counteracted. The seller is enabled to realize such prices as are just, and the buyer pays what the product purchased is properly worth. CROP CONDITION REPORTS. Though regular, systematic reports on the condition of crops durin: the growing season have been made for many years by the statistica branch of the Department of Agriculture, there is occasional mis- understanding and lack of appreciation of them by those who do not comprehend their character or value, which would be obviated by an understanding of their nature, meaning, and use. The status—that is, the general condition as to healthfulness and prospective yield—of growing crops, from seed time to harvest, has always been of vital interest and importance. Before systematic periodical reports were issued by the Government for the whole country, crop conditions were, and always had been, the subject of constant discussion and estimates regarding the probabilities of bountiful, average, or meager yields. But formerly such estimates were indefinite and intangible, were expressed in words as variable in meaning as the personalities of those using them, and incapable of translation into any form of statement capable of clear interpretation or intelligent comparison. For example, an agricultural observer would describe a growing crop as “doing fairly well;”’ another would say, ‘‘corn is in need of rain;”’ another, “corn prospects are fair;’’ yet another, ‘‘corn is growing rapidly, and with good weather will yield handsomely,” and so on. Such reports as these were wholly incapable of reduction to any definite, understandable statement. It was necessary to read BUREAU OF STATISTICS. 707 the entire mass of them, and to gather an impression upon which to base a formulated statement of their meaning, which, in itself, would be more or less vague and indefinite. Whether such reports would indicate a full, normal crop, or some percentage of a full crop, could not be decided by any one. The method possessed but little value. Under the plan of reporting crop conditions now pursued, which has been followed since 1871, the statements of reporters are expressed in figures instead of words, which indicate the percentage of full yields expected under existing conditions, in defined geographical areas, The reports are capable of tabulation and mathematical computation, and of such interpretation as to afford definite, comparable informa- tion. This method is admittedly the best, in fact, the only one by which growing crop conditions can be intelligently shown; and when the individual reports of large numbers of well-informed persons are properly rendered their consolidation can not fail to indicate existing prospects with approximate accuracy. It should be said, however, that there can be no such infallible judgment, no such exact knowledge of the promise of present con- ditions, as to enable any one, no matter how intelligent and well informed, to indicate by figures or in any other manner precisely what relation an existing crop condition bears to an ultimate harvest. The observer can only make an estimate, based on his best knowledge and judgment, and render his report accordingly. If after a careful survey of the situation, he is of opinion that a normal crop is promised, he will report the condition as 100; or, if he thinks that only three- fourths of a crop can be expected, he will report “75.” His reports are estimates, and, from their very nature, can not more than approxi- mate the facts; on the other hand, when large numbers of such reports are combined, the resulting figures must closely represent actual conditions. It should not be inferred that the indicated condition of any crop at any time during the growing season will certainly foretell the ultimate production. Many contingencies may, and frequently do, arise before and up to the time of harvest, affecting the final yield either adversely or beneficially, and it would therefore be unwise, because probably misleading, to base an unchangeable estimate of production upon any reported growing condition; such condition is subject to frequent change, is almost constantly deteriorating or improving, and any prognostication of the final harvest returns based thereon would fail of verification unless the condition estimates were exactly correct and no change in conditions occurred after they had been made. The value of condition reports consists in the closely accurate representations they afford of growing crop prospects at given times before harvest, expressed in such manner as to convey definite mean- ings capable of being readily understood, and of enabling comparisons to be made with conditions, similarly expressed, at corresponding periods in preceding years. Such reports supply the constant and ever-increasing demand for tangible, intelligible information regarding the subject to which they relate, crop conditions during growing seasons being of universal interest and concern. The chart on page 19, showing the condition of corn on October 1 in the past twenty 708 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. years, expressed in percentages of a normal condition, and the final yield, as estimated in December of each year, expressed in bushels per acre, demonstrates how closely the condition reports forecast the final results of harvests. ADDITIONAL SPECIAL FIELD AGENTS NEEDED. It is the constant aim and earnest endeavor of this Bureau to sup- ply the public with unbiased crop estimates which shall be as approx- imately accurate as is possible with available means and sources of information. Experience has shown that for the past few years, during which a small corps of skilled special field agents, devoting their entire time and attention to our work, has been employed, the Bureau’s esti- mates have been more generally accepted as correctly indicating conditions and probable yields than formerly, and whenever proy- able by subsequently ascertained facts they have been shown to have been sufficiently close to form bases upon which producers and consumers alike have been justified in relying. The scope and accuracy of these estimates can be still further enlarged if means can be supplied to increase the number of special field agents. The territory now covered by each of the small present force, consisting of only seventeen men, is entirely too large for any one man to canvass and report upon fully every month. A small addition of $10,000 to our appropriation would enable the employment of three special field agents, making twenty in all, with a corresponding reduction in size of territory in important districts, and not only provide for their necessary traveling expenses but also permit the promotion of a few agents whose present salaries are not commensurate with their faithfulness, zeal, and efficiency, whose strenuous labors deserve recognition and encouragement. PRODUCTION AND POPULATION, HISTORICAL PROCEDURE. Frequent assertions that the fertility of the soils is washing into the streams and that the productivity of cultivated land is diminish- ing are misleading the public into the belief that the agriculture of this country is decadent and that there is life in the old formula that population must tend to increase at a greater rate than subsist- ence. The situation can not be understood until it is examined histor- ically. This is a country in which millions upon millions of acres of fresh land have been coming into production faster than the domestic consumption has required, and at times beyond the takings of import- ing foreign countries. As eminent a man as Gen. Francis A. Walker expressed the belief that under such circumstances farmers on the fresher soil were economically justified in robbing the land. All of the historical phases of agriculture now exist in this country. First, the ‘‘soil robber; next the diminishing production per acre on “inexhaustible land,’ which surprises the farmer; next the agri- cultural scientist, who points the way to a better agriculture and larger production per acre, with poor responses from the farmers. In the course of time, especially when the next and perhaps the third generation takes the farm, important advances are made, at 709 BUREAU OF STATISTICS. 100F= aE spe a ag pe Nepean a Soa a aes ane oe ay E (oN oe RS TN eee ee ARES RE EE EEE ARES CONDITION PEF CE/V “8 N Q 2 see eee GRRE SE oie a Solid line in chart represents the condition of the corn crop in the United States on October 1, yearly, 1890-1909, inclusive. Dotted line represents the average yield per acre, as finally estimated in December. Ss = SA ee f= Be 710 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. first.irregularly and mostly on farms of the leading class and subse- quently with increasing diffusion and accelerated speed. For many years there have been fresh lands vith rather high but stationary production, older lands with declining production, old lands beginning to improve, and some lands well advanced in improve- ment. As the proportions of these classes of lands have varied in relation to the entire cultivated area of each crop the national average production per acre has varied. In the meantime the competition of new land consuming some of its capital in the production of crops has retarded, if not prevented, the improvement of old land needing conservation and a gain in fertility. The improvement of the older land is not an academic question of conservation of national resources, but it is to be worked out in the endeavors of farmers to get a living, and a better one, an end that can not be attained by a sudden creditable production per acre large enough in the aggregate to be overproduction, with unprof- itable if not losing prices for the farmer. PRODUCTION PER ACRE FOR MANY YEARS. It is worth while to ascertain the results of the complex factors that have governed the agricultural production of this country dur- ing the last forty-three years, as the records of this Bureau permit. The answer is to be found in mean production per acre in successive groups of years. From the ten-year period of 1866-1875 to that of 1876-1885 th production of corn per acre in the United States declined 2.3 per cent, and the only States in which there was a gain were Maine, Rhode Island, Delaware, Maryland, Nebraska, and California. From 1876— 1885 to 1886-1895 the list of gaining States was increased by Ver- mont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Illinois, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, New Mexico, and Idaho, while Delaware, Maryland, and Nebraska were transferred from a gaining to a losing production. The decline of production per acre for the United States was 8.2 per cent. Advancing another decade to 1896-1905, corn production per acre gained in 30 of the 46 States and Territories, and the United States average increased 7.7 per cent, in spite of the disastrous season of 1901. The mean production per acre during the four years 1906-1909 increased 7.1 per cent over the mean of the preceding ten years. Wheat has been disposed to increase in production per acre more generally than corn. [From 1866-1875 to 1876-1885 the mean per acre increased in Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary- land, West Virginia, South Carolina, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Mich- igan, and Kentucky, and the increase for the United States was 3.4 per cent. From 1876-1885 to 1886-1895 the mean production per acre increased in 24 out of 41 States and Territories; New York, Mich- igan, Nebraska, Kansas, Oregon, and California were not included in the gaining States. The gain for the United States was 3.3 per cent. In the next decade, 1896-1905, the mean production of wheat per acre gained in 35 out of 44 States and Territories, the conspicuous omitted States being Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, BUREAU OF STATISTICS. wid Missouri, North Dakota, and California. For the United States the gain was 6.3 per cent for the mean of the ten years 1896-1905 over that of the previous ten years; for the mean of the four years 1906- 1909 the gain over that of the previous ten years was 9.6 per cent. Tobacco production in the United States increased 3.4 per cent from 1866-1875 to 1876-1885, Virginia and North Carolina being conspicuous States that did not participate. In the following decade there was a decline of 2 per cent in production per acre in the United States, followed by an increase of 5.2 per cent in the decade 1896— 1905, the only conspicuous States that suffered a decline being Con- necticut and New York. The mean production per acre of the four years 1906-1909 is an increase of 9.7 per cent over that of the pre- ceding ten years. During two of the four years, 1906-1909, the cotton production es acre was light because of adverse weather and the boll weevil, ut in spite of that the mean of these four years is 0.3 per cent above that of the ten years 1896-1905, which was the decade that exceeded each of the three preceding decades in production per acre. The only cotton States which in this decade did not improve over the mean of 1886-1895 were Florida, Texas, and Arkansas; for the United States the gain was 3.8 per cent. Potato production per acre in the United States declined sharply from 1866-1875 to 1886-1895, after which there was a marked increase during 1896-1905, followed by another increase during 1906-1909 to a higher average production per acre than is disclosed by any ten-year mean as far back as the records extend, to 1866. Every potato State gained in production per acre in 1896-1905 over the previous decade except North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Ala- bama, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and New Mexico. The gain for the United States was 15.3 per cent and the mean of the following four years is 15.5 per cent higher than that of the preceding ten years. Hay stood higher in mean production per acre in 1896-1905 than in any of the preceding three decades. The gain over the decade 1886-1895 was 22 per cent, to which all States and Territories con- tributed except Florida. A similar sort of statement applies to oats, the percentage of increase of production per acre for the mean of 1896-1905 being 15.6 per cent over that of the preceding ten years, the States that did not have an increase being few—Missouri, Kan- sas, and Oregon. Again, for barley and rye a similar history appears. For barley the mean production per acre in 1896-1905 increased 11.1 per cent over the mean of the preceding ten years, the only States that had a decline being New Hampshire, Missouri, and Connecticut. For rye the percentage of increase was 21.3, and the only State that did not participate was California. Both barley and rye gained in mean production per acre in the four years 1906-1909. After thirty years of decadence, buckwheat all but regained its mean production per acre in 1896-1905; and afterwards gained 6.6 er cent on the previous decade in 1906-1909, thereby reaching the ighest production per acre in the records of this Bureau. The general trend of the mean production per acre was a declining ‘one during the two decades 1876-1885 and 1886-1895 for corn, oats rye, and potatoes; it declined in the first decade and slightly increased in the second in the case of barley, buckwheat, and cotton; it 712 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. increased during the first decade and diminished during the second in the case of hay and tobacco; in the case of wheat there was an increase of production 1493 acre throughout the two decades, the respective percentages of increase being 3.4 and 3.3. A marked change in the production per acre of all crops appeared in the decade 1896-1905 in comparison with the mean of the pre- ceding ten years. The production per acre of corn increased 7.7 per cent; of wheat, 6.3 per cent; of oats, 15.6 per cent; of barley, 11.1 per cent; of rye, 21.3 per cent; of buckwheat, 23.1 per cent; of hay, 22 per cent; of potatoes, 15.3 per cent; of cotton, 3.8 per cent; and of tobacco, 5.2 percent. The weather of the four years 1906-1909 was not as favorable for crop production as it was in the precedin ten years, so that the production of oats per acre declined, that o hay remained stationary, and that of cotton and barley barely increased. In the case of other crops the mean production per acre continued to show large increases, the mean of these four years over that of the preceding ten years being an increase of 7.1 per cent for corn, 9.6 per cent for wheat, 6.5 per cent for rye, 6.6 per cent for buckwheat, 15.5 per cent for potatoes, and 9.7 per cent for tobacco. Summarizing the annual estimated yield per acre, the chart on opposite page is presented, which is self-explanatory. The following tables exhibit the trend of production per acre for the crops named from the decade 1866-1875 to 1909, or the mean of the last four years, 1906-1909, as the case may be. The figures amply establish the fact that the agriculture of the United States, after passing through a phase of decadence incident to the exploitation of new land, has obtained a secure footing in the contrary direction toward improvement. Comparative production per acre of specified crops in the United States. [100=mean for 1896-1905.] | ; r | Buck- Pota- Tobac- Period and year. | Corn. | Wheat.! Oats. | Barley.| Rye. Sa anit || ele lNy nen Cotton. . | IS66—1875). - cee 5aeet 103. 6 88.1 94.9 91.2 88.3 | 101.1 110.1 96.6 93.8 EBIG-1885 so ceeds 101.2 91.1 93.2 89.2 86.4 80.7 86.8 96. 93.9 97.0 TS8G-1ROD. EE accsoee 92.9 94.1 86.5 90.0 82.5 81.2 81.9 86.7 96.3 95.0 ISSG-1905 Sees oko ee ee 100.0 | 100.0} 100.0) 100.0; 100.0} 100.0] 100.0} 100.0} 100.0 100.0 LOG ERE er ee cecieniee 120.2 | 114.8] 105.4] 112.7] 108.4] 102.8 93.8 | 121.1} 110.9 112.9 190% 2 31a esas ee 102.8 | 103.7 80.1 94.8 | 106.5 98.9] 100.7) 113.0 97.6 112.0 TOUS =. Ss asescees 2 104.0 |} 103.7 84.5 | 100.0; 106.5 109.4] 105.6) 101.5} 106.7 108.0 1909). = Se Sapcee cc mctre 101.2 | 117.0] 102.4 96.8 | 104.5 | 115.5 98.6 | 126.5 85.9 105.9 Percentage of increase (+-) or decrease (—) of yield per acre in the United States. | 1866-1875 | 1876-1885 | 1886-1895 | 1896-1905 Crops. to to to to 1876-1885. | 1886-1895. | 1896-1905. | 1906-1909. | — 2.3 —8.2 + 7.7 + 7.1 + 3.4 +3.3 + 6.3 + 9.6 — 1.8 —7.2 +15.6 — 6.8 — 2.2 +0.9 +11.1 + 1.2 — 2.2 —4.5 +21.3 + 6.5 —20.2 +0.7 +23.1 + 6.6 + 2.5 —5.6 +22.0 0.0 —12.6 —9.9 +15.3 +15.5 Gana s st) f hee Ee: oe ery eee ye. oe 8 — 2.8 +2.6 + 3.8 + 0.3 SE DDACCOSROR Ss toler ic 2 Se ee ae Seen eee eee ak + 3.4 —2.0 + 5.2 + 9.7 BUREAU OF STATISTICS. 713 PRODUCTION COMPARED WITH NORMAL INCREASE OF POPULATION. The statistical test that the farmers of this country have met in the foregoing examination of production per acre is not as severe as the one which in varying degrees and in varying numbers of States they are prepared to meet in a comparison of production per acre with population. There is a prevalent misunderstanding with regard to the nature of the increase of population in this country. It seems to VEAALY AVERAGE YIELD PEF ACRE 5 % % © © 3 S S ~ y) ay G Q S S a S 666 pe] a . PLE ltr kt TRL ete og g f RRR P ae pb pay @ eo = a 2 0 He tabeiits if bales dks AA ale 2 [ Fslatd Tal tabs] eke clot (el sla :E suanasis:=neutaferensueatatee 5 ae ae ee (878 Lome CO Pe ERroe er SRGR GREED =SRREEE Been mee pe (1 POCO Eve. fe Be LEE LED UeerrT CECE Er ECE peg ag { anos ee es 0 22500 Gey ARERR eeaape es 1 HEE an CLEP cH PELEEBEELEELEL Ee o i=] sa T ee naaeen Te belfabolbalit te bh oly Balog eles aes Saab. PP LEGL RECT GET Orr itr | ries aad al BRSSECO EERE eae ant SEPP EEE pay = rt (890 ge 1 i Sane ae PEE EEE <“ 9 2 J e380 of PRRt Per nrt he bee br er Ppp cee = CSG AUD RRe Sees eee g2 0 al oh ae | en ote tolels hehe Bilal bel page a a COCCPONC EEE Eo iL c SE08 S80 eas. 2 2 eee eee gC wl COCOA eer ae a MELEE Ce eh ee = 1] r aoe See Biche a PRS SRR SS TT eos ET cI PCCP LEP “et r POCO RECETTT ee Snda s PEPER EL bl Cl tise Crd . 7 ceil Pere ene CEE L Per erenttees oT CCCCCCCCC eer cme ECC EEC ECAP CSET oe GEL DI SNe NNO UCR ae a SE be assumed that the net immigration is to continue for a century and over at the rate of one-half to three-fourths of a million people an- nually. How quickly immigration can be reduced to zero was shown by the industrial depression of 1908. No one who would take a far sight into the future would reckon upon an indefinite continuance of a considerable immigration. 714 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Another prevalent oversight in a consideration of this subject con- cerns the birth rate. It seems not to be generally known that the birth rate of this country, as of all the countries of western and central Europe, is a diminishing one; so that while the increase of population must be admitted to the reckoning a diminishing rate of increase must be recognized. A former chief clerk of the Bureau of the Census, Mr. William S. Rossiter, made an examination of the population statistics of the census of 1900 and the two preceding ones for the purpose of determining the present increase of population of the older race stocks. In other words, he eliminated the foreign-born element, which has a considerably higher birth rate than the older elements of our population. The conclusion was that the increase of population in this country, after eliminating the influence of the foreign-born upon the conglomerate national birth rate, was about 1} per cent for the census year, or about 124 per cent for a decade. The way is now prepared for a comparison of production per acre in recent years with the normal increase of population; that is to say, with the mcrease unaffected by immigration and the high birth rate of the immigrants. This is the form of the problem as it will present itself more and more closely as the years elapse. From 1886-1895 to 1896-1905 the mean production per acre of wheat increased in a greater degree than the normal increase of popu- lation in four New England States, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, eleven Southern States, Wisconsin, Nebraska, seven Mountain States and Territories, and Washington. Two States are very near inclusion in this list—Wyoming and Oregon. In the case of corn production, increased production per acre has exceeded the normal increase of population in Pennsylvania, Dela- ware, Maryland, Virginia, West. Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, South Dakota, and three Mountain States, and very nearly the required increased production was made by New Jersey, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, and Arizona. A long list of States gained in production of oats per acre in a reater degree than the normal increase in population. They are ound in New England and along the Atlantic coast to Georgia; in important States of the Ohio Valley, north and south; in the Mountain States; and in Washington. With regard to barley twenty-one States and Territories are found in the similar list; for rye the list of States numbers 30, buckwheat 19, and Vermont, New York, and Delaware are near the requirement for admission to the list. Wisconsin is the only State that has produced tobacco with an increase during the time under consideration which is larger than the normal increase of population, but the increase is very nearly equal to this population increase in the case of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Indiana, and Illinois. Increase of cotton production per acre above the normal increase of population is found in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Oklahoma, with a supple- mentary list of four States almost able to enter the list—Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, and Louisiana. The list of States that produced potatoes with an increase per acre above the normal increase of population contains many of the States in the potato belt, and the number is 24, with 4 States almost eligible for admission. é BUREAU OF STATISTICS. 715 The largest list of States in the consideration of the various crops in which production per acre during the period under consideration exceeded normal increase of population is found in the case of hay; 35 States are in this list with 5 more States having increases nearly sufficient for their entry, so that the hay crop of nearly the entire United States has increased in production per acre faster than the normal rate of increase of the population. COMPARISON WITH ACTUAL INCREASE OF POPULATION. A still more severe test than the foregoing may be placed upon the increased production per acre of the crops under consideration, and in this test the increase may be compared with the actual increase of population which, as before explained, is greater than the normal increase. Corn production per acre increased from 1886-1895 to 1896-1905 at a rate which quite or very nearly equaled the actual increase of population in Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Vir- inia, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, South Dakota, and Utah. he list for wheat contains 22 States and Territories distributed in all parts of the United States. In the list for oats are 16 States; for barley, 15 States; for rye, 21 States; for buckwheat, 18 States; for cotton, only 1 State, Oklahoma, containing new land; for tobacco only Wisconsin; for potatoes, 15 States, all in the potato belt; and for hay, 25 States and Territories. A POTENTIAL FUTURE. The foregoing presentation of the information that is possessed concerning the trend of agricultural production in this country in comparison with population makes it plain that in spite of the fact that the United States is now passing through some of the early and middle phases of agricultural land exploitation, it nevertheless ap- pears that the final stage of better agriculture and increased produc- tion per acre has been reached in many States for a varying number of crops, and that production per acre 1s not only beginning to exceed the normal increase of population, but really to exceed the actual increase. The ability of the soil and of the agricultural arts and sciences to produce crops at a rate of increase greater than either the normal rate of increase of population, or the normal as temporarily influenced by immigration, has been demonstrated times innumerable by the De- partment of Agriculture, by the experiment stations, and by intelli- gent farmers all over the country. The potentiality of agricultural roduction as a national achievement suflicient for growth of popu- ation has been so numerously and so thoroughly demonstrated as to be now beyond _ intelligent question. The Farmers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work, now carried on in 12 cotton States, employs 375 traveling agents and has many thousands of demonstrating farms. It is proving by results on thousands of farms that preparation of the soil so as to make the best seed bed adds 100 per cent to the average crop on similar lands with an average preparation in the old way; that the planting of the best seed makes a gain of 50 per cent; and that shallow, frequent cultivation produces an increase of another 50 per cent, making a total gain of 200 per cent, or a crop three times the 716 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. + average crop produced on those farms where the plans and methods of the demonstration work have been adopted. THE INCREASED COST OF LIVING. A dominant feature from a statistical view point of the past year, as well as now, has been the persistent agitation regarding and dis- cussion of the increased cost of living. The prices of food products, wearing apparel, and other necessaries have been advancing in recent years to an extent that has caused widespread interest and vital concern to all classes except those whose incomes are sufficiently large to render them indifferent to increased costs, or to those whose earnings and consequent buying power have increased in equal or greater ratio than have the prices of commodities they are compelled to purchase. The general advance in prices has been greater than the increase in earnings of the average wage-earner in cities and towns or those employed in mining, manufacturing, or transportation, whose incomes, in many instances, have been stationary or nearly so. Thousands of these classes have been feeling more and more the pressure of advane- ing prices, and their plaints have been voiced frequently and insist- ently by newspapers, magazines, and legislators. But the advance in prices has not affected similarly all classes of those who work for their livelihood, and the question as to whether such advance has or has not become burdensome depends for its solution in any case on the ascertainment of facts regarding the rela- tive earnings and purchasing power of consumers at this time as compared with a time when necessary commodities of nearly every kind commanded lower prices than at present. There is no question as to the conditions prevailing in cities and towns; in the country, however, they have been and are far different. Quietly the farmer has been rising from the depths into which he was cast by the ruinously low prices in the early nineties until now he has reached a plane where he receives a well-deserved recompense for his labors. Probably never before has the average farmer been. in better condition than in recent years. Farmers are rapidly acquir- ing the modern conveniences formerly possessed only by those living in cities, such as furnace-heated houses, water and bath facilities, free mail delivery, telephones, etc., and, with good crops commanding remunerative prices, he is becoming more and more able to secure such conveniences and to indulge in many luxuries enjoyed pre- viously only by the prosperous in urban communities. Within the past ten years the purchasing:power of the farmer has increased more than 50 per cent. Such conditions are having and will continue to have more force in keeping the rising generation of farmers’ children upon the farm than volumes upon volumes of printed advice to stay there. When there was much hardship and no profit in farming, such advice was useless; now farm life is beecom- ing profitable and more attractive, and such advice is becoming unnecessary. With a view to ascertaining definitely the effect of the higher prices of nearly every necessary of life on the greatest of all classes of Americans engaged in the greatest of all American occupations, the Bureau of Statistics has recently made a special inquiry regarding the average retail prices of about eighty-five staple commodities BUREAU OF STATISTICS. TAG we purchased by farmers throughout the United States in 1899 and 1909. The required information was supplied by many retail merchants throughout the country, the average prices at which the goods were sold during each of the two years beginning and ending the decade being for goods of the same grade and description in each instance. The data thus secured, used in connection with comparative yields per acre of ten leading crops, the prices received for them by farmers, and their consequent average value per acre in each of the years men- tioned, clearly show that the American farmer has suffered no loss or curtailment of purchasing power. On the contrary, the farmers’ ability to buy has increased much more than the prices of the things he has bought. The three following tabular presentations make this fact very clear. They show, first, the average farm value per acre in 1899 and 1909 of ten Heaicaie crops, separately, and their combined average vaiue per acre; second, the average retail prices at which eighty-five staple manufactured products were sold to farmers by merchants through- out the United States in 1899 and 1909; and, third, the buying power possessed by three of the crops specified in the first table, namely, corn, wheat, and cotton, as applied to each of the commodities named in the second table, with the average combined buying power per acre of all ten of said crops. The tables are self-explanatory. Acreage, yield, farm price, and farm value per acre of specified crops in 1899 and 1909. [The acreages and yields for 1899 are as reported by the Bureau of the Census; those for 1909 are as estimated by the Bureau of Statistics, U. S. Department of Agriculture. The farm prices for both years are as reported by the Bureau of Statistics.] Acres Total yield Yield per (000 omitted). (000 omitted). acre. Crop. 1899. 1909. 1899. 1909. 1899. 1909. RE coat aed ape Cols Sale Date aaa bushels. . 94,914 | 108,771 | 2,666,324 | 2,772,376 28.1 25.5 Nile yr: ae el ir Ce a Sosa do....} 52,589 46,723 658, 534 737, 189 12.5 15.8 (0 6) TE es Os oe er ane Ogres: 29,540 33, 204 943,389 | 1,007,353 31.9 30.3 BRIO eee ae cae ae ed ener eseeees eae 4,470 7,011 119, 635 170, 284 26.8 24.3 108 SG BAAS eee Secs aera 2,054 2,006 25, 569 32, 239 12.4 16.1 Buckwheat |. Aas 807 834 11, 234 17, 438 13.9 20.9 Potatoes ae he 2,939 3,525 273, 318 376, 537 93.0 | 106.8 Le eee =e --| °61,691 45, 744 84,011 64, 938 1.4 1.42 Tobacco 1,101 1,180 868, 113 949,357 | 788.2 | 804.3 oa TE ae Oe eee ----d0....| 24,275 30,938 | 4,467,097 | 4,783,220} 184.0} 154.6 Farm price per unit | Farm value per acre December 1— December 1— _ Per cent Crop. increase in . value, 1909 1899. 1909. 1899. 1909, | over 1890. Cents. Dollars Dollars. Gp a ON GE Sen ee ae 59.6 8.51 2 78.6 ERS U Cae at neon, bitte yienns ones oa 99.0 7.30 15. 64 114.0 RUA Rboce vom egrnt vcceachahcveense 40.5 7.94 12. 27 54.5 GCG acids in chew» Bie Gaus comoce do 55.2 10. 80 13. 41 24.2 Senna aww em ns Uo eer nee ak wee 73.9 6. 32 11.90 88.3 Buckwheat 69.9 7.74 14. 61 88.8 Potatoes. : 36. 27 58. 63 61.7 Ue $10. 62 10.18 15. 08 48.1 Tobacco. a P r 10. 52. 02 81.23 56.2 DOIUN San cai dooudaties Suc arenww detec’. aa ae é 13.9 | 613.32 b 22.06 65.6 A VOCOROET Sse kede Poenius. dorm SALELU EECA Undo etcsecsdas 9. 51 | 16. 42 72.7 @ Spring and winter wheat combined. > Average value for season. 718 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Within the past year this Bureau sent the following letter of inquiry to a large number of retail dealers doing business with farmers: It is the desire of this Bureau to obtain comparative prices of various articles of pene use, in the years 1899 and 1909, in order to ascertain how much such prices ave increased or decreased in various parts of the United States. I shall appreciate it very much if you will quote the prices which prevailed in the two years mentioned for such articles as you can conveniently. Prices for the two years should be for the same grades of articles, so that they may be properly compared.—(Signed by the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics.) This letter was accompanied by a list of about eighty-five articles of general use by farmers. Replies to this inquiry were tabulated and averaged, with the following result: Comparative prices of articles purchased by farmers in 1909 and 1899. Percent- Article. 1909. 1899. age, 1909 to 1899. Coal oll palloni2 fhe s4 A eR eee SR ee cents... 14.2 15.1 93.9 Collee, MOUNT: . 2 oa) enson hn ease eet epee ete emanate ace eee dO Wc: 18.9 17.2 109.8 Mont: parreles =? aks SS 88 hee Ae ee en ene dollars. . 6.3 4.76 132.4 Tard, potin dics zs dso ees sos cock eee eee eee eee cents... 15.7 10.3 151.5 Matches; boxssc. a) tfi-2 Bote 205. eee eee do.... 5.0 5.0 100.0 Salt; barrell .ci.<5 sio0. eee Sees wasaajon Tao e Saka teeeeeceen uae ee dollars. . 1.6 1.39 114.9 Soap; cakes. 3325-0. pee sas ys ee eee eee cents... 4.19 3.99 105.0 Starch pound sic eiess. ees sas bose s eee ade eae e ne nee ene dozit: 7.4 Tee 102.8 Sugar, POUND ose ME oo eels ee ae eee en eee doa: 5.73 5.27 108.7 Tohacco; plugs pounG!: ates stance Oc see eee coe oon doles 45.0 41.7 108.0 BrOOMIS; CaChi.. -5: S82 ig cease ce eeto ett aac eee tee cents... 6.6 5.2 126.9 Muslin, yard!is. 22. 262 a fe toe ere tone hoe oe earn Gos22- 9.0 7.2 125.0 Sheeting; yards... ste ste ws oa tcc Seco ass seb ee eae see dorea- 18.2 14.3 127.3 JAckes (each) Sa. O82 rt ee Sok See nee are eae oe eee eee do. Sabato eS MS tS Fo te om A ek een eke Deve s 00533; 29.4 27.4 107.0 RePEc ene lG euenees «tS Ae. 2 CY ne sks Fecceaktsekec docs. 47.45 44.47 106.7 IDEN. OE es a Se die a eee ee dori 68. 83 60. 72 113.4 Sarbolic Acids crude; pounds 22>.. cs 22 5 ue cinwe wwe ee eee ees cents... 35.0 30.0 116.7 Se petas OaAG ee = 1 25.2 te EO nooo wneeewesweee do.... 10.0 10.0 100.0 Puram Pence wees ee See. = fe 22ks4esssesiscscessces beds dollars. . 1.29 1.12 115.2 Ere EOP HS POLN Ge ae 022 Sia s 5, Be ose see nceda maced tow rowed cents. . 30.5 27.0 113.0 SUE SIGIR CoG [es SR Oe a ee ee eee ee ee dosss- 8.5 8.5 100.0 Meet Harel mint DOULG.~. Soe. Set SSt tet Lk wat cee aclectatekiks dos5.. 25.0 25.0 100.0 anerredne-nalt pushel, eselta 2 622 l. ccs. ccaeeecciceu eke Siete dosss: 51.2 39.0 131.3 remit wit PRIIOMN (CAC Scere. ces oosb2sssdcdcecaceedesecesde dollars. . 2. 68 2. 56 104.7 CAL Sy UTS) a ES Se ae ee eee cents... 37.7 34.4 109. 6 Paints, ready mixed, gallon................... sestatasnaeeseaas dollars 1.62 1.29 125.6 Paint brushes, oR BR Ee BO ae ee a eee os eee eae eee cents 76.3 67.9 112.4 Pee MeIapN POUNG 8s ot ae coe ee a use du ehodsssteecees do... 13.6 12.4 109.7 Pees eran enCn Aes 0) SON Po. Oe es Joho Ste sede seeds ase do 18.0 14.0 128.6 pmlc, SiInmenCh a2. 22) ke Res CEP 2 eee cece dollars 1.04 - 96 108.3 mares pinder, JOO poOnds 2:3. «<2 ase scsdccess Fouden oe lo:c 9.74 9.06 107.5 PRVEIBOE SIL SERCIOS: 6 at) :) URNS 4s ISS dD ao IS Seas alka eee | oso 112.1 The quantity of articles specified which could be purchased with the value of 1 acre of corn and wheat, respectively, in 1909 and 1899, was as follows: Quantity purchasable by value of 1 acre. Corn. Wheat. Article 1909 1899 1909 1899 PERM eet an et 8S oe een eee es Soke eee EN RE gallons..| 107.0 56.4 | 110.0 48.3 Uo Revit kya 3) o Lael Ld for) al ee SAY ee yh 2/8 |F/ es e/2/&/|s | | } 1 7 1 eee ee New Jersey:...-.-------- . ": 202 21335313 t2a2 oy; sae Li TP ey i 2 i eA ee Dil #icl AG.i\.Tennessee -- 9-00 a. eed 4 5 3 9 ECA tae fa. cs ae 5 oo 9 | if 2 ZW POXaS. os cosas Sa attets 5 4 i 12 awn 00s cee eb cls ie ie - 3 LP Be 2 6) iWnrmonta.2 fife. 2k 8 4 16 14 Joh ct iii eee See 1 1 Pall (iat ea eV ee ey BR ee 1 13 28 28 grentaelky foi 5)) o2s-: -3|oo2 2% Pry AMR Fy 3} Washington: ...52-:.-2.2 4 9 1 6 Louisiana ie 9 | 8 12 13 |] West Virginia. .......... Q liss22 sx | pee 2 Bine so. 1 | 7 17 Oi | WISCONSIN. . coco eee eee 3 13 9 4 Maryland.... 9| 16 12 § |i SWoyominke® 2.258 - 5582 yt eat 1 6 Massachusetts. . 11 35 3 Sai Canngaees 48. ee ee oe eee Tia) aston Meronigan =~. 22 c2izot.- 5 4 7 S| Ritawail fs isi oe ee cicces 5 11 14 3 truth 1 ll 9 Si JamaiGaye 5252585. ce esse. sie tee ct reese ISS neon wn n= [5 = <= <- Eee 2 IY IS WEXICO (6 - oo. 2 0. ose eee eal sae ckalaeore 1 i cae ee eee 7 7 4 4 Portehico £5 =. 3 ea eee 1 2 52 [tn ore ae See ee peer 1 3 —— ——_——— WeORMPASERR . 02020 -- fo cesle 2-20 | Guy eye 18 Totals. ....1 Rae. 248 | 391] 416| 548 De OE ee Taper tevin ee a= Jeseeee From the statistics given above it will be seen that the use of our books outside the city has more than doubled in the past four years. By far the greater number were sent to scientists connected with the state agricultural colleges and experiment stations. Although this library is a reference library and its first duty is unquestionably to the Department, it is also its duty to serve the agricultural col- leges and experiment stations, and as a part of that service it has been the policy of the library to extend the use of its collections to the scientists connected with these institutions as far as it is possible to do so without interfering with the work of the Depart- ment. It is understood that the privileges which the library is able to extend in connection with the lending of its books outside of the Department are necessarily limited, and, as far as known, they have not been abused nor has the lending of the books interfered perceptibly with the work of the Department. But even if the work were interfered with to some extent, as an offset to this, and by far overbalancing it, must be considered the many favors and benefits which scientists connected with the Department have enjoyed through the generous policy of other libraries in lending books for use in the work of the Department. An analysis of the ~ items borrowed for use outside of the city showed that about two- thirds of them were periodicals. When some cheap and simple method of exact reproduction is perfected, the problems connected with the interlibrary loans will be greatly reduced. It will then be feasible, when only parts of volumes are needed, to make copies of the articles to send out of the city instead of sending the volumes. 726 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, LIBRARY PUBLICATIONS. The publication of the quarterly bulletin of accessions entitled “Accessions to the Department Library’’ was continued through the calendar year 1909. The bulletins (Nos. 73 and 74) for the two quarters from July to December, 1909, comprised 131 pages, an average of 65 pages to a bulletin. As a quarterly bulletin is too infrequent and a bulletin of 65 pages too large for satisfactory use as a record of current accessions, it was decided to discontinue the quarterly list of accessions and to publish in its place a monthly bulletin, beginning with January, 1910. The six numbers for the period January to June, 1910, have been paged consecutively and comprise 167 pages. The classified subject arrangement which has been found useful in the quarterly bulletins has been continued in the monthly bulletins. At the end of the year an author index will be issued. As a list of accessions the Monthly Bulletin has the advantage of more frequent issue and with the publication of an author index at the end of each year its permanent usefulness as a bibliography of agricultural and scientific literature will be greatly BA a The title was changed from ‘“‘Accessions to the Depart- ment Library” to ‘‘Monthly Bulletin,’ in order to make it more comprehensive, since it is planned to include other matter besides the list of accessions. On the back cover have been printed lists of some of our desiderata. By calling attention in this way to our wants it is hoped that we will be able to acquire many publications needed to complete the library files. In addition to the Monthly Bulletin the regular series of library bulletins will be continued. It will include the miscellaneous publications of the library, such as special lists and bibliographies on various subjects. In December, 1909, was issued in this series Bulletin No. 75, entitled ‘‘List of periodicals currently received in the library of the United States Department of Agriculture.” The list was prepared by the Assistant Librarian, Miss Emma B. Hawks, and comprises 72 pages. The Report of the Librarian for 1909, a pamphlet of 16 pages, was issued in November, 1909. MAILING LISTS AND FOREIGN EXCHANGES. In the last report of the Library considerable space was given to a statement on the various mailing lists in charge of the Library. there have been no decided changes in the lists during the past year, a detailed statement in regard to them is not given in the present report. In addition to having charge of the ‘‘ Libraries List” and the various foreign mailing lists, it has also been the duty of the Library for some years to attend to the miscellaneous requests from foreign countries for publications of the Department. There has been a certain propriety in having this work in charge of the Library, in view of the close connection between exchanges and the distribution of publications. There is no doubt that by reason of its connection with the distribution of Department publications the Library has been able to increase greatly the number and value of its exchanges. But, in view of the tendency toward centralization in the distribution of government publications, it is a question whether it would not per THE LIBRARY. Med haps be advisable to transfer the work to the Division of Publications if some satisfactory cooperative arrangement can be made with the Division of Publications and the various bureaus and offices whereby the Library may have the same facilities for obtaining exchanges that it now enjoys. The time which the work in connection with the mailing lists and the distribution of publications has hitherto required of the Library could then be spent to greater advantage on that part of the work more closely connected with the activities of the Library, namely, the work of obtaining exchanges. It is gratifying to note that there is apparently an_ increasing willingness on the part of the bureaus and offices of the Department to cooperate with the Library in the matter of exchanges. Their willingness to have them addressed to the Library is especially appre- ciated, as the Library is thereby better able to keep the files complete and up to date. It is also most desirable to have in one place infor- mation in regard to all the publications received at the Department. This arrangement in Haak to exchanges, which may perhaps not unfittingly be described as a pooling of interests, undoubtedly works to the mutual advantage of the bureaus and offices of the Department. ACCESSIONS. The number of books, pamphlets, and maps added to the Library during the year was as follows: Purchases: Wolumice: £2692. 4-3) es be ieee coe Se 1, 454 LT US 7 ee eee eee Seer EOP eee ee 65 1 VE etnias Call fe aia cigar stage Ie PopeeN Sor ae 8 COGRDNUATLODS SNE See od ak Shoe ee, Sees Lie een 1, 574 eta: 2988 Bete? cette 98. e586 Jee ts Se aS 3, 101 Gifts: ane Sending ale reiterates Ser eae oer 488 UNI Eee oer Se Lt ee ee Cee ena ee te 387 wrapae Heo 29s 2. Ee Sp ene Oho Bist hin Me eos 43 Continuations..... ee Re Se aa ha che oe ate AE. Bet? ol 2, 728 SEAL... orn iat sn seagate inertia Ric eestor Accent che RR een e 3, 646 Volumes made by binding periodicals and serials. .............. 1, 409 Gran wotales A See Oe et ee Stee 8, 156 In addition to the accessions noted above, all of which were cata- logued, there were received 91 volumes, 286 pamphlets, 590 continua- tions, and 1 map, which had not yet been catalogued on July 1, 1910. The total recorded number of books and pamphlets in the Library on July 1, 1910, was 109,630. Besides new books, the Library was able to purchase during the year many rare old botanical, horticultural, and zoological works from our lists of desiderata. Considerable progress was also made in completing imperfect files of important periodicals. Among the sets completed may be noted the silica’ Annalen der oenologie. Annales forestiéres et métallurgiques. Archief voor de Java suikerindustrie. Bulletins d’arboriculture, de floriculture et de culture potagére, Deutsche dendrologische gesellschaft. Mittheilungen. P Deutsche entomologische zeitschrift Iris. 728 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Entomologists’ annual. Flora and sylva. Forstliche blitter. Forstliche mittheilungen. Jahresbericht tiber die erfahrungen und fortschritte auf dem gesamtgebiete der land wirtschatft. Klosterneuberg bei Wien, K.K. Chemisch-physiologische versuchsstation fiir wein- und obstbau in. Mittheilungen. Natuurkundig tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indié. New Zealand institute. Transactions and proceedings. Le progrés vétérinaire. Revue bryologique. Revue d’hygiéne et de police sanitaire. Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche zoologie. Zentralblatt fiir die gesamte physiologie. Zentralblatt fiir stoffwechsel- und verdauungskrankheiten. PERIODICALS. The periodicals currently received during the year numbered 2,002 different titles, exclusive of annuals and other serials of infrequent issue. The number of new titles added during the year was 136. Of the total number of periodicals received 768 were purchased and 1,234 received by gift and exchange. To the number of different periodicals purchased should be added 65 duplicates, making a total of 803 periodicals purchased. In the number of gifts and exchanges are included 305 publications of state departments and experiment stations, which, though not properly called periodicals, are neverthe- less of frequent issue and ‘are entered and circulated at the periodical desk in the same manner as the periodicals. If these 305 publications are deducted from the total number of periodicals currently received, namely, 2,002, it leaves 1,697 regular periodicals. A large proportion of the exchanges are received in duplicate, greatly adding to the amount of material handled. A count was made of the number of current unbound periodicals handled daily from May 7 to June 6, 1910, which, compared with a similar count made for May, 1909, is as follows: May 7 to May, 1909 | tune 6, 1910 (25 days). |"(95 days). New numbers received and recorded 4,523 4,923 Daily ayeraget.<. 2445 4-saeiere ee 181 197 Returns from circulation 4,731 5,104 Daily average.............- 189 204 It is impossible to keep a complete record for the whole year of the circulation of current periodicals, but the above statement of the circulation for a single month gives some idea of the growth of the work. The figures do not, however, give any adequate idea of the real circulation of the current periodicals. They represent little more than the circulation to bureaus and offices and do not for the most part include the circulation to individuals in those offices. For example, a periodical that is charged by us once at the periodical desk to the Bureau of Plant Industry library may circulate to fifteen or twenty individuals in the Bureau of Plant Industry before it is returned to the main Library. THE LIBRARY. 729 To meet the frequent demands for information regarding the periodicals received by the Library there was prepared during the past year a list of those currently received in 1909. The list, which contains 1,575 titles, is arranged alphabetically by title of the peri- odical and also has a subject index. It has proved to be very useful and has without doubt increased the circulation of the periodicals. There is need in the periodical division of another assistant whose time can be entirely devoted to work with serials, of which the Library receives not fewer than 2,500 in addition to the 2,002 peri- odicals received. To keep the files complete and up to date requires continual vigilance and a great amount of labor and correspondence. It is hoped that much more time can be devoted to this work during the next year in order that the next printed catalogue of the periodicals and serials in the Library may not show so many imperfect files. BINDING. It is especially gratifying to be able to report that 3,245 volumes were prepared for the bindery during the past year, an increase of 1,335 as compared with the previous year. This is the first increase in the number of books bound that it has been possible to report since 1906, in which year 2,463 volumes were bound. The increase of the past year was due partly to the fact that more funds were available for binding and partly to the fact that it was possible to devote more time to the work. It is hoped that it will be possible to report a still greater increase in the next fiscal year. When the number of current periodicals and serials received by the Library is taken into consideration it is evident that at least 5,000 volumes should be bound each year. Even with that annual increase it will be some years before it will be possible to catch up with the arrears which have accumulated. In addition to the 3,245 volumes sent to the government bindery, 128 volumes of periodicals were put in temporary binders. These binders are used for periodicals which need to be preserved, but which are not so frequently used as to justify permanent binding. They are also used for incomplete volumes, as they permit the inser- tion of the missing numbers when they are obtained, and in the mean- time keep the file in an orderly condition in a form convenient for use. DUPLICATES. This Library accumulates a large number of duplicates of govern- ment and state publications, and also a large number of duplicate periodicals. They are sent currently as gifts to the bureaus and offices of the Department and later find their way to the Library, which in many cases has already received copies. In spite of the time consumed in handling these duplicates and the difficulty of disposing of them, it has been the policy of the Library to encourage the bureaus and offices to send their exchanges to the Library, as valuable additions are often received in this way. Many of the duplicates would, without doubt, be appreciated by other leita: but the problem has been how to place them where they will be of use. Lack of room and assistance to devote to the care and disposal of duplicates has from time to time forced the destruction of many 730 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, publications of probable value to other libraries. For a few years previous to the spring of 1909 the Library had the privilege, as did other government libraries, of sending its duplicates to the Library of Congress, but lack of space and assistance for the work forced the Library of Congress to discontinue this arrangement. Since that time our duplicates have accumulated. Lack of sufficient work room for sorting material and the entire lack of space for storage has rendered the problem acute. As we could not, however, bring ourselves to the point of destroying this material without at least offering it to other libraries, the best makeshift arrangement which it seemed possible to make under the circumstances was to list the material, which was then packed away in sacks and stored tempo- rarily in a storeroom lent for the purpose through the courtesy of one of the offices of the Department. The list is now in preparation and is to be printed. Copies will then be sent to the state agricul- tural colleges and experiment stations for them to make selections. The future policy of the Library in connection with the disposal of its duplicates will depend lanl on the demands for the items in this list. With proper cooperation and encouragement from the state agricultural colleges and experiment stations it would seem a legitimate function of this Library to act as a clearing house for the exchange of agricultural duplicates, but the expense connected with the work would not seem justified unless there is an urgent demand for the service. CATALOGUES. The total number of books, pamphlets, maps, and continuations catalogued during the year was 8,156. There were added to the main catalogue 25,023 cards and 3,697 were withdrawn, making the net addition 21,326 cards, an increase of 3,715 in comparison with the number added to the catalogue during the previous year. It is estimated that the main dictionary catalogue now contains approxi- mately 240,000 cards. It contains the following: (1) Author and subject cards for books contained in this Library; (2) index cards for the publications of the Department of Agriculture; (3) index cards for three foreign agricultural journals; (4) cards published by the American Library Association indexing scientific serials; (5) cards published by the New York Botanical Garden for current botanical literature; (6) Library of Congress cards for books of in- terest to the Department contained in the Library of Congress and the libraries of the Geological Survey and the Bureau of Education; (7) index cards for various miscellaneous publications. From the above it will be seen that the catalogue is to some extent an index catalogue, for it contains in one alphabet not only catalogue cards for books but also index entries for articles contained .in books and periodicals. Considerable difficulty has been found in combining the catalogue and index entries, but the advantages of having only one catalogue in which to look for information in regard to the resources of the Library have made us hesitate to change the present arrangement. There is, however, great need of a revision of the catalogue, especially in regard to the subject headings. It would also be desirable to have our subject headings conform as far as possible to the subject headings used by the Library of Congress,, THE LIBRARY. 