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Geology- Foundation for the Hew Century

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DEC 10 1999

Illinois state Geological Surue annual Report 1999

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Cover photos by Joel Dexter

1 Low density development on the northwestern edge of the Chicago metropolitan area. More than 50 miles from the loop, the area is a high priority for geologic mapping.

2 Survey geologists drilling for a new water supply for a small central Illinois town.

3 A sand and gravel pit along the northwestern edge of Chicago-area development.

4 A lake in a reclaimed strip mine at Kickapoo State Park near Danville.

5 A survey geologist taking core samples with the Survey's GeoProbe drill unit near Grafton in south western Illinois

6&7 Illinois school teachers at ial outreach workshops.

LIBRARY.

Writers: Stuart Tarr, Cheryl Nimz, Tom McGeary

Designer: Pam Carrillo

Photographer: Joel Dexter

Printed by aurthonty of the State of Illinois/1 , 1 00/1 999/$ 1 .79 @ pHnttd with \oyht:in ink on recycled paper

Geology- Foundation tor the New Century

To the People of Illinois 1

Geologic Foundations for the New Century 5

Geomapping 12

Resources: Use and Protection 24

Education and Outreach 44

Illinois State Geological Survey Annual Report 1999

Department of Natural Resources

ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

William W. Sbilts, Chief DEQ 1 0 1999

Natural Resources Building

615 East Peabody Drive |L v».vi jvi\vi.I

Champaign Illinois 61820-6964

(217) 333-4747

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2012 with funding from

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

http://archive.org/details/annualreporttobo1999illi

To the People of Illinois

Science and Society

on the Eve of the 21st Century:

The Role of Geological Surveys

As the 21st century and a new millennium approach, I have been reflecting on the growth and direction of the Illinois State Geological Survey, which had its beginnings in 1905. Our Survey's activities have spanned most of the past 100 years. Throughout that period, the Survey has worked diligently to meet the geological information needs of an ever-changing society. As a result, current Illinois citizens can benefit greatly from the efforts of

William Shilts, Chief, Illinois State Geological Survey

The late 19"' through early 20"' century was the culmination of the era of romantic geology as lay persons and scientists unearthed and examined the fossil record and attempted to interpret it. Shown are university geologists from around Iowa and Illinois visiting an exposure cast of Peoria in 1898.

In the industrial era, geology focused on the extraction of mineral and fossil fuel resources.

one of the largest, most productive, and most prestigious of the state surveys.

The situation was quite different at the cen- tury's start, when geology was mostly an amateur and academic pursuit. Soon after, the appetite of Illinois industry for raw mate- rials and energy required a more professional approach, and our Survey was created to carry out the exploration, mapping, and re- search activities that fueled the state's indus- trial growth.

Toward midcentury, though, the Survey's mandate expanded, and our focus gradually shifted from a focus on energy extraction to providing a broad range of geologic informa- tion that could be used to address economic and environmental issues, such as contamina- tion of groundwater from chemicals and wastes, potential damage from and causes of earthquakes, disposal of radioactive wastes, building and rebuilding our infrastructure as cities expand, and numerous others.

Today, the Illinois Survey is in the forefront nationally and interna- tionally as a provider of environmental geologv information. Cur- rent critical issues demanding our attention include urban planning and the extraction or preservation of resources, most notably wa- ter and construction aggregate, once so taken for granted that thev were not even given the same status as energy and metal resources.

During the next century, the state economy will probably continue to shift to lighter industry and information-based services. Quality - of-life issues are likely to be increasingly important in attracting employers and high-quality employees to Illinois and keeping them here. Providing adequate clean water, flood protection, and aesthet- ics such as open land and recreational opportunities will require the best geologic information possible. This information can serve as the foundation for economic decisions that will encourage smart, sustainable development for years to come.

Geologic Mapping

The geologic mapping of the state from surface to bedrock remains our core program. This year, Survey mapping teams are continuing their work in high-priority areas of the state M\d region. The geo- mapping section of this report contains an illustrated explanation of

Today, geology focuses on environmental concerns, and new technologies provide the tools to carry out mapping and identi- fication of earth materials, both natural and manmadc. Chemists, mineralogists, paleontologists, and other scientists have increasingly sophisticated laboratory tools to detect and identify pollutants.

why and how the new digital, three-dimensional maps are made and how they can be used.

Basic and Applied Research

Not everything we do is di- rectly tied to the mapping program, however. A large part of our charge is the basic

and applied research conducted on Illinois coal, oil and gas, aggre- gate materials, sedimentary processes, and other subjects. We know from experience, though, that today's basic research may contain the information needed to solve tomorrow's problems.

Education and Outreach

We have also been particularly active in educational outreach, spurred on by the new science learning standards that go into effect next year in Illinois schools. Our extensive efforts to provide Illinois- based earth science information to the educational community and to the general public are critical in communicating to the public what we do.

Survey geologist J anis Treworgy demonstrates the Survey's groundwater flow model to Ohio State University professor, Gary Mackenzie, at the recent Geological Society of America meeting hosted by the Illinois State Geological Survey in Urbana-Champaign.Thc model is used to train earth science teachers about how water flows in various materials.

Collaborative and Interdisciplinary Work

The Survey leads in collaborative efforts. As of this year, most of our research is done as projects by teams who have defined their research activities and outcomes.

Cross-disciplinary studies are more important than ever before, and some of the coalitions and partnerships that allow us to maximize Survey staff and resources are featured in this report. These types of collaboration allow us to integrate our work with that of others and do our very best with the funding we have.

The Central Great Lakes Mapping Coalition, which we were instru- mental in creating, with the geological surveys of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and the U.S. Geological Survey, is a bold attempt to build a partnership among states and the federal government to accom- plish an objective that is critical to ensuring the future economic and environmental security of die citizens of our four states. The Coalition is seen by the USGS as a model for the partnerships they hope to forge in the coming century, and it has stimulated other multi-state and international coalition proposals. I have been in- vited to speak about the formation and goals of the coalition at sev- eral meetings in the U.S., Canada, and Finland as interest increases in this concept of pooling resources to solve common geological and societal problems

Moving Forward with New Leaders

Candidates are currently being interviewed to head two important Survey groups, Information Delivery and Economic Geology. Changes are in store as these new leaders join a strong management and administrative team at the Survey. I trust this team to represent our interests well as we strive to keep pace with societal demands for information.

Geology is the foundation supporting our environment, societv, economy, and culture. Throughout the next centurv, and the next millennium, we at the Survey will continue to embrace the changing roles of earth science research in supporting the issues and decisions of the people of Illinois. We look forward to the ongoing discovery and dissemination of that geologic information.

William W. Shilts, Chief

The work of the Illinois State Geological Survey is carried out in two primary areas — environmental geology and economic geol- ogy— which are becoming increasingly interconnected. The many environmental issues that Illinois must address are often also eco- nomic resource issues. To attract employers and quality employees, quality-of-life concerns such as health and safety risks, commuting time, and landscape aesthetics are factors as important in the eco- nomic equation as water, energy, and industrial minerals.

Because our natural and built environment rests on a geologic base, the more that we know about that base, the more likely we are to make sensible decisions to secure environmentally friendly, eco- nomic growth.

Illinois is rich in many resources, but land is limited. All but about five percent of Illinois land is in private hands, and Illinois ranks 49th among the states in public lands held for residents. Disputes over land use are certain to in- crease in the coming century.

The mission of the Illinois State Geological Survey is to provide the citizens, institutions, and decision- makers of Illinois with unbiased geological information to use as the basis for environmental and economic decision-making.

Developers, industrial and min- ing interests, environmental groups, preservationists, natural- ists, communities, and private citizens all compete for land, water, and mineral resources. Multiple demands on our resources create conflicting and complex options, and land-use decisions made with- out an adequate base of earth sci- ence informa- tion have often increased costs and risks to soci- ety and the envi- ronment.

CA

Clean, safe, and palatable water supplies, wetlands for wildlife and flood control, and open lands for recreation and pleasant landscapes arc three environmental issues that are becoming economic resource issues.

The Survey's research and mapping programs will provide the spe- cific, detailed information as well as the broader regional context necessary to make better decisions for land use. Currently, the Sur- vey's mapping is focused on the highest priority areas of the state, and the ultimate goal is comprehensive mapping of the entire state. Although completing this mapping program will take many years and significant resources, economic studies have shown that the program will pay for itself many times over in economic and envi- ronmental benefits over the course of the century.

21st century environmental issues will be economic resource issues

Land-use decisions will increasingly need to take geologic issues into account.

Today's Geological Issues

Detailed geological information is needed to address a broad range of environmental and economic issues:

Urban sprawl. In the Chicago metropolitan region, congestion and quality-of-life costs from residential Mid industrial development intensify problems of water quality and supply, storm water mk\ waste management, protection of open spaces and access to building material resources, premature development of prime agricultural lands, M\d bluff and shoreline erosion.

Wetlands are an important environmental resource for Illinois.

• Development of Metro-East St. Louis. Economic devel- opment in this area of Illinois is occurring rapidly on a labyrinth of karst, or eroded limestone, and the large aquifer beneath is exceptionally prone to contamination.

• Groundwater contam- ination. Most homes, farms, businesses, and industries in Illinois meet their water needs by tapping into aquifers, the water-saturated earth materials below the ground that yield water into wells. Survey research is being undertaken to provide the detailed geological knowledge to address serious concerns about the concentrations of pesticides in ground- water and the potential for contamination by large livestock operations.

• Water supply. Around the state, water supply is important. Will supplies be adequate for development, not only for residential drinking water, but also for industrial uses?

• Erosion. A primary economic and recreational resource for the state, the Illinois River is facing major problems from silting caused by erosion. Erosion along the Lake Michigan shoreline and bluffs is also a serious problem.

• Soil contamination. Contam- inated soils must be identified and remedied. Geologic mapping is the first step in locating hazardous waste deposits and discovering how

deeply and how widely contamination may have spread.

• Energy. In the new deregulated environment, increased demand for peak electric power might be met with natural gas-powered combination-cycle plants, which are quite efficient, but have enormous water needs. The adequacy of water resources for this sort of shift in electricity generation is not known.

Land-use conflict will increase in the 21st century

Illinois coal is being loaded at the Cora terminal for Mississippi River transport.

• Coal. Enforcement of the Clean Air Act has reduced air and water contamination, but has been devastating to the Illinois coal industry. Most of Illinois coal is high in sulfur, a major culprit in acid rain. Although the short- term prospects for the Illinois coal mining industry are not good, in the long term, coal may again be a vital industry as ways to cheaply and cleanly mine it and burn it are developed. Survey research in this area is developing useful, environmentally beneficial, and economically viable products from both coal and waste products.

• Earthquake hazards. Large-magnitude earthquakes do not pose a serious threat in the northern half of Illinois; however, in the southern half, there are several active fault zones. Loosely consolidated and water-saturated earth materials in the major river valleys can greatly amplify the effects of earthquake shaking. The Survey is mapping the soils in the state that are most prone to magnifying the ground motions during earthquakes so that developers can take heed of the problem in siting new infrastructure and strengthening existing facilities. Earth hazards such as unstable soils and land subsidence are other issues the Survev addresses.

Collaboration and Teamwork:

New Working Relationships

for Problems That Cross Boundaries

Although many of the problems and issues of the contemporary Illinois economy and environment demand geological information, obtaining such information is expensive. There is also a shortage of trained staff to conduct the research. Sharing of equipment mk\ per- sonnel throutih collaborative efforts, and increased funding, can help solve these problems. Close cooperation between the Survey and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has paid enor- mous dividends over the years a\i^\ will continue to do so.

Collaboration with other uni- versities in the state — South- ern Illinois University, Northern Illinois University, Eastern Illinois University, and Western Illinois Univer- sity— has been beneficial to mapping, eoal research, and intern programs. The Central Great Lakes Geologic Map- ping Coalition provides the framework for team efforts with the U.S. Geological Sur- vey and the other state sur-

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veys within the central region.

Geoscience Research

Much of the Geological Sur-

r The Central Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition

The members of the Central Great Lakes Mapping Coalition — the U.S. Geological Survey and the state geological surveys of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio — are working cooperatively to map the geology of Lake County, beginning with the Antioch Quad. This high-priority quad is in a part of the Chicago metro area, where scientific information is ur- gently needed to address issues related to urban planning, including groundwater quality, use, and protection; location of and access to building aggregate materials; and waste disposal.

This pilot program allows scientific expertise, experience, and equipment to be shared across surveys and state boundaries. Benefits of these pooled resources include the opportunity to use high-resolution geo- physics and the best available drilling equipment to examine the subsur- face. And, because geological problems often cross state lines, the Coalition provides a simplified mechanism for interstate cooperation.

As geologists work together in the field, procedures and methodology are being shared and documented, which should help efforts to set needed standards in describing glacial and bedrock materials. Also, map products coming from several agencies or states are most useful when they are consistent in terminology and appearance, especially when users need to orient themselves to several maps simultaneously. — Dick Berg

vey's work is applied science.

Mapping, coal technology, oil and gas production, and wetland protection tend to be oriented toward immediate issues and prob- lems or those that seem likely to occur in the near future.

However, the Survey's ability to respond quickly to concerns of in- dustry, government, and the public depends ultimately on the qual- ity of its ongoing basic geoscience research. Fundamental results

i- Basic Research on Ancient Environments of Deposition — —

Conceptual models of ancient environments of deposition can be power- ful predictive tools that provide significant insight about, for example, the occurrence and distribution of certain mineral resources. Using out- crop information, drill cores and cuttings, and wireline logs, Survey ge- ologists developed a model that is helping to predict the distribution, thickness, strata patterns, and facies of the Middle Ordovician Platteville and Galena limestones in the midcontinent.

Evidence suggests that during the Middle Ordovician Period (450 million years ago), the sea level rose significantly because of global warming. Concurrently, an oceanic passage or trough developed in the Reelfoot Rift region situated in the Mississippi Embayment (southern Illinois and western Kentucky). The trough funneled oceanic currents into the mid- continent and influenced the formation of phosphate deposits, hydrocarbon-rich shales, and limestone resources. Results were pub- lished recently in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America.

—Dennis Kolata

from research on the state's statigraphy, structural geology, tectonic history, clay mineralogy, and other subject areas provide the neces- sary framework for applied studies of economic geology and the en- vironment. Basic research is essential to the development of predictive and remedial technology for improved use of the Earth.

Basic geoscience research involves the collection and interpretation of large amounts of data (e.g., chemical analyses, wireline logs, seis- mic reflection lines, drill cores and cuttings, outcrop descriptions, and samples). Research often leads to completely new concepts about geologi- cal processes and materials or answers to old questions that have puz- zled geologists

r Peoria Lake Restoration Project

Lettuce, barley, snap beans, and tomatoes are an important part of a recent geological inves- tigation to test the agricultural potential of sediments from Peoria Lake. The crops were planted after initial chemical analyses

Survey scientists collect sediment samples at Peoria Lake.

showed that the sediments are safe for use in many applications and are as fertile or more fertile than the best cropland soils. So far, the test crops are doing as well as crops grown on fertile Illinois soils.

Sediments have been gradually filling the lake since 1901, when Peoria Lake was formed. Once highly productive, the lake and the wildlife that depend on it are now threatened by silt deposits, which are thicker than 6 feet in some areas. Water out- side navigable channels is only about 18 inches deep, and the fish population is dwindling. Loss of the lake is inevitable without dredging.

The Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has made the lake restoration a highest priority project. During summer 1999, a team of environmental scientists from the Illinois State Geological Survey, Natural History Survey, and other divisions of the DNR completed the initial evaluation of lake sediments. Other experts were called in as needed.

A long-standing assumption was that the lake sediments originated in the Chicago area and might be contaminated with industrial or other wastes. Lake sediments were sampled, chemically analyzed, and additionally tested by soil scientists to de- termine whether dredged sediments would need to be cleaned or could be used elsewhere.

Chemical analyses suggested that the lake sediments are a potentially valuable resource instead of a hazard. Scientists found no significant differences between the lake sediments and samples of very productive Illinois soil. The clay minerals in the sediments apparently were from glacial till, which sug- gested they were coming from the bottom and sides of ravines rather than from surface run-off erosion as had been originally thought. —Chris Stohr

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for generations. Many new interpretations and concepts have very practical applications: research identifies a previously unsuspected target area for exploration of oil or low-sulfur coal, or the discovery of a previously undetected fault explains earthquake oeeurrences.

Outreach efforts ensure that the important geologic information discovered through basic and applied research programs is com- municated to the public in many ways. Whether interacting with governments, other agencies, schools, or individuals, the Survey works to emphasize the importance of geology and its impact on the welfare of Illinois citizens.

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Geologic Mapping: Foundation for Decisions

ISdS drill viri on site during water location efforts in McHnn-y County.

Managing the competition for land, water, mineral, and biological resources by developers, industrial and mining interests, environ- mental action groups, and private citizens requires that public offi- cials decide among a complex array of often conflicting public policy options. Local and state decision-makers face the formidable task of simultaneously promoting economic growth, meeting the resource needs of a growing and shifting population, and ensuring a high quality of life for future generations.

Detailed, accurate, and current geologic informa- tion can serve as the basis to support these diffi- cult decisions, and, to provide this information, the Survey began a long-term project in 1996 to map the surficial and bedrock geology of Illinois in three dimensions. A major challenge is that the subsurface cannot actually be seen directly. Geo- logic mapping, then, is the interpretation of the data that geologists have gathered.

The equipment needed to obtain the essential subsurface information is costly, however, and too few trained staff are available to complete such a comprehensive mapping program quickly. The sharing of equipment and personnel and in- creased funding are very much needed.

At current funding levels, the complete mapping of the state will take decades, but the need for in- formation is urgent, especially near Chicago, Metro-East St. Louis, and Peoria, where competi- tion for resource access and use is intense and must be balanced with concerns about human health and environmental protection. For these reasons, high-priority urban areas are being mapped first by the [SGS mapping teams, which are working collaboratively with staff from other surveys and agencies in many instances.

In a way that was never before possible, current computer technology allows large amounts of data to be managed ,\\k\ integrated to produce

high-quality map products that can be accessed easily and custom- ized for the user. Such maps can be used as the basis for sound deci- sions by groups as diverse as city and county planners, utilities, public health agencies, departments of transportation, environ- mental protection agencies, builders and developers, agricultural agencies, mining companies, engineering firms and agencies, and ordinary citizens.

r Mapping Teams: Where Are They Now ? ^^^— ^^^—

Mapping projects are underway in high-priority areas around the state:

Chicago Metro (Lake and McHenry Counties): Antioch, McHenry, Marengo South, Huntley, and Crystal Lake Quad- rangles

Western Illinois (Adams and Knox Counties): Keller- ville, Fishhook, Appleton, and Galesburg East Quad- rangles

Peoria Metro (Peoria County): Oak Hill and Dunlap Quadrangles

Metro-East St. Louis (Jersey, Madison, and St. Clair Counties): Grafton, Elsah, Alton, Columbia, Cahokia, Granite City, Monks Mound, O'Fallon, French Village, and Millstadt Quadrangles

Southern Illinois (Union, Johnson, Alexander, Pulaski, and Massac Counties): Cypress, Metropolis, Bandana, Karnak, Pulaski, Olmstead, Joppa, Cache, Cairo, and Vienna Quadrangles

What is a Quadrangle!

In geologic mapping, a quadrangle is a four-sided tract of land bounded by lines of latitude and longitude. The size of a quadrangle can be given in minutes: a 7.5-minute quadrangle map, at a scale of 1:24,000, has dimensions of 7 .S-minutes for both latitude and longitude and covers 50 to 60 square miles. Illinois is covered by 1,072 quadrangles at this scale.

Shaded areas indicate quadrangles where geomapping is currently underway.

A hand-held digitizer is one of the ways old tnap data is trans- lated to digital form.

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Making the Modern Map: The Digital Database

As a first step, geologists must gather information about land surface and un- derground geologic mate- rials using historical drilling records and digital orthophotograph information. Next are field observations, which include direct ex- ploration, electrical resistivity measurements, seismic analysis, and drill core samples.

Mapping teams in the field use computer-generated base maps pro- duced from U.S. Geological Survey orthophotographs. Field data, including notes and photographs, are beginning to be collected in digital form, which increases the efficiency and accuracy of data collection and transfer.

Back at the Survey building, new field data are analyzed, verified, and entered into large databases. These data- bases can be used to obtain information directly or to produce highly detailed maps.

I SGS geologists near Fishhook (left) and Champaign (right) collecting and interpreting drill cores.

Because each feature of the digitized maps is tied to a complete database, geologists can use Geographic Information System computer software to manipulate the data to produce customized maps. Map areas between known points are interpreted to present a more complete picture of the fea- tures below the surface. Oata from well

i i

r Illinois Digital Orthophoto Quadrangle Completion Project

Digital orthophotography, an increasingly important complement to traditional topo- graphic maps, combines the image characteristics of an aerial photograph with the

geometric qualities of a map. Because distortions have been removed, ground features are shown in their correct loca- tions. The result is a true image map that portrays ground fea- tures typically omitted or gen- eralized on traditional maps.

