A ath yA vi aN Baits As , i A) ANAS atlas’ ANT PAS i uy ' io Aen ‘i Syed ds « AYE) Yeahs Na a AY i ye Ste i i Ua AN a Ry R VARY ANY ‘ i Ng " ty Ate sy) ti ty ONDA ASCO Nh AY : i ua is = == To i iN aoe Seer — axe Soe mo 2 > = aoe ThA ss V3 y eA ered (es teett oi tos Cert FRE. 0 AN A? y! ( ‘ } ee sonst we, ARN 1h Pat ts, RY Y Bi CoN ask Bae AN ERED, HSNO vt +4) sent WoTolt a vi) to n A ARB AU OY RNR abaR a Aes Ky Hy wo) “ ‘ { eae ) Pens ai is i Ay 4 4) as os Caen eon rko So ere See Seen Sirsemeonon ne x ¥ ‘A Veal Pay Tks ae SEs aoe mos patient s eet a i ‘ Y’ nseor = — a= SEE ee oe < — Ae \ on i AM ; ws Sapte) ce ] = Sapte emonee Reece pore ee SORA a pas — SSE = a so eee Be epee een epaniars 2S a oe ios at een eae sos Cente ‘i ? Sates AS aninsa 0 1 Wave ESO ESC (it by Ry! He ¥ See ene ac A ~ = “ Z Gps So ER pte Sa eae RES See Sa SS: mm =a i es LOR | - ra =e Ra eer eae ieee atten y see) S — Caos = OSS . 7 x . et e “y. S =e om sp to» a ey cham oe. 1923 a. | 74 ‘ 4 iad: r f roi rote ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30 1922 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE REPORTS OF CHIEFS WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1923 [CHAPTER 23, Stat. L., 1895.] [AN ACT Providing for the public printing and binding and the distribution of public documents. ] * * * * * * * Section 73, paragraph 2: The Annual Report of the Secretary of Agriculture shall hereafter be sub- mitted and printed in two parts, as follows: Part One, which shall contain purely business and executive matter which it is necessary for the Secretary to submit to the President and Congress; Part Two, which shall contain such reports from the different Bureaus and Divisions, and such papers prepared by their special agents, accompanied by suitable illustrations, as shall, in the opinion of the Secretary, be specially suited to interest and instruct the farmers of the country, and to include a general report of the operations of the Depart- ment for their information. There shall be printed of Part One, one thousand copies for the Senate, two thousand copies for the House, and three thousand copies for the Department of Agriculture; and of Part Two, one hundred and ten thousand copies for the use of the Senate, three hundred and sixty thousand copies for the use of the House of Representatives, and thirty thousand copies for the use of the Department of Agriculture, the illustrations for the same to be executed under the supervision of the Public Printer, in accordance with directions of the Joint Committee on Printing, said illustrations to be subject to the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture; and the title of each of the said parts shall be such as to show that such part is complete in itself. II Low prices for farm How the farmers ar Hopeful aspects --_- Helpful legislation__ CONTENTS. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY, products—high prices for other commodities______ CF WeHEnering the: StOnMe == a ee ee Phemenationgirarrichitireal cOnTerenCe! = 2. 2 anne eee ee OredicmMepistaition: needed —==—s= sass sh Po IAS ee anaes Commodity-and- regional councils#2= =" ="= 225" ses tes eee se ae ee HMeconomicMresecaren = WwOrk = ssc == ea Sain a a nee ee Marketing-of-live=stockand“meats=s2s+"-2sss=s—" eee eee Competition and demand in foreign countries______-__--__--_--_--____ Gropranealtve-stock=-reportine ‘service====="2"s52 5" sessssnn2 see Cost of marketing__ GradesHand]standards=for=1arm“products==22=—=22 263220 eee HeviSiMa Oi crainiaslandards====" 46 shes Sah shee eee Skee SSeS SHDN e-politeIhsSpechlion===a— = == ae Sse ee ee ee eee Market news service “Inereased’ activity under the grain-‘standards “act===2==-=-=*-=2""" "= Administration of the United States warehouse act____------_--____~ Scientific research __ Barberry eradication Ke DINO DLISteT Srtis tess aa ne = een eee earl eee eee Predatory animalssand rodent pests=———-—--— = Hradication or tubereulosis=2 2 22s == a ee ae ee eee The graduate school_ icreased salary standard ---2 > 2 >) sae aa ee ee ee ee TieiwareAcamst INSeCl Pests = = ee ee eee On eee eee he mursery-stock plant; -and* seed” quarantine>===22"= 22 = S422 2Ses5-5—— ETODOsSecd purer OL nome economics] 2s2 "22" ss eee Rie OLrest provlenle 2 === a oo ene ee eee eee eee GELeSt lev islation. NECOeO a= ne oe ee ee a Le ee Fighting forest fires HeCeral- ale Toad CONSETUCEI ON es eee eee ee National forest road Extension activities_ SG Chal CONSENT CULO Te ee ees eee Bae eeeeeee EATER CHICLO 11S store Serene ene eran eee ee oe ence el eeere teen ee: eS ee ReOreaniZation Of ex tCuSlOn WOl kee ee oe ee eee ee ee PACKETSTANG SLOCKY ALON BC Lee ee a ee ee ee eee eee ae PHeyoT a TMCUres a Cbas = ee ee ee eee eee Aaboiidine prozram: tor toe department——--——--— ae ee I ergs SEU eee ETD ETN ee er ee ee ee ae Collection OL RxeedeoTalns ORNs = ee re ee Sea Messenger service___ IV CONTENTS. Economies effected in the department Funds of the department: Federal funds for regular work of the department SPEC Al LUNGS! TLOM TeCeMpts= 2.4. ee ak ee en i _ Direct income to Government in connection with work of Department et — — — EEE EE Federal appropriations administered by department, but not used for ICSHreCUlaT RW OLK= = sale war oe SA le Me) eS ee a Review of agricultural production and exports Pubiiesti ons0t the department-s=— 8 = tere ee ai ek List of new farmers’ bulletins, department bulletins, and department circulars published during fiscal year REPORTS OF CHIEFS. Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau Moreca'st Service = x2 TR tee a rg rn ig UN pe River ‘and food: service. 2-2) 22 Bes ee ee ee ee ty Agricultural meteorology 22-222. a ee eee ee Savion same ACeOu mes! Wve Sh ON ae a ce xt Melesra phe TVASL OM ee ee ee ae hs ne te ee Be INCLOlOZICAW AN VESSELS DELON Se es NE a Climatological work 2 228 oo 2 ea ee a ee ee j 23h ct 1 63D 1 f= ates mn oO Oe Tp MRR Te rr NE Pe ee SNE a ee ee eee The: Monthiy- Weather JR Gi Cw a ee MNVESEL Lat OMS, UTNE | SOUS TINO] 0 ey aie ee ee Volean ology 2 = 3 ~ 22. ne ee ee TWD TAT. os a ek eae ale eae a eo ea Marine: meteorology. 222 2x eS ee ee ee eee Oy oY ey ebb 102) 0 el (B.D Th Sp TS) My 0 RM ee i a ST SS gy Investigations in-solar radiation=— 22> Se ee eee Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry_____----_-_----~- Activities of Special’ prominences:. 4. =e aaa ee ee AnimalsHusbandry,, Division@: = 22 = tes ee ee ee BU) ear ye) TW SV Mn se a es ee ee Mestoslnspection“Division==<42 ba\ssneees vies eee ee ak See eee HCIG= INS PeChiOnAD i Via SUMS ee ee ee eae a ee ee ee TMekbradication Division] 2. sae ee ee se ae ee ee eee ‘Tuberculosis: Hradication: Divisione 2s ee ee Divisionior Eoc-cholera Control 2222 — eas ee ee eee Ratholovical Divisione =: !2 5.2. oS ee ee ee ee ee Biochemic@ Division 2262 2 ee ee Se a ee ee Fooloeical WiviSione 22 he Ns Se eee See ete ee Bat Division of .Vilus-serum: Control =- =. ee Mxperiment Station oo 2-25 28 Se eee Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry_______--_-__-.-__- Workeand orzanization. of the. bunea iss sae ee eee DTIGSIOl ONO) OS ae ee ee ee eee VEN (Ul Poh see ON he ee See ee oS ee a eae INUrsenyuinvestigatlons== 2 okie see ee ee NYSE 2 3) ONES ae oe eee ee el es eee ae airtel PO ree es ee ee ee Honest diseases. 2 + Si a ee ee Se ee TRU) OX So eee ceca ee Se es ee ee Senu ce achivitiesse: — aes eae See ee ee eee et 53 CONTENTS. Report obuthe “Worester.. Sues 2 ae eRe or et ey I een ans ae National forestry: policy2 22 2222 oa ee ee Seer rio seb eos Horestry in VAlaskas se ee i oon oe cpp Serta ety Seng Parr ret Mhespersonnelof the Morest Service. 222 5 -8— e e e he eae National Forest receipts and expenditures_______________________-- The National Forest properties GOCE HIO Me eens ARE es Ee ede 2 See ee ns ee as ae eek INationalehores® “mana rement lo 26 aoe 2a eee TES SE SCH eee ee eae a ee OY AY eee Informational and educational activities Report of the Chemist introduction 26 =e 2 ee eo a FE Ee ae Fs ee egress Researches in agricultural chemistry Agricultural chemical technology Work for other departments WOVORAT VES ELS A ELON Ge AES er i a A Ya oa Enforcement of regulatory statutes____s2L--u- 2-22 -_-- 4 eee Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Soils SIGUA SEEN a a cana a em we re ee i a ae a Chemical investigations Fertilizer investigations Concentrated fertilizers TASES HOY EXD 0 Yo 1 1B 7 Oy C0) 8 ae a ee is Mean te OT ra Pe hye ie ee Ce Phosphate investigations TESTA Ln ae epee eee BARN eae nT ee ee tome os ee ee ee ORE Soil “physics_- ==) "eerste ee ee eaely Sn eee yt Pee MGpOri Or tite, KiitomOlOfIst "=o See oe a Heciduous-truit insect-investications == ieee ees ae Work on the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth__--__--__-________ Cereal’ and forest) insect investigations=__=—- S89 _s4:gRsies Ta S58 Stored-product_ insect investigations —— = = sect eee See Tropical and subtropicalifruit insects!s e285 sis ee Saar Ses Vegetable and truck-crop insect investigations________4.-_--___-____ Southern field-erop insect investigations_____--+------_-_-+-__--_=- Insects affecting the health of man and domestic animals____---_-_~_ Insects affecting forest resources and shade trees___-__-------_---_ Bee-culture sin esticationss trates sheet e airy Sysiisy ohh veyed eet aa tee IMsectsPeSt SUT VEY a Se ee ee Ie Rare ae Report of Chief of Bureau of Biological Survey_—_+---------_-__=_---_- Oncanizabicn or the buneaue- + = ee Se EE eee HCOnOMmiGninvesticablons= = = — === eS = rere se eee se Freee tees ees Hood-habits research 22") === 5" =2- eil en ee re) oe ene Biolociealsinwvestigations ——<==-- "=> s- Seaitestiessss Sia ereae Protection of land fur-bearing animals in Alaska___-------_____--_- The “Alaskan reindeer, industry <2 2852 We pee ae Se ee Sie ee Gameé-and' bird reservations. == — =“ "streees See ee Rise Gre vere Migratory-bird_treaty. and) Whacey Acts= 22 255s seer ee eee Publication ‘and informational™worke 2-227 ots thins eae seers Report of the Chief of the Division of Accounts and Disbursements____~ @haractern ofthe: work 2222 82222 es2 Ss Se a a oe eee Wionkwo Gries Veale ter ae Se ee ea eee eee Report of the Chief of the Division of Publications_____________------- Sen OE ys ee ee See Ee Se Se Se eee ee eee Besislation.afiectsperiodicals—_..-==--2- ue ts Saisa tee VI CONTENTS, Report of the Chief of the Division of Publications—Continued. Printing funds returned to Treasury Kditorial force must be strengthened TN AVS Zeta Cove 08H ALD C2 op ee 9 a SoA 2 Ok i a ie eh a Cost of publications of the year New publications Indexing work DOTS GUD EVO ee es a Re Mailing list revision Illustrations work MEOLION GP ICEUTES eae ee OS yea i Ee ade Addressing, Duplicating, and Mailing Section Report of the Librarian PA CCESSLONS = 2 LS LE A Ak ESET Se eaten 0 Serr a a eee ne ele nee Mb EE aR nnenm ee eee UR NSS VO LHe ser We ye a a a a yrs, AN ah IE Bureau and division libraries Bibliography TB ann OUT TN a a seg et ae Spee ee See Exchanges and mailing lists Order work and bookkeeping DUR rear 2S ea aa ae OR Library appropriation Library building BAST FO SN TCO ie de ir gl era ae ns Report of the Director of the States Relations Service_____-_______-___-_ Mera tT CC tL Oa a Se a EE TIS EE 2 Office ofithe#DirectOr. 220. 622 S5 ei Pee ee LA eee Office ofsExperiment 'Stationsi2t2 92242203 ee een ei see Office of xtension: Work. 23 22 EE ee ee ee ee @Ofticesof Alome LE conomicss2 2222 3 Sie eae ae ee ee Report. of the Chief. of the Bureau of Public Roads ----2)—=- —- 2) Imitvoductloniss S25 > oa sua ee ee a A CE ES a SS Ae ee The-Kederal shighway act=—s< 2s ta sae a a ee eee OTVZANIZAC ON {CHANT SS eww ah 1 Ey SE TE Ae PE ee Nation alsfores tyro sae ass ulster skys oe Oye ea re eee ee Distribution of surplus war materials, equipment, and supplies____-~ Roadsmaterial tests-andsreseareh === t= ee ee Heonomicvinvestigations and researchis et 18 _wsasas ha ie ee Foxtension, aActhivitles# isu _ ave LT 8 eee ie es hye ge Harm-irricationwnvestigations,:_—.-.2- (2. =e ae eae ee Marm-arainacesinvestizations’ == 225 250 2 a eee Farm-engineering investigations ____________=-4=-+2-L4-sL_ 2 i 2 ke Distribution. of: surplusiwwar iexplosives. 22 se2e ee) teed Ne se ee Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Hstimates_______ Divisioniot Mralits;and: Vegetables 22222. See eee ieee ee eee Division.of hive Stock, Meats, cand Wool Ss: fie eee Oe ee ee Divisionwot® Dairy and Poultry Productshos=s2seee ess Sane sites Division JopfElaymeed, fandsSeediss #0 shin te ees Se ee eee ee Division OoLCottonmMarketing 2-2 ==" | 2. ae ee eee Sereea Tiras) a al SOT ae i 2S a a eS te Division of Crop and Live-stock HWstimatess=-22 4 Sosa ss ae te Divigionsotelntonmatione = — toes ae ee ee ee ee eee @ostscof-marketing: -Division) 2 = == ea ee eee CONTFNTS. © Division of Statistical and Historical Research_~-___-----___-+_---- Divasione ot Cooperativechelations=2 2-2 a eee ee Administration of the United States warehouse act__-----_-__-_-__-- Completion of the work of the Domestic Wool Section______-__-_--_ Operation of Center Market, Washington, D. C__------------------- Publications issued during the fiscal year 1922_____---__-_-____----- Publications in press on June 30, 1922, with approximate titles______ Report of Chief, Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics____-_- ISTIC hein StOGyAO Lao tl Ce eee eee ee ee ee ee ee ae Wiorkerorstiscalt year il O22 tes ae ee eee Publications of the Office of Farm Management and Farm Econom- Report of the Packers and Stoekyards Administration_______________-_- The Packers and Stockyards Administration____-----__-_-___________ Aronciesssubiect-ro-the-a Chess eae an eee Be ee General-rules-and “regulations =2.04 67 2 Ds ee ee oe eee DOG) E21 0 C0) 6 pene ae ee ee eee Ne Oe eee ee EE ANGIts*and=Teportse a ee eA EN es, SR es Trade*practices, handled’ informally 222222 e. 26 eee oe eee Normals proceedings a= See kg be Oe ee ae es A ee eport-or- the: Solicitor ss. a Se ee oe Collection and distribution of excess profits on wool clip of 1918_-_- Kansasvelaims | oo te foo 4 eo EOL a Sk SA Oe Be OOF 2 Sa Alleged violations by department employees of traffic regulations___-_ ‘Conferences with manufacturers and producers of foods and drugs and otheir-attorneys:. 2-2 Ss tek See ee eee ee ee ee IRhesivetionalo Hh OLreSts)2. 2. = a 8 eC a ee eee Medornleni@ soad Actas saute SS. ee ee te ee HOOGIANG TORUS S08 Cl ae Fe eee ARHeRINSeCtiCl desea Chas saa ae eS eee eee ee ithemmicratory-pird treaty, acho a ee eee eee eI PIa ACO Ys PAC ae ee ee ee Re ec eS ee es ee BITdeTreservachions PreSpaSs: law see k= ae ee ee eee Pissah same preserve law 2222 oe a ee Nationalshiorest) came reculationss22 = = oa ee ee eee Fwenty-e1rehLnOurwMaW2= = 2s) eee ee ee Meatinspecti Oni la Wees see Lae! a Sas ee Ne Se ee Walt S=Ser umn - COX RAC bee = See ee ee ee ee ees Acts regulating interstate movement of live stock from quarantined districts, prohibiting interstate movement of diseased live stock, and prohibiting importation of diseased live stoeck__________--___ Pan tag uacantine: a Ch. == see aS ee a ee ee LE LEREDN ee Bere 6 ID OVER YG) ope emcee a a De ee ee ee ee ae ee UmitedeS tates warehouse acti==sa-8es2 = oe a ea eee United statesiorainvstanG@ards abe ose ees eee ee ee CentersMarket acta esate tae ee a Be RS eh ie ee ee COECOMEHUEUTES ale bse ere ae ee Ee ee ee eee Hoods produets=in Spechionmla was 22s ee = =P ee WapDErAWOlStea dieA GEE aon sca ar eee eiad eee eee a Ug RAECKEESTOTOISLOCKYANOG, ACLs sete a ate ae ee ee es ee HEMEL wacel-DOW CP icd Cu oe = ae ee ee re ee VETS eo UEea 0 ype eda we ee ee ie ee Se ee Ps Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates—Continued. VIII CONTENTS. Page. Report of the Insecticide and Fungicide Board_-_________-_-___________ 595 Interstatewamples =a sacs ee ee A 597 import ‘samples: s=— 22 Se eee ee ee ee eee 598 Special sinvestications 2. 5.50 ee Be eee 598 Report of the Mederal Hortieultural, Board. --2=23= 3 3 eee 603 Rueldscovered — 22 — 2s = a eae ee 8 en Pe le ae FA ee 603 Controlsofimportant new plant eestS sa ee a 603 The nursery-stock, plant, and seed quarantine_--__________________ 613 Record of entry of restricted plants and plant products_____-_______ 614 Port-anspection ‘service {22 22 32 ee pp ear eee ee ee 622 Terminal inspection of mail shipments of plants and plant products. 624 Convictions for violations of the plant quarantine act_____________ 624 New and revised plantiquaran tines es ee ae eee 624 List of current quarantine and other restrictive orders____________ 625 Report or the Office ot HM xhibite= ee Se ee ee een 629 Hxhibitcat ithe: National Dairy: S10 we = eee ee ee ee Gailin international Hay and Grain as howe. = se ee ee 631 Brazilian International Centennial Exposition_______________-____- 632 Annual report of the Acting Director of the Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory for the fiscal year ended June 380, 1922______-_______ 633 Hstablishment of laboratory. ee oe Se aga es, 633 Previous iworksiof the,laboratony 22-2] 5 es ie eee 634 Work of the laboratory for the fiscal year ended June 30; 1922. 2 6385 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. ab a Listy ot i a ih SF ete 4 ge Nae Ars fa Pens 3 a. re, eis 2 il eye i ada | ie hn es ahi 0 je am egbacre ea i= * j i. td apt he rly at 9 Qhggs 4m rr iors yew him. eae peaeyy, ye ‘ 2 t 1 - a ~ i a ¢ : : , : an nh lle, me PN Sn anette mat ebm pints ee 1423 for) ~N a’ Lid V2 LIBRARY | NEW YORE BUTANICAL GARDEN REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. WasuineTon, D. C., November 15, 1922. To the PRESIDENT; If financial rewards were measured out in proportion to the results of honest, productive effort (unfortunately they are not always), the farmers of the Nation would have little reason to complain of their returns this year. In contrast with various other groups of workers they have produced abundantly and without cessation. This year the acreage of the 14 principal crops is about 337,000,000 acres, which is 7,000,000 acres above the 10-year average, and but 1,000,000 acres below last year. Production of these 14 crops is estimated for this year to be a total of about 265,000,000 tons, which is 11,000,000 tons above last year and above the 10-year average. This great total is the result of long hours of hard work, aided by favorable weather conditions. If the relationship between prices now was such as ex- isted before the war, this would be a prosperous year for agriculture, and consequently a prosperous year for the Nation. With the dis- torted relationship of prices at the present time, the farmers, not- withstanding their hard work and large production, find themselves still laboring under a terrible disadvantage as compared with other groups. There is food in superabundance, and this contributes to the prosperity of business and industry for a time, but the inade- quate return which the farmer is receiving, and has received for three years, inevitably must result in readjustments in the number of peo- ple on the farms and in the cities, which will not be for the continu- ing good of the Nation. In my report last year I dealt at some length with the unfavor- able economic conditions affecting our agriculture, and pointed out particularly the greatly reduced purchasing power of the farmers, who comprise about one-third of our population, caused by the decline of prices of farm products to below the pre-war level, while prices of most other things remained from 50 to 100 per cent above the pre- war level. Much of what was said in my report at that time applies 1 ¢ 2 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. to conditions now existing. There has been some increase in prices of farm products, but there has not been much improvement in the general relationship between the prices of the things the farmer pro- duces and of the things he buys. Harvest time last year found most agricultural products selling at bankruptcy levels. During the early spring of this year the farmer’s condition was improved by substantial increases in- the prices of many farm products, although this improvement did not inure to the benefit of the farmer as much as it should, since the major portion of his products had passed out of his own hands. Of the 12 representative farm products—cotton, corn, wheat, hay, pota- toes, beef cattle, hogs, eggs, butter, tobacco, sheep, and wool—‘, cot- ton, corn, cattle, hogs, tobacco, sheep, and wool, show advances in prices this year as compared with the same month last year. The other 5 were selling in September at prices lower than the prices in September, 1921. If we take all farm products and express prices in terms of index numbers, we find that the index for August, 1922, stood at 123 as compared with 122 for the year 1921. The index number varies somewhat with different regions. Roughly speaking, it is lower from Ohio east, about the same in the Middle Western States, lower in the Northwest, and considerably higher in the Southern States, the latter being due to the very substantial advance in the price of cotton. While the prices of many important farm products have advanced considerably over last year, this advance has been accompanied by equally large or larger advances in the price of other commodities. For example, the index of wholesale prices of commodities other than farm products was 176 in August of this year as against 150 in August, 1921. For a time last spring farm prices had advanced more relatively than prices of other things. This advance was not fully held, as was to be hoped for. The index of purchasing power at the present time is about what it was in December, 1921, which was at the lowest point since the war. In August and September, 1922, a given unit of farm products could be exchanged for only about two-thirds (64 per cent) as much of other commodities as that same unit would have purchased in the year 1913. At the time this report is submitted an encouraging advance in farm prices is being registered and the future looks decidedly more hopeful. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 3 LOW PRICE FOR FARM PRODUCTS—HIGH PRICES FOR OTHER COMMODITIES. Among the causes which contribute to the abnormal relationship of farm prices to the prices of other things may be mentioned: Overproduction of many farm crops. Continued high freight rates. The maintenance of industrial wages at near war-time levels. Economic depression and depreciated currency in European countries. Interference with the efficient functioning of necessary industries. Unreasonably high costs of distribution of some farm products. Some contend that there is no such thing as overproduction of farm products and can not be as long as there are people in the world who suffer for food and clothing. On the same line of reason- ing it can be argued that the production of automobiles will be inade- quate until every man and woman and every boy and girl of high- school age owns one. There is overproduction, so far as the producer is concerned, whenever the quantity produced can not be marketed at a price which will cover all production costs and leave the pro- ‘ducer enough to tempt him to continue production. And whenever there is such overproduction the output will be reduced either by conscious effort on the part of the producers or by the operation of économie laws which drive the less efficient producers out of the business. The fact is that for three years in succession the farmers of the United States have produced more of some crops than could be sold at prices high enough to cover production costs. It will never be possible for the farmers to relate their production to profitable demand with the nicety of the manufacturer, both because they can not control the elements which influence production and can not estimate demand as closely. Neither will the farmers ever be able to organize as have the labor unions, and by rules and regulations and disciplinary measures compel obedience to policies adopted. They can, however, bring about a better adjustment of production, and especially of marketing, to the needs and purchasing ability o. possible customers, if they will perfect their organizations and call to their aid men skilled in interpreting conditions which influence supply and demand. Better adjustment of farm produc- tion is worth striving for. Both the farmers and the consuming 4 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. public would be benefited through more stable production and there- fore more stable prices. There were substantial reductions in freight rates on farm prod- ucts during the year, but rates still remain far above pre-war levels and constitute a heavy burden on agriculture. In the case of some crops grown at considerable distance from the large consuming centers freight rates are now prohibitive or so nearly so as to make crop readjustments imperative. If this condition should continue industrial readjustments must follow, our manufacturing centers gradually being shifted westward toward the great agricultural sur- plus-producing regions. In the case of some crops, notably fruits and vegetables, the higher freight rates tend to benefit eastern farmers at the expense of western and southern. In the case of the coarse grains and hay, however, the finished product of the western farmer is to. some extent the raw material of the eastern farmer and the advance in freight rates hurts both. The cost of labor is one of the largest elements which determine the price the farmer must pay for what he buys, whether it be trans- portation, fuel, implements and machinery, clothing, or what not. The success of industrial labor in holding most of the gains in wages secured during the war period and the two years following accounts for a considerable part of the higher prices the farmer is now paying for what he buys. Wages of men working in organized industries, including transportation, remain at 50 to 100 per cent above pre-war levels and are perhaps within 10 per cent of the high level of 1920. These wages are carried into the price of the things produced. The farmer’s income on the other hand is down to or below the pre-war level. The farmer benefits when there is full em- ployment for labor and when wages are good, because the wage workers can then buy freely of farm products. There is a limit, however, beyond which consumption is not increased, and as wages advance beyond this point they add to the cost of the things the farmer must buy and thus increase his own cost of production with- out in any way enlarging the market for what he produces. The depreciation in the currency of European countries and the general economic depression existing there tends to narrow the outlet for our surplus crops. During 1921 we exported large quan- tities of agricultural products, especially those products which were REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 5 selling at ruinously low prices. This export movement has been decreasing. European agriculture is gradually being restored and necessity requires restricted buying by the consuming public. An- other phase of this export movement is the postponement of European buying. In times past the tendency was to come into our markets promptly and lay up farm products in store. Now the tendency overseas is to use up all available domestic supplies and import as little as possible. This requires us to hold our own exportable crops longer than before and adds to our credit and storage difficulties. The condition of our agriculture would seem to justify a thorough study of the international situation as it bears upon the outlet for the products of our farms. Conflicts between employers and employed in necessary industries directly injure the farmer in many ways. When men are out of work food consumption is necessarily reduced, notwithstanding strike benefits paid. When the dispute affects transportation, the movement of farm products is seriously interfered with. During the recent railroad strike, for example, many fruit and truck farmers were unable to move their perishable products, and as a consequence suffered very heavy losses, running into many millions of dollars. Delays in transportation cause heavy shrinkage in live stock mov- ing to market, as well as damage to many other farm products re- sulting from deterioration because of delayed movement. As a re- sult consumers in the cities are compelled to pay unreasonably high prices, while producers on the farms must take lower prices. The effect of the transportation strike will injuriously affect the farmers long after the men are back at work, because of the impaired con- dition of the equipment. So also farmers suffered severely from the coal strike. In many sections thrashing was delayed, at heavy loss through exposure of the grain to the weather. Farmers were com- pelled to pay exorbitant prices for such coal as they were able to buy, and the necessity of moving coal when finally the mines and the railroads resumed operations interfered materially with the prompt movement of farm products. Cost of distribution of farm products rémains high, notwithstand- ing frequent violent denunciations of profiteers in the cities. In part, this high cost of distribution is caused by the multiplication of distributing agencies during the past six years, in part by the 6 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. increase in rent, wrapping paper and containers, twine, ice, etc., but in larger part by the higher wages which employees in the distrib- uting business have been able to maintain. Although not directly affecting the price of farm products, the tremendous increase in taxes has added a burden which is very heavy to carry. In most farming States taxes on farms have more than doubled. On 155 farms in Ohio, Indiana, and Wisconsin in 1913 the income available for the owner’s labor, profit, interest on capital, and taxes—that is, receipts less expenses other than taxes—averaged $1,147 per farm. ‘Taxes averaged $112 per farm, which amounted to 9.8 per cent of the foregoing income figure. On these same farms in 1921 the estimated income available for labor, profit, interest on capi- tal, and taxes averaged $771 per farm. The taxes in this year were $253 per farm. Taxes, in other words, absorbed one-third of the farm income in 1921, as compared with less than one-tenth in 1913. Between 80 and 90 per cent (the percentage varying in different sec- tions) of the taxes paid by the farmer is for expense within the county, the larger items being schools and roads. Such taxes, there- fore, are within the control of the majority of the people in the county. Nevertheless, the increase in taxes is proving to be one of the most frequent subjects of complaint by farmers, as answers to a questionnaire sent out by this department showed very clearly, and during the next few years the whole question of taxation will evi- dently receive considerable attention by thoughtful farmers. HOW THE FARMERS ARE WEATHERING THE STORM. The production records of this year furnish a vivid illustration of the vitality of American agriculture and of the courage and hope- fulness of the American farmer. Certainly no other industry could have taken the losses agriculture has taken and maintain produc- tion, and we have no evidence to show that any other_group of workers would have taken the reduction in wages in the spirit in which the farmers have taken their reduction. Many thousands of farmers have not been able to weather the storm, notwithstanding their most strenuous efforts. Thousands who purchased land during the period of high prices, making a small payment down, have been obliged to give up the struggle, let the land go back, lose all the money they paid for it, and start anew. Many thousands of renters who had substantial savings invested in REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 7 farm equipment and live stock have gone through the same experi- ence and have lost everything. A pathetic picture which illustrates this comes in a letter from a farmer in a western State. He writes: “Our neighbor joining us on the east, a hard-working man, had rented 320 acres of land. He and his wife and one hired man farmed it. They had about 100 head of cattle and about the same number of hogs. The 1st of December they turned everything over to the landlord, save one team, which they hitched to an old wagon, put in their household goods, got in the wagon themselves, and drove away to town to get work at day labor and make a new start in life.” Most farmers have succeeded in maintaining themselves and their hold on the land by the exercise of the most rigid economy. They have refrained from buying anything they could possibly get along without. This enforced economy has contributed very much to the difficulties of manufacturers, dealers, and retailers, who are largely dependent upon farmers for their customers. Manufacturers of farm implements and machinery especially have suffered, farm pur- chases of such having decreased enormously since the summer of 1920. The result of this has been a steady depreciation in farm equipment. Labor cost of production has been greatly reduced, both by lower wages paid farm hands and the reduction in the amount of labor employed. In the case of farm wages, in 1922 they were but 36 per cent above the 1913 level, having declined 38 per cent of the high level of 1920. Perhaps the larger reduction in labor cost of production, however, has come through longer hours and harder work by the farmer, the farmer’s wife, and the farmer’s children. To some extent the work of the children has been at the expense of their education, a matter in which the entire Nation may well feel concerned. Jn addition to rigid economy in the purchase of such things as implements, machinery, and in the making of needed improve- ments, apparently there has been a much to be regretted reduction in the farmer’s standard of living. It is not possible to measure this with any degree of accuracy, but our reports show that for the year ending August 1, 1922, there were slaughtered on the farms 10 per cent fewer hogs than in the year 1921 and 20 per cent fewer than in the year 1920. 25684—acr 1923-2 8 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. With a view to reducing market costs there has been a very large increase in the number of cooperative marketing associations, large and small. Such associations, when well conducted, effect consider- able savings in marketing costs. In addition, they are decidedly helpful in indirect ways, such, for example, as directing attention to the grading of farm products and prices as influenced by grades, to the need of regulating the amount marketed to what the demands of the consumers will absorb at a fair price, and in general to the economics of agriculture. Soundly organized cooperative associa- tions are now able to command the credit needed to enable them to market crops in a more orderly fashion. As sound principles of co- operative marketing become better understood and applied, the bene- fit growing out of such associations will correspondingly increase. The department is gathering information on successful cooperative methods at home and abroad. The need of better quality in both crops and live stock is more and more coming to be realized. This is indicated by the increase in the number of pure-bred sires and the organized movement in many sec- tions of the country to replace inferior stock with better. HOPEFUL ASPECTS. Notwithstanding the continued low purchasing power of farm products, it is fair to say that in general the farmers of the United States are in a better position financially now than they were a year or 18 months ago. Farm products are selling at considerably higher prices, and it is estimated that the aggregate value of the crops in the country this year is about a billion and a quarter dollars more than last year. Considerable quantities of these crops will be fed and the increased value will not be wholly recovered to the farmer, but the bare fact that such a large increase in money will reach the farmers’ pockets this year is most gratifying and reassuring. The advance in price of cotton has been most helpful throughout the cotton-producing States. While the crop is short in many areas, the cotton-growing country as a whole is probably in better condi- tion financially than it has been for three years. Considerably higher prices for wool, lambs, and sheep have re- sulted in pulling the,sheep industry out of a slough of despond and setting it on its feet again. This is especially helpful to the indus- try in the range country. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 9 Right through the period of depression hogs have been selling «t considerably higher prices relatively than corn. This has enabled farmers in the great corn-producing States to secure much higher prices for their corn by feeding it to hogs than they could get by - selling it as corn. Thirty-five to forty per cent of our corn crop is fed to hogs. Hog prices continue relatively higher than corn. This is stimulating hog production and there is danger that it may be overdone another year. On the whole it has been a fairly satisfactory year for cattle feeders, the prices for fat cattle holding gratifying levels. Growers of cattle in the range country, and especially those who have mar- keted inferior grades of cattle, have not been so fortunate. Credit-conditions have vastly improved. Interest rates have fallen as compared with a year and 18 months ago. The banks in the agricultural sections are in far better condition to serve their farmer customers and there seems reason to believe that this condition will continue to improve. The greatly accelerated movement of farmers, and especially farmers’ sons, from tie farms to the cities and industrial centers is one of the hopeful signs. It is not possible to measure this movement with absolute accuracy, but our best estimates indicate that during the months of July, August, and September twice as many persons left the farms for the cities as normally. This movement is in direct response to the willingness of the buying public to pay much higher prices for labor in the building trades, manufactures, and industries than for labor on the farm. When fair relationships between agri- cultural and other prices are restored and the capable worker can market his labor on the farm, whether by working for himself or for another farmer at wages which will compare favorably, all things considered, with the wages he is able to get in the city, the movement will again become normal. Another hopeful sign is the increasing willingness and desire of people engaged in industry, commerce, and finance to help bring about a more favorable adjustment for the farmer. Such people are coming to realize more and more the menace to themselves in con- ditions so unfavorable to agriculture as those of the past three years. Their attitude toward the farmer has changed from that of a benevo- lent paternalism such as was so much in evidence during the 10 years 10 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. preceding the war. They now understand more clearly that their own future is inseparably linked up with the farmer, and that in doing what they can to help him get on his feet again they are help- ing themselves as well. HELPFUL LEGISLATION. In my report of last year I called attention to certain legislation recently enacted by Congress which promised to be helpful in reliev- ing the agricultural depression. This promise. has been made good. The activities of the War Finance Corporation undoubtedly saved many thousands of farmers from bankruptcy and hundreds of banks in agricultural States from passing into the hands of receivers. The benefit came not alone from the more than $350,000,000 of new money which was made available for agricultural purposes, but from the renewed confidence which was inspired and the good effect upon interest rates charged by banks and other loan agencies. The meas- ures which made possible greatly increased mortgage loans on the part of the farm land banks and joint-stock land banks contributed materially to reheving the financial stress by making ‘it possible for thousands of farmers to refund their obligations and get them on a basis of deferred payments. These measures also were influential in reducing the rate of interest on mortgage loans. The amendment to the Federal reserve act which provides that in making appointments on the Federal Reserve Board due regard shall be had to securing a fair representation of the agricultural, as well as the financial, industrial, and commercial interests, makes proper provision that the voice of agriculture shall be heard on this powerful credit agency when policies are being considered which may affect agricultural credit or agricultural prices. The act to encourage the organization of farmers’ cooperative mar- keting associations by giving them proper standing under the law, and thus assuring them from improper prosecution by overzealous officers, has made possible and stimulated greater activity in the organization of such associations. The packers and stockyards act, which brings all packing houses, stockyards, and stockyard agencies under Government supervision, gives assurance that free, open, and competitive conditions will be maintained in the live-stock markets, and that farmers and stockmen will be protected against unfair and improper practices, as well as REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. Tt combinations which militate against them. More than this, this act gives opportunity for the first time to make a systematic study of the marketing of live stock from the time it leaves the farm until it reaches the wholesaler of meats in the city. Out of such study there should come in time more efficient methods of marketing, and espe- cially more efficient methods of distribution. The grain futures act, which extends Government supervision over the grain exchanges on which grain is bought and sold for future delivery, gives a similar opportunity to make a study of the present system of grain marketing. Up to the’present time it has not been pos- sible to secure that information, which must be had to form an in- telligent idea of the effect of the dealings on these grain exchanges. If the act shall be held to be constitutional by the eilnrans Court, that opportunity will be afforded. The Joint Commission on Agricultural Inquiry, composed of mem- bers of the House and Senate, sat for many months during 1921, and the following winter made an extended report of its findings. This report contains a mass of material which will be exceedingly helpful in working out national policies designed to aid agriculture. It is the most comprehensive report on the subject which has ever been prepared. Congress passed a number of other acts of lesser importance, but all helpful. No Congress in our history gave more extended, sympa- thetic, and understanding consideration to agriculture than the Con- gress which convened in March, 1921. THE NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL CONFERENCE. In January, 1922, there was held in Washington a national agri- cultural conference, called at your request. This conference was attended by 336 delegates. Some 20 different national farm organi- zations sent delegates, representing all phases of agricultural activity, these delegates numbering 87 and coming from 37 different States. There were individual farmers in attendance to the number of 80, from 30 different States. There were 84 delegates officially connected with agricultural organizations of the different States. There were 67 delegates representing businesses having direct relation to agri- culture, and there were 18 women delegates. Following your splendid opening address, the delegates were as- signed to various committees, and spent four days considering mat- 12 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ters relating to agriculture. At the conclusion of the session the conference brought in a number of important recommendations, some of them suggesting legislation, some suggesting administrative action, and some suggesting certain matters which should have the attention of farmers and farm organizations. The details of the discussions and the recommendations were presented to you in a special report February 6, 1922. Favorable action has been taken on most of the more important recommendations of the conference. The presence of this large number of practical farmers from almost every State afforded an opportunity for conference between them and the workers of the Department of Agriculture, and this inti- mate contact with the delegates proved most helpful in stimulating department activities, especially along economic lines. The coming together of men of widely divergent views from so many different sections was most beneficial in every way. CREDIT LEGISLATION NEEDED. Among the recommendations of the national agricultural con- ference were two which dealt with the matter of farm credit. One urged the increase of the maximum which may be loaned to an in- dividual by the Federal farm land banks from $10,000 to $25,000. . The other expressed the need for a better system of credit for pro- duction purposes. Neither of these recommendations have been acted upon as yet, although the need of favorable action is urgent. In the more highly productive agricultural regions the amount required to be invested in the average-sized farm which is the most economical unit for the average farm family is so great that a mortgage loan limited to $10,000 is not large enough to meet the needs of the average farm owner. Many farmers are therefore deprived of the benefit of the Federal farm land bank system and just at a time when they most need it. This limit should by all means be increased to $25,000 as quickly as possible. Short-time or working credit used by the farmer comes from two sources, the commercial banks and the merchants, the latter also neces- sarily being carried by the banks. The trouble with this short-time farm credit is that very often the notes given run for a shorter time than the farmer needs the money, and therefore must be renewed, and often the rates are higher than farm profits justify the farmer REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 13 in paying. Our short-time credit system has been devised rather to meet the needs of business and commerce, both of which have a shorter turnover than agriculture. When business conditions are normal the farmer has gotten along fairly weli. In times of stress the forms of short-time credit upon which he is obliged to rely often force him to sell his crops and live stock at severe sacrifice. There should be made available to agricultural producers a credit system adapted to their particular needs. Particularly there is needed a sys- tem of intermediate credit under which the farmer can borrow for periods of six months to three years. This form of credit is needed especially for live-stock production and feeding and for develop-. ment purposes, such, for example, as the purchase of certain kinds of machinery, the building of silos and barns, the fencing and drain- ing of land, etc. The need for credit of this sort has been recog- nized for a great many years. The lack of it made necessary the activities of the War Finance Corporation during the past year. Agriculture should not be required to depend.on emergency organiza- tions of this sort. Congress has been giving consideration to this matter of inter- mediate credit. A number of bills have been before the appropriate committees for some months. It is very much to be desired that definite action be taken at the earliest possible moment. COMMODITY AND REGIONAL COUNCILS. With the desire to be of the greatest possible service in the task of restoring agriculture to a prosperous basis we have been making comprehensive studies of the conditions which influence the profit- able production of various crops, carrying on these studies through what we call commodity councils. These councils are composed of representatives of the various bureaus and suborganizations of the department which have anything to do with the crop being studied. The cotton council will serve as an illustration. Meetings of this council are attended by the people who understand the soils of the Cotton Belt, by those who have made a special study of varieties as adapted to certain soils, by the experts in cultural methods, by the entomologists who understand injurious insects, their habits and methods of combating them, by specialists who understand grading and marketing methods and the conditions which influence 14 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. demand, both at home and abroad, and by many others who have information needed to help bring about*the most economical produc- tion and marketing of cotton. It is expected that out of these delib- erations by the cotton council will come certain definite department policies with regard to cotton. When such policies have been for- mulated it is expected that meetings will be held with agricultural agencies and cotton farmers in the various cotton-producing sections. These meetings should result in formulating policies best adapted to the profitable production and marketing of cotton in the various sec- tions, and the various agencies interested will then undertake to -bring these policies to the attention of cotton growers through the cooperative extension agencies of the department and the various States. The same general policy will be followed with regard to all the principal crops. Out of the deliberations of these councils which deal with particu- lar crops it is expected there will grow regional councils which will consider in the same thorough and.comprehensive way the agricul- ture of important regions of the country. For example, in the spring- wheat region of the Northwest there are certain large agricultural problems peculiar to that region. The same is true of the winter- wheat region of the Southwest and Central West and of the Corn Belt region. The problems to be studied are not limited to the growing of particular crops, but embrace the marketing of those crops, the interchange of crops and commodities, and the relations between the agriculture and the industries of the various regions. It seems perfectly clear that developments of the past five years, the important changes in freight rates on agricultural and industrial commodities, and the uncertainties of the foreign market will make necessary important readjustments in agricultural production and marketing. Through such studies as are being made in these com- modity councils it is the hope of the Department of Agriculture to be helpful in making such readjustments. ECONOMIC RESEARCH WORK. On July 1, 1922, the consolidation of the branches of the department doing economic research work was completed, the new bureau being known as the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Included in this bureau are the former Bureau of Markets, the Bureau of Crop Esti- mates, and the Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 15 The merging of these three units into one had been anticipated by an informal reorganization of their work. It is now possible to make a comprehensive study of ecoriomic questions involved in pro- duction, marketing, and distribution of farm products, following every step of these processes. This is necessary to secure for farmers the information needed to put American agriculture upon a perma- nently productive and profitable basis. Studies are under way which will cover every. process through which the more important products of agriculture pass on the way from the farm to the consumer. An intensive study is being made of the part distributors play in financing the production of fruits and vegetables, and the effect on production, distribution, and price. Also, studies are being made of the organized fruit-auction companies in the larger city markets. It is estimated that these companies handle about $150,000,000 worth of fruit each year, but little is known of them and their manner of doing business. Studies are being also made to secure detailed information on such matters as production, supply, distribution, and consumption of fruit and truck crops. MARKETING OF LIVE STOCK AND MEATS, Through cooperation with the buying and selling agencies at the Chicago market, live-stock marketing information is being gathered to show the State origin, number, and average weight of each grade of beef steers received, together with the average price paid and the final disposition. This information makes it possible to determine the seasonal supply of the various grades of steers arriving at Chicago and the number going to the country for further feeding or grazing. Information is also being gathered to ascertain the percentage of each market class of sheep and lambs in the total receipts at Chicago, and the average weight and price of these classes. Information of this sort is necessary as a basis for enabling producers and feeders both to plan their operations and to regulate the marketing of their stock, and becomes more and more valuable as it accumulates. COMPETITION AND DEMAND IN FOREIGN .COUNTRIES. As long as we export considerable quantities of wheat, cotton, pork, and other farm products, it is important that we be informed as to competition to be met in foreign markets and as to conditions which influence demand and price. During the past year the department 16 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. has had representatives in Argentina and in the Balkan countries, both of which compete with us to some extent, and in England and some of the other countries which buy from us. In addition to main- taining these representatives, two specialists were sent to Europe to make an economic survey of agricultural reconstruction there and to arrange for the interchange of information as to production and de- 2 mand in those countries. CROP AND LIVE-STOCK REPORTING SERVICE. Plans have been made to greatly improve and broaden the sta- tistical work of the department, especially as it relates to crop and live-stock production. A committee of experienced statisticians of national standing was called in and asked to consider carefully our statistical methods and make recommendations. This committee spent some time here and made recommendations of value, which are being adopted as rapidly as possible. For many years the department’s statistics on acreage and pro- duction of the principal farm crops have been regarded as very accurate. Live-stock statistics have not been so satisfactory, due in large part to inadequate funds. Congress gave larger appropria- tions for the current year, and in cooperation with leading live-stock producers a program has been worked out which -should result in much more reliable and complete live-stock statistics in the future. This program provides for the elaboration of the annual estimates of numbers of live stock on farms to show age and sex; preliminary and final estimates yearly of the calf and lamb crops of the range States; periodical estimates of the supply and probable movement of feeder cattle, sheep, and lambs in the range States; periodical reports of the numbers of cattle, sheep, and lambs on feed for market; periodical surveys of special live-stock producing areas; reports of the seasonal movement of cattle, sheep, and lambs from the range to the feed lots and from feed lots to market; semi- annual reports of the spring and fall pig crop, gathered through rural mail carriers and field representatives of the department; monthly reports of feed and pasture conditions. The Postmaster General has taken a personal interest in the success of these pig surveys made through the cooperation of his department, and they have been quite successful. The information with regard to the REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 17 production and potential supply of hogs is very valuable, affecting as it does the market for and price of corn as well. COST OF MARKETING, Cost studies in the field of marketing have been pursued in an effort to get at the actual costs of marketing farm crops by various methods. The services performed and their cost by each of the agencies in the marketing process are being studied. Particular attention during the past year has been given to the cost of mar- keting live stock in the Corn Belt States, the information in all cases having been secured from accounting records. Reports of these studies will be made public as they are completed. GRADES AND STANDARDS FOR FARM PRODUCTS. The necessity for establishing grades and standards for farm products of all kinds becomes increasingly evident. Clearly de- fined and generally accepted grades not only prevent innumerable irritations, annoyances, and abuses, but help the farmer produce to better purpose and with fuller understanding of market needs. In the case of many farm products acceptable and fairly well under- stood grades already have been established, such, for example, as the grain and cotton grades. For some time studies have been in progress with the hope of perfecting market classes and grades for live stock and dressed meats. This work has been carried on in connection with the market-reporting service, the tentative grades being used as the basis for the market reports. Numerous confer- ences have been held with producers and members of the trade, and recommendations and suggestions have been invited, so that when standards are adopted they will be suited to trade conditions. Illustrated bulletins describing the various classes and grades and defining terms are now in course of preparation. Manuscript for a bulletin on “ Market Classes and Grades of Dressed Beef” is in the hands of the printer. Similar bulletins will be submitted soon dealing with grades of cattle, hogs, veal, lamb and mutton, and pork carcasses, and cuts and miscellaneous meat products. The standards for grade and color of American Upland cotton and for American-Egyptian cotton were revised during the year and a change was made in the grade names by the introduction of the numerical system to supplement the present grade names. The revised standards will become effective on August 1, 1923. 18 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Much progress was made during the year in the wool standardiza- tion work. More than 500 sets of the tentative wool grades have been prepared and distributed among wool manufacturers, dealers, growers, agricultural colleges, and others interested, every State being represented. In this way interested people are able to study the grades until they come to know them. Up to the present time grades have been formulated and rec- ommended for 14 of the more important fruits and vegetables. These grades have been brought to the attention of growers and dealers through demonstration work done in cooperation with State representatives and with organizations of growers. Assistance also is given to States in preparing and revising grades for a large num- ber of products. Tentative standards have been prepared for eggs, and attention is being given to the preparation of standards for live and dressed poultry. Tentative hay grades have been formulated for timothy, clover, timothy and clover mixed, mixed grass and timothy, and grass mixed hay. A complete exhibit of these grades has been prepared for display at conferences, conventions, terminal markets, and elsewhere. Also a bulletin on the subject “ Laboratory Methods in Hay Stand. ardization ” is being prepared for early publication. REVISION OF GRAIN STANDARDS. Complaint of the wheat grades, especially in the Northwest, led to a very thorough study of these grades during the summer and fall of 1921. Experts not connected with the department were employed to make a full investigation in the field. Many confer- ences were held with the trade and inspection departments, as well as with producers. As a result of these investigations some slight changes were made in the wheat and corn grades, and important changes were made in the rules governing inspection performed by licensed inspectors. In the hope of being of further assistance to the wheat interests in the Northwest, a price-reporting system de- signed to furnish producers and dealers with comprehensive infor- mation regarding market conditions and prices at the terminals was inaugurated. In addition to this, an extensive “ Know-your- own-wheat ” campaign is being conducted in cooperation with the extension directors and other agencies in the States of Minnesota, REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 19 North Dakota, and South Dakota. This program should aid_pro- ducers to know the quality and value of their wheat and enable them to market it to the best advantage. The ruling thought is that every effort should be made to secure conditions under which the actual milling values of the wheat will be reflected in the prices received by growers. At the end of the present wheat-marketing season we should be able to appraise fairly well the value of the changes in the inspection rules and regulations and of the educa- tional campaign. SHIPPING-POINT INSPECTION. The demand for Federal inspection of farm products at points of shipment becomes more insistent. Applications for such inspection already have been received from at least 20 States. The department has found it possible to render some service at shipping points, largely in cooperation with the various States, but it is quite impos- sible to comply with requests for such inspection until an additional appropriation becomes available. As most of the cost of this service is defrayed from fees collected, there seems no good reason why ample appropriations should not be madé. In the case of inspection at receiving points, for example, which has been longer established, the department turned into the Treasury during the past year fees to the amount of $128,000. The total appropriation for this inspection is $175,000. It is expected that both receiving-point and shipping- point inspection service will be largely self-supporting through the fees received, but as these fees go direct to the Treasury, appropria- tions must be made to the department. Such inspection is of great value to both producers and consumers. MARKET NEWS SERVICE. Some extensions of the market news service have been made through cooperative agreements with the States, whereby the latter pay the expenses involved. Insistent demands have come for a con- siderable extension of this service, but have been denied because of lack of funds. It has been possible, however, to disseminate market information much more widely than heretofore through the use of the radio stations of the Post Office and Navy Departments. At designated hours each day market reports are furnished to radio stations at Washington, Omaha, North Platte, Nebr.; Rock Springs, Wyo.; 20 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Elko and Reno, Nev.; Arlington, Va.; and Great Lakes Ill., and also to 53 stations operated by State agricultural colleges and other broadcasting agencies. As a means of getting market information to the country the radio is growing to be quite popular. This sort of service is still in an experimental stage, but gives promise of great future development and usefulness. INCREASED ACTIVITY UNDER THE GRAIN STANDARDS ACT. The volume of business handled by the offices of Federal grain supervision during the past year surpassed by far that handled in any previous year. This is especially true of appeals from inspec- tions originally made by licensed inspectors. During the year 31,689 appeals, or approximately three times as many as the pre- ceding year, were handled by the department. In addition to the handling of appeals on complaint of parties to commercial trans- actions, supervisors work in close contact with licensed inspectors, aiding them in inspection problems and in applying the standards. A total of 175,896 supervision samples were handled during the year to check the work of the inspectors in order to secure correct and uniform application of the Federal standards. The large and steady increase in demand for appeal service, as well as the desired supervision of inspections not made the subject of appeal but to secure correct and uniform application of the standards, has taxed to the utmost the personnel in some of the offices in the larger markets. This situation had become so serious by the close of the past fiscal year that it was found impossible to handle the volume of work, which by its very nature must be promptly and efficiently executed, on the available funds. To avoid a breaking down of the efficient organization which has been per- fected, the only alternative was to contract the service by closing field offices. Although serious protest was made by trade organiza- tions and individuals, it has been found necessary to close four of the branch offices. ADMINISTRATION OF THE UNITED STATES WAREHOUSE ACT, During the past year there has been an unprecedented increase in the number of applications received from warehousemen who operate on a large scale for licenses under the United States warehouse act. At the beginning of the past fiscal year there were licensed 238 cotton ee EE REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 21 warehouses, having a combined capacity of approximately 430,000 bales. By the close of the year this number had increased to 268 warehouses, having a combined capacity of 1,210,000 bales. The number of grain warehouses licensed under the act increased from 56, having a capacity of about 2,110,000 bushels, to 263, having a capacity of about 14,441,000 bushels. The number of wool ware- houses licensed under the act increased from 5, with a combined capacity of 24,375,000 pounds, to 18, with capacity of about 27,500,000 pounds. During the year 14 warehouses controlling space to accom- modate 68,395,000 pounds of tobacco were also licensed. Prior to the year 1922 no tobacco warehouses were licensed under the act. A marked interest developed also among warehousemen in sections in which no interest had been shown prior to this year. Three important factors have contributed to the substantial prog- ress made along this line during the past year: First, the more gen- eral appreciation on the part: of bankers of the value of warehouse receipts issued under the act for collateral purposes; second, the insistence on the part of some of the farmers’ cooperative associa- tions that their products should be stored only with warehousemen who were federally licensed; and, third, the recognition accorded the federally licensed warehouse receipt by the War Finance Corporation. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. Department workers in the field of research have been diligent during the year. Notes on work completed and progress made will be found in the reports of the various bureaus, which are being printed as separate documents, and in the various bulletins which have been issued during the year. A list of these bulletins is ap- pended to this report. In view of economic conditions especial interest attaches to investigations which may help in reducing the cost of production, such, for example, as improvement in varieties of plants and animals, more economical cultural methods, more complete con- trol over plant and animal diseases and insect pests which lessen returns. However unfavorable conditions may be, a lowering of the cost of production must benefit the producer. The extensive work in testing the relative value_of bin from exceptionally productive trees as compared with nonproductive ones seems to show a remarkable difference in the productivity of the resultant stock. Already this has been carried far enough with 22 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. certain of the citrus fruits to impress the industry with its commer- cial importance. It is believed that the same principles will be applicable to many other varieties of fruits. Continued studies of the effect of the length of day upon crop growth are yielding good results and promise to be helpful in con- sidering varieties of plants to be used in breeding work for different regions. Great progress has been made in recent years in solving the problem of the cause and control of many formerly obscure plant ailments, commonly spoken of as physiological diseases—such, for example, as the mosaic disease of sugar cane, corn, cucumbers, po- tatoes, and many other of the cultivated crops. Some of the diseases of potatoes and beets apparently belong in this same category. It is being found that these are infectious diseases which may be trans- mitted by different insects. Each new discovery in this most inter- esting field brings nearer the possibility of controlling or eliminat- ing these troubles, or of developing varieties and strains which may be resistant to them. Much of the failure in controlling some dis- eases is now known to be due to failure to recognize the fact that plants might be infected and capable of transmitting the disease without showing external symptoms. These researches have re- sulted in throwing much light on a field in which scientific workers previously have been almost helpless. BARBERRY ERADICATION. Efforts to wipe out some plant diseases by exterminating the intermediate host are encouraging. The warfare against the black- stem rust of wheat in the Northwest and against the white-pine blister rust in the forests are cases in point. The part played by the barberry in the transmission of the wheat-stem rust is now generally recognized, and scientists, extension workers, farmers, and people and communities interested in the wheat trade are co- operating in an extensive campaign to eradicate the barberry. The first annual appropriation ($150,000) for barberry eradication be- came available on July 1, 1918. This was increased to $350,000 on July 1, 1922. During the first two years of the campaign most of the effort was spent in getting bushes out of the cities, towns, and vil- lages, on the supposition that the greater number of harberry bushes REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 23 were located there, and also because they could be most easily and cheaply reached. In a farm-to-farm survey, which has been in steady progress during the last three summer seasons, 447 counties have been covered by squads of field men. It is estimated that it will be necessary to survey about 800 counties in all. More than five and one-half million barberry bushes have been found and destroyed. The magnitude of the task has grown as we got into it. Barberry bushes are found growing wild here and there, and especially in the timbered portions of the States bordering on the Mississippi River. The complete eradication of the bushes when they are found is more difficult than had been supposed. If portions of the roots are left in the soil sprouts may develop under favorable conditions. This makes resurveys necessary and adds much to the duration and _expense of the campaign. Many bushes are found in broken or rocky ground where it is impossible to remove the roots. Experi- ments in the use of chemicals as destructive agents are being made and seem to offer promise. With continued appropriations and co- operation on the part of interested parties, it is believed that the campaign against the barberry can be rapidly carried to a success- ful conclusion. WHITE-PINE BLISTER RUST. The white-pine blister rust, which has been destructive in some of the New England forests and has been mentioned in previous reports, has been found at points in the northwestern forests. A quarantine was promptly established, and by the vigorous application of methods of control which have worked successfully in the New England for- ests it is hoped to promptly check the spread of the disease. This disease is spread somewhat after the manner of the rust of wheat, the intermediate hosts being currant and gooseberry bushes. PREDATORY ANIMALS AND RODENT PESTS. Similar to the warfare against plant and animal diseases and in- sect pests is the struggle to control or eradicate predatory animals and rodent pests. The annual loss to agriculture from injurious rodents has been estimated to exceed $500,000,000. This has been materially reduced through the campaigns led by the scientists of the department, which have destroyed most of the rodents on almost 100,000,000 acres of public and private land. The destruction of 25684—aGR 1923 3 24 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. predatory animals which cause losses of many millions each year is progressing satisfactorily. ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS. Gratifying progress has been made in the campaign for the eradi- cation of tuberculosis. All of the States are cooperating in this movement, and at the close of the year 16,216 herds had been ac- credited and over 100,000 additional herds had passed a first test without reactors. This widespread demonstration of the possibility of freeing individual herds from the disease has resulted in increased confidence in the area clean-up method. Already 23 States have joined in this movement. In these States more than 150 counties had completed or were in the process of testing all of their cattle and nearly 300 more were making arrangements to begin the work. Compared with the previous year, area testing has shown more than a tenfold increase. The adoption of the area clean-up method has not only reduced the expense and increased the efficiency of the work, but the results already obtained have done much to strengthen the belief that bovine tuberculosis can be entirely eradicated. Con- clusive evidence is already at hand showing that tuberculosis in swine arises principally from infected cattle and that its elimination from the cattle on a given premises results in its gradual reduction in the hogs. Extensive surveys show that tuberculosis is only present in about 1 per cent of the cattle in 42 per cent of the areas of the United States, and that in a large additional area it does not exceed 3 per cent. The remaining area is much more seriously affected, but the evidence at hand indicates that this costly disease will finally yield to the scientific methods now being employed. “(HE GRADUATE SCHOOL. The school designed to provide graduate training for scientific workers which was started in the department last year has already demonstrated its usefulness in increasing the efficiency of the scientific work. Also it has stimulated the younger of the scientific staff to increased effort to obtain adequate training. An increasing number of our scientists are taking leave of absence or arranging for part- time employment to enroll in the standard graduate schools. This graduate school has been a factor which has made it easier for the department to enlist the interest of the better class of gradu- REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 25 ates of our scientific and agricultural institutions. Many of these are now looking forward to employment in the Department of Agri- culture. The value of the work of the department and its capacity for service to the Nation will necessarily be determined by its ability to enlist trained men of the best sort. The experience so far indi- cates that the graduate school will be helpful in this direction. INCREASED SALARY STANDARD. The Department of Agriculture has suffered for vears under the limitation of the amount which could be paid to scientific workers. In the appropriation bill which was passed last spring Congress in- creased the scientific salary standard. The result has been decidedly helpful and has tended to check the depletion of the department’s scientific force. The maximum salary now fixed is still inadequate to enable the department to meet the competition from other scientific institutions and commercial organizations, but it is a decided im- provement over previous conditions in this respect. Not a large number of promotions have been made under the permis- sion given, but the knowledge that the opportunity for promotion is always open, combined with the opportunity for advanced training afforded by the graduate school, has contributed greatly toward rais- ing the morale of the department workers as a whole and has resulted in a marked increase in efficiency. THE WAR AGAINST INSECT PESTS. The warfare against insect pests grows in intensity. These pests are multiplying and doing increasing damage. Details of the cam- paigns of the past year will be found in the reports of the Bureau of Entomology and the Federal Horticultural Board. The cotton boll weevil is now found in all the cotton-growing States. During the past year it has caused unusual damage and brought about great loss to the cotton growers. There is some impatience that our scientists have not been able to bring it under complete control. This failure has not been due to lack of effort by the de- partment. The campaign against this pest has been waged with un- remitting vigor and each year some gains are made, notwithstanding the increased damage which is being done. The results of the lime- arsenate dust treatment give increasing assurance that where this method of control is properly applied it will be found most helpful. 