7381 which are coming more and more to be regarded as the standard. The Library of Congress and this Library have in general endeavored to cooperate in regard to the subject headings relating to agriculture, but a more systematic attempt toward conformity should without doubt be made. It is hoped that within the next year it will be possible to make a beginning in the revision of the catalogue, for the longer it is delayed the greater the undertaking will be. With the exception of the pamphlets and serials, it was possible to keep fairly up to date the cataloguing of the accessions of the past year. th order to shorten the process of cataloguing the pam- phlets, which were accumulating at a rapid rate, it was decided about three years ago to make for the less important ones only temporary author cards with an abbreviated imprint and to keep the pamphlets thus catalogued in a separate collection in pamphlet boxes arranged by the subjects of the classification. As the pamphlets are kept by Hassles, it will be possible to catalogue them more fully, as a whole or in part, when time permits, and, in the meantime, they are at least made available from the author side and the arrangement of them by subjects takes the place to some extent of the subject entries in the catalogue. During the past year 588 pamphlets were catalogued in this way. The number of titles prepared during the year by the Library for printing by the Library of Congress in what is known as the “‘ Agr” series is as follows: (1) Cards for accessions, 1,439; (2) cards for cur- rent Department publications, 405; (3) reprinted cards for Depart- ment publications, 762; (4) cards for foreign agricultural periodicals, 109; total, 2,715, an increase of 647 over the number of titles printed last Na The record of the number of titles prepared since 1902, in which year the es of our cards by the Library of Congress was begun, is as follows: Hevember, 1002+ 10: Jund,, 1903-22 .26< 0) jos aed cect. dc 2k uc wo 1, 059 1 RLS Re Ch OR a ee. Pee eee eee eee 880 Wee ete iret en re tt ne et 3, 961 July, 1905, to June, 1906........... Sener e Sam Sh teen Wore) enay 1A) 1, 568 paky 11906; to Juin, TOO/oiies 0. ces) a 2, 584 ®aly.-1007. to,June, 2008. 228.3). 4i shies wel sei x be gals coh 1, 286 Ee TOs UNO Na ea ni Bons ei ee oe ews net ente cue 2, 068 Peet AD SU DUO LOT chon San ans acne sacs gunk a wagiekte neat ie 2, 715 Matas cee Ol all neo ata oh 16, 121 Since a very large proportion of the works on agriculture was cata- logued previous to 1902, printed cards have been prepared for onl a comparatively small part of this Library’s collections on agricul- ture. In the subject of agriculture the Library of Congress has pre- pared printed cards for only the copyrighted books since 1898, its accessions by gift, purchase, or exchange received since 1901, and for the books recatalogued since that date. No accurate count of the printed cards on agriculture has been made, but it is estimated that approximately 10,000 cards are available. As it would be desirable to have printed cards for all the books on agriculture contained in this Library and the Library of Congress, the possibility of making some cooperative arrangement with the Library of Congress for the carrying out of this useful bibliographical undertaking has been con- sidered, but on account of the pressure of other work no definite steps have been taken in the matter. 732 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CATALOGUE CARDS FOR DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PUBLICATIONS. During the past year the Library has prepared cards for all the current publications of the Department, the number of titles being 405, an increase of 67 as compared with the previous year. The revision and reprinting of the cards issued by thee Library previous to 1906 was les completed. Cards for all the publications of the Department for which it has thus far been agen advisable to print cards are now available at the Library of Congress. The complete collection of author, subject, and title cards up to July, 1910, com- prises approximately 14,000 cards and costs about $100. ‘The cards issued by this Library previous to 1906 and the cards for current publications of the Department issued since that date have been distributed free to the libraries of the state agricultural colleges and experiment stations, but it was not thought justifiable, on account of the great expense it involved, for the Department to distribute free to the above institutions the set of revised cards for the publica- tions issued previous to 1906. A very liberal arrangement was, however, Bae by the Library of Congress whereby libraries having sets of the old cards in the large (33°) size or the small (32°) size are enabled to exchange them for the revised set at about half of what the set would otherwise cost. As the 33° size card (about 3 by 5 inches) is now almost universally used in American libraries, it was decided during the past year to discontinue printing a special edition of the cards in the 32° or index size, but to cut to the 32° size enough 33° size cards to keep up the sets of the small size which con- tinue to be maintained by agricultural colleges and experiment sta- tions. The new arrangement in regard to the 32° size cards went into effect with the cards for the publications of 1910. A circular letter was sent out on February 17, calling attention to the change and to the offer of the Library of Congress referred to above in regard to exchanging sets in the small size for the revised sets in the large size. In addition to this arrangement for exchanging cards the Library of Congress, as pointed out last year, has also made provision for ‘‘verifying the files now located in libraries and experiment sta- tions by preparing a traveling catalogue showing the cards which should be in the set and the arrangement recommended by the Library of the Department of Agriculture.” It has seemed worth while to call special attention to both of these offers of the Library of Congress, as a large number of changes have necessarily been made in the author and subject headings on the old cards, and it is believed that libraries possessing the cards will wish to take advantage of one or the other offer. BUREAU AND DIVISION LIBRARIES. In the report of the Library for the last year a somewhat extended account was given of the various bureau and division libraries. Dur- ing the past year the work of each of these libraries has grown, the collections have increased, and in some cases the material equipment has been greatly improved. It can not, however, be said that the problem of the relation of these libraries to the main Library is as yet much nearer solution. Whatever the ultimate solution may be, THE LIBRARY. 733 there are many evidences of the need of greater cooperation than now exists. There is at the present time an excellent spirit in this matter, but the general willingness to cooperate needs to be put in more concrete form. One of the greatest difficulties in the way at present is the lack, except in a few cases, of real familiarity on the part of the librarians of the bureaus and divisions with the methods and work of the main Library and a similar lack of familiarity on the part of the main Library with the work and needs of the bureau and division libraries. This unfamiliarity is no doubt due largely to the fact that the bureau and division libraries as now organized are independent in their administration as far as the main Library is concerned. It seems desirable that some provision be made by law whereby it will be legally possible for assistants from the main Library to be detailed temporarily to the bureau and office libraries, and librarians from the bureau and division libraries detailed temporarily to the main Library. Such an arrangement, the main object of which would be to familiarize those engaged in any part of the work with the library work of the whole Department, would without doubt result in greater cooperation and increased efficiency in the library work of the whole Department, and would also be an advantage in emergencies arising from the absence of assistants. In recommend- ing legal provision for such an interchange of library assistants in the Department without formal transfer on the salary rolls there is no thought of making the changes compulsory in any case. To bring about the desired results the interchange must in every instance be acceptable to the bureau or division concerned as well as to the Library. There can be little doubt that the solution for the Department of the problem of indexing and the closely related problem of biblio- graphical work rests largely with the librarians of elie various bureaus rid offices, for they come in closer contact with the work of the bureaus and divisions and are therefore better able to know their needs. If through cooperation this special knowledge is put at the service of the main Library the combined efforts ought to do much toward placing the indexing and the bibliographical work of the Department on a more satisfactory basis. AGRICULTURAL LIBRARIES SECTION. (AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION.) Special mention is made of the annual conference of the American Library Association held at Mackinac Island June 30 to July 7, 1910, in view of the fact that the two sessions of the Agricultural Libraries Round Table held in connection with the meeting represented the first attempt to bring together librarians of agricultural libraries and those interested in agricultural literature for the discussion of their special roblems. Mr. J. I. Wyer, jr., director of the New York State ibrary, presided as chairman at the two sessions. The titles of the papery presented were as follows: (1) Agricultural libraries; (2) ‘raveling libraries for farmers; (3) Agricultural collections in public libraries; (4) Agricultural literature in the reference library; (5) Instruction of students in the use of agricultural and scientific litera- ture; (6) Relation of the experiment station library to the college 734 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. library; (7) Guides to recent agricultural literature; (8) Classifica- tion of agricultural literature; (9) Indexing agricultural literature; (10) Agricultural periodicals, their selection and preservation. The sessions were Hy attended and the papers and discussions were interesting and helpful. At the close of the meeting it was voted that the officers of the American Library Association be communi- cated with in regard to forming a permanent Agricultural Libraries Section. Such a section should be effective in bringing about closer cooperation among agricultural libraries, in furthering their advance- ment, and in stimulating interest in agricultural literature. As further evidence of the increasing interest in agricultural libra- ries and agricultural literature and of the efforts on the part of librarians to serve the farmers, it is also of interest to note that the League of Library Commissions, which held its seventh annual meet- ing in connection with the American Library Association conference at Mackinac, devoted one of its sessions to the general subject of commission work with the farmer. The following papers were pre- sented: (1) The farmer, his book and his heart; (2) Possibilities of direct. service to individual farmers, including the location of tray- eling libraries through granges, agricultural societies, farmers’ clubs, rural schools, etc.; (3) Cooperation on the part of the commission with public libraries in their efforts to reach the farmer. The papers presented at the meetings of the Agricultural Libraries Round Table and the League of Library Commissions are to be pub- lished in whole or in part in the Proceedings of the American Library Association and will form an interesting contribution to a branch of library work which has hitherto received little attention. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. U. S. DeparTMENT or AGRICULTURE, Orrice oF EXPERIMENT STATION Washington, D. C., October 15, 1910. Srr: I have the honor to present herewith the report of the Office of Experiment Stations for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910. Respectfully, A. C. True, Director. Hon. James WILson, Secretary of Agriculture. INTRODUCTION. As in previous years, the work of the Office of Experiment Stations during the last year has included the supervision of the expenditures of federal funds by the agricultural experiment stations in the several States; conferences and correspondence with station officers regarding the management, equipment, and work of the stations; the collection and dissemination of information regarding the progress of agricul- tural education and research throughout the world by means of tech- nical and popular bulletins; the management of the agricultural experiment stations in Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Guam; the promotion of the interests of agricultural colleges and schools and farmers’ institutes throughout the United States; special investiga- tions on irrigation and drainage conducted largely in cooperation with experiment stations, educational institutions, and other agencies in different States and Territories; and the investigation of problems relating to the food and nutrition of man. RELATIONS WITH AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The duties of the Office in relation to the work and expenditures of the experiment stations continue to increase in volume and in variety. This results from the growing complexity of the business of the stations now that the Adams fund has reached the maximum and state funds have been largely increased. The multiplicity of duties which the stations are now expected to perform requires greater attention to general policy as applied to the use of the federal funds, and raises a large number of questions in the administration of the experimental and research work. 735 736 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, To meet the demand for studies of problems involving special or local conditions, the work of the stations is being scattered over the States more broadly than formerly. Not only are demonstration and experimental farms being conducted under state appropriations, but the station experts are extending their investigations to particu- lar localities. Where the Adams fund is expended in connection with such investigation away from the station it has been deemed desirable to include it in our annual inspection, and this increases the time required for an examination of the station work. The wisdom of a close scrutiny of the work and the expenditures under the federal funds continues to be evident. The growth of interest in the teaching work of the colleges and in extension work has led to conditions calling for a reapportionment of salaries in a number of cases. The Office continues to insist that the colleges and the States must make full provision for the teaching and extension duties, One result of the growing activities of the stations has been a too general use of the Hatch fund for administrative and similar ex- penses without sufficient definite experimental work. The Office has maintained that the Hatch fund should not be drawn upon to provide for the general administration of the stations operating with liberal state appropriations, but that definite experimental work should be in progress under the Hatch fund as well as the Adams fund. It is more and more evident that those stations which have no regular state appropriations will find increasing difficulty in meeting the calls made upon them by their constituents in the way of simple or local trials, the giving out of general information, answering miscel- laneous correspondence, preparation of popular bulletins, ete. We have strongly urged the procuring of state appropriations and have enforced the necessity of this by holding the use of the federal funds strictly for experimental purposes. Such state appropriations are now available in a large majority of cases. Several cases have arisen during the past year which have called for an unusual amount of attention from the Office. These have usually arisen in connection with the removal of the director of the station. In such cases where the efficiency of the station work under the federal funds has been involved it has been necessary for the De- partment to interfere and to prescribe conditions which must be recog- nized and met by the local authorities. In some instances this has resulted in the temporary withholding of the federal funds and in the enforcement of the principles which must govern in the selection of station officers and in the management of the institution. There con- tinues to be within some boards of control a wrong impression of their duties to the station and a wrong attitude toward its conduct. The practice of interfering in the conduct of work after the general plan has been approved, and with the expenditure of the funds for the purposes necessary to carry out such work, is a misconception of the duties of a board of control, which it has been necessary to resist in a number of instances. During the past few years the work of the agricultural colleges has expanded in various directions. The number of students of college grade has greatly increased, the range and number of courses of instruction has materially enlarged, and the activities of the colleges in various lines of extension work have been greatly multiplied. At OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 137 the same time their funds for experimental work have more than doubled. These institutions are therefore in constant process of reor- ganization and in many places the readjustment of the organization has not kept pace with the increase of duties. It is evident that a more ample plan of administration must be adopted before the most efficient service in all lines can be performed. Presidents and deans are not the only administrative officers required by the new situation. The experiment station, as the research division of the college, has in itself become of such size and importance that it needs a distinct officer to administer its affairs. The proper management of an experi- ment station having an annual income of from $30,000 to $75,000 or more and operations covering many branches of agricultural science and practice, with vital relations to the daily interests of many thou- sands of people, is a large matter and involves a heavy responsibility. To achieve the best results the station director should follow the busi- ness of the station closely, know definitely what is going on in the dif- ferent departments, and study carefully the relation of the station’s work to that of other similar institutions and to the agriculture of the State, the nation, and the world. This can hardly be done in a satis- factory way when his service as director is merely incidental to other exacting and time-consuming duties. The attempt to cover so much administrative ground is too often shown in the lack of a clearly de- fined policy, the absence of adequate supervision of expenditures, and general unfamiliarity with the plans and work of the several depart- ments. Very many of the difficulties in detail encountered by the Office in the supervision of the federal funds given to the stations now arise from lack of adequate local administration. The Office is therefore urging the consideration of this fundamental question and has widely discussed it with station officers during the past year. In several States there has been an increased tendency toward differentiation of effort and duties on the part of the station staff, relieving them in large degree from college and inspection work and extension duties. Such a conserving of their time and relief from distracting interruption is proving to be a great advantage, which is reflected in more advanced and productive investigations and in a greater attractiveness of the positions. Men are coming to consider the opportunity for work, represented by the conditions, as well as the salary which the position carries. While the Office is following closely and criticising frankly the work and expenditures of the stations, it is also deeply impressed with the augmenting scientific and practical strength and impor- tance of their operations, as well as the growing appreciation of the value of their results by the agricultural people throughout the United States. The granting of federal aid to original research under the Adams Act has been abundantly justified in that it has materially raised the level of scientific aim and accuracy of the operations of the stations. Instead of minimizing their more prac- tical work this has led the States to increase largely their funds for substations and special experimental work. The American system of agricultural experiment stations is therefore more comprehensive, far-reaching, and permanently established than ever before. One further step is needed to complete this system and demon- strate to the world that our agricultural progress is being perma- nently assured because it rests on a scientific foundation. A suitable 73477°—acr 1910——47 738 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, agency for publishing the research work of the stations is still lack- ing and the need for this is becoming more acute as time goes on. Investigations in various lines are being brought to completion and the data await publication. In one instance very extensive records of the relation of feed to the requirement of dairy cows have been in progress for many years, without any visible outlet for their publica- tion. In another the results of bacteriological studies of the soil in relation to fertility are filed away ready to be published when oppor- tunity offers. Others, embodying the results of long-continued field experiments, are confined to the record books of the station, and the product of studies upon the principles of breeding plants and animals are accumulating in volume. There is at present no outlook in sight for the publication of a series of fundamental studies on the function of food in animal nutrition, physiological investigations in relation to ventilation, investigations on the rusts of plants, the relation of environment to disease in plants, life-history studies of economic in- sects, and a long list of investigations of a character too technical for presentation in the station bulletins. In a number of known in- stances the attempt has not been made to compile the data for final publication because of the lack of any suitable agency through which to issue it; and this difficulty of securing adequate publication has been a discouraging element to station investigators, who have seen the readiness with which more popular work was printed and the in- terest and credit which it brought. The encouragement of research would be one of the most potent results of providing a suitable scien- tific journal for the presentation of results. In one or two instances the pressure upon the stations has been relieved by starting a technical series of bulletins, but this is only partially satisfactory, as the bulletins are easily lost and the accounts of the work are widely scattered. The individual articles do not reach the scientific readers they should, and they are not listed and indexed with scientific publications, and hence are likely to be lost sight of in a short time. The experience with the station bulletins in the past is an indication of the unsatisfactory character of a tech- nical series for the research work. Collections of these bulletins are very largely confined to the libraries of a few institutions and still fewer individuals, with the result that often the only record of the station investigations available to the general public is to be found in abstract journals. Aside from this, the results of these researches are not merely of local interest within the State where they are made, but are most of them of national interest as marking the progress of science in agriculture. Their publication in a form which will be conveniently accessible is therefore a matter of national concern. In some instances the purely practical deductions from these in- vestigations have been set forth in popular bulletins, which, how- ever, give a decidedly inadequate idea of the real character of the investigations or of the nature of the data upon which the summaries rest. The publication of these researches in technical and scientific journals has met with only partial success, the objection being that the papers are widely scattered and they do not reach the audience it is desired to reach. A considerable number of papers have been published in foreign periodicals and in a foreign tongue. One worker has had accepted by a foreign journal of agricultural science a paper which has been awaiting publication for over a year. The OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 739 same worker has tried the publication of his work in an American technical journal, but finds it does not reach the proper audience.. We are thus obliged to confess to a humiliating lack of a proper American medium for the presentation of such material to the world. though we are maintaining the most comprehensive system of insti- tutions for agricultural research. There is now very active interest among station workers in this matter of a suitable organ for the publication of their work. The material for publication is already accumulating, and the wide inter- est at present felt in agriculture makes the collection and preservation of these papers a matter of the utmost importance at this juncture. RELATIONS WITH INSTITUTIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. During the past year there has been a very rapid development of public interest in the broader phases of agricultural education. It is now clearly seen that the right solution of the problems of country life and agricultural production will depend very largely on an effective system of practical education which will reach the masses of men, women, and children on the farms. The complexity of the problems involved in organizing proper agencies for such education and the immensity of the task involved in reaching the millions of our rural population are as yet only dimly realized. The relations of the national and state departments of agriculture, the agricultural colleges, schools and experiment stations, and public and private schools to this movement are not yet well defined. Special problems are constantly arising in different regions. Attempts are being made in many places to organize this work without taking into account the results of experience elsewhere. State and local officials and organi- zations, voters, and men and women interested in promoting the gen- eral welfare of our agricultural communities, are seeking light on the questions involved in the organization of agricultural education. This Office is endeavoring to study these problems in a broad way, to collect information from many sources, and to spread abroad through- out the country definite information which may be of use to those who are engaged in the work of diffusing practical education in agri- culture in the several States. A part of this work can be done through publications, but much of it requires personal touch with the com- munities and officers seeking our aid. Our work under present con- ditions is entirely inadequate to meet the situation. Confining our efforts to giving aid to the state organizations and officers charged with the immediate responsibility for promoting this movement, we need a larger and more permanent force than can be maintained with the funds now at our disposal. Our agents for this service should be men and women with broad educational and practical training, and with marked ability to present the subject clearly and effectively in publications, addresses, and conferences. Much of their success will depend on their continuance in our service after their ability for broad leadership in this enterprise has been demonstrated. The amount of money required to secure and maintain the needed force for such service as is appropriate for the Department of Agriculture to perform in promoting agricultural education throughout the United States is relatively very small. It is hoped, therefore, that a way will be found to provide such additional funds as will enable "40 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. our agricultural education service to meet more fully the demands which the States and Territories are making upon it. I recommend that at least $10,000 be added to the appropriation for the work of this Office in agricultural education for the fiscal year 1912. The educational work of the Office is divided into two sections, one dealing with agricultural colleges and schools and the other with farmers’ institutes and other forms of extension work in agriculture. THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS. The recent growth of sentiment in favor of agricultural education through colleges and schools has been more rapid than even the most sanguine friends of the movement dared to anticipate. Since Octo- ber, 1908, the number of institutions in the United States giving in- struction in agriculture has increased from 545 to 875, a gain of 330 institutions. In other words, the lists published by this Office in May of this year contained 60 per cent more names of colleges and schools teaching agriculture than did the lists published nineteen months earlier. This remarkable increase in the facilities for agricultural education has occurred largely among the secondary institutions—the agricul- tural high schools and the public and private high schools and academies, of which there are now 630 with students in agriculture. This number does not include normal schools and other institutions conducting teacher-training courses in agriculture, of which there are now 214. Much of this work is secondary, but some of it is ele- mentary and some collegiate. Such developments among the institutions that look to the agri- cultural education service of this Office for publications and for ad- vice concerning teachers, courses of study, equipment, methods of instruction, and in general, the relation of their work to the practical problems involved in agricultural production and the satisfactory development of home and social life in rural communities, have naturally resulted in heavier demands upon this service than could be met satisfactorily with exactly the same staff and the same ap- propriation as in the previous year. Consequently the work of the Office in relation to agricultural colleges and schools has not changed materially. We are aiding them as far as we can, but very inadequately. There has been, as formerly, clearing-house work for these institu- tions, cooperation with them and with associations representing their interests, and expert services in connection with the inauguration of new agricultural educational institutions, courses, and projects. This work has been in charge of Mr. D. J. Crosby, specialist in agricultural education, who has been assisted by Mr. F. W. Howe, assistant in agricultural education; Miss M. T. Spethmann, in charge of statis- tics and the review of foreign literature on agricultural education; and Miss M. A. Agnew, in charge of the card directory of teachers and investigators in agriculture and of the organization lists of agri- cultural colleges and experiment stations. é In addition to the regular editorial work of the agricultural education service in connection with the department of agricultural education OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 741 in the Experiment Station Record, which involved the review of more than 3,000 American and foreign publications, and the prepara- tion of the annual organization lists, statistics, review of progress in agricultural education, and lists of educational publications and in- stitutions, the service has published special bulletins and circulars concerning secondary agricultural education, boys’ and girls’ agri- cultural clubs, forestry in nature study, normal school instruction in agriculture, and testing seed corn in school, and has submitted for publication manuscripts dealing with a secondary course in animal production, agricultural instruction in the public high schools of the United States, school exercises in plant production, and school les- sons on corn. Studies of American and foreign schools in which agriculture is taught have been continued. The card index relating to the Ameri- can schools now contains over 6,000 cards. The card directory of American teachers and investigators in agriculture has undergone its annual revision and now contains about 2,100 names. In con- nection with the directory, a list of applicants for positions and a list of vacancies in institutions are kept closely up to date. The direc- tory and these lists facilitate greatly the large correspondence of the Office regarding the personnel of the institutions concerned. Educational work in cooperation with the Association of Ameri- ean Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations has been con- tinued. The Director of this Office has continued to act as bibliog- rapher of the association, as chairman of its committees on instruc- tion in agriculture and on the history of agricultural education, and as dean of the Graduate School of Agriculture, the fourth session of which was held at Ames, Iowa, during July of this year. The spe- cialist in agricultural education, as secretary of the association com- mittee, has recently submitted for publication a secondary course in animal production, which was prepared for the committee by Prof. H. R. Smith, of the University of Nebraska. The specialist in agricultural education and his assistant have attended many conferences and large educational gatherings and have assisted school officers and teachers in many ways through cor- respondence and personal advice. The Office has also occasionally sent out other members of its staff and specialists from other bureaus to address educational gatherings and to assist agricultural schools along their lines of specialization, and would employ this very effective method more freely if funds for travel were available. Cooperation with other bureaus of the Department has also taken form in the preparation of educational bulletins and circulars. One circular prepared in the Forest Service has been published and a bulletin on rural school consolidation, prepared by a special agent of the Bureau of Statistics, has just recently come from the press. Cooperation along these and other similar lines might well be extended with resulting great benefit to the colleges and schools that are endeavoring to carry in an effective way, to the people living upon the land, the results of investigation on the part of this Depart- ment and the state agricultural experiment stations. PLANS For 1911-12. During the ensuing fiscal year there will be no material change in the work of the agricultural education service of this Office. The 742 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, work in hand will be earried on, but there will not be sufficient funds for the investigation of specific problems in agricultural education, nor for the preparation of several much-needed publications requir- ing the accumulation of original data. This will be a serious handi- cap to the usefulness of the service, because just at this time of rapid development a relatively large amount of field work among educa- tional institutions is desirable and necessary, if the Office is to per- form its logical function as a clearing house for agricultural educa- tion in the United States. Numerous state conferences of college and normal school men, superintendents of education, representatives of agricultural associa- tions, and others influential in public affairs are being held, and many more are likely to be held in the near future, to discuss and decide upon a rational policy for the promotion and organization of agri- cultural instruction in the colleges, normal schools, and public schools, and in nearly every case this Office is asked to send some one to the conference in an advisory capacity, some one who can give the dele- gates a broader view of the situation than that bounded by state lines, who can give them advice based on the experience of other States in similar lines. It would seem to be a legitimate and important func- tion of the agricultural education service of this Office to perform such services; but if the Office is to give sound advice in these matters it must have information based upon a careful and minute study of methods and facilities used and results attained in agricultural col- leges and schools all over the United States and in other countries where conditions are comparable with our own. Neither attendance at these important conferences nor a compre- hensive study of agricultural education can be made with existing available funds. There should be additional specialists in agricul- tural education to make the necessary investigations and additional clerical assistance to help in preparing the results of these and other investigations for publication, in order that each new project in the teaching of agriculture may have the accumulated experience grow- ing out of the development of other like projects. FARMERS’ INSTITUTES AND EXTENSION WORK. Forty-two States and Territories have reported upon their farmers’ institute work for the past year. One State had no institutes owing to the failure of its legislature to make appropriation for the purpose. The other 41 give the entire number of institutes held at 4,879. This is a gain of 231 over the number held in these States the previous year. Of the 4,879 institutes held, 3,002 were one-day institutes, 1,713 two-day, and 164 three or more days. The year before the same States reported 4,748 institutes, of which 2,892 were one-day, 1,716 two-day, and 140 three or more days, showing that the tendency is to increase the number of one-day institutes, due, no doubt, to an effort by the state directors to accommodate a larger number of localities with institute service. The most reliable method for determining the progress of the work is through the number of sessions and the average attendance at these sessions. Estimated by this method, the institutes for 1909-10 are considerably in advance of those of any previous year. Forty States report 14,964 sessions, an increase of 4,748 over the OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 743 year before. The attendance at the regular institutes in 40 States reporting was 2,188,640, as against 2,137,862 for the same States the previous year. If the States that have not yet reported show an attendance equal to that of the year 1909, the total for the past year will reach 2,291,703, a gain of 50,778. The appropriation in 40 States for institutes for the year was $386,126.04. The amount for the previous year for-these States was $323,482.90, showing an increase for the past year of $62,643.04. If the other States not reporting equal their appropriations for 1909, the total for 1910 will amount to $408,309.63, a much larger sum than has heretofore been given for institute support in any single year in the history of the institute movement. In addition to carrying on the work of the regular institutes the States have been maintaining numerous special meetings of institute character. Several of these special forms of activity are rapidly becoming of such importance as to require organizations of their own to be specially equipped for rendering the particular kind of service that each interest requires. One of these special forms is the mov- able school of agriculture. Ninety-one of these schools were held last year, with an attendance of 65,977. Field demonstration is also rapidly coming into use as a most effective method of teaching agri- culture to farming people. One State reports an attendance of 1,100 persons upon these demonstrations and others held meetings of this character with great advantage, but have failed to indicate the num- ber in attendance. The agricultural train is another form of institute activity that has developed with great rapidity and promises to be an effective means of disseminating agricultural information. Twenty-six trains are reported to have been run during the year, with an attendance of 182,745. To equip and conduct an instruction train so as to serve in the best possible way the interests of farming people requires care- ful planning as to routes to be taken and subjects to be presented and a special outfit of men and material. There is room here for special study by experts to make this character of work most efficient. Four hundred and one women’s institutes were held during the year, with an attendance of 4,850. This is a comparatively new field of education and one that is worthy of special attention by institute directors. In developing this form of extension the institute is en- deavoring to direct and strengthen that which underlies ail improve- ment in rural affairs—the character and influence of the home. In- stitutes for women, therefore, because of their extreme importance, ought to have recognition in future extension work equal, at least, with those for men, and institute workers should devote themselves with as great earnestness and energy to the development of this form of extension activity as they have exhibited in developing institutes for men. One hundred and sixty sessions of institutes for young people were held during this year, with an attendance of 21,422. This is another field that has been much neglected and that needs special attention by all who are interested in or responsible for rural betterment. _ The directors in two States report that 50,000 school children were visited and addressed by their institute lecturers during the year, A number of others report similar service, but do not give the schools 744 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, visited or the number of children in attendance. It is safe, how- ever, from the data furnished, to assume that at least 100,000 school children were visited by agricultural experts during the year and given some instruction in rural affairs. Fourteen States held 288 independent institutes, attended by 94,523 persons. Sixteen States held 138 sessions of round-up meetings, with an attendance of 42,141. Two special-subject institutes were re- ported, with an attendance of 1,600, and two States reported picnics, with an attendance of 15,241, addressed by institute lecturers, while one State reports a normal class consisting of 147 persons for the instruction of teachers. The total reported attendance at all institutes, both regular and special, for the year was 2,666,940. If the States not yet reporting show an attendance at their regular institutes equal to that of the year before, the total will be over 2,700,000. The agricultural colleges and experiment stations have continued to aid the institutes by detailing members of their faculties and sta- tion staffs for lecture service. Four hundred and eighteen of these lecturers, representing the agricultural colleges and experiment sta- tions in 35 States, were engaged in institute work last year. Thirty of these States report the days of service contributed by the lecturers at 38,755. In the previous year 43 States reported 459 college and station men engaged in this work, and of these States 34 reported the days contributed at 3,881. It will thus be seen that there has been a considerably larger contribution of time to institute work during the past year by the colleges and stations than was the case during the year before. The rapid growth of the farmers’ institute movement in this coun- try compels attention to the immediate need for more qualified teach- ers to give instruction in agricultural institutes, colleges, and schools. The lack of a sufficient number of capable agricultural instructors, particularly for peripatetic work, is now seriously felt in all of the States, and unless some effective method is devised and introduced for enlarging the number more rapidly than existing agencies have hitherto done a most embarrassing situation will confront those who are responsible for this instruction. There is immediate need for a careful study of this problem with a view to its solution. Women’s institutes are just now beginning their development. In- stitutes for young people can scarcely be said to be started, but are an acknowledged and immediate necessity. Peripatetic work in agri- culture along demonstration and advisory lines must be undertaken in the near future and be promoted in a vigorous and extensive way if agriculture is to progress as rapidly as the necessities of the people require. These new lines of effort will not only require a large num- ber of men and women in addition to those now engaged in school, college, and station work to conduct them, but they will demand a different kind of educated man than the institutions responsible for agricultural education have hitherto produced. The future teacher who is to occupy this field must have wide and successful experience in the practical side of the subject that he is to present if he is to be a capable and safe adviser of other men. To devise a method that will supply such men in large numbers, who will be willing to devote their time to agricultural teaching and the dissemination of agricultural information, is the next great prob- OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 745, lem to be solved. There is needed for its solution a force of experts to give attention to investigation in agricultural economics with a view to increasing the profits of production to the individual farmer as well as for investigating the social conditions of country life with a view to the betterment of rural living. There is also needed a corps of men and women to study broadly the problems of rural education, both as regards the teaching of agriculture to resident students in colleges and schools and the discovery of effective methods for carrying practical information of agricultural character to the great mass of people out of school and for whose education in agri- culture adequate provision has not been made. The lack of infor- mation in these directions and the entire absence of uniformity in method among educators in carrying on such work or of knowledge of each other’s practice are sufficient reasons for the organization of such a force. Obviously this is a large matter. We have yet to learn how to bring the results of scientific investigation and the best practical experience home to the masses of our rural population so as to ma- terially increase production per acre and make country life more generally satisfactory. The work of the Office relating to farmers’ institutes and kindred organizations has been along practically the same lines as in previous years, the collecting of statistics showing the condition of the farmers’ Institute movement in this country and abroad; the publishing of reports, circulars, and bulletins of information; lecturing before farmers’ organizations and educational associations; and conducting correspondence, especially with state organizations and officers in charge of farmers’ institutes and similar work. Owing to the rapidly growing interest in college extension in agri- culture, the duties of the institute specialist, who is acting as secre- tary of the committee on extension work of the Association of Ameri- ean Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, have been quite considerably increased. Collecting statistical information, visiting educational institutions, and lecturing before extension workers indi- cate the general character of the work. Similar service has been per- formed for the American Association of Farmers’ Institute Workers, involving, among other things, the editing of the report of the pro- ceedings. The work of the Office has been materially aided through the assistance of Dr. J. M. Stedman, whose appointment as assistant farmers’ institute specialist was made a year ago. With the broadening of the work of educating the masses of our rural population, the farmers’ institutes are no longer the only public agencies for such service, and it is practically impossible to draw any strict line of demarcation between them and the other agencies for what is now generally denominated extension work in agriculture. It is therefore recommended that the language of the appropriation act be changed so as to give definite authority for aiding extension departments as well as farmers’ institutes, PUBLICATIONS OF THE OFFICE. _ The growth of the work of the Office during the year has resulted in an increase in amount of published matter. During the fiscal year the Department published 86 documents, aggregating 4,824 746 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. pages, prepared by this Office, not including revised reprints, sepa- rates, and minor miscellaneous publications. ‘These documents in- clude 20 numbers of Experiment Station Record, 12 technical bulle- tins, a report of the Alaska experiment stations, 2 reports of the Oflice, 17 Farmers’ Bulletins (including 5 numbers of Experiment Station Work), 17 circulars, 12 monthly lists of experiment station publications, 2 farmers’ institute lectures, and 3 lists of publications of the Office on irrigation, drainage, and agricultural education. Two other numbers of Experiment Station Record, 3 technical bulle- tins, 1 annual report of the Office, 3 Farmers’ Bulletins, 1 article for the Yearbook of the Department, and several miscellaneous docu- ments containing about 1050 pages were prepared and submitted for publication before the close of the fiscal year. Twelve separates of individual articles contained in larger reports, aggregating 436 pages, were reprinted in editions of varying size to supply requests for the articles. Several of the earlier technical and Farmers’ Bulletins prepared by the Office were exhausted during the year and were reprinted with additions and corrections. In addition to the above, 2 reports and 5 bulletins of the Hawaii Station and 2 reports and 3 bulletins of the Porto Rico Station, although printed locally by the stations, were edited in the Office. The most important increases in the publication work of the Office were in the case of Experiment Station Record and in Farmers’ Bulletins contributed by the Office. In accordance with the plan outlined in the last annual report, Volumes X XI and XXII of Experiment Station Record were issued during the year. Each volume has consisted of six monthly and two additional or, as they are termed, abstract numbers, together with the customary author and subject indexes. The adoption of the plan of having two volumes a year has proved advantageous, as it has made possible the issuing of the indexes more promptly than could be done with but one volume per year, and has also resulted in a less bulky and more convenient volume for binding. As in previous years, the numbers have been made up largely of abstracts of agricultural literature, together with brief notes on the organization, equipment, and development of institutions for agri- cultural education and research in this country and abroad, and, in the case of the regular monthly numbers, of editorials and special articles on important phases of the progress of agricultural investiga- tion and science. The abstracts have, as usual, covered the publica- tions of the agricultural experiment stations of the United States and the United States Department of Agriculture, researches of experiment stations and similar institutions in all parts of the world, and a large number of articles having a direct bearing upon agricultural science and practice published in book form or in the domestic and foreign journals. With the steady development of agricultural agencies the number of articles to be abstracted has continued to increase, but the addi- tion of the abstract numbers has materially relieved the congestion of accumulated material, reduced the interval which must elapse before the publication of abstracts, and to some extent permitted a more complete review of the literature and the preparation of somewhat more extended abstracts. A total of 7,048 abstracts were included OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 747 in the two volumes, by far the largest number in any year, and 1,716 in excess of the number in Volume XX. As time goes on, the value of the Record as a great repository of information pertaining to agriculture, otherwise available only by an extended examination of the enormous mass of literature which has been published, continues to increase. The 22 volumes thus far issued contain references to no fewer than 78,698 articles, besides editorials, special articles, and notes. The experiment station reports abstracted have alone numbered 914, the station bulletins and cir- culars 7,401, and the publications of this Department 3,540. The carefully prepared author and subject indexes to the individual volumes and the general index to Volumes I to XII have greatly enhanced the usefulness of the Record. A similar general index for Volumes XIII to XX has been in preparation during the year. Several changes were made in the staff engaged in the preparation of publications. Dr. L. W. Fetzer, for several years assistant chemist at the Maryland Station, assumed charge of the reviews of agricul- tural chemistry and technology. Mr. J. O. Rankin and Mr. W. H. Long were also added to the staff, the former in connection with reviewing the literature in field crops and the latter with that in plant pathology and bacteriology. An increase in Farmers’ Bulletins was due to the fact that the various lines of investigation carried on by the Office in nutrition. irrigation, drainage, and agricultural education have now reached a stage justifying wider popular presentation in the form of Farmers’ Bulletins. The Office continued as usual its review of progress in the more practical lines of investigation at the experiment stations in the Ex- eriment Station Work series of Farmers’ Bulletins published by the epartment at bimonthly intervals. Two annual reports were issued as in previous years, (1) the ad- ministrative report of the Director, giving a summary of the work of the Office during the year, for incorporation in the Annual Reports of the Department, and (2) the larger annual report of the Office specially authorized hy Congress and containing the detailed reports of the results of the annual inspection of the work and expenditures of the state agricultural experiment stations, with reviews