Each standard digital ortho- photo quadrangle (DOQ) covers one quarter of the geographic area in a 7.5-minute topo- graphic quadrangle map. The larger scale reveals more cul- tural details, but orthophoto- graphs lack the elevation data shown on topographic maps. At the ISGS, DOQs are being merged with existing topo- graphic map data to form up- dated base maps for applica- tion in the Survey's geologic mapping program. The DOQs are especially useful in rapidly

A portion of a DOQ showing a 160-acrc area (1/4 survey sectioti) within the Antioch Quadrangle in northern Lake County. This DOQ has been developed from 1993 NAPP photography. The DOQ image scale is 1 inch = 700 feet.

urbanizing areas or in areas where changes caused by active stream ero- sion are not apparent on older topo- graphic maps.

The U.S. Geological Survey-National Mapping Division, the USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, the USDA-Farm Services Agency, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency- Region V, and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources have agreed to fund the Illinois Digital Orthophoto Quadrangle Completion Project. The goal of the 2.5-year project is to de- velop the DOQs for all of the 7.5- minute series (scale 1" = 2000') quad- rangle maps that constitute Illinois. The source images for the DOQs are black-and-white, 1 998-1 999 aer- ial photography acquired as part of the National Aerial Photography Pro- gram (NAPP).

— Investigator: Don Luman

The saim area is shown as it appears on the DOQ developed from 1 998- 1999 NA PP photography. Note the emergence of single- a ud multi-family housing, roadways, and impoundments during this relatively short tunc period. (DOQ courtesy of Lake County.)

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Groundwater Considerations	Engineering Considerations
• Aquifer delineation	• Soil amplification of seismic energy
• Aquifer sensitivity/vulnerability	• Soil period (resonance) for seismic
• Depth to top of aquifer	waves
• Depth to top of the water table	• Liquefaction potential
• Hydraulic properties	• Landslide potential
• Potentiometric surfaces	• Subsidence events and history
• Potential groundwater yield	• Erosion history and potential
• Groundwater quality	• Flooding susceptibility
• Recharge/discharge	• Compressible soils
• Groundwater/surface water	• Poorly drained soils
interactions	• Load-bearing capacity
• Artesian conditions	• Flood erosion and sedimentation
• Sand lenses and fractures	• Flood plain risk zones
	• Karst features and collapse potential
Mineral Resources
• Sand and gravel	Geochemical Considerations
• Shallow bedrock	• Radon potential
• Drift gas	• Baseline groundwater geochemistry
• Peat	• Baseline geologic material
• Overburden thickness and character	geochemistry
• Fossil fuels	Facility Siting and Planning
Wetlands	• Waste disposal planning
• Wetland delineation	• Industrial, commercial, residential, and
• Hydric soils	infrastructure siting/planning
• Wetland history and location	Economic Assessments
• Wetland hydrogeology	• Property values/insurance estimates
Habitats	• Risk assessments
• Habitat alterations	• Cost/benefit studies
• Ecosystem delineation.
reconstruction, and maintenance
• Biodiversity potential

records, electric log measurements, and core sample descriptions can be integrated to map underground formations of various mate- rials. This information can then be combined with digital elevation models of the land surface topographv to produce three-dimen- sional maps for use in locating water, oil, gas, coal, and aggregate materials.

Changing Maps for Changing Needs

Computer models of the data are used to illustrate various scenar- ios, such as the effects of earthquakes near urban centers or the movement of natural gas in underground storage reservoirs. Data can also be combined in various ways to provide derivative maps. For example, data about bedrock aquifers, thickness of surficial deposits, and the rate at which water tlows through the surficial de- posits can be integrated to produce aquifer sensitivity maps, which show the susceptibility of groundwater to contamination in the soil above it. Such customized maps provide information to answer urgent questions about issues such as landfill siting or water safety.

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Paper maps, especially the derivative maps, used to be difficult and time-consuming to produce. With the basic geologic information in a digital database, derivative maps can be readily developed, and the basic database can be revised whenever new data become available. Three-dimensional models of the geology can be rotated to include cross-sections of the soil and rock layers or can be proportionally enlarged to show features more clearly and identify formations and deposits more easily.

Features of the model can be highlighted or layered on or off to show complex interactions and interrelationships:

• River location, slope, soil type, and elevation added to surficial maps help to identify geologic or environmental hazards.

• Earthquake ground motion maps can be overlaid with roads, cities, and critical emergency facilities to allow officials to determine what emergency preparations are needed.

• Topographic features can be layered over digital ortho- photographs to help in their interpretation.

• Oil and gas production maps can be layered with information such as locations of roads, railroads, and metropolitan centers.

• Oil and gas production maps can also be integrated with geologic formation information to suggest potential locations for new drilling sites.

High-quality paper maps are still the standard used by most people, and all of the online custom maps can be reproduced on paper within a matter of hours. These computer-generated maps are a superior way of providing users with the current, complex informa- tion needed for land-use planning. Survey geologists work with in- dividuals to help them understand how the mapped geological features affect the issues at hand.

— Gcomapping teams: Curt Abert, Mike Barnbardt, Sbeena Beaverson,

Kimbra Bums, Cheri Cbcnowctb, Tom Davis, Brett Denny, Joe Devera,

Jane Duncan, Anne Faber, Stepbanie Gillain, Christopher Goldsmith,

Dave Grimley, John Grube, Francois Hardy, J. Hintz, Bryan Huff,

Russ Jacobson, Myrna Killcy, Rob Krumm, Zak Lasemi,

Alison Lecouris, Brent Lemkc, Don human, Jack Masters,

Chris McGany, Alan Metcalf, Dave Morse, Renee Najjy, Dan Nelson,

Matt Rifujs, Art Sanders, Bev Seyler, Lisa Smith, Barb Stiff,

Chris Stohr, Wen-June Su, Bob Vaiden, Tonia Vaujjbn, Pius Wcibcl.

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Digital orthophotographs, derived from aerial photographs and adjusted for constant scale, provide current information about land surface.

Information from traditional map (map 2) is com- puterized using geospatial software and is noiv in digital form. Each grid of information is the most current available.

Traditional contour elevation maps interpret the land surface in two dimensions.

Data points such as outcrops, water )vells,gas urlls, coal tests, geophysical surveys, ami stratigraphic exploration boreholes are the original source of information about bedrock topography.

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Geologists use the data points from the well maps (map 4)to produce a digital grid nmp that shows the bedrock topography, interpreting the area between points.

The computerized grid map showing the thickness of glacial deposits was made by subtracting the bedrock information (map 6) from the land surface information (map 3).

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The grids of the online digital map (maps 3 and 5) can be contoured to make a readable paper nmp of the model of bedrock topography.

The drift thickness grid is contoured to produce a readable paper map model of the thickness of the drift over the bedrock surface.

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Lisa Smith and Matt Riggs examine a map. detail.

Art Sanders, recording well location information.

limb Stiff and Sbeena

Beaversotl, working with (i IS software.

Tom Davis, Coordinator of the Midwest Petroleum Technology Transfer Council Research Center, shares oil technology information with independent producers.

The Human Touch

The day of computer infor- mation may be upon us, but human intelligence is very much a part of the produc- tion of very detailed, computer-generated maps. Skilled database construction and entry are the vital, behind- the-scenes aspects of mapping. The accurate entrv of the vast amounts of data used in todav's applications re- quires an enormous commitment of human time and talent. Potential uses of the information must be consid- ered at the outset to ensure that the data can be accessed for the intended use.

Once the data have been entered, geologists can use soft- ware packages to interpret the data and produce maps and other visual representations of the data. The accuracy of

the maps must be continually checked. A map may have an unusual feature because of an error in data entry, or the data mav validate an unusual map feature. The advantages of the computer-generated maps — accuracy, ease of use and updating, and ability to customize— make the initial efforts in data collection, database construction, M\d evaluation worthwhile.

Rob Kriimm, explaining maps on an ISGS imrting exhibit.

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Once created, maps must be maintained and updated as new infor- mation becomes available. It is important, however, that upgrades to software and hardware permit the easy transfer of large data files from previous technology. Even seemingly minor changes, such as to color keys, can have very undesirable ramifications. Thus, the ISGS will need to have dedicated staff to maintain the integrity and usability of the database of maps.

Mapping Metro-East St. Louis: A Case Study

The Metro-East St. Louis region, which is undergo- ing rapid urban expansion and contains known geo- logical hazards, has been identified as a high-priority area for geo- logic mapping by the Illinois State Geological Survey. Current, detailed geological information about mine subsidence potential, aquifer sensitivity to contamination, karst density, and landslide po- tential is urgently needed by area planners and policy makers.

Production of detailed geological maps of the surficial and bedrock geology is in progress for the Grafton, Elsah, Alton, and OTallon Quadrangles. Field work to map the Millstadt, French Village, and Ca- hokia Quadrangles is underway.

The surficial and bedrock informa- tion obtained by geologists can be used to generate various map prod- ucts showing mine subsidence potential, aquifer sensitivity to con- tamination, karst density (an indica- tor of sinkhole potential), landslide potential, and other geological haz- ards.

During the mapping project, Survey geologists learned that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Natural Resources Conservation Service, and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources Office of

#!-.,,,,

JBr'

Karst region in the Metro- Hast St. Louis area. Karst land is susceptible to sink- holes, water contamina- tion, and damage from earth hazards.

21

Water Resources had concerns about siltation in Mississippi flood plain wetlands, which is related to the land- slide potential of the region. The banks of the creeks draining the bluff areas were experiencing severe erosion and slumping and were delivering large quantities of sediment to the wetlands below.

The slumping was affecting residential and commercial construction upland of the valley slopes, and poorlv designed construction drainage has- tened and worsened the erosion of both surface loess soil and stream banks. Construction close to the brink of valley walls would contribute to slumping.

Because the ISGS geologists were already mapping in one of the areas of greatest concern— Powdermill Creek in the French Village Quadrangle — they began landslide potential mapping of the area as a pilot project. Surficial mapping of the quad had just been com- pleted. A slope map produced from USGS digital line graphs and a landslide inventory produced from aerial photograph analyses were also used. Illinois Department of Transportation data provided average values for soil properties. Because all of the necessary data were available, preliminary maps were produced quickly .\\k\ eco- nomically.

These landslide potential maps include information on the number of existing slumps and their characteristics, slope, distribution of earth materials, properties of those materials, and groundwater ta- ble. The maps are being used to identify areas that need immediate repair, to locate areas for siltation basins, and to assess areas for safe construction of roads or buildings.

The Office of Water Resources is eager for landslide potential maps of the area and has funded surficial mapping of the Collinsville Quadrangle for fiscal year 2000. Acquiring new geoteehnieal data for land potential mapping is, for the first time, a priority in field reconnaissance. Later maps will also use information obtained from engineering testing and earth materials analysis. Additional geo- teehnieal data will build a more complete database, which will pro- vide better maps.

— Geomapping team: Joe Devera, Andrew Phillips, Brett Denny,

Mike Earnhardt, David Grimley, Renee Najjy, Zah Lasemi,

Rod Norbv, Chen Chenowcth, Christine Wiscombe

- Working Together for Water

Groundwater and geophysical experts from the Illinois State Geo logical Survey are working in the Metro-East St. Louis area in Madi son, St. Clair, and Monroe Counties, where an ISGS geomapping team is mapping sur- ficial and bedrock geology.

The close physical proximity of the two teams encourages frequent communication, which improves the efficiency and effective- ness of both. Ordinarily, when a geomap- ping team finishes work on a drill site, the drill hole is closed, and groundwater geolo- gists who come into that area later have to drill their own wells. With both teams work- ing in the same area simultaneously, the geomapping team can leave wells open longer so that the groundwater geologists can collect data, for example, about the wa- ter table and groundwater flow.

Sam Panno examining a water sample.

A long-term, benefit of this type of collaboration will be improved aquifer sensitivity maps, which are currently derived from maps of aquifer depth and the type and thickness of materials overlying the bedrock foundation. Actual field data from drilling can validate computer-generated maps and add information to the databases used to produce the maps. — Groundwater mapping team: Tim Larson, Ed Smith, Bob Vaiden

23

CO

■ ■

CO

U

CO

Limestone quarry near Anna in southern Illinois.

Basic resources such as fertile land, building ma terials, water and energy supplies, and waterways played a central role in locating and maintaining Illinois cities and towns.

Stripping shovel (large) and coal loading shovel (small) in a surface mine in southern Illinois.

These resources continue to be critical to the Illinois economy and society, but as we approach the new century, new types of resources

\d-'v im'Tm'iSSS^t

^Hfr«< JMb

Aerial photograph of Crystal Lake, McHenry County, showing recent suburban development.

'i

arc becoming valuable. As businesses and employees become less dependent on a particular location to do their work, quality-of-life issues become more important. Resources such as adequate clean, safe, and palatable water supplies, open spaces, parks, and wetlands for recreation .md aesthetics, and the time to enjoy them, become resources people consider when deciding where to live and work.

Both traditional and newer resource concerns are ultimatelv based on the geology of the area. The modern urban ecology rests on geologic foundations. For instance, Chicago was built at a geologi- callv determined transportation link, and its industrial economy was developed with local limestone, fertile agricultural croplands, flat land for building, easily tapped water supplies for personal and in- dustrial use, and access to cheap energy from Illinois coal. Keeping the region attractive for people to locate there, protecting water supplies from contaminants, and providing adequate energv and low -cost construction materials are all resource issues now or on the horizon.

Kickapoo strip mine in the early 20"' century.

Kickapoo State Park today illustrates the recreation potential of mine reclamation areas.

Open Spaces and Wetlands

Open spaces and wetlands become more fragile and more impor- tant as development moves farther from city centers. These areas provide aesthetic breaks and recreational opportunities for urban and suburban dwellers and make an area much more desirable as a living and work space. Open and wetland areas also help purify run-off water, provide a run-off buffer that mitigates urban flood- ing problems, and support ecologically diverse animal and plant life.

25

These ecological areas are dependent on their hydrology and geol- ogy. The ISGS works cooperatively with the Natural History and Water Surveys to help Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) and local officials protect existing wetlands and develop

new ones.

Wetlands: Protection and Preservation

Funded by a contract with IDOT, ISGS hydrogeologists provide wet- land expertise to assist IDOT in its wetland activities. This knowledge can prevent the expense of creating a nonfunctional wetland, which happened more than 50% of the time before 1900, when geological information began to be incorporated into wetland construction de- cisions. Working on about 35 IDOT sites around the state, ISGS scientists use their knowledge about natural wetlands to help re- place wetlands that must be filled during roadway construction. Proposed sites for wetland creation are studied to determine what hvdrogeological alterations are needed to produce functional wet- lands. The scientists monitor newly created wetlands for 5 vears af- ter construction to see whether the sites develop into wetlands and meet federal criteria.

Because wetlands are formed from a combination of hvdrogeologic and ecologic conditions, it takes scientists from many disciplines

— Large Wetland Bank Deposit

lirnH Kettcrling installing monitoring equipment in n wetland area.

I__

Hydrogeologists are currently assessing the long-term po- tential for wetland construction and restoration of an 855-acre site on the Illinois River near Morris. The site already contains many marshes and abandoned mean- ders, and, because of its size, a wetland habitat here would support a greater diversity of plant and animal life than is usually possible at smaller sites. Large suitable ar- eas are difficult to find, and this is the largest site that has been proposed for a wetland bank in Illinois.

Wetland areas destroyed or disturbed by development le- gally must be replaced by new or restored wetlands. When more wetland area is created than is destroyed, the surplus can be submitted to the federal regulatory agen- cies as a potential credit against future wetland destruc- tion: a wetland "bank."

Biologists have already finished identifying habitats, and ISGS geologists are working to provide information that can be used to create and maintain proper levels of wet- ness and water depth, two critical elements for a success- ful wetland. — Investigator: Mike Miller

16

working together to study and fully understand the wetland ecosystem. Geologists and geo- chemists from the ISGS work hand-in-hand with Water Sur- vey hvdrologists and Natural History Survey biologists on wetland problems throughout the state.

— Wetland team: Mike Miller,

James Miner, Christine Fueciolo,

Striken Benton, Brad Ketterlinjj,

Kelli Weaver, Bonnie Robinson

Wetlands in northern Illinois.

Restoration of Millhurst Fen in Kendall County

The mitigation of the Millhurst Fen in Kendall County illustrates that "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." One com- pany, in order to avoid the expense of rerouting a pipeline that they were building, decided to drill horizontally beneath Millhurst Fen to install the pipe. Unfortunately, drilling mud flowed upward and came out in the springs of the fen, damaging the habitat and smothering rare plants. The clean-up efforts were complicated because the fen surface is underlain by peat, which couldn't support the weight of people or equipment. The company was subsequently fined and was required to clean up and repair the damage and monitor the restoration.

ISGS scientists were present for both the assessment and remediation efforts and will be deploying monitoring equipment and taking water samples for 3 to 5 years to ensure a successful restoration. Al- though unfortunate, the Millhurst Fen incident does teach a lesson: avoiding environmental damage often costs less than if the project proceeds without con- sidering the environmental factors, espe- cially hydrogeologic data.

— Investigator: James Miner

Millhurst Fen, Kendall County, during repair effin

ts.

27

*j Excessive

I* Moderate

Water Resources

The Geological Survey works to identify, develop, and protect groundwater resources. In particular, the Survey assists municipali- ties when they need to locate and develop new water sup- plies. One of the major bene- fits of the geomapping program (see previous section of this report) is locating water resources throughout the state.

In addition to finding, mapping, and developing groundwater resources, the ISGS works to protect groundwater from con- tamination. The first line of protection is simply identifying and locating aquifers through mapping. Charting recharge rates, connections between aquifers, and sensitivities to potential contamination are all vital pieces of knowledge needed for protecting ground- water from ill-sited facilities or practices that could contami- nate it.

Very Limited

Statewide aquifer sensitivity map published at a scale of 1:500,000 as OFS1995-5S. It accom- panies EG 148. County maps published at a scale of 1:250,000 are also available. These maps are being used, in part, to develop the states generic pesticide management plan.

Excessive

Moderate

Somewhat Limited

Very Limited

28

r Meeting Municipal Demands for Water ^ ^— ^

Several municipalities have requested ISGS assistance in finding new wa- ter supplies. Multiple small, potential sites have been identified near Van- dalia, but none appears to be large enough to supply the city's increased water needs. More extensive test drilling is being recommended near Dwight because the sandy glacial till in the area masks the exact location of water; the aquifer is not continuous, and not all of the sand layers yield water. Several sites have been identified that may contain water near Ca- sey, which is looking for an alternative water supply to supplement or re- place its current supply; however, the sandstone and limestone deposits in the area produce instrumental readings similar to those of water- bearing formations, and additional tests are needed to determine whether water actually exists. — Investigator: Tim Larson

Many modern activities pose threats to aquifers, and these threats van' according to the terrain and specific geological conditions. Aquifers in the karst areas of southwestern Illinois recharge almost immediately, so that the water is not filtered bv slowly moving through soil. As such, these aquifers are highly sensitive to pollution, and septic systems and other potential pollut- ing installations are particularly threatening in karst terrain.

r Homer: End of the Odyssey

During the summer of 1 999, the Village of Homer finally worked through legal, financial, and technical issues and has constructed two water production wells and installed over 5 miles of pipeline to connect the wells to the village's existing water supply. The ISGS located the 100-foot-thick sand and gravel deposit for the community 3 years ago. At that time, the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) had placed Homer on limited pumping status because, during peak summer use, the village was over- pumping the aquifer source of its existing wells. The IEPA status basically meant that new development requiring city water had to be halted, which limited the growth potential of the town.

Thanks to the assistance and guidance of the ISGS, Homer has enough water to permit further community growth. The new wa- ter source was a rare find, and Homer had been searching for ad- ditional water supply for almost 8 years, without success. Homer is now capable of pumping 1 00 gallons per minute per well to help offset high summer demands the and formerly limited supply.

The immediate economic impact of the project includes the reve- nue generated largely from state and federal grants for support- ing the contractors and engineering firm that implemented the project. With its new water source, Homer anticipates increased residential and commercial expansion for years to come.

— Investigator: Tim Young

Drilling rig used to install Homer's water well.

29

Planning for Tomorrow's Water Needs: Mahomet Valley Water Authority

The Mahomet Valley Water Authority funded a program to study the extent and thickness of sand and gravel aqui- fers in Piatt and DeWitt Counties. The water authority is most interested in the parts of the counties that do not overlie the Mahomet aquifer. These are areas where the probability of obtaining sufficient water even for a do- mestic supply is not well known.