26 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The method is still expensive, however, and we have not yet been able to reduce the cost to the point where it can be profitably used on land which grows less than one-half bale of cotton per acre. During the summer experiments made in cooperation with the Air Service of the War Department give hope that the use of airplanes for the distribution of poisons may not only reduce the cost but extend the use of such ‘poisons generally in the communities. The fight against the pink bollworm, whichis regarded as an even more serious pest than the boll weevil, has given us great encourage- ment. This pest had gained limited foothold in Texas, Louisiana, and New Mexico. As a result of a conference of representatives from the cotton States, held in the early summer of 1921, changes in ‘State laws were made which permitted more complete cooperation between the department and the States. With this enlarged author- ity our operations in Texas have been highly successful. The two worst infested areas in that State have been cleaned up. New out- breaks which appeared in two Texas counties in 1921 were attacked vigorously and up to 1922 recurrences of the pink bollworm have been determined in but three fields, these being on the Rio Grande in the Great Bend district, where trouble is always to be expected because of its proximity to Mexico. As an illustration of the need of constant watchfulness, an inspector of the department found in the personal baggage of a passenger landing in Baltimore from Brazil last summer some fifty-odd packages of Brazilian cotton seed, all infested with living pink bollworms. The passenger who brought these had intended to take the seed to the cotton section of Mississippi for planting. Had this been done, in all probability the fight against the pink bollworm would have been lost. The fact that there was an inspector at this port at that particular time and that he was zealous in his duties undoubtedly has saved the cotton States many millions of dollars. The Japanese beetle, which came to us with a shipment of Japanese iris, has become a serious pest, apparently one of the most dangerous insect introductions made in many years. In the area of original in- festation, where the insect has become most abundant, the damage to foliage and fruit is very alarming. This original area was quar- antined, and this has checked the rapidity of the spread of the insect, but it is extending its operations at the rate of about 5 miles a year, REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. PATE and at any time may make extended jumps. During 1921 in some 200,000 baskets of sweet corn which moved out of the infested dis- trict upward of 5,000 beetles were found. The insect may be car- ried by almost any of the farm, garden, florist, or nursery products, and also is a strong flyer. Hope of eradication was early abandoned, and while the rapidity of its spread can be retarded by eflicient quarantine, there seems no question but that in time this pest will spread throughout the United States. Holding it in check by means of a quarantine is important, in that it gives time to study methods of control, and especially to find and introduce natural enemies upon which we must rely for the most effective control. Large shipments of parasites of this Japanese beetle have been received. No new outbreak of the corn borer has been reported this year, but it has maintained itself in the previous areas of infestation. A correct estimate of the damage which may be done by this pest can not now be made, but there seems no doubt as to its threatening character. It may prove to be a very serious pest when it reaches the great Corn Belt, and particularly when it gets into the more southern regions of corn culture. Therefore, quarantine and control measures should be used vigorously. A hopeful development has been the discovery in the south of France of what seems to be a rather effective parasite of the corn borer. This parasite has been introduced and established in Massachusetts. Also, judging from laboratory studies, this same parasite will attack the native corn- stalk borer in the Carolinas and the sugar-cane borer in Louisiana. Apparently, also, it will destroy the larvee of the codling moth of the apple. It seems to be a benevolently active parasite, and everything possible is being done to make it at home here and encourage its multiplication. THE NURSERY-STOCK, PLANT, AND SEED QUARANTINE. For over three years Quarantine 37 has been in force. This quar- antine regulates and conditions the entry of foreign plants and seeds for propagation. It has been severely criticized, both by importers and many amateur florists and horticulturists. To give full oppor- tunity for such criticism and for considering it on its merits, I called a conferénce at Washington in May of 1922. This conference was largely attended by representatives of the various trade associa- tions, horticultural and agricultural societies and associations, both 28 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. regional and national, and officials of the various State horticultural, agricultural, and quarantine agencies. In addition, there were many individuals interested in horticulture, as well as delegates from Eng- land, Holland, Belgium, and France. This conference was helpful in making clear the conditions which led to the establishment and en- forcement of the quarantine, and many who have been very critical found reason to modify their views and their criticism. While from time to time it may be possible to make changes which will render this quarantine less burdensome and annoying, the need for it seems very clear. Most of our damaging insect pests have come with im- ported foreign plants. Even on the plants which were permitted entry under the quarantine during the last fiscal year there were intercepted about 500 different species of insect pests and also a con- siderable number of plant diseases. PROPOSED BUREAU OF HOME ECONOMICS, In the budget submitted for the coming fiscal year congressional authority is asked to create a bureau of home economics as one of the scientific bureaus of the department. The work in home eco- nomics was established in connection with the States Relations Service, and its development has been largely for the purpose of furnishing information and assistance to extension workers. The establishment of a separate bureau of home economics with a tech- nically trained and experienced woman as chief should enable us to extend our work in that field and render better service to the workers in the farm home and rural community. Properly extended, the work in home economics is so broad that it embraces relationships with nearly all the fundamental sciences. For example, different phases of nutrition work are already under consideration in three different bureaus, work with textiles in two bureaus, household equipment in one, household management in another, while work in dietetics, foods, cooking, clothing, and household decoration already is organized in our economics department. With the organization of a bureau of home economics it will not be difficult to bring about co- ordination and cooperation of the work already being carried on and to begin research in new fields which must be explored scientifically if the department is to render the greatest service to the home maker. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 29 THE FOREST PROBLEM. The necessity of working out and applying a comprehensive plan for protecting, regrowing, and utilizing our forests becomes more obvious with each succeeding year. We now consume timber four times as fast as we grow it. At the present rate of wood con- sumption we should have about 4 acres of productive forest land per capita, and these acres should grow wood at the rate of about 50 cubic feet per acre per year to supply a population equal to that shown by the 1920 census. This production of wood can not even be approximated unless we become more skilled in the art of growing and managing forests and of utilizing forest products with economy. This requires cooperation between the Federal Government and various States and the owners of private forest lands. The desire for such cooperation seems to be increasing on the part of all. There was a time when Federal efforts toward developing a con- structive forest policy were resented by owners of forest lands. Gradually that attitude has been changing, and during the past 18 months I have had many evidences of both the willingness and the earnest desire of timber owners to avail themselves of Federal cooperation and technical skill. Through force of circumstances the main effort of the Department of Agriculture in its dealing with the forest problem has been to manage and protect the great national forests. In my report of last year I dealt somewhat at length with the general policies which have been followed in forest administration. These policies should be extended to cover the whole forest area of the United States, classing as forest area all land more suitable for timber production than for other purposes. The more quickly provision is made for this the better. Equal in importance to the growing of forests and protecting them is the best possible utilization of the wood. It would be very wise to enlarge the work of the department in the scientific study of wood utilization. The work it has been able to do in its forest products laboratory in Wisconsin has borne rich fruit and has won grateful acknowledgment from wood users of all kinds. The extension of such work as rapidly as possible will prove highly profitable to the general public. We are finding that the consumption of wood for many purposes can be greatly lessened through a better understand- 30 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ing of how to use it most efficiently, and that much inferior wood can be utilized to good purpose. The establishment of additional forest experiment stations, espe- cially in the Lake States and in the New England area, is much to be desired. Atsuch stations we are able to make close-at-hand studies of matters affecting forest growth which can not possibly be made so well in any other way. FOREST LEGISLATION NEEDED. Tf it were feasible to enact a law which would provide for the ad- ministration of all our forests, National, State, and privately owned, under rules and regulations which would compel intelligent cutting, adequate protection, and economic utilization, that would be the best thing that could be done for the good of all the people. Such legis- lation does not seem feasible at the present time. It should be pos- sible, however, to enact some legislation which will have the support of the most forward looking people interested in our forests, and I sincerely trust that this may be done soon. Such legislation should provide: First, for the extension of Federal cooperation with the States in the protection of forests in State or private ownership, making such cooperation contingent upon equal expenditures by the cooperating States and also upon their compliance with adequate standards of protection. The limited cooperation which has been possible under present conditions has been very successful, and I think it is gen- erally agreed by those who are familiar with this matter that larger investments of public funds in cooperation with the States and with private owners would do more to stimulate timber growth than any- thing else that can possibly be done. The annual loss (amounting to about $16,400,000) from forest fires and the continued unproduc- tivity of much of our land is a shocking waste which should not be tolerated by an intelligent people. This loss can mostly be stopped through such cooperation as I have indicated. The use of Federal funds for the organization of a strong Federal agency for this pur- pose is justified to exactly the same degree that the use of the funds of the city for the organization and maintenance of a fire-fighting department is justified. Second, for more complete cooperation with the States in growing and distributing forest-planting material. In most States there are REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 381 regions better suited for timber growth than for any other purpose. Federal aid would have powerful and far-reaching effects in estab- lishing new forests where they are most critically needed. Third, for the purchase of timberland, which has been carried on under the act of March 1, 1911, should be extended as rapidly as the condition of the Public Treasury will permit. Such purchases repre- sent money invested and not money spent. The lands already pur- chased could be sold for more than they cost, and as the timber grows they will increase in value and become a continuing source of na- tional income. Aside from the direct value of such lands, such Fed- eral enterprise serves as an educational stimulus to the reforestation of near-by lands in private ownership, which is greatly to the public benefit. Fourth. There are large areas of lands in the unreserved public domain which are better suited to timber growth than to any other purpose, and similar large areas in Indian reservations which will ultimately be withdrawn as tribal properties and thrown open for other disposition. All of such lands ought to be included within the national forests. The practical way to do this is to authorize the President, with the assistance of some agency, such as the National Forest Reservation Commission, to classify and dispose of these public lands in accordance with their character and place in the national forests such lands as are best suited for forest purposes. Fifth. Provision should be made for research in the growing and utilization of timber on a scale adequate to present needs. While we are advancing rapidly in acquiring technical information, our present research agencies can not meet the demands of the existing situation as to timber use or new timber growth. Legislation which would include the five matters before mentioned vught to be enacted at the earliest possible date. It would give the opportunity for the working out and application of a forest policy suited to the needs of the Nation. When we look about us and see the extent to which we use wood in our daily lives and then reflect upon the fact that we are cutting down our forests four times as fast as we are growing them, the urgent need of developing a compre- hensive forest policy without further delay should be recognized by every man in a position of legislative or administrative responsibility, 32 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FIGHTING FOREST FIRES. Very substantial progress was made during the fiscal year in checking the inroads which forest fires are making in the timber resources of the Nation. During a season of unusual hazard the fire- protective organization on the national forests of the West was brought to the highest pitch of efficiency it has ever yet reached, with the result that in most cases threatening fires have been reached promptly and suppressed with the minimum of loss and expenditure. However, the greatest progress has been made in bringing under protection privately owned timbered lands. The increase in the appropriation from $125,000 to $400,000 for cooperation with the States in protecting forested watersheds of navigable streams, made possible a very material extension of the work. The area placed under protection during the past year was increased by 26,000,000 acres. At the same time the protective force was strengthened and im- proved in regions where the smaller appropriations of the past have admitted only the retention of a mere skeleton fire-fighting organiza- tion. Cooperation was established with two additional States—Ohio and Tennessee—making the total number now 26. The additional funds made it possible to meet emergency conditions in several States where the fire hazard this year was unusually great. The appropriation of Federal funds for this purpose has stimu- lated local interest in the efforts to safeguard the essential raw mate- rial represented by their forest areas. During the fiscal year 1922 the 26 States cooperating with the department in fire protection along navigable streams expended for that purpose from their own funds a total of $1,897,000, an increase of about $830,000 over the expenditure of the previous year. In addition to these public ex- penditures, private owners expended approximately a million dollars in the protection of their forests against fire. Federal leadership has heartened both the States and the private owners in undertaking this work, with the result that a very substantial forward step has been made in checking the red scourge. According to the best information obtainable by the Forest Service, there has been an average of 33,500 fires annually during the past six years, burning an average area of 7,088,000 acres and involving an average annual immediate property loss of $16,424,000. The greatest loss and the greatest number of fires now occur in the regions REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 33 not under cooperative protection. About one-half the forest lands of the country outside the national forests are now receiving some form of systematic fire protection, but 166,000,000 acres of forest lands are still wholly unprotected from fire and the annual loss in such regions is appalling. We can not as a people rest content with such a showing. Such wholly unnecessary destruction must be stopped. FEDERAL-AID ROAD CONSTRUCTION. Ten thousand two hundred and forty-seven miles of road projects were brought to completion during the year through Federal aid to the States. Prior to the fiscal year 1922, 7,469 miles had been com- pleted. This brings the total completed up to the end of the fiscal year to 17,716 miles. The mileage completed during the year under the Federal-aid system is classified as follows: Miles Gerad CL WANG. hATAIMed += CA Ta Se es es ee ea ae 2, 060 Shia Cel kaw See 6 SES aa ee a phe, ate oe gota amen ore eee eee, 1, 210 CARTE, cei hte Seeley sah BSS CARN A a SNA loa Se OU ah PS rerio Bea I nye oI 3, 842 Wiaterboundimoaendamie: Mh ohcntye- eb a te toe 265 BUM ONS, NVA CA Cea nase Ee Ey ea ee RE de 370 STEMI NOUSHCOTCRELCciaa st eee jure. a ie ee 400 = CWONGEC Qt ete Sos =. eS a ee ee IAA ate 1, 915 Eid Cg ney ae oer ae ON Du ee ek LOR Sc Ze hy BE 165 IESE RSE ete LAE a Bee eR isd Pc PEE aoe Sg ee res ere eee ae 20 Totalititsare til peers seri pr eA eri ver HI te 10, 247 At the close of the year the projects under construction, amounting to approximately 14,500 miles, were estimated to be about 56 per cent complete. The total apportionment of Federal funds to the States, up to and including the fiscal year 1922, amount to $339,875,000. Of this, $297,018,923 had been set aside for definite projects, many of which had been completed prior to the close of the year, others placed under construction, and still others which were more recently approved were awaiting construction. The amount of Federal aid paid or due on completed projects up to the end of the year was $132,079,204. The total cost of these projects, more than 50 per cent of which has been paid by the States, was $309,466,524. On projects under construction at the end of the year Federal aid has been allotted to the amount of $109,989,757. The estimated total cost of these projects is $254,269,813. The total amount of Federal 34 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. aid actually paid to the States on completed and uncompleted proj- ects up to the end of the year was $166,911,552. During the fiscal year the total amount paid out of the Treasury was $88,216,122, which is greater by almost $10,000,000 than was paid during the five years previous. Of the appropriations made by the Federal Government there remained unobligated at the end of the fiscal year $42,856,079. At the present rate of building not many years will be required to give the Nation a connected system of good highways in all direc- tions. During the fiscal year 1922 Congress enacted legislation pro- viding for the designation of a system of Federal-aid roads in all States to consist of not more than 7 per cent of the total mileage of roads in the States and authorizing appropriations of Federal aid in the construction of this system in the amount of $50,000,000 for the fiscal year 1923, $65,000,000 for the fiscal year 1924, and $75,000,000 for the fiscal year 1925, thus determining and indicating to the States in advance of the actual appropriation of funds the amount of Federal aid to be extended, and consequently the rate at which the building of highways under this plan is to progress during the three ensuing years. The department is pursuing its scientific studies of road construc- tion, maintenance, and design. Out of these studies is coming much exceedingly valuable information, which should result in both greater efficiency and greater economy in our road-building enterprises. NATIONAL FOREST ROAD AND TRAIL CONSTRUCTION. During the fiscal year approximately 1,100 miles of national forest roads and 3,000 miles of trail were constructed by the department, bringing the total mileage of roads constructed in the national forests from Federal funds, supplemented at times by local cooperation, to nearly 5,000 miles and the total of the forest trails up to approxi- mately 7,000 miles. The total expenditures to date for this type of work amounts to approximately $17,000,000. EXTENSION ACTIVITIES. In compliance with the mandate of the law which created the De- partment of Agriculture, to “ diffuse among the people of the United States useful information on subjects connected with agriculture, in the most general and comprehensive sense of that word,” the exten- sion activities of the department take various forms. There are now REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 35 about 4,000 persons employed in cooperation with the State agricul- tural colleges. Agricultural agents are employed in about 2,100 counties, home-demonstration agents in 800 counties, and club agents in 200 counties. In addition, there are 750 district agents and spe- cialists in the preparation of subject matter who cooperate with the county extension workers. It is estimated that through the extension personnel the department comes in contact with about 2,500,000 farm homes. The 491,000 boys and girls enrolled in club work report products valued at more than $7,000,000. Of the field agents, 272 are colored and work to aid negro farmers. About $7,000,000 of Federal money was spent for extension work during the past year, to which was added about $9,700,000 of State money. PUBLICATIONS. Other agencies used in diffusing information to the people are bulletins, pamphlets, and periodicals, motion pictures, exhibits at State and district fairs, and mimeographed material distributed to | the press. As indicated in my report for 1921, careful consideration has been given to our publications. A committee of editors was called in last year and asked to make a thorough study of the various publications of the department and suggest such changes as they thought desirable to make such publications more helpful to the re- cipients. Most of the suggestions made by this committee have been acted upon favorably. The demand for the publications of the de- partment is indicated by requests voluntarily made for them. During the past year not less than 650,000 requests for publications have been received in addition to the 33,500 received from Members of Congress. Fifty-eight new Farmers’ Bulletins were printed, aggregating 1,738,379 copies; 108 new Department Bulletins were produced, in the total number of 577,800 copies, while 525,000 copies of 43 new de- partment circulars were printed. When to these new publications is added the number of old publications reprinted on demand, we find that during the fiscal year the printing of publications of the department reached a grand total of 36,026,334 copies. The distribution is more efficient than for some time past. At our request, representatives of the Bureau of Efficiency have aided in a revision of the mailing lists, which has resulted in a considerable saving in mailing work. No names are kept on our distribution lists except upon special request, and there is no automatic distribu- 36 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tion of all the department’s bulletins except to libraries and other. institutions which need them. The educational motion pictures of the department are growing in favor; 33 new films were completed, and 21 old films revised. Work. was begun on 28 new subjects. The department now has a total of 547 reels available for distribution. Pictures are circulated by ex- tension workers and schools. It is estimated that the department films are seen each year by an audience of between four and five mil- lion persons. The department exhibits were displayed at more than 60 fairs and expositions and special shows, at which the total attendance was more than 4,000,000. The form of presentation of these exhibits has been much improved. An attractive exhibit for the Brazilian Interna- tional Centennial Exposition at Rio de Janeiro, depicting the agri- cultural resources and development of the United States, was de- signed, prepared, and shipped to Brazil. REORGANIZATION OF EXTENSION WORK. As a result of special study of extension activities of the depart- ment it seems desirable to reorganize this work to some extent. At the present time there is no one person who is charged with the responsibility of coordinating all of the extension work of the department. In the Budget for the ensuing year I have asked Congress to provide for a director of extension work, and in the meantime I am shaping our work with a view to such reorganiza- tion. It is the plan to bring under this directing head all of those offices which have to do entirely with extension work. These are the office of cooperative extension work now in the States Relations Service, the office of motion pictures in the Division of Publications, and the Office of Exhibits temporarily attached to the Assistant Sec- retary’s office. These offices, in addition to the editorial office, are the ones through which the bureaus find expression for the work which is ready for presentation to the public. The plan will make unnecessary the States Relations Service, the office of the director of information, and the Division of Publications, and when put into effect will do away with them as such. The other offices in these divisions will be placed under the supervision of the director of scientific work, the director of regulatory work, or within the Secretary’s office proper. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 37 I plan to attach the editorial and distribution work direct to the Secretary’s office, and have asked Congress in this year’s Budget to provide for a new position of an assistant.in charge of the editorial office, with a salary sufficiently large to attract a capable man for this important work. It is the plan to place him in charge of all the editorial'-work. During the past year we have given particular attention to the statistical accuracy of the Department Bulletins. The duties of the assistant in charge of editorial office would include this supervision. PACKERS AND STOCKYARDS ACT. The packers and stockyards act, which provides for Government supervision, through the Secretary of Agriculture, of meat packers, of stockyards, and of stockyards agencies, such as live-stock commis- sion merchants, was enacted in August, 1921. The constitutionality of the act was attacked in the courts and the setting up of the organization necessary to carry out the provisions of the act was therefore delayed. Its constitutionality was fully upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in May, 1922. - The packers were subject to the act immediately upon its passage, and no registration or other special formality was necessary. A survey of the stockyards resulted in finding 78 of such yards in 10 cities in 35 States to be subject to the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agriculture, and these stockyards have been formally posted as required by law; 1,075 market agencies and 3,486 dealers at these markets are registered under the law, and the schedules of rates and charges of the stockyard companies and commission men have been published and filed. Resident market supervisors have been assigned to 19 of the stockyard markets, and these supervisors have been given jurisdiction over the remaining markets which were not considered sufficiently large to justify resident supervisors. General rules and regulations governing stockyards and market agencies and dealers have been adopted and put into effect. The various agencies which come under the provisions of the act have shown a disposition to cooperate in its enforcement, and this has made it possible to correct many practices through conference and without formal proceedings. Through such conference the use of butter packages containing less than pounds and even fractions of pounds has been discontinued and the principle of standardization 38 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of retail packages has been accepted by the packers. Audits of the books of commission merchants in some yards revealed conditions which clearly needed correction, and satisfactory progress in this direction has been made. An offensive boycott by one group of market agencies against another at one of the principal stockyards was promptly stopped, and the principle of open, competitive mar- keting established. Certain arbitrary price discriminations work- ing to the injury of live-stock owners are being brought to an end, and actual market values substituted in the sale and purchase of live stock. Complaints against commission charges in one market and the announcement that formal hearings would be held resulted in bringing into conference representatives of the commission mer- chants and of the live-stock shippers tributary to that market. At this conference it was agreed that the matter of the reasonableness of commission charges should be informally submitted to representa- tives of the Department of Agriculture without the expense of a formal hearing, and that all parties would abide by the decision ren- dered after such informal hearing. Developments so far indicate that there is a growing spirit of understanding and willingness to cooperate between the traders on the various markets, the packers, and the stockyards agencies. In the enforcement of this act the dominating thought is to bring about harmony and: cooperation and remove cause for antagonisms, misunderstandings, and irritations, to the end that confidence in the manner in which live stock is marketed shall be established. THE GRAIN FUTURES ACT. In August, 1921, Congress enacted the future trading.act, which provided for governmental supervision, through the Secretary of Agriculture, over future trading on grain exchanges. An appeal was made to the courts, and in May, 1922, the Supreme Court of the United States rendered a decision which invalidated the regulatory portions of the act. The decision, however, pointed the way to the en- actment of legislation which should accemplish the purposes of Congress, and such legislation has since been enacted under the interstate power of Congress. The constitutionality of the new act has in turn been attacked, and pending the decision of the court little progress can be made in its enforcement. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 39 The tax imposed by the act of August, 1921, on transactions known as “ privileges,” “bids,” “ offers,” “ puts and calls,” etc., was upheld by the Supreme Court, and the result has been that these transac- tions have been discontinued. In addition, the Supreme Court ex- pressly stated that its decision did not affect the duty placed on the Secretary of Agriculture by the future trading act to investigate the facts about grain-marketing conditions. Representatives of the department have therefore been maintained at Chicago and Minne- apolis, where they have kept close observation over the operations of the exchanges and have compiled a large amount of information as to the volume and course of transactions on the exchanges. This information will be helpful in carrying out the provisions of the new law. The requirements of the new law, which becomes effective on No- vember 1, 1922, are substantially the same as those of the one de- clared unconstitutional. There is no interference with “hedging” transactions on the boards of trade or with the ordinary speculation or buying and selling of contracts for future delivery. If there should be evidence of undue manipulation or attempts to corner the market, or of the dissemination of false or misleading information about crop or market conditions by members of the exchanges, such matters will be inquired into and promptly dealt with as required by the statute. The Secretary of Agriculture is given authority to examine the books and records of the members of the exchanges and to require such reports as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of the act. There is thus an opportunity to make a thorough inquiry into prevailing systems of grain marketing and to secure information which has never heretofore been available, and which is urgently needed before important changes in marketing methods can safely be required. A BUILDING PROGRAM FOR THE DEPARTMENT. In my annual report last year I called attention to the fact that the offices and laboratories of the Department of Agriculture in Washington are seattered in more than 40 buildings in various parts of the city. There has been no improvement in this situation and, due to the lack of centralized housing facilities, there continues to be a tremendous waste of Government time and money. A satisfactory 25684—acr 1923 4 40 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and efficient administration of the work is impaired by difficulty of personal contact between the Secretary and the officers of the depart- ment, as well as between bureau chiefs and units of their own respec- tive bureaus. One bureau of the department alone is housed in nine separate buildings, some of them widely scattered. It is impossible to overemphasize the nced for a centralized housing of the depart- ment activities. During the year we have been busy on this problem, and a hous- ing committee, of which the Assistant Secretary is the chairman, in cooperation with the architects of the Treasury Department, has pre- pared with great care a proposed building program, which if carried out will house practically all branches of the department in Washing- ton in buildings to be erected on or adjacent to the department reser- vation on the Mall. The proposed program contemplates: (1) The acquisition of ground south of the department’s reservation and con- struction thereon of a plain office-type building of six or eight stories. The estimate of the cost of such a building, including the site and enlargement of the power plant of the department, is $4,350,000. This would do much to meet the most pressing housing need of the department, as it will provide a building of large capacity, and it can be constructed at this relatively low cost for the reason that it would not be located on the Mall, and therefore can be erected as a plain office building without interference with the plans for the beautification and development of the Mall. (2) The next most pressing need is for the completion of the central section connecting the two existing marble structures now occupied by the department on the Mall, known as the east and west wings, at an estimated cost of $2,000,000. The two wings were completed in 1908 and have been used by the de- partment since that date, but no funds have been available for the construction of the central portion of the building. (3) When these two projects have been completed, the construction is proposed on the northern end of the department’s reservation on the Mall of a portion of a building of suitable construction facing south with sev- eral wings extending toward the north, the approximate cost of which would be $6,000,000, and (4) the completion of the proposed building on the northern end of the reservation by the construction of a north facade, at an estimated cost of $3,000,000. While this program will involve an ultimate outlay of $15,350,000, it could be REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 41 started with an initial expenditure of $3,000,000 for the first year and approximately the same amount during the second year, and the remainder could be extended over a period of years. This is one of the fundamental needs of the department which has been recognized by all who have had any connection with the housing of the Government departments in recent years, and I urgently recommend that it be provided for as soon as the state of the Nation’s finances will permit. In the meantime, at my request, experts of the United States Bureau of Efficiency are making a survey of the present space arrangements in the department with a view to affording such relief, if any, as may be possible by regrouping of the space assignments pending the provision of suitable and adequate housing for the department. NEW SEED-GRAIN LOANS. The act of March 20, 1922, authorized the making of seed-grain loans in crop-failure areas for the crop of 1922, and appropriated $1,500,000, to be expended under the direction of the department, for that purpose. Under the provisions of this act, $1,463,812.69 was loaned to 11,968 borrowers in the States of Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Washington. The total expense of making the loans was less than $20,000. COLLECTION OF SEED-GRAIN LOANS. During the spring of 1921, under the authority contained in the annual Agricultural appropriation act, approved March 3, 1921, a total of 13,935 seed-grain loans was made by the department in Montana, North Dakota, Idaho, and Washington, aggregating $1,954,929. These loans were made at a cost of approximately $16,000 for administrative expenses and $5,000 for recording fees for crop mortgages. Crop conditions generally throughout the seed- loan territory were poor during the following season, and collec- tions during the winter months and up to June 30, 1922, amounted to only $668,742 on the principal of the loans and $1,415 on the interest. The expense of making these collections was approxi- mately $25,000. So far as practicable, borrowers who were unable _to repay their loans were required to renew their promissory notes and execute new mortgages on their 1922 crop as security. At the close of the fiscal year 1922 there were outstanding unpaid seed- 42 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. grain loans for the two years amounting to approximately $2,750,000. The urgent deficiency bill approved July 1, 1922, appropriated $50,000 to cover the expense of collecting the unpaid seed loans during the fiscal year 1923. Crop conditions in the seed-loan ter- ritory are now more favorable than for several years in the past, and the department is proceeding with collections. MESSENGER SERVICE. Because of the widely scattered locations of the forty-odd build- ings occupied by the department, it is necessary to employ a large number of messenger boys. Approximately 200 such employees are on the rolls in Washington. During the year the department has devoted especial attention to the situation surrounding the employ- - ment of these boys. Under existing regulations the position of mes- senger boy is not regarded as in the apportioned service. It is virtually impossible, therefore, to promote these boys to higher clerical positions, regardless of how deserving or capable they may be. As the service promises no future for them, the department is unable to secure and retain the most desirable boys. Thus, we have a situation altogether contrary to that which usually prevails in any well-managed private business. The experience in this depart- ment indicates that it probably would be advantageous to bring about a change in the existing regulations so that it would be possible to promote deserving messenger boys to clerical positions where they indicate a marked capacity for growth in the service. The depart- ment has felt considerable responsibility for the welfare of these employees and during the year has given especial attention to im- proving their general conditions. With the cooperation of the Public Library, reading courses in standard works have been pre- pared and made available to them. Meetings of these employees have been held and every effort made by the department executives to urge them to take advantage of the free evening schools. One hundred and twenty-eight, or 64 per cent of the total number em- ployed in Washington, have registered for evening instruction. After consultation with the agencies in Washington working with boys, arrangements have been made by which physical instruction and direction is given once each week in the Y. M. C. A. gymnasium. A simple supper follows the gymnasium hour, at which talks are REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 43 made by Government and other people with the object of interest- ing the boys in self-improvement. ECONOMIES EFFECTED IN THE DEPARTMENT. In the administration of the work during the fiscal year the urgent necessity for economy in governmental expenditures has at all times been kept in mind by the officers and employees of the department. In conformity with the plan established by the Bureau of the Budget, reserves amounting to $1,406,984 were set up against the various annual appropriations of the department. By the exer- cise of strict economy at the close of the year the department was able to add further unused balances in the amount of $678,749, and this, together with the $1,406,984 reserved, made total savings of $2,085,733 turned back to the Treasury in the form of unexpended balances from the annual appropriations. In addition to the foregoing, a reserve of $559,569 was set up from the so-called continuing appropriations of the department, which are available until expended. While this money will eventually be expended, it was found possible, under the necessities of the times, to defer the expenditures beyond the present fiscal year, and thus, for the present, to save the withdrawal of the cash from the Treasury. _ The efforts toward reduction in expenditures were not confined merely to keeping intact the reserves reported in the foregoing. The business administration of the department generally has been sub- jected to close scrutiny and specific economies inaugurated all along the line. The department has been actively represented on the vari- ous coordinating agencies created under the authority of the Bureau of the Budget. A traffic manager has been appointed to coordinate and handle the large volume of shipments and extensive passenger movements in connection with the work of the department. Careful attention has been given to economies which might be effected by changes in organization, and worth-while results have been achieved in this direction also, some of which will be mentioned later. Particular attention has been given to the purchasing work of the department. After a survey of this work was made by an expert detailed from the Bureau of the Budget, a director of purchases and sales was designated to coordinate the purchasing work and the disposition of surplus property. Changes have been made in former procedure. The work has been placed upon a more businesslike basis by a closer scrutiny of purchase requirements. By reorganiza- 44 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tion and extension of the powers of the department board of awards competition has been widened on supplies and equipment bought. By consulting with commodity experts in this and other departments prior to purchasing, the department has kept informed on market conditions in various lines and has been able to place orders more advantageously. The purchase of certain commodities has been cen- tralized for Washington and near-by field stations, enabling the de- partment to secure better prices by quantity orders. Investigation is constantly being made into the ayailability of surplus property from other departments and its use wherever eco- nomical instead of the purchase of new equipment by the department. The stocks and equipment of the entire department itself have been gone over carefully, both in Washington and in the field, and under a system which has been established a large amount of surplus equip- ment for which the holding bureaus have no further use is furnished to other bureaus, thus avoiding additional purchases. Serviceable motor trucks have been secured at nominal costs from surplus stocks of other departments to replace worn-out trucks in the centralized trucking unit of the department, making better hauling service avail- able to the bureaus at lower cost. The revenues from the sale of per- ishable products from the field stations of the department near Washington have been more than doubled by a special order issued during the year centralizing all such sales in the department’s supply division. To summarize, here as elsewhere in the service, “ Economy with efficiency ” has been the watchword. The constant aim during the year has been to develop a consciousness on the part of each officer and employee of the department of the necessity and personal re- sponsibility on his part for the maximum efficiency and economy with respect to his own particular work and the items of expenditure with which he may have to do. Economies and increased efficiency effected in this way in connection with the routine business operation of the department can not be adequately measured by figures, but they are of fundamental importance as the sound foundation of the whole economy program. The record of the year includes gratifying re- ports of this type and reflected increases in the efficiency of the lines of work affected. A few typical instances are interesting. Reduction in manufacturers’ price of automobiles and tires and tubes for field use taking place after proposals had been submitted REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 45 to the department have been secured by the board of awards calling for revised prices instead of accepting the bids as originally sub- mitted. A department shop for the repair of awnings has been established at a saving of approximately $3,000 a year. Facilities for the repair of typewriters and bicycles by the department itself are being estab- lished at material savings over the prices formerly paid to commer- cial concerns for these services. The installation of new equipment in the central power plant of the department made possible a reduc- tion in force of six firemen and one engineer and reduced the annual consumption of coal by approximately 400 tons. In the Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory of the department a change of grate bars in one of the heating plants saved $500 a year on the coal bill. By redesigning certain electrical equipment enough electrical energy has been saved to operate a battery of electrolytic cells to enable the laboratory to make its own hydrogen, effecting a saving of over $4.000 a year in the purchase of liquid ammonia. This branch also effected a saving of $13,000 during the year in reduction of personnel. A revision of all of the mailing lists of the department conducted with the assistance of the United States Bureau of Efficiency re- sulted in the elimination from the lists of more than 100,000 names and addresses. One list of 8,000 names was discontinued altogether, saving 344,000 Government bulletins a year, or an annual expendi- ture of more than $7,000. The addressing and duplicating work for all of the bureaus has been consolidated under the Division of Publications, resulting in a reduction in personnel and the release of $20,000 worth of ma- chinery to the General Supply Committee for assignment to other departments. Better methods of management applied to the conduct of the duplicating work as a centralized activity have reduced the percentage of wastage of paper by 75 per cent. Three separate periodical publications, The Market Reporter, The Monthly Crop Reporter, and the National Weather and Crop Bulletin, were combined during the year into one periodical, known as Weather, Crops, and Markets, and marked savings were thereby effected. Another periodical which duplicated much of the material sent out through the regular channels was discontinued altogether. A relatively expensive information service to the press 46 ANNUAL REPORPS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. was discontinued and in its place was substituted a more extensive service to newspaper syndicates at practically no expense to the Gov- ernment. At the close of the year the department turned into the Treasury from the appropriation for printing and binding an unex- pended balance of $183,848. In the Forest Service, a bureau having extensive field operations, an estimated saving of 25 per cent in its annual telegraph bill of $10,000 is being accomplished through increased censorship. Through centralized purchase direct from producers, savings of not less than 15 per cent are being effected from an annual expenditure exceeding $300,000 on the purchase of smoked meats, canned goods, and dried fruits, and the quality of food used for the maintenance of field parties on road and trail work in the forests has at the same time been improved. Inspection and administrative trips are planned in accordance with carefully worked-out schedules in order to secure for the Government the advantage of specially reduced round-trip rates. By this means an average saving is made of $50 per person traveling out of Washington for western points during the year. In order that the maximum amount may be available for the purchase of essential supplies and equipment for the field operations of the service, the purchase of office furniture has been stopped altogether. Seven thousand dollars have been saved in this way during the year and applied to the more urgent needs of the service. The head- quarters of the bureau at one western point has been removed to cheaper quarters at an annual saving of approximately $10,000. In the Weather Bureau a demand for $11,320 additional funds required to meet increased rental charges on expiring leases was met by reducing the number of rooms occupied by the field offices of the bureau involved so as to keep within the existing allowance for rentals. The same situation arose July 1, 1921, and was met in a similar manner, notwithstanding the offices of the bureau have been crowded thereby. The consolidation of the Bureau of Markets and the Bureau of Crop Estimates on July 1, 1921, resulted in savings of approximately $30,000 through the reduction of the personnel engaged on adminis- trative work. A similar consolidation of administrative services was effected on July 1, 1922, when the Bureau of Markets and Crop Esti- mates was further merged with the Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics to form the new Bureau of Agricultural Economics, REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 47 in which the economic work of the department is now centralized. It is estimated that an additional $30,000 was saved in overhead ex- penditures by this consolidation. In addition, the consolidation has made possible the coordination of the work of various technical divi- sions of the three former bureaus, thereby eliminating duplication and overlapping throughout the economic units. In the Insecticide and Fungicide Board the field work has been redistricted, resulting in a saving of approximately $1,500 a year without loss of efficiency. In the States Relations Service, by the consolidation of the two Washington offices engaged in directing the work of agricultural extension, salaries aggregating approximately $20,000 have been saved, and as the result of centralizing and rearranging the clerical work in the administrative offices of the same bureau salaries of clerks to the amount of $8,000 have been saved. One field office of the Bureau of Animal Industry was discontinued during the year and the work of that office consolidated with another, resulting in a saving of approximately $4,000. Two divisions of the bureau in Washington were merged, resulting in the saving of the salary of one chief of division and one clerk, amounting to $5,070. By consolidating the work of an employee on the Canadian border with the duties of another inspector, a saving of $1,500 was effected, and the recall of one inspector from overseas has resulted in a further saving of $3,300. In the meat-inspection service, by realignment of the force, the actual expenditure during 1922 was reduced several thousand dollars, notwithstanding the fact that nearly 1,000,000 more animals were slaughtered under inspection during the year and almost 300,000,000 more pounds of meat food products were reinspected, thus avoiding the necessity for additional appropria- tions. In the work of supervising the preparation of biological products a saving of approximately $4,000 was accomplished through reduced travel. During the year there were produced 3,037,771 more doses of tuberculin than in the fiscal year 1921, and this was accom- . plished at a saving of $20,885 over the amount expended during the previous year. The manufacture and distribution of blackleg vac- cine was also discontinued on July 1, resulting in a saving of $10,000 per annum. In the Office of Exhibits the agricultural displays have been pre- pared in such manner that they can be used a number of times with- 48 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. out replacement, whereas formerly the department exhibits fre- quently were suitable for use during one or two seasons only. In the Bureau of Biological Survey it was possible during the year to use $20,000 of the money set aside as a reserve to enable the department in cooperation with one of the Western States to cope with a serious outbreak of rabies among coyotes which threatened to spread into other stock-producing States. As a result of the availability of the money previously reserved, the outbreak was brought under control. If the reserve had not been available it would have been necessary for the department to have asked the Congress for an additional appropriation in connection with this emergency. The economies listed above are typical of the spirit in which the department has entered into the plan to conduct the business of the Government on the most economical and efficient basis possible. While, as pointed out in the foregoing, we have been able to make a great many very substantial savings in money expended through the application of modern business methods, it is increasingly evident that the largest economies to be effected in the department are those which come as a result of efficient organization. Such economies can not be expressed in dollars and cents. They are measured rather by the larger effectiveness of the work and the amount of work done for the money expended. The reorganization which resulted in bringing three units into one in the Bureau of Agricultural Eco- nomics is a case in point. This reorganization effected considerable savings which can be measured in money, but altogether the larger savings have come through the increased efficiency and better admin- istration of the work done in this particular field. I am quite sure that similar desired results will follow the reorganization of the extension work. This reorganization has had the careful study of the Assistant Secretary for a year past, and the final plan submitted is the result of that study. When put into effect, as we hope it may be, it will result in considerable saving of money, but, what is far more important, will greatly increase the effectiveness of the exten- sion workers and the quality of the extension work. Respectfully, Henry C, WALLACE, Secretary of Agriculture. FUNDS OF THE DEPARTMENT. The net cost to the Federal Government of the regular activities of the department during the fiscal year 1922 was approximately $34,000,000, as indicated by the following table: FEDERAL FUNDS FOR REGULAR WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT. Agricultural appropriation act, 1922 (exclusive of appropria- tions made direct to States for research work under the Hatch and Adams Acts and for extension work under the Smith-Lever Act; appropriations for farmers’ seed-grain loans, for the acquisition of lands by the National Forest Reserva- tion Commission, and for a study of short-time rural credits by a congressional joint committee; and immediately avail- able appropriations expended during 1921) —-_----------~-~-- $30, 409, 643. 00 Agricultural appropriation act, 1923, immediately available fIMOS expend cgucumin se VOl 2 host ests ele Peer ee ees ee 35, 982. 00 Deficiency appropriation acts (Aug. 24, 1921, Dee. 15, 1921, and Nir Asal OP A yet kOe Si be 222 ae Ae NSS ee ae 1, 627, 875. 00 Permanent annual appropriation for meat inspection (act of ; AME ga Ol OOO) = ee eee eS ee ee ee 3, 000, 000. 00 Protection of lands involved in Oregon and California Railroad forfeiture suits (sundry civil appropriation act, 1922, and de- ficiency appropriation act of July 1, 1922) --________________ 30, 726. 00 Increase of compensation (legislative appropriation act, 1922)_ 3,187, 882. 00 Printing and binding (sundry civil appropriation act, 1922)____ 725, 000. 00 Allotment for fixed-nitrogen research (transferred from appro- priation placed at disposal of the President by the national derenSeLaciorr sg Une ort O1G))_ 2 28 ee ee Se 500, 000. 00 5 : 39, 467, 108. 00 Excess of unexpended balances and surplus fund, fiscal year 1922, over balances of appropriations from prior years_----_~ 14, 450. 00 Actual expenditures from Federal funds for regular work_ 39, 452, 658. 00 Less receipts, 1922, deposited in United States Treasury to credit of miscellaneous-receipts fund (see p. 50)_-_---_-----_-__-- 5, 209, 364. 81 INGEACOSL OPenecUlaitnwWODK. a4 een oe ee Se eee 34, 248, 293. 19 Of the total expenditure of $39,000,000 for the regular work of the - department, approximately $9,000,000, or 23 per cent, was used for research ; $3,000,000, or 8 per cent, for extension; $20,000,000, or 51 per cent, for service and regulatory activities; and $7,000,000, or 18 per cent, for campaigns for the eradication and control of various animal and plant diseases and pests. SPECIAL FUNDS FROM RECEIPTS. In addition to direct Federal appropriations, the following special funds from Forest Service receipts were available for work incident to the department’s regular activities: Roads and trails for States (construction and improvement of roads and trails within national forests) : ; Amount available from deferred national-for- est grazing-fee receipts for fiscal year 1921, collected in fiscal year 1922 (see p. 50)_-__._ $161, 236. 34 Amount available from receipts for fiscal year at)2 fb iase sR 8 Aa aie ode 1: 28 Ag Eee OS RU ER Bes 8 ee 247, 997. 19 Balance frem receipts in prior years____-_-_-- 369, 284. 19 ; —_—_—————_ $778, 517. 72 49 50 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Cooperative work, Forest Service (contributions from private sources) : Receipts for fiscal year 1922 (see p. 50)______ $1, 378, 374. 84 Balance from receipts in prior fiscal years____ 570, 566. 65 —_—________ $1,948, 941.49 Total’ available 222162 DEAREST ETAT AVE ROEM as Sohn be ft | co 0 2, 127, 459. 21 Actual expenditures from special funds, 1922-_-____. 2, 045, 415. 38 Unexpended balance, June 30, 1922 (available for expendi- ture: during fiscal Yyear;1923) 25 2 oe ei a Se 682, 0438. 83 DIRECT INCOME TO GOVERNMENT IN CONNECTION WITH WORK OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FISCAL YEAR 1922. Incident to the department’s work during the fiscal year 19292, direct receipts aggregating $8,403,394.05 were covered into the Treas- ury, and fines were imposed and judgments recovered by the courts amounting to $168,769.36 in connection with the enforcement by the department of the regulatory acts which devolve upon it for admin- istration and execution, as follows: Receipts : Deposited to credit of miscellaneous receipts fund— From business on the national forests___ $4, 628, 462. 42 From ofhertisourees. we) sive ty eaves eels Na 580, 902. 39 —_——____———. $5, 209, 364. 81 Deposited to credit of appropriation for regular work of GUE) OPEV ey eaYSS aly emp e SEs A RN AB i AT i a AC 324, 081. 48 Deposited to eredit of appropriation admin- istered by but not used in prosecuting regu- lar work of department— Reimbursement for cost of distributing sur- plus war materials to States for use in Troad-construction .Work i _ 4 o2e 1 eee $323, 015. 85 Repayments by farmers of seed-grain loans_ 668, 742. 77 —_— 991, 759. 62 Deposited to credit of special funds of Forest Service (from business-on the mationyliforests)) 22-222 =e ee 1, 878, 188. 14 ROtAal! TECCID ES crea eakeey eS ELA EER oe SEE Ge, ee eek Roe es 8, 408, 394. 05 Fines imposed and judgments recovered by the courts in con- nection with violations of statutes intrusted to Department OfLeASTICuliuTne:: for. entorcemente= = 2 ae ees Se ee 168, 769. 36 Total direct income to Government resulting from activi- ties of Department of Agriculture: 2 2) eases 8, 572, 163. 41 FEDERAL APPROPRIATIONS ADMINISTERED BY DEPARTMENT, BUT NOT USED FOR ITS REGULAR WORK. In addition to the $39,452,658 expended by the department for the conduct of its investigative, regulatory, and other routine activities, and the $2,045,415.38 applied to forest road and trail construction and cooperative work from special Forest Service receipt funds, $105,790,311.81 was expended during the fiscal year 1922 from appro- priations administered by the department other than those used for REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. the prosecution of its regular work. >>. the following purposes: 51 These funds were provided for Items. Extension work in agriculture and home economics: Provided by Smith-Lever Act of May 8, 1914....... Supplementary fund provided by agricultural ap- propriation act for 1922 Research work of State agricultural experiment stations (provided by agricultural appropriation act for 1922).. Federal-aid road construction (provided by acts of July 11, 1916; Feb. 28, 1919; and Nov. 9, 1921): Rural post roads— Appropriated for fiscal year 1922 Belances from prior years Roads and trails within or adjacent to national forests— Appropriated for fiscal year 1922 Balances from prior years Farmers’ seed-grain loans: Appropriation provided by special act of Mar. 20, 1922, for loans to farmers in spring of 1922 Appropriation provided by agricultural act of Mar. 3, 1921, for seed loans Payment from national-forest receipts for benefit of county schools and roads Acquisition of lands by National Forest Reservation | Commission for protection of forested watersheds of navigable streams: Provided by agricultural appropriation act for 1922... Balances from prior years Expenses of National Forest Reservation Commission | (provided by-act of'Mar:d, 1911)n<2 ss. ods-\5.-<---2-- Refunds to users of national-forest resources of moneys deposited by them in excess of amounts required to se- cure purchase price of timber, use of lands, ete Study of short-time rural credits (provided by agricul- tural appropriation act of 1922 for use of a special con- gressional committee) Work done by Department of Agriculture for other de- partments at their request, under authority of sec. 7, | fortifications act of May 21, 1920: Allotments from other departments, fiscal year 1922. Balance of allotment from fiscal year 1921 | } wee cece cece | j Payments during 1922 from balances remaining avail- able of outstanding accounts for expenses incurred in | fiscal year 1921 and prior years.............-.....------ Procuring and disposing of nitrate of soda to farmers | (balance of war emergency revolving fund provided by | acts of Aug. 10, 1917, Mar. 28, 1918, and Oct. 1, 1918)... Stimulating agriculture and facilitating distribution of products—purchase of seed and sale to farmers (bal- “ ance of war emergency revolving fund provided by acts of Aug. 10, 1917, and Mar. 28, 1918) Total Federal appropriations administered by de- | partment but not used for its regular work 5, 580, 000. 00 1, 440, 000. 00 268, 693, 858. 96 9, 437, 473. 96 3, 500, 000. 00 1, 082, 679. 99 5, 000. 00 80,642.35. 5, 680, 380. 00 | Appropriation available, fiscal year 1922. Expenditure, fiscal year 1922. $4, 080, 000. 00 1, 500, 000. 00 75, 000, 000. 00 193; 693; 858. 96 6, 000, 000. 00 3) 437, 473. 96 1, 500, 000. 00 2, 000, 000. 00 1, 000, 000. 00 1, 298, 371. 84 |_ 2, 298, 371. 84 | 25, 000. 00 71, 086. 82 | 74, 800. 00 842. 35 ] 727, 484. 95 | 9, 936, 328. 00 | | eee ee ee Seiepen ee oon 1 $5, 474, 050. 00 1 1, 440, 000. 00 42,811, 966. 96 1, 082, 679. 99 ___ 839, 916.37. 186. 00 71, 086. 82 5, 000. 00 18, 167.67 727, 484, 95 | 308, 558, 306. 87 | 105,790, 311. 81 1 Paid direct to States by Treasury Department. 1 Including expenditures from $148,200 available for road-material investigations. pe 3 Of these amounts approximately $160,000,000 was obligated through cooperative road-building agree- ments. 4 $1,321,038.24 expended in spring of 1921. 5 Includes 3658,742.77 repaid by farmers during fiscal year 1922 (p. 50). 6 Including 39,500,000 turned into surplus fund Dec. 7, 1921. 7 Turned into surplus fund Dec. 7, 1921. Unexpended balance June 30, 1922. weet eee wees wee eee emcee ecces 24, 814. 00 wee e tere eee eee 69 936, 328. 00 7 5, 680, 380. 00 202, 767, 995. 08 52 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULILURE. Summary of all appropriations available to the Department of Agriculture for fiscal year 1922. Title of appropriation. Agricultural act for fiscal year 1 Supplemental appropriations contained in deficiency acts of Aug. 24, 1921, Dec. 15, 1921, Mar. 20, 1922, sundry civil act, and legislative act of Mar. 3, 1921: Suppressing spread of pink bollworm of cotton MiphitineafoOrestiWess-=s gars sae ene cee Tuberculosisindemnities, Bureau of Animal Industry Administration of warehouse act .................-- General expenses, Bureau of Soils........... Pesca Salaries and expenses, wool division................ Enforcement of packers and stockyards act Operation of Center Market.................-.+----- Enforcement of future trading act White-pine blister rust control Farmers’ seed grain loans iPrintinpeand pi Ging. ten se eee sete ame ene Increase of compensation ..... See ac ee aeeto sre Insect infestation, Forest Service Permanent specific appropriations: Meat inspection (act of June 30, 1906).............-. | Bayan agricultural extension work (act of May | , 191 Cooperative construction of roads and trails, national LOVEStSsCactzo fp lyy Ll O16) Mesa eee eons se | National Forest Reservation Commission (act of Maret, 1 Gli) Secret earaa ase acme cae e a eee Continuing appropriations: Cooperative construction of rural post roads (act of Nov=.9;-1921)=.< 5222-2. ban OS Meer Ae an sconemaeeaed | Forest highways (act of Nov. 9, 1921) Forest road development (act of Nov. 9, 1921) Indefinite appropriations: Refunds to depositors, national-forests fund Special funds: Roads and trails for States, national-forests fund.... Payments to States and Territories, national-forests Payments to school funds, Arizona and New Mexico, national-forests fund Allotnents from other departments: Nitrate plant Protection of lands, California and Oregon Railroad SINUS Sco siek pac seec ace es seo ewe close nce crest Air service, Army, 1922 Aviation NAVY L922 2. comen saeaes comer anewacitnare Breeding experimental animals, Army, 1922...... Investigations for Federal Power Commission....... Manufacture of arms Unexpended balances of appropriations for prior fiscal years remaining available for expenditure during fiscal year 1922: Appropriations for fiscal year 1920 and prior years. - Appropriations in agricultural act and supple- mental acts for fiscal year 1921 Cooperative work, Forest Service Acquisition oflands for protection of forested water- sheds of navigable streams Procuring and disposing of nitrate of soda Stimulating agriculture and facilitating distribution of products (seeds) Cooperative construction of rural post roads Cooperative construction of roads and trails, na- tional’ forestses ees ose ee ee seat ene eee ana Federal forest road construction Roads and trails for States, national forests fund... Other continuing appropriations 360, 184, 309. 00 Amount appro- priated. $36,404, 259. 00 50, 000. 00 341, 000. 00 600, 000. 00 9, 015.00 2, 860. 00 2,500. 00 200, 000. 00 75, 000. 00 47, 500.00 150, 000. 00 1, 500, 000. 00 725, 000. 00 3, 137, 882. 00 150, 000. 00 3, 000, 000. 00 4, 080, 000. 00 1, 000, 000. 00 25, 000. 00 75, 000, 000. 00 2) 500, 000. 00 2} 500, 000. 00 71, 086. 82 409, 233. 53 1, 023, 083. 81 59, 596. 18 1, 378, 374. 84 502, 600. 00 30, 726. 85 15, 000. 00 50, 000. 00 1, 000. 00 5, 800. 00 400. 00 3, 760, 431, 00 5,710, 359. 00 70, 567. 00 1, 298, 371. 84 9, 936, 327. 96 5, 680, 380. 00 193) 693, 858. 96 1, 003, 175.14 2) 434, 298, 82 369, 284. 19 680,337. 62 147, 289, 385. 00 Expenditures to June 30, 1922. $32, 002, 869. 00 | 151, 238. 00 30, 448. 00 13, 884. 00 25, 337. 00 1, 490, 929. 00 725, 000. 00 3, 003, 918. 00 40, 815. 00 2, 584, 842. 00 3, 974, 050. 00 269, 873. 00 | 524, 757. 00 71, 086. 82 108, 685. 53 1, 023, 083. 81 59, 596. 18 996, 879. 09 226, 697. 00 30, 614. 85 14, 740. 00 1, 236, 671. 00 4, 547, 898. 00 570, 567. 00 609, 149. 84 89, 990, 337. 96 866, 446. 14 1, 668, 359. 46 369, 284. 19 60, 302. 03 Unexpended balance, June 30, 1922. 85, 406, 765. 00 48, 762. 00 44) 552.00 33, 616. 00 124, 663. 00 9) 071.00 133, 964. 00 109, 185. 00 415, 158.00 ” 105, 950. 00 1, 000, 000. 00 24, 814. 00 75, 000, 000. 00 2, 230, 127. 00 1, 975, 243. 00 381, 495.75 275, 903. 00 1 2, 523, 760. 00 1, 162, 461. 00 689, 222. 00 1 9, 936, 327. 96 1 5, 680, 380. 00 103,703, 521. 00 136, 729. 00, 765, 939. 36 1 620, 025. 59 1 212, 894, 924. 00 Lotaliexpenditures, fiscaliyeanlO22") hips see sciece oe Aenea ace delceiskions seme enemas Revenues received and deposited to miscellaneous receipts during fiscal year Net cost of all work done by department $147, 289, 385. 00 5, 209, 364. 81 142, 080, 020. 19 1 Of these balances $17,729,185 was turned into the surplus fund of the Treasury during the years 53 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. *suInygsi0s ules SUIPNpOXT ¢ "ZZ6L ‘IOqUIEDe UT UOJSJAGI 0 yoofqns x 000‘zIz ‘tz | 000‘08E‘6FZ | 006016 ‘09% | 000‘L8F‘9Sz | O06 ‘TFE‘99z | OS9 ‘66 ‘ez | 000‘EL0‘ELz | 000‘986‘99% | O00‘TIO9‘S9Z | 000‘S8G‘z9z |-~*~~"~"7" 7777" [18904 PULIDH 000 ‘oge ‘eg 000‘zes‘9e | 000‘zIe‘Te | 000‘ss6‘Fe | O00‘T#S‘ee | 000‘800'9e | O00‘99S‘ee | OOO‘szS‘se | 000‘60S'0g | O00‘cG8 ‘FE |-~~~*~ 77 TTT 09900 000 “602 ‘T 000 ‘$22 ‘T 006 “698 ‘T 000 ‘TF ‘T 000 ‘ST¢ ‘T O0T ‘249 ‘T 000 ‘TS6 ‘T 000 ‘096 ‘T 000 ‘Ser ‘T 000 “E92 ‘T OCT RIT ala 19y 10 (08 000 ‘262 ‘F 000 ‘Fe ‘F 000 ‘Sor ‘F 000 ‘6ge “F 000 ‘g0g ‘¢ 000 “¢¢z ‘¢ 000 ‘Est ‘F 000 ‘649 ‘F 000 ‘Iss ‘F 000 ‘agg ‘¢ Pes N wrist (Oy 000 ‘T19 000 ‘g09 000 ‘TEZ 000 FLL 000 ‘616 000 ‘0F6 000 ‘TF6 000 “266 000 “990 ‘T 000 ‘sar ‘T Terme TC RECO EIT sso hz Lolo Ul (3129.5) 000 ‘989 ‘g 000 ‘ITZ ‘g 000 ‘Fez ‘g 000 ‘¢9¢ ‘¢ 000 ‘t8¢ ‘F 000 ‘962 ‘F 000 ‘zg ‘g 000 ‘299 ‘¢ 000 ‘Sts ‘¢ 000 ‘822 ‘b Fate St oR tite) S | “SHTAVLODTA 000 ‘928 ‘202 « | 000‘010‘20z «| 000‘F99‘eze | 000‘0Sz‘eTz | 006‘6z9‘ezz | ose ‘sos ‘zEz | O0O‘EL0‘sEz | 000 ‘66F‘FZZ | O00 ‘98L‘8ZZ | OOO‘FIO‘OZS |--* ~~ 7TTT TTT TTT BIOL, SPDs ss sherG(sec'sees oes I). 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Cima aes Drea see rea) ky 6°09 1a¥ “686 ‘I SOT “612 ‘9 OST ‘296 ‘0% O0F ‘OLS ‘BT 968 ‘608 ‘9 19% ‘199 ‘¢ 122 ‘9ab “g eBT ‘292 ‘9 622898‘ "Op" *** “auTIUI.sEM10019 $Ih 096 ‘FZT ‘ZIT | O08 ‘FIF‘90T | FOF “629 FL Z2T ‘262 ‘6S 882 “E09 ‘9g IIT ‘OTT ‘29 $16 ‘SEO ‘ZOT | 96 ‘TSF ‘08 GOS “$2z ‘08% =|" "Op" *-"* ===>" TJo O8TE AGR 1923——5 25684 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 56 Sa SF N!S Ith IL¥ 6FZ ge 868 “261 002 ‘eSz TIO ‘0g@ G06 “61 6FL ‘O9T $29 ‘691 FST ‘IT 980 ‘ZI 912 ‘IT PLS ‘IT 182 ‘ET 298 ‘ET HS ‘SP 60I ‘#6 160 ‘$9 cog ‘Le COL ‘SF ¥60 ‘Ee SE CS areas ae (s) 119 SZ GLE 86F eT Rugeley (e) $99 ‘2 z9¢ ‘8 gLe ‘ZI gee ‘6T YER WAgRGETT 128 ‘OT STL ‘OI tO ‘OT 16e‘LT LIT ‘L¢ PLS ‘9S 689 ‘SL 666 ‘OL 78 ‘8 ¥26 ‘18 ELL ‘098 126 ‘60% ToL ‘6SE £96 ‘98z SOT ‘ZF 098 ‘IIF 618 ‘esr ‘bs | tt ‘es6‘Fs| ss6 ‘010.9 | Fe9'zEL‘F | O6F‘I89‘S | Ghz ‘geF‘S Seca as ESSAI QOPAPTE ges ‘e¢ 60% ‘T9 T¥S ‘EL 8LE “F 6F9 ‘ez L¥6 ‘82 198 ‘OF 6EL ‘FE 909 ‘8¢ 220 ‘LT 188 ‘9T 990 ‘ST 299 ‘IT 220 ‘OT 606 ‘OT s9¢ ‘Le 6LL ‘Gh 00 ‘FS 298 ‘8h £26 ‘29 1¥0 ‘16 802 ‘98ST £96 ‘F6T 188 ‘82z 608 ‘Z8T 692 ‘T1Z G26 ‘99% 196291 ‘T | O90 ‘TFI‘T | ogo ‘6Fe‘T | zeg‘Tsz‘T | ope ‘zec‘T | Fer ‘seo‘T GUS ‘8ZL 110 ‘168 108 “Sz0‘T | ste ‘9e9 $9 ‘9¢9 Ser ‘126 Lop ‘zeL‘% | 08 ‘cz9'% | e6L‘be6'% | 126‘999‘% | e€z‘so0‘e | s99‘zos‘z eaiene. = ster ) ee 161 9T6T LI6T SI6I 6S 980 “CFT TOL ‘eT SLI ‘eS Lge 868 ‘TT 6rE ‘EL 9ZT ‘26 198 ‘Zze 02g ‘Eze “G PEL ‘O8T cg6 ‘Th 668 ‘FT BP ‘GL 809 ‘L4T 080 ‘FST ‘T 616 296 208 ‘TTS ‘Z 6I6T 6hF LLO “EU C08 ‘9T 029 ‘SF 286 Gz ‘sz 110 ‘6 $26 E01 962 “EOF oes ‘066 ‘¢ 80F ‘LET 990 ‘2g CPI ‘ET 06F ‘09 EE “6ST 182 ‘96F ‘T 120 ‘E88 ¥8S ‘802 ‘E 0Z6T \ ["pe44TW0 C00 ‘8 *I—spuRsnoy} puno Uy e18 soinsy oy] "Sav G payvuQ ay} ur uoyonpoud dosy ELE T9¢ Tsjerqmeq* 7" 7° ocr cert ttt 99"(se984g g) SepAIEqUBI_ 160 ‘86 6ES ‘SOT AR ROD" 5" PUG RETRO To ysis tion see Sod diy: COL ‘OT ZLL ‘LI ROD > +" Sg Beg sueigie = spn aie “io sieiaicia'-'-ls.0i> Saale erp ee °zZe CZT ‘9G *STOUST een ete i re Teo aS eUOBOd ‘SLINUA 189 FEI ‘T PRSTION'= "i" Rap Bel sai nos ne sees ([BIdIETIUIOD) aBBqqeg GL ‘8T 608 ‘0Z PROD a 5 ORtE TA awe es Too can wa(ISlOJONIUIOD) STOTU® SII ‘6 €10 ‘ST “FOP "Sab aip tAt rs seis--se(peroTeuMMION) sUBAg 099 ‘86 6¢e ‘OIT Vag Re) Sadia 3 2 | aa DOS of 5 a s907870d 4909 £78 ‘OPE G06 ‘Eer BPSIOUSTUG|. 7s PPS SE SSIas oie sie ieee oe eo ee asa SOOITAOT “‘SHIAVLEADTA cog ‘OTe ‘S | 6FE ‘QFE ‘S OTT ‘SIT 88h ‘T8 buss 0 Paes leth neces ney oo asc te SUIN a IOS UTES) CTS “9g 6ST ‘6 oe) OFS ae emi eign OD = pOSGostikes sls sree Sse == aoIy 620 ‘FT €F9 ‘ET BOOT.) 0 ak apie o ne OOO CORRE CG C1 1b: ayakey 816 ‘LS £29 ‘6L FOpees Fist poss peeks aie oo Me neelelepesceresissssees = okay I8I ‘TST Teh ‘961 AFI) RPS EE SOG. ROR URIS Soe celinsse= ok oriuer 1¢2 ‘090 ‘T FLL ‘627 ‘T pO Dor $55 aaa aaa cg ae Be Sane eee) EO) £68 ‘FOL €ZT ‘O18 SG FOP Her Ree EES aes * per oes Vee lee a BOLLAN Ze ‘080 ‘ 801 ‘968 ‘Z BTS) 2) ELE ee a I COO OIE 17 (85) “STVaUTO 9) 8UIT}S0 11261 Areurunyy -01d ZZ61 57 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE, t *OBUIT]SO ON e¢ *SUINYSIOS UTBIS SOPN[OX ATs "S261 ‘19quIEdO(T ‘UOISTAGI 0} YOofqns 1 coe Cato ale a SOW Stee Ge es Ps 902 ‘T Sgr ‘T LOL ‘T PSP ‘T PPG ‘T Tir ‘T cog ‘T SSTOUSHCS Sig ta a a ee a ae er Dos Sasa) vateeserseeelecseeseense slag “68 1g Es Pe oa oe ze sguogetteeeeeeeeececeeeeeeeeetteesssse9e% 1300 WOOIg “Me pes ee elie See eeie SS Ser | BSO-B TO 18g ‘zer‘T | 201 ‘OFS ‘T | G22 ‘EBL PLP ‘TPS COP‘9T8 180 ‘169 “SEntanind | sss Sr a eT a Ree Oe eh 16 ‘FI 19S ‘ET €28 ‘FL | 899 ‘eT CLP ‘LE ge ‘ee elh ‘68 G08 “6F a G7z ‘BE “*SUOTTRS Trt tse rt acess ess ceeo es dnars TaNYysIOg 696 ‘FI Set ‘OT 261‘IT =| OSF ‘TT 208 ‘TT 140 ‘CI Tov ‘Tt Orb “eT 796 ‘L Ser “OT OTC G sae Seo Tee aE ES Se aire Pee OF9 ‘TS 989 ‘88 £96 ‘LOT 266 ‘OIL 6EF ‘86 6ET ‘T6 O9L ‘F0T cte ‘SOT 208 ‘96 982 ‘801 T+ Sethe 2's" ie Sines SCs ci ek ae ae ae Ak eg ae “ABT IL 896 ‘166 ez9‘e0't | zez‘z90't | guz‘ect‘t | gzz‘erz‘t | 1zo‘eer‘T | Tep‘Gor‘t | sza‘zeo‘t | sTR‘SL0‘T | Quz‘Oee'T | *spumod=*******7>er sree eres esses sees" ""ODOBqO 168°C ggg ‘¢ 11S ‘9 822 ‘9 086 “¢ 66 ‘S | 13h ‘9 geo ‘8 depend - 000‘¢ ebro e Sue unr Gas Gea ecelies Asari siiagserrs Sh Oa aamn bs ece ‘BT GFL ‘El 020 ‘FI 962 ‘FT POT ‘6 698 ‘ET 98%‘ FLL ‘OT ZIL‘8 mara *SSTOUSTUG Sor as eee ae eA ee mcd DO Sone “BQOUNVTISOSIK PUBLICATIONS OF DEPARTMENT. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1922, the department issued publica- tions aS Summarized in the table below. Of the 33,734,779 copies of bulletins and statistical periodicals printed, 12,285,387 were new and 21,499,392 were reprints of those previously published. There were 58 new Farmers’ Bulletins, of which 1,738,379 copies were printed and of which four-fifths were available for distribution by Congressmen in accordance with law. Farmers’ Bulletins contain concise specific statements in nontechnical style of recommendations and directions for procedure in modern agricultural practices. There were 108 new Department Bulletins, of which 577,800 copies were printed. These bulletins contain technical dis- cussions of facts or conditions of importance to agriculture, primarily the results of experimental work of the department. In the Department Circular series 48 new titles were added to the list. These circulars contain informa- tion contributions of less technical nature than Department Bulletins and are designed for scientific and limited mailing lists. Publications issued by the Department of Agriculture during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1922. New. Reprinted. New and reprinted. Name of publication. ' Num- | Number of| Num- | Number of| Num- | Number of | ber of copies ber of copies ber of copies titles. | printed. | titles. | printed. | titles. | printed. Bulletins, circulars, and yearbook: | Farmers’ Bulletins: ... . qo. tess tes eis 58 | 1,788,379 533 | 21, 188, 792 | 591 | 22,927,171 Department Bulletins................. 108 577, 800 44 83, 100 | 152 660, 900 Department Circulars................. | 43 525,000 | 19 227, 500 | 62 752, 500 Secretary’s Annual Report............ 1 5 OOOH iistadaeia| Settec ceseeine | 1 5, 000 Soil Surveys... b..2s.e¢ ae uce ces ee: 31 31, 000)|- 22545. esate aes Bm al 31, 000 ear book wl 920sao- eee ee at aee eee | 1 20.0008 | 1. faecal seats Sere. 1 20, 000 Miscellanéous). t2-. 8. ccs Iota 881,183 |........ | 2,291,555 |........ 3, 172,738 Totally se ewe sh cee gee Pe eee 2249 | 3,778,362} 596 | 23,790,947 | 2838 27,569,309 Statistical and information publications: Experiment, Station Record...........|.....-.. 161, 700 PR) i AR ene eee [Pt 161, 700 Official Record 3........2.2.eseseeeeees tees |< ABBiO00;I Se. Hoslsca aa, Woaaleoeere 438, 000 Glip;Sheet. ese. 4250) eee eee eee hee eB Wi eiBOZ ZOOM. ses eae Ale. eee Scie ae 307, 700 Monthly Crop Reporter 4.............- aes 67 700M Naeeao. Huda. Sodsoaheoweemed 671, 700 Market Reporter ‘...........--.---+-+- (eee ree I. ACO OOO aiptike bs Sea SSR Mere aa 766, 000 Monthly Weather Review #........... (ets ee mene se ye ean oly ee ee er eS eee 21, 875 Weather, Crops, and Markets 5........ IE se ieee | 3,244,000 |..3..... [eames eatowe [eeee eee 3, 244, 000 Rublichhoads tasers ee aae ee meeeee epsapeens 235 000i|t seetnce es Se er ce ee 23, 000 Weekly ~Newsibettens-as te sseeee cca al sneccree |) \2;6665600' | ioe ties aode geass |eaeeoosale2 6685500 Special information Service 4.......... ee ae hae | 80, 500 kee ae |b ae aad Se CE 80, 500 Journal of Agricultural Research 4..... [Stee tent | 34000))|ate oa. 5 ee ammeter, Soka Wise rae 34, 000 Separates, Journal of Agricultural Re- | | | SGaL Chess Hist shoe esenise nea aes leeches ae 42,750 Jeseseees gacece cca alle cee cree 42,750 Tot alee ene eee BENS. See tae Le cee eB 7457 026: (tt. Hae [leg Mae Pe | 8,457,025 Granditotal: yaa ae ae Saoioss say oat | 23,790, 947 |...-0.-- 36, 026, 334 | { 1 Includes administrative reports and notices and unnumbered pamphlets. 4 Discontinued. 4 Not including miscellaneous publications, 5 Began Jan. 7, 1922, 3 Began Jan. 4, 1922. 58 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 5Y LIST OF NEW FARMER®B’ BULLETINS, DEPARTMENT BULLETINS, AND DEPARTMENT CIRCULARS PUBLISHED DURING FISCAL YEAR. Vollowing is a list of new Farmers’ Bulletins. Department Bulletins, and Hepartment Circulars classified by general subject matter. Farmers’ Bulle- tins are indicated by F. B., Department Bulletins by D. B., and Department Cireulars by D. C. Alfalfa: LOTETRD FE rio Tmo OS Lea if eee ee ee F. B. 1229 Garden Flea Hopper in Alfalfa and Its Control________________ D.B. 964 Animal pests: The Relative Toxicity of Stry gimine to thes Rates 5 2 5a ae D. B. 1023 American Moles as Agricultural Pests and as Fur Producers____ F. B. 1247 Apples: Noribwesterm. Apple eackine Houses= 22 222". 2 ss es I’. B. 1204 Accounting Records for Sampling Apples by Weight_-----__-__ D. B. 1006 Beef cattle: Becmeroduetionsi che: COM belt 28 = Sine ae ee eee Ff. B. 1218 Wintering and Summer Fattening of Steers in North Carolina__ D.B. 954 Relation of Land Tenure to the Use of the Arid Grazing Lands Di MEU NO bE WESLCEIM SLE LGN nce ee a ee ee D. B. 1001 Feeding Experiment with Grade Beef Cows Raising Calves_____ D. B. 1024 Range and Cattle Management during Drought________________ D. B. 1031 Effects of Winter Rations on Pasture Gains and Calves__------ D. B. 1042 The Alkali Disease of Live Stock in the Pecos Valley_-_-______ D.C. 180 Bees: , SWHENT CONtTOh i = eee A oes IO £0 G =) iE SUSHI F. B. 1198 Beekeeping “in the’ Clover’ Region 220 22" VO moo Beto ) eit F. B. 1215 Heat Production of Honey Bees in Winter______--____________- D.B. 988 Occurrencevof Diseasesrot/Adult Beest= 2223). S20 Se ee D.C. 218 Birds: Conimunity -Bird:-Refuges=.22e2 20>. Sout liobe. Looe == eel F. B. 1239 inssructionst fon bird. Banding 22> = ee ee eee D.C. 170 ThewMicratory:-Bird_TLreatysAct.2125 3 slreD Vipera 2th hee Bs ate DiGs 182 The: Migratory*Bird'Dreaty Actiiectl siaes! wil cigs T pene D. C. 202 Blueberries: Directions “for! Blueberry /Culture-Ha0wss! oo 2toret eo eel D.B. 974 Bottled foods: Volume -Variations of Bottled- Woods<=sss===<=--=ss253 22 ee rere is eee D. B. 1019 Relation of the Character of the Endosperm to the Suscepti- bility of Dent. Corn’ to: Root Rotting== 12s ses 2 ae D. B. 1062 Corn oil: atl Preparation of an Edible Oil from Crude Corn Oi]_______-____ D. B. 1010 Comparison of Corn Oils Obtained by Expeller and Benzol Ex- EFACCLON WIECH OG Sass See a ae as Ne ee eek en RC D. B. 105-4 Cotton: The Boll-Weevil Problem: Methods of Reducing Damages_______ F. B. 1262 Composition-oOf Corban See we aes ele een ete Seen ee aR D.B. 948 A System of Accounting for Cotton Ginneries______-_________ DB. 985 Preliminary Manufacture Tests of the Official Standards of the United States for Color of Upland Tinged and Stained Cotton_ D.B. 990 Water Stress Behavior of Pima Cotton, Arizona________________ D. B. 1018 Mead Cotton: An Upland Long-Staple Variety, Replacing the Sea Tsai Gee aoe eye ern er ig elcaeie a ke ee et le D. B. 1030 Marketing Cotton Seed for Planting Purposes__________________ D. B. 1056 lanpreyement-in Cotton! Production=: -{uce wc eas See D.C. 200 The Mixing of Cotton Seed by Modern Gin Equipment___________ D.C. 205 Dispersion of the, Boll. WeevilsiniI92d: = 3 ee ee D.C. 210 Cranberries: The Relations of Water Raking to the Keeping Quality of Cran- IS SELES sah es es eS ee ae a ee ae D.B. 960 Credit: Buying-Farms with Land-Bank Loans_2224- 222222 202) 2 ne D. B. 968 Farm Mortgage Loans by Banks, Insurance Companies, and other WAS OM CLOS 2 So a ee D. B. 1047 Bank Loans to Farmers on Personal and Collateral Security___. D. B. 1048 The Credit Association as an Agency for Rural Short-Time RECESS a ey oe ns) Sl dee cg Syne pee pedal aes ap AR D.C. 197 Crop experiments: Work of the Huntley Reclamation Experiment Farm in 1920_____ iDY 204 C. Work of the San Antonio Experiment Farm in 1919 and 1920____ D.C. 209 Crop insurance: : Crop Insurance: Risks, Losses, and Principles of Protection_____ D. B. 10438 Crop planting and harvesting dates: Seed: “imevand) Hamveste2- 2.2 tee! Dee ee a TO Cone isses Cucumbers: Nicotine Dust for Control of the Striped Cucumber Beetle______ D.C. 224 Dairying: Manm Daisy tEROuSeSse 4 baw ae Ege ee a ecg F. B. 1214 Manufacture of Cow’s Milk Roquefort Cheesen_1__-___-+—______ D. B. 970 Unit Requirements for Producing Milk in Eastern Nebraska____ D.B. 972 Relation of Production to Income from Dairy Cows____-------~- D. B. 1069 Drugs: Dryine Crude ruess 2 Sle ries 4 ee eae He Bea2oil! Explosives: Use of Explosives in Blasting Stumps_____________-_ bene ee DEC. 191: REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. Extension work: Status and Results of Home Demonstration Work North and OVS AL 2 Tee Saeed od pe We "9 rev ef D.C. C Status and Results of County Agent Work, North and West, 1920_ D. Extension Work SUTTAD DOING eee ak ss pts a DAC. Status and Results of Boys’ and Girls’ Club Work______________ DATS) . Statistics of Cooperative Extension Work, 1921-22__-___________ Dé Farm equipment: Manufacture and Sale of Farm Equipment_____________________ Die Flowers: Sawilles-injurious-tothose-WMolia ges. SL HB: The Production of the Easter Lily in Northern Climates_________ D.B. Foods: Milk and Tté-Uses-in the Home. St en ae 2 eo RA) ea F. B. Home:Canninesof-ruitsrand, Vieretabless2222 . es F.B. A Week’s Food for an Average Family__2 22020, F. B. A Study of the Factors Affecting Temperature Changes in the Container during the Canning of Fruits and Vegetables______ D. B. Food Values: How. Foods Meet Body Needs___-_-_-_-____-._-_- D.B. Maniutacture:-of Potato-Chipse-i0lf Jagiuiviall plonoiih welt wah D: iB: Studies in the Clarification of Unfermented Fruit Juices_______ D.B. Forestry and trees: Measuring and Marketing Farm Timber_.