of progress in agricultural research and education in the United States. The technical as well as the popular publications based on the work of the Office in nutrition, irrigation, drainage, and agricultural education increased somewhat during the year as a result of a marked development of these lines of work. As in previous years, the Department published through the Office the proceedings of the Associations of American Agricultural Col- leges and Experiment Stations and Farmers’ Institute Workers, thus continuing to recognize in this way the close relations which exist between the Office and these associations. The publication of the card index of experiment station literature was continued as in previous years. Eight hundred cards were sub- mitted for publication during the year. The index is kept as nearly up to date as has been found practicable. Some of the earlier cards of which the supply had been exhausted, were reprinted in small editions to meet the demand for sets and separate divisions of the 748 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. index. The total number of index cards distributed has now reached 31,000. The receipts from sales of the index during the year were $218.26. The supervision of the work of preparing the publications of the Office, in case of all publications except the Experiment Station Record, is one of the lines of work of Mr. W. H. Beal. The man- agement of the Record is in direct charge of Dr. E. W. Allen, Assistant Director. WORK FOR THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION. The Director of this Office has continued to act as the general rep- resentative of the Department in matters relating to the examina- tions held by the Civil Service Commission for technical and scientific positions in the Department. The number of papers received from the Civil Service Commission recorded in this Office and rated by examiners in the Department during the year was about 2,720, as compared with about 2,000 reported last year. Besides the regular examinations, 38 special examinations were held during the year, as compared with 40 last year. INSULAR STATIONS. The past fiscal year has been an interesting and profitable one at each of the stations maintained by this Office. But few changes have been made in the personnel of the stations, and the excellent condition of the work reflects credit upon the special agents in charge. There has been no change in the policy of conducting investigations looking toward the diversification of agriculture, and the lines of work at the several stations have been continued as before. Much work is done of necessity that appears to be of an elementary nature, and demonstrations are made to give wide publicity to the results of investigations made by the stations, yet the fundamental principles of agriculture are never lost sight of and the scientific aspect of experi- ments is never disregarded. Each station has its special problems, and the manner in which they are being worked out is briefly described in the subjoined accounts of the work. The public appreciation of the stations and their work continues to grow, as is shown by the increased demand for station publications and for aid to solve individual problems, by the increased interest in the experiments, and in some instances by individual and local con- tributions to the expenses of the work. All of this is very gratifying to those in charge, but the appreciation is not wholly confined to the immediate constituency. The published results of the work are re- peated in other countries having similar conditions, and some of the work has attracted wide attention. This is especially true of the work with cotton in Hawaii, the studies on manganese in_ pineapple soils of Hawaii, and those on the “ sick” soils of Porto Rico. The work of the Alaska stations is beginning to be recognized, and the mainland press is learning that there are agricultural possibilities of no small importance in that undeveloped country. The several bureaus and divisions of this Department continue to cooperate generously with the stations, supplying materials and in- formation that are of great value and which the stations can not OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 749 readily obtain for themselves on account of their isolation. It is desired to make proper acknowledgment here for this aid. The administrative work in connection with the insular stations has increased greatly within the past few years, and the increased purchases made for the stations have required considerable corre- spondence and attention. As previously mentioned, this work is in charge of Dr. Walter H. Evans. The duties of the accountant of this Office in connection with the fiscal affairs of the temporary dis- bursing officers have increased steadily with the increase in the appropriations and the expansion of the work at the stations. All accounts of the disbursing officers are subject to a careful preliminary audit before they are approved by this Office. The very satisfactory manner in which these accounts have been handled has received hearty commendation. As a matter of policy the reports and bulletins of the stations are all referred to this Office before their publication is authorized, and the final preparation of them for printing has taken much time, as it is desired to have them as accurate and concise as possible. Con- gress at its last session struck out the provision that was held to re- quire the printing in Hawaii and Porto Rico of the reports and bul- letins of those stations. It is believed that it will not only be a matter of economy to have them printed here, but they can be gotten out more promptly and in more attractive shape than if printed by the stations. During the past fiscal year the appropriation for the Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico stations was $28,000 each, and for Guam, $15,000. These sums were supplemented by sales and other funds which were available for maintenance, as follows: Alaska, $1,802.80; Hawaii, $389.29; Porto Rico, $5,814.93; and Guam, $6. ALASKA STATIONS. The only changes in the personnel of the Alaska stations during the past fiscal year were the appointment of Mr. A. J. Wilkus to suc- ead, Mr. R. W. De Armond, who resigned after seven years’ con- potion with the Sitka Station, and the resignation of Mr. Herman G. Zoellner, who left the station after a brief stay. Mr. Wilkus is a graduate of the Minnesota Agricultural College, and he had had considerable experience in horticulture with a commercial concern rior to his appointment. At Sitka he will be largely engaged on Pteenecal investigations. The plans outlined in former reports have been strictly adhered to, and results from the plant-breeding experiments are beginning to be secured. The main lines of work of the Alaska stations are grain breeding for the development of early maturing varieties; the breed- ing of horticultural plants, particularly berries and fruits, which are suited to the Alaska climate; cattle and sheep breeding; and the grow- ing of general farm crops with a view to demonstrating whether or not an average farmer who locates in Alaska can make agriculture a suecess. Each of the above lines of work is carried on at a separate station. The cereal breeding. testing of varieties of grain, methods of culture, and introduction of new varieties of grains and forage crops are carried on at the Rampart Station, located in the Yukon Vall ey in 750 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, latitude 65° 30’. It is gratifying to be able to report that success has attended upon the introduction of hardy early maturing varieties of barley, oats, winter wheat, and winter rye. In addition, by eross- fertilization new varieties of barley and oats have been developed, and a number of them are being grown this yerr for the first time. The work in horticultural plant breeding is done at the Sitka Station, and the success mentioned in a previous report with hybrid strawberries has been maintained. During the past year nearly 2,000 hybrid plants were under observation, and it is believed that at least a score of them will prove thoroughly adapted to the coast region of Alaska. Most of the hybrid strawberries proved to be shy bearers, but occasional plants were found to be exceedingly prolific, one producing 200 berries. A large proportion of the plants produce berries comparable in size with the average strawberries of the markets, and in addition they partake of the flavor and firmness of the wild berry. A few plants of the hybrid made between the salmon berry and the cultivated raspberry have fruited, but the fruits did not show any improvement over the parental types. The attempt to secure the hybridization of the native Alaskan crab apple with pollen from early and hardy varieties of apples from the Northern States has been continued, but some years will have to elapse before results can be obtained. As in former years, consider- able work is being done in testing bush fruits of various kinds, and these are being propagated and distributed over the Territory for trial as rapidly as possible. Currants, raspberries, and gooseberries have been found to succeed nearly everywhere, but the apple and cherry trees that have been distributed have made but little, if any, growth. It seems almost certain that none of the present varieties of these fruits can mature in Alaska, and the only way to success lies in the development of varieties from hardy wild species. Some work is being carried on with ornamental plants, and the Tar- tarian honeysuckle and Japanese rose (fosa rugosa) have been estab- lished and are doing remarkably well. In addition to the experiments with fruits, the testing of many varieties of potatoes with a view to selecting those best adapted for general culture is being continued at the Sitka Station. The cattle and sheep breeding work is all done at the Kodiak Sta- tion. The Galloway cattle brought there three years ago are doing well and are proving adapted to the climate and the country. The station suffered no material losses from cattle during the past year, and, although the snowfall was the heaviest on record, the stock kept in excellent condition throughout the winter on native hay and silage put up on the ranch. The object of this experiment is to test the adaptability of these cattle to Alaskan conditions, to develop their milking qualities if possible, in order to make them an all-purpose breed, and to produce surplus stock to be sold to settlers at prices not much in excess of those for which common cattle can be brought into the country. At the end of the fiscal year there were 61 pure- bred Galloways of all ages at the station. The sheep-breeding work is a new feature, having been introduced during the past year by the purchase of 40 ewes. Most of these sheep have been bred in Alaska and are thoroughly acclimated. The sheep are mostly Cotswold and Merino grades, and it is intended to intro- duce if possible rams of a large breed, such as the Lincoln. At the OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 151 end of the fiscal year the flock of sheep had been increased to 74 by the birth of lambs. At the Fairbanks Station the work is chiefly that of maintaining a general farm. Sixty-five acres are under plow and some 40 or 50 acres cleared for meadow. The principal work during the past year was the growing of oats for feed and grain and an experiment in which 11 acres of potatoes were planted to determine the commercial possibilities of producing this crop. The object of the experiments is to determine whether hay and grain can be profitably grown in the interior of Alaska. There are a number of successful market garden- ers about Fairbanks, and it is not intended to compete with them by going into general vegetable growing. A few additions have been made to the buildings of the Alaska stations, the principal being a 100-ton silo and a horse and sheep barn at the Kodiak Station, a combined granary, shop, and implement shed at Rampart, and a combined shop, tool house, and implement shed at Fairbanks. HAWAII STATION. No important changes were made in the staff of the Hawaii Sta- tion during the past year. A new office and library building was erected from funds generously supplied by the Territory of Hawaii. The new building gives better library facilities than the old one, and in addition contains offices for the special agent in charge, clerical force, entomologist, and agronomist. The old concrete building, with some modification, is now occupied wholly as laboratories for the chemist and horticulturist. On March 25, 1910, an executive order was issued transferring to this Department the land formerly reserved for the Navy Depart- ment but occupied by the station under agreement with the Secretary of the Navy. The cultivated area of the station was increased dur- ing the year by the clearing of about 10 acres, most of which have been planted to cotton, bananas, and papayas. Since the station began the experiments with cotton much interest has been taken in this crop, and about 500 acres have been planted, with every indication of much larger plantings in the near future, The experiments are principally with Sea Island and Caravonica cottons, and as these plants are perennials in Hawaii it is necessary to control their growth to prevent their becoming too large. Experi- ments have shown that the form of the plant and the time of crop production can largely be controlled by pruning, and that the prun- ings can be utilized for propagating. Although this method may not prove a commercial success, it has. proved valuable in the propagation of pure strains of cotton where the possibility of crossing could not be eliminated. The tendency to heavy production of cotton was shown in a field of Sea Island, where the plants averaged 700 bolls at six months, and some individuals bore as many as 1,200 bolls. This heavy load, especially on the lateral branches, tended to bend the plants to the ground, injuring the lint, and as a consequence experi- ments are in progress to secure plants with shorter limbs and of a more upright habit of growth. In experiments on the use of fer- tilizers for cotton, the value of phosphates in increasing production has been clearly shown, increases of two or three fold over check plats being obtained. 752 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. During the year the agronomist visited Japan for the purpose of studying the rice industry and about 150 varieties of Japanese rice were obtained for introduction into Hawaii. Four of these are con- sidered particularly valuable, and it is hoped that from these there may be developed a supply of rice suited to the requirements of the Japanese population of the islands. Extensive fertilizer experi- ments with rice have been carried on, and it has been demonstrated that the proper time to apply fertilizers for rice is before planting and not with the irrigation water during the growth of the plant, as has been the practice. The rice plant was found to take up its plant food early in its growth and the stooling or tillering was greatly increased by the early application of the fertilizers. It has also been found that ammonium sulphate is a better source of nitrogen for rice in Hawaii than sodium nitrate; in fact, there appears to be some evidence that the rice plant, especially when submerged, does not use the nitrates directly. Attention is being given to corn breeding, and selection experi- ments are in progress to obtain the best varieties for Hawaiian conditions. Through the influence of the station there is considerable interest in the growing of leguminous plants for cover crops and for forage. Pigeon peas, cowpeas, and jack beans are being extensively grown, the pigeon pea and jack bean doing exceedingly well. Cowpeas are subject to attacks of plant lice, but where these pests have been absent the crop has been one of the best. The success attained with leguminous plants has led to the adoption of rotation of crops, espe- cially where pineapples are grown. An experiment with sugar cane has also shown that rotation for this crop is profitable, at least under some conditions. The station chemist has continued his pineapple investigations, the studies including the effect of manganese on the plant, the process of ripening of the fruit, and the utilization of the by-products from the canneries. The injurious influence of manganese on pineapples has been mentioned in previous reports. Further experiments have shown that where manganese is present in considerable quantity the cultivation of pineapples should be discontinued and less susceptible crops grown in their stead. Where less quantities of manganese are found in the soil the addition of fertilizers composed of superphos- phates, sulphate of ammonia, and sulphate of potash will overcome the injurious effect to a considerable extent. These investigations have led to the discovery that the most serious drawback to pine- apple culture in Hawaii is a lack of proper aeration of the soil. The soils contain large amounts of iron, and as a result they are easily puddled after a rain or irrigation and air can not penetrate to the roots. Preliminary experiments have shown the value of drainage in increasing the aeration of the soil. A study of the ripening proc- esses of the pineapple has shown that the sugar content of the fruit is directly influenced by the degree of ripeness when cut, there being no increase after the cutting of the fruit, although a green fruit may turn yellow and become soft.. The large waste of materials about the pipeapple has led to investigations which have shown methods whereby they can be profitably utilized. The horticulturist has about perfected methods for the propaga- tion of the mango and avocado, and attempts are being made to secure OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 753 a considerable number of trees of the better varieties. Experiments are also in progress in improving the papaya, and it has been found that by the use of the pistillate plants in an orchard the nonbearing staminate plants can be eliminated. Enough perfect flowers are produced for the purpose of fertilization and the seedlings from such fruits are either all pistillate or perfect, and the results of crossing are eliminated. Marked differences in quality, shipping, etc., have been noted and the experiments are being conducted to improve these characters. The entomologist has continued his studies of insect pests of agri- cultural crops with a view to their control. Especial attention has been given the insects attacking sweet potatoes in Hawaii, and a bulletin prepared on the subject. Attempts are being made to intro- duce parasites of the algaroba bean weevil, but the results thus far can not be safely forecasted. Extensive additions were made to the collections of economic insects, and much work in breeding and life history study is in progress. The cooperative experiments on the rubber plantations have been continued and the advantages of clean cultivation have been so evi- dent that over 500 acres of planted rubber was given clean cultivation this year. Spraying experiments were tried for the destruction of weeds among the rubber trees, and it was found that the ground could be cleared of all weeds by spraying with arsenite of soda. About 400 acres were successfully cleaned in this way at a cost of about $1.25 per acre. The station has taken up the problem of establishing demonstration farms in different parts of the islands. The funds are supplied by the territorial government, and it is proposed, as far as possible, to work through the most successful farmer in the different homestead communities. The work will be planned and directed by the station, and the results can be interpreted by the man locally in charge. The work for the present will be largely on better methods of cultivation, rotation, and the introduction of new crops. PORTO RICO STATION. The new office and laboratory building provided from insular funds was completed and occupied during the previous fiscal year, but much of the work in connection with the installation of equipment was not finished until 1910. The building has proved a model of comfort and convenience, The relation of the station and its work to the people of Porto Rico has grown closer with each succeeding year. This is evidenced by the increasing number of visitors seeking information, the growth of the correspondence, and the numerous requests for assistance that involve a personal visit of some member of the station staff. The work of the station during the past year has resulted in the completion of some investigations that have been in progress for several years and the extension of others. Although some of the work of the station has been conducted with a view to the immediate results of practical importance, yet a strong and persistent effort is being made so to shape the investigations as to determine some of the fundamental principles underlying a rational system of tropical agriculture. 73477°—acr 1910——48 754 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The chemical department during the past year has carried out a large amount of analytical work on new varieties of sugar cane, waters, limestones, guanos, and other fertilizing materials. The research work has been chiefly devoted to studies on soils and plant nutrition. Among the subjects of soil studies were the formation of calcareous hardpan, injury by alkaline waters, lime requirements of soils, etc. A large amount of work has been done on the causes and means for correction of the chlorosis of pineapples in certain districts of the island, which appears to be due to unfavorable soil conditions. In connection with this investigation a study has been begun on the lime-requiring plants and those which do not thrive in the presence of lime. Some studies on the lime and magnesium ratio for plants have been begun, and a series of water cultures is in progress. ‘The work on the sick soils due to superabundant bacteria described in the previous report has been continued and field experi- ments on soil disinfection with different chemicals are being carried out. If chemical disinfection proves too expensive it is believed that frequent deep plowing, preferably with a large steam plow, will correct the evil, through the aeration of the soil and the exposure of the organisms to the action of the sun. The entomologist has continued his studies on the insect pests of citrus trees and has prepared a bulletin describing the principal insects and suggesting means for their control. In the preparation of this bulletin it was necessary to test the methods of combating insects in other regions, and in many instances some modification in the formulas for preparation of the insecticides or their application was necessary to adapt them to Porto Rican conditions. By fumigation, spraying, and the introduction of wind-breaks about the trees, so as to permit the rapid growth of beneficial fungi, it has been found prac- ticable to keep the insects in check on most orchards. An investiga- tion has been begun on the injury to coffee trees by ants. The ants live preferably on the shade trees, but colonies were found on coffee trees, where they do some damage. Experiments with repellants have shown that some may be found effective. An extensive study has been made of Lachnosterna sp., an insect resembling the May beetle. Its larvee are particularly troublesome in cane fields. The beetles feed principally on certain weeds, and spraying the weeds with arsenate of lead was found to destroy the most of the beetles. Carbon bisulphid injected into the soil destroyed the grubs, and experiments are in progress with lime and other fertilizers to prevent, if possible, the depositing of the eggs in the cane. Through the activities of the station a deep interest has been aroused in bee keeping, and a number of nuclei of broods have been disposed of to go to coffee plantations. At one time the station was instructing 15 persons in the handling of bees, methods of raising, and the production of honey. The plant pathologist has studied the diseases of a number of economic plants; among them are those occurring on coffee, cacao, pineaples, citrus fruits, sugar cane, and bananas. It has been found ossible to control the coffee-leaf blight by spraying just before the bepinnine of the wet season. Experiments are in progress looking to the control of the coffee disease due to Stilbum flavidum. The effect of trenching about trees to prevent the spread of a root disease is being tried. The experiments on soil disinfection for the pre- OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 755 vention of the Fusarium on pineapples have been so successful that the treatment on a field scale was made during the past year. Experi- ments have shown that spraying with Bordeaux mixture can not be depended upon to control citrus scab in Porto Rico, as is claimed to be the case elsewhere. A study has been begun on the fungi causing - root injuries to sugar cane, in which the fungi have been isolated and as far as possible identified. The work with coffee, in addition to the experiments in the renova- tion of old plantations and establishment of new ones, includes in- vestigations with foreign coffees, methods of transplanting, viability of coffee seed and means for preserving it, methods of fertilizing and cultivation adapted to different types of soil, ete. Among the foreign coffees introduced by the station a number of trees have borne and the station has limited quantities of seed of Padang, Maragogype Preanger, a Ceylon hybrid, and the famous Blue Mountain coffee o Jamaica that may be had for planting purposes. These are among the highest priced coffees of the world, and 3-year-old trees have yielded over a pound of cleaned coffee to the tree. In view of the requirements of the appropriation act for this Department the work with coffee will be considerably extended. Plantings of vanilla, several species of rubber-yielding plants, cacao, and other economic plants have been made, and the station’s collections of these plants is being rapidly extended. A study has been begun on the reasons for the rapid deterioration of vegetables grown from northern seed, lettuce, tomatoes, beans, okra, radishes, beets, and cantaloups being experimented with. The work of improving the live stock of the island is beginning to show some results. The progeny of American saddle-bred horses bred to native mares have matured into handsome animals that com- mand very high prices. The station has introduced six more horses during the year to continue the work. The cross-bred zebu bulls introduced by the station in 1909 have developed splendidly and they will be used to improve the size of the native cattle. The woolless sheep introduced from Barbados a year ago have proved well adapted to their surroundings, but need some improvement in their meat- yielding qualities. The breeds of pigs and poultry introduced by the station are proving adapted to Porto Rican conditions and the sur- plus is in great demand by planters and breeders. Continued experi- ments with cane tops and corn as silage have shown the importance of the silo as an adjunct to stock keeping. During the year more sanitary and commodious buildings for the farm live stock have been erected. GUAM STATION. The purchase of the tract of land leased by the station from Juan Torres has been completed and the transfer of the property made according to the laws and customs of Guam. The purchase price, $1,300, is considered very reasonable and the station now has a per- manent location. The land has been cleared of its tropical growth and fenced, some roads have been constructed, and necessary build- ings have been erected or are in the course of erection. Of the 32 acres that are adapted to general agriculture all but 5 or 6 are now under cultivation. In order to supply the station with water for 756 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, irrigation and other purposes a well has been dug that gives an abundance of good water, and an engine, pump, and pipes have been secured to convey the water to points where it 1s needed. The work of improving the station has proceeded exceedingly well, when one considers that nearly all supplies must be sent by transport from San Francisco and all the planning and much of the oversight of the work devolve directly on the special agent in charge. A capable foreman has been secured and the burden somewhat light- ened. The greater portion of the available land has been planted to forage crops of various kinds. One of the lines of work which it is desired to take up is the introduction of better live stock, but before that can be done a regular supply of forage must be assured. On this account especial efforts are being given to the production of forage, and Kafir corn, Egyptian corn, broom corn, sorghum, milo maize, Johnson grass, Guinea grass, Paspalum dilatatum, pea- nuts, mung beans, jack beans, cowpeas, soy beans, and velvet beans have all been introduced and are under comparison. Kafir corn has produced large yields of green feed when planted during the dry season, and when cut the plants send out new shoots and quickly produce a second crop. The ratooning habit has been found to apply to a number of crops in Guam that are ordinarily grown as annuals elsewhere. Among the grasses, Paspalum dilatatum, a native of Brazil that has become established quite extensively else- where, gives promise of the greatest value. Guinea grass that was introduced from Hawaii is also promising and it is believed that under more favorable circumstances it will yield heavily. Johnson grass, which was-introduced into Guam some years ago under the name Samoa grass, was planted at the station, but it has thus far shown no superiority over the two other species mentioned. On account of its tendency to spread and to hold the ground, even against cultivation, it will not be distributed for general planting until its habits in Guam are better known, The experiments with leguminous plants are proving quite suc- cessful, so far as growing the plants is concerned. Cowpeas and velvet beans grow readily and yield a large amount of forage, but where it is desired to enrich the soil by plowing them under, the na- tive plows will not answer the purpose. A variety of bush Lima beans has been secured that produces an immense amount of leaves on fairly good soil and that are more easily plowed under. The soil of the station, although formerly in cultivation, has, through the common methods of cultivation, been depleted of much of its fer- tility. It is, however, typical of much of the farm land of Guam and offers a good opportunity of demonstrating methods of enrich- ing the soil through the use of leguminous crops, ete. Some attention is being given to corn culture and methods for im- proving it. Considerable corn is grown in Guam and it forms a staple article of diet, being largely used in the form of corn cakes. The special agent in charge has introduced a small hand mill for grinding corn to take the place of the usual laborious method, and he is experimenting with the ground seed of Kafir corn as a substitute for maize meal. An experiment is in progress to determine a prac- ticable method of storing corn and other grains. Great losses are occasioned by weevils and rots due to the excessive humidity, and as —. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 757 a result only limited quantities are commonly stored. A method of kiln drying and sealing in tanks is being tried as a means of pre- venting loss and providing a supply for future use. A number of the fruits and vegetables introduced by the station are giving excellent results. Pineapples and avocados introduced through the Hawaii Experiment Station are thriving, the first avoca- dos produced on the island being from seed sent to Guam from Hono- lulu for planting in the governor’s garden some four or five years ago. Several varieties of sweet potatoes were introduced from Hawaii and they have proved superior to anything previously grown in Guam. Experiments are in progress with a large number of other field crops and vegetables, and with some considerable success has been attained. The station is striving to gain the confidence and interest of the people in its work, and for the short time it has been in operation the condition seems quite satisfactory. The people seem anxious to obtain seeds of plants the value of which they can see, and some are quite interested in the implements and methods of cultivation that have been adopted. One of the most successful implements is a small culti- vator that costs about $5. With one of these and a carabao a man can do more and better work in the field than 10 men can do with the native implements. The advantages of this cultivator have been quickly perceived, and arrangements have been made to supply a limited number of requests for them at cost until dealers have them for sale. The introduction of these will doubtless be followed by a demand for other agricultural implements and tools and a decided advance in agriculture will be brought about. The introduction of some improved live stock and the study of some of the more important insect pests and plant diseases are problems that are to be taken up as soon as possible. For the present the im- ortant problem is to interest the people in agriculture and get them ack upon the farms. It is believed this can best be accomplished by simple experiments in which the elementary principles of agricul- ture are taught through ocular demonstration. IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. Prof. Samuel Fortier continues to have charge of the Irrigation Investigations of this Office. The rapid extension of the area under ditch and ready for settle- ment during the last few years and the large amount of advertising done by promoters of irrigation enterprises have created a heavy demand on this Office from possible settlers for information of two general classes: (1) General information regarding conditions in the arid region—climate, water supply, crops grown, cost of water, cost of land, and cost of establishing farms under irrigation; and (2) practical information regarding methods of securing water supplies, of preparing land for irrigation, and applying water to crops. It is believed that in supplying this information this Office can be of greater service to both the intending settlers and the communities to which they expect to go than in any other way. Consequently the reparation of bulletins containing this information was made the eading feature of the work during the last fiscal year. 758 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Arrangements were made for the preparation of a report on irriga- tion conditions in each of the arid States and Territories, most of these being prepared by the state or territorial engineers of the re- spective Commonwealths, and where this Office does not exist other local parties familiar with the water resources and agricultural con- ditions were employed to prepare the reports. Seven of these reports were published during the preceding year, four were published during the year just closed, and the others are either in hand ready for pub- lication or are in preparation. The demand for these bulletins has been so great as to amply justify their publication. Parties inter- ested naturally turn to this Department for reliable information regarding conditions in the sections advertised, and the bulletins included in this series should be of great service in the settlement of the lands being reclaimed, by calling attention to the opportunities afforded by these lands and at the same time informing intending settlers as to the conditions which they will find and the expenses which it will be necessary to incur. The settlers for the lands being brought under ditch must come principally from sections where irrigation is not practiced. They need not only the information regarding climate, crops, and general conditions contained in the bulletins just mentioned, but even more they need practical directions as to how to perform those operations connected with crop growing in the new sections which are peculiar to irrigated land. Most of these settlers are from agricultural sec- tions, and are therefore familiar with growing the standard farm crops, but they are ignorant of the use of water in irrigation. For this reason a series of bulletins covering the irigation of the standard crops is being prepared. During the summers of 1908 and 1909 the regular field force of this Office and a number of special agents were engaged in collecting information as to the best practice in all the irrigated sections of the West. Bulletins on the irrigation of alfalfa, sugar beets, grain, and orchards have been prepared and published as Farmers’ Bulletins. These bulletins deal in a practical way with preparing land for irrigation by various methods, the building of farm ditches and structures for distributing water to the fields, and applying water to the land, and with other operations connected with the use of water for irrigation. The establishment of a home on new lands is always a difficult undertaking, in which many fail, but it is doubly so when there is added to the usual labor and expense the burden of leveling land, building ditches, and applying water, with all of which the settler is unfamiliar. Settlers must learn much by experience, but plain descriptions and directions, such as are con- tained in these bulletins, will increase very greatly the chances for success on the part of these settlers. There has been a large call for these bulletins, both from settlers and from the builders of irriga- tion works, who recognize that they can succeed only through the success of the water users. The men of the field force of the Office devote as much of their time as possible to aiding settlers by personal advice and by deliver- ing addresses, but the efficiency of the work would be greatly in- creased by the establishment of demonstration farms on which all the standard methods of preparing land and controlling and distrib- uting water should be illustrated. The one feature new to settlers OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 759 in the arid region is the use of water, and the primary purpose of all demonstration work in this region should be showing the settler how to use water. Some of the state experiment stations have established substations in newly irrigated sections for the purpose of experiment and demonstration, and this Office is cooperating in the operation of these stations, notably in California, Washington, Utah, and Idaho. This work might be extended to advantage, making the main feature at each farm the illustration of methods of using water. While the most pressing agricultural need of the arid region just now is for practical directions regarding the use of water for the incoming settler, ultimately the greatest need will be a more econom- ical use of the limited water supply. For this reason much attention is being given to the study of methods of preventing the enormous losses of water which previous investigations have shown to exist. These measurements have shown that water is lost by percolation and evaporation from the point of its diversion into canals until its final dissipation after being applied to fields, the total of these losses equaling from one-half to three-fourths of the quantities diverted. The checking of these losses offers the greatest opportunity for the future extension of the irrigated area in the United States, since the total water supply will reclaim only a small part of the available land of the arid region. The greatest losses arise from seepage from earthen canals, and this Office is carrying on experiments to determine the cost and effectiveness of different canal linings and methods of treating the bottoms and sides of canals to lessen seepage. It is possible to prevent seepage by lining canals with cement, plaster, or concrete, but the cost 1s often too great for the crops grown in many sections, and the real problem is to check the losses at a cost which can be repaid from the crops grown. Every saving effected is equivalent to a new supply of an equal volume, with the added ad- vantage that the water saved would not only have been lost, but would have injured the lands into which it seeped. Further losses occur when the water is applied to the soil, due to evaporation into the air and percolation into the subsoil beyond the reach of plant roots. That these losses are large and that they are checked by applying water in such a way that the top soil is not satu- rated and by cultivation after irrigation has been a matter of common knowledge for many years, but there has been no exact knowledge as to the extent of the losses or the effectiveness of the means adopted to check them. Experiments to determine these questions were begun by this Office, in cooperation with the State of California, in 1905, and have been continued since that time. The results from these ex- periments were so good that it seemed best to extend the experiments to other places with different soil and climatic conditions, and conse- quently, in the season of 1908, the necessary equipment was installed at Reno, Nev.; Bozeman, Mont.; Agricultural College, N. Mex.; and Kennewick, Wash.; and in the spring of 1909 at Williston, N. Dak., and Caldwell, Idaho. Similar experiments in applying water by different methods and following irrigation by different de- grees of cultivation were carried on simultaneously at these points during the season of 1909, and are being continued in 1910. The principal value of these experiments will be in giving exact knowl- 760 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. edge of the magnitude of the losses from evaporation and a quantita- tive measure of the effectiveness of different methods of applying water and of subsequent cultivation. The possession of this knowl- edge will do much toward preventing the losses. Studies of the use of power for irrigation were continued during the year, special attention being given to the possibilities of the use of windmills for irrigation in the semiarid States. This work con- sisted of mechanical tests of several mills at Cheyenne, Wyo., in which accurate records of the work done in various wind velocities and of the labor and expense necessary for maintenance and repairs were kept, and in the collection of data as to the work being done by mills in use for pumping water for irrigation on the Great Plains. Technical and popular reports of these investigations have been pre- pared, a popular bulletin on the use of windmills having been pub- lished as a Farmers’ Bulletin. Studies of pumping in California and in the rice districts of Louisiana and Texas have been continued. The investigation of irrigation practice in the rice districts of Louisiana and Arkansas carried on for several years was continued during the year, a popular bulletin on small pumping plants having been published and a report dealing with irrigation practice in rice growing designed especially for beginners in this industry has been prepared. These studies of irrigation of rice are being continued during the present year. The principal field for the irrigation work of this Office is in the region where irrigation is necessary to the carrying on of agricultural operations. There are also large sections where farming can be carried on without irrigation, but where irrigation may prove to be of great value as an aid to a higher class of farming and as an insurance against drought. This is especially true of the Great Plains, which have been settled very rapidly during the last few years. In the belief that the irrigation of a small area in connection with the farm- ing of a larger area without irrigation will do much toward making the recent development permanent and profitable, this Office has for several years maintained farms at Cheyenne, Wyo., Eads, Colo., and Newcastle, Wyo., where the problems of this type of irrigation are being worked out and the irrigation methods adapted to that region are being demonstrated. It is planned to continue these farms for a few years more at least. Progress reports of the work at Cheyenne and Newcastle have been published during the last year. The problems connected with irrigation as a supplement to farming without it were studied in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Experi- ments were carried on in cooperation with local farmers to determine both the advantages to be derived from irrigating during the dry summer months and the methods best adapted to local conditions. A report giving the results of these experiments has been published. Even in the humid regions the practice of irrigation is extending rapidly in the growing of high-priced fruit and truck crops. In the season of 1908 this field was deemed of sufficient importance to justify the assignment of a man to it, and the work has been con- tinued since that time. The methods in use are expensive and in many cases not well adapted to conditions, and our agent, who is familiar with western methods, has been of great service to those undertaking irrigation in the East. This work will expand rapidly and will demand more attention in the future. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 761 WORK IN FISCAL YEAR 1911. It is proposed to continue the work along the same general lines as were followed in 1910. Additional bulletins of the series on irriga- tion in the several arid States and Territories will be published and also additional bulletins of the practical series dealing with the irrigation of the standard crops of the arid region. In connection with the collection of information for these bulletins, views show- ing the various operations connected with applying water to crops and the implements used are being secured and lantern slides are being made from these for use in popular lectures on methods of irrigating to be delivered by members of the force during the winter in the sections where settlement is most rapid and the need for the spread of such information is greatest. It is believed that this will be a very valuable supplement to the practical bulletins along these lines, and will do much to promote better methods and help the settlers to do their work to best advantage. The experiments in ditch linings for checking seepage losses will be continued at Davis, Cal., while the tank experiments to determine evaporation losses and the effectiveness of methods of checking these losses, carried on at various points, will be continued. Yield experi- ments to determine the quantities of water required for irrigation will be continued. As the demand for assistance to settlers decreases more attention will be given to scientific studies which have for their pur- pose a more exact knowledge of the quantities of water required for crop production, the best methods of applying water to secure its proper distribution in the soil and to prevent its loss by evaporation or percolation. In the investigations of the use of power for irrigation the work will be about equally divided between advising parties who are in- stalling pumping plants and the studies necessary for the preparation of a practical bulletin on engine pumping plants, to follow the bul- letin of the same character on windmill pumping plants published in 1910. The farms in the semiarid region will be operated during this sea- son and should be continued during 1912, while the work of similar character on the Pacific slope should also continue. In the humid region cooperative experiments with several farmers in the Gulf States have been arranged, in which these farmers are doing the work under the direction of the agent in charge. In the trucking districts of Florida more such experiments are being car-~ ried on. work IN 1912. The investigation of questions pertaining to irrigation which is now being done should be not only continued, but extended in 1912. The demand for practical information from settlers on lands pro- vided with water rights is quite certain to continue and perhaps in- crease, and so long as this is the case the right kind of information should be supplied to the settlers through the medium of bulletins, lectures, personal advice, and demonstration farms. The continua- tion and enlargement of this practical work should not be allowed to encroach upon other lines of even greater importance, such as the proper use of water, the prevention of waste, and the collection of 762 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. scientific data pertaining to irrigated farming. In like manner the increasing demand for reliable information on the part of the fruit and truck growers of the humid region who have either installed or contemplate installing irrigation plants should not be allowed to withdraw much-needed funds from the arid region. The plan of placing an expert permanently in charge of the work in each western State, adopted a few years ago but not extended to all the arid States for lack of funds, has proven a most efficient means of carrying on these investigations. It would now seem advisable to establish an ~ agency of this kind in each western State, as well as a limited number’ in the irrigated rice fields of the Gulf States and in the fruit and truck districts of the Atlantic seaboard and the Mississippi Valley. This will require an additional appropriation for the fiscal year 1912. DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS. Mr. C. G. Elliott continues to have charge of the Drainage Investi- gations of this Office. During the past year the unfinished drainage projects of the year previous have been completed and many new projects and investiga- tions taken up. A summary of the work done embraces surveys, working plans and profiles, and reports made for these various drain- age districts, which may be classed as follows: DRAINAGE SURVEYS. I. Reclamation of lands subject to overflow, as by floods —Arkan- sas: St. Francis Basin, Black River Levee. Iowa: Big Sioux River, Des Moines River. Kansas: Cottonwood River, Kansas River, Little Caney River, Marais des Cygnes. Mississippi: Tuscumbia River (Alcorn and Prentiss counties). Missouri: Grand River, vicinity of Pattonsburg (Daviess County). Nebraska: Salt Creek, Wahoo Creek, Nemaha River. North Carolina: Pungo River, Pantego Creek, Broad Creek, Lower Creek (Burke and Caldwell counties). Oklahoma: Deep Fork of Canadian River (Lincoln and Okmulgee onus) Texas: Chambers Creek (Ellis County Drainage District O41). Il. Reclamation of lands continually wet—swamps, marshes, ete.— North Carolina: Lyon Swamp and Cape Fear River, Lake Phelps, lands lying between Albemarle and Pamlico sounds (Beaufort, Wash- ington, and Hyde counties), Orton Plantation (Brunswick County), Smith Plantation (New Hanover County). Virginia: Berkeley Swamp. IIL. Zmprovement of natural water courses or construction of new channels to provide outlets—Arkansas: Cury Bayou. Kentucky: Canoe Creek (Sellars Ditch). North Carolina: Belvidere Swamp. South Carolina: Hopkins District. IV. Farm drainage.—Arkansas: State Normal School Farm (Con- way). Delaware: Redden Farm (Sussex County). Indiana: Jaqua Farms (2) (Jay County). Iowa: Huston Farm (Lee County). Ken- tucky: Marrs Farm (Henderson County), Rankin Farm (Henderson County). Louisiana: Knox Plantation (East Baton Rouge Parish). Maryland: Marine Corps Rifle Range (Charles County), Sewall Tract (Montgomery County), Baltimore County High School Tract, OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 763 Princess Anne Academy Tract (Somerset County). Virginia: Bech- tel Farm (York County), Cumberland Farm (Norfolk County), Virginia Truck Experiment Station Farm (Princess Anne County), Cuthbert Land and Development Company (Fairfax County). Ver- mont: Morgan Horse Farm (Addison County). V. Drainage of irrigated lands——California: Fresno. Colorado: San Luis Valley, Grand River Valley. New Mexico: Pecos Valley. Texas: Lower Rio Grande Delta, Val Verde Irrigation Company’s Tract (Val Verde County). Utah: Various tracts in several coun- ties. Washington: Yakima Valley, including the Moxee Valley. Wyoming: Laramie (State Experiment Farm), Big Horn Basin, including Grey Bull Valley, Shoshone Valley. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION WORK, In addition to preliminary examinations having been made and reports written for all the projects enumerated under drainage sur- veys, similar examinations and reports have also been made for the following: Alabama: Big Spring Branch (Madison County). Arkansas: Cypress Drainage District (Chicot and Desha counties). White River (White County), Throgmorton Tract (Randolph County). Georgia: Glynn, Bryan, Clinch, Echols, Liberty, and McIntosh coun- ties. Tlinois: Cache River Drainage District. Iowa: Monona, Harrison, Woodbury, and Pottawattamie counties. Kansas: Verdi- gris and Fall rivers. Louisiana: Fifth Louisiana Levee District. Mississippi: Black Creek (Holmes County). Nebraska: Upper Elk- horn Valley (Holt County), Red and Sulphur rivers. North Caro- lina: Haw River (Rockingham County), Little Creek (Orange and Chatham counties), Salem Creek (Forsyth County), swamp lands in Robeson County, Turnbull Swamp, various streams in Iredell, Rowan, and Cabarrus counties. Oklahoma: Washita River (Wash- ington County), Black Bear Creek (Noble and Pawnee counties). Tennessee: North and Middle Forks of Forked Deer River (Gibson County). Texas: Elm Fork of Trinity River. The following projects for which this Office has made surveys and prepared plans are now under construction by landowners: Louisiana: Willow Bayou. Mississippi: Boggy Bayou Drainage District, Bogue Hasty Drainage District (Bolivar County). North Carolina: Lower Creek Drainage District (Caldwell and Burke coun- ties), Moyock Drainage District No.1. Virginia: Cumberland Farm (Norfolk County). GENERAL TECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS. Ppa investigations have been carried on to determine: The run- off from various Louisiana lands where pumps are required to remove the water; the proper method of draining irrigated lands affected by alkali or seepage, or both; the effect of alkali solutions on cement; the best methods of draining alkali lands in the Rio Grande Valley, Texas; the best methods of draining salt-marsh lands of the Atlantic coast; the water content of muck and peat soils in Louisiana and Florida. 