The Illinois State Geological Survey mapped sand and gravel deposits in the Glasford and upper Banner Forma- tions using water well records and data from seismic and electrical earth resistivity surveys. These maps will show areas where small-diameter drilled wells are feasible for a water supply. In areas where sand and gravel deposits are thin or nonexistent, large-diameter wells may be the only means of providing an adequate water supply. Because it is more difficult to properly seal a large-diameter well than a small-diameter well, large-diameter wells are more susceptible to contamina- tion. The water authority, there- fore, wants to encourage land- owners to install small-diameter, drilled wells wherever feasible. A report on the second phase of the project is being prepared. — Investigators: Dave Larson, Bev Herzog, Tim Larson

Drillers lay out water well screens prior to assembly and installation.

The shift to large-scale live- stock production, with huge animal-waste lagoons, also provides a risk to groundwater and demands that careful mapping be done before siting such facilities.

In addition to these types of threats, non-point- source pollution, such as chemicals, pesticides, and other toxins from farm, suburban, and urban run- off, continues to be a prob- lem in Illinois. Almost one in five community water wells has been affected bv volatile organic chemicals, pesticides, and/or nitrates. Of community wells tap- ping into the most vulner- able aquifers, more than 35 percent have already been affected bv one or more of these contaminant groups.

. Grass Roots Approach to Aquifer Study: _ Mahomet Aquifer Consortium

In November 1 998, people from the water supply industry, water authorities, general public, and local, state, and federal agen- cies formed the Mahomet Aquifer Consor- tium. The mission of the Con- sortium is "to further study the Mahomet aquifer on a regional basis and to develop a plan for the management of this valuable re- source."

The Consortium is developing a plan to study the entire aquifer, which extends from the Indiana state line to the Illinois River Valley in central Illinois. Results of the planned study will form the basis for wise development of this groundwater re- source that is so vital to central Illinois. —Investigators: Ed Mehnert, Dave Larson

30

Studying Groundwater of the Mahomet Bedrock Valley Aquifer Using Isotope Geochemistry

An earlier ISGS study had applied ion chemistry to analyze the patterns of groundwater flow and recharge to the Mahomet Bedrock Valley Aquifer, a critical groundwater source for east-central Illinois. The study found three distinct regions of groundwater type and pat- terns of recharge. Salinity and other ions increase westward in the aquifer; in some areas re- charge occurs partly from bedrock, whereas in others recharge, primarily from the surface, is fairly rapid.

Due to increased demand for water from the aquifer, the Survey is continuing its study using stable isotopes, tritium, and carbon-14 dating to determine the geochemical evolution and age of the water as well the discrete recharge areas of the aquifer. Carbon-1 4 analysis is be- ing used to date groundwater by determining the age of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon. Preliminary results suggest that groundwater in the aquifer may be thousands of years old. Recharge probably is most rapid in the Champaign County area, and water be- comes older as it flows north, east, and west. Results will identify sensitive areas that must be protected from contamination due to improper land use and will serve as a guide to proper management of groundwater resources. I Spreader applies manure

-Investigator: Keith Hackley ^__ ^ | slurry, adding nutrients,

including nitrogen, to I Illinois cropland.

- Monitoring Groundwater for Pesticide Contamination

Scientists at the Illinois State Geological and Water Surveys de- signed and are installing a statewide network of groundwater monitoring wells to provide data about pesticide contamination of aquifers. This information will be used to test the usefulness of the statewide map showing aquifer sensitivity; the map was de- signed to help predict groundwater quality and can be used in the Illinois Generic Pesticide Management Plan to regulate pesti- cide use. The monitoring wells provide information about varia- tions in the occurrence of specific agricultural chemicals within selected units of the aquifer sensitivity map. The wells also help to show whether the presence of the agricultural chemi- cals in groundwater varies seasonally or over longer periods.

Well installation began in 1995 and, by June 1999, the net- work contained 142 wells. The completed network will con- tain 225 wells, 75 wells in each of the three most sensitive map units. Well locations are selected randomly within each map unit and are installed in highway and road right-of-ways.

Since fall 1997, monthly samples have been taken from 6 wells, 3 in geologic units mapped as having "excessive" po- tential for aquifer contamination from pesticide leaching and 3 in areas with "moderate" potential. A one-time sampling of 120 wells in the three most sensitive areas began in Septem- ber 1 998; 1 0 wells were sampled each month for a year. Sam- ples are currently being analyzed for 14 pesticides and 10 inorganic ions. Next year's plans include the installation of ad- ditional wells, expansion of sampling efforts, and preliminary evaluation of sample results. — Investigators: William Dey, Ed Mehnert, Don Keefer

Sampling in Henry County (top), fanner applying pesticides (below).

31

r Pesticide Storage and Release in Unsaturated Soil

Can dry soils "store" pesticides like a sponge stores water? Can these stored pesticides then be released into drinking water supplies under wetter conditions? To answer these questions, field-scale experiments are being conducted to determine the relative importance of transient storage and subsequent release of agricultural chemicals from the va- dose zone (the zone between the surface and the water table) into potential aquifers. Funded by the Illinois Groundwater Consortium, the experiments are being con- ducted under a rain exclusion shelter that is located on the South Farms at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign.

Last fall, atrazine and chlorpyrifos were applied at application-rate equivalents to two experi- mental plots on Flannigan soil beneath the shelter. Water was applied to simulate summer rain. One plot received normal (average Illinois) rainfall amounts for a 3-month period. The other plot received normal rain for 8 days, followed by an imposed drought for 14 days, and finally by a 70-day period of heavy rain. Water samples were collected weekly, and soil samples were col- lected periodically, which allowed the concentration and distribution of the atrazine and chlorpyrifos to be determined.

Both chemicals were detected in soil and water samples, but apparently were either degraded or transported out of the study area before the end of the experiment. Neither atrazine nor chlorpyrifos appeared to be sufficiently persistent to be stored and then released in significantly large concentrations to the saturated zone. The impact of larger concentrations of these chemi- cals, such as those associated with spills or other non-routine applications, remains unknown.

In a second experiment, atrazine was applied to the plots at four times the amount usually ap- plied to fields. The dry period will be longer for one of the plots, and water and soil samples are currently being collected. The results of this new experiment should be available in fall 1 999.

— Investigators: William Roy, William Dey, Manoutchehr Heidari, Ivan Krapac, Donald Keefer, Sheng-Fu Joseph Chou, Jason Lee

Monitoring devices (top right) used inside the rain exclusion shelter ( left), and Survey geologists during construction of the shelter (right).

r Hog Waste Pits Over Groundwater Sources

Hog farming in Illinois is big business: about 7 million hogs are produced each year. Concerns have risen about the environmental impact, especially on groundwater quality, of large-scale, confinement hog operations. The growth of urban areas near and around hog farms intensifies these concerns. Two agencies, the Department of Natural Resources and C-FAR, the Council for Food Ag- riculture Research, have provided funding to ISGS scientists to conduct studies to address these concerns.

During the initial two years of the study, groundwater samples near waste lagoon sites were examined, and results were shared with the public. As a result, legisla- tors, producers, and citizens all had access to current information about waste la- goon systems.

The third year of the study is focus- ing on the monitoring of a newer technology, deep pit waste sys- tems. The pit systems tend to be of recent construction but, like most basements in Illinois, may eventu- ally be subject to cracking. It is un- known whether waste will migrate out of the pits and, if so, how and to what extent migration will occur.

In a pit system, hops typically arc confined within a pole shed building above an 8- to 1 0-foot deep basemen t pit. La rjje civcnla tituj fans aid in ventilation and temperature regulation of the building and the pit below.

Beginning in July 1998, two voluntarily participating sites were selected for study, one above thick till where drinking water wells tap aquifers that are commonly hundreds of feet

below the surface and the second 1 2 to 20 feet above sandstone in an area where wells are commonly about 60 feet deep. Pits were constructed by the participating producers according to standards set by the American Society of Civil Engineering. Monitoring wells were dug at both locations, and soil and water are being sampled monthly and tested for chlorine, nitrates, ammonia, cations, anions, and fecal con- forms. Within a few months, preliminary findings will be shared with a public eager to receive this information. — Investigator: Ivan Krapac

Using Isotopes to Investigate Problems

Hue-Hwa Hwang, isotope geocbemist, extracts nitrate from groundwater prior to analyzing its isotope composition.

The scientists in the ISGS Isotope Geochemistry Lab provide a vital link for understanding and protect- ing the natural resources and environment of Illinois. Working with Survey geologists, the geo- chemists use isotope analyses to identify and solve many environ- mental problems:

• Landfill leachates. Carbon and hydrogen atoms originating in landfill gases and liquids have unique isotopic signatures that allow geochemists to identify them in soils or groundwater, thus pinpointing contamination sources.

• Aquifer contamination. Isotope dating of water in aquifers can help geologists determine whether younger, shallow aquifers — which are closer to the recharge area and more subject to contamination — are connected to the older, deeper aquifers that are often the source of drinking water.

• Nitrate contamination. Isotopic analysis of nitrates in groundwater can help scientists identify whether the nitrate source is animal waste, applied fertilizer, or urban waste. Once identified, the nitrate source can be eliminated or managed to protect human health.

• Gas source. Gases, too, can be identified by source. It is important to know, for example, whether methane in shallow soil, water wells, or basements is from microbes or is associated with oil and gas production. Isotopic geochemistry is based on the fact that many common elements (such as hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) can differ in weight depending on the number of neutrons in the atom. For example, the atomic weight of a carbon atom can be 12 (most), 13 (a few), or 14 (rare, radioactive). The abundance of the radioactive isotopes can be measured to serve as ""fingerprints" that allow scientists to follow molecules

through natural environmental processes. The isotopes help reveal different biological, chemical, and physical processes in the natural environment. These naturally occurring iso- topes are more reliable than added tracer elements, such as those used in human medicine, which are usually not an integral parr ot the chemical compound and therefore may respond differently to chemical and biological processes.

—Isotope Geochemistry Unit: Chao-Li Liu, Chen-Lin ( 'foou, Stdlie Green brrjuKcitli Hockley, Hue-Hwa Hwang, Shawn Shiffer, lloni] Wang

— Is the Landfill Leaching?

Findings were conflicting. Water samples taken from a monitoring well down-gradient from a southwestern Illinois landfill showed large concentrations of some ions that are commonly associated with landfill leachates. Other chemical indicators, though, were below detection limits or within normal ranges. The ISGS was asked to determine whether the groundwater down-gradient from the landfill was being affected by leachate.

The landfill, which contained only construction and demolition debris received from 1974 to 1992, was situ- ated on top of loess soil and limestones. The fractured limestones and karst (sinkhole) topography allowed sub- stances to move through them fairly easily. Water down-gradient of the landfill was sampled, analyzed, and compared with groundwater samples taken from the surrounding area.

The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sul- fate, bicarbonate, chlorine, strontium, iron, man- ganese, and zinc ions were anomalously large. Sulfur isotope results indicated that the high sul- fate concentrations came from pyrite and not plas- ter or gypsum wallboard, as originally anticipated. The demolition debris in the landfill apparently created an acidic environment, and when this acidic leachate interacted with the limestone bed- rock, pyrite was exposed to oxidation, resulting in the large ion concentrations. — Investigators:

Keith Hackley, Sam Panno, Pius Weibel

Landfill in Strcator.

r Groundwater Basins in Southwestern Illinois

Identifying the boundaries of watersheds in karst regions of the state is extremely difficult, yet criti- cal for determining the source of groundwater contamination in springs and wells and for water- shed management.

In order to delineate the boundaries of groundwa- ter basins associated with four of the largest cave systems in Illinois, ISGS geologists have been de- scribing the size, structure, form, and distribution of sinkholes in the vicinity of the caves.

Clusters of relatively large (up to 0.5 km) sinkholes Cave openings in karst topography in southwestern Ilinois. were found over and near the state's largest caves, located in southwestern Illinois. The size and struc- ture of the sinkholes in the vicinity of large caves differed from those around smaller caves. Larger, more complex sinkholes were associated with large caves, and smaller sinkholes with small caves.

This size correlation seems to result from the degree of erosion of the fairly thick de- posits of loess soil that cover the sinkhole areas. Sinkhole growth through erosion is slower when the underground structures are so small that the sinkholes flood. In contrast, if water can flow freely through a sinkhole without inhibition, the energy of water flow can continue to erode the sinkhole margins through gullying.

— Investigators: Sam Panno, Pius Weibel, Tim Larson

35

r Public-Private Partners for Resource Protection

As part of the Conservation 2000 initiative, the Ecosystems Program has established 32 Ecosystem Partner- ships. These partnerships are dedicated to improving the environmental conditions in designated watershed areas by combining natural resource stewardship with compatible economic and recreational development.

The program partnerships are made up of private citizens and state and government representatives who have a common interest in preserving, restoring, and developing resources within their watershed area. Funding comes from grants from the Illinois Conservation 2000 initiative, a 6-year program to reverse ecosystem degra- dation throughout the state.

To help the partnerships define current conditions and predict future needs, the Department of Natural Resources and the Illinois Scientific Surveys have written 20 reports detailing the geology, water, socioeco- nomic features, and natural and cultural resources of each watershed area. Five more reports are expected in the coming year.

The reports describe how earth materials provide the minerals, rich soil, and groundwater that sustain human life as well as explain how geologic factors govern the development of the plant and animal communities in each watershed. Sections on geologic hazards, groundwater contamination, landslides, mine subsidence, and earthquakes demonstrate that understanding geologic conditions is necessary for maintaining a safe environ- ment. These reports explain links between scientific information and natural resource policy and management.

— Investigators: Dick Berg, Lisa Smith, Chris Goldsmith, Rob Monti

Industrial Minerals

While the geological professions are increasingly turning their at- tention toward environmental geology, the traditional concerns of geologists are hardly forgotten. Economic geology remains a cen- tral part of the Geological Survey's work because resources such as fossil fuels and industrial minerals still remain critical to the state's economy. Most recent figures show that the combined value of oil, coal, and industrial mineral production in Illinois was more than $1.8 billion a year.

Potential Sand Resources Near Kankakee

An evaluation done by the Geological Survey of the potential for sand mining in dunes in the sand sa- vannah southeast of Kankakee has attracted the attention of some potential industrial firms. If real- ized, sand mining and processing would offer the possibility of 1 0 to 20 new jobs being created in an area of very poor communities and provide a boost to the local economy. The Survey's evaluation was the final report to the Kankakee County Economic Development Council. The preliminary feasibility study is to see if extraction of sand in the region would be economical based on current market prices.

The sand deposits in the region are relatively high in feldspar grains, which have approximately four times the economic value as silica sand. The study assessed the cost of a separating plant to extract the feldspar, which is used to harden glass, among other uses. Currently, Illinois glass makers import feldspar from North Carolina and Ontario, and very high transportation costs double the price manu- facturers have to pay.

Because the area is undeveloped, there is also the option of making it a nature preserve, which could conflict with mining development. However, the feldspar may possibly be removed and the silica sand replaced without undue disruption. These issues need to be addressed if and when the county is ready to undertake a full feasibility study. —Investigators: Jack Masters, Subhash Bhagwat

The main industrial minerals mined or processed in Illinois are sand and gravel, limestone, dolomite, quartz sand (industrial sand), feldspar, clays, tripoli, and vermieulite. The bulk of production is for construction aggregates, which are primarily traded in local markets because the cost of shipping such materials rapidly increases their costs. The other minerals are vital for creating jobs and boosting local economies, especially in rural areas. Fluorspar, the state's official mineral and once a major contributor to the economy of southeastern Illinois, is no longer mined in Illinois.

m Multi-Use Resource Mapping of Limestone in the Metro-East St. Louis Region

Front end loader carrying limestone.

A team of geologists from the Industrial Minerals and Resource Economics Section and Sedi- mentary and Crustal Processes Section is developing multi-use resource maps. Their maps of the limestone in western and southern Illinois will be of use for both quarry operators and

planners, especially in areas such as the Metro-East St. Louis region where valu- able resources are being constantly lost due to development and urbanization.

This mapping provides detailed descrip- tions of local and regional rock units, which are important in understanding lateral and vertical variations in the thick- ness and quality of aggregate resources. This information is useful in predicting the quality and reserves of minable stone.

Quarry operators will use the maps for locating limestone resources for con- struction aggregate, agricultural lime, and other industrial applications. Accurate prediction of stone reserves and quality will optimize output, reduce exploration cost, and help environmentally responsible devel- opment and expansion of existing mines and quarries.

Planners also need to know where the limestone is. Limestone is susceptible to dissolution (karstification) that results in the formation of sinkholes and caves. Unstable foundations and groundwater contamination commonly occur in karst areas. Limestone resource maps will help planners in the rapidly de- veloping Metro-East St. Louis region delineate areas that are karsted or prone to karstification.

Construction and maintenance of roads and buildings rely heavily on the lo- cal availability of inexpensive, high-quality stone resources. The Metro-East St. Louis area contains significant amounts of stone reserves, but rapid de- velopment and urbanization will result in the loss of access to the very lime- stone resources needed for continued growth. These resource maps will provide the information needed for wise and reasonable land use.

—Investigators: Zak Lasemi, Rod Norby

??**'

The primary crusher at a limestone quarry.

37

Fossil Fuels

The Oil and Gas Section of the Survey continues to research petro- leum and natural gas issues, from possible undiscovered reservoirs to ways of storing natural gas for peak demand periods.

— Geneva Dolomite and the Quest for Oil

THICKNESS OF GENEVA DOLOMITE

ILLINOIS

Contour Interval 20 Feet

From Perkins, 1963

Where will new oil come from in resource-rich Illinois? Are large reservoirs still to be found? To answer these and other questions, ISGS scien- tists are trying to develop an understanding of the Geneva Dolomite in Marion County, Illinois.

Recent and older drilling records, recent instru- mental data, geophysical logs, and core sam- ples provided useful information about the dolomite's extent, location, thickness, porosity, and permeability. The porous Geneva Dolomite has proved to be exceptional as a potential res- ervoir of oil. In Illinois, the formation has New Albany shale above it in most places. The rela- tively impermeable shale acts as a seal for any oil that has migrated into the Geneva Dolomite and become trapped in a high area along a structural fold.

Geologists are studying rock outcrops of the Geneva Dolomite in Indiana quarries. Comparisons suggest that, if Illinois drillers can find a structurally closed high area within the Geneva Dolomite, oil discovery is almost assured. Geneva Dolomite in Illinois generally lies at depths of 3,000 to

4,000 feet, twice the depth of typical Illinois oil fields. With the potential of finding multimillion barrel oil fields, however, the discovery and produc- tion of oil are likely to be profitable under most economic scenarios.

— Investigators: BevSeyler, John Grube

Geneva

Doiomite (Middle Devonian) ;

Loviv

svWe

I

Meshberger quarry .? 2 near Elizabethtown, Indiana, shows the Geneva Dolomite and the unconformable lower contact trith the Silurian Louisville Limestone.

38

r Summer Storage of Winter Heat

Winter seems a long way off when the summer days are long and air-conditioners are running at high speed, but without summer storage of gas underground to supplement gas coming from pipelines, supplies can fail to meet demand in winter. During summer, gas is brought into the area by pipeline, injected into a reservoir, and stored until its withdrawal in winter.

Survey scientists, working with employees of Illinois Power Company, recently studied gas stor- age options for a St. Peter Sandstone reservoir. They constructed a dynamic computer model of the Illinois Power Company's Hillsboro Gas Storage Field in Montgomery County that simulates the behavior of gas and water within the porous sandstone. To ensure accuracy of the results, the model was calibrated against extensive historical data for the field before being used to predict the performance of the reservoir.

The study found that porosity geometries of the under- ground reservoir were the most important influence on the gas flow within the field. With no further development of the storage structure, total gas inventory could not be ex- panded substantially without leaking into the surrounding area. When gas was injected into lower layers of the struc- ture, almost all of the gas migrated upward through the rock into the upper storage areas, which increased the amount of gas that could be withdrawn from the upper layer. The addition of three strategically located new wells proportionally boosted the amount and rate of gas that could be withdrawn. — Investigator: Bryan Huff

"Computer simulation of a gas reservoir provides an economical way to test aas storage conditions.

The Clean Coal Challenge

Tvette Simpson works with a piece of coal-cleaning equipment being developed by the Survey. The machine removes minerals and impurities from coal fines (very fine coal), making it cleaner to burn.

Improving coal processing is a constant challenge. To meet fed- eral emissions standards, the large amounts of sulfur naturally present in Illinois coal need to be removed before it can be burned. Sulfur removal, although expensive and difficult, can make Illinois coal cleaner than coal produced elsewhere and im- prove its marketability.

In recent years, new devices called flotation columns have im- proved the ability to recover finely ground coal from waste, but their throughput is smaller than the subaeration cells used previ- ously.

A new piece of equipment being tested can be used with exist- ing subaeration flotation cells to make them clean the fine coal more efficiently and effectively than any commercial device. Coal can be cleaned in a single run without cleaning and reclean- ing the product. This way the same amount of coal is cleaned with one-third fewer machines than are used now.