____~_~______ F Trees for-Lown-and-City-Streets2toli_am wi ts sseyawad hee o F ~ Planting and-Care of Street Trees_2_22o0 0 en F. Insects Injurious to Deciduous Shade Trees and Their Control__ F. SlashtPine- Lies. tee te Preseli Lene cityt PS: Pygipte | 1 h,' Fr Investigations of the White-Pine Blister Rust_________________ D The Manufacture of Ethyl Alcohol from Wood Waste__________ D Pine-Oil and Pine-Distillate Product Emulsions________________ Walnut -Husk-Ma ceot.----=- =. MI WY finihe aaah stages The Distillation of Stumpwood and Logging Waste of Western Yellowo%Pinet#310 beeeesnia palit aft tn. papa ool oa oo! D dentification-of CruesMahorany o-oo DB. Studies of Certain Fungi of Economic Importance in the Decay of Building Timbers, with Special Reference to the Factors which Favor Their Development and Dissemination__________ D. B. The Chaulmoogra Tree and Some Related Species: A Survey Con- ducted in Siam, Burma, Assam, and Bengal__________-_--_-____ D Research Methods in Study of the Forest Environment_________ DB: D SICKS “SPLUCCr nn i ee BOT Curculios that Attack the Young Shoots and Fruits of the Wal- mut andthe th Chory = tes = 22 hale ee BIRT LT y) GOvVeIMMent= HOTESE YW Obk= case — = tees. = aan eer ee COVELNMENGHUOLES Gy VV OR Kay Oba e oe eee eine on eee Handbook for Campers in the National Forests in California____ D.C. Treatment of Ornamental White Pine Infected with Blister Rust_ D.C. D.B Important Forest Trees of the Eastern United States__________ DL. DiC D:C Game: Mey ETN TGRMRTEL SL OnTe 1G) tae aaa ee Fe F.B. Gamievas-2 7 Nation bP tvesounrcess. = aie Sele ee hs cy eee | Del 8 Laws Relating to Fur-bearing Animals, 1921.-_________________ FE. B. DODO oo 61 62 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Game—Continued. Directory of Officials and Organizations Concerned with the Protection of Birds and Game, 1921______-____-_-_ EDae. Annual Report of the Governor of Alaska on the Alaska Game Mawel O21 fee Oa he Lee ee pon alps D.C. Garden: Permanent Fruit and Vegetable Gardens______________________ ¥F. B. Grain: Crop Rotations and Cultural Methods at Ridgeley, N. Dak___-__ D. B. Experiments with Cereals on the Belle Fourche Experiment Lid 0) J aan A. A oe ee D.B Theiest, WelghtiofiGraineste- yeh 1s Te AE D.B. Goats: ThewAnrorav Goat... = Se pe Nee ee aR F.B. Grapes: Insect and Fungous Enemies of the Grape____--_--_--____-___- F. B. Hay: Marketing Hay -—= =~ = 2 Bue Raeie FE. Make [Adlsof pwnea tran GTS e@ Omit ee ee ¥. Influence of Relative Humidity and Moisture Content of Wheat on Milling Yields and the Moisture Content of Flour________ D. Rust Resistance in Winter Wheat Varieties_______--__________ D. Oo be QRS & QR RS Kianred SW neat os et A BE ee ye eee ad D.C. 194 REPORTS OF CHIEFS. ao ' fips qh E at SUIS Hie Pra en ee | Wow 3 * in) cue Sergei 3 (i “aes eahead. “ Ri oi sided Hone ale eee 0a a a peepee: . CAME ane’, * ING ye Hiapea si (ith pislesens Weues dl Sap ahs aa dts: Pils "AM tA hs pawn Ne sr team, ome spate = “ Pete a - ames A AE Ai Bal a, “a + eal ik PEM Seun aren. tees sc weld ar. Saba Le tuehlins aid. rebey Shiny of: Heine pe = tt EE a 2 a ee a8 / TS Aa mea ls Ta ne g Sined Liew “0 ‘Henvht wh ecw ‘rate i Bot . Fe Men Wen Pith n Peass, oer ti ew Se eM ey an es EAD ta aes ts ae : ans nae Hanierse eptis Gah eh kh” soba Fai Crk ‘Gop a> ‘Seo A ot Bi: Sigs cHd pho ed iCal sp eek’ S51 ht ip ba ey oR ere eee om ake” t a2 se Bran g ban: Wi . wet; OOS ) hee eh Ouse eereltihs Ait: aha (ins te: ssbeioiae,| © Be ss Dap ee ; Mors - re Se, Dain, a ttactaaiaela Sty ae + eaters: Seely oe on bio “a wo Wie ws 2 ei Brass yd Ruma fait Pinta, na ; oe ctnelaene Sete crane ens remem smear me ma lances Gis Sepacmiemend sto. - cascceeecctidaede teste seenerene 385 [sec ceereeeeees TOball: Af fase nie Soceneee cis tose netseteae tine Sette Cena eae eee 73, 615, 319 3, 690, 056 LABELING MEAT AND PRODUCTS. A large number of labels, cartons, stencils, and other materials were submitted for approval under the regulations, and of these 19,719 were approved. The files of approved labels were carefully gone over and labels which had become obsolete were eliminated. Correspondence was conducted and conferences were held with the committee of standards and purity of foods with a view to defining terms applicable to various products. The relabeling of large quan- tities of meat and meat food products was supervised, including im- ported meats and some 2,000,000 packages of meat and meat food products purchased from the Army. Investigations have been begun with a view to regulating the use, In inspected establishments, of powdered milk, which, because of its water-absorbing properties, might be an adulterant of sausage and similar products. MEAT-INSPECTION LABORATORIES. The laboratory examination of meats and meat food products and of substances used in connection with their preparation at establish- BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. LL ments under inspection has been continued in the meat-inspection laboratories maintained in Washington and six other cities. The laboratories also continued to examine meat and products prepared for the Army and the Navy to determine whether they contained any harmful substances and to see that they conformed to the Army and Navy specifications. The total number of samples analyzed during the year was 61,549, of which 61,259 were domestic and 290 imported. Samples of 2,326 domestic and 83 imported products were found not to be in accord- ance with the regulations. Besides meats and meat food products, the products examined consisted of curing materials, cereals, spices and condiments, coloring matter, denaturing oils, etc. Of 2,422 samples of water examined 432 were found to show evidence of pol- Jution. All suspicious water supplies are kept under close and con- stant supervision. A study of the water content of cooked and smoked sausages was made. The results show that a considerable proportion of such sausages contain water in excess of the normal amount. That the addition of excessive water is not necessary is shown by the fact that a large proportion of such sausages contained no more water than is normal to fresh meat. Measures are being taken to check the tendency to add excessive water to sausages of this class. A study of the moisture and fat content of oleomargarin produced at inspected establishments has also been made. The results show a tendency toward a higher content of moisture with corresponding re- duction in the fat content, which will require checking by appropriate regulation if continued. Attention has been given to the matter of moisture and mold in oleo stearin with a view to reducing the spoilage through elimination of moisture in the process of manufacture. As in previous years, all creameries preparing butter used in oleo- margarin have been inspected, and lists have been issued showing those which meet the requirements with regard to pasteurization. FIELD INSPECTION DIVISION. ° Besides continuing work in connection with the control and eradi- cation of certain diseases of livestock and the enforcement of certain animal quarantine and transportation laws, the Field Inspection Divi- sion, under Dr. A. W. Miller, chief, on May 1 took over all the ac- tivities of the Quarantine Division following the retirement of Dr. R. W. Hickman, chief of that division, including the administration of the regulations governing the importation and exportation of live- stock, and also the joint regulations of the Treasury Department and the Department of Agriculture for the sanitary handling and con- trol of hides, skins, wool, other animal by-products, hay, straw, etc., offered for entry into the United States. The work of both divisions for the entire fiscal year is reported here. ERADICATION OF SCABIES. In the eradication of scabies of sheep in cooperation with State officials, bureau employees made 24,190,956 inspections and supervised 8,869,386 dippings in the field. Livestock sanitary officials were 132 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. assisted in suppressing a number of outbreaks in States where the work is not regularly carried on. While the ‘disease is quite preva- lent in a number of western range States, conditions on the whole show improvement. Rather extensive outbreaks of cattle scabies occurred in Arizona, Utah, and Nevada, States which had previously been free from this disease. In cooperation with the livestock sanitary authorities of those States, prompt action was taken to combat the spread of infec- tion and satisfactory progress was made in controlling the disease. In the conduct of the cooperative work in the field for the eradication of cattle scabies 1,508,924 cattle were inspected and 453,708 dippings were supervised by bureau employees. The bureau continued to cooperate with the State livestock sani- tary authorities and the Office of Indian Affairs in the suppression of an outbreak of mange in horses on the Omaha and Winnebago Indian Reservations and adjacent territory in northeastern Nebraska. In connection with this work 2,405 animals were inspected and 887 dippings supervised. ERADICATION OF DOURINE. Work for the eradication of dourine of horses was continued in cooperation with State livestock sanitary authorities and the Office of Indian Affairs. Difficulties which had been encountered in rounding up and testing horses on certain Indian reservations have been largely overcome. As a result gratifying progress was made in the suppres- sion of this disease. The disease was found largely in range herds in Arizona and to a very slight extent in South Dakota and Montana. The number of animals tested and the results of the tests are shown in the report of the Pathological Division. LIVESTOCK SANITARY WORK IN INTERSTATE COMMERCE. In the course of supervising the interstate transportation of live- stock to prevent the spread of animal diseases, bureau employees at market centers inspected 18,475,991 cattle, of which 11,611 were dipped under supervision in order that they might continue in inter- state commerce. Sheep to the number of 20,462,270 were also in- spected for communicable diseases, and of these 1,059,801 were dipped under bureau supervision to comply with the regulations of the de- partment or of the States at destination. Bureau employees also supervised the immunization and disinfection against hog cholera of 393,295 swine for shipment to country points for feeding and breeding purposes. On request of transportation companies and shippers or to com- ply with laws of States to which shipments were destined, bureau veterinarians inspected 10,085 horses and mules, of which 4,082 were tested with mallein, none showing reaction. Bureau employees supervised the cleaning and disinfection of 39,044 cars in compliance with department regulations or on request of Canadian Government officials, State officials, or transportation companies. Of these cars, 15,112 had been used in the transportation of animals affected with communicable diseases. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. ei All ruminants and swine received at public stockyards were care- fully inspected for foot-and-mouth disease by experienced veteri- nary inspectors specially assigned to that work, as has been the prac- ‘tice for a number of years, in order that there might be no delay in the control and eradication of the disease should an outbreak occur. No cases were detected. ENFORCEMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND QUARANTINE LAWS. The bureau has continued to report to the Solicitor of the depart- ment, for presentation to the proper officials of other departments, cases of apparent violations of livestock transportation and quar- antine laws. Many of these cases have required special investiga- tions on the part of bureau employees, such as interviewing wit- nesses and examining railroad and other records. Four bureau em- ployees were regularly assigned to this service, although the greater part of the work of collecting evidence and preparing and submit- ting reports is done by bureau employees at stockyard centers in connection with their other duties. The enforcement of the so-called 28-hour law has resulted in bet- ter facilities being provided for the feeding, watering, and handling of livestock in transit. , INSPECTION AND QUARANTINE OF IMPORTED ANIMALS. The alarming prevalence of serious livestock diseases in various countries of the world has made necessary continued exercise of every possible precaution to prevent their introduction into the United States. One or more diseases such as rinderpest, contagious pleuropneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, and surra exist in most countries of South America and the Eastern Hemisphere, rendering cattle, sheep, goats, and swine from continental Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America ineligible for importation. Cattle from the Channel Islands and from Scotland were permitted importation dur- ing the late summer and autumn of 1921, and in the early winter a small number of cattle and sheep from England were imported, Great Britain having been at that time free from foot-and-mouth disease for a period of about three months. The disease having re- appeared in England and extended to Scotland in January, 1922, no cattle, sheep, other ruminants, or swine were permitted importa- tion during the last six months of the year from any of the British Isles. Forty-six purebred milk goats originating in Switzerland were imported from Cuba subject to inspection and the customary quar- antine at the port of entry. Twenty breeding sheep from New Zea- land were imported at San Francisco. Bureau employees at border ports of entry inspected and supervised the quarantine of 37,953 ys from Mexico under requirements of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Foxes imported for breeding purposes have been permitted impor- tation only when found on inspection to be free from various inter- nal parasites, mange, distemper, or other diseases contagious to foxes. During the year 1,177 foxes were inspected at various ports of entry. 134 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The following tables show importations of various kinds of live- stock through the different ports of entry: Imported animals inspected and quarantined. : Other Port of entry. | Cattle. | Sheep. Swine. Goats. animals: | | INO We YiOL Ktets atcje:c bene afer oe moans g miains Viele cemeiesiepacies 250 | 20 4 10 1, 200 Boston a7 esha. fas eee ib Oat coe pb eee a eles SN sa sie SS Alea lias o dis atefalslell eee eee 18 IBSIGIMONG. 12-5. ociste isms sie bas Seale ciemcitecepee-se Secetal eeeeeoes Pere ete cncibae tt ye.c.s. can) ane mere il HAM HTANCISCOM foe .. ke chee chs teele celeste cea tmc neice eee oace ee ZONE ee een peepee eee | 11 MOS HAM Peles eich oa Saat Merciless aceaeeite TASES aceasta ee Sonpes= [ene Py cH SS aie reals Ad: Ssassmocse New: Orleatishs. Scusmuie ees thca es oe, Mule Rt en Sata caso ie ce lS 255 14 HAN IUSMNS ess eh eee sen Diver ers seal Mn eee Leder epee eet. lepsira ms aapie 4 26 Savannah es sien cee omen aaceae See waa acer Se eeeeee Weert teri ee ode cf le aeatee Sao 1 SCALE Sree eR ate ee ee nie strat a sleet tear mace Mee eee ects Bees 2 Mess de aeslees os 2 | 1 Portland Oregaaere 3 seen Foc oN: Fe ee ee en ae |acaegaeepaectel| as ares oe ae leet 8 Canddiantborder ports! 22.0 2st yee ee 602 | 3 y( | tee Ob tea) 104 EG i see ce ldo aaa aed pcartraeoeae 889 43 61 52 | 1, 394 Imported animals inspected but not quarantined. Port of entry. Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Goats. | Horses. IB OST OnE S85 Sse Re ms caer tacaueeb estes 5 Cat tlere es eiUe e ah acc ata ates San Juan, P. R. Mayaguez, P. R. Portland, Oreg Miami, Fla....- Tampa, Fla... Mexican border ports............-.- Canadian border ports MOA eda. SARI 2 5 ERE EE 176,872 | 97,324 3, 068 | 778 | 11,967 2,557 Owing to suspended importations of cattle from Great Britain, the inspector assigned to London during the preceding year for the special purpose of applying the tuberculin test.to cattle prior to their shipment to the United States was transferred to the United States in June. During the year 264 cattle were tested in Great Britain and the Channel Islands, with the following results: Tuberculin tests of cattle in Scotland and the Channel Islands for importation into the United States. ~ Breed. Tested. | Passed. | Rejected. IA TSDC ps sane esis Boece ee ere a ane Caen See cieteieto einem leterele a)aisisatetoieletai= 16 12 4 Giern SOY. S15 Sobre eke ase ecicloiee here nye State eich te teen nee Rite eteinc te in toate eee 1 Tel: Seaeeeee 18100) 00 oe Steen Mea Bone soeC Harpo beUEEMCeee auanossedbsadcéobhonseddconc ibl\egaceceeoe 1 VCTSOV eee eet «wetted Sasa ce eee teen seek eee Boe ae A eo COS SPEIER TEE Oy eee 234 234°) P46 ISie Shorthonn fect hs neces ee teeed . cit shc See e eb eee eeek cenieae ees 12 1A [ede a ea Total tence SEL Fa Sg OEE PEE eas te Eee eee 264 259 5 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. oD IMPORTATION OF ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS. While importers of hides, skins, other animal by-products, etc., have apparently made an effort to obtain their supples from coun- tries or sections where sanitary conditions are such that the ma- terials may be imported into the United States without disinfection after arrival, about 10 per cent of the hides and 40 per cent of the goatskins imported during the year were uncertified and_ hence could be admitted only subject to disinfection at tanneries in this country. During ‘the year goatskins and deerskins were forwarded ’ for disinfection to 69 establishments in various parts of the country, and 33 tanneries and other establishments received for disinfection hides, calfskins, hair, wool, and glue stock. INSPECTION OF ANIMALS FOR EXPORT. As in former years, careful attention has been given to the ad- ministration of the regulations of the department governing the in- spection, humane handling, and safe transport of export animals and to the inspection and testing of export livestock and the issuance of certificates to meet requirements of receiving countries. In accord- ance with an agreement between the bureau and the Canadian veteri- nary director general the list of practicing veterinarians in the United States registered with authority to apply the mallein test to horse stock intended for shipment to Canada was abolished on May 1, and provision was made for the mallein testing of horses in these cases by veterinarians accredited for testing accredited herds of cattle for tuberculosis, their certificates to be indorsed by a bureau inspector. Statistics of the inspection of animals for export are given in the following table: Inspections of animals for export. To other countries. , 5 To ee ee oe Kind of animals. Total. Canada. | american | Canadian animals. animals.! RUC Sse eras eae See ae See. oe Ebene Sette ee ese se 1,041 29,991 8,714 39, 746 SUMO E Re Ja) See Se en eee ee ee el 9, 662 (SA REE oe ee 10, 355 willis -& saagceee Saseseees eeesee Sse teeaneeceaaasaaee | lil (a Sel eS Soe oe 195 Gets ee eters then eee rs cae? oc bee ict oes Se | 80 Ly | ese as Ss 81 ERORSES ene eae nat oe ade aoe sae cee occas wee det 1,404 IAEA) 9 3,170 Mrnlesee see SRE OE PS La, OEE SE: 73 S05) | RATERS SE 968 RTS as aera Ae ete EAA SR ETc Orr Ss 12, 371 33, 421 8, 723 54,515 1 Animals of Canadian origin exported through United States ports. Inspections of 224 vessels carrying livestock were made before clearance. The mallein test was applied to 1,404 horses and 73 mules for shipment to Canada. Of the 1,041 cattle shipped to @anada, 236 were beef animals destined to England and Scotland and, therefore, were not tested with tuberculin. Of the number tested there were three reactors. For shipment to other countries, including Mexico and Cuba, 4,064 cattle were tested with tuberculin, with 19 reactors. The mallein test was applied to 131 horses. 25684—AGR 1923 10 136 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TICK ERADICATION DIVISION. Further progress was made in the work conducted by the Tick Eradication Division, under Dr. R. A. Ramsay, chief, for the suppres- sion of Texas or tick fever of cattle and the eradication of the ticks which transmit this disease. TICK ERADICATION. As a result of the work done in cooperation with the authorities of various Southern States for the extermination of the cattle ticks, areas aggregating 29,563 square miles were released from quarantine during the fiscal year. This action makes available 42 additional counties and 7 parts of counties into which better-bred cattle from tick-free States may be taken without danger of loss from tick fever. The result, as shown in areas previously freed of ticks, is an increase in meat and dairy products and an improvement in grade of cattle hides to a degree which renders them from 20 to 50 per cent more valuable. The total area released from quarantine since the beginning of this work, in 1906, and remaining free at the close of the fiscal year, amounts to 523,837 square miles, or close to 72 per cent of the 729,852 square miles originally infested. The following table shows, by States, the territory released during the last fiscal year: Areas released from quarantine as a result of eradicating cattle ticks, fiscal year 1922. State. } Square miles. Ge One Ss OSS soe cee Ss eae aie SE TEE ote ee ee bee OSE a canoe SE Oa enna leis Risin Se aererets 5, 873 WAST HST Eo: Dae ees ee le RS SD ee ioe Aa err tr Asp et een 9 ca SR er Lee ia Been Oe eer 1,946 Niorths Carolina iatewtorcrs sob ore aac aiste Ss are te we re teran ta kel did mroratnin te mete arora cnn eran aya ero relet oe er oneteree 517 CD CTR rs ae Rae Rea a ao Se sea ips RN er aE OSSD ery 21, 227 PROG eras 2 aka caret vayaiafalatsraze: sete co stele se Sie Scns OTS SE SCI Me eae einisiowise os clans eee nae 29, 563 The continued presence and spread of ticks in certain areas that had previously been released from quarantine made it necessary to requarantine some counties and parts of counties in order to protect tick-free areas in adjacent counties and States from reinfestation. This condition arose from the failure of local officials, because of lack of funds, to maintain quarantine over the few remaining tick- infested herds and to complete the eradication of ticks in the re- leased areas. In nearly every case, however, the requarantine has had the desired effect, and ways and means have been found by local officers and cattle owners to finish the work. During the year 48,089,005 inspections or dippings were made of cattle for the eradication of ticks, as compared with 34,935,635 in the preceding year. There were in operation 31,148 cattle-dipping vats where cattle were dipped under Federal or State inspection to rid them of ticks. As an indication that the dipping of cattle is not attended by any great loss or danger, it may be stated that the fatalities from dipping were only 7 per million cattle dipped and handled, besides which only 5 per million were injured. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 137 In the territory already released from quarantine there remain here and there a few infested premises or centers of tick infestation which must be held under control until the last tick can be put out of existence. This condition, taken in conjunction with the effort to eradicate ticks from additional areas still under Federal quarantine, means that Federal and State funds have to be spread very thinly over a very large territory. It is therefore difficult to concentrate efforts in certain areas to such a degree as was done a few years ago. The cost of tick eradication is much greater than it was then and less can be accomplished with the same appropriation. County appro- priations will have to be greatly increased if satisfactory results are to be obtained. Independence County, Ark., has furnished an example of the obstacles and difficulties sometimes encountered in tick eradication in certain areas. In that county, where tick eradication was far advanced, an inspection of cattle in March, 1922, showed general tick infestation in an area of approximately 400 square miles and that local inspectors were neither dipping the cattle nor reporting the refusal of the cattle owners to dip. Accordingly the county authorities were requested to procure dipping material and employ men to dip the cattle. The first week that these county men were assigned to duty two of them were shot from ambush, one being killed and the other seriously wounded. Unknown persons then posted notices throughout this area and at dipping vats to the effect that any person who came into that portion of the county to enforce cattle dipping would receive similar treatment. The result was, that all county inspectors stopped work. To meet this condition of opposition to State law, a number of young men who had seen military service abroad and who were not residents of that county were selected and properly equipped with means of defense and with horses, camps, bedding, and every facility for protecting themselves as well as Federal, State, and county property. These men could not obtain board locally, as any person who would take them in was threatened with the destruction of his residence and property, and consequently they had to live in camps. All the dipping vats had been dynamited by the outlaw element, and it was necessary for the county to construct a dipping vat, which was placed under the protection of these employees. The ex-service men chose to ride in a formation known as “ threes,” two ahead and one some distance in the rear, in order to avoid an attack from ambush. In this formation the men regularly called on every cattle owner and instructed him to have all his cattle at this one dipping vat on a certain date at a certain hour, and further notified him that if the cattle were not there it would be their duty to come and get them at his expense. Asa result of this plan all cattle in that area have been dipped regularly every 14 days since the first of May up to the time of closing this report. No further attacks or fatalities have occurred, and it is believed that by this means tick eradication can be completed in an area where systematic dipping was previously considered im- possible. 138 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SHIPMENTS FROM QUARANTINED AREAS. The number of cattle of the quarantined area shipped under bureau supervision to market centers for immediate slaughter was 453,985, which is a considerable decrease from the preceding year. Many cattle owners in tick-eradication localities have shown a dis- position to ship for slaughter as many unprofitable cattle as pos- sible in preference to dipping them. This was done with a view of procuring, after ticks are eradicated, better-bred animals likely to be more profitable for breeding purposes. At public stockyards 90,077 cattle were dipped and certified for movement as noninfected, for which 742 certificates were issued. At points other than public stockyards, in areas where cattle are regularly dipped to eradicate ticks, 90 618 cattle were inspected or dipped and certified for inter- state movement as noninfected, as provided for in the regulations. To cover the shipments of these cattle 520 certificates were issued, TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION DIVISION. The results obtained in the work for the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis, conducted by the Tuberculosis Eradication Division under the direction of Dr. J. A. Kiernan, chief, affords many sources for gratification. The 5-year period ending with this fiscal year was largely one of organization, and the past year, in ad- dition to the results obtained in the actual testing of cattle, was largely devoted to solidifying cooperation among the many parties interested, namely, the State livestock authorities, practicing vet- erinarians, farm bureau agencies, livestock breeders’ associations, public health officials, and others. With few exceptions the spirit of harmony and cooperation existing between these forces and the bureau is all that could be expected under the circumstances and in the period of time which has elapsed since organizing the work. In addition much has been done toward eathering the necessary data and statistics upon which plans for the complete eradication of tuberculosis in livestock in the various States and smaller county units must be based. The data which are probably of most value yertain to the incidence of the disease in every county in the United States. It appears that in 46.4 per cent of the total area of the United States, containing 41.2 per cent of all the cattle in the coun- try, only 0.6 per cent of the cattle are tuberculous. This is con- tradictory to the impression which has probably existed that a ma- jority of the cattle in the country are found in the areas known to be more or less heavily infected. As a matter of fact only 15.3 per cent of the cattle of the country in 5.5 per cent of the entire area are regarded as being badly diseased, these figures representing areas containing more than 16 per cent of diseased cattle. The data used in compiling these figures were furnished by bureau and State officials in each State and were based upon their knowledge of conditions in each county as evidenced by actual tuberculin tests and by other relatively accurate means of estima- tion. A close study of these figures warrants the belief that with a continuation of present progress it should be practicable to render a number of States practically free from the disease before many ba BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 139 more years have elapsed. In fact, plans have been drafted for the conduct of the work in many States with a view to the complete eradication of the disease within the next five years. Cooperation was extended during the year to include all the 48 States and the Territories of Hawaii and Alaska. The last States ~ to provide the necessary legislation and funds were New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Field offices gre maintained by the bureau in 43 cities in as many States. An average of 247 regularly employed veterinary inspectors were detailed to these offices during the year, and they were supplemented by an average of 172 State inspectors and an ayerage of 38 county, city, or farm bureau veterinarians. Despite increased appropriations by Congress, the available funds were insufficient for pressing the work as rapidly as was desired by herd owners. At the close of the fiscal year 35,2839 herds, com- prising approximately 508,128 cattle, were on the waiting list for future testing, as compared with 14,440 herds containing 216,000 cattle a year previously. In accordance with the practice established in previous years, the activities were carried on under four main projects: (1) Eradication of tuberculosis from purebred herds of cattle under the “Accredited- herd” plan; (2) eradication of tuberculosis from circumscribed areas; (3) eradication of tuberculosis from swine; (4) control of the tuberculin testing of cattle intended for interstate shipment through supervision of the work done by practicing veterinarians on the approved list and at public stockyards. ACCREDITED TUBERCULOSIS-FREE HERDS. The plan for the eradication of tuberculosis from herds of pure- bred cattle and maintaining a list of such herds officially accredited as being free from tuberculosis was slightly modified at the meet- ing of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association in Novem- ber, 1921, so as to make larger use of accredited practicing veteri- narians and thus to expedite the testing. Such practitioners may , now, under the direction of State authorities, apply the tuberculin test to herds undergoing original tests at the expense of the owners and without obligating the Federal Government for indemnity. At the conclusion of the fiscal year there were under supervision 912.182 herds containing 2,616,395 cattle, an increase of 140,376 herds and 1,420,598 cattle within the year. In other words, the work was more than doubled during the year. These figures, how- ever, include the area work, which will be reported. under another heading. The number of cattle to which the tuberculin test was applied was 2,384,236, of which 82,569, or 3.5 per cent, were con- demned as diseased. At the close of the fiscal year there were 16,216 fully accredited herds containing 363,902 cattle, as against 8,201 herds containing 193,620 cattle a year previously. In addition 161,533 herds containing 1,548,183 cattle passed one test as a pre- liminary to being accredited, as compared with 49,814 herds and 643,233 cattle a year before. The accompanying table shows by States the number of accredited herds and cattle and the number of herds and cattle that have passed one test: 140 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Herds of cattle accredited as free from tuberculosis and herds that have passed one test up to June 30, 1922. Accredited. Passed 1 test. States. - z = Herds. | Cattle. Herds. | Cattle. ~ BS Minbar S778 eT RESP Te BAY 2 Aree era 79 | 3, 458 735 17, 444 Mpkansasiss Rue oa Feu Sieh ei ie” Lehane gaa | 35 1, 084 39 ” 845 California ses 08) mets £298. PIU ee ite, ee Rae po, 0 20% 129 | 1,370 Colpradosss saan sya TUS Sea ea meine 1| 7 7 | "269 COnNSCHCU seek noes c tty eee athe ae eee | 83 | 2, 180 475 8,613 125 | 1,470 1, 120 | 4,690 15 141 | 345 88 | 3,113 3, 133 | 23, 865 21 | 1, 558 1, 812 | 26, 523 | see l\> Gimiesd | gopite aetneo | ‘ | > 1, 308 22) 326 8, 970 62, 290 0 779 | 23) 649 3,500 51,690 WGN SastAD ee ens tM eh hone alin A aE. SYRTAE OR EES | 388 11) 800 395 | 10) 500 ROT GUC ey see Ss ek eet es eee omen Renee | 194 5, 500 5, 347 41 273 Wouisiana tot Mala aerate slime ee an ecemtew an ae a 63 | 2) 681 ’516 11) 542 Maines eo.) es MINERS SPY GE Seti ein pte A EY 523 6,413 6, 748 56, 203 Maryland iat 7) PU VOCE Wa: SOL eiskes tetto | 386 7, 572 1,632 16, 698 Massachuset 61 2’ 350 68 1,930 Michigan... 385, 7,642 13, 496 113,519 Minnesota. 1,506 34, 833 2) 022 38) 759 Mississippi 140 3,241 "352 11; 026 Missouri - 389 12) 400 18, 703 177, 465 Montana 116 6,358 9) 914 126, 466 Nebraska. - 210 5,877 7,728 95,390 Newd@atris ava presi: Sit Babess * | 7 $82 1.517 8, 873 WewrHampshire. t22- 6, can ees Soi ok ana | 65 1, 717 485 5,111 Newlersdyl siiit aie? SPs ie tt dle Hit. 73 2’ 007 112 1,693 New Mexican Atic.. bekecet? - oe cedime eee a 0 501) 724 5, 575 Neva VOrke: SW aces) a nes |, Pina eee ie emmnttae 565 12, 380 4,511 53,615 North Carcliaate Se CRU ny are Cadeey tan ane 277 5,604 | 20, 988 81,545 WWonth: Dakotalss. oo: s2kic5 sarace ost eee aoe 721 15, 962 | 3,593 63,037 Olio. (2 ee ea 348 15, 416 | 1, 523 17, 774 OERIahoma 4 3o 58 ke ah. en Pe Sa Sa 182 6, 334 391 9,327 Orevontet Ff. Ot eee ft Sri Lee. F 170 4,144 | 9, 163 90, 987 Pennsylvania's» cheer see toes cons ke osaeecoateeces 1,165 19, 501 | 1, 039 14,598 Rhode: Islan dew: WALRUS OEP EA Se Oia pated 14 304 | 17 South 20.47 Rhode Island 92 192. 88 | 6, 386. 65 3, 172. 98 68.33 _ 34. 48 29.16 South Carolina......... 221 63. 38 | 3, 340. 90 3, 340. 90 | 15. 13 | 15. 13 18. 00 South Dakota.........- 642 137. 69 27, 569. 51 15, 934. 29 | 33.59 | 24. 66 20. 91 PRODTECSSCOs oo. on see es 46 255. 43 4,391. 67 2, 086. 06 | 93. 29 45. 34 21.14 BLOKUS 522%, olhoscs oe ae 454 198. 22 | 16, 191. 54 16, 090. 77 35. 66 35. 42 17. 85 tebe ox... db. assets 297 103. 12 6, 175. 88 6, 175. 88 20.79 20.79 12. 32 WV EETTON eee. eee se ee | 3,679 | 76.53{ 78,282.74 78, 282. 54 21,27 21. 27 11.71 Wit pines: £255. Re 616 119. 02 | 21, 037. 88 16, 138. 29 34.15 26.19 14. 40 Washington ........-.-. |. 1,356] 124.59 32,696.18 32, 696. 15 23. 37 23.37 22.70 West Virginia. ......... | 367 81.46 | 16, 425.02 8, 260. 29 44.80 | 22.50 9.31 WISCONSIN: Ss on. 2s abe 4, 264 133.38 | 105, 812. 80 101, 806. 66 | 24. 32 | 23. 87 17.73 Wyoming.............. | 159 | 108.07 3, 982. 93 3,638.58 | 25.05 | 22.88 13.78 Dope os ee and oe | 54, 555 | 110.90 | 1, 987, 365. 62 | 1, 296, 289.01 | 36. 43 23. 76 17.55 1 Salvage paid to State. 142 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS FROM SWINE. It is generally accepted that probably 90 per cent of all tuber- culosis in swine is from cattle sources. It can thus be readily under- stood that the ultimate control and eradication of tuberculosis in swine depends upon its eradication from cattle. It is therefore believed that freeing areas from bovine tuberculosis will reduce to the ultimate minimum the per cent found in swine. Attention was given to tracing the sources of infection in hogs which were found affected with tuberculosis when slaughtered at establishments under Federal meat inspection. INSPECTION AND TESTING FOR INTERSTATE MOVEMENT. The list of veterinary practitioners authorized to make tuberculin tests of cattle for interstate shipment has been increased to 8,010 names. The work of these men has shown improvement. They tested 149,548 cattle, of which 2,777, or 1.8 per cent, were reactors. Regularly employed bureau inspectors tested at public stockyards or at other official stations 35,485 cattle, from which there were re- moved 653 reactors, or 1.8 per cent. In accordance with the regulation requiring that a permit be issued for the interstate movement of known tuberculous cattle for immediate slaughter or for return to the original owner for breeding purposes, permits were issued covering 25,706 reactors: for slaughter and 35 for return to owners. Such movement often makes available better marketing facilities and better prices, thus lessening the amount of State and Federal indemnities required. TUBERCULIN TESTING. The large number of cattle tested with tuberculin during the past year (2,384,236) afforded an excellent opportunity for the veterinarians to improve their knowledge of the various forms of the tuberculin test and for the bureau to standardize methods throughout the service. Statistics of tests by the various methods are as follows: Subcu- taneous method, 156,365 cattle, with 7,507 reactors, or 4.8 per cent; intradermic method, 1,738,207 cattle, with 57,029 reactors, or 3.3 per cent; ophthalmic method, 2,814 cattle, with 116 reactors, or 4.1 per cent; combination tests, 445,136 cattle, with 17,605 reactors, or 4 per cent. The demand for area testing is largely responsible for the extensive use of the intradermic method. Retests by other methods following this method have confirmed its reliability. Further ex- perience with the various tests shows that all are valuable and re- liable- when used according to circumstances. Bureau inspectors tested 53 per cent of the total herds tested, 55 per cent of the total cattle, and obtained 49.5 per cent of the total reactors. Investigations regarding the incidence of tuberculosis in calves showed that approximately 4 per cent of the calves were infected. Without the use of the intradermic method of testing these animals would have been permitted to remain in the herds. The average cost of testing by bureau inspectors, including salaries and expenses of field veterinarians, but not office expenses or salaries BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 143 of supervising officers, was 46 cents a head, as compared with 57 cents for the preceding year. Close supervision was again given to the slaughter of reacting cattle with a view to investigating the cases in which no visible lesions of tuberculosis were found on post-mortem examination. Of 42,770 reactors slaughtered, 3.3 per cent showed skin lesions only and 1 per cent showed udder lesions, while 62 varieties of other obscure lesions were reported. A close study of all these reactors indicates that approximately 17.8 per cent would be classified as spreaders of the disease, and that approximately 12 per cent were either condemned or sterilized as unfit for food purposes. CONFERENCES, PUBLICITY, ETC. Two major conferences on tuberculosis eradication were held during the year, one at Chicago, Ill., November 25 and 26, 1921, and one at Hartford, Conn., June 6 to 8, 1922. These conferences in- cluded bureau and State officials, veterinary employees, practicing veterinarians, livestock owners, representatives of breeders’ associa- tions, public-health officials, county agents, and others. Representa- tives of the Tuberculosis Eradication Division also attended other conferences of veterinarians, livestock owners, public officials, and others. A conference of bureau inspectors in charge was held at Washing- ton in September, 1921, for the purpose of revising and improving the methods of keeping field office records. Considerable improve- ment in efficiency has resulted. The distribution of literature is an important means of promoting the eradication of tuberculosis from livestock. A large distribution of Farmers’ Bulletin 1069 has been maintained. A poster, “ Fight Tuberculosis,” was issued and has been well received. Mimeo- graphed circulars were sent at intervals to bureau veterinarians and accredited practitioners with a view to improving and standardiz- ing their methods and cultivating their interest and cooperation. Twenty-three articles on tuberculosis eradication were prepared in the division and published in livestock and veterinary periodicals. DIVISION OF HOG-CHOLERA CONTROL. Activities in combating hog cholera were continued through the Division of Hog-Cholera Control, under Dr. U. G. Houck, chief, in cooperation with State authorities in 32 States. Early in the year extensive outbreaks of hog cholera occurred in a few of the Cotton Belt and Corn Belt States. Owing to financial conditions farmers did not buy the necessary serum to immunize their swine, and before steps could be taken to check these outbreaks some serious losses had been experienced. These circumstances no doubt account for the increased death rate from the disease, which rose from 39.3 per 1,000 in the year ended April 30, 1921, to 48.7 per 1,000 in the following year. This experi- ence emphasizes the necessity for continued vigilance and action to cope with the disease and shows that cholera continues to be the most serious menace to the swine industry if not guarded against constantly. 144 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Approximately 80 veterinarians were maintained in the field for the entire year. In localities where the services of veterinary prac- titioners were not available bureau inspectors continued to apply the preventive serum treatment in infected herds and to immunize exposed animals. Where veterinary practitioners were available, bureau activities consisted in the investigation of reported outbr eaks, diagnosing swine diseases, assisting the local veterinarians in diag- nosing and in treating herds in cases of cholera, and advising farmers as to cleaning and disinfecting premises and the proper care > of swine herds. tn the course of their activities bureau veterinarians attended 1,074 meetings at which 67,408 persons were present, and 4,343 demonstra- tions in the use of the serum treatment were given before a total of 26,428 farmers and others. At these demonstrations 88,846 hogs were treated. Investigations were made on 47,137 premises, 5,390 autopsies were held, and cholera was diagnosed in 4,079 cases. 'A total of 1 401 infected premises were quarantined or carded, 439 places were cleaned and disinfected, 171,525 persons interested in hog production and the control of hog cholera were interviewed, and "36 (87 hogs were treated in connection with the efforts to assist practicing veteri- narians and improve their technic. The year brought about a marked change in the attitude of veteri- narians and others regarding the diagnosis of swine ailments allied with hog cholera, Farmers and practitioners , alike have realized that hog cholera is still the predominant disease affecting swine herds and that the serum treatment is the most reliable agent for protection against losses. There are still many veterinary practitioners, how- ever, who need to exercise more care in the handling of serum and virus, in their technic of administration, in the use of the ther- mometer, and in learning the history of cases. The fine spirit of cooperation shown by the extension divisions of State agricultural colleges is gratifying. Through the vigilance and cooperation of county ‘agents many outbreaks of hog cholera were reported to bureau and State veterinarians, thus makutg it possible for them to give assistance to swine owners early in the dev elopment fos) of the disease and before serious losses had occurred. PATHOLOGICAL DIVISION. The Pathological Division, under the direction of Dr, John 5S. Buckley, chief, “has continued the scientifig investigation and diag- nosis of animal diseases, the testing of biological products manu- factured and marketed under Federal control, and the study of plants poisonous to livestock. RESEARCH ON DISEASE PROBLEMS. BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION. Endeavors have been continued to acquire further information relative to the value of biological preparations for controlling abor- tion losses. Studies in infected herds have indicated that ‘living- abortion organism vaccine may be employed advantageously in con- junction with sanitary measures. The degree of immunity conferred BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 145 appears to be relative and not absolute, and frequently incapable of protecting subjects against excessive exposure to infection. Under experimental conditions localization of the infection in the udders of milking cows has in rare instances appeared to follow the administration of the treatment, a feature which has caused some doubt as to the advisability of treating subjects other than unbred heifers. The objeet of vaccination has been regarded as being de- feated when udder infection is occasioned, as much uncertainty then exists as to the outcome of every pregnancy so long as the condition persists. Further work directed toward acquiring more information relative to this feature has indicated that udder infection resulting from subcutaneous injections of vaccine may possibly not occur with sufficient frequency to render the procedure highly objectionable. Living-abortion organism vaccine has given indication up to the present time of being merely preventive in action. Animals in which Bacterium abortus infection is present at time of treatment are con- sidered as deriving little or no benefit. It has, moreover, seemed reasonable to assume that vaccination constitutes an illogical pro- cedure in connection with animals which have previously acquired the disease but no longer harbor the infection in their bodies. Their resistance to reinfection is probably greatly in excess of the degree than can be imparted to susceptible subjects by the treatment. Routine work, as usual, has demanded considerable attention. More than 2,000 samples of blood serum were subjected to the aggluti- nation test. The results obtained have frequently enabled cattle owners promptly to take appropriate control measures. Correspond- ence has furnished a means of disseminating information regarding control measures to those who have manifested interest in the subject. BOTULISM. The active immunization of mules against botulism by means of toxin-antitoxin mixtures was successfully accomplished. Two mules were given at four-day intervals three subcutaneous injections of toxin-antitoxin mixtures in which there was a slight excess of toxin. The animals bore this treatment well, manifesting only a slight re- action. Nineteen days after the last injection one of the mules was injected with 6,000 guinea-pig minimum lethal doses of botulism toxin, and three months after the last injection of the toxin-antitoxin mixtures the second mule was likewise injected with 1.500 guinea-pig lethal doses of the toxin. No symptoms resulted in either case. Some tests on guinea pigs showed that the passive immunity afforded by injections of large doses of botulinus antitoxin does not exceed three weeks. SWINE ERYSIPELAS. The occurrence of swine erysipelas in the United States is now definitely established. During the early spring of the present year observations were made on an outbreak of a fatal disease in suckling pigs. Bacteriological study of one of the dead animals showed the presence of Bacillus erysipelatis suis in practically pure culture in the blood and various organs of the body. The organism in this case proved to be identical in morphological, cultural, and pathogenic 146 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. properties with that isolated in this eee in 1920 from swine urticarial lesions. In Europe it is a well-known fact that the swine erysipelas germ is responsible for certain types of arthritis in swine. During the last year some bacteriological work has been done on material from polyarthritis cases in swine. In one instance Bacillus erysipelatis suis was isolated from an infected joint. ® DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN IN BLOOD OF NORMAL HORSES. It was found that about 30 per cent of serums from normal horses contained sufficient protectiv e properties in quantities of 1 cubie cen- timeter to protect guinea pigs against two fatal doses of diphtheria toxin. . That this protective property was due to specific antitoxin was demonstrated by the application of the Schick test to a number of horses. The results of this work were reported in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association June, 1922, page 286. COMMERCIAL RAT VIRUSES. Twelve commercial rat viruses were sosediet in caged rats both by feeding and by inoculation. A wide range of efliciency was demon- strated as between different products or different samples of a given product. In general the commercial viruses did not accomplish ‘what was claimed for them. A study of the Danysz bacillus, which is used in the preparation of commercial rat viruses, showed that its virulence could be enhanced in a measure by rat inoculations, and that the recovered organism, if repeatedly transferred upon or dinary media, would rapidly decrease in virulence. Feeding and inoculation tests indicated its nonpatho- -genicity for ordinary ‘domestic animals and labor atory animals other than rats or mice. OTHER INVESTIGATIONS. Lesions in the spleens of swine, resembling somewhat in gross appearance the lesions of tuberculosis, were studied under the micro- scope. ‘The presence in some cases of ‘small bodies closely resembling actinomyces led to the conclusion that the affection was actinomycosis. A study of Lange’s colloidal gold test applied to the spinal fluids of animals dead of various diseases was made, with particular atten- tion to dourine. A variety of curves were obtained, many of which, however, bore considerable similarity. Stock cultures of more than 100 microorganisms are maintained in the Pathological Division for the purpose ‘of supplying the needs of biological houses, research workers, and educational institutions. INVESTIGATIONS OF CHANGES IN MEATS. In the last annual report reference was made to a condition ob- served in pork hams, particularly cooked hams, in which there was a complete breaking down of the musculature, resulting in a soft, pasty condition. Microscopical examination disclosed the presence of nu- merous small parasites (sarcosporidia). In a large percentage of such cases the only diseased condition accompanying the heavy par- ‘asitic infestation was a very marked degeneration of the muscle tissue,* s BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 147 thought to be due to some form of toxin eliminated by the parasites. A paper has been published giving in detail the observations made. An investigation into the cause of the souring of hams while in the process of curing and smoking has been begun. This is a prob- lem of considerable economic importance. In the bacteriological examination of specimens of sour beef, Bacillus megatherium was found to be the cause of the condition. It was also learned that this organism would sour beef at a wide range of temperature, but not in the absence of oxygen. Propionic acid is elaborated during the bacterial process. The organism and its prod- ucts were found to be harmless to rabbits and guinea pigs, by feeding as well as by injection. DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES. RABIES, Specimens from 100 suspected cases of rabies were received and submitted to laboratory examination. Fifty-six were positive, while in two cases decomposition prevented a diagnosis. The number of. positive cases was nearly double that of the preceding year. The positive cases were 47 dogs, 6 cats, 2 cattle, and 1 hog. A number of persons, as well as dogs and other animals, were bitten by the affected animals. In addition to the cases from the District of Columbia, the material included cases from Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, and New Hampshire. The regulation requiring the muzzling of dogs in the District of Columbia is in effect from July 9 to October 23, or for 107 out of 365 days, or less than one-third of the year. During the months of April, May, and June, when dogs are not muzzled, 37 cases were examined for rabies, 17 being positive. The latter figure does not represent the full extent of the infection, as a number of the cases are examined in other laboratories and in some cases the animal is destroyed without examination. TUBERCULOSIS. Specimen tissues taken from 1,422 cattle which had reacted to the tuberculin test but had shown no visible lesions of tuberculosis on autopsy were examined microscopically in the laboratory, and 290 of the samples were found to contain tubercle bacilli. The finding of tubercle bacilli in skin lesions shows the importance of careful exami- nation of the skin of reactor cattle on post-mortem examination. A number of nodular spleens from calves from 2 to 8 weeks old were examined, and the lesions in several proved to be due to acid- fast bacilli having the size and form of bovine tubercle bacilli. GLANDERS. Cooperative work in the control and eradication of glanders in the various States was continued. The complement-fixation test was applied to 159 samples of serum from animals suspected of being affected with or exposed to glanders, and only one was found to give a positive reaction. 148 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DOURINE, 4 In the course of the campaign for the control and eradication of dourine 14,549 samples of blood serum from horses in districts where dourine exists or is suspected were subjected to the complement- fixation test for that disease. Two hundred and forty-three of the samples, or 1.6 per cent, gave positive reactions. TESTING BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS. The testing of commercial veterinary biological products prepared under Government licenses, as well as of the cultures from which these products are made, has been continued, with samples submitted through the Division of Virus-Serum Control, in connection with the enforcement of the virus-serum-toxin law. One hundred and twenty samples, representing 47 different kinds of products, were examined, and 23 were found to be unsatisfactory. There were also examined 948 cultures, of which 318 were found to be either contaminated, im- pure, or untrue to type. BLACKLEG VACCINE. During the year 1,582,375 doses of vaccine for immunizing cattle against blackleg were prepared and distributed to cattle owners and breeders. The manufacture and distribution of this vaccine by the bureau was discontinued at the close of the fiscal year, in accordance with the expressed desire of the Congress. POULTRY DISEASES. The principal poultry diseases encountered in specimens submitted for examination were bacillary white diarrhea and coccidiosis in young chicks, roup and chicken pox in grown fowls, and “ blackhead ” in turkeys. Correspondence with poultry raisers indicates that tuber- culosis is very prevalent among fowls in the northern half of the United States and particularly so in the Central and Western States. This may account for the marked increase of tuberculosis observed in pigs at slaughtering establishments, since these animals are suscep- tible to avian tuberculosis. .The results of an investigation showed that canned goods preserved with a commercial canning mixture were poisonous to chickens. These results were published. AUTOPSIES ON WILD ANIMALS. . The carcasses of 28 birds and 38 mammals were received from the National Zoological Park for autopsy. Among the birds there were found 10 cases of enteritis, 1 of peritonitis, 1 of pleurisy, 2 of pneu- monia, 1 of abscess of the lung, 5 of anemia, 4 of aspergillosis, and 4 of tuberculosis. In the mammals there were 7 cases of enteritis, 3 of colitis, 4 of gastroenteritis, 2 of septic peritonitis, 1 of metro- peritonitis, 1 of hemorrhagic cystitis, 3 of pneumonia, 2 of verminous bronchopneumonia, 1 of pleurisy, 2 of pleuropneumonia, 3 of septi- cemia, 4 of anemia, and 5 of tuberculosis. INVESTIGATION OF POISONOUS PLANTS. In the investigation of poisonous plants and their effects on live- stock 25 species of plants have been studied. The experimental BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 149 work on horses, cattle, and sheep has been carried on almost entirely at the experiment station on the Fishlake-Fillmore National Forest, near Salina, Utah, while the work on the smaller animals, like guinea pigs, as well as most of the microscopic and chemical work, has been done in the laboratories in Washington. The practical work on the death camas species (Zygadenus) has been completed. Work on the corn cockle (Agrostemma githago) and the cocklebur (Xanthiwm echinatum) is nearing completion. In feeding experiments with the rayless goldenrod (Isocoma wrightir) on cattle and sheep it has been definitely proved that the toxic princi- ple is excreted in the milk and can poison the young. In chemical studies of white snakeroot (Hupatorium urticefolium) the toxin has been located in the fatty fraction, and it has been demonstrated that acetone is excreted by the lungs and kidneys of cattle and sheep poisoned by this plant. The poisonous character of the common greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) has been verified by feeding experiments, and chemical work has shown that the toxic agent is of a mineral character. Among other plants studied are several species of the lupines and two loco plants. BRANCH LABORATORIES. The work of the branch pathological laboratory at Chicago con- sisted largely of investigations relative to meat inspection. The softening of hams by the presence of sarcosporidia was studied. In- vestigations to determine whether it is possible to detect the presence of sarcosporidia in hams before boiling indicated that it is quite dif- ficult to do this by ordinary examination. In the study of cutaneous tuberculosis in cattle it appeared that guinea pigs injected with material from skin lesions of tuberculosis do not contract that disease as early as when injected with tuberculous lesions from other parts of the body. Further observations were made in connection with so- called hyperplasia of the bone marrow in cattle. At the Omaha branch laboratory 924 specimens were received for examination and diagnosis, including 753 specimens from cattle that had reacted to the tuberculin test, of which 226 were found to con- tain tubercle bacilli. Of the positive cases of tuberculosis 24 were taken from growths in the subcutaneous tissues. The remaining specimens represented a wide variety of diseases and conditions. At the Denver branch laboratory 584 specimens were received for examination and diagnosis. ' The ‘samples represented tissues from horses, cattle, sheep, * goats, swine, poultry, and dogs, as well as samples of milk, water, and stock feed. The diseases encountered were tuberculosis, hemorrhagic septicemia, abortion, necrobacillosis, blackleg, lumpy jaw, anthrax, garget, and carcinoma in cattle; hog cholera, septic infection, septicemia, coccidiosis, tuberculosis, and necrobacillosis of swine; icterohematuria and hemorrhagic septicemia of sheep; diet deficiency, white diarrhea, cholera, pox, coccidiosis, and botulism of poultry; and septic infection, swamp fever, forage poisoning, hemorrhagic septicemia, and carcinomatosis of horses. BIOCHEMIC DIVISION. The work of the Biochemic Division, under Dr. M. Dorset, chief, has continued to consist chiefly of investigations concerning hog 150 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. cholera, studies of dips, disinfectants, and insecticides, laboratory research relative to meat products, and the preparation of tuberculin and mallein. HOG-CHOLERA INVESTIGATIONS. As indicated in previous reports, one of the important lines of investigation regarding hog cholera has been the study of cases where losses have occurred among hogs after immunization by the simultaneous method. A State experiment station worker reported that anti-hog-cholera serum and hog-cholera virus contained Bacillus botulinus, from which it was inferred that many of the so-called “breaks ” in hog-cholera immunity were caused by the presence of this organism or its toxin in commercial serum and virus. During the year this division made a study of the subject. A large number of samples of commercial anti-hog-cholera serum and of hog-cholera virus, including a number reported to be contaminated, were care- fully ‘examined. In no case was it possible to demonstrate the pres- ence of either Bacillus botulinus or its toxin. Some experimental work was also done to test the growth and effects of this organism ‘and its spores in this connection. ‘The studies and experiments led to the conclusion that Bacillus botulinus is not an important factor in causing “ breaks” following the use of anti-hog-cholera serum. The relation of Bacillus suipestifer to breaks following simulta- neous immunization has also been the subject of study and experl- ment. Bacteriological examination of a large number of samples of commercial hog-cholera virus failed to reveal the presence of this organism in any case. It appears that there is no need to fear bad results from its presence in properly prepared virus. The results of experiments do not prove that Bacillus suipestifer is the cause of any large proportion of breaks, but they do indicate that a severe suipestifer infection occurring simultaneously with the administra- tion of the simultaneous treatment may be a cause of trouble. It was found also that ill effects resulting from the administration of this organism at the time of simultaneous inoculation could be in a large part overcome by the administration of increased doses of anti-hog- cholera serum. In pursuing further the studies of the cause of breaks following immunization, a number of samples of commercial serum and virus have been studied. The serum in most cases was part of a batch which was believed to be contaminated or lacking in potency as shown by unsatisfactory field results. In no case was such serum found to be contaminated in such a way as to make it injurious to hogs, and only in exceptionally rare instances was it found to be of low potency. Among six samples of commercial virus, purchased at random on the market, one was found to be so entirely lacking in potency that it did not produce: disease when injected alone into susceptible pigs, and it also failed to produce a lasting immunity when injected simultaneously with serum. These tests of virus suggest that when properly prepared and preserved there need be little fear of injury due to infection other than hog cholera when commercial virus is used. They also suggest that some of the so- called late breaks in immunity that have occurred in herds treated simultaneously several months earlier may occasionally be due to the lack of potency in the virus at the time of use. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Lol Previous tests showed that one five-thousandth of a cubic centi- meter of blood from a pig suifering from hog cholera was sufficient to induce disease in a susceptible pig when administered subcutane- ously. Further studies of this question of the minimum lethal dose of hog-cholera virus have shown that the disease may be produced by as little as one twenty-five-thousandth of a cubic centimeter. Fur- ther,studies along this line are being carried out. Occasion was had to test again the potency of clear anti-hog-cholera serum prepared in 1917. The serum, 4 years old, was found appar- ently to be as potent as when it was prepared. Virus was furnished to a number of commercial plants upon re- quest, to enable them to renew strains of virus which they were employing in the production of hog-cholera serum. A study of the period of incubation of hog cholera was made pri- marily with the object of obtaining data which might be helpful to serum producers in selecting virus used in the production of anti-hog- cholera serum and in selecting virus used with the serum for simul- taneous immunization. The results showed that followine the sub- cutaneous injection of blood’from a pig sick of hog cholera about 50 per cent of the susceptible pigs showed visible symptoms of disease on the fourth day; that by the end of the fifth day more than 81 per cent showed symptoms of disease, and by the end of the sixth day more than 98 per cent exhibited visible symptoms. These observa- tions led to the conclusion that hog-cholera virus which will produce visible symptoms and a rise in temperature in 50 per cent or more of susceptible pigs on the fourth day after subcutaneous injection, and which has the power to cause progressive disease so that a con- siderable majority of the injected pigs are “off feed” on the fifth day, will produce a good serum, will be adequate for making serum tests, and will result in a lasting immunity when properly admin- istered with anti-hog-cholera serum. A study of various strains of Bacillus suipestifer isolated at dif- ferent times from different sources has developed the interesting fact that there appear to be two groups of this microorganism. One of these produced blackening of lead acetate agar while the other did not produce blackening. These characteristics seem to be fixed. A preliminary study of the agglutination reactions led to the belief that the two strains are not serologically identical. Aj; paper re- porting this and further work and its application with regard to cul- ture media has been submitted for publication. The chemical studies of anti-hog-cholera serum and the effect of preservatives on the proteins of hog-blood serum have been continued. Two new methods for the determination of globulins in serums have been worked out and published during the year. Further study is being -given to the chloroform-hemoglobin reaction, which is used as described in the last annual report for the concentration and refining of old defibrinated blood serum. | 1919 |; 1920 1921 | 1919 1920 | 1921 = = = Howe (aS = = |: Class of fire: { Burnsilessitharr 0:25 acres so" SSc ees so fos ee oat | 2,839 | 3,122) 2,947 |) 41.75 | 51.37 50. 37 Burns between 0.25 acre and 10 acres.........-----| 2,014 | 1,724 | 1,606 | 29:62) 28.36 27.45 Burns l0/acresand over +222: 2-8) 52k o25 5 5.2 ty] 1,947 } 1,232 | 1,298 | 28.63} 20,27 22.18 Motait ie ise a ae® Pe cedts et peas | 6,800 6,078 5,851 | 100.00 | 100.00 100.00 Causes of fires: | | Railresgdsesss22) -. Tyee Ss 32a weae-oeraet sg: 701 | 508 643 | 10.31 8.36 10. 99 TRO RGD 8 oe = topic at emticn =... Scie aasas sees aes 2,197 | 3,082 1,451 | 32.31) 50.71 24. 80 Ancendiansm 0572). .Ptht $38 Pirsis. SEI 339 | 245 562 | 4.99 4. 03 9. 60 Bigish) purines 28 vere bay ie sh a Se 360 248 365 | 5.29 4. 08 6. 24 CAI el eSpace at eee ot ee ee | 1,466} 1,052) 1,738] 21.56] 17.31! 29.70 Mom bering es (6%. 3s: ope eee ate. eet: ay 278 211 156 4. 09 3. 47 2.67 MEM OWNS. oc oes. sc oe poss eee eget a ee ods - | 1,155 485 674 | 16.98 7. 98 11.52 Miscellaneous tee 82.225 SCOALA See PORES £32. 304 247; 262, «4.47 ) 4.06 ° 4.48 SNE ETN pA ead & Cece I ae le i sn a 6,800 | 6,078 5, 851 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100. 00 The area burned, damage sustained, and cost of fire fighting for the three years were as follows: Total area Total Total cost of of national | damage on | fighting fires Calendar year. forest land national | (exclusive of burned over | forestland | time of forest (acres). burned over. officers). a 2 ee ee | TON ae SES ae ae 2 oe. , Sts Ea Se sas Dey SUEY Ee ers 2,007,034 | $4,919, 769 $3, 039, 615 OE nice ame ae 3 een ee ete el NS Bc SAN | CAC 342, 193 * 419, 897 911, 483 TO pasar). sete See bes besee. Src e Yaie tel Fe be B25 7295-2 376, 208 212, 182 532, 811 The 1921 fire season was extremely bad in district 3 (Arizona and New Mexico) owing to drought and high winds, and in the central Rocky Mountain and Eastern States it was the most dangerous season IN many years. In the other districts it was less difficult than in 1920. District 1 (Montana and northern Idaho) had 1,336 fires, a decrease from 1920 of 380; there were 862 fewer lightnin fires, but 482 more man-caused fires. District 6 (Washington saitl Oregon) had 1,311 fires, and district 5 (California) 1,196. Districts 1, 5, and 6 together had 66 per cent of all the fires, as against 73 per cent in 1920. 210 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The total number of man-caused fires rose from 2,996 to 4,400, and was only 4 per cent less than in 1919, as against 35 per cent less in 1920. The marked increase in fires caused by campers, brush burn- ing, and incendiarism is disturbing. The Forest Service has made every effort possible with its available funds to reduce the number of these unnecessary man-caused fires through educational and law- enforcement ore There is urgent need for additional preventive work, without which the task of protection is in danger of becoming steadily more difficult and costly. The further reduction of damage and cost of fire fighting from the high mark of 1919 is due partly to the favorable season and partly to the continuous effort to increase the efficiency and numerical strength of the Reeoputcnl organization. Under the appropfiations. for the last fiscal year it was found possible to add 86 guards to the protection organization. This added strength played a part in the reduction of damage and fire fighting costs. The failure to show a smaller area burned than in 1920 is largely due to periods of severe hazard on certain of the eastern forests, where 139,603 acres were burned as against 63,471 in 1920. The 1922 fire season is not yet over, so that no statistics covering it can be given; and most of it does not fall within the fiscal year covered by this report. It nevertheless requires some mention. In Oregon and Washington it has been the most severe in some years. The usual May and June rains failed, and fires set to clean up slash on private lands burned on into the danger period, with resulting great losses to property and growing timber. The National Forests have not suffered as severely as outside timber lands. The second year of special protection on the area of the great timber “blow down”’ in and near the Olympic National Forest in Washington has been as successful as was the first, and has cost the public Treasury less because the main improvements necessary are now installed. In view of the extraordinary peril of the situation and the difficulty of the task, this is a distinct achievement. Outside of the Pacific Northwest the season has so far been some- what more favorable than 1921, with the exception of a late period of hot “fire weather’? and unusual hazard in California. There have been comparatively few lightning fires, and this has meant absence of the “bunching”’ of fires which has so often proved to be more than the protective force could handle. Appropriations for the current year made it possible to add 100 men to the fire guard force for the 1922 season. This added force, coupled with the availability of road and trail crews for fire fighting in inaccessible regions, contributed measurably to the effectiveness of the protection given for this year. Nevertheless, the guard force is still inadequate, and provision for 100 additional guards has been included in the estimates for the fiscal year 1924. COOPERATION INCREASING. Twenty years ago, in all but a few spots in the United States, forest fires were regarded with indifference if they did not threaten buildings or other valuable improvements; indeed, it was the custom in many regions deliberately to set fire to the woods for any of a number of reasons. The destructive effects of this attitude may be FOREST SERVICE. PAB read in the barren sand wastes of the Lake States, the desolate areas of snags and brush where fires have destroyed the magnificent fir forests of the Northwest, the thinned stands and damaged timber of the pine forests in California, or the virgin forests of the Southwest which have no understory of young timber coming on to take the place of the mature trees as they are cut. On many of the national forests settlers burned the slash in their clearings without concern lest their fires escape to the surroundin public domain. When such fires escaped, as they often did (and still do occasionally), they were not fought if they threatened merely to devastate publicly owned timberland. Fires were set to keep the woods free of undergrowth which hindered stock grazing and afforded a refuge to marauding animals. Regular burning was _ believed necessary to keep down ticks and other undesirable insects. Mil- lions of acres were burned to make it easier for hunters to see and follow game, to enable prospectors to detect rock outcrops and small metalliferous deposits more easily, and in the belief that frequent burning increased the growth of forage. Much educational work remains to be done both in the places where burning the woods is still believed in and to establish the habit of extreme care with fire on the part of the increasing throngs, particu- larly of nonresidents, who traverse or use the national forests. But a contrast of conditions as they were when the national forests were established and as they are to-day shows that much ground has been gained. There are now few spots on and adjacent to the national forests where local public opinion encourages the setting of fires. The characteristic thing is for farmers, miners, and others to volunteer posthaste when they see or hear of a fire on the national forests. They usually do not need to be called by the ranger. In Colorado cooperation by permittees and residents on and near the forests has reached the point where settlers are willing to be responsible for the handling of fires on definite areas under view from their ranches or within striking distance. It has become the common thing for ranchers to go immediately to fires and stay as long as needed even when they have to drop haying or other urgent work at their homes. So reliable has this cooperation become that it has been possible to reduce the number of guards employed locally for fire patrol. In the Trinity National Forest, in northern California, where from Indian days down to the creation of the national forests it had been the custom to “light burn” the forests, the settlers are still fearful that the dense growth of young timber which follows effective fire protection will interfere with their stock growing and mining industries, but they nevertheless cooperate effectively with the forest officers. For a period of several years when money for fire guards was lacking, in one ranger district of 225,000 acres all fire guards were dispensed with except the lookouts and one man at a central point to receive messages from lookouts and arrange over the telephone with settlers to take charge of the fires reported. The increased cooperation with the Forest Service in California is shown by the following significant tabulation of the number of owners of private land intermingled with national forest holdings who have entered into cooperative agreements with the Forest A12 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Service and paid their gs rata share of the cost of fire control in the ranger districts which include their lands: Calendar year. Number of - cooperators.