764 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION, The Washington office has carried on extensive correspondence of an advisory nature in response to inquiries relating to drainage prob- lems throughout the United States, and through its corps of engineers has rendered assistance by personal consultation with individuals and officials of drainage districts. As samples of this class of work, may be mentioned the following: Illinois: Cache River Drainage District. Missouri: Kincaid Farm (St. Charles County). Nebraska: Jackson Ditch (Dakota County), Elkhorn Valley Drainage District. Oklahoma: North Canadian River (Oklahoma County). Public drainage meetings were addressed by different members of the staff in Arkansas, California, Colorado, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. WORK PLANNED FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1911. The requests for drainage surveys, plans, and reports have become so numerous that it is possible for the Office to grant but compara- tively few of them, and the effort is being made to make the prelimi- nary examinations of projects complete enough, so that, where possible, definite recommendations may be made as to the proper methods of reclamation, in order that the local drainage districts may carry out the drainage survey themselves. As will be noted from the preceding summary of the work, three new fields of inves- tigation have been opened up in New Mexico, Washington, and Wyoming, as the seeped and alkalied conditions had become so ag- gravated in these localities that assistance was badly needed. The work in Utah will continue and will be cooperative to a certain ex- tent, the State sharing a portion of the expense. On account of the urgent need of assistance in the Lower Rio Grande Delta, Texas, it is probable that an engineer may be sent to that field during the coming winter. Drainage surveys will be conducted in the South during the severe season of the year, and the attempt will also be made to take up projects in the States where there is urgent need for them and where the Office has not as yet operated. The subject of drainage by pumping will be investigated. Run-off investigations will also be continued in Louisiana and elsewhere, and the determi- nation of the water content of muck and peat soils will be taken up in Wisconsin and other States in continuation of the work already done on such soils in Louisiana and Florida. As forecasted in the report of 1909, the scope of the advisory work in assisting districts as to proper drainage methods will be enlarged. WORK PROPOSED FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1912. The increasingly widespread interest being manifested in drainage matters will make more frequent the calls upon this Office for assist- ance, and on account of the information and experience already gained it will be possible to make the work more and more effective. There is an increasing demand for examinations of swamp lands with reference to their value for agriculture and information con- OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 765 cerning methods of draining them. The Department has not been able to comply with many requests for such service because of the demand for examinations, reports, and plans needed for the drainage of special fields and areas in various parts of the country. Such examinations are needed for the intelligent initiation of land-drain- age projects. The area of irrigated lands which need draining is increasing in a certain ratio as new irrigation projects are developed. Newly re- claimed arid lands are being put under cultivation and farmers re- quire practical assistance on the ground whenever the need of drain- ing such lands appears. It is certain that greater demands will be made upon the Department for assistance of this kind. The area of unreclaimed swamp land is so large that we can not expect that there will be any material diminution in the demands of those who are engaged in agriculture for services of this kind. It is believed that by demanding of landowners a part of the expense of making inves- tigations and surveys with reference to reclamation by drainage, an appropriation of $85,000 for the year 1912 will be sufficient to meet reasonable demands. NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. The general purpose of the Nutrition Investigations is to study various aspects of the problem of the value for human food of agri- cultural products, beth animal and vegetable, and during the year ending June 30, 1910, attention has been given especially to matters which have to do with meat and cheese. The respiration calorimeter, which has been installed in improved form at the Department of Agriculture and which has been carefully tested and found fully satisfactory, was used in the work. This apparatus, it is believed, offers a new and valuable method for studying many problems with which the Department of Agriculture is concerned. Work will be carried on in cooperation with other bureaus whenever such an ar- rangement will further the interests of the Department and insure economy of effort. The problems studied with the respiration calorimeter during the last fiscal year have had to do particularly with the relative ease of digestion of cheese and meat as part of a simple mixed diet. The results as yet obtained do not show that significant differences exist when the quantities eaten are comparable with those observed in the usual diet. This work was undertaken to round out investigations carried on in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry. In addition to the more technical work, many tests have been made of methods of preparing meat and cheese for the table. The data thus obtained with meat, together with the results of the more technical studies, have been embodied in a Farmers’ Bulletin on the economical use of meat in the home, and it is proposed during the coming year to prepare a similar publication dealing with the use of cheese as an ‘economical and nutritious part of the diet. During the fiscal year 1911 it is proposed to study the question of the relative value of lard, butter, vegetable oils, cream, and other culinary fats, particularly with reference to their ease and thorough- ness of digestion. Such data are needed for the satisfactory discus- 766 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. sion of household problems, as well as for use in connection with other work in which the Department is interested. Many important matters concerned with the economical use of cereals, fruits, and vegetables, and products made from them, can be studied by use of the apparatus and methods now available, and it is believed that such studies as well as those already in hand can not fail to yield results of importance in discussing available food supply with reference to economical and rational living. The relation between food consumption and the production of use- ful work on the farm and in the home is a question of importance that can be studied with the respiration calorimeter, as readily and as satisfactorily as the relation of fuel to the production of work in an engine can be studied by the ordinary laboratory methods at the dis- posal of the investigator. The respiration calorimeter affords an opportunity for studying such problems as those mentioned as well as many others under very favorable conditions, since it permits of the rapid and accurate meas- urement of a large number of factors which are of the greatest im- portance in drawing trustworthy deductions. During the year three technical bulletins and two Farmers’ Bulle- tins have been issued and several other technical and popular bulle- tins are in the printer’s hands, or await publication. Summaries have been prepared for publication in annual reports and a series of fifteen colored charts, designed to show in graphic form the nutritive value of foods, have also been published. Abstracts of articles on nutrition have been prepared, as heretofore, for publication in the Experiment Station Record and popular summaries of data, particu- larly in respect to the nutrition work of the experiment station, have been prepared for publication in the series of Farmers’ Bulletins en- titled “‘ Experiment Station Work.” The correspondence and other general work necessitated by the nutrition investigations has been carried on as usual and the marked growth in work of this character and increased number of requests for information and for nutrition publications, particularly with reference to the economical prepara- tion of foods in the home, is an indication of a widespread and gen- eral interest in nutrition work on the part of home makers on farms and in towns, as well as of students, teachers, physicians, and investigators. A large part of the work of diffusing the information acquired in the nutrition investigations is most effectively done through colleges, schools, farmers’ institutes, extension departments, and women’s organizations of various kinds. The agricultural colleges and schools, state departments of agriculture, granges, and other agricultural organizations are rapidly extending their operations relating to the work of women on our farms. This Office is seeking active cooperation with these educational agencies as one of the best means of securing the rapid spread of rational ideas regarding human food and nutrition. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS, Unirep States DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OFFICE OF PuBLiIc Roaps, Washington, D. C., November 15, 1910. Srr: I have the honor to submit herewith the report of the Office of Public Roads for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, and also an outline of the work planned for the current and ensuing years. Respectfully, Logan WALLER Pace, Director. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. WORK OF THE YEAR. The work of the past fiscal year comprised cooperation with local authorities in the construction of object-lesson roads for the purpose of introducing standard forms of construction and instructing local road builders; the construction of experimental roads and the con- ducting of laboratory investigations for the purpose of testing various bituminous and other road binders, and for developing and improving methods of preparing and applying them; laboratory and field experi- ments in the utilization of by-products, particularly slag, for the con- struction of roads and the treatment of old roads; field experiments in sand-clay construction and variations of the sand-clay method, with a view to adapting it to the various climatic, soil, topographic, and traffic conditions; a series of economic investigations to deter- mine the effect of good and bad roads upon the welfare of the rural population ; the introduction of the split-log drag and the distribution of information concerning its construction and use; the inspection of roads on which rural delivery routes are established, and the giving of advice concerning their improvement with the means already available; traction tests, conducted to determine the relative tractive resistance offered by roads of various types and at various grades, with the use of both narrow and wide tires in the experiments; the routine testing and analyses of road materials to determine their physical qualities and mineral composition; the training of engineer students in highway engineering, both practical and theoretical; the collection of accurate and comprehensive data relating toroad mileage and the progress of road improvement in the United States to the close of the calendar year 1909; practical lectures and addresses -delivered throughout the United States; the giving of advice and instruction concerning specific problems in road work; cooperation with States and counties in bringing about a general improvement in administrative systems, and in methods of construction and main- tenance, notable examples of which were cooperation with the State of Louisiana in the organization and operation of convict camps for 767 768 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the construction of roads, the training of graduate engineers from the state university and the preparation of a suitable road law for the State, and cooperation with the counties of Lamar, Tex., and Kala- mazoo, Mich., in the establishment of model systems for county-road work; the preparation of various pubhentiers issued as Farmers’ Bulletins, Oflice bulletins, and circulars; the establishment of a sec- tion of the Office for the purpose of giving expert advice and infor- mation concerning bridge designs for rural traflic; and the making of surveys, plans, and estimates. In addition to the foregoing regular projects, the Office has continued its investigation concerning the corrosion of iron and steel, and has taken up an important new project dealing with the use of oil in concrete work. An elaborate and thoroughly successful exhibit was installed at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition at Seattle, and the same exhibit was afterwards taken to Omaha, Nebr., to the Corn Show and Omaha Exposition. From that point it was shipped to Washington, D. C., where the models were on exhibition at the Builders’ Exchange Ex- hibit Company; later, the exhibit was installed at the Appalachian Exposition, Knoxville, Tenn. The appropriation for the past fiscal year was $116,460, an increase of $29,070 over the appropriation for the fiscal year 1909, or about 26 per cent. There were on the rolls of the Office June 30, 1909, 63 per- manent employees. During the fiscal year 1910, 37 new employees were appointed, while there was a loss of 9_by transfer and resigna- tion, so that the net increase for the fiscal year 1910 was 28. The total number of employees on the rolls on June 30, 1910, was 91. In addition to these, 28 temporary employees were appointed during the fiscal year 1910. It will thus be seen that the increase in force more than corresponded to the increase in appropriation. On June 11, 1910, the Office vacated the building at 237 Fourteenth street SW., and moved into the building at Fourteenth and B streets SW., which had formerly been occupied by the Bureau of Chemistry, and which was thoroughly remodeled to suit the needs of this Office. The present quarters are excellent in every respect, and it is believed that the facilities for chemical and physical investigations of road materials and for correlating all branches of the office work are unsur- pees by any institution or organization of a similar kind in the world. In summarizing the amount of work accomplished under the various projects, attention should be called to the fact that 48 object-lesson roads were completed during the past fiscal year, as compared with 57 for the previous year, and that the total yardage was 1,002,751, as compared with 690,059 yards for the previous year. In the field experimental work commendable progress was made. To indicate the comprehensive character of the field investigations, it may be stated that the experiments consisted of building 8 experi- mental roads of blast-furnace and open-hearth slag, 3 of concrete, 1 of brick, and 10 of bituminous macadam, using a variety of bitu- minous materials. In the educational work, through the medium of lectures, 33 States were reached, and a total of 523 lectures given as compared with 185 for the previous year. With regard to the special advice given concerning road problems the Office increased its field of usefulness very materially, since the number of such assignments was 243 as compared with 142 for the OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS. 769 previous year. In addition to these, 5 special surveys and 4 bridge Peshections, involving the preparation of plans and estimates, were made. In the routine testing of road materials in the laboratories a notable gain was shown as compared with any previous year. The total number of such tests was 1,168 as compared with 735 for the fiscal year 1909, which in turn was the largest for any one year since the establishment of the Office. The laboratory investigation and testing of bituminous binders has grown to be a very important and extensive section of the labora- tory work. Suitable facilities were not provided, however, for these investigations until near the close of the fiscal year. The collection of data relating to road mileage begun in December, 1909, was about one-half paminlaied at the close of the fiscal year. On the whole, it may be conservatively stated that the work of the fiscal year 1910 exceeded the work of the best previous year in amount by at least 50 per cent. The personnel is better organized and more familiar with the duties required of it; the methods for conducting work have become more nearly standardized; and a better system revails along all lines. In the efficiency of work done the Office ee certainly made a gain commensurate with the increase in the amount of work. The detailed reports of the work performed under each project are given in this report as follows. OBJECT-LESSON AND EXPERIMENTAL ROADS. Object-lesson roads are constructed for the purpose of giving prac- tical instruction to local road builders of the methods of road building. The Office furnishes, at government expense, one or more engineers, who make the necessary surveys, estimates, and specifications, supervise construction, and give theoretical instruction, while the local authorities furnish all machinery, materials, and labor. During the past year 6 roads which had been begun in the last fiscal year were completed, 49 were begun and completed during the year, and 2 were unfinished on June 30, 1910, and will be reported in the next annual report. Classed according to materials of construction these roads were as follows: 3 bituminous macadam, 1 oil-gravel, 6 macadam, 6 gravel, 27 sand-clay, 10 earth, 1 concrete, 1 slag, and 1 brick. For the purpose of comparison the following table is given, showing the number of square yards of each type of road constructed during the fiscal years 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, and 1910: Object-lesson roads constructed during 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, and 1910. Material. 1905. | 1906. 1907. | 1908. 1909. |, 1910. Sq. yds. | Sq.yds. | Sqg.yds. | Sq.yds. | Sq. yds. | Sq. yds. MEROCMOGEN Gt a eden ate spo or ences voce sent 44,944 51,246 | .76,376 72,587 96,107 | 50,333 RV Ole sas eh Steet Mees. aero. hese. oot | 8,804 4,197 | 11,722 4,608 | 65,793 71,376 OIL, Yan S oe oe tehome bh pai awe a ab cas ewe 5,877 O38 Wl tn setenene = 14,020 eae ee OREN ig pee az ea age tyes de om eandat bane eee: 12,132 | 27,042] 85,967 | 319,456] 651,109 GEES uae Ea! shea A ae es Ree ee ae | 19,178 19,443 85,571 42,634 | 205,032 | 177,960 PANG CLAY. souk se sei weveniudecvesseeue US| Sete EEA) Rae eet eee 3,392 | BOs etc... Bituminous macadam................-.--- Bee ae oe ae a lcvwier. 7206 eee Nek 2b 8 | 45,832 IGRIGVOL: cane wanwe ica aetuhaipetiidam Shot. eee det as (Sate eee c 1 ig Wy ca hoc l nets ee ee ae 4,819 SOMIBEALG: fins ha we un UeeeWCoanee atoree reba: ee secre Has A aeg! teats eee een 3 ee 1,004 [To RI eke EEG ES 5 ee ay ee ae ieee EGR PP See acd lack etcteck alec esau: Siete ene 4,610 BSPIGROLS . 2... Pennsylvania, eastern district. Ohio, southern district. New York, south- ern district. Arkansas, eastern district. Massachusetts... .. Illinois, northern district. Missouri, eastern district. New York, eastern district. New. York, south- ern district. New Jersey Michigan, eastern district. southern Ohio, district New York, west- ern district. Nature of offense charged. Disposition or present Status of case. Shipment of misbranded ad- hesive hernial plaster pads from Missouri to the Dis- trict of Columbia. Shipment of misbranded hair coloring from New York to Pennsylvania. Shipment of misbranded head- ache powders from Indiana to Illinois. Shipment of misbranded drug- habit cure from Georgia to District of Columbia. Shipment of misbranded jam from New York to New Jersey. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded cocaine from Indiana to Kentucky. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded oats from Penn- sylvania to Florida. Shipment of misbranded ‘‘Gin Seng Gin” from Ohio to Michigan. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded oilve oil from New York to Connecticut. .| Shipment of adulterated and misbranded lemon extract from New York to Ken- tucky. Shipment of misbranded Lo- pez Specific from Arkansas to Missouri. Shipment of misbranded rasp- berry apple preserves from Massachusetts to New York. Shipment of misbranded black pepper from Illinois to Indi- ana. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded orange extract from Missouri to Illinois. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded gum tragacanth from New York to New Jersey. Shipment of misbranded cheese from New York to Pennsylvania. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded flavoring ex- tract from New Jersey to Texas. Shipment of misbranded head- ache wafers from Michigan to Illinois. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded_sirups from Ohio to Indiana. Shipment of misbranded drug- habit treatment from New York to the District of Co- lumbia. Court sustained de murrer to-informa- tion. (Notice of Judgment No. 496.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $65. (Notice of Judgment No. 434.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $25 andcosts. (Noticeof Judgment No. 633.) Information filed; pending. Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 641.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $10 andcosts. (Noticeof Judgment No. 646.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $100. (Notice of Judgment No. 582.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $25 and costs $14.05. (Notice of Judgment No. 327.) Information filed; pending. Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 500.) Information filed; pending. Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $25. (Notice of Judgment No. 581.) Defendant pleaded nolo contendere and fined $100. (Notice of Judgment No. 516.) Information filed; pending. Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $25. (Notice of Judgment No. 572.) Information filed; pending. Demurrer to informa- tion sustained. (No- tice of Judgment No. 566.) Information filed; pending. Do. Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $100 and costs $15.70. (No- tice of Judgment No, 328.) Information filed; pending. 820 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Cases under the food and drugs act of June 80, 1906, reported for criminal prosecution during the fiscal year 1910, and courts at its close—Continued. F. & D. ’ case Defendant. | Judicial district. No. 1190 | McEwen Grain Co.| Missouri, western district. 1192 | Squire Dingee Co..| Illinois, northern district. 1193 | National Spice Co.| New York, south- ern district. | 1194 | Pullen - Richard- | Missouri, eastern son Chemical Co. district. 1196 | United Drug Co...) Illinois, northern district. 1197 | Cusimano & Tu- | Louisiana, eastern jague Co. district. 1200 | Kohler Manufac- | Maryland......... turing Co. 1202 | P. Duff & Sons....| Pennsylvania, western district. 1203 | Marchesini Bros...| New York, south- ern district. 1211 | De Trey & Sons...) Pennsylvania, eastern district. 1214| The _ Bettman-| Ohio, southern Johnson Co. district. 1222} Henry H. Shu-/! Illinois, southern feldt & Co. district. 1224 | A. De Claremont | New York, south- Co. (Inc.) ern district. 1225 | George P. Calogera|..... Or oo2 ones 1227 | Independent Dis- | Missouri, western tilling Co. district. 1230 | A. M. Laevison & | Kentucky, west- Co. ern district. 1234 | H. J. Heinz Co....| Pennsylvania, western district. 1236 | Swift & Co........ Illinois, northern district. 1240 | Donato Maddaloni| New York, south- ern district. 1241 | Lehman Rosen- | Ohio, southern feld Co. district. Nature of offense charged. Shipment of misbranded “corn chop’”’ from Missouri to Louisiana. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded catsup from Il- linois to Nebraska. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded laudanum from New York to Connecticut. Shipment of misbranded headache powders from Mis- souri to Georgia. Shipment of misbranded headache waters from Illinois to Tennessee. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded olive oil from Louisiana to Texas. Shipment of misbranded headache and neuralgia rem- edy from Maryland to Ten- nessee. Shipment of misbranded mo- lasses from Pennsylvania to New York. Shipment of misbranded olive oil from New York to Texas. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded drug from Penn- sylvania to District of Co- lumbia. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded blackberry cor- dial from Ohio to California. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded cordial from Il- linois to Missouri. Shipment of misbranded curacao from New York to Massachusetts. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded olive oil from New York to Georgia. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded port wine from Missouri to Arkansas. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded cream ale from Kentucky to Tennessee. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded cidar vinegar from Pennsylvania to New York. Shipment of misbranded oil from Illinois to Massachu- setts. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded olive oil from New York to New Jersey. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded Rococola from Ohio to Kentucky. Jinally determined during the year or pending in the Disposition or present status of case. Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $25. (Notice of Judgment No. 540.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $50, (Notice of Judgment No. 388.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $50. (Notice of Jugdment No. 459.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $10 and costs. ier of Judgment No. 428. Defendant pleade nolo contendere and fined $50. (Notice of Judgment No. 559.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $10 and costs. (Notice of Judgment No.514. Defendant pleade guilty and fined $25 and costs. (Notice of Judgment No.329. Defendant pleade nolo contendere and fined $50 and costs, $3.85. Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $100. (Notice of Judgment No. 397.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $25. (Notice of Judgment No. 571.) Information filed; pending. Do. Do. Defendant pleaded. guilty and fined $50. (Notice of Judgment No. 386.) Information filed pending. Do. Do. Defendant pleaded nolo contendere and fined $200 and costs. (Notice of Judgment No. 472.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $25. (Notice of Judgment No. 535.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $50 and costs $14.60. (Notice of Judgment No. 466.) THE SOLICITOR. 821 Cases under the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, reported for criminal prosecution during the fiscal year 1910, and finally determined during the year or pending in the courts at its close—Continued. F, & D. case No. 1253 1255 1263 1272 1281 1285 1286 1287 Defendant. Armour & Co..... California Perfume Co. Charles Crecelius. . Lucea Olive Oil Importing Co. Warner-Jenkinson Co. M. Duff & Sons... St. Louis Syrup and Preserving Co. Health Food Co... Bishop & Co...... Marchesini Bros... Newmark Bros.... Goetzman Bros. .. J. M. Bour Co..... Columbia Manu- facturing Co. Henry Sloan & Co. Foote & Jenks.... Columbia Manu- facturing Co. William Rippey.. A.J. Hilbert & Co. William Rippey. . Judicial district District of Colum- bia. New York, south- ern district. Indianan. ows sc. <0 New York, south- ern district. Missouri, eastern district. Pennsylvania, western district. Missouri, eastern district. New York, south- ern district. California, south- ern district. New York, south- ern district. California, south- ern district. Missouri, eastern district. Ohio, northern district. Illinois, northern district. New York, west- ern district. Michigan, eastern district. Illinois, northern district. Ohio, southern district. Wisconsin, east- ern district. Ohio, southern district. Nature of offense charged. Adulterated and misbranded eanned eggs offered for sale in the District of Columbia. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded extracts from New York to Kentucky. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded cocaine from Indiana to Kentucky. Shipment of misbranded oil from New York to New Jer- sey. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded sirup from Mis- souri to Ohio. Shipments of misbranded mo- lasses from Pennsylvania to New York. Shipment of misbranded jam from Missouri to District of Columbia. Shipment of misbranded health food from New York to Pennsylvania. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded jam from Cali- fornia to Arizona. Shipment of misbranded olive oilfrom New York to Massa- chusetts. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded lemon extract from California to Arizona. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded vanilla extract from Missouri to Illinois. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded coffee from Ohio to Illinois. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded lemonade pow- ders from Illinois to Penn- sylvania. Shipment of adulterated frozen eggs from New York to Mas- sachusetts. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded lemon flavor from Michigan to Ohio. Shipments of adulterated and misbranded orangeade pow- ders from Illinois to Penn- Sylvania. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded lemon flavor from Ohio to Kentucky. Shipment of misbranded ex- tract of witch hazel from Wisconsin to Illinois. Shipment of adulterated ‘and misbranded lemon flavor from Ohio to Kentucky. Disposition or present Status of case. Information filed; pending. Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $10. Defendant pleaded guilty; consolidated with 1155. (Notice of Judgment No. 646, Defendant P leade guilty and fined $50. (Notice of Judgment No. 453.) Information filed; pending. Defendant pleaded nolo contendere and fined $50 and costs $4. (Notice of Judgment No. 667.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $30 and costs. (Notice of Judgment No. 476. Defendant pleade guilty; sentence sus- pended. (Notice of Judgment No. 470.) Defendant P leaded guilty and fined $1. (Notice of Judgment No. 602.) Defendant pleaded uilty. Fined $100. tN otice of Judgment No. 654.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $1. (Notice of Judgment No. 601.) Information filed; pending. Do. Defendant pleaded uilty and fined $10. fNotice of Judgment No. 279.) Defendant arrested and bound over to await action of grand jury. Information filed; plea of not guilty entered; a Defendant pleaded uilty and fined $10. Notice of Judgment No. 279.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $10 and costs. (Notice of Judgment No. 444. Defendant pleade uilty and fined $25. tNot ce of Judgment No. 609.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $10 and costs $14.35. (No tice of Judgment No. 444.) 822 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Cases under the food and drugs act of June 80, 1906, reported for criminal prosecution during the fiscal year 1910, and finally determined during the year or pending in the courts at its close—Continued. F.& D. case | No. | 1306 1307 1308 1313 1314 1315 1316 1336 1339 1340 1341 Defendant. Judicial district. Nature of offense charged. Huber & Fuhr- man Drug Mills. Western Candy and Bakers Sup- ply Co. Bettman-Johnson Co. St. Louis Syrup and Preserving Co. Leva Bros........ John Boyle & Co-- J. Maro Harriman Drug Co. Manierre- Yoe Syrup Co. Joseph Middleby, jr. (Inc.) The Great Atlan- tic and Pacific Tea Co. John C. Lindsay Co. G. H. Lowell & Co. Walter S. Thayer. Wisconsin, eastern district. Missouri, eastern | district. Ohio, district. outhern Missouri, eastern district. New York, south- ern district. Maryland......... Massachusetts... . - Ilinois, northern district. Massachusetts. ... . New Jersey.....-- New York, south- ern district. M. P. Kitteridge..|..... Gor: sees B. H. Townsend Co. Mrs. Gervaise Gra- ham. Ludlow-Robson Co. John Burnett..... Asthma Remedy Manufacturing . -| Massachusetts... . 650 | Coleman-Tomp- | Tennessee, middle kins & Co. district. 653 | Leroux Cider and |..... dos-4 Vinegar Co. 679 | CorrizoExtractCo.} California, north- ern district. 680 | Spielman Broth- | Nebraska......... ers Co. 681 | Board-Armstrong | Georgia, northern Co. district. 716 | O.H. Dudley & Co.) New York, south- ern district. 797 | Columbia Desic- | District of Colum- cated Egg Co. bia. 800 | Andrew RohanCo.} Ohio, southern district. 802 | Connecticut Pie | District of Colum- Co. bia. 807 | Henry P. Kern....|..... do. SS 818 | Noclaimant.......| Virginia, eastern district. th ee dome. 232.0822 (3 | oS Sa SE el ae 28 es ee tare sce ees. Illinois, northern district Nature of the case. Disposition or present status of the case. 23 barrels of adulterated and misbranded vinegar shipped from Ohio to Illinois. 3 cases of misbranded hair tonic shipped from New York to Missouri. 70 tubs of adulterated butter shipped from New York to Massachusetts. 13 cases of adulterated and mis- branded canned _ sirup shipped from New York to Missouri. 2 barrels of adulterated crystal eggs shipped from Missouri to Minnesota. 1 barrel of adulterated crystal eggs shipped from Missouri to Massachusetts. 26 cases of adulterated and mis- branded cane sirup shipped from Alabama to Tennessee. -| 75 packages of adulterated and misbranded vinegar shipped from Ohio to Tennessee. 76 bottles of adulterated and misbranded vanilla extract shipped from New York to California, 75 barrels of adulterated and misbranded vinegar shipped from Illinois to Nebraska. 54 barrels of misbranded vine- gar shipped from Virginia to Georgia. 63 cases of misbranded canned fish shipped from California to New York. 6 drums of adulterated desic- cated eggs shipped from IIli- nois to the District of Co- lumbia. 20 cases of misbranded butter shipped from Indiana to Ohio. 150 boxes of adulterated seed- less raisins shipped from New York to the District of Columbia. 35 boxes of adulterated evapo- rated peaches shipped from Pennsylvania to the District of Columbia. 41 barrels of adulterated fish shipped from New York to Virginia. 5 barrels of adulterated and misbranded witch-hazel shipped from Pennsylvania to lllinois. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered; costs $18.38. (Notice of Judgment No. 168.) Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. Goods released on pay- ment of costs and fil- ing of bond. Judgment for theclaim- ant. (Notice of Judg- ment No. 325.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture and order of destrue- tion entered. (No- tice of Judgment No. 657.) Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture entered. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 200.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture entered; goods re- leased on bond. (No- tice of Judgment No. 619.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Noticeof Judgment No. 626.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 365.) Judgment by default; goods ordered to be destroyed. (Notice of Judgment No. 227.) Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; answer of claimant admitting facts in libel; goods released on _ bond. (Notice of Judgment No. 332.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 145.) Decree of condemna- nation and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 153.) Order of condemnation and destruction en- tered. (Notice of Judgment No. 666.) Do. Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. 828 Cases under section 10 of the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, reported during the ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, fiscal year 1910 and finally determined during the year or pending in the courts at its close—Continued, F.&D. | case | Claimant. Judicial district. No. Pennsylvania, 834 Columbia Desic- | cated Egg Co. 836 | Williams & Moore- house. 866 | Thomas L. Stan- ley. | 867| Williams & | Moorehouse. 869 | Hoge & McDowell | Co. 7B i) bok shee. o. 2 881 | W. Alfred Farr.... 893 | M. J. Doebereiner. 895 | John C. Ewald.... 900 | M. Holzbeierlein. . 902 | The Consolidated Grocery Co. 907 | The Larrabee Flour Mill Co. 908 | T. C. Jenkins and Board, Arm- strong & Co. 915 | John C. Berg...... OG al. daiocs vcehtce oc tap Re seer ne Pt oe SY 927 | O. L. Gregory..... 930 | Consolidated Gro- cery Co. (Incor- porated.) western district. Maryland......... Florida, southern district. District of Colum- bia. Florida, southern district. District of Colum- bia. Florida, southern district. ibstoh thal aaa eee Pennsy] vania, western district. District of Colum- bia. Pennsy] vania, eastern district. Texas, eastern district. Florida, southern district. Nature of the case. | Disposition or present | Status of the case. | 205 barrels of adulterated and misbranded vinegar shipped from Ohio to Pennsylvania. 3 drums of adulterated desic- cated eggs shipped from IIli- nois to Maryland. 74 boxes of misbranded cheese ee. from Wisconsin to 200 bags of adulterated corn flour shipped from Ohio to the District of Columbia. 98 boxes of misbranded cheese shipped from Illinois to Florida. 200 bags of adulterated corn flour shipped from Ohio to the District of Columbia. .| 400 sacks of adulterated flour offered for sale in the District of Columbia. .| 400 pounds of adulterated pea- nuts offered for sale in the District of Columbia. .| 7 eases of adulterated raisins offered for sale in the Dis- trict of Columbia. .| 12 boxes of adulterated seed- less raisins shipped from Pennsylvania to the Dis- trict of Columbia. .| 6 barrels of adulterated cur- rants offered for sale in the District of Columbia. 20 half barrels of misbranded sirup shipped from Ala- bama to Florida. 410 sacks of adulterated and misbranded bleached flour shipped from Kansas to In- diana. 90 barrels of adulterated and misbranded vinegar shipped from Virginia to Pennsyl- vania. : 7 boxes of adulterated seedless raisins piel from Califor- a to the District of Colum- ia. 18 half barrels of adulterated and misbranded blackberry cordial shipped from Illinois to Pennsylvania. .| 35 quarter barrels of adulter- ated and misbranded black- berry cordial shipped from Illinois to Pennsylvania. 60 barrels and 2 half barrels of adulterated and misbranded vinegar shipped from Ar- kansas to Texas. 110 sacks of adulterated and misbranded cotton-seed meal shipped from Tennes- see to Florida. | Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture entered; goods de- stroyed. (Notice of Judgment No. 305.) Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 369.) Goods released on bond. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Noticeof Judgment No. 396.) Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered; goods de- stroyed. (Notice of Judgment No. 368.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Noticeof Judgment No. 367.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered; goods de- stroyed. (Notice of Judgment No. 162.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered; goods de- stroyed. (Notice of Judgment No. 188.) Goods released on bond. Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. Goods released on pay- ment of costs fil- pie bond. BG f Judgment No. 584.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered; goods de- stroyed. (Notice of Judgment No. 146.) Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; goods Tre- leased on bond. (No- tice of Judgment No. 612.) Do. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture Tademont'No sor) u nt No. 597. Goods released on bond. —————— ee eee THE SOLICITOR. 8293 Cases under section 10 of the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, reported during the Jiscal year 1910 and finally determined during the year or pending in the courts at its close—Continued. F.&D. | —_ Claimant. Judicial district. Nature of the case. 0. 931 | W. E. Beckman | Missouri, eastern | 10 barrels of misbranded pow- & Co. district. dered milk shipped from New York to Missouri. 937 | Noclaimant.......| Virginia, eastern | 1 barrel of adulterated desic- district. eated eggs shipped from Illi- nois to Virginia. 942 | Waterbury Chem- | District of Colum- | 36 cases of misbranded me- ical Co. bia. tabolized cod-liver oil com- kere shipped from New ork to the District of Co- lumbia. 943 | Noclaimant.......| Virginia, eastern | 2 drums of adulterated desic- district. cated eggs shipped from llli- nois to Virginia. eg eae GONE oe Resa! ie 2 GOscccesnacerias 1 drum of adulterated desic- cated eggsshipped from Illi- nois to Virginia. | 9 bape (1) AR LO daa anign= a 6 drums of adulterated desic- cated eggs shipped from Illi- nois to Virginia. 946 | R. H. Worke & | Tennessee, middle} 200 sacks of adulterated _and Co. district. misbranded horse and dairy feed shipped from Minne- - sota to ‘Tennessee. oo) taagall CES re See Ce cacy i apt 7, Vip gai: ad Sapte See Pee 949 | Noclaimant.... Pennsylvania, | 3 drums of adulterated desic- eastern district. cated eggs reshipped from Virginia to Pennsylvania. 954 | A. H. Kuhnle & ]_.... BD enc .|5 barrels of adulterated and Co. misbranded milk _ flour shipped from New York to Pennsylvania. J) | Seok shed PES a do... .| 13 cases of adulterated and misbranded olive oil shipped from New York to Pennsyl- vania. 960 | Noclaimant.......| Texas, northern | 300 cases of adulterated raisins district. shipped from California to Texas. 966 | Coca Cola Bottling | Tennessee, east- | 40 barrels and 20 kegs of adul- Works Co. ern district. terated and misbranded coca cola shipped from Georgia to Tennessee. 969 | Great Western | Pennsylvania, | 800 bags of misbranded feed Cereal Co. eastern district. product shipped from Vir- ginia to Pennsylvania. OG ES a abel hs SIE Georgia, northern | 3 cases of adulterated and mis- district. branded olive oil shipped from New York to Georgia. 990 | H. J. Heinz Co....| District of Colum- | 5 cases of misbranded India bia. relish offered for sale in the District of Columbia. 991 | F. P. Ventrone....| Rhode Island..... 150 cases of misbranded maca- roni shipped from New York to Rhode Island. bh meth ee, Toe Pennsy]vania, | 2 barrels of adulterated desic- eastern district. cated eggsshipped from New York to Pennsylvania. Disposition or present status of the case. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 273.) Order of condemnation and destruction en- tered. (Notice of Judgment No. 665.) Decree of condemna- nation and forfeiture entered peepee appea ending. Notice a Judgment 0. 303.) Order of condemnation and destruction en- tered. (Notice of Judgment No. 665.) Order of condemnation and destruction en- tered. Do. Claimant filed answer admitting adultera- tion and misbrand- ing; suit dismissed on payment of costs $44.58. (Notice o Judgment No. 533.) Consolidated with 946. (Notice of Judgment No. 533.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture entered; oods de- stroyed. (Notice of Judgment No. 613.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 211.) Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; goods released on bond. (Notice of Judgment No. 617.) Decree of condemna- and destruction ren- dered. (Notice of Judgment No. 316.) Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. Decree of condemna- nation and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 468.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture entered. Libel filed; answer thereto pending. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 167.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture entered; goods de- stroyed. (Notice of Judgment No. 614. 830 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Cases under section 10 of the food and drugs act of June 80, 1906, reported during the Jiscal year 1910 and finally determined during the year or pending in the courts at its close—Continued. F.& D. case No. 1016 1036 1039 1040 1049 1059 1071 1074 1119 1121 1126 1139 1140 1146 | Claimant. R. G. Charles..... No claimant....... P. Schminke Co... Bluthenthal & Bickart. No claimant....... Vegetarian Meat Co. Seeman Brothers... No claimant....... W. Clarence Miller 1145 ie D. Cannon Ma- 1150 1153 ple Co. No claimant....... Francesco Romeo. Judicial district. Nature of the case. Texas, northern district. District of Colum- bia. Missouri, eastern district. Louisiana, west- ern district. Massachusetts... .- New York, north- ern district. Massachusetts... . . Tennessee, Mid- dle district. District of Colum- bia. New York, south- ern district. District of Colum- bia. West Virginia, southern district. California, south- ern district. New York, south- ern district. Massachusetts... .. 2,000 cases of adulterated and misbranded tomatoes shipped from Maryland to Texas. 1 barrel of adulterated evapo- rated eggs shipped from New York to the District of Co- lumbia. 192 sacks of adulterated bleached flour shipped from Nebraska to Missouri. 2 barrels of misbranded bot- tled gin shipped from Mary- land to Louisiana. 50 cans of adulterated frozen eggs shipped from Illinois to Massachusetts. 44 cans of adulterated frozen obese shipped from New York to Massachusetts. 19 cans of adulterated frozen eggs shipped from New York to Massachusetts. 300 sacks ofmisbranded cotton- seed meal shipped from Ala- bama to Tennessee. 10 bags of adulterated shelled peanuts offered for sale in the District of Columbia. 400 cases of misbranded canned tomatoes shipped from Maryland to New York. 55 barrels of adulterated fish shipped from Virginia to District of Columbia. -| 60 cases of adulterated evapo- rated apples rae from New York to the District of Columbia. 50 misbranded cheeses shipped from Ohio to West Virginia. 495 cases of adulterated and misbranded sirup shipped from Illinois to California. 392 cases of adulterated sar- dines shipped from Maine to Massachusetts, thence to New York. 450 boxes of misbranded maca- roni shipped from New York to Massachusetts. Disposition or present status of the case. _ — Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered; claimant filed writ of error; pene (Notice of udgment No. 555. Judgment by default; goods estroyed. (Notice of Judgment No. 252, Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. Do. Default entered; de- cree of condemnation and forfeiture ren- dered; goods de- stroyed. (Notice of Judgment No. ca Default entered; e cree of condemnation and forfeiture ren- dered; writ of de- struction issued. (Notice of Judgment No. 224.) Default entered; de- cree of condemnation and forfeiture ren- dered; warrant to destroy issued. (No- tice of Judgment No. pismk ed t smissed on paymen of costs ne relabel- ing. Claimant pleaded guilty; decree of con- demnation and for- feiture rendered; oods released on ond. (Notice of Judgment No. 253.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. a Judgment by default; decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered; goods de- stroyed. (Notice of Judgment No. 257.) Claimant pleaded nolo contendere; decree of condemnation and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 255.) Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. Do. Default; decree of con- demnation and for- feiture rendered; writ of destruction. (No. tice of Judgment No. 395.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered; claimant ays costs $36.51. tNotice of Judgment No. 491.) THE SOLICITOR, 831 Cases under section 10 of the food and drugs act of June 80, 1906, reported during the jiscal year 1910 and finally determined during the year or pending in the courts at its close—Continued. F.& D. case No. 1160 1163 1166 1167 1171 1177 1178 1185 1188 1189 1191 1195 1198 1204 1205 1206 1208 1209 Claimant. J. Lindsay Wells Co. Smith, Kline & French Co. No claimant....... D. Rothschild Grain Co. Herbert P. Pills- bury. No claimant....... George Spraul..... Warner-Jenkinson Co. Sehon, Stephen- son & Co. Newport Mill Co.. T he Philadelphia Horse and Cattle Molasses Co. Newport Mill Co.. National Egg Co. Hudson Manufac- turing Co. Bakers Judicial! district. Tennessee, eastern | district. Pennsy1vania, eastern district. Illinois, northern district. Arkansas, eastern district. Pennsy]1vania, eastern district. District of Colum- bia. Pennsy]vania, western district. Pennsy lvania, eastern district. Ohio, southern dis- trict. Texas, southern | district. West Virginia, southern dis- trict. North Carolina, western district. District of Colum- bia. N orth Carolina, western district. Pennsylvania eastern district. Louisiana, eastern district. Nature of the case. | Disposition or present status of case. 500 sacks of adulterated and misbranded stock feed shipped from Georgia to ‘Tennessee. 5 boxes of adulterated asafetida shipped from New York to Pennsylvania. 20 barrels of adulterated oys- ters aap from Connecti- cut to Llinois. 1 car of adulterated oats shipped from Iowa to Ar- kansas. 5 barrels of adulterated olives shipped from New York to Pennsylvania. 60 bags of adulterated molasses grains stock feed shipped from Virginia to the District of Columbia. 70 cases of adulterated eggs shipped from New York to Pennsylvania. 10 barrels of adulterated olives shipped from New York to Pennsylvania. 275 cases of adulterated tomato catsup shipped from Indiana to Ohio 1 barrel of misbranded vanilla extract shipped from Mji>- souri to Texas. 31 barrels of misbranded cider shipped from Kentucky to West Virginia. 700 sacks of misbranded corn meal shipped from Tennes- see to North Carolina. 54 barrels of adulterated mo- lasses shipped from Pennsyl- vania to the District of | lumbia. | 3 lots of misbranded corn meal | shipped from Tennessee to | North Carolina. ‘ ; 1 barrel of adulterated desic- | cated egg shipped from New York to Pennsylvania. | 2 barrels of adulterated and misbranded vanilla extract shipped from Illinois to Louisiana. Quaker Oats Co...) Arkansas, eastern | 158 cases of misbranded break- No claimant......) Maryland district. fast food shipped from Illi- nois to Arkansas. 250 cases of adulterated sar- dines 7 from Maine to Maryland. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 230.) Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. Order of default and destruction entered. (Notice of Judgment No. 447.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 385.) Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. Plea ofnolocontendere; decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered; order of destruction. (Notice of Judgment No. 256.) Decree of condemna- nation and destruc- tion rendered. (No- tice of Judgment No. 293.) Judgment in favor of United States. (No- hee of Judgment No. Verdict in favor of claimant; Govern- ment appeal pending. Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; claimant’s ex- ceptions to libel over- ruled; decree of con- demnation and for- feiture rendered; pending on writ of error to circuit court of appeals for fifth cir- cuit, southern dis- trict of Texas. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture entered. (Notice of Judgment No. 615.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 358.) Decree of condemna- tion and _ forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 254.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 358.) Decree of condemna- tion and destruction rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 544.) Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture; claimant’s appe al pending. Decree of condemna- tion and _ forfeiture rendered; order of destruction. (Notice of Judgment No. 282. 832 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Cases under section 10 of the food and drugs act of June 80, 1906, reported during the fiscal year 1910 and finally determined during the year or pending in the courts at its close—Continued. F.& D. case Claimant. Judicial district. No. 1210 | Rotschild Bros....| Oregon...........- 1212 Mason, Ehrman « |..... GOs Le Co. 1215 | Noclaimant...... New York, south- ern district. 3216 }2:..- Howse see LR Arkansas, eastern district. 4 WS ee eee scr Gow cess 1219 | William Henning | Louisiana, eastern & Co. district. 1221 | Hudson Manufac- | T e x as, western turing Co. district. 1228 | No claimant...... Ohio, southern dis- trict. 1231 | J. Lindsay Wells | Indiana..--.....-.. Co. 1232 | A. Russo & Co., | Illinois, northern and V. Viviano district. & Bros. 1233 | Thomas Roberts | Pennsylvania, & Co. eastern district. 1238 | No claimant...... New York, south- ern district. 1245 | Pendleton Grain | Arkansas, western Co. district. 1246 | H. K. Cochran....} Arkansas, eastern district. 1247 | P. Pastene & Co..| Pennsylvania, eastern district. 1248 | Atlantic Macaroni | Massachusetts... .. Co. 1250)||.-.-: Gow ts. est doses 1252 | Londonderry | District of Colum- Spring Water bia. Co. 1256 | Guissippe Mata- | Illinois, northern lone,andV. district. Viviano & Bros. 1257 | F. D. McKinniss | O hio, northern Co. district. 1260 | National Bakers| Virginia, eastern Egg Co. district. Nature of the case. 20 kegs ofadulterated and mis- branded blackberry cordial shipped from California to Oregon. 35 boxes of misbranded codfish strips shipped from Califor- nia to Oregon. 273 cases of adulterated frozen eggs shipped from New Jer- sey to New York. 51 cases of adulterated and mis- branded vinegar shipped from Kentucky to Arkansas. 10 barrels of adulterated and misbranded vinegar shipped from Kentucky to Arkansas. 14 barrels of adulterated and branded catsu shipped from Illinois to 1 barrel of adulterated and mis- branded vanilla extract shipped from Illinois to Texas. 48 cartons of misbranded evap- orated apples shipped from Virginia to Ohio. 300 sacks of misbranded cotton. seed meal shipped from Ten- nessee to Indiana. 1,850 boxes of misbranded macaroni shipped from Missouri to Iilinois. 1,100 bags of adulterated coffee shipped from Virginia to Pennsylvania. 1,200 poundsof adulterated des- iccated egg shipped from Illi- nois to New York. 1 car of adulterated and mis- branded oats shipped from Missiouri to Arkansas. 9 barrels of adulterated olives shipped from New York to Pennsylvania. 250 cases of misbranded maca- roni shipped trom New York to Massachusetts. 230 cases of misbranded maca- ronishipped from New York to Massachusetts. 33 cases of misbranded water shipped from New Hamp- ae to the District of Co- ia. 1,750 boxes of misbranded macaroni shipped from Mis- souri to Illinois. 40 misbranded cheeses shipped from Michigan to Ohio. 1 barrel of adulterated desic- cated egg shipped from Iowa to Virginia. ouisiana. ...) Disposition or present status of case. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 506.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. Do. Do. Libel filed; seizure ef- feeted; demurrer filed; pending. Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. Decree of condemna- tion and destruction rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 519.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 262.) Libel filed; answer thereto; case heard (argued Apl.9); goods restored. (Notice of Judgment No. 383.) Decree of condemna- tion and destruction entered. (Notice of Judgment No. 359.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 452.) Judgment in favor of United States. (No- tice of Judgment No. 648.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Jone 0. 487.) 0. Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 262.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 546. Libel filed; seizure e' fected; pending. THE SOLICITOR. Cases under section 10 of the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, fiscal year 1910 and finally determined during the user or pending close—Continued. F.&D. case Claimant. No. TE ee eee 1264 | Bragno & Mustari, and V. Viviano | & Bros. 1265 | W. B. Walker & | Sons. 1266 | Hudson Manufac- turing Co. 1267 | Rosenstein Bros. | (Incorporated.) | 1273 | Leroux Cider and | Vinegar Co. 1274 | Noclaimant..... 1275 Spielman Bros 1277 No claimant... ... 1278 fran 1 gt ee ae 1288 | Rigney & Co.?... 1) Cee ee a 1303 | The Powell-San- ders Co. and The Inland Crystal Salt Co. 1304 | No claimant..... 