Because the new piece of equipment works with existing equip- ment and proven technologies, acceptance by industry should be relatively easy and inexpensive. The equipment has already been laboratory tested and should be ready for pilot-plant testing next year. — Investigator: LatifKhan

3^

Coal has long been an important part of the Illinois economy, but production has declined precipitously. While the short-term pros- pects for Illinois coal are not promising, long-term they might be. Illinois sits on the largest bituminous coal deposits in the United States, and many of them are minable. The Geologic Survey has recently been compiling detailed inventories of the Illinois coal re- sources, particularly identifying where it is technically possible and potentially economical to mine coal. The Survey is also continuing to find ways to make Illinois coal cheaper to mine and cleaner to burn, as well as to develop valuable products from its waste products.

Coal Research Benefits Illinois Producers

Continued basic research directed by llham Demir, of the Coal Section, on the fate of ash and elements of environmental concern in coal is helping Illinois coal meet environmental regulations.

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments regulated the atmospheric emission of the sulfur and nitrogen oxides from the U.S. electrical utilities and required the Environmental Pro- tection Agency (EPA) to evaluate the utility emission of 1 6 additional elements of environ- mental concern and 173 other hazardous air pollutants (HAP).

An ISGS study of the occurrence and cleanability of Illinois coal found that conventionally cleaned as-shipped coal was lower by 20% to 60% in ash and many HAP than was coal taken directly from the coal seam. These findings were taken into consideration in the EPA study of HAP emissions from coal-fired electrical utilities. The EPA reported to the Congress in February 1998 that only mercury emission from the coal-fired electrical utili- ties poses potential risk to public health and thus requires further investigation; a regula- tory decision on mercury is expected by the end of 2000.

Additional cleaning of coal by froth flotation further reduces the contents of ash, sulfur, and HAP and thus could help Illinois mines produce coal that complies with the sulfur di- oxide emission and potential mercury emis- sion standards.

Another study found that advanced gravity- based cleaning of fine-coal can be even more effective than froth flotation for decreasing the ash, sulfur, and HAP contents of Illinois coals. The ash content of the coals could be reduced by up to 75% beyond that achieved by conventional cleaning. Sulfur and HAP con- tents were substantially decreased as well.

Kathy Henry monitors coal froth flotation machinery. The coal characterization and cleaning studies

at the ISGS could also improve marketability of Illinois coals by matching specific coals with prospective uses (other than its use in conventional power plants) such as advanced gasification processes, making activated carbon, and producing organic chemicals.

Investigator: llham Demir

10

r Removing Mercury from Utility Flue Gases

The Illinois State Geological Survey, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Radian Interna- tional, and the Electric Power Research Institute have joined in a cooperative effort to produce low- cost activated carbon from Illinois coals and study its use in removing highly toxic mercury vapor emitted during coal combustion.

Several hundred pounds of activated carbon have been produced from Illi- nois coals in a pilot-scale fluidized reactor. The activated carbon has been tested at several utility power plants using a slipstream of real utility flue gas. The activated carbon made from Illinois coals removed as much or more mercury from the utility flue gases as the best commercially available activated carbon.

Progress has also been made in understanding the fundamental chem- istry of mercury re- moval by the activated carbon, which in turn should help in the de- sign of superior acti- vated carbon for mercury removal.

— Investigators:

Massoud Rostam-Abadi,

Scott Chen

Abbott Power Plant on the University of Illinois campus.

Scott Chen working to produce activated carbon from Illinois coal using a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor. Activated carbon has been produced successfully using a much larger, pilot-scale fluidized reactor.

r Cleaning the Air with Corn

Illinois leads the nation in the use of ethanol-blended gasoline, which burns more completely and pollutes less than regular gasoline. Although nearly 70% of the gasoline sold in Illinois con- tains 10% ethanol, government tax subsidies are needed to keep the Illinois ethanol industry alive, and more economical methods of ethanol production are being sought.

In response to this need, the Illinois State Geological Survey, with direction and funding from the Illinois Council on Food and Agriculture Research (C-FAR), has developed an activated carbon from the corn stillage by-product that remains after corn is converted to ethanol. This activated carbon is cheaper and cleaner to produce than carbons made from coal. If the 1 .7 million tons of corn stillage produced annually could be converted into activated carbon and sold at current rates, between $68 and $170 million could be generated yearly to offset ethanol production costs.

The activated carbon produced from corn stillage proved to be 30% more effective when used in automotive hydrocarbon emissions control systems than a carbon currently being used by the automotive industry. Because every car in the U.S. is required to use 3 to 5 pounds of activated carbon to adsorb gasoline vapors from the gas tank, the market for an effective activated carbon is quite large.

Further work is needed to refine the process, produce activated carbon on a commercial scale, and assess the performance of the new product against other commercially produced activated carbons. — Investigator: Anthony Lizzio

41

Environmental Assessments and Hazards

Deep Imaging of Basement Bedrock

Oil pump in operation in southern Illinois.

For years, John McBride of the ISGS Sedimentary and Crustal Processes Section has been collecting deep seis- mic records of the Illinois Basin; many of those records were donated by oil companies. A recent and important addition is seismic reflection records for the Illinois Basin that were obtained using digital Vibroseis seismic data.

The digital data from the Vibroseis vibrating source signal were re- processed to produce new deep seismic reflection profiles that are providing the first three-dimensional view into the structure of the deep crust and upper mande beneath the Illinois Basin. These new deeper (down to 52 km) images, which reveal deeper rock se- quences in the Illinois Basin and provide some understanding of their evolution, have two important uses.

First, understanding the basement se- quences could have important economic implications for future petroleum explo- ration. For example, drillers often stop testing for oil when they strike granite. The deeper images could reveal petro- leum targets below the granite that may be worth drilling for if oil prices rise.

Second, deep imaging may also help identify possible earthquake hazards in Illinois. The images showed a previously unknown, high-angle reverse fault in the Precambian basement that corresponds to the location of one of the largest earthquakes in Illinois, which occurred on April 3, 1974 in Richland County. Since the original age of this fault would be Pre- cambrian and the fault does not affect the overlving layers, the cor- respondence of the earthquake and fault implies that the 1974 quake resulted from a reactivation of the fault. This example shows the importance of mapping these and other possible reactivated faults in three dimensions to identify faults that could be indicators of future earthquakes in Illinois.

i '

r Earthquakes: Mapping the Motions

A real threat of earthquake damage exists for large areas from the New Madrid Seismic Zone and the Wabash Valley Fault Zone and for smaller areas from smaller earthquakes anywhere in Illinois. Geologists, government officials, and emergency planners have the responsibility to prepare for such an emergency, which is especially important in light of the lack of public attention to this issue.

To make earthquake emergency planning easier, ISGS geologists are classifying the nonlithified materials (materials other than rock) that rest on the bedrock for their ability to amplify earthquake ground motions. Pre-existing maps of sur- face and subsurface materials to a depth of 50 feet (1 5 meters) are used to as- sign shear wave velocity values, which indicate how much earthquake ground motions will be amplified. Loose materials, such as those in river beds, amplify ground motions more than do stiffer materials, such as stiff clays (glacial till). Maps produced from this information should help predict the high- amplification areas along river beds and old lake beds in the Midwest.

The ISGS maps provide the basis for an earthquake loss estimation program that is produced by the Federal Emergency Management Agency and provided free to emergency managers and city officials. The program uses the ISGS maps in an interactive way to play out various scenarios for earthquakes. Roads, cities, and critical facilities, such as police and fire stations, shelters, and hospitals, can be layered on the maps, and earthquakes at various intensities and locations can be simulated. This type of information allows officials to try to predict what sorts of damage to property and injuries to people may occur in their area and to deter- mine what sort of emergency preparation is needed to minimize risk and loss.

— Investigator: Bill Shilts, Bob Bauer, Wen-June Su, Renee Nagy

— Bridge Corridor Over Mississippi River

Delays, and even stops, are frequent annoyances for I-70 motorists crossing from East St. Louis, Illinois into St. Louis, Missouri using the Poplar Street Bridge. Fortunately, the environmental as- sessment of the corridor for a new wider bridge has been completed. ISGS geologist Brian Trask, working under contract from the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT), reported the findings earlier this year.

Natural geological hazards in the area — susceptibility to earthquakes, flooding potential, ground instability from karst or caves — and the presence of archaeologically valuable locations had been recorded when earlier highways were built. Because the proposed sites for the I-70 bridge corridor (and the extensions to existing intersecting highways) are in urban areas, man- made hazards were of special concern, especially the presence of underground petroleum tanks and agricultural chemicals.

After ISGS geologists studied historical data, site visits provided the opportunity for surface ob- servations of potential hazards. Both types of information were used to formulate a test plan. Next, the Geoprobe drill rig was used to obtain soil samples for gas chromatographic analysis.

The planned rerouting of I-70 is through the northern edge of the business district, and the chief concerns are a paint waste dump site with high metals and PCB contents, manufacturing and storage facilities for agricultural chemicals and petroleum compounds, and a former manu- factured gas plant. Plans for handling contaminated soils and agency approval are the next steps in this long-term bridge project. — Investigator: Brian Trask

43

Chicago school children visiting the Geological Survey learn how drill cores are obtained and analyzed.

"Geology has an effect on everything, even politics. Landfills, sand and gravel pits, house sites, water supply, and flooding are a few of the issues affected by geology."

— Bob Vaiden

The transfer of knowledge from scientists to the general public is a central element of the Survey's mission to provide the citizens and institutions of Illinois with a scientific basis for environmental and economic decision-making. It is no wonder, then, that outreach pervades Survey activities, ranging from the formal education of fellow geologists, teachers, and students, to programs and educational materials for the general public, to the production of map products and technical information, to one-on-one service and consultation. In all of these ways, outreach provides a geological foundation that citizens can use and build upon throughout their lives. These formal opportunities for public education provide an efficient, effective way to reach out to public school children and the citizens of Illinois.

"How do vou like to walk on oil?" asks Bob Vaiden, ISGS geologist and opening presenter at a March 1999 Near and Far Sciences for Illi-

Near and Far Sciences for Illinois

nois (NFSI) workshop. His early morning audience, K-12 teachers, is alert now, awaiting an answer. They discover that the petroleum used to make athletic shoes is just one of the earth materials essen- tial for daily life.

Making geology a vital part of the science curriculum in Illinois schools is the goal of the NFSI program. Since its inception 2 years ago, more than 250 master teachers have participated in these workshops, which are partially funded by the Illinois State Board o\ Education. The program was created by the Board when geology, astronomy, and meteorology were added to the Illinois Learning Standards for Science to improve the general level of scientific

ii

knowledge of Illinois citizens. Geologists from several disci- plines within the Survey work together to provide the infor- mation needed for the workshops.

One teacher in the program says, "I think Pm a geology convert!" Another finds that "the Illinois focus . . . made [geology] come alive and made the landscape much more interesting. v

Teachers have responded enthusiastically to the two-day work

shops, which are team-taught using lectures, storytelling, and

demonstrations as well as small

group discussions, hands-on

activities, and a full-day field trip to

an area of geological interest. All

teaching materials and lessons show

the relevance of Illinois geology to

the daily lives of both teachers and

students.

Impacts of the program are being felt around the state:

• Teachers have expanded teaching materials and added units for use in their schools.

• Teachers return to the NFSI program for an optional second year to help write curriculum materials.

• Portions of the NFSI program are used in University of Illinois summer school courses for science teachers of grades 4-8.

• As part of a Teacher Showcase, NFSI workshop participants displayed posters and classroom projects in the Capitol Building in Springfield, and legislators were invited to attend this exhibit.

• A teacher at Alcott Elementary School in the Chicago area was honored for her use of NFSI materials to develop a nationally recognized science research project on lead contamination from a gun club along the Chicago lakeshore.

— NFSI staff: Janis Treworgy, Bob Vaiden,

Mike Chrzastowski, Sallic (ireenberjj,

Myrna Killey, Rnss Jacobson,

Brandon Curry, Don Mikulic,

Joseph Devera

Janis Treworgy and Bob Vaiden demonstrate a groundwater model showing how contaminants might interact with underground aquifers (top). Sallic Greenberg provides instruction for an upcoming activity on soil type characteristics (above).

Workshop pa rticipa n ts mine for chocolate chips to illustrate mining economics.

45

r Teacher Education

Each year, the office of the Geoscience Education and Outreach Unit at the ISGS receives many requests from schools asking for classroom visits and presentations. Although some of these requests can be accepted when a geologist plans to be nearby, with about 6,500 schools in Illi- nois, teacher workshops are a more effective and efficient way of distributing information throughout the state. This year, for example, a presentation on geochemistry and mineralogy

was part of a chemistry workshop held at Knoxville College. A Saturday workshop on Illinois fossils was given at the Middle Fork Forest Preserve. In order to address the biodiversity in Illinois, the cooperation of scientists from the Water and Natural History Surveys • is often needed as well.

A current project that is being well received is the traveling biodiversity display, which is offered in co- operation with the Illinois Natural History Survey. Schools or other organizations pay a fee to have the exhibit brought to them. A teacher workshop ex- plains how teachers can use the materials, which are left at the site for up to 3 weeks. So far, the exhibit has traveled to 80 different sites!

Unit Coordinator: Wayne Frankie

This model of a continental glacier shows how glaciers caused both erosion and deposition as they advanced and then retreated over the landscape.

— Understanding Geology: Illinois' Ice Age Legacy

Geological information is too often missing from the body of facts presented to decision makers, including voters, consumers, business owners, urban planners, and legisla- tors, yet such information is pertinent to many important issues being decided every day. In such a context, "no pub- licity is bad publicity" for the ISGS geologists who work hard to provide sound information to the public in a variety of ways.

To answer this need, a new publication, Illinois' Ice Age Legacy, by Myrna M. Killey, presents information for the public that is easy-to-read and understand. The book also provides the historical perspective needed to understand glacial deposits and their impact on the soil, water, and mineral resources of Illinois, as well as the diversity of wild- life and habitats. All of these are a result of the continental glaciers that repeatedly moved across much of Illinois over

the past 1.5 million

2 VlS I 3

ILLINOIS' ICE AGE LEGACY

Myrna M. Killey

in INCXS

oxlont of 1hr»e glacial advancos

TBnnMMre H SANGAMON ma|or drainago

The extent of glacial advances through Illinois.

Cover of book Illinois' Ice A/jc Ixqacx. years. The book de- J v '

scribes how gla- ciers formed the landscape, examines the evidence for glaciation in Illinois, and tells how geologists study and learn about glaciers. The glacial deposits affect important environmental concerns such as safe water sources, flooding and erosion, earth- quake damage, and landfill siting. Maintaining a safe and healthy environment for today and for posterity depends on understanding the legacy of Illinois glaciers.

r6

Chicago Lakeshore Poster Series

Geology of the Chicago Lakeshore

iu SliurciUtc-

Jr>

T 1J •- :

Shaping the Chicago Shoreline poster.

A new poster in the Geology of the Chicago Lakeshore series, "Shaping the Chicago Shoreline," is now available for purchase at a low cost. The poster is a visual presen- tation of the lake filling done bv the Citv of Chicago and the Chicago Park District to make public lands and parks along the lakeshore. Answers are provided to several ques- tions: How many square miles of land have been added to the Chicago shoreline?

Where did this fill come from? What types of material were used as fill? Where is the debris from the Chicago fire? What were the geo- logic factors setting the stage for these extensive lakeshore fills?

The poster originates with Mike Chrzastowski of the Coastal and Wetlands Geologv Section of the ISGS and is a direct outgrowth of the Near and Far Sciences for Illinois workshops, which brought the need for more information about Chicago geology to the atten- tion of ISGS staff. Informative enough to provide useful geological insight to adults, the poster is accessible to school children because of its visual format and easy-to-understand text. The Chicago lake- shore is a natural subject for student study because of its beauty and prominence as a landmark as well as its ability to serve as an illustra- tion of the active geological processes underway there.

jto

Jm

.'

Opportunities for Students

During the 1999 fiscal year, a variety of educational opportunities were available for students at the Illinois State Geo- logical Survey. Through college intern- ships, mentor programs, independent study course work, and other arrangements, students have been involved in almost every research section at the Survey. Ongoing intern programs have been estab- lished with six universities in Illinois, and the ISGS has had a

47

Survey geologist Rod Norby with student intern Jim Corrino.

variety of arrangements with several others. Through these opportunities, students have hands-on, applied research experience and the opportunity to work side-by-side with nationally recognized scientists. The ISGS also benefits by having enthusiastic students contributing energy and fresh ideas to its research.

Students are supported through external re- search contracts, in-house funding, state and na- tional student programs, and university funding. This provides a variety of ways for the Survey to work with students and their departments. Many ISGS scientists include funding for interns as part of their external research proposals. Other research programs do not lend themselves to external funding, however, so the ISGS has set up an in-house fund to provide some sup- port for interns. Another source of innovative funding is the Eastern Illinois University Geol- ogy Department program, which receives a grant that underwrites half the cost of their ge- ology students who participate in intern programs. For Universitv of Illinois students majoring in geology or related fields — such as engineering, chemical engineering, and urban and regional plan- ning— one popular option is to enroll in an independent studv course. The "course" is a rigorous internship at the Survey,

_ 1999 NCGSA Annual Conference

About 70 members of the ISGS staff worked behind the scenes for several months to ensure the success of the 1999 Annual North-Central Section of the Geological Society of America meeting. Hosted jointly with the Geology Department of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division, the meeting attracted more than 400 professional geologists and about 250 stu- dents from across the country.

In addition to organizing and running the meeting, ISGS staff participated in exhibits and many of the oral paper and poster sessions, held workshops for professionals and geological educators, and led field trips around the state.

New research results were shared through nearly 350 presentations and posters as well as workshops, ex- hibits, and informal discussions. Attendees also had the opportunity to explore Illinois geology by participat- ing in one of six geologist-led field trips. These formal sessions, and informal discussions, were a valuable way for professionals to network with colleagues and interact with the large number of student partici- pants, helping to encourage and foster their careers.

Charles "Chip" Groat, Director of the U.S. Geological Survey, presented the keynote address of the confer- ence. He praised the geological mapping programs, especially the Central Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition, which serves as an example of great cooperation between the states and the national govern ment. Groat urged the earth science community to build on that collaborative experience in designing fu- ture projects, such as a national monitoring and warning system for natural hazards and upgraded watei monitoring systems and seismic networks. Planning Co-chairs: Dennis Kolata, Aidith Hansel.

48

developed cooperatively by the student, the faculty advisor, and the ISGS staff mentor. Although the students are not paid, they con- sider the internship to be of special value to their academic experi- ence.

The ISGS also participates in national student programs. This year the National Science Foundation and the Association of American State Geologists initiated a national program designed to provide a mentored field experience to train students in geologic mapping. Through a competitive process, the program awards funding to ex- perienced geologists to hire a student whom they will personally mentor in field work through the summer. The National Associa- tion of Geology Teachers also administers a national internship pro- gram that the ISGS has participated in for many years.

— Intern Coordinator: Jennifer Hines

Programs for the Public

Field trips and the annual Science Showcase allow the general public to participate in interactive activities that provide entertain- ment and enjoyment as well as information about Illinois geology. The Survey also participates in important educational programs and activities around the state, such as the Illinois State Math and Science Program; the Girls in Engineering, Math, and Science Workshop; and the Denver Earth Science Project.

Trips That Can Transform

The ISGS field trips at- tract a variety' of partici- pants, including many teachers as well as ama- teur rock and mineral enthusiasts, students, busi- ness owners, and families. ISGS geologists lead the trip, and scientists from the other state Survevs are encouraged to par- ticipate to answer questions about plants, animals, habi- tats, and water resources.

Lake Shclbyvillc Dam (above), Devil's Hake Oven, a view from the La Rue- Pine Hills area field trip (left).

49

Inspiration Point (La Rue-Pine Hills area)

Survey geologists speaking to field trip participants at the Devil's Bake Oven, an outcrop of rocks on the shore of the Mississippi River in Jackson County near Gratid Tower.

At each of several trip stops, the geologists in- troduce the minerals, paleontology, land-use, and environmental issues that affect the nearby surroundings; time is allowed for indi- vidual exploration, fossil or mineral collection, and questions. Each participant also receives a free, illustrated guidebook that describes the geologic history of the region and the sites visited.

The field trips increase public awareness of Illinois geology and en- vironmental issues. Participants learn about the ISGS mission and range of activities, and in return the geologists get useful feedback from the public on these issues and items of local in- To join the nCXt field trip, Call terest, either in preparation for the trip or during it.

217-333-ISGS or visit the web page: http://www.is0s.uitLe.edu/

-Field Trip Coordinator: Wayne Frankie

Showcasing Survey Science

Each fill during Earth Science Week, the Illinois State Geological Survey and its sister agencies present the Science Showcase, which is usually held in the Illini Union on the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign campus. This entertaining event provides an opportunity for the public to have fun and gain scientific information ai the same time.