- GIS Ses. eet. ek PS! pa SSeS oh: Je SO ee es eon Sag op ath: as Sg ee 440 19202 LISSA Bebe tas StS a SR BE fae 2s SSA Se eee hs oe ee 734 TS ee reo eRe Be cee eee ice miei meee oo Sacns ete Ss RTS aha Ao oe oe eee ie re Ogee SO ee ee 927 In Oregon and Washington public opinion has forced the passage of State laws which require owners of private land to maintain adequate fire control, and cooperation is therefore complete in these States. Within the last 15 years all the larger timberland owners in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana have formed assocla- tions which work in the closest relations with the national forest fire control organization. Where private and national forest lands are intermingled either the Forest Service or the association takes over the whole job of protecting the area and the cost is distributed in proportion to the acreage of each owner. Railroads give varying degrees of cooperation but no longer leave their grant lands without systematic protection, and their efforts to keep. fires from starting on the rights of way are steadily becoming more effective. Fire control on the national forests becomes ever y year more effective because of the various forms of cooperation obtained. The trouble is that the best cooperation now rendered is not enough. The number of fires due to human agencies must be reduced from its present preposterous size if there is to be any assurance against catastrophic losses in the extremely hazardous fire years which weather cycles are sure to bring. The only way to accomplish this is to engrave the habit of care with fire deeply on the minds of users and visitors on national forests. There is no more reason for the usual man-caused fire on the national forests than there is for the usual grade-crossing accident. It is good business to carry on an educational campaign on the need for and the methods of effective care with fire in the woods. THE CONTROL OF INSECT INFESTATION. The danger of serious losses by tree-killing insects and the necessity for prompt action to prevent these losses were forcibly brought out during the year by the situation in southern Oregon and northern California, briefly mentioned in last year’s report. An epidemic of bark beetles in this r region has caused a loss of valuable pine timber estimated at 1,500 000, 000 board feet, worth at least $3,000,000, and endangered 10 times this quantity. The infestation was scat- tered over an area of 1,280,000 acres, of which about half is in private ownership, a small quantity in State ownership, and the rest owned or controlled by the Federal Government, partly in national forests, partly in Indian reservations, partly in the public domain, and artly in the revested Oregon and California railroad land erants. t was useless for any one owner to attempt to protect his land on account of the danger of reinfestation should the other holdings FOREST SERVICE, 213 fail to be given simultaneous treatment. In recognition of this situation, Congress made available an emergency appropriation of $150,000 for control work on lands owned or controlled by the Federal Government, with provision that it should be spent only if satis: factory cooperation were secured from the owners of other lands in the infestation unit. The result has been gratifying cooperation between the Depart- ment of the Interior, the State of Oregon, the owners of the private land, the Bureau of Entomology, and this service. The technical methods of combating the infestation were worked out by the Bureau of Entomology, which inspected and supervised their application by all of the administrative agencies which had charge of the actual work of felling the trees and killing the insects. Climatic conditions in the spring of 1922 were unfavorable and labor proved to be un- expectedly scarce. The control work, howeyer, covered 69,710 acres, involving felling and peeling and burning the infested bark from 7,079 trees, containing 6,672,490 board feet of timber. About 180 men were employed. The total expenditure was ap- proximately $42,000, of which less than $25,000 is chargeable against the special appropriation. The control work was well started and economically conducted, but must be continued for two or possibly three years longer. Reappropriation of the unexpended pitas of the $150,000, which is now available only until December 31, 1922, is urgently needed. Another insect infestation which has reached large proportions is on the Kaibab National Forest and the Grand Canyon National Park, in northern Arizona. Lack of funds prevented anything being done with this infestation until the spring of 1922, when at a serious sacrifice of other work about $8,000 was expended in an attempt ~ to stop the epidemic, using technical methods recommended by the Bureau of Entomology. In this case work could be conducted later than in southern Oregon and was continued into the fiscal year 1923 in cooperation with the National Park Service, which furnished an additional $1,000 to enable treatment to be given to the portion of the infested area in the national park: Insect infestations, like forest fires, spread without regard to land ownership. When, as in the case of the southern Oregon infestation, both public and private timber resources are endangered, it is obvious that the Government should be prepared to*do its share, since the infestation must be treated as a whole. Furthermore, like forest fires, such epidemics should be treated in their initial stages in order to prevent at the least cost serious losses of valuable timber. The lack of funds for meeting these emergencies is comparable to a lack of funds with which to put out fires while they are small. The Bureau of Entomology has studied the life history of these tree- killing insects and is prepared to furnish advice as to how to hold them in check. It Foutd obviously be desirable to have funds available with which the Secretary, using the knowledge of these experts, could act to protect the timber on any publicly owned forest lands, in cooperation with private owners, States, or other departments of the Federal Government if other than national forest lands are involved. 214 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, COOPERATION WITH STATES IN FOREST PROTECTION. The protection from fire of lands in State and private ownershi on the forested watersheds of navigable streams, in cooperation wit the States, was extended and made much more effective through the increase in the Federal appropriation from $125,000 to $400,000. The increase was used (1) to establish this cooperative work in two additional States, Ohio and Tennessee; (2) to increase the allotments to various States on the basis of the need of protection for their forests; and (3) to effect a better Federal organization, enabling more frequent and direct contact with State organizations and a closer in- spection of the work. The increased allotments made possible a much more effective or- ganization of the work in many States, and in some instances led directly to the protection, even though often inadequate, of large areas previously without any effective fire-control organization. For example, it led to the extension of the protective activities to a for- ested area of 4,800,000 acres in the southern and southwestern parts of New York, and to 5,000,000 acres in Maine, which had previously received but slight protection. In Louisiana the additional Federal allotment and the increased State appropriation resulted in an en- largement of the protected area from 8,000,000 to 12,000,000 acres, and in Virginia protection was organized in four additional counties. The steady growth of this cooperative effort and the meager pro- portion of the total expenditure borne by the Federal Government is indicated by the following table. It is noteworthy that the increase in Federal funds for 1922 was only about one-third of the increase in State expenditures, and that the area to which protection was extended increased 26,000,000 acres during the year. Cooperative expenditures for protecting forested watersheds of navigable streams from fire. Number Area : ; Federal of States. | protected Federal State Ol Total - Fiscal year. appro- cooperat- | (thousand expendi- expendi expendi priation. ing. | acres). ture. ture. ture. GU VandAgi aw eset | 1$200, 000 11 61, 000 $53, 287. 53 2 $350,000.00 | $403, 287. 53 INS 28s F Bethe he ale tee odes 12 68, 000 53, 247. 82 2 380, 000. 00 | 433, 247.82 MOLE nerve dass sete coos kh 75, 000 | 17 83, 000 79, 708. 27 2 415, 000. 00 494, 708. 27 LOGS Sie sesneoenicncenes 100, 000 18 95, 000 69, 581. 75 505, 924. 70 | 575, 506. 45 YQIGS: Aes E EZ. ARE 100,000 * 20 98, 000 90, 481. 28 408,087.08 | 498, 568. 36 LOU re ie ae ct / 100, 000 21 103, 000 90, 580. 14 435,328.11 | 525,908. 25 LOIQES ES be BN) S90: SS TS 100, 000 21 104, 000 98, 529. 75 565,625.24 664, 154. 99 LONG 26 cin wint oip= sera teyatess | 100, 000 22 110, 000 99, 921. 38 625, 445. 54 | 725, 366. 92 1920 oe eee eccue tea ene 100, 000 | 23 129, 000 95, 107. 86 860, 919. 49 956, 027. 35 MOOD es ATR EEE ol 125, 000 24 140, 000 119, 529. 83 1, 066,027.47 | 1, 185,557.30 MO2 ORT ae ta) etal 400, 000 26 166,000 | 398,899.19 | #1, 896,920.43 | 2, 295, 819.62 1 Available during period Mar. 1, 1911, to June 30, 1915. 2? Approximate expenditure. 3Includes expenditures by towns and counties. In addition to these public expenditures, the amounts now ex- pended by private owners for the protection of their forests total approximately $1,000,000 a year. Private outlays for this Hel te have been greatly stimulated by the cooperation offered by the Fed- eral Government, and have at least trebled since this work was initiated in 1911. The increased appropriation made it possible to aid in meeting emergency conditions in several States which had unusually severe FOREST SERVICE. 215 fire seasons. Emergency allotments were made as follows: Maine, $17,600; Vermont, $1,000; Massachusetts, $1,100; Rhode Island, $500; Connecticut, $1,600; New York, $2,900; New Jersey, $1,400; Maryland, $200; and Washington, $1,400. The funds for these al- lotments were secured from unexpended balances in the allotments to States which had subnormal fire seasons during the summer of 1921, and by other economies. The total allotments to States, in- cluding these emergency allotments, were as follows: Cooperative expenditure in fire protection under the Weeks law, fiscal year 1922. State. | Federal. State. Total. Maing se 26d. 3 1 ais sdeaceaee eee seats aeniat a cee | $42, 150. 00 $228, 632, 24 $270, 782. 24 New Hampshire. ... eel 8, 787. 08 45, 526, 21 54, 313, 29 Wermontessf2: 5.52 1 4, 150. 00 11, 933. 62 16, 083, 62 Massachusetts: ©.2 6, 165 1,009 7,174 854 61, 270. 00 DAES Dee ees cone n bast wlce seinelle seis 3,338 674 4,012 897 153, 120. 16 Woh ae tye les see hee cejplch ee eeceuedeniceee 11, 860 3,074 14, 934 2,044 91, 484. 00 Ny kerclcbtctisntsins s cee operas cots Seicisisis eisiere 2, 884 504 3,388 82 6, 102. 13 Qa eee e Ee ede cm the eiee <2 c-caeb eeivsts 3,307 692 3,999 767 52, 400. 00 Oar Rea age) Ue AHI 9 Nags kat Lee a 1, 063 48 1,111 25 1,740. 00 Totaled. seo, wpdaseaede sy seeciet sss 31,613 6,540 38, 153 4,940 379, 926. 29 FOREST SERVICE. 223 To enable the stockmen to meet the above delinquency they were allowed to submit propositions of settlement and a note payable on or before July 1, 1922, with interest at 6 per cent. The outstanding indebtedness on July 1 was as follows: | Notes. No notes. | Number of Total | | District No. delin- aounhaell uents. AL ae | Number. | Amount. | Number. | Amount. | | Wey ask latala'<'ajchaatahe ania seven | 38 $3, 564. 31 33 $2,777. 16 | 5 $787.15 een Gala cwle'ala tha a oteieinincn fe 102 9,643. 30 51 4,118.11 | 51 5,525. 19 Bock ed cas ce oantee ness } 200 40,329.10 | 123 33, 495. 72 | 77 6, 833. 38 Wet es were 316 | 19,803. 49 | 206 | 17,173.90 | 110 2/629. 59 Ta Ador bonbocoSosaee Bel 8 730. 45 2 . 80 6 230. 65 Gxt. dsasczeceeehe. --. 58 | 3,926. 75 24 2,529. 26 | 34 1,397. 49 Reta: Sirah. 722 | 77,997. 40 439 60,593.95 | 283 17, 403. 45 The conditions confronting the industry in 1922 had not suffi- ciently improved to warrant collection of the fees at the usual time. The regulations were therefore waived to allow payment to be made in two installments, one half on or before the date of entering the forest, and the other half on or before December 1, 1922. GOVERNING PURPOSES OF RANGE ADMINISTRATION, Range administration by the Forest Service aims (1) to bring about the largest possible yield of live-stock products, (2) to promote set- tlement, and (3) to stabilize the live-stock industry dependent upon use of national forest ranges, on the basis of most efficient production. Realization of these ends requires regulation of use of the range by the stockmen, range improvements, and application of the best methods of range and live-stock management. POLICY UNDERLYING REGULATION OF USE. Regulation of use of the range serves all three of the governing pur- poses. It increases the yield of live-stock products by control of the number and classes of stock allowed on the range, their distribution, and the period of use. It promotes settlement by its system of preferences, which enables the new settler to put stock on the forest ranges through reductions from time to time in the larger herds of established range users. Such reductions, however, are made grad- ually and will in no case go beyond the limits required for an efficient live-stock business under the specific local conditions existing. Finally, regulation of use helps stabilize the live-stock industry by lessening its hazards. The open range live-stock industry of the West is one of extreme hazard. To secure permanence and stability of the business the ranges must have a sustained forage-producing capacity and stock- men must intrench themselves with ranch property and equipment to carry them over periods of depression or drought. Careful study has been given to the question how best to adjust the regulations to meet these needs, 224 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FURTHER ADJUSTMENT OF REGULATIONS NEEDED, Agricultural lands, the public domain, and the national forest ranges are so interrelated that grazing administration of the latter must of necessity take into account the conditions created by the presence of lands of the other two classes. Little difficulty is expe- rienced in adjusting the use of the forest ranges to agricultural devel- opment, but the absence of any form of control of the public domain creates a source of embarrassment and affords a prospect of disturb- ance likely to prove prejudicial both to the live-stock industry and to the public welfare. On July 1, 1921, there were approximately 189,729,492 acres of unreserved unappropriated public domain, much of which has been largely depleted of vegetation by unregulated use. Much of this range adjoins or is in the vicinity of national forests. As its capacity Seah decreases, with no resultant decrease in numbers of stock, emands on forest range increase, administration becomes more difficult in preventing trespass, operating expenses to the individuals increase, and conflicts between owners result. In a word, the com- etition for the use of the remaining public domain is becoming so een that a repetition of range wars and destruction of property can be expected unless legislation is enacted by which the public grazing lands outside the forests can be effectively administered. It has already been explained that depressed business conditions necessitated leniency in requiring the removal of stock from ranges, the use of which had become in excess of their permanent carrying capacity. The problem involved presented the greatest difficulties in regions where drought increased the demand for range on the forests, lessened the production of forage, and made it impossible for the stockmen, had they been required to cut down the number of animals grazed on the forests, to find range elsewhere. The surplus stock must be removed at the earliest opportunity. This is neces- sary not only to maintain the productivity of the range but also to stabilize the industry. It is vital to the live-stock industry itself in these regions to have the carrying capacity of national forests fixed with a reasonable margin of security against the frequent years. of deficient rainfall, shortage of feed, and consequent heavy losses in the herds of permittees. In connection with this readjustment of use, the time is opportune to make some changes in the regulations which will aid materially both in financial readjustments and in the stability of further use of the range resource. The regulations call for payment of grazing fees in advance. Stockmen usually meet operating expenses by borrowing, which involves paying interest until the loans can be repaid from receipts when stock is sold. Where yearlong range is used this may involve paying interest on the amount of the grazing fees for more than a year. All State and county taxes are payable in two installments, and Federal income taxes may be paid on the installment plan. It is believed equitable and advisable to adopt as a permanent policy payment for the use of yearlong ranges in two installments. The present system of establishing the fee to be charged for the razing privilege is not conducive to the best interests of the industry. i has not been based on a close scientific determination of the actual FOREST SERVICE. Bas or commercial value of the forage, and stockmen have been unable to know what the fee might be year after year for a definite period. Further, the present fees do not sufficiently recognize differences in the relative value of the individual range units, due to their character and location. As a necessary step to stabilization and permanency in the live- stock enterprises dependent upon the forests, a careful appraisal of all ranges is now under way and will be completed in 1923. This appraisal is based upon the quality and quantity of the forage; the amount and distribution of water; the character of the topography as it influences the management of stock or increases the probability of loss; the accessibility of the range to transportation, markets, and ranches or adjoining grazing land; the extent to which the range is improved with fences, corrals, pastures, roads, trails, and bridges; and the need for other improvements necessary to its fullest use. Data are also being collected and analyzed on the losses of live stock due to poisonous plants, predatory animals, straying, and other causes, and on operating expenses and the effect of national forest restrictions. All the information thus gathered with regard to con- ditions on the national forest ranges will be compared with similar information for private lands of known value, and the fee adjusted accordingly. When the work is completed, and beginning with the grazing season of 1924, permits will be issued to fully qualified owners for not less than a five-year period. Such permits will authorize the grazing of not less than a stated number of live stock, which will be approxi- mated to the number now permitted under established preferences and will be nonreducible during the period except for violation of the terms of the permit or in emergencies for the protection of the range. The primary purpose of such an arrangement is to stabilize the use of national forests by all classes of grazing permittees. To stabilize further the use of national forest ranges and secure increased production of forage crops, permits will be predicated upon reasonable qualifications as to ownership of ranch property adequate to insure efficient live-stock production under local conditions. NEED OF RANGE IMPROVEMENTS, , Efficient administration of the national forest ranges is Dene hampered by the lack of range improvements essential to proper, full, and permanent use. Approximately $3,500,000 has been invested on national forest ranges by stockmen. This investment has made possible larger use of the resource, and larger receipts in grazing fees. While the construction of such improvements by stockmen has produced excellent results, the system is not altogether desirable from either the stockman’s or the Government’s standpoint. Im- provements located on Government land under special-use dee do not justify large private investments. Further, the value to the stockman of these investments is considerably diminished by the fact that he may be required to make room for small owners desiring to share the use of the range. Under existing law there is no way by which, if this happens, reimbursement to the stockman who con- structed the improvements can be made. The benefits, however, both to the stockmen and to the Government secured from these 9°6 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. per aan prove conclusively the great importance of extending them. The demand for range now fully equals and in many places over- taxes the capacity of the forests. "Io provide for increased demand, improve and protect existing ranges, and secure utilization of new areas, a large amount of improvement work must be undertaken by the Government. It is estimated that $3,500,000 will be necessary fully to improve the forest ranges. Projects have already been surveyed, on which construction can be begun immediately, involvy- ing an expenditure of over $170,000. These projects consist of boun- dary fences to ee trespass, division and drift fences to control - more adequately the distribution and movement of stock, water developments, and poisonous plant eradication. Such improvements as these are essential to the most effective range management and to providing for stable occupancy. The entire cost of these improve- ments will be returned to the Public Treasury in increased grazing receipts alone in about eight years, so that purely from a business standpoint the expenditure will be profitable—a fact which should not be overlooked. NEED OF IMPROVED METHODS OF MANAGEMENT. The importance of improved methods of range and _ live-stock management, through which are obtained both more forage and more and higher-grade live-stock products, is apparent when it is borne in mind that about 53 per cent of all the sheep and 22 per cent of all the cattle in the 11 far Western States are grazed at least a part of the year on the national forests. The need for better methods of range management, whereby the quantity of forage available is increased and its most effective utilization promoted, is heightened by the increasing dependence of the western live-stock industry on the national forests for summer range. Agricultural settlement and the steady decline in carrying capacity of the public domain are destroying the balance between summer and winter feed. To meet the demands of the future the productivity of forest ranges must be raised. This necessitates a more scientific knowledge of the resource. One of the requirements for developing inproved methods of manage- ment is exact knowledge of the character and present condition of all the ranges. This is obtained through a careful range reconnais- sance and classification. The object of this work is to obtain and apply accurate knowledge of the carrying capacity of the range, the period during which forage can be used without injury, the class of stock to which the range is best adapted, whether sheep or cattle or both can use it without injury to the vegetation and secure maximum production of meat and wool, and how stock should be handled during different seasons of the year. With this knowledge manage- ment plans are developed which provide for deferred and rotation grazing, permitting a part of each range to be reseeded with the most valuable and nutritious species at regular intervals; salting plans, which regulate the distribution of stock on the range at proper seasons; the construction of improvements; and the most beneficial methods of herding. To carry this work forward at the rate required an enlargement of the technical grazing personnel is essential. The grazing specialist Lard FOREST SERVICE. A AR | is to grazing administration what the soil expert is to crop production, and more. He must know the species of vegetation most suitable _to each locality and the class of stock which can be most economically produced on dependent range or farm lands; he must know the species of vegetation from which the greatest production of meat and wool can be derived; he must know when a forage crop can be harvested by grazing without injury to its permanency; he must develop methods of management suitable to the locality; and he must be able to work in harmony with stockmen and secure the adoption of such practices as will best meet the needs of both range and ranch property. The results secured by the Forest Service with a limited number of these men during the past few years have fully demonstrated what can be done to meet the change in economic conditions. Many practical stockmen are beginning to employ this class of men in place of men whose sole qualification is the ability to ride a horse and rope a steer. The change, of course, is gradual, but it is placin range live-stock production on a higher level as a rationally conducte business. Western colleges have recognized the trend of the industry in the West, and are establishing courses in range management. There is urgent need on the national forests for more men trained along this line. The need for intensive experiments and investigations to obtain additional knowledge in the light of which efficient use of the range can be still more fully brought about is discussed in the section of this report devoted to grazing studies. RECREATION AND GAME. Motors and good roads have combined to effect a radical change in the outdoor recreation habits of the American people. Vacation time is now a period of free movement, nomadic enjoyment of widely separated scenes, and of simple living in the open. Rich in scenic beauty and natural charm and offering the primitive attractions of the wilderness, the national forests afford an incomparable field for the indulgence of this wholesome tendency toward rational play and physical improvement. Within their limits travelers by motors, by wagon, on horseback, or on foot, campers, hunters, and fishermen, amateur photographers, mountaineers, berry pickers, naturalists, and everybody else who wishes to come have equal opportunity. Care with fire and cleanliness in camp are the only requirements imposed upon their sojourn. The wide distribution and extent of the national forests and their proximity to thousands of cities and communities make them natural centers of summer recreation, particularly for the masses of people whose vacation must be inexpensive. Between 5,000,000 and 7,000,000 people visit the forests each year. The discouragement of recreational use of the forests would therefore be a distinct hardship, and failure to develop recreational possibilities would mean mE holding a form of. public service which, though intangible in value, ranks in social ai indeed economic importance with the timber, forage, and water-power values of these properties. Public welfare dictates an aggressive policy of ascertaining, developing, and offering the recreational opportunities in the national forests. 228 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The close relationship between county or municipal welfare and near-by forests is illustrated by the action of counties such as Gila County, Ariz., and Fresno and Mariposa Counties, Calif., and of cities such as Denver, Salt Lake City, Los Angeles, and Butte, whose pro- grams of county or municipal development provide for maintaining county or municipal camps and camp grounds within the national forests. Community projects of this character are often supple- mented by corporate and organizational undertakings, exemplified by the plans of copper companies in Arizona to construct summer camps for their employees at cool altitudes within the forests, and of stakes of the Mormon Church to build and maintain forest camps, such as that of the Mutual Dell Community near Salt Lake City, for the use of members of the young men’s and young women’s societies. And for every project of this character there are thousands of families who turn to the forests yearly to tent on a general camp ground or a secluded spot of their own choosing, or to occupy a summer home constructed under permit from the service. This growing use means for the national forests new opportunities of service of immeasurable public value. It should be strongly encouraged. The fact that it entails obligations must, however, be recognized. The assemblage of large numbers of people at points of interest creates problems of fire protection, of sanitation, and of supervision that can not be disregarded without serious consequences to the safety of the forests and to public health. Within several States certain specific requirements are made compulsory on private lands to safeguard public health. The Federal Government should not be above such laws, nor can it throw the entire burden of their observance upon counties, municipalities, and private agencies, although a large measure of cooperation is secured from those sources. More, liberal appropriations are absolutely necessary to install upon the national forests the sources of pure-water supply, fireplaces, toilets, garbage pits, and other simple facilities required for public health and comfort and reasonable security against fire. The estimate for the fiscal year 1924 of $20,000 for these purposes will amount to an ponent of less than one-third of 1 cent for each person who uses the national forests for recreation. The 157,000,000 acres within the national forests, of wide geo- eraphical distribution, embrace in part the natural ranges of every species of wild life known to have existed in the continental United States. Of the great wealth of game which at one time abounded in the United States only a comparatively small remnant remains. There is scarcely any species that has not been severely depleted. Any serious attempt to preserve for future generations a part of the abundant wild life with which this country was once generously endowed will depend to a substantial degree upon publicly owned lands, and particularly upon the national forests. Settlement and intensive cultivation of nonforested lands have operated to make wild life peculiarly a product of forest land and its preservation and perpetuation a major problem of forest management. Only by a thoroughgoing correlation between the industrial uses of the forest and the food and shelter requirements of game animals and birds can the latter be saved from extinction. There is economic justification for such correlation in that game is a forest resource of material importance. Recognition of game as a forest product and FOREST SERVICE. 229 the practicability of its administration by the Federal Government are evidenced by the action of several Eastern States in ceding to the Federal Government the right to regulate the taking of game upon forest land acquired by the Government. Such action has in no way decreased the interest of these States in the game situation, but has strengthened the relationship between the State and Federal agencies. A sustained and increasing annual yield of game may be perma- nently secured without impairment of the stock, and depleted areas may be restored either by distribution or by the regulation of or temporary restriction upon hunting. There are many noteworthy examples of possibilities along these lines. One is the beaver, whose introduction and protection have often led to such increases in num- bers that reduction through regulated trapping frequently becomes * necessary to check serious injury to property. Another is the deer, which under reasonable regulation makes marvelous gains in num- bers, with a constant increase in hunting opportunities. The Federal game refuge created in 1906 within the Kaibab National Forest, in northern Arizona, and administered by the Forest Service, affords an excellent example of the capacity of deer to multiply rapidly under rotection. The number of deer upon this area is not accurately nown, but estimates now range from 10,000 to 30,000 head, despite yearly migrations to adjoming regions. To the motorist tra- versing this forest, deer are a common sight, frequently outnumbering the domestic cattle observed en route. Comparable results are obtainable with other species and in other regions. Experience con- clusively demonstrates that wild life responds quickly to simple and rational forms of management and that reasonable regulation does not reduce, but in the long run markedly increases, the amount of game which may be taken annually. The significance of this is that the national forests, without any impairment of their present pur- poses, can be made to contribute greatly to the pleasure and profit of the public through more aggressive development of their capacity to produce game animals, birds, and fish. The promotion of healthful, vigorous types of sport would alone justify the effort required. There are also large economic possibilities of food and fur production, which systematically developed would annually contribute toward our national needs millions of dollars’ worth of meat and skins. As a first step in determining the requirements of wild life on the national forests, an effort has been made to secure reliable data on the number and species of game animals. Estimates so far sub- mitted on the more important big-game species indicate that the national forests contain nearly half a million deer of several species, reported as existing on 86 forests. Elk formerly occurred in nearly every State, but the larger number are now confined to national for- ests and national parks in 14 States. Of a total of 72,000 elk reported in existence in the United States several years ago, a majority find range on the national forests some time during the year. The once large herds of antelope found in all Western States have been almost annihilated, but the 2,400 head now existing on the national forests in 10 States constitute the nucleus of future herds. A total of 13,000 mountain sheep in 11 States, and 10,000 mountain goats in 4 States are reported. A few representatives of many other big game species are still found in widely scattered sections of the national for- 230 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ests, while fur-bearing animals under protection show a remarkable increase in most localities. As a second step in the development of game management plans, 97 State game refuges, involving approximately 11,000,000 acres, have been established. Supplementing these are 4 Federal refuges, containing approximately 773,925 acres, within the boundaries of the national forests. In addition to these State and Federal refuges, there is an almost equal acreage upon which the grazing of domestic stock has been restricted so as to provide an ample supply of forage for game. All State and Federal game refuges are natural breeding grounds, and since all hunting on them is forbidden by State or Federal law, adjacent territory is being restocked by the overflow from these refuges. To promote better cooperation and organization in game protec- tion, informal agreements have been entered into with State game officers in most of the national forest States. These agreements pro- vide for the appointment of qualified forest officers as deputy State game wardens. They also provide for the presentation of annual reports to the governor or the State game commission wherein infor- mation regarding game conditions is presented in detail, with specific recommendations for changes in game laws or on other matters relat- ing to the welfare of the game. Under this arrangement there is a strict enforcement of the game laws by forest officers, who, in 1921, made 170 arrests for violation of the game laws, with 94 convictions resulting, and who reported to State officials 28 violations, with 13 convictions resulting. The findings and recommendations contained in the annual reports have frequently been used by State officials in recommending or shaping new legislation. Through the cooperation of the National Park Service, the Bio- logical Survey, and the Montana Fish and Game Commission, the Yellowstone herds of elk were given excellent protection, which, coupled with rather favorable winter conditions, reduced the usual loss to almost a minimum. However, the Situation confronting these herds during severe winters continues to be critical and can only be ameliorated by the acquisition of winter-range lands as indi- cated in the report for 1921. The many State and local fish and game protective associations are most valuable agencies in the protection aaa development of the game resources and are the media through which favorable public sentiment toward adequate game protection is most effectively promoted. Their membership includes the naturalist, the game enthusiast, the stockman, and men engaged in business enterprises of .all kinds. Many conflicting interests may be effectively reconciled through such organizations. Their extension into all localities can not be too strongly encouraged. As these many small organizations become more closely affiliated with those of national importance the effective- ness of their cooperation greatly increases. No greater stimulus for recreation can be found than a stream or lake well stocked with game fish; but through increased use many streams once plentifully stocked are becoming depleted. To meet rapidly increasing use and maintain fish production, carefully pre- pared plans for securing, transporting, and planting fry or fingerlings must be executed. These plans show the species inhabiting the FOREST SERVICE. 231 stream, the quantity and kinds of fish food, the species to which the stream is best adapted, and the number of fry required yearly. Because of the loss usually occurring in transplanting small fry, it is sometimes necessary to establish rearing ponds where the young fry may be fed until they are large enough to be released into mountain streams. These rearing ponds with their thousands of small fish may be seen on many of our national forests. In this connection the periodic closure or alternation in the use of streams frequently is necessary, and is secured through orders by the State game officials. During the year each national forest district completed plans for the stocking of streams on one or more national forests, and in coop- eration with the Bureau of Fisheries and the several State hatcheries real progress was made in stocking streams and lakes in which no fish have hitherto been found, and in replenishing the supply in favorable or accessible streams and lakes frequented by many campers and sports- men. In Colorado the Forest Service received 4,173,000 trout fry from State hatcheries and 776,000 trout fry from Federal hatcheries, which were successfully planted in streams and lakes within the na- tional forests, the normal loss in transporting being cut by over 25 er cent. : Fish and game management plans are being developed on all forests as fast as funds and personnel will permit. Their objective are: The preservation of adequate spawning and breeding stocks; control of environmental factors inimical to productiveness; and promotion of public sentiment, laws, and organizations necessary to the proper peeeecnon and development of wild life. These plans call for a high egree of expert knowledge and study in order that conflicting interests may be properly reconciled. The advice and assistance received from the Biological Survey has contributed materially to their develop- ment. The views of the game enthusiast must be harmonized with those of the sportsman, stockman, and lumberman. Each must rec- ognize the problems of thé other, and through cooperation assist in the proper management of the resource. WATER POWER. During the second year of operation under the Federal water ower act of June 10, 1920, 45 applications were received for use of and within or partly within the national forests. The number for the preceding year was 124. The passage of a new law naturally stimulates action to take advantage of it, so that more applications are to be expected the first year than subsequently. Moreover, pre- vious laws offered insufficient tenure to attract investments in water power and therefore tended to retard development, especially where the applicant company had no established market. Construction under earlier laws was restricted in a very considerable measure to extensions of systems already operating. The Federal water power act greatly encouraged new water power development, and a large proportion of the applications received are from new companies. The tabulation followiile contains data concerning water power permits or easements granted by the Department of Agriculture under former legislation and in effect on June 30, 1922. 25684—acr 1923-16 ae ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Water-power development and transmission-line rights of way under permit or easement fiscal year 1922. a ae 4 Power projects (reservoirs), con- Transmission lines only. duits, and power emecs H | : Estimated Class of permits or easements. Number | Within On Number | average | Total of per- | national nahional of per- | output number mits or forest forest mits or | (in horse- | permits ease- bound- and ease- | power) at | or ease- ments. aries. E ments. | minimum | ments. | discharge. | Permits or easements in force at close of | fiscal year: | Rental— Miles. Miles. | Preliminary: [2cS365 £35, Ai sacet sees ee see Nee 1 772 1 LOW at Lee aie airy it inne tae ee ra 151 1, 158. 60 872. 30 87 | 658, 829 233, Free permits or easements..........- 24 | 156.21 128. 64 95 27,338 119 LOLA es acter an eter e ceceacstacseees 175 | 1,314.81 | 1,000. 94 183 | 626, 939 358 Construction completed at close of fiscal ee year: Rental permits or easements. ..-.... 151 1,158. 60 872. 30 74 | 308, 990 225 Free permits or easements........... 24 156. 21 128. 64 81 9, 934 105 Total ees Subs pede Sane one 175 | 1,314.81 | 1,000. $4 155 | 318,924 330 Construction incomplete at close of fiscal \ year: Rental permits or easements...-....|.......--. Lege Gey PS Sle eae 12 | 346, 210 12 Free permits or easements...........|-......... RR Ae It aaa Se 13 | 17, 389 13 Motal aJ:h isd. apes qeciytws oF -cemosgpares eueeset seen oak 25 | 363,599 25 Construction not started at close of fiscal | | year: Rental permits or easements........|....-..--- padeste cect et ee, 2 | 4,401 2 Free permits or easements...........|..-...--.- | Sen AE 2 aan Dee ee 1 | 15 1 Potable. oh. cie cea eee Peed fiat aril. oe ct 3| 9 4,416 3 | In the report of last year mention was made of the burden placed upon the Forest Service by the requirement of the Federal water power act that the work of the Federal Power Commission shall be per- formed largely by the Departments of War, Interior, and Agriculture. Although the volume of work handled by the Forest Service for the Federal Power Commission is far greater than its own water-power business before the commission was created, no provision for meeting the increased cost has been made, and it has been necessary to draw on funds needed for other work. During two years under the Federal water power act 105 applications have been referred to the Forest Service for engineering investigation and report, and at the request of the commission it is supervising and inspecting the operations of 52 permittees or licensees. Although every effort has been made to ex- pedite the work of the Federal Power Commission and nearly every engineer in the Forest Service qualified for water-power examinations has spent a large portion of his time thereon, there were, on June 30, 40 applications upon which report had not been made. During the vee 48 cases were reported upon and 36 cases were referred to the orest Service for engineering examination. ROADS AND TRAILS. Road and trail work in the national forests was actively prosecuted and a material advance made toward the transportation system neces- sary for public travel and for the administration and protection of FOREST SERVICE. 230 the forests. While an immense amount of construction remains to be done and many years will elapse before the system is completed, during the calendar year 1921,1,104 miles of road and 2,959 miles of trail were constructed or improved, and 3,007 miles of road and 4,294 miles of trail were maintained. These mileages include not only the more important and costly work performed under the supervision of the Bureau of Public Roads, but also the comparatively simple and inexpensive work done directly by the Forest Service. The figures on accomplishments and expenditures follow: Construction, improvement, and maintenance of roads and trails from forest road appro- priations and other Federal and cooperative funds by States. | | | Sood year | Total to Dec. 31, 1921. Expenditures to Dec. 30, 1921. ; ea Dea Seam 2 Sy what | | | Sie, Roads | Trails Roads | Trails Figeds | con- con- con- con- ae : : ; struet- | struct- struct- | struct- trails Federal. Cooperative.) Total funds. ed. ed. | ed. ed. eceraeny Ip tained. | 4 3 | a 3S Miles. | Miles. | Miles.| Miles. | Miles. AU ADAIR ares. -' -.-ce|z--=554- 5 Si Muastand? 2. 26 fp5- - 3325 6 6 NG Gi Rae pa ena Sage Saree Sulese Seng Sally INULS cesses cee = 10 11 Drugs, crude......--. eee 2 sett ty. 3 2 || Oils, salad... 160 247 Eggs: || Pie fillings. a 9 rozens)....35+------- 1 4 5 || Remedies. . 458 469 Shelli...; <>. 273 fe 41 | 8 | 49 | Sauerkraut. 4 | 4 LOG ih paGeet hea ee Se o£ 119 38 157 || Spices... ... 37 | 43 Fish, canned 5 29 34 | 89 || Sirup-..-.. L 7 11 Shellfish: | SR a aR 3 epee ae 11 13 6 | 8 | 14 || Tomato products.......-. 15 20 35 10 | a 12 || Vegetables..........-.... 15 | 2 17 25 2 27 AW INOP aE 2).> as oetoaane ome 42 | 77 | 119 21 | 23 | AAthe Waters $3943.34. 142 22 ee 3 | 10 | 13 21 10 | 31 | 1 27 | 28 || 560 | 1,133) 1,693 25 | 83 108 | | } ’ } 288 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ImportEeD Foop AND Drugs. Under the food and drugs act inspection is maintained of foods and drugs imported into the United States. The act provides that any article of food or drug offered for entry into the United States that is adulterated or misbranded under the act, or is otherwise dangerous to the health of the people of the United States, or that is prohibited or restricted in the country in which made or from which exported, shall be refused admission to this country. This provision of the act throws a great volume of work upon the bureau, especially in New York, through which port a large propor- tion of the imported foods and drugs is entered. It is impossible with the limited personnel available to examine all shipments of imported foods and drugs. Attention is therefore directed to ship- ments of the articles that previous examinations have indicated are most likely to be adulterated. It is highly important that all shipments of each article being inspected during a given period be «xamined in order that the goods of every importer may be handled uniformly. It is also highly important that the work of examina- tion be done promptly in order to prevent the accumulation of undue storage charges upon consignments. Progress was made during the year in systematizing and speeding up the work in New York, but the force available is entirely inadequate to include in the examina- tions all the consignments that should receive attention. The force of analysts at New York was reduced during the war, since the vol- wne of imports was greatly lessened during that period, and appro- priations for the work will not permit the force to b> restored to an adequate size. Foop STANDARDS. The formulating of food standards and definitions -is of the great- est importance in the effective enforcement of the food and drugs act. The Bureau of Chemistry works in close cooperation with the joint committee on definitions and standards which is composed of representatives of the United States Department of Agriculture, the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, and the Associa- tion of American Dairy, Food, and Drug Officials. During the fiscal year 1922 standards and definitions were adopted by the joint com- mittce for the following food products: Breads, cocoa products, but- ter, ginger ale and ginger-ale flavor, and evaporated milk. THE TEA INSPECTION ACT. Tea is subject to both the food and drugs act and the tea inspec- tion act. All teas imported into the United States are inspected at time of entry and only those teas which come up to the United States standard, both as to purity and quality, are admitted. A larger percentage of tea than usual was rejected during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1922. The rejections for quality were due mainly to damaged teas, and the rejections for purity were due to impurities in certain China green teas offered for entry during the last six months of the year. Kleven seizures were effected and two prosecutions instituted under the food and drugs act for the shipment into interstate commerce of tea in violation of that act. REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF SOILS. Untrep Srates DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Bureau OF SOILs, Washington, D. C., September 12, 1922. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report covering the operations of the Bureau of Soils for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1922. Respectfully, Miron WuiITNey, Chief of Bureau. Hon. H. C. Watuacr, Secretary of Agriculture. SOIL SURVEY. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1922, detailed soil surveys were completed or begun in 69 different counties or areas located in 29 States. The area surveyed in these projects was 27,337 square miles, or 17,495,680 acres. Reconnaissance surveys were conducted in Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, and Texas, covering a total area of 18,314 square miles, or 11,720,960 acres. The total area covered by detailed surveys from the inception of the work to and including June 30, 1922, amounts to 602,743 square miles, or 385,755,520 acres, and by reconnaissance surveys 534,600 square miles, or 342,144,000 acres. This is a total of 1,137,343 square miles or slightly more than one-third of continental United States. There are in some of the Western States large areas of mountain lands and of deserts, where there is no immediate prospect of irriga- tion or of grazing, and for which there will likely be no need of soil surveys. The following tabies show the areas surveyed during the fiscal year just closed and the total area surv eyed in each State up to the present time: TABLE 1.—IJndividual areas surveyed and mapped during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1922. DETAILED. Area surveyed. State. Area. i Wie. | quare miles. Acres. PANS DAINIA = 22552. 8s ecde nae s sacbsmeses aor Chocta wi Coun bys: os. <2 = See ae en 1192 122, 880 Srenshaw COUNtY =. .-s:- >. s--cssnarsta=ne - 1 230 147, 200 fsGreene Countya.c.. scene csscee ee eee os 170 108, 800 IBVRATISHS fat ose sce sss osSes noe ee tos Pillaski County... BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 341 ing the past winter. Where these animals were proving seriously destructive to alfalta, cotton, hay, muskmelon, lettuce, grain, and other crops they were killed in great numbers by means of organized drives and the use of traps and poison. In 10 counties of Idaho 32,235 pounds of bait treated with 2,159 ounces of strychnine were used on 312,350 acres of land. By poisoning and by drives, 640,050 jack rabbits, by actual count, were destroyed there. In 6 counties of Washington 155,500 jack rabbits were reported killed by poison, trap, and drive, 1,873 in one night by the use of 4 ounces of strych- nine alkaloid dusted on 30 gallons of sliced apples. In Oregon it is estimated that 350,000 rabbits were killed in four counties where this work was undertaken, 58,300 being actually counted as a result of poisoning operations in the vicinity of Fort Rock. In three counties of Texas, 35,060 jack rabbits were killed by drives and the use of pens in which poisoned baits were placed after prebaiting at these places with alfalfa or maize heads to get the animals accustomed to feeding there. Damage to orchards, vineyards, and agricultural crops by cotton- tail rabbits continued to be reported from many points throughout the country, and instructions for the control of these animals have been furnished. « MEADOW MICE, PINE MICE, POCKET MICE, AND KANGAROO RATS. Although small in size, various kinds of native mice, under favor- able conditions, become excessively abundant and do serious dam- age in orchards, gardens, and truck farms. During the year meadow mice appeared in destructive numbers in many of the important or- chard sections of Idaho and Washington. Where this condition was foreseen in time, the use of poisons recommended by the bureau pre- vented serious damage, but in many localities where poisons were not used the loss of trees was heavy. Investigations made through the area infested by pine mice disclosed the fact that damage by these small underground animals was very great and widespread, irrepa- rable injury to orchards often being done when the ground was coy- ered with snow. Losses of sweet potatoes, white potatoes, and other root or tuber crops were also exceedingly heavy, and much damage to flower bulbs was reported. Pocket mice were found to be destroying as much as 3 bushels of grain an acre in two counties in the State of Washington. The damage was done by eating the planted grain and by cutting off the ripened heads at harvest time. Effective work was done by poisoning these mice where their abundance and destruc- tiveness warranted. Considerable assistance has been given landowners in the control of kangaroo rats, through demonstration of practical methods. Where these animals are found in large numbers, as in the sandy regions of the Southwest, they cut the grass and interfere materially with natural reseeding of the range by destroying great quantities of seed of the native forage grasses. Areas from 20 to 30 feet in diameter about their burrows are often completely denuded of grass, and where the rats are numerous they thus cause a reduction of 10 to 20 per cent in the carrying capacity of the range. They also make raids on fields of sprouting grain, thus reducing the amount and the value of the crop harvested. 342 “ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WOODCHUCKS. An unusually large number of complaints of excessive abundance of woodchucks and damage by them have been received during the year from points in the ‘astern States. These animals also con- tinued to be destructive in the Northwestern States to alfalfa and cultivated crops in the narrow valleys surrounded by rocky promon- tories amid which they live. One farmer writes that they entirely cleaned up 40 acres of wheat and 10 acres of alfalfa and took newly seeded corn out of 2 acres of ground. Demonstration of effective methods for destroying the animals has enabled landowners greatly to reduce losses. In one demonstration in which 1 ounce of strych- nine alkaloid was used to poison green alfalfa tops 81 dead wood- chucks were found. HOUSE RATS AND MICE. Information furnished by this bureau through bulletins and special articles on the destructiveness of house rats and mice, the danger to health involved in their presence, and practical methods for their contro] has been very widely used by magazines, farm journals, and newspapers, and by educational workers and _ public-spirited citizens in bringing the necessity for active control measures to the attention of individuals and communities. Public sentiment was developed until there is apparent an ever-increasing intolerance of the presence of these animals and the waste due to their depreda- tions. The brown or house rat overshadows all other rodent pests as a waster of food and destroyer of property and as an agent in the dissemination of such serious communicable diseases as the bubonic and pneumonic plagues in man, trichinosis in swine, and avian tuberculosis in domestic poultry. A survey made during the year of conditions of rat infestation in 27 States east of the Mississippi River showed that rats and their depredations were a problem common to all, complaint against them being as great in New England as in the Cotton Belt, and protests being equally numerous along the Atlantic seaboard and in the Corn Belt. Continual variations of the problem were encountered as specific instances of rat damage peculiar to individual localities were disclosed. Similar study of conditions in States west of the Mississippi River has shown the widespread and serious character of the rat problem in the Middle Western States and along the Pacific coast. Many local campaigns against rats have been waged throughout the country during the past year, and the bureau has responded to innumerable requests for information, for practical plans of organization, and for effective methods of combating these animals in concerted community efforts. Results thus far obtained emphasize the need of trained leaders in order to secure the proper coordination of local and State organizations, and the employment of methods best adapted to meet the varied situations presented. The bureau has endeavored, so far as practicable with available funds, to meet this need by assigning its specialists in rodent control to render this service to communities requesting help. Further edu- cational effort is of the utmost importance to acquaint the public BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 343 more generally with the economic losses and menace to health due is the presence of rats and with effective methods of combating them. In Utah the representative of the bureau cooperated with the ex- tension service of the agricultural college and with the State super- intendent of public instruction in presenting these matters effectively. A State committee was created to combine the efforts of all organi- zations into a State-wide movement, and similar committees were appointed in the public schools and school districts. Teachers in the schools made this a feature of their regular programs, specific phases of the matter being covered by the various subject groups, as classes in English, art, manual training, civics, biology, and hygiene. More than 125,000 people cooperated in the campaign, and there were distributed 15,000 Farmers’ Bulletins on rats, 25,000 circulars giving directions for trapping, and 20,000 circulars containing specific instructions on methods of control; 6,000 students received special demonstrations, 37,000 posters were made in the schools, 30,000 essays were written on the subject, and 29,000 educational questionnaires were circulated; 1,250 pounds of barium carbonate were used in poisoned baits. Newspapers were liberal in giving the campaign publicity and in printing special articles on the subject of rat control. A somewhat similar undertaking was launched in Iowa on request of interested citizens and organizations. An experienced representa- tive of the bureau was detailed for a short time to work on educa- tional material and outline methods adapted to conditions in this im- portant agricultural State. The work was taken up actively by the extension service of the agricultural college, by newspapers of State- wide and local distribution, and by farm journals. The interest aroused by these efforts, both in Iowa and other States reached by the material issued, resulted in the destruction of great numbers of rats and the adoption of means for preventing rat infestation of farm buildings. Special attention was given the requirements of poultry raisers in western Washington, both by means of demonstrations and by the issuance by the local bureau representative, through the State agri- cultural college and experiment station, of a circular prepared to meet the specific problems regarding rat control in poultry plants. Investigations were conducted during the year for the purpose of improving procedure in combating rats by trapping, poisoning, rat- proof construction or repair of buildings, elimination of rat harbor= age, and the proper disposal of garbage and other sources of rat food. Special investigations were made regarding the effectiveness of the various rat viruses on the market and extensively advertised as a panacea for rat riddance. This work was carried on in cooperation with the experiment station of the North Dakota Agricultura] Col- lege and with the Bureau of Animal Industry, of the Department of Agriculture. The experiment station published a circular setting forth the results obtained in the tests made at the station. All the results obtained in connection with these investigations and a large percentage of the reports from users of these products throughout the country indicate that such viruses are generally unreliable, and at their best the cost is out of all proportion to the destruction of rats that may be accomplished by their use. 25684—acr 1923-23 344 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MOLES. Complaints concerning damage by moles in lawns, gardens, and truck farms have received attention, and much of the damage re- ported has been found to be due to mice following in the mole run- ways. This is generally the case where sprouting grain, vegetables, and flower bulbs are being eaten. Moles do real damage by lifting up the soil into ridges, so that grasses or other plants are killed by the breaking or drying out of the roots. This is the more common type of injury in the Eastern States. In western Washington and Oregon and in northwestern California, moles, in connection with their burrowing activities, also pile up mounds of dirt which cover and destroy crop or forage plants and interfere with the use of har- vesting machinery. Where complaints of this kind were received, practical methods of control were supplied through correspondence, published material, or demonstrations. PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC RABBITS. Considerable interest has continued in the production of domestic rabbits as a source of meat and fur. The bureau has kept in touch with leading rabbit producers and officials of National and State organizations of rabbit breeders. Information has been furnished regarding the care, feeding, and management of rabbits, and, in cooperation with the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimetes, re- ~ garding practical procedure in developing a market for the animals produced. FUR-BEARING ANIMALS. Important progress has been made in investigations pertaining to the rearing of wild fur-bearing animals in captivity. The rapid development within the United States of the industry of rearing silver, black, and cross foxes has necessitated efforts to work out practical methods for handling the problems constantly confronting the fur farmer regarding the health of the animals in cap tivity. During the year a Tar ge percentage of the fox farms in this country and Canada were visited by experienced representatives of the bureau for the purpose of studying practices of feeding and management employed and conditions affecting the health and fecundity of the animals, and of conferring with “fox ranchers regarding problems requiring solutién. Because of the great interest manifested in this avork on the part of those engaged in the industry a bulletin is being prepared embodying an analy sis of conditions found and suggestions for their improvement. A questionnaire was sent out in the spring of 1922 to persons engaged in raising fur-bearing animals in the United States, in order to obtain comprehensive information regarding the extent of the industry, the success attained, and the capital invested. It has proved somewhat difficult to gather complete and authentic informa- tion, as some breeders appear to be suspicious or neglectful and fail to fill out and return the blanks. The fur farms reporting were distributed through the following 25 States: California, Colorado, Idaho, Ulinois, Indiana, Iowa, {KCansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mon- tana, New Hampshire. New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, y rs \ 4 BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 345 Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin. The imperfect returns fur nish the following data regarding ani- mals now being reared in captivity and the number of persons engaged in the business: Number | Number |! | Number | Number Fur animals. of of Fur animals. of of breeders.| animals. | breeders. | animals. Moxes. sls ctthee. GFss.. 2s) 23 GANOL: ||P MantensS's?. 2202. $999 752 2 6 74 Sinks! get oven ts tes 46 | 1,947 \pMusktats. (£2. 2284.4. .2lsan, Fl seer IRCCOOUS asa econ cee eee 27 | 131 || WG UINTOIS + rate oe foe satan en lfe | 86 Minksrees Figet eiagset 19 | 170 | Beavers | Oh PUSSUIMNISS ses. aoe ate oes wee 8 86 | itr ce Ga a ret Sule | Judging from these figures and from observations made in the field by representatives of the Biological Survey, it is estimated that 500 ranchers are raising silver foxes in the United States; that they have between 12,000 and 15,000 foxes in captivity; and that the value of the investment is about $8,000,000. Studies of fur bearers have been continued at the experimental fur farm at Kecseville, N. Y. The animals confined there are red and cross foxes, skunks, and martens. Experiments have been made in the teeding, housing, and management of these animals. The major part of the work, however, consisted of a study of the diseases and parasites which affect fur bearers and methods of control. Progress was made in studies of the prevalence of internal and external parasites of foxes, in determining effective agents for their removal from infested animals, and in improving methods of admin- istering remedies. [Extended studies have been made regarding the tolerance of foxes to varied remedial drugs in order to determine safe and effective dosage at various ages and under varied states of health. Examination of 446 fecal samples from 48 different fox ranches indicates that internal parasites are very prevalent. The most im- portant parasites found are hookworms, roundworms, lung worms, flukes, tapeworms, and coccidia. Valuable information has been ob- tained regarding the occurrence of such parasites among wild foxes. Inv estigations of the relative susceptibility of fox pups at various ages to infestation with internal parasites, as compared with the adults, and of the seasonal variability in the abundance and the symptoms of parasitic infestation have yielded important informa- tion. Studies have been continued of the physiology of foxes both in health and disease for the purpose of obtaining information regard- ing pulse, respiration, and temperature, and the variations of these at different ages and “under differing conditions of excitement and health. Such 3 information is required for a proper understanding of conditions existing in healthy animals and for the detection, diag- nosis, and treatment of disease among them. Experiments have been made regarding types of pens with im- proved sanitary features to ascertain their value in reducing disease, _ parasitic infestation, and mortality among young and adult foxes. Other experiments have been conducted to determine the effective- 346 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ness of climatic agencies and the time interval required for these to destroy the eggs and larvae of parasites present in the pen soil. Re- sults indicate that little reliance can be placed upon time to overcome infestation. BREEDING SEASON OF THE MARTEN. The discovery at the experimental fur farm that martens breed the last of July and in August has solved the problem which has here- tofore prevented the successful rearing of these animals in captivity. The belief has been that these animals mate late in fall or in winter and that they could not be kept together during the summer sea- son, and following this theory efforts to breed these animals in cap- tivity have been unsuccessful. Martens have been bred on the experimental fur farm in August during the last three seasons and the period of gestation has proved to be about eight months. This discovery, together with the determination made regarding feeding and management, has made practicable the rearing of another of our valuable fur bearers in captivity. FOOD HABITS RESEARCH. The work of this division has centered about the relations of birds to agriculture, but progress was made also on an economic study of toads, and numerous stomachs of mammals were examined. During the year arrangements were made with three States for preserving the stomachs of animals killed as vermin by game wardens and employees of game farms. By means of this cooperation it is hoped to get a good basis of fact for discussion of the vexed vermin prob-’ lem, consideration of which in the past has been based largely on conjecture and speculation. A small auto truck and two motor cycles procured for field use have proved highly economical and effective aids to the work. The cost of operation has been surprisingly low, and the results show not ouly a very great economy over the use of common carriers but much more work accomplished, owing to the attendant freedom of action and elimination of delay. CONTROL OF PINYON JAYS DAMAGING GRAIN IN COLORADO. Pinyon jays, inhabiting the Rocky Mountain States, are birds of the same family as crows and about half their size. Between nest- ing seasons they rove in large flocks, sometimes containing thou- sands of birds, and wreak havoc on grain crops. Experiments in methods of control of these birds when attacking corn were entirely successful in west-central Colorado, and a leaflet containing direc- tions for using a simple but effective poison formula has been dis- tributed in that territory. Plans are being laid for studying the iclations of the birds to wheat during the coming fiscal year. BLACKBIRDS AND DUCKS IN RELATION Ge GRAIN IN THE IMPERIAL VALLEY, Milo maize and barley, grain crops of the fertile Imperial Valley, Calif., attract immense flocks of blackbirds, which feed upon them throughout the fall and winter months. Investigation by a repre- sentative of the Biological Survey revealed an average destruction BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 347 of about 10 per cent of the crop over an area of 20,000 acres. This damage, together with lesser losses inflicted in adjoining areas, added to expenditures for protection of the grain, totals about $50,000 as the annual loss to the valley from blackbird depredations. An assistant experimented for several months with poisons, and, al- though occasional big kills were made, the results on the whole indicate that poisoning can not be depended upon for control. The possibility of employing toxic gases has been considered, but their practicability is doubtful. Meanwhile the expensive task of “ bird- minding” is practiced, and while this alleviates the losses it is not an economical method of control. Wild ducks, also, finding the irrigated fields of the Imperial Valley a tempting feeding ground, are especially destructive to newly sown barley-and alfalfa. Examination of numerous stomachs showed that barley was the source of more than two-fifths of the food of pintails, about three-tenths of that of mallards, a fourth of that of widgeons, and a fifth of that of green-winged teal resorting to the barley fields. Three-tenths also of the food of the widgeon was alfalfa. Ducks cause damage not only by eating seed grain and alfalfa, but by their puddling method of feeding, which results in so compacting the soil that nothing will grow upon it until after it has been renewed by thorough cultivation. The ducks feed at night, and it has been found that operating automatic flash guns, together with firing blank shot- gun cartridges, affords a considerable degree of protection to the crops. WILD FOWL DESTRUCTIVE TO SHELLFISH IN MASSACHUSETTS. Complaints that certain wild ducks destroy large numbers of com- mercially valuable shellfish in Massachusetts have been received from time to time, the season of greatest damage being alleged to be in mid- winter, particularly during January, following the close of the shoot- ing season. A representative of this bureau was detailed to make an investigation of the matter during the months of December, January, and February. All the important shellfishing grounds of the State were visited, testimony was taken, observations made, and specimens collected. Of the 11 species of wild fowl of which stom- achs were collected, none had eaten a significant quantity of any commercial shellfish other than the common mussel and the scallop. Since the mussel is so abundant everywhere and has only a limited sale, feeding of the birds upon it is of little consequence. The scal- lop, however, has an extensive market and usually brings a high price, the level of which is kept by the trade as near the maximum as possible. The inquiry as to damage to the shellfish industry, there- fore, resolved itself into a study of the relations of wild fowl to a single species—the scallop. Of the 11 kinds of birds collected, 4— the murre, brant, red-breasted merganser or pheasant sheldrake, and the purple sandpiper or rock bird—had taken no scallops; and two others—the old squaw and whistler—made them only about 1 per cent of their food. Scallops composed 3.17 per cent of the food of 24 greater scaup ducks, 5 per cent of that of 44 eider ducks, 7.83 per cent of that of 12 black ducks, 20 per cent of that of 5 American scoters or butter-billed coots, and 44.43 per cent of that of 219 white- winged scoters or coots. 348 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. On account of the small proportion of scallops taken and the gen- eral habits of the species, it is not thought that the scaup, black duck, and eider are a menace to the scallop industry, nor have they been so accused. This reduces the problem to the status of the scoters, or coots, as enemies of scallops. Of the two species of these birds, the yellow-billed or butter-billed coot is not so hardy as the white-winged, and at the season damage to scallops is said to be the greatest—that is, the most severe part of the winter—comparatively few of this species are present. The white-winged scoter, however, is abundant, and at the season investigated makes almost half of its entire food of scallops. In the absence of any good done to offset this harm. the economic status of the white-winged scoter is bad, and what should: be done about it is the problem. Fishermen wish the open season extended so that they may shoot the birds, but it is imexpedient and impracticable to extend the season on a single species of duck. To extend the season on all species would be unwise, for most of the birds need all the protec- tion they now receive. To shift the season to cover a later period conflicts with the interests and expressed desires of a large number of hunters of migratory wild fowl in Massachusetts. It would ap- pear, however, that a remedy of this kind is unnecessary, since the scoters and other wild ducks are easily driven away from the scal- lop beds by running a boat near them. They feed on the beds only by day, and hence they can be rather easily controlled. It would seem that the scallop fishermen should be willing to undertake the small cost of patrolling the waters over the scallop beds from which their income is derived, but for the upkeep of which they are usually at no expense. BIRDS INJURIOUS TO SMALL FRUITS. Investigations of fruit-eating birds in Oregon, Washington, and Colorado were concluded early in the fiscal year. The birds involved in the Northwestern States were robins, band-tailed pigeons, purple finches, woodpeckers, and blue jays. The last-named birds are not protected by law, and permits have been issued when necessary for the destruction of robins and band-tailed pigeons. The other birds were not found seriously destructive. In Colorado also the robin was the species most injurious to small fruits, with magpies, band- tailed pigeons, woodpeckers, orioles, and tanagers of less importance. The magpie is not protected by law and robins may now be killed under permit. Modification of the protected status of the other birds concerned seemed unnecessary. SURVEYS OF THE FEEDING GROUNDS OF WILD FOWL. In continuation of the investigation of feeding grounds of wild fowl, work was begun among the very numerous and important lakes and marshes of Minnesota. Progress was made in the survey and information furnished to interested persons on the value in their natural condition of lakes involved in proposed drainage operations. Reports have been prepared on the previous seasons’ surveys. MISCELLANEOUS WORK IN ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. An assistant visited Fishers Island, N. Y., in September to observe the notable flights of hawks, to study the relation of these birds to a BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 849 pheasant farm there, and to collect specimens. The trip was mod- erately successful, but weather conditions were not propitious for the usual large flights. . In furtherance of a cooperative project with the Chemical War- fare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, Md., was visited for the purpose of planning equipment and procedure for an investigation of the pos- sible usefulness of toxic gases in the control of injurious birds. An illustrated lecture on “ The value of birds to agriculture ” sup- plied by the bureau to the States Relations Service at an earlier date for distribution was in good demand. During the latter half of the year 14 sets of slides were sent out, each accompanied by a copy of the lecture, several of them on circuits where they were in daily use for a month or more. EXAMINATION OF STOMACHS OF BIRDS. Work was continued on the English sparrow, the contents of about 800 stomachs being analyzed. Examinations of various groups of shorebirds were kept up to date, a considerable accumulation of ma- terial representing the various species of plovers was disposed of, and about 700 pellets of owls were examined. Numerous special examinations of bird stomachs for correspond- ents were made, as in former years. Notable collections received in this way contained the stomachs of pileated woodpeckers, pigmy owls, and rough-legged hawks from Oregon; ruffed grouse from Wis- consin; great blue herons from Michigan; bobwhites from South Carolina; black swifts from Washington; and wild ducks from Peru. WORK ON THE FOOD HABITS OF TOADS AND MAMMALS. Nearly 600 stomachs of 3 species of toads were examined during the year. Toads are notable for taking a great variety of food, and in 500 stomachs of the common toad (examined in this and preceding fiscal years) no fewer than 1,200 food items were identified. This great diversity of food makes the work slow and tedious. During the year a leafiet was prepared summarizing the economic status of the common toad, with some notes on its habits, and another on poisonous snakes of the United States was manifolded and dis- tributed. More than 300 stomachs of mammals were examined, including chipmunks, pocket mice, rabbits, moles, shrews, bears, caribou, moun- tain sheep, moose, and deer. Knowledge of the food of grazing animals is of considerable value in connection with the bureau’s investigations of the reindeer industry in Alaska and in determining the relation of the feeding habits of big game to live-stock grazing. BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS. In general, the technical work of this division has continued along lines supplying the definite basic information required for the proper discharge of the various duties of the bureau, such as the enforce- ment of the migratory-bird treaty and the Lacey Acts, the adminis- tration of mammal and bird reservations, the conservation of game birds and mammals, and lines bearing upon the relations of birds and mammals to agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry. The 350 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. biological surveys of States and field operations in general have been curtailed, owing to the limited funds available. Notable additions have been made to the various information files and card indexes on the distribution, abundance, and habits of North American birds and mammals, the accumulating data yearly affording more complete knowledge of the life histories and complex relations of wild life to human welfare. These files, containing information gathered from many sources, increase steadily in value and are indispensable in conducting the work of the bureau. They are constantly being con- sulted to furnish information sought by other governmental depart- ments, State officials, scientific and other institutions, and individuals throughout the United States and many foreign countries. Note- worthy advance has been made in the banding of birds as a means of obtaining exact information concerning their migrations, which is of special value in connection with the enforcement of the migra- tory-bird treaty act. BIOLOGICAL. SURVEYS OF STATES. Because of limited funds, field-survey work was continued only in the State of Washington. A field party operated in the Olympic Mountains, mainly in the higher sections and on the northern slopes of this isolated mountain mass. The State College of Washington, which is cooperating with the bureau in this survey, had a representa- tive with the party a part of the time from the first of July to the end of September. During October, November, and December, a field representative of the ‘bureau continued work in various scattered localities, chiefly east of the Cascade Mountains, and _ practically completed the biological survey of the State. With the completion of field work the preparation of the final report was undertaken. Progress was made in the preparation of faunal reports, especially on the “ Mammalwiof Wyoming” (nearly completed) and the “ Mam- mals of Oregon.” Technical studies of mammals were continued dur- ing the year and systematic revisions of the shrews and chipmunks were well advanced. DISTRIBUTION AND MIGRATION OF BIRDS. Work dealing with bird migration has been carried on as in previ- ous years, and the number of voluntary observers reporting on the subject was about 250, including some new observers from the South- ern and Western States, regions from which reports are greatly de- sired. Considerable progress has been made in abstracting records from published sources, and the copying of the field notes of various members of the survey is now up to date. The number of record cards in the distribution and migration files is now nearly 1,500,000. Con- siderable work has been done on the bird collection in identifying, carding, and arranging material of recent acquisition. BIRD COUNTS. Reports of bird counts numbered about 55, a slight increase over those of last year, and included many made on the same areas as in previous years, which form a valuable and exceedingly important BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 351 series. The third report on bird counts in the United States, which covers the years 1916 to 1920, inclusive, was prepared for publication. BIRD BANDING. The bird banding work has made-substantial progress during the period covered by this report. At the close of the year the coopera- tors enlisted in this project numbered 490, and the number is being continually augmented as the interest increases. Cooperation is be- ing extended by various State organizations, including game com- missions, colleges, and universities. Perhaps the most noteworthy feature of the past year has been the great interest developed in the New England States, especially in Massachusetts, which resulted in the formation in January of the New England Bird Banding Association, organized for the pur- pose of increasing interest in bird banding ‘and furthering the cooperation of individuals and organizations with the Biological Survey. A representative of the bureau was present at the organi- zation meeting to arrange for the proper coordination of the activi- ties of the new organization with the work of the bureau. The number of birds banded under the direction of the bureau dur- ing the year was about 6,000," and much valuable information has been obtained from “return” and ‘ ‘repeat ” records, numbering about 2,500. It is anticipated that these numbers will be greatly in- creased as the work develops. The work done during the year in- cluded the systematic trapping and banding of land birds, the band- ing of fledglings, and particularly the banding of waterfowl for the purpose of ‘obtaining information for use in the administration of the migratory bird treaty act. Three field trips were made in the interest of bird banding work. The first, to North Dakota, July and August, was made in cooperation with a collaborator of “Hie bureau, and “during its continuance experiments were carried on at several points in an endeavor to devise proper methods to be employed in banding waterfowl during the nesting season. The second trip, in January and February, was for the purpose of band- ing waterfowl near the Mississippi River in Iowa, where large numbers of ducks had congregated and remained during the winter; some work was also carried on in Missouri for the same purpose and for obtaining motion pictures of trapping and banding oper- ations. The third trip, in February and March, was made to band waterfowl along the Lllinois River near Browning, Il., chiefly on the grounds of ‘the Sanganois Club, in cooperation. with the owners of this hunting preserve. During these trips important results were obtained in the banding of “waterfowl, and the banding of these birds will be continued duri ing the coming year. A few articles relating to bird-banding work were published through outside ornithological mediums, and two mimeographed circulars under the title “ Bird banding notes” were issued to collaborators for the purpose of furnishing them information needed in carrying on the work. INVESTIGATIONS OF MIGRATORY WILD FOWL. Investigations of migratory wild fowl have been continued in cooperation with State game officials. Considerable information on the breeding and mating of ducks and geese in the United States and ” 352 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Canada was obtained from sportsmen, naturalists, and State game officials, which will be of particular value in carrying out the. pro- visions of the migratory-bird treaty act. All the data were carded and made available for use. Furthermore, a card catalogue of all the birds collected under scientific collecting permits was made. including the records from 1918 to 1920, inclusive, covering the years during which Federal permits of this character have “been issued. The gratifying increase in numbers of ducks reported from many parts of the country is ascribed largely to the protection accorded under the Federal regulations prohibiting spring shooting, which formerly seriously interfered with the mating and breeding of the birds. Tnsistent demands have been received from certain Middle Western sections, especially in Missouri, that a spring shooting season be granted extending from February 10 to March 10, which would include the height of the spring migration, the hunters asserting that as the birds are not mated no harm would be done. In order definitely to establish whether or not the birds are mated at that season in Missouri, an assistant of the bureau was sent to the State early in February with instructions to observe the bir ds, kill a certain number, and make examinations of their reproductive organs. By February 21 mallard ducks in numbers were constantly seen in pairs, and enlargement of the breeding organs was clearly shown by exami- nation of two females killed March 8 and of two males killed March 9. Still more decided increase in the size of these organs in both sexes was shown by several specimens taken March 17. The evidence was clear, therefore, that mating was in progress during February and March. A member of the staff was sent to McGregor, Iowa, in August to represent the Biological Survey at the American School of Wild Life Protection. During the session of the school considerable informa- tion was disseminated in regard to the bird-protection work of the bureau, and close cooperation was established with this school, which is rapidly becoming an important factor in wild-life protection in the Mississippi Valley. WILD LIFE IN NATIONAL PARKS AND NATIONAL FORESTS. In September an investigation of the conditions affecting game at that season on the Wichita National Forest and Game Preserve was made by an assistant of the bureau in cooperation with the Forest Service, with special reference to determining the carrying capacity of the range and developing a program for disposing of surplus animals, particularly buffalo and elk. A second visit was made early in March to observe winter conditions on the area. At the suggestion of Gov. Robert D. Carey, of Wyoming, a joint investigation was made in February and March by representatives of the “bureau, the State game department of Wyoming, and the Forest Service of the problem of obtaining sufficient winter forage for elk. This work was centered chiefly in the upper Wind River and Jackson Hole sections of Wyoming, and the joint recommenda- tions made by the party will form the basis for further cooperation of Federal and State agencies in efforts to check the rapid diminution in the number of elk in this region. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. ¢ aoe .An assistant of the bureau attended the Georgia Forestry Con- yention at Macon in June and delivered an address on the relation of forestry to wild life in the South, stressing especially the impor- tance of controlling forest fires, which are destructive not only to forests but also to valuable wild life. On request of the department of game and fish of Georgia an examination was made in June of conditions on Blackbeard Island, where deer were alleged to have become excessively abundant under the complete protection afforded by an executive order. Adjustment of the matter was pending at the close of the year. LIFE HABITS OF INJURIOUS ANIMALS. Studies of the life habits of animals were continued during the year, especially the food habits of certain injurious rodents, because of the urgent need of more intimate know ledge of the relations of these animals to agriculture, forestry, and stock raising. The infor- mation’ thus eained is of special importance in efforts ‘of the bureau to develop improved methods of control or eradication of rodent pests. Field investigations of beavers were made in Washington, Minne- sota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and New York. Complaints “had reached the bureau from various places, especially in the Adirondack Moun- tains, N. Y., of extensive damage by the beaver, in response to which studies were made with a view to the control of this valuable fur bearer and its utilization in fur farming. As a result of these inves- tigations a bulletin covering the economic status of this animal was prepared and is now in press. In Washington and Oregon field studies of pocket gophers in progress were practically completed at the end of the year. An account of the life habits and economic relations of the so-called mountain beaver, or sewellel, based largely on work in Washingten, is nearly completed. In Arizona a part of the month of October was devoted to checking results of investigations in and about ex- perimental plots established in cooperation “with the Forest Service, the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and the University of Ari- zona, to determine the effect of native rodents on forage production and the carrying capacity of stock ranges. PROTECTION OF LAND FUR-BEARING ANIMALS IN ALASKA. The work of protecting land fur-bearing.animals in Alaska has been carried on so far as possible with the limited appropriation and under the inadequate fur law now in force. On September 10, 1921, new regulations for the protection of land fur-bearing animals in Alaska were promulgated, the most important change being the open- ing of the season on beaver and marten; there had been no open season on beaver since 1910 and none on marten since 1916. The new regulations lengthened the open season on muskrat in district No. 1 one month in spring, to April 30, and also prohibited the destruction of beaver houses or runways by the use of dynamite or other explo- Sives or in any other manner. Fur-warden service has been continued through the chief fur warden at Juneau and through wardens and deputies at Unalakleet, 354 ANNUAL BEPORTS OF DEPARYMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Fairbanks, Unalaska, Akutan, and Tyonic, and in the States at Seattle and-Tacoma, Wash. With the opening of the season on beaver and marten, the warden service at San Francisco was discon- tinued. In addition to the bureau’s own force of fur wardens, excel- lent cooperation has been extended by the Customs Division ‘of the Treasury Department and by agents of the Department of Justice in Alaska. SEIZURES OF FURS. Because of the inadequate law under which prosecutions must be made for violations of the fur law and the regulations thereunder, there have been few arrests and seizures of furs and fewer prosecu- tions. The use of poisons, trapping out of season, and the destruc- tion of beaver houses are the most serious problems to contend with under the law now,in operation. Unless a new Alaskan fur law is soon enacted, an acute situation will develop as to the future sup- ply of land fur- bearing animals, one of the most valuable natural assets of the Territory. Of nine seizures made of contraband furs, two were later released because of insufficient evidence. Furs seized included skins of 165 beavers, 96 martens, and 2 red foxes (unprime). Five convictions for illegal beaver trapping were secured, each resulting in the im- position of fines. The proceeds from the sale of seized furs duri ing the year amounted to $3,304.43. SHIPMENTS OF ALASKAN FURS. Shipments of furs from Alaska covering the period from Decem- ber 1, 1920, to November 30, 1921, as reported by postmasters and agents of transportation companies in Alaska, were considerably below those of the previous year—due no doubt to trappers holding their furs because of the prevailing low prices. The value of the land furs shipped, exclusive of pelts of blue and white foxes from the Pribilof Islands (under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Fish- erles), amounted to $762,296.52, being $317,272.34 less than for the previous year. The number of the principal pelts shipped and their value are as follows: | Kind of fur. Number.| Value. || Kind of fur. | Number.| Value. = is see DEe BS et -||-- MEE ane SS Muskratic e4-bon io) 5. cade 218-737:)| $273-420-||"Beaver, 2-24-22 2.220222 | 236 $4, 248 Blue LOK soe ene nena 738 137800} || OtterMand) = 2.2 3205 sss sale | 1,174 29, 350 Wiite foxth- tt se Sn 2,108 63,1240) li WMinikkes 2252 5 ee See 8 18, 091 180, 910 Red fox pees ASE ng esate 2,497 44946 s|: Marten. i7)-t.e- eae eee ONE 676 20, 280 Silwer-grayifoxs.. 22.6 Ves. . ee 183 32,025 || Weasel (ermine)___-___------. 6,786 4,071 Crossiioxget) i egg! 371 111307 pBlackibearar- ahs saa ee 719 | 10, 785 | PATROL SERVICE IN SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA. The bureau’s seagoing power boat Pega/, used in the waters of southeastern Alaska, has been rechristened Sea Otter. It has a heavy- duty gasoline engine, and as it is one of the best of the patrol boats in those waters it will make it possible for the chief fur warden to visit the entire coast line re securing better observance of the law and investigating the fur farms on many islands to help establish this growing industry on a sound basis. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. ooo FUR FARMING IN ALASKA. All but 2 of the 10 islands off the southern coast of Alaska under the supervision of the bureau are under lease for fur farming. The lease on Chowiet Island was canceled at the request of the lessee, and no favorable consideration has been given to applicants for Simeonof Island, as it is already occupied by natives and others. Reports received from the lessees of the eight other islands indicate that nearly all are meeting with varying degrees of success. Blue foxes continue to be the chief animals farmed on practically all islands, although a few fur farmers experimenting with black foxes apparently are meeting with success, and a few small attempts are being made to farm martens. Fur farming in Alaska is still mainly confined to the southern and southeastern coast and adjacent islands. For the purpose of securing definite information regarding the condition of the fur-farming industry with a view to helping build it up, the chief fur warden, accompanied by the bureau’s fox-farming expert, has been making a reconnaissance along the southern coast with the power boat Sea Otter, gathering information to serve as the basis for a publication on fur farming in the Territory. Through cooperation with the Forest Service, which issues permits for fur farming on islands within the Tongass and Chugach National For- ests, arrangements are being made for meetings of fur farmers in the Territory during the fall of 1922 for the purpose of conference and organization. Fox ‘farming i is increasing in the Aleutian Chain, where permits for the use of suitable islands are still being issued free to natives and at a nominal charge to others. Seventeen | permits were issued for islands in this chain during the year, making a total of 56 now in effect. Several permits for islands were canceled on recommendation of the bureau’s representative at Unalaska, some permittees having died and others having failed to make use of their permits or having attempted to transfer them without approval. The natives are en- couraged to use all suitable islands for the propagation of foxes. A bill now pending in Congress, if enacted, will authorize the Secretary of Agriculture to lease all islands or other unoccupied Government lands lying outside of Government reservations in Alaska or issue permits for grazing or fur farming on them. Fur farming in the Territory is already | becoming an important industry and can be made still more profitable by suitable legislation for the protection of those engaged in it. The experiment of propagating martens in the Territory has not yet met with much success. Only one of the nine individuals holding permits reports progress. Several have discontinued their attempts, and it is probable that the successful propagation of these animals will be slow in developing. Discovery of the mating season of mar- tens at the experimental fur farm in New York should be helpful in this connection. THE ALASKAN REINDEER INDUSTRY. Satisfactory progress is being made in the reindeer work begun by the bureau in July, 1920. As a result of the investigations already made by the scientific staff stationed at Unalakleet (where the experi- ment station was first located), the manuscript for a department 356 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. bulletin on “ Reindeer in Alaska,” fully illustrated and containing information on practically every phase of the reindeer industry, was prepared during the year. This will be the first report of its kind ever published and should be of much practical use to those now in the reindeer business, as well as to those contemplating engaging in it. The coming year should show still greater progress and dev elop- ment of practical results from the reindeer investigations. Experi- ments along the lines of feeding and handling will be conducted to Jearn the practicability of using reindeer as draft animals through the use of a more substantial diet than reindeer moss and other native forage, which they now must seek after a day of hard work. GRAZING ALLOTMENTS. The urgent need for expert study of the Alaskan reindeer and their herd management, to encourage the development of the busi- ness of raising these animals as a successful industry, is fully appre- ciated by the ‘white herd owners, and they are showing keen interest in the work being done by the Biological Survey. Only about one- third of the reindeer are owned by whites, and the remainder mainly by the Eskimos. Now that the ‘prelimi inary study of diseases and parasites and their control is completed, the wor king out of grazing- allotment areas is of immediate importance, and this i is being done by three grazing experts with the use of an auxiliary power schooner belonging to the bureau. Among other investigations bureau ex- perts are making quadrat studies of forage production and-of the renewal of reindeer moss under va rying conditions up to seriously overgrazed areas. A bill authorizing the Secretary of Agriculture to issue grazing permits has been introduced in the Senate, and the authority it contains is vitally needed for the development of the reindeer industry in the Territory. HERD MANAGEMENT. Demonstrations of improved methods of handling herds and indi- vidual animals have been given at various places, and in a number of instances these have been followed by the herd owners with ac- knowledged benefit. Such practical field demonstrations will be needed over a great area in order to impress the minds of both Eskimo and white owners. The industry is new, and crude methods of herd management are still almost universal. REINDEER FROM NORWAY. In March 60 reindeer arrived at the Government quarantine sta- tion at Athenia, N. J—40 females and 20 males—which the Depart- ment of Conservation of Michigan had imported from Norway to be turned loose in the northern part of the Lower Peninsula of Michigna. An inspection of these animals by the bureau’s chief reindeer exper from Alaska disclosed the fact that the Norway reindeer were Sean smaller than the average Alaskan animal, and also that their color was much paler. The experiment of the Michigan authorities will be watched with interest, because of the differing character of the snowfall and forage in the new habitat, particularly in view of the relative scarcity of the lichens and other food similar to that on which the animals were accustomed to feed. BUREAU: OF BIOLOGICAL SURVLY. B57 In order to obtain more information regarding methods of rein- deer management, Dr. Seymour Hadwen, who was the chief reindeer specialist for two years in Alaska, will go to northern Europe during the summer of 1922 to study the industry there, including herd management, prevalent parasites and diseases and their control, and such other matters as will be helpful to the bureau and to herd owners in Alaska. LARGE CARIBOU BULLS FOR BREEDING PURPOSES. A field naturalist with headquarters at Fairbanks has continued investigations of the caribou of that region, and much valuable information has resulted. A supply of the large type of caribou from which young bulls may be obtained for use in breeding exper- iments to increase the size and vitality of the reindeer has been located in the Mount McKinley National Park. With the coopera- tion of the National Park Service arrangements are being made to capture some of these animals and hold them in an inclosure in the park until they can be taken down the Yukon on a barge and placed with a herd of reindeer from.which the reindeer bucks will be elimi- nated. It is believed that the meat output of the Alaskan reindeer can be practically doubled by careful selection of breeding stock. GAME AND BIRD RESERVATIONS. Federal game and bird reservations now number 69, all but one of which are bird refuges, and this one is also a national park, so that birds are protected there under park regulations. . Five of the number are big-game refuges. The plan of temporarily transferring wardens from one reserva- tion to another in order to broaden their experience and usefulness has been successful. It is now contemplated filling the assistant warden vacancies as they occur with young men of proper fitness to develop into wardens, thus enabling them to grow up in the service. The practice of transferring these assistants to different reserva- tions and of detailing them for a short time to the central office at Washington will fit them for a more effective performance of their duties and provide a well-trained personnel competent to de- velop the reservations along the lines of greatest usefulness. Owing to a general need for information in reference to existing State and Federal game and bird refuges in the United States, a list of each group was prepared and issued in mimeographed form. Be- cause of insufficient information, the lists are not absolutely complete as to the number of refuges and their acreage, but revised editions will be issued as additional data are received. Of the 423 State game and bird refuges listed, 346 contain a total of 19,331,593 acres. Wyoming has the greatest acreage of State game and bird refuges, 4,201,200 acres in 13 units; Minnesota comes next with 2,750,936 acres in 64 units; California has 1,792,000 acres in 28 units; and Montana 1,503,429 acres in 12 units. The list of Federal game and bird refuges gives a total of 115. The 84 for which the acreage is givén have a total of 10,323,904 acres. The great area included in Federal and State game and bird refuges indicates how general is the interest in the protection of game 358 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and birds. These refuges are-scattered throughout the country and in Alaska, Porto Rico, and the Hawaiian Islands, and few States are without them. The States lacking refuges of this kind are Missis- sippi, Nevada, New Hampshire, South Carolina, and West Virginia. BIG-GAME PRESERVES. Most of the big-game animals have increased, but serious losses were suffered in the antelope herds on the Montana Bison Range and the Wind Cave Game Preserve, S. Dak., and in the elk in Jackson Hole, Wyo. The year was marked by appalling losses of antelope, and it will take years of painstaking effort to bring these herds back to their former numbers. On the Bison Range the antelope were killed mainly by coyotes, which ran them into deep snow- drifts, where they became practically helpless. At Wind Cave large bobcats appeared to be the chief offenders, trailing the antelope in the snow and apparently killing full-grown bucks without difficulty. This experience with predator: y animals at the Bison Range and Wind Cave, combined with the severe weather conditions, indicates forcibly the difficulty attendant on developing antelope herds under fence. Their former freedom to range widely was a strong element in their favor. Under fence they appear to be the most helpless of our large game. As game preserves are developed they will natu- rally attract. predatory animals from a wide adjacent region, espe- cially during severe seasons when food becomes scarce. Unsatis- factory conditions caused by the drifting snows which fill the gullies and depressions raise the question of whether locations like the Wind Cave Preserve and the National Bison Range are well suited to building up antelope herds. Areas subject to a lighter snowfall, even though the same temperatures and high winds prevail, may prove better ‘suited to these animals. A milder climate or lighter snowfall may be needed to insure success. Efforts are being continued to establish a large antelope range in the southwestern part of Idaho. The following table shows the number of big-game animals under fence on the preserves at the close of each calendar year from 1916 to 1921; the figures for 1922 are as reported on June 30, and, except for the buffalo, are approximations: Kind of game. 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 ES VET Oe EHH E AN SS REG are SER TAR rs ee ae arate 206 251 311 381 431 508 594 stein hstachie)ej Ne eae ais areiaisis iste aieislo tno see jean eiccie ais 165 205 261 345 433 519 578 ANTELOPC2? soe ae ase See 28 Sewers 47 57 55 54 65 91 45 Deer, mule: Cock. Sees Stale bs depen aeeisiens 2 | 2 15 21 27 54 52 Deerswhite-taled ise. scecstecccecnccscse see 3 | 6 8 9 | 5 21 31 Mountainisheepass pooch ss eve ccaeeeock ec Sor el enoana-oletdeaenss eSoao6eS poosecee (sso se||ssedsobe 16 DOA se eaade de oekee eo eas coher at 423 521 650 810 961 | 1,193 | 1, 316 Two educational motion-picture films have been prepared during the year to illustrate the work of this division. One, entitled “Anne’s aigrette,” showing interesting pictures of the American egrets, snowy herons, : and other birds on the Walker Lake Bird Reservation, Ark., is designed to demonstrate the inhumanity of the traffic in the BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 859 plumage of these birds for the purpose of personal adornment, The other film shows views of the birds on the bird-refuge islands near the mouth of the Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico and is entitled “ National bird refuges.” Detailed histories “of the Bison Range and Wind Cave Preserve have been completed, a rough draft of a history of the Niobrara Res- ervation, Nebr., has been made, and data assembled for the writing of histories of other refuges. National Bison Range, Mont.—With the exception of the deplor- able loss of antelope during the past winter, the animals and birds have done well on this preserve, although in spring the animals were much reduced in flesh, owing to the exceptionally severe win- ter. Eight apes died during the year and 77 were born, increasing the number to 452. All deaths in the herd within the past year have apparently been from natural causes, as there has been no contagious sickness of any kind. The elk now number 325 as against 265. last year. The unfortunate loss of antelope reduced the herd from 60 (the number reported on June 30, 1921) to 17. During the time when the range was covered with snow coyotes drove the antelope into drifts, from which they could not escape, and killed by far the larger part of the herd, an unprecedented loss. On June 30, 1922, it was estimated that 25 antelope were on the range, counting a few young of the year. Since January 1, 30 coyotes have been trapped, shot, or poisoned on this preserve or near its boundary, and 76 others were taken in the surrounding country. In the autumn of 1921, 17 white-tailed deer and 17 mule deer were received at the range, "the gift of Frank Conley, of Deer Lodge, Mont. The estimated number of mule deer now on the range is 50: and of white-tailed deer, 25. Through the courtesy ‘of hae Canadian National Parks Service, 12 mountain sheep were obtained in February from Banff, Alberta. The band consisted of four rams and eight ewes, which were kept in a corral near the warden’s quarters on the range during the remainder of the winter. They are doing well and have increased in number to 16. The 24 ring-necked pheasants turned out in the fiscal year 1921 had increased to about’ 124, and at the present time 100 are reported on the range. The introduction of the pheasants has been so suc- cessful that the State has contributed this year nine pairs of Euro- pean partridges, and it will be interesting to note the result ; they now number 25. Two reservoirs for watering places for the animals hia e been com- pleted, one on the west side of the range and the other near the south- east corner. Wind Cave National Game Preserve, S. Dak.—This year’s calf crop has increased the buffalo herd from 71 to 90, and the elk number 149, not including calves. During the exceptionally severe weather conditions last winter the antelope herd was reduced by bobcats and coyotes from 34 to 14. The remaining animals are in splendid con- dition, and on June 30 there were 6 fawns reported, making a total of 20 antelope i in that herd. Since January 1, 75 predatory “animals were caught on Wind Cave Preserve and in the surrounding country. 25684—aGR 1923 24 3860 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. A light motor truck has heen obtained for use at this preserve and is a valuable addition to the equipment, as it will be very useful for fire fighting and for facilitating fence repairs, road work, and other necessary “activities. Concrete work at one of the watering places for the animals was completed during the fiscal year and has made it possible for the spring to be used more extensively and at all seasons. Niobrara Reser vation, Nebr.—There are now 41 buffalo, 54 elk, and 1 deer, as against 37 buffalo, 53 elk, and 1 deer a year ago. It is hoped that new “blood can be introduced into the elk herd next year. The inspector has been instructed to arrange for the transfer of some of the excess elk from Sullys Hill to Niobrara and at the same time to weed out some of the older or less desirable animals now on this reservation. ‘ The new game fence, 12 miles in length, is still under construction. Posts are set and a contract has been let for erecting the wire for a distance of 822 rods. When this fence is finished it will inclose ap- proximately 4,320 acres, making this one of our best game refuges. Sullys Hill National Game Preser ve, N. Dak.—The buffalo have increased from 9 to 11, the elk from 36 to 50, and the deer from 3 to 5 during the year. Construction work on the hostess house and other buildings and improvements was advanced last summer, and it is hoped that the work will be entirely completed during the coming summer. Elk Refuge, Wyo. —The winter of 1921-22 is reported to have been the severest on record in relation to the elk. Extreme weather con- ditions did not commence until after the Ist of January. Heavy thaws followed early snows, and the resulting slush was later frozen into solid ice over the grazing lands, making it impossible for the elk to get at the native forage. The bureau had on hand at the commencement of the winter slightly more than 1,000 tons of hay, a larger supply than ever be- fore. In addition to this, the State furnished 200 tons. This 1,200 tons was exhausted in April, before spring conditions permitted the elk again to do their own foraging, and no funds were available to purchase more. As a result approximately 20 per cent of the total number of the elk that came to the refuge perished, not so many as in the winter of 1919-20 but probably a larger percentage of those that came to the refuge. The greatest number of elk reported on the reservation at any one time during the winter was 4,350. There is no hay now on hand, but the outlook is good for a better crop than that of last year, which amounted to 644 tons. While it is unlikely that another extreme winter will follow that just past, still it is deemed unsafe to start the winter with so small a stock on hand, and additional hay will be purchased. BIRD REFUGES. There are now 68 Federal bird refuges, 4 of which are located on the big-game preserves. No new reservations have been added dur- ing the year, and one has been abandoned—the Yukon Delta Reser- vation, Alaska, eliminated by Executive Order No. 3642, issued Feb- ruary 27, 1922. The North Platte Reservation, Nebr., Was slightly reduced in area by Executive Order No. 3540, dated August 96, 1921. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 3861 Twenty-seven of these reservations have warden service; of the wardens employed 9 are permanent to safeguard the reservations, 11 are part-time, and 10 are cooperative. Individual reports on all the bird refuges are not deemed necessary, but notes are given on sev- eral of the more important ones. Big Lake, Ark.—Conditions at this reservation have continued to improve during the past year, and violations of the game laws and also of State fishing laws are less frequent. Working in coopera- tion with State officials, it has been very difficult for reservation wardens in the past to identify illegal fishing tackle frequently found. Recent departmental regulations requiring that all set tackle should be tagged have worked out very satisfactorily. As it is now, a man would naturally hesitate to put his identification tag on an illegal net, and untagged nets are subject to confiscation. A survey of the boundary line has been made and the line fairly well cut and blazed, and galvanized wire is being run along its entire length. Runways have been cut through the woods, so that the wardens may quickly reach different points on the reservation and also obtain a view of places formerly hidden by brush and limbs. During the autumn of 1921 the greatest flight of mallards since before 1918 was reported, and more Canada geese going south over Bg Lake than usual, many of them stopping to feed and rest. There was also a larger number of wood ducks in the reservation and vi- cinity than for many years. Lake Malheur, Oreg—tIn January representatives of the Biologi- cal Survey met the governor, attorney general, State engineer, and other representatives of Oregon in Salem for the purpose of consid- ering a compromise by which the controversy over the status of this reservation might be settled. The conference was very satisfactory, and there is a strong probability that this long-drawn controversy may be amicably concluded to the advantage of all concerned. To secure needed information representatives of the bureau and of the State visited the reservation in June, and a definite plan of action will be proposed in the near future. Because of unprecedented win- ter weather conditions at this reservation, it became necessary for the warden to feed grain to the birds, as they were threatened with starvation. Tortugas Keys, Fla—Through the courtesy of the Navy Depart- ment the warden’s house on this reservation, which was completely undermined by the cutting away of the shore and in danger of fall- ing into the sea, has been moved to the opposite or eastern side of the key and substantially set up on new piling. The key is developing considerable vegetation, which is of much importance to certain nesting birds. Belle Fourche, S. Dak.—The effect of continuous grazing over the lands immediately adjoining the lake shore has raised the question as to whether the lack of nesting birds is not due to this destruction of growth which might form shelter for them. To settle this ques- tion definitely it has been planned to fence off a portion of the area known as the peninsula, and the fence has been partly constructed. This will be completed as soon as possible, and with the cooperation of the Reclamation Service the live stock eliminated from the area. North Platte, Nebr—The two smaller of the four reservoirs (No. 2 and Winter Creek) composing this reservation are very promis- 362 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ing places for wild fowl. Unfortunately, the ponds are small, but as the rise and fall of the water does not vy: ary more than about 2 feet they should lend themselves admirably to the planting of wild duck foods. At one of these ponds tules and somé small willows and cottonwoods are already in evidence along a part of one side. The surroundings of both reservoirs are marshy. Mosquito Inlet, Fla—A_ petition has been received from the resi- dents in the vicinity of Holly Hill, Fla., for the extension of this reservation. This shows very clearly a gratifying change of senti- ment on the part of local residents toward bird protection, as at the time the refuge was created local opposition was voiced against the inclusion of any additional area. Tampa Bay Group, Fla. (Passage Key, Indian Key, and Palma Sola).—Bush Key, which was included in the enlargement of the Indian Key Reservation, is reported to have its usual colony of rose- ate spoonbills, 143 havi ing been counted by the inspector in June and a considerably greater number being reported to occur there. Pas- sage Key was seriously damaged by : a hurricane in October, and was reported to have been entir ely washed away. Either this report was not strictly correct or else the sand rapidly built up again. for in January, 1922, a considerable part remained above water. The man- groves, however, had been washed away in June, 1922, and the in- spector found only a small bit of the key above water, and that ap- peared to be washing away from the north side. It was covered with pelicans, gulls, terns, and skimmers, but no birds were nesting. Carlsbad and Rio Grande, N. Mex., and Salt River, Ariz., are all reclamation projects, and while practically no ducks nest on them, they serve during migration and in winter as resting places for ad fowl which would otherwise be forced to Zo beyond the border. Many blue herons and cormorants nest on the Salt River Reservation. MIGRATORY-BIRD TREATY AND LACEY ACTS. The administration of the migratory-bird treaty and Lacey Acts has been seriously embarrassed by insufficient funds for maintaining an adequate warden service. Violations of the law will continue to increase until wardens can be maintained in every State. As against this disquieting situation, it is very encouraging to have reports from practically every section ‘of the United States showing that the pro- tection now given migratory birds is resulting 1 ina materi al increase in their numbers. Tt has been most oratifying to observe, since the abolition of spring shooting, that waterfowl in ever-increasing num- bers are extending their br ceding range. convincing proof of the wis- dom of the advocates of Federal protection for migratory birds. Waterfowl have, in fact, increased to such an extent that the mat- ter of maintaining adequate breeding, resting, and feeding places is becoming a serious problem. Reliab le information is at hand from Oregon that large numbers of wild ducks died of starvation’ and others were in an emaciated condition after having eaten all the vegetation from the ponds in the locality in which they were found, This emphasizes the necessity for prompt and vigorous action in set- ting aside and perpetuating as homes for the birds and other wild life marsh and water areas unsuitable for agriculture, or less valu- able for agricultural uses than they are in their natural state. oo BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 363 EARLY MATING OF MIGRATORY WILD FOWL IN MISSOURI. Early in February, 1922, the bureau assigned an assistant biologist to investigate mating and breeding habits of wild fowl in Missouri, where it has been contended by a few persons, still persisting in their demands for spring shooting, that wild ducks are not mated before March 10 and do not breed in the State. Data gathered by this biolo- gist, as previously mentioned, furnish incontrovertible proof justify- ing the attitude of the bureau in opposing the granting of any wild- fowl shooting privileges later in winter than January 31. COOPERATION. Cordial cooperation extended by State game officials and sports- men from practically every State has contributed in a large measure toward the results achieved, not only in the enforcement of the law but in creating favorable public opinion toward its observance. With- out this cooperation the bureau, with its slender force of wardens, would have been desperately handicapped. WARDEN SERVICE. During the year the number of United States game wardens varied from 25 to 28. They were aided by 48 United States deputy game wardens, receiving a salary when employed during short intervals in emergencies, and by approximately 350 United States deputy game wardens stationed at suitable points throughout the country, who receive a nominal salary of $1 per annum and cooperate by report- ing violations, thus bringing about better observance of the law. Violations have been numerous and appear to have increased in large sections of the country where there are no Federal wardens. It became necessary in many instances to transfer wardens from re- mote sections for temporary duty to localities where especially fla- grant outbreaks of violations were occurring. These special assign- ments were salutary, but to get effective results it has been found essential to have regular employees at all times in important wild- fowl sections. Data gathered by the bureau show that over 4,000,000 State hunt- ing licenses were issued during the year, but this does not represent the total number of hunters, since in many States farmers and others in certain instances are exempted from the operation of hunting- license laws. With the entire United States to patrol and with such a large number of hunters in the field, it is evident that the services of a substantial force of game wardens are required if the law is to be effectively enforced anc desired results are to be achieved. MIGRATORY-BIRD TREATY-ACT ADVISORY BOARD. The annual meeting of the Migratory-Bird Treaty-Act Advisory Board was held in Washington on December 15, with nearly all mem- bers present. Certain amendments of the Federal regulations sug- gested by the bureau and concurred in by the board were adopted by the Secretary and became effective on March 8, 1922, upon approval by the President. These amendments were as follows: The open season for waterfowl in New Mexico was changed from the period October 16 to January 31 to the period October i to January 15; the open 064 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, season for mourning doves in Mississippi and Louisiana was changed from the period October i6 to January 31 to the period September 16 to December 31; and the season for mourning doves in North Caro- lina and South Carolina was changed from October 16 to January 31 to extend from September 1 to December 15. VIOLATIONS OF THE MIGRATORY-BIRD TREATY ACT. On July 1 there were 772 migratory-bird treaty-act cases pending. Of these, 194 were disposed of during the year by convictions, 60 were nolle prossed, in 36 grand juries did not return true bills, 54 were dismissed, and 2 were terminated by death of the accused. fourteen cases tried before a jury resulted in verdicts of not guilty and 412 cases are still pending. During the fiscal year 742 new cases were reported for prosecution; of these, 349 convictions have been obtained to date, 39 have been nolle prossed, in 4 grand juries did not return true bills, 35 were dismissed, and in 5 the jury returned a verdict of not guilty. [ines and costs collected amounted to slightly over $9,800 and ranged from $1 to $250 each, and many of the de- fendants were also required to pay the costs, which in many instances equaled, and in others exceeded, the amount of the fine. About 200 other cases were reported by Federal wardens which for various rea- sons were not forwarded for Federal prosecution, but the evidence in many of them was transmitted to State game authorities for appro- priate action, as infractions of State laws were involved. The convictions in Federal courts were distributed as follows: Alabama, 27; Arkansas, 35; California, 2; Connecticut, 2; Dela- ware, 3; Florida, 11; Georgia; 59; Idaho; 5; Illinois, 38; Indiana, 11; lowa, 9; Kansas, 6; Kentucky, 7; Louisiana, 7; Maine, 6; Mary- land, 28; Massachusetts, 29; Michigan, 4; Minnesota, 12; Mississippi, 13; Missouri, 20; Montana, 2; Nebraska, 8; New Hampshire, 1; New Jersey, 18; New Mexico, 1; New York, 3; North Carolina, 4; Ohio, 7; Oklahoma, 1; Oregon, 8; Pennsylvania, 6; Rhode Island, 3; South Carolina, 1; South Dakota, 8; Tennessee, 54; Texas, 38; Virginia, 23; Washington, 18; Wisconsin, 10. Many substantial penalties were imposed against violators, al- though some offenders escaped with small fines or merely on the pay- ment of costs. Among the penalties imposed were 10 jail sentences ranging from 5 days to 4 months, in Arkansas, Florida, Llinois, Maryland, South Carolina, and Virginia, and fines ranging as high as $250; and a number of the violators were given both fines and jail sentences. The character of violations included trapping and selling wild ducks, illegal shipment of ducks for sale, killing wild ducks in close season, killing great blue herons, hunting ducks after sunset, hunting waterfowl from a sailboat, and offering to sell wild ducks. Many other fines ranging from $25 to $100 were also imposed against offenders for offering to sell and selling aigrettes, possessing ducks in storage during the close season, and forother miscellaneous offenses. The third conviction for the hunting of wild fowl from an airplane was obtained in the Federal court at Trenton, N. J., on Feb- ruary 12, where the violator charged with killing a goose from an airplane was fined $25. An extended drive against persons killing mourning doves during the close season was made in several of the Southern States and BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 865 resulted in the apprehension of 160 violators. Of this number 118 have been prosecuted and fines ranging from $5 to $20 imposed, as follows: Alabama, 17; Georgia, 49; Mississippi, 20; and Tennessee, 32. The remaining cases are still pending. The mourning, Carolina, or turtle dove, is a migratory bird com- ing within the protection afforded by the migratory-bird treaty and the act of Congress to give it effect, even though individuals of the species remain within the borders of certain States the entire year, according to a decision rendered in the case of United States against Joseph H. Lumpkin, brought to trial at Athens, Ga., November 14, 1921, before Federal Judge S. H. Sibley and a jury. The defend- ant, who was charged with killing mourning doves during the Fed- eral close season, contended that the birds which he had killed had not migrated, but had remained in Georgia the entire year, and for this reason were not covered by the Federal statute. The court held as a matter of law that the mourning dove is protected by the migratory bird treaty act and regulations and instructed the jury that the only question of fact to be decided by it was whether the defendant actually killed mourning doves in the close season as charged in the indictment. The trial, which consumed two days and attracted widespread attention, resulted in a verdict of guilty and the imposition of a fine of $25 and costs. A large number of seizures were made of migratory game birds illegally killed or possessed, and most of these were disposed of by the bureau, with consent of the accused, by gift to hospitals or charitable institutions for use as food. Contraband plumes and mounted specimens of migratory birds of an estimated value of $2,000 were seized during the year. Many of these specimens were formally released to the bureau to be used for scientific and educational purposes. Many violations of State game laws were observed during the year by Federal wardens, who transmitted the evidence in regard thereto to proper State game officials for prosecution, and informa- tion received to date shows that 94 such cases have been successfully prosecuted, netting fines totaling $3,436. The wardens also conducted an educational campaign to enlighten the public concerning the provisions of the Federal game laws and their objects and purposes. In three instances wardens were as- saulted by violators while attempting to perform their duties, and in one case the warden was overpowered by three violators and relieved of his pistol and badge. PERMITS. During the year, 952 permits were issued authorizing the collecting of migratory birds, nests, and eggs for scientific purposes. More than half of these were limited permits, confining operations to the collection of nongame birds and of shorebirds during the open sea- son for black-breasted and golden plovers and greater and lesser yellowlegs. The issuance of these limited permits was authorized by an amendment of regulation 9 of the migratory-bird treaty act regulations. adopted March 3, 1921. Reports from the permittees show that approximately one-third of them collected no birds, nests, or eggs whatsoever during the year. A large number of others col- 366 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. lected less than five birds each and no nests or eggs. Permits author- izing the possession, purchase, sale, and transportation, but not the collection, of migratory birds lawfully taken for scientific purposes were issued to 185 persons; permits of this nature are issued usually to taxidermists or others to whom it appears undesirable to give the privilege of collecting specimens. Permits authorizing the possession and sale of migratory water- fowl raised in captivity were issued to 4,765 persons, and permits authorizing the taking of a limited number of waterfowl or their eggs for propagating purposes were issued to 87. In its quest for information relative to the times and lines of flight of migratory birds, the bureau issued permits authorizing the trapping of migratory birds alive for banding purposes to 490 per- sons. The holder of a bird-banding permit is allowed to possess a migratory bird only a suflicient length of time for it to be properly banded and liberated. INTERSTATE COMMERCE IN GAME. Ten new cases involving violations of the Lacey Act were reported to the Solicitor for prosecution during the year. This reduction in the number of cass from that of previous years is no doubt occa- sioned by the fact that shipments of birds, which were formerly cov- ered by the Lacey Act, now come under the migratory-bird treaty act. Thirty-two >2ses were disposed of in court, 4 of which were dis- missed and 1 noll: prossed; the total fines collected in the remaining 27 cases amounted to $931.10. One hundred and fifteen investiga- tions were closed for various reasons, a sufficient amount of evidence not being secured to warrant prosecution, the shipments being found to be legal, the offense having occurred so long ago that it had ex- pired under the st itute of limitations, or the nature of the offense not warranting prosecution. Two hundred and twenty-two cases were turned over to State officials for prosecution under State laws, 118 of which have already resulted in convictions netting the States a total in fines and costs of approximately $5,000. At the present time investigations are pending in the bureau in approximately 150 cases. The enforcement of the Lacey Act has been particularly effective in suppressing traffic in beaver skins illegally taken. IMPORTATION OF FOREIGN BIRDS AND MAMMALS. Following the war period of depression, the importation of birds and mammals from foreign countries is gradually returning to nor- mal. Although the 528 permits issued were 32 less than in 1921, the number of individuals and species was greater and the number of shipments Inspected increased from 155 to 186. Canaries were imported in increased numbers, and the trade in parrots with Mexico, South America, and Australia is being revived. Traffic in game birds is increasing more slowly and is confined chiefly to Mexican quail and Hungarian partridges. At Honolulu, Hawau, additional permits were issued for the entry of miscellaneous birds, chiefly pigeons, quail, and ducks. Altogether there were entered under permit 154,547 canaries, 37,953 Mexican quail, and various other miscellaneous birds, making a total of 313,623, of which 274.997 were inspected. In addition, there were entered at the ports of New BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 367 York, San Francisco, and other ports, chiefly as passengers’ baggage without requirement of permit, 9,075 parrots and parrakeets, 4,627 canaries, and 10,352 miscellaneous birds. These latter included many parrots brought in at the ports of Brownsville and Laredo, Tex., without permits when not accompanied by other birds. The total number of birds imported during the year was 337,677. Permits for mammals included 2,064 foxes from Canada. >> €Z0;0UI0} UT sss ss* AI4sTaTIYO | ai nd OTOIRT Fe aoe cine Go aeven ard STUD UY [surlUuy |sisicisieisr=inl=isjels' sit p e'cinisinieinie oii SA TITIQOO VY, a a neoing 382 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Expenditures from the deficiency appropriation, fiscal year 1922. Publications. Grand total. 5 E * | Total publica- | Farmers’ Bul- | Department Bureau. tions. letins. ulletins. } | , |Copies.| Cost. |Copies.. Cost. | Copies. es Cost. | Copies. Cost. Animal industy...22.5. 2..-.2Jelose tes 3 $72. 88]....2... $72.88) 2-2 225. |. 78021886) eos. soe Biological/Survey......-2. asnolesee 3, 500 519.13) 3,500 ra CE 159 hi aie he | 3,500! $373.48 Chemistry tess cee eek ee 3, 000, 400.77; 3,000, AND S Tile moee nels cone uae 3, 000, 400.77 Entomology ed Se oy pn en en en ge 380. 26)........| 380. 26 States Relations Service.......... 200,000; 5,419.43) 200,000, 5,419. 43 Journal of Agricultural Research.| 40,102 8,394.72) 40,102 8,394.72 MOTESUISOLVACOs ac asemee ck aaeece ee 39,500 4,961.53) 39,500) 4,961.53) ME DTAT Yee ae 28 Sem tence ceeeee 12;'822) “14; 635-00). =... 822.00 PiblichHRoadsie se seceeaee ees 34, 000 5,146.51) 34,000 5,146.51 Soilsie Sesogs cess cnsteestses cose eee 1, 654. 62 1, 654, 62 Farm Management... ['deceise © 866. 62 ” 366. 62) Plant Industry: cs). .200 55.2022 16,500 4,078.95) 16,500, 4,078.95 Weather Bureal. s-scccces eeacce 58,449, 19,197.98 57, 750, 17, 051.79).......- ieHeeaeco soos See Jeceeeees | i Motalect Sacaceincenme lac 407, 873| 62,728.40) 394, ee 49,769.21) 255, 6000/8, 798. = 16, 000 9, 274. 03 } i | | Publications. | z oe 3 Forms, letters, eparates an ete. Bureau. Deparment Reports, etc. Periodicals. unnumbered ep pamphlets. Copies.) Cost. Copies.) Cost. |Copies.| Cost. Copies.) Cost. |Copies.| Cost = pee ale Pines ee pet 3 | ee | a ieee | Biological Survey.|........ Bakeunsel seeneanal j8148. (eee once SSS eEaas! KAReh eed Mesrabrba| bacueodescaecege ‘ Journal of Agricul- | | | tural Research. .|........ janine eReteeee possess | 40,000 $8,373.56 102)2 “$2016 |o2. cot claim cceiee Forest Service.....| 8,000 $274.01)........ |ceid cow pe be cre da feewta et 3 cence {ee eS ds] aes ee les Aamo Wibraryans seston lh cs sats 822200). - =. =. . Set Hoesel Seco scl Rassesae Paeseaee ioseeass a 12, 822'$10,813.00 Public Roads ooo ane 1, OOS 208; brsoe oe ese me eer She tases ea, ee Baan A Dc Plant industry...2|> 4;000|) S58sR0tee. Pe tsetse 12500] 3)352582|5 30:45, see see Weather Bureau..|........ lia srw vie cto sae aiare are ce 9003 00a, Zeeial acercrceere 57, 1750 16, 151.79 699) 2, 146.19 Motale. oss. 12,000 1,454.81) 1,000 2,342.22) 40, 000)8,373.56) 70,352/19,525.77) 13, 521/12, 959. 10 | | | NEW PUBLICATIONS. New publications issued during the year ended June 30, 1922. Department bulletins Department circulars Soil surveys Yearbook separates Journal of Agricultural Research separates Secretary circulars Service and regulatory announcements Total Total 4 Wo) 2 Hee eae ar Rh Pe a a gD FS ie AE eV Nee wre Number of orders of job printing No. 1198. 1201. 1204. 1200. 1210. 1199. 1217. 1207. 1217. 1209. 1221. 1214. 1223. 1225. 1219. 1226. 1227. 1203. 218. 1231. 1232. 1228, 1224. 1233. 1220. 1235. 1230. 1237. 1229, 1238. 1241. 1208. 1246. 1249, 1242. 1248. 1247. 1234. 1251. 1239. 1222. 1216. 1215. 1254. 1253. 1259. 1252. 1257. 1258. 1255. 1250. 1261. 1260. 1262. 1266. 1267. 1243. DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 383 New Farmers’ Bulletins issued during the year ended June 30, 1922. Swarm Control. Motor Trucks on Eastern Farms. Northwestern Apple Packing Houses. Tuberculosis of Fowls. Measuring and Marketing Farm Timber. Judging Sheep. Home Canning of Fruits and Vegetables. Milk and Its Uses in the Home. The Green-bug or Spring Grain-aphis. Planting and Care of Street Trees. Standard Varieties of Chickens. IV. The Ornamental Breeds and Varie- ties. Farm Dairy Houses. The Chinch Bug and Its Control. The Potato Leafhopper and Its Control. Floors and Floor Coverings. Take-all of Wheat and Its Control. Sewage and Sewerage of Farm Homes. The Angora Goat. Beef Production in the Corn Belt. Drying Crude Drugs. Seed Marketing Hints for the Farmer. A Week’s Food for an Average Family. Wheat Scab and Its Control. Tomatoes for Canning and Manufacturing. Insect and Fungous Enemies of the Grape. Game Laws for 1921. Chimneys and Fireplaces: How to Build Them. Pineapple Culture in Florida. Utilization of Alfalfa. Laws Relating to Fur-bearing Animals, 1921. An Improved Method of Making Sugar-beet Sirup. Trees for Town and City Streets. The Peach Borer: How to Prevent or Lessen Its Ravages. Olive Growing in the Southwestern United States. Permanent Fruit and Vegetable Gardens. The Sugar-beet Nematode in the Western States. American Moles as Agricultural Pests and as Fur Producers. Gullies: How to Control and Reclaim Them. Standard Varieties of Chickens. V. The Bantam Breeds and Varieties. Community Bird Refuges. Beekeeping in the Tulip-tree Region. Beekeeping in the Buckwheat Region. Beekeeping in the Clover Region. Important Cultivated Grasses. Seed Peas for the Canner. A Sawfly Injurious to Young Pines. Sawflies Injurious to Rose Foliage. Insects Injurious to the Mango in Florida and How to Combat Them. Webworms Injurious to Cereal and Forage Crops and Their Control. The Production of Peas for Canning. Green Manuring. The Avocado: Its Insect Enemies and How to Combat Them. Stored-grain Pests. The Boll-weevil Problem: Methods of Reducing Damage. Preparation of Peaches for Market. Utilization of Flue-heated Tobacco Barns for Sweet-potato Storage. The Border Method of Irrigation. 384 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FIELD PRINTING DONE ON CONTRACT BY PRINTERS OUTSIDE THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AS OF AUGUST 21, 1922. In addition to the printing done for the department at the Govern- ment Printing Office, a small quantity of emergency work was done by commercial printers at various points outside the District of Co- lumbia. The amounts, by bureaus, were as follows: F019 GEST) GP) OY 0 0 Ey a ee ap eS STU ND Nee nar NV SITE pa NPE job $15. 50 Biological, “Survey ee een Pees Se aaa ee pe 34. 50 SES AGO TIL © UO Say) a a ae a ey os gu pene Se IE ee 493. 28 MOTeESEMS Cr vice. en at aes ea ena emer ees eee nee 3. 50 PLT RO BG see a eo is Oras | UE gu DO ede ee a ee a nn sae 78. 35 Hedera le Eoreleultural] Ovi se tek Mee eee ene le ee a 10. 58 Weather oBirea yes: 0262 SUN SS a I SS cone UE UN er 30. 75 Marketsand) Crop Hstimates 22) =o hs ee ie ee 663. 75 Offices of Marm “Mana gcern emt 22s sete aes ae eee ge 10. 75 Vat) Ha US ET Yaa ae a LRN Magar ie ee EL _ 620.00 Office:of ‘the Secretary 202s 2 vee a le I Paty ees ele 52. 00 DS GEM Ss wes Res hoe 2 a UPD GA a eK SR) anmren S eae eRe ae eee 2, 012.96 Printing done at the Government Printing Office but charged to special funds of bureaus as of August 19, 1922. | Bureaus. [ Bills. | Estimates. Total. s a ue a ARTES >| = | -an eeee ON Mrinal MOUSE ye scl c cee. Sette sce ane a eh oer | $17,286.81 | $3°492.36 | $20,779. 17 States Relations Service! - 25. -oisaceewyecie+ seeeiade-eee bebe saeee | 508. 00 1,928. 13 2, 436. 13 Public ROA Se cele 5 see Meera octets eee eae eee | 4,273. 51 | 2} 276.74 6,550. 26 Officio the Secretarys. os acaccesse ec tciscctacen scene einee teen heres gO ir Aa es os Sere 842.74 Markets and Crop Estimates.............- a 3, 146. 96 8, 146. 18 Fixed Nitrogen Researeh Laboratory..... alert 229; 9% ibe Foete e | 229, 97 Packers and Stockyards Administration... -| 117. 10 | 497. 98 motalele tec ba a th ee / 28,521.13 | 10,961.29 39, 482. 42 { | | PAPERS APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION IN OUTSIDE JOURNALS. In addition to the material published by the department, articles were prepared by members of the department for publication in ‘trade, scientific, and popular periodicals. The administrative regula- tions of the department provide that these articles be approved by the Assistant Secretary and this review has been delegated to the editorial section of this division in order to be sure that they con- form to department policy. The number of papers approved during: the past year is shown below: YeXp aya 001 3B OKO A DUS) 6) hig meena een ween EN nae RN ee SM 2 Ra ee eC le aS ee 66 ES LOLO LA CATS UIE Vie yrds i ee SA ay seen BE ie yea ke OAM Ba ae 96 NETTIE Feo es Te Nee hes ow 58 iy TE ern nie SS gh St ES ML OR AB ee a ne Se 134 FETA O Ta OG Bye ene PES eR LET NEE Te Sry eee a Ee ee 133 Mixed Nitrogen Research, 2aboratotye. 2182 ee ao ee eee ee 14 Maren Vieira e emia © rat ee eta te oe ars Re er eee ee): ie 6 HOT este Servi Coma ee ee ee ee rie a etal eee Bi i he PO a Se ery 142 Markets and Crop Estimates_______ RE PL BD SOS NE NESE BON Se ee Se 64 SPT surat Sra ergy SS dR SRN eT OE 185 PULTE ER OE CS eee ee) Se ON SP ere i bey et 15 Sy Sf ER ee pl en ca ines a omie sated Ga ns aha org dpa atoll inane MOS 19 StatessRelations; Servicet: = 22x22 i eee ee ee ee 20 APACE OVE iS) GB hy Shs 4b iat ree Sin taeda ena fae eat 5 le i ok kage SER or iy ae 9 ML 5 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 385 These articles do not represent the total number prepared for pub- lication by members of the department. According to the lists pub- lished in the Official Record from January 1 to June 30 there were 96 articles prepared for publication in outside journals which were not referred to this division for approval. It may be assumed that dur- ing the early part of the year a proportionate number of articles were prepared for publication without the approval of this division. A continuance of this practice will make the record kept in this divi- sion of little value. The careful reading of these articles and entry of title, etc., for record requires a, large part of the time of one person. A com- plete record of articles written for outside publication should be kept, but in view of the way in which they are now handled it is not ap- parent that their review in this division serves any useful purpose. On the contrary, it is felt that the present regulation is distasteful to many of the workers in the department and serves only to en- courage them to write under assumed names or not to write as much as they otherwise would. It is consequently recommended that the regulation be modified so as to place upon the bureaus responsibility for statements made in articles published and for keeping a record of them. INDEXING WORK. There were no outstanding changes in the method of conducting the indexing work during the fiscal year. The volume of work com- pleted was in some respects larger than in previous years and the current work was kept more closely up to date than had been pos- sible in the past. A total of 27,232 pages of department publica- tions, and 2,126 pages of Congressional Record, were indexed. This included 75 Farmers’ Bulletins and 175 Department Bulletins. Material assistance was rendered the library of the department in rearranging and bringing up to date a duplicate card index formerly maintained in this division, but which was turned over to the library two years ago. This index covers all important statements in all department publications and should be invaluable to research workers. Although no provision was made at that time to keep the index up to date, and for lack of space it has not been possible to give it much attention and care, it was reported that the index has been of material assistance to the research workers of the department and arrangements have been made to supply duplicate copies of index cards prepared in this division, so that the value of the index may be increased. : DISTRIBUTION. The efforts toward securing better distribution of department pub- lications reported for the year 1921 were continued with success. During the fiscal year 1922, 35,249,498 publications, including peri- odicals, were distributed. This was 2,881,867, or about 10 per cent, more than the total for the fiscal year 1921. Of the publications dis- tributed, 14,487,790 were Farmers’ Bulletins and the remainder were miscellaneous publications, including 8,731,700 lists of Farmers’ Bulletins. The number of Farmers’ Bulletins distributed showed an increase of 1,721,298, or about 13 per cent more than the previous 386 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. fiscal year. Members of Congress distributed 10,096,722 copies, which was the largest number of bulletins distributed by Congress since 1918. As large as was the distribution of this class of publica- tions, it would have been materially increased had more bulletins been available. The number of Farmers’ Bulletins actually distrib- uted corresponds very closely with the number issued, 14,565,118, and the balance on hand on July 1, 1922, of 6,324,572 is almost the same as that carried over from the previous year. There were also 4,506,517 miscellaneous publications on hand on July 1, 1922, making a total carry over to the fiscal year 1923 of 10,831,089. The accrued credit of Farmers’ Bulletins to Members of Congress on July 1, 1922, was 22,419,501. Taking into account the bulletins on hand, the deficit was reduced to 16,094,929. This deficit, as has been explained in previous reports, is due to the method of distribu- tion necessitated by the wording of the appropriation act. It is believed that this wording should be changed so that the entire dis- tribution of Farmers’ Bulletins be made by the department, or, fail- ing this, to provide that undistributed quotas shall revert to the de- partment at the end of each fiscal year as formerly. The following table shows the distribution of the miscellaneous publications of the different bureaus: Office of the Secretary 22 — 22 = = OO er 2 ee ee 90, 883 Insecticide; and, Runcicide Boarda] | = a ee eee 37, 146 Hederalsevort eu) tials ose ee a ee 114, 488 Division of Accounts jand Wisbursements= 422). a. 525 ) Pea ie kabul abn aa ff) CCS wy am nh lee gi PA ge SRE a nl 3 a has IL. Neer 88, 318 Weathers Burea sei 7 ak Ate ih ee SAS eee BE 850 Office ofthe. Solicitor’: = tot AF wee see ere ae ae hee 4, 402 Buream.of Animal Industhy = eer i A ee ee 1, 142, 414 Bi O)O G1 CATES UWE VC yeaa ea a a Sn a dD Boe 97, 322 FSU vl Oh Oy CEES tet yet ee ee ee oe ee ee 263, 513 Bureau oft) Pmtomolegyis INE Sul Gil Eris CALE Gil ties er De ee 2G 201, 093 StatessRelations;: Services 22 #94n 5 ots Atay py eee es 614, 511 BOnestiiS Gt Vi Cs Fe a ae ee 278, 220 eA por Re EL _ oak es PEE Ae Se Ce Se 405 DESED eye 10 ey Gu eed SAEZD OY Ped B OKO DD Cay 6) yeas SMa MN a Ie Se Nell place ye 472, 145 Division of (Bublidationsls o0 set lice Pov 2b ei __ 12, 2438, 498 Burneam-ot PublietRoad sitar. ae ence Sie Cie ena SS 56, 340 Bivneaitof SOilse ee ee ely Bet eee 2 eek ee ea ee 19, 310 Bureau-of Markets and Crop Estimates: 22+ ~=- 23.2 = ae 5, 036, 325 TPotaloees MET Oa Pea Ae ae PERE seit et eee eye Ee 20, 761, 708 Further efforts were made during the year to simplify the handling of the great volume of correspondence received by the distribution section. Form letters were perfected which cut this work down to a minimum, although it was necessary to employ temporary help dur- ing the rush period, when as many as 4,500 requests per day were received. Some idea of the amount of work involved in the distribution sec- tion can be gained from the total number of publications distributed and from the fact that 643,369 communications were received and handled during the fiscal year. Without question the distribution work is one of the important methods of contact between the public and the department. The importance of the work, however, is not generally recognized. There has been too much of a tendency to con- DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 387 sider it merely routine and to think that it can be done satisfactorily by any kind of help. More friends are made or lost for the depart- ment by the service they obtain from the distribution section than any other single activity. The work itself requires a knowledge of departmental publications which can be gained only by experience. The effort in the section is to render as complete service as pos- sible and to answer all communications promptly and fully either by sending the publications requested or by letter, or by reference of the request to the bureau or other department of Government con- cerned with the subject matter. The distribution section of this divi- sion is a bureau of information not only for Members of Congress, but also for a large part of the general public who have contact, with the Department of Agriculture, but whose knowledge of other Government work is exceedingly meager. Inquiries covering the whole field of agriculture, also ranging all the way from whether an “ace is a face card” to a request that the applicant be put in touch with a “good-looking capable girl qualified to make a good wife for a lonely farmer,” were received. A surprisingly large number of these miscellaneous requests were satisfactorily answered. The distribution work properly handled can be made a most power- ful agency for creating favorable sentiment for the department. Improperly handled, it can create more enemies in a week than can be placated in 10 years. Provision should be made for salaries which will attract capable, bright people to the work. MAILING-LIST REVISION. Revision of the mailing lists begun in 1921 was continued with further notable improvement. Complete information regarding all the lists of the department was filed and made available for the dis- tribution work. In the fall of 1921 one large list to which had been sent in the past all Farmers’ Bulletins as issued was discontinued after an investigation had shown that many people on the list had been added to it without due consideration and had no real use for the publications. Out of a total of about 8,000 names replies were received from less than 100, and of these it was necessary to make provision for only about 20 persons who could actually show a real use and need for all Farmers’ Bulletins. The result was that approxi- mately 8,000 copies of the initial edition of each Farmers’ Bulletin became available for distribution to applicants to this division. During the year there was a net reduction of 95,406 in the number of names on the various mailing lists maintained at the Office of the Superintendent of Documents, due to the activities of this depart- ment in conducting the revision. In addition, a number of obsolete lists, totaling 30,000 names, were destroyed, and a number of new lists turned over to this division in connection with the consolidation of the addressing work were established on stencil. Lists in the addressing, duplicating, and mailing section of this division were reduced by 20,000 names, while an additional 20,000 stenciled ad- dresses were transferred to the various field services. Arrange- ments were made during the fiscal year for the establishment of a new master index of names on lists to supersede the incomplete and inaccurate index now in this division. When finally established this 388 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. index should enable this division to cut duplication on lists used in distributing department publications to a minimum. It will, how- ever, be necessary to provide adequate assistance for caring for thie work. ILLUSTRATIONS WORK. As has been the case for several years, the demand upon the draft- ing section for illustrative work showed a material increase and it proved impossible for the available force to keep the work current. It became necessary, therefore, to refuse all work except that con- nected with the publications of the department, although many bureaus had on hand work of the sort regularly done in this division in the past. As has been explained in other reports, the difficulty is to secure and retain a full force of competent draftsmen at the low salaries available. One position at $1,200 remained vacant during the entire year. Death and resignation was responsible for a large turn- over in the drafting force. It is felt, moreover, that there should be in the department a drafting section capable of doing high-class illustrative work for all of the bureaus. At present the section of illustrations is a training school for promising young draftsmen. The volume of work produced during the past fiscal year was 70 per cent greater than for the previous year. The adoption of a standard cover page for Farmers’ Bulletins and the necessity of changing many old covers to fit a large press at the Government Printing Office, which was bought especially for printing this class of pub- lications, has involved considerable work. It is possible that the use of standard covers may eventually reduce the amount of work needed on this class of publications. The following table shows the number of drawings made for the various bureaus of the depart- ment: Drawings made for the various branches of the department. BUTEA TO te AT Li ee SET aS Dir yea a a I EEE Ne ye eek ye ee 267 BiolosicalvSurvey LLGie wi Hae tO eerie) Soh SIOS Use SE iE, AME 2S 123- Burcausoty Plant industry se ee a ee ED ee ee eee 551 Bureausof ;Chemistry 3-0-2253 nn A eh ae 2 102 BUTealiiO fe HITtOM O10 By sa ses es eee re Se a he se 555- HederalC Horticultural Board” 25 2e 2s Sees te re ees eee ee eee 6 Harm Manacement! Ban) Sins otis ihe) 9 Se Se I eee 466 Horest;| Servicese!4s2b.4 ore ois set oad Ta opt oa Pe een I ae 215- Journ AWOL ApricnliuralpResearche 2s as ta ee ee 307 Bureau ot: Marketsvanda@rop HisStiMatess = a. = a ee ee ee 154 Buea OL Ub CoROACS sh aaa 8 eer eee Se Se SLUR Dee oo wh Ars eerie 24 Officevof. the=Secretary = Soe i ee aes 40s PISO ERE. i eee Ree 164 States#Relations Seryicets2.c) # aS cel) etre yet) Bey been eres be ee 81 Weather. Bired seat! aia S48 Ee Se ee ee eee ale! UTR Cea GH OTN ae er ae a ae se eo rt ee ee 1,188 - Waniiclemtini ait see AE a See ee SS ere ne ee ee ee 1 otal: ki: tes pete cpt. de tc lely bor, Cewreryeer! Shee Apes vy 98 grits eet Be isk 3, 745 The filing of the cuts of the department under the approved plan reported last year was completed with satisfactory results. Early in 1922, however, the Public Printer, acting under a provision of the printing law of 1895, retained all cuts used in department publica- tions. This has resulted in much confusion and delay, since the cuts. are often used in other bulletins than the one in which they originally DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 389 appeared. It has come to pass, therefore, that some of the cuts used in given publications are in custody of the department while others. are retained by the Public Printer, and when reprints are requested or when electrotypes are desired by outside parties it is difficult to get all the cuts together. This has also made it exceedingly difficult for persons outside the department to secure electrotypes of the cuts of illustrations in department publications. It has been the custom in the past to furnish original cuts to a commercial engraving house, where the electrotypes could be prepared yery promptly and the cost billed against the purchaser. The Government Printing Office will make electros only when payment is made in advance, and this neces- sitates a considerable amount of correspondence and delay. Seven hundred and seventy-five cuts were sent to the Printing Office for reprinting publications. Three hundred and ninety-five cuts were duplicated by electrotyping firms for use in outside publications. Because of the volume of work a plan was inaugurated during the year of calling on the various bureaus of the department to reim- burse the illustrations section for photographic material used in doing work for these bureaus. This made it possible for the division to finance the work out of its own funds, whereas in previous years it had been necessary to call upon the bureaus to purchase material because the appropriations in the division were inadequate. There was a slight falling off in the number of contact prints made, largely because of the discontinuance of the Special Information Service. The bromide enlargement work, however, which is considerably more difficult and exacting, has almost doubled, and if it continues to in- crease the assignment of additional help will be necessary. The new projection printer purchased last year has been of great assistance in this work. Prints of department photographs to the value of $1,325.28 were made for outside parties and this amount turned over to the disbursing office to be covered into the Treasury. The at- tached summary shows the output of photographic work: Output of photographic work, fiscal year 1922. Pini tei ore Pt oye Te Se et Se ee eS 97, 068 Negatives: 2 ws: lSsee too he eee eee See ee 2 a 3 ih 460 Brints*mounted == == Se as oe ee ee eee ee 4, 638 Waniterneslid es4s: et oat: eer en ees a ek See a aes Soa 12, 806 Weveloping —.—2 == = Sea ae Rn a etd. Sa 4,112 Bromides. 2o— . £ smote, cup. Sper eh es a Ee ie ee ce ee ee 4,619 Maps and Jromides| mounted 2222). eet eee ee ee ee 2, 779 Brommdes)eoloreds £24. = Se Sess a ee ee BI ee eee te 1, 087 Solar bromidess 2-2 2422 Ot he i ee ge oe ee so Pitts Transparencies 7eolOne d bse k y= ek ae A ee ee 66 Photomicrosraphs==— 4 52240! NAT ae oe is ee eee 32 PROtOStatse Ob ee lege S es ee a Se ee 14, 852 ATUGOCHTOMeES Sis a Peer eee 2 eee SE oe ee ae See 8 Eran sparen cies 658.24 0F a okt eee ee ee 66 In the latter part of June the section of illustrations was moved from the quarters in the Bieber Building, which it had occupied for some years, to 220 Linworth Place, in order to make room for the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. In some respects the new quarters are entirely satisfactory, but it was not possible to obtain enough space to bring together all the photographic work. It is extremely desirable that the basement floor of the Linworth Place 390 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRIGULTURE. building be secured in order to make this possible, and it is believed that such an arrangement will materially facilitate the work of the - section. 