1309 |..... On oat Spe ” 1310 | William E. Shaef- fer. 5 Yl ten Real DOLE W floc weeds tec cc« 30 DOL Sli. aeeemesp ire sone 1317 | Moore Bros.Co.... 1321 833 reported during the in the courts at its Judicial districi. | Nature of offense charged. Virginia, district. Illinois, northern district. Texas, western district. Pennsylvania, western district. Georgia, northern district. 7) | REGUS ee ee New York, south- ern district. North Carolina, eastern district. Missouri, eastern district. North Carolina, eastern district. Washington, east- ern district. Massachusetts... . O hio, southern, district. Maryland......... N orth Carolina, eastern district. Oh i 0, northern istrict. eae Products | New York, west- ern district. 73477°—acr 1910—53 eastern | 1 box of adulterated desiccated egg shipped from New York to Virginia. 1,700 boxes of misbranded "macaroni shipped from Mis- souri to Illinois. 400 cases of adulterated raisins shipped from California to Texas. 3 barrels of adulterated and misbranded vanilla and tonka compound shipped from Illinois to Texas. 150 cases of misbranded sar- dines shipped from Maine to Massachusetts. 40 barrels and 20 half barrels of adulterated and misbranded vinegar shipped from Ohio to Pennsylvania. 44 barrels, 15 half barrels, 22 kegs, and 8 kegs of adulter- ated castup shipped from Kentucky to Georgia. 9 barrels of adulterated and misbranded vinegar shipped from Illinois to Indiana. 4 barrels of adulterated desic- cated egg a at from Illi- nois to New York. 100 bags of misbranded cracked corn cart Yaa from Virginia to North Carolina. 25 cases of adulterated and mis- brandedsugarcreamshipped from New York to Missouri. 65 sacks of misbranded meal shipped from Virginia to North Carolina. 700 sacks of misbranded salt shipped from Utah to W ash- ington. 574 cans of adulterated frozen eee shipped from Illinois to assachusetts. 12 cases of adulterated evap- orated apples shipped from Virginia to Ohio. 17 bags of adulterated evapo- rated apples shipped from New York to Maryland. 100 sacks of misbranded corn mealshipped from Tennessee to North Carolina. TS a reboeere p heeses oo ped from Michigan to 0. 74 cases of adulterated and misbranded grape juice nay eft from Pennsylvania ew York. Disposition or present status of case. — Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 262.) Decree of condem- nation and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 596.) Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 490.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 621.) Decree of condemna- tion and destruction rendered; kegs and barrels sold to pay costs. (Notice of Judgment No. 622.) © Decree of condemna-’ tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 681.) , Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered; writ of de- | struction issued. (Notice of Judgment No. 272.) { Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; pending. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 280.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 492.) | Decree of condemna- tion and destruction rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 457.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 504.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. Do. Do. Decree of condemna- nation and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 556.) Libel filed; seizure ef- fected; ‘demurrer , overruled; pending. 834 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Cases under section 10 of the food and drugs act of June 80, 1906, reported during the fiscal year 1910 and finally determined during the year or pending in the courts at its close—Continued. ; shipped from Illinois to Texas. F.&D. = Claimant. | Judicial district. Nature of offense charged. eter enph phases | | | | 1328 | Prussing Bros..... Indiana io sean 45 barrels of misbranded vine- | Decree of condemna- gar shipped from Michigan tion and forfeiture to Indiana. | rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 304.) 1329 | No claimant...... | Illinois, northern | 25 gallons of adulterated oys- | Decree of condemna- : district. ters shipped from Connecti- | tion and destruc- cut to Illinois. tion rendered. (No- or a Judgment No. | 481. 1330 |..... DOpecne ts ecce Missouri, western | 20 gallons of adulterated oys- | Decree of condemna- district. ters shipped from Connect- tion and destruc- icut to Missouri. tion rendered. (No tice ‘sg Judgment No. 475. 1332) |... .- ti (1 ER New York, south- | 100 cases of adulterated frozen | Decree of condemna- ern district. eggs shipped from Illinois to tion and forfeiture | New York. rendered; writ of de- struction issued. (Notice of Judgment No. 377. 1337 | W. L. Adamson | O hio, southern | 120 pails of misbranded fish | Decree of condemna- Co. district. | shipped from Michigan to tion and forfeiture Ohio. rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 306.) 1337 w | J. K. McIntire Co..|..-.-. dOne saccee ae 180 pails of misbranded fish Decree of condemna- | shipped from Michigan to tion and forfeiture | Ohio. rendered. 1337 x | Charles C. Hig- | Ohio, southern | 295 pails of misbranded fish Do. gins Co. district. eiipped from Michigan to 10. 1345 | Paul Brierre & | Louisiana, east- | 17 barrelsand 125cases ofadul- | Decree of condemna- Co., and Alart ern district. | terated and misbranded cat- tion and forfeiture & McGuire. | sup shipped from New York rendered; catsup | to Louisiana. destroyed. (Notice of Judgment No.599.) 1346 | No claimant....... New York, south- | 1 barrel of adulterated desic- | Decree of condemna- ern district. cated egg shipped from IIli- tion and destruction nois to New York. rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 362.) 1 bell ee Soe A Asa Michigan, eastern | 25 boxes of adulterated dra- | Libel filed; seizure ef- district. gees shipped from New fected; pending. York to Michigan. b W352 Se Semcsanecimeccie Louisiana, east-| Various consignments of adul- Do. ern district. terated oats shipped from Missouri to Louisiana. 1353 | John T. Gibbons. .|..-.-.- dos... .| Adulterated oats shipped from | Decree of condemna- Missouri to Louisiana. tion and forfeiture rendered. (Noticeof Judgment No. 650.) 1356 | O. H. Dickman & | Indiana.......... 300 pails of misbranded fish | Decree of condemna- Co. shipped from Ohio to tion and forfeiture Indiana. rendered. 1358 | William Edwards | Ohio, northern | 2} casks of adulterated olives | Decree of condemna- & Co. district. shipped from New York to tion and destruction Ohio. rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 560.) ABGOE|Paaae sess ncnms> svete North Carolina, | 40 sacks of adulterated corn | Libel filed; seizure ef- eastern district. meal shipped from Virginia fected; pending. to North Carolina. 181 by ioe SSA See Se eees) Seems do... ...| 50 sacks of adulterated corn | Decree of condemna- meal shipped from Virginia tion and forfeiture to North Carolina. rendered. 1362S ae eee se Cee do:-..- .| 95 sacks of adulterated corn | Libel filed; seizure ef- meal shipped from Virginia fected; pending. to North Carolina. 13635|P oe aee ences wont lene MO re eee 70 sacks of adulterated corn | Decree of condemna- meal shipped from Virginia tion and forfeiture to North Carolina. rendered. 1366 | Oakland Vinegar | Minnesota.........| 36 barrels of adulterated and | Libel filed; seizure ef- and Pickle Co. misbranded vinegar ship- fected; pending. ped from Michigan to Min- nesota. gy Gl eet a ee Texas, southern | 1 barrel of adulterated and Do. district. misbranded vanilla extract THE SOLICITOR. 835 Cases under section 10 of the food and drugs act of June 80, 1906, reported during the fiscal year 1910 and finally determined during the year or pending in the courts at its close—Continued. F.& D. |-- st = Claimant. | Judicial district. Nature of the case. D eon a 1372 ae ran . Decree Sy ea eg pe ar 4,21 oxes of adulterate tion an orfeiture li ue Viviano & eee ae macaroni shipped from Mis- |} rendered; order of OSs ch. ‘| souri to Illinois. || destruction. (Notice 1375 ; of Judgment No.658.) 4378" V.i...Viviano ..& |:...- 0) Sas ae 2,100 boxes of adulterated | Decree of condemna- Bros., and macaroni shipped from Mis- tion and forfeiture Matalone. souri to Illinois. rendered; order of destruction. (Notice : of Judgment No. 658.) 1380 | No claimant.......| Minnesota.........| 25 boxes of misbranded bitters | Decree of condemna- shipped from Illinois to tion and destruction Minnesota. entered. (Notice of Judgment No. 483.) TEST | ooo aeees Illinois, eastern | 520 and 80 sacks of misbranded | Libel filed; seizure ef- district. flour shipped from Nebras- fected; pending. ka to Illinois. oe ee ee North Carolina, | 100 sacks of adulterated and Do. eastern district. misbranded corn meal ship- ped from Virginia to North Carolina. ne) eee eee Missouri, eastern | 300 sacks of adulterated flour Do. district. shipped from Nebraska to Missouri. 1389 | Lexington Mill | Missouri, western | 625 sacks of adulterated flour | Decree of condemna- and Elevator district. shipped from Nebraska to tion and forfeiture Co.. Missouri. rendered; claimant’s appeal pending. En ee ee ee Illinois, northern | 300, 150, and 200 sacks of adul- | Libel filed; seizure ef- district. terated flour shipped from fected; pending. Nebraska to Illinois. SOOM poh ctis seeceteeeeaee sere Wisconsin, east- | 50 barrels of adulterated and | Libel filed; seizure ef- ern district. misbranded vinegar shipped fected; pending. from Illinois to Wisconsin. : 1549 | No claimant.......| New York, south- | 48 bales of adulterated cloves | Decree of condemna- ern district. delivered for shipment from tion and destruction New York to Ohio. rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 529.) ota peed Se ag a Louisiana, eastern | 2 drums of adulterated desic- | Libel filed; seizure ef- district. cated egg shipped from IIli- fected; pending. nois to Louisiana. 1586 | Leroux Cider and | Pennsy]1vania, | 33 barrels and 16 half barrels of | Decree of condemna- Vinegar Co. western district. adulterated and misbranded tion and forfeiture vinegar shipped from Ohio entered. (Notice of to Pennsylvania. Judgment No. 685.) Dey yy PR aa ae eee Louisiana, east- | 100 cases of adulterated toma- | Libel filed; seizure ef- ern district. to puree shipped from Ken- fected; pending. tucky to Louisiana. 592) Beecsemes covaeetesleceee (6 0 nares deh aa 192 cases of adulterated toma- Do. to pulp shipped from Mary- land to Louisiana. 1602) | oeewee ss ceecagiooees Georgia, northern | 48 boxes of misbranded cloves Do. district. shipped from New York to Georgia. 1607 | No claimant.......| District of Colum- | 15 boxes of misbranded maca- | Decree of condemna- bia. roni shipped from Pennsyl- tion and forfeiture vania to District of Colum- rendered. (Notice of bia. Judgment No. 600.) WOUS Ee rakee see scceceer Michigan, eastern | 17 boxes of misbranded sugar | Libel filed; seizure ef- district. shipped from Ohio to Michi- fected; pending. gan. ; 1O20 3 see conan ee eae ees Tennessee, west- | 542 sacks of adulterated corn Do. ern district. bran supped from Ken- tucky to Tennessee. Lira bes Sen eocitessoce Secs Mississippi, north- | 812 cases of adulterated sar- Do. ern district. dines shipped from Massa- chusetts to Mississippi. 1554 eS eee Soe eae Hels se Texas, southern | 50 cases of adulterated sar- Do. district. dines shipped from New York to Texas. Pendin RECAPITULATION. figs Libel filed, seizure effected Decree of condemnation and forfeiture; pending on writ of error...........-.. Verdict in favor of claimant; Government’s appeal..................---.---- Decree of condemnation and forfeiture; claimant’s appeal..................- Libel filed; seizure effected; claimant’s exceptions to libel overruled; decree of condemnation and forfeiture rendered; pending on writ of error to circuit court of appeals Total Terminated in favor of the United States: Decree of condemnation and forfeiture Goods released on bond THE SOLICITOR. 837 Cases under the food and drugs act of June 80, 1906, reported for criminal prosecution during the fiscal years 1908 and 1909, and finally determined during the fiscal year 1910. F. & D. case No. Defendant. C. B. Woodworth Sons Co. Heekin Spice Co.. J. Roach Abell. ... Nave McCord Mer- cantile Co. W.G. Dean & Son. Edward Westen ea and Spice 0. H. Boeckman..... J br A. Tolman 30 32 84 99 118 121 162 177 0 194 | Haynor Manufac- turing Co. 197 | Elgin Creamery Co. 220 | Rigney & Co...... 1 243 | The Edward Wes- ten Tea and Spice Co. 253 | S. W. Weidler Co. 274 | Nathan Tucker... Audubon Canning Co. A.J. Hilbert & Co. P. Hohenadel, jr., Co. 311} D. B. Scully Sirup Co. Judicial district. Nature of offense charged. New York, west- ern district. Ohio, southern district. District of Colum- bia. Missouri, western district. New York, south- ern district. Missouri, eastern district. New York, east- ern district. Illinois, northern district. Virginia, eastern district. District of Colum- bia. New York, east- ern district. Missouri, eastern district. Ohio, southern district. Iowa, southern district. Wisconsin, east- ern district. Illinois, northern district. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded vanilla extract from New York to Ohio. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded vanilla flavor from Ohio to Kentucky. Offer for sale of misbranded cocaine in the District of Columbia. Shipment of misbranded lemon extract from Missouri to Kansas. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded black pepper from New York to District of Columbia. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded lemon extract from Missouri to Kansas. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded honey from New York to New Jersey. Shipment of misbranded ma- e sirup from Illinois to owa. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded lemon extract 1a Virginia to North Caro- ina. Offer for sale of adulterated and misbranded butter in District of Columbia. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded maple sirup from New York to Missouri. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded lemon extract from Missouri to Indian Territory. Shipment of misbranded meal from Ohio to Virginia. Shipment of misbranded drug asthma specific from Ohio to District of Columbia. Shipment of misbranded canned corn from Iowa. to Utah. : Shipment of misbranded lemon extract from Wiscon- sin to Minnesota. Shipment of misbranded peas from Illinois to Indiana. ea of misbranded ma- sirup from Illinois to Vashington. Disposition of the case. Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $100. (Notice of Judgment No. 5.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $5 and costs. (Notice of Judgment No. 48.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $100. (Notice of Judgment No. 10.) Defendant convicted; fined $200 and costs; writ of error allowed; pending. Defendant pleaded guilty; sentence sus- panded. (Notice of udgment No. 158.) Defendant convicted and fined $100. (No- tice of Judgment No. 194.) Information filed; demurrer sustained; ending on appeal. PNotice of Judgment No. 269.) Motion in arrest of judgment denied; de- fendant convicted and fined $50. (No- tice of Judgment No. 271.) Defendant convicted; motion in arrest of judgment and for new trial pending. Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $100. (Notice of Judgment No. 42.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $100. (Notice of Judgment No. 403.) Defendant convicted and fined $50. (No- tice of Judgment No. 194.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $5; costs, $17.85. (No- tice of Judgment No. 170.) Verdict in favor of Government; motion in arrest of judgment and new trial pend- ing. Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $25 and costs. (Notice of Judgment No.432.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $25 and costs. (Notice of Judgment No.141.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined 1 cent. (Notice of Judgment No. 321.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 290.) 838 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Cases under. the food and drugs act of June 80, 1906, reported for criminal prosecution during the fiscal years 1908 and 1909, and finally determined during the fiscal year 1910— Continued. F. & D.! case Defendant. No. Judicial district. Nature of offense charged. 316 | W. G. Dean & Sons. | 318 | Forbes Brothers | Tea and Spice Co. | bel UD oe ctoets.en ei ore 341 ee Ci ep 342 | W.G. Dean & Son. 349 | The King Cereal and Manufac- turing Co. 353 Marshalltown Syrup and Su- | gar Co. 418 | R. E. Funsten Dried Fruit and Nut Co. 422 | Clinton Sugar Re- fining Co. 429 | R. E. Funsten Dried Fruit and Nut Co. 436 | Wisconsin Butter and Cheese Co. - SY el Rae (6 Seer Cee 438 | William Huff..... 458 French Silver 1 459 Dragee Co. 481 | S. J. Van Lill Co.. 483 | Price & Lucas Ci- der and Vinegar Co. 494 | Hanley & Kin- | sella Coffee and Spice Co. 495 | Calumet Tea and Coffee Co. 502 | Atwood & Steele Co. 505 | W. B. Gloofke Co. . New York, south- ern district. Missouri, eastern district. New York, south- ern district. Illinois, northern district. Iowa, southern district. Missouri, eastern district. Iowa, southern district. Missouri, eastern district. New York, south- ern district. Maryland Pennsylvania, western district. Missouri, eastern district. Illinois, northern district. Illinois, northern district. Orev0n: 2222 s=-- 2. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded pepper from New York to Washington. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded lemon extract from Missouri to Mississippi. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded lemon extract from Missouri to Texas. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded strawberry ex- tract from Missouri to Mis- sissippi. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded perper from New York to Washington. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded flour from Illi- nois to Ohio. Shipment of misbranded sirup from Iowa to Nebraska. Shipment of misbranded evap- orated apples from Missouri to Ohio. Shipment of misbranded glu- ten feed from Iowa to New York. Shipment of misbranded dried apples from Missouri to In- diana. Wisconsin, east- | Shipment of adulterated milk district. from Wisconsin to Illinois. Oa aes (6 (aie Scam (ese (se RA AS as Sere ce eee 6 (1 ee ene resist (1 SR eer St Son fectionery from New York Shipment of adulterated con- to California. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded tomato catsup from Maryland to Massachu- setts. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded vinegar from Pennsylvania to Ohio. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded pepper from Missouri to Texas. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded pepper from IIli- nois to Montana. ~ Shipment of adulterated and misbranded lemon extract from Illinois to Idaho. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded sirup from Washington to Oregon. _ Disposition of the case. Defendant pleaded guilty; sentence sus- nded. (Notice of udgment No. 158.) Defendant convicted and fined $400. (No- se of Judgment No. 9.) Consolidated with 318 and 341. (Notice of Judgment No. 339.) Consolidated with 318 and 334. (Notice of Judgment No. 339.) Defendant pleaded guilty and sentence suspended. (Notice of Judgment No. 158. Defendant pleade guilty and fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 317.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $20. (Notice of Judgment No. 469.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $10 and costs. (Notice of Judgment No. 161.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $50. (Notice of Judgment No. 391.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $10 and costs. (Notice of Judgment No. 161.) Defendant pleaded guilty and sentence suspended. (Notice of 7 udgment No. 206.) 0. Defendant P leaded guilty and fined $25 andcosts. (Notice of Judgment No. 423.) Circuit court reversed; circuit court of a peals decided in fa- vor of defendant. (Notice of Judgment No. 249.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $150. (Notice of Judgment Judgment No. 156. Defendant convict and fined $50; costs $22.70. (Notice of Judgment No. 240.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $50. (Notice of Judgment No. 210.) Defendant fined $50. (Notice of Judgment No. 288.) Defendant pleaded nolo contendere and fined $11.30. (Notice of Judgment No. 313. Defendant z leade guilty and fined $25. THE SOLICITOR. 839 Cases under the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, reported for criminal prosecution during the fiscal years 1908 and 1909, and finally determined during the fiscal year 1910— Continued. terated and misbranded va- nilla extract from Pennsyl- vania to Delaware. F.&D. case Defendant. Judicial district. Nature of offense charged. Disposition of the case. No. | 516 | Charles L. Heinle Pennsylvania, | Shipment by vendees of de- | Defendant pleaded Specialty Co. eastern district. fendant guarantor of adul- guilty and fined $25 and costs. (Notice of Judgment No. 389.) 521 | Marshalltown | Iowa, southern | Shipment of misbranded | Consolidated with 353. Syrup and Su- | _ district. sirup from Iowa to Colo- (Notice of Judgment gar Co. rado. No. 469.) 542 | Newton Tea and Ohio, southern | Shipment of adulterated and | Defendant convicted; Spice Co. district. misbranded pepper from motion for new trial Ohio to Mississippi. pending. 552 | Museatine French | Iowa, southern | Shipment of misbranded | Defendant pleaded Cheese Co. district. cheese from Iowa to Illinois guilty and fined $10 andcosts. (Notice of Judgment No. 431.) 557 | O. LL. Gregory | Alabama, north- | Shipment of adulterated and | Defendant pleaded Vinegar Co. ern district. misbranded vinegar from guilty and fined $25 Alabama to Georgia. and costs. 571 No. 417.) 586 | WiseolaCo........ | Alabama, north- | Shipment of misbranded | Defendant pleaded / ern district. sirup from Alabama _ to guilty and finefl $25 Louisiana. and costs. (Notice of | Judgment No. 594.) 591 | Athens Bottling | Georgia, northern | Shipment of misbranded cafe | Defendant fined $5 and Works. district. coca from Georgia to Loni- costs. (Notice of siana. Judgment No. 235.) 593 | Acme Mills Co....} Oregon............ Shipment of adulterated and | Defendant P leaded misbranded gluten flour guilty and fined $25. from Oregon to Washington. @ Notice *e Judgment 0. 250. 594 F. H. Finley & | District of Colum- | Offer for sale of adulterated | Defendant convicted | Son. bia. water in the District of Co- and fined $10. (Notice lumbia. of Judgment No.175.) 607 | John A. Falck Co..| New Jersey....... Shipment of misbranded | Defendant pleaded headache cure from New non vultand sentence Jersey to Pennsylvania. suspended. (Notice of Judgment No.418.) 609 | The Dow & Snell | Ohio, _ northern | Shipment of adulterated and | Defendant pleaded Co. district. misbranded spirits of cam- nolo contendere and phor from Ohio to Michigan. fined $25 and costs. (Notice of Judgment No. 550.) 610 | H. F. Kaufman & | New York, south- | Shipment of adulterated and | Defendant pleaded. Co. ern district. misbranded drug (damiana) guilty to adultera- from New York to Maryland. tion; nol. pros. as to misbranding; fined $100. (Notice of Judgment No. 245.) 611 | Baker Preserving | Colorado.......... Shipment of adulterated and Dennis Rupert Dupuis. Bertin & Lepori... Co. Missouri, district. California, north- | ern district. eastern | Shipment of misbranded drug (Radol) from Missouri to District of Columbia. Shipment of adulterated and misbranded olive oil from California to New Mexico. misbranded _ siru from Defendant P leaded guilty and fined $50 and costs. (Notice of Judgment No. 184.) Defendant pleaded guilty and fined $100. (Notice of Judgment Defendant P leaded guilty and fined $10 Colorado to Nebraska. and costs. (Notice of Judgment No. 209.) 612 | A. L. Pilsbury, jr.| Louisiana, eastern | Shipment of misbranded coke | Defendant pleaded district. | extract from Louisiana to guilty and fined $10 Tennessee. andcosts. (Notice of Judgment No. 236.) 613 | Koca Nola Co..... Georgia, northern | Shipment of adulterated and | Defendant convicted district. misbranded Koca Nola from and fined $50. (Notice | Georgia to the District of of Judgment No. 202.) Columbia. 616 | Steinhardt Bros. | New York, south- | Shipment of _misbranded | Defendant convicted & Co. ern district. damiana from New York to and fined $200. (No- Massachusetts. a ed Judgment No. 501. 617 | McIlvaine Bros....| Pennsylvania, | Shipment of adulterated and | Defendant pleaded eastern district. misbranded colocynth from non vult contendere Pennsylvania to Michigan. and fined $10. (No- tice of Judgment No. 390.) 840 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Cases under the food and drugs act of June 80, 1906, reported for criminal prosecution during the fiscal years 1908 and 1909, and finally determined during the fiscal year 1910— Nature of offense charged. Continued. F.&D.. case Defendant. Judicial district. No. | 618 | Mellvaine Bros...) Pennsylvania, | eastern district. 620 | F. A. Thompson | Michigan, eastern | &Co. district. 621 | Bertin & Lepori...| California, north- 622 626 | 627 The Failing-Nellis Drug Co. Parrish Bros. (In- corporated). Frederick Stearns Co. ern district. New York, north- ern district. Maryland Michigan, eastern district. | Disposition of the case, Shipment of adulterated and misbranded colocynth from Pennsylvania to Texas. Shipment of misbranded asa- foetida from Michigan to Illinois. Shipment of misbranded oil from California to Washing- ton. Shipment of misbranded headache cure from New York to Michigan. Shipment of misbranded pep- per from Maryland to Vir- ginia. Shipment of misbranded ex- tract of damiana from Michi- gan to Tennessee. | Consolidated with 617 and 661. Defendant pleaded nolo contendere and fined $10. Notice of Judgment No. 157.) Defendant pleaded out and fined $100. Notice of Judgment No. 417.) Defendant oy leaded reset an ; one er otice of Judgmen No. 624.) Defendant P leaded uilty and fined $50. (N otice of Judgment No. 159.) Defendant pleaded nolo contendere and fined $5. (Notice of Judgment No. 345.) Cases terminated in favor of the United States Cases terminated in favor of the defendant RECAPITULATION. Cases under section 10 of the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, reported during the fiscal years 1908 and 1909 and finally determined during the fiscal year 1910. F.&D oe Claimant. Judicial district. Nature of the case. 0. 115 | Knowlton Dan- | West Virginia, | 65 cases of misbranded drug derine Co. northern dis- shipped from Michigan to trict. West Virginia. } 779 cases of misbranded molas- 153 Arkansas, eastern : (Cl. Coe ets. 2) Rana ses shipped from Tennessee 154 } { district. { to Arkansas. 163 | Wichita Whole- | Kansas........... 285 cases misbranded canned | | sale Grocery Co. tomatoes and 145 cases of misbranded canned peas | shipped from Indiana to Kansas. 175 | Bouvier Specialty | District of Colum- | 109 cases of misbranded drug, Co. bia. “ Buchu Gin,” shipped from Kentucky to the District of Columbia. 188 | Getz Bros.......-.-. California, north- | 900 cases of misbranded canned ern district. _ corn shipped from Iowa to California. | 208 Hecker-Jones- | District of Colum- | 525 cases of misbranded buck- Jewell Milling bia. wheat flour shipped from Co. New York to the District of - Columbia. 210 | Parrott & Co...... California, north- | 5,995 cases of misbranded ern district. canned pineapples shipped from Hawaii to California. _ Disposition of the case. Judgment for claimant; circuit court of ap- peals affirmed lower court. (Notice of Judgment No. 284.) Verdict for defendant; affirmed by circuit court of appeals. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 542.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 160. Defendant paid cos $8.40; goo released on $1,000 bond; no decree entered. (Notice of Judgment No. us Bond filed; costs paid; goods released. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No, 436.) THE SOLICITOR. 841 Cases under section 10 of the food and drugs act of June 80, 1906, reported during the fiscal years 1908 and 1909 and finally determined during the fiscal year 1910—Cont’d. 287 | Lee,Cady & Smart 287a) C.Elliott & Co..... 289 | Charles Foehney.. 352 | Western Reserve Syrup. Co. 447 | Smith Bros. Burdeck Co. 450 | Ritchie & Co...... & 451 | Joseph Speidel | Grocery Co. 478 | B.S. Snow & Co... 500 | Hipolite Egg Co... 501 | Musolino & Ber- | ger. 508 | S. H. Beller Gro- cery Co. 509 | Oakland Vinegar and Pickle Co. 528 | Morris Spiegel... .. 537 | A. E. Beitzel...... 546 | Oakland Vinegar and Pickle Co. 555 | No claimant...... 574 | Gross, Kelly & Co. Michigan, eastern district. ‘Louisiana, eastern district. Illinois, eastern district. Iowa, southern district. Arkansas, western district. West Virginia, northern dis- trict. Massachusetts... . Illinois, southern district. Massachusetts... . Missouri, western district. West Virginia, northern dis- trict. Georgia, northern district. District of Colum- bia. Ohio, northern district. Alabama, middle district. New Mexico....... Pennsylvania. 50 cases of misbranded Maple- ine shipped from Ohio to Michigan. 16 cases of misbranded Maple- ine shipped from Ohio to Michigan. 11 barrels of misbranded whisky shipped from Vir- ginia to Louisiana. 48 cases of adulterated and misbranded sirup shipped from Ohio to Illinois. 900 cases of misbranded canned peas shipped from Wiscon- sin to Iowa. 26 barrels of misbranded vine- gar shipped from Kentucky to Illinois. 80 barrels of misbranded vine- gar shipped from Ohio to Vest Virginia. 150 cases of misbranded canned blueberries shipped from Maine to Massachusetts. 50 cases of adulterated eggs shipped from Missouri to Illinois. 2 barrels of misbranded olive oil shipped from Pennsyl- vania to Massachusetts. 78 cases of misbranded canned sirup shipped from Illinois to Missouri. 68 barrels of adulterated and misbranded vinegar ae from Michigan to West Vir- ginia. 3 cases of misbranded beaver oil shipped from New York to Georgia. 10 cases of misbranded Buchu gin shipped from New York to the District of Columbia. 25 barrels of adulterated and misbranded vinegar shipped from Michigan to Ohio. 26 barrels of misbranded vine- gar shipped from Kentucky to Alabama. 46 cases of misbranded s{rup shipped from Nebraska to New Mexico. F.& D. ay Claimant. Judicial district. Nature of the case. Disposition of the case, 0. moe’ te. FANON... California, north- | 1,000 sacks of misbranded | Decree of condemna- ern district. flour shipped from Oregon tion and forfeiture to California. rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 439.) woe C, A Matton |:.-.. G05 os. tat eos 300 sacks of misbranded flour | Decree of condemna- Flour Co. shipped from Oregon to tion and forfeiture California. rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 443.) 271 | MacLaren Impe- | Pennsy]vania, | 85 cases of adulterated cheese | Goods released on rial Cheese Co. eastern district. shipped from Maryland to bond. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. Do. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 361. Court sustained de- murrer to libel. (No- Boe of Judgment No. Bond filed; costs paid; goods released. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 373.) Bond given for de struction of goods. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 488.) Libei filed; seizure ef- fected; decree of con- demnation, forfei- ture, and destruction rendered; appealed to Supreme Court of the United States. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Noticeof Judgment No. 489.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 458.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Noticeof Judgment No. 688.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 239.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No.134.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 193.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered; order’of de- struction. (Notice of Judgment No. 169.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 302.) 842 Cases under section 10 of the food and drugs act o ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. June 80, 1906, reported Garin ty Jiscal years 1908 and 1909 and finally determined during the fiscal year 1910—Cont 588 589 590 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 | 603 604 615 624 631 | No claimant Claimant. Woodrow & Lewis. Goddard Grocery Co. Quaker Oats Co... S. H. Levin’s Sons. French Lick Springs Hotel. Consolidated Gro- cery Co. Harbauer-Marleau Co. | Radams Microbe Killer Co. Asheville Grocery Co. Bradfield Regula- tor Co. | No claimant....... Philip G. Affleck. . I. R. Howard Bradfield Regula- tor Co. Libby, McNeil « | Libby. | | Alabama-Georgia Syrup Co. Judicial district. New York, south- ern district. Missouri, eastern district. Georgia, southern district. Pennsy!|vania, eastern district. California, north- ern district. Maryland Florida, southern district. Illinois, northern district. Washington, west- ern district. North Carolina, western district. Louisiana, eastern district. Missouri, eastern district. District of Colum- bia. Missouri, district. eastern Louisiana, eastern district. Tennessee, west- ern district. r Nature of the case. 400 cases of canned baking powder pneee from Penn- sylvania to New York. 42 barrels of adulterated and misbranded vinegar shipped from Ohio to Missouri. 350 sacks of adulterated and misbranded feed shipped from Maryland to Georgia. 2,300 packages of misbranded canned tomatoes shipped from Delaware to Pennsyl- vania. 50 cases of misbranded wine shipped from Colorado to California. 34 cases of misbranded min- eral water shipped from In- diana to Maryland. 1,500 sacks of misbranded oats shipped from Pennsylvania to Florida. 60 barrels of adulterated and misbranded vinegar shipped from Ohio to Illinois. 25 cases of misbranded Rad- ams Microbe Killer shipped from California to Washing- ton. 120 sacks of adulterated and misbranded cotton-seed meal shipped from Tennes- see to North Carolina. 27 cases of misbranded Moth- er’s Friend shipped from Georgia to Louisiana. 57 cases of misbranded Moth- er’s Friend shipped from Georgia to Missouri. 12 cases of misbranded Rad- ams Microbe Killer shipped from New York to the Dis- trict of Columbia. 2k gross of misbranded Make- Man Tablets offered for sale in the District of Columbia. 200 cases of misbranded canned apricots shipped from Cali- fornia to Indiana. 200 sacks of adulterated and misbranded molasses grains shipped from Virginia to Maryland. 36 cases of misbranded Moth- er’s Friend shipped from Georgia to Missouri. 200 cases of misbranded con- densed milk shipped from Illinois to Louisiana. 427 cases of misbranded alaga sirup shipped from Ala- bama to Tennessee. Disposition of the case. Decree of condemna- tion, forfeiture, and destruction rendered. Notice of Judgment 0. 364. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 274.) Decree of condemna- tion. and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 171.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 455.) Goods released on bond. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 121.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 334.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 187.) Decree of condemna- tion, forfeiture, and destruction rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 623. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 179.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 203.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 366.) Decree of condemna- tion, forfeiture, and destruction rendered. Notice of Judgment No. 205.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 201.) Decree of condemna- tion and _ forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 330.) Decree of condemna- tion, forfeiture, and destruction rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 174. Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 366.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 223.) Decree of condemna- tion and forfeiture rendered. (Notice of Judgment No. 127.) THE SOLICITOR. 843 Cases under section 10 of the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, reported during the fiscal years 1908 and 1909 and finally determined during the fiscal year 1910—Cont’d. F. & D. case Claimant. Judicial district. Nature of offense charged. Disposition of the case, No. 633 | S. Peterson & Co..| Illinois, northern 23 barrels of adulterated and | Decree of condemna- district. | misbranded cider vinegar tion and forfeiture | shipped from Ohio to Iili- rendered. (Notice of | mois. Judgment No. 168.) RECAPITULATION. Cases terminated in favor of the United States: BAe HU COnNOGINNAtION ANG TOMGILUILG s..o5 cc cwde cs swcc ccs Orinnrcectubesicroncectppibavassenecae 43 SreParOlObNeen ON) DONG. = cc acon: ae sac saciteranteas o Disposition of the case. Defendant pleaded nolo contendere; fined $5 and costs, $24.16. (Notice of Judgment No. 281.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 185.) Do. Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $25. (Notice of Judgment No. 213.) Defendant pleaded eee oom $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 214.) Defendant bees Ay guilty; fined $15. (Notice of Judgment No. 214.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10 and costs, $19.35. (No- ticeof Judgment No. 380.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $15. (Notice of Judgment No. 228.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $15. (Notice of Judgment No. 229 0. 229.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $30—$15 for each offense. (No- tice of Judgment No. 214.) . Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $15. (Notice of Judgment No. 214.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $15. (Notice of Judgment No. 214.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $15. (Notice of Judgment No. 241.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 264.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 265.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 267.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 268.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 287.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 285.) THE SOLICITOR. 845 Cases under section 2 of the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, reported to United States attorneys by collaborators of the Department and finally determined during the fiscal year 1910—Continued. F.&D. case No. 55c 56c 57¢ 6le 67¢ 7lc 74c Defendant. Judicial district. Offense charged. 54c | George L. Hilder- | District of Colum- | Adulterated milk shipped brand. bia. from Maryland to District of Columbia. Samuel C. Harley.)..... dowtt sae Adulterated cream shipped from Virginia to District of Columbia. John Irvine. ......}..... 2 (RSE Sears «| ee GO 2 ogy cictse ee ebcnim Se Thomas F. Myers.|..... Doc Saecneccsk Adulterated cream shipped from Maryland to District of Columbia. Edgar W. Feaster.|..... GOSzas SAR Re sees QO ewietsianeoss hoe wal gacmeeene George P. Altman.|..... Gost. «2s Adulterated milk shipped from Maryland to District of Columbia. Laban B. Arm-|..... GO stcwckthesee sane GOae ties oot eee strong. William D. Zim- |..... GOsacceeeosce ce ra Ree Se Se eee se hes eats merman. Albert A. Boyer...]..... Gos. ccceckeyes Adulterated cream shipped from Maryland to District of Columbia. George W. Bosley .|..... GOs sewn ee seeloeess (one | Peete eee. ee Berm Wibitess 27: 25.|252<. DOW ae aSete bs 20] Sse Onesie Set Sass Sek Joseph W. Bischof.}..... a (1 BS ar gee Adulterated and misbranded ice cream offered for sale in the District of Columbia. John H. Allnutt...}..... GOs eet Adulterated cream_ shipped from Maryland to District of Columbia. James Kelley & |..... Ober canes che Adulterated cream shipped Son. from Virginia to District of Columbia. George M. Kep- ]..... Dl idaicee spirit Adulterated cream shipped hart. from Maryland to District of Columbia. Horace H. Smith..|.,...do..........-. | Adulterated milk shipped from Maryland to District of Columbia. Charles H. Dixon.|..... ib Se: Adulterated cream shipped from Maryland to District of Columbia. Lawrence B. Jones}..... 3 (Cee a, Adulterated milk shipped from Maryland to District of | Columbia. Charles M. Parks..]..... dG) sc asexes- sen Adulterated cream shipped from Virginia to District of Columbia. Disposition of the case. Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 312.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 308.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 307.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 336.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 338.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $5. (Notice of Judgment No. 347.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 335.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 425.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 331.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 430.) Court instructed jury to bring in verdict of not guilty. (Notice of ads weak No. 438.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 445.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 446.) Defendant pleaded uilty; fined $10. fNotics of Judgment No. 451.) Defendant pleaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 460.) Defendant pleaded Ity; fined $10. Notice of Judgment No. 479.) Defendant leaded guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 502.) Defendant ls A guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment No. 484.) 846 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Cases under section 2 of the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, reported to United States attorneys by collaborators of the Department and finally determined during the fiscal year 1910—Continued. case | Defendant. Judicial district. | Offense charged. Disposition of the case. 75ec | William M. | District of Colum- | Adulterated cream shipped | Defendant pleaded Thompson. bia. | from Virginia to District of guilty; ed $10. Columbia. (Notice of Judgment | No. 485.) 76¢ | Edwin M. Horine.|..... dons Meters | Adulterated milk shipped | Defendant pleaded from Maryland to District of guilty; ed $10. | Columbia. (Notice of Judgment No. 503.) 77c | George A. Willson.}..... 6 Co eer Ts | | ay QOw se atecns ee Sets eo eee Defendant pleaded guilty; fined$5. (No- tice of Judgment No. 538.) 78c | George L. Hilder- |..... doseet.. sseeeabees (C0 Es SAIS Sc ic Defendant pleaded | brand. guilty; fined $10. (Notice of Judgment | No. 557.) 80c | Arthur Swart.....|..... Gozecusecesnce Adulterated cream shipped | Defendant leaded from Virginia to District of guilty; ed $10; Columbia. (Notice of Judgment : No. 558.) 82c | Albert Mack......|..... Goss: <2 ssebeee Adulterated milk shipped | Defendant pleaded from Virginia to District of guilty; fined $20. Columbia. Notice of Judgment 0. 590.) RECAPITULATION. Cases terminated in favor of the United States. 2... 2.22.0. 2 -eccccndacccm cee cemciee = eeeeEee eee 43 Cases terminated in favoriof deferidantx.... 3222 8h. bc lb anccwees ecto cose eee se ee ee eee 1 Total. mtsasd oes es esnlscese ss below sc oekieh Cotinck oct omeaniese act sttien eee ee eee 44 BING 3s 5 aje% see ee sec bebe g Bs sie. boo. coe carcarsliam enn Hanes Ose e boone soe eee eee $490. 00 GQOSES bapa fe was SiR fate aie eicicialeiciecng 2 aie an gre wicterciwimeje/eime nie 6 ye ROSE este ee eRe ee a ee oe $43. 51 Cases under section 10 of the food and drugs act of June 80, 1906, reported to United States attorneys by collaborators of the Department during the fiscal year 1910. F. & D. . wee case Claimants. Judicial district. Subject of offense. Dispose status No. : 30c | The Robinson Ci- | Kansas.........-- 78 casks of misbranded vinegar | Costs paid; goods re- der and Vinegar shipped from Michigan to leased on $1,000 bond. Co. Kansas. (Notice of Judgment No. 207). 3le | J. Lindsay Wells | Tennessee, middie | 300 sacksofmisbranded cotton- | Case dismissed on pay- Co. district. seed meal shipped from Ken- ment of costs and re- tucky to Tennessee. labeling of joods. 33c | Interstate Ware- | Georgia, northern | 2 carloads of adulterated oats | Decree of condemna- house and Ele- district. shipped from Missouri to tion and forfeiture vator Co. Georgia. ‘ rendered. (Notice of d Judgment No. 101.) ATC |Rcscdeee e toe ete alte nee OGtec a eeeceens 20,000 pounds of adulterated | Decree of condemna- hay shipped from Nebraska tion and destruction to Georgia. rendered; goods de- stroyed by order of court. BSCR. ea eae a eee Witah nee 3 boxes of misbranded butter | Costs paid; goods re- shipped from Wyoming to leased on $100 bond. Utah. e THE SOLICITOR. 847 THE TWENTY-EIGHT HOUR LAW. ENFORCEMENT OF THE ACT. During the fiscal year just passed the vigorous enforcement of the twenty-eight hour law (act of June 29, 1906; 34 Stat., 607) was consistently continued. The Department brought to the attention of the Attorney-General 438 apparent violations of the statute during that period. This is more than double the number of violations re- ported in the preceding fiscal year, only 208 cases being transmitted to the Department of Justice in that period. In the fiscal year 1908, however, 685 cases were reported for prosecution. There has been no slackening in the activity of the Department’s inspectors, and the results shown would make it appear that the common carriers are not manifesting the same disposition to obey the act in the past fiscal ear as in the fiscal year preceding. In fairness, however, it should e said that a large number of violations out of this total occurred in one district, so that the apparent disregard of the statute is not quite so general as would otherwise seem to ‘be the case. Of the 438 cases reported, together with those coming over from the preceding fiscal year, 559 were pending at the close of the past fiscal year; penalties were assessed in 139 cases, and 29 cases were dismissed for insufficiency of evidence. Jn the preceding fiscal year, of the 208 cases reported dur- ing that period, together with those coming over from the preceding fiscal year, 305 cases were pending at the close of June 30, 1909; pena lues were assessed in 617 cases, and 81 cases were dismissed ecause of the insufficiency of evidence. In the fiscal year 1909, 33 cases, or about 5 per cent, resulted adversely to the Government; in the fiscal year 1910, 19 cases were lost, or about 6 per cent of the total. In 1909, the penalties collected amounted to $73,490; costs paid $11,539.85. In 1910 penalties in the sum of $16,500 were re- covered, and costs in the sum of $2,919.35 were paid. If there has been any considerable improvement in the methods of handling stock in transit, it does not appear in the statistics of the enforcement of the twenty-eight hour law during the fiscal year 1910. More than twice as many instances of apparent violations of the statute were reported in 1910 as in the fiscal year preceding. It is true that the amount of the penalties collected in 1909 is far greater than in 1910, but this is due to the fact that more cases were reached for trial in 1909 than in 1910. The Government does not regard the twenty-eight hour law in the light of a revenue measure. Its purpose is, of course, to protect live stock in interstate transportation. Expe- rience in the enforcement of the present act lends some support to the view that more adequate protection would be afforded live stock if a provision were incorporated in the act requiring carriers to main- tain a reasonable minimum speed on all stock trains. It often happens, at the present time, that railroad companies comply rather with the letter of the statute than its spirit. By unloading live stock frequently they keep within the law, but great suffering is thereby _ inflicted on the animals, to say nothing of the additional expense to the shippers, all of which would be avoided if carriers were required to move live stock to destination with reasonable dispatch. The enactment of such a measure would round out the existing act and emphasize the desire of Congress that live stock in transit must be 848 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, humanely handled. Of the need for such a provision of law there can be no doubt. Nor could it be said that Congress would be very far in advance of the state legislatures in enacting such a measure. The act of March 19, 1903 (ch. 144, Laws of North Dakota, 1903, p. 195), provides, in effect, that, common carriers engaged in the transportation of live stock shall maintain on all stock trains within the State an average minimum speed of not less than 20 miles per hour. The act of April 4, 1905 (ch. 5, Laws of Nebraska, p. 57), provides, in effect, that it shall be the duty of stock-yards companies to unload live stock within one and one-half hours from the time of arrival at the tracks connect- ing with the yards and the tender of the live stock to the company. Section 10606 (Stock shipments, rate of speed) of the act of March 29, 1909 (Laws of Nebraska, 1909, ch. 96, p. 403), provides, in effect, that common carriers shall transport live stock at a minimum speed of not less than 18 miles per hour. The supreme court of that State Gn Crain v. Chicago, Burlington and Quincy R. R. Co., 122 N. W., 31) has declared this statute constitutional. The act of March 7, 1907 (ch. 276, Laws of Kansas, 1907, p. 448), provides, in effect, that _ common carriers shall transport live stock at a minimum speed of not less than 15 miles per hour. The act of April 10, 1907 (ch. 115, Laws of Iowa, 1907, p. 119), provides, in effect, that common carriers shall move cars of live stock at the highest speed consistent with reasonable safety, and that the board of railroad commissioners shall determine the speed at which live stock shall be moved. The act of May 17, 1907 (Laws of Illinois, 1907, p. 264), provides, in effect, that live stock shall not be confined by a common carrier in any car longer than thirty-six consecutive hours, at the expiration of which time they shall be fed and watered. A California statute (Laws of 1905, ch. 512) prescribes thirty-six hours as the maximum period of con- finement of live stock by carriers without unloading for food, water, and rest. The period of rest must be at least ten consecutive hours. The act of 1905 (Laws of Florida, ch. 51) makes twenty-eight hours the maximum period of confinement of live stock by carriers, and also provides a maximum of three hours for detention in the cars at desti- nation. A bill (H. R. 19041) was introduced in the House last session requiring carriers to maintain a minimum speed of not less than 16 miles per hour on all stock trains in interstate commerce. It was referred to committee, no further action being taken. This measure was prepared by me, at the request of persons interested in the pro- tection of live stock in transit. DECISIONS OF THE COURTS. During the fiscal year 1910 the following important decisions were handed down in cases arising under the twenty-eight hour law: Unitep States v SouTHERN Paciric CoMPANY. (Circular No. 20, Office of the Solicitor; not reported in the Federal Reporter.] It was charged in this case that the Southern Pacific Company had failed to comply with the provisions of the statute in that they unloaded stock into pens which were not properly equipped for feeding, resting, and watering live stock, as required by the act. In charging the jury Judge Bean stated that the purpose of the act was to prevent or reduce to a minimum the cruelty incident to the transportation of live stock. Stating THE SOLICITOR. 