Exhibits encourage visitors ,\nd other scientists to talk with geolo- gists about their work.

so

The Showcase and other outreach activities are designed with the audience in mind ato provide a window to understanding they can open. " — Joan Crockett

A key event in the showcase was the Natural Resources Quiz Bowl.

Two fifth grade classes competed against each other, answering

questions about natural resources. Like

other quiz bowls, this one included an

emcee, someone to read the questions,

and a panel of judges. Two high school

teams also participated in competition

against each other. Those students had

the opportunity to try to stump the

panel of scientists serving as judges with

questions — they did!

In preparing for the event, scientists were challenged to write ques- tions that went beyond extensive reeall of facts to call upon the stu- dents1 general knowledge and critical thinking skills: what town in Illinois is named after its lead mines — Argenta, Galena, or Loda? Which of the following is not a product derived from petro- leum— gvm shoes, gasoline, jello, or pantyhose? The fifth graders responded to questions like these with enthusiasm!

Contestants received a grab bag of prizes, including bookstore certificates and edu- cational materials. Teachers received edu- cational materials for their classrooms, and the winning teams were awarded plaques.

-Quiz Bowl Coordinator: Joan Crockett

The judging team of Jackie Peden, Massond Rostam- Abadi, Mike Jeffords, and Mark Peden listen as competing teams answer quiz bowl questions (above). Girls'' (left) and boys' (right) quiz bowl teams from the Urbana High School Science Club.

...» *^ _ .

«»•»•*

■ •»»#

°E C 1 0 1999

lL *— —

SI

r ISGS Geologists: A Vital Part of Other Programs

•Illinois State Math and Science Program. The ISGS geologists participating in a portion of the Illinois State Math and Science Program used a groundwater model to explain the movement of water through various soil types. Students were given sam- ples of various soils, drill hole logs, and cross-sections to interpret. Using these tools, students sited a landfill in the most appropriate spot. Students, especially those from rural areas, readily understood the importance of maintaining clean water supplies for wells.

•Girls in Engineering, Math, and Sciences (GEMS) Workshop. The GEMS work- shops are held to reach and encourage middle school girls interested in engineering, math, and sciences. This year, ISGS staff members presenting the topic of Illinois oil and gas resources made special efforts to ensure the information was relevant to the students' lives. The girls were attentive when given maps, core samples, thin-section samples, and scanning electron micrographs. But real involvement occurred when the girls discovered how many things they used required oil: alarm clocks, tooth- brushes, synthetic fabrics, hair dryers, mascara, make-up, combs and brushes, and athletic shoes, to name a few. As the girls realized how profoundly their lives would be changed without oil, they understood how important good resource stewardship is to their future.

•Denver Earth Science Project. Teaching teachers is an important function of the ISGS cooperative outreach efforts. Mary Ann Barker, scientist with the Denver Earth Science Project, held a week-long workshop in Mundelein, Illinois for science teach- ers from northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin. Workshop participants earned continuing education credits for their field excursion to Thornton Quarry, led by Don Mikulic, ISGS geologist. The teachers learned about Silurian reefs and could see tar in some of the fossil beds, illustrating how the reefs can serve as reservoirs for oil in southern Illinois. A history of geologic mapping technologies helped demonstrate how science development is a part of human history.

Every Day is a Good Day for Education

"Let's never pass up an opportunity to explain our work to friends and neighbors — and especially to our children. The more people understand what we do, the more they'll say, 'that's good, it's really worth the effort. » —Bill Shilts, Chief

Everything worthwhile begins with one person. The impact of a single individual on the Lives of others is impossible to measure, but each day, individual scientists provide many kinds of information

one-on-one to individuals telephoning, writing, or visiting the office. Although less visible than larger projects, individual information providers afreet those around them in countless ways.

52

Arciith Hansel and Dave Larson examine core

(above), Ed Mchnert talking to onlookers (right), Ardith

explaining cores to students (below right).

Northern Illinois Water Corporation (NIWC) asked the Illinois State Geological Survey for help

Drilling Effort Draws Crowd

in obtaining information about the long-term loss of efficiency in their Champaign wells. To investigate the problem, ISGS scientists drilled two test holes at a site in northwest Champaign, just south of Parkland College, to collect and examine the aquifer materials and characterize changes they might see between die two test borings.

Special Rotasonic drilling equipment was used to core through the entire thickness of glacial sediment and several feet into bedrock without the need for conventional drilling fluids. Bedrock was found at 331 feet below the land surface, and the Mahomet aquifer was found at a depth of about 224 feet. Shallower glacial sand and gravel aquifers were found at depths of about 35 and 150 feet. Results of detailed analysis of the cores will be provided to NIWC.

The drilling site, with several ISGS scientists, a drill crew, noisy equipment, and the hundreds of feet of core laid out along the ground, attracted the attention of many people: curious passersby, a class of teachers taking a course at the Farm Bureau, a Parkland College geology class, a University of Illinois geology class, and NIWC employees and their families. The arrival of visitors pre- sented an educational opportunity for geologists to explain how the cores revealed information about the stratigraphy and geologic his- tory of the area. The geologists also described the Mahomet aqui- fer, the source of Champaign's water supply, and the water supply well at the site.

—Investigators: Ed Mchnert, Dave Larson, Sam Panno,

Keith Hacklcv, Ardith Hansel

53

r- Service with a Smile

"I've got a huge crack in my foundation. What should I do?" "Part of my house is sinking — what's happening?"

Robert Bauer, engineering geologist at the Illinois State Geological Survey, says he spends a fair amount of time each year answering questions like these and field- ing requests for information. The most often asked questions are related to problems with house foundations and settling or damage from landslides or the expansion and contraction of soils. The presence of water in soils can sometimes cause damage and shifting or sinking of soil. Ground subsidence over coal mines also occurs.

To answer questions that need fairly complicated answers, Bauer often refers callers to ISGS publications or suggests that they get a consultant to evaluate their specific problem. In either case, the goal is to put valuable information to good use helping others.

Foundation damage from settling, which can be caused by soil expansion and contraction.

Information on Demand: No Job Too Small

Today Wayne Frankie, Geoscience Education specialist, is entertain- ing drop-by visitors. "I'll set up a microscope," he says to a young boy, "and you can see the rock you brought in. See if you see anything interesting — maybe fossils." "Can I see, too?" asks his little sister. "You sure can," Frankie gently answers, as the boy examines the rock un- der the microscope.

*****

Frankie proceeds to Wayne Frankie at bis microscope,

identify the rock, ex- plaining the process as he goes along. The rock does contain very tiny fossils, and a discussion of fossils leads into information about minerals. When the children leave, each carries a piece of fluorite and a crinoid; the grandmother has infor- mation about an upcoming field trip. Frankie re- turns to his desk. It has been a rewarding half-hour for everyone.

Specimens of fluorite

54

- Making Friends Along the Way

As areas are being mapped, geologists work to ensure that the rights and in- terests of the public are respected. For example, when geologists examine ex- posures of geologic materials or drill holes to obtain samples, land owner permission must be sought, which usually requires a one-to-one explanation of the rationale for the project. Often people passing by a drilling site will stop and inquire about the scientists' purpose and equipment. Municipal or county governments may ask for or supply information during the project.

Each of these encounters is also a public relations opportunity. Geolo- gists provide information to local resi- dents and, at the same time, learn about the area, local citizenry needs, and future regional plans. Such com- munication helps ensure that the final map products are useful for the groups that need them.

Geologist Tim Young (center) conferring with water well drillers.

Technology Transfer

Technology transfer is an important way that ISGS scientists share practical information with those in industry who can best use it. Transfer includes providing such things as digitized geologic map products and new inventions for cleaning coal or storing gas. Survey researchers also can have an immediate impact on the industries that use their services.

Partners in Promoting New Technology: ISGS and PTTC

As an example of effective col- laboration, the partnership be- tween the ISGS and the Petroleum Technology Trans- fer Council (PTTC) stands out. The PTTC was established by and is partially supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) in cooperation with the Independent Oil Producers Association of America.

The PTTC provides information for companies that are too small to generate new technologies themselves or even participate in direct exchanges of technological information with their larger

55

counterparts. The PTTC Midwest Regional Office works with and through ISGS staff to gather and dis- seminate information about technical breakthroughs and industry issues and concerns.

In January 1999, the PTTC

tackled the difficult issue of low oil prices in a workshop for operators, owners, and engineers. Topics included a historical review of the struc- ture and economics of the in- dustry, the legal implications of shutting down production wells or fields, environmental liability considerations, and practical operation tips to increase economic efficiency. The 74 oil industry or gas storage operators who attended made this workshop the largest thus far.

A valuable new resource of the PTTC Midwest Regional Office is a supply of vendor-donated software programs, which individuals can preview without cost or sales pressure. The programs include infor- mation on petroleum engineering and design, mapping, log inter-

Daw Morse, ISGS geologist and Regional Director of the PTTC Midwest Regional Ofice, helps provide information to small petroleum companies.

Oil and Gas Development Maps

An eagerly awaited series of oil and gas development maps for Illinois has recently been completed through the collaborative efforts of the ISGS Oil and Gas Section and the Petro- leum Technology Transfer Council. Now available for purchase and use, these maps pro- vide an up-to-date plot of all wells drilled in Illinois and will be extremely useful to independent oil and gas operators and consultants.

The map series of about 80 maps was quickly generated from a recently updated, elec- tronic database of well information using the ArcView Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Well symbols show the status of each well and indicate whether wells are producing, used for fluid injection, or plugged. Well depth information is also given. Prac- tical and useful additions include the locations of railroads, highways, and existing pipe- lines. The boundaries for sections, townships, ranges, counties, and municipalities are also shown.

The new development maps are the same scale (2" = 1 mile) as older maps so that they can be used with pre-existing maps. Layering a new map on top of an old map can high- light which information is new. Each map covers a 3 township x 3 township area (ap- proximately 1 8 miles x 1 8 miles). These computer-generated maps can be updated easily, and plans are underway to revise them every year. —Investigator: Tom Davis

Sr>

pretation, and seismic interpretation. Other services of the office include supplying maps, data, and information to individuals re- questing them.

The ISGS and PTTC websites contain current information related to oil and gas, including a workshop calendar, oil and gas regula- tions, drilling permits, Illinois drilling reports, and a list of available publications, videotapes, and software packages. The site is linked with state oil producer associations, regulatory agencies, and related professional societies.

The PTTC has recently completed a series of new oil and gas devel- opment maps based on an electronic database. Another useful data- base contains porositv and permeability information on more than 100,000 core samples. This information helps geologists interpret data from electric logs and is very useful in regional mapping. The core sample database increases the availability and ease of use of such information.

— Regional Director: Dave Morse

57

Other Active Research Projects, 1998-1999

Analytical Geochemistry

Sediment Geochemistry of Champaign County Rivers, R. Cahill, G. Salmon, J. Steele, Y. Zhang

Sediment Geochemistry of the Illinois Portion of the Grand Calumet River, R. Cahill, G. Salmon

Sediment Geochemistry of Lake DePue, R. Cahill, G. Salmon

Sediment Geochemistry of Upper Peoria Lake, R. Cahill, G. Salmon, J. Steele

Stream Sediment Sampling in Cook and Du Page Counties, R. Cahill, R. Henderson, R. Hughes

Applied Geochemistry

Adsorption and Desorption of Eu, Sr, and Cr by Soil Components, W. Roy

Bioremediation of Atrazine-Contaminated Fill Materials, J. Chou, W. Roy

Chemical and Mineralogical Characteristics of Illinois Soils, G. Dreher, Y. Zhang, L. Follmer, R. Hughes, G. Salmon, J. Steele

Codisposal of FBCB and CSS, G. Dreher, J. Steele

Effects of Livestock Facilities on Groundwater Quality in Selected Areas of Illi- nois, I. Krapac, W. Dey, W. Roy, J. Steele

Gas Emission Inventory, J. Risatti, H. Damberger

Graphite Furnace Method Development for Determination of Pb, Cd, As, and Se in Sediment and Soil Digests and Waters, J. Steele

Groundwater Quality near Livestock Waste Facilities That Utilize Deep Pit Sys- tems, I. Krapac, W. Dey, W. Roy

Monitoring Groundwater Quality near Livestock Waste Pits and Lagoons, I. Krapac, W. Dey, T. Larson

NASA Astrobiology Institute: Chemical/Physical Proxies for Extraterrestrial Life, J. Risatti

Nitrate Formation in Earth Materials in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, I. Krapac

Organic Compounds in Sediments from the Grand Calumet River: Lake Michi- gan to Lake George, G. Salmon

Organic Compounds in Sediments from Nearshore Lake Michigan, G. Salmon

Organic Contaminants in Air Samples Collected Along Lake Michigan, G. Salmon

PCB Microbial Dechlorination Experiments on Sediments from Waukegan I lar- bor, J. Risatti, G. Salmon

Partitioning of Bio-methane Pathways in Volo Bog, J. Risatti

Regional Distribution of Selected Elements in Illinois Soils, Y. Zhang, J. Frost

Transport of Agrichemicals in Alluvial Aquifers and Nitrate Attenuation by a Riparian Woodland: Effects of Flooding, J. Risatti, F. Mehnert

Coal

American Chemical Society Symposium on Fossil Fuel Demand and Production for the 21st Century, I. Demir, S. Bhagwat

Anomalously High Moisture Contents of Low-Sulfur Illinois Coals: Occurrence and Causes, H. Damberger, I. Demir, R. Harvey

Availability of Coal Resources for Future Mining in Illinois, C. Treworgy, C. Chenoweth, C. Korose, D. North

Behavior of Mineral Matter at Three Types of Power Plants Burning Illinois Coals, I. Demir, R. Hughes, P. DeMaris

Coal Quality Patterns of Illinois Basin Coals, H. Damberger, I. Demir, R. Harvey

Excess Moisture in Coal and Its Tax Implications, H. Damberger

Geologic Mapping of 7.5-Minute Quadrangles: Kellerville and Fish Hook, R. Jacobson, M. Barnhardt, J. Crockett, M. Killey, Z. Lasemi, D. Luman

Longtime Gas Desorption Study of Five Coal Cores from the Deep Part of the Illinois Basin, H. Damberger, R. Harvey

McNairv Formation, KT Boundary, and the Search for Dinosaurs in Illinois and Missouri, R. Jacobson, J. Masters, J. Devera

Mineralogical and Chemical Composition of Inorganic Matter in Marketed Illi- nois Coal, I. Demir, R. Hughes, P. DeMaris

Mined-out Areas for Rock Island Countv, C. Chenoweth

Occurrence and Origin of Coalbed Methane and of Coal Mine Gas in Active and Abandoned Coal Mines of Illinois, H. Damberger, I. Demir, J. Liu,

Coastal and Wetlands Geology

Annual Beach and Nearshore Coastal Monitoring Along the Shore of Lake Michigan at North Point Marina and Illinois Beach State Park, M. Chrzastowski, B. Trask

Compilation and Interpretation of Hydrologic and Geologic Data at State Nature Preserves and Natural Areas, J. Miner, W. Dey, M. Miller, R. Berg

Hydrogeologic Consultation, Review, and Monitoring of the Stern's Road Fox River Bridge Crossing Site, M. Miller, S. Benton, C. Fucciolo, A. Meanor, J. Miner, N. Rorick, R. Cahill, P. DeMaris, G. Salmon, D. Larson

Wetland Investigations Program for the Illinois Department of Transportation, M. Miller, S. Benton, R. Cahill, C. Fucciolo, B. Ketterling, D. Larson, J. Miner, B. Robinson, G. Salmon, J. Steele, K. Weaver

Wetlands Mitigation Program, M. Miller, S. Benton, C. Fucciolo, A. Meanor, J. Miner, N. Rorick, G. White, R. Cahill, P. DeMaris, G. Salmon, B. Trask, D. Larson

Energy and Environmental Engineering

Adsorbent Carbons from Illinois Coal for Gas Separation: An Integrated Approach, A. Lizzio

Carbon-based Sorbents for Cleanup of Coal-Derived Gases in IGCC Systems, A. Lizzio

Carbon-based Adsorbents from Waste Tire-Paint Sludge Blends for Fuel-Vapor Control in Automobiles, M. Rostam-Abadi

Conversion of Corn By-products into High-value Activated Carbon, A. Lizzio

59

Development and Demonstration of Integrated Carbon Recovery Systems from Fine Coal Processing Waste Advanced Frorii Washing System, L. Khan

Development of a New Sulfur Sorbent, A. Lizzio, G. Donnals

Development of a Spiral Column to Clean Fine Coal, L. Khan

Effects of Chlorine in Coal on Furnace- wall Corrosion Under Low NOx Condi- tions, M. Chou, J. Lyde, M. Luo, J. Chou, K. Ghiassi

Engineering Development of FGD-Gypsum Conversion to Fertilizer and PCC (Phase IV), M. Chou, M. Luo, J. Lytle, J. Chou, V. Patel

Instrumental Method for Directly Determining Organic Sulfur in Coal, M.-S. Luo, J. Chou, M. Chou, J. Lytle, C. Chaven

Novel Activated Carbons from Illinois Coal for Mercury Removal, S. Chen, M. Rostam-Abadi, H.-C. Hsi

Scale-up of ISGS Froth Washer for Testing in a Commercial Plant, L. Khan

Studies on Development of Sorbents for Removal of Mercury, S02, and NOx from Flue Gas, M. Rostam-Abadi, S. Chen

Studies on Sorbent Development for Mercury, S02 and NOx Removal, M. Rostam-Abadi, H.-C. Hsi, S. Chen

Treatment of Liquid Hazardous Waste with Coal Ash Prior to Deep Well Injec- tion, I. Demir, G. Dreher, W. Roy

Use of Fluidized Bed Combustion Ashes to Capture Water from Flue Gas, I. Demir, M. Rostam-Abadi, R. Hughes, W. Roy, G. Dreher

Engineering Geology

CUSEC State Geologists Mapping Efforts in the Midwest, R. Bauer, R. Nagy

Development of a Geophone/Geoprobe System for Downhole Shear- Wave Measurements, W.-J. Su, R. Bauer

Illinois Loess: Geology and Its Engineering Implications, W.-J. Su, L. Follmer

Investigation of Seismogenic Source in Southern Illinois from Paleoliquefaction and Seismic Reflection Data, W.-J. Su, J. McBride, L. Follmer

Seismic Microzonation of the Carbondale-Murphysboro Area in Southern Illinois, W.-J. Su, L. Follmer

Seismic-Wave Velocity Database in Southern Illinois for Microzonation Map- ping, W.-J. Su, R. Bauer, L. Follmer

Environmental Site Assessment

Historical Land Uses at Illinois Beach State Park, A. Erdmann, R. Bauer, D. Adomaitis, P. Bannon-Nilles, K. Carr

IDOT Environmental Property Assessments, A. Erdmann, R. Bauer, D. Ado- maitis, P. Bannon-Nilles, R. Bowen, R. Bryant, N. Caldwell, K. Carr, S. Chakra- vorty, M. Collier, D. Garner, J. Geiger, M. Hart, G. Kientop, A. Leininger, J. Ousley, M. Proff", D. Schmidt, J. Sieving, B. Trask, M. Yacucci

Metals Distribution and Transport in Groundwater Beneath the Diked Sediment Disposal Area, DePne Wildlife Management Area, Illinois, A. Erdmann, K. Carr, D. Adomaitis

60

Geospatial Analysis and Modeling

Geologic Assistance for Siting Solid Waste Disposal Facilities, R. Krumm, C. McGarry, R. Nagy, M. Riggs, C. Goldsmith

Geologic Mapping of Jo Daviess County, R. Krumm, C. McGarry, R. Nagy, M. Riggs, C. Goldsmith

Geologic Mapping of Lake County, M. Riggs

Geologic Mapping of Lee County, R. Krumm, C. McGarry, R. Nagy, M. Riggs, C. Goldsmith

Geologic Mapping of McLean County, M. Riggs

Geologic Mapping of Stephenson County, R. Krumm, C. McGarry, R. Nagy, M. Riggs, C. Goldsmith

Wabash Valley Seismic Zone Maps, R. Krumm, L. Smith

Groundwater Geology

American Bottoms Groundwater Resources Map, E. Smith

An Examination of Pesticide Occurence in Shallow Dug and Bored Wells: Are High Detection Rates Related to On-Field Applications?: Year 3, E. Mehnert

Analysis of Pumping Test Data from Large-Diameter Wells, M. Heidari

Aquifer Assessment: De Kalb County, T. Larson, E. Smith, R. Vaiden

Aquifer Assessment: Metro East, T. Larson, M. Mushrush, E. Smith, R. Vaiden

Characterization and Modeling of Geologic Systems for Mapping and Hydrogeo- logic Applications, D. Keefer, A. Phillips