3 MOTION PICTURES. Definite accomplishments of the motion-picture office and labora- tory during the fiscal year 1922 include the following: Completion of 83 new motion pictures. Revision of 21 old films. : Beginning of editorial or production work, or both, on 28 new films. Addition of 274 new prints, totaling 547 reels, to the department’s stock. Circulation of department films through extension workers and others to a total estimated audience of between four and five million people. Authorization of sale of 236 prints, totaling 289 reels, of department films to cooperating or outside institutions, at a cost to purchasers of $9,845.85, com- pared with $6,179.60 in the fiscal year 1921. Improvement in the subject-matter content and photographie quality of our motion pictures. Addition of photographic equipment enabling the production of better and new types of motion pictures. Decision to use standard-width slow-burning film instead of inflammrable film in prints. Exhibition of department films before four large gatherings of department employees in Washington, with a total attendance of 6,000. Advancement of the plan, with tangible results recorded, under which State agricultural colleges and extension divisions are urged to establish State dis- tribution centers for Department of Agriculture films. Compilation of results of motion-p'cture questionnaire among extension agents. These results, in connection with numerous complimentary expressions from other sources, demonstrate the existence of a great field of usefulness for our films, and indicate that Department of Agriculture films are highly regarded. LIST OF NEW FILMS. The new films completed are listed below: Exit Ascaris. (2 reels, Bureau of Animal Industry.) Sir Lactius—The Good Milk Knight. (2 reels, Bureau of Animal Industry.) Dates—America’s New Fruit Crop. (1 reel, Bureau of Plant Industry.) Potatoes—Harly and Late. (1 reel, Bureau of Plant Industry.) Sweet Potatoes from Seed to Storage. (1 reel, Bureau of Plant Industry.) Bees—How they Live and Work. (1 reel, Bureau of Entomology.) Keeping Bees at Work. (1 reel, Bureau of Entomology.) Fighting Western Pine Beetles. (1 reel, Bureau of Entomology.) An Undesirable Alien. (1 reel, Bureau of Entomology.) How to Poison Boll Weevils. (1 reel, Bureau of Entomology.) The Ox Warble—A Fifty-Million-Dollar Tune. (1 reel, Bureau of Ento- mology. ) Anne’s Aigrette. (1 reel, Bureau of Biological Survey.) National Bird Refuges. (1 reel, Bureau of Biological Survey.) Mixed Asphalt Pavements. (1 reel, Bureau of Public Roads.) Building Bituminous Roads. (1 reel, Bureau of Public Roads.) Brick—From Clay to Pavement. (1 reel, Bureau of Public Roads.) Highroads and Skyroads. (1 reel, Bureau of Public Roads.) White Pine—Beautiful and Useful. (1 reel, Bureau of Plant Industry.) When Elk Come Down. (2 reels, Forest Service. ) When North Winds Blow. (1 reel, Forest Service.) She’s Wild. (1 reel, Forest Service.) New films practically completed at the end of the fiscal year are: Pines that Come Back. (1 reel, Forest Service.) Winter Lumbering in the White Mountains. (1 reel, Forest Service.) Crops and Kilowatts. (1 reel; Forest Service.) DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 391 The Forest Ranger’s Day. (1 reel, Forest Service.) Building a Sand-Hill Forest. (1 reel, Forest Service.) Guarding Livestock Health. (1 reel, Bureau of Animal Industry.) Making Poultry Pay. (1 reel, Bureau of Animal Industry.) Anchored Acres. (1 reel, States Relation Service.) Fire—The Prairie Demon. (1 reel, Forest Service.) Around the West by Forest Roads. (1 reel, Bureau of Publie Roads.) Building Forest Roads. (1 reel, Bureau of Public Roads.) The Golden Fleece. (1 reel, Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates.) Iilms revised during the year—some of them to such an extent that they are practically new pictures—follow: What about Macadam? (1 reel, Bureau of Public Roads.) Granite Block Paving. (1 reel, Bureau of Public Roads.) Great Dairy Sires and Their Daughters. (1 reel, Bureau of Animal In- dustry. ) A Uncle Sam—World Champion Farmer. (1 reel, miscellaneous. ) The Ox Warble—A Fifty-Million-Dollar Tune. (1 reel, Bureau of Ento- mology.) . Goodbye Boll Weevil. (2 reels, Bureau of Entomology.) Making the South Tick-Free. (1 reel, Bureau of Animal Industry.) Charge of the Tick Brigade. (1 reel, Bureau of Animal Industry.) High Steppers. (1 reel, Bureau of Animal Industry.) Strawberries—From Seed to Shortcake. (1 reel, Bureau of Plant Industry.) Future Forest Giants. (1 reel, Forest Service.) Minor revisions were completed in 10 other films. NEW PROJECTS UNDER WAY. New projects on which considerable work was done include: ~~ The Horse in Motion. (Bureau of Animal Industry.) Sugar Cane and Cane Sugar. (Bureau of Plant Industry.) Beets—From Seed to Sugar. (Bureau of Plant Industry.) Better Ways of Growing Cotton. (Bureau of Plant Industry.) Peanut Production. (Bureau of Plant Industry.) . White Pine Blister Rust in the West. (Bureau of Plant Industry.) Cranberry Production and Diseases. (Bureau of Plant Industry.) Morgan Horses. (Bureau of Animal Industry.) Bird Banding. (Bureau of Biological Survey.) Barring Foreign Plant Foes. (Federal Horticultural Board.) Seeing Washington with Club Champions. (States Relations Service.) Insecticide Board Work. (Tnsecticide and Fungicide Board.) Should I Buy a Tractor? (Bureau of Public Roads.) Preparatory work, including scenario writing, was done on 15 other subjects not yet approved for production. WIDER DISTRIBUTION ATTAINED: Too often is the “making of a movie” and its release regarded as the end of the enterprise. As a matter of fact, the job is only begun when the film is made ready for showing to the public. Just as in the case of the farmers’ crops, without efficient marketing the production counts for little. A film held idle might as well not exist, except for historical purposes. In the past year the task of getting the department pictures shown has met with marked suc- cess, and increasingly wider distribution is certain with continued improvement in the quality of the films. Definite reports from extension workers and others indicate that their film audiences during the year reached a total of at least 2,000,000 people. It should be remembered that a large part of this “ 25684—acr 1923-26 392 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. number would be regarded as specialized. In other words, better results were undoubtedly secured than if the films had been shown to general audiences. The figures as compiled from the records of the division and from reports made by users, not including an estimate on films for which no reports were made, follow: Film shipments from laboratory during the year____________________ 2, 066 Reels sneludeds in} thejshipmients: 21 tie te het a ereryin apes 5, 559 People who saw the films, as reported by the users______-__-_-____-- 1, 937, 570 The number of subjects in distribution at the end of the year was 148, and the number of reels available for distribution from our laboratory was 1,078. On many films, including the thousand or more that have been purchased by cooperating and outside agencies, the department has no check. It is known that many of these films are being used regularly. If figures were available, undoubtedly the year’s audi- ence would reach far above the numbers given above. Another method of distribution from which no figures are avail- able is provided by the commercial film weeklies or reviews. Several film productions of this nature included scenes from department pictures during the year, and it is probable that through this means several million people were made acquainted with the meaning of some of the work being conducted by the department. -A most encouraging feature of the distribution records is that the State agricultur: al ‘colleges and extension divisions are beginning to recognize the wisdom of installing film-distribution centers as part of ‘their working equipment. Through this system should come much wider and more efficient use of department films. A number of the State agricultural colleges are included in the lst of pur- chasers of pr ints of our pictures. This list indicates a number of other interesting facts. During the year 66 purchasers bought 226 prints of 77 separate pictures. Representatives of foreign govern- ments continue to be regular purchasers. Commercial institutions in this country recognize the advantage of cooperating with the department by the use of its films, and are spending money in order to do so. BETTER SCENARIOS AND DIRECTION. A primary essential in the production of a creditable motion picture is a well-constructed scenario, which in most cases can be produced only by a man or woman with literary training and knowl- edge of motion-picture technique. Another essential is intelligent direction, for which ate required the same qualifications and in addition executive ability and understanding of human nature. Progress has been made during the year in these particulars by the development of the workers and by additions to the staff. NEEDS OF THE WORK. One of the greatest needs—an adequate, well arranged, and health- ful laboratory—may soon be filled. If ‘the present hopes for the DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS, 393 new laboratory are not realized, another effort for a suitable struc- ture should be made. Another outstanding need—a very serious one if the personnel is to be maintained—is increased salaries for some of the workers in the office and laboratory. ADDRESSING, DUPLICATING, AND MAILING SECTION. A consolidation of the addressing and duplicating work of the entire department was ordered in the fiscal year 1921, but it was not until the summer of 1921 that the consolidation was finally accom- plished, and it was not until January 1, 1922, that the consolidated unit was thoroughly organized. As a result of the consolidation surplus material and equipment to the approximate value of $20,000 was collected from the various bureaus and turned over by this division to the General Supply Committee after provision was made for the needs of the division for as long ahead as it was possible to see them. The consolidation has been successful in every way, in spite of the difficulties involved in bringing into one organization employees from a number of bureaus. The output of the consolidated unit has been considerably in excess of the total output of the units before the consolidation. The output per machine and per man has been the object of special attention, with the result that there has been an increased efficiency on the part of the various operators. * The waste of paper has been cut by careful management from approximately 4 per cent to less than 1 per cent. Considerable difficulty has been experienced in providing necessary stocks of paper for use in the work. The total amount of paper used is very large, and this division has not had adequate funds to keep sufficient stocks on hand. It became necessary, therefore, to secure the Secretary’s authority to call upon bureaus for whom work is done to buy, in advance, paper up to the estimated amount of work to be done and to credit each bureau with this amount after the work has been performed. This method was worked out fairly well and is expected to prove effective during the coming fiscal year. Difficulty was experienced toward the end of the fiscal year in securing paper, but it was possible to obtain stocks of certain needed sizes from other sources than the General Supply Committee and tide over the emer- gency. It was expected that the consolidation would result in material saving in the number of people employed on the addressing and duplicating work. Experience has shown, however, that demand in the department for this work is exceedingly heavy and the increased facilities provided by the consolidated section have merely resulted in increasing the output. The section has been called upon to handle an exceedingly large number of jobs, of which 43 per cent have been rush work on which delivery was demanded on the same day the has been performed. This method was worked out fairly well and is satisfactory service under these conditions. A canvass of all bu- reaus of the department made toward the end of the fiscal year, in which criticisms of the service were invited, failed to uncover a single complaint. 394 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Particular credit is due for the way in which the work involved with the agricultural conference was handled. Employees of the ad- dressing, duplicating, and mailing section on many occasions worked far into the night and on one occasion came down to the office late at night in order to get out publicity material in regard to the progress of the conference. It is also worthy of mention that in establishing the master index of mailing lists the addressograph unit of the ad- dressing, duplicating, and mailing section was able to make a com- plete run of all the lists in the section in five days without the em- ployment of additional help. and without interfering with the routine work of the section. REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. UnitTep States DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN. Washington, D. C., September 9, 1922. Str: I have the honor to submit herewith the executive report of the library for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1922. Respectfully, CLARIBEL R. BARNETT, Librarian. Hon. Henry C. WALLACE, Secretary of Agriculture. Considering 1862, the year the department was established, as the date also of the establishment of the library, the fiscal year 1922 is the sixtieth year of the library’s existence. The account of the past year’s work is taken largely from the reports of the heads of the divisions of the main library and the reports of the bureau librarians. The heads of the main lines of work in the main library are as follows: Miss Emma B. Hawks, assistant librarian, in general charge of reference and bibliographical work and circulation; Miss Helen M. Thompson, chief catalogue and order division; Miss Lydia K. Wilkins, chief periodical division; and Miss Ethel E. Smith, sec- retary to librarian, in charge of correspondence, files, and personnel records. The names of the librarians of the various bureaus are given on page 4. As the tables appended give a detailed synopsis of the routine work, they will be only briefly summarized here. ACCESSIONS. On July 1, 1922, the library contained 163,391 accessioned books and pamphlets. Of these, there were added by purchase during the year, 1,384 volumes, 81 pamphlets, 464 serials and continuations, and 9 maps. The additions by gift and exchange were 934 volumes, 751 pamphlets, 5,683 continuations, and 59 maps. In addition, 1,305 -volumes were added through the binding of periodicals and serials. The total accessions numbered 10,670. The periodicals received currently numbered 3,114, of which 2,169 were received by gift and exchange. ; Among the donations to the library special mention should be made of a much valued gift of $150 for the purchase of economic books. This was given to the library by Dr. H. C. Taylor, Chief of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates (now the Bureau of Agricultural Economics), it being the sum which he received for his course in agricultural economics in connection with the series of 395 396 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. educational courses conducted under the auspices of the department last year. It is the first gift of money ever received by the library aside from the regular congressional appropriations. Some progress was made during the year in completing the files of foreign periodicals of the war period. Negotiations were entered into with certain scientific institutions in Germany from whom we are hopeful of receiving a number of missing volumes and numbers in exchange for publications of this country. The shrinkage in the purchasing power of the library appropria- tion has seriously hindered acquisition of out-of-print books, the number of those bought during the past year being comparatively small. Perhaps the most important of the acquisitions of the year was Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, volumes 66-70 (1840-1844). The volumes are exceptionally rare and have been on our desiderata list for 15 years or more, during which time they have practically never been obtainable save with complete sets of the Botanical Magazine. Another periodical acquired this year which is very little known, and, although less important than the preceding, possibly much more rare, is the ‘‘ Portefeuille des Horticulteurs” (2 v. Paris, 1847-48), which contains notes of new plants introduced or originated by the Cels and other French growers and importers of that period. Other rarities were Bivort’s ‘‘ Album de Pomologie”’ (4 v. 1847-1851), one of the most important illustrated fruit books; the ‘ Hortus Hricaeus Woburnensis” (1825); Pfeiffer’s ‘‘Enumeratio diagnostica Cactacearum”’ (1837); the “‘Florae Levdensis Prodronus’’ (1740) of Adrian van Royen; Allioni’s “Stirpium praecipuarum littoris et agri Nicaeensis Enumeratio” (1757); the ‘‘Enumeratio Plantarum quae in horto Procopii a Demidoff Moscuae vigent” (1781), by Pallas; one of the muleposts in the history of agriculture, the ‘‘Georgica Curiosa”’ (Niirnberg, 1695) of Hohberg; Pierre Morin’s ‘‘ Remarques necessaires pour la Culture des Fleurs’’ (1658), regarded as the first floricultural book; ‘‘Hortorum Libri XXX,” by Benedictus Curtius or Le Court (Lugduni, 1560); ‘‘De Drie t’Zamenspraeken tusschen Waermondt en Gaergoedt’”’ (Haarlem, 1734), interesting as a docu- ment on the seventeenth century “ tulipomania”’; ‘‘ Herbier forestiere de la France,” by Eugene de Gayffier (Paris, 1868-1873) ; and ‘Genera of birds,” by C. R. Gray (London, 1849). The most important entomo- logical work purchased during the year was Seitz, ‘‘Die Gross-schmet- terlinge der Erde.” One other acquisition of the year, although not a purchase, should be mentioned here. The library has for some time been waiting to catalogue an incomplete copy of Jacquin’s “Stapeliarum in hortis Vindobonensibus cultarum Descriptiones, etc.”’ (1806), being unable to find any other copy in the United States with which to compare it. However, on learning that the New York Botanical Garden had obtained one during the previous year, arrangements were made to have the missing parts supplied by photostat, so the library has now not only a working copy of its own but has been able to print an authoritative catalogue card for what seems to be one of the rarest of Jacquin’s much-sought publications. Among the notable accessions of a different character should be mentioned an extensive History of the Chicago Board of Trade, by Charles Henry Taylor, in three volumes, and a bound file of the Daily Market Reports of the New York Cotton Exchange, beginning with the year 1900. LIBRARY. 397 A large number of current catalogues and a few old ones were added to the special collection of horticultural trade catalogues. A careful count of the collection which was made during the past year showed that it now contains 18,894 catalogues from the United States and 4,031 foreign catalogues, making a total of 22,925. CATALOGUING, The total number of books and pamphlets fully catalogued during the year was 10,670. In addition, author cards were made for 229 pamphlets of less importance and for 2,745 “reprints.”’ The number of uncatalogued books, pamphlets, and maps at the end of the year was 3,313. The number of cards prepared for printing by the Library of Congress in the “ Agr.” series was 1,155, of which 369 were for publications of the department and 786 for accessions to the library. There were added to the main dictionary cata- logue 17,148 cards and 1,739 were withdrawn, making a net addition of 15,409. The main catalogue now contains approximately 465,000 cards. USE OF THE LIBRARY. The circulation of books was 85,683. The number of periodicals currently circulated was approximately 176,030, making the total recorded circulation 261,713. This indicates only in part the use of the library, as no record is kept of the reference use of the library. Furthermore, statistics of circulation are not kept in all the branch libraries. The number of interlibrary loans to libraries out of the city was 1,148. The number borrowed by this library from other libraries in Washington was 4,028 and from libraries outside of the city 69. During the month of March the experiment was tried of keeping the library open each week from Monday to Friday until 6 p. m., instead of closing at the regular closing hour for Government offices, 4.30 p.m. The advantage taken of the privilege by department workers did not, however, seem to justify the continuance of the experiment. Possibly during the winter months the privilege would have been more appreciated. BUREAU AND DIVISION LIBRARIES. In the following table are enumerated the various branch libraries in the bureaus and divisions. The statistics, summaries, and ex- tracts which are given in regard to the various libraries are taken from the reports of the librarians. It is regretted that itis impossible, because of lack of space, to give these reports in full. An account of the bibliographical work of the various libraries is given under the heading “ Bibliography.’’ Statistics of circulation are included in the table ‘‘Combined statistics of circulation” in Appendix 1, on page 12. 398 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Books, pamphlets, and periodicals in bureau, division, and office libraries. Number of Number of regular Number | number of | Number of periodicals | Number of | borrowers Bureau or office. em- i ‘ regular to whom ployed books. | pamphlets. currently borrowers. | periodicals . r ; are circu- lated. Bureau of Animal Industry, Miss Carrie B. Sherfy, librarian..... 3 2, 600 12,800 536 124 122 Animal Husbandry Division, ; Miss Jessie Urner, librarian 2 2.410 5, 180 165 SON ene aaa cenit Bureau of Chemistry, Miss Louise Duvall, librarian...... 4 8 0000). = Meenas 415 245 ~ 98 Bureau cof Entomology, Miss Mabel Colcord, librarian...... 2 8, 242 9,52: 566 141 22 Forest Service, Miss Helen M. Stockbridge, librarian......... 1 4123, 1840) SSeS a Ee. 1175 119 62 Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates,5 Miss Mary G. Lacy, librarian......... eee fe 8| 123,000 (2) 1,320; (2) 3104 Bureau of Plant Industry, Miss Marjorie F. Warner, librarian. . 10 13,700 11,100 908 2.4 187 Bureau of Public Roads, Miss Orrena L. Evans, librarian.... 3 11,300 15,000 251 135 91 States Relations Service, Miss Martha L. Gericke, librarian. . 8 13,000 18,000 1 800 1115 55 1 Approximate figures. 4 Figures not available. 3 Offices. 4 Books and pamphlets. § After July 1, 1922, called the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. The work of the libraries of the Bureau of Chemistry, Bureau of Entomology, Forest Service, and States Relations Service was con- tinued along the lines reported in previous years. ‘There were no changes in location or in the organization of the libraries. An additional room was, however, assigned to the States Relations Serv- ice library. In the Bureau of Animal Industry library a slight change was made in the organization. The former associate libra- rian of the bureau was transferred to the main library rolls and her title changed to assistant reference librarian, in charge par- ticularly of the reference work in veterinary medicine. She con- tinued, however, to have her desk in the Bureau of Animal Industry library in order to be in closer touch with those who needed her serv- ices. An additional room was assigned during the year to the library of the Bureau of Public Roads, and in November an assistant librarian was appointed. The large increase in the number of books on file in the division of animal husbandry of the Bureau of Animal Industry was due to the fact that approximately a thousand addi- tional herdbooks, for use in connection with the certification of pedigrees, were transferred from the main library. One of the outstanding events of the year in the activities of the bureau libraries is the reduction in the number of bureau libraries due to the consolidation of the libraries of the office of Farm Manage- ment, the Bureau of Crop Estimates, and the Bureau of Markets, following the consolidation of these bureaus. While the consolida- tion of the Bureau of Crop Estimates with the Bureau of Markets was effective on July 1, 1921, the consolidation of the office of Farm Management with these two bureaus did not become effective until July 1, 1922. When, however, it appeared earlier in the year that legislation authorizing the consolidation in order to form the new LIBRARY. 399 Bureau of Agricultural Economics would be enacted by Congress, plans were made for combining the three libraries and for the reor- ganization of their work. The first step toward the consolidation was the combining of the current periodical files and the circulation records of the three libraries. This work was carried out previous to July 1, but owing to the delay in obtaining the new rooms on the third floor of the Biber Building for the use of the library of the combined bureaus, it was possible to carry out the physical consolidation of the book collec- tions only in part before July 1, 1922. The small collections of the office of Farm Management were merged with those of the Bureau of Markets during the early spring and the librarian of the office moved to the library of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates on May 15, as she had been appointed assistant librarian of the com- bined bureaus. The library of the former Bureau of Crop Estimates, which was located on the second floor of the main building, could not, however, be moved until after July 1. As the library of the former Bureau of Crop Estimates was one of the largest of the branch libraries, the moving of the collection to the building in which the main library is located is a big step toward carrying out the polic of consolidating the collections in so far as possible. While the col- lections of these combined bureaus will not be actually incorporated with those of the main library, they will be in close proximity to the main library. In the death on November 5 of Miss Eunice R. Oberly, librarian of the Bureau of Plant Industry, the library work of the bureau and of the whole department suffered an irreparable loss. She had organ- ized the library of the bureau and had shaped its policy, directed its activities, and year by year made wider opportunities for its service. For six months after her death the affairs of the library were administered by Miss Jessie M. Allen, assistant librarian of the bureau, and on May 16 the position of librarian was filled by the appointment of Miss Marjorie F. Warner, who had been for 19 years at the head of the bibliographical investigations project of the office of Economic and Systematic Botany, a project which for many years past has been in such close cooperation with the bureau library as to form practically a part of it. The necessity for moving from two of its rooms during the year hampered very considerably the routine work of the Bureau of Plant Industry library. In November it was necessary to vacate the small room used for periodical work and to take in place of it a room on the floor above. Although the change involved little loss in actual space, it required many readjustments of work. In May the library was obliged to give up one of its large rooms to the seed laboratory, which had been moved from the Bieber Building to the west wing. The restricted space left to the library made it impossible for it to carry on all of its former activities. ih spite of almost equally crowded conditions in the main library the time seemed favorable for trans- ferring to it some of the routine work as a trial move toward further consolidation and coordination of such work in the interests of sconomy and efficiency of the whole departmental library service. Accordingly all the records of book charges were transferred to. the main library and incorporated with the records of the loan desk. An assistant from the Bureau of Plant Industry library was detailed to 400 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the main library temporarily to assist in incorporating the records. All requests from the iene of Plant Industry for books are now sent direct to the main library, as no charge records for them are main- tained in the Bureau of Plant Industry library. This does away with double charging. At the time the charge records of the Bureau of Plant Industry library were transferred to the main library the col- lection of books in the bureau library was also considerably reduced by returning a number to the main library. On account of the crowded condition of the shelves of the main library it was not, however, possible for it to take the sets of periodicals which had been filed in the bureau library. Until these sets can be returned to the main library the new plan can not work as well as could be desired. The main library will probably be able some time during the coming winter to care for all the books, as additional space will be provided for the library when the motion-picture laboratory is moved from the basement of the Bieber Building. The possibility is also being con- sidered of maintaining in the main library the records of the circula- tion of current periodicals to the bureau workers. This would be a logical development of the general plan of centralizing the service functions in the main library, and emphasizing the bibliographical and reference research functions in the bureau libraries. During the year the librarian of the department prepared for the use of the newly appointed library committee a detailed statement on the centralization of the libraries of the department. The state- ment is available in typewritten form and may be consulted by any who are interested. The members of the library committee are as follows: Dr. KE. D. Ball; director of scientific work, chairman; Karl F. Kellerman, associate chief Bureau of Plant Industry; Dr. W. W. Skinner, assistant chief Bureau of Chemistry; Leon M. Hstabrook, associate chief Bureau of Agricultural Economics; Miss Claribel R. Barnett, librarian of the department. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The most important piece of bibliographical work carried on by the main library during the year was in connection with the printing of the list of serials currently received by the library. A list of the current periodicals was prepared in the spring of 1921 and sent to the printer in June, 1921. Later it was decided to enlarge the scope of the bulletin by adding a separate list of the current serials (annual reports, transactions, etc.), combining both the periodical and serial titles in a subject list and a geographical list at the end. As the slips used in the title lists after being printed were rearranged by subjects, and later geographically, it delayed the printing of the bulletin, which is still in press. It 1s expected from the press in the next month or two. It includes 2,691 periodicals and 2,895 serials. United, States Government publications and the publications of the State agricultural colleges and experiment stations are not included in the list. Two additions were made during the year to the mimeographed series of Bibliographical Contributions of the Library, namely, Nos. 2 and 4. No. 2 is a ‘Check list of publications of the State agricultural experiment stations on the subject of plant pathology, 1876-1920.’ This list was prepared in the hbrary of the Bureau of LIBRARY. 401 Plant Industry by Miss Eunice R. Oberly and Miss Jessie M. Allen, being completed by the latter after Miss Oberly’s death. It comprises 179 pages and gives a general survey of the work in the various stations on plant pathology as shown in their publications. No. 4 is entitled ‘Bibliography on the preservation of fruits and vegetables in transit and storage, with annotations.” It consists of 76 pages and was prepared in the library of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates by Miss Katharine G. Rice. Another bibliography in mimeographed form, prepared in the library of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates but not issued in any series, was the second supplement to the Bibliography on the Marketing of Farm Products, bringing it up to date. It consisted of 37 pages and was issued in nine parts, as follows: 1. General. 2. Cotton and cotton seed. 3. Fruits. 4. Vegetables and miscellaneous crops. 5. Grain. 6. Live stock, meat, and wool. 7. Dairy products, poultry, and eggs. 8. Markets. 9. Transporta- tion and storage. At the time of the National Agricultural Conference in January, 1922, the librarian of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates prepared for the use of one of its committees a brief bibliography on the history, results, etc., of price fixing by governments both in time of peace and war. Later a supplement was prepared on price fixing for wheat and wool in Australia and New Zealand. An index to current prices, both domestic and foreign, was begun in the library of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates and now covers 1,068 commodities in the United States and 174 in foreign countries. Only 80 periodicals have been examined thus far, but it is hoped that during the coming year it will be possible to include in it practically all of the periodicals received in the department which contain current prices. In the Bureau of Plant Industry library work was continued on the botanical catalogue, 3,528 cards having been added to the author catalogue and about as many in the subject catalogue. The total number of cards in the catalogue (exclusive of the plant pathology subject) is over 200,000. The current index to botanical illustra- tions was also kept up. 2 In the Bureau of Animal Industry library work was continued on the veterinary index and the dairy index. The number of cards added to the vetermary index during the year was 5,015 and 350 were added to the dairy index. On May 1 the veterinary index, which has been a project of the Bureau of Animal Industry for about 20 years and which now comprises about 187,000 cards, was placed under the jurisdiction of the main library in conformity with the general policy of centralizing, in so far as feasible, the bibliographical work of the department. Under present conditions, however, 1 ae not seem feasible or desirable to change the location of the index. In the Bureau of Entomology library numerous small biblio- graphical lists on entomological subjects were prepared, and consider- able progress was also made on two extensive bibliographical under- takings, namely, (1) a complete list of all entomological publications of the department, and (2) a revision of Bureau of Entomology Bul- letin 81, entitled ‘‘A List of Works on North American Entomology.”’ Work was also continued on the various catalogues, indexes, and 402 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. lists maintained by the library which have been described in previous reports. Ztltehtion was called in the report for last year to the fact that no complete list of the current accessions to the library is published, but that the need for information on the resources is partially filled by special subject lists of new accessions to the library which appear in mimeographed publications issued by several of the bureaus. In addition to those mentioned last year, there is now being issued twice a week by the library of the Bureau of Public Roads a mimeo- graphed list of the contents of current periodicals received by the bureau. The monthly list of current forestry literature which for some years past has been issued separately in mimeographed form is now printed in the Journal of Forestry. The first issue to contain the list was the one for March, 1922. The list is prepared by the librarian of the Forest Service. Another means of making known the accessions to the library was presented during the year in connection with the new weekly publication called the Official Record, issued by the department. This publication, which is in the nature of a “‘house organ,’ gave an opportunity for the lbrary to include each week a selected list of its more important accessions. It meets the library’s needs in some respects perhaps better than a monthly bulletin of accessions, as the Official Record is given a much more extensive distribution than it would probably be possible to give to a library bulletin. The Daily Digest, which was started last year by the library in cooperation with the press service and the bureaus of the department, was transferred on January 23, 1922, to the jurisdiction of the press service. Because of the close relation between the work of the press service, the Official Record, the Daily Digest, and the clipping service, 1t seemed desirable to the Secretary’s office that those who are engaged in these various activities should have the advantage of closer contact. BINDING. In the report last year mention was made of the resignation of the assistant in charge of the binding and the necessity for her successor, who had had no experience in binding and no previous experience in this library, to take up the work after only a week’s instruction under the former chief. This was a severe handicap to the binding work last year. A similar misfortune befell the work this year, as the assistant appointed last year resigned the lst of November, 1921, to accept a more remunerative position in another library. The work was carried on for six months by one of the assistants in the Periodical Division. On May 15 one of the cataloguers was appointed to take charge of the work. Unfortunately, she was obliged to resign on July 1 because of illness in her family. The outlook for next year, therefore, is also not bright. The interruption to the work during the past’ year, due to the inexperience of those in charge, came at a particularly unfortunate time on account of the fact that for the first time im several years there were sufficient funds available for binding. In order to make up to some extent for the decrease in the number of books prepared in the early part of the year, due to change in the assistants in charge, three and sometimes four of the cata- LIBRARY. 403 loguers helped with the collation of the books for the bindery for half of each day during two months. By reason of this fact the number sent to the bindery, namely, 2,856, was a thousand in excess of the number sent last year, but far below the number which needed to be sent, as the current binding has been in arrears for the past three or four years. EXCHANGES AND. MAILING LISTS. During the year 1,793 orders (as compared with 1,624 last year) were issued on the Division of Publications for the mailing of depart- ment publications which were requested by foreign institutions and officials, and by societies and private individuals from whom publi- cations are received in exchange. The total number of addresses appearing on the foreign mailing lists maintained by the department for exchange purposes is approximately 4,000, in addition to the list of 1,000 addresses to which the Monthly List of Publications of the department is sent. The revision of the mailing lists, which was started during the fiscal year 1921, has been completed and all ad- dresses have been transferred to new mailing-list cards especially designed for the purpose. ORDER WORK AND BOOKKEEPING. The record of the order work and bookkeeping for 1922 as com- pared with the record for 1921 is as follows: Requisitions issued for periodicals and books in 1921 numbered 1,569; in 1922, 2,060. Requi- sitions issued for supplies in 1921 were 67; in 1922, 83. Shop requests in 1921 were 132; in 1922, 122. Requisitions for printing and bind- ing numbered 41 in 1921, and 77 in 1922. The vouchers audited for payment in 1921 numbered 956, and in 1922, 1,176. A comparison of the receipts and expenditures of the library for the past 10 years is given in the table in Appendix 10. LIBRARY STAFF. Mention has previously been made in connection with the account of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the irreparable loss suffered in the death of Miss Eunice R. Oberly, who had been librarian since 1908. Her personality and ideals were an inspiration to the staff and aroused in all her associates a spirit of cooperation and a fuller appreciation of library service in the broadest sense. The resignations and transfers from the bureau libraries during the year numbered seven. Of this number, five were library assist- ants and two were clerical assistants. Four left the department and the other three were transferred to other offices in the department. Among those who were transferred to other work special mention should be made of Mrs. E. H. Painter, librarian of the former Bureau of Crop Estimates. With the consolidation of this library with the library of the former Bureau of Markets, Mrs. Painter was assigned, at her request, to the statistical work of the combined bureau. Miss Anna Dewees, the former librarian of the Office of Farm Management, was made assistant librarian of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates in the spring of 1922, as the office was to be consolidated 404 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. with the bureau named to form, on July 1, 1922, the Bureau of Agri- cultural Economics. In the main library there were during the year six resignations, three transfers, and one death, that of a messenger boy. Of the nine who resigned or were transferred, three were library assistants, one was an editorial assistant, two were clerical assistants, one was a messenger boy, and two were charwomen. Of the three library assist- ants who left the library, two resigned to accept more remunerative positions, one in a bureau library and the other in a library outside of Washington. The third, the assistant in charge of the binding, resigned on account of illness in her family. The editor of the Daily Digest and her assistant were transferred to the office of the Assistant Secretary at the time the jurisdiction of the Daily Digest was trans- ferred to the Press Service. During the first part of the fiscal year the librarian of the agricul- tural library of the Iowa State College was given a two months’ appointment in the main library in accordance with the library’s policy of offerimg temporary appointments whenever possible to librarians or assistants connected with the State agricultural college and experiment station libraries who wish to have experience in this library. The number of employees carried on the main library staff at the close of the fiscal year was 33. Of this number three were temporary assistants. The number employed by the bureau and office libraries was 41. Of the total number employed in the main library and the bureau and office libraries, 56 are women and 18 are men, divided as follows: Fourteen in administrative work, including the librarian. of the department, the heads of divisions in the main library, and the hbrarians of the bureaus and offices; 24 library assistants; 21 clerical assistants; 13 messengers; and 2 charwomen. Library staff meetings were held each month throughout the year with the exception of the months of July, August, and November. _ The subjects and speakers at the various meetings were as follows: Reports on the American Library Association meeting, by members of the library staff; talk by the Secretary of Agriculture; the work of the Smithsonian Institution, by Frederick L. Lewton; biblhographical work in parasitology, by Dr. Albert Hassall of the Bureau of Animal Industry; the literature of agriculture, by Dr. H. C. Taylor, Chief of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates; the work of the Bureau of Entomology, by Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the Bureau; the work of the National Research Council, by Dr. C. J. West; discussion of the translating work of the department, by members of the library staff. The library was represented at the meeting of the American Library Association at Detroit, Mich., in June, 1922, by the librarian of the department and four other members of the library staff and by six representatives from the bureau libraries. The librarian of the Bureau of Public Roads, Miss Orrena L. Evans, served during the year as secretary of the Special Libraries Association; Miss Mary G. Lacy, librarian of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates, served as secretary of the agricultural libraries section of the American Library Association, and the librarian of the department served as second vice president of the American Library Association. LIBRARY. 405 LIBRARY APPROPRIATION. The appropriation for the past fiscal year was not only not increased over the previous year but was decreased to the amount of $3,020. This was the severest blow which the library has suffered in many years. Seven positions were dropped from the statutory roll and no provision made for them through an increase in the fund for general expenses. In the emergency it was necessary to ask the help of the bureaus in carrying temporarily the salaries of the assistants which were not provided for on the library roll. The bureaus which were able to do so came to the library’s assistance, for they recognized the library’s need as their own. Their help is gratefully acknowl- edged. Without it the service of the library would have been seriously impaired. As the greatest institution for agricultural work in the world the department can not afford not to have at its disposal the best library resources in the country in its special fields. Cur appropriation has been sufficient to enable us to get the most necessary and the more obyious books and periodicals in the various subjects investigated by the department, but it has not been sufficient to specialize to the degree desirable and that is possible in some other scientific libraries More money is needed for the purchase of rare, out-of-print books, for the purchase of special collections when opportunities are offered, for source material in agricultural history and for the completion of files of scientific journals and proceedings. In this connection it must be borne in mind also that opportunities for obtaining sets of valued books and journals are diminishing each year and that the competition for them is keener now than in the past, due to the increased number of special libraries which are acquiring such mate- rial. The need, therefore, is urgent for a most substantial increase in the library appropriation in order to make good the arrears in the purchase of books during the past few years and to keep pace with the rapidly increasing volume of scientific literature and with the growth of the department. On account of the difficulty of obtaining sufficient funds for the library by special appropriation for library purposes, it is believed that it would be advisable for an effort to be made to include in the department appropriation bill a clause which would make it possible for the bureaus to transfer to the library a certain per cent of their appropriations for general expenses. It should not, of course, be obligatory for any bureau to make such a transfer of funds, but it would be desirable to make it possible for it to do so if it were so inclined. This would make it easier for the library to meet emer- gencies arising (1) from the need of a bureau for expensive reference books for its particular use and (2) from the need of a bureau for an unusual number of books, due to some new line of work which it had undertaken. LIBRARY BUILDING. Additional space is one of the greatest needs of the library. The book shelves are badly crowded and more space is also needed for workrooms for the library staff and for the better accommodation of the readers. Furthermore, to make it possible to carry out the @ general policy of centralizing the collections in so far as feasible, the 406 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. bookstacks of the main library will need to be very considerably extended. Plans are now in progress for the removal of the motion- ene laboratory from its rooms in the basement of the Bieber uilding. These rooms have been promised to the library when vacated. The stacks which the space will accommodate will relieve the present crowded condition of the library and provide some space for future growth. The removal of the motion-picture labora- tory from the Bieber Building will also remove a serious fire hazard for the library. But at the best this additional space for the library can only be regarded as temporary relief and as a makeshift arrange- ment. It is most important that consideration be given to the imperative need for permanent quarters for the library. The old plans for the administration building, connecting laboratories A ‘and B, contemplated provision for the library on the top floor. The space assigned to the library was scarcely adequate years ago when the plans were made and would now be entirely inadequate. I urther- more, it is not believed that it would be advisable to have the library on the top floor, since it needs to be readily accessible to all offices. A separate building for the library in a central location seems to be the only satisfactory solution. The importance of the library service in the work of the department and the great value of its collections, which it would be impossible to replace, urgently demand an adequate, suitable, fireproof, and permanent building especially designed for library purposes and for the needs of the department. Such a build- ing would give permanency to the library and make it possible to build up its collections with the assurance that they would be pre- served for use in future years. LIBRARY. 407 APPENDIX 1. Combined statistics of circulation. : Number of books charged. Dee TS ee gi a ea: a Sa Se Number or FT To individ | iN i Tob h | Dean : o individ- o main o brane Tots | charged. Bureau. uals. | library. libraries. Total. } aS clas OSS | Me eee | | 1921 1922 | 1921 | 1922} 1921 1922 | 1921 1922 1921 | 1922 Braimlipranyss - soon sca ATT 75) WB i254). og Sey. o2 se 29, 066) 29,640] 40, 841) 42,804|.......2}.. 22... Bureau of Animal Industry....| 4,404) 4,043) 188) 217).......|.....-.. 4,592) 4,260) 54,259) 55, 789 Bureau of Chemistry..-...--.-- 7, 955) 7,708, 591 654) 65 87) 8,611] 8,340) 24, 562) 25, 839 Bureau of Crop Estimates...... 9, 260) (4) 979| 698 346) 985) 10, 585 (1) 3 10, 000)3 10,000 Bureau of Entomology......... 2,259, 2,448} 264) 162 134 124) 2.657| 2,734) 2,630] 3,246 Office of Farm Management....| 3,145) (1) |...-..-. @y eases e8 | (1) 3, 145) 21,586) 11, 138) 25,922 Roresi Service 222s: -. 22. SL. 2,729| 2,738) 420) 457) 1 1} 3,150; 3,196) 7,740) 7,391 Bureau of Markets and Crop | HISHMBTES IIS. sees cece EEE e|- be. (2) 6 |LeSecce @)ales-- 25 1 =@) 5, 067} 8,078) (4) (1) Bureau of Plant Industry.....-. 12, 186) 11,492} 374) 400) | 34; 20) 12,610] 11,912) 54,171) 55,992 Bureau of Public Roads........ 944; 2,602 80 66) 12) 15) 1,037) 2,683) 9,169) 11, 854 54, 657) 44, = 2, 896} 2, 654 29,658) 30, 872| 92,115) 85,683) 173, 672|176, 030 1 Figures not available. 2 Figures for July 1, 1921, to January, 1922. 3 Approximate figures. APPENDIX 2. Circulation statistics of the main library, by months and years, for the fiscal years 1913 to 1922. | | | Month. 1912-13 | 1913-14 1914-15 to15-16| 1916-17 1917-18 | 1918-19 | 1919-20 | 1920-21} 1921-22 a | Taly:o teeth oss 8. | 2,472 | 2,651 | 3,019 | 3,077 | 2,932] 3,113 | 2,860| 2,687 | 2,827 3, 681 BUPUS A eee ae | 2,269} 2,083 | 2,567 3,285 | 2,883 | 3,027 | 2,616) 3,216 | 2,867 3, 152 September. ........-| 2,584 | 2,531; 2,793 | 3,334 | 2,955 | 2,968) 2,232) 2,678] 2,790 2, 866 Optober? 26 5... c6 | 3,048 | 3,301 | 3,903} 4,183 | 4,421 | 3,617 | 2,474) 3,444) 3,101 3, 845 November. ......-.-. | 3,152 | 3,232 | 3,352] 4,439 | 4,409) 3,462! 2,684) 2,981) 3,381 3, 650 Pecembers- 2-525. - 3,051 | 3,226 | 3,570 | 4,140} 3,797 | 3,137 | 2,728) 2,897 | 3,369 3, 448 January: 2s. -2-. 582 | 4,106 | 4,454 | 4,260} 4,888 | 4,839 | 4,099 | 3,572 | 3,668 | 3,932 3, 749 Hepruaryi: . =.=. 63. | 3,403 | 3,618 | 3,638 | 4,715 | 4,625 | 3,603 | 3,830 | 3,346 3,481 3, 773 March®.hét= .. 3.26 3,415 | 4,021 | 3,980 | 5,028) 4,640; 3,676) 3,920; 3,699) 3,840 4,481 April. ..2 be -s02).S< | 3,394} 3,623 | 3,514] 4,052] 3,766] 3,444 | 3,608) 3,497 | 4,444 3, 239 May. 2.5. ses bee 3,148 | 2,951 | 3,072) 4,136 | 3,616 | 3,531 | 3,327 | 3,103 | 3,326 3, 319 FUNG. oo he 52a 3. | 2,891 | 3,188 | 3,285 3,637 | 3,476} 2,770) 2,606 | 3,085] 3,483 3, 691 | | aes eae 36, 933 | 38,879 | 40,953 | 48,914 | 46,339 | 40,447 | 36,457 | 38, 301 40,841 | 42,849 | ] | | APPENDIX 3. INTERLIBRARY LOANS. The number of books lent to libraries, institutions, and individuals outside of the city was 1,015. To the total number of books lent should be added 126 photostat copies and 7 typewritten copies of articles requested, making the total use outside of the city 1,148. The statistics of the last ten years, arranged alphabetically by States, are as follows: 25684—aGr 1923 27 408 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Record of books lent outside of Washington during the fiscal years 1913 to 1922. States, etc. Fiscal year— 1913 1914 | 1915 1916 ; 1917 | 1918 A919 1920 1921 | 1922 | | Ajabamas: sri GAS eee. so. 3 Sse tees 103 eects se | tees os 10 17 5 IATIZONA— es Joes rate al 6 | 4 1 Re eet 7 4 4 D3 NCS pe he Arkansas: o.-c-sscee Potatctetalor=te | stcegiteee-s 2. 3 | 4 | 5 9 19 32 21 Califormiats. =) 5) ee | 19 | 27 26 50 | 38 | 13 28 43 16 18 Colorado: = 2.42222: | 9 | 12 27 24 | 16 | 7 5 10 18 9 Connecticut........- 16. | 4 4 2 | 2 5 1 a 13 5 Delaware: ....-2.22855 Bt 18 il 10 | 6 | 17 11 } 30 21 28 Hlondaen. 2. esas 27 | 20 44 21 15 | 21 17 7 5 13 Goeorgiate. £2. 2025.2 a5 14 | 15 37 24 5 4 6 12 31 Adaho tise: wes oo gk 3 | Su] 9 5 10 6 4 8 1 7 MH insoists 2 eo. aha | 6) 12 | 7 66 | 30 44 49 23 20 17 Tidianasee we sees | 7 | 7 | 25 20 | 13 | 11 4 | 13 38 7 Lowa 29.22. er F | 36 | 24 | 63 80 | 40 52 15 22 72 59 KKeansasts 2d Saccs | 8 | 12 59 71 38 31 41 22 3 23 Kentucky::\.. 250-2 | 6 4 | 25 7 4 8 13 15 13 30 Moenisianay 42 Me. 3| 5 2.| 2 10 | 8 21 9 5 5 15 Maine. eis. 6. sece5 7 TL | 8 22 16 10 2 3 Lijsssosasd Maryland........... 12 7 25 28 48 30 10 21 24 17 Massachusetts. ....-. | 14 18 | 36 25 33 22 10 37 16 34 Michigan............| 27 35 | 22 37 38 21 9 17 50 24 Minnesota 2 de 64 78 50 44 63 89 88 44 Mississippi........-.) 4 3 aN RS 1 i 1 i) sektebas 4 2 MISSOLITI Sees sees 17 19 | 18 15 19 6 2 10 6 22 Montana! s95¢0s6 se 15 | 13 | 5 15 | 19 37 17 13 7 6 Nebraska soe. se) 32 20 20 18 10 Bee sas sess 15 ul Uf Nevadaci ita. ssa22 epee ace As [Steers 3 1 1S Reece 1M epee oe 2 New Hampshire. ..., 8 5 3 2 8 10 7 6 9 11 New derseye oe. - 2. = 24 | 83 53 76 28 42 49 89 63 New Mexico........ ‘ 7 6 ak Basan ING WaVOrKe 22 foe ce 66 85 81 117 North Carolina uf 6 26 43 North Dakota 6 5 14 10 Ohio wee 9 30 32 35 COLD Gini BEES RES SIE esaaaa) nnn) lll Bi eogacl ANEe o558) Selcmenioa Perc acad! Hes Gore 1 ef 8 Oregon te snscee seers 5 19 53 30 Pennsylvania 10 3 51 37 Rhode Island 2 12 5 8 South Carolina 2 2 12 11 South: Dakota. 2.2 225|62.'82ilis esse FUSS. eel sed, eS cape oleae Sulcecceess 3 Tennessee........... il 10 ll 12 Texas. 00k ot oc 53 9 | 4 21 14 Wien. fo so see 8 14 19 22 MOLMONE- cesses o's Oe 3 10 3 7 12 Wirginias ee. oe 4 10 19 46 28 Washington........- i 8 21 12 31 4 West Virginia aim ele sree 10 2 | 12 16 8 19 19 10 13 15 Wisconsin 2: 22... 332 ‘ 38 g 36 62 2 Wyoming?::.2. 2.205 4 Canada state 2 ae 1 Cubaseersse eae ares Pawel. S55 Porto Rico... 2... Island of Guam PAtiasica cn ise Ue bo Sale ea aie ale PANAMA. ste somos ltecescee Total Photostat copies of es ai Weramejaiaie Ssfe] sc aisia\e slate | written copies avacl les. . a5 ae SEORAe 17 12 9 12,| bt UI (eee 17 11 7 826 960 | 1,309] 1,378] 1,273 | 988 803 958 | 1,228 1, 148 LIBRARY. 409 APPENDIX 4. Summarized statement of books borrowed from other libraries during the fiscal years 1913 to 1922. | | | | Library from which borrowed. | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 1916, 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 1921 | 1922 ee a ee | ie = | —— | ——— —___|___|__ Library, of Coneress: <= .\).-222h<2s22c5- 2 :|3, 000 kee )4,365 (5,279 |4,629 |3,567 4,126 3,385 | i3, 290 | 3,180 Surgeon General’s (N10) 0 A Ee oe see eer |1, 056 | 805 | .750 | 9389 | 962 | 878) 607 476| -470| 511 Smithsonian Institution and National | NPUSCUIN Bam s\=tayaol- Sash sn a ane =e a) } 138°] 205) 130) 227); 14 124-110 75 | 100 68 Geological Survey. Bee eocbeee + 862+1;-137°). 101 92 57 49 64 73 61 69 Patent Office. :....<. Soh eae: 4 en jas KE 29 49 25 36 18 20 | 40 Bureau of Education... : : Public Library-..-.... Hygienic Laboratory.......... ae | Bureau of Standards...................- Teh CSN SON Ey 7 2 2 Ci oes 17 Other libraries in Washington.........-- 1,341; 60) 56 85 | | 92 40 37 62) 86 54 Total from libraries in Washington. |5, 677 5, 166 (5, 463 6, 774 \6, 010 i4, 717 |5,026 4,121 |4,077 | 4,028 Libraries outside of Washington........- } OL} 62; 58) 86 g2 |”. 35 | 70 39 «58 69 Grand total borrowed from other | | | RIDRATICS emote ee sancti eee ces 5, 768 |5, 228 |5, 521 (6, 860 \6,092 4,752 5,096 4,160 |4,135 | 4,097 Largest number borrowed on any day...) 43! 40 AD WAR aa 46 4 30 | 60 35 Average number borrowed daily..-..... iy AS, AG 18) | Sele 16 tee 15 16 13 13 13 Largest number borrowed in any menth.| 731) 564 579 734) 623 | 481 | 613 458 | 480 436 Average number borrowed monthly... .- 480 | 432) 460) 571 | 507| 396! 424 346 | 344 341 APPENDIX 5. ACCESSIONS. The total number of catalogued books, pamphlets, and maps added to the library during the year was 10,670, an increase of 3,185 as compared with the catalogued accessions of the previous year. Detailed statistics of the accessions of the past five years are given in the following table: Accessions to the library for the fiscal years 1913 to 1922. | { | | Accessions. | 1913 im | 1915 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 | 1922 | aut aaa eee d Purchases: | WMolumeSeers.. ses reese meee. 1,321 /1, 548 It, 353 |1,595 |1,949 1,510 |1,373 |1,989 |1,420 | 1,384 Pariphlats seen ier ea mie wat |” “Boland ty 8-179) [ye Ben ele Rey 81 Maps and charts.............-....-- eee | rere eM enantio acon irene por 3 9 Serials and continuations............ | 459) 511 | 376 | | 274) 147 97 | 154 187} 456 464 SS SS ee eS, eee cen) peers wees aS Sere ol pe MiGtaee st .t et eee 11,832 2,101 2,101 [768 | 11,931 2, 168 |1, 690 |1, 617 (2,301 |1,926-| 1,938 Gifts: | | | | | Wolumesa.t 3055. 58 jo5 eee 886 | 719 780 | 873 641 676 | 647| 768 | 774 934 eam pHleps 252. been sas ee cee e a> 830 470 | 500 | 397 | 508 | 642 | 371] 580) 492} -751 Maps/and! charts: 2. .sccaescaceeeseus | «284.8520 | 22/ 18 4) | SOU aS 21 10 59 Continaartionss=: S32 eS esos 4,425 4,490 |4,909 4,919 4, 458 3,807 \2, 647 |4, 762 |3,515 | 5,683 AG) i) RA Pe SS ey ee emer 6,169 5,699 6,211 6,207 5,611 5, 184 3,680 6,131 4,791 | 7,427 From binding periodicals and serials. -.. 1,573 1,826 1,085 1,612 1,178 | 949 | 748 1,161 | 768 | 1,305 OCHS. Sees ee race rece eee ‘9, 574 9,626 9, 064 9,750 |8, 957 |7, 823 6, 045 %, 593 |7,485 |10, 670 According to the record of accessions the total number of books and pamphlets accessioned by the library up to July 1, 1922, was 170,057. From this number should be taken 5,910 which were dis- carded during the fiscal year 1915 and 756 which were discarded in the last seven fiscal years, leaving a balance of 163,391 accessioned volumes and pamphlets in the library on July 1, 1922. 410 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. APPENDIX 6. CATALOGUING. The record of the material catalogued during the past five years is as follows: i918 | 1919.) 1920 | 1921 1922 WHA SRDD CHL a pene 4 Fa AB ae Epps) 5 ears Atv ee ee rata ak (ener za Se jen 020 2,757 | 2,194 2,318 PaMiPNlepS iis os ciesheeicts songs ee ee eae Reece 721 459 699 | 539 B32 IVD SBesstcteycictein Soe e neat cite Susio o> (she yom eiwle epsiers ia Ore tout see 63 | 17 27 | 13 68 Serials and continuations - 2.22.2 o css ce oom aieee ee 4, 853 | 3, 549 6,110 | 3,971 7, 452 Ata] Fae pee oma i SP ie 6 rete We AID Silas gee Pia7s823 | 6, 045 9, 593 7, 485 10, 670 AMI OUS La. eee Manet cet At me Step ees Ree | 570 | 273 501 96 229 SARRYAG Gin oie poe ee ier Ue ep a Ao Mie a roe | 945| 2,498/ 1,937 4,828 | 2, 745 1 Not fully catalogued. 2 Author cards only. Uneatalogued material. 1918 | 1919 1920 1921 1922 Volumes....... ase aniose te oeaien bees ke eresthe eae 41 368 274 290 543 TRAM pb Gi Sieee neem eee eee nace set eee ease nad 178 648 599 1, 085 1,905 Continvations 25... Skee ae hb ae =e see See e 190 943 540 1, 105 846 Maps ee sstes a Sicwese tee esses olsen Whe bia cfaise Rene a 2 | 6 (ill Sa Se eee 19 Number of titles prepared for printing by the Library of Congress in the ‘‘ Agr.’’ serves. | 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Cards for accessions and recatalogued books.......... "483 512 817 1,097 736 Cards for department publications..............-...- 577 656 611 627 369 Motaleszesc oc cote ee oe aes Le ne rae 1, 060 1, 168 1, 438 1,724 1, 155 Record of cards added to the catalogue. 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 e Se eS BH Lee ae ae ee INUmperiof.cards;ad ded tes es ee cpe ean peewee 26, 229 21,881 | 21, 504 23, 730 17, 148 Number of cards withdrawn................--.-+---. 3, 846 3,118 | 2, 353 4, 244 1,739 Noetiaddition toicatalopiie.< 22-225 se eek eae 22, 383 18,763 | 19,151 | 19, 506 15, 409 APPENDIX 7. Periodicals. Number of different periodicals currently received by purchase .........-..-- 945 Number of different periodicals currently received by gift and exchange. .... 2, 169 Total number of different periodicals received ...........-..------+.---- 3, 114 Number OL anurans! COpres: PULCNAseG.-=-- =. en eos ee acento ess See etc 240 Number of additional copies received by gift and exchange................... 238 Total number of periodicals purchased, including duplicates..............---- 1, 185 Total number of periodicals received by gift and exchange, including dupli- EE, Si al he Dn a ee ten ales hl en ta Zag Ee wed eter eh ieee 2,407 LIBRARY. 411 The average number of current periodicals received daily during April and May, 1922, was 302. the same period in 1921 was 268. during the same period in 1920 was 249. The average number received durin The average number receive Number of other serials (such as annual reports, proceedings, etc.) received currently, exclusive of Government publications and the publications of the State agricultural colleges and experiment stations APPENDIX 8. Binding. | 1918 | 1919 Number of books sent to the bindery..........-..-.. 1,674 | 2,019 | Number of volumes placed in temporary binders. - . - 1,675 | 1,612 | 1,443 743 Pamphlets stapled in binders : -...-..:5...-.+---+---- u 1920 | 1921 1922 1, 866 1,821 2, 858 1,000| 1,152 1,059 675 984 | 622 Approximately 10,000 current numbers of periodicals, bulletins, and reports were also added to the files already in temporary binders. These consisted principally of department and State experiment station publications, the files of which are placed in temporary binders until a sufficient number has been received for permanent binding. APPENDIX 9. Expenditures for Library printing and binding for the fiscal years 1919, 1920, 1921, and 1922: Item 1919 1920 Regular binding................ etree: Sites as $2,734.23 | $8,255.30 BINGETS. 352 Sees -S 5 -boe « ae aos oae So Soe 1, 641. 23 606. 84 Pamphlet boxes: . 2. eee eee PPA 330:00!\|_. 32.2 oe oe Farm S= Seen eee tae toes Soe cept cen Siteetae 247. 82 259. 38 IPOD CSIONSE oot sane etic coche oot ees kee | 400. 36 84. 30 PIG CATS Sot sae see Scene AEE es TRY eat ay eae ree aes Sr A I Miscellaneguge.s.n hs so. : 5-2-2 ae ot se deans sees e=s-t- S. Lond eaea ceed apo sees 7 4 Bnginedrs Ofjuiion prides o-oo se cs aL js sot ae 5s ee daca ae see 1 1 Blonkceat see ot ee Oe ae EY RS oo os sea eh ee ge we de ws Sec 45 28 L6"LE9 ‘L6L ‘CT SL ZE6 ‘882 ‘2 19 “PEE ‘166 'F EL OTL OEF £0 “ISP ‘699 ‘2 OL “S88 ‘TSF ‘T 68 “L19 'ZL6 ‘9 0G “LF0 ‘ZLe ‘2 sais €L “860 (669 ‘CT i tL 090 08 "S61 ‘209 99 “290 ‘£09 ‘¢ Be oer ST8 8 "900 “FS F ST “699 ‘668 ‘OF ZL “LIS ‘Z6L‘F SLE eee S89 ‘08S ‘8 Seen ie T “090 “692 LL “E68 ‘ESF % 29 “966 ‘E68 ‘€ OL “LLG ‘296 G TL “G08 ‘SOT ‘8 9@ “LEE ‘08S ‘9 ZI “E97 ‘269 ‘2 ieraee' ‘ LG Alt eee “LE ‘200 “F 00 “629 ‘6IF OL “118 ‘900 % PI "P68 “6SP 'F £9 SIS ‘ZC ‘6 19 ‘SOT ‘6ST LO “F¥8 ‘060 ‘€ 0€ “G86 ‘8g8 ‘os 12 “686 ‘202 “ FP “168 ‘98S 8 ‘ST9 ‘669 8¢ ‘B10 ‘es ‘T OF “080 ‘089 00-26 80 F ST “296 ZIT T 9S “06 ‘E99 ‘¢ Zz, “6L8 ‘689 92, '360 ‘G09 °% 16 “C12 ‘980'T SF GFF ‘068 iran 0€ 099 ‘228 08 ‘22S ‘66F 0€ “902 ‘TES ‘% 81 °SF9 ‘OLE ‘T 6E TED "ESP ‘T 09 ‘ES ‘190 ‘F 96 ‘Z6I ‘089 ‘T G6 “PIL ‘6S2 ‘T 06 “LIE ‘322 % G9 “082 ‘268 6¢ “28T ‘oss “T TL "C96 ‘F232 ‘T 18 ‘082 ‘268 ‘T G9 ‘8L8 ‘TIS “8 06 “$68 “929 ‘T oe eno 6E ‘8Z0 ‘E Ob "She (S898 9 “002 ‘6 £8 ‘FS9 ‘E68 SL 016 ‘E91 69 “SPE ‘TE9 ‘T OF “LE6 ‘8cF ‘T 00 “806 ‘FIL ‘T 90 "682 ‘EL ‘T 86 "LE0 ‘ILE ‘I$ 8I “LLG ‘62S ‘0g BS “OES ‘G18 *L ean €1 “162 ‘900 ‘T 9@ ‘86S ‘TE0 ‘9 OT GPS ‘FIG ‘¢ £0 “G8S “060 ‘8 tee . ‘ r 6 88 "F20 ‘086 *L 86-119 610. 16 “69T ‘802 ‘F 66 “STZ ‘80¢ ‘T . ‘ ‘ 96 ‘BIL ‘O8t ‘F OI 196 ‘LFF ‘2 ST SLL ‘SHO ‘2 £8 “0G ‘OLL ‘TT 1S ‘SPP ‘OF ‘9 60 “086 ‘8&6 °6 86 “228 “OTZ ‘OT EL “IPL ‘SPI °¢ 80 "SLE ‘TE0 '€ ZS "ZI ‘1FE “f 12 “PIS “682 ‘F de ae IE * ‘ ‘ 88 “STZ ‘ZF0 ‘OL ZO ‘SPL ‘PLE ‘6 F0 ‘SPS ‘022 ‘ST FS "S26 ‘862 ‘F 03 "9ES ‘GOF ‘6 LT ‘886 ‘980 ‘F £8 "612 ‘E18 SF 2s ‘OLT €8 “687 ‘ISI ‘9 OL “ESF ‘OFS “OT 19 TLO‘FL8 ‘G EL “SED FES 'F GS "E16 “6ce ‘L$ Th SLI ‘G2r ‘F ¥Z G69 ‘LE9 ‘T TE 090 ‘£02 ‘T FE “LES 190 “L 00 *829 ‘C98 16 ‘£66 ‘868 “8 06 £99 ‘ZSI ‘T FP GEE ‘SEL ‘T GO $00 ‘E28 *% GF PIL FOI ‘T 06 “Ee8 ‘602 ‘T 16 “LFF ‘969 ‘E PE “EZ “6ST “T [6 ‘OLS ‘246 00 “Sz9 ‘egg SL ‘9S ‘ES6_ 0S “6ST ‘TS ‘1 Z8 “G88 ‘OFS ‘T 29 ‘SEI ‘SEF SZ ZS “906 ‘F62 ‘T L0°L69 ‘a1 % EF “SES “FZ Z £0 “9LT ‘960 ‘T 10 629 ‘OF9 GZ “O9T ‘G69 £9 686 ‘966 89 “SLT ‘LIF ‘T TS “18% ‘ZOT ‘% FL ZL8 ‘ZOI ‘% TF “S98 ‘896 ‘T LO ‘18% ‘OFZ ‘8 89 “989 ‘8E6 8S “296 ‘266 ‘T 69 "6Z8 ‘988 00 “S29 ‘ggg 82 °L68 ‘O8F 69 “SLT ‘THE ‘T £5 '860 ‘Z9F ‘% 02 ‘GFT ‘FS2 ‘T FF 182 ‘890 ‘T 19 ‘Oak ‘ESS ‘TS OF "86S ‘198 ‘G 06 “816 ‘193 ‘% FP '6LL ‘S19 ‘T £0 “610 ‘98 ‘T 18 ‘92 ‘Ez CO “9F6 ‘T6S ‘F £0 ‘BST “926 “T £8 ‘SLF ‘208 ‘% 18 ‘9FS ‘902 ‘€ O8 “226 ‘986 ‘T O8 "890 ‘622 ‘% IT “868 ‘TL6 ‘F G8 “LOF ‘86g ‘T Sh OCS IST ‘T €6 ‘SES ‘FIF OF FFE ‘91 ‘T 86 “TPL ‘E81 ‘% €T “066 ‘900 ‘% 09 “668 “28¢ “€ LI“LSS ‘208 ‘1 £8 “680 ‘ZS % L6 “199 ‘T68 °% €8 "S82 ‘CLF ‘T 19 “866 ‘998 9T 082 ‘096 &I “Les ‘298 “T SF “SSL ‘196 ‘T ZO “FHS ‘TLS ‘% FL '8ZE ‘TS8 ‘% 1Z 850 ‘189 ‘% 16 ‘290 ‘G98 ‘“F £6 “6F0 ‘922 ‘T 96 “OST *269 ‘% 26 LEP LET ‘T 18 "FL9 ‘ZOT Sh “GFE ‘S19 LI OGL ‘Sz ‘T TS “E19 ‘F0 ‘E 60 ‘SLT ‘S89 ‘T OI ‘FF9 ‘ELE ‘T TS “E88 ‘FOI ‘ZS 18 “918 ‘6¢¢ ‘¢ F9 966 ‘OST % LG 698 ‘OFS “T OF “698 ‘298 ‘T 08 “SOF ‘T2z Il ‘PFS ‘298 ‘F 8 GLI ‘96F ‘T PF S08 ‘06I ‘% £0 788 GCF 'T 61 “LS6 ‘COL ‘Z ST LIL ‘202 66 °Z69 ‘LTS ‘T 1S "969 ‘821 ‘T 1S e108 Tee I . ‘ ‘ £6 “619 ‘920 ‘Z 89 °L86 ‘868 ‘T 08 "960 ‘123 ‘8 ZL “260 ‘602 “T 6S “ILF ‘669 ‘% ¥Z 902 ‘GFL ‘Z 9 “820 ‘OOF ‘T SE “000 ‘928 £6 ‘6E8 ‘FI6 ST 'S8€ ‘863 ‘T sone 6L°L8L ‘TELS 88 “OFS ‘F9G ‘Z FG “OFS ‘ZS ‘F 19 °L96 61 'T ZO "SSF ‘LSS ‘% ae $8 ‘GSP ‘ERS GL ‘F8E ‘SFO ‘T Lid 120 268 2 60 ‘98F ‘968 ‘T 18 ‘8S ‘108 ‘T 08 “LOS ‘G66 ‘I$ 20 "902 ‘G08 ‘& 00 “LOL ‘BLP ‘T Henne ‘286 ee 80¢ ‘TST 29 “TZZ ‘986 ‘% 8 ‘T6L ‘20 ‘T £8 "PPS ‘66F ‘A 16 “GOS ‘ZIF ‘% 61 “9F6 ‘266 £6 “EES ‘ZF ‘T 09 “089 ‘282 “E FE “OCF ‘280 ‘T Goa tl F OCF ‘OLZ 8% “E9T ‘98 ZE “280 ‘98e ‘T ieee 80 ‘8T &6 88 “68S ‘89T ‘T Ge ee) ove 8ST OLS ‘Z88 ‘T GT “SFT ‘8o6 CF “809 ‘Gg¢ 16 “880 ‘9Z9 18 ‘BSF ‘E88 08 “6FS ‘692 ‘T 08 “SPF ‘G98 “T T8 “669 ‘228 ‘T 09 ‘GFT ‘9S2 ‘T EI PLS ‘EFS ‘% Z8 ‘086 ‘Z6L 0G “F96 ‘6FL ‘T 80 “T2S “FFL CF “962 ‘COT IT ‘182 ‘668 £8 “6FS ‘FSI ‘T &S “STF ‘086 ‘T 66 "L¥G ‘060 ‘T OT “F8S ‘068 LS OGL ‘E98 ‘TS “G26I ‘OE CUNL JO SB soouRleq qyueuruol10ddy ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, “10} pred pus poyo[duroa sjyoefoid uo pred Pre [VIOPIT “OATSNIOUL ‘C26I-LI6I SIBOL ‘squeurmory -10dde [e}0.,, S261 T@6T 06 6I6I 29 “GES “ERG 96 ‘908 ‘82% $0 “268 ‘19T 83 “19 “SFT Gh LES “EZ FE “882 ‘TOF PL PLE ‘LST 00 “822 ‘08% #8 ‘OTIS ‘E28 ZL ‘98S ‘ZEST 8 “E91 ‘82% £S “OFF ‘10S G9 “SLF LET 98 “SZ ‘STI $Z “866 ‘TF 09 “962 ‘821 29 “TRS ‘SIZ 88 “FL¢ “961 Z8 “OFF ‘6S 89 “TTS ‘221 ZI S8L ‘FSS FF LOG ‘16% 06 TOL ‘LPL FF $60 ‘88 00 “£06 ‘96 ES “6F6 ‘FET Z8 “Sh6 ‘P61 08 “PIF ‘98z 0% “ISS ‘Z6Z FZ S6P ‘11% OF ‘ZS8 ‘THF 00 °226 ‘O21 96 ‘869 ‘89z Fo ‘296 ‘LIT PL ‘898 ‘OT 88 ‘OST ‘29 8% ‘OSE “LOT $8 “LET ‘ZOE 03 “828 ‘SOL F0 “220 ‘LET 08 “62 ‘S0z$ ST61 18 “226 ‘16% eee ewww 2° SS RS Ee CSB KOT) SP EST F1I Rete =""'° = GQgSouUp\y) 20 "9F6 ‘08 ees Senge aes ejoyed yyNog TO SLOSE Ute. Sal eS pee pie gee euTjoreg YyNOS TL "S99 TT Se Sea a pussy espoyy LI “FEO 0EZ o Tee ane 18°89 ‘82 Pgs gs “et eee ee u0s0I0 00 “681 ‘STL ra “7"" == BULOURTHO GP “S06 OST see g ---"-O1TgO 90 ‘ET jy | --B1OAVC YON G6 TSE FIT ' CUT[OIeD YON 16 O6L (08% Was a ee ae AOA MON T8"LEL SL “ol sige OoTXOWY MON 89 °IZ 6G 5 ae eae ~-AQSIO/' MON 29 “966 0G io ee oe olrysduey MON 8 ate 9 5 Se Ses: alee 8°OLL 90T bs Pas” SBIGON BI “L8G ‘86 y Trt rt tt BUR TUOHL, TF 03L 69T 5 sor os"s TINOSST, F8 "C06 ‘88 f --+----1ddississtp 90 "P68 ‘ZFT i -* >>>" BIOSOUUT GL ESL ‘SHI ; soroos -UeBIqOIAL G6 “098 “EL Tore reese esses" SyOSNYoBsse]t cc 2 eee cece een TEAL Clee gp 0 [tect ee Soe fetee Shick 99 “PLE ‘LO ee eae ow rae oe BULISMO'T aes 3 1S eee eae “LOG EFT te ae ~- SBSUBYT 09 SLT ‘OFT 3 PROBES ROAR AGREE CEO TA 29 “LEL ‘SST pe Nae Scere so = SUBIPUT £% “926 ‘02% ae *7*> >= SIOUTIIT 0S “€9F ‘09 “3 ----OYBPT SF 68 ‘FET 3 727+ *=-BT3I0a8) 196 ‘GS fae “77° "-BpTOpy LE P81 ‘8 ame soo" 9IBM BIO FF “060 ‘TE ie +> -qnoroauu0D FI “069 “€8 bees 7775 =--OpRIO[UD 26 “E90 IST Cay igh ee keg ae “**"BTUIOJTIVO OT 629 ‘28 ar ---sesueyIV GE “ETS ‘89 as -*-BUOZIIV 06 SFI ‘HOTS =| -- BUI eLy LI6I “OVI 468 ‘sivahi yoosy fig 8aq04g) 0} pw Josapay fo syuawuoyusoddp—'| AIA, 469 BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. ‘Sommsy 4001100 ey UtoIy APYSYS ZuNIedop snyy ‘poddosp useq oAvY SO[IUT JO SUOTIOVIJ PUB SJUOD MOTIOJ YT Sopqe} oy} JO UTeII00 UJT—ALON £% ‘202 ‘9S¢ ‘282 60 *¢80 ‘69T '¢ £8 “Te9 ‘O80 “¢ PP “OOL ‘BES ‘% BF “9CI ‘26S ‘T 6P ‘OF6 ‘409 ‘¢ 16 “FOL ‘8h 69 “E21 ‘O0L ‘E | | } | 08 ‘GLI ‘ele F £5 “960 ‘668 ‘8 | 921060 ‘PPT 'T | 02 “S9F ‘898 ‘8 SL “S91 ‘Z6I‘T =| 2% “$98 ‘FOL ‘S 11 692 ‘e82‘8 | 09 E98 ‘G10 ‘¢ 92819 ‘808 ‘T | Sz ‘8¢¢ ‘806 ‘9 | 28 "896 ‘E92 | €L ‘822 ‘209 ‘T | 06 "66F ‘992 | 69 "829 ‘996 ‘E | LL“L6L ‘S12 ‘ZOT | 00°000 ‘E28 “Bee | 00000 ‘Eat ‘et | £9°L19 ‘486 98 “STS ‘F68 ‘T LL “668 ‘208 LL “602 ‘E01 1 | LP “828 ‘OSP ‘T 00 "629 ‘cog | IS ‘LTP ‘BES 00 *000 ‘000 ‘26 H8 “STL “883 'T C8 Ch6 ‘FES ‘Z LL‘@S1-‘090 ‘T 6L°1Z9 ‘FPF ‘T €8 829 ‘226 ‘T 60 °LL0 ‘08h 99 "GL ‘621 ‘I 00 “000 ‘Og ‘Z6 G9 “Seo POT 'T 6E "866 ‘STF 'Z 08 *L18 010 ‘I LL “LGW ‘CLE ‘T 09 °006 ‘P88 ‘I G9 “OLE ‘62h | 00 SZ ‘820 ‘T | 00 “000 ‘0¢0 ‘g9 | 2G ‘STL ‘962 | | | GL “ES9 ‘S99 ‘T 00 822 ‘169 Eh “168 ‘886 | GL “ELT ‘062 ‘T 19 ‘O11 ‘F6Z 1%°S98 ‘SEL 00 7000 ‘002 ‘6 £9 "868 ‘221 BI BOL ‘98% 26 ‘OFS ‘901 9G "891 ‘EFT Zh 1ZE {661 F6 '889 ‘Ch Of “006 ‘ETT 00 "000 “OSs ‘F Z8 ‘961 ‘19 L0 “198 ‘Sat | OF “OLZ 8S 8G “P88 ‘TL | 127099 ‘66 LLP ‘PFS ‘2 | ST 096 ‘9¢ se tteeeeeeeere sees es TpIOg, piaiaiele! sie ieleisie lore orueus LIT TRLCR AAR "7" "" TISUOOSTAA woeseresssess = -BTUTBITA ISOM veetsress sss ss9 = TOgSUTYSB AL ~* BTUTS.ITA sessevaneseseseee +> sa TIOTIEEG A tinted iad aa els en CEE AG | i Ta 470 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TaBLE No. 2.—Federal aid apportioned and obligated and balances unobligated by States—a statement of current financial obligations. Apportion- | Federal aid | Federal aid Dent = oblieaiedib yi Vabliesied by | ae are Soa Ue State. balances current current Eaderal sid 5S ara as 0 Toject roject obligated. : June 30, 1922. | Seere reais: Rercarienie: unobligated. | AAAS Ma nce c ss at tence te $5,858,935 | $2,031,344 | $3,306,897 | $5,338, 241 $520, 694 INPIZONG A Emme sowie nsn cueeneh eee 3, 090, 844 972, 613 1, 583, 128 2, 555, 741 535, 103 INTEANISAS See She Se ee cee eeone 4, 159, 169 775, 225 2, 839, 699 3,614, 924 544, 245 @aliforniaee aa aoeee. aeee nee 9, 422, 516 1,887,868 | 5,726,397 7,614, 265 1, 808, 251 Colorado 4, 489, 894 1,665,267 | 2,128,714 3,793, 981 695, 913 Wonneeticute. 4s. 62228 eee 2,006, 312 289, 600 1,140, 138 1, 429, 738 576, 574 Wealaware seen see coer eases 419, 625 52, 000 360, 000 ” 412’ 000 7,625 Mlorida st taaecascec oe see ee eee 4,007, 238 358, 368 2,735, 705 3, 094, 073 913, 165 Georgia ths sas hhc hose loa, 3, 769, 257 1, 247, 128 1, 832) 992 3) 080, 120 689, 137 Adah! {eee eee eee 1, 270, 526 638, 109 194, 207 ” $39’ 316 438, 210 TWlinois! 2. Oeuf ano u males 4,601, 645 2, 456, 279 756, 650 3, 212) 929 1,388, 716 Tridianaeeet esas. see eee 7, 697, 253 2,927, 193 8, 213,178 6,140,371 1, 556, 882 TCH ee Dae Sr aR 6, 530, 337 1, 366, 350 5,081, 711 6, 448, 061 82,276 IReanisasi ss etre 8, 105,310 716, 065 6, 043; 376 6,759, 441 1,345, 869 Kentucky 5, 562, 278 637,020 | 3,449°519 4,079, 539 1, 482,739 Mouwisiana seo.) aoe oe we eee 3,353, 327 232,000 2 241) 386 2) 473, 386 879, 941 Aino os nk a5, RGAE Dat 2? 483, 843 584, 291 1,772; 653 2) 356, 944 126, 899 Maryland... low seeeie eons 759, 060 440, 448 270) 218 "710; 666 48,394 Massachusetts.........--........ 3,389, 026 1,675, 966 1, 540, 016 3, 215,982 173,044 Michigan css aime oe en ee 8, 530, 635 3, 206, 050 4'911,662 | 8, 117’ 712 412, 923 Minnesota. secs csu asad cone shee 5, 877, 147 1, 140, 122 4,479,019 5,619, 141 258, 006 MisgisGip piesa se Gac cee hace 4,792) 817 403, 108 2’ 891) 667 3, 294,775 1,498, 042 MHSsOuri-.c2: 0. cache Meese 10) 399, 559 1,833,794 | 5,828,107 7, 661, 901 2,737, 658 Montanaen esos Se hms 4) 454) 007 1, 378, 820 1, 503, 568 2, 882, 388 1,571,619 INebraskaiatis onc. ose eae 6, 948, 428 707, 645 4612) 125 5,319,770 1, 628, 658 Nevada. . see oh ua et SUGOS OBS 295, 221 1, 635, 737 1,930, 958 1,672,095 New Hampshire................. 602, 196 201; 124 "214,074 "415,198 186, 998 New Jersey isos). 2h essen. 3, 046, 713 591,049 | 2,306,381 2, 897) 430 149, 283 New Mexico 4,689, 168 879, 353 2,393, 182 3,272,535 1, 416, 633 New York............- 15, 699, 034 3, 838, 804 8,710,153 | 12,548, 957 3, 150, 077 North Carolina 5,374, 926 867, 541 3,529, 573 4,397, 114 977, 812 NOFth Dakota. sc2s..ate. coeeaee 4, 747, 323 679, 886 2’ 846, 673 3, 526, 559 1, 220, 764 GNiOe ee ae. FE ae Soke See 7, 372, 047 3, 988, 404 2) 825,101 6, 813, 505 558, 542 Oklahoma eet os. ee 6, 972, 618 494, 964 4, 687, 573 5, 182, 537 1,790, 081 Ores One ene es ae, REN ee 1,481, 885 844, 270 381,491 1, 225, 761 256,124 Rennsylvanias oso sea eee 7, 659, 431 2, 112, 180 | 5, 397, 823 7, 510, 003 149, 428 Rhodevistand sh yi= aa ee 456, 711 105, 924 87,331 193, 255 263, 456 Southi@arolina5..20 24 S22 sae 3, 154, 842 686, 768 1,897,731 | 2,584,499 570, 343 South Dakotas... -c0s.eeen eee 4, 957, 324 551, 685 3, 298, 840 3, 850, 525 1,106,799 Mann esseeue gs sane eae ae 7, 288, 933 1, 752,010 5, 332, 723 7, 084, 733 204, 200 Texas. .... OS RO BL TINE 15, 797, 638 2,766,054 | 10,262,502 | 13,028, 556 2,769, 082 Wigahee ene Nes Wo acs eal ay SOO Mle 725,034 | 2,489, 929 3, 214, 963 485, 161 Wiermont 4 ee en Gaels 1,343, 765 205, 516 | 702, 043 907, 559 436, 206 WArginiawes fee ate hoee | 5, 604, 941 1,191, 951 3, 443, 468 4, 635, 419 969, 522 Wiashinip Lome ys eee tata 1, 292, 126 151,105 990, 350 1,141,455] - 150, 67 IWiestiWineiniawe isco conse 2,532, 700 143,335 2, 384, 759 2,528, 094 4, 6066 IWilSconsin ues. ei eee 5, 030, 631 1,065, 697 1, 829, 348 2, 895, 045 2,135,585 BVVAV. ORIENT Oro opiate gehen eat sees | 3,169,085 | 978, 819 | sik 878, 241 2,857, 060 312,02 | 0 MOtalec eee eset cee 237,556,202 | 54,739,367 | 139,960,758 | 194,700,125 42, 856, 077 TABLE 3.—Summary of projects completed and patd for and payments to States by fiscal years. | Federal aid Projects completed and paid for. | paid to | States on | projects Fiscal- year. | completed | and re : | projects Mileage. | Federalaid. | Total cost. lhandewienne | struction. 12.5 $112, 257 $258, 731 | $425, 446 176.8 768,472 | 2,124,873 | 2,°702, 248 716.1 3, 159, 791 7,405,000 | 19, 593, 430 2,898.5 | 18,462,090 | 42,071,405 | 55,974, 305 9,550.8 | 79,816, 187 | 189,042,424 | 88, 216, 123 TOtAT: cu ele M saan ae at elo Nene ae ee Uae ara 13, 354.7 | 102,318,797 | 240,902, 433 | 166, 911, 552 BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. TABLE 4.—Summary of projects under construction. State. Welaradoé ... . Be PUR AR Connecticut’... Seb see.6 62.6. ie es. Delaware... ERT eS. Se aS New York 25684—acr 1923-31 Number of projects under con- struction. RRA Lor SBeB_N.N 1,612 Mileage. Federal aid Total esti- allotted. mated cost. $2, 805, 190 $5, 610, 380 1, 630, 097 3, 405, 007 1, 881, 651 4, 380, 105 | 4, 808, 634 9, 561, 586 1, 792, 073 3, 492, 133 983, 108 2, 575, 637 342, 000 857, 975 2, 502, 976 5, 186, 220 1, 668, 997 3, 594, 881 335, 283 837, 022 425, 622 1, 022, 573 | 3, 553, 655 7, 346, 606 | 4, 134,670 9, 032, 163 5,068, 213 16, 384, 319 | 2,661, 924 5, 446, 693 | 1, 808, 032 4,121,175 | 1, 926, 552 4, 019, 671 178, 472 356, 944 1,009, 150 2, 606, 627 3, 807, 679 7, 860, 263 4,193,887 | 10,704,311 | 2,616,150 | 5, 291, 270 4,142, 183 8, 981, 261 937, 047 1, 879, 005 2, 480, 669 | 4, 994, 716 577, 555 840, 172 249, 968 506, 689 862, 786 2, 536, 329 1,594, 262 2, 806, 830 6,700,165 | 16,861, 924 1, 241,395 2,527, 084 2, 452, 243 4, 904, 630 2, 138, 070 6, 473, 946 3, 827, 234 9, 050, 010 492, 029 876, 416 3, 294, 760 9, 992, 151 87,331 280, 815 1, 884, 915 3, 980, 160 2, 705, 610 5, 426, 238 5, 417, 445 10, 905, 566 7, 890, 444 23, 577, 437 1, 942, 835 3, 509, 701 336, 514 673, 029 2, 164, 093 4, 366, 081 343, 100 744, 012 1, 915, 892 4, 452, 304 2, 291, 227 5, 756, 101 1, 885, 970 3, 673, 645 109, 989, 757 | 254, 269, 813 471 Estimated per cent of com- pletion. 472 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 5.—Summary by States of completed projects and payments to States. State. ple pee Mileage. | Federal aid. 56 351.0 $1, 680, 369 33 191.5 1, 819, 701 56 576.5 2, 538, 751 39 305. 5 3, 122, 532 75 275.4 2, 078, 997 3 24. 2 320, 940 6 28.1 393, 655 9 48.7 369, 179 152 807.2 5, 949, 842 43 409. 5 3, 127, 957 210 721.0 10, 999, 931 | 22 121.3 2, 265, 184 NOW En snt-- ot eet Re 5 So Re G ae F. 59 677.4 4, 588, 041 IRANSAS 02 fide Ate els nc cide Sanaa acim 48 253. 8 2, 952, 506 Kentucky - 22st e822. Soe ee Boe eos. 34 216.9 2, 048, 574 Mouisiana..£ Las OMe Ss TOTS. S68. 8. 39 389. 1 1, 990, 526 Maine: 0222. 2S PAE Es 4 SSB. SOE. 8. 12 68. 2 909, 662 65 171.0 2,346, 039 56 146.9 2,327, 356 47 272.7 3,375, 014 117 1, 236.9 4, 728, 687 MISSissippi-; SLE Mo . sGoe soe ; 43 351.0 1, 850, 790 MISSOURI 2S: Feet PON. 252) ISR Ae LORS... 41 247. 4 1, 898, 251 Montana-=> S8ce suceuns a. cic ceaseae =< 83 556. 7 2, 972, 263 INebraskar - © Soot JU jes ic. SOS eS. 52 888. 8 2, 276,798 Neyadacs: (etre cusss ee sc se Crop soe 25 182. 0 1, 292, 345 IN6éw. 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Si. supe beh saul te & y Ph tg Dd Fhe tae Dest 4 ahutee,k Be MEER LES, oy Seip pe Bee : ve sion e davoeni | ape oe bs aac ge Ca - gaN y aig fant a ee oes § liens: rich aii ats ad 7 OGRE Oy rats Baie eidOU Ww By sate haar anit aes ADE AE COO oe Caen. neato 08 by MBE es Gf thon Rea itasia. aD cae ptt fies seh thas eat eat ; i put wy, haa Hie nastt x win eR SORE s at iat P i rather ily Date | ae: Batt Pagers, ace Galt q ine tlio obs clignalee er etnias fires 4 . : ies Tt nieriation Aiteeed i abs Pelee ingea De wHty tne Hone, ; the Oop i. bt oR Beacees ‘oF se ea WA 3 ne Wits selhan se AE owing the aie | ae Buy ee, it hanes, hi ae i at tiearine: tid tac ue iho vs “ irs Penntae Way od ty ig 0 five ae tagn iba oh Wc Get Cites Wate: Rens ftenl, tan pres pete Ai te e pt Panett : Wetec MATA tira ont sa inten cum to hiya Wns per” ate Ror gos oe. , a Sia oa fhe — ve pihiiat 6 ie tb VaEr, ee _ i te ve iifs : ee pane t aie. 108 Li ae gron oP Rah A hie eo pant 18 . ce te Mg oe a a eee REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF MARKETS AND CROP ESTIMATES. Unirep States DerpartMEeNntT OF AGRICULTURE, Bureau or AGricuutruraL Economics, Washington, October 5, 1922. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith report of the work of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1922. Respectfully, Henry C. Taytor, Chief of Bureau. Hon. H. C. Watuxace, Secretary of Agriculture. On July 1, 1921, the Bureau of Markets and the Bureau of Crop Estimates were consolidated under the name of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates. At the same time the department made recommendation in its estimates for the fiscal year 1923 that a further consolidation be effected by uniting the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates with the Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics. Congress gave favorable consideration to this recom- mendation, and in the act making appropriations for the Depart- ment of Agriculture provision was made for the creation of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, to be charged with the exercise of all powers and the performance of all duties formerly imposed by law on the three separate bureaus. Although the latter consoli- dation did not actually take place until the end of the fiscal year coy- ered by this report, an informal reorganization was effected by which related lines of work were brought into close cooperation and activi- ties were regrouped in order to secure a more effective organization. Especial attention has been given during the year to the prosecu- tion of economic research studies, as it was felt that this work was fundamentally necessary as a basis for recommendations for im- provements in marketing methods. The successful conduct of service and regulatory work also depends upon the bureau’s possessing comprehensive and accurate information with regard to marketing conditions. Effort has been made to coordinate the economic studies of the bureau in such a manner that information can be furnished covering each phase of the whole process of production, marketing, and distribution. Among the activities which have been given especial attention during the past year were the studies of the costs of marketing; the collection of information relative to agricultural competition of for- eign countries with the United States and the demand for American farm products in foreign countries, and the effecting of arrangements . 