849 that it was a question for the jury as to whether the pens were properly equipped, the court said that the statute did not define what was a properly equipped pen, but simply provided that they should be so arranged as to permit stock to be properly rested, fed, and watered therein. It was held no defense to say that the person in charge of the stock would not consent to their removal to such pens. The word “knowingly” as used in the act was held to mean ‘‘with knowledge of the facts,”’ it being the duty of the company or its agents to use reasonable dilligence to know the facts; the word ‘‘willfully” was held to mean intentionally and voluntarily. Proof by a preponderance of the evidence was deemed sufficient. The jury was permitted to fix the amount of the penalty. Unitrep States v. ATLANTIC Coast LINE R. R. Co. [173 Fed., 764; Circular No. 21, Office of the Solicitor.] This case covered a shipment of calves, transported from Aulander, N. C., to Norfolk, Va. Owing to the failure of the conductor of the freight train to report the time during which they had been without feed, rest, and water on his train, the stock were confined in violation of the statute. It was claimed by the defendant company that they had issued instructions to their employees covering such shipments, which the conductor had failed to observe in thiscase. The circuit court of appeals for the fourth circuit held this no defense, reversing the lower court. A suit under the statute was held to be a civil proceeding. The words ‘“‘knowingly and willfully,’ as used in the act, do not import an evil motive. Lack of foresight and due diligence on the part of ents of a carrier of live stock are imputable to the carrier, and it was expressly held that, in this case, the carrier knowingly and willfully violated the act. The assess- ment of the penalty was for the court. SouTHERN Pacrric Company vV. UNITED STATES. {171 Fed., 360; Circular No. 23, Office of the Solicitor.] It was alleged in this case that the company had transported a consignment of sheep from Reno, Nev., to San Francisco, Cal., in violation of the act. Upon appeal from a decision in favor of the United States, the circuit court of appeals for the ninth circuit held that the statute was not unconstitutional, as delegating legislative power to the shipper, because he was authorized to extend the time of confinement of his stock from twenty-eight to thirty-six hours. The contention that the act was void for uncertainty in regard to its provisions for the confinement of sheep was overruled. It was also held that the shipment, not the train load, was the unit of violation. SouTHERN Pacrric CompANy v. UNITED STATES. {171 Fed., 364; Circular No. 24, Office of the Solicitor.) An unlawful confinement of sheep, loaded at Corinne, Utah, consigned to South San Francisco, Cal., was alleged in this case. It was contended that, while the defendant company owned the road over which the shipment was transported, to bring the prosecution in any other district than the one within which the violation took place was contrary to the sixth amendment to the Constitution. The circuit court of appeals for the ninth circuit held, however, in effect, that as a pecieetin under the statute was a civil, not a criminal, action, the point was not well taken. Unitep States v. St. JosepH Srock YARDS COMPANY. [Circular No. 25, Office of the Solicitor; not reported in the Federal Reporter.] This case involved four shipments of live stock from points in Nebraska to South St. Joseph, Mo. The defendant wasa terminal company. The court held, in effect, that it was a railroad company within the meaning of the act; that the transportation from the points of origin to the stock yards at South St. Joseph, Mo., was a continuous shipment; that the purpose of the act is remedial and that the defendant, a connecting carrier, must learn at its peril how long live stock delivered to it had been previously con- fined without water, feed, and rest; that while in mitigation, it was no defense to say that the defendant acted promptly and quickly in transporting the live stock to the unloading pens. T3477 °—acr 1910 54 850 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Unitep States v. Stock YARDS TERMINAL COMPANY. (178 Fed., 19; Circular No. 26, Office of the Solicitor; Circular No. 33, Office of the Solicitor.) This case involved a shipment of live stock from Montana to Chicago, IIl., via St. Paul. The initial carrier had itself transported the live stock beyond the statutory limit without water, food, or rest at the time they were delivered to the defendant, which thereafter confined them for two hours and five minutes additional. Judg- ment was secured against the initial carrier. The lower court held that, as the Gov- ernment had recovered from the initial carrier, the defendant was not suable in this case. On appeal to the circuit court of appeals for the eighth circuit the decision of the lower court was affirmed upon a different ground, namely, that the defendant had not knowingly and willfully violated the statute, applying the doctrine in St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad Company v. United States (169 Fed., 69; Circular No. 17, Office of the Solicitor). Unirep STATES vy. SOUTHERN Pactiric Co. {172 Fed., 909; Circular No. 28, Office of the Solicitor.] The court held in this case that an action by the United States under the twenty- eight-hour law is a civil action, with all the ordinary incidents thereof, including the liability of the defeated party for costs. In such a case, in the district of Oregon, a docket or attorney’s fee of $40 is taxable against the defendant, according to sections 824 and 837, Revised Statutes. It was held that the prevailing party was not entitled to tax, as part of the costs, the fees of the marshal for serving subpoenas on witnesses without the district and more than 100 miles from the place of trial; the mileage for wit- nesses of the prevailing party may be charged only from any point to which a subpoena would run, namely, from any point within the district and for not exceeding 100 miles from without the district. Under section 850, Revised Statutes, the United States is entitled, when the prevailing party, to tax as costs the necessary expenses of a sal- aried employee taken from his place of business to attend as a witness for the Govern- ment regardless of the distance traveled by him. Unirep States v. NORTHERN Pactric TERMINAL Co. [Circular No. 30, Office of the Solicitor; not reported in the Federal Reporter.] In this case the defendant contended that being a terminal company it was not a carrier within the meaning of the act, and also that the defendant could not be held liable on a consignment when the Government had theretofore recovered from the initial carrier for confining the same shipment. Both these contentions were over- ruled. The court also held that the time consumed in switching cars of live stock from one track to another about the switching yards should not be deducted from the time of carriage. BALTIMORE AND OHIO SOUTHWESTERN Ratmiway Co. v. UNITED STATES, {Circular No. 31, Office of the Solicitor. ] On March 14, 1910, by an evenly divided bench, the Supreme Court of the United States affirmed the decision of the circuit court of appeals for the sixth circuit, holding that the shipment and not the train load is the unit of violation under the statute. (See Circulars Nos. 2 and 3; 159 Fed., 33, 38.) No opinion on the merits was delivered. On April 4, 1910, upon motion of the plaintiff in error, a rehearing was granted, and the case has been set for reargument during the month of October, 1910. WaBasH RatrLtRoaD Co. v. UNITED STATES. [178 Fed., 5; Circular No. 35, Office of the Solicitor.] This case covered a shipment of cattle from Kansas City, Kans., to Elmo, Mo. A judgment was rendered against the Wabash Railroad Company for confining the cattle more than twenty-eight hours. A printed request for extension of the time to thirty- six hours accompanied the shipment. The lower court ruled out this request and dis- regarded it in entering the judgment. The circuit court of appeals for the eighth cir- cuit reversed the decision of the trial court and held that a legal request for confinement THE SOLICITOR. 851 of live stock may be made by the authorized agent of the owner of the particular ship- ment; that such a request may be printed, engraved, or stamped and partly in hand- writing; a legal request may be made on or in a railroad form separate and apart from a printed bill of lading or other railroad form than one which contains the request alone; such a request may be made before the transportation of the shipment commences; and such a request may be made although it is not induced by any emergency or con- tingency that arises after the transportation commences and that was unforeseen at that time. Tue ATCHISON, TOPEKA AND SANTA Fe Ratiway Co. v. UNITED States. {178 Fed., 12; Circular No. 36, Office of the Solicitor.] This case involves an appeal by the plaintiff in error from a judgment in the lower court for five violations of the act. The circuit court of appeals for the eighth circuit affirmed the judgment of the lower court and held that a suit under the act is a civil action and a preponderance of the evidence in favor of the Government is sufficient to warrant a verdict against the defendant. It is the duty of the court to fix the pen- alty. The question as to what constitutes a legal request for extension of time to thirty-six hours was also decided in this case the same as in the one reported in Circular No. 35, Office of the Solicitor. THe Missourr, KANsAS AND TEXAS Rattway Co. v. UNITED StraTeEs. [178 Fed., 16; Circular No. 37, Office of the Solicitor.] The questions presented in this case were the same as in the case reported in Cir- cular No. 36, Office of the Solicitor. The circuit court of appeals for the eighth circuit held, in addition to the questions above referred to, that under the twenty-eight hour law, whether an extension request complies with the statute is a question of law for the court; it is error to submit such question to the jury. The most noteworthy case before the courts during the past year was Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad Company v. United States. It is the first case, under the present statute, to reach the Supreme Court, the issue being narrowed to a single important point— the unit of violation as contemplated by the act. It is the practice of railroad companies to transport many different consignments of live stock in the same train load; should the Supreme Court decide, as the Government contends, that the consignment is the unit of viola- tion, the penalties for the detention of live stock will be proportion- ately larger than if that court should hold the train load to be the unit. It would seem probable that the Government will secure a favorable ruling in the case, since the district court and the court of appeals both ruled in its favor when the case was before them. United States v. National Stock Yards Company, involving the liability of a terminal company, in general, under the act, is also before the Supreme Court, and will probably be reached about the same time that the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad Com- pany v. United States is reargued. It involves the liability of a stock- rats company under the statute. The district and circuit courts oth decided against the Government in this case, though the same question has been twice resolved in favor of the Government in other apa (United States v. St. Joseph Stock Yards Co., Circular 0. 25; United States v. Northern Pacific Terminal Co., Circular No. 30); these decisions hold flatly that such companies are liable under the act. Where companies similarly organized have been held not amenable to the act, the decision was based on the view that they were not shown to have knowingly and wilfully violated its terms, as rovided in section 3 (United States v. Sioux City Stock Yards Co., 162 Fed., 556; same, 167 Fed., 126; United States v. Terminal Stock Yards Co., 178 Fed., 19). While these cases may have disposed of 852 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the issues involved, they establish no precedent as to the liability of stock yards or terminal companies in general. Indeed, Judge Reed, in the Sioux City Stock Yards case, held that the defendant was amenable, in general, to the act. A novel situation is presented in the Stock Yards Terminal case. The Government had recovered from the initial carrier, and sought to recover also from the connecting carrier, by which the same ship- ment of live stock was further transported in violation of the act. The lower court decided that the terminal company had not violated the law, thus holding that the time during which the stock had been confined by the preceding carrier could not be counted against the defendant. This decision disregards the plain provisions of the act. No explanation is given as to the ground on which the decision is based. The court did not even recognize the right of the Government to sue either carrier, at its election, but held, in effect, that the defendant had not violated the law because it did not confine the stock on its own line over twenty-eight hours. It should be noted that the circuit court of appeals for the eighth circuit, while affirming the court below, sought other ground of decision. There is now pend- ing, before the same appellate court, United States v. Wabash Rail- road Co., which involves the converse of the proposition in the Stock Yards Terminal case. In that case the Government recovered, first, from the terminal company for a confinement of stock on its own line, of less than twenty-eight hours, the initial and connecting car- rier having theretofore confined the same shipment in excess of the statutory period. After recovering from the terminal company, proceedings were instituted against the initial carrier; under these circumstances the lower court held that the Government could not recover. Obviously, the torment of hunger, thirst, and weariness increases after the statutory period expires; consequently, Congress must have intended in this statute to prohibit carriers from accepting stock for further transportation, when they had been already con- fined in violation of the act, extending to live stock the humane pro- tection demanded by their nature and the conditions of transit by rail. The decision of the lower court in the Stock Yards Terminal case seems to proceed on the theory that live stock in the course of continuous transportation require feed, water, and rest only at the end of twenty-eight hour periods, but, if not fed, watered, and rested at the expiration of that time, they suffer no increasing detriment until another twenty-eight hours has expired. In United States v. Stockyards Terminal Railroad Company (178 Fed., 19; Circular No. 33, Office of the Solicitor) the circuit court of appeals for the eighth circuit applied the construction of the expres- sion ‘“‘knowingly and willfully,” as laid down in St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad Co. v. United States (169 Fed., 69, 71; Circular No. 17, Office of the Solicitor). The court said, in effect, that the defendant not having actual knowledge of how long the live stock had been without water, feed, and rest when it accepted them, did not knowingly and willfully violate the act. It is regrettable that the court did not deem it necessary to discuss, in this connection, the duty of connecting carriers; as the decision now stands, it might be held to support the view that of connecting carriers none violate the law except those having actual knowledge of the period of pre- vious confinement. It was stipulated that it was the duty of railroad agents to mark the billing, so as to show connecting carriers when THE SOLICITOR. 853 and where the shipment had feed, rest, and water. This was not done in this case. It might well be contended, therefore, that the terminal company acted at its peril if it transported this consign- ment farther where the billing failed to give any information as to watering, feeding, and resting. In United States v. St. Joseph Stock Yards Co. (Circular No. 25, Office of the Solicitor) the court expressly and emphatically holds that there is a duty resting on con- necting carriers to inquire as to previous confinement. In Pierson v. Northern Pacific Ry. Co. (100 Pac., 999, 1001), the supreme court of Washington said: The federal statute covers this question. It provides that in estimating the time during which the animals have been confined without rest on connecting roads shall be included; thus making it the duty of the connecting carrier to inquire concerning such time when the animals are received by it, if the fact does not appear on the way- bills submitted to it. If the statute imposes a duty upon common carriers of live stock, and if such carriers are chargeable with knowledge, not merely of what they actually knew, but as well with knowledge of facts which they might have ascertained upon reasonable inquiry (in accord, United States v. Fort Worth Belt Ry. Co., Circular No. 11, Office of the Solicitor; United States v. Colorado and Southern Ry. Co.; Circular No. 7, Office of the Solicitor), how could it be decided that the defendant, in the Stock Yards Terminal case, did not knowingly and willfully violate the law when it appeared. simply that the company did not have actual knowledge of how long the live stock had been previously confined ? A group of three important cases, involving practically the same issues, was also decided by the circuit court of appeals for the eighth circuit at the close of the past fiscal year (Wabash R. R. Co. v. United States, 178 Fed., 5; Circular No. 35, Office of the Solicitor; Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe R. R. Co. v. United States, 178 Fed., 12; Circular No. 36, Office of the Solicitor; Missouri, Kansas and Texas R. R. Co. v. United States, 178 Fed., 16; Circular No. 37, Office of the Solicitor). The most important points in all these cases were as to whether an extension request, provided for in section 1 of the act, might be made on a railroad form, though separate from the bill of lading or other railroad form, and whether such a request might be made before the shipment started. The circuit court of appeals held that Congress intended simply to prevent the extension request from being concealed in some railroad form, used for another urpose, and thus withdraw the attention of the signer from it. his was in accordance with the ruling of this Office, as stated in the opinion. It was held by the court that such requests might be made out by shippers or their agents, on forms supplied by the railroad companies, provided these complied with the other require- ments of the act. It was also held that such a request might be made out before the shipment started. Counsel for the Government contended that the requests must be induced by an unforeseen con- tingency arising during the transportation. The court held, however, that extension of time beyond twenty-eight hours was permitted without a request, upon an unforeseen cause of delay, and the grant- ing of a request only upon the happening of an unforeseen cause of delay would have created a double exception to the law, which is repugnant. $54 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Summary of suits under the twenty-eight hour law resulting in judgment for the Govern- ment during the fiscal year from July 1, 1909, to June 30, 1910. Now| Railroad involved. Judicial district. Peder’? fi 1622 | Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe......... Texas, northern district........... $100 W728 )\| ores LO ret ota and orate b's ae eters dete een Kanbas. J... oc. saddaamse so cee 100 ivy ja Oe wee pits Geechee stettere Soe ee eee COs scans aes cate ee ane eee eee 100 1774 CEO Ss ohh dacnix ed Sooke Res peace eee eso GO! cud kid. See ears ed ee 100 Lk cd OSs esos soe wera cob gee asia cee oe eee lomsee aa Bed owes foes ee tee eee eee 100 17768) |.5. GOs. ok wiaicate sda ceclc ties Woopodicn yd | an aeO.-ersem or ahes tenis Semen 100 1796 |..... GOs cae tat ocene eee bebe eeE ak oecennt eee Stason, western district.......... 100 BR00 Hee )2 GO 55: Sit eee kta ode (ansns 3 o..o0 se asee eee 100 ES 1) ee OK a oo nlolie niko oes Slaneeecewan eter waxeee 20 Oxak ais «400 3claibae ote ceeaaseeee 100 1802") 5.5% 1 a ON oy ay I yee a ane Oise c Lo See ee eee 100 1803"). 3s GOs SHE Ee esas [pas Oss. aes ieee 100 12) et eae OO aia gh owlss ads tutaeieigesmeoscmemecs Texas, northern district........... 100 bs {A ee GO! os5cobc ns cai ch cotet each eeee ee IGANSAG! crs e cn Se ag ae eee ee 100 1844 |..... GO ee ream reece cisinaetaieee tice moira eel aia ee (0 RR Ra ee Ee ic 100 186313 5..6 GOs oar eee eet cone Monies octen | srols oe GON Jace dens cade oecne cee ae eee 100 1864 weO San iieteanss papmmdecremente nace eee snmcclecee GOK... semeitie ws Baca ae oe eee eee 100 DS7L as oe de GOP so cevcloteaesh dels maienec be er nee es] Rae GOSS.5 tte. ete eee 100 CYP] Rees C3 A ee ee Se a Re eS rt ad GO. 2.3 so cde soe se oe eee 100 IB734E oe GObac cose acionset ee ee mee waes omens se lsceee 0:25. 25h2. 20 iss. eee eee 100 ARTA EK 3 6 (RS Se Ras See e een eee tories ame GO .23 34. 2S a enteet a eee 100 1887 | <6 GO Snancciaccaseh toot << semee cee meee emmbr Ors. bene este. eee eee eee 100 1888 |..... (ats 8455955 5M sa ssce ae oscoS cio. GOs... herded tens Seen See 100 1900 Ut E228 GOP Ai ogee ses aceetesccceeee sees A (ee ee eee see 100 1901 |52. 5. COE Boeck cu aed Soles PERE Re eR Ree ace are aoe Gosadigs cst ea 100 1909) |coee GOs. oc seeer eas aE asp arose teases oes OO. shadctncen tae = eee eee 100 TOIS) EC Sse GO wie comodo cc ce conaee cere memeneces MaRS SSE ORS ERE Sas o- 100 1924S Jace GO: SEIT OSES code So: does dees anck 2 |edese GO. bf teens San ee eee 100 1925" |e. GON so sb one cea ea doce cae eee dlesees O42 i250. t 8s 2 ya eee 100 1929 |..... O54 ARES SESS poe ages aoe ME 2005. 2 FAS RE dea tone eceent eee 100 1937) |= <2 G0. 545 4 sesh. eettatete se kos ee paQO bt cae sacecs te apaseeeseeeeeee 100 1938 esac DOs ae betes se aseenoaeeeasncoseee se laeeee (6 Ce tem Ue eer aan hei PB see, 100 1939 E00! Meee eS RE ER | Ee Ol sek eerste oe eee ene 100 1682 Chicago eanGgvAlton 30255422202 - eee Illinois, northern district.........- 100 112 4) REN (seen eee aa eae ere Meters Reel ee a Ono: woceeew ng eascet eee ee 100 1744 Gites and Northwestern..........--..|--.-- GO: ooeisielslenjene aoe am eee 100 S38 ol 5 cic OO Soren. o oe saicpins cae eMatee =o Ssce ee means 200.6 25 oo Soe Saeco saeceeeee 100 ASSOC -S doe i235 Ae et eee BOs dséb awd dadades see eee eee 100 18407 Sete GO 2, Case Se ese cece bos seeeee ese zal sees 6 (0 ee eer eer Peete 100 Ct ae 0. ec ccs ni it ds Sosee i Sree se SA all teers (6 (1 Ree es ae ee §-<332 100 be ee Os 2 onic wae some eee Sede a or eraa eons eee D0 wae lee amiceaae recep ee eee 100 UD be eee Obs Sek sano bee une owoon onsrwe eens ae Maes D0ssetastedes oct caccieoenereee 100 1955 |..... (ae eee eS Se Bae a 22S ee Bien eee GOs et sec ccc es ne skeet 100 956s GOW oe oeec ce heet k cnc cso secsaes|oetece GO 2sget pees ace sea eeeeee eee 100 TORO. cot CO i fee oe ode Gastro ce scan ee ot cel saene 0 (eee ee epee gen SSS 100 1981 1 Ac RA pe re ee ae ng ee ee GOs it boc se Ss eaaaeeeeeceeaee 100 O82; | s62 (6 bo ee I I eae eee eee || S ae GOS eck cee ee eee es 100 1766 | Chicago, Burlington and Quincy........ Illinois, eastern district............ 100 PADUA eee Ap 5 ROU Bee 2 sey 5 Pe Sete ee eye oe Illinois, northern district.......... 100 Bae eat bets o SBS ae ioe sae a eee eae 6 (0 ee BR ener Si ee Jee) 100 a arses eaten GO oad cape ajes ooo 2q ar, pelo een eee 100 Lee Saptcbatees cnanteecemecmaeeee cer lsaeme Gog eis 4. te agac So Scat ee eee 100 CUE SARS ea ae ee se eee ose eet Lat oe ee eee 100 ee eed cece abe e aL aee ceneeee ae sac|eee se GO weistas bo cineaitoae - ook Cee ee 100 iS Fah Adee doe Hahei an Bane sae go eR Seeee GOs tec ssddvosc teste cee 100 Texas, northern district........... 100 Lgmsletmicfe sistema meee senses Seemann een (0 ee eae ta erie aso 100 KANSAS... -sf5c ce ithoe 2h soe aoe aaeeee 100 Illinois, southern district.........- 100 Kansas. o22 cc aac caacteetina Soa aeeeee 100 serie heconccle seen eese tan agua aauacdl Osaaer < heme seat ote eat 100 Iowa, southern district............ 100 Kiansasisec gecdeaes saaaseee = eee 100 ae es Dns eae akn wer ope ohhh el 2 se Colorado, 2+ 3.433. Sescaeysseeeees 200 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Costs assessed, $32.03 34. 40 ee es settee teen weer wet eee wee e ee eeee eee e eee ene ween eee wee eee eeee eee eee eee were eee THE SOLICITOR. 855 Summary of suits under the twenty-eight hour law resulting in judgment for the Govern- ment during the fiscal year from July 1, 1909, to June 30, 1910—Continued. Case | Wes Railroad involved. | Judicial district. | a Teme Owes CONTA: 2.1). Siscesks-scecnectese Minnesota: cue eke et cee 1763 Kansas City, Clinton and Springfield..... Missouri, western district.......... 1892 | Kansas City Southern.............-...-- KeanBan:s .... Sees oe sane eee ad oes Shore and Michigan Southern...... Tol northern district.......... eras PeVISSOuY? PACINO: .. S250... caeccee gcc as et western district.......... TREN es oy ok a aniaimeeeat | peated Oscwatep ds bnncce caneeeeetaws 1879 |... Bee A ses lea ee FRR EE Sle masts era as phew eet os Sea eens ween PT EE 0 Ge Sone re aes ee EE eee A ee eee a 1899 aan PAGING oo 2552-22 docce sae a= saci | Washington, western district...... 1949 |..... JOS ob AES eet ae ee eo Minnieaptasss 53 Rite eRe tess. 3.5 1782 | Oregon Railroad and Navigation Co..... Orepon 23 ieee nts 1848 |. Spe ere ne Soe eee ase tae saw tate 206 (SE eee iets ee 2001 Pecos and Northern Texas.............- “Texas, northern district........... MOI PODNSYVANIG. .. cn. soca. web oo Sawcie os | Pennsylvania, western district... 1906 | Pere Marquette................... Sosse Illinois, northern district.......... 1269 | St. Louis and San Francisco............. ee, western district.......... Louis. 1868 |..... Te ee ee age ee Eres Bee pert Osae5 e235 Seosscessne SBME eee sree ae cee ee one ne fee Ue wd eee dott Se es 1902 3G 20 Fe BP a Rea eae eres Peed ery GO bese. eek eae se ee eee eon Pacis. ......22.-..2---....- Wiyominges oc eoasen i) fl eae 1) be aoe ae De ee iG SA ee SSeS be BOOS ceisseo. costco a SLO ae ce ete et ee ee roa plans ese annnee He Cc fa Baran pe, Beye 415 SAG hY Cs RP A] EE [Ae en Seen Ca North Carolina, Shipment of cattle from area western district. quarantined for splenetic fe- ver, to another State. Grand jury failed to indict. Defendant indicted; nolle prossed. Plea of guilty en- tered; sentence sus- pended. Defendants indicted; nolle prossed. Grand jury failed to indict. Suit filed; pending. Do. Plea of guilty en- tered; fine of $100 aus costs imposed. oO. Pleas of guilty en- tered; fine of $100 and costs imposed on each defendant. Defendant indicted; pending. Do. Verdict of guilty; fine of $200 and costs imposed; writ of error issued to cir- cuit court of ap- peals; decision not yet rendered. Do. Do. Suit filed against re- ceivers of railroad company; plea of uilty entered, and e of $100 and pe imposed. 0. Verdict of guilty; fine of $200 and costs imposed; writ of error issued to cir- euit court of ap- peals; decision not be rendered. 0. Suit filed; pending. | Do. Do. Do. Do. Defendant indicted; pending. 860 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Violations of the act of March 3, 1905; reported to the Department of Justice, pending 135 139 Defendant. St. Louis Merchants Bridge Terminal Railway. Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis. St. Louis Merchants Bridge Terminal Judicial district. Illinois, eastern dis- trict. Offense charged. Transportation of cattle from area quarantined for scabies, to another State. Transportation of sheep from area quarantined for scabies, to another State. cane 0 | a ee eee apy She Transportation of cattle from area quarantined for scabies, to another State. Railway. Cincinnati, New Or- | Ohio, southern dis- | Transportation of cattle from leans and Texas trict. area quarantined for sple- Pacific Ry. netic fever to another State. S.A.Crane, William | North Carolina, | Driving cattle from area quar- Walkup, and John western district. | antined for splenetic fever Craig. to another State. Terminal Railroad | Illinois, eastern dis- | Transportation of cattle from Association of St. trict. area quarantined for sple- Louis. netic fever to another State. BO (chee oe ssQOscn< aasee ees Transportation of sheep from area quarantined for scabies to another State. SB. GOs sees cteoeel ams Ca} Bare eee Transportation of cattle from area quarantined for sple- netic fever to another State. SCRE DO 2s. isc Hattew eis] sees OL toss ceaeeneess 2dGOis 22223300 tle kawate leis PCR eee eee (co eet LLP eer GO: 6 0.2 eS Biker Jeaeeeeer eee Goris 2. eee 1GOsz. 2. caceeeeresnewecens ih SRG RE eb ss dO sujniaieeeeiese| pects GOs.v se ween eeee eee St. Louis Merchants |...-.. CSR Aree mzcaomce Transportation of sheep from Bridge Terminal area quarantined for scabies Ry. to another State. SO Osc. 252k eee SeOS i. coon ees Saas GO ences eee eet eee eee pOOr ee sweeten aee 280 Ori 3d 2ac aa rceeealees GOs sas cerwccessccwcnmeeee ted Gorse F. 1 sk soe] Ye LOS 22/2 SE 3. LOSI R A ateroaer a ered NdOR SO. coc acee es are dO LAA. sce GO! ccs savec eee ein ae eed (ilo Ee ee OAD renee Co he a Apes Ass Be eA: (oe ee mae sey senor ei Ops tae eb yece os IRaees i (ey ee eal epee ae GOreiiceccse sees est eeeeiee BIGO eek oc eees ee Ope seca cee Se GO! ee Pk Oe ie terete ee 1 L756 fa Cae apes ae Eset (« (a eats eek el Mok aoe hE Ra eer o~ « eho sf eae Seimeerte soe Orenee once eon Transportation of cattle from area quarantined for scabies to another State. Terminal Railroad |..... GOs ee Transportation of cattle from Association of St. | area quarantined for sple- Louis. netic fever to another State. Atchison, Topeka Missouri, western |..... DO sacs nya ssiciceinsicicitetie see and Santa Fe Ry. district. Baltimore and Ohio | Ohio, southern dis- | Transportation of sheep from Southwestern trict. area quarantined for scabies R.R. to another State. UO Mer so uobsscce S20 Ol ee Ske ssess se 220s was seis Sciga anise Belen = ES ARE EOAR EERE BEREe Ss CBee pea reeoteger acc C ha: Sse area Keeceee eS Stic: BAG) Se ee edd 0: So PE Soe GO. a sccce sore sacsss teed Bacar DO ses25-cssdoese cles se OP ee aa 2. 4 Osa5. tena cemcse nen tears ee os MO odo nnnse scece) yee COsee cs - 5 oe oa Ghee 0b eo eren ence naan eran dO eS ee doh oS eee weVdO. BU oe 8 sbi ee ee wat ee C0 C0 a ee | ee < a ae | eee | (0 Semen een ae a once OOcsncsenebenseae Sean |) fa erste sae BP: (oe a eS Emi Seas St. Louis Merchants | Illinois, eastern dis- | Transportation of cattle from Bridge Terminal trict. area quarantined for scabies Ry. to another State. Sox OOsenewe soem see 022.5 oak 2@O) os. csis oes yee its oeeeen ce Ss «Je Oates ork ee ssdor Boer tee SO nso cc cicractesoe pe eererett es (i a eo BAG esis ae | ees GOs. dcemet enna ieee owe S2tdO st eceeeeee eee G0 2Ee eee aes pe OOisss cect acteeeaesse eae se estes Jocoatectataiee sezstQQscssssreaei ieee watyssOOezs Senco cnesecs cap aeeeee A. W. Whitaker....| North Carolina, | Shipment of cattle from area western district. quarantined for splenetic or disposed of during the fiscal year ended June 80, 1910—Continued. Status. Suit filed; pending. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Plea of guilty en- tered; fine of $100 and costs im A Defendants indicted; pending. Suit filed; pending. Do. Do. Do. Defendant indicted; pending. Demurrer to informa- tion interposed by defendant sus- tained on ground that prosecution does not lie against a carrier outside of the quarantined area. Do. Defendant indicted; pending. THE SOLICITOR. 861 Violations of the act of March 3, 1905, reported to the Department of Justice, pending or disposed of during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910—Continued. Case No. 159 | Baltimore and Ohio | Ohio, southern dis- | 172 173 |- 174 175 178 179 180 | Defendant. Southwestern | R.R. EIS a om 3 sities Sd Ser HDS Se Bea PROOS F casce oo sess eee Orestes oo Kaas Cc ORE: | eee Illinois Central R. R. | Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Ry. Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern R. R. se (0 Spee ce 13 oy a MRS A Sed Patterson, and A. . Pack. W. W. Anderson... St. Louis and San Francisco R. R., | and Chicago,Rock Island and Pacific ye St. Louis Merchants Bridge Terminal | Ry. Terminal Railroad . Association of St. Louis. Southwestern .R. PA Oreck. Seaboard Air Line Ry. Chi 0, Rock Is- lan and Pacific Ry. John Eslinger H.E. Whaley, and P. H. Halsmore and Ohio Southwestern Ry. trict. area quarantined for scabies to another State. neoen GOrs eee eee See Ohana ae ce ce J 23 Drone saree nee ee OU ee comnts teens Georgia, northern | Driving cattle from area quar- district. _ antined for splenetic fever to another State. Nomis Ganolamianyl2.c-00<2.% ore tc eau eee western district. Oklahoma, eastern Transportation of cattle from district. area quarantined for sple- | _ netic fever to another State. Ohio, southern dis- | Transportation of sheep from Oklahoma, eastern district. Transportation of cattle from area quarantined for sple- netic fever to another State. Illinois, eastern dis- | Transportation of cattle from trict. area quarantined for scabies to another State. B2tsMOlsses sneeeue Transportation of cattle from area quarantined for sple- netic fever to another State. trict. area quarantined for scabies to another State. Steak: ee ey Re tae Be SIGOir: o2e28: Stes cee ae aS ee A (2 a SS ey P= ( ae a ent 2 eae eke cee re CR | Ge: . - 2... oS ee eee odes | netic fever toanother State. | eastern | Arkansas, district. Tennessee, eastern Driving cattle from area quar- district. antined for splenetic fever | to another State. Ohio, southern dis- Transportation of sheep from / trict. | area quarantined for scabies | to another State. Judicial district. Offense charged. Status. Transportation of sheep from | Demurrer to informa- trict. area quarantined for scabies tion interposed by to another State. defendant sus- tained on ground that prosecution does not lie against a carrier outside of the quarantined area. aches DOs atisrns sncetlew sin OO nen oc mebaicteammcidacnmemets Do. Coes CO ec ee ae eesealy ose O0ren snc occctenssenceatee= Do pen Os eho waess Oss Sets eae reich tionacnian Do. eee fe ees ROO! sniacnien indents cacbisca 252 s-< Moses Small...........- Judicial district. Arkansas, north- ern district. Arkansas, west- ern district. Peel} 75 cee ao cee eee MOsaces Hoe sce Arkansas, eastern | district. | Florida, northern |..... district. Arkansas, western | district. Bs (i eee ne Nature of offense. Attempt to bribe em- ployee of Forest Servy- ice. Timber trespass. ........ Maintaining saloon on national forest, in vio- lation of regulation of the Secretary. Timber trespass......... Embezzlement.......... see TSAO Less cc csincens ssa OOS eee ee fe Secs eee Grazing trespass......... Timber trespass......... forest. Depart- ment of Agricul- ture dis- trict. is a | wr Disposition or present status of the case, Indictment returned; defendant not yet ap- prehended. - Pending. Pending on demurrer to indictment; argu- ment closed. Do. Do. Do. Indictment returned; pending. Indictment returned; defendant not yet ap- prehended. Dismissed. Indictment returned; nolle prosequi en- tered. Do. Sam Cope, jr., arrested and bound over to await action of grand jury; Sam Cope, sr., not yet apprehended. Indicted; pleaded guilty; fined $100 and sentenced to thirty days in jail; sentence suspended. Indicted; nolle prose- ui entered. Indictment returned; not yet apprehended. Indicted; pleaded guilty; fined*$1 and costs. Indicted; pleaded guilty; fined $10 and costs. Indicted; tried, found guilty, and fined $100 and costs. Indicted; pleaded guilty; fined $100 and costs. THE SOLICITOR. 881 Cases reported to the Attorney-General for criminal action, disposed of during the last five and one-half months of the fiscal year or pending at its close—Continued. Defendant. Judicial district. Nature of offense. | ‘ Ex. os aril Charles N. Tuttle...... Arkansas, eastern | Timber trespass ........ district. Andrew Ott...........-]..... dO......--.00-- Setting fire on national | forest. Tee) PasiGG no. wo wale @ Nevada. <..2<<.>- Unlawful use of mining claim. (oie ys Ur ee SE DOs seeasesccaes fo Cees har Ae aD. Mattive...-......|..... la sees ates Oe ee Gores ss eet PI es ee ee OER Se ses He SESPas (ee ae ae ee UN Gia BE eeacaod Baeee Opes n= see te bo iP Bh cmd Spe Aen e Tee EAN = sinine aoc e a =)= 5-1-4 CU PAO meer = ae) Pree COR eee Aenea etErE OWElSccnocescec-|on--- GOscnsaecneccee BR 515 (PEGS age ee a James Telfer..........- UVGEN 9 Bop ee Grazing trespass......... Jos. Calsacarto........-|..... oe Soe ened be Getto < 2625 4 oe todd Anestaria Gabialo......)..... Ce Ca eee (ee i ames aa on ee Edward Newman and |.....do.............|..... GO cassscc pace es= ee James Wallace. Lo) Cl, es ae ere Seer ed eee GU 2ere ee eeee nae rors= Estaben Anduiza......|..... CBee Bee) Bre re Se Ree eee ee (OAR DAES) Secs eee GON a ic pen icin Unlawful use of mining claim. We we MIBtCHOn a. nceclooce:s OOhrs ccsac Supply contracts. Total contracts and leases in 1909:: 22. -S3-b sc2.- 5555.02 5. Se eth eee eee 396 ‘Total contracts and leases in 1910: 2.2. i oien- a sccasaoaess-aeumess cb as scence 6 eee 356 Decrease in19105.2..05 0255 sa daeaceee «sees Seta ce ot eee eee a2 =a eels 40 PATENTS FOR DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEES. Since this Office has been charged with the duty of preparing and beet atent applications for employees of this Department to e dedicated to the public (act of March 3, 1883; 22 Stat., 625), the work connected therewith has been gradually increasing each year. The scope of the work does not consist merely in the preparation and prosecution of such applications, but this Office is frequently called on to render opinions as to the extent of existing patent rights for the purpose of protecting employees engaged in scientific experiments or other Departmental investigations from infringing legal rights of patentees. Again, the Office is often requested to ascertain if patents have been granted on various devices, mechanisms, etc., or whether certain trade-marks have been issued. In order properly to pass THE SOLICITOR. 889 on these requests it is frequently necessary to make exhaustive researches in the Patent Office. Accordingly much time and careful consideration are necessarily required to be devoted to this work. During the present year 9 pare for letters patent were filed; in the previous year 7 such applications were presented for prosecution, making an increase of 2 cases. Of this number 5 patents were allowed and 1 disallowed. During the preceding year 4 patents were allowed and 2 disallowed. The following table shows the details of the patent cases on which action was taken during the fiscal year 1910: Applications pending and presented for patents which were prosecuted by the Solicitor for Department employees during the fiscal year ended June 80, 1910. Applicant. | Bureau or Office. Invention. D ites applica. Q. Q. Bradford ....... Experiment Stations. .| Knife for tapping rubber trees. ..| or granted Oct. 25, F. G. Plummer ...... Forest Service........ Improvement in hypsometers... a granted Feb. 1, George F. Mitchell ...| Plant Industry....... a2 and plant trimming ma- | Pending. chine. C.8. Smith .:..2....- Forest Service........ Improvement in wood impreg- Do. nation. DM. Roger. Dyer 4 ( ¢ ay c yee ee wol§ err Pe rs ons on? fy, Aya ax hy ai REPORT OF THE APPOINTMENT CLERK. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OFFICE OF THE APPOINTMENT CLERK, Washington, D. C., September 22, 1910. Smr: [have the honor to submit herewith my annual report respect- ing appointments, promotions, reductions, removals, and_ other changes among the working force of the entire United States Depart- ment of Agriculture during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, and also containing matters respecting the officers and employees in the several offices, bureaus, and divisions constituting the body of the Department of Agriculture as it existed on July 1, 1910. Very respectfully, J. B. BENNETT, Appointment Clerk. Hon. James Witson, Secretary of Agriculture. CHANGES IN THE FORCE OF THE DEPARTMENT Summary of appointments, promotions, removals, etc., in the United States Department of Agriculture during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, and as reported to the United tates Civil Service Commission. IN THE CLASSIFIED SERVICE. Number of persons appointed from the eligible registers of the Civil Service Commission for a probationary period of six months, equivalent to abso- lute appointment if retained in the service at the termination of the said WRODBGIONIANYT PONIOG. & . e - ones oe amen eae een een onsen esa ose nen haere 1, 088 Number of persons who have been reinstated in the service of the Depart- ment within one year after having resigned or having been separated STE es oa Se ee in ee ea nies bowel each ae See ee anes 5 Sa 56 Number of persons transferred from other Departments of the United States Government to the United States Department of Agriculture.............- 67 Number of persons promoted in salary... ...-....----------------+-eeeeee- 2, 340 Number of persons reduced in salary ...........200--e--0ceseeeeeeereseeees 79 Number of temporary or emergency appointments certified for appointment, or authorized by the Civil Service Commission to be appointed in the classified civil service, in accordance with civil-service rules, for periods of six months or less, and who are separated from the service when the emergency that caused their appointments has ended ........-.-.-------- 727 Number of temporary or emergency appointments in the classified civil service, in accordance with civil-service rules, for periods of six months or less, con- ditioned as above, in the forests and fields and on stations in the various States outside of Washington, D. ©. ....... 2c cece cece n cn cenenecncensenes 3, 128 Number of persons who declined to accept appointments in the Department.. 63 Number of persons who resigned their positions in the Department. ......... 681 Number of persons who were removed from the service of the Department because of their misconduct . ..... 2... 2222s cece we ence cecnccccnsenecesss 75 Number of persons who died while in the service of the Department......... 61 73477°—acr 1910——57 897 898 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. IN SPECIAL POSITIONS EXCEPTED FROM EXAMINATION UNDER CIVIL-SERVICE RULES, Number of persons appointed to positions which are in the classified civil service, but which are excepted from civil-service examination according to civil-service rules, the appointments being for very temporary periods and including those for service in Washington, D. C., and those for service outside of Washington, D..C..crcsiena sence = cemens omic «ian ere ane 2,178 Number of persons employed in positions which are in the classified civil service, but which are excepted from civil-service examination according to civil-service rules, the employments being for very temporary periods and for service in the forests and fields or on stations in the various States outside of Washington, D. C., as reported in monthly reports to the Secretary of Agriculture by the several Bureaus and the Forest Service of the Depart- ment and approved by the: Secretary, 2... 66. -020.ncn+eesssee beeen 1, 556 IN THE UNCLASSIFIED SERVICE (POSITIONS OF MERE MANUAL LABORER). Appointments in the District of Columbia...........-..----.------------0-- 39 Promotions in salary in the District of Columbia. ...........--.....--.-.2-- 21 Reductions in salary in the District of Columbia...............-.-.--+-+---- 0 Separations from the service in the District of Columbia...............---.- 22 Number of persons appointed in the forests and fields and on stations in the ‘various States outside of Washington, D. C., being in the manual-laborer grade, the appointments being for very short periods, usually averaging not more than three months... .... 0... 2.206222 22-50+ esse bess ene eee eee 19, 494 Number of temporary or emergency appointments in the manual-laborer pradein the District of Columbia...........2.--0+-20-+--=56neee ee 122 TOTAL NUMBER OF APPOINTMENTS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. Total number of appointments of every description, including those for service in Washington, D. C., and those for service outisde of Washington, D. C., in cattle and meat inspection, on forest reserves, on experiment stations and experiment farms, in moth and cotton boll weevil extermination, etc., many of which were of a temporary character and for a limited period...... 34, 267 DEATHS IN THE DEPARTMENT. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, there were recorded 61 deaths among the officers and employees of the entire United States Department of Agriculture, 22 of persons stationed in Washington, D. C., and 39 of persons stationed outside of Washington, D. G , as shown in the following table: OFFICE OF APPOINTMENT CLERK. 899 Deaths in the Department during the fiscal year ended June 80, 1910. [Those marked * were stationed in Washington, D. C.; those marked f¢ were stationed outside of Washington, D.C.) | | | Salary Name. State Position. | Bureau, division, | per pee Age. or office. annum. = _ eS Se ee eee Re es ee ee |. 1909. *Frank M. Ford........ N. Y..| Skilled laborer............ Division Publica-| $720 | July 10} 26 tions. *Mary L. McDonald....| D.C...) Charwoman............... Forest Service. .... 240 | July 14 37 Willard W.Clark...... N.Y..| Forestsupervisor.........|----- dps oe 2,000 | July 20 30 Jesse L.Johnson...... Alan!) Collaborators: 2.20522. Plant industry....! al |.:.do.. 26 Andrew J. Kent...... |_..do.. epeelal pen pane eee ter oe (0 Cre cy he acigk 675 | July 27| 32 Robert McNaughton..| Kans ; Meat inspector............ Animal Industry..| 1,000 | July 28 43 ‘May H. Wright....... eyes Clarkes Sos ee ete piste Publica- | 840 |...do..... | 49 ions. *William H. Ragan... -| md. er tend de pomological no- | Plant Industry....| 1,600 | Aug. 6 73 menclature. Jacob C. Brobeck...... Ohio..| Veterinary inspector...... AnimalIndustry..| 1,400 | Aug. 7 | 32 Michael Long. ........ Mass_.| Messenger.-..---.-.-..--- ea Publica- 600 Aug. 10) 73 ions. 7 ia P. Cherring- |...do ..| Stock examiner........... AnimalIndustry..| 1,200 | Aug. 12| 74 on. *Charles H. Pilcher. .... Vas-25| Engineer. =~ eee Weather Burcau..| 1,200 | Aug. 15 45 Theodore F. Cadle..... Oreg..| Assistant forest ranger... .. Forest Service. .... 900 | Sept. 1 34 Michael Justinger..... N. Y..} Skilled laborer............ Animal Industry. . 720 | Sept. 7| 52 George H. Schroeder..| Nebr. .| Inspector’s assistant......|.--.- donee 1; 000: |-..do0-5.<) = 6a *David O. Moise....... La....| Assistant messenger. ...... Office Secretary... 720 | Sept.12/} 21 Frank H. Herlinger...| Mo....| Stock examiner........... Animal Industry..| 1,000 | Sept.14 | 37 arl W. Sweeny.......| Va....| Unskilled laborer......... Plant Industry... .. a13) Oct. 1| 27 tHenry Teakepan- oo... Iowa..| Meat inspector...........- Animal Industry..| 1,000 | Oct. 2 | 43 Piss PEG 5. 5. kn D.C.) Skilled Isborer.. =. ..-22._ Weather Bureau.. 450 | Oct. 26 73 +Matthew Robinson....| Penn .| Stock examiner........... Animal Industry..| 1,000 |...do..... 63 tEdward Romey....... Wyo..| Assistant forest ranger... .. Forest Service...-.. 900 | Oct. 29 39 *Henry C. Towers...... D.C..| Expert and chief of the |----- (th phen oS 1,500 | Oct. 30 60 Section of Purchase. William A. Phelps....| N.M-..| Forest ranger.............|----- WOY ss are eee 1,300 | Nov. 2 35 Henry F. Potratz...... at ae ay Veterinary inspector. ..... Animal Industry 1,600 | Dee. 18 29 Thomas M.Smith..... tnd.” SRiled IADOrer- 2. |-eens Qe craaecee cine 900 }...do....| 70 tJames M. Watson..... TiS 44 ODSenvel es ee ee Weather Bureau..} 1,200 |...do....| 60 Carl W. Gleason....... Wyo..| Deputy forest ranger......| Forest Service. .... 1,100 | Dec. 26 31 Gustave A. Schell. .... Okla..| Meatinspector............ AnimalIndustry..| 1,000 | Dec. 30 47 1910. John B. Sine.........- Ill.....| Specialstockexaminer....| AnimalIndustry..| 1.200 | Jan. 1 70 Joseph P. Coffy....... N.Y..| Veterinary inspector......|----- dod 2 ee 1,400 | Jan. 4 30 William R. McKinnon! Minn .} Lumberman.............. Forest Service. .... 1,600 |...do....| 33 John H. Garber....... Iowa..| Food and drug inspector. ..| Chemistry.......- 2,000 | Feb. 5 43 *James K. Kerr, sr... .. D2C-3\- Gardeners sss. . 25) stb AT Plant Industry....}| 1,100 |...do....| 79 Lewis I. Palmer....... Okla..| Veterinary inspector. ..... Animal Industry..| 1,400 | Feb. 8 43 George W.Scott....... Wyo.. Tal A: eee, Bae ee, we Weather Bureau..| 1,200 |...do....| 55 Sadie A. George....... | D. C..| Unskilled laborer......... Chemistry........ 480 | Feb. 18 44 Li acrincd S. A. Fenster- | N.J...| Stockexaminer........... AnimalIndustry..| 1,000 | Feb. 22 29 macher. *Anne E. Fowler.....-. Md...) Draftsmans ..<-_ se 5 2s: Forest Service. .... 1,000 | Feb. 25 40 tPatrick E.Canty...... | Iowa..| Meatinspector............ AnimalIndustry..| 1,000 | Feb. 26 34 *Thomas B. Reamy....| Va....| Messenger.................|----- do. 840 | Mar. 1 74 *Charles F. Wheeler....| Mich..| Expert..................- Plant Industry....| 2,000 | Mar. 5 67 *Thomas A. Caine......| N. Scientist in Soil Survey....| Soils.............. 1,800 | Mar. 11 37 *Edmund Burke...... Clove See Fe ke Plant Industry. ... 900 | Mar. 17 67 +Douglas H. Clemons.. Entomological assistant...) Entomology...... 675 | Mar. 22 21 Osmer W. Shaner Assistant forest ranger... .. Forest Service. .... 1,100 | Mar. 24 38 James R.Cook.... Clara Ses esses £2 e Weather Bureau..| 1,200 | Apr. 2 7 *Louis C. Summer.....| Ohio..|..... GON oe oe ia eee. AnimalIndustry..| 1,200|} Apr. 4 43 Oliver R. Moyer ..| Veterinary inspector......]..--- do 1 : 53 James R. Thompson.. Ga....| Inspector’s assistant. . doers 26 Archibald H. Wallace.) N.J...| Veterinary inspector...... "dors s 34 Alexander A. Cum- | Minn .| Forest guard.............. Forest Servic 26 mings. / William R. Dodds....| Utah..|..... OS Ee er eee Pere GO: Sessusceeee 1/100°)) do. roe Edward B. Garriott... Ill.....| Professor meteorology ..... Weather Bureau..| 3,000 | May 13 57 Henry C. Hinst... Idaho.| Deputy forest ranger... ... Forest Service. .... 1,100 | May 17 42 John D. Palm... Penni 2} Glérke wos 2e20 he cL Weather Bureau..| 900] May 24| 33 *Conrad E. Hesse. vosO-sslane%s CES Ss pet A oe [ie MOsccetteeeece 1,200 | May 30 42 Frank P. Hill......... Oreg..| Assistant forest ranger. .... Forest Service. .... 1,100 | May 31 23 Thomas Bell..........| Okla..| Clerk-typewriter.. ........ Animal Industry. . 900 | June 4 27 tRobert A. Duncan. ...| Hawaii a — drug inspection | Chemistry........ ,500 | June 9 35 ‘|. chemist. Sidney E. Moylle...... Colo...) Assistant forest ranger..... Forest Service. .... 1,100 | June 15 32 4 Per diem. > Per month, 900 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ESTABLISHMENT AND GROWTH OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The Department of Agriculture was established July 1862, according to the provisions of an act approved May 15, 1862 Stat. | Fe vol. 12, chap. 72, pp. 387, 388). Growth of the force of the Department from September 80, 1868, to July 1, 1910. Number | ‘ee Date. em- | _ Date. ployed. ployed, | £868, September $0536...+-btaaens= ee 29 Eonpineer. ha s20 see eeuceckc cadaver eeee 1 — Assistant engineers... 2... occcececcceocs 3 il. Total Biremen . (5252, bactetaesenitcen ae een 7 : ‘ OFFICE OF APPOINTMENT CLERK. 901 WEATHER BUREAU. meres on the rolls.on July 1, 1000 2 2 -- tkd wl ein iene es ewe cceccen 1, 825 rece an tap Tole aa sig 3, WO. on tn el sande temo n as ducsseccts 2,017 Classification and number of persons in the Weather Bureau on July 1, 1910. ! Classification. | Number. | Classification. Number. Chief of the Weather Bureau............ | 2 |).:student assistants. . =... -<.2. sc... veccaa- 6 Assistant Chief of the Weather Bureau... i Operator. 202 es seen face eens 1 WINER eae eo co. 2 occ waceesecess 1 || Assistant foremen of divisions........... 2 Professors of meteorology........-...-.- 9:|): Proofreader {232.22 9. 2 2. Se 1 RN Ae oa wean asccecccsses 2 || tulthographers 2 os 226 5. Sees cokes to ee: 4 ol Oi nS a D |) COmMpoOsltorss = ...00 scares os ou ea we 13 District foreessters- .-............-22.20. WE gy 172. ee ee ee a eee 25 ee ee 20 A EE POSSINION Ooo ow nlatee canoe pate 2 PEM IROUURISS- 2 oo... Sec oe lS eneccecess 40 || Folders and feeders. ..................-. 9 HEGSOLOM,. GULCOLOL : <2. 0 = aces seen ceeene 1 || Chief mechanic <2 oiesescescencvecess Sees 1 Beenearch GHGCIVET « «<< 2.25.2. ccn eee sas 1 || Skilled mechanics. - 2.2.5..26.22202...2.2 10 TT: Se ee Ql |) Skilled artisans. ...<.c0scsescentscesicee 6 APIRUATIC SDGEFVENS§ = oo. e ccc n ec wccass 214°|| Electriclans.2flc. 2 2220s cs ee 1 Evaporation observers.................- SONPINPCL 5s io acco coastal setae 1 CO DREE VOR 5520 ok as lec awa'c oa 1). Biremen. so J2bs. Sessa ees ek aes ee 5 Special meteorological observers. ........ 4Ovl|| MOpAlvmMen > & AeA: So natoasee ees eene 10 Cotton region observers. .............-.- a7 | Carpenter. 02 23s2e7_ 23. Res: 1 Sugar and rice region observers. ........ if |) MAGLORNCR. .5-seeeeee MIXECULIVE ClELKS noon te enamine ee aasenee 3 || Chemist’s aids, laboratory aids, labora- Executive assistants... ..-..<<0---s---0 2 tory assistants, and laboratory helpers. Physiologists in charge of various sections Horticulturist in charge of Arlington of the Bureayi ks. < ocho Sri) Game wardens..22- -t2c2-- a 22 tee aeons 2 MNO UNOLESLOIS - << 2-502. soca scessere Gy || Rodman. 3-24 359 eee Bee Se 1 Associate district foresters..............- ® || Meld assistants. 22:2. 2222-4 2-2. nce o- | 90 Assistant district foresters.............-. 38 || Selentific assistant... ..:.::.2.. 252-226. 1 Chief of branch of lands..............-.- f |! Forest. guards 2: jos2s2sca2sseccseccensoe- 723 Chiefs of maintenance.............2....- fr|| Tetimbermen ...3.2: ----..- 2. see.sce 1 |) Special field agents:.< 2.2. ssceceseees 17 Assistant Statistician and Assistant Chief Special agents... ===... 32-45 sscem see 4 GR Bureaus pee tee eae ee anes 1 ||. Clerks... 5 e222 ceen ce cece eee 78 Chief.clerk.of Bureau... ...3s222c455-20)2-2 1|| Messengers. ...:....:.... sb beseseeeeese 4 Statistical scientist in charge of division Messenger’ boy « ...--...sssct sce sceeeeeen 1 of domestic crop reports. .....-..--.--- I" aaborers): Sos8 Sti s2S ssa eee sceeeee 2 Statistical scientist in charge of editorial Charwomen. ..-...- =-<0sssjesle sess eee 4 divisioniand libtanyo.22-2>-s---sa5-8- 1 Statistical scientist in charge of investi- Total... ..0-= 25-220 eee eee 163 gations of production and distribution . 1 Statistical scientist and assistant in the investigations of production and dis- tribution:e 2.20 ses eee seen scones 1 LIBRARY. Total force-on the rolls'on July 1;°1909. . 0 J... 5. wcete sees oe eee at AL Total force on-the rolls on July 1, 1910... 2.22 2.2.22 -2.cess0e.s ees apres | | Classification and number of persons in the Library on July 1, 1910. Classification. Number. Classification. Number. Wiibrarians< 2-2 so ase eee ee ate eiae 1 lI) 'Clenk8: Jee ae saeco eaee siabeconee 3 Assistant Librarian .:.-....-..-2..2--.-- 1 ||, Messengérsiiio05. 12.222 25322 aes 3 Catalopuers.;....2cens doses one eeenese 5:|| Charwoman: 222. .% 0. < -<2 > «='sin nnn cnle~<'s 1 || Special agent in charge of Guam experi- Assistant agriculturist............-.-..- 1 ment stallion 2: 37055. 9-5 oe heen ce tee 1 Assistant nutrition physiologist......... 1 |+Scientific:assistantss os. 2° .2--2-- 2... 17 Assistant farmers’ institute specialist... . 14 Specialvemperts: 522. 2s: oss. 525558 -2 es! 16 Editor of entomological and veterinary Draltamen'= 3225545225425 toro bes oh eeoee 3 TU Dek. Se eee eee een Loli pecial agentes st secs daceeceescccsesnes 17 Editor of animal husbandry..........-.-- Ae}; Collaborators:22 55.25 25457. 6s cen ee 2 BAITORIALASSISCONES:. 20 25 oc as seco ees 2 || Computer in charge of accounts......... 1 Clerk and proof reader.............-.--- 15/\Clerkste+ UMass tee ee eee 28 Assistant in charge of the library of the Stenographers and typewriters.......... 11 office of experiment stations......... 1) Dy pewriter so f222 hose oe ieee 1 Assistant in biological chemistry.......- || Messengers: --: 2.220222 2 2 eee 4 Assistant in agronomy...........------- Lal Messenger beyeres o2cssaaasases Prof. William J. Humphreys.......-.- 3,000 Solarradiation work.2i2se5: Sig seen seeps taacsteas Prof. Herbert H. Kimball............ 2,500 Upperairiresearch W222 Ss esco ste cea les arses caes William R. Blair < ooo seeccee eee 2,000 Editor of Mount Weather Bulletin.................... Prof. Cleveland Abbe: <.25.2-.5.2seees 2,500 a Also climatological editor. b Receives additional compensation from State. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Chief of Bureaiics sor-ccbis dase ose scece eta aaee eee Alonzo,D.) Melvin =<. 222-s22.5-— sae $5,000 Ascistnnii@hiel yrs (See. onc seca sec er en wee tener eee Arthur M. Farrington... .----seeeeeee 3,000 @hiéhiglork: [oo < Sot oceans * Anes pee een oes Charles C. Carroll. ...... S3easeeeen eae 2,000 George M. Rommel. ... 2,500 -| Marion Dorset........-. 4,000 Bs Hi: Raw). .2-2sss2tap eee eee 2,500 Rice P. Steddom: ... 255... 2- sees aes 3,500 Se clon nas Ret eee Cee eee ete John BR: Mohler:.22..4.-255.88 eeeeeen 4,000 RQUATEB MNEs. che es cote sctide Soe rates sae eee ee R. W. Hickman: .-2222ces.eeee eee 3,000 Moological so lw eg a es ee ee Brayton H. Ransom: ..3:ceoseenceeeee . 2,750 Maltvor'and compiler? 2os2-. - 5-25 eee ee cone James M. Pickens:: <...2225s-eeeee aes 2,000 Superintendent of experiment station................. B.C. Schroeder. 222202. . 524 eesee eee 3,250 BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. ADMINISTRATION. Pathologist and Physiologist and Chief of Bureau... -.. Beverly T. Galloway. - «..---->--asene $5,000 Pomologist and Assistant Chief of Bureau............. G.. Harold. Powell... <-ss0soseneeee 4,000 CHIEN Gere ear eee cs seein eee ce ee ee oe eee James E’. Jones: ...o<....-200eee eee 2,250 OGM ois sede Seo et eee re. See, See ee J..E. Rockwell... -..-2.252-cqeeeeeeee 2,000 Officer in:\charge of records o-2 =. t.cs. an eee aoe WP. Cox... 22 scacodeee nae 2,000 PATHOLOGY. Pathologist in charge of iaboratory of plant pathology.| Erwin F. Smith.....................- 3,240 Pathologist in charge of laboratory of forest pathology.| Haven Metcalf................-.....-- 2,460 Pathologist in charge of cotton and truck crop diseases | William A. Orton...................-- 2,750 and sugar plant investigations. Pathologist in charge of fruit diseases...............-.- Merton B. Waite... ....-..2sseaneeeeee 3,000 PHYSIOLOGY. Physiologist in charge of crop physiology and breeding | Walter T. Swingle..................