Columbia Landfill: Isotopic and Chemical Study, S. Panno, K. Hackley, C. Weibel

Design and Testing of a 3-D Optimal Groundwater Management Model, M. Heidari

Geophysical Survey for Groundwater Resources for Dwight, T. Larson, S. Sargent

Geophysical Survey for Groundwater Resources for the City of Vandalia, T. Larson, S. Sargent

Groundwater Availability in Eastern Tazewell and Southwest McLean Counties,

B. Herzog, D. Larson, C. Abert

Groundwater Cave Basins of the Sinkhole Plain, S. Panno, C. Weibel

Groundwater Geology of the Buried Mahomet Bedrock Valley Aquifer System, Focusing on De Witt and Piatt Counties, Illinois: Phase 2, D. Larson, B. Herzog, T. Larson, R. Rice, M. Mushrush, D. Larson

Installation and Sampling of a Statewide Monitoring Network to Evaluate Pesti- cide Contamination of Groundwater in Illinois, E. Mehnert, D. Keefer, W. Dey,

C. Arkenberg

Loss of Specific Capacity Within a High-Capacity Well in the NIWC Western Field, Phase 2: Determing the Responsible Chemical and Biological Mechanisms, E. Mehnert, K. Hackley, D. Larson, M. Mushrush, S. Panno, T. Young

Management of Dry Gas Desulfurization By-products in Underground Mines: Technical Assistance for Residue Characterization and Environmental Assessment and Monitoring, E. Mehnert, M. Richardson, E. McDonald

Mechanism of Transport of Nutrients in Alluvial Aquifers During Normal and Flood Conditions, Phase 3: Field Experimentation and Validation of die Hypothe- sis, M. Heidari, W. Roy, I. Krapac, D. Keefer, S. Sargent, K. Ghiassi

61

Method Development: Describing Unconsolidated Geologic Deposits for Im- proved Mapping and Hydrogeologic Modeling, D. Keefer, A. Phillips

Permeability Based on Monitoring of Well Field near Champaign, K. Cartwright

The Role of Flooding and Land Use Practices on Erosion Rates and Agrichemi- cal Loading in the Southwestern Illinois Sinkhole Plain, S. Panno, K. Hackley, I. Krapac

The Significance of Colloids in the Transport of Atrazine: A Preliminary Investi- gation, D. Keefer, E. Mehnert, J. Risatti, S. Sargent

Industrial Minerals and Resource Economics

A Reappraisal of the Genesis and Diagenesis of Microcrystalline Limestones, Z. Lasemi

Aggregate Resources, Sequence Stratigraphy, and Depositional Facies of Missis- sippian Carbonates in Western Illinois, Z. Lasemi, R. Norby

Analysis of Electricity Markets in the U.S.: Degree of Market Integration, V. Ipe

Analysis of Mercury Capture Data Across FGD Systems, S. Bhagwat, V. Ipe

Benefits and Costs of Kentucky's Geologic Mapping Program, S. Bhagwat

Carbonate Textures in the Buckhorn Dolomite of North western Illinois, D. Moore

Chlorite-C/S-7A/Chl-corrensite Problem, D. Moore

Chlorite, C/S, Vermiculite Project, D. Moore

Coal and Fly Ash Studies, R. Hughes, P. DeMaris, I. Demir, G. Dreher, J. Steele

Correlation Between Solid Texture and Crop Yield, D. Moore

Development of Coal Mining Software for USGS Coal Availability Programs, S. Bhagwat

Economic Geology and Market Forces, S. Bhagwat, J. Masters

Economic Study of Oil, S. Bhagwat, H. Leetaru

Economics of Aggregate Industry in Illinois: Current Trends and Future Pros- pects for the Industry, V. Ipe, S. Bhagwat

Economics of Underground Mining vs. Surface Mining of Limestone Under Varying Geologic Conditions in Illinois, S. Bhagwat

Environmental Policies and Regulation: Trust Funds for Pollution Management, V. Ipe

Feldspar and Quartz from die Dunes of Kankakee: A Preliminary Feasibility Study, S. Bhagwat, J. Masters, R. Hughes, L. Khan, P. DeMaris

Fly Ash in Glass, R. Hughes, G. Dreher, J. Steele

Gcoarchaeological Studies, R. Hughes

Geologic Mapping of 7.5-Minute Quadrangles: Villa Grove, Z. Lasemi, C. Abert, A. Hansel, D. Luman, R. Norby, C. Weibel

Illuvial Clay Films and Transported Clay, D. Moore

Industrial Minerals Program, R. 1 highcs, /,. Lasemi, J. Masters, D. Mikulic

Mapping the Bedrock Geology of Southeastern Wisconsin, 1"). Mikulic

Mineralogical Investigations, R. Hughes, P. DeMaris

Natural Gas Production anil Distribution Statistics for Illinois, V. Ipe

62

Nonpoint Source Pollution Management: Economic Analysis of Ecological Approaches, V. Ipe

St. Peter Sandstone: Diagenesis in the Illinois Basin, D. Moore

Sand and Gravel Resource Modeling, J. Masters

Sand and Gravel Resource Modeling: Vincennes Quad, Carroll County, McHenrv County, Southernmost Illinois, J. Masters

Silurian Geologv and Aggregate Resources of West-Central Illinois, D. Mikulic

Silurian Graptolite Project, D. Mikulic

Silurian Lithostratigraphy and Biostratigraphy of Illinois, D. Mikulic, R. Norby, J. Kluessendorf

Stagnation in Sand and Gravel Production in Illinois: Its Causes and Implica- tions, S. Bhagwat

Water Resources in Illinois: Supply, Demand and Prices, V. Ipe

Isotope Geochemistry

C02 Problem in Wood Dale, Illinois, K. Hackley

Determination of Nitrate Sources in the Sinkhole Plain of Southeastern Illinois, K. Hackley, S. Panno, H.-H. Hwang

Geochemistry of Sulfur and Trace Elements in Coal, C.-L. Chou

Groundwater Ages and Recharge Areas of the Mahomet Valley Aquifer, K. Hackley, S. Panno, J. Steele

High- Resolution Climate Change Study in the Mississippi River Valley, H. Wang, L. Follmer

Isotopic Study on Wetland Research, H.-H. Hwang, J. Liu

Mediane Leakage from an Underground Storage Field, K. Hackley, J. Liu, H.Wang

Method Development for Carbon 14 Age Model of Paleosol Stratigraphy, H. Wang, L. Follmer

Method Development of Isotopic Analysis for Dissolved Nitrate in Water for Source Identification, H. Hwang, S. Greenberg, J. Liu

Microbial Degradation and Diversity Research, S. Shiffer

Quantitative Method for Paleoclimate Studies in North America, H. Wang, J. Liu, R. Hughes

Removal of Sulfur and Chlorine from Illinois Coal by Wet-grinding and Selective Flocculation, C.-L. Chou

Saline Groundwater Study in Southwestern Illinois, H.-H. Hwang

Trace Element Abundances and Geochemistry of Paleozoic Carbonate Rocks, C.-L. Chou

Volatilization of Sulfur and Chlorine in Coal, C.-L. Chou, J. Liu, K. Hackley

Oil and Gas

Chemical Composition and Origin of Saline Waters in Aux Vases and Cypress Formations, Illinois Basin, I. Demir

Cypress/Bridgeport Reservoir Characterization in Lawrence Field: Proposal to DOE, B. Sevier, J. Grubc, T. Davis

63

Cypress Sandstone Regional Study, J. Grube, B. Seyler, T. Davis

Geneva Dolomite Research, B. Seyler, J. Grube

Geologic Mapping of 7. 5 -Minute Quadrangles: Vincennes, Indiana and Illinois, D. Morse, M. Barnhardt, S. Beaverson, D. Luman, J. Masters, A. Phillips,

C. Treworgy, W.-J. Su, P. Weibel

Hillsboro Gas Storage, B. Huff

Illinois Basin Source Rocks, D. Morse

Tar Springs Reservoir and Area Geology, D. Morse

Quaternary Geology

A Critical and Statistical Evaluation of Characterization Methods for Sites Con- taminated Through Multiple Discrete Spills, M. Barnhardt, D. Keefer

Access to Surface Exposures and Excavations for ISGS Geologists from Agencies and Firms, C. Stohr

Acquisition of Cores, Samples, and Data Collected by State Agencies, Geotechni- cal Firms, and the Mining Industry, C. Stohr

Age and Environment of Petersburg Silt (Illinois Episode) and Older Lacustrine and Eolian Silts in Southwestern Illinois, Related to Mapping Efforts on Metro- East St. Louis Area, D. Grimley, A. Phillips

Clay Mineral Map and Data Compilation, M. Killey, R. Hughes

Delineating Soil Contamination Using Remote Sensing of Metals-stressed Vege- tation: A Case Study of the DePue Area, C. Stohr, D. Luman, J. Steele, Y. Zhang

Geologic Mapping of 7.5-Minute Quadrangles: Crystal Lake, B. Curry, R. Vaiden,

D. Kolata, D. Mikulic, C. Stohr, T. Young

Geologic Mapping of 7.5-Minute Quadrangles: Dunlap, P. Weibel

Geologic Mapping of 7.5-Minute Quadrangles: McHenry, B. Curry, C. Stohr, R. Vaiden

Geologic Mapping of 7.5-Minute Quadrangles: Maple Park, B. Curry, D. Grimley

Geologic Mapping of 7.5-Minute Quadrangles: Oak Hill, P. Weibel, C. Abert

Geologic Mapping of the Quarternary in Southern Illinois: 12 Quadrangles, L. Follmer

Giant City State Park Geology, P. Weibel

Hydric Soils Delineation by Magnetic Susceptibility in Weltand Areas, D. Grimley

Hydrology, Surface Water Quality, and Paleohvdrologv of Nelson Lake, Kane County, Illinois, B. Curry, W. Dey, S. Sargent

Illinois Interagency Land Cover Program, D. Luman

Loess Paleosols and Magnetic Susceptibility Research, D. Grimley, 1.. Follmer, D. McKay

Mel [enry County Geology for Planning, B. Curry

Palcohydrology/Palcoclimatc Seed Grant Application to Purdue's PRIMP Lab for Be- 10 Assays, B. Cum'

Pre [llinoian Deposits of Western Illinois, M. Killey

Sampling and Gcophysically Logging Commercially Drilled Holes, C. Stohr, I I .arson, T. Young

64

Sedimentologic and Stratigraphic Investigation of the American Bottoms Using Geophysical Techniques and Borings, A. Phillips, T. Larson

Sedimentology mm\ Ice Sheet Dynamics, A. Hansel

Shaded Relief Map of the Glaciated Midcontinent, W. Shilts, C. Abert

Springs of Illinois, P. Weibcl

STATEMAP Quadrangle Mapping in Illinois (Chicago Metro West Area): Elgin 7.5-Minute Quad, B. Cum'

STATEMAP Quadrangle Mapping in Illinois (Chicago Metro West Area): Maple Park Quad, B. Curry, D. Grimley

Stratigraphy and Quaternary Geology of Soudiern Illinois, L. Follmer, J. Masters, M. Barnhardt, J. Nelson

Updating the State Quaternary Deposits Map, A. Hansel, B. Stiff

Sedimentary and Crustal Processes

Application of Gravity and Magnetic Field Analysis Techniques to the Central U.S. Midcontinent Centered Around the Illinois Basin, J. McBride, D. Kolata, H. Leetaru

Conodont Genus Lochriea, R. Norby

General Processing and Interpretation of Seismic Data for the Illinois Basin and Vicinity, J. McBride, D. Kolata

General Studies of Ordovician and Silurian K-bentonites in North and South America and Europe, D. Kolata

Generic Studies of Crustal Deformation Using Seismic Reflection Data, J. McBride

Geologic Framework of the Galena-Platteville Aquifer in Boone and Winnebago Counties, D. Kolata, C. McGarry

Geologic Mapping of 7.5-Minute Quadrangles: Bandana, J. Nelson

Geologic Mapping of 7.5-Minute Quadrangles: Cahokia, J. Devera, M. Barnhardt, Z. Lasemi, R. Nagy, R. Norby, S. Panno, A. Phillips, S. Sargent, W.-J. Su, P. Wcibel

Geologic Mapping of 7.5-Minute Quadrangles: Cypress, J. Nelson

Geologic Mapping of 7.5-Minute Quadrangles: Joppa, J. Nelson, B. Denny

Geologic Mapping of 7.5-Minute Quadrangles: Karmak, J. Nelson

Geologic Mapping of 7.5-Minute Quadrangles: Metropolis, J. Nelson, J. Masters

Geologic Mapping of 7.5-Minute Quadrangles: Paducah, J. Nelson, B. Denny

Cieologic Mapping of 7.5-Minute Quadrangles: Vienna, J. Nelson

Geology and Paleontology of the Clear Fork Group (Texas), J. Nelson

Investigation of the Middle to Upper Crustal Structural Framework for the Wabash Valley Seismic Zone from High-quality Seismic Reflection Profiles, J. McBride, R. Krumm, L. Smith

Nature, Origin, and Regional Significance of Ordovician Unconformities in Eastern North America, D. Kolata

Neogene Grabens in Southernmost Illinois, J. Nelson, J. McBride, B. Denny

Neotectonic Field Trip for North-Central GSA, J. Nelson

Publications on Aux Vases Sandstone, H. Leetaru

Quadrangle Mapping in Illinois: Collinsville, J. Devera

65

Regional Study of Benoist Sandstones, H. Leetaru

Reprocessing Seismic-Reflection Data in Order to Provide Structural Constraints on Earthquake Source Parameters in the Wabash Valley Seismic Zone, J. McBride

Seismotectonic Studies of the Southern Illinois Basin Using Data from Existing Seismic Reflection Lines and a New PANDA Seismic-Array Experiment, J. McBride

Sequence Stratigraphy of the Early Chesterian Series in the Illinois Basin, J. Nelson, J. Treworgy

Ste. Genevieve Regional Study, H. Leetaru

STATEMAP Quadrangle Mapping in Illinois (St. Louis Metro East Area) : Alton 7.5-Minute Quad, J. Devera, D. Grimley

STATEMAP Quadrangle Mapping in Illinois (St. Louis Metro East Area): Elsah 7.5-Minute Quad, J. Devera, C. Abert, B. Denny

STATEMAP Quadrangle Mapping in Illinois (St. Louis Metro East Area): French Village 7.5-Minute Quad, J. Devera, C. Abert, R. Bauer, B. Denny, D. Grimley, A. Phillips, R. Nagy, W.J. Su

STATEMAP Quadrangle Mapping in Illinois (St. Louis Metro East Area): Grafton 7.5-Minute Quad, J. Devera, C. Abert, B. Denny

STATEMAP Quadrangle Mapping in Illinois: Millstadt 7.5-Minute Quad, J. Devera, C. Abert, M. Barnhardt, B. Denny

STATEMAP Quadrangle Mapping in Illinois (St. Louis Metro East Area): O'Fallon 7.5-Minute Quad, J. Devera, D. Grimley

Stratigraphic Framework of the Middle and Upper Ordovician Rocks of North- ern Illinois, D. Kolata, H. Leetaru

Surficial Expression of the Commerce Geophysical Lineament in Eastern Union and Western Johnson Counties, Illinois: Mt. Pleasant, Vienna, and Goreville, J. Devera, J. McBride, B. Denny

Tectonophysics, J. Nelson

Tradewater Cross Sections, J. Nelson, R. Jacobson

66

Publications

Illinois State Geological Survey Series

Cooperative Reports

Coop 19. I [ydrogeology and Ground- Water Availability in Southwest McLean and Southeast Tazewell Counties. Part 2: Aquifer Modeling m\l\ Final Report. S.D. Wilson, G.S. Roadcap, B.L. Herzog, D.R. Larson, and D. Winstanley. 1998. 138 p., 57 figs., 6 tables.

Field Trip Guidebooks

1998-C. Guide to the Geology of the Lake Shelbyville Area, Shelby and Moultrie Counties, Illinois. W.T. Frankie, A.C. Phillips, R.J. Jacobson, M.M. Killey, D.H. Wahl, J.H. Hox- meier, and G.S. Roadcap. 1998. 61 p. + appendix.

1998-D (& 1999-A). Guide to the Geol- ogy of the La Rue-Pine Hills Area, Jackson and Union Counties, Illinois. W.T. Frankie, J.A. Devera, R.J. Jacob- son, C.A. Phillips, R.A. Locke II, and M.J. Wagner. 1998. 72 p. + appendix.

1999-B. Guide to the Geology of die Rock Island-Milan Area, Rock Island County. R.C. Anderson, D.H. Malone, R.S. Nelson, W.T. Frankie, and R.J. Jacobson. 1999. 45 p. + appendix.

Guidebooks

Guidebook 26: Glacial Sediments, Land- forms, Paleosols, and a 20,000-Year- Old Forest Bed in East-Central Illi- nois. A.K. Hansel, R.C. Berg, A.C. Phillips, and V.G. Gutowski, with contributions by F. Hardv, W.P. White, and R.F. Szafoni.1999. 31 p., 13 figs., 1 plate, 1 table.

Guidebook 27: Geology, Hydrology, and Water Quality of the Karst Regions of Southwestern Illinois and Southeast- ern Missouri. S.V. Panno, C.P. Wei- bel, CM. Wicks, and J.F. Vandike. 1999. 38 p., 27 figs.

Guidebook 28: Quaternary Geology, Geomorphology, and Climatic His- tory of Kane County, Illinois. B.B. Curry, D.A. Grimley, and J.A. Strav- ers, with contributions by E.C. Grimm, K.L. Hibben, M. Barner, M.D. Guebert, A.K. Hansel, M. Ochsenschlager, and R.G. Baker. 1999. 40 p., 22 figs., 3 tables.

Guidebook 29: The Classic Silurian Reefs of die Chicago Area. D.G. Mikulic and J. Kluessendorf. 1999. 42 p., 28 figs.

Guidebook 30: Neotectonics of the Northern Mississippi Embayment. W.J. Nelson, R.W. Harrison, and D. Hoffman. 1999. 34 p., 22 figs., 1 table.

Guidebook 3 1 : Middle Mississippian Carbonates and Siliciclastics in West- ern Illinois. Z. Lasemi, R.D. Norby, J.A. Devera, B.W. Fouke, H.E. Lee- taru, and F.B. Denny. 1999. 60 p., 42 figures.

Illinois Geologic Quadrangle Maps

IGQ 18. Geologic Map of the Mermet Quadrangle, Johnson and Massac Counties, Illinois. J.A. Devera and W.J. Nelson. 1997. Scale, 1:24,000. Size, 40 x 32 inches.

IGQ Grafton-SG. Surficial Geology Map, Grafton Quadrangle (Illinois Por- tion), Jersey and Calhoun Counties, Illinois. D.A. Grimley. 1999. Scale, 1:24,000. Size, 34 x^31 inches. Inset maps.

IGQ Villa Grove- AS. General Aquifer Sensitivity Map, Villa Grove Quad- rangle, Douglas County, Illinois. R.C. Berg and C.C. Abert. 1999. Scale, 1:24,000. Size, 31x41 inches. Inset maps.

IGQ Villa Grove-CR. Coal Resources Map and Availability for Mining, Villa Grove Quadrangle, Douglas County, Illinois. C.G. Treworgy. 1999. Scale, 1:24,000. Size, 32 x 48 inches. Inset maps.

IGQ Villa Grove-SG. Surficial Geol- ogy Map, Villa Grove Quadrangle, Douglas County, Illinois. A.K. Hansel, R.C. Berg, and C.C. Abert. 1999. Scale, 1:24,000. Size, 31 x 41 inches. Inset maps.

Illinois Petroleum

IP 153. Geologic and Engineering Controls on Aux Vases Sandstone Reservoirs in Zeigler Field, Illi- nois: A Comprehensive Study of a Well-Managed Oil Field. B. Seyler.

1998. 79 p., 43 figs., 1 table, 2 plates.

IP 154. Oil and Gas Developments in Illinois, 1988. B.G. Huff. 1998. 72 p., 2 figs., 2 tables.

IP 155. Reservoir Characterization and Its Application to Improved Oil Recovery from the Cypress Formation (Mississippian) at Richview Field, Washington County, Illinois. J. P. Grube and W.T. Frankie. 1999. 39 p., 16 figs., 1 table.

Open File Series

OFS 1998-4. 1998 Bathymetric Sur- vey in the Vicinity of the IDNR — Proposed Artificial Reef for Recreational Fishing off the Chicago Lakeshore. M.J. Chrzas- towski, D.B. Ketterling, and C.J. Stohr. 1998. 14 p., 1 blueline plate.

OFS 1999-la. Location of Data Points in Lee County, Illinois [map]. Compiled by R.J. Nagy.

1999. Scale, 1:62,500. Size/ 30 x 46 inches.

OFS 1999- lb. Surface Topography of Lee County, Illinois [map]. Com- piled bv R.J. Nagy. 1999. Scale, 1:62,500. Size, 30 x 46 inches.

OFS 1999-lc. Shaded Relief of Lee County, Illinois [map]. Compiled bv R.J. Nagv. 1999. Scale, 1:62,500. Size, 30 x 46 inches.