505 506 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. for securing information as to condition and production of crops in various foreign countries; an analysis of the economic situation in the live-stock industry and the development of plans leading to the more orderly marketing of live stock; a study of fruit auction com- panies; the expansion of the work of collecting statistics of live- stock production; the formulation and perfecting of grades and standards for farm products; the inauguration of a shipping-point inspection on fruits and vegetables; the development of the radio news service; the inauguration of a grain news service; and the car- rying out of the greatly increased activities under the United States warehouse act.” A detailed report covering the various activities follows. DIVISION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. The work of the Division of Fruits and Vegetables, which was directed by Wells A. Sherman, included the following activities : Marketing of fruits and vegetables. Market news service on fruits and vegetables (including peanuts and homey). Market inspection of perishable foods (fruits and vegetables). Enforcement of the standard container act. MARKETING OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. Under this project are included two groups of investigations, those relating to the formulation and promulgation of grades and stand- ards for fruits and vegetables, conducted under the direction of H. W. Samson, and research studies relating to the marketing of fruits and vegetables, under the direction of A. D. Miller and Dr. A. E, Cance. GRADES AND STANDARDS INVESTIGATIONS. As a result of extensive field investigations and of tests under ac- tual commercial conditions, Federal grades have now been forrau- lated and recommended for the following 14 products: Barreled apples. Cucumbers. Strawberries. Asparagus. Lettuce. Sweet potatoes. Cabbage. Bermuda onions. Tomatoes. Cauliflower. Northern-grown onions. White potatoes. Celery. _. Peaches. Tentative grades have also been recommended for shelled Spanish peanuts. Studies are now being made on the basis of which it is expected that grades for honey will be formulated. Investigation of standards for packing various products has been continued. The general subject of preparing fruits and vegetables for market has also engaged the attention of this project. Material along these lines is being prepared for the use of extension workers, as well as for classroom work in agricultural colleges. The technical staff has spent much time in the field assisting grow- ers and shippers in the proper interpretation and use of grades which have been promulgated. This work was carried ‘on both indepen- dently and in conjunction with State or local authorities. Demonstra- tions of the grades have been made at prominent shipping points In a number of States, and the number of requests is increasing for such, educational and practical assistance. Much of this work has resulted BUREAU OF MARKETS AND CROP ESTIMATES. 507 from the inauguration of shipping-point inspection services by several of the States. It is of the utmost importance that uniformity be ob- served in the interpretation and application of the grades, so that they may have a national influence in the orderly marketing of farm products. RESEARCH STUDIES IN THE MARKETING OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. » A study is being made of the organized fruit auction companies, of which there are approximately 20 in the larger city markets. Although it is estimated that auction companies handled about $150,000,000 worth of fruit during the past year, very little is known of the details of their organization and the extent to which they differ in the functions performed or services rendered, or of their relative efficiency in the handling of different classes of products. The ques- tion of the extension of credits by auction companies and innumerable details connected with their business management need to be brought to light in order that their usefulness may be measured and that re- forms in their control or methods may be brought about, if necessary. An intensive study is being made of the subject of the financing of of the production of fruits and vegetables by distributors. The pur- pose of this study is to ascertain to what extent and in what regions growers are financed while producing a crop, either by distributors and dealers or by banks, stores, or fertilizer companies; what crops are so financed; what is the effect on distribution and prices; what is the effect on production; and what is the relation of such financing to growers’ cooperative associations. Studies are being made also which aim to secure detailed informa- tion on problems of production, supply, distribution, and consump- tion of various agricultural commodities. These studies will enable the department to furnish more timely and helpful forecast data to serve as a basis for intelligent decisions on the part of producers in the marketing of their products. MARKET NEWS SERVICE ON FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. The division leader was assisted in this work by E. W. Stillwell. The telegraphic market news service on fruits and vegetables has completed its seventh year of operation. During 1921 the program of shipment reports included 36 important fruits and vegetables, but this number was later reduced to 20, so that the work of the past fiscal year covered only the following commodities: Apples. Honey Dews. Spinach. Cabbage. Lettuce. Strawberries. Cantaloupes. Mixed deciduous fruit. Sweet potatoes. Casaba melons. Mixed vegetables. Tomatoes. Cauliflower. Onions. Watermelons. Celery. Peaches. White potatoes. Grapes. Pears. On 14 of these products complete daily market reports were issued in season. On the remaining commodities only daily ship- ment information was published. The complete reports include car- lot shipments by States, the arrivals, cars on track, jobbing prices, and general conditions in 10 or more of the leading markets, as well as the f. o. b. prices and other shipping-point information. 508 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Car-lot movement reports were received during the year on nearly 735,000 cars of 24 of the principal fruits and vegetables. These re- ports were submitted by 1,275 division superintendents and other officials representing approximately 500 transportation lines. At the opening of the year 1921 there were 14 market stations in operation in important consuming centers. Reduction of funds for this avork made it necessary to close three of these branch offices, so that only 11 regular market stations were operated during the fiscal year 1922. The list of these offices follows: Baltimore. Detroit.” Omaha.’ Boston. Kansas City. Philadelphia. Chicago. Los Angeles. Pittsburgh. Cincinnati. Minneapolis. St. Louis. Cleveland.* New York. All of these offices except Los Angeles were connected with the leased wire system of the bureau. Communication with that city and with most of the 34 field stations in country districts was by commercial wire. Temporary field stations were operated during the year 1921 at 34 points in principal producing sections, a decrease of 5 stations as compared with the preceding year. In the first six months of 1922, six additional stations were opened at points which did not have service in 1921. The news service had its own representatives in 25 different States. Many of the permanent branch offices in terminal markets served mailing lists of producers and shippers in near-by territory. In the year ending December 31, 1921, approximately 5,200,000 mimeographed reports were issued at market stations and 1,600,000 from temporary field stations. The mailing lists at the market sta- tions and at Washington included 32,600 individuals, while the field stations served nearly 27,000 persons. A Weekly Market Review of Fruits and Vegetables has been issued regularly from Washington. This review analyzes the car- jot shipments of the week and the trend of prices in the various con- suming and producing centers. It is distributed in mimeographed form to approximately 4,000 persons. A short week-end review also is prepared and distributed by the department’s press service to several press associations, thus reach- ing a large number of weekly journals having many thousands of subscribers. A monthly news story is sent to about 50 periodicals, mostly farm papers, which go to press late in the month. The Weekly Summary of Carlot Shipments of fruits and vege- tables continues to be a valuable adjunct of the News Service. This statistical report compares the movement of each product from the respective States of origin with the shipments of the previous week and with the corresponding period of the year before, and shows the total shipments to date this season and last. It is mailed from Washington to a list of 1,100 names. In addition, many items of information are distributed by tele- graph and telephone upon request of interested parties who pay the costs of transmission. Information is distributed by radiograph and 1 Discontinued. BUREAU OF MARKETS AND CROP ESTIMATES, 509 radiophone, and through the department publication, Weather, Crops, and Markets. (This subject is treated at more length under the Division of Information.) Weekly reports on peanut marketing conditions have been con- tinued, and have met with much favor by consumers and dealers. Semimonthly reports on honey and beeswax are issued from the Washington office to a list of 3,500 names, and from Kansas City to about 1,700. This is an increase of approximately 73 per cent over the number receiving these reports last year. The service has been strengthened during the past year by the addition of new sources of information in producing areas, Daily unload reports covering 10 commodities have been secured by representatives of the bureau located at 13 of the most important receiving points. These statistics furnish an index of the consuming capacity of various markets, as well as a report of the source of supplies. The information thus secured has been very valuable in answering inquiries for this type of information, and it is now being prepared for publication. The value of the Market News Service has been demonstrated during the past year by the fact that agencies in various sections have entered into agreements with the bureau by which the local or State organizations pay the whole or a part of the expenses involved in order that the bureau may be able to extend this service to them. MARKET INSPECTION OF PERISHABLE FOODS (FRUITS AND VEGETABLES). The division leader has been assisted in this work by F. G. Robb. This service has maintained offices in the following principal distrib- uting markets of the country for the periods indicated : Entire year: Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleve- land, Columbus, Detroit, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Memphis, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, New Orleans, New York, Omaha, Philadelphia, Pitts- burgh, St. Louis, San Francisco, and Washington. Denver, Colo.: April, 1922—June, 1922, inclusive. Fort Worth, Houston: September, 1921—February, 1922, inclusive. Harrisburg, Wilkes-Barre: September, 1921—June, 1922, inclusive. Louisville: July, 1921—-Novembery 1922, inclusive. Norfolk: September, 1921—May, 1922, inclusive. At Columbus, Harrisburg, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, and Wilkes- Barre the inspection work has been conducted in connection with market news work, one employee handling both services. At Denver the inspection work was established in May in cooperation with the State of Colorado. At Norfolk and San Francisco, the few com- mercial inspections handled were made by men whose principal duties consisted of the inspection of fruits and vegetables for the Navy. From the markets indicated above 192 additional designated markets were reached upon request. Approximately 95 per cent of all inspections, however, were made in the markets in which inspec- tors were located. The following table shows the total number of commercial in- spections handled by each office during the fiscal vear 1922. This does not include inspections for the Navy or Marine Corps. The 510 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. grand total of 31,207 inspections is about 31 per cent more than the total for the fiscal year 1921: Station. | Total. Station. | Total. ~ ___|—____||— DoE EESEL BTS CREA ae 0 No. 860. The Farmers’ Interest in Foreign Markets. 1920 Yearbook. DEPARTMENT CIRCULARS. No. 183. Seedtime and Harvest. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY CIRCULARS. No. 155. Rules and Regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture Under the Food Products Inspection Law. 1921. SERVICE AND REGULATORY ANNOUNCEMENTS (MARKETS). » Index to S. R. A. from 1 to 50. No. 69. Suggestion for an Ordinance to Establish, Locate, Regulate, and Maintain a Public Farmers’ Market and for Other Purposes. 1921. No. 70. State Bureaus of Markets, including Divisions and Other Agencies doing Marketing Work. 1921. PUBLICATIONS IN PRESS ON JUNE 30, 1922, WITH APPROXIMATE TITLES. Bulk Handling of Grain on the Farm. Foreign Material in Spring Wheat. Crop and Live Stock Estimates, 1910-1921. (Handbook.) Handbook for the Inspection of Whole Milk American Cheese. Legal Phases of Cooperative Associations. Organization and Management of Cooperative Live Stock Shipping Asso- ciations. Regulations for Cotton Warehouses. Revised. Off. of See. Cir. United States Grades for Potatoes. Dept. Cir. 238. Marketing of Mill Feeds. Handbook of Official Grain Standards for Wheat, Shelled Corn, and Oats. Soft Pork: Slaughter and Curing Tests to Determine Market Value. Live Stock Industry in South America. Business Methods for Marketing Hay. Defects in the Quality of Butter. Sales Methods and Policies of a Growers’ National Marketing Agency. Producers’ Cooperative Milk-Distributing Plants. Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. Preparation of Tomatoes for Market. Service and Regulatory Announcement (Markets) No. 71; Complete Lists of Warehousemen. Farm and Terminal Market Prices. Wheat,-Corn, and Oats, Crop Movement Year 1920-21. REPORT OF CHIEF, OFFICE OF FARM MANAGEMENT AND FARM ECONOMICS. Unirep Srares DeparTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Orrice oF Farm Manacement AnD Farm Economics, Washington, D. C., July 17, 1922. Sir: I am submitting herewith the annual report of the Office of Farm Management and Farm Economies for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1922. Respectfully, H. C. Taytor, Chief. Hon. H. C. Watwace, Secretary of Agriculture. As this is the final report of the Oftice of Farm Management and Farm Economics as a departmental unit, it seems desirable to supple- ment the current report with a brief recapitulation of the history and achievements of the office from the time of its organization to that of its merger with the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates to form the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, as provided by Congress in the appropriation bill for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year 1923. It is now nearly 20 years since the work of the office was inaugurated in the Bureau of Plant Industry, and in that time these activities have come to assume an important place in the field of farm economics, particularly with reference to studies in farm organization and in the analysis of the farm business. BRIEF HISTORY OF OFFICE. The Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics represents the outgrowth of work started in the Bureau of Plant Industry in 1904, when investigations of farm management and farm practice were set on foot by that bureau. For several years this work was conducted by the Division of Grass and Forage Crop Investiga- tions, under the direction of Dr. W. J. Spillman, in 1904 as agrostol- ogist, in 1905 as agriculturist, and from 1906 to 1916 as agriculturist in charge of farm management. In the agricultural appropriation act for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1907, there appeared for the first time the phraseology “To investigate and encourage the adoption of improved methods of farm management and farm practice,” under which appropriations for this work have been made from that time forward. On July 1, 1915, the Office of Farm Management was transferred from the Bureau of Plant Industry to the Office of the Secretary. At 545 546 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the same time certain branches of work that had been carried on by the office, such as investigations in farm architecture and in farm home management, were transferred to other units of the department, and the title of Doctor Spillman as chief of the office was changed from agriculturist in charge to Chief of Farm Management. 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Ser spunodgyT | sie |< .co7 sso 707 “* "SI “"SBxOL | GL peepee ze 961 T61 OLT |"*-~* “(ST °0$) OOT | 80°S9$ Gad (ot eee ee BDULLOCEa pC SG |e rteee eemameeremammee COST PUG liea oo Se ee Neo ug (on ecto ye Mudtoreralli (a i as a ee u10}}0() 5 -(qou) 1261 | 0261 | ST6T 1 161 4809 0.108 “PIP "189K “Ayun0g "9981S = OSBIOAY “spr090I fe z jo "youn pod Fy JoquinN i “‘00I=16I—Sioquinu xoput fo) UI posseidxo si0joRy dIsBq WOT *POUTUIIN}OP OOM 4SO9 JO S10JOR] OISV YOM WOIJ SUOTIBSIJSOAUI JSOO UOTONpoIg poiduros sjsod uononpoid jo puoy, ‘sjzonpoid Want ajdnqzs Jo 81800 UO1jOnNpOLg 36 25684—aGR 1923 Wy 552 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Farm business analyses—During the year farm business analysis surveys, some of them involving enterprise cost studies, have been made as follows: The tenth year in a representative area of the hill land of the Ohio River, Washington County, Ohio. (65 records.) The fifth year in a representative truck farming area in Florida—Hil!sboro County. (127 records.) The fifth year in a representative citrus fruit area in Flor:'da—Pelk County. (154 records.) Repetition of the survey in the cut-over land area of western Washington— King and Pierce Counties (200 farm business analysis records, and, in addition, 200 settlers’ progress records). A farm business analysis study was made in the same area for the year 1915. The third year of the study in the Palouse area, Washington and Idaho, and Sherman County, Oreg., including a cost-of-producing-wheat study. (400 records. ) The fourth year of a study of tractor farms in two areas in Ohio, including the cost-of-operating-a-tractor study. A cooperative study with the Ohio State College of Agriculture. (100 records.) The first year of a continued study of dairy farming in Vermont. A co- operative study with the Vermont College of Agriculture. (200 records.) The first year of a continued study in dry-land farming in four or five counties in Montana. In cooperation with Montana College of Agriculture. (180 records. ) The accompanying table shows some of the results obtained from these studies. 553 OFFICE OF FARM MANAGEMENT AND FARM ECONOMICS. *6I6I 10 SI6T 10J BIVP O44 TIOIJ poyNdur0d udaq oARY ‘SoINsY 1Z6T oy} pur ‘oro ‘AyuNOg uoxZuTYSe AA JO UOIYdooxo 9} YITA ‘somnsy OZ6T OY, "Sp10001 SISATBUR SsoUIsNgq [eN4oR WO] o1B SUOTSOI [[B 10} SOINSY G16T PUB ‘STEI ‘EIGL ‘ZI6I OU“L— ALON. “6161 2 “TZ6I-ST61 1OJ SULICS 116 9 “O[QLIIBVAB JOU BIB 9» "IOQR] S$ JOULI] OY} JO ONTVA OY} OUTOOUT VAIL] OY} WOT] SUTONpPop JojJe [VIO UTIV] OY} JO ON[VA OY} UO POUAINOI 480107 UT JO 07B1 OY ST [eIId eo UO UINJoI 4d JO » *posn oJaM 7U00 Jed 9 BoB OSNOTB_ OY) UI pus yUd sod » ApNys VISION 94} UL yNq JUed Jod ¢ UDeq sBYy peAOTUIO 04YB1 4SeINJUT OY, *VUOUTISOAUT 1810} OY} JO ON[BA OY} WO jso19JUT OUTODUT WIV] OY} WAIOIJ BUTONpop 10}j@ APTIGV [VlIosvUBUL PU IOQe] S,AOUIIV] OY} JOJ UINNPIse oY} oyVUsIsop 07 pdsn osviyd B ST sUIODUT IOGL’'T ¢ . “EST =IZ6L ‘€hZ=0Z6L *ZIZV=G6IGBT :961 =RI6T -OOL=EI6T :SMOTIOJ SB Iv peacem SioquINnu Xoput ou “sloqey Jo yuourjIedeg oy} Aq poysTqryso soord oTRsofoyM JOJ JOQUIMU XopUT oy} Aq 9UIODUT UII] OY} IOJ oINSY 94} SuTpPIATp Aq pouTuLIojop sem JoMod Zuiseyomd Quhs *sosuodxo SUTAT IO} BIGRILCAB JOYJoSOITV uMs & YUOSoIdoI YOU Soop 41 ‘oULODUT UTIR] OY} JO yNO pred oq ysNUL ssouTsNd 9Y} JO SpoouU [RIOURUY JUIN oY} IVY} PUB YSvo UT UB JoyIeVI Spoos ut UO4JO st OUIODUT ULIB] OY} JO JaBd B YVYY OR] OY} OF PUB SsoUpoe}qapUT UO YsoJOjUTOJ end ‘*poedoTduro [eyIdeo oy] SuTITedUM NOYIIM UMBIPIOAO oq YOU Bd YOIA fosn ATLL JUOIIN OJ puny B ST OUIODUT UTR, «= “Sesudxo OY} UT popnypoul jou o1v Aqyiodoid WIR] OYy JO ON[BA OY} UO 4soJOJUT PUR JOG] UMO S,JomMIe] oY, ‘AIOJUNAUT 9Y4 JO onTvA AoUOUL oY) UT ‘AUR JI ‘oSvolDNp Pure qyuoumdinbe pue ssurpyinq uo uorjeMeidep ‘jjosury 10yv10do oy} UBYY JOJO ATTULe] WIR] oY} JO S1oquIOU AQ PolOPUOI SOdTAIOS JO oN{BVA OYyy ‘syuouTABd YsRd JO YsISUOD SosuUOdxXO OL, *AIOJUDAUT POSBOIOUT JO ON[BA oy} Pu ‘s}dtod01 SNOoURT[OOSTUL ‘syoONpOId JO} POATOdOI YSBd JO 4STSUOD S}dtodo1 OY, “SosuedxXe pure sjyd19001 TOO MJoq DOUOIOYTIP OY} ST OULOOUT WIRY y 96°— | FT| 22-1 O°L | L6'2—| 080 T—| 92812} 60L | 9 | 08 | T6 | OOT-|*sse | €02 | 2zT'2 | zce"c | ee 602 “L., \POT9: Fz] LSBKS ab OFS a lsees os ee seen (PIOD ‘oyepy pue uojsut -YSB AA) oSNoyTeg “Veo MA O16 | Ser A eas Le) | Te eee OIT / 7% | &F | 28 | 00k | cok | est | z9¢ Tor | LST chP 612 Ter G2.° [Per een: on ge ROO ‘AVUNOD UOISUTYSB AA *yoojs OATT [eiouer OI-|8" | 9° | 8% | sorz— Lec't | 908 | FT | 9% | 68 | OOT | SLE | F249. | Tees | L09%% | oZg Le9‘T | OLS‘ | L09'% | $969 |BAOT‘AyUNOD BUTE, ic Gy Coe Otdien| re NkcOO st Ize‘T | 964 | ¥ Lg cot | OOT | S98 | 0S | 6IS‘T | goo‘T | see CEGu te ES LONG GUSH e|/ OO. ne | een as Fogel idee ED ‘€qyunog uojuyo 10[)989 pues Zo, (cs) | (cs) | (9) | # | I8t— | gos €tz‘T | 860 | tF 1¢ 96 | 00L | Ig | O19 | T2t‘T | OST‘T | S62 csr ‘tT | 261‘% | OSt‘T | og “STM ‘Ajunog ouBg BeCee arta Doe eeOres 1-023 C69 oo6 €19 | TZ |0S | 92 | 0OT | $99 | Z9F | OTZ £86 cIo‘T | #8t‘T | T6e‘T | £86 11 Seek > ev EISEN ‘. 2ceo Fort Worth Stockyards Co................-.--....--5--- Fort Worth, Tex................ Do. Kostoria Union Stockyards Co... =). 22225-22055 2alaae==0 Fostoria, Ohio.................- Do. Belt Railroad and Stockyards Co......................-- Indianapolis, Ind....-.......... | Do National Stotkyards 2c oth! oon. Sic tian «tepe ba eos we Jacksonville, Fla.............--. Do. hewersey City StockyardsiC0! 222.2252. .cccoc sess ate Jerséy, CIty Nicns ten o-enne se | Do. Kansas City Stockyaras Co. 25 i2.05 ccdiise feel es Kansas City, (M0: 2.7)-> 2. $5.2... Do. East Tennessee Stockyards..............- SAG eee ee Knoxville, Tenn...... 5 Do. Lafayette Union Stockyard Co... Lafayette, Ind.... s Do. Union Stockyard Co............. Lancaster, Pa......... E Do. DOurbOn Stockyards COs eet occa cc cose st seen ae be sewaee Louisville, Ky..-.---.- Teens Do. (B12 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, | Name of yard. City. | Date posted. | | Marion Wnion Stockyards Co. .<- .Fs<- fwd Fence aces oeee~m Marion Ohigs Bien eet Nov. 1,1921 JOS. ‘A. Maxwell: & Sons'Conrs@o_ 22 oka EES Eta iy yes Memphis; Senne =. ssa eee | Do. Dixie National Stockyards.:...2...-.222:--.2.2s22--2+- Pago: Ole Eire Beds =F Bes ysee Corot Do. SouthiMempbistSLock yards -— vec ee aeilahe ce Bote e cess [vege GOs. seen deme cnc See Sormee Do. Milwaukee Stockyardsi@os. .. 12045. 28.2 53.10. SRS Milwaukee, Wis..:............-- Do. Union Stockyards Co. of Montgomery (Inc.)............ | Montgomery, Ala -.<..2.5)-2.-<5:| Do. Moultrie Stockyards. ...-. ea ee ome ees ances l+Moultrie’ Gates. cars sees soe eae Do. Nashville Union Stockyards (Inc.)................---.-- Nashville ttenmn) (22-2 s acasee ce Do. DL. ouisyNational Stock-yards\C0e se cece eee oa National Stock Yards, Ill.....-. Do. Newark Stockyards... ..i§2A4..234538 3.553 aa: aes oS 8 Newark IN: J-232 2). 022. Do. INewaviork Stockyards 8252.4 wietee ace cas aoe ania JING WORK GIN Vier oe eeer meet Do. Union Stockyards-)s2 7h S57 SE STS i ety: | Norfolks Vas tod) eal e Seen May 1, 1922 Portland Union Stockyards Co:::::......--..222..2222:2: North Portland, Oreg......-. ...) Nov! §, 1921 salt, Lake Union Stockyards... -.-...-¢l......>9e8s-cbs | North Salt Lake, Utah..........| Do. Wnion Stockyards: 23s-64 Cl SI i Ogdert, Wiantseeeg..st t se ears Do. Oklahoma National Stockyards Co..................:-..| Oklahoma City, Okla........... Do. PAascOnUMiOn StOCK yards GUse ssa oe ns seen eee tee | PaSeO; Washers: 2 sg. Resor cee Do. Peoria Union Stockyards Co. (Inc.)..-.........-....--.- | Beoria Wk ict 2353. oso... 8 Do. West Philadelphia Stockyard Co. ...:..25...2.-3-2s.2--5 | Philadelphia, Pa.......2..- 5 a Do. Pittsburgh Union Stockyards Co.......-. mA te we Sef Tak ees | Pittsburch; "Pat AS Do. Piteplo Wnion Stoctkyardsect fecpa- te tea 3 oes eae eee ae fbueblo, Coloccs.9. - ectess eats Mar. 1, 1922 Richmond Union Stockyards Co.....................--- I Richmond; Waa--c-ecorcsee ee Oct. 31, 1921 Southern Stockyards Corporation: 3:24: .:2!:.4//4..i02.|.34% GOECELi key. SEGRE. EES Oe Do. Umion Stockyards: 'S: Ar io ec: 24. sees 2 en. Se Bice cars | San Antonio, Tex......:.. B Seae Nov. 1, 1921 Sioux: City: Stockyardsi€@o!: 2. ii 5 te eee 1, . (Sioux: City, Wowasss.284 03 Do. Sioux Falls Stockyards Co........-..... eS pee ams 2 | Sioux: Falls, S.~Dak.\--3., pec epee Do. mnion’Stockyards' Coss 2 sae Aten eco eacee on ee meee Seattle w Washes senses ska Do. Union Stockyards Co. of Omaha (Ltd.)....-............ South Omaha, Nebr............. Do. St LOSeph Stockyards. COs-quaccsene pecs once e eae eens South St. Josepn, Mo...........- Do. Sti Paul*Union Stockyards Co? fej. ..2/2 LA South St. Paul, Minn. -......... Do. Spokane: Union Stockyards Co................--.--= “bee pODOkanes Wash@ £2. 325: tte see Do. Springfield Union Stockyards Co.......................- Springfield: OHOl 5-5. ce eee Do. Enter-State-Stockyards’Co: .. £35). sci ech. sod. cess ct - Toledo,-Ohio= s. cm. «335.6272 352e0 Do. ‘oledo-UnionStockyardsiC0>s 585s sates anaes cee open eaee GOP oes toes be de cineca oad Do. Wichita Union Stockyards Coss..t9:F)5 219201. . PRE Wachitas (KanSast> 2. . 202243 Do. Patrick Horan & Sons Stockyards......:..........-..-.-| West, Albany, N.Y <:?.5-.---¢2.- Do. The Billings Stockyards 220). AASH eeeeS Billings*iMonts* 22 ee ee oe Union Stockyards <2). bey. teas are dacetetes- Sess Caldwell, Idaho......:....:....-. The Laramie Stockyards...............---- be wie oe | Waramice, Wy O2on2es5.ecesor Jose UunioniStockyands.i4/..43 Sih is Tee . ASGSss.. He J Laredo} Pex. sith. J3 22 1site. The Oregon Shortline Railroad Stockyards.............. PocateHo, Wdanosssos5- secre The posting of these yards brings into play the provision of the law which requires that all market agencies and dealers, as these terms are defined in the act, that are engaged in business in these yards shall register with the Secretary of Agriculture within 30 days after the posting, and thereafter that no new market agency or dealer shall engage in business without having registered. During the pendency of the litigation involving the constitutionality of the act many market agencies and dealers refused to register and many others registered under protest, but it is now believed that practically all market agencies and dealers in the various stockyards have registered, and there were on file on June 30 the registrations of 3,436 dealers and 1,075 market agencies. .As a means of making cer- tain that every market agency and dealer registered with the Packers and Stockyards Administration had knowledge that such registra- tion had been received and of the provisions of the packers and stock- yards act and the regulations thereunder, a printed pamphlet con- taining the act and the regulations and a certificate of registration was mailed under registered cover to each registrant. The posting of the various yards also rendered operative the pro- vision of the law requiring that within 60 days after such postin the stockyard owners and every market agency in the yards poste should file with the Secretary of Agriculture their schedules of rates and charges and any rules or regulations affecting the value of services rendered. On June 30, 1922, these schedules of rates and PACKERS AND STOCKYARDS ADMINISTRATION. 573 foe had been filed by practically all of the persons required to 0 SO. GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS. The provisions of Title II of the act with respect to packers were practically self-operative immediately upon the passage of the act, but it was deemed necessary to establish certain general rules and regulations under Title III as to stockyard owners, market agencies, and dealers, to cover certain matters with respect to which the re- quirements of the Secretary of Agriculture might not otherwise be fully understood. Consequently, tentative rules and regulations with respect to stockyard owners, market agencies, and dealers were prepared and furnished to all classes of persons interested for sug- gestions and criticism, and public hearings were held as follows: Portland, Oreg., Noy. 8, 1921. Kansas City, Mo., Nov. 15, 1921. Denver, Col., Noy. 12, 1921. Chicago, Ill., Nov. 18, 1921. Fort Worth, Tex., Nov. 14, 1921. After full consideration had been given to the information received through the medium of these hearings and correspondence, the formal general rules and regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture were issued on November 30, 1921, as Circular No. 156 of the Office of the Secretary. At the close of the fiscal year, regulations governing the procedure in formal proceedings under the packers and stockyards act were in course of preparation, based upon our practical experience in handling such matters. LITIGATION. About the time of the issuance of the formal general rules and regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture, a suit was instituted in the Federal district court at Chicago by certain commission men and traders who do business in the Chicago stockyards to enjoin the Government from carrying out the provisions of the packers and stockyards act, with special reference to commission men and traders, it being asserted that the act was unconstitutional as to such persons and that the definition of interstate commerce in the act exceeded the authority of Congress. The attorney for the Packers and Stock- yards Administration represented the Government before the dis- trict court at Chicago and assisted the Solicitor General of the United States in the preparation of the briefs presented to the Su- reme Court of the United States. While this litigation was pend- ing, the commission men and dealers, although promising cooperation with the Packers and Stockyards Administration in the event the suit was decided in favor of the Government, not only in Chicago but to a considerable extent in other markets influenced by Chicago, were unwilling to comply with the requirements of the law, and the Pack- ers and Stockyards Administration was delayed and embarrassed in its work. The case was heard before Federal Judges Evans, Landis, and Fitz Henry, who joined in a clear and clean-cut decision uphold- ing it, and declined to grant even a temporary injunction or stay; but the case was appealed immediately to the Supreme Court of the United States, and, pending its determination, the enforcement of the law as to the Chicago appellants was suspended. The Supreme 574 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Court on May 15, 1922, upheld the decision of the lower court, expressly sustaining the constitutionality of the act and the validity of the definition of interstate commerce, which is somewhat broader than had been carried in any previous statute, although the basis for such a definition had been established by earlier decisions of the Supreme Court. Immediately following the decision of the Supreme Court, the commission men and traders generally announced their intention to cooperate with the Packers and Stockyards Administra- tion and to comply with the law in every respect. Certain statutes of the State of Minnesota, passed prior to the enactment of the packers and stockyards act, vest the railroad and warehouse commission of that State with authority to supervise the operations of the public stockyards and the commission men and traders in that State, to regulate rates and charges, and to maintain State weighers in the stockyards. The enactment of the packers and stockyards act raised the question of the validity of the continued enforcement of these statutes, and because of the fact that the State supervision was maintained by the imposition of a special charge per head for State weighing collected from the shippers of all live stock marketed in the St. Paul stockyards, and that no similar charge was imposed at other stockyards in the country, complaint was made on behalf of shippers outside of Minnesota that this charge should not be allowed. This caused an investigation by the Packers and Stockyards Administration of the whole situation, and it was found that the railroad and warehouse commission was contending that its jurisdiction should be maintained unimpaired and that the weighing service and the charges therefor should not be disturbed. It appeared that there was a question of conflict of jurisdiction which was considered by the attorney of the Packers and Stock- yards Administration, who decided that the packers and stockyards act covered the whole field involved in the question and that the State laws were in conflict therewith and therefore invalid as to interstate commerce. This opinion was sustained by the Attorney General of the United States. At this stage the stockyards company proposed to take over the entire weighing service and the dockage and shrinkage of hogs and absorb the expense without special charges to the shipper and without increasing its existing rates. The annual revenues of the State amounted to from $60,000 to $75,000 per annum from these sources. The State thereujion insti- tuted suit in the State court to enjoin the stockyards company from taking this action, and later the commission men instituted suit in the Federal district court to enjoin the State from enforcing its laws. The State railroad and warehouse commission also procured the introduction in the House of Representatives of an amend- ment to the packers and stockyards act designed to retain for the State its jurisdiction over the weighing of live stock and the bonding ~ of commission men, Public hearings were held by the House Com- mittee on Agriculture, where all interests were represented, and the facts of the situation were brought to the attention of the committee by the officer in charge of the Packers and Stockyards Administration. The amendment was not reported out by the committee. Following this a representative of the Packers and Stockyards Administration was sent to St. Paul for the purpose of PACKERS AND STOCKYARDS ADMINISTRATION. 505 bringing about some equitable disposition of the matter which would be fair to all parties and which would at the same time retain for the Secretary-of Agriculture full authority to carry out the purposes of the packers and stockyards act. These matters were pending at the close of the fiscal year, with prospects of satis- factory adjustment through the means of a plan by which the special weighing charge would be discontinued and the stockyards company would pay the salaries of the State weighers who would continue to weigh live stock, but with full recognition by the State of the au- thority of the Packers and Stockyards Administration over the subject matter involved, pending the final determination by the Supreme Court of the United States, on appeal from the decision in the Federal court, of the question of conflict of jurisdiction. AUDITS AND REPORTS. For the period of two months, November and December, 1921, and quarterly thereafter reports are being obtained from commission men in the various markets as to their earnings and expenses accord- ing to a simple classification designed to keep the Packers and Stock- yards Administration in touch with the financial condition of the commission men, in order that it may observe variations bearing upon the question of reasonableness of rates and charges and other ques- tions, and be in a position to deal intelligently with the necessity for special investigations in particular markets from time to time. These reports include certain items of special interest, such as the expense of advertising the business. It is found in this connection that a comparatively small percentage of the total number of commission men in the country keep adequate accounts, and therefore it has become apparent that the Packers and Stockyards Administration must devote study to proper accounting systems for commission men. In order to throw light on controversies that had arisen as to the facts of the commission business, and in anticipation of the necessity for making future determinations as to the reasonableness of the rates exacted by commission men in various markets an audit of the books of commission men was arranged for with certain repre- sentatives of the exchanges and started in St. Paul, Omaha, Fort Worth, Pittsburgh, Pa., and Portland, Oreg., these five markets being selected with a view to the representation of distinctly different marketing conditions in widely separated parts of the country. This audit included the tabulation from the account sales of the commis- sion men for 1921 of all of the items of expenditure in connection with the sale of the live stock and of the information relating to the kinds and weights of live stock marketed and the classes of buyers. This work had not been completed at the close of the fiscal year, up to which time no formal complaints against commission rates had been filed, but indications had been received that .such complaints would be filed during the next fiscal year. The work of auditing the accounts of the commission men in the various markets was planned so as to be coordinated with the work of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates in ascertaining the costs of marketing live stock, with a view ultimately to enabling the Department of Agriculture to state the costs all the way through from the producer to the consumer. In addition to these planned audits, there have been certain incl- 576 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, dental audits of commission men’s books in other markets’ for the purpose of special investigations. The various audits have disclosed irregularities concerning which regulatory action has been taken or is planned for the purpose of bringing about improved conditions. It has been discovered in sev- eral of the markets that commission men were continuing in busi- ness when their assets were insufficient to enable them to settle with the producers whose live stock they had sold. These cases were given the necessary immediate corrective attention, and the ques- tion has been taken up with the various markets of requiring com- mission men to keep the proceeds of sale of live stock belonging to their shippers in separate bank accounts and to give surety com- pany bonds for the protection of their shippers. In some markets bonds are already in force, and in at least one large market the commission men several years ago voluntarily put into effect a sepa- rate banking system for the proceeds of sale of live stock. By coop- eration with the Packers and Stockyards Administration in another market a system of separate bank accounts was being developed at the close of the fiscal year. Reports were obtained from packers engaged in interstate com- merce throughout the country showing the financial aspects of their operations during 1921, and at the close of the fiscal year the infor- mation contained in these reports was being consolidated and com- piled in tabulated form, and plans were being made for a systematic study of the accounting systems of the packers as soon as the other pressing work of the accountants of the Packers and Stockyards Administration would permit. TRADE PRACTICES HANDLED INFORMALLY. Whenever it is possible to anticipate a condition that may be pro- ductive of complaint, or when complaints are actually filed, the Packers and Stockyards Administration endeavors immediately to make the necessary investigation and to bring about whatever cor- rective action may be justified through informal methods and the agreement of the parties affected. It is quite apparent that when this is possible the results are accomplished with much less expendi- ture of labor and expense and with the greater likelihood of perma- nent beneficial results than when matters are allowed to reach the extremely controversial stage of formal proceedings with the attend- ant possibilities of suspension by later court action. ‘Therefore the number of formal proceedings is being kept at a minimum, and such formal proceedings do not represent entirely the results of the work of the Packers and Stockyards Administration. A number of illus- trations of matters of sufficient importance to warrant special men- tion are given in this report in order to indicate the results obtained by this method. SHORT-WEIGHT BUTTER CARTONS. For some time complaints had been made that an important packer was engaged in the preparation and marketing of butter, in a certain section of the country, in cartons designed to hold 1 pound each which had been labeled for that purpose but which actually con- PACKERS AND STOCKYARDS ADMINISTRATION. 577 tained only 15 ounces of butter, the labels, in most cases, being merely changed so as to substitute a statement of the contents as being 15 ounces instead of 1 pound previously shown. It was con- tended by other packers and distributers of butter that this was an unfair and uneconomic practice, but that, if permitted, the complain- ing parties must do likewise in order to maintain their trade. Upon receiving the complaints, the Packers and Stockyards Administra- tion took up the question informally with the national organization of the meat packers, with the result that a committee was appointed consisting of representatives of the parties immediately concerned, together with other representatives of the industry and of a national organization of creamery-butter manufacturers. The question was presented to this committee on the basis of its practical business and economic aspects and resulted in the unanimous conclusion and recommendation by the committee that the practice should be dis- continued, together with an indorsement of the principle of stand- ard containers. Specifically, the committee recommended for but- ter that the contents of retail cartons be on the basis of pounds and half and quarter pounds. The recommendations of this committee were indorsed by the two national organizations referred to and immediately put into effect by the packer against whom complaint had been lodged. Thus all formal proceedings were rendered un- necessary. As sales of butter in such short-weight cartons were said to have been in very considerable quantities, it is believed that not only was a desirable principle established but that consumers of butter were afforded an immediate and substantial benefit in the section where the short-weight cartons had been sold. DISCRIMINATION IN BUTTER-FAT BUYING AT COUNTRY POINTS. A different type of complaint with respect to the operations of packers involves the charge of unfair discrimination in the pur- chase by certain packers at country points of butter fat for manu- facture into butter, it being charged, in some cases, that a packer, through financial power or otherwise, has driven competitors out of business by bidding up the prices of butter fat during periods of competition and then, when the competitors have been driven out, lowering prices to recoup. Such complaints disclose serious ques- tions as to the extent to which competitive methods may be in- dulged in without becoming unfair or unlawful. In one case, the investigation of which was completed before the close of the fiscal year, the complaint was found to be unjustified and the complainant has been notified accordingly. PRICES OF REACTOR CATTLE. When the tuberculin test is applied to apparently healthy cattle they sometimes react, showing the presence of tuberculosis other- wise unsuspected. Such animals are usually sent to market for sale and slaughter. It was found that even in large stockyard markets where there was considerable competition otherwise arbitrary dis- counts were being applied in the purchase of such animals merely because they were “ reactors,” without regard to the actual grade and quality of their carcasses. This apparently unjust discrimination 578 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. has been taken up by the Bureau of Animal Industry and the Pack- ers and Stockyards Administration with the large packers at these markets, with the result that many thousands of dollars are being added annually to the prices paid for such live stock and the cam- paign for tuberculosis eradication materially aided. SOFT AND OILY HOGS. The Packers and Stockyards Administration is cooperating with the Bureau of Animal Industry in working out plans for the identi- fication of soft and oily hogs purchased and slaughtered by packers as a means of developing an equitable solution of the problem with which the producers of southern hogs are contending. STRING SALES. The practice known as “ string sales,” or tying together, which has been followed at many stockyards, and which consists, broadly speak- ing, in most instances of the sale of live stock belonging to different owners in one transaction at one price, has been carefully investigated by the Packers and Stockyards Administration and the policy deter- mined upon that the practice should be eliminated or safeguards provided in order to prevent unfair advantage being taken of in- dividual owners. The conclusions of the Packers and Stockyards Administration have been announced and are being put into effect by the live-stock market supervisors with the cooperation of the commission men and packer buyers. Nothing in the position of the Packers and Stockyards Administration, however, prevents the co- operative sale of live stock to the best advantage of the owners when the plan has been understood and agreed upon. FILLING ORDERS FROM CONSIGNMENTS. Another practice that was found in existence to a considerable extent in some markets was that on the part of commission men of filling purchase orders received from customers out of live stock con- signed to the commission men for sale without placing such con- signments of live stock on the open market. The Packers and Stock- yards Administration is establishing, through its supervisors, the principle that live stock consigned to commission men for sale at their respective stockyards must be placed on the open market for a reasonable length of time before purchase orders received by the same commission men are filled out of such consignments, and then such purchase orders should be filled at prices equal to or better than those afforded by the open market. “MARKING UP.” Another practice, occasionally designated as “marking up,” was found, which consists, in substance, of the sale by a commission man of a lot of animals of different grades at one price and then account- ing to the shipper according to the various grades at different prices which represent the judgment of the commission man as to the cur- ient market values. It was found that abuse was resulting from this practice through its deceptive effect upon the shipper as to the real ; PACKERS AND STOCKYARDS ADMINISTRATION. 579 selling price of his live stock and also through the opportunity it afforded for unfair advertising of the sales results of the commission men involved. Therefore the live-stock market supervisors, under instructions from Washington, are requiring the commission men to show the true sale prices on their accounts sales; but this does not prevent the commission men from performing the prorating service on cooperative shipments when instructed by consignees to do so. CALIFORNIA LIVE-STOCK PRICES. In the State of California considerable complaint has been made that commercial quotations of live-stock prices were inaccurate and misleading, and there being no public stockyard markets in that State, the Packers and Stockyards Administration is cooperating with the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates and the State au- thorities for the purpose of aiding in the development of a govern- mental market news service that will give authentic information. PATRONAGE DIVIDENDS BY COOPERATIVE SELLING AGENCIES. The packers and stockyards act requires strict adherence to the published schedules of rates and charges of commission agencies and does not permit rebating, but provides that the distribution on a patronage basis of excess earnings of cooperative associations among their bona fide members on their live stock does not constitute a vio- lation of these requirements. However, in some of the plans of co- operative organizations, provision was made for the payment of patronage dividends to anyone who might utilize the services.of the cooperative associations for marketing his products without regard to whether he was a member or not. This question has been taken up informally with each of the associations involved, with the result that they are now confining their plans for the payment of patronage dividends exclusively to bona fide members. This does not prevent them from doing business with nonmembers and adding the surplus earnings derived therefrom to their dividends, provided they make no refunds or deductions from the scheduled rates and charges to the nonmembers. Numerous other matters involving special handling, such as ques- tions of proper assignment of pens to the various agencies in stock- yards, better railroad service, the inhumane handling and injury of live stock through the use of clubs and other improper implements, disputes arising out of the mixing of live stock in the yards, whole- some feed and proper feed charges, and the like, have been disposed of locally by live-stock market supervisors without formal action. It is the aim of the Packers and Stockyards Administration to de- velop as far as possible the disposition on the part of local agencies to adopt proper rules and standards of conduct and to enforce them without interference or compulsion by the Government. For ex- ample, the commission men in one of the important markets where there is no exchange very early appealed to the Packers and Stock- yards Administration to establish rules in that market which would prevent certain practices that were looked upon as wasteful and to some extent unfairly competitive, but which the commission men had not previously felt able to stop. It was pointed out to them that the 580 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, packers and stockyards act expressly requires the market agencies to adopt and enforce reasonable rules and regulations of their own, which, upon being published and filed with the Government, must be observed, and that they could handle many matters effectively from a local standpoint. As a result they formulated a number of rules in conference with the local supervisor. These rules have been pub- lished and filed and are being observed to the general satisfaction of the agencies concerned. FORMAL PROCEEDINGS. Whenever after a complaint is filed the stage is reached where it does not seem possible to accomplish a satisfactory adjustment in- formally, the proceeding is given a place on the formal docket of the Packers and Stockyards Administration. Prior to June 30 there had been instituted eight such proceedings, and each will be de- scribed in this report under its caption and docket number. Docket No. 1.—Kansas City Live Stock Exchange, complainant, v. Armour & Co. and Fowler Packing Co., respondents. The Kansas Live Stock As- sociation, The Missouri Live Stock Producers’ Association, The National Live Stock Producers Association, Missouri Farmers’ Association, and Farmers Union of Kansas, interveners. This was a complaint filed by the Kansas City Live Stock Ex- change, which is composed of commission men‘in the Kansas City market, against Armour & Co. and the Fowler Packing Co., with respect to the operation by the Fowler Packing Co. of its yards, known as the Mistletoe Stock Yards, at Kansas City, Kans., a short distance from the Kansas City public stockyards. ‘The Fowler Pack- ing Co. is owned by Armour & Co. It was complained that the Mistletoe Stock Yards were really a public stockyard market within the meaning of Title III of the packers and stockyards act and should be so determined by the Secretary of Agriculture. It was also complained that the methods of doing business in these yards were contrary to Title III relating to stockyards and to Title IT re- lating to packers under the packers and stockyards act because of al- leged unfair, unjustly discriminatory, and deceptive practices, and further because the buying operations of the two respondent con-. cerns were alleged to affect adversely the interests of producers and shippers who patronize the Kansas City public stockyards by de- pressing the prices in that market. A formal hearing was held at Kansas City, Mo., beginning March 27, 1922, and lasting 12 days, before an examiner of the Packers and Stockyards Administration. The various associations named as interveners participated in the hearing for the purpose of assisting in having the facts developed completely. Following the hearing, proposed findings of fact and briefs were submitted by the parties and tentative findings of fact were prepared and*submitted to the parties by the examiner. The proceeding was pending consideration of these findings of fact on J&ne 30. Docket No. 2.—The Secretary of Agriculture v. Stewart-Carson-McCormack Co. and others, National Stock Yards, Ill. Very soon after the posting on November 1 of the stockyards at Kast St. Louis, Ul., it developed that there were certain commission agencies in that market, including two cooperative selling agencies, PACKERS AND STOCKYARDS ADMINISTRATION. 581 that were not members of the St. Louis Live Stock Exchange, and it was complained by these independent selling agencies that they were being subjected to a boycott by the entire membership of the live-stock exchange and by practically all the traders and order buyers in that market. Repeated and persistent efforts to secure an amicable adjustment of the matter between the parties failed, and, therefore, a formal complaint was issued, the principal charge of which was unfair and unjustly discriminatory practices through a boycott by the respondents. The hearing was set for April 3, before an examiner of the Packers and Stockyards Administration, and was entered upon, but it appeared that a satisfactory adjustment could be reached by cammon agreement of all concerned, and this was actually worked out, resulting in the issuance of an order, accepted by all parties, directed to the respondents to cease and desist from the continuance of the boycott, and business was immediately re- sumed on an open-market basis. The St. Louis Live Stock Exchange amended its rules to conform to the requirements of the order, and since then several of the other leading exchanges have amended their rules voluntarily in a similar way. Docket No. 38.—The Secretary of Agriculture v. W. E. Hilton and others, Na- tional Stock Yards, Ill. This complaint pertained to an advance by the Order Buyers’ As- sociation in commission charges for buying hogs at National Stock Yards, Ill., on eastern orders from packers. As the result of a reso- lution passed by the association, commission charges were raised from $3 per single deck and $5 per double deck to $10 per car whether single or double deck. Provision was made also that all exchange on drafts must be paid by the purchaser. It appeared that the pro- posed charges were not wholly just and reasonable and a revised schedule offered by the association subsequent to the issuance of the Secretary’s complaint, fixing a rate of $6 per single deck and $10 per double deck, together with the requirement that all exchange on drafts be paid by the purchaser, was substituted after a hearing and con- sideration of all the facts including rates for similar services in other markets. Docket No. 4.—The Secretary of Agriculture v. The Belt Railroad & Stockyards Co., Indianapolis, Ind. On March 10, 1922, the Belt Railroad & Stockyards Co. of In- dianapolis, Ind., announced an increase in the price of corn from $1.10 to $1.30 per bushel. This advance appeared unreasonable on its face and the tariff was suspended by the Secretary. Prior to the date set for hearing the stockyards company canceled the pro- posed advance and restored the price to $1.10 per bushel, pending an informal investigation and audit by the administration oftits feed records. The complaint was then dismissed. Docket No. 5.—The Secretary of Agriculture v. The Peoria Union Stock Yards Co., Peoria, Ill. Docket No. 6.—The Secretary of Agriculture, v. Union Stockyards Co, of Omaha, Ltd., South Omaha, Nebr. Docket No. 7.—The Secretary of Agriculture v. Union Stockyards & Transit Co., Chicago, Il. Following the assumption of jurisdiction by the Secretary of Agriculture at the stockyards at Peoria, Ill., South Omaha, Nebr., 582 . ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and Chicago, Ill., it appeared that a new charge not previously imposed was being exacted by the stockyards companies from traders on account of the reweighing of, live stock necessitated by their trans- actions. The major portion of the revenues of the stockyards com- panies are derived from the yardage charges assessed against live stock in the hands of commission men and from the feeding of live stock in the yards. The traders complained that the new charge was unfairly discriminatory and excessive. Its consideration involved the consideration of other charges of the stockyards companies in case it was found that any readjustment of charges should be made in order to satisfy the complaints. The stockyards companies in- sisted upon the propriety of the new charges and the justice of their contentions, and accordingly it was necessary to issue formal com- plaints. The hearings upon these complaints were set for dates in June, but in order to meet the wishes of various parties interested have been postponed until September, 1922. Docket No. 8.—The Secretary of Agriculture v. Eidson, Hopkins Co., and others, Baltimore, Md. The complaint in this proceeding was issued as a result of the receipt of complaints from shippers who protested against a pro- posed schedule of charges of the Baltimore Live Stock Exchange, whereby there would be exacted, in addition to the regular commis- sion charge, 50 cents for each additional account sales after the first two on cooperative live-stock shipments handled by exchange mem- bers. his charge on its face appeared to be excessive compared with the value of the service rendered, and the tariff was suspended. Formal hearing has been set for August 17. A general inquiry in connection with this proceeding will be made into the basis for the various rates and charges made by members of the Baltimore ex- change. REPORT OF THE SOLICITOR. Unitrep States DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OFFICE OF THE SOLICITOR, Washington, D. C., September 8, 1922. Str: I submit herewith report of the work of the office of the solicitor for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1922. Respectfully, . R. W. WILuLIAMs, Solicitor. Hon. Henry C. WALLACE, Secretary of Agriculture. Pursuing the policy adopted in the submission of the last annual report of this office, details of the work of the office for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1922, are omitted. The last annual report contains a list of the principal regulatory statutes committed to this department for administration. Since then the so-called future trading act, the packers and stockyards act, 1921, the Capper-Volstead Cooperative Marketing Act, and the Federal highway act were passed, each providing for their adminis- tration by you. The future trading act was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States as to its regulatory pro- visions. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the packers and stockyards act in suits brought by Chicago live-stock commission men and traders. I am pleased to report the reduction of the office force during the year by three—one lawyer and two clerks. The principal work of the office consists in the giving of legal advice to the Secretary and to the administrative heads of the several bureaus, offices, divisions, and boards in the department and to such of the general public as may request information upon subjects covered by the various statutes administered by the department; preparation of cases, both civil and criminal, under the various regulatory statutes administered by the department, for reference to the Attorney General; assistance to United States attorneys in the conduct of the department’s litigation in the courts; drafting and reporting upon proposed congressional legislation affecting the work of the department; preparation or revision of the regulations and orders of the Secretary of Agriculture promulgated under the various regulatory laws; preparation of contracts and similar documents; and prosecution of applications for patents on inventions by depart- ment employees. . The following is a summary of the work of the office during the year, so far as it is possible to present it statistically: There were reported to the Department of Justice 4,864 violations of statutes intrusted to the department for enforcement. The 25684—acr 1923-38 583 584 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. following table shows the several statutes under which these violations were reported and the amounts of fines and recoveries in cases settled with and without contest: Cases reported, fines imposed, and judgments recovered. P Number | Fines and Law involved: of cases. | recoveries. Natlonal forest laws: sccck coos leak soe ss eee ee Namie cne soe isc see seen rea ee eps 1,032 | $45,056. 95 Twenty-eight hour law 1, 245 70, 225. 00 MOOG ANG GTUPS BClcaeiccotceucien soar oetoe te eee nee eee comeeee 1,411 20, 745. 00 Animal quarantine laws:..32.-). sh gos oe ee Eh. dose shee ces Sa E is LSE ES 122 16, 905. 00 Mipratory-bird. treaty aCts.5- (sa. coco tak cose acini mee Soe clare oe cro se ace Giome Sawa ete 737 8, 825. 01 Insecticide ache. 8 seo ALE SEG reas oo Fools oe ree eee ele ereeenite aerate ate: 99 2, 600. 00 Meatiinspection: act. <6,3)-2 7 ac san ae caieaie cisinaoe'a cle nietorste Gia tae anlamtneteriswine ome meena 93 1, 190. 00 TA COYVACE RE Hee TI Se fie Be RR ee oes ouster enn c.< Senn Renee oko tee aeteee 13 660. 00 Pisgah same Preserves (2-8 so wsee sw ses de oon eae Shes eee eee Soe ere apes 13 345. 00 Nationalvorest:came repiilations®.< 10 felsic cceres Sic cis trates cipie rere enintovee creme emcee 30 970. 40 ‘Bird reservation trespass lAW: c2 5. zc cas semis sabe eels aoe cbeuee aL eee tee 4 25. 00 Plantiquarantine act... sic 2-08 Seisciered scletemmedecvien cee sae eee ee ee canoe 63 1, 202. 00 Virus-Seruim-tOxXIN AC. S25. 5.55. cSs oct cwecie sis oeenclete eee aan Obae ER ebts « ada ae Sean Boe 2 20. 00 Ota SS: SIT oe au eaiee ae cae os elataisra ae elects mrctertalere Rae age SES RIES oto e eae 4,864 | 168, 769. 36 Six hundred and fifty-three formal written opinions were rendered the administrative officials of the department. No record was pre- served of advice given these officials in daily informal conferences. Contracts and leases were prepared or examined as follows: Contracts and leases prepared or examined. Bureau, division, or office. Contracts.| Leases. | Total. Honest: Services 8-222 sew fu ctetinw sree repiseicu cece quan seeiceeee pasntters ee 1,275 7 1,282 Bureau of Animal Industry.......... oe bs SE, CEU aea Fo SEERA 1 25 26 (BIOIOPICALSULVGYe cca. Dott he keen b seen ec me doce cen smectic coe ceaaaee 1 2 3 Bureat of Chemistry oie «SS ee ae ee Sd ae abs oa 4 3 7 Chief Clerk erat oc cacao cad oeacaeiastae des aoe Hee We Cas Meee heme ae 4 7 il Bureau; of Hntom ologyicss ss «sons occ swipoacga cesses eceaeciideesimecesesmeer 4 39 43 Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates...2...52......-.--2eceeee eee eee 3 43 46 Federal, Horticultural Boardos soos voce deat oockpis cect een age cee eeneease a 5 5 10 Office:of Exhibits.< 22002020 550.06 oS oo EO Be SSeS od ee 1 1 2 Insecticide and: Hungicide Board.< . .-jctess kes eset ea. he os soe een ee 3 1 4 Mechanical SHops: .ssene osenma- ce depencincteemeeciaescn sascec stoma cenee cisteis LM SSeisicrsetals 1 Packersiand StockyardsiAdministration 20 2.(70..53 0 cs cashes eb bl locas eee 18 18 Bureaulof Plant IManstty sue. ate vast cue ocdicncwncdodcoosate wesw ee 12 18 30 ‘Bureau of Public’ Roads * sors Set Se Ake OPA es Sesaetedeeease 1,572 26 1, 598 Divistonsof, Publications: 2223 2 cower tosh. deccey gadis. selag cbc oe aeei- weaee 1 1 2 Weather Dureaiis.s cot sass ctewe gee canes eaaaissncaeeens snot sees nckosteoes 6 25 31 Oba eee aeons. Rl NE agree Sie see ec 2,893 221 3,114 During the year 49 bonds, 353 renewals, and 29 terminations of leases and contracts were prepared. Twenty-seven applications for letters patent on inventions of employees of the department were prepared and filed. Of these and those pending at the close of the preceding fiscal year eight were allowed and six disallowed. Thirty-one claims for balances due estates of employees of the department who died intestate were examined, the necessary papers prepared for their payment, and advice furnished administrative officers of the department relative to the same. In the distribution of the $1,500,000 appropriated by Congress to enable farmers in the drought-stricken regions of the Northwest OFFICE OF THE SOLICITOR. 585 to purchase grain seed for the 1922 planting, one of the lawyers of the office was detailed to Grand Forks, N. Dak., to assist the admin- istrative officials of the department in handling the loans and mort- gages taken to secure them. Approximately 15,000 applications or loans were received and 12,125 loans weremade. The legal forms necessary to effect these loans were prepared in this office. COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF EXCESS PROFITS ON WOOL CLIP OF 1918. The department has met with stubborn opposition in the collec- tion of the 1918 wool-clip excess profits in a number of cases and it has been necessary to institute suits to collect these profits. Pre- liminary to the institution of the suits this office prepared a very exhaustive memorandum on the legal authority of the War Indus- tries Board to prescribe and enforce the wool regulations of 1918 and furnished this to the Department of Justice and the various United States attorneys to whom cases were referred. In addition to this, the office prepared the complaints or declarations to be filed in the cases and assistance was rendered the United States attorneys in further proceedings in this litigation. In two cases the office par- ticipated in the oral arguments in the courts. In the only three contested cases in which decisions have been rendered the Govern- ment prevailed. KANSAS CLAIMS. Following the outbreak of cattle-fever ticks in certain portions of Kansas in 1919, caused by the shipment into Kansas from Texas of ticky cattle, pursuant to certificates issued by an inspector of this. department, a bill was introduced in Congress for the relief of a num- ber of Kansas cattle raisers who were affected by the outbreak. The bill was referred to you for a report and this office exhaustively examined the various claims, calling for additional evidence when necessary, and prepared a full report upon which your recommenda- tion was made to the Senate Committee on Claims. Numerous conferences were had during the consideration of these claims with the live-stock commissioner of Kansas and Members of Congress. ALLEGED VIOLATIONS BY DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEES OF TRAFFIC REGULATIONS. A number of department employees were arrested during the year for alleged violations of the District of Columbia traffic regulations. These employees were represented at the trials and hearings by lawyers in this office. CONFERENCES WITH MANUFACTURERS AND PRODUCERS OF FOODS AND DRUGS, AND THEIR ATTORNEYS. A number of manufacturers and producers of foods and drugs and their attorneys conferred with this office during the year with reference to cases pending in the courts and the character of labels and advertisements used or proposed to be used by them. 586 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. THE NATIONAL FORESTS. Three hundred and seventy claims to lands in the national forests, founded upon the homestead, mineral, railroad grant, lieu selection, and other general and special laws were handled. One hundred and ten decisions were rendered by the Interior Department, 48 in favor of the Government and 62 adverse. Decisions in favor of the Government resulted in the retention in the national forests of lands supporting approximately 99,000,000 feet of timber, worth approxi- mately $280,000. Trespass cases on the national forests. | | | Character of trespass. Number. | Damages. | ‘Fines: | | Grates ET Se BOP See Ge PR I> ME | 341 | $28,250.97 | $675.00 Timber... sal 36 268440 4E ong. Wire yee ee .| 613 8,143.26 | 4, 785. 72 Property.... | 15 | 4602.00; [Lect : fee: Oceupaneyinc cece ae ates eicla nist nie esas elec ses alesieting aise et oo erecewrae | 27 | 57.70 | wieyaaaae tate ape ere a SS | eee DOG ore dec casa, ras 8 wie bree beemasoas esi geet peeps namtamert Jeb eesliee ir eee oe 39, 596, 23 | 5, 460. 72 Operations under the Weeks forestry law during the fiscal year 1922. Titles exam- Titles exam- | Titles exam- ined to State ined to acre- | ined to acre- | acreage pur- i : age acquired,| ageincon- |chaseof which 228 demnation. | not complet- ed. Acres. Acres. Acres. INE Ops tat esses Sather ora ERS Sim seen lates 4 ete ees e cirs Tek 16,947 9, 058 3, 350 TA CE OR einer ais Secor er SO SCTE Beta eae see 16, 674 3, 736 7,314 Georsia.z s2h debe. ee hy: eeet eects: feet Sa -Saess 10, 573 3, 658 74 IMBITLOT cine tree mesaste acon cece else Roam eaeas Stee econo ene 22 0 0 New. Hampshire: $5 fey) Piha. APES See ig fae ee ee 21, 238 | 1,459 0 Wort hyGarplin apse a cou teat ee aaa ee ee ES eee at 21,405 | 4, 361 890 POMS VI VATIASe Shee see se ee Le AM oe ee ay 0 | 7) 0 South) Carolina) sive. [I ees easel y ce seett soees 2 se 0) 0 0 BPGLITLESSCO oer ie ce ecco eee etre cee Moree pee 31, 826 | 2,616 7, 015 Viinginialer: ts Saha he PSE ee AE SEER, SSE EES 15, 578 | 16, 405 50, 895 WeSGIVAnoIn iat so ones Meee AR ahs See SE ale Ee eee cee oe 4,349 | 420 24, 164 Totals ba cciewtel 4s S32. cee Raed eces eee 24 ace 138, 612 41,713 93, 702 There were prepared 326 agreements for purchase of lands au- thorized to be acquired by the National Forest Reservation Commis- sion. FEDERAL AID ROAD ACTS. Project statements for 1,245 projects were reviewed during the year to determine whether the projects were eligible for Federal aid. Of these projects 1,237 were approved and 8 disapproved. The 1,237 projects which were approved involved a total estimated ex- penditure of $101,568,047, Federal aid in the amount of $48,084,- 965. and 3,137.6 miles of road. During the fiscal year project agreements and certificates of ap- proval of plans, specifications, and estimates, prepared by the Bureau of Public Roads, for 912 projects were reviewed as to their legal form and sufficiency before being transmitted to the State highway department for execution. These project agreements, such as were not examined and submitted to the Secretary for signature in ad- OFFICE OF THE SOLICITOR. 587 vance of execution by the State highway departments, were sub- sequently examined as to the sufficiency of their execution by the State highway departments and were submitted to the Secretary and executed by him. In all they involved 5,779.4 miles of road and a total estimated expenditure of $99,331,404, Federal aid aggregating $42,504,875. Drafts of 545 modifications and 55 cancellations of project agree- ments and certificates, prepared by the Bureau of Public Roads and executed by the State highway departments and the Secretary, were sunilarly reviewed. In addition to the above, there were reviewed as to legal form and. substance 25 original agreements for the construction of roads within or partly within the national forests, under the provisions of section 23 of the Federal highway act. In accordance with section 10 of the Federal highway act, certifi- cates were submitted by the governors of 46 States and, in consider- ing these certificates for the purpose of determining whether proper showing was made that the laws of the States permitted compliance with the requirements of the act, it was necessary to review carefully the highway laws to determine whether approval by the Secretary could properly be given. Of the certificates submitted for the 46 States, 36 were forwarded to the Secretary for his approval. The certificates submitted by the 10 other States, when considered in conjunction with the State statutes, were regarded as not fully complying with the terms of the Federal highway act, but inasmuch as they complied therewith in so far as the laws of the respective States permitted, recommendations were made in accordance with section 24 of the Federal highway act that these States continue to have their projects approved for a period of five years from Novem- ber 9, 1921, in accordance with the provisions of said section 24 as amended by paragraph 5 of section 4 of the act of June 19, 1922 (Public, No. 244). FOOD AND DRUGS ACT. Thirteen hundred and ninety-four cases under the food and drug act were reported to the Department of Justice, 262 for criminal prosecutions and 1,132 for seizures. Fines imposed in criminal cases. | yr 1 | Number of : || Number of |” cases. Fines. Total. cases! Fines. Total 4 $1 $4 1 $101 $101 17 85 8 150 1, 200 30 10 300 6 200 1, 200 5 15 75 1 225 225 22 20 440 3 250 750 66 25 1,650 3 300 900 4 30 120 2 400 800 1 35 35 2 500 1, 000 1 40 40 1 800 800 84 50 4, 200 1 2, 000 2, 000 2 60 120 2 Costas, [ai 2e-85- 9 75 675 — = — 36 100 3, 600 311 20, 320 Of the 1,249 civil cases terminated during the year, decrees of con- demnation and forfeiture or informal orders for the disposition of the property were entered in 1,149. In 30 cases the libels were dismissed ; 588 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. in 58 the packages were broken or disposed of before seizure could be made, or were destroyed by city or State officials or voluntarily by the owner before seizure; in 6, verdicts were returned for the Govern- ment after trial and in one a verdict for the claimant. In two cases the goods were released to the claimant without a decree, and in one the goods were destroyed without decree. In two of the cases that were tried a verdict for the Government was returned on the mis- branding charge and for the claimant on the adulteration charge. In the 1,149 cases in which decrees of condemnation and forfeiture were entered the goods were destroyed in 762, released on bond or otherwise in 296, sold in 49; in 23 cases the marshal was instructed to sell the goods or destroy them at his discretion; in 17 cases, the goods forfeited being wholesome, were delivered to charitable institu- tions; In 2 cases the goods were delivered to fish hatcheries for fish food. Fines imposed in food and drug cases begun by United States attorneys on reports of State authorities. Amount of Wang ber of fines or Total. collateral. 9 $25 $225 2 50 100 1 100 100 12 425 One thousand one hundred and fifty notices of judgment were prepared and published during the year. THE INSECTICIDE ACT. Ninety-nine cases were reported to the Department of Justice, 68 for criminal prosecutions and 31 for seizures. Seventy-six cases pending at the close of the preceding fiscal year and 53 cases reported during this fiscal year, in all 129 cases, were terminated during the year. Of the cases terminated, 84 were criminal and 45 were civil. Fines were imposed in 72 criminal cases and 12 were dropped or dis- missed. Pleas of “‘guilty’’ were entered in 59 cases, pleas of nolo contendere were entered in 9, and verdicts of “guilty”’ were rendered in 4. Decrees of condemnation and forfeiture were entered in 40 cases. Fines imposed under the insecticide act. Number Amount Number Amount of cases. of fine. Total. of cases. of fine. Total. 5 $5. 00 $25. 00 16 $50. 00 $800. 00 14 10. 00 140.00 iz 60. 00 120. 00 2 12. 50 25. 00 3 75. 00 225. 00 2 7.50 15. 00 1 100. 00 100.00 3 15. 00 45, 00 1 150. 00 150.00 2 20. 00 40. 00 2 200. 00 400. 00 13 25. 00 325. 00 } —. 5 30. 00 150. 00 Moke oe hr seie caer 2, 600. 00 1 40. 00 40. 00 One hundred notices of judgment were prepared and published. OFFICE OF THE SOLICITOR. 589 THE MIGRATORY-BIRD TREATY ACT. Seven hundred and thirty-seven cases were reported to the Depart- ment.of Justice. Fines imposed under the migratory-bird treaty act. | « | Number | Amount Number Amount of cases. of fine. Total. of cases. offine. | Total. | 1 $0. 01 $0. 01 89 $25. 00 $2, 225. 00 } 49 1.00 49. 00 12 35. 00 420. 00 3 2.00 6.00 || 2 40. 00 80. 00 5 2. 50 12. 50 24 50.00 | 1,200.00 | 5 3. 00 15. 00 1 75. 00 75. 00 76 5. 00 380. 00 10 100. 00 1, 000. 00 197 10. 00 | 1,970.00 1 200, 00 200. 00 1 12, 50 12. 50 —_— ee ee 12 15. 00 180. 00 Ls Sy aelped Fors See ee | 8, 825. 01 50 20. 00 1, 000. 00 In several cases, defendants were sentenced to jail for terms ranging from three days to three, months. THE LACEY ACT. Thirteen cases were reported to the Department of Justice. Fines imposed under the Lacey Act. | | | | Number | Amount Number Amount | | of cases. of fine. Total. ofcases. | of fine. Total. 4 $5 $20 1 $45 $45 1 6 6 b 50 50 it les 10 i) / 30 1} 4 38 | 1 20 20 1 100 | 100 5 25 125 1 120 | 120 1 26 26 ee -—— 1 30 30 YA) Neneh mal |e eet fh i | 660 BIRD RESERVATION TRESPASS LAW. Four cases were reported to the Department of Justice. During the year three cases were terminated, all by convictions and the imposition of fines aggregating $25. PISGAH GAME PRESERVE LAW. Thirteen cases were reported to the Department of Justice. During the year 14 cases were terminated, 8 by convictions and the imposition of fines, 1 by dismissal, and 5 by entering orders of nolle prosequi. Fines imposed under the Pisgah Game Preserve Law. Number Amount of cases. of fine. Total. 1 $20 $20 4 25 100 I 50 50 1 y (i) 75 1 100 100 jy) | tee os $345 590 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. NATIONAL FOREST GAME REGULATIONS. Thirty cases were reported to the Department of Justice and all were terminated by convictions and the imposition of fines aggregat- ing $970.40. TWENTY-EIGHT HOUR LAW. One thousand two hundred and forty-five violations of the 28-hour law were reported to the Department of Justice. Penalties collected during the year amounted to $70,225. MEAT-INSPECTION LAW. Ninety-three violations of the meat-inspection law were reported to the Department of Justice. Fines imposed under the meat-inspection law. | Number | Number |* 7; Btcasea: Fines Total | BtCases" Fines. | Total. | | 1 $100 $100 1 $15 $15 11 50 550 4 10 3 35 105 1 5 5 19 250 250 i 25 Top) STEN BROT aE RE 1,190 | 1 Lump fine. VIRUS-SERUM-TOXIN ACT. Two violations were reported to the Attorney General for prose- cution under this act. One of these was terminated by the imposi- tion of a fine of $10 against each of two defendants. ACTS REGULATING INTERSTATE MOVEMENT OF LIVE STOCK FROM QUARANTINED DISTRICTS, PROHIBITING INTERSTATE MOVEMENT OF DISEASED LIVE STOCK, AND PROHIBITING IMPORTATION OF DISEASED LIVE STOCK. One hundred and twenty-two cases under the animal quarantine laws were reported to the Department of Justice. Fines imposed under animal quarantine laws. Number of . Number of ‘ Cason! Fines. Total. paacee Fines. Total. 