-. 3,000 investigations. Physiologist in charge of soil bacteriology and water | Karl F. Kellerman..................-- 2,500 purification investigations. Bionomist in charge of crop acclimatization and | O. F. Cook..................-------.- 3,000 adaptation investigations. a Physiologist in charge of drug plant, poisonous plant, | Rodney H. True.................----- 3,000 and tea culture investigations. OFFICE OF APPOINTMENT CLERK. 911 Principal officers of the several bureaus, divisions, and offices of the Department of Agri- culture on July 1, 1910—Continued. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—Continued. Position. TECHNOLOGY. Agricultural technologist in charge of crop technology ay age Botanist in charge of fiber investigations.............. Crop technologist in charge of grain standardization. .. Physicist in charge of physical investigations.......... Botanist in charge of seed laboratory.................- AGRONOMY. Cerealist in charge of grain investigations. ............. peveaivent in charge of tobacco and nutrition inves- gations. ent in charge of alkali and drought resistant ant breeding pierces pees. Physiologist in charge of corn investigations........... et in charge of taxonomic and range investiga- ons. DEMONSTRATIONS. og ag a in charge of farm management investi- gations. Special agent in charge of farmers’ cooperative dem- onstration work. 5 array in charge of dry land agriculture inves- tions. Agriculturist in charge of western agricultural exten- sion. HORTICULTURE. Pomologist in charge of pomological collections........ Pomologist in charge of field investigations in pomol- ogy. Redbient in charge of pathological and physiological plant houses and department grounds. Horticulturist in charge of Arlington farm and horti- culture. Superintendent of vegetable testing gardens........... FIELD GARDENS. = — t in charge of south Texas garden, Browns- e, Tex. Botanist in charge of plant introduction garden, Chico, SEEDS. Seeogat in charge of forage 7 investigations... . Assistant in general charge of seed distribution........ Agricultural explorer in charge of foreign seed and plant introduction. | Name. Wathan.A- Cobb; ...sctases ace soca ee Lyster-H. Dewey shoes eee ee John D. Shanahan... Lyman J. Briggs. . z3 Mdgam brows. oc sacces Loeeee Mark A. Casletanest Sa 2ect ent 552 ThOMsS Kearney. cu cweeeee eens Charles. P. Hartley... 2. 625-226 nee sens rederick V.i\Covilless. 22532. S ee. Wied SPINES. .<. cose se reo ek eeeeee Seaman A. Kaiapp. =... ts. Se. eee BH CaGhileott..<2. s0s8ee Soren aaeeeee Edward C. Greens. este eS Walter Van Pleets.c. . 2282 .2st Roc - Fip Leon’ M; Estabrook .55.3.5.-52.222.52 FOREST SERVICE. {Atlantic Building, 928-930 F street. RECUOT AE CIEL oo soaps on aeemininwe Se aeese oe WEL on a.e MIG NO OLOM MER ore nec cate ono Seek oC kee eae atte ce as ERIE LEMNOS E os Sica - -. eee 1,800 Supply depot, property clerk....................------ A. M. Smith. ....-0<5+-tetee eee 2,000 Property auditor..... wia'vs beck Jou Ees aoa oe IG; Falck cade silé ae ne'ankeend-- eee 1,700 a OFFICE OF APPOINTMENT CLERK, 913 Principal officers of the several bureaus, divisions, and offices of the Department of Agri- culture on July 1, 1910—Continued. FOREST SERVICE—Continued. : Salary Position. Name. per | annum. District No. 6, San Francisco, Cal. | MEME nc hci oecen amie Mae s0:s cadena eacace = Frederick E. Olmsted_................ $3,000 PEMICEEES RLISEEIOE IOLTORUED 0 ninn ce ccscce ce cnccorenmnanens SED 3 Re Se 2,400 Office of Operation: Assistant district forester......... [3509 SACAGIBG eens noon teen anees ase) 1,900 Office of Silviculture: Assistant district forester....... | Trueman D. Woodbury............... 1,900 Office of Grazing: Assistant district forester........... TOU Ee ae hONe on ae et ee ees 2,100 Office of Lands: Assistant district forester............. EAS Barrettos 2 ons ses oaadaee cece 2,100 Office of Products: Assistant district forester.......... ClStowell Savile ae oc cnccwaseccdsncane 1,900 District No. 6, Portland, Oreg. SEREPREON ON So ee oo) sees t we sae cee Suge aoc oe Charles S. Chapman..................- 2,500 mesociace cistrict forester... 22... -..2s0-- ¢-202> 200 Gears Fi: Cece ett a eee es 2,200 Office of Operation: Assistant district forester......... Charles lorry ces: 222s eee 2,000 Office of Silviculture: Assistant district forester....... ‘red! i. Amessi22 2322 oet nk eabocenat 1,900 Office of Grazing: Assistant district forester........... Howard > O? Drien:c2 22224 eee eet 2,000 Office of Lands: Assistant district forester............., Clarence’: Bucks o.oo: cal n coeeaneee 1,900 Office of Products: Assistant district forester.......... Joseph BS. Krlapp se. --c-tepcascassp sas 1,900 BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. Chemist and Chief of Bureau.........................- FSW Wiley is conenan coca ter ee ote as $5,000 2 12 DV HiT Cl a ei ee TT ee ee Sas bein a. SPA cco omasocneeme ances 4,000 Assistant Chief of Bureau and Chiefof Divisionof Foods.. W. D. Bigelow.....................--- 4,000 RE OREE Been oi enue ee hc occae ae Se 705s ee ee Oe Te! 1,800 Bermesriets Clerk ne roe. sO anaes | A. Tse Pierce: 225.5 See aes Say eet 1,800 LP eer ee eeres . <2! ae see, eee Me We LAGOS 2 oo wacse econ seo sateen 1,600 DIVISION OF FOODS. ECOG CS 9 Seer Se eer eee liWeorls Bigeléwar.--asss-sd= Chisel: -< oon ac one te ee tt eee D., B; Bisbee... 2. se Jseseee see 2,040 Gi. sul. Minn: (Chiat 2) eee ees cee A... 5..Mitehell ... oc. <2 22os eas eee 3,000 San itrancisco,, Gal: Chick. oi sscanw, 85 Ste eee aom ne cones RAs GOUNG. ce < osc a 2,500 Savannah, Ga.csChiel joe a5 nants ee ee te coe W...C., Bumes.. on: 2. 554c0c50eee 2,040 Beastie. Wash. Acting Guiel. sa... 54... mon'aseeeaee H. M. Loomis... ..conucs eee 2,000 REFEREE BOARD. Consulting scientific expert to the Secretary of Agri- | Dr. Ira Remsen..............-..------ 2,000 culture, and chairman of the Referee Board. Consulting scientific expert to the Secretary of Agri- | Dr. Russell H, Chittenden............ 2,000 culture. DOF caida can aeaweaes atewaene se testomes ee saat Dr. Christian A, Herter. 2 u5.-eeneee 2,000 i 0 [te SR ae oe eae Se ee Eee a Dr. John Heong) 2-22.22 eee 2,000 1D Pi ey See ARS Sao ae pet ea SF 5 ie ee Dr. Alonzo E. Taylor... .-.--2-.seeeee 2,000 BUREAU OF SOILS. Soil Physicist and Chief of Bureau...............-.-.- Milton Whitney —... ccc ceeen eee $3,500 Chieficlerk.< 24). 29s ee a| 0A. G@, Bil@@ sc s2cc5<.cccc cee 2,000 Scientist in soil laboratory Se Frank K. Cameron. :--o- cuneaeeee 3,250 5B er 9 Se eae eer Oswald’ Schreiner. . 0.22. sacs enaeeeneee 3,000 Scientist in soil survey Jay A. Bonsteel\. -- 22-22) eee 3,250 Expert in soil water investigations. WwW cGee:: 2.7.5 eee 3,000 BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. ntomologist:and Chief. ...0°....-.--b--sset saeco Seer LL. .O,, Howard. .... 24. .2eseaeeeeeree $4,000 Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief...) C. L. Marlatt................---.----- 3,000 Fixecutive assistant: <2 22.2... cess ccseeseccesaesesce R. §.Glifton..5.:. s:3.cs icp eee 2, Chileticlerieseear ccs oe nen ese reet oe de eee ae eee eels W. FB. Tastets: ..ceccsccsnueneeeeenee 1,800 In charge of— Truck crop and stored product insect investigations} F. H. Chittenden..........----------- 2,750 Forest insect investigations.....-....--..--------- A. D; Hopkins:!:. 2223 2,750 Southern field crop insect investigations.......... WD, Hunter = s425 522-260 eeaaeeane 2,7. Cereal and forage insect investigations............. FM. Webster... <. .s00scse dea see eee 2,750 Deciduous fruit insect investigations............-.. A. L. Quaintance cuss 5 sagen ees 2,750 Apicultural investigations. .............---------- E. F. Phillips... :/< JONES s0-2~.5ececes eee eee 1,800 Chief of Division of Production and Distribution...... George JX... Holmesess asyes si cei bead. 3,000 Chief of Editorial Division and Library............... Charles M. Daugherty..-....-........ 2,500 Chief of Division of Domestic Crop Reports........... TBD ERIDY 5 on o ea mint eca eee 2,000 LIBRARY. ST Ses eee ee ee ey ee eae ee Claribel R. Barnett : OST Er Re a A eS Ee, PA eet rims 3s FRWES 56 5% vt sateen renee 1; 916 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Principal officers of the several bureaus, divisions, and offices of the Deparment of Agri- culture on July 1, 1910—Continued. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Salary Position. Name. per annum. MrMStOl ia. acon eons vunvs Wega es cee eee dae A. C, Trne........sasencbhsmewen aes $4, 000 Amieiont Director, and editor of Experiment Station | E. W. Allen...................-.------ 3, 500 Record. Chief clerk iy 33. ¢ seed. d)Soseuesecereereeec onan cee osee Mrs. C. E. Johnston... .-:.--cs.sscuse eee ee 3, 000 Guam Experiment Stations........-............-- J. B.«. Thompson. ......-->-enp eee ene 2, 500 Hawaii Experiment Stations.............-.-.--..- EB. V. Wilcox... 2... so0s550cee eae 3,000 Porto Rico Experiment Stations...........-.--.-- D.‘W'., May. 2-2 > pees enero eee eee 3,000 Nutrition Investigations 2.2 ote. sos ence ewes s C.F. Langworthy.--. 2° os ceuenaeeee 2,500 A COOMMESS. Lik hoe Shek toca enna eakoen eae en eee Ff... Singleton :2:-<2--sseeee ee eee 2,000 Specialists— T.arricultural educations 22.2.5. .25 cen cae-csccpeon D:'T.;Crosby:... .=-°=*.chcscs anne eee 2, 400 in farmers fnstitittes:.c2 2s ec onesace erect cess John’ Hamilton-.-- 5° 25s.-.sceee eee 2, 250 OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS. MITECtON:: 52 ..-—- ss cas eee ee 5b eee | Logan W.. Page. <..-.-2:is2-ssseeeeeee $3, 000 Chicl chemists. = ee ck Jet ol eee ee eee Allerton’ S..Cushman..:..-2--te.ceeaee 8, 000 Chief envineer -.) sos cece teow SURE Sei ce eee chess Vernon M. Pierce. . .. 2222.4 teseeseee ee 2, 500 Chief of Road’ Mansaeemont--:.:2:5:2---2+ seebee es. oes J... Penny backer; jrs----e2- =e eee 2,000 Ciel Clara ee ss cece ee oe Se oees See seen ee eee | W. Carl Wyatt-... ..-.25-26see=e eee 1, 600 ADDENDA. WHO ARE MEMBERS OF A FAMILY. [Civil-service act (22 Stat. L., 403). Anact to regulate and improve the civil service of the United States.] The civil-service act provides in section 9 as follows: Sec. 9. That whenever there are already two or more members of a family in the public service in the grades covered by this act, no other member of such family shall be eligible to appointment to any of said grades. The Attorney-General of the United States has decided as follows: The ‘‘family ” consists of those who live under the same roof with the pater familias— those who form his fireside; but when they branch out and become heads of new establishments they cease to be part of the father’s family. (26 Op. A. G., 301.) These decisions are held to apply to reinstatements as well as to appointments, - (Rule IX, p. 45, Reinstatements, Civil Service Rules, edition of May, 1910.) — —_ — | INDEX. Page. IN AMRLIOR CONN. FOMORED FT p52 362s oa a www SO PR Oe Jit 314 crops, change from-annual to perennial, Hawaii and Guam. 146, 147 work with cotton, corn, etc.. oma aise SOT BUFERSERL9I-295 tropical crops and ornamental trees.....................-- 295 Accounts and Disbursements Division, contracts and bonds, preparation by Bolicitorsshet 12: 2uetuawes: bes 888 force, number and classification. - . - . 905 pierre 4c. rn mers be ous 915 report of Chief - ------- 567-619 review of work by Secretary . ped. ess 131-133 1908 ClOSO oss cata aaiaite dace ws oes a eee ek tori aosaigs 574-575 PRRRUCANOR | COREE occas cmancc meas 5 OSU UPL oes: 885 Meee acid, standard, difficulty in securing. -..........55.200iseaas.isves 447 Acid. See Boric; Carbolic; Citric; Nitric; Phosphoric; Sulphurous, etc. Adams Act, beneficial effect of, and estimate for support of.work.sscs 5. ss22 138 Administrative publications, increase.and cost............-.-.---.+-+-+-+-- 135 Agreements, preparation for the several Bureaus, Offices, and Divisions. .... 887-888 Agricultural Collegesand Experiment Stations, Association of American, rela- tion of Office of Experiment Stations .............-. 741 growth of work, remarks by Secretary. .........-.-...- 142-143 explorations, central Asia and Palestine...........-.....-.-.-- 355 extension) ‘western; rewlew a:b. 03s. svsuss. duced. votarbe 320-323 institutes for farmers, different types, work, etc...........---- 742-745 libraries, consideration by American Library A Association....... 137 Section, steps toward organization. . Pot dee sce Se oboe Production, I1Os2 je patent AEE se scledegacia-.. 2 e Se at eed 9-19 per. acne for.adaniy. years. a2 nc sere. 5 0s ives =~. 710-712 relation to popwatien... ..-egeds --=--s< 708-710, 713-716 products, foreign trade, exports and imports............--...--- 17-19 EUG TENN IGN CS EE SRE en 9-10 schools, increase, remarks by Secretary............-.----..--- 142-143 technology, investigations. ........:.-+..-..2.--.-.---- 61- ae 300-303 trains, importance, work, etc.......... Slants. 30 743 Agriculture, Commissioners and Secretaries, terms of service. .......------- 909 Department, administration of acts of C ODPTCRG zs es cee shoe 796-870 appointments, promotions, etc., 1910-.. . 897-898 appropriations, disbursements, ‘and expenditures, TSS9 ORO 2 s/o gasses cides Soeaanean. {ovientegs 591-619 changes 1m force, 19100, .,,.sss2-<0ei dels «ep sey cooperation with War a cieianomg in horse breed- ing, study.. . 36, 897-898 208, 219-229 deaths of employees, GTC Pa eRe es aR ead 898-899 establishment and growth.................--..--- 900-916 officers and employees, classification. ............- 900-907 of the several Bureaus, Divisions, and TiCGE canta addeidvbarta sain’ sles 3 909-916 pay-roll classification of officers and employees... . 908 property, conversion, a heal OF CORO. 5.23300 885 work, 1910, review by Secretary. . 33-157 dry-land investigations, Bk haa Js centiins haaatons 69-71 Office, ‘cooperative studies of plant-food absorption. . 448 Secretary, general and special orders issued.............-.---- 891-895 Offi flice, force, number and classification..............- 900 CUCM het au pind tod = stage tends be tan seey 909 publications issued during year, class, title, MUM DOT; OlGsctes «2. Adee Caer maas sda’ 4 ajar 642-656 FOCOMMORGACIONS 6. 5 ao wr u swe » saswe were 41, 52-53, 95, 1388 917 918 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page. Alabama, beef production, cooperative investigations...................... 217-218 Alaska, bird and mammal specimens for Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, Oh ee a ree ee Mr 560 Experiment Stations, changes, work, etc...............-----ceeeee 749-751 review of work by Secretary.................- 145 Game, Protection... .... 0. - 200s 5e decide Picks We «awa ene eee ee 129, 559-560 weekly forecasts, aid to Weather Bureau. ...................-..--- 172 Alcohol, denatured, manufacture, studies.................-.----ceccee 453, 456-457 toxicity, pharmacological studies with dogs.......................- 446 Alfalfa, crass.with:cowpeas, work. ......<~--<2.4-<0ses0ess0uel JOUER 354 curing, useofartifinial hay driers. 2.14 2c uio2). bse e eee eee 81 experiments. q... 0. .0nca5) SodLeh AS Gh ue ON) Rae ee 359 growing in the East, comparison with clover, experiments........... 359 Southwsi lie aeor bine .ase ele ee 327 peed,. importafions,. Increase 222026... . = 576-581 experiment stations, remarks by Secretary........-..-...-.- 138 Plant industry Bureau, 1011 totale..-- <<... 65 esis... 279 Publications Division, 1907-1910 ...................--..-.-- 621 Apricots, varieties from Asia, introduction.........--..-.---- ot ect DEE afta 38 78 SREZOO ANG, IN VOSHERRONB s «towel cen ue ial Saw choos Tile v Ge 555 Seelce tes 521-522 Arlington Experimental Farm, future work...............-.-.------------- 342 POVICW OL WOPK: - = -. 0-5... Hoe eaiswe SEER 73, 339-343 Army horses. See Horses, army. Arno.p, Jos. A., report as Editor and Chief of Division of Publications.... 621-694 DEOL Crops, CEPCTINION tH... 2242 Ss ahd oh send kisi weie d- wa Sweet ~ eh 78, 357-358 Arsenate of lead. See Lead arsenate. Arsenic, accumulation in soil, cooperative studies. ..........--..--.---.--- 527-528 accumulations in soil from spraying, note.................-.----.- 120 occurrence in food products, investigations...........-.---.-.----- 438 MR UCRIC MANO. ste SO ea ha oo = oi ee eS eet oa ts 273-274 coloring sausage casings, determination tests. .........-.--- 268 eaonite OF S0dAa,, USC ARAINEE WEEKS -.2.65 235 - ww sla sis wears Wala dew ental’ « smels ele Bee 753 Asia, central, agricultural explorations, results, etc. ...........-..-.------- 355 southwestern, plant resources, explorations by Department expert.... 77-78 an RUBE Temstatity preety 2.2) 222.222 kOe 287 meter (leeds, Vallic, UIVentIgauGns: 24 - <2... ~'\. op oS a ne eee 410 Seeeeresiius. Wind: Species, BUNGIES---.02 = = 2S 2 ee 241 CMG AACE. COVCIODINCRY, ..-. ~ = 5S alg be Su sig sens > oe wale e a see es 358 Seecterig. GLEAN -IOMMIOM: SIMCOE 2 ok tc oat sews ewig hie a Ube ss be ese oo 239 lactic-acid-forming, cultural characteristics, study....-...-......- 238 milk and butter, relation to keeping quality..................-..- 141 Bacterial preparations, rat-destroying, value.................------------- 122 Bacteriochemical investigations, food and drugs, work, 1910... ...........- 433-434 Oot. SOn, BLUCY <2 = .): 2 ete oe ae Se aaoetags © Sees oo 57, 287-288 Bacterium tumefaciens, relation to crown-gall disease.........-.-..-------- 281 Balkan States, agriculture, etc., investigations by Bureau of Statistics. .....- 702 Balloon ascensions, weather conditions governing.............--------.-+-- 162 frgeie., Sophect altitude reached. 222-2. 1. cta¢ -imiege abies Leby- wes 163 Balloons, rubber, use in upper air observations...........-...------------- 162-163 sounding, use in upper air observations.........-..-.....-....---. 162-163 ube itt ‘weather resesnch: Wat he..A csi ctetinioh scesasestt .ecdcest 37, 38 Baltimore, location of quarantine station, note.................---.--..--+--- 209 Bamboo garden, Florida, work, outlook, etc................-.---++--------- 357 Hiatioe timber, growing in United States, experiments, note..... ry Barium, presence in soils, distribution, etc............--..--------+-+----- 502 Barkbeetle, control measures, suCcCcesS........ 2-2-2 22-2 eee e eee e eee eepeeecas 118-119 Barkbeetles, control, new work proposed by Entomology Bureau........... 524 depredations, National Forests, and control work, 1910......... 524 Barley, bleaching, investigaiiUbs....... ...... 226 2 4e- sa. sole eld ued ole 456 composition, studies by Chemistry Bureau..............-...-------- 448 eee, T9010, Yield BMG -VAlNes «oid odes oie ey Sistine Heya eee 14-15 PEPCIGHODG, TOINAIES: - ccs nn opis 3 -'= 592 sen e ns tee ee 67, 313 production per acre, variations for several years.......-......-.---- 71 732 varieties, changes in composition, studies.......................--- 448 BarRNETT, CLARIBEL R., report as Librarian, 1910..............-.-......--.. 723-734 Bean, Yokohama, value as forage crop, studies in South..................-.- 85-86 Beenie, Commed, Anal ysin 2nd testing ace «2. wens ewnisn)- = =a dole ose g he eae 465 Bee culture. See Bee keeping. diseases, control, investigations, Entomology Bureau......-.-......-.-- 544 keeping, studies and work, Entomology Bureau...........-.-.-------- 543-546 work of Porto Rico experiment station.........-...--.....--- 754 organic structure and development, studies..................---++---+- 544 Beef extracts, analyses by Chemistry Bureau...........-.---------++--+-+-- 449 DICED, MACHO. cc cnens } Mediu eS Soh bah Ky X ~ Pd doo le Seetie ones and ae 19 variation with localities and quality of meat................-.. 20 production, feeding experiments at Alabama Experiment Station... ... 217-218 920 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page. Beef production, importance of pastures, studies.............. alts. Se 81 investigations, Alabama, profits per head.................. 44 Bees; activity, investipations//08. 2 A ee eae eee 545 Beeswax, extraction, study of methods, etc................2..2--- cece ccece 545 Beet, sugar, seed, Congressional distribution, production, ete................ 362 SUGIOS, ons 6 ee gl EE, ee eee 57, 287 See also Sugar, beet. Beetle, Black Hills, control investigations..........................-..----- 522-524 Beetles, varieties, injury to forests and forest products, control.............. 522-524 Beets, sugar, analysis, study of methods. ...........----......2.02-ecceeeee 432 farm ‘practice s2.5.)....2.. SPP 22 SI SOaE, i 330 Belgium, inspection against insects, note.............---2--dessee--ceeceecee 191 Bellefourche experiment farm, remarks.........../..22-22.22-20c220eeecee 322 Bennett, J. B., report as Appointment Clerk, 1910...................2...-- 897-916 Bethesda Experiment Station, work, 1910......22252..00. [2221 2S ee 274-277 Bibliography, botanical; study....22 02207-22022 2 ee 307 Big boll eottons,-experimente.-+. 27226 22 JS 0. 292 Bighead, sheep, occurrence, description, studies............-...........---- 259-260 Bindweed, control; remarks:........-.-...-.-...-...... 7 333 Biological investigations, miscellaneous. ...............-.----2--- se ccneeeee 553-554 Survey, Bureau, appropriations, disbursements, and balance..... 571 cooperation in rat eradication in packing houses 269 with Bureau of Animal Industry... 532 Public Health and Marine- Hospital Service........... 551 State game officials........... 561-562 cooperative study of spotted fever transmission . by ticks. 7-22. ° 25.202 23 ee ee 537, 538 force, number and classification................ 905 Oficerat 2122 255202 ee a ee 915 outline ‘of ‘work for 1911! 727) 3 eee 564-565 publications issued during year, new and re- prints £2201. /0. 20" Ae eee 662-663 report of Chief, 1910..... 22... 2.7 (OS ee 549-565 review of work by Secretary. -2.....7)- vase 121-133 seope or Work. 2.750 502 8 COS ee 549 Bird diseases, study.« =: =. 225.2. SE Se eee 263 plumage, millinery use; note.--::2-::....-2.2. 7.75.1 aa 130 protection, international: committee. .... 5.22... 2-2-2...) TP 130 relation to protection of mammals.....................-4-- 557-558 reservation, Hawaiian, depredations by plume hunters................ 558 reservations,- National. >. 22.0.2. .220..1 52. 3 a ee 557-558 remarks by Secretary -:-....225..22t.22) 2 2 130 reserves; trespass; ‘Causesete: =. 2222.2) 6 eee 869 Birds, distribution and migration, studies.:...-..:......2.... 3/22 127 #aMe, Notes 52.12 2 2 sera se = 22 eee TSS es oe ee 560-561 importation, notes 2). 25/80) FAA Ee Be eee 128, 555-557 protection and increase for insect control............--..--....---.-- 126 relation to fruit industry in California, investigations................. 553 gipsy and brown-tail moth, investigations ............... 553 usefulness against codling moth, remarks.........................--- 125-126 Bison range, National... 2222/2220.2251232 ii ee eee 130, 558-559 Bisulphid of carbon, use in fumigation in mills, ete.......................- 541 ‘Black Hills:beetle;-control. ...-.5:2:227 fii See 522-524 Blackleg, cattle, prevention experiments...............------2-222-2--2eee- 261 vaccine, preparation and distribution.................2.......... - 265 Blepharipa, gipsy moth parasite, importation, 1909...................-...- 516 Blight, coniferous seedlings, study..............--.-.20). 1722. n eee 285 Blister rust; white pines..02) 225. 032 Soe ARIS Sa SAE 285 Blueberries, growing, studies.....'.)-:.....7-.0...2:. 4712. See 74-75 Blueberry, domestication and relation to acid soils...................-..--- Boll weevil, control, studies and experiments in South................ 81-82, 83, 120 cotten, damage in 1910:...250.. 4. 27 Le eee 518-519 investigations, work of Entomology Bureau............ 518-520 Bonds, preparation. by: Solicitor, work. J.2.2.00:0ddeeedee deeds cota ee ee een 886-888 — +. o) |) ee INDEX. 921 Page. Bordeaux mixture, comparison with other fruit-tree sprays ................ 526 Wale 8 Siingicide 2c re SS SSS SC Ee 54 Boston laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910..............2..... 463-465 metamel, biblicpraphy., study. . 224052950 L oF SIRI ILR Os foe eS eee os 307 Boyd yaccinatine., tests and resulted 1.2 5Gssi seers. PIE doo eee ee. 275 Boys’ clubs, share in demonstration work............--.--.------------++-- 338 porn. clubs, work in-the South... .2savis0eeiet 3h eee) 2. 82-83 Brandies, French, misbranding and relabeling requirements. ................ 457-458 Brandy, Cognac, misbranding, relabeling requirements Bee ADEA Clam 457-458 Bread ‘making, flour substitutes, experiments.....+...2-5.- 02.3200 222-005: 448 Breeding, animal, experiments and yopults) BIO sie. £63. SSL SL: 211-215 BAPATACUSHTLOUE. oat Secale 2s ae SS ee So SS a te 287 cate, Alaska, experiments; etesss i ssh ee ET 750 leereal experiments, Aladk). oJ ee iie SST eT UAL JESS Det) | 145 corn, cotton, etc., review of work...................-- Me $8 Sil 291-294 fesling mpibods. 2. lec. sss 2s 2S FPR, DL 315 homes, work: 0b department 222%. 4509204. 0905s. VAIS 44 horticultural plants, Alaska, work..........22....-2-2.-....2.2...-- 750 livestock, Porte Raco: 2 20453753 FPSO INA OU IS ES. 147 plant, for cotton pmpecyvenient, Olt-——-— 5620 << 2s = Sa 220 323-325 investigations.) «sce l cep how ae sea 2 FO. ACM ORI SS 288-290 stock, experiments, Aladkac. 24/12 29222002074. S885 BNE 145 tobacco, SAMOS PATIODS. x a 03207 5a. Se NE EE SES PUI 5 oo kee 317 Bridges for highways, need. of improvement... 2/202... 0s 22022 idee 155 improvement, HOCEREIEPSCIIIEE: SOS MULLET. SBE! 20. SOLLRS 783-784 Bromus «nermis, resistance to. drought... ....5...6<-0- 2-22-5522... cb eee nee 324 Broom-corn stalks, value for paper making, note .:.+.: 2.222.222.2229 .22 62 Brown-tail moth, control, investigations................--.....--2-2---+--- 113 parasites imported BIGGS: see A EU ee. SEES 115-116 work of Entomology Bureau in various States............-- 510-517 Bubonic plague, spread by rats, remarks by Secretary....................-- 121 Buckwheat, production per acre, variations for several years................- 711, 712 Bud-zot, cocontit palm) studies’. .......222<--.-2/252-AS RAMAN SS. 53, 231 Buffalo laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910...................- 465 proservation.of specias . 207.1359 21a a ee Dees 130 Building committee, leases, preparation by Solicitor ......................- 888 Buildings, Agriculture Department, appropriations, disbursements, and WERE Nas A 23SEC ek 8 es Dae ae Sk oe 569 for Department, expenditures and balance................-.-.-- 568 rented by Department in District of Columbia, purposes, rental, OU esr rwtl a res arads 2 bt ad cas DORE ee ars a wane eee Se 576 Butbs; Congressional distribution. -:3221.).002. 2 AL 361 Dutch, production in America, work.. 86, 361-362 Bureau, Animal Industry, ete. See Animal Industry; Biological ‘Survey; Chemistry; Entomology; Plant Industry; Soils; Statistics; Weather. muees, creamery, improvement. : - 2... 2.50222 0r2257-328 ee Oo Lee 46 farm, inferiority, study of eansesess..si5. oe ee 238 flavoring matter, study of determination... Merge se 238 inspection for Navy, work of Dairy Division, THOS SU OV 235 Mp vcmane iets POM 2 po ccc ses cs cezscs.ee td BO eae eee eee 141, 237-238 manufacture from sour cream, detection methods, study..........-.. 237-238 Se RTOS UARIOY ry5- 3 Fotis ioe tea 16g ea eee eee 238 prices, creamery and factory receipts...........-------0.--escee-s- 21, 24 TeRuNnlCt INEPOCMOH SOLON sooo). us oe Oe ae eee 238, 241 need of legislation. . Ses cpmid ae a utis 5 ee tctios for tubercle Sadie. ese Ae oe rnb nee bac ebee 277 eowie, Mare Dy WsCts. Fas or sss estes oe esse oe ee ee nee ene ees 522 See also Prickly pear. Caffein, pharmacological studies. 6s.) /06i5 css. eee eee ee cee gence neee 446 RISOETIER, ADDIS BEOTNRO Iw os dria tetatar wna aiw)n os oe esos c wee eseseeeaegs 348 citrus groves, insect protection. RSs Se wale bc nnn a & Cc ee eee ee i fruit-tree insects, control investigations. .................-...-. 525-526 grapes, pre-cooling PUEIRNRR Fats e's ook «ove oe wee Ree 349 ground squirrel. See Ground squirrel. 922 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page California, irrigation investigations, cooperative work............-....-.--+- 151 soil surveys, cooperation of State.............2.....-. eee ce cees 498 Turlock (¢ ‘anal, losses by squirrels . .).02.. 005 0.s0s.000l, Sa 122 Calorimeter, respiration, use in nutrition investigations. .................... 148-149 Calosoma sycophanta, European beetle, importation, increase, etc., 1910..... 116, 516 Calves, inspection, 1910. 2... 66. vo vcmnane Masieh cies hk Sea eee 243-244 Camembert cheese, manufacture, experiments.................-...-...-- 240-241 Camphor investigations, review... ....++4.2ieis.eu Juss oe. Jee eel ee 59, 296 Canals, Fallon, Nevada, damage by gophers ...................2-2--cecee 550 Cancer cures, examination, results. nen sdid hints ee bk = Bake ee 442-448, 459 Cane, injury by lachnosterna, investigations. ..............-.2ss--ecceceee 754 Carbolic acid, use in hog cholera control, study.......-... 30h. ee -271 Carbon, bisulphid, use in fumigation in mills, CLC ws scicte LRG ees ae 541 Cardinals (redbirds), importations, diffic ulties, OtCi2.t. i eee eee 556 Carob, value as stock feed, introduction, etc.................-2-0e-es0e8- 356 Cassava inv estigations, FOMArkS. <..-4sec a ¢scinas .Abentotd een 334 Catalogues, Department Library, growth, work, conditions, etc............. 730-731 Caterpillar, New Mexico range, investigations....................-.++0- 121, 530-531 yellow bear, control methods: ........-. 2g2 s2eee - eee 533 Caterpillars. See Moths. Cattle; bovo-vaccinatign, tests... -- ...4.--- 2 +2 3b/-./00.4 = svelte ae 275 breeding, Alaska, experimentg, 6tC.”. ..... -c2siiic - aha nln eee 750 methods, eXperiments, CC... 0... nivs ab epe 214-215 diseases, investigations in Honduras by Animal Industry Bureau.... 255-256 District of Columbia, tuberculin test, requirements.............-...- 50 feed, chemical examinations PE Oa 2: = 480-481 feeding experiments in South soe. 244.24 sy siac 2S Ge 217-218 foods, adulteration, studies... os... A dA eE Roel. pee 456 Galloway, adaptability to Alaskan climate............-- 2 sets Se 750 inspection, 1910.2 2145 oxeneene 2o-p cose th see Ue ie ole ee See 48, 243-244 mnge, control methods, studies... 2. .2J..<20- 2224 228 St eee 273 scabies, eradication, TOU esa} wants ket te: eee 48, 206-207, 247 ticks, eradication work, 1910................. 47-48, 204-205, 246-247, 273-274 study, note... . 2085-6 specs bee ee se 121 tuberculin tests, number reacting, etc......... 2. ..1--0-sensoeeees 250-254 tuberculosis, eradication in District of Columbia.......... 49-50, 207, 253-254 investigations by Animal Industry Bureau...........-.- 207, 250-254, 263-264, 271, 275- 277 tuberculous, disposal, reimbursement, etc., District of Columbia . 49-50 Cauliflower, new spot disease, studies-...2./-.- 2. . sane ee 53, 281 Cedar, red, cause of rust in apple TE Pea rene 54, 282 rust on apple, prevalence, work, ete ...000 202.0056 eee eee 54, 282 Celery investigations, remarks.........-. -d0u¢ -esiait@ 4. 84 eee 341 Census figures, use in revision of crop estimates, remarks by Secretary.....-. 136 Cereal diseases, .work, remarks:...... .. 32%) /=s.2se6 Lao) oe eee 67, 312 plant-insect investigations........-....:.:,.-2-iceese2 e26e02 or 529-534 products; investigations. .....: +: +c -< -aeceaJens $22 eee 541 Cereals, composition, influence of environment, studies.......-...........-- 448-449 nutritive value, studies’. 22-4 0-cse. le Hides. ee 447, production and value, 1910. .-..--.-- 2.22... 325-20. ee eee 16 pure strains, production. :... ..~5.s) - sj.005 «42 6- =e aoe 310 TOtAtON CFOPS.- 2.2.5.2 -- ~~ 282) 2s oo ea ee 65, 310 Charlock, use as substitute for mustard, study... 2.+..). +... ss-.eee eee 451 Charts, ocean, description, publication, distribution, etc.........-.-.--- 181-182, 622 workof Weather Burean, 19102223..b4. 85. .----- 2422 181-182 Cheddar cheese, work at Wisconsin Experiment Station, 1910............... 240 Cheese, American Cheddar, misbranding. .-./....2::'.-2...<.2.).) nee 458 dietary value; tests with calorimeter_-:.-.-...2.--.- 43242 =e eee 149 skim-milk, branding. -.2.20....02's.|2.J2..2-vene 2 ee eee 4 458 soit, investigations, 1910.....--...-,.--.-.>; -=+i-6 4 =e eee 240-241 whole-milk, misbranding....----..-.'...--.-.;=:. 7-4 458 Cheese-making problems, investigabions. - . ....-2... 202 #skeet ee eee eee 47, 239-241 Chemical investigations, special work, 1900... 08 J a2 pa. St eReEE See eee 447-453 reagents, bxamination....---. at ucaskenes aadlaaseeny eee 446-447 studies, forest products. . J eaatpinten Idiueaecek - Gees See 413 Chemist, report of work of Chemistry Bureau; 1910 .: 22262-0252. 20 2 INDEX. 923 Page. Chemistry Bureau, appropriations, disbursements, and balance.......-. 485, 570-571 contracts and leases, preparation by Solicitor........... 887 cooperation with Department of Justice...........-.--.-- 106 Plant Industry Bureau in fruit-products BOER R RONG)! 7 ty ses tek OT BE 100-101 cooperative studv of arsenic accumulations in soil... ... 527-528 force, number, anc classification......................-- 486, 904 ENGIN, oo =p o'e ne eae nd Rs TERE E See SIO. FE 914 proposed ‘work, JOIG-TOTT (e208 JeGctr 2S eS IE 486-491 publications, 1910, new and reprints. ............-- 485, 663-665 BOTIOLG GY CBIGE NIN onc ncn nub Se et See we ne 429-491 review of work by Secretary 2. ):. soe. . Sean. 920s aes 98-107 Cherry, Chinese, early maturity, experiments..................2....2-2---- 356 trees, Japanese, insect infestation, and destruction................. 542 Gieswiai-park disease, control methods... 2... 202.5. .222 bod. on. Oe 55 Chicago laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910..........-....-.... 465-466 Chickens. See Poultry. Chinese soil, comparison with American soil, studies, etc. ......-.......-... 502 Chlorosis, pineapple, study and control experiments... . - eee _eot renee 146 Peon. INvestontons LOE! 2004 m1 eu oire bec Sot Sere ot 2, 270-271 prevention by serum treatment, studies and experiments.... 50, 270-271 serum, studies in manufacture and use..............-...-- 50, 270-271 EREEIITIC, BNCETUIGE 8 2c one is onan a CS SEE oe - See ee 437 Ciders, composition, study of samples. .................-.------.------0-- 452 Seer tobacco districis, investigationss 42/22 220.2 5222-0 Pees 316-317 Saoeretce pectic, tobacco, Control studies..-..... ssege s2u TSO. FISSURE 521 Cincinnati laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910................ 466-467 Sxtros by-products, studies in, California yor. ws. Jes soe eee 437-438 CN RIES Se an canoes cess on se os Ae Le ee 288-289 improvement through bud selection, investigations. ........... 352 timor disease, cause and rertiedy) J)... 3.2 828s 25 ee eel? 53, 281 fruits, artificial ripening, investigations............--.--.---.------- 437, 455 Florida, investigations.......... Ri DSU 2c earners ees cE 347 immature, picking and handling)... 2: o:ct {22 asauoicee Sk 455 msecis, injurious, investigations. .-.-....-22es- meee 117-118, 534-536 ees, Congressional distributiong 2: J. s.c2tese: 2h ee eee. - = 361 fasect peas, Investigations... 2:2 25-05. Dost SoA Sees 754 Civil Service Commission, work by Office of Experiment Stations.........- 748 Gamer mney, ee in Court of Claims... ... 2. i0tocbenlreciswe once 885 Melatins Harcllines; VIOIMGIONs OlIAWss.o +2. ee cea a ce oe ee 456 land, within National Forests, establishment, etc............---...- 366-369 mineral, within National Forests, establishment, etc..............-- 366 National Forest lands, work, settlements, etc.............- 366-369, 874-877 Climatological Division, Weather Bureau, work, 1910, plans, etc..........-- 177-180 publications, new methods, etc... 5... :.suseee. eet 177-178 TEPOMIS \- - 2 = = = stds Ce ea ae BEE 8 a en eee 622 Clinkers, Portland cement, use in road building, experiments.............. 788-789 Giagver;manacement, Northern Statesu-s-s0sed 64004 ase. ce so eee 328 red, disease-resistant, experiments in Tennessee..........-.....----- 85 TOGUCGION. BUMCICS. <6 5 6 nc5 0000 -- sha o eee lub y eee ee 84-85 Walle a6 1Orape Clop.. ...... Cc by & ry © ~ Fy wy °o = =) = a) > =) ie. = - Z | 2) = > Q =) _ Q Gq pe Gq ==) & Page. Demonstration farms, irrigation with small water supplies.................. 151 spraying, cooperative studies of cranberry growing......... 528-529 Work, Farmers’ Cooperative, review. .........-----seccccoce 335-338 Demonstrations, field, work of Farmers’ Institutes......................... 144 Denatured alcohol, investigations by Food Inspection Laboratory.......... 456-457 manufacture, studies by Chemistry Bureau......... 453, 456-457 Denver laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910....................- 467 Department of Justice, cooperation with Agriculture Department in study of transportation law violations . . . - 248 Chemistry Bureau . 2.) 22. 22228 106 Dermacentor venustus, spotted-fever-transmitting tick, study................ 537, 538. Dermatitis schambergi, skin disease, responsibility of joint worm............ 529-530 Desert flood, Utah and. southern Califormia.¢<.<---.-4222 >= = 5 eee 40 Detroit laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910...................-. 467-468 ** Diabetic flour,’’ value, studies... 22.5..2.5 1.320. 4 ee 449-450 Diarrhea, white. See Coccidiosis. Dike borers, destruction, methods.-:...:...2.:5.3.0 04.2.2. eee 550-551 Dioscores, Study. 35.226 222825520 scesge sine secs 2st pe 298 Dips, animal, investigations, 1910: : 220.2... «2422. 1552/0) Sa 269-270 arsenical, cattle ticks, experiments ................2..2.222. 269-270, 273-274 eattle, formulaccsuc:secdessc2sishseecsscaesdees2s 2222 eee 273 coal-tar, cattle ticks, experiments. ....-..2.5.2.2522 0-0 7g ae 273-274 injury to sheep, laboratory investigations.................... 269-270 Disbursements, Agriculture Department, 1910 ...........-2...-0-22-..02004 569 Division. See Accounts Division. Disbursing agents, temporary-special..-..)J20/... 2) 27)" Ae 569 Disease, skin, responsibility of grain mite.................-.-----.-s0c0eee 530 Diseases, animal, causes of condemnation of meat.......................--- 200, 244 eradication work... 22.2272: -...- 12 2. 47-50 scientific investigations: . #. 2.2.52... 222) See 50-51 studies by Animal Industry Bureau.................... 204-207, 246-248, 257-263, 271, 273-277 contagious, domestic animals, suppression...................---. 204-207, 246-248, 257-263, 271, 273-277 forest trees, investigations. < 25.2.5 700sse2ssm5250> Joe. ee eee 394 live stock, studies in Porto Rico, Hawaii, and Honduras, 1910 .... 255-257 poultry. and: other -birds, etudies- - <0... 5.21202 20. 263 Disinfectants, animal, laboratory investigations............-.........-.2..- 269-270 Distillery, alcohol, experimental, use in educational course, Chemistry BUPA Hs 22sec sts ssehebecsseleciesscicsesetescs ss eee 453 District of Columbia, bovine tuberculosis, measures for eradication......... 49-50 Diversification, Crop....5 czeeei! -.ne) <06 ote 7. sa 171 industry, California, relation of birds, inv estigations, note...........- 553 investigations, work on dates and fs ee eee 73-74, 289-290 marketing investigations. >... . 24. iu a eke bf si ahen ale ee 75-76, 344 nomenclature and identification, study...........+...+.- «sabesaeeee 343 precooling experiments...-.:-..---.2-.2<: «2 cease eee eee 349 products, experimental work, Chemistry Bureau.............-...--- 436-438 investigations... -2.52% .~ 222s 2. odmen ooh een ae 99-101 etorage InVestipAliONs.. ~~. a6 d¢ el annie Hswisleink fe he 75-76, 345, 347 transportation studies, remarks. ......-..--..<-.s<--+-s0>ssssss seen 75-76, 344 trees, insects injurious, Investigations...) . . ~sn1s a 524-529 varieties, adaptability to environment........2...... <--sua eee 351 washing, experiments... 5... an own so aoe = nie oe ole = eee 347 wormy and unsound, investigations by Chemistry Bureau..........-. 99 Fruits, Alaska, experiments...--..:2..-..2.-1 04-092 Jsenee ee 750 citrus, immature, picking and handling, methods..............-..... 437, 455 insects injurious, Investigations. -.....-.-....-soces eee 534-535 experimental work, Chemistry Biren. cs tea gene 99-101, 436-438 exports and imports, value, 1910.2 sso) 0. ote ee 18 fromvAsia, Introduchions..-\<< s<.00 ea eee ol oe eee 78 Guam experiment station... .- 02: .2..23..t..2 Ue. 2 757 small, study of diseases... 2-4). -+ 4 oscpe te See ee 284 surplus; WtIZabion.= 0 3-5 . 2). nig ah oe eae ee rao Tai 344 — varietal studies at Arlington farm. =...) -.< .nae2. >.> ee eee 343 Fumigation, citrus fruit trees, experiments...-.... 2... -.. 2.320.405 ae eee 534-536 control of Mediterranean flour moth.............------ 539-540, 541-542 experiments in white fly control...............-. . 57scu 534-535 flour mills, etc., for control of flour moth.............. 539-540, 541-542 hydrocyanic-ac id @ gas, improvement of method.........-.--..... 117 rice mills, inv estigations ee eRe reer Nira te Te 540 Fungi, Guatemalan, colleétion, note...) 2.4 .s..9.) -.95f n 282 relation to plant diseases, notes 1) 2. 281 Fungicide, self-boiled lime- sulphur, value to peach growers, demonstration... 54-55 Fungicides, examination by Chemistry Bureau. ..:.....-..-.-seneesee 106, 479-480 Galveston laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910.................- 468 Game, big, distribution, ete....2....2--21. 22s. 4)2-5-cisee =e importations, 1910.2: 2 ool. 5 See Ae i ee 128, 555-557 | interstate commerce: 2.1... 525. 2 2 eee 5 oe e ae 130, 562-563 laws; enforcement... 3.2.22... -25.0 52.5 Pie aa Oe 35, 868-869 legislation, index, note....4... 2-8. .5-~=.-:e eee eee 561 officials, directory, nOte).:2. si. s2seo32 ssid ee dees 32 oe 561 preservation and introduction, discussion by Secretary...........-.- 128 preserves, National Forests. ...-.. 22-2... 4... 20-2 ss ns saul 404-405 protection, Alaska 2... 2022232. > -eued de aoe 129, 559-560 work of Biological Survey, and plans......-...-- 128, 555, 559, 565 Gardens and Grounds, Department, maintenance and operations.........-.- 353-354 school, remarks oye Skt Seve ya auctd LENO ey ia ogc kr 342 Garriott, Edward B., Weather Bureau, death, notice....-...-2----+----.222 194 — Gas, hydrocyanic- -acid, use in disinfecting mills, warehouses, etc....-....:- 540-542 fumigation i in, California: ......... ope 536 Geological Survey, United States, cooperative study of phosphates.........- 502-503 — Georgia, irrigation experiments. -..-.....¢2022...05-220e2ees- 52 oe 152 © peaches, precooling experiments... .. . .s4-dobasseeee. eee 113. Parasite Laboratory, parasite importations, work, 1910. 115-116, 514-518 relation of birds: -.. 2. 2a7. 22. 2+ 7.2. —giebceReacene oe 553° work of Entomology Bureau in various States. ........-...--- 510-517 Glanders, horses, cooperative inspection.......2.-. 2-225 -0<-se2ne.8-setesenes 247 determination methods, studies. ..........---.---=--s=e= 260° INDEX. 933 Page.) Peeing LADOMALONY GLUGIOR >. ann) 2 Caadeccciwa die rele ee Sek soo. cee ea * 433 nutritive value for animal food, experiments. .................... 449 Glycerin, determination in meat preparations. ................-.--.-----.. 449 inn brecd ine methods, investipations..<.2)-. 8.200. es 213 TERE ACINOM MEO tO erm e See tet Pegs oP an Se caecie 90's see omen sees =m 243-244 nee erent reetiin @netNOOS. 46 emi Cor wees = SS. WN ic po ee ww een 550 Graduate School of Agriculture, fourth session, remarks by Secretary........ 143 Grain and grain products, exports, value, 1910. ...................:....--. 18 ceri mem crrinemnmNNnn Yi4 rite ee Si cit or a De a chin putn's! pe 529 composition, influence of environment.....................-2-.--00- 65, 310 eres eRe NCTISOUMNY oo Fs RE ot rc oe ae. Wn oko a cue ee ae 314 experiments in southwestern plains. .......-....--...200.-2---- esos 310 TESTO Cn tlle MIN VestIPAtLONS s).%2- eae. 5.2 53a ee 480 eC RCUMELY CNG? URNA rane th eS eo tn wea Be ately om aisle 311 To eh unset Ea nth a ls ty tC SL a es A alg ts 65-67, 309-315 marketing and transportation; study<.-..........---2-2---2-....-5- 137 on the Pacific Coast, investigations by Bureau of Statistics. 700-701 Prt weMenhionr TOMatns oni 22 = 2s Jat. a. coached sess 312 HANA zation TEE We OlWOLK =. con. es sees. Oe coc eee eects 63-64, 308 trade of the Great Lakes, investigations by Bureau of Statistics. ..... 700 weeviled, effects on human beings and live stock, investigations. .... 541 See also Barley; Corn; Oats; Rye; Wheat. Bere ECO ID tine and Papen: wis Ste ee cots elem sat he eee eee eee 65-66, 311 eeomea, by-products, Iaboratory studiee:< 252202. 50 Sco ee Aas 451-452 uwevmnrte, Tirregiten Wrenn - aan to re ss tenses ele eS. oe ae oS 76, 350 CTD SS ST Dh pelehd aN og cpap pool had ih gens Misa yc oe Een Ath Se ae he a 284 growing, Pacific Coast, investigations. .........---------------+--- 76, 350 insects, studies of Entomology Bureau............-.-......-------- 527 EIVedeahions, SaTiusicys Cuate: 2 ee eee ce fey meee 451452 (LE TET cea ail Ne tall espn pg? en at kf i Se Rea 4 Se edema) hn aS 436-437 root-worm, studies of Entomology Bureau. ...........-.-.-.......- 121, 527 FOI TONR THY CSLAhIONS =e eee oe ee te ee eee eee 76, 350 Grapefruit, immature, picking and handling, study of methods............. 437, 455 Grapes, experiment stations studies. '..).. 0.55.22. o. 22. eee ee ences 141-142 RePPsereDS CHINPANIUNG® 2° ESAs tor ed pale. Peak cee ee ee ee eras 345 Ree Teoria tron SUUCISS san oe nec eee ee ae ete insets 344 Rua Socd Gunprenatona! distribution: o5552...5-2 5222-226) eve tc cee ee 361 creed, OCUROMIG JAINA MON MOLANY Soo) 5255 fale wie sess teem ene be ee eee 305 TW; GRAM es Sete ae Nk Rh as ene on se BETA ite dS ho 359 studies of varieties in the South. ....................--...2. 85-86 eaves, Hewey 8, reportnas Pomater-estee soo sos cet acter seen ee 363-427 Grazing Branch of Forest Service, plans for future work...................- 424 lands, mountain, reseeding, results of investigations. .............. 73 Netipnal: Forests, advisory; boarasie.: tess OE ae 397 capacity, permits, and receipts......... 96, 97, 370-371, 395 trespass cases, decisiOnS.. <2... o- cee cere es 396-397 permits, National Forests, decrease in number issued, receipts, ete. 96, 97 planta; relation to acidity of soils: : 25. o-5--n-sems-ne anes eee ee 305 reconnoissance, National Forests, investigations.................... 402-404 peace mtignnl Woresta: 0. J... 6c.acnss euepacntetneete eases 396-397 use of State and private lands. ....... he wis om eeu eae coe 399-400 Great Basin, soil surveys, cooperation of States................-....-.----- 498 itil suUerOularE tests TOkOe ee oo: De eee 250 Lakes region, resources, value of soil surveys, etc............-....-.-- 109 Plains agriculture, investigations and experiments..................-. 69-70 eae MOTICTINLTITO” BUUGION. cc canpoonsce-nbaceenee ee eum 447 mnt orowin, movestipations.:..:.-<.....-..5---.-3-cheuesewee 351 irrigation in connection with dry farming, work................ 760 meecmmanerny eiryery yy TOL. os cca soca e nae cone beonetenen 498-501 soil-water investigations, scope, value, etc.................... 110-111 Snes Aut MIO Ss cow co on nc cabennccrnoatentantoume 529 Greenhouse crops, diseases, control, note.............--cc--2cceceeccencces 142 work, Arlington Experimental Farm................-..----.-+ Ou Greenhouses, Department, changes, maintenance, and operations......... 76, 352-353 Ground squirrel, control, measures, and investigations....................-. 122-124 disease spreading, relation to plague ...........-...------ 122 poison effective in destruction...............0sd-scesennes 123 934 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT CF AGRICULTURE. Page. Ground squirrel. See also Squirrels. Ground-water supply, importance in dry farming........................--- 506-507 Guam, agricultural development. ...... ....écesse0et suru sais n00 ule 148 Experiment Station, purchase of leased land, work, etc ............. 755 review of work by Secretary..............cssas 147-148 WOTK nn. = pacesie nm om om a nse oo ple eee 755-757 Guinea pigs, inbreeding experiments at Bethesda, Md., experiment station. . 215 Gypsy. ‘See Gipsy. Haarlem oil, misbranding, investigations by Chemistry Bureau............- 460 Harvesting crops, dates, investigations by Bureau of Statisties.............. 701-702 Hatch fund, use by stations, criticism........-..+.---<0->0ss+aaus»saeeeeeee 736 Hawaii Experiment Station, work...........-.-.«-sse0s nesidp eee > ane 751-753 review by Secretary... ...2.: nnd init vet Koensd 19 = 0 ihn nis were a 119 insects and nursery stock, need of Federal legislation........... 543 law, National, insect pests, necessity................---------+- 543 meat, work of Animal Industry Bureau, 1910.... 42-44, 199-202, 242-246 moth, measure against gipsy and brown tail moths. ...........- 114 See LOGE BCODG OF WOPK.........5..~ web wsivind~ anne eins 238, 241 ln eee SRC CONIC, i... 52> ss nwksinaa emer eeeedn ee 119 work, Chief, Division of Accounts and Disbursements.......... 589-590 Inspector, Department, suit brought in sheep dipping case, status.......... 886 Inspectors, food and drugs, duties, changes and work, 1910...........-..--.- 454 Instrument Division, Weather Bureau, work, 1910.................+------+ 175-177 936 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page Instruments, weathér; new work, 1910.5 25 oo ce Secs werciewae ob cate ae ee 175-177 Insular agricultural experiment stations, review of work by Secretary ...... 145-148 experiment stations, work; CtC..... 0c esscsece es 0 np + eee 748-757 Interior Department, cooperation with Forest Service........-.------------- 406 cooperative studies of glanders in horses........-.-..-- 247 Iron, corrosion, laboratory studies, Public Roads Office. ..........- 156-157, 789-790 Terivated ‘lands, dramare suryeys. << crs cms Se os oie alee eee rr 763 Irrigation canal, break by ground squirrels, and losses. ........---.------+- 122-124 demonstration farms, small water supplies.........-..-----.----- 151 humid region, study... .- a+ ss - 2uis:5n hae a ee ee 152 investigation work, plans for future, etc.............-.--. 150-152, 757-762 TICE HUA sia ids cae wid bs I iid sae pes nets ete rer 151 use of power, studies... 2222. se- fase ee o-u oo em ee ae 760 water available, studies by Weather Bureau................-.--«- 174 Japan clover, 88 InsBONthe.. oc codes nate ga See \ wate 327 cooperation with Agriculture Department in importation of moth PATASTLOR. 2. wo Secs ss Bae Sew ometm bse on 6 So bmigi ee eee 515, 516 gift of cherry trees to United States.......--.-------.---<-se-ensneum 542 Johne’s'disease, cattle; studies: <2. 220 os een 2S Pe 258-259 Johnson grass, eradication, remarks......:-..---...---.--:-s05+->. pee 333 Jointworm, investigations... - =... 2... oso dec5 a es seo e~ n-ne se ee 529-530 Juice, fruit; treatment, studies:.-. 2.2. 222 - << oe «<= -laenin oe 436-437 Juices, fruit, manufacture, laboratory studies. .--..-.-.....-_-_ 2. eee 451-452 Jujubes, drought-resistant Chinese fruit, proposed experiments. ...-....-.-. 79 Kafir, pink, drought-resistant forage crop, studies.........--------------+--- 86 production in drought, note...........-.2.-- + +--+ =. ee 312 Kansas City laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910-....-----.--.-- 468-469 Kentucky quarantine, sheep scabies, cooperation of State........-.-.-.----- 48 scabies in sheep, quarantine establishment.........-.....-------- 206, 247 tobacco investigations...2.0-5..-- 2.2. s-2- eae -22 22 318 Ketchup, manufacture, studies by Chemistry Bureau......-..------------- 450-451 tomato, preservatives, studies by Chemistry Bureau.-..--...-------- 436 Kharkov wheat, winter vatiety, note. soo 002-7. oe 2 oe 65 Kiosks, weather,.installationsg:valtie, ete: 0.2 a2. ee ee 175 Kite flights, Mount Weather Observatory, weather conditions governing. - - . 162 Kites, nse.in upper-air observations: . 2... 25. 2-5. oe 2 ee 37, 38, 161-164 Klamath experiment farm, remarks.........---...------------+--++--+-0=2 3 Kowliang, production in drought, note.............----------“¢---sese=ees 312 Labor, farm, wages, investigations by Bureau of Statistics. -.-.---.----.----- 701 Laboratories, branch, food and drug inspection work, 1910.......---.------ 461478 research, study of dairy products. ......2.....-:.-23275-seees 237 seed-testine, discussion.2. 204-2... 2-2. -. 2: toe ae 307 Laboratory, forest products, cooperation with University of Wisconsin, work. 412-414 Gipsy Moth Parasite, importation of moth parasites, work, 1910. 514-518 investigations, Soils Bureau, 1910..........---.--------+------- 501-503 plant: pathology, tines of-work:-:.--. =~... 2... 22-35 == ae 281-282 soils, investigations, progress, scope, and value.......-.-.----- 111-112 work, grapeand apple:::2s-:25:01...--24-.: = +- ae 451-452 poultry and egg investigations.......--..--.------------- 429-432 sugar and sugar products investigations......-..----- 432-433, 456 Lacey Act, constitutionality, decision, importance.......-..--------------- 35 violations: cases, ‘tes ...2,.25-/0.1' ee a 868-869 Lachnosterna, injury to cane, investigations. .......--.------------+-+++++- 754 Land claims, National Forests, disposal by Solicitor......-...-..------------ 34 logged-off, clearing methods. ........-...-.--------+---------22-22--- 81, 335 Office, United States, cooperative study of phosphates........-.------ 502-503 Lard, neutral, use in renovated butter, study. ....---.--.------------+----- 238 Larkspur poisoning, remarks........-------.-0-0-----0 0-2-2 eter ences eseese 298 Law work of Department, review....-..---.---------------+--:-----:- 33-36, 793-796 Laws, National Forests, enforcement........----------+---- 34, 369-370, 795-796, 894 Lead arsenate, use in boll weevil control, experiments........-..---------- 519-520 tobacco horn'worm control......20.5.0520.- 202 sea 20 Leaf-hoppers, investigations............- a rs ous UN 4 ee 531-532 — INDEX. 937 Page. PEMEeIIGE, SUPA WOCRE ET MOUCNEM ss « - + sadn mcioiew an Hei teas Tien ame d eee aid apm 533 eases, preparation, De BOlMCIHOR, WOPK oa cin nine nen « Smee d sy conde ec ane nenie 886-888 ee CGr COStINg, OMOUNMLTY PNTOR Guna. s «soc one dmeniex «<2 ese ew ens 481-482, 483 Legal decisions on important cases, relating to Department..............-.. 34, 35 PPE POOR Is ren tnilON WOME begins aiinnd ktaa Stamens omnia an ok oo ee 886-888 Legislation, dairy products, shipment, need..............--...--+-2e2ee--s 52, 210 GAME, INGOX, NOC as 6 oars os ~~ nin pier dein we sams ewe pe sens 561 insect inspection, efforts and status................-..-........ 120 live-stock tFARSPOFUANUION, TlOGd ~ Sri 2 oe iy Aegis SES Beet 327 MeFIn ODOR, TSO... «mia 3 coca Padroni ss ardyegtes 02 daw ae tee on oSpane neh 723-734 Libraries, agricultural section, steps toward organization.........---.------- 733-734 Bureaiangs Division. ono. CtG= 4-288 se San siok wie beue/nn Soa 732-733 Library, appropriations, disbursements, and balance........-.-.---+------- 569 Association, American, annual conference discussion of agricultural Lv] ge Re ae a See 5 AGRE ee eee tee AA NOR ey eA Pel Sm 733-734 PeapartmMent,. ACCESSIOUE,. jc = sic asa oso = DF ed = ein Mee ieee eee 727-728 CAtadOo Ne CARNE SOOO me ec dle tam S54 ers tee i gee 732 force.number- and. ClaissiCalonn, sssmepianah= aceeeee 906, 915 TORCIDM CX COAND OR <2 80 rae ter pense tee ate ote rotons 726-727 STOW hi EGU Ob TOG. 7h. Sire ttn sept ee 723-724 MALI PHBL AS oie armor .a ot nae ee ete 726 periodicals, receipt and circulation -..