67

OFS 1999- Id. Bedrock Topography of Lee County, Illinois [map]. Compiled by C.S. McGarry. 1999. Scale, 1:62,500. Size, 30 x 46 inches.

OFS 1999-le. Bedrock Geology of Lee County, Illinois [map]. Compiled by C.S. McGarry. 1999. Scale, 1:62,500. Size, 30 x 55 inches.

OFS 1999-lf. Quaternary Deposits in Lee County, Illinois [map]. Compiled by R.J. Nagy. 1999. Scale, 1:62,500. Size, 30 x 46 inches.

OFS 1999- lg. Thickness of Quaternary Deposits in Lee County, Illinois [map]. Compiled by R.J. Nagy. 1999. Scale, 1:62,500. Size, 30 x 46 inches.

OFS 1999-5. The Role of Hydraulic, Chemical, and Biological Factors in the Decline of Specific Capacity in the Western Champaign Well Field: A Preliminary Investigation. E. Mehnert, K.C. Hackley, D.R. Larson, and S.V. Panno. 1999. 48 p.

Reprints

1997-K. Abundances of Sulfur, Chlorine, and Trace Elements in Illinois Basin Coals, USA. C.-L. Chou. (Reprinted from Fourteenth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference & Work- shop Proceedings, held September 23-27, 1997, Taiyuan, Shauixi, Peo- ples Republic of China, CD-ROM, p. S1/76-S1/87, 1997.)

1998-C. Environmentally Critical Ele- ments in Channel and Clean Samples of Illinois Coal. I. Demir, R.R. Ruch, H.H. Damberger, R.D. Harvey, J.D. Steele, and K.K. Ho. (Reprinted from Fuel, v. 77 ', nos. 1-2, January 1998, p. 95-107.)

1998-D. Palynology of the Lost Branch Formation of Kansas: New Insights on the Major Floral Transition at the Middle-Upper Pennsylvania!! Bound- ary. R.A. Peppers. (Reprinted from Review of Paleobotany and Palynol- ogy, v. 98, no. 3-4, December 1997, p. 223-246.)

1998-E. Magnetic Susceptibility ami Mineral Zonations Com rolled by Provenance in Loess along the Illinois

and Central Mississippi River Valleys. D.A. Grimley, L.R. Follmer, and E.D. McKay. (Reprinted from Qua- ternary Research, v. 49, no. 1, Janu- ary 1998, p. 24-36.)

1998-F. A Hybrid Optimization Ap- proach to the Estimation of Distrib- uted Parameters in Two-Dimensional Confined Aquifers. M. Heidari and S.R. Ranjithan. (Reprinted from Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 34, no. 4, August 1998, p. 909-920.)

1998-G. Evidence at Lomax, Illinois for Mid-Wisconsin (-40,000 yr B.P.) Position of the Des Moines Lobe for Diversion of the Mississippi River by the Lake Michigan Lobe (20,350 yr B.P.). B.B. Curry. (Reprinted from Quaternary Research, v. 50, no. 2, September 1998, p. 128-138.)

1998-H. Proxy of Monsoon Seasonality in Carbon Isotopes from Paleosols of the Southern Chinese Loess Plateau. H. Wang and L.R. Follmer. (Re- printed from Geology, v. 26, no. 11, p. 987-990, 1998.)

1998-1. Development of Carbon-Based Adsorbents for Removal of Mercury Emissions from Coal Combustion Flue Gas. M. Rostam-Abadi, H.-C. Hsi, S. Chen, M. Rood, R. Chang, T.R. Carey, C.F. Richardson, and B. Rosenhoover. (Reprinted from Adsorption and its Applications in Industry and Environmental Protec- tion, edited by A. Daborowski. Stud- ies in Surface Science and Catalysis, v. 120. Elsevier Science B.V., 1998, p. 459-483.)

1998-J. Preface and Parts I-V: Trans- actions of the Second International Symposium on Paleopedology. L.R. Follmer. (Reprinted from Quaternary International, v. 51-52, p. 1-86.)

1999-B. Removal of Ash, Sulfur, ami Trace Elements of Environmental Concern from Fight Selected Illinois Coals. I. Demir. (Reprinted from Coal Preparation, v. 19, 1999, p. 271-296.)

1999-D. Depositional Facies and Se- quence Stratigraphy of a Lower Carboniferous Bryozoan-Crinoidal Carbonate Ramp in the Illinois Basin, Mid-Continent USA. Z. Lasemi, R.D. Norby, and J.D. Treworgy. (Reprinted from Car- bonate Ramps, Geological Society of London Special Publication no. 149, 1998, p. 369-395)

1999-E. Analysis of Pumping Tests: Significance of Well Diameter, Partial Penetration, and Noise. M. Heidari, K. Ghiassi, and E. Mehnert. (Reprinted from the Journal of the American Water Works Association, v. 25, no. 2, April 1999, p. 333-347.)

Other Publications

Geology of the Chicago Lakeshore, The Chicago River Mouth. M. J. Chrzastowski, P.K. Carrillo, and E.M. Wolf. 1998. Illinois State Geological Survey Poster. Size, 46 x 32 inches.

History of Oil and Gas Production in Illinois. B.G. Huff and J.H. Good- win. 1999. Illinois State Geologi- cal Survey Geobit 8. 4 p.

ISGS GeoNews. Vol. 13, no. 2, Sep- tember 1998. 8 p.

Oil and Gas Monthly Report on Drill- ing in Illinois. B.G. Huff and A.T. Sanders. Nos. 732-739, October 1997 to May 1998.

Final Contract Reports and Other Public Documents

Bhagwat, S.B., R.F. Hughes, I \ Khan, J.M. Masters, and P.J. DeMaris from the Dunes of Kan- kakee County, Illinois: A Prelimi- nary Feasibility Study. Final Report to the Kankakee County Economic Development Council, July 10, 1998.

Bhagwat, S.B., and V.C. [pe, L998. Analysis of Mercurj Capture Data Across FGD Systems. Technical

68

Report to the Illinois Coal Develop- ment Hoard, Clean CoaJ Institute, December 1998.

Cal, M.P., K.J. Slota, A.A. Lizzio, and M.J. Rood, 1998. Preparation of Car- bon Molecular Sieves for Oxygen Separation from Air. Final Technical Report to the Illinois Coal Develop- ment Hoard, Illinois Clean Coal Insti- tute for the period September 1, 1996 through August 31, 1997.

Cal, M.P., B.W. Strickler, A.A. Lizzio, S.K. Gangwal, J.M. Lytle, and M.J. Rood, 1998. Preparation of Novel Sorbents from Illinois Coal for Hot Gas Cleanup. Final Technical Report to the Illinois Coal Development Board, Illinois Clean Coal Institute for the period September 1, 1996 through August 31, 1997.

Chaven, C, J.M. Lytle, J.A. DeBarr, K.M. Henry, and C.C. Rohl, 1998. Illinois Basin Coal Sample Program. Final Technical Report to the Illinois Coal Development Board, Illinois Clean Coal Institute for the period September 1, 1996 through August 31, 1997.

Chaven, C, J.M. Lytle, J.A. DeBarr, K.M. Henry, and C.C. Rohl, 1998. Instrumental Method for Directly Determining Organic Sulfur in Coal. Final Technical Report to the Illinois Coal Development Board, Illinois Clean Coal Institute for the period September 1, 1996 through August 31, 1997.

Chen, S., M. Rostam-Abadi, H.-C. Hsi, and M. Rood, 1998. Preparation and Evaluation of Novel Activated Car- bons from Illinois Coal for Mercury Removal. Final Technical Report to the Illinois Coal Development Board, Illinois Clean Coal Institute for the period September 1, 1996 through August 31, 1997.

Chou, M.-L, J.M. Lytle, J. Bruinius, S.C. Kung, and K.K. Ho, 1998. Effects of Chlorine in Coal in Furnace-Wall Corrosion Under Low NOv Condi- tion. Phase II, Year-1, Final Technical

Report to the Illinois Coal Development Hoard, Illinois Clean Coal Institute, June 1, 1999.

Chou, M.-L, J.M. Lytle, S.J. Chou, K. Ghiassi, M. Luo, Sherman Cox, G.R. Jividen, S. Dewey, J. Randall, J. Hill, D. Fortik, and R. Desollar, 1998. Marketable Ammonium Sulfate Fertil- izer and Fine Calcium Carbonate from FGD-Gypsum. Final Report to the Illinois Coal Development Board, Illinois Clean Coal Institute for the period September 1, 1996 through August 31, 1997.

Chou, M.-L, J.M. Lyde, R.R. Ruch, K.C. Hackley, and L.L. Baxter, 1998. Effects of Chlorine in Coal on Boiler Corrosion. Final Technical Report to the Illinois Coal Development Board, Illinois Clean Coal Institute for the period September 1, 1996 through August 31, 1997.

Demir, I., R.E. Hughes, J.M. Lyde, R.R. Ruch, P.J. DeMaris, and C.-L. Chou, 1998. Mineralogical and Chemical Composition of Inorganic Matter from Illinois Coals. Final Technical Report to the Illinois Coal Develop- ment Board, Illinois Clean Coal Insti- tute for the period September 1, 1996 through August 31, 1997.

DeVito, M.S., and S.B. Bhagwat, 1998. Correlate Coal/Scrubber Parameters with Hg Removal and Hg Species in Flue Gas. Final Technical Report to the Illinois Coal Development Board, Illinois Clean Coal Institute for die period September 1, 1996 through August 31, 1997.

Fucciolo, C.S., M.V. Miller, J.J. Miner, S.E. Benton, and N.L. Rorick, 1998. Annual Water- Level Report for Ac- tive Illinois Department of Transpor- tation Sites: January 1, 1998 through August 31, 1998. Technical Report to Illinois Department of Transporta- tion, Bureau of Design and Environ- ment, Wetlands Unit.

Fucciolo, C.S., J.J. Miner, and M.V. Miller, 1998. Initial Site Evaluation, Macklin and Hartels Properties, Po- tential Wetland Compensation Site near Heartville, Effingham County,

Illinois. Technical Report to Illinois Department of Transporta- tion, Bureau of Design and Envi- ronment, Wetlands Unit.

Fucciolo, C.S., J.J. Miner, and M.V. Miller, 1999. Initial Site Evalua- tion, Clay County Highway De- partment Property, Potential Wetland Compensation Sites near Hord, Clay County, Illinois. Tech- nical Report to Illinois Depart- ment of Transportation, Bureau of Design and Environment, Wet- lands Unit, 14 p.

Khan, L., and J. Lytle, 1998. Testing of improved Froth Washing & Drainage Device for Flotation Machines. Final Technical Report to the Illinois Coal Development Board, Illinois Clean Coal Institute for die period September 1, 1996 through August 31, 1997.

Lizzio, A.A., and S. Desai, 1999. Conversion of Corn By-Products into High-Value Activated Car- bon. Final Technical Report, Illi- nois Council on Food and Agricultural Research.

Lizzio, A.A., S. Desai, I. Demir, J.M. Lyde, G.L. Donnals, D.L. Breton, A. Tsang, and G.M.K. Abotsi, 1998. Methods to Evaluate and Improve the Gasification Behavior of Illinois Coals. Final Technical Report to the Illinois Coal Devel- opment Board, Illinois Clean Coal Institute for the period September 1, 1996 through August 31, 1997.

Lizzio, A.A., S. Desai, G.A. Murphy, G.L. Donnals, M.P. Cal, and J.M. Lyde, B.H. Howard, and J.L. Haslbeck, 1998. Development of Activated Char for Combined S02/NOx Removal. Final Techni- cal Report to the Illinois Coal Development Board, Illinois Clean Coal Institute for the period Sep- tember 1, 1996 dirough August 31, 1997.

Lizzio, A. A., and G. Donnals, 1998. Development of a New Sulfur Sorbent for the 600-1000°F Tem- perature Range. Final Technical

69

Report to the Illinois Coal Develop- ment Board, Illinois Clean Coal Institute.

Lizzio, A.A., and M.A. Kelly, 1999. Carbon-Based Sorbents for Cleanup of Coal-Derived Gases in IGCC Sys- tems. Final Technical Report to the Illinois Coal Development Board, Illinois Clean Coal Institute.

Lizzio, A.A., and M.A. Kelly, 1999. De- velopment of a New Sulfur Sorbent for IGCC Transport Reactors. Final Technical Report, E&A. Associates, Inc., to the Illinois Coal Development Board, Illinois Clean Coal Institute.

Lizzio, A.A., and J. Sun, 1998. Adsorb- ent Carbons from Illinois Coal for Gas Separations: An Integrated Ap- proach. Final Technical Report to the Illinois Coal Development Board, Illi- nois Clean Coal Institute.

Luo, M., J.M. Lytie, M.-I. Chou, S.F. Chou, and C.C. Chaven, 1998. The Instrumental Method for Directly De- termining Organic Sulfur in Coal. Final Technical Report to the Illinois Coal Development Board, Illinois Clean Coal Institute, August 30, 1998.

McBride, J.H., W.J. Nelson, and D.R. Kolata, 1998. Annual Project Sum- mary to the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program of the U.S. Geological Survey, Reprocessing Seismic Reflection Data in Order to Provide Structural Constraints on Earthquake Source Parameters in the Wabash Valley Seismic Zone. http://crp-vveb.er.usgs.gov/

McBride, J.H., W.J. Nelson, and D.R. Kolata, 1998. Annual Project Sum- mary to the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program of the U.S. Geological Survey, Investigation of the Middle-to-Upper Crustal Struc- tural Framework for the Wabash Val- lev Seismic Zone from High-Quality Seismic Reflection Profiles. http://crp web.er.usgs.gov/

Miller, M. V., R.A. Cahill, C.S. Fucciolo, .iikI G.L. Salmon, 1998. 1997 Results oi Water Quality Monitoring lor FAP

345 Wetland Mitigation in Cook .\\u\

Du Page Counties, Illinois. Technical Report to Illinois Department of Transportation, Bureau of Design and Environment, Wetlands Unit.

Miner, J.J., and C.S. Fucciolo, 1998. Oswego Wetland Compensation Site: Five-Year Water-Level Monitoring Report. Technical Report to Illinois Department of Transportation, Bu- reau of Design and Environment, Wetlands Unit.

Panno, S.V., K.C. Hackley, and C.P. Weibel, 1998. The Chemical Compo- sition of Observation Wells, Spring and Surface Water at the City of Columbia Municipal Landfill. Final Technical Report to City of Colum- bia, Illinois.

Panno, S.V., W.R. Kelly, C.P. Weibel, I.G. Krapac, and S.L. Sargent, 1998. The Effects of Land Use on Water Quality and Agrichemical Loading in the Fogelpole Cave Groundwater Basin, Southwestern Illinois. Final Report to the Illinois Groundwater Consortium.

Roy, W.R., G.B. Dreher, J.D. Steele, R.G. Darmody, D. Tungate, W.E. Giles, and S.C. Phifer. Direct Revege- tation of Coal Slurry after Amend- ment with FBC Residues. Final Technical Report to the Illinois Coal Development Board, Illinois Clean Coal Institute for the period Septem- ber 1, 1996 through August 31, 1997.

Stohr, C, 1998. Georeferenced Image Map and Wells of the DePue Wildlife Management Area, Bureau County, Illinois. 2 CD-ROMs.

Stohr, C, 1998. Digital Soil Series and Orthophotomosaic of Site M Wildlife Area, Cass County, Illinois. 2 CD- ROMs.

Treworgy, C, D. North, C. Korosc, C. Chcnoweth, and J. McBeth, L998. Management of Data on Illinois Coal Resources, FY '97: Report ol Activi- ties— September 1997 to August 1998. Report to the U.S. Cicologic.il Survey,

Outside Publications

Barnhardt, M.L., with contributions by L.R. Smith, 1998. Modern Soils and the Landscape — Influ- ences on Habitat and Agriculture. Kishwaukee River Area Assess- ment, Volume 1 : Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, p. 22-31.

Barnhardt, M.L., with contributions by L.R. Smith and C. Goldsmith, 1998. Modern Soils and the Land- scape— Influences on Habitat and Agriculture. Vermilion River Area Assessment, Volume 1 : Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, p. 19-26.

Barnhardt, M.L., with contributions by L.R. Smith and J.C. Hester, 1998. Modern Soils and the Land- scape— Influences on Habitat and Agriculture. Volume 1 : Geologv. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998, Sinkhole Plain Area Assessment, p. 18-26; Sugar-Pecatonica Area Assessment, p. 20-28.

Barnstable, D.C., 1998. Landslides. Kishwaukee River Area Assess- ment, Volume 1 : Geologv. Illinois Department of Namral Resources, p. 70-71.

Barnstable, D.C., 1998. Potential for Geologic Hazards. Volume 1: Geologv. Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Kishwaukee River Area Assessment, p. 65; Sinkhole Plain Area Assessment, p. 64; Sugar-Pecatonica Area Assessment, p. 66.

Barnstable, D.C., with contributions by L.R. Smith and J.C. Hester, 1998. Landslides. Sinkhole Plain Area Assessment, Volume 1: Geol- ogy. Illinois Department of Natu ral Resources, p. 74—77.

Barnstable, D.C., m^\ C.G. Treworgy, L998. Coal Mine Subsidence and

Acid Drainage. Sinkhole Plain

Area Assessment, Volume L Gcol ogy. Illinois Department of Natu ral Resources, p, ~2 74.

0

Bauer, R.A., 1998. Potential for Geo- logic Hazards. Vermilion River Area Assessment, Volume 1: Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998, p. 58.

Bauer, R.A., with contributions by L. Smith and C. Goldsmith, 1998. Coal Mine Subsidence and Acid Drainage. Vermilion River Area As- sessment, Volume 1 : Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, p. 69-72.

Bauer, R.A., J. Mahar, and R. Gibson, 1999. Mine Subsidence Field Trip for 3rd Geo-Institute Conference, June 13, 1999. 74 p.

Berg, R.C., B.B. Curry, and R. Olshan- sky, 1999. Tools for Groundwater Protection Planning: An Example from McHenry County, Illinois, USA. Environmental Management, v. 23, no. 3, p. 231-331.

Bergstrom, S.M., W.D. Huff, T. Koren, K. Larsson, P. Ahlberg, and D.R. Ko- lata, 1999. The 1997 Core Drilling Through Ordovician and Silurian Strata at Rostinga, S. Sweden: Pre- liminary Stratigraphic Assessment and Regional Comparison. Geologiski Foreningens I Stockholm Forhandin- gar, v. 121, p. 127-135.

Bhagwat, S.B., 1999. Current and Future Issues Facing High-Sulfur Mid- Western Coals. American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints of Svmposia, v. 44, no. 1, p. 51-55.

Brower, R.D., and R.C. Vaiden, 1998. Aquifer Delineation. Volume 1 : Geol- ogy. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998. Sinkhole Plain Area Assessment, p. 58-63; Sugar- Pecatonica Area Assessment, p. 60-65.

Chou, C.-L., 1999. Geologic Characteris- tics of Sulfur in Coals and Develop- ment of the Clean Coal Technologies. Earth Science Frontiers (Beijing, China, University of Geosciences), v. 6, Supplement, 1999, p. 23-27.

Chou, C.-L., R.B. Finkelman, A. Kolker, and B. Zheng, editors, 1999. Geo- chemistry of Coal and Its Impact on the Environmental and Human

Health. 30th International Geological Congress, Beijing, China, August 1996. International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 40, nos. 2-3 (Special Issue), June 1999, p. 83-254.

Chou, C.-L., K.C. Hackley, and C.L. Liu. Sulfur Isotope Composition of Pyritic and Organic Sulfur in Liriio- types of the Herrin Coal, Illinois Basin. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Society for Organic Petrology, Souuhern Illinois University, Carbondale, September 15-19, 1996., v. 13, p. 32-34.

Chou, M.-L, J.M. Lytle, S.C. Kung, and K.K. Ho, 1999. Effects of Chlorine in Coal on Boiler Superheater/Reheater Corrosion. American Chemical Soci- ety, Division of Fuel Chemistry, Pre- prints of Symposia, v. 44, no. 1, p. 167-171.

Curry, B.B., 1998. Evidence at Lomax, Illinois for Mid- Wisconsin (—40,000 yr B.P.) Position of the Des Moines Lobe and for Diversion of the Missis- sippi River by the Lake Michigan Lobe (20,350 yr B.P.). Quaternary Research, v. 50, no. 2, September

1998, p. 128-138.

Curry, B.B., 1999. An Environmental Tolerance Index for Ostracodes as In- dicators of Physical and Chemical Fac- tors in Aquatic Habitats, Palaeo- geography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeo- ecology, v. 148, nos., 1-3, April

1999, p. 51-63

Damberger, H., 1999. Book Review: European Coal Geology and Technol- ogy, R.A. Gayer and J. Pesek, editors. International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 39, no. 4, April 1999, p. 343-344.