2 $5 $10 1 $200 2 10 20 8 150 1, 200 4 25 100 141 | 100 14, 100 13 50 650 ——_— SE 5 75 375 1 Weg (aan sae Soariciac 16, 905 1 250 250 OFFICE OF THE SOLICITOR. 591 PLANT QUARANTINE ACT. Sixty-three cases under the plant quarantine act were reported to the Department of Justice. Fines imposed under plant quarantine act. | Number of a | Number of . | cases. Fines. Total. | pasce. Fines. Total. | : | ae 1 $1 || 3 $150 3 5 15 | 1 70 i 70 | 5 10 50 | 1 80 80 1 15 | Lee os 100 500 | 1 20 | 1 140 140 5 a Wiley | | 1 36 36 | BROT Pe al ie 1, 202 FUTURE TRADING ACT. Prior to the decision of the Supreme Court declaring unconstitu- tional the regulatory features of the future trading act, this office assisted the officer in charge of the administration of the future trading act in preparing necessary forms required for administration of the act and amendments of board of trade and exchange rules to meet the requirements of the act. Assistance was rendered the United States Attorney at Chicago in the conduct of the injunction suit which finally went to the Supreme Court, and aid was rendered the Solicitor General in the preparation of the Government’s brief in the Supreme Court. UNITED STATES WAREHOUSE ACT. Assistance was given the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates in the preparation of numerous forms to be used in administering the act. The office reviewed for legal sufficiency 300 warehouse bonds. UNITED STATES GRAIN STANDARDS ACT. Assistance was given the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates in the preparation of regulations and forms under this act and in the drafting of notices of hearings on charges under section 5 of the act. Evidence introduced at nine hearings was considered and findings of fact prepared for your consideration. CENTER MARKET ACT. Rules and regulations for the operation of Center Market in Wash- ington, placed under your administration by the act of March 4, 1921, were prepared in cooperation with the administrative officers. Forms of permits, contracts, leases, and warehouse receipts for use in the administration of the market were prepared and legal advice was given the administrative officers on questions which have arisen from time to time in connection with the operation of the market. COTTON FUTURES ACT. Assistance in drafting amendments to, and finally a proposed com- plete revision of, the regulations under the act were given the adminis- 592 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. trative officers. Proof of a claim due the department for services rendered in classifying cotton under the act was prepared for filing in the bankruptcy proceedings pending against the firm of Shepard & Gluck, of New Orleans. FOOD PRODUCTS INSPECTION LAW. The provision authorizing a food products inspection service, which for several years has been carried in the annual appropriation acts for the department, was enlarged somewhat by the appropriation act of May 11, 1922, making appropriations for the fiscal year 1923, in that inspections were authorized at shipping points as well as at important central markets designated by the Secretary and points which can be conveniently reached therefrom. Advice on questions arising under this provision was given the administrative officers, and, in cooperation with them, there were drafted suitable regulations for carrying on the work, forms for licensing as inspectors persons who are not employees of the department, and forms of certificates. In cooperation with the administrative officers, a bill was drafted at the request of a Member of Congress to authorize the Secretary to establish and recommend ap a trading rules and business prac- tices for handlers of and dealers in farm products, to provide for a system of adjustment of disputes, and for other purposes. A bill (H. R. 9952) which was introduced in Congress along this line was examined and amendments thereto were suggested. CAPPER-VOLSTEAD ACT. A statement relative to this act was prepared in cooperation with administrative officers and assistance was given them in the prepara- tion of answers to inquiries regarding the scope and operation of the act. PACKERS AND STOCKYARDS ACT. Assistance was rendered to and conferences had with your assist- ant in charge of the Packers and Stockyards Administration and its attorney with reference to several matters arising under the packers | and stockyards act. FEDERAL WATER-POWER ACT. A number of opinions, prepared by the chief counsel of the Federal Power Commission on legal questions arising in the administration of the Federal water-power act submitted to this department for consideration, were carefully examined by ‘this office and returned with appropriate comment. Consideration was also given to regu- lations proposed for carrying out the act. MISCELLANY. A number of cases involving the personnel of the department were considered during the year and advice given with reference thereto. A great many letters and other papers prepared for your signature or approval in the various bureaus of the department, referred to OFFICE OF THE SOLICITOR. 593 this office for consideration, were passed upon and frequently modi- fied, amended, or rewritten. Conferences with representatives of the other departments with reference to a policy to regulate applications for patents on inventions by Government employees and to standardize the contract forms to be used by the Government were attended by representatives of this office. Among a number of interesting decisions of the courts during the ear, I think it is worth while to mention that of the United States istrict Court for the Northern District of Georgia, in the case of United States v. M. J. Gurley and others, which was a bill in equity filed by the Government to restrain the defendants from driving or permitting their cattle to be driven on the Cherokee National Forest in that State, in violation of the regulations of this department. The defendants vigorously contested the right of the Government to forbid the pasturing of cattle on the National Forest unless it should comply with the law of Georgia, which requires owners of land to fence those lands against live stock. In cooperation with the United States attorney, I argued the case for the Government. On February 28 last, the court sustained the Government’s contentions, granting the injunction prayed for, and holding that the fence laws of Georgia could not be enforced against the United States. The case is reported in 279 Fed. 874. Another case of considerable importance and of far-reaching effect was that of United States v. Lumpkin, also in the Northern District of Georgia, involving a violation of the migratory-bird treaty act in the shooting of mourning doves during the closed season prescribed by your regulations. The defendant contended that the mourning doves shot by him were resident throughout the year in Georgia and that, therefore, his shooting of the doves could not be made an offense against the United States. The case was tried by a jury and much testimony was introduced by the defendant in an attempt to establish that the mourning doves he shot were resident throughout the year in Georgia. The Government introduced testi- mony showing that the mourning dove, as a specie, is a migratory bird throughout its range, and contended that even though it could be proved that the mourning doves shot by the defendant were resident in Georgia it still would be no defense. The court sustained the Government’s contention in the decision reported in 276 Fed. 580; Department of Agriculture Circular 202. In cooperation with the United States attorney, I conducted the prosecution and the argument in this case. The revised compilation of the laws applicable to the Department of Agriculture which has been in preparation for some months past was nearing completion at the end of the year, and it is expected that it will be ready for the printer by the middle of September. The work of the office, considering its nature, is current. Lenoideatla qe 9 ishugerot marae ssibrebosts. Cid: bee BOO poled Janta a +f re} wa" + net, ine basols REPORT OF THE INSECTICIDE AND FUNGICIDE BOARD. Unirep States DeparTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, INsEcTICIDE AND FuneicmeE Boarp, Washington, D. C., September 9, 1922. Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith the report of the work of the Insecticide and Fungicide Board for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1922. Respectfully, J. K. Haywoop, Chairman. Hon. Henry C. WaAtace, Secretary of Agriculture. The insecticide act of 1910 was designed to prevent the manufac- ture, sale, or transportation of insecticides or fungicides (includ- ing disinfectants) which are adulterated or misbranded in any par- ticular. This includes articles which are not of the composition claimed, those which will not accomplish the results promised, and those which are injurious to vegetation when used as directed. The Insecticide and Fungicide Board was created by the Secretary of Agriculture to administer the provisions of this act. The use of these materials has grown to large proportions, with a consequent increase in the importance of supervision. The indus- try is rapidly recovering from the depression of 1920-21 and is in a position to make important progress, as protection against insects and diseases is everywhere recognized as an economic necessity, and is a part of the regular routine of commercial farming and fruit growing. It is also regarded by the live-stock industry as an essen- tial part of its operations. New preparations are constantly being encountered and new uses for established remedies are being developed, so that the regulatory work is all the while increasing and ramifying over the whole field of insect and disease control. When it is considered how many hundreds of insects and diseases are prevalent throughout the United States and how many different remedies are manufactured to con- . trol many of these, the possibilities of this work may be imagined, and the board’s problem of coping with this situation in an eco- nomical yet practical manner can be realized. The situation can only be gradually handled, since to attempt the concurrent and simultaneous inspection and test of all the remedies offered for sale would be a stupendous task and involve a huge expenditure of funds. The board can best serve by first devoting its attention to the more important remedies without, however, entirely overlooking the 595 596 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. numerous remedies offered for insects and diseases of secondary importance or those which are less widespread. The campaign inaugurated in 1919 and continued during 1920 and 1921, involving the inspection of the calcium arsenate used for cotton- boll weevil control, was continued during the fiscal year 1922. Since the composition of this article steadily grew more constant and satisfactory each year it was manufactured, it was hoped that during the fiscal year 1922 the inspection work on calcium arsenate could be greatly reduced or nearly abandoned. Unfortunately, however, preliminary inspection work showed that in a considerable number of large shipments of calcium arsenate there were present a few containers that showed goods of very poor quality, especially goods that contained an excessive amount of water-soluble arsenic oxide and that would therefore prove very injurious to cotton. This situ- ation required the board to devote more attention to the inspection of calcium arsenate than had been contemplated. One of the chemists of the board developed a simple method of test that could be used by the inspectors to show the presence of an excessive quantity of water-soluble arsenic oxide. This test, while not infallible, resulted in a saving of chemical work and permitted the inspection of many more packages than would have been possible otherwise. It is evident that the inspection of calcium arsenate will have to be continued in a fairly comprehensive way for several more years. The campaign designed to improve the quality and labeling of Bordeaux mixture and Bordeaux-lead arsenate was continued during the fiscal year 1922, and the labels for most of these preparations were brought into entire conformity with law. Since it was found that Bordeaux mixture was not effective when used as a dust, manu- facturers were required to remove the dusting directions from the labels of these products, which, in most cases, was promptly done. Manufacturers were required also to recommend a sufficient dosage to assure effective control of the diseases controllable by Bordeaux. Most of the manufacturers of Bordeaux-lead arsenate, who previously made a product in which the relative proportions of copper and lead arsenate were incorrect, changed their formulas so as to properly balance these constituents. Some few prefer to continue manufactur- ing under faulty formula, but give directions on the label for adding enough Bordeaux mixture to secure effective fungicidal control and yet not have an excess of lead arsenate. As a whole, therefore, the labels for Bordeaux and Bordeaux-lead arsenate have been greatly improved, although still further work along this line is necessary. During the fiscal year especial attention was given to some new or hitherto uninspected insecticides and fungicides, particularly pro- prietary insecticides intended to control the cotton-boll weevil, and combined insecticides and fungicides which were alleged to control many insects and plant diseases, either by inoculation into the tree or by being absorbed by the roots or seeds of the plant. During the fiscal year 1921 an organized campaign, by seizure and prosecution, was begun against so-called pine-oil disinfectants and so-called coal-tar dips and disinfectants, which, however, were adul- terated with mineral oil. This campaign was continued during the fiscal year 1922, with the result that most of the principal offenders 1NSECTICIDE AND FUNGICIDE BOARD. 597 either ceased practicing this form of adulteration or so changed their labeling as to correctly describe the article containing the mineral oil. During the campaign 19 seizures were made and prosecution of the manufacturers recommended in 29 cases. Since this practice has not been entirely broken up, but is still being continued by a comparatively few manufacturers or jobbers, the campaign of seizure and prosecution will be continued. The campaign against adulterated and misbranded disinfectants of various kinds has been continued during the year, with especial reference to pine-oil disinfectants sold for general disinfecting pur- poses; paradichlorobenzene powders and blocks sold as disinfectants, and new or hitherto uninspected disinfectants the labels of which have flagrantly false and misleading statements. Investigations by the board showed that pine-oil disinfectants were not suited for gen- eral disinfecting and that the paradichlorobenzene blocks and pow- ders were not disinfectants. As a result of the campaign, the labels of many of the pine-oil and other disinfectants have been corrected, a number of manufacturers have ceased selling pine-oil disinfectants for general disinfecting purposes, and most of the manufacturers of paradichlorobenzene powders and blocks have removed all disinfect- ant claims from their labels and literature. Since the practices spoken of above have not been entirely broken up, and since new disinfectants are constantly coming on the market, the labels and literature of which commonly bear false and misleading claims, the campaign to control disinfectants will be continued from year to year. The campaign started during the fiscal year 1919 against insect powder adulterated with daisy flowers and insect flower stems and, extending through the fiscal years 1920 and 1921, was further con- tinued during the fiscal year 1922. Several seizures of goods adulter- ated with daisy flowers were made and prosecution recommended of * a number of different manufacturers. Some important cases involy- ing this form of adulteration are now pending in the courts and will be vigorously prosecuted. While this form of adulteration has been reduced steadily during the period of this campaign, it does not appear to have been entirely abandoned. Therefore the campaign will be continued. The campaign against naphthalene nest eggs, recommended to control poultry lice and mites and act as disinfectants, which was begun during the fiscal year 1920, was continued during the fiscal years 1921 and 1922, with the result that all insecticidal and disin- fectant claims were removed from the labels and literature of most of the naphthalene nest eggs sold on the American market. INTERSTATE SAMPLES. During the fiscal year the board reported to the Solicitor of the department 89 cases presenting alleged violations of law, with recom- mendation that the facts be transmitted to the Attorney General to institute criminal action or seizure proceedings. Disposition was made of 153 cases by correspondence with the manufacturers. These cases presented violations which were technical only, not flagrant, or cases in which the manufacturer gave reasonable and adequate explanation of his failure to conform to the provisions of the act. 598 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Action was taken to place in abeyance 582 samples, which upon examination and test were shown to be in compliance with the pro- visions of the law or were from shipments of the same goods made prior to shipments for which the manufacturer had been convicted and had, after citation, conformed to the requirements of the law. On June 30, 1922, 82 cases were pending preliminary hearings or before the board for final action, 244 were held in temporary abey- ance pending the receipt of further information or the outcome of prosecution based on the same product or correspondence with the manufacturers, and 634 samples were undergoing analysis and test. The inspectors and sample collectors of the board, operating throughout the United States, collected 957 samples during the year. A general classification of the articles represented in the collection is as follows: Interstate samples collected. Number Class of samples. of samples. ATSCHALGONCAICIUMI sso. a sseciecstcace cece sctice on sie cee tloeele tte ce cme cater eae 24 Arsenate oflead bes) 555.52 suas e Feces ee Gee bad Tee eee aae ceee wee eae 77 Bordeaux mixture and combinations of Bordeaux mixture with insecticides 62 Chiorinatedilime 9235. -2 REA. ae as Ra Te. Bee 10 Dins foranimalss. 2" Abs eo Sa. eo 8 oe Ae coat Somil arose tree aren wit ceca leash rennet 49 Disinfectants eenmicides; Daccericides=y so sc oa sede ae ue re deca oe tae meee n ea ee eae 154 My, preparations for amimals?-54s 2.2 Fsl-f. 54 dodac sec ebeieeee fed Slee eet ane ee ghee ee sere 36 HMish-oirand whale-oll preparatlouserss ccs ccc nce acts veer ae ee daoeeeee oneeicne siceenee ne neers 9 Hormaldehydemprepsrations cel. cadnceecemnen nase hon ems se eeemnane sine sha ce nea tReecneee aes 8 Tnsectipreparations nonsehold use). 3-26 2- ocmettne ye gaigeonic ee dase Sep elee cere aeaaeeeos 115 Miscellaneous insecticide and fungicide preparations, agricultural use.......................-.- 88 Keroseneemulsions: 222125. dsicstcce.\saao ges seech gases - APIs e eee eer OTSES + doemeeaeee Hees dae cle 6 Mice andi mite Killers. cco. ssescccacter sisisicasicecle cust oes to mineis claieee esis seine acces anine siete 61 Lime-sulphur solution and sulphur preparations 41 INicotine;preparationSss. »...<(., | | Lux-} x Q Total. Bel- | n..;.. Eng- mene Hol- Ire- | 7;. ~ | Nor- | Scot- gium. Cuba.| jand. France. | land. | land. | Italy. ie way. | land. y { | 8: Fruit: | ADDON. foe set occas] is eicretete 150| 3, 983,150) 298, 650)....... 200 300| Seo oe | tc ceee eee 4, 572, 250 Wherry eet een | eee | ag late 8-014, 500] 671,.000h ste cae teen eee eae 8, 685, 500 GUAPO ee seal cee ela 12 GS GEGes oss. 222 lecencee Joie iste’. 2 ols sess | teen laeeeere 65, 322 BEARS. rea s| ma sce here cl eee 2,627,041) 68, 500)....... 417, 400(9.. Soe seen eee 2, 812) 941 Pineapple... .|...... efi eft) ee ee eae ar lease lis avsteverake l= spades al cistern 174, 600 "2 Ao hts Re es pee Fa Se la 2,460,700} 81, 000|....... 487, 500). ..... DOS ossee 3, 029, 250 Ouincese. 2 4c2.c|2 seedless eo 921, 300) 305.520}... =. ell LOOT Se son ee oe omen 962, 975 Notspecified:| 32... lt-eesee lesen | Te OGD Cee ee ee leeieeee eee [letcrateta = | orctore stall esc toy ae 7, Roses. 25 35) 2; 050)22.2 << 6 1, 871, 600) 2, 432, 040|2, 325, 933,100, 000... ... DOU eeeaee 40,000 6, 772,123 Nut: | | (hestnwts el bce oe eee (P0010) Bees 5a BEES =) SE ses sae Rea al Lae abe 6, 000 Walnuts ese) ele ee hk 14 000) 25-5 --52-|oa eee IRS cm 2 Spall Sisreaets | Se ee | 14,000 Wopspecified oe cb ot pccse-elancceare 12; ae SSeS e Sul] ashe, Seats See eperal ce rare eae eee alee ee 12, 400 Total num-) | ber of | | | stocks.. |2, 050 174, 600 1, 871, 762/20, 543, 4413, 475, 608100, 000 906, 350) 500 50/40, 000/27, 114, 361 Importation of bulbs (figures indicate number of bulbs). Nl ia l Boe of | Crocus. | Hyacinth.| Lily. | e walley. | Narcissus.| Tulip. Geis Total. Wirores Pee | aot a otter 19,000) SAH.3...22--clls cas hes 19,000 BerMNds ser cease ee Gril 479! 030 esa ane tee \ 250 | 179, 286 PWR, Stee, oc ee, AO DBO APM EAs. Loc 1, 000, 515 1, 003, 035 Breland: 40.|oc2ccc-o 75) | OATS BOG {| Foss nod 325, 610 339, 024 France....... Sas ope 1,070°210 |) (816,057)|20.2... 5.20 | 40, 552, 251 | 42,311, 108 Germany-<152|222 82 eae Soe 22 eee melts one }-125628, 700 Wit. Seti oS | 00:4). se aeeee 12, 628, 750 Holland.....- 6, 319, 082 | 23,730,195 | 159,678 | 2,322,470 | 35,014, 752 | 64, 769,667 | 70, 750 | 132,386,594 =: 5 eae eta (eed | 7,750] ~~ 250A Saeki 28 1-4 on 95, DEQ wl ko sarki = Se 385, 524 SApad oes hate Benes ee Ts2319045 || NSLS. < Se IS19205 ||... PEE clone rner 7, 233, 865 Total. . 6,319,082 24,808, 236 |8, 219,460 | 14,951,170 | 77,270,548 | 64, 846,940 | 70,750 | 196, 486, 186 Importation of tree seeds ( figures indicate number of pounds). | ° | | Nuts Orne | Per- Country of origin. Apple. |Cherry.. and | and | Feat: | sim- | Plum.|Quince.|Rose., Total palm. gree mon. : Z| Seca eee | Melastwalias «27552 Fe. this bos als =. cel See ose | 57, 801 | 24. | << cssl se peney sates aaleeee eee ee 57, 925 Wreistrie cies oso. ceeee | oe cane me OOOO eee oe eRe s 262s cemeees 200i | beeen ae 100} 4,928 33: V7] EE eee Cees ee ree ae D276 5) sacs ost |oisngensloeeree| aaeeaas leet eee centers 1,276 Rmipiahi Guiana... 4-feee dl 5 coast ae: Fs aes foen cues PAREN DSRS IS TERS a ise c 304 pees RNs SU Cees ees |esee een lo eet meee oa ag | 120 ih\5.3\-jcc'5|-e-eellaeecsee Ce eee ee Eee 120 OVLOM oS Scinc tec cca = seen See scsce asec 15 [i shaves s|eews.e.c2|s cone lee sesee peeneeal eee 5 Giles 10. ade ae Psst eake Fite tae Rie elec ae 5 (C1110) een es aU Beer ooeeae es ees UE See Beers eeeeee saeertc aasesecdlccsorc 105 C1 Ee ee a re fi eesersce| 7 aate 5 a a ir 1004 ee ee 744 Worielan ds sees c= cee epee ee ee eens 3830's eee ae es Bae jc Eb S| Bimidpasers Be lees eee Sey ree oe 380 MANGO son) es. enccaaeee 30,252} 3,'337 44 | 5,749 BT ee 4, 569 8 53 | 44,491 Germanys)... < ey Bh RA Se IS ered eS JN iO ieee oe een areas aie ee (BEsccee™ T /..--.--- [ececenma[ecenennnfoae-sefe-sncene A¥bansas - teers. Leeprtae2s 100 | 7 DZS eeu PPEs wtih - ce dalek. . 2522 he - acstta bere WAIMOTRID: 2.2. acne eee fh 3; Cadel PE ee et eae 337 | 12,801 1,154 50 | 14,342 Gélerado? i079. SES he 826 f. 30.52 SPI TA. [563 5.206 84 13 38 135 Gopnachientt « « o.62.4:52 8 hoy if 2,031.5 74 Oye 9 | 1,266 iy Oe 1,326 WeIwAlee ee eee Orel dace ate eR PSSICC TAA SEEM LO reed Sey oa | Ser District of Columbia......-.. iit 2 errr ny Soe eree Abn se1s-.e2 BR8. 2 3.4 83 Mloridaats 2.522.023. sete. 70 iL BE SS ee |e ese 4,291 1h P+ eS seee 4, 463 Georrinse 8 een. a aa! Us| eo his thee Pease sete Sale Saas PAD A) TACO) |p coe 1,810 Wdahorersete: 342-4 2c ohwadsds-t aces 28ulaeseew- [sous . chametedavddos «opal CR Saeco. gteulse bi hae oe ee MH OSes co ae eee SS 28, 254 16 685 [eae 100 | 3,964 | 3,430 |..-.-.- 7,494 LG LE a SNS oe 1,299 31 Tithe erent | Sareea 64 PeBaecon csoce 75 DETER ON nies a ate 1, 087 122 Tat aa 10,6753|uccehe. Shae 2 11,519 RAnGaS.6 4. ~ctee ster ~ of oeeae 518 20") ees sacle. Loan ve 19,739 84 US Gases 19,899 HO CHEUCKV 2 Son's an chs ete nn 799 LDR Se ee WEARERS ESE BAGS | eee ate | iat aria a| eects | rere ees LTR ee ee ee DS Bee tee Sens (See eaae| Saserese 192529 eens ae aaa 188 MIN Gene en ate atne s Oa Neos aeeantnaes eatlesnscoee|siasese>s[deeace os Apeeee le Sel Bee ie = Wanyland nt scnccetaean 897 21 3 | at Se 300) |< 2. 2c =e | 95 395 Massachusetts 22.7: ..2cgseeaa¢ 6, 467 2 OF wiseus 3} 942 490!) 57. 1,444 Mach irane ss 3.2 ete ows caincine 3, 248 106 is eee 32 90 6 ll Beare 153 Miimirespta==43 *--==s.< 227 S2r% DO OMe Dodes 33). sete 273 Alkali- cyanide, process-for-nitroren x ation! HS 200. ISIS. bow en oUaS esd ak 639 Alleghany National Forest, ‘aeres purchased} [224220901 Ae syoygysise “23/2129 198; 206 ALLEN, E. W., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations, report .-....----------- 420-427 A mmonia, synthetic, process for fittrogen: fixation: . oy lUee. M)liimigieb. 2 636-637 Anemometers, mnprovement: 2 2S2Y0e 9.4 Yi eee aee se UNG aie 96 Animal— by-products; mmportation: restrietions.-. =: - 1.79 yra.tes.62. leek wee 135 diseases; ‘exchusion by quarantine. =. s63 24042425 2x4 Fo 2st5085-% 101, 183-134 eenetics, studies =f Atree Ci LOS aS, OM te. ed ia sete Jeera 104 Husbandry -— Division} réport-of works.20. 2ite2 fuses wh. uoaves cayieblag oad 104-113 Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Mids 694s. CRON 104, 106, 108, 122-123 643 644 INDEX, Animal—Continued. Industry Bureau— ~ Page. Chief, report: for 1922) 5... .4 eee 22 Se coe a eee 99-160 economies effected a2... 2.152 esas. 4. Se cie eee eee 47 libraries, report of work......- wid dja Spa Dee 2 eae ere eee 398, 407 quarantine law, Violations and’ fines: >. 2°2..-- 202 Jo. aeecee eee 590 quarantines, enforcememtss: 20 No06.0 320). SRL ee 101, 153-134 Animals— for export, inspectionvand ‘testing ...7......22)... 5 5. «... 3.4680 52a ee eee 135 imported— for breeding purposes; certification. © --..2. 0.2... S222 on- ee ae ee e V1 inspectionmnahaMaramtines] =o soe se eerie eae eee ee aero 133-134 inspection, ante-mortem and post-mortem ........-.-------------+---- 125-127 meat, inspection and condemnations «7... sce. Son So -ioers - ees 125-127 predatory, control work. 02 0. soe st nes eee ee ee eat thaa ae wild; autopsies: .eertameeee o-oo sacle ieee ea a a eae oy eee 148 Anopheles mosquitoes, investigations and control...........-----..-.----+.-- 321 Antelope Project, forest:inse¢ts: controls ost facy: wher7 fis.) e =). 45 Gas sede 322 Antelopes— losses. in, MontanasiiO22ctee es os sae Aas. SS et es ase bee eeroe 359 numbers in UnitedsStates 2. .+ 2.5 Saeko oat ohn Seti es ogee te eens 229 Anthracene, source of anthraquinone, patent process............------2--.--++ 273 Anthraquinone, making from anthracene, patent process........-.----------- 273 Autopsies, wild -animals.0....\s-.. 98). o-Taser bat sai heepne seer eeeaeeaae 148 Aphids, transmission of plant diseases: 2... ...--i.<2 - amy Saetyiasser eee 185 Aphis, pea, control, method ‘and ‘cost... - 2. ---)- 2epi-eeeetagieed hase" pase 315 Apple— insects: controls workjsa0) sce bok Sas ea oa eee ees oo ee 301-302 pomace'and pulp; feeding tests... .2.. Sot Se ee ie Foe ns ee eee 253 scab— Control: -2 2: Ae he ete ek TR a pe SS ey rE MS at Paes 18] relation to-weather Conditions: 2: yecensBessc a-eytee to at Soeeee He Apples— mspection for mMmisbrandine ys ie<02ce ei oes eae SS ee eee 287 propagation. methods..... <°.A0rties. sedis -bag-nce mag deaen Sree eee 182-183 TOOLCULLIMES EXP erintents 2-4 22. aes ee ia Nee a a en 183 Apple-stock,. experiments... 2.22 0. sae sete Heese. of bere ids noe dene 182, 183 Appropriation, Library, 1922 0022.62. io eases eteeeaetieetie cee dor ae ee eee 405 Appropriations— Agriculture Department, 1922, and 1839-1922...........-. 49, 50-52, 372, 375, 376 ° insular stations for 1922 oo. 25: oo oct set eres aa ee eee eae eee eee 426 Rorest Service; expenditures: tor 1922 <2. 0.32. 5 eee eee eee ee ee 205 AECAprocess, 10r Nitrogen fixation. <2 4. 22) scree. «sn eee eRe ee 638 Arizona bird refuges, Teporimec. ssi oo sete oo eesis- oaeetaeetee ok ae eee 362 PUG TOR Gi WOPkK 225223. ceeh as Shows etc Gas So eee ee ee 82 rsect-control work in forestS=......2ibeioh Se gaasasies sS96%.26 528 315 Beetle— beans, Mexican, spread. and-controll.. 33-5. ocec.405 qos eee eee 314, 315 cucumber, striped, control .......---. jbo Ipiaalaet) Pecokingsatcl 316 Japanese— control work...... peta Ne oe Ba a epee Sy ef ne heeencet peynyt ey oe 609, 625 destructivenessyand: control work... .< SEDCCUON: 02 ere ee tai a we Sale 2 See Seve 17 Siiariewelpht. Cartons, INVERIPATION. ec etor es yess 2222222 - sei eaigt 576-577 SCUURHOM MOE IEW Yc cn ne ee ne seg cetete ss ose 2 2 = tOEe Abe pons 116 testing for tabercle. baci oe 2 Cae: Saar sa deer epee 160 Buttermilk, mined uses’.- 2 OST. La aeeeeed (bas eyesore - Ganges oc 122 Butter-fat buying, discrimination at country points............-..---...+----- 577 Retinere insects, COTO). oe pose bee ks aos ves SOI PER ye ewe least <2 316 Cactieyiceding to.cows; experiments: ;\..<..---2: >: dedi peece- 79-42 - detects 123 Calcium— arsenate— control of cotton boll weevil. ..........-- Ee Nees eS Sail Pe ee 317-318 investigations by. Insecticide Board. . -:figs9- 28 senseecies sect 596, 599 cyanamide: derivatives, utilization: ~~ .0.iy-6s:--2o2be22s- 22+ -. Bee 641 California— Chico and Palo Alto stations, fruit breedings.s..2: .J..2-22-.seel eee ee lee 180 exis druit insects,.control......-...-.-- eee oe eae sece.c ss sf beter 310 MSC MMSBCLA TV ERICA MOURS* "2 522hh s. 32.2 2 Stee E Nise ee oes oe 321, 322, 323 iret trost, work of Weather Bureau. 2.32. 2252222. 2 sed-eadees: Sgapsiase 81 Pein eae RUEVGY s.2stae ts oes Sek ne oa eee ee Sele See 495 Ramon trees, uddinie 2S. tr ee oss hn hee dee Pees ee: - 179 live-stock prices, aid of Market News Service. ...........--..2---0---5-- 579 Soden ta--Gesiruchione. 2 ee eee ka HHS RH ges gudia -28 eee 338 Camp sites, value determination, aid of Soils Bureau. .-...............---- 292, 293 CAMPBELL, W. G., report as Acting Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry.....-.. 251-288 Camplror sesie *ivestication and control. =2 2). : s.r232.6<52 2 ha0-2ho-8k oe 313 Canada, blister-rust outbreak and quarantine. ............-..-- seat Jo28 Seeide 191 Canal Zone; fruit insects, control work... --. suidtiaicewede Steeaseh. ASPe- Asta 312 Gaavies. im PortashHons, 1922.2 2..020 66 26 2 od so le eS 130 6. ee ee 366, 367 Cane, sugar— orehvoniiol ces. Moe nn ote ee soe eres bone de 12 toon eaten ae 319 growing in’ Porto Rico. ...:. 5.252. vnamisted: msiedsyse Jo-dssed-Saata- 432, 433 rowing ip) Varpin Islantes: ee ee ee ee 22 eA OEE weed 2 436 Pear TCNEANe ity Coil CRONE = ee Ne es tL soe sae SESE STRESS ste 177 CuaranGinerOrd ers: a4 secer aes mci eee. OE ee eek a ah se eee iE 625, 626 Seater Eruige PEAGIGAGION, 2 oe so la hho beicelbdwe ones s Moab wets 180 Cantala; fiber plantin EMrlippiness..2 2-252. Ss-22v7ons seis). di cent tee ake 175 Canvas, treatment for weatherproofing: -......-5-- 222222... aiday-ebsebete-25-- 267 Capper-Volstead Act, passage and administration, notes.........--..-------- 583, 592 Carbon— bisulphid, use in prairie-dog extermination. .............-.--.------- Ge. soe tetrachlorid, value in control of animal parasites.......--.-.-.---- 103, 156-157 Caribou, crossbreeding with reindeer, Alaska...............--------------+-+-- 357 @amina .beverace.plant studies: {S22 oe os. oo oe oo cease ze Leeda 261 Castilla rubber tree, comparison with Para......2..2.6) 22022002. see e eee de 192 Caralepaine, work-of Library, 1922... 0 oo ene ee oo SHE -Gblslies sash 397, 410 Catabysi for synunoetic ammonia, BhUudy= 525522220005 22 asec asec ene Soe sesee 636 Cattle— beef simvestigations. 86 Mo nce ss odeeotenls -esaitermetnc seek sas 105-106 DRCCOTHOMITI EN Las kcymeee ss Clee Nn! Fy AS tee So Se SSL ease eee 427, 428 Brahman; production in: Texas, and. uses... -retsese)~ succiget target fawie- - - 106 dairy— preeding experiments: 2225 FY yen 2 oo. 2 on ide Sees ee 124-125 management;.studies:=-- 222.45 o50...4. ere heeds wales ber saeentics 122 dipping for ticks, opposition and progress.......-........-+--+-+--+s+--- 137 idan testa... 22 2. ee a... a i ae: bee vad ates she 253 25684—aGR 1923 42 . 648 INDEX, Cattle—Continued. Page. export, testing with -tubereulin........ <<... 6... .<.Jee oe pe i 135 erazing-on forest ranges, -1921-> = 5 2.2. < cece een S89. JE _ een 196 Bek herds accredited , number. increase... -......... “Pos. Je598 AE eel 99, 139-140 imported; tuberculin‘tests:s.222 2 Us. 52S Pekin s OF ee ee ee 134 prices increase: 2.222 Thea woas< oc a ee) ee eel gran See oe 9 raising in* Virgin Islands: .faiG9 ies inthe jee. Ming: yee of Fe 437 reactor, prices Investigcation< 22s Set ees. cos ss see Sige Glen 44 Sian 577 shipments from quarantined (areas- “2: .23../.5 sae ee eee et oe eee 138 slaughter for tuberculosis and indemnity, statistics. ..............-....-- 141 tuberculin testing— area: Works) oF )sleel Fees ibe atacesscee ssc ss sen on Sosqest bates 100 statistiess <3 7s Se Sse ie Se5 22 hess ke Re Setar 99, 142-143 tuberculosis 'controlsseasz.2< 5. 6 = 2 soa cone ese nes ee 24, 99-100, 138-143 Cedar chests, effect..on moths, studies... . 310 Cellulose; wood, products:and:by-products:. - +. <<<<..-<+-<.0. SOs ee Ee 242 Census figures, comparison with crop estimate figures..............-.-.-.-.-- 529 Center Market— Act; legal work“by::Solicitors. 2.25 Ss << 201. e ic cee niente EO ES 591 Washington; D>-C:, operation :< << 2+... .. sinaatiieg 2s avout Sashes 541-543 Central America; cotton! varieties--as2--s.422-44.2- 0-220 522 nee ee 174 Chayotes; crowing in Southem'States-...2.<2 2. =. 22.4202 2 so 186 Cheese— American; manufacture in'\South:.s 4-O7808: 2ioiteeens et eeoitentiesg yee | 115 manufactures 2. S152 2h i re 2 2. SE aos eb. ohteren 115, 121 Swiss manutactire= shudlesstees = ea see enas = ee eee. cee 115, 116, 118, 121 Uhemical-investigations, Soils‘ Bureaws2 Naas 2k wcetiele ol aie fae 293-294 Chemist;*report; 1922... dss2-<222 2 che Ses eed tae a cccant AS Oe SORE Sete 251-288 « Chemistry— agricultural: -researches=: 2.2 222s. 22. Bee) tasting dae Ae: sae 252-257 Bureau— Inbrany 56 p OV b Oli WOT Kise cow ore cte foie onc ce pe lercyaral one eon I 398, 407 report:of Chiét: 222s cn. SEO wae A ae dy, ie Sap srel sew 251-288 work-forother’departments: oa-cec 2s. coe cs eens OPE ee 272-273 Chestnut, blight, control by resistant varieties..............0..222-..05.2--20:- 190 Chicago, pathological’ laboratory*work sf.0/so Wk) Sos. oo. Peoese 88 149 Chickens— feeding and breeding experiments..........-.... urs, dood toca aaah 1A FAD infection with ‘Ascaridia perspicillum......2eke Vata. Sisese: St Sees 157 See also Poultry. CHITTENDEN, F. H., truck-crop insects, investigations ..............2.....5: 314-317 Chloroform, IspectlOn's 22s c¢ 2s 042k cee ee haw $54 eee ek kw es eR ES 284 — Chlorosis plant, result of magnesium deficiency. ........0...-..-..----+--+++- 18& Cholera; hog, investigations.: 22 o<. 2.52. 6..42s cack seek escent oe eee 170 Gusirantine Orders. 62 as ostcr oss e oo ek ee eee chen oe Ge 625, 628 sea-island,. maintaining... oc. - i. cee ene ee nies SED Bee 174 shedding, causes, stud y....2-2-+.------~ G08 Ieae fa.igee) last aoas 173 single-stalk.system.-of planting .................. .Guudoagy. gaitad sare - SONI 172 standards for grade.and_color..:.-..:-........8rutet dite aithus apa . Ot: 17 statistics, acreage, exports, and production, 1910-1922................- 53,55, 57 uniformity requiremen tesa. mm. mo nrosceer PIE SOR gry Pe pees 170 varieties— ins @entralsAmeri ae... 222 3.05 25.2. s cede oc ne noe 6 ee ee 174 utilization. problem -20..- sence sree doa me EP) 10. SORES EEE 169 Cottonseed— COMPOSITION, SEU GLE. Sc cckc i toe ek See ee ek Lee oe ein oe 253 infested with pink bollworm, interception by inspector..........---.---- 26 meal, dairy. feeding experiments. « . -..<....:r-0 0 0 = 2 PVA OUEL. VE 123 products, -amports, 1921-1992... . 1... Ane. S54 heehee res 617 Cottombails ad estrietbome Si coppice ere aot see ee ee nee ee 340-341 Corrrett, F. G., report as Acting Director of the Fixed Nitrogen Research GRD OLA TORY ae, xale OS Spenser cae ree hale Che Rye SIS ares NOH, SE re ee gees 633-642 Councils, commodity and regional, nature and object........-..-..22..-+--+--- 13-14 County. agent. work,-report=.<<<=-.c/2¢ 24 US AA a eee net, Set 440-444 Cowpea Victor;-seed distribution. 2.222... ... oseis- sees. See eae See 193 Cows— dairy, feeding investigations........2vii has selte!s..iose seth fae fe 120, 123 milking, reoularitys .XperlMentsss 5 .ovpor sec wre — ce ei ens)» POET EE. Pee 122 testing associations, number......- Ne WII. ITY. MISE. BOER as 114, 117 Coyotes— extermination. by-Government hunters........--)..-<+5--2+56+-++s33ue 333-339 rabies outbrealkes.control.....- <<. 2206-25. s2-525-6 + cece ys =e 337 Crabmnteat, inspection. <....~~.~ 2... se--n-<<0 Sno bivib. allen Soh ater = 285 Crambids,-tobacco;.. control experiments. .-.-... .@wxeiel oF aiiisrent 2 iasiise - - 319 Cranberry, industry; irost,service-..-...../eenitleen nL Aiea eee L egeyt Pe 82 Crating, instruction. courses, orest Senvace. .--..- << 2-5 eases <= 2en ane 243 Cream— chemical anyestioationsec.0262. 542 oh e~ mae seas eee. ee eee 278 grading, western.creameries-...<:.j.4<.--- 2 loxteus bok. pees ogee =e 117 products, manufactures >.<...) cwowas es < HUSO9 DOS. Beane . eee 120-121 testing for tuberclo,bacillte ir... ceca a8 24 ns a ee Sa cece ay ee 160 Creamery— GTOV EL CLEY p PTOLTOSS oer tom ram wee rere i en a oleh inn oe OE AEE REc 116 WOrk, of, .WepPatiiMent aso deren sycrcrtoroyrdione cm cimeka 5 - EIS: RT Ee era 116 Credit, farm— improvement-In CONdUAIONS. .-o. (0G cae «mene e “ERATION GAG- SiG er Avast 285 Electric lights, relation to dust explosions .........-.----++++++++--+-++--+-5-- 270 lk— num bersinsUnited-Statess: - 1... -.--accrcck Ces eee eee Ieseohebee =" 229 winter forage, investigations... ... 2.2... -..20...052 SUIS GHIe-SEEGE wae 382 Engineering, farm, investigations... ...2.0. 25250063 Jee eet oe eee see 500-502 Pntomologist, report, 1922... .-.:...-.--.-2--c:eiese carers iesesnie SOIOUS -HESEIRE 396 a1t28 -,9 299-330 Entomology— Bureau— - : cooperation in forest-protection work ...-..---.---+-----+-------+--+-- 321-324 Library;-report. of work: ........22- 2. ...5552+2-. 22... depyeen eerie? sin" 422-423 Explosions, dust, prevention investigations.........-....--+.-----++-++-+-+---- 268-270 Explosives, war, ‘distribution for agTienl tural Uses~'. = 22. -trseeersees- 2 sade 502-503 Exports— eeICHUMTa! JOCETONNG. see a ns Seek = ie os Seater. ote Stree ote 5) cotton, EAT SSCS Raed gM aA Mientras inlay ier ancients FO" 54-55 foodanniie PLGLO 1a I ce te ns nee ree yeeros he. tk oe 54-55 meat Ceriicatione-s = sas32= 524 ee) Shae ee ria Yat clean RW 2d ee 128 Extension— activitles— Cluipaworky teldsapentamete iis oe yal Sina Gaerne SS oes Ss ~..-- 34-35 Ole OTS ND UNE A Ue ee 2 5/308 eat eas CON Oe ys ees enone es 495-497, 500 RBECIUMIRCA sWOlK Me 8 Skee oe oe nr ry ew eet e e a WB Bs oe Ue eas Ae oS a 448—452 work— Farm Management Ofie@e2 242 sy sahil: Se bT 3553 dare Actes = sed 556-557 in,Hawai, projects and demonstrations. « - - -wicijasiSees ests toes oF 430 RISER TOD OT: enon te ee tee
4 498-500 Economics and Farm Management Office, report of Chief............--- 545-566 CHOINCEHIN OMI ESLIPA UI ONS prac. = Sonesta: = ac oe RIS a TAC oe Sone ee 500-502 enterprides analysis 1coo0 perativ CrwOLke. 5:6 os::25 5-2 Sose sss le esse oles ee 417 home, conveniences, planning and installing...-.-... Se re: 444, 446, 452 homes, COMMER Ere BUNUN 5025. - - - Sa : 28545 $200 Fraancs doe cae oa teens: RI OI 253 Feeding— dairy cows; investigations.\.~2/5:2....----2- TW Wagon 1 acre ales 120, 123 hors; experiments'and ‘cost: =: 2:2:2 >< Su SERS POS yoy. SAY Bn 107, 108 irve-stock- improvement: :::--5-223! JET E NT eR tor te LUE AE PS5EW 20%) 102 OUltry. "EX PSTIMOMUB se: reich aes cele cae sree Se STA Iae Sree rw ance heer 111-112 stufis; protein ‘value, stud y<:: 2220-22222 6A. tererecon ere HEI 254 Feeds, stock, control work and: inspection : 22.~-\.-..--- res se See ee ee dl 280, 284 Fertilizer— experiments, Muscle Shoals and Sheffield, Ala.......2-....2...0222--+--- 641 iMVesttoatlonss SOllS UCR ee ayes eee atin cet aes ae eee eee 294-296 relation! tO COMpPositOn Ol CLOpsese-2 meets Hee eee ee eee 254 Fertilizers— borax’ content; injury to Crops: = 2.1/5.2 lene. ET BE IO 189 concentrated s Studty 2.7 = 2 2atelate co ete ern tare cate ace ie fetereerete (arate taree oe 295-296 maniiachure irom. nitrogen cOMPpPOUNdS. -- sees ssanssa sea ees ees 641-642 Fiber plants, growing, work of Plant Industry Bureau................------ 175-177 Fibers: binder-twine; production. : = - 2s SIZ2ONG2) SER BI ONep ITED. 1g 175 Field Inspection Divisign, report-of work... : - - +... ee. es 131-135 Ficueroa’ Project, forest-nsects control ; ; : + -.-.:.:.-.:.-0-. veers 2s POURS. 322 Films, motion-picture, list......--.-.. ow fe TE Aue ool tie Looe 390-391 Fir, Douglas— decay causes: stud y-.-: 2-0 foes TOMS VOTGINE ZOE OTL we poan as 189-190 stand’ and losses from: decays... SU, SET O10. Seas. 189 Fire, control in forests, cooperation progress......-.....---- 196, 198, 210-212, 214-216 Mire proctine. Ta DTiCH. (OX PeLIMents.. 262s soc coe es beige ae wen mabi yee 267 Fires, forest— 1919" 1920, 1921 Calsenand "extents sss o rss sae Ns 30, 32-33, 209-210, 215 NW ESI PALIONS: occ caste cc. wie ee ieee Se ee eo eee eee cee ere emer ene 239 Fixed Nitrogen. See Nitrogen. Fish— cold-storace ‘holdings. Teporta. 228-2. ade soe oo ce ce oe ete ee wees ora 516 INBSPOCUION ANCOHEVEY OL la Unihy ss T oc tenes one Dera enya a anae tee eee 285 stocking streams in National Forests.-..-..--.--.-.5-.-22 2.02.22. 2222. 230-231 Fisneir, A. K., economic investigations, Biological Survey...-...-.-.-.--- 331, 332-346 Bilea-=beetles: cabbacecomtrolyne.. 22 .-c.2.. 22 ode = oes se eens Besse 316 Hloods;losses® summary, 1927 se tn Seite sete = Rae LTA E AACN 78-79 Florida— . PIPGePeMeeS: TEDOLG Ee Tea co ee coe ee ce ee eee ce mee or pe eeree erer 361, 362 citrus fruit— ATISE GESICOMELOLS rise me seek ce cease. Sas ecreeee eet ae ae fet ole ie eee 311 CONGIELONMnge te teers rrr Cir Ae ae mee eee reece ee ees 178, 179 Gaaheens and “VamMe, PROWIE ce ng ne eee oer oe acne eee = eet 185 sweet-potato Weevil CYAGICAUION oo oe ee ot chee cee op et ee 315 Flour mspection:.-° 2225.22 20. SEM E TEEN idles phates ph rachel cht rine, me teks 283 Fly— EMruaT DinCh PSpread. hits aa eae te tar as ae se ee OS oo See ener nee 312 Mediterranean fruit apuatantme? -. 7... 066 fc ceet esos sce see eee 312 white— AVOCACOM CON LEON sec nce ts ye ore ee ee ater eee eee er eee 31] control By slinpous Ciscuses. 7 hc --2 ee 197 legislation, recommendations by Secretary.....-.--..--.--2.5--2200 00520: 30-31 problems: discussion -by Secretary... ~~... <2... 02 0... PERO NSE 29-33 products— laboratory, research studies, results................0.00202e2eeeeeee 240-243 ROSCSLCH, SUUGIES. 2s Cec cack we cee ce otc AOC RET SHIN 240-243 protection, States cooperative work and expenditures..............-.-- 214-216 Service— cooperation in fur farming, Alaska.....-.20......2.0.2..2-.200.0002-- 305 cooperative work of Entomology Bureau. ...-.-.-...-.-----+------- 321-324 SCHIRMER rte 2 een Pe i rien Stns wnt ee ens S alo one 46 library, report.of workU@ vir. bev, suo rLenqge taupe) sein: 398, 407 .personnel, nature, management, and needs 20itn|) heres juiee JY 201-203 POCCI TA] G2 2e Meenas aT) ceca we ha AT ee a eS eR Els fee oe 49,374 report of Forester, KS Anes le ac RP en eR a ah aa 2) Sep RL Bie a ct 195-249 Forester, report for 1922......... a EP ee De eran cg Oe ae he 195-249 Forestry — Federal cooperation with States and individuals..... cp harecet eden A, 841291 30, 32 mp Ataska, policy and activities: -. ..---. 200 PARISL, DUS MORUUIUEID Ld 199-201 National policy, discussion by -Forester:.....:.:.../SA802, M228 UN 195-199 Forests— CPE Sela yee Sr UT ll ae ag lt eke ee eee ee er eS 321-324 National— acreage, -and-.increases; 1922... ...::22scc2scacesee555s800R0 NK 201, 205-209 administration, protection, and uses. ............------------+-+--- 29-33 AUSSI, GEVEIODIGEN ANG UHCS 22.22 Pan 8 esses comes eenaeaee 199-201 PAIN ECON GIGION = ot oes ee eos ais ory ae eee ee eee eerie 352-353 land classification... = .- ; 2277227) 80. De eelels JMS! sec ane. 208 legal work, handling by Solicitor: ... 2.22202 S202. 0. 2202 eee ee. 586 management, timber, range, recreation, ete. .........-.-..------- 216-238 656 INDEX, Forests—Continued. National—Continued. Page. protection and cooperative work..........-..-.--------:--0++--4+- 209-216 receipts and expenditures, 1922... .-02 55222 + --- = -eitgstlas fe eee 204, 205 research work: =... =: tier ss eEeelee- Seee eels e eB aaa26 95) rec seiaee 238-247 road and trail’construction:. .- 22-2. sa62nerasssni- = eek) eel 34, 232-237 roads, work of Roads Bureat;,1922... ; .j)22¢teaslatecisasat si aeee ese 485-488 protection— from fire, cooperative progress........------ 32, 60, 196, 198, 210-212, 214-216 from insectantestation. 2.2... ..0- +2. -esessceeEEREREGEEED -Soere: 212, 213 Foul-brood diseases of bees, study and control................----.----+--- 328, 329 Fowl, wild, feeding erownds;“surveys. -. -- -<.-m:ice/- aioe]? Sig é sais oeid Sas -- 348 Hox farming, data:reparding: -- >) 2° 3-2 i. aed? Bisco 4 sees -nor 344, 345, 355 Foxes, imported, inspection and quarantine. ............-----++---+----+--+---- 133 Freight, rates, ‘relation to farm prices... 22 ...2---- ccs -keensate: Seep sbsebee 4 Frosts, warnings and fruit,service......-=-- ~~. .-s.0se< ee ene + 2 22 ee 70, 80-82 Fruit— dried, Insects attackING « 3 -)aeick is a ae Seeeae eeee 344-346 farming, Alaska, location and conditions.........---.----+--------------- 355 farms, distribution and animals bred..........+..-+++++-++--++---- 344-348, 355 wardens, work in Alaska...........- -tekigasJd-ysb spieeeoarh {eater ieeerr iv, 308 Furfural, production from corncobs and waste materials. .....--.------------ 261 Furs— Alaska, shipments, number and value......-.......------------s-s8ees+ 354 seizuresiin Alaska... 22s os. cel esses eee eet BperriIns- baa seeeetrs Seve cae: Future Trading Act, passage and annulment. ......-.-.-+.--------------- 583, 591 Game— big, numbers in United States and on reserves. .......----+---+-----+--- 229, 358 departments, State, cooperation with Biological Survey... .----------- 336, 337 destruction by predatory animals. .......-...-.-+-+++2++----2222++-2 336. 337 INDEX, 657 Game—Continued. Page imterstate commerce lawaenioreement..<2 5... - 5 épotedistesw. taacet oc 366 National Forests, stocking and management. ....--..-...--.----.-..-. 228-230 officials, State, cooperation in law enforcement... -.....---.-.---:1--..-- 363 reservations, acreage. location, and numbers of animals. .............. 357-360 4qases; toxic, expermments.in msect control... ..- --... - ==. 90h. geS-Re Mek ... 2,-1.8 spyse Seinen = =~ See oe ken 267 Goats— orazine on. iorest, ranges O2 lis sme: Soot Su hoe ts by Bi fy te om te eats. ee 221 imported, inspection and quarantine. -..-- 2b Benes a Beet peed tt ete tb: aac 13: THaatkein Vestigations.. . > SSH crt bytaepes Dace hee. rei nb Satins Beart’ 110 mountain, numbers in United States. ........-.-- OSE a ar Os 229 Goldenrod,.rayless, ellectoa. cattle,and sheep. = o--5-2.---2------ 424d on: goles 149 GotpMAN, E. A., biological investigations, birds and wild animals... .-.. 331, 349-353 Gengylonema ransomi, control studies: 22202 - gust ctidid ssp -leeign qenrad-<- 157 Gooseberriess blister must controb}:s:peseen|_ 644 45-serusick = ae teesras- 2 5l- -e =e , 190, 191 Gucreberry pianic Quarantine OFGeTS. 4-26.52 .0 2.22. Feels nas ee eh erg 625, 626 Bapkers pocket, extermination,..< 2 oe ce c6¢ «-. .dsee etaades- bate aaiteeadecs 340 Grades— iguitipondwrepetalbles...Sirs sen hae ase. eestee 0s os 52 eee eens see 506 hay, -preparation.and distribution... -icieasesectee fee sedssy ieee eee - 519 wool, ‘preparation and, distributions 2 26d sae 4-.eiidide Oh $5-qqRtO-ad? Jo-Feces - 8s seeee > 1-- 442 Thal JANES en Se ie Ste ape eR SEC ES a eee tr Say pene Fel Wie 427,428 handling, marketing, and grading, research studies....-...........-.--. 527-528 HE GY A Wai UNS, pe eee ee Se ae Sd ere 346-347 Rear cecin Oiaworks wl O22 seg oc eo. ieee bie ely Pos 525-528 BRO GCUCIS MSEC LapUN TOSS 2 3 Se ese ete ea te ae ea Nasco 2 309 THM Poin ealleGriiic as Se esate ae See ae eee ee aie eee eee 41-42 Show, International, exhibits from Department’.........-.....-.......- 631 standards— ACT Men IGneemnent mal OAc at er ied sa. EE a he 525-527 A Citi ner ase eri. so. 252522. 2 - d3qd-beaa-chee1: TPE» 20 AC HleralawonkipvesGuentone a5. 52 1. = SOULS per eee hi ein 591 1 CORYTISLLOY 0 See eee Ss er eae One ay eee ee SE 18-19 stored, insects injurious. ..............-- 1 Oy sel aR mR 490 309 MoMuubeer. crune of creen bur spread... 2... .- 2. - ms aan iby Seine See 308 Teun N AeA hiNesne dunt G HONS es gee Epa hen os oe oe ein sea 625, 626, 627 Grand Canyon-Kaibab project, forest insects control. ...........------------- 322 Grapefruit— SAP SOMME ee, Se eee oS ee eeleeretd ttre ood 177-178, 179 SOLA ex perimental Orbos RICO. -. 2... << an.5 2 <2 oa = < Sobbipg acest 431 Poapes. M0sect-Comtrol MVESHOALIONS.....-= 252 2-2 oe +e eee =~ = 2 epee seine 302-303 Grass— MG MSSGS SOLO WING OM POTIMEDES 256 souls asa cee aso Soee ao 6 ae 5 eee 168 Sugita. SCOO IM HOTS IONS INCTGAHG. ...... 7.» . - Msc. ---* <= =siegoe «gn Ree 194 (Grasshoppers. control imeWestern Otatess..2. 2... ~< 26-2 gs eqn emer Seiciceice 308 658 INDEX, Grazing— Page. fees, forest, Tegulations: .....-........Lismietioles. wal sosoutaurs Sagienw 224 live stock on forest ranges, permits, LOM vuE- bua sanloote aod Weeds, 221 Teceipts, 1022. 252 sreese een crel) MEE WL Pe eras Sige tees 204 reindeer, in Alaska, needs and permits......- Aso oases adele 356 studies, Forest Service se.steaen..~ AON Josenl oi Haamntaeee oie 244-247 Greasewood, poisonous character, study «22 .-.=..+---~-.~ -ubiite. Josie 29 149 Great Lakes, storm: of December; 192M. creamery. progresss241 Bis Antic: Fe tel AIOE seat Eivelestcy’ & oprteers: 116 Guam Experiment Station, work and expenditures...............2....- 426, 433-435 Guards, forest, selection and training: .= “2eiier bs. waliniie yl orev-aie gadis 202 Gullet worm, hogs, Controlistudies: io. f2ce eect. Stee oie asin oS ene 157 Gum— blue stain, control studies.............- eee ee km ak eee Lee See tpe pee 189 from. comeobs/1se;asiadhesive...- <<... 22810 lis veep. rl mete 261 Pine, -distillation-experiments....-..-.....---~---. une: bie aartesh ee 266 Haber process «mitroven MRAMON ophy2 2 = <= = <0 ee ooh ee alee ee we es eee 636-637 HapweEn, Stymour, studies of reindeer herd management.................-. 357 Hardwood; distillation studies-.....-.=2:.:::-20nteuyp. bas.goite cent bores 242 Hawaii Experiment Station, work and expenditures, 1922......... - 426, 428-431 Hay— gtades, exhibiten+ = j<2--e%nesmave - ol] PONE 208 aie? ce s9ells 2enly ss. Bee 18 marketing-work;"f92216 Uli bee Abt. sgollggitee sie [aoieolord LE os 519-520 Show, International, exhibits from Department! U2 /c4) 205. Aiiotne: \aaee 631 Haywoon, J. K., report as Chairman of the Insecticide and Fungicide Board. . 595-602 Health— demonstration ‘and extention work: .......~-.~ «-.-dWarsnE ee eae * 446, 451 IMreeispate Claws CONTE) oss 2 sre aj woe Seine sue © ore Se thee 3, iors pe een ae 321 Hearings; meat-packers'> =<). 22s s2-)-eesece+ eee ene ee oo ne ey, Dae Bhi 573 Hemp, Manila, production and consumption................2..--2---22------ 176 Herds, accredited tuberculosis- free, number increase...........---.-.--- 99, 139-140 Hessian fly-comtrol PNOQULESS a ered ri. ure eta eee ere ete ew ee mre SE EEE, LEO 308-309 Highway— Act aHederal, provision for forest Toads.2: <..<-<2--2--e ee oss ae see 234-237 Education Board, cooperative work of Roads Bureau.........-.....--.---- 496 Highways— construction, work of Roads Bureau, 1922................222-..222--+-- 462-484 Federal aid, apportionment by Staten cee oo sat ae Cee eeeepteee 468-472 Hiscox, Joseru W., report of the Office of Exhibits. ............-.--.-..-- 629-632 History, agricultural, StUdiGs sap se 222s 5h tx tt eee www cece ess 55 See 555 Hog— Cholera— Control. Division; report-of:- work..2.2:6---agy~ ~~ --So84. tee oobi 143-144 investigations. ~::2:2...22:22: DEtasicrstccx ne 6 UGA? eq pres 150-152 pilus istudiytsssens yest ic atease te se ese ess tees ted $..3.50 Joel lox east 5 he 152 Hogs— . breeding experiments: oo. < s<<2222 2520 SEI DRL 107, 108 erazing: om forest ranges," 1921... 2: -220...22-301 ee wd ates. leeel Pk 221 investigations; feeding, -etOs. 2.2 222Fieenes ssn ces deve enn eo ech 22s 106-108 lieéandimange: control «=< s22'sso224222++<2+~ «0+ SUPE Cee fee 156 losses: fromyeholera sjto.: oo. 202-2222 22 22 DADE WU, oe TN, aise. sete 143 prices*increase:- 2 Aes ssa eet teesec-eeost cee MIDMPROT SAL ITATS 9 round worms control ss=2:4: ==) 202 SEPALS ee eee 154-155 Slauehtenan dyGunins Lesiss othe See - ssc ta j.cle es 8 stesso hemes 107 sent-and: oily; identification>=:-....225s22222<252+2. 44. -.cptols Jae Satin 578 tuberculosis control ss2..< saceosne2sh2c2ae2 FU) IA, ae oe 142 Home— s emonstration work, Teport: 2.5245 2.25550 oe eb gee Sa see = ome eee 439, 445-447 Economics— Office; works 2ae-ssa4225) 258 seeds Ss SR SO Oa, be 448, 454-459 proposed. new: bureatts::<25--22= = 2-7-2 51s Wao M Al Jotun Tetadge 28 farm, conveniences, planning, and installing..-........-.---------- 444, 446, 452 management domonstrations: <..5c02 Sco fae Seen ee 446, 452 INDEX, 659 Page Homes, farm, surveys, cooperative..............-------- BITS Soe One op Pe aie OL 458 Honey— marketing problems...........-.-.------ Re eae sienna re ates ct oe 330 UBIO pl Tee iS As oe Rees 58 JS Cee Se See aa Beiter Cea 326 reports, sem1- -monthly Jo+ stooge eden Jase SE Ss Ss ae SRE S eceee 509 (Hnglaworins. Control: proptess ss —:.- 452/328 se pee a ae a tan Races == Se 108, 156-157 Hopxrys, Ae 18 sie report on forest insects investigations. ...-....---..-..-.---. 321-324 Horses— Tre BUST le Ord Bg 0/5122 See oder ecrcise 8] 30 ean reenitn Hekiw meerrarsncw di Hl dourine— CPO CAINGT rset state: cule we eee ae ae: Vins cn oy oy Se Areata 132 ERNE Memes tices erence ate os the ones oe eee ae a ert ene 148 Bee Oly MeSITHP or, cae eee arse n cise ees Meer ne, Dee ee enero ces 135 from Morgan horse farm, Middlebury, Vt., exhibit.......................- 632 lamin on Ones EAN Pes LO ee ea = inal pee Boece oe 221 Parcopiie inane treatments. - 9. ne eae eta eae cae ae 156 Horticultural Board, Federal, report of Chairman...................1...-2.- 603-628 Horticulture, extenapitwcnice tw SN Ba Ge ee 450 Houck, U. G., report as Chief of Hog Cholera Control Division............--- 143 Household— Stnipmeni; care and repair, test8_< 202 <2 Lane oe ee sev ag ee eae en - 458 insects, Gontrobetidies ets gen yt ee NU Tee, aI aaa BN) 310 Howarn, U.O:, reportas-ntomologist. <2 sche act ots a tec e< os ras eee 299-330 Hunter, W. Dz. , Southern crop insects, Investigations... =. -=5). -.--<. sn. >: 317-320 Hunters, Government, work against predatory EYL a5 (ae pate ee Re 333-336 Hurricane, warnings by Weapheriiniresnts ... 2yeiaes een ea eben - 196-198 TORCH PACTERPO loo. cretee Cret sete te es ete tem ee cS cents ee: | 201, 205-209 Ownership Gir arming sbudles=- oe! coo eee koe coe kane lose e cs See 594 PETCOS, OS TIS, OPCAE ED OREN Spam hn keto ter asthe rites 6 COUR 6-7 publze elassiicatioMmMeed oak eis ockciats sorrento OE Oe ees De ee ts 3] Lanewortny, C. F., Chief, Office of Home Economics....................-- 454 Lanolin, recovery from wool-scouring waste.......-.............222222222--- 214 Lantern slides, States Relations Service, distribution.................. 416, 418, 419 Larkspur seeds, active principles, investigations..................0. 212.200. 599 Eanson CG: Wi; Chiet of Dairy Division: -_..-. ~~. -..!. 2. awooriedees She 113 Laurel, mountain, source of poison an honey, sthd y feecler seers _ecivurvep 2 326 cre migratory-bird, violations and éonvictions! ides! esi losatbass. 2. .L: 364-365 aws— relating to agriculture, administration, report of Solicitor............... 583-593 violations, reports and prosecution by. Solicitoress.s2308 sole tegse: 583-591, 593 Lawyer, G. A., in charge, migratory-hird and Lacey Acts... ... ...... 332, 363-368 Leafhopper— curly-tap, on peets,-conicol, Study so a ee en ee ee 317 POLALO; -GOMbFOl Less sce ws 2 2 NS ~AOHUTC LEN 6 aie rene nis Sere. 316 EGET Pre patailOl DW SOMCIOL sae tans eee ote eo ase RS Oe ee 584 BCMUNEE, IMM COM EMAOHS: oso cee — Oo Bee on Pe Coa week Renee 4 NE 262, 263 Legal work of Department, report of Solicitor-.............2.2.....2.22..--- 583-593 Legislation— forest, recommendations. by Secretary ....2.. 2... ) ea ae 30-31 helpful PQMATINGDS, 2g Foes s.cxs te See Ss Ses. t PI 10-1] CHG UOT Si aba! eames, aera latins tebaens Depeheat ent see ie chalga a be aie) 378 Memuites: srowimp. demonstrations: -2/.. S202 6 So. ein eee 442 Lemons, budding pa ee im Oalitormia..... <> reent..seaed to: ones: 179 Wipeqeett Tepart-ror. 1922 ~ . es «Ok ERR eS Ns AIO Ss. lees 395-412 Libraries, bureau and division, statistics ae details of work... 2.502 2222- 397-400, 407 Library— mecessions; 1922 and 1915-1922 oye cs oo 395-397, 409 eirculaion of books;+loans, ete: 192222253220 2 eee ee: 397, 407-408 OJ EEC Eso Me Tod es 2 1 Lael A oi Te ect lS ct gc Apa ee aerh bey wre ae etal be 395, 403-404 receipis ald Expenditures: 7.2... -<). - + 4.2.0 A ee 411-412 DRAEISNCH Se) cee Peer ee cee eee etek Seca e ENE sa Sarees 407-412 Wester bureau.) WORKMOf years 392500. OE ee. sh 95 Light, artificial, effect on growing: plants..c 2! _./20ve ens besa. sas tant Dep. ai 188 Lime, chlorinated, loss of chlorine, investigations l¢) www seiriLaay ee 2 i 600 Linseed on. dary lecdie. experments... - bk si... Ls. ee ee 123 Lions, mountain, destruction by hunters 342 ete, een, pes. 335-336 Live stock— destruction by 5 eit AMEMIDISS 250.10 LAR OS SS Le 333-336 exhibits by Department, Qe EE EN 50. See RE SORT ATER BEI 629, 632 farms, representative, farm income, etc..................2..2.02-02-2---- 553 BCUeLTeR VEIN ECPCRMCN Ges er fare cts eres NE Ce Re LR age 102 Plame On torent manoes, permita~ 1921-22 92.-055225 22a tll tl ssi 221 handling m transit. stpervision. °* 2.3 )0h2 2.0: teat alte ei? hee... 579 improvement— CLEMONS ERAT OMS tp ase fs ae Pos, EI PO Me SIS! 443-444 Prasress: 209A eee ee Se 2s OD, Dae ake See 101 im iMtermtiate commerce, Samitatiog 222° 22.208 os 2. et. es 132-133 industry— development on reclamation projects. .................---------+-+-- 194 financial conditions and needs on ranges.........-.-----.-------+-- 221-227 me Atas ka eI! TE Wk eee ee era Ae SOR a net US TLS 427, 428 marketing— Gosts; studiesis. 0222 . Meas Roe HAT ND Brae) Are Fey 534-535 SEUdIeS =. oe 2 EE een Pei EOI Pst ie eestay 15 WOLK: (1922252 52 = OT A Ra aaa EST SIE st eS 511-517 markets— and movements, reports....--..------- psa Lape SPIE RNE Ec {SETSL OEE SUE 514-517 supervisors, duties:and-location~-2e 229. 202s 02 Sd. PI 589-571 662 INDEX, Live Stock—Continued. Page. products, trade practices, handling by Department...............-.--- 576-580 reporting service: .-. 5.2/0.3... sat ein o. ne. tel eh De ees - 16 sales, trade practices, investigations. ......2..6¢e seule. 403 feltassisp 577-579 Stas eIGS WiOKke LOD 2s ht ere ik Phe ce) SOS Sprit ei 529 work-— TW GSE ae See ees ee eel ee en Lon ROBE tenttes gH 22 433-434 oft boys’ and girls’ clubs. 25028 foo Bead Bare ae ese 448 Loans, library, personal and interlibrary.......-..2-.....:.---- i Hee See 397, 407-408 Loco plant, poisonous to sheep and cattle......-................ ai tae: 6 169 Lotusicormculatus, poison contents:iiulis2d: Jasivret Soniselsd eaten obi: 169 Louisiana, cattle— feading experiments:.:...-..---..-'-u...- Sosebuitl uel! Is. ?. WE 106 tick quarantine areas released ;;1922 -a:sscic. sci. woes 45. vidoe - oi Seles 136 Lunpie, A. E., studies of bee flight, and method of recording.............---- 325 MacDonaup, THomas H., report as Chief of the Bureau of Public Roads.... 461-503 Magnesium, necessity for plant growth...02 2.1 ss. joonede ssn eee eee se dene 188 Mailing list— Publicatrons Division, tevision= sss 262 42-2 bee ees ee eee 35, 387-388 PADEARV sat oe te ie A oe. e rere te eee Oy.aieed- Us -Gatwers 403 Maine, gipsy moth, spread and quarantine areas. ................02220%--+0- 304 Mallein— austribution’. 920% 2223 ob Mo oe ok ond Det is | a RSP Ree eee 153 testing, horses and mules for-exportssiisi.@ javier Geese! ie ae: 135 Mammals— foreion, importation: .-.22- 6-3. 0... eipigiee. vu pee lighteneuesar ae 367 StLOIMACHS: CXAMINATTION. Yaseen oe ae te lveag wie ties ine ce eee ee 337, 345 Mange— dogs, controlstudies....-- - 202262205 200.02..02 SISO: see ees ae 157 sarcoptic, of horses, treatment... .\....- nieve ila) el Sie eiseerstee sae eee = 156 Maps, National Forests, work of Forest Service. ........---- SORT S40 escee- 237-238 Market News Service— extensionrandruse OlradiOs- ss -se-se222 soso sees ITN Oe ATG oi 19 Onivarious: commModities......- 2. - a2 462 cee nwce tee tae ee 507, 513-517, 518, 520, 534 Marketgram Service, report.......-...--- to.. OSE, 3te ence! nkeed eagzeles d34 Marketing— Cooperative: research. works... 2. -222225055 ood ecenin- SOU Eee hates 538-539 Contes, Unveshioations see Oe Soy oP AOE EA ee 17, 534-535 cotton; work; 1922. 2 2fo eee eed en ht oreo cei = RUT te OM eg AEE 520-524 dairy and , poultry products;. work, 1922 -tasi4-setqoa5-e6 -bevite - '67524- 517-519 fruits. and vegetables, work, 19222cHeuitsesas. sectold 2 Jo. ams!- fee bese! 506-511 erain, work: in 1922. soci 4. Svedize he's +. 1 HEME pai bel week = he 525-528 hay, feed,.and seed, work in 1922. ........asstiwsl ok snsastes: alpacas 519-520 live stock— and meats; stiidies 2A! ii-..--%22-0.1 = .Sbetkaa yatebews -Ge-ebe ape 15 meats, and swoolswork, 19225. ---oc See Hesetiaaatt ee ase 511-517 work, States, cooperation of Department. ....-........---.2.5222+--+-- 539-540 Markets— Bureau— and Crop, Estimates, report of Chief........-caldssosie- -Heaes.sdeeaes -ateneesvees ape - 255 Mealybug, citrus, control by fungus disease. ..--..-2-|-02--2 5.05! Se 2 5 oto eats as wletaate oe 23 a1 ee ee ee 130 Meat-inspection, law, violations and fines.\..:. 20055522255 JE et 590 Meats— PON hae s/o fe | pied tein ei Seeger BL oe Se ae 146-147 conipadition;and:vatue; research work 2: s 300 -}./.5-7 3S PEA 152-153 nee rive uae ON er- 1. a aan a nies oe temes aa te ore ee cee ae 456 domentionaNspeeitones. 25.5 Je). sacs Sada eiseidin.s selsiine sce cess 125-129, 149 Gresmprhionironiinepeeuion: 27.2. 620.222 Seeencs st EUS SSS ANG 128-129 farm-slaughtered, shipments under exemption................-.......---. 129 PEL ERSTE 2 OE ee ye Se Snes eA niga ac ea renie oy acS ee 17 SOLE THIS PeetIOn; “Peporteschii.s fees eac st ecco eee ee EAE 129-130 Coy GUS ae 88 ae Shee ol eerste en SU AeA EE tk 130 Pint KGL COnUrGIONS,- TEPOLS: 527-2 = sso sca oe le Coe See ee ee 514-515 marketing— iT CNN teeta celta oe mtn lale aia a etate ie ra ete 15 36) i SR bs 77 A ee ee eT a OE a gees nL ge AREA EST 511-517 shipments under exemption certificates...........2..220222. 2222... e ee eee 129 Medicines, proprietary and other preparations, control........................ 282 Melaneve- Crintns, COMMON ot Accuses eens eves esas hast Ses Dae lle SL 180 Messenger service, Department, welfare work...................2.-2---------- 42 Meteorological reports, collection... 20... J... 0... ee cece cannes en pete ter 92 Meteorology— HSEICWMUER S WOF ND 2A nc a7a oatseus rasa riot Bie s Baia.osctune Se clew ee a 2s ase RE 80-82 TNATSHE WOE OL VERE et oS 20 SaG aie’ s. sc beet. Aan oe ee ot ee 95 Mice— epnirol i orchards, fields, and gardens... os. 2. seiapietn none cies ceent 341 MUM ICOMIT UL WOLKE 3c. oo fiw ac vc tele ecie sicaicd wacisee aees se mee aae aoe oom 342 n-— reindeer introduction from Norway... ::2::sssscccceeeeeeeecee ence cee 356-357 Sthte survey of lands, forests;etess13016 56 ow 4 sb: oe ee' sre Qassaece s4ane 197 Work Against predatory. animals 55.4. scies2b $6 feigel: > a8-Pireer- “a= 28

aacice eyes soe mpeebin 3 qs acieencis< 359 POC OT CSU CSEEH CLIO M <8 i5:5:=.-202be+ eee ece 2 -tRanrdatldases otter: 4! 338,340, 343 Sullys Hill National Game Preserve, report... ..-- ~~ swsisjises beac eed 360 Northwest, blister rust entry, and trees endangered ......-...22.....-.--.----- 191 Norway, reindeer shipments.to Michigan-...-.......--.. jadss6besgist-seseds ns 356 Nursery— investigations, work of Plant Industry Bureau.............-.......-.-- 182-184 plants, importations, and countries of origin.................02222.2... 617-620 stock— am portations' and distribution, 1922... -..--.-......2...+---+Jdasute 617-620 plants, and seeds, quarantine orders.....-..........-.-+--- 613-614, 625-628 Rpnainaeein, IRVCAISAWOUS. 225 52)... sicanaa5 Jes cs-2 be kew oe RAO bieee Bee 302 Oats— growing— PINE ALLO GY: LOSS rset caso el nelle 9 A ete ¥ Sp ee ee 165-166 RICTROMB GS LUIS 5 ech ee ee oS oe a ee fae! caeee 442 statistics, acreage, exports, and production, 1910-1922................. 53, 54, 56 Grmeniy:, Miss Hanger i. eat sence. «sehen ge a eee cag esas 399 Oiicia’ Wecord. ecianlahmenty, 2212, soho. See cont qos te se ae eee 377, 378 Oils— f Sellar. HOSPICE UGH so ys sie oe ke CEL Soe 2 ee eee ae 287 WEPCiTD Os CRCHNEALTORCOTAD CR oro aces So ot eas aie ge 252 ikinhienia rodents des uciOR 30s ree Seam Hibs a oe a 338, 340 Oleomargarin, moisture and fat contents, study...--.-.......-..-..----.----- 131 G@erks. pattiolomcal laboratory, WOUk. . —.te.64-cscina Gt te on hicecenn one 149 Ophiobolus graminis, cause of take-all disease. ...-.-...---------+------+----- 165 Oranges— conditioning Wlorida and Alabama... . <2a-becss - =. = = matin tye septa 178,179 EE BRD ET A 5 a ae a eee, SNE PNY GRAPE REGEN pL a8 Rp name 271 GOEL. UB DC CMO sate iat a a Sere Re ene 284 EMSRS, ty Pes MEEOUMCLION: 5 58.5 0 20 ee ee len ene ee es 180 Orchard spraying, dependence on forecast service. --.---.---------.-----.--- 77-78 Rtehirdy Prowter CeMORSLTAMONS 2-882 = can oie an we ee ae oh 443 Oregon— fest insects Investigations. ~~. -- <.-feseeh foe $l - oyose tc ake San 321, 322, 323 ieee COLLEOL: WOE Ti LOTCStR aoe ee RN oe Et 213 Lake Malheur bird refuge, Teportess asf at iets = oan tac ise aed eee ie 361 Eeodents Cesermien On. 2 282-2). Seeder ciara S$ ae ick in or 338, 340 Ornithogalum umbellatum poisonous to sheep. ..-..-.------------------------- 169 Ornithology, economic, investigations. ..........--- ae AS Pane t et eee 348-349 Ornithorhynchus anatinus Importation: ec0 = Ba ene Ne seed 196, 199-200 BapMtes, Leong for F iblic Printer... =... fete nee ee eee 273 Paradichlorobenzene, use as insecticide........-....---.----.----+-+-----=- 300, 301 666 INDEX, Parasites— animal— ae. control with tetrachlorid . 2... 22.25 «see seas. Soe nee 103, 156 investigations....2: =: -9729-. WS Ae. bse. zidados Sasa 154-157 beneficial, importations. 2 w.--0 5501 ( DOR St AST E. Se Leip Fea) 27 borer;,eontrol of, sugar-cane Insects........-.-.- 2-22-22. Js00+.<8~ oo 319 -brown-tail. moth, establishment - =... ........<.. 2... c< Heeoinselea. Sina! 306 bruchid investigations. o<<8 ....0S'te...2yenl Sisk! Seon AUG sol 312 codling moth, introduction: <2 Wii ie. ead Ses. een Sele soe fae 301 corn -borer;- introduction ss-j42- meee s os + >> 2 RRO RREENE Bee 352 Parrakeets; dm portatons, 922: fo. 5ch5 2 sere c.c <5: 314 se acne te Hone Re 367 Parrotsw Imi portationss 1922. o- wvcis erase eerie ais esis eee be eens) oe ae ee 367 Partnidges. «Hungarian, importations. . <1). 5.2...) ae seems s2 eae oe nee 366, 367 Pastry, pmalking: (ex periments... 5 -.stes\o015, 24-14 ie ok om teed Ace ese ee Oe 455 Pathological Division; B. A. I., report of work. ..-...-.-.-...-.-....02.... 144-149 Pea, weevils,controlistudies...>::2:22:2525:825:22cte3s 2s So BE OEE TAO 309 Peach insects; control studies <> 2 552.22 DERE, BAe ed pS ReOT IE Ge OTeED 301 Peanuts; feeding to hogs;experiments: =.= -.~+2.222..2 222A Se Bee, ee 108 Peas— aMsects} Control works ai .n Meee. Galea eS a ae ee 315 proteins, investigations. <<: 5220... 2. 22.3. ee sett ewe eee ee ee 255 Pectin, preparation— from" cull Oranves:>. 22S s el Teste oe ee Ss sees tN AOE ere 271 Methods Studies: GUUS AS Tk Es So ee eee ee ee PUPEIOIG athe at 455 Pennsylvania, quarantine of Japanese beetle............--2..-...-2-2.-.----- 299 Periodicals— Department, ‘consolidations ~ s8es80 2: oh ceceep ee eee cae Ck eee 45 legislation’ affecting; 2. ti. teats ti se DES SASIOLS | SOE 378 Permits, migratory birds, nests, etc., collection.................-.--------- 365-366 PERSONS; WARREN -M., ‘expert statisticlan.-:::22..--<42 226222202 Goo ee ee 531 Pests— dnimal;'poison’ baits: preparation’ OS. 5012222: 17 Sogo en eae ide hy 282 INSECT, "SUT VEY; PTORTERS 5767. /a 1a eeeie Salen afele, See ee eee ee 330 plant— control work of Horticultural Board: ::::2::.//23 222 ae? 603-612 imterception at ports'of entry 2 =~. 2.552 [S22 Ee ee: 622-624 Pharmacognosy investigations, Chemistry Bureau. ......-.....-------------- 281 Pharmacological investigations, Chemistry Bureau.........-.--.------.----- 281 Pheasants;introduction; 1921. résultas ssi? soo 2) GUOHOR IEE RVR AsO sar sme 359 Phenol; investicatione: 22.7202... 2..cc2t2.2.20 RA ae On ee eo 153 Phillips, E. F., in charge of bee culture investigations........-.-.-.-..---- 324-330 Phosphate, investigations in Soils Bureau. ..........22..2..22..22---0000- 296-297 Phosphoric’acid, preparation methods: ::22..2-22:22222222.22200. BUM 295, 296 Photographs— collection by States Relations Service ’.c2 << /ccon: 2 21iels GUNS Eee 450-451 quarantine law, violations and penalties. 2... ......5-.:- ape eee 591, 624 quarantine pmloreaniGnt.5 . j.J5. ee sce o.oscuce ee 604-612 Plants— growth— Telation, ta Soul, sOlUiONG =< «0... n.-.o:< oce.o.n in. -dussdns 5a See ERE MEER 187-188 wider APtanCial ba 6 os i sino oe seaeeee eae LOE white: pine, control works: ..-\-.:)..sederend- Leaiece 190-192, 611-612, 625-626 Rye, statistics, acreage, exports, and production, 1910-1922...............- 53, 54, 56 Salary, standard increase for scientific workers..........-.---.-----..+..-00- 25 Salmon, canning, investigations. ...........-. des taj22 juga se seat 6d =e eer 278 Salts, irrigation water, effect'on soils. \4-.... sbi disklaetiina eects -obcee wer oast isis 186 San Joaquin project, forest insects, control: <...c.. «- +.ekepod 4eabeee ys - aaceee 322 San Jose scale, on apples, control MODI Sie ose ee CE Le wees 302 Sarcobatus vermiculatus, poisonious character, study....an6n oteiecneed = spose 149 Sausages, watel:content, Studi Gils. «.<.-.c6c<-- eet ae 500 improvement demonstrations. + ¢< - «= -.aleatbest aeeaenw hewat- ci 294 colloids determination methods................2..s200seeeeeeeeece- 293-294, 297 European, samples collection and study... ...-< -<2sa:-pesSgxdetis « zo -hewnic 297-298 Selatwadiation, investigations. »...--2... +... 5 seeker BUOeHes « SGnssee nse et 96-97 Salititor, report, 1922 > oo ccc ccc ena aes OSE eae Se abe aoe. bern 583-593 Sorghum— Midge; CONNOls s.ncecdyen anys aes oo a he ote ses easton, ore 308 BITUP. WOPK: «dais a'aig sss sine ue eta anes eee aaprinet bts div Sous etenias 259 South Dakota— Belle Fourche bird refuge, report..................-- SE. SOR: Be ae St 361 moments destraction...... ovis oeeen + eu e ean ceva as eee 2 eee ete O10 Wind Cave National Game Preserve, report.................-.-+-+----+ 399-360 Soy beans— EA WERLIPSLIONS.... . . -=,---owe'e sen acess sae easeeEe bee oe ta aaeath dk 167 Variches. peed Gistribution=. 2... 5. teeusaman less e. enon See cet ices. -chee 193 Sprty forecast Bervice, SUCCES. 025 wieweetint ones eeeree ure wee cass. cass cnt 78 Spraying— Grapes, Studies and festa... . no in.0ctiait mie em! ele eS ah omnes 303 orchard, dependence on forecast service... -... 20.22 eee snes eee eee eee 77-78 Spmiman, W. J., direction of farm management work..................- 545-546, 557 Spinach, canned, examination for Bacillus botulinus..............-.--- 277, 279. 283 PURMOLCHMOL COLOR s2 4. 3. = 5.h \awomaenne Gee tee aoe acnn eee.e sana =< a 3S 523 Series, shipnients from: Alaskacc'S. fy 2-25. cetapit-peset jay haut o-ais esse + - 200 Squdbs, production, investigations, 3068 -b. segqee Sh al} bs. tepd see Sseee--- 113 672 INDEX, Page Squirrels;.ground, eradication. work... ..+--..---2vuet DIM J een ey 338-339 Stains; biological, standardization: -./....-=.09180% RWI L JM JOS thee 274 Standardizing; farm products...2 2: sss-ncssserscsatasmwes fs pert DARIN SOE 17-18 Standards— cotton, preparation:and -Use - s..2. =. 5< si: 204+ ss ose desdee = aeeaes ose 26 Mhrasher explosions, causes and. control .ss942 s0ceiep hee bese diet 269 Thymol, production from cymene.....:...--.2-.-.--aamimeqzs nei bess 63 274 Tick— cattle, Investigations.in Porta Rica... ....-+..... s8oiiines . godless bs vier 431 Eradication Division, report. of WOUK « - 2 a.ccissereres-ernsoseenrms msn A IGSENS 136-138 Tieks} cattle,. eradication. progreksv2cs2 Jice see. chisid.Leeuised: 100-101, 136-137 Timber— management in. National. Forests. «..2 39s «talosl2 004. ai aoiles lebuiose 216-219 sales.irom . National. Forests, 1921... .2<...........-.....saieigieqes basnehos 216-217 BRET, CCT OAR 5 Sac sesesmssateds Stan eotat = Se Aa Pn SS IS 195-197, 243 Timberland, purchase extension-...... .a1ow. te Sioges .,ceel ct lost. sense 31 Wim Pets Siren eth, SIGS oii. a saesieserereicpemierwid ss eens « « SEREIMEDR See ee earl 240 Toads, ifood habits, investigations: ciicuuicesshesell letebel. .cotlmnilsd. lane 349 Tobacco— BSP GONLEL OXPEMIMGNIA whos .: 2. ro de kat saints clotwiome anes 335 Wood— cansumption and uiiization, studies? ss... ci. ae aie wins Soiseas's cleo eas 29, 31 THO Se RG AEN SIRs 26 he ee SS eR ee pepe ob 9 oro cons oosue cSosencs 322, 324 Ait ETAL OT SULA ON 5-0 sbi clare Ghoraicle oo oisvs Sie elo.e Severe Ricto wee shila te nterate 240, 241 waste; distillation project, Idahos.-..o. 5 32. 5..0% oso. a etee asin oreo 266 WOOd CHUCKS N\COnETOl sels tac roo or cteotnis ei toreroncie Sraiate elo a ieieWre/s sroeiene aicieians s Sic cic 342 ioe, saLahiiy for airplane ConstrucwOns 5.25226) 74 ac seit = nol etait 2 0'=s 241 ool— clip, excess profits, collection and distribution. ...............--...----- 585 domestic section, work (completion. s lacs <<). -~ secs sere ceacesccseces se 541 grades, preparation and distribution. ................ iste Oeeisnio oe sa 18 Mier keh pe WORK I LOL. (seem clgeeisisine « = aa cee epteiocai ails fo Se noone penis Saran oriete te caletaialelol geste wens eieeiam scouring, wastes recovery, and utilization................0.c2c-eeeeeeees 264 BULNCS 2 eras Ac aicnin a ete arte el orate tate Soa suas atonal sacar Siete = ie emt ere si ciminicie 109-110 Workers, Department, articles for publication in outside journals........-.- 384-385 Mons intestinal, studies and publications..2.4-.'- .a-22.9¢-5<-42-+e5 ges ees 157 Wyoming— elk refuge, report......-.----.--+---2+2-eeeeeeee eee = Cate teLiaee pc atenere 360 elk-feeding problems, investigations. . . ......0.0 06.006. cce sen eens eres 352 ROBOT ISCO UCtION Ss. c ¢,< cece 2 e,a2 o aaye heen Otis ae a ets Sie he aie oe ele 338 Yams— BN ERTIBEOLLO: HICO: 2 2'5< 2/5 ana = oleae ainia winning Soe ae torino 432 introduction and growing. ......-...-..--- Baha Weare once yor 185 Youe, H. §., in charge of administration of Warehouse Act.....--..-----.--- 540 ZAPPong, A., report as Chief of the Division of Accounts and Disbursements. 371-376 Zoolozical Division, B. A. I., work report. ...-....2 22-2220 ses- sen cnenens 154-157 Zoology, Medical and Veterinary, index catalogue, progress......-..------+--- 157 O ae af SAMO ONT Rive rite ths ti Or 3t We a S53, ph adneligs mie se Batt = anne eee a es ee ee ene ee ee ee ee ee ee eee 2 ey Gh. = Spb se, WaALcRY: sail eet rem, ORI ied wi +. BEB Aint 6 pws nee HEE ew HG Sin SROs Serta Lardrspaae bela =, de : Sagi on cu seats eaeck tee aek ote le ananaeae Be Hepa fi re a i ie RE EY RRND EG wine ancl ae pas nie spent ea? PENA n dene nom grneuign takes cuhSeuescncewt sonagn Mt aoosib ’ aostal avoi foe ht. sea OQ OS- See MWB he cassia * on 998 Sevan REE Sor weber axronhereqgo By Glen as parece cece Ohl Io, eo he Cates owoitgorbats pepe pera tir G08 Tabet SGP Es echs sc -nnny aolb tn este oq bing geod Altos 4 GOL 2 havens Work.gt eop.), /OOMAieckt dice goboinie'e i “Bi TEN EO tle vit 7 sapnetanaNue zeae ore * -eesyee <5 eee wpa 8 j 419) H Semcaaa -aclooer bse staan foot: ovil gadiedtem toe mers aah ciipa pain pitied Aadn siaseshess WHR ks areenese: Poe jeliats hatte pe -0af- L. parece teas ie Sai oe Sie Viwmiosy nnn <7 stenss E8 ThE NL: INOW AOTEDS 286. evant eee by Fae ip Fs nr DIO. onND ot antab rridadgonongs enxied ae V4NoTIAaTy. Stlisan a, nragt f —“Yarlyony = Sth. Be dung Ee | bee SUtegal : HANTS E thes Sia ie eh CA gt a Se Rie, a enbieel yneo bal Joel jo Wo aba << ] BU GAMIOCOSS 6 cb h aac a ele chaste cecdaeci¥ccvecin «+++. e9tbute atsoo-nonouborg - thas ; / 90 dC, 86. nid iat, wading: ROP OLE waoktsihorg bas eroqzy vegeeiss 2oientata 3 CAN > Syria MEN ioe ows CULE RUE OOD, 24 eee t abloty Bie waaay’, moienatxs ae’ Clencas,: nib, ieliae...giblentady bees fie host sad-to omni atk Pesce Sek pata Ceunlacl I ewOD, cAI HUN wyercesde Waterss > eon habe he ed ENT TS AX Ligpaiee sativa adie DotT sob ~ sonny 5 gegen mi ak duedatcis. due 2elide tomato: jotatittes hoger won ,rxeting hs a ne Wee eevee ees cop e+e. aAOMOHOR ae toga PICATIIO Gb. he bias pobre 4 ee Srieteir ake akties ote yarrdgid i2nOUEL Cees toaiae eeu % aon chien tes “ed AOL AM ENTSI ZO" 29 LEE , Hie St46h puck boy Gost aa Jpn Liétinsddiae hoe’ not ‘ ‘bP Deeuia an iiiee te se awit atte a Ea pads eromaatt tect noiinatota, ” {PS. ORR: Desdictut, saa comalyts us emesuieed) Py eee Cphibite Meckeewins ay GOS Pia pe ervey Se tila Sie vol 30, SOMO T- “soojouy mmiiteliitettr if BET oie uf bd Pi oli Ske, p riskier bed hci } rN SS ee HL So Fite” actal J K LS ioe Dien WES one nee Speen v eee te eden es = OM OTEROD ee oe tiny ire : we = eel 2g lsdeebehavies- ocx. seen ORD bag soljoalies atilony ware by LEB abe vievn x ties oll die ae oA PARLOUR. Ot fing: Move T5796 S SEY aevhidiuesac, Addiakaonthor®. . cc: ..ctroubardl tail. bas t ; i REE Hiei ann saan cose geste deiuegen 44 ans a +++ a» SSRE ahiow gonads a Sig waa, Jats, wi. Biase Rane PEL ceca bas C204 4S oy REE i.e. ote dite baa. prevoor- spies ; bat Wisi settee. a, anniv econ pt B diceericeine | Mosisioe Caitei noi =k reteset ret AE bl. pase, ~wlelsorap sbisioo af coitaail so estoiits sasinrieqett WGI gist ewe aneeepn vee apes vanes es -amtoptaoildiag bas sole ae . Prdgh AeeVLlS EOE SVMOREY GOR AIR eg = eee 8 PRE » i BE Maki tenneACANAE capcet- hpestswohy cathe etek MOT. Tat wiby h* “ fos sa rripatin apc tiias wichita as te «OOO RBTEGTEE, noaldor beh th a d en Pera Lk 2¢ ina eras Pret sch od bel EAE ey, Fires Led BaiY 48 bebil natin be + fometey Y Rear, abucdroe.. yore he . Via - iw ate Ore : » ‘A \ \ ANS) an ihe en 3 5185 00258 9826 I MALS ‘ i , TNR ORM THY SRK APRA fi } Ne k NO eeePND ny i EAN ot oy ra = wie! ee a ae axa Sos LSE I f aa wee Sint: EAS tpt a wi HAAN ANGER an aie poakt RN) fin ah Wy », NN ANY ‘Kn a ONY x = j bora) H me axe pr nero er esam et oan Sate ence SO a eo anne Se Se, = wip enna ore SS LIN S: Sea s —— me, = >} \\ { My Mi NN TEENA = xu REARS; rn See LP weeny ere oe ee = — oS SS antes Se ee ee ee ee eee eee a) N TS FAUNA YAN AOC ae ss ‘aah = at en xe Sa D Phi = oe ane Se Be = SA os a See Sire ee aot = me Grae ~~ ote Seri = = ~~ = rots eee rae < Serene eee Banton are aes Hs