--......-.--.-.. 728-729 Bia OAT OAS ET UN, VOR Sars a ce Seta Std ome 2 Se lw 2E 680 RecN RE NT Foes A ol aD ot Sarees Sg ee = Sine 723-734 review of work by Secretary...........-.-.-...---.-. 137 TBOLOL DOOKS lGUG: COnLO Oe sehen hs es et 724-725 Public, odds Office: Wonk. tol un Sow oes aa sc Roe oh Ree 791-792 Weather Bureau, additions and work, 1910..........-....--..-.-- 183-185 Lightning, White House protection, Weather Bureau plans...............-- 176 Lime phosphates, use as fertilizer, value, etc., cooperative studies........... 502-503 BEC ID HSUIaNZSOr OF CTEAM BCIGILY. . ~ ccs open oon win dad ee ae 237-238 Pee SUlpnarantay. Use. On Apples, CC... 3. .- ~~ :...-.:...2: 0522.22 oo 2 762 Maryland, Beltsville, new experimental farm, purchase, uses, etc..........- 53, 208 tobacco'Investivations-<:......2.2.2.40¢2 eee 318 Massachusetts, cooperative importations of moth parasites.................. 514-518 moth control, work of Entomology Bureau, 1910. ... 113-116, 510-511 McCase, 'Gzo: P.; report as Solicitors..: +... 2.22... : 2222 ee 793-895 Meal, cotton-seed, effect on milk, study.-...:-:-:.::2::5222¢82)2. 2a 239 feeding investipations? “20207. 2. See 51, 239, 265-266 use in ‘bread making, composition, ete’. 2". 22 eee 449 Meat, condemnation, 1910, causes. J 02.20. 222.222 er 244, 245 extracts, preparation, rules'governing.”. * . 22... 2222-2 268 imported, inspection, proposed work, ete. /. 92.2.4.) 2 457, 466 inspection ‘appropriation, 1910... --...-... 2.222 t 2 ee 199 cooperative work with customs officials ..........-........ 457 laboratory work, 1910" Pict se: Secs eee 199-202, 266-269 law, violations; cases’. [00s 22 22 0 eee 794-795 laws, enforcement 2h: 227.022 Ue. 2 Se ee eee 35, 794-795 methods, discussion’ >s< :.: see nee ee 200 number of establishments and places where conducted, LSSIATOLY SSS eee ne oop eet. oe rn 242-243 relation to animal husbandry =. <0 s),) 23 eer scientific commission, report’ _-..:5_: 1205220... s.ee 200-201 State; need’ of lecislation® © .(-- 2.52" 2. eee , 202 preparations, medicinal, glycerin determination, studies...........-.- 449 prices, data, work of Division of Production and Distribution. ......- 700 products, condemnation, 1910; Causes... 1.2 a 244, 245 inspection, cooperative work with customs officials........- 457 laboratory*work, 1910): 222 oo) ieee eee ae ee 267-269 preparation under supervision of Animal Industry Bureau, “ T9122" oe Sooo e kn on eae eee ee 244-245 Meat-inspection amendment, violations, cases, etc ..............----------- 864-868 law, application 4nd exemptions.....2....... lc s0oeeee 245-246 work, Animal Industry Bureau. ... 42-44, 199-202, 242-246, 266-269 Meats, canned, effect ‘of prolonged storage, study. ---.-...-.°.--- 2233 2egeee 268-269 curing investigations. Diao cre cinewisiere o anlele oe 0gne, Sees See eee 268 deterioration, studies.....0. 2.50. 2. Ro eee 449 preparation under supervision of Animal Industry Bureau, 1910. ..-.. 244-245 Melon aphis, control, studies in Texas: ...22.2.....-.:2 4.22527 eee 533-534 Melons, sugar:content, proposed: work. ...°3.5.2.-2.- 0.2. 22> 432 Me yin, A. D., report as Chief of Animal Industry Bureau, 1910.......-...- 199-277 Metabolism, experiments, resulta. 92... .. oo. 2) ee 446 Meteorological data, collection and distribution by Weather Bureau......... 180-183 furnishing by Weather Bureau i Hydrographic Office, Navy Department noes ciitcvlcet a. ante. ee een 180-182 Mice, damage to forest seeds and seedlings, control ‘heseiites 2 ais ho Ce 124, 551 poison, strychnine and oatmeal effective... .........-...--.-0+----- 124, 551 Microchemical laboratory, investigations, 1910). .0 2220. nc cece ee eee 450-451 Midge, sorghum, investipationsa.. 0.00.0 .2.c.ccs.esccnagesens seers eee eee 531 INDEX. 939 - Page. Milk adulteration, prosecutions, Food Inspection Laboratory.............. 459 UAL eW0) Meg NN Ra me is eR A 82 Sih SI a a 458-459 city supplies, investigation and improvement...................-.--- 236-237 Gondensed, industry, COOMOrBLIVE BIUGY 0. onesie bane cise mw mineinen es» 456 investigations by Chemistry Bureau..........-.........- 102, 459 “CR UITINGT EL POL Tite SR MMR ie AS DRT oe See Lal ces Thtecee See I ANI a te 20 effect of feeding cotton seed and by-products..............-.......... 239 NOR POG, TR MORUIOOEIOUIE 365 5 OEE iene ea ake psa alcease a'ebags'a elastance 459 human, composition, comparison with cow’s milk, study. ............ 239 inspection, score-card system, use and results. ..........---..-------- 236-237 Baterctate shipments, INVestoabiOns. -/. wc one ye eins am mnie Seen =e = 103 MEO ICSLIN OTIS IO! (ie er sete es ie tts ees aren oP rae 47, 141, 238-239, 264-265 market, investigations in 1910...............+........... 236-237, 264-265, 456 Sem Ce POTRIVCECIAI, (SUUAY 6622S oye sw pines Bir nvm Ree eid « oes 238-239 LOS tei ete i A ee icine op edaamit bap td ere 264-265 TERE Lay C10 lec] 012) 9 : ea oe a a a 20-21, 24 secretion, cooperative experiments and results..............---------- 239 supply for cities, improvement, studies. ...........-.....---..---- 46-47, 236 tuberculous cows, pasteurization experiments.............-.------+-- 276, 277 - REPIOUE CHIE Shy On, GUster aU) soot fon. es Cos, eek dion 456 Mallet, droucht-resistant varieties, studies:<% 2.) - <<< ee ceccm ews clesenees 86 RPCNIETCUIOU UX CTOUE Nien cas 08 Sea ae ie alia os ng Se OS : 312 Masours, {arm manascement, cooperatrye.... <5 nsec etd ances neces cmos 329 Mite, responsibility for skin disease, studies. ......-...-......-.--------08 530 Molds,,studies by Animal Industry Bureau.....-......- 2-26-00 - tees ssqee- 241 Moneys, public, receipts from various sources..........-------------------- 573-574 Mongoose, exclusion from United States, note.......................-..-- 128 Monodontomerus, European, moth parasite, importation, increase, etc. ..... 116, 517 Montana, cooperative study of spotted-fever transmission by ticks........... 537,538 investigation of tick-harboring rodents. ............-..-.-.---.--- 124-125 forest protection from insects, remarks.........-------.-.----+-+-- 118 pig ia .elieey, Studies. es... 65:2 sca ee keels See Ge ee 207, 272 necrobacillosis in sheep, control methods, quarantine area, release, (5) Se Re a rg Me ke OE EO ole ere een nds ee aE 206 Moore, Wituls L., report as Chief of Weather Bureau, 1910.........-..--. 161-198 MGRMITCOLOres COO! TeMaris.c «22 cease a Me eee Ors seine ae eee 333 Mosquitoes, control studies, Entomology Bureau.............-.--------++-- 536-537 Moth, brown-tail, importation on nursery stock from Europe........-...-.- 542-543 work of Entomology Bureau in various States............. 510-517 codling, work‘oi Entomology Bureau. «lees 2am akc exes wee de 526-527 European leopard, destruction by parasites, experiments. ........... 517-518 gipsy, infested area, location, and extent.............-.------------ 510 work of Entomology Bureau in various States..........-.-...- 510-517 miujury to.imported fips... : 2¢ b's. 52a.5 55 Se ea ee oa 450 nests, importation on European seedlings, inspection and preventive SRN 0 Sa i de tes 4 Os afl oS Sind Kime Ss cl ree gan 542-543 Mediterranean flour, investigations.............-.-.-..--.--- 539-540, 541-542 Moths, control, cooperation of railroads with Federal and State authorities. . 514 gipsy, brown-tail, and European leopard, work of Entomology Bureau. 113- 116, 510-518 insect enemies, importations from various countries............------ 514-518 Mount Weather Observatory, work, 1910............------------+--- 37-38, 161-166 Mulberry scale parasites, exportations to Italy. .............--.---.-.--++- 518 PpaIVEEE ENCES HELO OR 9 crn Meo). CR oy reed eee Oe A SS ha Dic hme ye eyelet wie eters 451 Mycological work, Animal Industry Bureau, 1910................-....---0- 241 Nashville laboratory, focd and drug inspection work, 1910. .........--....- 469 National forests. See Forests. eC DOTLA“VONNG. TOTO ie aac cia kie ¥~- 0Dmire os mw ne seks cenwmnell 19 Navy Department, meat-inspection work for, by Animal Industry Bureau . . 246 Necrobacillosis, sheep, control methods.............------------+-- 49, 206, 248, 257 Negroes, share in cooperative demonstration work...........---...-----+++- 337 anna ARES URINE Ne oii ar uke «hele vacge nh en te he we kging oe 303 New England States, moth damage, and investigations..................--- 113-116 Hampshire, moth control, work of Entomology Bureau, 1910... ... 113,116, 511 pe AR TR en a ey ee 350 940 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE... Page, New Mexico, biological survey, completion................----sesceceecens 127 range caterpillar, investipations: .~. 2.25... 32.5.-.5550) eee 430-531 Orleans laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910. ......-.-....-- 469 York laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910..........-...-.- 470-472 Nitrites, pharmacologtcal studies. ... 2.02.5... Dee cee cnet = eee eee 445 Nitrogen, atmospheric, manufacturing methods, studies..........-.....--.-- 502 determination methods, studies by Chemistry Bureau............. 484-485 fixation and’ use:as fertilizer: ...:...25>.0.'52.... eevee oo 502 Nitrogen-gathering bacteria, work. ...*- 2-2... 2-2. sees gene sede 288 North Carolina, experiments with seedless Chinese persimmons........--.-- 79 study of strawberry insects by Entomology Bureau.......... 532-533 tobacco investigations! 2452220". Sco ae ee ee 318 Dakota, diversified farmnng 2's oe 329 Experiment Station, tests of Holstein cattle for tuberculosis. . 214 reconnoissance surveys, 1910. .7- 2. 20S. 22s ee eee 499-500 Notices of Judement/-caeesroryeant = "se. 2 ee he lene soe eee 804-846 Nurseries, National ‘Worests; location 220200 es oo ee oe 387 Nursery stock, European countries, study of inspection methods............ 543 inspection tor insect Control. 6. oe ee ieee Py et 119 work, Arlmeton Experimental Parm-.-./.--- 222.0) ea 339 Nutrition, animal, comparative studies of glucose and cane sugar.........-- 449 experiments at State College, Pennsylvania............. ravi investigations, Experiment Stations Office, purpose and history.. 148-150 work, plans‘for future, ett”. °°... on. pee 765-766 work, practical ‘value; demonstration” -- <7. 2.2232... oo 149-150 Nuts; cashew; analysis-and ‘testing: +. 2. oo. Se 464-465 Oat investipations, remarks. 2 0202-3 2 eo. ene ane 66-67, 313 Oats, bleaching, -invéstigations--.. 20.02. Fo eo. os oe anne ee 456 crop, 1910, value‘and yield’.-.: 2. . 2 cc. 2 ae an 13 Object-lesson roads, work of year.....).---.--:+-------+-s5-2-=+--5 aes 153 Observatory. buildings, new, construction.....-...-..--..-.-----02--sse-sem 191 Weather Bureau, owned and rented......-...--..--- 191-192 Mount Weather, work, 1910. -2..:.....-22¢.5.255=2— ee 161-166 Ocean charts; description, number issued, etc....-..------: 2522 -- seep aeeen 622 Office of Public Roads. See Roads, Public, Office. Ohio, experiments in timothy breeding.....-.....---------------+--=2:-2:3 84 Oil and oil-cake meal, exports, value, 1910.............-..-------------s08 18 Haarlem, misbranding, investigations by Chemistry Bureau. .......-.--.- 460 olive, adulteration with other oils, studies............--....---++-is2088 458 denaturants, inspection by Chemistry Bureau..........----.-.--- 471 peanut, commercial possibility. ........--------------+----+----------> 340 producing plants, studies. .-.....-.-----1-2-7--- 2 2e2 Se 60 production, use of soy beans. ...----:....--2+----2+25-- <2 -- 2a sae 327 soy-bean, use in oleomargarine manufacture, study......-.------------- 267 volatile, experiments: \. 2.2.2. 2... 5.20.44 25052 2222S = oe oe eee 296 wood, tree, Chinese, introduction and value. .....-..--.--------------- 78 Oil-cement concrete investigations, Public Roads Office..........---------- 157 Oils, action on metals, laboratory studies..........-----------+----+---+--ee8 268 citrus, laboratory Investigations .-...- |... -.2-0-2222--- 30 437-438 edible, cooperative studies of soy-bean and peanut products. ......---- 439 essential, misbranding, investigations........----.--------------+--:2> 440-441 samples, collection by inspectors. ....-....----1-2-2--=tse=en 456 Oleomargarine, manufacture from imported oleo stearin....-.-.------------ 245 Olive oil, adulteration with other oil, studies.........-...------------+--+ 458 denaturants, inspection by Chemistry Bureau....-....----------- 471 oil-making varieties; note-..-...-...- 22.22.62 3i.2 ees ee ee 142 Olives, imported, wormy condition, studies.......-.-..--------+----------- 451, 457 Oxmstep, Victor H., report as Chief of Bureau of Statistics. .....-..-.---- 695-722 Omaha laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910........--.--------- 472-473 Qnion investigations; remarks....2:.257.2.2. 02222 -¢--- + +--+ oe 341 thrips, control, studies in various States. .......-.--.--------------- 533-534 Operation Branch of Forest Service, plans for future work. ....-..-.------- 421-422 Orange groves, protection from insects. ......-.-----------+++-+-++-++-++-2+2> 117-118 rust of apple, prevalence, control, work, etc....--.-..-------------- thrips, control, studiess 02.222 2242.2. S202 oe oe ee ee 535-536 INDEX. 941 Page. Oranges, immature, picking and handling, study of methods.........-..--. 437, 455 TDVUCY DY APCS AMG geh at one aa geen aoe neen-% oaeeicinn wen nans OoleDee types, comparison and selection, studies..........-..----+--------- 437 MMO TIINECRHED © MULIED Wo aera Be a oie heck pitas aeerig Sh tion mile sain hrm eres 282-284 sprays, NOte.......-..--------- een ee eee eee eee eee 54 archarag, Pacitic coast, insect control... .-.--...02 2. <+s-ss6-2---++--- >see 525-527 sprayed and unsprayed, comparison, proposed work............-. 525 Orders, general and special, of Secretary... ...... 2.22 --202-- ence a esee- ones 891-896 Oregon, forest protection from insects, remarks by Secretary. .....---.----- 119 soll surveys, Cooperation of State.<.\.3 . s4- hese. sae ea pea - wee eens 498 Pn trees. ACCIMAUZRTION oe. 2 2) nine Spire epee EE ope ae 295 CisGeerstUdlea = ve. 28) aot. ee ee sees ee eelse se 286 Ornithological Congress, International, note..........----.-.-----+-¢-----+- 130 Ornithology, economic, plans for future work. ..........-...----.---+---0- 564 Seeemowod IANS. GFAINAG SUTVOYS~ <<) 2-1. 0 ome ee aye te se ee Ree 762 Oysters, cove, shipment, study of legality....-......-..-------++----t--- 438 handling and shipping methods, study. ...........---..------ 103, 433-434 NRO LL ETO LIS OE Ee = eho cualorans Dandi cre cisrejeyetay ent wa No oe se a 456 Ozark mountain region, fruit growing, investigations............--.--.-.---- 301 region, Missouri and Arkansas, completion of reconnoissance soil sur- Weve. Steaw CUCH Ses a sre ee sie ees tobe Wate Ske roan cela a siSe 110 REECE COHSL) PTOIE: IMCS UMATNONG:) feet cele ee ce SL a icic chs a a.0 Sie anes 309 soil surveys, cooperation of States. ..........----..-.-+2----- 498 Packing houses, rat eradication, cooperative studies -....- Le repen a e tp S 269 Packing-house products, exports and imports, value, 1910..........-.....-.- 18 Pace, Logan WALLER, report as Director of Office of Public Roads, 1910... 767-792 Paint, rust-prootl, study, Public Roads. Offices... <2. <2a hss). ces den see esse 157 use as rust preventive for iron and steel..............4----.---.----- 789-790 Palestine, agricultural explorations, results, etc.....-.......---------.----- 359 wild wheat, drought-resistant, study...+...-..--.--.-.-------.--- Ut Sele “COCRRUL. DUC-TOL, SUUGICH-) 2. 2 one nian ne tennis a's Dad GRIER Mele 53 Poussin genus: study of botany secsce octets toes be sacle toe tas 305 Papaya, improvement, experiments at Hawaii station................------ 753 Paper, plants suitable for making, investigations. ........-.-.-.---.-----.-. 62 tests, appropriation, disbursements, and balance..-........---..---- 569 by Chemistry Bureau for various departments. ........-. go ei eh 481-482 Deon vanes planta ae stock (2.0.20) 52 oc).2 seis pais 3-3 Sees we 302 Paper-making materials, study by Chemistry Bureau............-.--.-- 451, 481-482 Paper-plant investigations, diseussion. ct .cews ee sb js Wide eee ents cae wes 301-302 Parasetigena, gipsy moth, parasite, importation, 1909...........-..--..---- 516 Parasites, animal, studies by Animal Industry Bureau, 1910. .............. 272-274 collection, additions by Animal Industry Bureau............-.-.-- 274 gipsy and brown-tail moth, importations and laboratory work..... 514-518 moth, introduction against gipsy and brown-tail moths........... 115-116 Pats green. use in tobacco: horimworm ebntrol..<...3s2526ke. on. ces cae esas 520 Dr MPA TOUR (6. . a= Soe an 5 nt oe oo cnn emcee 129- Pasture lands, national forests, investigations................-..-----+..---- 402-404 Misr MRE SMU) 08 Se Vi PS ands ros aida Ce oie we’ tin de eee 334 I INTRII TS URINE boc Se here ees etsto ay om hw a RE ae Goan ae 359 influence on beef production, studies.................-.--------- 81 Fumeowil Poy VeMAIIOn, BUUGIES..... 2... ee wee ee enone 81 Patents, department employees, work of Solicitor .................-.-..---- 888-889 Pathological Division, Animal Industry Bureau, work, 1910..-...........-- 257-266 Pathology, plant, collections and inspection.................-------------- 282 RE a as on ni ee ae a So be Seed Sa 281-287 Béach brown-tot, Conisol Dy APrAviNe ict Josie. cs east k esl eee eee 284 Chinese; 1186 as stock for stone frilitens/.... 2. kee ce ee eee eee 77, 356 growing, value of self-boiled lime-sulphur fungicide.................- 54-55 Penelinds PEnCuOunE DA UCIINOUNE ns oy Si edna Vso k . Voss ks ceva ness 349 WOR VRE BION, BU aos onic hw cece Fad wee LRP 437 PPAR TV CRPATIOUN TOIGRT RE ola kan foi Sos ac bbe eho chlo wduwculenls 340 ere Deut OneriieaOei totes bok, oo toe bab. esi tha oud ames 55, 283 scale, European, control experiments with sprays...........--......-- 528 thrips, control, work of Entomology Bureau............. Nise ek 121, 525-526 Eeeairanned eualgmieand testing ~~ 00.56. in DI SLI aS 465 942 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page. Peat, acidity, requirements for growing blueberries.....................--- 447-448 Pecan, insects injurious, study by Entomology Bureau..................... 545 In vestigationss..sciccvccxcecshesus assess Gubeeeb ese. onto 352 study of scab and:other problems:........222....225 44 ee 55, 283 Pediculoides ventricosus, enemy of jointworm and paras:tes................-.. 530 Pedigree record associations, supervision... ......2.......1...25). 58 218-219 Pellagra, relationof com; remarks. 30). fh eee eee eee 298 Penicillium, mold-species, studies. .......... 22... ee 241 Pennsylvania State College, cooperation with Soils Bureau.................. 110 Pepper, paprika, demand, growth of industry, etc...................2.2ece- 59 Peppermint oil, investigations:::.--c.s<2:.2224 4... oe ee 441 Perfumery plants, outlook for study..<... 22-22...) 220. Se 299 Perfumery-plant invest'gations,; remarks. .-.2 2...) //2.2...1.. 22.22 296 Perishable products, handling... ....<.00)-.2 J) 29202 eee 157 Permits, grazing, National Forests, numbers and kinds................---.-- 397-399 Persimmons, Chinese seedless, experiments in North Carolina.../.......... 79 Japanese, experiments: ). i222 .02....0) 222102. er 344 ripening: methods, study...2/ J)... 2309 437 Personnel, Committee, work, cases, ete. -../..:.-. 1.1.27 we 889 Pheasant propagation, note. 2./.1..5)4.. 080. Yel oe eee 129 Philadelphia laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910.............-. 473-474 Phosphates, use as fertilizers, nature, value, etc., cooperative studies....... 502-503 Phosphoric acids, quality, investigations.........'.42.) 22.22. ee 447 Phosphorus, occurrence in wheat and cotton-seed meal, study.............- 449 Physical investigations, Plant Industry, remarks....................-.-+-- 325 Physiological investigations, review.-.---....-..22-.. 2. 2 298-299 Pine, white, experiments in thinning... o.-.22 2:27.20 200) ee 410 seedlings, blister rust, control method.........-...........2e08 55 Pineapple disease, investigations and control experiments................--. 146 dried, method. of preparation, study !..J/.. 222-42 es 437 growing, experiments at Hawaii station....................-.---- 752 Pineapples, study, NOt... 4 a)eecjeeti ee ee. Salen ee eee ee 142 Pittsburg laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910..............-...- 474-475 Plague, danger of becoming endemic through ground squirrels.............- 122-123 infection. ol-wood. rat. note. 5595.52. see ae eee ee a 47 spread by.animals and insects; ‘notess2v: 922291 Je Sele eee 121, 122 transmission by California ground squirrels, control measures, etc. - - 550 Plant breeding, experiments with alkali and drought-resistant varieties.... 72-73 diseases, cooperative studtes:...oj.0s/222.. 22... Slt ee 281 studies at Port, Rico station....2.0.......2. 5.2. 754 food, absorption by plants, work, Chemistry Bureau.................- 448 secondary elements; functions. ....237:7.. 222220722. 319 growth, early stages, studies:¢. .22: 205.02. 22 295 22 449 influence of fertilizers, investigations by Soils Bureau........ 506 Industry Bureau, appropriation, disbursements, and balance........- 570 contracts, leases, and bonds, number prepared by Solicitor. . ai. Sige e sion ena ae 887 cooperation in study of wheat and bleached flour. . 466 with other executive departments..... 100-101, 447-453 cooperative studies of citrus fruits.................- 437 codling moth control........ 527 fruit and fruit products...... 436 insecticides and fungicides. . 479-480 force, number, and classification.................2 902 OMCOTB .. 26.35 -- eine caln -2)2.....0- 625. a a 211 Biological Survey, 1910, new and reprints................-- 662-663 Chemistry Bureau, 1910.2. oo .: 22 eae ea 485 Department, 1910, classification by bureaus contributing. .... 632-633 issued during year, class, title, number, ete ..... 642-656 output, 1907-1910) 32: oo. 6 629 distribution; avoidance of duplication._- >.>. 3-2 seen eee 623-624 to foreion COUnTHICS.. <2 5.25.2 see oe eee 639-640 Division, appropriations, disbursements, and balance........- 571 for 1907-1910... : ..- Soo ns yee 621 contracts and leases, preparation by Solicitor....... 887 force, number,/and Classification... -..22--= 2 eee 906 officersc 2 2.252 loo en eee ee 915 © publications issued during year, new and reprints... 688-690 recommendations of Editor and Chief for 1911....... 640-642 report of Chief: +i). ¢).... 222%) ee 621-694 review of work by Secretary -. -.- 222. +4: eee 133-137 Entomology Bureau, 1910, new and reprints..............-- 666-670 farmers” demonstration work.--->-.-.--.- 4----. ae eee 338 Forest Service, 1910, new and reprints...........-...-....... 677-680 handling and distribution. ..........-.2-.. ..-=-<==5=eee 636-640 Wibrary-.22 200222 S222 2 2 22200 680, 726 Office of Experiment Stations, work, nature, etc...... 670-676, 745-748 Secretary, POO... 2o55 st oe ee eee 642-656 Solictior.0: foo. ee See ee ge Sirs say 890 Plant Industry Bureau, 110s. 2. Se eee eee 280, 681-688 Public Roads Office, 1910, new and reprints. ........-.----.-- 690 reprinted, nature, numbers, et¢:-.../2. 2.5.2.2. 25s. 630-631 Soils Bureau, 1910, new and reprints.............----------- 691 Statistics Bureau, 1910, new and reprints.........---.-- 692, 702-703 Weather Bureau, 1910, new and reprints......-...-- 190, 622, 692-694 change of methods... 2...2- +e 2 42 printing and distribution......- 165-166, 177-178, 190 Puget Sound, soil surveys, cooperation of State.......-......-..--5-s2-s0- 498 Pyrheliometers, new, installation. .-.-..2...2...< <...- <4, -------— = see 164-165 Quack erass* study. :.. 2220.2 so tk toa noe ree ne ee 333 Quarantine, animal, additional station, need of Atlantic Seaboard.........-- 209 cattle tick, areas released; 191022222 22. 22 oe eee 48, 246-247 Division, work, 1910. -.2 S22 0. et a eee 248-257 imported aninials! 2.222: 5522.2 ee ae ce ea oe a 52 law, National; insect pests, necessity....:.. 2... 22.22. ues 543 laws for livestock, violations: Cases! 2--2--- =. =. 22) seems 794 necrobacillosis in sheep, area released, 1910.....-------------- 206 scabies, cattle areas released in 1910.....-..-....--..---2--- 48, 206, 247 in sheep, establishment in Kentucky.........---..----- 206, 247 of sheep and cattle, areas released....-.....-.-..-.-- 48, 206, 247 station, location at Baltimore, note. -22-.-- 2. 25-- - 5 = eree 209 Rabies, animals affected, examination at Department, results, etc..........-- 51 eradication; method recommended ~. =~. .2 222.2225 2.2.22 2 ee 51 investigations, cases diagnosed; 1910. ..-...--.:....- 5. 5 eee 261-263 Railroads, cooperation with Federal and State authorities in moth control.... 514 National Forests, cooperation with Forest Service in fire protection . 91 Rams, sale by Animal Industry Bureau........-.- ene sat ante eos on 213 Range conditions; National Forests’: 2... ....->---.--- <<. -: =55- 5 e= eee 395-396 investigations, FEVIEW o.oo Fe en ra tials ee oe 304-307, 332 management, National Forests .*2-° 12-2. .-+ -as¢ «2 kee eee 394-405 Raspberry, cross with salmon berry, experiment in Alaska.......-.-....--- 750 INDEX, 945 Page. Rats, breeding experiments and results...........-..-.-.-..------eeeeee eee 215 control measures for health protection ...-................-1...-.2%-. 122 disease-spreading, relation to bubonic plague. ...........-..--..-- 121-122, 127 eradication from packing houses, cooperative studies.................. 269, 552 kangaroo, damage to canal banks. ..-......---.---.------------ sae 551 WOO: N EOLONIA, NONOOTEDR seas sso as See ne TNS So PAS. 127 Reagents, chemical, testing by Chemistry Bureau......................--- 446-447 Reclamation projects, progress of work at field stations....................-- 71-72 Service, request for soil survey, Truckee-Carson reclamation Jo te 2) A aR aN op oy a inset Se gee ae a eae ie 9 4 ee ene oe 498 meaonmenaanions vy-mecrotery..22-252222. 2 sstas2 22225... 41, 52-53, 95, 138 Seeannoirsnce surveys, wore; L910: =-222 2.2: sme POPES? Ste 498-501 Beran, aBporishons, Ginicultios, te -2 ley sei a eet 556 Redwood sawdust, use in packing and storage of grapes................-.--- 344, 346 Pomennron atave Dy YOGenis: =. ii.0- boss ss ee ee 2 BOS UL es 124, 551 National Forests, methods, management, etc. ......... 87-88, 386-392 progress and proposed work........-.-....-- 87-88 Respiration calorimeter, use in nutrition investigations................-- 113-116, 765 Rhode Island, moth control, work of Entomology Bureau, 1910......... 113-116, 512 Benen title. VICIO AIT WHIM. tes estas Se oT SS Jan 15 growing, experiments at Hawaii station...............-........------ 146, 752 IY SOMCIELM RS DALES ee Aer ee on) tn ee AL Ee 66, 151 ernisothls TEEVCRLS SR LIOUIN: 085 ie See oe Oe eee nme edna | AE ah EE 521 investigations, experiments, review of work by Secretary. ...........- 66 FOUDRTES. =) eee 52 57a bok An Baad Po ree vt ae Stee 312 PINGEOTOU: AIMIOSOR. ON pee Dee on Nai oe eimai noml, nc topaes Sete 760 PERE WVERUIORURONS <5 2 hee Nae eee = ene meres fat DPE ei 540 RS UNI OCHIDRRIORIN) BOR See ara Oe rnc chen Sees glia eee ee Se 521 River and Flood Division, Weather Bureau, work, 1910..................... 172-175 Bervyice. work, Ex(eGnION CLG 2 ue er 2 oo ets. | ee 40, 172-175 gauges, automatic, installation, value, etc..........-.....0.......-.- 172-173 Road binders, experimental work of Public Roads Office.........-.---- 156, 784-786 building, advisory work of Public Roads Office.............----..--- 153-154 improvements, United States, statistical and economic studies. .....-- 152- 154, 787-788 materials, samples, laboratory testing by Public Roads Office........ 155, 783-784, 788-789 testing for various countries, States, departments, etc., by Bune head Oifice 5 .. 2.250220 le 153-154, 783-784, 788-789 Spies EEOC TREE eo toa ct tae oo se Sweets 783 Roads, construction methods, various materials, cost, etc., work of Public Roads Office... (02. at samen ee eet oe ees eet Le IE Be 767-792 _ earth, construction methods, location, cost, ete., work of Public Roads ol BEREAN baie cen Mile ies Se 779-780 exhibit, installation at various expositions by Public Roads Office. -. . . 768 experimental, studies by Public Roads Office. ..................--- 781 gravel, construction methods, location, cost, ete., work of Public Roads RRB oe ais om oe = oe ed ee sh Sie ea 773-774 macadam, construction methods, location, cost, ete., work of Public Ronde Office =. 5... 2 ee ee a ene oats. eee 770, 771-773 model county, construction, study of systems..................---- 783 object-lesson, construction, material, cost, etc..................- 153, 769-782 oil-gravel, construction methods, location, cost, etc., work of Public Reds Rice)... . wana baesenk Une hoe aaa ae we Mae eene Cae ee ee ee 771 Public, Office, appropriation, disbursements and balance ........... 572 contracts, leases, and bonds, preparation by Solicitor . 887 experiments with oil-cement concrete. ................ 790-791 force, number and classification, increase, etc. ... 768, 907, 916 increase In appropriations: tc. : fee oes tesa ne 768 investigation of dust preventives and road binders.... 784-786 lectures, advisory work, etc...........---..- 153-154, 786-787 Hiprarys Wark, STOWE, BCs. fone. bak okt ode acre 791-792 plans and recommendations for 1912. ................ 792 publications issued during year, new and reprints... . . 690- report of Director, TOW soso ck ws ce ade ss eee eee «~ 767-792 study of corrosion of iron and steel................... 789-790 73477°—aar 1910——60 946 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page. Roads, Public, Office, work, review by Secretary .............-.--------.- 152-157 sand-clay, construction methods, location, cost, ete., work of Public Roads OGice: «<< ickeje sport» 4 are bieee'n2 ate mre ted msde Dae teeta 774-779 Robin, enemy to gipsy moth, note... 2-2. 2» sislemnd do owe sine eee Se 553 Redents, dike borers, control, Stud Yq . 2... -.- 252542 -ee eee 124 tick-harboring, relation to spotted fever, study.................-- 124-125 Root beer. extracts, Investigations... 2. 6.00 ene = elec O es eee Eee 441 CTOPS, STOI, OXPETIMOEN IS. ooo. oes ie gd se sine sce a or = ee 357-358 TOt, JDJUTIES 10 CKOPS... « o:- <= 0 is nein Bist « nin. sa nha ee 327 Roots; danger in feeding to'sheep .....5- - 2. o= = ase seme a 141 Root-worm, grape, studies of Entomology Bureau. ..................---.-- 527 Roquefort cheese, manufacture, experiments............--.--2-2----seeee- 241 Rosin, grading, studies by Chemistry Bureau................--..-.-.-- 107, 482-483 Roundworms, sheep, experiments and results..................-.-...------ 272, 274 Rubber cultivation, Hawail,.experiments. 2. 22. 5245-2 - ees eee 146, 753 Rust, iron and steel, laboratory studies, Public Roads Office. .........--...- 789-790 Rusts; cereal, remark os £5) cireend cee ctoomsmartie- steveinerere 2 apni x err 312 Rye crop, 1910, yield and value... 0... ss eit = oo ee 15 Salaries, Agriculture Department, appropriation, disbursements, and balance 569 Salt, California and Utah, misbrandine, studies. .----2- 2-22 2p eee 456 Salton Sea evaporation studies.) oj 2 esse aie wpe re eimcat> are) seine relapse 41 San Antonio experiment farm... -. 2.2.02. nee =e eee ee 321 Francisco laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910.............. 476-477 Sapsuckers, injury to timber, losses, investigations, etc. ......----.-.---.-- 552 Sausage casings, coloring, poisonous ingredients, study... ........--------- 268 Sardines, canning, investigations, seizures, etc...-......---..<------=--ta== 456 Savannah laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910. .........------- 477 Sawdust, redwood, use in storage of grapes, notes............-------------- 344, 346 Scabies, cattle, quarantine, release of Western areas.............---..--..- 207, 247 horses, Inspection and control methods...............--------+--4 247 sheep and cattle, eradication, 1910...............- 48, 206-207, 247, 272-273 Kentucky, quarantine establishment............-..---...-- 206, 247 quarantine area released, various States, 1910............... 207, 247 Scale. parasites, exportations to: Italy... 22% 2.2.0 see eae 2 eee 518 School gardens, remarks... ..,.\-.- 4235008} settle see a= ote 342 Schools, agricultural, increase, remarks by Secretary. ...-..-.------------- 142-143 movable, number, attendance, etc., note...-.-.------ 743 relation to Office of Experiment Stations. ........-..- 740-742 boys’ clubs in farmers’ demonstration work. ...............------- 338 use of Farmers’ Bulletins in classes, remarks by Secretary....------ 134 Scientific publications, distribution and cost. ...........-------2-=4e5ee 134 work, publication of results, proposal and estimate for............ 139 Score-card dairy inspection, value in milk improvement. .......---------- 46 Scuppernong grapes, pruning, etc., studies, notes.........-...------------- 141 Seattle laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910...........--...--- 477-478 Secretary of Agriculture. See Agriculture, Secretary. Seed, (beet, im provement.of American, note.........-...--2--=-ae= aan 57 cotton, Congressional distribution... <- -..-. - 6-45 ann - > 361 distribution, Congressional 1. jo... t5- an ah cate sence eee 305 arsenic accumulation, cooperative studies..........................-. 527-528 Bureau, appropriation, disbursements and balance ................-- 571 forces, number atid classification: 70. ° oro Se ke ae 904 laboratory investigations for various departments............. 501-503 QEICRI Sea's Sek wisn sakas Aut ane 8 wee is earns eee 914 Onn gation, “STOW tN Bil. .5 4... Jee nce cohen poaee Sac eee 497 publications issued during year, newand reprints. ........... 691 WODOr’ Gn Celen, tte, foeo coe coe cena 5 ew ae co eee ee 493-507 FOVICW OF Work DY BeChOtt tee eee ae adie 107-112 Chinese, comparison with American soils, studies, etc...............- 502 fertility investigations, importance and value of work................ 111-112 laboratory investigations, scope, value, etc.............--..-.-+-.--- 111-112 948 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page. Soils, organic matter, Origin, etC.. 02.201 senses cecnntinncscerns-ccmccneans 503-506 physical and chemical, investigations.....-.....----0--+-+02-s-00-0 503 -506 Solar radiation, measurements, study, Weather Bureau, 1910 .... 41, 164-165, 175-176 recording apparatus, improvement ...............-------<- 165 Salicitor, legal Ad ViCG. . nn ene) atenb awe sas» coe 0's’ oprah pre elieeee 793-794 Office, review of work by Secretary... ...---00---0¢-+-0--necrse=as 33-36 WORK, TOPOL, LOLO «sci. 2 5th ig sim pact cpiav's ei eretinynin casei ee 793-895 opinions on questions involving the National Porc sts.............. 871-872 TEPOLE, LOUD. oo nic cian nisin et ow ome a mm 2 eeieiehie mine deih eae as ee ee 793-895 Sorghum midge, investigations... . ... ..- -- 0+ +... ---snee= +p ste s eee a 531. Sorghums, grain, investigations, note...-.....-------+-----+++-+--++-eeeseees 66, 312 improved, testing, results. .......5 £2.<..meeimde-ns «rs See ee 359-360 Sotol, sugar content, stud yu: 2-2. onei0 4 sama c~ 2c +s Sane =~ oe 449 South Carolina, aroid growing. occ. oj - o:c/s:om ph soe ae amie etd See 78 paprika pepper growing, progress .....-.-.-.------++---+--- 59 tobacco IN VestigatloOns.. eno ania ie aye el ae ec 318 Dakota, reconnoissance surveys, 1910... 2... i oe. J. on be 500 Soy: beat Investigations. . oo)... 6. ae se ioe aime Ria Sia ge rice oe ae er 360 OU RODUCEION: sonia ice cede mpc NF = iin wee nye pe ie 327 use in manufacture of oleomargarin, study ...........-.....-. 267 Spider, cotton red, investigations and control methods....-.....---.--------- 522 Spirits, distilled, handling, storage, etc., studies..........--.----------+--- 438 Splitworm, tobacco, control investigations. .........-.------+++--.st---se 520 Spotted fever, spread by ticks..._... 0... 2. - =< 1. <- pre eerie ee 121, 124, 538 Spraying apple, study and changes.............:.-. 1 ass Boe eA oe ee 283-284 fruit trees, methods,, efC. 2. 2-2.24-08 -eicodes ase a-e +e eee 524-529 insects affecting citrus fruits, experiments............------------ 534-536 moth, measure for control of gipsy and brown-tail moths...........- 115 success against orange thrips... co -.- = Sinan) acl- oe ete 117 vegetable crops, cooperative experiments..........-..---.------- 532 Sprays, orchard, Note..2..... 03 oso. soe meee eee re - erie enn 54 varieties, experiments with apricots in California. .......--...----- 528 LOStS WOlG spot ace oe boss ee ne See ern 524-529, 532 Squirrels, California ground, transmission of plague, control measures, etc. . 550 ground, damage to forest seeds and seedlings, control measures. ... 551 relation to spread of spotted fever, investigations......... 549-550 See also Ground squirrel. St. Louis laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910.....---..--.----- 47 Paul laboratory, food and drug inspection work, 1910.........--------- 475-476 Stallions, use in breeding horses for United States Army, number required, | LS EL De AER. PR Pe eee PEE NS S'S 224-225, 228-229 Starlings, early importation, result, investigations, etc....-..--..------ 128, 556-557 State Department, cooperation in study of Haarlem oil. .--....--.--------- 460 Statistics Bureau, appropriation, disbursement and balance.......---.----- 571 force; number and classification - . 3. --- ....-.. 2. <5 = eee 906 OMI COIS: 32 oc= neti cP e dee e eee ae eee ee 915 OrganizaliOnio... 32-5. oskiee. oes arsine = ee eee 695-696 publications issued. during wWear...-..-..-.---.----===p=ee 692 report-of Chiet. 4. oc5. ficit- - ae oe niaid> sick cs oe 695-722 review of work by Secretary ...--.-.2. -—.. a ae 135-137 studies of prices of beef and pork... =.=... 25ers 136 Stearin, oleo, imported, use in manufacture of oleomargarine .....-.----.---- 245 Steel, corrosion, laboratory studies, Public Roads Office.....-.....-.- 156-157, 789-7990 Stencils, use in addressing mail matter, document section...........-.----- 637-638 Stock breeding work, Kodiak station, Alaska.........--...-------------+-- 145 POrt0 BAGO occeceicccrs Saye ec 147 Storave, apple, in Califortin..-. 2. --5.0..2.0. + -eecc 4s 3 eae oe 348 effect on. canned meats, study... ---.-- +... -5- 5+ 3. 5s eee 268-269 fruits, in VestioatlOnds: coeca.s - =. 51. . cece aes ee ee 75, 76, 345, 347 lemon; jintvestivations-..) 01a). oe 5 ses ee ee 347 meats and fish, studies by Chemistry Bureau. .......---.--------- 449 Stored. products, insects injurious, studies..........-.--.-.2-------2-==3see 539-5 42 Storm-warnine stations, lists: <2. 3s58ec 8 ee eee eee oe 187-188 Strawberries, hybrids, experiments in Alaska. ........-.--...------------- 750 Strawberry insects, study in North Carolina........-...-..--------------- 532-533 INDEX. 949 Page, pramberry weevil, control-atudies . (30. de55.- 2-50. oe ee 532-533 Stream flow, effect of forest cover, studies.-................------------eee 392-393 forest effects, cooperative studies of Weather Bureau and Forest DERVIOS rere ts ee ee Se eee a ene OF cident aig epee 174-175 Sirychuine, use apainst rodents, notes: 2022.22. fF Se a 550, 551 with barley against ground squirrels.....................--- 123 Stumps, burning, methods for logged-off land. ...............-...--------- 81 Subirrigation, influence on soil productivity. ....................-------0- 506-507 pear anal yaa MOtBOGS, BUNCIOG: = 5 Soo iets pnb ot woke Knee en ewer ncnateserts 433 aNd! molasserm ports, "value; LOlOs<=. 25... - 252s e as ce Sopa scmwac'e ae 18 Beet; production and value, 1910-. 2-c22275 2S et nase 13-14 beets. See Beets, sugar. pane insect in vestiontions. § O50 SOL i2es ol Le) ees 521 nutritive value for animal food, experiments............---.-.... 449 producweniane value, 19905... 22S FAI ee ee 14 ARERR ES TR NOLO 24.0 22 tex ot tat o ahaie a Sale Sahel ale ciple awe 432-433, 456 MAR TAN TORIOPA MONS nro she os Dao es co Ae a's eee g aera eee ae 287 PIOUUOHAN ANG VAIS, AIIO 6st aialnpet ese cb ecb sass de cbes 13-14 products; laboratory work, -LOLOesrGSss 2s Pe OLS SEL 432-433 Peapnurcepray sor orchards, ROtO? => soon; Soe = as oe eee eee eee ee 54 use 17 bleachizp oats. and -basley 202122 252922. 456 eattle tick control, experiments: 2.2 25)2327s.2.- 7.25. 00084 537 Supplies, analysis of samples..................-.-- LPH Sear. 107 annual, advertising methods; ete.-..... ese. RN 573 Weather Bureau, contract methods....................... 190-191 contract, examination by Chemistry Bureau...............------- 483-484 Division, Weather Bureau, work, 1910 ..............-..222.2..4. 190-191 Supply contracts, preparation by Solicitor...................-.- BEE) SPIES 888 Surveys, reconnoissance, of large areas, by Soils Bureau. .............----- 109-110 Swamp fever, among horses, studies... .......... 25.) UALR 257-258 lands, .drainace SUIVEYS =: <5 =e. ncn sinse eee Cee | ote eee 762 Sweet potato. investigations, ‘remarks. . <...5.5. 0052.52 977 SS a 341 Swine inspection, 1910, mumber:22: )/00/ 02: Jl. 7. MAO OE Fe eee 243-244 responsibility for tapeworm in man in Honduras. ...............-.- 256 See also Hogs. Swise cheese, work at Albert Lea, Minn., 1910...........22.022 020232. 022 22% 239-240 Synthetic products, investigations, Chemistry Bureau.............-.---.-- 441-442 Pahormtory, work, 1910. ..« 2201-2 Cvewop sec stl Jee ee 441-442 Pero S PIANtA, Crop, Wark. MOU pee fost oe oS OST, ASL ORE. 60 ar, Pine, sein Colle Cipes sebsn. Loam eee eed eb. 2 Ss See. ee cece 273-274 PaxOnomic in vestipatiOns, TEVIEWso. ceca citeteds 2 oes cee U enone a. 304-307 hea culture, investieations, TOMALrKS. fc. cont ee ek ce Oh dee ee ee ee eee 297 growing, work in South Carolina... ee ee 60 tig Increase Oni. LNPort VaMUE.« 6) Ree OI, A Se Eee SEs 2 eee 24, 25 frenchers,; Farmers’ .Lnstitutes: need); oot eo ante © Soe eee co een 744 Technologic work, general, of Plant Industry Bureau. .............-.----- 302 Telegraph, wireless, service, Pacific coast, Weather Bureau, work, 1910...... 182 work, ‘Weather Bureatr; 1910. cars oso toe toric cee ee 189-190 Telephone work, Weather Bureau, 1910... 5.5.04... 000 25 SPUR. Os ieee 189-190 Temperature, normal, 1873-1909, preparation of charts by Weather Bureau. . 180 Tennessee, red clover, disease resistant, production experiments. ..........- 85 tobacco-insect in vestivationsi#. S222 200 LSU OE 520-521 Testing gardens, Florida and Wisconsin, notes.................----+-+-++-- 296 road materials, work of Public Roads Office.......- 153-155, 783-784, 788-789 Texas fever, control work, 1909-10 ................-.-.--.-- + AEE 47, 205, 246 spread, responsibility of cattle ticks.................-...--..- 47, 205 study: of Organiom » . i wiwis4s sears see Ube eek Oe ee es eee 274 southern, reconnoissance surveys, 1910.................-.-.--. 499, 500-501 iuck-crop tnsects; In vestipationse vou de de SYS eE toe eee ae 533-534 Thermometer, electrical resistance, description, installation, ete............ 175-176 ‘brips, oiion, investigations... ¢.21ass.web cut ls. besusuvawh es Savas patentee 533-534 OFare | .CORUOL BEUCIOS, asco sees tay ace we ale eek eee 117, 535-536 pear, control, work of Entomology Bureau. .............-..--- 121, 525-526 tobacco, control in Vestipationss..25 32 00cLAULUL. Javan bolacs Seeubes 520 Tick, cattle, quarantine area released ...........002ceceeeeeeeseceeces 205, 246-247 950 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page. Tick, dog, parasites, exportations to Italy « ...... ..~ <=: dsslesbentewwe ewe 518 fever, controlistudies ¢ ist 26. de ere. isa ye cea eee ee 47-48, 537-539 fowl,.control studies 2.82e eu aes ioks. . Wada cee oe eo 538-539 Texas fev er, occurrence in National Forests, effect, etc..............-- 401 Ticks, cattle, eradication, cooperation of F ‘ederal and State authorities... . . 205, 246-247, 273-274 expenditures, Federal and State, 1909-10......... 205 experiments with arsenical dips, etc......... 205, 273-274 work, 1910... ....s_..=cosi ose aphasia 47-48, 204-205, 246-247, 256-257, 273-274, 537- 539 prevalence in Honduras.......-.0.0- st pins cae eee 248 lemons, study... <,2-,::- 5 n12)'snrd o sepeat= eRe nee ieee 346 live stock, need. of additional legislation. ..-.-22s- seen seer 52, 210 Treasury Department, cooperation with Agricultural Department in zoology index-Catalogue -2-.s2251 51s 5e-brcicin.n seas tae 2eisteeyee se ee eee 274 Trees, beetle-infested, disposition, and results.........+.-.....---------:--- 523-524 drought-resistant, introduction from Asia .......-.-.---..-+-----+-2-:- 78 protection from moths.z ucednshens. 4 eee oe 113-115 shade, insects injurious, studies by Entomology Bureau........--..- 545-546 Trespass, grazing, National Forests. : 5... 222. 23.2. Sie. Sew i oe 396-397 settlements s#22-,2.-.40.02u 2 5-3-5 SS: See 884-885 Tribalium ferrugineum, flour beetle species, studies............------------ 539 Tropical crops, acclimatization. ......d.: Alsi. 34-2 2s hee Se 295 Truck crops, diseases, investigations............-----2+---+++t++2-+50+4-2-- 286 fertilizers, experiments... :..2)-=.-20202422/5 ee eee ee 341 insects, cooperative experiments in Virginia and Colorado...... 532-533 investigationss:. + s.usscees5 2s Wo. i ns ose eines oe 532-534 investigations, review of work........--..-ss0sbss\Jas¥ see 73 survey, Temarka..25, 222 soa ee a te ee eee daSeaoe ae 342 See also Vegetable crops. Truckee-Carson Experiment Farm, remarks... . 2.22 2.0222 #-- Sssst4-.dse0e- 321 True, A. C., report as Director of Office of Experiment Stations...........-. 735-766 INDEX. 951 Page my panNosOma AMEriconiimn, Cable, BUIGICS.. sob an - on pre tn pene ee anayeeee 274 Tuberculin, preparation and distribution by Animal Industry Bureau. ..... 51, 271 fests, CALE TOP NOON AUC: staan Se tet ee Si ae oi eneiea 250 MINDER TCACHINP CLC n saree eee oe ae a Sk a 250-254 State and other cooperation with Animal Industry SUTCALL TOL Oe eerie ee ten rene eee wee 250-254 Tuberculins, importation, necessity for control legislation................--- 209 Tuberculosis, bovine, District of Columbia, measures for suppression........ 49-50 eradication in District of Columbia.............. 207, 253-254 investigations by Animal Industry Bureau........-. 207, 250-254, 263-264, 271, 275-277 tests of Animal Industry Bureau upon Indian reserva- L1G 1a een Sod ma menting ah tia Bi ie phn atnte Sheed ght 254 Tuberculous cattle, isolation experiments.............-..--...---------.-- 276 POW SUCH ess octet a ee eae a ee ee A ee 264-265 Turpentine, grading, studies by Chemistry Bureau................-.-..---- 482-483 investigations by Chemistry Bureau..........-.-.--..-.-.---- 107 Turpentining operations, National Forests, permits.................--..--- 381 Twenty-eight hour law, enforcement, court decisions, etc..............-.. 35, 847-853 WIULAEIONE CARER rena eee erte eS Get SRR oe hee 794 Typhoid fly. See Fly, house. Udo, Japanese salad plant, introduction and use...................-.--.---- 78 Peete ee Deriment, Parm, TOMarEs .<. ooc. a to rn sae soe ch ae oe = 322 ian, irrivation investipations, cooperation ..< => os. es ese en esses 151 Vaccine, blackleg, preparation and distribution, 1910...............-.----- 51, 261 Vaccines, importation, necessity for control legislation...................--- 209 nmNECy xiraehs, ANAT CRIS AO. POSER Ane ote a i eee ere 464, 466 Vapor, water, amount in atmosphere, determination...............-...----- 165 Weal immature (bob veal), "investivationas. 2... £2222 oo ee ee 265 Vegetable crops, insects injurious, work of Entomology Bureau............-- 532-534 See also Truck crops. seeds, Congressional distribution, award of contract for packing,etc. 360-361 PEStING | TOMAR KS oe Se ee ee ree eee ee 341 Becomes, Guat Experiment Station 6-2. 2h eee ee can nent nee 757 mao prices. farmer's shale, Hows. 2. . 2. nn - omen es 248, 249 Veterinary education, studies at various colleges..-..-.....-..--.-.-------- 211 work, necessity in connection with animal husbandry.........-.. 31 Vinegar, adulteration, analysis and testing. ...........-- 2. +--+ ec er eee nese 471 cider, manufacture, study and experiments.................... 438, 455, 471 piv OSbISA TODS: - 5... 5 5 te aie cnuaies boas ie eiiaceoceries oa al tei neni 100 use of peaches in manufsctire, study. no. sn senna s ie See 437 Virginia, cooperative investigations of truck-crop insects....-..---.--------- 532 RORLCOO in'Veutigm On. oo sos on nse me Str Nee nhs eed cata aceite blero rial 517 MV EroUULGUYe:? INVEST SA TONS eo ors co mc hfe ate cad re lr Peas coe ae rat 76, 350 Wages, farm labor, investigations by Bure*u of Statistics........-.--..------ 137, 701 relation to food prices, factor in increased cost of living...........-.- 716-722 War Department, cooperation with Agriculture Department in horse-breed- TO BLOKE ss sino nitnns oe eee eee 208, 219-229 TORORD ORIN assailed tases tele a 406 Water courses, improvement, etc., drainage surveys. ............-.-...---- 762 influence on agricultural production. .............0...s.nseeeeeneeee 506-507 irrigation, waste under old methods... -2.... 2. penser esas 150-151, 759-760 losses in irrigated regions, investigations, etc..............-- 150-151, 759-760 power, national forests, importance, regulations, ete...........--- fae yy AR Ti! purification work; Noto nas os.5ss s050s 2% seen abi kek mentee an in 288 Waters, mineral and table, examination work by Chemistry Bureau......... 479 952 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page Weather Bulletin, daily, publication, increase........................--s-. 189 . Mount Weather, changes, scope, etc................---- 165-166 National, publication, SCOPE, CLC... -cxwsn. 2s - 2k eee 177-178 Bureau, appropriation, disbursements, and balance. .............. 572 contracts and leases, preparation by Solicitor............. 887 cooperative study with Forest Service of forest effects on pire Mow. . ooo: ". 2) ee 185 work, review by Secretary... 21... +..-.-!.2.. ene 36-42 conditions, Southern States, remarks.............2.-2e2--e---cene 335 maps and bulletins, description, number, etc...............-..---- 622 publication in newspapers, results....:........---2<+-c.-eee 188-189 meéthods, changes... -. >> -* 222) > 42 researcht Work :..2254:2.5:..¢floc ee as ee 37-38 Review, Monthly, new methods, scope, etc........-.-.-.-.---- 177-178, 190 warnings, distribution, results, press notices in various cities, TON 2 8 oe estan nae Seaton 38-40, 166-172 Weeds, destruction, use of arsenite of soda_.......-.-.....ss.8 1.00) 753 eradication by spraying, experiments in Hawaii..................- 146 Bimdies sb Sra en on eee ee 81, 333 Weevil, alfalfa; investigations:.: 1.525... 12.2... a 531 cotton-boll. See Boll weevil. rice; investigations, =). 4.05.5 eee ee 521 strawberry, studies... .2...5. 2.0.2.5. 2.2 eaeeee 532-533 Weevils, presence in corn and stored cereals, prevention methods. .......-- 541 Wheat, breeding and’ acclimatization: ....2/.22. 2.4). oe eee 294 composition, effect of soil exchange, studies..............--.---.--- 448-449 studies by Chemistry Buréau....-.:..2..222. 0c eeeee 448-449 content, effect of shade, studies... 552 5.0-232.2) >. ee 447 crop; 1910, *yield’and vali@- 22.221. 22 22 ws 2 ee 12 drought-resistant, study in Palestine.......).....-.2.022222) ae i durum; production, note-c.-2..3..7. 0. 2 A eee 65 handling; etests: s0%s Site et tr ee Set ee 308 laboratory experiments for nitrite determination in flour............ 448, 466 production per acre, increase since 1886.._......-....<.-..e,eeeeee 27, 28 variations for many years.............--- 710-711, 712 purchasing power of 1 acre, 1899 and 1909................- 719-720, 721-722 . samples; milling experiments. .7.. 920.202 -222802. 00 448 storage under commercial conditions, studies.................------ 64 varieties; elimination teste: 22. 20.020. ) eeee 447 winter, extension of tultivation.....2..2...2.2.222.. ee 65, 309 White fly, control, measures:and'study - ..22.-.4.122..0 2. ee 117 studies'and experiments in Florida-...:22202021. 1). 0a 534-535 House, protection from lightning, Weather Bureau plans. ......-.-.- 176 pine, blister rust, control in seedlings: >... 222. 2: 2822 Seok 55-56, 285 seedlings, blister-rust, control method. .................-... 55-56, 285 Wairney, Mixron, report as Chief of Soils Bureau, 1910...............-.--- 493-507 Wild: onions, eradication, remarks... 8 Ls. aes 333 Winey, H: W.,;, report as Chemist, 1910-2 0 3 429-491 Willow, basket, investigations.......................... bon a= = ee ee 410 Witson, JAMES, report as Secretary of Agriculture, 1910.................-- 9-158 Wine, grades, laboratory studies! i222. So) i Oe ae . 455-456 Wines, composition, study of samples.)..2. 5/0 7...< 2 ee 452 Wintergreen oil, adulteration, detection................2.........5... en 440 Wire, fence, rusting, investigation-<..25.- ae: ee eee 156 INDEX. 953 Page. Wisconsin, forest products investigations, cooperation with Forest Service.. 97-98 iMiPalion Gxmeraneniny.< cewsGan's Hee aes oto Wee ni aes ene eac na 152 BACH gh armers LOSULbItes: WOrkjCl@2 sc -ce met. 5 o55- 5. sone wees sere ee 144, 743 Wood rats. See Rats. Utilization Office, transfer to Chicago, investigations, ete...........-- 415418. Wood-oil tree, Chinese, introduction and value...................---------- 78-79 Woodpeckers, injury to timber............-..-.------+---2eee eee eee eee 552 BIEN ING WHE IO. oss douse iets wae eS ee a gee om eaten» 18 Worms, presence in imported figs, laboratory studies..............--.------ 450, 457 Wyoming, biological survey, progress of work..........-....-------------- 127 irrigation investigations, cooperation. .........-..-....--------- 151 necrobacillosis in sheep, control methods, quarantine area re- HOTS GT WE ee CP Se oe cea anes UN oie eS) get Crag 49, 206, 248 Yearbook, 1909, change in size, prompt issuance, etc. .........-..--.------ 627 Pent voce by Chemistry DUPCATA. . .2.<- 2. i spice pene ne cece ntiees~ 449 “ered EPIGPES3 “GORTST A oF oF WT ec w wea (ASTID ake 2 eee tee aie se ee ee 453 Sumer eoole. Farmers Fisted: os 2 22s ole oe een ele nee e ee eee 144, 743 SECS POLIBON, fA9T: TOMAR re once 2 cise ree Soin ee awn id oe itn nse 321 Zappone, A., report as Chief of Division of Accounts and Disbursements. ... 567-619 Zebra, hybrids, breeding experiments at Bethesda, Md., experiment station. 215 Zebra-ass hybrids, breeding experiments.............--.-..-----.--------- 44 Zones, life and crop, revision and additional work.................-.--.---- 126 Zoology, medical and veterinary, index-catalogue, cooperative preparation RREDMCRION. «2222 c-e 325 as cata a ek ak eae nee see eee ete eee oe 274 Zyzobothria, moth parasite, importation. -........2.0220saseeceecawesecsa> 517 _ (17 LeeaA r, ren, 118. hel s/he ved Loe ep at nis ; rie. nnaqie y iy 4 . o/s 34 ~~wiulstMit< s) ‘4 ye ihe! fo of hued aig Bie car Se § (il wtorvad 4 . wtHlaMas: UF ius toa~aelte ee: seas rues | ne {pinta ‘ Fi fh aN’ daday al vy, ie ay ae we repururd), e219 D ng ‘0 deat 1d nage ted a A. e ws iia tiddal iz ihe hin obbives Steere tid oeRed iZ VIO Teeg hing ' oo v=_ar +e ott Marre P.?; - % J a. oe , - ~ or 7 ,* . hy av) . 7a & - . ‘ . ba . ’ ou nog WES ~ a, | r Z lle Ee *- PRay * ' 4 ’ 4 a vs; 8 . _ X ‘*) Wir jp =" > ote ‘ ° Ly 4 oe » a“? ¢ ay en. 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