Damberger, H.H., 1999. Coal Geology in Illinois. 1999 Keystone Coal Indus- try Manual, Mining Information Serv- ices, Intertec Publishing Company, Chicago, p. 582-593.

Damberger, H.H., and I. Demir, 1999. Coalbed and Coal Mine Methane in the Illinois Basin: Occurrences, Com- position, Origin, and Current Activi- ties. American Chemical Society,

Division of Fuel Chemistry, Pre- prints of Svmposia, v. 44, no. 1 , p. 56-60.

Damberger, H.H., and P. Godwin, editors, 1999. Proceedings of the Illinois Mining Institute 1998. Illinois Mining Institute, 228 p.

Darmody, R.G, W.P. Green, and GB. Drcher, 1998. Coal Slurry Solids/Coal Fluidized Bed Com- bustion By-Product Mixtures as Plant Growth Media. International Journal of Surface Mining, Recla- mation and Environment, v. 12, p. 111-115.

Demir, I., 1998. Removal of Ash, Sulfur, and Trace Elements of En- vironmental Concern from Eight Selected Illinois Coals. Coal Prepa- ration, v. 19, p. 271-296.

Demir, I., 1999. American Chemical Society Symposium on Micro- scopic Studies of Coal and Car- bon. TSOP [Society for Organic Petrology] Newsletter, v. 16, no. 1, p. 12-23.

Demir, I., and B. Seyler, 1999. Chemical Composition and Geo- logic History of Saline Waters in Aux Vases and Cypress Forma- tions, Illinois Basin. Aquatic Geo- chemistry, v. 5, 1999, p. 281-311.

Denhart, S.L., 1999. State Govern- ment and the Challenge of the Internet. The Balance Wheel (As- sociation for Conservation Infor- mation, Inc.), Summer 1999, p. 5.

Fernandez, G, and R.A. Bauer, edi- tors, 1999. Geo-Engineering for Underground Facilities; Proceed- ings of the Third National Confer- ence of the Geo-Instimte for Underground Facilities, June 13-17, 1999, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. American Society of Civil Engineers, Geo- technical Special Publication no. 90. 1999. 1214 p.

Gehard, C.A., with contributions by L.R. Smith, 1998. Potential for' Contamination of Groundwater Resources. Kishwaukee River Area

71

Assessment, Volume 1: Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, p. 65-70.

Grathoff, G.H., D.M. Moore, R.L. Hay, and K. Wemmer, 1998. Illite Poly- type and K/Ar Dating of Paleozoic Shales: A Technique to Quantify Dia- genitic and Detrital Illite. Shales and Mudstones, Volume II: Petrography, Petrophysics, Geochemistry, and Eco- nomic Geology, J. Schieber, W. Sim- merle, and P.S. Sethi, editors. E. Schweizerbart'sche Velagsbuchhand- lung (Naegele u. Overmiller), p. 161-175.

Hackley, K.C., C.L. Liu, and D. Trainor, 1999. Isotopic Identification of the Source of Methane in Subsurface Sediments of an Area Surrounded by Waste Disposal Facilities. Applied Geochemistry, v. 14, no. 1, January 1999, p. 119-131.

Harrison, R.W., D. Hoffman, J.D. Vaughn, J.R. Palmer, C.L. Wis- combe, J. P. McGeehin, W.J. Stephen- son, J.K. Odum, R.A. Williams, and S.L. Forman, 1999. An Example of Neotectonism in a Continental Inte- rior— Thebes Gap, Midcontinent, United States. Tectonophysics, v. 305, nos. 1-3, May 1999, p. 399^17.

Heidari, M., K. Ghiassi, and E. Mehnert, 1999. Analysis of Pumping Tests: Significance of Well Diameter, Partial Penetration, and Noise. Journal of the American Water Resources Associa- tion, v. 35, no. 2, April 1999, p. 333-347.

Heidari, M., and S.R. Ranjithan. A Hy- brid Optimization Approach to the Estimation of Distributed Parameters in Two-Dimensional-Confined Aqui- fers. Journal of the American Water Resources Association , v. 34, no. 4, August 1998, p. 909-920.

I [si, I I.-C, C. Chen, M. Rostam-Abadi,

M.J. Rood, C.F. Richardson, T.R. Carey, and R. Chang, 1998. Prepara- tion and evaluation of coal-derived activated carbons for removal of mer- cury vapor from simulated coal

combustion flue gases. Energy & Fuels, v. 12, no. 6, November 1998, p. 1061-1070.

Huff, W.D., S.M. Bergstrom, D.R. Ko- lata, C. Cingolani, and R.A. Astini, 1998. Ordovician K-bentonites in the Argentine Precordillera: Relations to Gondwana Margin Evolution. The Proto-Andean Margin of Gondwana, R.J. Pankhurst and C.W. Rapela, editors. Geological Society, London, Special Publication no. 142, p. 107-126.

Huff, W.D., E. Miiftiioglu, D.R. Kolata, and S.M. Bergstrom, 1999. K- bentonite Bed Preservation and Its Event Stratigraphic Significance. Acta Universitatis Carolinae-Geologicia, v. 43, p. 491-493.

Hughes, R.E., D.M. Moore, T.E. Berres, and K.B. Farnsworth, 1998. Revision of Hopewellian Trading Patterns in Midwestern North America Based on Mineralogical Sourcing. Geoarchae- ology, v. 13, no. 7, October 1998, p. 709-729.

Ipe, V., with contributions by L.R. Smith, 1998. Mineral Resources. Kishwaukee River Area Assessment, Volume 1 : Geology. Illinois Depart- ment of Natural Resources, 1998, p. 54-59.

Ipe, V., with contributions by L.R. Smith and C. Goldsmith, 1998. Min- eral Resources. Vermilion River Area Assessment, Volume 1 : Geology. Illi- nois Department of Natural Re- sources, 1998, p. 48-52.

Ipe, V., with contributions by L.R.

Smith and J.C. Hester, 1998. Mineral Resources. Volume 1: Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Re- sources, 1998. Sinkhole Plain Area Assessment, p. 53-57; Sugar- Pecatonica Area Assessment, p. 54-59.

Jacobson, R.J., 1998. The Quest for

Dinosaurs in Illinois. Dinosaur World 1 1 [ell Creek ('real ions and Maverick Films |, Summer-Fall, no. 5, p. 17-19.

Reefer, D.A., L998. Potential for Con- tamination of Groundwater Re- sources. Volume 1: Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Resources,

1998. Sinkhole Plain Area Assess- ment, p. 64—68; Sugar-Pecatonica Area Assessment, p. 66-72; Ver- milion River Area Assessment, p. 58-64.

Killey, M.M., with contributions by L.R. Smith, 1998. Glacial and Surficial Geology. Volume 1 : Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998. Kish- waukee River Area Assessment, p. 13-21; Sugar-Pecatonica Area Assessment, p. 13-19.

Killey, M.M., with contributions by L.R. Smith, 1998. Landscape Fea- tures and Natural Areas with Geo- logic Features of Interest. Volume 1 : Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998. Kish- waukee River Area Assessment, p. 32-35; Sugar-Pecatonica Area Assessment, p. 29-32.

Killey, M.M., with contributions by L.R. Smith and C. Goldsmith, 1998. Glacial and Surficial Geol- ogy. Volume 1: Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998. Vermilion River Area Assessment, p. 13-18.

Killey, M.M., with contributions bv L.R. Smith and J.C. Hester, 1998. Glacial and Surficial Geology. Vol- ume 1: Geologv. Illinois Depart- ment of Natural Resources, 1998. Sinkhole Plain Area Assessment, p. 12-17.

Killev, M.M., with contributions by L.R. Smith and J.C. Hester, 1998. Landscape Features and Natural Areas with Geologic Features of Interest. Sinkhole Plain Area Assessment, Volume 1 : Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998, p. 27-30.

Killev, M.M., with contributions by L.R. Smith .md C. Goldsmith, 1998. Landscape Features and Nat ural Areas with Geologic Features of Interest. Volume 1: Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Re sources, 1998. Vermilion River Area Assessment, p, 2~ 29.

72

Killey, M.M., with contributions by L.R. Smith .\nd C. Goldsmith, 1998.' Land- slides. Volume 1: Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998. Vermilion River Area Assess- ment, p. 67-69.

Killey, MM., and W.W. Shilts, 1998. In- troduction: Influence of Geology and

Soils on Ecosystem Development. Volume 1 : Geology. Illinois Depart- ment of Natural Resources, 1998. Kishwaukee River Area Assessment, p. 1-5; Sinkhole Plain Area Assess- ment, p. 1-6; Sugar-Pecatonia Area Assessment, p. 1-6; Vermilion River Area Assessment, p. 1-7.

Krapac, I.G., W.S. Dey, C.A. Smyth, and W.R. Roy, 1998. Impacts of Bacteria, Metals and Nutrients on Groundwater at Two Hog Confinement Facilities. Animal Feeding Operations and Groundwater. Issues, Impacts, and Solutions — A Conference for the Future; Proceedings of die National Ground Water Association, St. Louis, MO, November 4-5, p. 29-50.

Larson, T.H., 1998. Regional Earth- quake History. Volume 1 : Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Re- sources, 1998. Kishwaukee River Area Assessment, p. 71-73; Sinkhole Plain Area Assessment, p. 77-80; Sugar-Pecatonica Area Assessment, p. 72-75; Vermilion River Area Assessment, p. 65-66.

Lasemi, Z., R.D. Norby, and J.D. Tre- worgy, 1998. Depositional Facies and Sequence Stratigraphy of a Lower Carboniferous Brvozoan-Crinoidal Carbonate Ramp in the Illinois Basin, Mid-Continent USA. Carbonate Ramps, T.P. Burchette, and V.P. Wright, editors. Geological Society, London, Special Publication no. 149, p. 369-395.

Lehmann, C.M.B., M. Rostam-Abadi, M.J. Rood, and J. Sun, 1998. Re- processing and Reuse of Waste Tire Rubber to Solve Air-Quality Related Problems. Energy & Fuels, v. 12, no. 6, November 1998, p. 1095-1099.

Lordgooei, M., J. Sagen, M.J. Rood, and M. Rostam-Abadi, 1998. Sorption and Modeling of Mass Transfer of

Toxic Chemical Vapors in Activated- Carbon Fiber-Cloth Adsorbers. En- ergy & Fuels, v. 12, no. 6, November 1998, p. 1071-1078.

Luman, D.E., 1998. Appendix B: Princi- pal Land Covers bv Subbasin. Vol- ume 1: Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998. Kish- waukee River Area Assessment, p. 78-89; Sinkhole Plain Area Assess- ment, p. 84-92; Sugar-Pecatonica Area Assessment, p. 79-89; Vermil- ion River Area Assessment, p. 77-94.

Luman, D.E., with contributions by L.R. Smith, 1998. Land Cover Inventory. Volume 1 : Geology. Illinois Depart- ment of Natural Resources, 1998. Kishwaukee River Area Assessment, p. 36-52.

Luman, D.E., with contributions by L.R. Smith and C. Goldsmith, 1998. Land Cover Inventory. Volume 1 : Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Re- sources, 1998. Vermilion River Area Assessment, p. 30^i6.

Luman, D.E., with contributions by L.R. Smith and J.C. Hester, 1998. Land Cover Inventory. Volume 1 : Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Re- sources, 1998. Sinkhole Plain Area Assessment, p. 31-51; Sugar- Pecatonica Area Assessment, p. 32-52.

Luman, D.E., L. Smith, and C. Stohr, 1998. Remote Sensing Inputs to a Geologic Mapping Program for Illi- nois. Digital Mapping Techniques '98-Workshop Proceedings, May 27-30, 1998, Urbana, Illinois. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-487, p. 19-25.

Lumm, D.K., 1998. Subsurface Geome- try and Petrography of Rock Units between the Beech Creek ("Barlow") Limestone (Pope Group) and the Springfield Coal (Carbondale Forma- tion) across Part of the La Salle Anti- clinorium, Lawrence County, Illinois. Thesis (Ph.D.), University of Ken- tucky. 2 volumes.

McBride, J.H., 1999. Without Firing a Shot: Seismic Exploration of the Illi- nois Basin. Geotimes, v. 44, no. 5, May 1999, p. 19-23.

McBride, J.H., 1998. Understanding Basement Tectonics of an Interior Cratonic Basin: Southern Illinois Basin, USA. Tectonophysics, v. 293, nos. 1-3, July 1998, p. 1-20.

McBride, J.H., and D.R. Kolata, 1999. Upper Crust Beneath the Central Illinois Basin, United States. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. Ill, no. 3, March 1999, p. 375-394.

McBride, J.H., and W.J. Nelson, 1999. Style and Origin of Mid- Carboniferous Deformation in the Illinois Basin, USA — Ancestral Rockies Deformation? Tectono- physics, v. 305, nos. 1-3, May 1999, p. 249-273.

Maher, L.J., Jr., N.G. Miller, R.G. Baker, B.B. Curry, and D.M. Mickelson, 1998. Paleobiology of the Sand Beneath the Valders Dia- micton at Valders, Wisconsin. Quaternary Research, v. 49, no. 2, March 1998, p. 208-221.

Menon, M.G., R.J. Gibbs, and AC. Phillips, 1998. Accumulation of Muds and Metals in the Hudson River Estuary Turbidity Maxi- mum. Environmental Geology, v. 34, no. 2-3, May 1998, p. 214-222.

Miller, M., L. Suloway, and L.E. Keefer, 1998. Wetlands. Kishwau- kee River Area Assessment, Vol- ume 2: Water Resources. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998. Kishwaukee River Area, p. 3-8; Sinkhole Plain Area As- sessment, p. 8-13; Sugar- Pecatonica Area Assessment, p. 5-9; Vermilion River Area Assess- ment, p. 5-9.

Nelson, D.O., S.K. Beaverson, and R.J. Krurnm, 1998. The Illinois Namral Resources Geospatial Data Clearinghouse: A Prototype NSDI Clearinghouse Node in Illinois. Digital Mapping Techniques '98 — Workshop Proceedings, May 27-30, 1998, Urbana, Illinois. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-487, p. 91-95.

73

Nelson, W.J., 1998. Bedrock Geology of the Paducah 1° x 2° CUSMAP Quad- rangle, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Missouri. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2150-B, 36 p., 1 colored plate.

Nelson, W.J., F.B. Denny, L.R. Follmer, and J.M. Masters, 1999. Quaternary Grabens in Southernmost Illinois: De- formation Near an Active Intraplate Seismic Zone. Tectonophysics, v. 305, nos. 1-3, May 1999, p. 381-397.

Palsson, C., S.M. Bergstrom, W.D. Huff, K. Larsson, and D.R. Kolata, 1999. Ordovician Stratigraphy of the Rostanga 1 Drill-Core, Scania, South- ern Sweden. Acta Universitatis Carolinae-Geologica, v. 43, p. 56-60.

Panno, S.V., W.R. Kelly, K.C. Hackley, and H.H. Hwang, 1999. Sources of Nitrate Contamination in Karst Springs Using Isotopic, Chemical and Bacterial Indicators: Preliminary Results. Research on Agricultural Chemicals in Illinois: Status and Future Directions DC, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference, Illinois Groundwater Consortium, Carbon- dale, Illinois, p. 91-103.

Panno, S.V., I.G. Krapac, and D.A. Keefer, 1998. A New Device for Col- lecting Time- Integrated Water Sam- ples from Springs and Surface Water Bodies. Environmental and Engineer- ing Geosciences, v. 4, no. 3, Fall 1998, p. 375-383.

Panno, S.V., V. Nuzzo, K. Cartwright, B.R. Hensel, and I.G. Krapac, 1999. Impact of Urban Development on the Chemical Composition of Ground Water in a Fen-Wetland Complex. Wetlands, v. 19, no. 1, p. 236-245.

Panno, S.V., and C.P. Wcibel, 1998. Groundwater Contamination in the

Sinkhole Plains Assessment Area. Vol- ume 1: Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998, Sinkhole PI. un Area Assessment, p. 69-71.

Panno, S.V., and C.P. Wcibel, 1999. Groundwater Quality in Karst Re- gions of Illinois: Sources of Natural and Man Made ( ontaminants. Pro- ceedings of the Groundwater Protec-

tion Field Day, Southern Illinois Groundwater Protection Committee, Waterloo, IL, May 14, 1999, p. 49-59.

Pitman, J.K., M. Henry, and B. Seyler, 1998. Reservoir Quality and Dia- genetic Evolution of Upper Mississip- pian Rocks in the Illinois Basin: Influ- ence of a Regional Hydrotliermal Fluid-Flow Event During Late Dia- genesis. U.S. Geological Survey Pro- fessional Paper 1597, 24 p.

Raymond, L.E., 1998. Additional Read- ings. Volume 1: Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998. Kishwaukee River Area Assess- ment, p. 74.

Raymond, L.E., and R.L. Monti, 1998. Additional Readings. Volume 1: Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998. Vermilion River Area Assessment, p. 73.

Rhoads, B.L., and R.A. Cahill, 1999. Geomorphological Assessment of Sediment Contamination in an Urban Stream System. Applied Geochemis- try, v. 14, no. 4, June 1999, p. 459^83.

Rice, R.J., and RC. Vaiden, 1998. Aqui- fer Delineation. Volume 1 : Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Re- sources, 1998. Vermilion River Area Assessment, p. 53-57.

Rios, B., D. Barnstable, J.H. Goodwin, and N.P. Schneider, 1999. Life on the Edge: Geologic Influences on Unique Habitats. The Illinois Steward, v. 8, no. 2, Summer 1999, p. 11-18.

Roy, W.R., I.G. Krapac, and S.F.J. Chou, 1999. Chemical Fate and Transport of Atrazine in Soil Gravel Materials at Agricultural Distribution Facilities. Journal of Soil Contamina- tion, v. 8, no. 2, Mav 1999, p. 365-387.

Roy, W.R, I.G. Krapac, M. Heidari, .\nd K. Ghiassi, 1998. Pesticide Storage and Release in Unsaturated Soil: A Field Experiment. Research on Agri- cultural Chemicals in Illinois: Status mm\ future Directions IX, Proceed- ings of the Ninth Annual Conference, Illinois Groundwater Consortium, ( larbondale, Illinois, p. 77-90.

Shilts, WW. Illinois. The State Ge- ologists Journal, v. 50, 1998, p. 21-23.

Smith, L.R., 1998. Appendix A:

Overview of Databases. Volume 1: Geology. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1998. Kish- waukee River Area Assessment, p. 75-77; Sinkhole Plain Area Assessment, p. 81-83; Sugar- Pecatonica Area Assessment, p. 76-78; Vermilion River Area Assessment, p. 746-76.

Soller, D.R, S.D. Price, R.C. Berg, and J.P. Kempton, 1998. A Method for Three-Dimensional Mapping. Digital Mapping Tech- niques '98 — Workshop Proceed- ings, May 27-30, 1998, Urbana, Illinois. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-487, p. 79-84.

Stiff, B.J., S.K. Beaverson, and R.J. Krumm, 1998. Streamlining Quadrangle Map Production for "On-Demand" Publication. Digital Mapping Techniques '98 — Work- shop Proceedings, May 27-30, 1998, Urbana, Illinois. U.S. Geo- logical Survey Open-File Report 98-487, p. 53-56.

Sun, J., S. Chen, M.J. Rood, and M. Rostam-Abadi, 1998. Correlating N2 and CH4 Adsorption on Micro- porous Carbon Using a New Ana- lytical Model. Energv & Fuels, v. 12, no. 6, November 1998, p. 1071-1078.

Vaiden, R.C, and R.D. Brower, 1998. Aquifer Delineation. Vol- ume 1: Geology. Illinois Depart- ment of Natural Resources, 1998. Kishwaukee River Area Assess- ment, p. 60-64.

Vermeire, B.A., C.R. Hamilton, md A.L. Erdmann, L998. Right- I [emispheric Superiority in Split- Brain Monkeys for Learning .\nd Remembering Facial Discrimina- tions. Behavioral Neuroscience, v. 112, p. L048-1961.

i

Wang, I [., and L.R. Fullmer, 1998. Weibel, C.P., 1998. Bedrock Geology. Zhang, Y., J.L. Talbot, L. Wieden- Proxy of Monsoon Seasonality in Volume 1 : Geology. Illinois Depart- mann, J. DeBarr, and I. Demir, Carbon Isotopes from Paleosols of the ment of Natural Resources, 1998. 1998. Determination of Ge Con- Southern Chinese Loess Plateau. Kishvvauk.ee River Area Assessment, tent in Cx>al by Wavelength- Geology, v. 26, no. 1 1, November p. 8-12; Sinkhole Plain Area Assess- Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence 1998, p. 987-990. ment, pp. 8-11; Sugar-Pecatonica Spectrometry and Inductively

Area Assessment, p. 8-12; Vermilion Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrome-

River Area Assessment, p. 8-12. try. Advances in X-ray Analysis,

v. 41, p. 879-891.

75

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